"Science, Faculty of"@en . "Chemistry, Department of"@en . "DSpace"@en . "UBCV"@en . "Lu, Yee-Fung"@en . "2010-10-14T22:00:23Z"@en . "1989"@en . "Doctor of Philosophy - PhD"@en . "University of British Columbia"@en . "This thesis describes the preparation and some chemistry of the \r\ncyclobutanecarboxylates 9. Syntheses of larger ring homologs of 9 (compounds and 11) are also presented.\r\nDeconjugation-alkylation of ethyl (Z)- and (E)-3-trimethylstannyl-2-alkenoates 1 and 2 with alkylating agents of general structure 7 affords the (Z)-3-trimethylstannyl-3-alkenoates (see 8), respectively. The diene esters 8a efficient intramolecular palladium(0)-catalyzed cross coupling reactions of the halide and vinylstannane groups to provide the cyclobutanecarboxylates the diene esters 8b and 8c were converted into the coupled products respectively.\r\nA number of Diels-Alder reactions of the cyclobutanecarboxylates structurally related substances are described. These studies provided regarding the relative reactivities of various substrates of general structure face-, regio- and stereoselectivities of the Diels-Alder processes. The reactions led to the preparation of the bicyclic cyclobutenes 314 and Alder reactions were also performed on the diene 318 to provide cyclobutenes 319 and 321. The bicyclic cyclobutenes 322, 324 and 327 readily prepared from the keto esters 314 and 315.\r\nThe stereochemistry of the thermally induced, conrotatory ring reaction of each of the bicyclic cyclobutenes 314, 315, 319, 321, 322, 327 was investigated. Thermolysis of 319, 321 and 322 gave, in each product resulting from exclusive outward rotation of the CH\u00E2\u0082\u0082OR group. heating the substituted 3-formylcyclobutenes 324 and 327 resulted in exclusive inward rotation of the formyl group. Thermally induced resulted in the predominant outward rotation of the CO\u00E2\u0082\u0082Et group. hand, the keto ester 315 showed no preference for the direction CO\u00E2\u0082\u0082Et group during the thermal ring [See Thesis for Diagrams]."@en . "https://circle.library.ubc.ca/rest/handle/2429/29181?expand=metadata"@en . "PREPARATION AND SOME CHEMISTRY OF ETHYL 23-BIS(ALKTLIDENE)CY(XOBUTANECARBOXYLATES BY YEE-FUNG LU B.Sc, University of Waterloo, 1983 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY I N THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES (DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY) We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNTVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA March 1989 \u00C2\u00A9Yee-Fung Lu,1989 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the head of my department or by his or her representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis' for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Department The University of British Columbia Vancouver, Canada Date DE-6 (2/88) -ii-ABSTRACT This thesis describes the preparation and some chemistry of the cyclobutanecarboxylates 9. Syntheses of larger ring homologs of 9 (compounds 10 and 11) are also presented. Deconjugation-alkylation of ethyl (Z)- and (\u00C2\u00A3)-3-trimethylstanyl-2-alkenoates 1 and 2 with alkylating agents of general structure 7 afords the ethyl (\u00C2\u00A3)- and (Z)-3-trimethylstanyl-3-alkenoates (se 8), respectively. The diene esters 8a undergo eficient intramolecular paladium(0)-catalyzed cros coupling reactions of the vinyl halide and vinylstanane groups to provide the cyclobutanecarboxylates 9. Similarly, the diene esters 8b and 8c were converted into the coupled products 10 and 1, respectively. A number of Diels-Alder reactions of the cyclobutanecarboxylates 9 and structuraly related substances are described. These studies provided information regarding the relative reactivities of various substrates of general structure 9 and the face-, regio- and stereoselectivities of the Diels-Alder proceses. The cycloadition reactions led to the preparation of the bicyclic cyclobutenes 314 and 315. Diels-Alder reactions were also performed on the diene 318 to provide the bicyclic cyclobutenes 319 and 321. The bicyclic cyclobutenes 322, 324 and 327 were readily prepared from the keto esters 314 and 315. The stereochemistry of the thermaly induced, conrotatory ring opening reaction of each of the bicyclic cyclobutenes 314, 315, 319, 321, 322, 324 and 327 was investigated. Thermolysis of 319, 321 and 322 gave, in each case, the product resulting from exclusive outward rotation of the CH2OR group. In contrast, heating the substituted 3-formylcyclobutenes 324 and 327 resulted in exclusive inward rotation of the formyl group. Thermaly induced ring opening of 314 - iii -resulted in the predominant outward rotation of the CO^Et group. On the other hand, the keto ester 315 showed no preference for the direction of rotation of the C02Et group during the thermal ring opening proces. -iv-TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT ii TABLE OF CONTENTS iv LIST OF TABLES viii LIST OF FIGURES x ABBREVIATIONS xii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xiv I. INTRODUCTION 1 1. The Problem 1 2. Background Information 6 2.1. Synthesis of Alkyl 3-Trimethylstannyl-2-alkenoates 6 2.2. Stereospecific Deconjugation of Alkyl 3-trimethyl-stannyl-2-alkenoates 9 2.3. Palladium(0)-Catalyzed Coupling Reactions 10 2.4. Previous Synthetic Work on 1,2-Dimethylene-cyclobutane and Related Substances 18 2.5. Thermolysis of Cyclobutenes 21 - V -II. DISCUSSION 26 1. Synthesis of Ethyl 3-Trimethylstannyl-2-alkenoates 26 1.1. Preparation of the a,/J-Acetylenic Esters 121 26 1.2. Preparation of Ethyl (Z)- and (\u00C2\u00A3^-3-Trirnethylstannyl-2-alkenoates (1 and 2) 29 2. Deconjugation-Alkylation of Ethyl (2> and (E)-3-Trimethyl-stannyl-2-alkenoates 38 2.1. The Alkylating Agents 38 2.1.1. Preparation of the 6>-Halo-2-bromo-l-alkenes 154... 38 2.1.2. Preparation of (Z)-l-Bromo-2-iodo-2-butene (174)... 42 2.1.3. Preparation of (E)-3,5-Diiodo-2-pentene (176) .... 45 2.2. Deconjugation-Alkylation of the Trimethylstannyl Esters 1 and 2 45 3. Synthesis of the Cyclobutanecarboxylates 9 and the Larger Ring Homologs 69 3.1. Preparation of the Cyclobutanecarboxylates 9 via Palladium(0)-Catalyzed Coupling Reactions 69 3.2. X-ray Analysis of the Cyclobutanecarboxylate Derivatives 270-272 79 3.3. Preparation of the Larger Ring Homologs of the Cyclo-butanecarboxylates 9 84 4. Diels-Alder Reactions of the Cyclobutanecarboxylates 9 and Related Compounds 95 4.1. Diels-Alder Reactions with Symmetrical Dienophiles; Tetracyanoethylene and Dimethyl Acetylenedicarboxylate 95 - vi-4.2. Diels-Alder Reactions with Unsymmetrical Dienophiles; Methyl Propynoate, Methyl Vinyl Ketone and Nitro-ethylene 106 5. Thermolysis of Functionalized Bicyclic Cyclobutenes and Related Reactions 119 5.1. Preparation of the Keto Aldehyde 324 and 327 .... 119 5.2. Thermolysis Reactions 121 III. EXPERIMENTAL 143 1. General 143 2. Preparation of Stannylcuprates 146 3. Preparation of a,/^ Acetylenic Esters 148 4. Preparation of Ethyl (Z)- and (\u00C2\u00A3^-3-Trimethylstannyl-2-alkenoates 153 5. Preparation of Alkylating Agents 164 6. Preparation of the Diene Esters 8 175 7. Preparation of the Cyclobutanecarboxylates 9 and the Larger Ring Homologs 198 8. Preparation of Cyclobuu^ ecarboxamides 222 9. Diels-Alder Reactions 226 10. Thermal Ring Opening of Functionalized Bicyclic Cyclobutenes 250 11. Diels-Alder Reactions of the Keto Ether Diene 328 272 - vii -IV. REFERENCES 277 V . APPENDIX \ 284 1. Appendix 1: X-ray Crystallographic Data 284 - viii-UST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Reaction of Various Stannylcuprate Reagents with Ethyl 2-Butynoate 7 2. Conversion of a,j3-Acetylenic Esters to (Z)- and (\u00C2\u00A3)-3-Trirnethylstannyl-2-alkenoates 8 3. Calculated Activation Energies (kcal/mol) for Electrocyclic Reactions of 3-Substituted Cyclobutanes Relative to the Calculated Activation Energy for Cyclobutene Opening ... 23 4. Preparation of a./3-Acetylenic Esters 28 5. Preparation of Ethyl (2^-3-Trimethylstannyl-2-alkenoates.. 30 6. Preparation of Ethyl (\u00C2\u00A3)-3-Trimethylstannyl-2-alkenoates.. 32 7. The Partial !H NMR Spectral Data for (Z)- and (\u00C2\u00A3)-3-Trimei\u00C2\u00B1ylstannyl-2-alkenoates 34 8. Deconjugation-Alkylation of Ethyl (Z)-2-Alkenoates 48 9. Deconjugation-Alkylation of Ethyl (E)-2-Alkenoates 48 10. Deconjugation-Alkylation of Ethyl (Z)-3-Trirnethylstannyl-2-alkenoates with 2,3-Dibromopropene 53 11. Deconjugation-Alkylation of Ethyl (\u00C2\u00A3)-3-Trimethylstannyl-2-alkenoates with 2,3-Dibromopropene 54 12. Deconjugation-Alkylation of Ethyl (Z)- and (i^ -3-Trimethyl-stannyl-2-alkenoates with Other Alkylating Agents 57 13. The Partial *H NMR Spectral Data of the Diene Ester 215 and 220 60 14. Synthesis of the Cyclobutanecarboxylates 9 73 - ix -15. Synthesis of the Cyclopentanecarboxylates 10 86 16. Synthesis of the Cyclohexanecarboxylates 11 90 17. Diels-Alder Reactions of the Cyclobutanecarboxylates 9 with Tetracyanoethylene 97 18. Diels-Alder Reactions of the Cyclobutanecarboxylates 296 with Dimethyl Acetylenedicarboxylate and Aromatization of the Diels-Alder Adducts 103 19. Boron Trifluoride Catalyzed Diels-Alder Reactions of the Cyclobutanecarboxylates 296 with Methyl Vinyl Ketone.. 110 - X -LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. The 400 MHz *H NMR Spectrum of the Diene Ester 216 62 2. The 400 MHz lH NMR Spectrum of the Diene Ester 222 62 3. The 400 MHz *H NMR Spectrum of the Cyclobutane-carboxylate 253 70 4. The 400 MHz *H NMR Spectrum of the Cyclobutane-carboxylate 254 77 5. The 400 MHz JH NMR Spectrum of the Cyclobutane-carboxylate 255 77 6. Stereoview of the Cyclobutanecarboxamide 270 81 7. Stereoview of the Cyclobutanecarboxamide 271 82 8. Stereoview of the Cyclobutanecarboxamide 272 83 9. The 400 MHz !H NMR Spectrum of the Cyclopentane-carboxylate 274 88 10. The 400 MHz lH NMR Spectrum of the Cyclohexane-carboxylate 281 91 11. Diagrammatic View of the Two Possible Directions in which TCNE Approaches the Diene 254 100 12. The 400 MHz lH NMR Spectrum of the Ester 290 .... 100 13. The 400 MHz lIl NMR Spectrum of the Ester 291 .... 101 14. The 300 MHz *H NMR Spectrum of the Triester 303.. 105 15. The 400 MHz *H NMR Spectrum of the Keto Ester 314 111 - xi -16. The Effect of Lewis Acid on the Energies of the HOMO and LUMO of the Dienophile in Diels-Alder Reaction .... 112 17. Frontier Orbitals Showing the Increased Polarization of the LUMO of the Double Bond in the Dienophile in a Lewis Acid Catalyzed Diels-Alder Reaction 113 18. Frontier Orbitals Showing the Increased Secondary Orbital Interaction in the Lewis Acid Catalyzed Diels-Alder Reaction 114 19. The 400 MHz *H NMR Spectrum of the Keto Ether Diene 328 123 20. The 400 MHz *H NMR Spectrum of the Keto Ester Diene 331 127 21. The 400 MHz *H NMR Spectrum of the Keto Ester Diene 332 128 20. The 400 MHz lH NMR Spectrum of the Diketo Ether 351 140 - xii -ABBREVIATIONS The foUowing abbreviations have been used throughout this thesis. B-Br-9-BBN = B-bromo-9-borabicyclo[3.3. ljnonane r-Bu tert-butyl d doublet DDQ 23-d^ cMoro-5,6-dicyano-l,4-benzoquinone DMAD dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate DME 1,2-dimethoxyethane DMP NJV-dhnemytforinainide DMPU iVJV,-dimethyl-/V^V-propylene urea DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide equiv = equivalent (s) Et ethyl GLC gas-liquid chromatography h hour (s) HMPA hexamemylphosphoramide !H NMR proton nuclear magnetic resonance IR infrared LDA lithium dusopropylamide LilCA lithium iV-isopropylcyclohexylamide m = multiplet Me methyl min = minute (s) MOM methoxy methyl MVK methyl vinyl ketone - xiii -NOE = nuclear Overhauser efect Pd(PPh3)4 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2- tetraJds(triphenylphosphira^ Ph = phenyl c-Pr = cyclopropyl i-Pr = isopropyl q = quartet s = singlet t = triplet TBDMS = rm-butyldimethylsilyl TCNE = tetracyanoethylene Th = thienyl THF = teu-ahydrofuran TLC = thin-layer chromatography - xiv -ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my research supervisor, Professor Edward Piers, for his guidance, patience and support throughout the course of these studies. Thanks are extended to the past and present members of the group for their interaction socially and academically. Special thanks to Betty-Anne Story, Pierre Marais, Fraser Fleming and Miquel Romero for their diligent proofreading. In addition, thanks to Timothy Wong for the use of his computer. Financial assistance from U B C in the form of University Graduate Fellowship is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, I would like to thank my parents, brother and sisters for their encouragement and support throughout all these years. -1-I. INTRODUCTION 1. The Problem Previous work in our laboratories had demonstrated that the geometricaly isomeric ethyl 3-trimethylstanyl-2-alkenoates 1 and 2 can be synthesized eficiently and stereoselectively.1 These organostananes 1 and 2 are found to undergo stereospecific deconjugation2 (Equations 1 and 2). For example, reaction of ethyl (Z)-3-trimethylstanyl-2-alkenoates (1) with lithium disopropylamide (LDA) (2.3 equiv) in tetrahydrofuran (THF)-hexamethylphosphoramide (HMPA, 1.5 equiv) (-78\u00C2\u00B0C, 0.5 h; 0\u00C2\u00B0C, 1 h), folowed by inverse quenching with a cold (-98\u00C2\u00B0C) solution of acetic acid in diethyl ether, provided the ethyl (\u00C2\u00A3)-3-trimethylstanyl-3-alkenoates (3) exclusively (Equation 1). Similarly, ethyl (E)-3-trimethylstanyl-2-alkenoates (2) were converted into ethyl (Z)-3-trimethylstanyl-3-alkenoates (4) via the same procedure, except that deprotonation was done in the absence of HMPA (Equation 2). These deconjugated organostananes may be further converted into bifunctional conjunctive reagents* which are useful in organic synthesis.3 R\u00E2\u0080\u0094^ Me3Sn 1 (a) LDA, HMPA, -78\u00C2\u00B0C, THF (1) C02Et 3 R \u00E2\u0080\u0094 s MesSn C02Et (a) LDA, -78\u00C2\u00B0C, THF (2) * Bifunctional conjunctive reagents are substances that contain two reactive sites and are incorporated in whole or in part into a substrate molecule.4 - 2 -It semed obvious that this work could be extended to the deconjugation-alkylation of the organostananes 1 and 2. Thus, treatment of the substrates 1 and 2 with an apropriate base would result in the formation of the coiresponding dienolate anions. These later species would be expected to react with alkylating agents at the a-carbon position to give the unsaturated esters 5 and 6, respectively (Equations 3 and 4).5-9 If these reactions were to be done with alkylating agents of general structure 7, the products 8 would contain a vinylstanane and a vinyl halide functionality. It should then be posible to cyclize these products to give compounds 9, 10 and 1, via an intramolecular paladium(0)-catalyzed coupling reaction (Scheme 1). Sucesful execution of this chemistry would lead to a novel method of synthesizing cyclic molecules with conjugated exocyclic double bonds. In the ground state of isolated conjugated dienes, such as butadiene derivatives, the four carbon atoms constituting the n system must be coplanar for maximum conjugation. Acording to the proposal in Scheme 1, cisoid diene systems would be produced in the highly strained compounds 9 (n= 1). Thus, it would be interesting to measure, by the use of X-ray analysis, the extent to which these diene systems are twisted away from planarity. As the cyclobutanecarboxylates 9 1 5 (4) -3-are not expected to be solids, the X-ray analyses would have to be performed on crystaline derivatives, such as 12, 13 and 14. SnMe3 9 n = 1, 10 n = 2, 11 n = 3. Scheme 1 \ \ CONHR\" CONHR\" CONHR\" 12 13 14 The compounds 15 with a cisoid exocyclic diene system should undergo Diels-Alder reactions readily (Scheme 2). It would be logical to investigate the regio- and/or stereoselectivity of these reactions with various dienophiles, such as dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate (DMAD), tetracyanoethylene (TCNE), methyl vinyl ketone (MVK), nitroethylene and methyl propynoate. It is wel known that simple cyclobutenes can be converted into 1,3-dienes via a thermaly alowed conrotatory ring opening proces. Therefore, the bicyclic - 4 -W Scheme 2 cyclobutenes 16 obtained via Diels-Alder reactions would be expected to undergo the thermolytic ring opening (Scheme 2). An interesting aspect of the thermolyses of 16 is that, in each case, the conrotatory ring-opening process allows the substituent on the cyclobutene ring to rotate inwardly or outwardly (Equation 5). Houk has postulated a theory suggesting that the direction of rotation of a substituent on the cyclobutene ring is dependent on the electronic nature of the substituent.10 Although simple cyclobutenes with substituents at the C-3 and C-4 positions have been extensively investigated,10\"13 there is very little information regarding this opening process in complex cyclobutenes such as 16. As different substituents on the cyclobutene ring of 16 can be easily obtained, the cyclobutenes 16 can be used to further correlate Houk's theory with experimental results. Finally, the thermolysis products 17 can undergo Diels-Alder reactions to provide highly substituted octalin systems 18 (Scheme 2). -5-R R W R 16 19 20 outward inward In summary, the primary objectives of the projected work are the following: a) to investigate deconjugation-alkylation of ethyl 3-trimethylstannyl-2-alkenoates 1 and 2; b) to synthesize the cyclobutane compounds 9 and larger ring homologs via palladium(0)-catalyzed coupling reactions; c) to investigate the structures and Diels-Alder reactions of the cyclobutane compounds 15; d) to investigate the thermolysis of the bicyclic cyclobutenes 16 and the Diels-Alder reactivity of the resultant thermolysis products 17. The following chapters discuss the progress made in these areas of research. However, a brief summary of some background information is first presented. - 6 -2. Background Information 2.1. Synthesis of Alkvl 3-Trimethylstannv1-2-a1kfinnates R >=< H C02R' Me3Sn C02R' M^ Sn H 21 22 Morton and Chong, in our laboratories, have extensively studied the synthesis of alkyl 3-trimethylstannyl-2-alkenoates 21 and 22, via stannylcuprate stannylcuprate reagents (e.g 26-30) undergo conjugate addition of the trimethyl-stannyl group to a,j3-acetylenic esters. Table 1 shows examples of these reactions with ethyl 2-butynoate (23). The conjugate addition of lithium (phenyltWo)(trimethylstannyl)cuprate (26) to ethyl 2-butynoate (23) can be controlled experimentally to produce either of the geometrically isomeric products 24 and 25 (Table 1). For example, reaction of 23 with 26 (THF, -48\u00C2\u00B0C, 4 h), followed by protonation, provided the Z-isomer 24 (98% isomerically pure). In contrast, reaction of 23 with 26 (THF, -78\u00C2\u00B0C, 4 h) in the presence of a small amount of methanol produced the E-isomer 25 (>99% isomerically pure). Apparently, the nature of the stannylcuprate reagent also affects the stereochemical outcome of these reactions. For example, the reagents, 28-30, reacted with ethyl 2-butynoate (23) under various conditions to provide predominandy the E-isomer 25 (Table 1). Thus, various geometrically isomeric alkyl 3-trimethylstannyl-2-alkenoates 21 and 22 were prepared efficiently and stereoselectively via these stannylcuprate reactions from the corresponding a,)3-acetylenic esters (Table 2). reactions on a,/J-acetylenic esters.1 It has been observed that the various - 7 -Table 1 Reaction of Various Stannylcuprate Reagents with Ethyl 2-Butynoate \u00E2\u0080\u0094 \u00E2\u0080\u0094 C 0 2 E t \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 + Me3Sn N C 0 2 E t M e 3 S n H 23 24 25 Entry Reagent, Conditions (A) Ratio of 24 : 25 Yield (%) 1 [Me3SnCuSC6H5]Li (26), THF, -48\u00C2\u00B0C, 4 h 98:2 85 2 [Me 3SnCuSC 6H 5]Li (26), THF, -78\u00C2\u00B0C, 4 h, MeOH <1: >99 79 3 [Me3SnCuSnMe3]Li (27), THF, -48\u00C2\u00B0C, 4 h 68:32 74 4 [Me3SnCuOCC(Me2)OMe]Li (28), THF, -48\u00C2\u00B0C, 4 h <1: >99 82 5 Me3SnCuSMe 2 (29), THF, -48\u00C2\u00B0C, 3 h <1: >99 68 6 Me3SnCuSMe2 (29), THF, -78\u00C2\u00B0C, 3 h <1:>99 76 7 [Me3SnCuCN]Li (30), THF, -48\u00C2\u00B0C, 3 h 4 :96 86 Table 2 Conversion of a,/J-Acetylenic Esters to (Z> and (\u00C2\u00A3)-3Triinethylstannyl-2alkenoates R =\u00E2\u0080\u0094C02R' 31 R H \ C02R' w + >=< Me3Sn NC02R' M e 3 S n H 21 22 Entry Substrate R 31 R' Reagents, Conditions Ratio of 21:22 Yield (%) 1 2 3 4 5 32 32 32 33 33 Et Et Et j-Pr /-FT Et 26, -48\u00C2\u00B0C, 4h >9:<1 (35:36) 76 Et 26, -78\u00C2\u00B0C, 3h, <1:>99 (35:36) 80 MeOH Et 29, -48\u00C2\u00B0C, 4h 98:2 (35:36) 76 Me 26, -780C, 3h, <1:>99 (37:38) 77 MeOH Me 29, -48\u00C2\u00B0C, 4h 94:6 (37:38) 73 6 34 TBDMSO(CH2) Et 7 34 TBDMSO(CH2)2 Et 8 34 TBDMSO(CH2)2 Et 26, -48\u00C2\u00B0C, 4h >9:<1 (39:40) 79 26, -78\u00C2\u00B0C, 6h, <1:>9 (39:40) 71 MeOH 29, -48\u00C2\u00B0C, 4h 96:4 (39:40) 81 -9-2.2. Stereospecific Deconjugation of Alkvl 3-Trimethvlstarinvl-2-alkenoates OUT initial interest in the area of protonation-deconjugation of alkyl 3-trimethylstannyl-2-alkenoates 41 was to develop new methods for the preparation of the bifunctional conjunctive reagents 44, which are useful in natural product syntheses.3 The readily available geometrically pure alkyl 3-trimethylstannyl-2-alkenoates 41 could be subjected to protonation-deconjugation to furnish the required esters 42 with isomerization of the double bond. Then, the chlorides 44 could be easily obtained from the esters 42 via standard reduction and chlorination reactions (Scheme 3). Scheme 3 Previous studies on the protonation-deconjugation of alkyl 3-trimethylstannyl-2-alkenoates 41, carried out by Gavai in our laboratory, showed that this process is highly stereospecific.2 Thus, when ethyl (Z)-3-trimethylstannyl-2-pentenoate (35) was allowed to react with lithium diisopropylamide (2.3 equiv) in THF-HMPA (1.5 equiv) (-78\u00C2\u00B0C, 0.5 h; 0\u00C2\u00B0C, 1 h) and the resulting solution (recooled to -78\u00C2\u00B0C) was transferred (cannula) to a cold (-98\u00C2\u00B0C) solution of acetic acid in diethyl ether, ethyl (E)-3-trimethylstannyl-3-pentenoate (46) was produced exclusively in 87% yield -10-(Equation 6). In a similar manner, the (Z)-trimethylstannyl esters 39 and 45 were converted cleanly and efficiently into the (\u00C2\u00A3)-/J,y-unsaturated esters 47 and 48 in yields of 81% and 77%, respectively (Equation 6). , C02R' -78\u00C2\u00B0C, THF \ / 2 (6) (a) LDA, HMPA, -78\u00C2\u00B0C, THF C02R* (\u00E2\u0080\u00A2>) NSnMe3 35, R = Me, R' = Et 46, R = Me, R' = Et, 87% 39, R = TBDMSO(CH2)2> R' = Et 47, R = TBDMSCKCH^ , R' = Et, 81% 45, R = c-Pr, R1 = Me 48, R = c-Pr, R' = Me, 77% Protonation-deconjugation of the (\u00C2\u00A3)-trimethylstannyl esters 36, 40 and 49 also occurred with complete stereoselectivity, producing exclusively the alkyl (Z)-3-trimethylstannyl-3-alkenoates 50, 51 and 52, respectively (Equation 7). The procedure employed for these reactions was very similar to that used for the (Zl-trimethylstannyl esters except that deprotonation was done in the absence of HMPA. > C 0 2 R ' (a) LDA, -78\u00C2\u00B0C, THF W I T (7) 36, R = Me, R' = Et 50, R = Me, R' = Et, 82% 40, R = TBDMSO(CH2)2> R'=Et 51, R = TBDMSO(CH2)2, R' = Et, 83% 49, R = c-Pr, R\" = Me 52, R = c-Pr, R' = Me, 79% 2.3. PalladiumfflVCatalyzed Coupling Reactions There has been great interest in recent years in the use of organometallic reagents to form carbon-carbon bonds efficiently and stereoselectively. One common method employed is the cross coupling of an organometallic reagent (RM) with an -11-organic electrophile (R'X), normally in the presence of a group VIII transition metal catalyst such as palladium (Equation 8). An important outcome of this method is a route to synthesize selectively and stereospecifically conjugated dienes by cross coupling of two alkenyl partners (i.e. both R and R' are alkenyl groups in Equation 8). This route is desirable since 1,3-dienes are required as substrates for Diels-Alder reactions and many natural products contain 1,3-diene systems (e.g. carotenoids, insect pheromones). Pd (0) catalyst , O N R M + R'X \u00E2\u0080\u0094 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 RR' + M X (\u00C2\u00BB) The generality and degree of success for the cross coupling of two alkenyl groups gready depends on the nature of the organometallic partner. Therefore, some of the desirable characteristics of the organometallic reagent are listed below: a) it should be readily available; b) it should be fairly stable and easy to handle; c) it should tolerate a wide variety of functional groups. Organostannanes have emerged as one of the more popular organometallic reagents for this palladium(0)-catalyzed cross coupling reaction as they fit all of these characteristics.14-15 Furthermore, the coupling reaction of organostannanes with vinylic electrophiles generally takes place in high yields under mild conditions. Stille and co-workers have extensively studied the intermolecular cross coupling of vinylstannanes with acyl halides,16 allyl halides,17 aryl halides18 and benzyl halides.1 8 0 In addition to these works, they also have reported intermolecular cross coupling of vinylstannanes with vinyl triflates19 and vinyl halides20 to provide conjugated dienes. These coupling reactions are found to be highly stereospecific. The cross coupling reactions of vinylstannanes with vinyl triflates are generally done in the presence of lithium chloride and the catalyst normally used is tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) (Pd(PPh3)4). For example, 4-terf-butyl--12-cyclohex-l-enyl triflate (53) coupled in high yield with tri-n-butylstannylethylene (54) in the presence of 2 mol% of Pd(PPh3)4 and 3 equivalents of lithium chloride in refluxing THF to give l-vinyl-4-rm-butylcyclohexene (55) (Equation 9).19d In the absence of lithium chloride, no coupling was observed.190 OTf + /= Pd(PPh3)4 (2 mol%), /i-Bu3Sn THF (reflux), 54 LiCl, 91% 53 In contrast, the coupling reactions of vinylstannanes with vinyl halides were done without lithium chloride. Thus, the coupling of 1-iodocyclohexene (56) with (Z)-3-tri-/i-butylstannylpropen-l-ol (57) in the presence of 2 mole % of Pd(PPh3)4 (DMF, room temperature, 23 h) afforded a 90% yield of the conjugated diene (58) (Equation 10).20 T /i-Bu3Sn (10) 56 57 OH 5 8 Other catalysts (e.g. (MeCN)2PdCl2, PhCH2Pd(Cl)(PPh3)2, (Ph3P)2PdCl2) are also used in these coupling reactions.193*20 For example, (\u00C2\u00A3)-j3-iodostyrene (59) underwent a coupling reaction with tri-n-butylstannylethylene (54) in the presence of a catalytic amount of bis(acetoniuile)dicWoropaUadium(II) at room temperature to provide the diene 60 in 85% yield (Equation ll). 2 0 The solvents favored by Stille and co-workers for the coupling reactions are tetrahydrofuran (THF) and N^ -dimethylformamide (DMF).19\u00C2\u00BB20 However, other - In-solvents such as DME, dioxane, HMPA, DMPU and DMSO, which can act as catalyst ligands or have the ability to solubilize lithium chloride, are also employed.193 1 (MeCN)2PdCl2 (2 mol%), + n-Bu3Sn / Ph DMF, 25\u00C2\u00B0C, 85% Ph 59 54 6 0 The coupling reaction is relatively insensitive to steric hindrance. For example, coupling of 2,5,5-trimethylcyclopent-l-enyl triflate (61) with the vinylstannane 62 under the standard reaction conditions afforded cleanly, in 80% yield, the diene 63 (Equation 12).19b OTf / Pd(PPh3)4 (2 mol%), n-Bu3Sn \ THF (reflux), \"~ \u00E2\u0080\u0094 \ 7 ^ ^ 6 2 LiCl, 80% Stille and co-workers have performed some mechanistic studies on the palladium(0)-catalyzed cross coupling of vinylstannanes with vinyl triflates.190 Thus, for the cross coupling reaction of tri-/z-butylstannylethylene (54) with 4-terf-butyl-cyclohex-l-enyl triflate (53) in Equation 9, they propose the catalytic cycle shown in Scheme 4. Initially, oxidative addition of the vinyl triflate 53 to the PdL* in the presence of lithium chloride gives the intermediate 66 and lithium triflate. The formation of the intermediate 66 is proposed to take place via one of two different pathways (Equations 13 and 14). -14-OTf Scheme 4 ^ Oxidative addition of the vinyl triflate 53 to P0X4 to give the corresponding organopaUadiumfri) triflate complex 64, followed by reaction with lithium chloride, would yield 66 (Equation 13). Alternatively, a reversible reaction of lithium chloride with PdL4 could form a salt such as 65. Then, oxidative addition of vinyl triflate 53 would generate 66 (Equation 14) Stille and co-workers suggested that the reaction most likely proceeds via the latter pathway from the observation of the -15-31p NMR spectral data for 65 and 66. The organostannane 54 undergoes transmetalation with 66 to yield the fra/w-bis(organo)paUadium(n) complex 67. The complex 67 undergoes trans/cis isomerization to provide 68, which, upon reductive elimination, affords the coupled product 55 and regenerates the palladium(O) catalyst. 53 64 66 PdL, + LiQ U+rPdLjCl]-65 53 (14) The nature of the organic group on tin determines the group to be transferred in the transmetalation step. For example, the rate of transfer of groups follows the order of the sequence, PhRC=CR'- > CH2=CR- > Ph > Me.14 Therefore, when an organostannane contains three alkyl groups and one alkenyl group, the latter group will transfer exclusively. Friesen and Keay, in our laboratory, have utilized the intramolecular palladium(0)-catalyzed coupling reaction of vinyl triflates and vinylstannanes to -16-synthesize conjugated dienes. Examples involving new synthetically useful annulation sequences, are shown in Scheme 5. Transformation of the ketones 69 into the corresponding enol triflates 70 was accomplished via a procedure very similar to that reported by McMurry and Scott.21 Treatment of the triflates 70 with a catalytic amount of Pd(PPh3)4 in refluxing THF effected efficient ring closure, producing the bicyclic dienes 71 in good yields (83-86%).2 It must be noted that these reactions were done in the absence of lithium chloride. Qualitative experiments on the coupling reaction showed that the rate of the process and isolated yield of the reaction product decreased in the presence of lithium chloride. SnMe3 (a) LDA (b) Tf2NPh I 70 n = 1,2 K = Scheme 5 Pd(PPh3)4 The intramolecular coupling reaction of vinylstannanes and vinyl triflates has proved to be useful in natural product syntheses. An example is illustrated by the synthesis of (\u00C2\u00B1)-(145)-dolasta-l(15),7,9-trien-14-ol (75) (Scheme 6).23 Treatment of the ketone 72 with lithium diisopropylamide (THF-HMPA, -78\u00C2\u00B0C to 0\u00C2\u00B0C), followed by trapping the enolate with N-phenyluifluorometihanesulfonimide, afforded the enol -17-triflate 73. The enol triflate 73 underwent the intramolecular coupling reaction in the presence of a catalytic amount of Pd(PPh3)4 to provide the bicyclic compound 74 with conjugated endocyclic double bonds. This material was subsequently converted into the natural product 75. SnMe3 74 78% from 72 Scheme 6 Recently, Stille and co-workers also performed this coupling reaction intramolecularly to synthesize large-ring lactones.24 For example, cyclization of the substrate 76 containing a vinylstannane and a vinyl triflate group at the termini of the ester-containing chain was accomplished with a catalytic amount of Pd(PPh3)4 and lithium chloride in refluxing THF (Equation 15). Under these reaction conditions, no E to Z isomerization of the internal double bond and no rearrangement of the exocyclic double bond were observed. -18-O OTf Pd(PPh3)4 (2 mol%), THF (reflux), O )n-2 (15) n n n n 5 57% 6 56% 7 57% 8 56% 77 /i-BujSn 2.4. Previous Synthetic Work on 1.2-Dimethylenecyclobutane and Related Substances There are a number methods reported in the literature for the synthesis of 1,2-dimethylenecyclobutane (79) and related substances. However, most of these methods are cumbersome, inefficient and stereochemically ambiguous. One of the most obvious methods for the synthesis of these compounds is the thermal dimerization of allene or its derivatives. This dimerization process is presumed to proceed via a thermal M2& + n^s\ cycloaddition.25 For example, allene gas (78) was passed through a tube packed with glass balls at 500\u00C2\u00B0C. The pyrolysate, which contained a rmxture of unreacted allene, allene dimers and higher oligomers, was collected in a flask cooled in dry ice. Fractional distillation, with recycling of the pyrolysate, afforded 1,2-dimethylenecyclobutane (79) in 25% yield (Equation 16).26 500\u00C2\u00B0C, 25% (16) 78 79 -19-Another example is the dimerization of methylallene (80) reported by Gajewski and Shih.27 Methylallene (80) was heated in a static system at 170\u00C2\u00B0C for 13 h to produce a mixture of the dimers, 81-87 (29%) and unreacted methylallene (80) (32%) (Equation 17). Clearly, this method is very inefficient as there is no control of the stereochemical outcome of the reaction. V 80 A (170( c) v/ \s 29% 81 84 82 S3 85 1 86 1 (17) JJ 87 Other methods for the synthesis of 1,2-dimethylenecyclobutane (79) and related compounds involve chemical manipulation of substrates containing the four-membered ring system. For example, the synthesis of l,2-bis(dideuterio-methylene)cyclobutane (91) was reported by Gajewski and Shih (Scheme 7).28 The predorninantly fra/w-l,2-cyclobutanedicarboxylic acid (88) was first esterified in acidic ethanol to produce diethyl 1,2-cyclobutanedicarboxylate (89). The diester 89 was reduced with lithium aluminum deuteride and the resultant diol was treated with excess p-toluenesulphonyl chloride in pyridine to produce 90. Displacement of the tosylate groups in compound 90 with sodium iodide in acetone and, finally, double dehydroiodination with molten potassium hydroxide afforded the diene 91 in a 22% overall yield. -20-\u00E2\u0080\u00A2C02H 88 C \u00C2\u00B0 ^ H EtOH, H+ OC^Et D D g 9nC0 2Et (a) LiAlD4 (b) TsCl, Pyridine r 91 D (a) Nal, Acetone (b) Molten KOH 22% from 88 CD2OTs CD2OTs 90 Scheme 7 Bickelhaupt and co-workers also employed chemical manipulation of a substrate containing a four-membered ring to synthesize 1,2-dimethylenecyclobutane (79).29 In their procedure, the cyclobutanone 92 was subjected to a Wittig reaction followed by a Hofmann degradation to yield 79 in an overall yield of less than 10% (Equation 18). However, their method was more successful in synthesizing the larger ring homologs of 79. >\u00E2\u0080\u0094NMe2 (a) Ph3P=CH2 (b) Mel (c) Ag20, A (18) 92 79 <10% A further example of chemical manipulation of a substrate containing a four-membered ring to synthesize 1,2-dimethylenecyclobutane derivatives was reported by Schimpf and Heimbach.30 The readily accessible cj'5-l,2-divinylcyclobutane (95), which was formed catalytically in 40% yield from butadiene, underwent isomerization on treatment with potassium rerf-butoxide in dimetihylsulfoxide at 40--21-60\u00C2\u00B0C to give a mixture of the conjugated dienes 85, 86 and 96, in 87% yield (Equation 19). f-BuOK, J J + (19) 95 85 86 1 96 Ratio 3 : 3 : 2 Although the examples discussed here are not exhaustive, they indicate some of the difficulties encountered in synthesizing 1,2-dimethylenecyclobutane (79) and related compounds efficiently and stereoselectively. 2.5. Thermolysis of Cyclobutenes R \" - C + Cw <20) 97 98 ^ 99 outward inward Cyclobutene can be converted into butadiene via a thermally allowed conrotatory ring opening process. The allowed conrotatory process is estimated to be 15.0 kcal/mol more favorable than the disrotatory process.31 However, in a substituted cyclobutene, this conrotatory process can occur in two directions (Equation 20). Early studies by Criege, Winter, Trey and their co-workers on the thermolysis of simple cyclobutenes showed that alkyl substituents preferentially opened outward.1 For example, 3-methylcyclobutene (100) opened exclusively with the methyl group rotating outward to give fra/w-piperylene (101) (Equation 21), and rrans-1,2,3,4-tetramethylcyclobutene (102) gave only (\u00C2\u00A3,\u00C2\u00A3)-3,4-dimethyl--22-2,4-hexadiene (103) (Equation 22). These results were rationalized on the basis of steric arguments. Thus, it was proposed that the steric repulsion destabilizes the corresponding transition states for inward rotation even though the inward opening of the substituents is allowed by orbital symmetry. However, Curry and Steven reported that steric effects do not have a significant influence on the outcome of the conrotatory opening of cyclobutenes.12 Thus, 3-methyl-3-isopropylcyclobutene (104) opened at 180\u00C2\u00B0C to provide a mixture of two isomers 105 and 106 in the ratio of 1:1.9, respectively (Equation 23). The major isomer 106 resulted from inward rotation of the isopropyl group. At the same time, 3-methyl-3-/m-butylcyclobutene (107) did not show a preference in the direction of opening, since, in this case, the ratio of the isomers 108 and 109 was 1:1 (Equation 24). A more dramatic case was reported by Dolbier et a/.13 They observed that the rran5-perfluoro-3,4-dimethylcyclobutene 110 exclusively opened to give the (Z),(Z)-isomer 111, in which both trifluoromethyl groups had preferentially rotated inward (Equation 25). These data contradict the simple idea that the thermal ring opening of cyclobutenes is governed by steric factors. - 2 3 -110 i n Table 3 Calculated Activation Energies (keal/mol) for Electrocyclic Reactions of 3-Substituted-cyclobutenes Relative to the Calculated Activation Energy for Cyclobutene Opening1 0 Substituent Direction of Rotation inward outward inward-outward -OH/-OR 7.1 -9.3 16.4 - c o r 0.9 -6.4 7.3 - C H 3 5.7 -0.7 6.4 - C N 2.3 -2.3 4.6 -CO2H -2.0 -4.3 2.3 -C02Me -1.3 -3.0 1.7 -CHO -6.9 -2.3 -4.6 -C(OH) 2 + -15.8 -11.0 -4.8 -24-Recently, Houk and co-workers have performed extensive theoretical calculations on the effect of substituents on the cyclobutene ring opening reaction.10 Their theoretical studies suggest that this type of reaction is influenced mainly by the electronic nature of the substituents. Table 3 summarizes their results derived from calculations of the activation energies for outward or inward rotation of various substituents. An alkoxy or a hydroxy substituent is predicted to favor outward rotation by 16.4 kcal/mol. The methyl and the methyl ester groups are calculated to favor outward rotation by 6.4 and 1.7 kcal/mol, respectively. It is apparent that the preference for the direction of rotation is not based on steric control alone as the preference for outward rotation decreases along the series OR > CH3 > CC^ Me; whereas, the sizes, as measured by the A values* of substituents, decrease in the order CH3 > C02Me > OR.32 Houk and co-workers also reported some experimental results to verify their theory.10 For example, they predicted that 3-formylcyclobutene (112) would rotate the formyl group inward during the ring opening process. The calculated activation energy preference for inward rotation of the formyl group is 4.6 kcal/mol (Table 3). The experimental test for this prediction showed that 3-formylcyclobutene (112) underwent ring opening at 50-70\u00C2\u00B0C to produce exclusively (Z)-2,4-pentadienal (113) (Equation 26). This preference for the inward rotation is not likely to arise from product stabilities as (Z)-2,4-pentadienal (113) is suggested to be 3.1 kcal/mol less stable than the (\u00C2\u00A3)-isomer. *A simple measure of steric effects by the conformational free-energy difference between equatorial and axial substituents on a cyclohexane ring. -25-Houk and co-workers suggested that a hydroxy or alkoxy group on the cyclobutene ring strongly favors rotating outward in the electrocyclic reaction. Their experimental results also supported this prediction. For example, when 2-ferf-butyl-3-(trimethylsilyloxy)cyclobutene (114) was heated in deuteriochloroform at 95-100\u00C2\u00B0C for 1.5 h, (\u00C2\u00A3)-2-/crf-butyl-l-trimethylsilyloxy-l,3-butadiene (115) was obtained exclusively (Equation 27). In addition, 3-fm-butyl-3-(trimethylsilyloxy)cyclobutene (116) was heated (CDCI3, 90-100\u00C2\u00B0C, 4 h) to yield exclusively (E)-l-fm-butyl-l-trimethylsilyloxy-l,3-butadiene (117) (Equation 28). The reaction was not controlled by a steric effect because a smaller alkoxy group, such as a methoxy group, was used and a similar result was obtained. Thus, 3-terf-butyl-3-methoxycyclobutene (118) was heated (C6D6, 90-95\u00C2\u00B0C, 6 h) to produce exclusively (\u00C2\u00A3)-l-terr-butyl-l-methoxy-l,3-butadiene (119) (Equation 29). Therefore, from all these experimental and theoretical data, Houk and co-workers suggested that the electronic effect of the substituent played an important role in the cyclobutene ring opening reaction. -26-II. DISCUSSION 1. Synthesis of Ethyl 3-Trimethvlstannvl-2-alkenoates 1.1. Preparation of the \u00C2\u00AB.j3-Acetylenic Esters 121 H R, ^ COzEt 120 121 The 1-alkynes (120) required as starting materials for the preparation of the a,/J-acetylenic esters (121) were either commercially available or were prepared by protection of the appropriate alkyn-l-ol with methoxymethoxy or rm-butyl-dimethylsilyloxy groups. Reaction of 4-pentyn-l-ol (123) with chloromethyl methyl ether (1.5 equiv) in the presence of diisopropylethylamine (1.5 equiv) in dichloromethane (0\u00C2\u00B0C, 1.5 h) provided, after distillation of the crude reaction product, 5-methoxymethoxy-1-pentyne (125) in 95% yield (Equation 30). The *H NMR spectrum of 125 exhibited the expected signals for the methoxymethoxy group at 8 3.39 (a 3-proton singlet) and S 4.63 (a 2-proton singlet). In a similar fashion, 2-propyn-l-ol (122) was converted into 3-methoxymethoxy-l-propyne (124) in 88% yield (Equation 30).33 6-rert-Butyldimethylsilyloxy-l-hexyne (127) was prepared by reaction of 5-hexyn-l-ol (126) with rerr-butyldimethylsilyl chloride and imidazole in N,iV-dimethylformamide (room temperature, 12 h) (Equation 31).34 OH (i-Pr^ NEl OMOM (30) 122 n = 1 123 n = 3 124 n = 1, 88% 125 n = 3, 95% -27-TBDMSC1 OH Imidazole DMF, 92% OTBDMS (3D 126 127 The 1-alkynes (120) were converted into the corresponding a,/3-acetylenic esters (121) via the procedure outlined in Table 4. Addition of methyllithium (1 equiv) to a THF solution of 1-butyne (130) (-78\u00C2\u00B0C, 15 min; -20\u00C2\u00B0C, 1 h) afforded the corresponding alkynylnthium species, which, upon reaction with ethyl chloroformate (-20\u00C2\u00B0C, 1 h; room temperature, 1 h) yielded ethyl 2-pentynoate (131) (93%, work-up and distillation). In a similar manner, the other a,j3-acetylenic esters, 132-134, were prepared from the corresponding 1-alkynes 124, 125, and 127, respectively (Table 4). The spectral data for these a,/J-acetylenic esters (131-134) were in agreement with the assigned structures. For example, the *H NMR spectrum of 131 displayed the expected signals for an ethyl ester moiety (a 3-proton triplet at c5 1.32, / = 7 Hz, and a 2-proton quartet at 8 4.22, J = 7 Hz) and an ethyl moiety (a 3-proton triplet at 8 1.21, 7 = 7 Hz, and a 2-proton quartet at 8 2.35, 7 = 7 Hz). In addition, the IR spectrum of 131 exhibited a weak C=C stretching frequency at 2239 cnr1 and a C=0 stretching frequency at 1713 cm\"1. Ethyl 2-butynoate (23) is commercially available. -28-Table 4 Preparation of a,/J-Acetylenic Esters1 ^ H \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 ==\u00E2\u0080\u0094CC^Et 120 121 Entry Substrate R Product Yield 120 121 (%)n 1 130 CH3 131 93 2 124 CH3OCH2O 132 84 3 125 CH3OCH20(CH2)2 133 83 4 127 r-BuMe2SiO(CH2)3 134 76 1 (a) MeLi (1 equiv), THF, -78\u00C2\u00B0C, 15 min; -20\u00C2\u00B0C, 1 h, (b) Ethyl chloroformate (1 equiv), -20\u00C2\u00B0C, 1 h; room temperature, l.h. n Yield of purified, distilled product -29-1.2. Preparation of Ethvl (ZV and (\u00C2\u00A3V3-Trimethvlstannvl-2-alkenoates (1 and 2) [Me3SnCuSPh]Li [Me3SnCuCN]U rMe3SnCu(2-Th)CN]U2 26 30 141 Previous work in our laboratories demonstrated that various trimethyl-stannylcopper reagents,* such as 26 and 30, smoothly transfer one trimethyl-stannyl group to the /J-position of a,j3-acetylenic esters (121).1 Generally, these cuprate reagents are thermally unstable, and sensitive to both oxygen and traces of inorganic salts.35 Thus, it must be noted that mamteining an appropriate temperature with stringently clean glassware in an oxygen-fxee atmosphere is vital to the success of the reaction. For the preparation of most of the (2)-trimethylstannyl esters 1, the reported procedure that utilized lithium trimethylstannyl(phenylthio)cuprate (26) was employed.1 In accordance with the procedure, addition of a THF solution of ethyl 6-methoxymethoxy-2-hexynoate (133) to a solution of the cuprate reagent 26 (1.3 equiv in THF (-78\u00C2\u00B0C, 15 min; -48\u00C2\u00B0C, 4 h), followed by quenching with a proton source, work-up, and chromatography of the crude product, afforded ethyl (Z)-6-meuhoxymeuhoxy-3-trimethylstannyl-2-hexenoate (136) in 74% yield (Entry 3, Table 5). The results for the other a,/3-acetylenic esters are summarized in Table 5. All of the required (Z)-trimethylstannyl esters 1, except 135, were obtained cleanly and efficiendy via this procedure. Reaction of the a,/3-acetylenic ester 132 with the cuprate reagent 26 under the standard reaction conditions (THF; -78\u00C2\u00B0C, 15 min; -48\u00C2\u00B0C, 4 h) did not provide the expected (Z)-trimethylstannyl ester 135. Instead, transfer of the phenylthio group occurred and the major products, therefore, * The formulations of these cuprate reagents are not meant to represent actual structures, but are used for convenience and to show stoichiometry. -30-Table 5 Preparation of Ethyl (Z)-3-Trimethylstannyl-2-alkenoates H \u00E2\u0080\u0094==\u00E2\u0080\u009400 2 Et \ \u00E2\u0080\u0094 < M e 3 S n / 121 1 Entry Substrate R Procedure1 Product Yield 121 1 (%)n 1 131 C H 3 A 35 79 2 132 C H 3 O C H 2 0 B 135 51 3 133 CH30CH 20(CH2)2 A 136 74 4 134 r-BuMe 2SiO(CH 2) 3 A 137 71 1 Procedure A : [Me3SnCuSPh]Li (26) (1.3 equiv), THF, -78\u00C2\u00B0C, 15 min; -48\u00C2\u00B0C, 4 h. 1 Procedure B : [Me3SnCu(2-Th)CN]Li2 (141) (1.3 equiv), THF, -78\u00C2\u00B0C, 15 min; -48\u00C2\u00B0C, 4 h. n Yield of purified, distilled product -31-MOMO 26; THF; MOMO CO^ t ^ =\u00E2\u0080\u0094C0 2Et (32) -78\u00C2\u00B0C, 15 min; -48\u00C2\u00B0C, 4 h H 132 138 TBDMSO 26; THF; TBDMSO COzEt C02Et (33) -78\u00C2\u00B0C, 15 min; -48\u00C2\u00B0C, 4 h H 139 were compounds 138 (Equation 32). Earlier reports noted that reaction of the cuprate reagent 26 with the a,/J-acetylenic ester 139 under similar conditions gave the phenylthio transfer product 140 (35%) (Equation 33).1 It is not clear why the a,/J-acetylenic esters, 132 and 139, containing an ether function on the y-position, behave in this anomalous manner. However, one can speculate that this abnormal behavior might be due to the electron-withdrawing effect of the oxygen functionality which is situated near to the a,j3-acetylenic ester moiety of these substrates. Recently, Tillyer, in our laboratory, prepared a new, higher order cuprate reagent 141 and showed that this species adds to the a,/J-acetylenic esters 121 to give the (Z)-trimethylstannyl esters 1 under specified conditions.36 Thus, addition of a THF solution of the a,/?-acetylenic ester 132 to a solution of dilithium trimethylstannyl(2-thienyl)(cyano)cuprate (141) in THF (-78\u00C2\u00B0C, 4 h) afforded, after chromatography and distillation of the crude reaction product, the (Z)-trimethylstannyl ester 135 in 51% yield (Entry 2, Table 5). The (E)-trimethylstannyl esters 2, on the other hand, were obtained by reaction of the a,j5-acetylenic esters 121 with lithium trimethylstannyl(cyano)cuprate (30).1 The choice of the cuprate reagent 30 was mainly due to the easy workup procedure. Thus, in accordance with the reported procedure, addition of ethyl -32-Table 6 Preparation of Ethyl (\u00C2\u00A3)-3-Trimethylstannyl-2-alkenoates] R > - = \u00E2\u0080\u0094 C 0 2 E t -121 Entry Substrate R Product Yield 121 2 (%)n 1 23 H 25 78 2 131 C H 3 36 81 3 132 CH3OCH2O 142 59 4 133 CH 3 OCH 2 0(CH 2 )2 143 76 5 134 r-BuMe2SiO(CH2)3 144 70 1 [Me3SnC.uCNl.Li (30) (1.3 equiv); THF; -78\u00C2\u00B0C, 4 h. n Yield of purified, distilled product -3-6-methoxymethoxy-2-hexynoate (133) in THF to a solution of the cuprate reagent 30 in THF (-78\u00C2\u00B0C, 4 h) aforded, after chromatography and distilation of the crude product, the (\u00C2\u00A3)-trimethylstanyl ester 143 in 76% yield (entry 4, Table 6). The results for the various (\u00C2\u00A3)-trimethylstanyl esters obtained via this procedure are sumarized in Table 6. A smal amount of the (Z)-trimethylstanyl ester 1 (<10%) was also produced in each case, but was easily removed by chromatography. The structural asignments for the (Z)- and (E)-trimethylstanyl esters 1 and 2 were suported by the *H NMR spectral data obtained from these compounds. Thre notable diferences in the *H NMR spectra of the (Z)- and (\u00C2\u00A3)-trimethyl-stanyl esters 1 and 2 are the chemical shifts of the alylic protons, the chemical shifts of the vinyl proton, and the tin-proton coupling values (3/sn-H) asociated with coupling betwen the olefinic proton and the 17Sn and 19Sn isotopes (Table 7). For example, the *H NMR spectrum of the (Z)-trimethylstanyl ester 136 exhibited the signals expected for a trimethylstanyl group (a 9-proton singlet at 8 0.19 with satelite peaks due to Sn-H coupling, 2/sn-H = 56 Hz), a methoxy-methoxy group (a 3-proton singlet at 8 3.37 and a 2-proton singlet at 8 4.63) and an ethyl ester moiety (a 3-proton triplet at 8 1.29, J = 1 Hz, and a 2-proton quartet at 8 4.20, 3 = 1 Hz). In adition, the presence of a 2-proton quintet (7 = 7 Hz) due to the homoalylic methylene protons at 8 1.71, a 2-proton triplet of doublets (/ = 7, 1 Hz) due to the alylic methylene protons at 8 2.52, a 2-proton triplet (/ = 7 Hz) due to the methylene group next to the methoxymethoxy moiety at 8 3.52 and a 1-proton broad triplet (/ = 1 Hz) due to the vinyl proton at 8 6.38 (with satelite peaks due to Sn-H coupling, 3/sn-H = 120 Hz) were observed. On the other hand, the *H NMR spectrum of the geometricaly isomeric (1^-trimethylstanyl ester 143 with the thre expected exceptions is very similar to that of the (Z)-trimethylstanyl ester 136. Firstly, the position of the alylic methylene protons of the (\u00C2\u00A3)-trimethylstanyl ester 143 (8 2.96) is considerably -34-Table 7: The Partial lH NMR and IR Spectral Data for (Z) (\u00C2\u00A3)-3-Trimethylstannyl-2-alkenoates - and R\">=< R \u00E2\u0080\u0094 v C0 2Et / > Me3Sn 1 VC0 2Et Me3Sn H 2 Entry Compounds 5 of 1 and 2 allylic methylene protons S of olefinic proton of the olefinic proton (Hz) OO stretching (cm-1) s = 35 2.42 6.34 M&jSn C02Et ,C02Et 3 6 M&jSn MOMO-Me3Sn C02Et MOMO\u00E2\u0080\u0094v COzEt MesSn MOMO(CH2)3 MeaSn COaEt 6 MOMOCCH^ y CQ2Et MesSn ? TBDMSCXCH^ \" 1 3 ? MesSn C02Et g TBDMSOCCH^^^COiEt ^ MesSn 2.89 120 1703 2.88 5.91 73 1718 135 4.37 6.68 110 1702 142 4.80 5.95 71 1712 2.52 6.38 120 1703 2.96 5.99 72 1714 2.41 6.33 120 1704 5.95 75 1718 -35-downfield from that of the (Z)-trimethylstannyl ester 136 (<5 2.52). This difference is in accord with the fact that the y-protons are cis to the ester group in the (E)-trimethylstannyl ester 143 but trans to the ester group in the (Z)-trimethyl-stannyl ester 136. Secondly, the chemical shift of the vinyl proton in the (E)-trimethylstannyl ester 143 is at S 5.99 which is at slightly higher field than that of the corresponding vinyl proton in the (Z)-trimethylstannyl ester 136. Again, this difference is reasonable, since in general, vinyl protons in unsaturated organotin compounds are shielded by a cis vicinal trialkylstannyl substituent,37 Thirdly, the tin-proton coupling constant of the vinyl proton in the (2^-rrimethylstannyl ester 143 is approximately 50 Hz smaller (3/sn-H = 72 Hz for 143, whereas 3/sn-H = 120 Hz for 136) than that of the (Z)-trimethylstannyl ester 136. Since it is well established38 that the couplings between the ir7Sn and 119Sn isotopes and a vicinal olefinic proton are much stronger (larger 3/sn-H value) when the R3Sn group and the proton are trans than when they are cis, this further indicates that the assignment of the stereochemistry of the (Z)- and (\u00C2\u00A3)-trimethylstannyl esters 136 and 143 is correct. The IR spectra of the (Z)- and (\u00C2\u00A3)-trimethylstannyl esters 1 and 2 are very similar to each other except for their carbonyl stretching frequencies. For example, this absorption band in the (E)-trimethylstannyl ester 143 was observed to be at 1714 cm-1, whereas, the corresponding value for the (Z)-trimethylstannyl ester 136 was at 1703 cm-1. As in previous cases,39 the molecular ions for these trimethylstannyl compounds were not observed in their mass spectra. The high resolution mass spectrometric measurements were performed on the z/e M+-15 peaks. The reaction of the cuprate reagent 26 with the a,/J-acetylenic esters 121 can be rationalized as shown in Scheme 8. The cuprate reagent 26 initially adds in -36-s = = \u00E2\u0080\u0094 C O z E t Me3SnCuZ 121 26 Z = SPh(Li) 30 Z = CN(Li) 141 Z = (2-Th)CN(Li)2 R M ^ n OEt Me3Sn^ ^OCuZ 146 146a Z = SPh(Li) 146b Z = CN(Li) 146c Z = (2-Th)CN(Li)2 H + H Me 3Sn X 0 2 E t 1 Scheme 8 CQjEt CuZ 145 145a Z = SPh(Li) 145b Z = CN(Li) 145c Z = (2-Th)CN(Li)2 H + COjEt a cis manner to the a,/J-acetylenic ester 121 to provide the vinyl cuprate species 145a (the \"kinetic intermediate\"). Under low temperature conditions and in the presence of a proton source, the species 145a is converted into the \"kinetic\" product 2 A However, at higher temperatures (e.g. -48\u00C2\u00B0C) the species 145a can rearrange to the allenoate 146a which, upon protonation, provides stereoselectively the (Z)-trimethylstannyl ester 1. The stereoselectivity observed in the kinetic protonation of the allenoate 146a can be rationalized in the following manner. The trimethylstannyl group on the allenoate 146a is bulkier than the RCH2 group and it would be expected to hinder the approach of an external protonating reagent. Thus, protonation of the allenoate -37-146a would take place on the side opposite to the trimethylstannyl group and the (Z)-trimethylstannyl ester 1 would be the observed product. The fact that different stereochemical results are observed with the other cuprate reagents 30 and 141 may be related to the ease of rearrangement of the initially formed intermediate 145 to the allenoate 146 (Scheme 8). For example, in the reaction of 121 with the cuprate reagent 30, it appears that the intermediate 145b is fairly stable and does not rearrange readily to the allenoate 146b. Thus, upon protonation, the reaction yields stereoselectively the (\u00C2\u00A3^-trimethylstannyl ester 2. On the other hand, the initial intermediate 145c, which is obtained from cis-addition of the cuprate reagent 141 to the a,/J-acetylenic ester 121, is, apparently, very unstable and rearranges to the allenoate 146c even at a low temperatures (-78\u00C2\u00B0C). Subsequent protonation provides the (Z)-trimethylstannyl ester 1. In summary, the (Z)- and (\u00C2\u00A3)-trimethylstannyl esters 1 and 2 were readily prepared by the use of the appropriate procedures described above. -38-2. Deconjugation-Alkylation of Ethyl (Z)- and (\u00C2\u00A3)-3-Trimethvlstannvl-2-alkenoates 2.1 The Alkylating Agents The next stage of the proposed research program involved deconjugation-alkylation of the (2> and (\u00C2\u00A3)-trimethylstannyl esters 1 and 2 with alkylating agents incorporating a vinyl halide functionality. Although 2,3-dibromopropene (147) is commercially available, the other required alkylating agents had to be prepared. The preparation of the alkylating agents will be discussed in this section of the thesis. 2.1.1. Preparation of the fl)-Halo-2-bromo-l-alkenes 154 Suzuki and co-workers reported that \u00C2\u00A3-bromo-9-borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane (B-Br-9-BBN) reacts readily with 1-alkynes. The bromoboration reaction proceeds through a Markovnikov addition of the Br-B moiety to the CsC bond in a cis manner. Protonolysis of the bromoboration intermediates with acetic acid gives the corresponding 2-bromo-l-alkenes in excellent yields.40 For example, 1-decyne (148) and cyclohexylethyne (149) were converted into 2-bromo-l-decene (150) (88% yield) and 2-bromo-2-cyclohexylethylene (151) (80% yield), respectively, via this method (Equation 34). a) fl-Br-9-BBN, R R H (34) b) AcOH 148 R = CH3(CH2)9 150 R CH3(CH2)9 88% 80% -39-OH 152 153 a) Bromoboration b) Protonolysis ^Br 154 Scheme 9 Therefore, it appeared that the G)-halo-2-bromo-l-alkenes 154 could be synthesized via this methodology (Scheme 9). The ovhalo-1-alkynes 153 were obtained from the corresponding alkyne alcohols 152 (commercially available) via standard procedures as typified by the preparation of 4-iodo-l-butyne (156)41 A solution of 3-butyn-l-ol (155) in dichloromethane was added slowly to a solution of triphenylphosphine diiodide (prepared in situ) in dichloromethane (room temperature, 3 h) to afford, after chromatography and distillation of the crude reaction product, 4-iodo-l-butyne (156) in 83% yield (Equation 35). The !H NMR spectrum of 156 displayed the expected signals for a terminal alkyne proton (a 1- proton triplet at 8 2.16, / = 2 Hz), and two different methylene groups (a 2- proton triplet of doublets at 8 2.78, / = 7, 2 Hz, and a 2-proton triplet at 8 3.24, / = 7 Hz). The IR spectrum of 156 showed a strong =C-H stretching band at 3295 cm'1 and a weak C=C stretching band at 2121 cm-1. Furthermore, high resolution mass spectrometry showed that 156 had a molecular formula of C4H5I. Ph3PI2, CH2C12 OH 83% I (35) 155 156 -40-Ph3PBr2, CH2C12 126 OH 97% 159 Br (36) 6-Bromo-l-hexyne (159) was prepared via a procedure similar to that described above, except that triphenylphosphine dibromide was used (Equation 36). The *H NMR and IR spectral data of 159 were consistent with the assigned structure. However, the low and high resolution mass spectra did not exhibit the molecular ion (M+) peak. The two peaks with largest mass corresponded to formulae of C4H579Br and C4Hs81Br, which result from the loss of a C2H4 fragment form the molecular ion. Possible pathways for the loss of this fragment involve McLafferty type rearrangements (Scheme 10). The bromine atom migrates to the unsaturated portion of the molecule and the C2H4 fragment is then lost. Similar observations with 6-chloro-l-hexyne (158) and 5-hexyn-l-ol (126) were reported by Arseniyadis and co-workers.42 -C2H4 m/e -28 + or X = CI, Br, OH Scheme 10 5-Chloro-l-pentyne (157) is commercially available. -41-The readily available o-halo-l-alkynes 153 were subjected to the bromoboration reaction to provide the corresponding 2-bromo-l-alkenes 154. In accordance with the reported procedure, addition of a dichloromethane solution of 4-iodo-l-butyne (156) to a solution of B-Br-9-BBN in dichloromethane (0\u00C2\u00B0C, 3 h), followed by protonolysis with glacial acetic acid, afforded, after chromatography and distillation of the crude reaction product, 2-bromo-4-iodo-l-butene (160) in 95% yield (Equation 37). The lU NMR spectrum of 160 exhibited the expected signals for the different methylene groups (two 2-proton triplets at 5 2.95 and S 3.34, / = 7 Hz in each case) and two geminal olefinic protons (two 1-proton doublets at S 5.56 and 8 5.68, J = 1 Hz in each case). The IR spectrum of 160 displayed a moderate C=C stretching band at 1631 cm*1. The high resolution mass spectrum showed that 160 had a molecular formula of QHsBrl. \u00E2\u0080\u0094 \" *- B F- 9- B B N' = J ^ X (37) CH2C12, B r 153 b) AcOH 154 156 n = 2, X = I 160 n = 2, X = I, 95% 157 n = 3, X = Cl 161 n = 3, X = Cl, 92% 159 n = 4, X = Br 162 n = 4, X = Br, 90% In a similar manner, the \u00C2\u00A9-halo-l-alkynes 157 and 159 were converted into the corresponding Q)-halo-2-bromo-l-alkenes 161 and 162, respectively. The spectral data of 161 and 162 were in agreement with the assigned structures. Nal, acetone, A, S (38) 93% The chloride 161 was transformed into the iodide 163 via a simple Finkelstein reaction.43 Treatment of 161 in acetone with sodium iodide (2.5 equiv) -42-(reflux, 16 h) afforded, after distillation of the crude reaction product, the iodide 163 in 93% yield (Equation 38). The lH NMR and IR spectral data of 163 were consistent with the assigned structure. Furthermore, 163 was shown to have a molecular formula of CsHgBrl by high resolution mass spectrometry. 2.1.2. Preparation of (Zl-l-Bromo-2-iodo-2-butene (174) (39) SnMe3 S \ j 172 1 7 4 Although the haloboration reaction has been very useful for the preparation of 2-halo-l-alkenes, disubstituted alkynes do not undergo this reaction efficiently. Therefore, it was necessary to use an alternative route for the synthesis of the alkylating agent 174. One possibility would involve iododestannylation of a vinylstannane of general structure 172 (Equation 39). \ = _ C H 2 O H * - B u 3 S n H , ^ \u00E2\u0080\u0094 / ( 4 Q ) + , M, R \u00E2\u0080\u0094 ' \u00E2\u0080\u00A2. m Sn\u00C2\u00AB-Bu 3 164 ATBN, A 171 3 165 R = H 167 R = H , 74% 166 R = C H 3 ( C H 2 ) 2 168 R = C H 3 ( C H 2 ) 2 , 87% Ensley, Taddei and co-workers observed that tri-n-butyltin hydride adds regioselectively to propargylic alcohols 164 and provides predorninantly the (Z)-vinylstannanes 171 (Equation 40). 4 4 The selective addition of the n-Bu3Sn group to the C-2 carbon is observed only when the substrates are non-terminal propargylic alcohols. When the hydroxy group and the triple bond are separated by more than one carbon, this type of selectivity is no longer observed. A possible -43-catalytic cycle for the hydrostannylation of the propargylic alcohol 164 is illustrated by Scheme 11. Taddei440 hypothesized that the n-Bu3Sn radical generated is probably coordinated to the oxygen atom in the transition state which thus helps the tin group to transfer efficiently to the C-2 carbon. Also, the radical 170 is destabilized by the inductive effect of the hydroxy moiety. Thus, this might explain the preferential formation of the intermediate 169. Reaction of the intermediate 169 with H-Bu3SnH gives predominantly the (Z)-isomer 171 under kinetically controlled conditions and regenerates a n-Bu3Sn radical. Thus, the (Z)-vinylstannane 167 was readily obtained by the hydrostannylation of 2-butyn-l-ol (165). The (Z)-vinylstannane 167 was converted into the (Z)-vinyl iodide 173 via an iododestannylation reaction. Thus, addition of a dichloromethane solution of 167 -44-to a solution of iodine (1 equiv) in dichloromethane (0\u00C2\u00B0C, 15 min) afforded, after chromatography and distillation of the crude reaction product, the (Z)-vinyl iodide 173 in a 92% yield (Equation 41). The lU NMR spectrum of 173 displayed the expected signals for a vinylic methyl group (a 3-proton doublet of triplets at S 1.81, / = 7, 1 Hz), a hydroxy proton (a 1-proton broad singlet at S 1.88 which exchanged with D2O), a methylene group (a 2-proton broad singlet at S 4.26) and an olefinic proton (a 1-proton quartet of triplets at 5 5.98, / = 7, 1 Hz). The IR spectrum of 173 exhibited a weak absorption band at 1649 cnr1 for the C=C stretch and a strong absorption band at 3310 cnr1 for the OH stretch. The high resolution mass spectrum showed that 173 had a molecular formula of C4H7OI. Io, CHoClo, / + S=K (41) *Sn-n-Bu3 92% ' >I 167 173 Finally, the (Z)-vinyl iodide (173) was readily converted into the required alkylating agent (174) via the triphenylphosphine dibromide reaction (Equation 42). The spectral data of 174 was consistent with the assigned structure. Compound 174 was shown to have a molecular formula of CtHtjBrI by high resolution mass spectrometry. Ph3PBr2, CH2C12, 2 2 = ( 4 2 ) 98% 173 174 -45-2.1.3. Preparation of (g)-3.5-Diiodo-2-pentene (176) a ,1 >I 175 Nal, acetone, A, 87% I (43) 176 A generous sample of the chloride 175 was provided by B.A. Story. The chloride 175 was readily converted into the iodide 176 via a simple Finkelstein reaction (Equation 43). The lH NMR spectrum of 176 showed the presence of a vinylic methyl group (a 3-proton doublet at S 1.66, 7 = 7 Hz), two different methylene groups (two 2-proton triplets at 6 2.92 and 8 3.26, / = 7 Hz each) and an olefinic proton (a 1-proton quartet at 8 6.39, / = 7 Hz). Furthermore, the high resolution mass spectrum showed that 176 had a molecular formula of C5H8I2. 2.2. Deconjugation-Alleviation of the Trimethylstannyl Esters 1 and 2 With the availability of the ethyl 3-trimethylstannyl-2-alkenoates, 1 and 2, and the necessary alkylating agents, the deconjugation-alkylation reactions could now be investigated. Reports on deconjugation-alkylation of a,/J-unsaturated esters have been numerous in the last decade because of the recognition of the synthetic potential of this type of transformation. One of the earliest reports was published by Rathke and Sullivan in 1972.5 They observed that treatment of a,/^unsaturated esters with an excess of a sterically hindered amide base provided the corresponding dienolate anions which could react with electrophiles, such as protons, alkyl halides and -46-Michael acceptors, predominantly at the a-position of the esters. For example, deprotonation of ethyl (E)-2-butenoate (177) with lithium AMsopropylcyclohexyl-amide (LilCA) in THF/HMPA at -78\u00C2\u00B0C, followed by quenching with methyl iodide (Equation 44) or with benzyl bromide (Equation 45) provided the corresponding alkylated unconjugated esters, 178 and 179, respectively. a) LilCA, C02Et (44) HMPA/THF, b) Mel 178 (87%) \ T 'Tr'A PbCH2. a ) L U C A ' ^ -C02Et (45) HMPA/THF, b) PhCH2Br 179 (62%) The preference for alkylation at the a-carbon after formation of the dienolate anions derived from a,/3-unsaturated esters was also observed by Schlessinger and co-workers.6 They used an essentially non-nucleophilic form of LDA, consisting of an apparent 1:1 complex of the nitrogenous base with HMPA which acted only as a base and permitted alkylation at the a-carbon. Thus, addition of HMPA (1.1 equiv) to a THF solution of LDA (1 equiv) (30 min, -78\u00C2\u00B0C) resulted in the formation of the presumed LDA complex. Sequential addition of ethyl (E)-2-butenoate (177) (1 equiv) (10 min, -78\u00C2\u00B0C) and iodoethane to the solution of the LDA complex afforded the a-alkylated adduct 180 in 96% yield (Equation 46). Furthermore, their simple molecular orbital calculations on the lithium enolate of ethyl (\u00C2\u00A3)-2-butenoate (177) indicated that the maximum negative charge resides on the a-carbon atom. a) L D A / H M P A , ^ > _ a ^ ( 4 6 ) THF, 1 7 7 b) CH3CH2I 180 (96%) -47-These studies established that the alkylation occurred mainly at the a-carbon of the a,/3-unsaturated esters but did not present any information regarding the stereochemical outcome of the double bond geometry in the product. However, Koyama and co-workers reported that the alkylation of methyl (\u00C2\u00A3)-2-pentenoate (181) with NaNH2 and 1-iodobutane gave a 33% yield of a single unconjugated ester 182 (Equation 47).7 Zimmerman reported that the lithium enolate anion of methyl (\u00C2\u00A3)-4-methoxy-2-butenoate (183) gave a good yield of the alkylated product 184 in which the new double bond stereochemistry was exclusively cis (Equation Subsequently, Kende andToder systematically examined the stereochemical outcome of the deconjugation-alkylation of a series of a,/^unsaturated esters (Tables 8 and 9).9 For example, addition of ethyl (Z)-2-pentenoate (189) to a solution of 1.1 equivalents of LDA/HMPA (30 min, -78\u00C2\u00B0C), followed by addition of methyl iodide, provided the alkylated (\u00C2\u00A3)-3-pentenoate 195 (Entry 1, Table 8). Similarly, the alkylated (Z)-3-pentenoate 198 was obtained via the same procedure from ethyl (\u00C2\u00A3)-2-pentenoate 192 (Entry 1, Table 9). It was observed that the deconjugation-alkylation of ethyl (Z)-2-alkenoates 185 stereoselectively produced the alkylated (\u00C2\u00A3)-3-alkenoates 187 (Table 8). In contrast, it was found that the stereoselectivity associated with the deconjugation-alkylation of ethyl (E)-2-alkenoates (186) decreases 48)8 n -Bu (47) 184 (81%) -48-Table 8: Deconjugation-Alkylation of Ethyl (Z)-2-Alkenoates 185 R \u00E2\u0080\u0094v ,C02Et a) LDA/HMPA, -C02Et 185 THF, b)MeI 187 Entry 185 R 187 Yield (%) 1 189 CH3 195 90 2 190 CH3(CH2)2 196 90 3 191 (CH3)2CH 197 88 Table 9: Deconjugation-Alkylation of Ethyl (\u00C2\u00A3)-2-Alkenoates 186 188 Entry 186 R 187 (Yield) 188 (Yield) 1 192 CH3 195 (0%) 198 (90%) 2 193 CH3(CH2)2 196 (14%) 199 (78%) 3 194 (CH3)2CH 197 (35%) 200 (62%) -49-as the size of R group increases (Table 9). The stereoselectivity associated with the double bond isomerization in the deconjugation-alkylation reaction is suggested to arise in the deprotonation step.9 A mechanistic argument employed by Kende and Toder to rationalize the inversion of the stereochemistry of the double bond in the reaction is based on stereo-electronic control (orbital overlap) in the formation of the conformationally stable intermediate carbanions and the relative stabilities of the transition states leading to these carbanions.9 The observed inversion of stereochemistry in the conversion of the 2-(Z)-precursor 185 to the 3-(\u00C2\u00A3)-unsaturated ester 187 or the 2-(\u00C2\u00A3)-precursor 186 to 3-(Z)-unsaturated ester 188 can be rationalized by the formulations* shown in Schemes 13 and 14. In the formation of the transition states leading to dienolates, the stereoelectronic control argument requires that in both of the two possible ground state conformations a C-H bond be aligned perpendicular to the plane of the conjugated it system. Thus, in the case of the 2-(Z)-precursor 185 (Scheme 13), deprotonation from the conformation 202 leading to the extended enolate 206 would be unfavorable because of the severe 1,3-allylic strain45 between the R and the CC^ Et groups in the transition state 204. In contrast, deprotonation from the other conformation 201 would occur via a transition state 203 in which no severe steric interaction would be involved. Thus, in this case, the minimum energy pathway is that involving the conversion of 201 to 205. Subsequent alkylation of 205 would provide the 3-(E)-product 187. In the case of the 2-(\u00C2\u00A3)-precursor 186 (Scheme 14), there are no major steric interactions observed in the two possible conformations, 207 and 208, and These are modified versions of Kende and Toder*s formulations. -50-Scheme 13 -51--52-therefore, deprotonation from both of the conformations is feasible. However, the transition state 210 derived from conformation 208 is favored due to stabilization by the cw-alkyl substituent R. The stabilizing effect of an alkyl group in a cisoid allylic anion structure is well established theoretically and experimentally.46 For example, the crotyl anion system in cw-form 213 is more stable than its trans-form 214 (Equation 49). Therefore for the (E)-2-alkenoates 186, preferential deprotonation from conformation 208 would be anticipated and would result in formation of the 3-(Z)-product 188 after alkylation. However, when R is large, the A1'3 interaction between the R and the olefinic proton in the conformation 208 would be significant. Then, the rotamer resembling the conformation 207 would begin to compete with 208. This would lead to the generation of a significant amount of the extended enolate 211 which would provide the 3-(E)-product 187. 213 214 Protonation-deconjugations of ethyl (Z)- and (\u00C2\u00A3)-3-trimethylstannyl-2-alkenoates 1 and 2 were achieved readily with stereospecificity.2 Thus, it was not surprising to find that deconjugation-alkylation of ethyl (Z)-3-trimethylstannyl-2-alkenoates 1 with 2,3-dibromopropene (147) was also accomplished readily. For example, addition of a THF solution of ethyl (Z)-3-trimethylstannyl-2-pentenoate (35) to a solution of LDA/HMPA complex (1.3 equiv) in THF (-78\u00C2\u00B0C, 0.5 h; 0\u00C2\u00B0C, 0.5 h) afforded a bright yellow solution of the corresponding lithium dienolate. Cooling of the solution to -78\u00C2\u00B0C and subsequent addition of 2,3-dibromo-propene (147) (1.5 equiv) (-78\u00C2\u00B0C, 1 h) provided, after chromatography and distillation of the crude reaction product, a 74% yield of the (\u00C2\u00A3>diene ester 216 -53-Table 10 Deconjugation-Alkylation of Ethyl (Z)-3-Trimemylstarmyl-2-alkenoates with 2,3-Dibromopropene1 1 215 Entry Substrate 1 R Product 215 Yield (%)n 1 35 C H 3 216 74 2 135 CH3OCH2O 217 89 3 136 CH 3OCH 20(CH2)2 218 86 4 137 r-BuMe2SiO(CH2)3 219 7 5 m I a) L D A / H M P A (1.3 equiv), THF, -78\u00C2\u00B0C, 0.5 h; 0\u00C2\u00B0C, 0.5 h; b) 2,3-Dibromopropene (147) (1.5 equiv), -78\u00C2\u00B0C, 1 h. n Yield of purified, distilled product. 1 1 1 This product was purified by column chromatography, but was not distilled. -54-Table 11 Deconjugation-Alkylation of Ethyl (\u00C2\u00A3)-3-Trimemylstannyl-2-alkenoates with 2,3-Dibromopropene1 2 220 Entry Substrate 2 R Product 220 Yield (%)n 1 25 H 221 6 9 m 2 36 C H 3 222 72 3 142 C H 3 O C H 2 0 223 91 4 143 CH 3OCH 20(CH2)2 224 95 5 144 f-BuMe2SiO(CH2)3 225 781V I a) L D A / H M P A (1.3 equiv), THF, -78\u00C2\u00B0C, 0.5 h; 0\u00C2\u00B0C, 0.5 h; b) 2,3-Dibromopropene (147) (1.5 equiv), -78\u00C2\u00B0C, 1 h. n Yield of purified, distilled product. 1 1 1 In addition, the diene ester 226 (17%) was produced. ,C02Et 226 *V This product was purified by column chromatography, but was not distilled. -55-(Entry 1, Table 10). In a similar manner, the other (Z)-trimethylstannyl esters 1 were converted into the corresponding (E)-diene esters 215 (Table 10). In each case, careful analysis of the crude product by GLC showed that none of the (Z)-diene ester 220 was produced, but small amounts of other impurities (<5%) were observed in the crude product The (\u00C2\u00A3)-trimethylstannyl esters 2 were also converted into the corresponding (Z)-diene esters 220 via a procedure similar to that for the (Z)-trimethylstannyl esters 1. The results are summarized in Table 11. In each case, careful analysis of the crude product by GLC showed that none of the (EJ-diene ester 215 was produced. However, in the case of 25, a substantial amount of the y-alkylated product was obtained from the alkylation reaction. The reaction of ethyl (\u00C2\u00A3)-3-trimethylstannyl-2-butenoate (25) with 2,3-dibromopropene (147), according to the normal procedure, provided a mixture of the diene esters 221 and 226 with yields of 69% and 17%, respectively (Entry 1, Table 11). The diene ester 226 is the result of an alkylation by 2,3-dibromo-propene (147) on the y-carbon. Rathke and co-workers reported a similar result for their deconjugation of ethyl (\u00C2\u00A3)-2-butenoate (177).5 Addition of ethyl (\u00C2\u00A3)-2-butenoate (177) to a 0.5 M solution of LilCA in THF/HMPA produced, after quenching with water, an 87% yield of the unconjugated ester 227 and a 13% yield of the starting material ethyl (E)-2-butenoate (177) (Equation 50). Quenching of the reaction with D20 produced a similar ratio of the corresponding deuterated products. b) H20 (50) + C02Et 177 -56-Deconjugation-alkylation of the 3-trimethylstannyl-2-alkenoates 1 and 2 were also performed with other alkylating agents via a procedure identical with that employed earlier (Table 12). In each case, except for that summarized in entry 2, careful analysis of the crude product by GLC showed that a single product was obtained. For the experiment given in entry 2, GLC analysis of the crude product showed the presence of the (Z)-diene ester 229 and small amounts of other products (<5%), but none of the (\u00C2\u00A3)-diene ester 228. Deconjugation-alkylation of the (\u00C2\u00A3)-trimethylstannyl ester 25 with 2-bromo-5-chloro-l-pentene (161) failed under the normal reaction conditions (Equation 51). Apparently, the chloride 161 is not sufficiently reactive for the alkylation to proceed. Therefore, the chloride 161 was converted into the iodide 163 (vide supra), which then alkylated the dienolate anion of the (\u00C2\u00A3)-trimethylstannyl ester (25) in a satisfactory manner (Entry 7, Table 12). The structural assignments of all the diene esters were supported by their lH NMR spectral data. Three notable differences in the NMR spectra of the (\u00C2\u00A3)-diene esters 215 and (Z)-diene esters 220 (except for 221) were the chemical shifts of the methine proton, the chemical shifts of the vinyl proton vicinal to the trimethylstannyl group and the tin-proton coupling constant (3/sn-H) associated with coupling between the olefinic proton and the 117Sn and 119Sn isotopes (Table 13). (51) 238 -57-Table 12 Deconjugation-alkylation of Ethyl (Z)- and (\u00C2\u00A3)-3-Trin\u00C2\u00BB%lstannyl-2-alkenoates with Other Alkylating Agents R \u00E2\u0080\u0094 . COjEt a ) Base Me3Sn 1 or 2 b) R'X R' SnMe* CC^ Et 5 or 6 Entry Substrate 1 or 2 Procedure1 Product Yield 5 or 6 (%)n M ^ S n 35 MesSn' 36 M&jSn 25 C02El ^COjEt C02Et Me3Sn C C ^ E t 35 B B \" COjEt 228 229 SnMe3 82 COjEt 230 Br' ^ >T ^SnMea COjEt 231 75 -58-Table 12. Continued Entry Substrate Procedure1 Product Yield 1 or 2 5 or 6 (%)n -59 Table 12. Continued 1 Procedure A a) L D A / H M P A (1.1 equiv), THF, -78\u00C2\u00B0C, 0.5 h; 0\u00C2\u00B0C, 0.5 h; b) Br I (174) (1.3 equiv), -78\u00C2\u00B0C, 1 h. 1 Procedure B a) L D A / H M P A (1.1 equiv), THF, -78\u00C2\u00B0C, 0.5 h; 0\u00C2\u00B0C, 0.5 h; A b) ^Br (160) (1.3 equiv), -78\u00C2\u00B0C, 1 h. 1 Procedure C a) L D A / H M P A (1.2 equiv), THF, -78\u00C2\u00B0C, 0.5 h; 0\u00C2\u00B0C, 0.5 h; A >I (176) (1.2 equiv), -78\u00C2\u00B0C, 1 h. 1 Procedure D a) L D A / H M P A (1.2 equiv), THF, -78\u00C2\u00B0C, 0.5 h; 0\u00C2\u00B0C, 0.5 h; -I s Br (163) (1.3 equiv), -78\u00C2\u00B0C, 1 h. I Procedure E a) L D A / H M P A (1.1 equiv), THF, -78\u00C2\u00B0C, 0.5 h; 0\u00C2\u00B0C, 0.5 h; .Br (162) (1.3 equiv), -78\u00C2\u00B0C, 1 h. n Yield of purified, distilled product -60-Table 13 The Partial *H NMR Spectral Data of the Diene Esters 215 and 220 215 220 Entry Compounds Compounds R S of the 5 of the 3/sn-H 215 220 rrethine olefinic of the proton proton olefinic vicinal proton to SnMe3 (Hz) group 1 216 CH3 4.06-4.20 5.86 73 2 222 CH3 3.51 6.20 128 3 217 MOMO 4.27 6.05 36 4 223 MOMO 3.46 6.73 88 5 218 MOMO(CH2)2 4.05 5.79 72 6 224 MOMO(CH2)2 3.52 6.13 128 7 219 TBDMSO(GH2)3 4.05 5.75 74 8 225 TBDMSO(CH2)3 3.48 6.12 131 -61-221 216 222 For example, the *H NMR spectrum of the (\u00C2\u00A3)-diene ester 216 (Figure 1) displayed the expected signals for a trimethylstannyl group (a 9-proton singlet at S 0.12, with satellite peaks due to tin-proton coupling, 2/sn-H = 54 Hz), a vinylic methyl group (a 3-proton doublet at S 1.81, / = 6.5 Hz) and a 2-bromopropenyl moiety (two 1-proton doublets of doublets of doublets at S 2.44 and 5 2.94, / = 14, 6.5, 1 Hz and / = 14, 8, 1 Hz, respectively, and two 1-proton broad doublets at S 5.42 and S 5.56, 3 = 2 Hz, each). In addition, a 3-proton triplet at 5 1.24 (3 = 7 Hz) and a 3-proton multiplet at S 4.06-4.20 indicated the presence of an ethyl ester moiety and a methine proton. More importantly, a 1-proton quartet of doublets (7 = 6.5, 1 Hz) at 6 5.86 with satellite peaks due to tin-proton coupling (3/sn-H = 73 Hz) accounted for the presence of a vicinal vinyl proton that is cis to the trimethylstannyl group.37-38 The *H NMR spectrum of the corresponding (Z)-diene ester 222 (Figure 2) was very similar to that of 216 except in the three above-mentioned differences. Firstly, the position of the methine proton was now observed upfield at S 3.51. Secondly, the position of the vinyl proton vicinal to the trimethylstannyl group was further downfield at 6 6.20. Thirdly, the corresponding tin-proton coupling constant (3/sn-H) associated with the coupling of the olefinic proton with the 117Sn and 119Sn isotopes was 128 Hz. These data were consistent with a compound having a vicinal vinyl proton trans to a trimethylstannyl group. The lH NMR spectrum of the diene ester 221, which has two terminal double bonds, exhibited four olefinic proton signals (two 1-proton doublets at 6 5.44 and S 5.57, / = 2 Hz in each case; a 1-proton doublet at 5 5.36, 3 =2 -62-4 3 2 1 0 5 Figure 1: The 400 MHz lH NMR Spectrum of the Diene Ester 216 4 3 2 i o\u00C2\u00ABy Figure 2: The 400 MHz *H NMR Spectrum of the Diene Ester 222 -63-Hz, with satellite peaks due to cis tin-proton coupling, Vsn-H = 66 Hz; and a 1-proton doublet of doublets at 8 5.84, / = 2, 1 Hz, with satellite peaks due to trans tin-proton coupling, 3/sn-H = 137 Hz). SnMea COoEt 230 The *H NMR spectra of the diene esters obtained from the deconjugation-alkylation of ethyl 3-trimethylstannyl-2-alkenoates with the other alkylating agents exhibited *H NMR signals sirnilar to those of the corresponding diene esters 215 and 220 except that the signals for 2-bromopropenyl moiety were replaced by signals due to the side chains from the other alkylating agents. For example, the JH NMR spectrum of 230 exhibited the expected signals for a 3-bromo-3-butenyl moiety (two 1-proton doublets of quartets at 8 1.75 and 8 2.07, / = 14, 7 Hz in each case, a 2-proton multiplet at 8 2.33-2.47 and two 1-proton doublets at 8 5.43 and 8 5.58, / = 1.5 Hz in each case). The IR spectra of all the diene esters except 226 showed absorption bands at 1727-1731 cm-1, consistent in each case with the unconjugated nature of the ester moiety. In addition, the Sn-CH3 rocking vibrations (absorption bands at 768-775 cm-1) were observed in each case. 226 The diene ester 226 was assigned as the y-alkylated product because its spectral properties were very different from those of the other diene esters. The *H NMR spectrum of 226 showed the presence of a trimethylstannyl group (a -64-9-proton singlet at S 0.20 with satelite peaks, 2 /sn-H = 54 Hz), an ethyl ester group (a 3-proton triplet at 8 1.30 and a 2-proton quartet at 8 4.19, / = 7 Hz, each) and two alylic methylene moieties (two 2-proton broad triplets at 8 2.52 and 8 2.70, 7 = 8 Hz, each). It also displayed signals for thre olefinic protons (two 1-proton broad doublets at 8 4.42 and 8 4.56, ./ ~ 2 Hz, each, and a 1-proton triplet at 8 6.40, / ~ 2 Hz, with satelite peaks due to trans tin-proton coupling, 3^Sn-H =16 Hz). Furthermore, the IR spectrum of 226 exhibited an absorption band at 1703 cnr1 for the C=0 stretching vibration which indicated the presence of a conjugated ester moiety. In acordance with previous observations,39 al the diene esters did not exhibit molecular ion peaks in their mas spectra. Thus, satisfactory high resolution mas spectrometric measurements were caried out on the z/e M+-15 fragment in each case. The results of deconjugation-alkylation and the previously reported2 protonation-deconjugation of (Z)- and (\u00C2\u00A30-3-trimethylstanyl-2-alkenoates 1 and 2 are shown to be highly stereoselective and ocur with an inversion of the double bond geometry. These results can be rationalized on the basis of stereoelectronic and product development control (Schemes 15 and 16). For the kineticaly controled deprotonation of the (\u00C2\u00A3)-trimethylstanyl esters 2, two ground state conformations 239 and 240 must be considered. The highly stereoselective conversion of the (E)-trimethylstanyl esters 2 to the (Z)-products 6 is due mainly to the preference for the ground state conformation 240 (Scheme 15). In the transition state 242 arising from conformation 240, the severe A1'3 strain45 betwen the R and the CO^Et moieties found in the disfavored transition state 241, is not observed. Although 242 has a steric interaction (A1-2 strain45) betwen the R and SnMe3 groups, this interaction is considerably smaler than the A1-3 interaction of 241. For example, the A1\"2 strain betwen two methyl groups -65-Scheme 15 -66--67-is suggested to be ~0.9 kcal/mol, while an A1'3 methyl-methyl interaction is given as 7.6 kcal/mol.45 Thus, the deprotonation of 2 proceeds from the conformer 240 through the lower energy pathway involving the transition state 242. Subsequent alkylation or protonation of the dienolate anion 244 yields the (Z)-product 6. On the other hand, in similar reactions involving transformation of the (Z)-trimethylstannyl esters 1 into the (fs)-products 5, there are no major A1-3 interactions in the transition states arising from the two possible ground state conformations 245 and 246 (Scheme 16). Hence, the A1*2 interaction between the R and the SnMe3 groups has a significant influence on the stereochemistry of the reaction. The presence of an A1*2 interaction between the R and SnMe3 in the transition state 248 disfavors deprotonation from the conformer 246. The transition state 247 derived from the conformer 245 is favorable due to the absence of an A1-2 interaction as well as the stabilization by the presence a cisoid R group. Thus, the lower energy pathway is through the transition state 247, and eventually, the (E)-product 5 is produced. 2.3. Preparation of Ethvl (\u00C2\u00A3)-2-(2-Bromo-2-propenyl)-7-hydroxy-3-trimethylstannyl-3- heptenoate (251) TRDMSO HO Br, C02Et SnMe3 THF /i-Bu4NF, C02Et 251 (65%) SnMe3 (52) 219 -68-The rm-butylchrnethylsilyloxy group of the (E)-diene ester 219 was removed via a standard procedure utilizing tetra-\u00C2\u00AB-butylammonium fluoride.47 In accordance with the procedure, addition of a THF solution of tetra-H-butyl-ammomum fluoride to a solution of the diene ester 219 in THF (0\u00C2\u00B0C, 5 niin; room temperature, 2 h) afforded, after chromatography and distillation of the crude reaction product, a 65% yield of the diene ester 251 (Equation 52). The spectral data of 251 were consistent with the assigned structure. Thus, the *H NMR spectrum of 251 showed the presence of a hydroxy group (a 1-proton broad singlet at S 1.55-1.62 which exchanged with D20). A strong absorption band observed at 3368 cnr1 in the IR spectrum of 251 was due to the OH stretching vibration. The high resolution mass spectrometric measurement was performed on the z/e M+-15 peak, which was shown to have a molecular formula of Ci^ H^ OsBrSn. In summary, the requisite alkylating agents with a vinyl halide functionality were readily prepared. Deconjugation-alkylation of ethyl 3-trimethylstannyl-2-alkenoates 1 and 2 with various alkylating agents was shown to be highly stereospecific and resulted in the formation of the various diene esters described. The stereochemistries of these diene esters were assigned mainly on the basis of their !H NMR spectral data. - 6 9 -3. Synthesis of the Cyclobutanecarboxylates 9 and the Larger Ring Homoloes 3.1. Synthesis of the Cvclobutanecarboxvlates 9 via Palladium(0)-catalvzed Coupling Reactions SnMe3 Pd(0) C02Et 252 R1 f R (53) *C02Et Stille and co-workers have shown that the intermolecular palladium(O)-catalyzed coupling of vinyl halides with vinylstannanes occurs efficiendy to provide 1,3-dienes.20 With the availability of the various diene esters 252 containing a vinylstannane and a vinyl halide group, attempts to cyclize these substrates were made via an intramolecular palladium(0) catalyzed coupling reaction (Equation 53). The choice of the solvent and catalyst were N^ V-dimethylformamide (DMF) and terrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (Pd(PPh3)4), as they were shown to be very effective by Stille and co-workers.20 SnMe3 C02Et Pd(PPh3)4, DMF, 80\u00C2\u00B0C, 1 h, 82% (54) C^C^ Et 221 253 GLC monitoring of a 0.1 M DMF solution of the diene ester 221 containing 0.05 equivalents of Pd(PPh3)4 indicated that the diene ester 221 was -70-Figure 3: The 400 MHz *H NMR Spectrum of the Cyclobutanecarboxylate 253 cleanly converted into a single compound in 1 h at 80\u00C2\u00B0C. In addition, TLC analysis of the crude product showed a single spot Isolation and spectral analysis of this product showed that the four-membered cyclic compound 253 had been formed in 82% yield (Equation 54 and Entry 1, Table 14). Explicidy, the *H NMR spectrum of 253 (Figure 3) showed the expected signals for an ethyl ester moiety (a 3-proton triplet at S 1.28, 7 = 7 Hz, and a 2-proton multiplet at S 4.12-4.26), a methylene group (Hb, a 1-proton doublet of doublets of doublets of doublets at 5 2.81 , /Dc = 15 Hz, /oa = 9 Hz, /Dd = 3 Hz, /De = 2 Hz; and He, a 1-proton doublet of doublets of doublets of doublets at S 3.04, /CD = 15 Hz, /ca = 6 Hz, /Cd - 3 Hz, Jce = 2 Hz), and a methine proton (Ha, a 1-proton multiplet at 8 3.69-3.78). It must be noted that the signal for the methylene group of the ethyl ester moiety is a multiplet because the geminal -71-protons are diastereotopic. There were also the expected signals for four olefinic protons (Hd, a 1-proton broad singlet at 8 4.81; Hg, a 1-proton broad doublet at 8 5.00, /ga = ~ 2 Hz; Hg, a 1-proton triplet at 8 5.23, /eD = = 2 Hz; and Hf, a 1-proton doublet at 8 5.26, /fa = 3 Hz). The assignment of the protons Ha-Hg was based on decoupling experiments. Irradiation at 8 2.81 (Hb) simplified the signal at 8 3.04 (Hg), sharpened the singlet at 8 4.81 (Hd) and converted the multiplet at 8 3.69-3.78 (Ha) to a doublet of doublets of doublets (/ac = 6 Hz, /af = 3 Hz and /ag = 2 Hz) and the triplet at 8 5.23 (He) to a doublet (/ec = 2 Hz). Irradiation at 5 3.74 (Ha) simplified the signals at 8 2.81 (Hb) and 5 3.04 (He), and converted both doublets at 8 5.00 (Hg) and 8 5.26 (Hf) to singlets. The IR spectrum of 253 exhibited an absorption band at 1736 cm-1 for the C=0 stretching vibration of the ester moiety. Compound 253 was shown to have a molecular formula of C9H12O2 by high resolution mass spectrometry. In the literature, the intermolecular palladium(0)-catalyzed coupling of vinyl halides with vinylstannanes is reported to occur in a stereospecific manner; the product retains the double bond stereochemistry of the starting materials.20 For example, the coupling reaction of (Z)-6-iodo-5-hexen-l-ol (266) with (\u00C2\u00A3)-l-trimethylstannyl-l-hexene (265), catalyzed by bis(acetonitrile)dichloropalla-dium(n) ((CH3CN)2PdCl2) in DMF, afforded (5Z,7\u00C2\u00A3)-5,7-dodecadien-l-ol (267) in 80% yield (Equation 55). n-Bu, H-Bu, + (55) DMF, 25\u00C2\u00B0C, 16 h, 80% 267 266 -72-Not surprisingly, the intramolecular coupling of diene esters containing either one or two stereodefined vinyl partners was also found to be stereospecific. Addition of Pd(PPh3)4 (0.05 equiv) to a solution of the diene ester 216 in DMF provided a yellowish solution. The initial yellowish solution was converted into a dark brown solution with deposition of a fine black powder (palladium black) upon heating at 80\u00C2\u00B0C for 1 h. After workup, analysis of the crude reaction product by GLC and TLC indicated that only one coupled product had been formed. Chromatography of the crude reaction product, followed by distillation, afforded ethyl (\u00C2\u00A3)-2-ethylidene-3-methylenecyclobutanecarboxylate (254) in 89% yield (Entry 2, Table 14). In a similar manner, the intramolecular palladium(0)-catalyzed crossing coupling of the diene ester 222 afforded, after chromatography of the crude reaction product, a 96% yield of ethyl (Z)-2-ethylidene-3-methylenecyclobutane-carboxylate (255) (Entry 3, Table 14). The generality and stereospecificity of this novel method for preparing unusually functionalized cyclobutane systems was further demonstrated by converting the other diene esters 252 into the cyclobutanecarboxylates 9 (Table 14). The procedure employed for the preparation of these cyclobutanecarboxylates, except for 256 and 257, was similar to that outlined in the preparation of 254. In each case, analysis of the crude product by GLC showed that one product was obtained exclusively. It must be noted that even the conversion of the (Z,Z)-diene ester 229 into the cJ5,cwo/d,cw-cyclobutanecarboxylate 264 was accomplished without any isomerization of the double bonds (Entry 12, Table 14). Cyclization of the diene esters 217 and 223 under the conditions given above yielded none of the desired products but rather caused decomposition of the diene esters 217 and 223. One might speculate that this was mainly due to the instability, under the reaction conditions, of the enol ether functions present in the products. Indeed, when the cyclizations were carried out using Pd(PPh3)4 (0.1 -73 -Table 14 Synthesis of the Cyclobutanecarboxylates 9 1 Entry Substrate Product Yield11 252 9 (%) 4JU 5m Br SnMe3 C02Et 221 Br SnM&j COjEt 216 SnMe3 SnMe3 OMOM SnMe3 COzEt 253 W COjEl ' 254 V CO.EI 255 r fMOMO 256 \ COjEt MOMO^^ C02Et 257 82 89 96 68 70 -74-Table 14. Continued Entry Substrate Product Yield11 252 9 (%) 229 264 -75-Table 14. Continued I Pd(PPh3)4 (0.05 equiv), DMF, 80\u00C2\u00B0C, 1 h. n Yield of purified, distilled product ni Pd(PPh3)4 (0.1 equiv), Et3N (1 equiv), DMF, 80\u00C2\u00B0C, 1 h. equiv) in the presence of triethylamine (Et3N) (1 equiv) for 1 h at 80\u00C2\u00B0C, workup and purification of the crude products by chromatography on silica gel (elution with 8:1 petroleum ether-diethyl ether containing 1% Et3N) gave the desired products 256 and 257 in yields of 68% and 70%, respectively (Entries 4 and 5, Table 14). The larger amounts of Pd(PPh3)4 were required because triethylamine can deactivate the catalyst.19b Structurally, these cyclobutanecarboxylates are particularly interesting, since they contain, at C-2, a \"hidden\" aldehyde (enol ether) function. The intramolecular paHadium(O) catalyzed coupling of vinylstannane and vinyl halide moieties constitutes a novel method for the preparation of the cyclobutanecarboxylates 9. All of the structurally interesting cyclobutanecarboxylates 9 gave spectra in accord with the assigned structures. The assignments of the stereochemistries of the cyclobutanecarboxylates 9 were based on the *H NMR NOE difference experiments. The *H NMR spectrum of the cisoid,trans-cyclobutanecarboxylate 254 (Figure 4) is typical and includes the signals for a vinylic methyl group (a 3-proton doublet at 8 1.68, / = 7 Hz), a methylene group (Hb, a 1-proton doublet of doublets of triplets at 8 2.80, /be = 15 Hz, /0a = 9 Hz, /bd = /be = 2 Hz; and Hg, a 1-proton doublet of doublets of triplets at -76-S 2.90, JCb = 15 Hz, /ca = 6 Hz, /cd = Jc&- 2 Hz) and a methine proton (Ha, a 1-proton multiplet at S 3.68-3.78). In addition, there were the expected signals for three olefinic protons (Hd, a 1-proton broad singlet at S 4.66; He, a 1-proton broad singlet at 5 5.07; and Hf, a 1-proton quartet of doublets at 5 5.78, / of Hf-Me = 7 Hz, /fa = 2.5 Hz). In *H NMR NOE difference experiments, irradiation at 6 1.68 (Me) caused enhancement of the signals at S 3.68-3.78 (Ha) and 5 5.78 (Hf), while irradiation at S 5.78 (Hf) caused enhancement of the signals at S 1.68 (Me) and S 5.07 (He). The lH NMR spectrum of the cwo/d,cw-cyclobutanecarboxylate 255 (Figure 5) was very similar to that of 254 except for the separation between the signals for Hb and He In compound 255, this separation was observed to be 0.24 ppm while that in 254 was 0.10 ppm. More importantly, in a *H NMR NOE difference experiment, irradiation at the signal for the vinylic methyl group (5 1.80) caused enhancement of the signals for He (5 5.14) and Hf (5 5.53). This result showed that 255 has a cisoid,cis-dicnc unit. Similar analyses were performed on the other cyclobutanecarboxylates 9. All the cyclobutanecarboxylates exhibited absorption bands at 1734-1738 enr1 for the C=0 stretching vibration of the ester moiety in their IR spectra. The high resolution mass spectrometric measurement was performed on the z/e M+ peak in each case. It was a surprise to observe the ease of stereospecific formation of the highly strained cyclobutanecarboxylates. A possible rationalization may be illustrated by the working model catalytic cycle of the palladium(0)-catalyzed coupling reaction shown in Scheme 17. Initially, oxidative addition of the vinyl halide to Pd(PPh3)4 provides the organopalladium(II) intermediate 268. Then, intramolecular trans-metalation of the vinylstannane moiety provides a highly favorable five-membered ring intermediate 269. The transmetalation step is suggested to occur via an -77-5 4 3 2 S Figure 4: The 400 MHz *H NMR Spectrum of the Cyclobutanecarboxylate 254 5 4 3 2 S Figure 5: The 400 MHz !H HMR Spectrum of the Cyclobutanecarboxylate 255 -78-XSnMe3 Scheme 17 -79-electrophilic attack of the organopalladium(II) species on the carbon bonded to tint16c,48 Finally, reductive elimination from the intermediate 269 produces the cyclobutanecarboxylate 9 and regenerates the palladium(0) catalyst. As the oxidative addition,49 transmetalation14 and reductive elimination50 steps are known to occur with retention of configuration, an overall retention of the configuration in the coupling reaction is expected. Thus, this annulation sequence represents a unique method for the stereospecific preparation of the four-membered ring compounds 9. 3.2 X-Ray Analysis of the Cyclobutanecarboxylate Derivatives 270-272 It was of some interest to determine whether or not the cisoid diene units in the highly strained compounds 254, 255 and 264 are planar. It might be expected that, particularly in compound 264, the severe steric repulsion between the two vinylic methyl groups would force the diene to be non-planar. An obvious way to determine the molecular conformations of the dienes 254, 255 and 264 (at least in the solid state) would be to convert these substances into crystalline derivatives that would be suitable for single crystal X-ray analyses. To that end, the crystalline amide derivatives 270-272* were prepared from 254, 255, and 264, respectively. Although other derivatives were prepared, they were not suitable for single crystal X-ray analysis. -80-The c y c l o b u t a n e c a r b o x a m i d e 270 was prepared v i a the following procedure, w h i c h had been developed previously b y Weinreb and co-workers.51 Thus, a solution of p-chloroaniline (1.5 equiv) was treated with a solution of t r i m e t h y l a l i m T i n u m (1.5 equiv) i n t o l u e n e (room temperature, 20 m i n ) to produce a yellowish solution of the corresponding dimethylaluminum amide reagent. Subsequent addition of a b e n z e n e solution of the cyclobutanecarboxylate 254 (1 equiv) to this yellowish solution, followed b y refluxing (4 h), provided, after acidic workup, an 87% yield of the cyclobutanecarboxamide 270 (Equation 56). Recrystallization of the compound 270 from dichloromethane-hexane yielded colorless needle-like crystals (melting point 133.5-135\u00C2\u00B0C). Single crystal X-ray analysis52 of 270 (Appendix 1) indicated that the torsional angle between the C-5-C-l# and C-2-C-6 bonds is 3.9\u00C2\u00B0 (Figure 6). The b o n d l e n g t h s between the carbon atoms i n the four-membered r i n g are the following: C-l - C-2, 1.455(4) A; C-2-C-3, 1.540(5) A; C-3 - C-4, 1.565(5) A; and C-4-C-1, 1.494(5) A (Figure 6). # It should be noted that, for the purposes of this discussion, the numbering system used for the cyclobutanecarboxamides is that shown in their single crystal X-ray structures. -81-Figure 6: Stereoview of the Ctyclobutanecarboxamide 270 The cyclobutanecarboxamide 271 was prepared via a procedure utilizing p-bromoaniline hydrochloride.53 A solution of trimethylaluminum (2 equiv) in toluene was added to a solution of /7-bromoaniline hydrochloride (2 equiv) in benzene (room temperature, 1 h) to produce a methylchloroaluminum amide species. Subsequent addition of a benzene solution of the cyclobutanecarboxylate 255 to the amide reagent, followed by refluxing (3 h), afforded, after acidic work-up, a 94% yield of the cyclobutanecarboxamide 271 (Equation 57). Recrystallization of the product 271 from diethyl ether-hexane provided colorless needle-like crystals (melting point 155-156.5\u00C2\u00B0C). Single crystal X-ray analysis52 of this compound (Appendix 1) showed that the torsional angle between the C-5 - C-l and C-2 - C-6 bonds is 4.8\u00C2\u00B0 (Figure 7). The bond lengths between the carbon atoms in the four-membered ring are the following: C-l - C-2, 1.451(7) A; C-2 - C-3, 1.495(7) A; C-3-C-4, 1.612(7) A; and C-4-C-1, 1.495(7) A (Figure 7). -82-Figure 7: Stereo view of the Cyclobutanecarboxamide 271 The cyclobutanecarboxamide 272 was prepared via a procedure identical with that used for the synthesis of 270 (Equation 58). Recrystallization of this product from diethyl ether-pentane yielded colorless needle-like crystals (melting point 144-146 \u00C2\u00B0C). Single crystal X-ray analysis52 of 272 (Appendix 1) indicated that the torsional angle between the C-5 - C-l and C-2 - C-7 bonds is 25.4\u00C2\u00B0 (Figure 8). The bond lengths between the carbon atoms in the four-membered ring are the following: C-l-C-2, 1.481(3) A; C-2- C-3, 1.538(2) A; C-3-C-4, 1.544(3) A; and C-4-C-1, 1.528(3) A (Figure 8). -83-Figure 8: Stereoview of the Cyclobutanecarboxamide 272 Not unexpectedly, the X-ray analyses showed that the four-membered rings in 270, 271 and 272 are not prefect squares. In each of these substances, the C-l - C-2 bond is shorter than the other three cyclobutane bonds. More interestingly, although the diene units of the cyclobutanecarboxamides 270 and 271 were found to be nearly planar, the planarity of the diene unit of the cyclobutanecarboxamide 272 is severely disrupted (25.4\u00C2\u00B0). This distortion from planarity is undoubtedly due to the steric repulsion between the two vinylic methyl groups, which are in close proximity to each other (Figure 8). Thus, one would -84-expect that the diene unit of the cyclobutanecarboxylate 264 would also be twisted away from planarity. Therefore, this substance would undoubtedly be much less reactive than 254 and 255 in, for example, Diels-Alder cycloaddition reactions. This expectation turned out to be correct (vide infra). 3.3. Synthesis of the Larger RingHomologs of the Cyclobutanecarboxylates 9 As described above, the intramolecular palladium(0)-catalyzed coupling of vinylstannane and vinyl halide moieties was found to be very effective in the syntheses of the cyclobutanecarboxylates 9. It was expected that this methodology could be extended to synthesize larger ring homologs (Equation 59). R' 230 The diene ester 230, which was obtained from the deconjugation-alkylation of ethyl (\u00C2\u00A3)-3-trimethylstannyl-2-butenoate (25) with 2-bromo-4-iodo-l-butene (160), was first cyclized via a procedure identical with that used for the synthesis of the cyclobutanecarboxylates 9. GLC analysis of the crude reaction mixture showed the presence of the desired coupled product, but other uncharacterized compounds were -85-also present. Therefore, a slightly modified procedure was employed to cyclize the diene ester 230. A solution of 230 in DMF was heated at 80\u00C2\u00B0C for 1 h in the presence of Pd(PPh3)4 (0.05 equiv) and LiCl (2 equiv). Workup and chromatography of the crude reaction product afforded an 85% yield of a mixture of the cyclopentanecarboxylates 274 and 278 in the ratio of 13:1, respectively (*H NMR and GLC analyses) (Entry 1, Table 15). This mixture was separated by preparative thin layer chromatography on silica gel (elution with petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 40:1). The cyclopentanecarboxylate 274 did not isomerize to 278 upon heating at 80\u00C2\u00B0C in DMF. Thus, the isomerization of the double bond is caused by some component (palladium(O) ?) of the reaction mixture. The diene esters 231-233 were also converted into the corresponding cyclopentanecarboxylates 275-277 (Table 15). In each case, except for the experiment summarized in Entry 4, GLC analysis of the crude product showed that a single product was obtained. The intramolecular palladium(0)-catalyzed coupling of the diene ester 233 afforded a mixture of the cyclopentanecarboxylates 277 and 279 in the ratio of 12:1, respectively (GLC analysis) (Entry 4, Table 15). The cyclopentanecarboxylates 10 exhibited spectra in full accord with the assigned structures. For example, the *H NMR spectrum of cyclopentanecarboxylate 274 (Figure 9) showed the signals for a methylene group (Hb, a 2-proton multiplet at 8 1.88-2.10), an allylic methylene group (He, a 1-proton doublet of triplets of triplets at 8 2.42, / = 16, 8, 2.5 Hz, and a 1-proton multiplet at 8 2.58-2.68) and a methine proton (Ha, a 1-proton multiplet at 8 3.44-3.51). In addition, there were four olefinic signals (Hd, a 1-proton triplet at 8 4.95, /dc = 2.5 Hz; Hg, a 1-proton doublet at 8 5.11,/ga = 2.5 Hz; He, a 1-proton triplet at 8 5.39, JQC = 2.5 Hz; and Hf, a 1-proton doublet at 8 5.52, /fo = 2.5 Hz). The assignment of protons Ha-Hg was based on a decoupling experiment (see Experimental section for details). The compound 274 was shown to have a molecular formula of C10H14O2 -86-Table 15 Synthesis of the Cyclopentanecarboxylates l(fi R' R-SnMe3 C0 2 E t 2 7 3 t> C0 2 E t 10 - 8 7 -Table 15. Continued I Pd(PPh 3 ) 4 (0.05 equiv), L i C l (2 equiv), D M F , 80\u00C2\u00B0C, 1 h. n Yield of purified, distilled product. 1 1 1 The product included a small amount of the cyclopentanecarboxylate 278. The ratio of 274 : 278 was 13 : 1, respectively. 2 7 8 \u00C2\u00B0 \u00C2\u00B0 ^ N The product included a small amount of the cyclopentanecarboxylate 279. The ratio of 277 : 279 was 12 : 1, respectively. 279^02^ -88-T7\" He Ht H.C0 2Et r Hf H , Hg H j u U H , H L 5 4 2 Figure 9: The 400 MHz ! H NMR Spectrum of the tyclopentanecarboxylate 274 by high resolution mass spectrometry. * Similar spectral characteristics were observed for the other cyclopentane-carboxylates 10. The stereochemistries of the double bonds were assigned on the basis of lH N M R N O E difference experiments. Details can be found in the Experimental section. All of the cyclopentanecarboxylates 10 showed a z/e M + peak in their high resolution mass spectra. The cyclopentanecarboxylates 278 and 279 exhibited spectral data consistent with the assigned structures. The IR spectra of 278 and 279 showed the C=0 stretching vibration at 1708-1709 cnr 1 , which is characteristic of a conjugated ester moiety. The ! H NMR spectrum of 278 exhibited the expected signal for a vinylic methyl group (a 3-proton broad triplet at S 2.13, / = 1 Hz) and the J H NMR -89-spectrum of 279 exhibited the expected signals for two vinylic methyl groups (a 3-proton doublet at 8 1.75, J = 7 Hz, and a 3-proton broad triplet at 8 2.12, / = 1 Hz). Furthermore, in each case, *H NMR spectra of 278 and 279 exhibited no signal for the metfiine proton a to the ester moiety. The cyclohexanecarboxylates 11 were obtained via a procedure similar to that used in the syntheses of the cyclopentanecarboxylates 10 (Table 16). The yields ranged from 54-74% and, in each case, GLC analysis of the crude product showed that the substrate 280 was cleanly converted into the corresponding cyclohexane-carboxylate 11. It must be noted that when the reaction was done in the absence of LiCl, none of the desired coupled product was obtained. The cyclohexanecarboxylates 11 exhibited spectra in full accord with the assigned stmctures. An example is shown by the spectral data for cyclohexane-carboxylate 281. The *H NMR spectrum of 281 (Figure 10) showed the signals for three methylene groups (two 1-proton multiplets at 8 1.55-1.67 and 8 1.99-2.09, and two 2-proton multiplets at 8 1.71-1.87 and 8 2.18-2.35) and a methine proton (Ha, a 1-proton broad doublet of doublets at 8 3.25, / ~ 8, 4 Hz). In addition, there were four olefinic signals (Hb and He, a 2-proton broad singlet at 8 4.73; He, a 1-proton broad singlet at 8 4.99; and Hd, a 1-proton broad singlet at 8 5.13). The assignment of the protons Ha-He was based on decoupling and NOE difference experiments (see Experimental section for details). 27gC02Et 279 C\u00C2\u00B02 E t -90-Table 16 Synthesis of the Cyclohexanecarboxylates l l 1 1 Pd(PPh3)4 (0.05 equiv), LiCl (2 equiv), DMF, 80\u00C2\u00B0C, 1 h. n Yield of purified, distilled product -91-COjEt 5 4 3 2 S Figure 10: The 400 MHz *H NMR Spectrum of the Cyclohexanecarboxylate 281 Similar spectral characteristics were observed for the other cyclohexane-carboxylates 11. The stereochemistries of the double bonds were assigned on the basis of *H NMR NOE difference experiments (see Experimental section for details). The high resolution mass spectrometric measurements for all of the cyclohexanecarboxylates 11 were performed on the z/e M+ peaks. Finally, an attempt to obtain a seven-membered ring via the palladiums-catalyzed coupling reaction of the diene ester 237 in the presence of LiCl (2 equiv) was performed (Equation 60). However, none of the expected coupled product was obtained from this reaction, although disappearance of the diene ester 237 was observed. Br' SnMe3 Pd(PPh3)4, LiCl, DMF, 80\u00C2\u00B0C, 1 h no coupled product (60) C02Et 237 -92-From our results, it is evident that LiCl is required to achieve successful cyclization of the appropriate diene esters to the cyclopentanecarboxylates 10 and cyclohexanecarboxylates 11. Therefore, LiCl must participate in the coupling reaction.19b As illustrated in a working model catalytic cycle (Scheme 18), the initial oxidative addition of the vinyl bromide or vinyl iodide to the Pd(0) catalyst, in the presence of LiCl, provides the palladium(U) complex 284. Intramolecular transmetalation of 284, followed by reductive elimination of Pd(0) from 285 yields the coupled product. Stille and Scott had proposed an oxidative addition intermediate analogous to 284 for the intermolecular coupling reaction of 53 and 54 in the presence of LiCl (Equation 9).19b However, when LiBr or Lil was used instead of LiCl, they observed a faster rate of decomposition for the initial oxidative addition interme-diate.191' Thus, in our cases, the initial oxidative addition intermediates would be either 286 or 287 when the reactions were done in the absence of LiCl. However, these intermediates are, apparently, more unstable than 284. As the ring size of the palladium metallocycle intermediate 285 increases, the rate of the transmetalation process to produce 285 decreases. Thus, in the absence of LiCl, the rate of the transmetalation step is presumably slower than the rate of the decomposition of 286 or 287 and hence, the coupled product would not be produced efficiently. However, in the presence of LiCl, the rate of the transmetalation step is faster than the rate of decomposition of 284. Therefore, the cyclopentanecarboxylates 10 and cyclohexanecarboxylates 11 were produced readily. However, in the case where n = 3, the rate of decomposition of 284 is, apparently, faster than the rate of the transmetalation step to produce the eight-membered palladium metallocycle 285 (n = 3). Therefore, even when the reaction -93 n = l,2,3 ClSnMe3 Scheme 18 jR' R iR' R, I^ BrPd\" >f n ^ S n M e 3 L2IPd'\" >f n ^ S^nMea C02Et CC^ Et 286 n=l,2,3 287 -94-was done in the presence of LiCl , none of the seven-membered ring product was formed. In summary, the cyclobutanecarboxylates 9 were readily prepared from the corresponding diene esters via the palladium(0)-catalyzed coupling reaction. It was found that only the diene unit of the cyclobutanecarboxamide 272 (derivative of 264) had a severe deviation from planarity. The cyclopentanecarboxylates 10 and cyclohexanecarboxylates 11 were also synthesized via the palladium(0)-catalyzed reaction. However, these reactions had to be done in the presence of LiCl . Finally, as the ring size of the product increases, these palladium(0)-catalyzed coupling reactions become less effective and in the case of 237, the reaction failed completely. 55 (9) -95-4. Diels-Alder Reactions of the Cyclobutanecarboxylates 9 and Related Compounds With the availability of the various cyclobutanecarboxylates 9 containing a cisoid diene unit, the Diels-Alder reactions of these compounds with a variety of dienophiles were investigated. 4.1. Diels-Alder Reactions with Symmetrical Dienophiles: Tetracvanoethylene rrCNE) and Dimethyl Acetvlenedicarboxvlate (DMAD'I The carbon-carbon double bond of tetracyanoethylene (TCNE) is highly electron-deficient because of the presence of the four cyano groups. Thus, this substance is highly reactive and has been used extensively as a dienophile in cycloaddition reactions.54 As it is symmetrical, it can be used to show the face-selectivity* of the Diels-Alder reactions of the cyclobutanecarboxylates 9. The parent diene 253 was treated with TCNE (1 equiv) in THF at room temperature. After 30 min, GLC analysis of the reaction mixture showed that no more starting material was present Removal of the solvent and chromatography of the crude reaction product afforded an 87% yield of the ester 289 (Entry 1, Table 17). Recrystallization of this compound from petroleum ether-diethyl ether provided a white solid (melting point 128-129\u00C2\u00B0C). The spectral data for 289 was in accord * In this thesis, the j3-face refers to the side of the molecule on which the ester moiety is situated, while the a-face refers to the side opposite to the ester moiety. -96-with the assigned structure. The *H NMR spectrum of 289 exhibited the signals for three methylene groups (He and Hb, two 1-proton broad doublets at 8 2.86 and 8 3.05, respectively, J = 14 Hz in each case, and Hd, a 4-proton multiplet at 8 3.09-3.36) and a methine proton (Ha, a 1-proton multiplet at 8 3.76-3.83). In addition, the IR spectrum of 289 showed a weak absorption band at 2256 cm*1 for the C=N stretching vibration. Furthermore, compound 289 was shown to have a molecular formula of C15H12N4O2 by high resolution mass spectrometry. Diels-Alder reactions with TCNE were also performed on the other cyclobutanecarboxylates 9 and the results are summarized in Table 17. The procedures employed were similar to that outlined above for the preparation of 289. The yields were greater than 80% in each case except for the experiment summarized in entry 7, where no Diels-Alder adduct was obtained. The only variable in the various reactions was the length of time required for the complete conversion of 9 into 288. Not unexpectedly, the required reaction times were related to the number and geometry of the substituents on the diene unit. The reaction with TCNE of cyclobutanecarboxylates with no substituent or a trans-substituent on the diene unit were complete within 1 h (Entries 1,2 and 4, Table 17). However, the cyclobutanecarboxylates 255 and 259, each with a cis-substituent on the diene unit, reacted much more slowly with TCNE (Entries 3 and 5, Table 17). The longer reaction times for these substrates may be rationalized on the basis of steric hindrance by the cw-substituent toward the approaching dienophile. In the case of the cyclobutanecarboxylate 264, the presence of the two cw-methyl groups on the diene unit causes the diene to be severely distorted from planarity (see previous discussion on X-ray analysis of 272). Furthermore, the methyl groups will hinder the approach of the dienophile. Therefore, no reaction of the cyclobutanecarboxylate 264 with TCNE was observed even when the reaction was attempted in refluxing THF (Entry 7, Table 17). 97 Table 17 Diels-Alder Reactions of the Cyclobutanecarboxylates 9 with Tetracyanoethylene1 R* CO^Et NC, NC N C R' N C > R\u00E2\u0080\u009Eo\u00E2\u0080\u009E CC^Et 288Entry Substrate 9 Reaction time Product 288 Yield11 (%) 253 C02Et r 254 C02Et C02Et 255 30 min 30 min NC NC\" NC NC NC NO-NC NC TC0 2Et 289 CO^t 290 C02Et 291 ratio of 290:291 = 19:1 87 83 1.5 days ratio of 290:291 = 1:9 86 \ C02Et MOMO. 258 l h NC NC\" NC NC CQ2Et 292 88 -98-Entry Substrate Reaction Product Yield11 9 time 288 (%) MOMO 7ffl COjEt 259 J r 263 C 0 2 E t COaEt 264 1 day 3 h 3 days c o ^ t 293 COzEt COjEt 295 ratio of 294:295 = 24:1 no reaction 87 86 1 TCNE (lequiv), THF, room temperature n Yield of purified product that have been pumped on the vacuum pump for a couple of hours. m The substrate was also subjected to reflux for 3 h and no reaction was observed. -99-The cyclobutanecarboxylates 9 can react with TCNE in two ways. That is, the dienophile can approach the diene function from either the a-face or the /J-face. The cyclobutanecarboxylate 254 reacted with TCNE to provide a mixture of 290 and 291 in a ratio of 19:1, respectively (Entry 2, Table 17). The ratio was obtained by comparing the integration of the methyl group signals of 290 and 291 (5 1.57 and 8 1.53, respectively) in the *H NMR spectrum of the mixture. It is no surprise that the major product from this Diels-Alder reaction is the adduct resulting from approach of the dienophile to the a-face of the diene, because there is relatively little or no steric hindrance on that face (Figure 11). In contrast, the /J-face of the cyclobutanecarboxylate 254 is relatively hindered because of the presence of the ester group. The spectral data for 290 and 291 were consistent with the assigned structures (Figures 12 and 13). The stereochemistries of these substances could be assigned on the basis of a series of *H NMR NOE difference experiments performed on 290. Thus, irradiation at 8 1.57 (methyl group) caused enhancement of the signals at 8 3.31-3.41 (He) and at 5 3.76-3.82 (Ha), while irradiation at 8 3.36 (He) only caused enhancement of the signal at 8 1.57 (methyl group). In addition, irradiation at 8 3.79 (Ha) enhanced the signal for the methyl group (8 1.57) and the signal for Hb (5 2.96-3.01). A similar high a-face selectivity for the Diels-Alders reaction with TCNE was also observed for the other cyclobutanecarboxylates 9 (Table 17). In each case, the spectral data of the products were consistent with the assigned structures. -100-Et02C Et02C NC /3-face approach Figure 11: Diagrammatic view of the two possible directions in which TCNE approaches the diene 254. NC H. 0 0^ 1 H\u00E2\u0080\u009E H , 1 He Hb Hg r 4 3 2 Figure 12: The 400 MHz lH NMR Spectrum of the Ester 290 l S -101-Figure 13: The 400 MHz *H NMR Spectrum of the Ester 291 The parent cyclobutanecarboxylate 253 was also subjected to a Diels-Alder reaction with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate (DMAD). In the event, the cyclobutanecarboxylate 253 was refluxed for 20 h with 2 equivalents of DMAD in diethyl ether to afford, after chromatography of the crude reaction product, an 85% yield of the triester 299 (Entry 1, Table 18). The spectral data for 299 was consistent with the assigned structure. The *H NMR spectrum of 299 showed the signals for three methylene groups (a 6-proton multiplet at 8 2.73-3.12), a methine proton (Ha, a 1-proton multiplet at 8 3.66-3.70) and two methyl ester moieties (a 6-protori singlet at 8 3.77). The IR spectrum of 299 exhibited a strong absorption band for the C=0 stretching vibration of the ester moieties at 1728 cm-1. High -102-resolution mass spectrometry showed that compound 299 had a molecular formula of Ci5Hi806. The triester 299 was readily aromatized via a procedure utilizing 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-l,4-benzoquinone (DDQ).55 A mixture of the triester 299 and DDQ (1 equiv) in benzene was refluxed for 1 h to provide, after chromatography of the crude reaction product, a 93% yield of the triester 300 (Entry 1, Table 18). The spectral data for 300 was in accord with the assigned structure. The *HNMR spectrum of 300 exhibited signals similar to that of 299. However, the presence of two aromatic protons (two 1-proton singlets at 8 7.44 and 8 7.55) was observed. The high resolution mass spectrometric measurement was performed on the z/e M+ peak and showed that 300 had a molecular formula of Ci5Hi606. In a similar manner, the cyclobutanecarboxylate 254 was subjected to the Diels-Alder reaction with DMAD (Entry 2, Table 18). The JH NMR spectrum of the crude reaction product showed a mixture of two products 301 and 302 in the ratio of 4:1, respectively. These substances were epimers and were not separable by chromatography. The major product 301 presumably arose from approach of DMAD from the a-face of the cyclobutanecarboxylate 254. Subsequent aromatiza-tion of the mixture of the two products 301 and 302, via a procedure identical with that outlined for 299, afforded a single aromatic compound 303. The assigned structure of 303 was consistent with its *H NMR spectral data (Figure 14). As -103-Table 18 Diels-Alder Reaction of the Cyclobutanecarboxylates 296 with Dimethyl Acetylene-dicarboxylate and Aromatization of the Diels-Alder Adducts W R 296 W = C02Et \"CC^ Et 298 Entry Substrate Proce-296 dure1 Diels-Alder Adducts 297 Product 298 Yield11 (%) im C02Et 253 Me02C MeOzC Me02C 79 COjEt Me02C - C 0 2 E t 299 300 r C02Et 254 MeOjC MeOjC Me02C C^OaEt MeOzC 301 and 302 303 ratio of 301:302 = 4:1 67 COzEt B COjEt 255 301, 302 and 303 303 ratio = 3:5:2, respectively 50 -104-Entry Substrate Proce- Diels-Alder Product Yield11 296 durel Adducts 297 298 (%) MOMO 'cOjEt M e 0 2 C / ^ 5 j p \" ^ 80 CO^t 258 304 and 305 306 ratio of 304:305 = 4:1 1 Procedure A a) DMAD (2 equiv), Et20, reflux, 20 h. b) DDQ (1 equiv), benzene, reflux, 1 h. Procedure B a) DMAD (2 equiv), benzene, reflux, 19 h. b) DDQ (1 equiv), benzene, reflux, 1 h. Procedure C a) DMAD (2 equiv), Et20, reflux, 19 h. b) DDQ (1 equiv), benzene, reflux, 1 h. n Overall yield of purified product that had been kept under vacuum (vacuum pump) for a couple of hours. m Yields of the formation of 299 and 300 are 85% and 93%, respectively. -105-i i i i i i i i i ! i i i i i r i i - i -I T i T - T \u00E2\u0080\u00A2} i n i i i i i i i i t i i i i I T I | i i n T T T T I | i i i > | T r i ~ i | i i i i [ i 'i T 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 P P U Figure 14: The 300 MHz *H NMR Spectrum of the Triester 303 expected, an aromatic proton signal (a 1-proton singlet at 5 7.56) was observed. A similar result was obtained for the cyclobutanecarboxylate 258 (Entry 4, Table 18). The cyclobutanecarboxylate 255 did not undergo the Diels-Alder reaction with DMAD in refluxing diethyl ether. This observation was consistent with the fact that cyclobutanecarboxylates with a cisoid,cis-diene function are less reactive than those with a cisoid,trans-dicnc, as seen earlier in the reactions with TCNE. Thus, in order for the reaction to proceed, a higher temperature was used. A rxrixture of the cyclobutanecarboxylate 255 and DMAD (2 equiv) was refluxed in benzene (19 h) to afford a mixture of 301, 302 and 303 in the ratio of 3:5:2, respectively (Entry 3, Table 18). Thus, performing the reaction at a higher temperature also led to partial aromatization of the Diels-Alder adducts. The mixture of products was subsequently aromatized under the normal conditions to afford the triester 303 in an overall yield of 50% (from the cyclobutanecarboxylate 255). -106-4.2. Diels-Alder Reactions with Unsymmetrical Dienophiles: Methyl Propynoate. Methyl Vinvl Ketone (MVK) and Nitroethylene The Diels-Alder reactions of the cyclobutanecarboxylates 9 with unsym-metrical dienophiles were of interest to us since they would provide information about the regio- and endo/exo-selectivity in these reactions. However, since it was anticipated that a mixture of products would be obtained in these reactions, a simple case was first investigated. \ 254 C02Et a) Methyl propynoate, reflux, 12 h b ) nDDS'ubenzene' Me02C reflux, 1 h z overall yield of 81% Me02C, (61) CC^ Et 'C02Et 308 A solution of the cyclobutanecarboxylate 254 and methyl propynoate (1.5 equiv) in benzene was refluxed for 12 h and then was concentrated. A solution of the product and 2.3-dicMorc>-5,6-dicyanc-l,4-benzoquinone (1.2 equiv) in benzene was refluxed for 1 h to afford, after chromatography, an 81% yield of a mixture of the diesters 307 and 308 (Equation 61). Although the mixture of 307 and 308 was not separable by either column chromatography or preparative thin layer chromatography, the structures of 307 and 308 could be determined on the basis of the signals for the aromatic protons in the !H NMR spectrum. In the *H NMR spectrum of the mixture, the diester 307 exhibited two doublets at 8 7.01 and -107-8 8.00 (J = 8 Hz in each case) for the two aromatic proton signals. In contrast, the Chester 308 exhibited two singlets at 8 7.60 and 8 7.78 for the signals due to the two aromatic protons. The ratio of 307 and 308 as observed in the *H NMR spectrum was 5:1, respectively (the ratios of the integrals of the signals for the aromatic protons at 8 7.01 and 8 7.60, and the methyl groups at 8 1.49 and 8 1.31 were 5 : 1). Thus, the regioselectivity of this Diels-Alder reaction favored the \"ortho\" adduct. This result is in agreement with the regiochemical outcome predicted using either frontier molecular orbital theory56 or a biradical argument.57 However, only the biradical argument is presented below. The reaction of methyl propynoate with cyclobutanecarboxylate 254 can be considered to produce two biradical intermediates 309 and 310 (Scheme 19). The regioselectivity of the reaction is determined by the relative stability of these intermediates. Since the intermediate allylic radical in 309 is stabilized by more alkyl substituents than that in 310 (3 alkyl groups vs 2 alkyl groups), 309 is preferred over 310. Thus, the regioisomer 311 would be favored. This expectation was confirmed by the experimental result Diels-Alder reactions were also performed with the cyclobutanecarboxylate 254 and methyl vinyl ketone (MVK). Thus, refluxing a mixture of 254 and MVK (5 equiv) in benzene for 8 h yielded a mixture of four compounds as indicated by *H NMR analysis of the crude product (Equation 62). The ratio of these four compounds, 17:4:4:3, was obtained by integration of the signals for the secondary methyl groups (doublets at 8 0.80, 8 0.89, 8 0.93 and 8 0.97, respectively, / = 7 Hz in each case). The mixture was an oil and the components were not separable by either column chromatography or preparative thin layer chromatography. Therefore, the four compounds could not be characterized but from later experiments, two of these compounds were identified. Thus, the major compound with the doublet at 8 0.80 was subsequently assigned the structure 314 -108-two other adducts and the compound with the doublet at S 0.89 was assigned the structure 315. It is well known that addition of a Lewis acid to the Diels-Alder reaction of an electron-poor dienophile and an electron-rich diene increases the rate58*59 as well as the regio-60'64 and stereoselectivity65'70 of the reaction. Thus, as the thermal Diels-Alder reaction of 254 and MVK was not very selective, the reaction was -109-performed in the presence of the Lewis acid, boron trifluoride etherate complex (BF3-Et20). Addition of BF3-Et20 (1 equiv) to a mixture of the cyclobutane-carboxylate 254 and MVK (5 equiv) in dichloromethane (-78\u00C2\u00B0C, 1 h) provided, after chromatography of the crude reaction product, a 99% yield of a single compound 314 (from ! H NMR analysis) (Entry 1, Table 19). Not unexpectedly, the reaction occurred via an endo transition state, with the dienophile approaching the a-face of the diene. The spectral data for 314 was in accord with the assigned structure (Figure 15). As expected, the *H NMR spectrum of 314 exhibited the signals for a secondary methyl group (a 3-proton doublet at 8 0.80, / = 7 Hz), an ethyl ester moiety (a 3-proton triplet at 8 1.26, / = 7 Hz and 2-proton quartet at 8 4.15, J = 7 Hz) and a methyl ketone moiety (a 3-proton singlet at 8 2.13). The other assigned proton signals were the following: H a , a 1-proton multiplet at 8 3.57-3.64; Hb, a 2-proton multiplet at 8 2.59-2.70; He, a 1-proton doublet of doublets of doublets at c5 2.81, / = 12, 5, 2.5 Hz; and Hfj, a 1-proton multiplet at 8 2.70-2.77. There were also signals for the two methylene groups in the six-membered ring (a 1-proton multiplet at 8 1.61-1.72, a 1-proton doublet of quartets at 8 1.78, J = 14, 2.5 Hz, and a 2-proton multiplet at 8 1.93-2.00). The assignments of the protons Ha-Hd were based on *H NMR decoupling and NOE difference experiments. In the decoupling experiments, irradiation at 8 0.80 (methyl group) sharpened the multiplet at <5 2.70-2.77 (H4) and concentrated. The remaining oil was subjected to flash chromatography on silica gel. Concentration of the appropriate fractions, followed by bulb-to-bulb distillation of the residue, afforded the corresponding ethyl (\u00C2\u00A3)-3-rrimethylstannyl-2-alkenoate 2. Preparation of Ethyl (g)-3-Trimethylstannyl-2-butenoate (25) v COzEt l ^ S n H 25 Following general procedure 3 outlined above, ethyl 2-butynoate (23) was converted into the ester 25. The following amounts of reagents and solvents were used: lithium (cyano)(trimethylstannyl)cuprate (30) (17.8 mmol) in 140 mL of dry -159-THF; ethyl 2-butynoate (23) (1.54 g, 13.7 mmol) in 14 mL of dry THF. Hash chromatography of the crude product on silica gel (125 g, elution with petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 200:3), followed by (tistillation (air-bath temperature 50-56\u00C2\u00B0C/0.2 Torr) of the material thus obtained, afforded 2.98 g (78%) of ethyl (\u00C2\u00A3)-3-trimethyl-stannyl-2-butenoate (25) as a colorless oil. Analysis of this oil by GLC, TLC (petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 200:3) and lH NMR spectroscopy indicated that it consisted of one component. This material exhibited IR (film): 1718, 1604, 1177, 768 cm-*; *H NMR ( C D C I 3 , 300 MHz): S 0.18 (s, 9H, 2/sn-H = 54 Hz, -SnMe3), 1-26 (t, 3H, / = 7 Hz, -OCH2CH3), 2.36 (d, 3H, / = 2 Hz, =C-CH3), 4.12 (q, 2H, J = 7 Hz, -OCH2CH3), 5.96 (q, 1H, J = 2 Hz, 3/Sn.H = 72 Hz, olefinic proton). Exact Mass calcd. for CgHisC^ Sn (M+-CH3): 263.0093; found: 263.0087. Preparation of Ethyl (F)-3-Trimethvlstannvl-2-pentenoate (36) Following general procedure 3 outlined above, ethyl 2-pentynoate (131) was converted into the ester 36. The following amounts of reagents and solvents were used: lithium (cyano)(rrimethylstannyl)cuprate (30) (12.4 mmol) in 95 mL of dry THF; ethyl 2-pentynoate (131) (1.20 g, 9.52 mmol) in 9 mL of dry THF. Hash chromatography of the crude product on silica gel (75 g, elution with petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 200:3), followed by distillation (air-bath temperature 55-70\u00C2\u00B0C/0.2 Torr) of the material thus obtained, afforded 2.25 g (81%) of ethyl (E)-3-trimethyl-stannyl-2-pentenoate (36) as a colorless oil. Analysis of this oil by GLC, TLC 36 -160-(petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 200:3) and * H NMR spectroscopy indicated that it consisted of one component. This material exhibited IR (film): 1718, 1597, 1176, 770 cm- 1 ; ! H N M R (CDC1 3, 300 MHz): 8 0.20 (s, 9H, 2 / S n . H = 54 Hz, - S n M e O . 1.04 (t, 3H, / = 7 Hz, =C-CH 2 CH3), 1.28 (t, 3H, / = 7 Hz, -OCH2CH3), 2.88 (qd, 2H, 7 = 7, 1.5 Hz, =C-CH2-), 4.14 (q, 2H, / = 7 Hz, -OCH2CH3), 5.91 (t, 1H, / = 1.5 Hz, 3 /sn-H = 73 Hz, olefinic proton). Exact Mass calcd. for Cc^HiTC^Sn (M+ -CH3): 277.0250; found: 277.0254. Preparation of Ethyl (i^-4-Methoxymethoxv-3-trimethylstannvl-2-butenoate (1421 Following general procedure 3 outlined above, ethyl 4-methoxymethoxy-2-butynoate (132) was converted into the ester 142. The following amounts of reagents and solvents were used: hthium (cyano)(trimethylstannyl)cuprate (30) (6.24 mmol) in 50 mL of dry THF; ethyl 4-methoxymethoxy-2-butynoate (132) (828 mg, 4.81 mmol) in 5 mL of dry THF. Flash chromatography of the crude product on silica gel (75 g, elution with petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 8:1), followed by distillation (air-bath temperature 82-86\u00C2\u00B0C/0.15 Torr) of the material thus obtained, afforded 962 mg (59%) of ethyl (\u00C2\u00A3^-4-memoxymethoxy-3-trimemylstannyl-2-butenoate (142) as a colorless oil. Analysis of this oil by G L C , T L C (petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 8:1) and * H N M R spectroscopy indicated that it consisted of one 142 -161-component. This material exhibited IR (film): 1712, 1608, 1185, 1040, 772 cm\" 1; lH NMR (CDCI3, 400 MHz): 8 0.19 (s, 9H, 2 / S n - H = 54 Hz, -SnMS3), 1.29 (t, 3H, / = 7 Hz, - O C H 2 C H 3 ) , 3.36 (s, 3H, - O C H 3 ) , 4.16 (q, 2H, / = 7 Hz, - O C H 2 C H 3 ) , 4.66 (s, 2H, -OCH2O-), 4.80 (d, 2H, / = 2.5 Hz, =C-CH20-), 5.95 (t, 1H, / = 2.5 Hz, 3/sn-H = 71 Hz, olefinic proton). Exact Mass calcd. for CioHi 90 4 Sn (M+-CH3): 323.0305; found: 323.0303. Preparation of Ethyl (F)-6^Memoxvmemoxy-3-trimethvlstannvl-2-hexenoate (143) 143 Following general procedure 3 outlined above, ethyl 6-methoxymethoxy-2-hexynoate (133) was converted into the ester 143. The following amounts of reagents and solvents were used: hthium (cyano)(rrimethylstannyl)cuprate (30) (4.05 mmol) in 30 mL of dry THF; ethyl 6-methoxymethoxy-2-hexynoate (133) (628 mg, 3.14 mmol) in 3 mL of dry THF. Flash chromatography of the crude product on silica gel (75 g, elution with petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 8:1), followed by distillation (air-bath temperature 84-90\u00C2\u00B0C/0.15 Torr) of the material thus obtained, afforded 868 mg (76%) of ethyl (E)-6-methoxymethoxy-3-trimethylstannyl-2-hexenoate (143) as a colorless oil. Analysis of this oil by G L C , T L C (petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 8:1) and * H NMR spectroscopy indicated that it consisted of one component. This material exhibited IR (film): 1714, 1598, 1368, 1176, 1044, -162-774 cm-1; ! H NMR (CDCI3, 400 MHz): S 0.22 (s, 9H, 2 / S n - H = 52 Hz, -SnMeO. 1.29 (t, 3H, / = 7 Hz, -OCH2CH3), 1.73 (quintet, 2H, / = 7 Hz, -CH2CH2CH2-), 2.96 (td, 2H, / = 7, 1 Hz, =C-CH2-), 3.36 (s, 3H, -OCH3), 3.55 (t, 2H, / = 7 Hz, -OCH2CH2-), 4.17 (q, 2H, / = 7 Hz, -OCH2CH3), 4.63 (s, 2H, -OCH2O-), 5.99 (broad t, 1H, / = 1 Hz, 3 / S n . H = 72 Hz, olefinic proton). Exact Mass calcd. for Ci2H23C>4Sn (M+ -CH3): 351.0618; found: 351.0617. Preparation of Ethyl (E)-l-tert -ButyldUmefoylsilyloxy-3-tr^ Following general procedure 3 outlined above, ethyl 1-tert -butyldimethyl-silyloxy-2-heptynoate (134) was converted into the ester 144. The following amounts of reagents and solvents were used: lithium (cyano)(trimethylstannyl)cuprate (30) (9.61 mmol) in 70 mL of dry THF; ethyl 7-ferf-butyldimethylsilyloxy-2-heptynoate (134) (2.10 g, 7.39 mmol) in 7 mL of dry THF. Flash chromatography of the crude product on silica gel (125 g, elution with petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 40:1), followed by distillation (air-bath temperature 125-132\u00C2\u00B0C/0.15 Torr) of the material thus obtained, afforded 2.33 g (70%) of ethyl (\u00C2\u00A3)-7-ferf-butyldimethyl-silyloxy-3-trimethylstannyl-2-heptenoate (144) as a colorless oil. Analysis of this oil 11411 r-BuMejSiO, 144 -163-by GLC, TLC (petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 40:1) and JH NMR spectroscopy indicated that it consisted of one component. This material exhibited IR (film): 1718, 1598, 1163, 1101, 837, 775 cm-1; lH NMR (CDCI3, 270 MHz): 8 0.02 (s, 6H, -SiMeA 0.18 (s, 9H, 2/sn-H = 54 Hz, -SnM^ ), 0.87 (s, 9H, -SiCMej), 1.28 (t, 3H, J = 7 Hz, -OCH2CH3), 1.40-1.58 (m, 4H, -CH2CH2CH2CH2-), 2.89 (broad t, 2H, / = 7 Hz, =C-CH2-), 3.60 (t, 2H, / = 7 Hz, -OCH2CH2-), 4.14 (q, 2H, / = 7 Hz, - O C H 2 C H 3 ) , 5.95 (broad t, 1H, / = 1 Hz, 3/Sn.H = 75 Hz, olefinic proton). Exact Mass calcd. for CnH35C>3SiSn (M+-CH3): 435.1376; found: 435.1383. -164-5. Preparation of Alkylating Agents Preparation of 4-Iodo-l-butyne (156) 156 To a stirred solution of triphenylphosphine (7.60 g, 29.0 mmol) in 130 mL of dry dichloromethane under an argon atmosphere was added iodine (7.37 g, 29.0 mmol). The resulting yellow solution was stirred at room temperature for 10 min. A solution of 3-butyn-l-ol (155) (1.90 g, 27.1 mmol, commercially available) in 13 mL of dry dichloromethane was added slowly and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 h. Pentane was added to the reaction mixture and the resultant solid was removed by filtration through a short column of Florisil (6 g). The column was eluted with pentane. Concentration of the eluate, followed by distillation (air-bath temperature 65-70\u00C2\u00B0C/45 Torr) of the material thus obtained, afforded 4.04 g (83%) of 4-iodo-l-butyne (156) as a colorless oil. Analysis of this oil by G L C , T L C (petroleum ether) and *H NMR spectroscopy indicated that it consisted of one component. This material exhibited IR (film): 3295, 2121, 1250, 1175, 642cm-l; *H NMR (CDC13, 400 MHz): 5 2.16 (t, 1H, / = 2 Hz, =CH), 2.78 (td, 2H, / = 7, 2 Hz, =CCH2-), 3.24 (t, 2H, / = 7 Hz, -CH2I). Exact Mass calcd. for C4H5I (M+): 179.9438; found: 179.9441. -165-Preparation of 6-Bromo-l-hexvne (1591 Br 1 5 9 To a stirred solution of triphenylphosphine (5.38 g, 20.5 mmol) in 90 mL of dry dichloromethane under an argon atmosphere was added bromine (3.28 g, 20.5 mmol). The resulting pale yellow solution was stirred at room temperature for 10 min. A solution of 5-hexyn-l-ol (126) (1.83 g, 18.7 mmol, commercially available) in 10 mL of dry dichloromethane was added slowly and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 h. Pentane was added to the reaction mixture and the resultant solid was removed by filtration through a short column of Florisil (6 g). The column was eluted with pentane. Concentration of the eluate, followed by distillation (air-bath temperature 75-80\u00C2\u00B0C/0.2 Torr) of the material thus obtained, afforded 2.91 g (97%) of 6-bromo-l-hexyne (159) as a colorless oil. Analysis of this oil by GLC, TLC (petroleum ether) and *H NMR spectroscopy indicated that it consisted of one component. This material exhibited IR (film): 3299, 2118, 1252, 641 cnr1; *H NMR (CDCI3, 300 MHz): 6 1.70 (quintet, 2H, / = 7 Hz, =CCH2CH2-), 1.95-2.06 (m, 3H, -CH2CH2Br and =CH), 2.25 (td, 2H, 7 = 7, 1.5 Hz, =CCH2-), 3.45 (t, 2H, J = 7 Hz, -CH2Br). Exact Mass calcd. for C4H579Br (M+-C2H4): 131.9575; found: 131.9573. -166-General Procedure 4 Preparation of 2-Bromo-l-alkenes (1541 154 To a cold (0\u00C2\u00B0C), stirred solution of B-bromo-9-borabicyclo[3.3.1]-nonane (fl-Br-9-BBN) (2.2 equiv) in dry dichloromethane (~5 mL per mmol of reagent), under an argon atmosphere, was added dropwise, over a period of 10 min, a solution of the appropriate alkyne (1 equiv) in dry dichloromethane (~2 mL per mmol of alkyne). After the reaction rnixture had been stirred at 0\u00C2\u00B0C for 3 h, acetic acid (~10 equiv) was added and the solution was stirred at 0\u00C2\u00B0C for a further 1 h. Aqueous sodium hydroxide (~20 equiv) and aqueous hydrogen peroxide (~10 equiv) were added slowly and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 min. The mixture was extracted thoroughly with petroleum ether and the combined organic extracts were washed successively with water, saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate, and brine, and dried (MgSC\u00C2\u00AB4). The solution was concentrated and the remaining oil was subjected to flash chromatography on silica gel. Concentration of the appropriate fractions, followed by bulb-to-bulb distillation of the residue, afforded the corresponding vinyl bromide 154. -167-Prepararion of 2-Bromo-4-iodo-l-butene (160) I Br 160 Following general procedure 4 outlined above, 4-iodo-l-butyne (156) was converted into the vinyl bromide 160. The following amounts of reagents and solvents were used: fi-Br-9-BBN (6.49 mmol) in 30 mL of dry CH2CI2; 4-iodo-l-butyne (156) (531 mg, 2.95 mmol) in 3 mL of dry C H 2 C I 2 . Flash chromatography of the crude product on silica gel (75 g, elution with petroleum ether), followed by distillation (air-bath temperature 45-50\u00C2\u00B0C/0.15 Torr) of the material thus obtained, afforded 731 mg (95%) of 2-bromo-4-iodo-l-butene (160) as a colorless oil. Analysis of this oil by G L C , T L C (petroleum ether) and * H NMR spectroscopy indicated that it consisted of one component. This material exhibited IR (film): 1631, 1255, 1171, 894 cm\" 1; lU NMR (CDCI3, 400 MHz): S 2.95 (broad t, 2 H , / = 7 Hz, =CBrCH2-) , 3.34 (t, 2 H , / = 7 H z , - C H 2 I ) , 5.56 (d, 1H, / = 1 Hz, olefinic proton), 5.68 (broad d, 1H, / = 1 Hz, olefinic proton). Exact Mass calcd. for Q H ^ B r l (M+): 259.8696; found: 259.8702. Preparation of 2-Bromo-5-chloro-l-pentene (161) a Br 161 -168-Following general procedure 4 outlined above, 5-chloro-l-pentyne (157) (cornmercially available) was converted into the vinyl bromide 161. The following amounts of reagents and solvents were used: fi-Br-9-BBN (11.2 mmol) in 50 mL of dry CH2CI2; 5-chloro-l-pentyne (157) (524 mg, 5.11 mmol) in 5 mL of dry CH2CI2. Flash chromatography of the crude product on silica gel (75 g, elution with petroleum ether), followed by distillation (air-bath temperature 35-40\u00C2\u00B0C/0.15 Torr) of the material thus obtained, afforded 860 mg (92%) of 2-bromo-5-chloro-1-pentene (161) as a colorless oil. Analysis of this oil by GLC, TLC (petroleum ether) and *H NMR spectroscopy indicated that it consisted of one component. This material exhibited IR (film): 1630, 1200, 1174, 892 cm-l; *H NMR (CDCI3, 400 MHz): S 2.05 (quintet, 2H, / = 7 Hz, -CH2CH2CH2-), 2.62 (broad t, 2H, / = 7 Hz, =CBrCH2-), 3.57 (t, 2H, / = 7 Hz, -CH2CI), 5.47 (d, 1H, / = 1 Hz, olefinic proton), 5.66 (broad d, 1H, / = 1 Hz, olefinic proton). Exact Mass calcd. for C5H835ci79Br (M+): 181.9498; found: 181.9496. Preparation of 2.6-Dibromo-l-hexene (162) Following general procedure 4 outlined above, 6-bromo-l-hexyne (159) was converted into the vinyl bromide 162. The following amounts of reagents and solvents were used: B-Br-9-BBN (19.4 mmol) in 80 mL of dry CH2CI2; 6-bromo-l-hexyne (159) (1.42 g, 8.82 mmol) in 8 mL of dry CH2CI2. Flash Br 162 -169-chromatography of the crude product on silica gel (75 g, elution with petroleum ether), followed by distillation (air-bath temperature 51-56\u00C2\u00B0C/0.15 Torr) of the material thus obtained, afforded 1.92 g (90%) of 2,6-dibromo-l-hexene (162) as a colorless oil. Analysis of this oil by GLC, TLC (petroleum ether) and *H NMR spectroscopy indicated that it consisted of one component This material exhibited TR (film): 1631, 1241, 1184, 889 cm-1; *H NMR (CDC13, 300 MHz): 5 1.73 (quintet, 2H, / = 7 Hz, =CBrCH2CH2-), 1.89 (quintet, 2H, J = 7 Hz, -CH2CH2Br), 2.48 (broad t, 2H, / = 7 Hz, =CBrCH2-), 3.44 (t, 2H, / = 7 Hz, - C H 2 B r ) , 5.44 (d, 1H, / = 1 Hz, olefinic proton), 5.61 (q, 1H, / = 1 Hz, olefinic proton). Exact Mass calcd. for C6Hio79Br2 (M+): 239.9150; found: 239.9141. Preparation of 2-Bromo-5-iodo-l-pentene (163) I 163 To a stirred solution of 2-bromo-5-chloro-l-pentene (161) (168 mg, 0.916 mmol) in 5 mL of dry acetone under an argon atmosphere was added sodium iodide (344 mg, 2.29 mmol). The stirred reaction mixture was refluxed for 16 h. Pentane was added to the mixture and the resultant solid was removed by filtration through a short column of Florisil (3 g). The column was eluted with pentane. Concentration of the eluate, followed by distillation (air-bath temperature 50-55\u00C2\u00B0C/0.15Torr) of the material thus obtained, afforded 235 mg (93%) of 2-bromo-5-iodo-l-pentene (163) as a colorless oil. Analysis of this oil by GLC, TLC -170-(petroleum ether) and *H NMR spectroscopy indicated that it consisted of one component. This material exhibited IR (film): 1631, 1222, 1171, 891 cm*1; *H NMR (CDC13, 400 MHz): S 2.07 (quintet, 2H, / = 7 Hz, -CH2CH2CH2-), 2.56 (broad t, 2H, / = 7 Hz, =CBrCH2-), 3.19 (t, 2H, / = 7 Hz, -CH2I), 5.47 (d, 1H, / = 1 Hz, olefinic proton), 5.68 (broad d, 1H, / = 1 Hz, olefinic proton). Exact Mass calcd. for CsHg^rl (M+): 273.8856; found: 273.8855. Preparation of (Z>2-Tri-n-butylstannyl-2-buten-l-ol (167) To stirred freshly prepared tri-n-butyltin hydride (10.7 g, 36.8 mmol) under an argon atmosphere was added 2-butyn-l-ol (165) (2.58 g, 36.8 mmol, commercially available) and azobisisobutyronitrile (300 mg, 2.11 mmol). The reaction mixture was heated at 80\u00C2\u00B0C in an oil bath for 2.5 h. The crude product was subjected to flash chromatography on silica gel (300 g, elution with petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 8:1) to obtain the two vinylstannanes 167 and 129. Concentration of the fractions containing the major more polar product, followed by distillation (air-bath temperature 70-75\u00C2\u00B0C/0.15 Torr), afforded 8.66 g (65%) of (Z)-2-tri-/i-butylstannyl-2-buten-l-ol (167) as a colorless oil. Analysis of this oil by GLC, TLC (petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 8:1) and *H NMR spectroscopy indicated that it consisted of one component This material exhibited IR (film): 3300 (broad), 1627, 1377, 1067 cm-1; lH NMR (CDCI3,400 MHz): S 0.90 (t, 9H, / = 7 Hz, -CH2CH3), 0.98 (t, 6H, / = 7 Hz, 2/ S n . H = 54 Hz, Sn-n-Bu- OH 167 129 -171--SnCH2CH2-), 1.16 (t, 1H, / = 6 Hz, exchanged with D 2 O , -OH), 1.33 (sextet, 6H, / = 7 Hz, - C H 2 C H 2 C H 3 ) , 1.51 (quintet, 6H, / = 7 Hz, -S11CH2CH2CH2-), 1.75 (broad d, 3H, / = 7 Hz, =CHCH3), 4.18 (broad d, 2H, / ~ 6 Hz, -CH20H), 6.33 (qt, 1H, / = 7, 1 Hz, 3 /sn-H = 124 Hz, olefinic proton). Exact Mass calcd. for C12H25OS11 (M+-CH2CH2CH2CH3): 305.0926; found: 305.0927. Concentration of the fractions containing the minor less polar product, followed by distillation (air-bath temperature 68-72\u00C2\u00B0C/0.15 Torr), afforded 400 mg (3%) of (E)-2-tri-n-butylstannyl-2-buten-l-ol (129) as a colorless oil. Analysis of this oil by G L C , T L C (petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 8:1) and lH N M R spectroscopy indicated that it consisted of one component. This material exhibited IR (film): 3407 (broad), 1618, 1460, 1034 cm- 1 ; lK NMR (CDCI3, 300 MHz): S 0.89 (broad t, 15H, / = 7 Hz, 2 / S n - H = 54 Hz, -SnCH2CH 2 - and - C H 2 C H 3 ) , 1.31 (sextet, 6H, / = 7 Hz, - C H 2 C H 2 C H 2 - ) , 1.48 (quintet, 6H, / = 7 Hz, - S n C H 2 C H 2 C H 2 - ) , 1.56 (broad s, 1H, exchanged with D 2 O , -OH), 1.69 (broad d, 3H, / = 7 Hz, =CHCH3), 4.35-4.41 (m, 2H, - C H 2 O H ) , 5.60-5.72 (m, 1H, 3\u00C2\u00AB^Sn-H = 69 Hz, olefinic proton). Addition of D 2 O sharpened the multiplet at S 4.35-4.41 and converted the multiplet at 8 5.60-5.72 to a quartet of triplets (/ = 7, 2 Hz). Exact Mass calcd. for C i 2 H 2 5 0 S n (M+-CH2CH2CH2CH3) : 305.0926; found: 305.0930. -172-Preparation of fZ)-2-Iodo-2-buten-l-ol (173t O H 173 To a cold (0\u00C2\u00B0C), stirred solution of iodine (2.62 g, 10.3 mmol) in 20 mL of dry dichloromethane under an argon atmosphere was added a solution of (Z)-2-tri-n-butylstannyl-2-buten-l-ol (167) (3.72 g, 10.3 mmol) in 10 mL of dry dichloromethane. The reaction mixture was then stirred at room temperature until a pale yellow color persisted for 15 min. Concentration of the solution, followed by flash chromatography of the residual oil on silica gel (45 g, elution with petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 3:1) and distillation (air-bath temperature 40-46\u00C2\u00B0C/0.15 Torr) of the material thus obtained, afforded 1.88 g (92%) of (Z)-2-iodo-2-buten-l-ol (173) as a colorless oil. Analysis of this oil by G L C , T L C (petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 3:1) and *H NMR spectroscopy indicated that it consisted of one component. This material exhibited IR (film): 3310 (broad), 1649, 1078,1010, 807 cm' 1 ; *H NMR (CDCI3, 300 MHz): S 1.81 (dt, 3H, / = 7, 1 Hz, =CHCH3), 1.88 (broad s, 1H, exchanged with D 2 0 , -OH), 4.26 (broad s, 2H, - C H 2 O H ) , 5.98 (qt, 1H, / = 7, 1 Hz, olefinic proton). Exact Mass calcd. for C4H7OI (M+): 197.9543; found: 197.9538. -173-Preparation of (Z)-l-Bromo-2-iodo-2-butene (1741 Br 174 To a stirred solution of triphenylphosphine (1.85 g, 7.05 mmol) in 30 mL of dry dichloromethane under an argon atmosphere was added bromine (1.13 g, 7.05 mmol). The resulting pale yellow solution was stirred at room temperature for 10 min. A solution of (Z)-2-iodo-2-buten-l-ol (173) (1.27 g, 6.41 mmol) in 3 mL of dry dichloromethane was added slowly and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 h. Pentane was added to the rrrixture and the resultant solid was removed by filtration through a short column of Florisil (3 g). The column was eluted with pentane. Concentration of the eluate, followed by distillation (air-bath temperature 40-45\u00C2\u00B0C/0.15 Torr) of the material thus obtained, afforded 1.65 g (98%) of (Z)-l-bromo-2-iodo-2-butene (174) as a colorless oil. Analysis of this oil by G L C , T L C (petroleum ether) and * H NMR spectroscopy indicated that it consisted of one component This material exhibited IR (film): 1635, 1209, 1153, 944, 617 cm- 1 ; lK N M R (CDC1 3 , 400 MHz): 8 1.81 (d, 3H, / = 7 Hz, =CHCH3), 4.36 (broad s, 2H, -CHbBr), 6.06 (qt, 1H, / = 7, 1 Hz, olefinic proton). Exact Mass calcd. for C4H6 7 9BrI (M+): 259.8696; found: 259.8693. -174-Preparation of ('\u00C2\u00A3V3.5-Diiodo-2-pentene (176) I 176 To a stirred solution of (E)-5-chloro-3-iodo-2-pentene (175)* (250 mg, 1.08 mmol) in 5 mL of dry acetone under an argon atmosphere was added sodium iodide (406 mg, 2.71 mmol). The stirred reaction rnixture was refluxed for 3 days. Pentane was added to the mixture and the resultant solid was removed by filtration through a short column of Florisil (3 g). The column was eluted with pentane. Concentration of the eluate, followed by distillation (air-bath temperature 65-72\u00C2\u00B0C/0 .15 Torr) of the material thus obtained, afforded 302 mg (87%) of (\u00C2\u00A3')-3,5-diiodo-2-pentene (176) as a colorless oil. Analysis of this oil by G L C , T L C (petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 3:1) and *H NMR spectroscopy indicated that it consisted of one component. This material exhibited IR (film): 1633, 1249, 1138, 818 cm\" 1; * H NMR (CDCI3, 300 MHz): 6 1.66 (d, 3H, / = 7 Hz, =CHCH3), 2.92 (t, 2H, J = 1 Hz, =CICH2-), 3.26 (t, 2H, / = 7 Hz, -CH2I), 6.39 (q, 1H, / = 7 Hz, olefinic proton). Exact Mass calcd. for C5H8I2 (M+): 321.8719; found: 321.8715. * The sample was generously provided by B.A. Story. -175-6. Preparation of the Diene Esters 8 General Procedure 5 Deconjugation-Alkylation of Ethvl 3-Trimethvlstannvl-2-alkenoates (1 and 21 To a cold (-78\u00C2\u00B0C), stirred solution of lithium diisopropylamide (1.1-1.3 equiv) in dry THF (~10 mL per mmol of amide), under an argon atmosphere was added, successively, dry hexamethylphosphoramide (1.1-1.3 equiv) and a solution of the appropriate ethyl 3-trimethylstannyl-2-alkenoate 1 or 2 (1 equiv) in dry T H F (~1 mL per mmol of ester). After the solution had been stirred at -78\u00C2\u00B0C for 30 min and at 0\u00C2\u00B0C for 30 min, it was recooled to -78\u00C2\u00B0C and the alkyl halide (1.3-1.5 equiv) was added rapidly. The reaction mixture was stirred at -78\u00C2\u00B0C for 1 h. Aqueous sodium bicarbonate was added and the resultant mixture was extracted thoroughly with diethyl ether. The combined ether extracts were washed with brine, dried (MgSC>4) and concentrated. The remaining oil was subjected to flash chromatography on silica gel and/or bulb-to-bulb distillation to afford the corresponding alkylated product 8. \u00E2\u0080\u00A2R 8 -176-Preparation of Ethyl fF)-2-(2-Bromo-2-propenvl)-3-trimethylsta^ (2161 Following general procedure 5 outlined above, ethyl (Z)-3-trimethylstannyl-2-pentenoate (35) was converted into the diene ester 216. The following amounts of reagents and solvents were used: L D A (2.00 mmol) in 15 mL of dry THF; H M P A (350 mg, 1.96 mmol); ethyl (Z)-3-trimethylstannyl-2-pentenoate (35) (444 mg, 1.52 mmol) in 1.5 mL of dry THF; 2,3-dibromopropene (147) (445 mg, 2.23 mmol). Flash chromatography of the crude product on silica gel (50 g, elution with petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 40:1), followed by distillation (air-bath temperature 88-92\u00C2\u00B0C/0.15 Torr) of the material thus obtained, afforded 461 mg (74%) of the diene ester 216 as a colorless oil. Analysis of this oil by G L C , T L C (petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 40:1) and *H NMR spectroscopy indicated that it consisted of one component. This material exhibited IR (film): 1728, 1631, 1180, 769 cm*1; *H NMR (CDC13, 400 MHz): 8 0.12 (s, 9H, 2 / S n - H = 54 Hz, -SnMe?). 1.24 (t, 3H, / = 7 Hz, -OCH2CH3), 1.81 (d, 3H, / = 6.5 Hz, =CHCK3), 2.44 (ddd, 1H, / = 14, 6.5, 1 Hz, =CBrQL2-), 2.94 (ddd, 1H, / = 14, 8, 1 Hz, =CBrCH2-), 4.06-4.20 (m, 3H, -OCH2CH3 and tertiary proton), 5.42 (d, 1H, / = 2 Hz, =CH2), 5.56 (broad d, 1H, / = 2 Hz, =CH2), 5.86 (qd, 1H, J =6.5, 1 Hz, 3/sn-H = 73 Hz, =CHCH 3). Exact Mass calcd. for Ci2H2o027 9BrSn (M+-CH3): 394.9667; found: 394.9662. 216 -177-Preparation of Ethyl (\u00C2\u00A3>4-Bromo-2-r(2-memoxvmemoxv-l-trto pentenoate (217) Following general procedure 5 outlined above, ethyl (Z)-4-methoxymethoxy-3-trimethylstannyl-2-butenoate (135) was converted into the diene ester 217. The following amounts of reagents and solvents were used: L D A (1.14 mmol) in 9 mL of dry THF; H M P A (206 mg, 1.15 mmol); ethyl (Z)-4-methoxymethoxy-3-trimethylstannyl-2-butenoate (135) (305 mg, 0.902 mmol) in 1 mL of dry THF; 2,3-dibromopropene (147) (251 mg, 1.26 mmol). Distillation (air-bath temperature 115-120\u00C2\u00B0C/0.15 Torr) of the crude product afforded 366 mg (89%) of the diene ester 217 as a colorless oil. Analysis of this oil by G L C , T L C (petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 8:1) and * H NMR spectroscopy indicated that it consisted of one component. This material exhibited IR (film): 1727, 1614, 1181, 1159, 1123, 1035, 770 cm-l; *H NMR (CDC1 3 , 400 MHz): 8 0.17 (s, 9H, 2 / S n . H = 54 Hz, -SnMeO. 1.26 (t, 3H, / = 7 Hz, -OCH2CH3), 2.53 (ddd, 1H, / = 15, 7, 1 Hz, =CBrCH2-), 2.93 (ddd, 1H, / = 15, 9, 1 Hz, =CBrCH2-), 3.42 (s, 3H, -OCH3), 4.09-4.15 (m, 2H, -OCH2CH3), 4.27 (ddd, 1H, / = 9, 7, 1 Hz, tertiary proton), 4.85 (s, 2H, -OCH2O-), 5.42 (d, 1H, / = 2 Hz, =CH2), 5.58 (broad d, 1H, / ~ 2 Hz, =CH2), 6.05 (d, 1H, / = 1 Hz, 3 / S n . H = 36 Hz, =CHO-). Exact Mass calcd. for C i 3 H 2 2 0 4 7 9 B r S n (M+-CH3): 440.9722; found: 440.9716. SnMe3 217 -178-Preparation of Ethyl (lT)-2-(2-Bromo-2-propenyiy6-memoxvmemoxy-3- stannyl-3-hexenoate (218) Following general procedure 5 outlined above, ethyl (Z)-6-methoxymethoxy-3-trimethylstannyl-2-hexenoate (136) was converted into the diene ester 218. The following amounts of reagents and solvents were used: L D A (1.71 mmol) in 13 mL of dry THF; H M P A (309 mg, 1.73 mmol); ethyl (Z)-6-methoxymethoxy-3-trimethylstannyl-2-hexenoate (136) (488 mg, 1.33 mmol) in 1 mL of dry THF; 2,3-dibromopropene (147) (387 mg, 1.94 mmol). Distillation (air-bath temperature 138-142\u00C2\u00B0C/0.15 Torr) of the crude product afforded 556 mg (86%) of the diene ester 218 as a colorless oil. Analysis of this oil by G L C , T L C (petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 8:1) and * H NMR spectroscopy indicated that it consisted of one component. This material exhibited IR (film): 1728, 1631, 1209, 1179, 1152, 1035, 768 cm- 1 ; J H NMR (CDC1 3 , 400 MHz): 5 0.15 (s, 9H, 2/ Sn-H = 54 Hz, -SnM\u00C2\u00A33), 1-26 (t, 3H, J = 7 Hz, -OCH2CH3), 2.47 (ddd, 1H, / = 15, 6.5, 1 Hz, =CBrCH2-), 2.51-2.61 (m, 2H, =CHCH2-), 2.96 (ddd, 1H, J = 15, 8, 1 Hz, =CBrCH2-), 3.36 (s, 3H, -OCH3), 3.60 (t, 2H, / = 7 Hz, -OCH2CH2-), 4.05 (ddd, 1H, 7 = 8, 6.5, 1 Hz, tertiary proton), 4.08-4.18 (m, 2H, -OCH2CH3), 4.64 (s, 2H, -OCH20-), 5.42 (d, 1H, / = 2 Hz, =CH2), 5.56 (dd, 1H, / = 2, 1 Hz, =CH2), 5.79 (td, 1H, / = 7, 1 Hz, 3 / S n . H = 72 Hz, =CHCH 2 -) . Exact Mass calcd. for C i 5 H 2 6 0 4 7 9 B r S n (M+-CH 3): 469.0035; found: 469.0030. SnMe 3 218 -179-Preparation of Ethyl (g)-2-(2-bromo-2-propenvl)-7-fm-butyl(im^ trimethylstannyl-3-heptenoate (219) Following general procedure 5 outlined above, ethyl (Z)-7-te^butyldimethyl-silyloxy-3-trimethylstannyl-2-heptenoate (137) was converted into the diene ester 219. The following amounts of reagents and solvents were used: L D A (3.35 mmol) in 25 mL of dry THF; H M P A (587 mg, 3.28 mmol); ethyl (Z)-7-terf-butyl-dimemylsilyloxy-3-trimethylstannyl-2-heptenoate (137) (1.15 g, 2.56 mmol) in 2.5 mL of dry THF; 2,3-dibromopropene (147) (774 mg, 3.87 mmol). The crude product was subjected to flash chromatography on silica gel (90 g, elution with petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 40:1). Concentration of the appropriate fractions, followed by pumping on a vacuum pump to remove traces of solvent, afforded 1.10 g (75%) of the diene ester 219 as a colorless oil. Analysis of this oil by G L C , T L C (petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 40:1) and lH NMR spectroscopy indicated that it consisted of one component. This material exhibited IR (film): 1728, 1631, 1180, 1100, 837, 775 cm\" 1; lH NMR (CDCI3, 400 MHz): 5 0.06 (s, 6H, -SiMe2), 0.13 (s, 9H, 2 / S n - H = 56 Hz, -SnMe^). 0.90 (s, 9H, -SiCMeO. 1.25 (t, 3H, / = 7 Hz, - O C H 2 C H 3 ) , 1.63 (quintet, 2H, / = 7 Hz, -CH2CH2CH2-), 2.21-2.37 (m, 2H, =CHCH2-), 2.44 (ddd, 1H, / = 14, 6.5, 1 Hz, =CBrCH2-), 2.95 (ddd, 1H, / = 14, 7.5, 1 Hz, =CBrCH2-), 3.64 (t, 2H, / = 7 Hz, -OCH2CH2-), 4.05 (ddd, 1H, / = 7.5, 6.5, 1 Hz, tertiary proton), 4.08-4.16 (m, 2H, -OCH2CH3), 5.42 (broad d, 1H, / = 2 Hz, =CH2), 5.56 (dd, SnMe 3 219 -180-1H, / = 2, 1 Hz, =CH2), 5.75 (td, 1H, / = 7, 1 Hz, 3 / S n . H = 74 Hz, =CHCH2-). Exact Mass calcd. for C 2qH3803Si 7 9BrSn (M+-CH3); 553.0794; found: 553.0789. Preparation of Ethyl 4-Bromo-2-r(l-trimemylstannvDvinvl1-4-pentenoate (221) Following general procedure 5 outlined above, ethyl (\u00C2\u00A3)-3-trimethylstannyl-2-butenoate (25) was converted into the diene ester 221. The following amounts of reagents and solvents were used: L D A (2.93 mmol) in 20 mL of dry THF; H M P A (523 mg, 2.92 mmol); ethyl (\u00C2\u00A3)-3-trimethylstannyl-2-butenoate (25) (676 mg, 2.43 mmol) in 2 mL of dry THF; 2,3-dibromopropene (147) (735 mg, 3.68 mmol). Flash chromatography of the crude product on silica gel (60 g, elution with petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 40:1), afforded the more polar diene ester 221 (666 mg, 69%, after distillation with air-bath temperature 80-85\u00C2\u00B0C/0.15 Torr), as a colorless oil and the less polar diene ester 226 (170 mg, 17%, after distillation with air-bath temperature 78-86\u00C2\u00B0C/0.15 Torr), also as a colorless oil. Analysis of both oils by G L C , T L C (petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 40:1) and * H N M R spectroscopy indicated that each consisted of one component. The diene ester 221 exhibited IR (film): 1728, 1631, 1277, 771 cm- 1 ; l H NMR (CDCI3, 4Q0 MHz): 8 0.19 (s, 9H, 2 / S n . H = 54 Hz, -SnMe^. 1.26 (t, 3H, / = 7 Hz, -OCH2CH3), 2.55 (dd, 1H, / = 15, 8 Hz, =CBrCH2-), 2.95 (dd, 1H, / = 15, 8 Hz, =CBrCH2-), 3.60 (t, 1H, / = 8 Hz, tertiary proton), 4.09--181-4.21 (m, 2H, -OCH2CH3), 5.36 (d, 1H, / = 2 Hz, VSn-H = 66 Hz, H a ) , 5.44 (d, 1H, / = 2 Hz, -BrC=CH2), 5.57 (d, 1H, J = 2 Hz, -BrC=CH2), 5.84 (dd, 1H, / = 2, 1 Hz, 3 / S n . H = 137 Hz, H b ) . Exact Mass calcd. for C i i H i 8 0 2 7 9 B r S n (M+-CH3): 380.9511; found: 380.9508. The diene ester 226 exhibited IR (film): 1703, 1630, 1209, 772 cm- 1 ; * H NMR (CDCI3, 400 MHz): 8 0.20 (s, 9H, 2 / S n . H = 54 Hz, -SnMe^. 1.30 (t, 3H, / = 7 Hz, -OCH2CH3), 2.52 (broad t, 2H, / = 8 Hz, =CBrCH2-), 2.70 (broad t, 2H, / = 8 Hz, =C(SnMe3)CH2-), 4.19 (q, 2H, / = 7 Hz, -OCH2CH3), 4.42, 4.56 (broad d each, 2H, / ~ 2 Hz each, =CH2), 6.40 (broad t, 1H, / ~ 2 Hz, 3 / S n . H = 116 Hz, H a ) . Exact Mass calcd. for C n H 1 8 0 2 7 9 B r S n (M+-CH 3): 380.9511; found: 380.9511. Preparation of Ethvl (Z1-2-(2-Bromo-2-propenylV3-trimethvlstannvl-3-pentenoate (222) Following general procedure 5 outlined above, ethyl (\u00C2\u00A3)-3-trimethylstannyl-2-pentenoate (36) was converted into the diene ester 222. The following amounts of reagents and solvents were used: L D A (2.07 mmol) in 16 mL of dry THF; H M P A (371 mg, 2.07 mmol); ethyl (\u00C2\u00A3)-3-trimethylstannyl-2-pentenoate (36) (475 mg, 1.63 mmol) in 1.5 mL of dry THF; 2,3-dibromopropene (147) (484 mg, 2.42 mmol). Rash chromatography of the crude product on silica gel (50 g, elution with petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 40:1), followed by distillation (air-bath temperature 85-222 -182-90\u00C2\u00B0C/0.15 Torr) of the material thus obtained, afforded 485 mg (72%) of the diene ester 222. Analysis of this oil by G L C , T L C (petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 40:1) and * H NMR spectroscopy indicated that it consisted of one component. This material exhibited IR (film): 1729, 1631, 1178, 771 cm-l; * H NMR (CDC13, 400 MHz): 8 0.23 (s, 9H, 2 / s n - H = 52 Hz, -SnMeO. 1.25 (t, 3H, / = 7 Hz, -OCH2CH3), 1.75 (d, 3H, / = 7 Hz, =CHCH3), 2.56 (dd, 1H, / = 15, 8 Hz, =CBrCH2-), 2.96 (dd, 1H, / = 15, 6 Hz, =CBrCH2-), 3.51 (broad t, 1H, / ~ 7 Hz, tertiary proton), 4.13 (q, 2H, / = 7 Hz, -OCH2CH3), 5.40 (d, 1H, J = 1.5 Hz, =CH2), 5.53 (broad s, 1H, =CH2), 6.20 (q, 1H, / = 7 Hz, 3 / S n . H = 128 Hz, =CHCH 3 ) . Exact Mass calcd. for C i 2 H 2 o 0 2 7 9 B r S n (M+-CH3); 394.9667; found: 394.9674. Preparation of Ethyl (Z)-4-Bromo-2-r(2-methoxymefooxy-l-trim pentenoate (223) 223 Following general procedure 5 outlined above, ethyl (\u00C2\u00A3)-4-methoxymethoxy-3-trimethylstannyl-2-butenoate (142) was converted into the diene ester 223. The following amounts of reagents and solvents were used: L D A (2.00 mmol) in 15 mL of dry THF; H M P A (350 mg, 1.96 mmol); ethyl (E)-4-methoxymethoxy-3-trimethylstannyl-2-butenoate (142) (512 mg, 1.51 mmol) in 1.5 mL of dry THF; -183-2,3-dibromopropene (147) (464 mg, 2.32 mmol). Distillation (air-bath temperature 118-122\u00C2\u00B0C/0.15 torr) of the crude product afforded 624 mg (91%) of the diene ester 223 as a colorless oil. Analysis of this oil by G L C , T L C (petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 8:1) and * H NMR spectroscopy indicated that it consisted of one component. This material exhibited IR (film): 1730, 1626, 1160, 1133, 1049, 771 cm-1; l H NMR (CDC13, 400 MHz): S 0.21 (s, 9H, 2 / S n . H = 54 Hz, -SnMe^. 1.25 (t, 3H, / = 7 Hz, -OCH2CH3), 2.54 (dd, 1H, / = 15, 9 Hz, =CBrCH2-), 2.96 (dd, 1H, J = 15, 6 Hz, =CBrCH2-), 3.37 (s, 3H, -OCH3), 3.46 (dd, 1H, / = 9, 6 Hz, tertiary proton), 4.13 (q, 2H, / = 7 Hz, -OCH2CH3), 4.80 (s, 2H, -OCH2O-), 5.42 (d, 1H, / = 1.5 Hz, =CH2), 5.54 (broad s, 1H, =CH2), 6.73 (s, 1H, 3 / s n - H = 88 Hz, =CHO-). Exact Mass calcd. for C i 3 H 2 2 C>4 7 9 B r S n (M+-CH3): 440.9724; found: 440.9732. Preparation of Ethyl (Z)-2-(2-Bromo-2-propenvlV6-methoxymethoxy-3- trimethvlstannyl-3-hexenoate (224) Following general procedure 5 outlined above, ethyl (\u00C2\u00A3)-6-methoxymethoxy-3-trimethylstannyl-2-hexenoate (143) was converted into the diene ester 224. The following amounts of reagents and solvents were used: L D A (1.00 mmol) in 7 mL of dry THF; H M P A (175 mg, 0.98 mmol); ethyl (E)-6-methoxymethoxy-3-trimethylstannyl-2-hexenoate (143) (278 mg, 0.76 mmol) in 1 mL of dry THF; 224 -184-2,3-dibromopropene (147) (232 mg, 1.16 mmol). Distillation (air-bath temperature 138-144\u00C2\u00B0C/0.15 Torr) of the crude product afforded 350 mg (95%) of the diene ester 224 as a colorless oil. Analysis of this oil by GLC, T L C (petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 8:1) and lH NMR spectroscopy indicated that it consisted of one component This material exhibited IR (film): 1729, 1631, 1179, 1153, 1111, 1040, 772 cm- 1; lH NMR (CDCI3, 400 MHz): 8 0.23 (s, 9H, 2/Sn-H = 54 Hz, -SnMej), 1.25 (t, 3H, / = 7 Hz, -OCH2CH3), 2.37 (q, 2H, / = 7 Hz, =CHCH2-), 2.57 (dd, 1H, / = 15, 8 Hz, =CBrCH2-), 2.97 (dd, 1H, / = 15, 6 Hz, =CBrCH2-), 3.35 (s, 3H, -OCH3), 3.52 (two broad overlapped triplets, 3H, / ~ 7 Hz, -OCH2CH2- and tertiary proton), 4.13 (q, 2H, J = 7 Hz, -OCH2CH 3 ) , 4.62 (s, 2H, -OCH2O-), 5.42 (broad d, 1H, / = 1.5 Hz, =CH2), 5.53 (broad s, 1H, =CH2), 6.13 (t, 1H, / = 7 Hz, 3 / S n . H = 128 Hz, =CHCH 2 - ) . Irradiation at 8 2.37 simplified one of the triplets at 8 3.52 to a singlet and the triplet at 8 6.13 to a singlet. Exact Mass calcd. for CisH260479BrSn (M+-CH3): 469.0035; found: 469.0028. Preparation of Ethyl (Z)-2-(2-Bromo-2-propenylV7-rm-butyldimethvlsilvloxv-3- trimethylstannvl-3-heptenoate (225) OTBDMS 225 -185-Following general procedure 5 outlined above, ethyl (\u00C2\u00A3)-7-te^butyldimethyl-silyloxy-3-trimethylstannyl-2-heptenoate (144) was converted into the diene ester 225. The following amounts of reagents and solvents were used: L D A (2.78 mmol) in 20 mL of dry THF; HMPA (494 mg, 2.76 mmol); ethyl (\u00C2\u00A3)-7-fm-butyl-dimemylsUyloxy-3-trimemylstonnyl-2-heptenoate (144) (959 mg, 2.13 mmol) in 2 mL of dry THF; 2,3-dibromopropene (147) (638 mg, 3.19 mmol). The crude product was subjected to flash chromatography on silica gel (90 g, elution with petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 40:1). Concentration of the appropriate fractions, followed by pumping on a vacuum pump to remove traces of solvent, afforded 945 mg (78%) of the diene ester 225 as a colorless oil. Analysis of this oil by G L C , T L C (petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 40:1) and lVL NMR spectroscopy indicated that it consisted of one component This material exhibited IR (film): 1731, 1631, 1103, 836, 775 cm- 1 ; ! H NMR (CDCI3, 400 MHz): S 0.05 (s, 6H, - S i M e A 0.19 (s, 9H, 2 /sn-H = 54 Hz, -SnMe3), 0.88 (s, 9H, -SiCMe^), 1.23 (t, 3H, / = 7 Hz, -OCH2CH3), 1.55 (quintet, 2H, / = 7 Hz, -CH2CH2CH2-), 2.07-2.15 (m, 2H, =CHCH2-), 2.54 (dd, 1H, / = 15, 9 Hz, =CBrCH2-), 2.94 (dd, 1H, / = 15, 6 Hz, =CBrCH2-), 3.48 (dd, 1H, J = 9, 6 Hz, tertiary proton), 3.58 (t, 2H, / = 7 Hz, -OCH2CH2-), 4.11 (q, 2H, J = 7 Hz, -OCH2CH3), 5.49 (d, 1H, / = 1.5 Hz, =CH2), 5.51 (broad s, 1H, =CH2), 6.12 (broad t, 1H, / = 7 Hz, 3 / S n . H = 131 Hz, =CHCH 2 - ) . Exact Mass calcd. for C 2 oH380 3 Si79BrSn (M+-CH 3 ) : 553.0794; found: 553.0797. -186-Preparation of Ethyl (Z)-4-Iodo-2-((F)-l-trimemvlstannvl-l-propenvD-4-h^ 12m 228 Following general procedure 5 outlined above, ethyl (Z)-3-trimethylstannyl-2-pentenoate (35) was converted into the diene ester 228. The following amounts of reagents and solvents were used: L D A (2.35 mmol) in 22 mL of dry THF; H M P A (422 mg, 2.36 mmol); ethyl (Z)-3-trimethylstannyl-2-pentenoate (35) (632 mg, 2.16 mmol) in 2 mL of dry THF; (Z)-l-bromo-2-iodo-2-butene (174) (700 mg, 2.68 mmol) in 1 mL of dry THF. Flash chromatography of the crude product on silica gel (75 g, elution with petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 200:1), followed by distillation (air-bath temperature 112-118\u00C2\u00B0C/0.15 Torr) of the material thus obtained, afforded 710 mg (70%) of the diene ester 228 as a colorless oil. Analysis of this oil by G L C , T L C (petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 200:1) and ! H NMR spectroscopy indicated that it consisted of one component. This material exhibited LR (film): 1727, 1678, 1648, 1196, 1173, 768 cm\" 1; lH NMR (CDCI3, 400 MHz): S 0.13 (s, 9H, Vsn-H = 54 Hz, -SnMe^t). 1.24 (t, 3H, / = 7 Hz, -OCH2CH3), 1.71 (d, 3H, / = 7 Hz, =CHCH3), 1.83 (d, 3H, J = 1 Hz, =CHCH3), 2.49 (dd, 1H, / = 14, 6 Hz, =CICH2-), 3.00 (dd, 1H, / = 14, 9 Hz, =CICH2-), 4.04-4.18 (m, 3H, -OCH2CH3 and tertiary proton), 5.57 (q, 1H, / = 7 Hz, H a ) , 5.85 (qd, 1H, J = 7, 1 Hz, 3/sn-H = 74 Hz, Hb). Exact Mass calcd. for Ci3H22C\u00C2\u00BB2lSn (M+-CH3): 456.9685; found: 456.9682. -187-Preparation of Ethyl (Z)-4-Icdo-2-((Z)-l-trimemylstannyl-l-propeny (229) 229 Following general procedure 5 outlined above, ethyl (\u00C2\u00A3)-3-trimethylstannyl-2-pentenoate (36) was converted into the diene ester 229. The following amounts of reagents and solvents were used: L D A (0.78 mmol) in 7 mL of dry THF; H M P A (144 mg, 0.804 mmol); ethyl (E)-3-trimethylstannyl-2-pentenoate (36) (203 mg, 0.695 mmol) in 0.5 mL of dry THF; (Z)-l-bromo-2-iodo-2-butene (174) (235 mg, 0.900 mmol) in 0.5 mL of THF. Flash chromatography of the crude product on silica gel (20 g, elution with petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 200:1), followed by distillation (air-bath temperature 110-116\u00C2\u00B0C/0.15 Torr) of the material thus obtained, afforded 203 mg (62%) of the diene ester 229 as a colorless oil. Analysis of this oil by G L C , T L C (petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 200:1) and lH NMR spectroscopy indicated that it consisted of one component. This material exhibited IR (film): 1728, 1648, 1620, 1167, 769 cm\" 1; * H NMR (CDCI3, 400 MHz): 8 0.21 (s, 9H, Vsn-H = 54 Hz, -SnMe3), 1-23 (t, 3H, / = 7 Hz, -OCH2CH3), 1.70 (d, 3H, / = 7 Hz, =CHCH3), 1.73 (d, 3H, / = 7 Hz, =CHCH3), 2.60 (dd, 1H, J = 14, 8 Hz, =CICH2-), 2.98 (dd, 1H, J = 14, 6 Hz, =CICH2-), 3.50 (dd, 1H, / = 8, 6 Hz, tertiary proton), 4.06-4.16 (m, 2H, -OCH2CH3), 5.55 (q, 1H, / = 7 Hz, H a ) , 6.19 (q, 1H, / = 7 Hz, Vsn-H = 133 Hz, Hb). Exact Mass calcd. for Ci 3 H 2 202 lSn (M+-CH3): 456.9685; found: 456.9689. -188-Preparation of Ethyl 5-Bromo-2-r(l-nTmethylstannvl)vinvll-5-hexeno (230) Following general procedure 5 outlined above, ethyl (\u00C2\u00A3)-3-trimethylstannyl-2-butenoate (2.1) was converted into the diene ester 230. The following amounts of reagents and solvents were used: L D A (1.60 mmol) in 14 mL of dry THF; H M P A (288 mg, 1.61 mmol); ethyl (\u00C2\u00A3)-3-trimethylstannyl-2-butenoate (25) (391 mg, 1.41 mmol) in 1 mL of dry THF; 2-bromo-4-iodo-l-butene (160) (477 mg, 1.83 mmol) in 1 mL of dry THF. Flash chromatography of the crude product on silica gel (35 g, elution with petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 200:3), followed by distillation (air-bath temperature 85-92\u00C2\u00B0C/0.15 Torr) of the material thus obtained, afforded 472 mg (82%) of the diene ester 230 as a colorless oil. Analysis of this oil by G L C , T L C (petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 200:3) and *H NMR spectroscopy indicated that it consisted of one component. This material exhibited IR (film): 1728, 1630, 1178, 771 cm-l; * H NMR (CDC13, 400 MHz): 8 0.19 (s, 9H, 2 / S n . H = 54 Hz, -SnM\u00C2\u00A33), L27 (t, 3H, / = 7 Hz, -OCH2CH3), 1.75 (dq, 1H, / = 14, 7 Hz, -CHCH2CH2-), 2.07 (dq, 1H, / = 14, 7 Hz, -CHCH2CH 2 - ) , 2.33-2.47 (m, 2H, =CBrCH2-), 3.19 (t, 1H, / = 7 Hz, tertiary proton), 4.14 (q, 2H, / = 7 Hz, - O C H 2 C H 3 ) t 5.36 (d, 1H, / = 2 Hz, 3/ Sn-H = 65 Hz, H a ) , 5.43 (d, 1H, / = 1.5 Hz, -CBr=CH2), 5.58 (d, 1H, / = 1.5 Hz, -CBr=CH2), 5.78 (d, 1H, / = 2 Hz, 3 / S n - H = 139 Hz, H b ) . Exact Mass calcd. for C i2H 2 o0 2 7 9 BrSn (M+-CH3): 394.9667; found: 394.9669. C02Et 230 -189-Preparation of Ethyl 5-Bromo-2-((iifl-l-trimethvlstannvM^ (2311 FoUowing general procedure 5 outlined above, ethyl (Z)-3-trimethylstannyl-2-pentenoate (35) was converted into the diene ester 231. The following amounts of reagents and solvents were used: L D A (1.61 mmol) in 14 mL of dry THF; H M P A (288 mg, 1.61 mmol); ethyl (Z)-3-trimethylstannyl-2-pentenoate (35) (410 mg, 1.40 mmol) in 1 mL of dry THF; 2-bromo-4-iodo-l-butene (160) (476 mg, 1.82 mmol) in 1 mL of dry THF. Flash chromatography of the crude product on silica gel (35 g, elution with petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 200:1), followed by distillation (air-bath temperature 92-96\u00C2\u00B0C/0.15 Torr) of the material thus obtained, afforded 447 mg (75%) of the diene ester 231 as a colorless oil. Analysis of this oil by G L C , T L C (petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 200:1) and *H NMR spectroscopy indicated that it consisted of one component This material exhibited IR (film): 1728, 1630, 1177, 768 cm-l; * H N M R (CDCI3, 400 MHz): 6 0.14 (s, 9H, 2 / s n - H = 54 Hz, -SnMeO. 1.26 (t, 3H, / = 7 Hz, -OCH2CH3), 1.70 (broad dq, 1H, / = 14, 7 Hz, -CHCH2CH2-) , 1.77 (d, 3H, J = 7 Hz, =CHCH3), 2.09 (broad dq, 1H, / = 14, 7 Hz, -CHCH2CH2-), 2.33-2.47 (m, 2H, =CBrCH2-), 3.69 (broad t, 1H, / = 7 Hz, tertiary proton), 4.13 (q, 2H, / = 7 Hz, -OCH2CH3), 5.44 (d, 1H, / = 1.5 Hz, -CBr=CH2), 5.58 (d, 1H, / = 1.5 Hz, -CBr=CH2), 5.87 (qd, 1H, J = 7, 1 Hz, 3 / s n - H = 74 Hz, =CHCH3) . Exact Mass calcd. for Ci 3 H2202 7 9 BrSn (M+-CH3): 408.9826; found: 408.9825. COjEt 231 -190-Preparation of Ethyl 5-Bromo-2-((Z)-l-trimethylstannyl-1-pro^ (232) Following general procedure 5 outlined above, ethyl (\u00C2\u00A3)-3-trimethylstannyl-2-pentenoate (36) was converted into the diene ester 232. The following amounts of reagents and solvents were used: LDA (1.85 mmol) in 16 mL of dry THF; HMPA (330 mg, 1.84 mmol); ethyl (l^-3-trimethylstannyl-2-pentenoate (36) (485 mg, 1.66 mmol) in 1.5 mL of dry THF; 2-bromo-4-iodo-l-butene (160) (560 mg, 2.15 mmol) in 1 mL of dry THF. Flash chromatography of the crude product on silica gel (35 g, elution with petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 200:3), followed by distillation (air-bath temperature 90-95\u00C2\u00B0C/0.15 Torr) of the material thus obtained, afforded 508 mg (72%) of the diene ester 232 as a colorless oil. Analysis of this oil by GLC, TLC (petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 200:3) and *H NMR spectroscopy indicated that it consisted of one component. This material exhibited IR (film): 1728, 1629, 1177, 771 cm\"1; *H NMR (CDC13, 400 MHz): 8 0.23 (s, 9H, 2 / S n - H = 54 Hz, -SnMe3), 1.26 (t, 3H, J = 7 Hz, -OCH2CH3), 1.69-1.80 (m, 1H, -CHCH2CH2-) , 1.77 (d, 3H, / = 7 Hz, =CHCH3), 2.07-2.17 (m, 1H, -CHCH2CH2-) , 2.33-2.47 (m, 2H, =CBrCH2-), 3.10 (broad t, 1H, / = 7 Hz, tertiary proton), 4.14 (q, 2H, / = 7 Hz, -OCH2CH3), 5.42 (broad d, 1H, / ~ 1 Hz, -CBr=CH2), 5.58 (broad d, 1H, / ~ 1 Hz, -CBr=CH2), 6.14 (q, 1H, / = 7 Hz, 3 / s n - H = 1 3 3 Hz, =CHCH3) Exact Mass calcd. for Ci3H22C>279BrSn (M+-CH3): 408.9826; found: 408.9824. COzEt 232 -191-Preparation of Ethyl (2r)-5Iodo-2r(l-trimethvlstannvl)vinvl1-5^ (2331 C02Et 233 Folowing general procedure 5 outlined above, ethyl (\u00C2\u00A30-3-trimethylstanyl-2-butenoate (25) was converted into the diene ester 23. The folowing amounts of reagents and solvents were used: LDA (0.78 mol) in 7 mL of dry THF; HMPA (14 mg, 0.804 mol); ethyl (E)-3-trimethylstanyl-2-butenoate (25) (191 mg, 0.687 mol) in 0.5 mL of dry THF; (E)-3,5-diodo-2-pentene (176) (28 mg, 0.894 mol) in 1 mL of dry THF. Rash chromatography of the crude product on silica gel (10 g, elution with petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 20:3), folowed by distilation (air-bath temperature 108-16\u00C2\u00B0C/0.15 Tor) of the material thus obtained, aforded 247 mg (76%) of the diene ester 23 as a colorles oil. Analysis of this oil by GLC, TLC (petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 20:3) and lH NMR spectroscopy indicated that it consisted of one component. This material exhibited IR (film): 1728, 1634, 162, 70 cm\"1; !H NMR (CDC13, 40 MHz): 8 0.20 (s, 9H, 2/ S n-H = 54 Hz, -SnMeO. 1.27 (t, 3H, / = 7 Hz, - O C H 2 C H 3 ) , 1.61 (d, 3H, / = 7 Hz, =CHCH3), 1.65-1.75 (m, 1H, - C H C H 2 C H 2 - ) , 1.96-2.07 (m, 1H, - C H C H 2 C H 2 - ) , 2.28-2.45 (m, 2H, =CICH2-), 3.18 (broad t, 1H, / = 7 Hz, tertiary proton), 4.15 (q, 2H, / = 7 Hz, -OCH2CH3), 5.35 (d, 1H, / = 2 Hz, 3/Sn_H = 6 Hz, Ha), 5.78 (d, 1H, / = 2, 1 Hz, 3/Sn.H = 140 Hz, Hb), 6.26 (q, 1H, / = 7 Hz, =CHCH3). Exact Mas calcd. for Ci3H22C>2lSn (M+-CH3): 456.9685; found: 456.9687. -192-Preparation of Ethyl 6-Bromo-2-r(l-trimethylstannyl)vinyll-6-hepteno^^ (2341 Following general procedure 5 outlined above, ethyl (\u00C2\u00A3^-3-trimethylstannyl-2-butenoate (25) was converted into the diene ester 234. The following amounts of reagents and solvents were used: L D A (1.78 mmol) in 15 mL of dry THF; H M P A (320 mg, 1.78 mmol); ethyl (\u00C2\u00A3)-3-rrimethylstannyl-2-butenoate (25) (414 mg, 1.49 mmol) in 1 mL of dry THF; 2-bromo-5-iodo-pentene (163) (533 mg, 1.94 mmol) in 1 mL of dry THF. Flash chromatography of the crude product on silica gel (35 g, elution with petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 40:1), followed by distillation (air-bath temperature 92-96\u00C2\u00B0C/0.15 Torr) of the material thus obtained, afforded 473 mg (75%) of the diene ester 234 as a colorless oil. Analysis of this oil by G L C , T L C (petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 40:1) and * H N M R spectroscopy indicated that it consisted of one component This material exhibited IR (film): 1728, 1630, 1162, 771 cm- 1 ; ! H N M R (CDC1 3 , 400 MHz): S 0.17 (s, 9H, 2 / s n - H = 54 Hz, -SnM\u00C2\u00A33). 1-26 (t, 3H, / = 7 Hz, -OCH2CH3), 1.44-1.60 (m, 3H), 1.75-1.85 (m, 1H), 2.43 (broad t, 2H, / = 7 Hz, =CBrCH2-), 3.16 (broad t, 1H, / = 7 Hz , tertiary proton), 4.14 (q, 2H, / = 7 Hz, -OCH2CH3), 5.32 (d, 1H, J = 2 Hz, 3^Sn-H = 64 Hz, Ha), 5.40 (d, 1H, / = 1 Hz, -CBr=CH2), 5.57 (d, 1H, / = 1 Hz, -CBr=CH2), 5.77 (d, 1H, / = 2 Hz, 3 / S n . H = 144 Hz, H b ) . Exact Mass calcd. for C i3H 2 202 7 9 BrSn (M+-CH 3): 408.9826; found: 408.9826. 234 -193-Preparation of Ethyl 6-Bromo-2-((\u00C2\u00A3)-l-trimemylstannyl-l-propenvlV5-hepten (235) Following general procedure 5 outlined above, ethyl (Z)-3-trimethylstannyl-2-pentenoate (35) was converted into the diene ester 235. The following amounts of reagents and solvents were used: L D A (0.57 mmol) in 5 mL of dry THF; H M P A (103 mg, 0.575 mmol); ethyl (Z)-3-trimethylstannyl-2-pentenoate (35) (128 mg, 0.438 mmol) in 0.5 mL of dry THF; 2-bromo-5-iodo-l-pentene (163) (180 mg, 0.654 mmol) in 1 mL of dry THF. Flash chromatography of the crude product on silica gel (10 g, elution with petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 200:3), followed by distillation (air-bath temperature 102-106\u00C2\u00B0C/0.15 Torr) of the material thus obtained, afforded 160 mg (83%) of the diene ester 235 as a colorless oil. Analysis of this oil by G L C , T L C (petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 200:3) and * H NMR spectroscopy indicated that it consisted of one component. This material exhibited IR (film): 1728, 1630, 1186, 769 cm\" 1 ; NMR (CDC1 3, 400 MHz): 5 0.13 (s, 9H, 2 / S n - H = 54 Hz, -SnMe3), 1.26 (t, 3H, / = 7 Hz, -OCH2CH3), 1.37-1.62 (m, 3H), 1.77 (d, 3H, / = 7 Hz, =CHCH3), 1.78-1.86 (m, 1H), 2.43 (t, 2H, / = 7 Hz, =CBrCH2-), 3.65 (td 1H, J =1, 1 Hz, tertiary proton), 4.13 (q, 2H, / = 7 Hz, -OCH2CH3), 5.40 (d, 1H, / = 1.5 Hz, -CBr=CH2), 5.56 (d, 1H, / = 1.5 Hz, -CBr=CH2), 5.84 (qd, 1H, / = 7, 1 Hz, 3/Sn-H = 74 Hz, =CHCH 3 ) . Exact Mass calcd. for Ci4H24027 9BrSn (M+-CH3): 422.9982; found: 422.9978. 235 -194-Preparation of Ethvl 6-Bromo-2-((\u00C2\u00A31-4-methoxymemoxv-l-trim 6-heptenoate (2361 Following general procedure 5 outlined above, ethyl (Z)-6-methoxymethoxy-3-trimethylstannyl-2-hexenoate (136) was converted into the diene ester 236. The following amounts of reagents and solvents were used: L D A (0.33 mmol) in 4 mL of dry THF; H M P A (59 mg, 0.33 mmol); ethyl (Z)-6-methoxymethoxy-3-trimethylstannyl-2-pentenoate (136) (110 mg, 0.30 mmol) in 0.5 mL of dry THF; 2-bromo-5-iodo-pentene (163) (110 mg, 0.40 mmol) in 0.5 mL of dry THF. The crude product was subjected to flash chromatography on silica gel (5 g, elution with petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 8:1). Concentration of the appropriate fractions, followed by pumping on a vacuum pump to remove traces of solvent, afforded 125 mg (81%) of the diene ester 236 as a colorless oil. Analysis of this oil by G L C , T L C (petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 8:1) and lH NMR spectroscopy indicated that it consisted of one component. This material exhibited IR (film): 1727, 1631, 1186, 1152, 1111, 1034, 770 cm- 1; ! H NMR (CDC13, 400 MHz): S 0.13 (s, 9H, Vsn-H = 54 Hz, -SnMe3), 1.25 (t, 3H, / = 7 Hz, -OCH2CH3), 1.36-1.62 (m, 3H), 1.77-1.87 (m, 1H), 2.39-2.55 (m, 4H, =CHCH2- and =CBrCH2-), 3.37 (s, 3H, -OCH3), 3.55-3.69 (m, 3H, -OCH2CH2- and tertiary proton), 4.12 (q, 2H, / = 7 Hz, -OCH2CH3), 4.64 (s, 2H, -OCH2O-), 5.40 (d, 1H, J = 1.5 Hz, -CBr=CH2), 5.56 (d, 1H, / = 1.5 Hz, -CBr=CH2), 5.76 (broad t, 1H, / = 7 Hz, 3/Sn-H = 236 -195-74 Hz, =CHCH 2-). Exact Mass calcd. for Ci 7 H3o0 4 7 9 BrSn (M+-CH3): 497.0350; found: 497.0356. Preparation of Ethyl 7-Bromo-2-r(l-trimethylstannyl)vinyl1-7-octenoate (237) Following general procedure 5 outlined above, ethyl (\u00C2\u00A3)-3-trimethylstannyl-2-butenoate (25) was converted into the diene ester 237. The following amounts of reagents and solvents were used: I D A (2.14 mmol) in 19 mL of dry THF; H M P A (402 mg, 2.24 mmol); ethyl (E)-3-trimemylstannyl-2-butenoate (25) (537 mg, 1.93 mmol) in 2 mL of dry THF; 2,6-dibromo-l-hexene (162) (600 mg, 2.48 mmol) in 1 mL of dry THF. Flash chromatography of the crude product on silica gel (75 g, elution with petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 200:3), followed by distillation (air-bath temperature 102-107\u00C2\u00B0C/0.15 Torr) of the material thus obtained, afforded 620 mg (73%) of the diene ester 237 as a colorless oil. Analysis of this oil by G L C , T L C (petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 200:3) and * H NMR spectroscopy indicated that it consisted of one component. This material exhibited LR (film): 1727, 1630, 1185, CQ 2 Et 237 -196-771 cm-1; *H NMR (CDCI3, 400 MHz): S 0.17 (s, 9H, 2 / S n - H = 54 Hz, -SnM\u00C2\u00A33), 1.20-1.37 (m, 2H), 1.26 (t, 3H, / = 7 Hz, -OCH2CH3), 1.44-1.62 (m, 3H), 1.77-1.87 (m, 1H), 2.41 (broad t, 2H, / = 7 Hz, =CBrCH2-), 3.15 (broad t, 1H, / = 7 Hz, tertiary proton), 4.13 (q, 2H, / = 7 Hz, -OCH2CH3), 5.31 (d, 1H, / = 2 Hz, Vsn-H = 67 Hz, Ha), 5.39 (broad d, 1H, / ~ 1.5 Hz, -CBr=CH2), 5.55 (broad d, 1H, J ~ 1.5 Hz, -CBr=CH2), 5.76 (dd, 1H, 7 = 2, 1 Hz, 3/sn-H = 142 Hz, Hb). Exact Mass calcd. for Ci4H240279BrSn (M+-CH3): 422.9982; found: 422.9986. Preparation of Ethyl (\u00C2\u00A3)-2-(2-BromcH2-propenylV7-hvdroxy-3-trimethylstannyl-3- heptenoate (2511 2 5 1 To a cold (0\u00C2\u00B0C), stirred solution of the diene ester 219 (793 mg, 1.39 mmol) in 6 mL of dry THF under an argon atmosphere was added a solution of tetra-n-butylammomum fluoride (732 mg, 2.80 mmol) in 2.8 mL of dry THF. The reaction mixture was warmed to room temperature and stirred for 2 h. Water was added and the resultant mixture was extracted thoroughly with diethyl ether. The combined ether extracts were washed (water, brine), dried (MgSC>4) and concentrated. The residual oil was subjected to flash chromatography on silica gel -197-(25 g, elution with petroleum ether-ethyl acetate, 9:2). Concentration of the appropriate fractions, followed by distillation (air-bath temperature 125-132\u00C2\u00B0C/0.15 Torr) of the material thus obtained, afforded 410 mg (65%) of the diene alcohol 251 as a colorless oil. Analysis of this oil by G L C , T L C (petroleum ether-ethyl acetate, 9:2) and * H N M R spectroscopy indicated that it consisted of one component. This material exhibited IR (film): 3368 (broad), 1729, 1631, 1181, 770 cm-1; l H NMR (CDC1 3, 400 MHz): S 0.15 (s, 9H, 2/ S n . H = 54 Hz, -SnMe?), 1.27 (t, 3H, / = 7 Hz, -OCH2CH3), 1.55-1.62 (broad s, 1H, exchanged with D 2 0 , -OH), 1.63-1.79 (m, 2H, -CH2CH2CH2-), 2.23-2.33 (m, 1H, =CHCH2-), 2.39-2.51 (m, 2H, =CHCH2- and =CBrCH2-), 2.97 (dd, 1H, / = 16, 7 Hz, =CBrCH2-), 3.66 (broad t, 2H, / ~ 7 Hz, -CH2OH), 4.07-4.17 (m, 3H, tertiary proton and -OCH2CH3), 5.43 (broad d, 1H, J = 2 Hz, =CH2), 5.56 (broad s, 1H, =CH2), 5.75 (t, 1H, / = 7 Hz, 3 / S n . H = 73 Hz, =CHCH 2 - ) . Exact Mass calcd. for Ci4H240379BrSn (M+-CH3): 438.9922; found: 438.9919. -198-7. Preparation of the Cyclobutanecarboxylates 9 and the Larger Ring Homologs General Procedure 6 Intramolecular Palladium(0)-Catalvzed Coupling Reactions R' 8 9 n= 1 10 n = 2 11 n = 3 A stirred solution of tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) (0.05 equiv) and the diene ester 8 (1 equiv) in dry A^N-dimethylformamide (~10 mL per mmol of ester), under an argon atmosphere, was heated at 80\u00C2\u00B0C for 1 h. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted with water, and then was extracted thoroughly with pentane. The combined organic extracts were washed with brine, dried (MgSC>4) and concentrated. The residual oil was subjected to flash chromatography on silica gel. Concentration of the appropriate fractions, followed by bulb-to-bulb distillation of the resultant oil, afforded the corresponding cyclized product 9, 10 or 11. -199-Prepararion of Ethyl 2.3-bis(Meuhvlene)cvclobutanecarboxylate (2531 253 Following general procedure 6 outlined above, the diene ester 221 was converted into the cyclobutanecarboxylate 253. The following amounts of reagents and solvents were used: Pd(PPh3)4 (14 mg, 12 /zmol); the diene ester 221 (99.0 mg, 0.249 mmol) in 3 mL of dry D M F . Flash chromatography of the crude product on silica gel (4 g, elution with pentane-diethyl ether, 19:1), followed by distillation (air-bath temperature 68-72\u00C2\u00B0C/45 Torr) of the material thus obtained, afforded 31.0 mg (82%) of the cyclobutanecarboxylate 253 as a colorless oil. Analysis of this oil by G L C , T L C (petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 19:1) and *H NMR spectroscopy indicated that it consisted of one component. This material exhibited IR (film): 1736, 1657, 1645, 1181, 1041, 888 cm\" 1; * H NMR (CDC13, 400 MHz): 8 1.28 (t, 3H, / = 7 Hz, -OCH2CH3), 2.81 (dddd, 1H, / = 15, 9, 3, 2 Hz, H b ) , 3.04 (dddd, 1H, / = 15, 6, 3, 2 Hz, He), 3.69-3.78 (m, 1H, H a ) , 4.12-4.26 (m, 2H, -OCH2CH3 ), 4.81 (broad s, 1H, HQ), 5.00 (broad d, 1H, / ~ 2 Hz, H g ) , 5.23 (t, 1H, J = 2 Hz, He), 5.26 (d, 1H, / = 3 Hz, H f ) . Irradiation at 8 2.81 simplified the signal at 8 3.04, sharpened the singlet at 8 4.81 and converted the multiplet at 5 3.69-3.78 to a doublet of doublets of doublets (J = 6, 3, 2 Hz) and the triplet at 8 5.23 to a doublet (/ = 2 Hz). Irradiation at 8 3.74 simplified the signals at 8 2.81 and 8 3.04, and converted -200-both doublets at 8 5.00 and 8 5.26 to singlets. Exact Mass calcd. for C9H12O2 (M+): 152.0837; found: 152.0843. Preparation of Ethyl (E)-2-Emylidene-3-methylenecyclobutanecarboxvlate (2541 Following general procedure 6 outlined above, the diene ester 216 was converted into the cyclobutanecarboxylate 254. The following amounts of reagents and solvents were used: Pd(PPh3)4 (35 mg, 30 /imol); the diene ester 216 (244 mg, 0.594 mmol) in 6 mL of dry D M F . Flash chromatography of the crude product on silica gel (5 g, elution with petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 19:1), followed by distillation (air-bath temperature 84-90\u00C2\u00B0C/45 Torr) of the material thus obtained, afforded 88.0 mg (89%) of the cyclobutanecarboxylate 254 as a colorless oil. Analysis of this oil by G L C , T L C (petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 19:1) and *H NMR spectroscopy indicated that it consisted of one component. This material exhibited IR (film): 1734, 1676, 1179, 1043, 868 cm-*; * H NMR (CDCI3, 400 MHz): 8 1.27 (t, 3H, / = 7 Hz, -OCH2CH3), 1.68 (d, 3H, / = 7 Hz, =CHCH3), 2.80 (ddt, 1H, / = 15, 9, 2 Hz, H b ) , 2.90 (ddt, 1H, / = 15, 6, 2 Hz, He), 3.68-3.78 (m, 1H, H a ) , 4.10-4.24 (m, 2H, -OCH2CH3 ), 4.66 (broad s, 1H, Hd), 5.07 (broad s, 1H, He), 5.78 (qd, 1H, / = 7, 2.5 Hz, H f ) . Upon irradiation at 6 3.73, both signals at 8 2.80 and 8 2.90 were converted to doublets 2 5 4 -201-of triplets (/ = 15, 2 Hz, each) and the signal at 8 5.78 was converted to a quartet (/ = 7 Hz). N O E difference experiments: irradiation at 8 1.68 caused enhancement of the signals at 8 3.68-3.78 and 5 5.78; irradiation at 8 5.78 caused enhancement of the signals at 8 1.68 and 8 5.07. 1 3 C NMR (CDCI3, 75.3 MHz): 8 12.9 (-ve, C7 or C10), 13.9 (-ve, C7 or C10), 31.3 (Co), 42.2 (-ve, Ci), 60.3 (C 4 ), 101.8 (C 8), 117.3 (-ve, Q ) , 138.7 ( C 2 or C 3 ) , 145.7 ( C 2 or C 3 ) , 172.6 (C5). Exact Mass calcd. for C I O H H C ^ (M+): 166.0994; found: 166.0995. Preparation of Ethyl (Z)-2-Ethylidene-3-methylenecyclobutanecarboxylate (2551 Following general procedure 6 outlined above, the diene ester 222 was converted into the cyclobutanecarboxylate 255. The following amounts of reagents and solvents were used: Pd(PPh3)4 (97 mg, 84 //mol); the diene ester 222 (689 mg, 1.68 mmol) in 15 mL of dry D M F . Flash chromatography of the crude product on silica gel (10 g, elution with petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 19:1), followed by distillation (air-bath temperature 88-92\u00C2\u00B0C/45 Torr) of the material thus obtained, afforded 268 mg (96%) of the cyclobutanecarboxylate 255 as a colorless oil. Analysis of this oil by G L C , T L C (petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 19:1) and * H NMR spectroscopy indicated that it consisted of one component. This material exhibited IR (film): 1736, 1643, 1180, 735 cm-1; * H NMR (CDC1 3, 400 MHz): -202-8 1.27 (t, 3H, / = 7 Hz, -OCH2CH3), 1.80 (dd, 3H, / = 7, 2 Hz, =CHCH3), 2.74 (dddd, 1H, / = 15, 9, 3, 2.5 Hz, H b ) , 2.98 (ddt, 1H, / = 15, 6, 2 Hz, H c ) , 3.56-3.65 (m, 1H, Ha), 4.11-4.24 (m, 2H, -OCH2CH3), 4.91 (broad s, 1H, Hd), 5.14 (broad s, 1H, He), 5.53 (broad q, 1H, / ~ 7 Hz, Hf). Upon irradiation at 8 3.60, the doublet of doublets at 8 1.80 was converted to a doublet (/ = 7 Hz), both signals at 8 2.14 and 8 2.98 were converted to doublets of triplets (/ = 15, ~2.5 Hz and / = 15, 2 Hz, respectively) and the quartet at 8 5.53 was sharpened. NOE difference experiment: irradiation at 8 1.80 caused enhancement of the signals at 8 5.14 and 8 5.53. 1 3 C NMR (0)013, 75.3 MHz): 8 14.0 (-ve, C7 and C10), 30.7 (C9), 42.5 (-ve, Ci) , 60.3 (C 4), 107.4 (C 8), 120.7 (-ve, Q ) , 138.0 (C2 or C3), 145.9 (C2 or C3), 172.4 (C5). Exact Mass calcd. for C10H14O2 (M+): 166.0994; found: 166.0988. Preparation of Ethyl (\u00C2\u00A3)-2-(Methoxymemoxymethvlene)-3-methvlenecyclobutane- carboxylate (256) Following general procedure 6 outlined above, the diene ester 217 was converted into the cyclobutanecarboxylate 256 in the presence of dry trietihylamine. The following amounts of reagents and solvents were used: Pd(PPh3)4 (18 mg, 16 /imol); the diene ester 217 (200 mg, 0.438 mmol) in 4 mL of dry D M F ; Et3N -203-(44 mg, 0.44 mmol). Flash chromatography of the crude product on silica gel (4 g, elution with 8:1 petroleum ether-diethyl ether containing 1% triethylamine), followed by distillation (air-bath temperature 75-80\u00C2\u00B0C/0.15 Torr) of the material thus obtained, afforded 63.0 mg (68%) of the cyclobutanecarboxylate 256 as a colorless oil. Analysis of this oil by G L C , T L C (petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 8:1) and * H NMR spectroscopy indicated that it consisted of one component. This material exhibited IR (film): 1733, 1677, 1646, 1228 1163, 1058, 954 cm\" 1; lH N M R (CDC1 3 , 400 MHz): c5 1.28 (t, 3H, J = 7 Hz, -OCH2CH3), 2.85-2.92 (m, 2H, H b and He), 3.39 (s, 3H, -OCH3), 3.73 (ddd, 1H, / = 9, 6, 2 Hz, Ha), 4.13-4.26 (m, 2H, -OCH2CH3), 4.65 (broad s, 1H, Hd), 4.83 (s, 2H, -OCH2O-), 4.96 (t, 1H, / = 2 Hz, He), 6.65 (d, 1H, / = 2 Hz, H f ) . Irradiation at 8 3.73 sharpened the multiplet at 8 2.85-2.92 and converted the doublet at 8 6.65 to a singlet, while irradiation at 8 6.65 converted the signal at 8 3.73 to a doublet of doublets (/ = 9, 6 Hz). N O E difference experiments: irradiation at 8 4.65 caused enhancement of the signals at 8 2.85-2.92 and 8 4.96; irradiation at 8 4.96 caused enhancement of the signals at 8 4.65 and 8 6.65; irradiation at c5 6.65 caused enhancement of the signals at 8 4.83 and 8 4.96. Exact Mass calcd. for C11H16O4 (M+): 212.1048; found: 212.1052. -204-Preparation of Ethvl (Z)-2-(MethoxymemoxvmemyleneV3-memvte^ carboxylate (257) Following general procedure 6 outlined above, the diene ester 223 was converted into the cyclobutanecarboxylate 257 in the presence of dry triethylamine. The following amounts of reagents and solvents were used: Pd(PPh3)4 (14 mg, 12 fimol); the diene ester 223 (111 mg, 0.243 mmol) in 3 mL of dry D M F ; Et3N (24 mg, 0.24 mmol). Flash chromatography of the crude product on silica gel (2 g, elution with 8:1 petroleum ether-diethyl ether containing 1% triethylamine), followed by distillation (air-bath temperature 74-80\u00C2\u00B0C/0.15 Torr) of the material thus obtained, afforded 36.0 mg (70%) of the cyclobutanecarboxylate 257 as a colorless oil. Analysis of this oil by G L C , T L C (petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 8:1) and *H NMR spectroscopy indicated that it consisted of one component. This material exhibited IR (film): 1734, 1674, 1645, 1160, 1130, 1057, 963 cm\" 1; * H NMR (CDCI3, 400 MHz): 8 1.26 (t, 3H, J = 7 Hz, -OCH2CH3), 2.80 (dddd, 1H, / = 15, 9, 3, 2 Hz, H b ) , 2.98 (dddd, 1H, / = 15, 6, 3, 2.5 Hz, He), 3.42 (s, 3H, -OCH3), 3.66 (ddd, 1H, / = 9, 6, 2 Hz, Ha), 4.11-4.23 (m, 2H, -OCH2CH3), 4.86, 4.89 (d each, 2H, / = 7 Hz, -OCH2O-), 4.92 (broad s, 1H, Hd), 5.25 (broad t, 1H, J = 3 Hz, He), 6.29 (broad s, 1H, Hf). Irradiation at 8 4.92 simplified both signals at 8 2.80 and 8 2.90 to doublets of doublets of doublets (/ = 15, 9, 3 Hz and / = 15, 6, 3 Hz, respectively). Irradiation at 8 5.25 257 -205-simplified both signals at 5 2.80 and S 2.98 to doublets of doublets of doublets (/ = 15, 9, 2 Hz and / = 15, 6, 2.5 Hz, respectively). Irradiation at S 6.29 simplified the signal at S 3.66 to a doublet of doublets (/ =9, 6 Hz). Exact Mass calcd. for C n H i 6 0 4 (M+): 212.1048; found: 212.1053. Preparation of Ethyl (\u00C2\u00A3l-2-(3-MemoxyrnethoxypropylideneV3-methylenecyclobutane- carboxylate (258) Following general procedure 6 outlined above, the diene ester 218 was converted into the cyclobutanecarboxylate 258. The following amounts of reagents and solvents were used: Pd(PPh3)4 (16 mg, 14 /xmol); the diene ester 218 (137 mg, 0.282 mmol) in 3 mL of dry D M F . Flash chromatography of the crude product on silica gel (3 g, elution with petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 8:1), followed by distillation (air-bath temperature 86-92\u00C2\u00B0C/0.15 Torr) of the material thus obtained, afforded 62.0 mg (92%) of the cyclobutanecarboxylate 258 as a colorless oil. Analysis of this oil by G L C , T L C (petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 8:1) and * H NMR spectroscopy indicated that it consisted of one component This material exhibited IR (film): 1733, 1650, 1260 1154, 1110, 1041, 917 cm\" 1; J H NMR (CDC1 3 , 400 MHz): S 1.28 (t, 3H, / = 7 Hz, -OCH2CH3), 2.39 (q, 2H, / = 7 Hz, =CHCH2-), 2.83 (dddd, 1H, / = 15, 9,3, 2 Hz, H b ) , 2.93 (dddd, 1H, 258 -206-/ = 15, 6, 3, 2 Hz, He), 3.36 (s, 3H, -OCH3), 3.51-3.62 (m, 2H, -OCH2CH2-), 3.73-3.79 (m, 1H, H a ) , 4.18 (q, 2H, / = 7 Hz, -OCH2CH3), 4.62 (s, 2H, - O C H 2 O - ) , 4.72 (broad s, 1H, Hd), 5.14 (broad t, 1H, / ~ 3 Hz, He), 5.79 (td, 1H, / = 7, 3 Hz, Hf). N O E difference experiments: irradiation at 8 2.39 caused enhancement of the signals at 8 3.51-3.62, 8 3.73-3.79 and 8 5.79; irradiation at 8 3.76 caused enhancement of the signals at 8 2.39 and 8 2.83; irradiation at 8 5.79 caused enhancement of the signals at 8 2.39, 8 3.51-3.62 and 8 5.14. Exact Mass calcd. for C13H20O4 (M+): 240.1362; found: 240.1372. Preparation of Ethvl (Z)-2-(3-Methoxymethoxypropvlidene)-3-methylenecvclobutane- carboxylate (259) Following general procedure 6 outlined above, the diene ester 224 was converted into the cyclobutanecarboxylate 259. The following amounts of reagents and solvents were used: Pd(PPh3)4 (12 mg, 10 /zmol); the diene ester 224 (106 mg, 0.219 mmol) in 2 mL of dry D M F . Flash chromatography of the crude product on silica gel (3 g, elution with petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 8:1), followed by distillation (air-bath temperature 86-90\u00C2\u00B0C/0.15 Ton) of the material thus obtained, afforded 37.0 mg (70%) of the cyclobutanecarboxylate 259 as a colorless oil. Analysis of this oil by G L C , T L C (petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 8:1) and 259 -207-*H NMR spectroscopy indicated that it consisted of one component This material exhibited IR (fdm): 1736, 1645, 1153, 1110, 1041 cm-1; * H NMR (CDCI3, 400 MHz): 8 1.27 (t, 3H, / = 7 Hz, -OCH2CH3), 2.45-2.58 (m, 2H, =CHCH2-), 2.74 (dddd, 1H, / = 15, 9, 3, 2 Hz, H b ) , 2.98 (ddt, 1H, / = 15, 6, 3 Hz, H c ) , 3.36 (s, 3H, -OCH3), 3.57-3.68 (m, 3H, -OCH2CH2- and Ha), 4.10-4.23 (m, 2H, -OCH2CH3), 4.63 (s, 2H, -OCH2O-), 4.92 (broad s, 1H, Hd), 5.16 (broad s, 1H, He), 5.51 (broad t, 1H, / = 7 Hz, Hf). Irradiation at 8 2.51 simplified the signal at 8 3.57-3.68 and converted the triplet at 5 5.51 to a broad singlet. NOE difference experiment: irradiation at 8 2.51 caused enhancement of the signals at 8 3.57-3.68, 8 5.16 and 8 5.51. Exact Mass calcd. for C i 2 H i 7 0 3 (M+-OCH3): 209.1178; found: 209.1184. Preparation of Ethyl (F)-2-(4-rgr^butvldimemylsilyloxybuty^deneV3-methvlene- cvclobutanecarboxvlate (2601 Following general procedure 6 outlined above, the diene ester 219 was converted into the cyclobutanecarboxylate 260. The following amounts of reagents and solvents were used: Pd(PPh3)4 (8 mg, 7 /imol); the diene ester 219 (83.0 mg, 0.146 mmol) in 2 mL of dry D M F . Flash chromatography of the crude product on silica gel (3 g, elution with petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 19:1), TBDMSO 260 -208-followed by distillation (air-bath temperature 110-114\u00C2\u00B0C/0.15 Torr) of the material thus obtained, afforded 41.0 mg (87%) of the cyclobutanecarboxylate 260 as a colorless oil. Analysis of this oil by G L C , T L C (petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 19:1) and * H NMR spectroscopy indicated that it consisted of one component. This material exhibited LR (film): 1734, 1650, 1256, 1178, 1099, 838, 777 cm-*; l H NMR (CDCI3, 400 MHz): 8 0.05 (s, 6H, -SiMeoL 0.90 (s, 9H, - S i C M e ^ . 1.26 (t, 3H, / = 7 Hz, -OCH2CH3), 1.54-1.65 (m, 2H, -CH2CH2CH2-), 2.06-2.22 (m, 2H, =CHCH2-), 2.81 (dddd, 1H, / = 15, 9, 3, 2 Hz, H b ) , 2.91 (dddd, 1H, / = 15, 6, 3, 2 Hz, He), 3.61 (t, 2H, / = 7 Hz, -OCH2CH2-), 3.68-3.75 (m, 1H, H a ) , 4.17 (q, 2H, / = 7 Hz, -OCH2CH3), 4.68 (broad s, 1H, Hd), 5.11 (broad t, 1H, / ~ 3 Hz, He), 5.75 (td, 1H, / = 7, 2 Hz, H f ) . Irradiation at 8 3.72 converted both signals at 5 2.81 and 8 2.91 to broad doublets of triplets (/ = 15, ~2.5 Hz each) and the signal at 8 5.75 to a triplet (/ = 7 Hz). Irradiation at 8 4.68 simplified both signals at 8 2.81 and 8 2.91 to doublets of doublets of doublets (/ = 15, 9, 3 Hz and / = 15, 6, 3 Hz, respectively). Irradiation at 8 5.11 simplified both signals at 8 2.81 and 8 2.91 to doublets of doublets of doublets (/ = 15, 9, 2 Hz and J = 15, 6, 2 Hz, respectively). Irradiation at 8 5.75 sharpened the multiplet at 8 2.06-2.22 and converted the multiplet at 8 3.68-3.75 to a doublet of doublets (/ = 9, 6 Hz). NOE difference experiments: irradiation at 5 2.13 caused enhancement of the signals at 8 1.54-1.65, 8 3.61, 8 3.68-3.75 and 5 5.75; irradiation at c5 5.11 caused enhancement of the signals at 8 4.68 and 8 5.75; irradiation at 8 5.75 caused enhancement of the signals at <5 2.06-2.22 and 5 5.11. Exact Mass calcd. for CnH2903Si (M+-CH3): 309.1887; found: 309.1887. -209-Preparation of Ethyl (Z)-2-(4-rerr-butylcUrnemvlsilyloxybutylic^ cyclobutanecarboxylate (261) Following general procedure 6 outlined above, the diene ester 225 was converted into the cyclobutanecarboxylate 261. The following amounts of reagents and solvents were used: Pd(PPh3)4 (7 mg, 6 //mol); the diene ester 225 (63 mg, 0.111 mmol) in 1 mL of dry D M F . Flash chromatography of the crude product on silica gel (3 g, elution with petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 19:1), followed by distillation (air-bath temperature 110-116\u00C2\u00B0C/0.15 Torr) of the material thus obtained, afforded 33.0 mg (92%) of the cyclobutanecarboxylate 261 as a colorless oil. Analysis of this oil by G L C , T L C (petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 19:1) and lH NMR spectroscopy indicated that it consisted of one component. This material exhibited IR (film): 1738, 1645, 1257, 1178, 1101, 837, 777 cm\" 1; lH NMR (CDCI3, 400 MHz): 8 0.05 (s, 6H, -SiMe2), 0.90 (s, 9H, -SiCMej), 1.27 (t, 3H, / = 7 Hz, -OCH2CH3), 1.64 (quintet, 2H, / = 7 Hz, -CH2CH2CH2-), 2.20-2.32 (m, 2H, =CHCH2-), 2.72 (dddd, 1H, / = 15, 9, 3, 2 Hz, H b ) , 2.97 (dddd, 1H, / = 15, 6.5, 3, 2 Hz, He), 3.57-3.66 (m, 3H, -OCH2CH2- and H a ) , 4.12-4.24 (m, 2H, -OCH2CH3), 4.89 (broad s, 1H, Hd), 5.15 (broad s, 1H, He), 5.48 (broad t, 1H, / = 7 Hz, Hf). Irradiation at 8 4.89 simplified both signals at 6 2.72 and 8 2.97 to doublets of doublets of doublets (/ = 15, 9, 3 Hz and J = 15, 6.5, 3 Hz, respectively). Irradiation at 8 5.15 simplified both H f 261 -210-signals at S 2.72 and c5 2.97 to doublets of doublets of doublets (/ = 15, 9, 2 Hz and / = 15, 6.5, 2 Hz, respectively). NOE difference experiments: irradiation at S 2.26 caused enhancement of the signals at 5 1.64, 8 3.57-3.66, 8 5.15 and c5 5.48, while irradiation at 8 5.15 caused enhancement of the signals at 8 2.20-2.32 and 8 4.89. Exact Mass calcd. for CnH2903Si (M+-CH3): 309.1887; found: 309.1879. Preparation of Ethyl (\u00C2\u00A3^-2-(4-HydroxvbutyhdeneV3-methvlenecyclobutanecarboxylate 06.2) 262 Following general procedure 6 outlined above, the diene ester 251 was converted into the cyclobutanecarboxylate 262. The following amounts of reagents and solvents were used: Pd(PPh3)4 (23 mg, 20 /zmol); the diene ester 251 (293 mg, 0.644 mmol) in 6 mL of dry D M F . Flash chromatography of the crude product on silica gel (5 g, elution with petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 3:2), followed by distillation (air-bath temperature 100-105\u00C2\u00B0C/0.15 Torr) of the material thus obtained, afforded 118 mg (87%) of the cyclobutanecarboxylate 262 as a colorless oil. Analysis of this oil by G L C , T L C (petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 3:2) and *H NMR spectroscopy indicated that it consisted of one component. This material -211-exhibited IR (film): 3404 (broad), 1729, 1672, 1181, 1043 cnr*; * H N M R (CDC1 3 , 300 MHz): S 1.26 (t, 3H, / = 7 Hz, -OCH2CH3), 1.56-1.72 (m, 2H, -CH2CH2CH2-), 1.81 (broad s, 1H, exchanged with D2O, -OH), 2.06-2.20 (m, 2H, =CHCH2-), 2.80-2.90 (m, 2H, H b and He), 3.61 (broad t, 2H, / = 7 Hz, -OCH2CH2- ) , 3.73 (broad t, 1H, / ~ 8 Hz, H a ) , 4.16 (q, 2H, / = 7 Hz, -OCH2CH3), 4.68 (broad s, 1H, Hd), 5.11 (broad t, 1H, / ~ 3 Hz, He), 5.72 (td, 1H, J = 7, 3 Hz, H f ) . Exact Mass calcd. for C12H18O3 (M+): 210.1256; found: 210.1258. Preparation of Ethyl (\u00C2\u00A3^-2-EthvUdene-(Z)-3-ethvlidenecycIobutanecarboxvlate (263) Following general procedure 6 outlined above, the diene ester 228 was converted into the cyclobutanecarboxylate 263. The following amounts of reagents and solvents were used: Pd(PPh3)4 (37 mg, 32 /xmol); the diene ester 228 (301 mg, 0.638 mmol) in 5 mL of dry D M F . Flash chromatography of the crude product on silica gel (10 g, elution with petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 40:1), followed by distillation (air-bath temperature 50-62\u00C2\u00B0C/0.15 Torr) of the material thus obtained, afforded 111 mg (97%) of the cyclobutanecarboxylate 263 as a colorless oil. Analysis of this oil by G L C , T L C (petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 40:1) and *H NMR spectroscopy indicated that it consisted of one component. This material exhibited IR (film): 1735, 1189, 1155, 1037, 831 cm-l; * H NMR (CDCI3, 400 263 -212-MHz): 8 1.27 (t, 3H, J = 7 Hz, -OCH2CH3), 1.70 (d, 3H, J = 7 Hz, =CH dCH3), 1.75 (d, 3H, / = 7 Hz, =CHcCH3), 2.68-2.84 (m, 2H, H b ) , 3.63-3.71 (m, 1H, H a ) , 4.12-4.25 (m, 2H, -OCH2CH3), 5.22 (broad q, 1H, / = 7 Hz, He), 5.75 (qd, 1H, / = 7, 3 Hz, Hd). Irradiation at 8 3.67 sharpened the multiplet at c5 2.68-2.84 and simplified the quartet of doublets at 8 5.75 to a quartet (7 = 7 Hz). Irradiation at 8 5.22 converted the doublet at 8 1.75 to a singlet. Irradiation at 8 5.75 converted the doublet at 8 1.70 to a singlet and sharpened the multiplet at 5 3.63-3.71. N O E difference experiments: irradiation at 8 5.22 caused enhancement of the signals at 8 2.68 -2.84 and 8 1.75; irradiation at 8 5.75 caused enhancement of the signals at 8 1.70 and 8 1.75. Exact Mass calcd. for C n H 1 6 0 2 (M+): 180.1150; found: 180.1154. Preparation of Ethyl (Z)-2-Ethvlidene-(Z)-3-ethvlidenecvclobutanecarboxvlate (264) 264 Following general procedure 6 outlined above, the diene ester 229 was converted into the cyclobutanecarboxylate 264. The following amounts of reagents and solvents were used: Pd(PPh3)4 (15 mg, 13 /imol); the diene ester 229 (122 mg, 0.258 mmol) in 3 mL of dry D M F . Flash chromatography of the crude product on silica gel (5 g, elution with petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 40:1), followed by distillation (air-bath temperature 55-60\u00C2\u00B0C/0.15 Torr) of the material thus -213-obtained, afforded 43.0 mg (93%) of the cyclobutanecarboxylate 264 as a colorless oil. Analysis of this oil by G L C , T L C (petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 40:1) and *H NMR spectroscopy indicated that it consisted of one component. This material exhibited IR (film): 1734, 1184, 1031, 734 cm-1; * H NMR (CDC13, 400 MHz): 8 1.28 (t, 3H, / = 7 Hz, -OCH2CH3), 1.82 (d, 3H, J = 7 Hz, =CHcCH3), 1.85 (dd, 3H, / = 7, 2 Hz, =CHdCH3), 2.55-2.65 (m, 1H, H b ) , 2.83-2.93 (m, 1H, H b ) , 3.50-3.58 (m, 1H, H a ) , 4.11-4.25 (m, 2H, -OCH2CH3), 5.18 (broad q, 1H, / = 7 Hz, He), 5.36 (broad q, 1H, / = 7 Hz, Hd). Irradiation at 8 5.36 converted the doublet of doublets at 8 1.85 to a doublet (7 = 2 Hz), and sharpened the signal at 8 3.50-3.58. Exact Mass calcd. for C11H16O2 (M + ) : 180.1150; found: 180.1147. Preparation of Ethyl 2.3-bis(Methylene')cvclopentanecarboxylate (274) 274 278 Following general procedure 6 outlined above, the diene ester 230 was converted into the cyclopentanecarboxylate 274 in the presence of lithium chloride. The following amounts of reagents and solvents were used: Pd(PPh3)4 (40 mg, 35 /UTIOI); the diene ester 230 (280 mg, 0.681 mmol) in 5 mL of dry D M F ; L i C l (58 mg, 1.36 mmol). Flash chromatography of the crude product on silica gel (10 g, elution with petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 40:1), followed by distillation (air-bath temperature 45-55\u00C2\u00B0C/0.15 Torr) of the material thus obtained, afforded 96.0 mg -214-(85%) of a mixture of the cyclopentanecarboxylates 274 and 278 in a ratio of 13:1, respectively (*H NMR and G L C analyses). The mixture of the esters was separated by preparative thin layer chromatography on silica gel (elution 5 times with petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 40:1) and each product was obtained as a colorless oil. Analysis of both oils by G L C , T L C (petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 40:1) and * H N M R spectroscopy indicated that each oil consisted of one component. The major, more polar cyclopentanecarboxylate 274 exhibited LR (film): 1736, 1639,1178, 891 cm-1; * H NMR (CDCI3, 400 MHz): 8 1.27 (t, 3H, / = 7 Hz, -OCH2CH3), 1.88-2.10 (m, 2H, Hb), 2.42 (dtt, 1H, / = 16, 8, 2.5 Hz, He), 2.58-2.68 (m, 1H, He), 3.44-3.51 (m, 1H, Ha), 4.11-4.24 (m, 2H, -OCH2CH3), 4.95 (t, 1H, / = 2.5 Hz, Hd), 5.11 (d, 1H, / = 2.5 Hz, H g ) , 5.39 (t, 1H, / = 2.5 Hz, He), 5.52 (d, 1H, / = 2.5 Hz, Hf). Irradiation at 8 3.47 sharpened the multiplet at 8 1.88-2.10 and converted both doublets at 8 5.11 and 8 5.52 to singlets. Exact Mass calcd. for C10H14O2 (M + ) : 166.0994; found: 166.0993. The rninor, less polar cyclopentanecarboxylate 278 exhibited IR (film): 1709, 1656, 1230, 1061 cm-1; * H NMR (CDCI3, 400 MHz): 8 1.31 (t, 3H, / = 7 Hz, -OCH2CH3), 2.13 (broad t, 3H, / = 1 Hz, =CCH3), 2.56-2.70 (m, 4H), 4.24 (q, 2H, / = 7 Hz, -OCH2CH3), 5.06 (broad s, 1H, olefinic proton), 5.16 (broad s, 1H, olefinic proton). Exact Mass calcd. for C10H14O2 (M + ) : 166.0994; found: 166.0994. -215-Preparation of Ethyl (\u00C2\u00A3)-2-Emylidene-3-memylenecvclopentanecarboxvlate (2751 275 Following general procedure 6 outlined above, the diene ester 231 was converted into the cyclopentanecarboxylate 275 in the presence of lithium chloride. The following amounts of reagents and solvents were used: Pd(PPh3)4 (29 mg, 25 /rniol); the diene ester 231 (210 mg, 0.494 mmol) in 5 mL of dry D M F ; L i C l (42 mg, 0.99 mmol). Rash chromatography of the crude product on silica gel (8 g, elution with petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 40:1), followed by distillation (air-bath temperature 55-60\u00C2\u00B0C/0.15 Torr) of the material thus obtained, afforded 75.0 mg (84%) of the cyclopentanecarboxylate 275 as a colorless oil. Analysis of this oil by G L C , T L C (petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 40:1) and * H NMR spectroscopy indicated that it consisted of one component. This material exhibited IR (film): 1735, 1626, 1367, 1149, 1042, 869 cm\" 1; * H NMR (CDCI3, 400 MHz): 8 1.25 (t, 3H, J = 7 Hz, -OCH2CH3), 1.77 (d, 3H, / = 7 Hz, =CHCH3), 1.81-1.91 (m, 1H, H b ) , 2.02-2.10 (m, 1H, H b ) , 2.39-2.49 (m, 1H, He), 2.63-2.74 (m, 1H, H c ) , 3.61 (broad d, 1H, / ~ 8 Hz, Ha), 4.07-4.20 (m, 2H, -OCH2CH3), 4.81 (broad s 1H, Hd), 5.24 (broad s, 1H, He), 6.10 (qd, 1H, / = 7, 1 Hz, Hf). NOE difference experiment: irradiation of 8 6.10 caused enhancement of the signals at 8 1.77 and 8 5.24. Exact Mass calcd. for C11H16O2 (M+): 180.1150; found: 180.1159. -216-Preparation of Ethvl (Z)-2-EmyUctene-3-methvlenecvclopentanecarboxvlate (2761 276 Following general procedure 6 outlined above, the diene ester 232 was converted into the cyclopentanecarboxylate 276 in the presence of lithium chloride. The following amounts of reagents and solvents were used: Pd(PPh3)4 (20 mg, 17 /imol); the diene ester 232 (150 mg, 0.353 mmol) in 4 mL of dry D M F ; LiCl (30 mg, 0.71 mmol). Flash chromatography of the crude product on silica gel (6 g, elution with petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 40:1), followed by distillation (air-bath temperature 58-65\u00C2\u00B0C/0.15 Torr) of the material thus obtained, afforded 50.0 mg (79%) of the cyclopentanecarboxylate 276 as a colorless oil. Analysis of this oil by G L C , T L C (petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 40:1) and * H N M R spectroscopy indicated that it consisted of one component. This material exhibited IR (film): 1735, 1639, 1176, 1148, 1043, 880 cm\" 1; * H NMR (CDCI3, 400 MHz): 8 1.24 (t, 3H, / = 7 Hz, - O C H 2 C H 3 ) , 1.82-1.92 (m, 1H, H b ) , 1.88 (dd, 3H, / = 7, 1 Hz, = C H C H 3 ) , 1.96-2.05 (m, 1H, H b ) , 2.37-2.47 (m, 1H, He), 2.60-2.70 (m, 1H, He), 3.37-3.44 (m, 1H, H a ) , 4.07-4.20 (m, 2H, - O C H 2 C H 3 ) , 5.16 (broads, 1H, Hd), 5.20 (broad s, 1H, He), 5.79 (broad q, 1H, / ~ 7 Hz, Hf). Irradiation at 8 3.40 sharpened the signals at 5 1.82-1.92, 8 1.96-2.05 and 8 5.79, and converted the doublet of doublets at 8 1.88 to a doublet (/ = 7 Hz). Irradiation at 8 5.18 simplified both multiplets at 8 231'-2.47 and 8 2.60-2.70 to doublets of triplets (/ = 15, 7.5 Hz, each). Exact Mass calcd. for C11H16O2 (M+): 180.1150; found: 180.1150. -217-Prepararion of Ethyl 2-Methylene-(Er)-3-ethylidenecyclopentane (2771 277 279 Following general procedure 6 outlined above, the diene ester 233 was converted into the cyclopentanecarboxylate 277 in the presence of lithium chloride. The following amounts of reagents and solvents were used: Pd(PPh3)4 (26 mg, 23 /anol); the diene ester 233 (210 mg, 0.445 mmol) in 5 mL of dry D M F ; L i C l (38 mg, 0.89 mmol). Flash chromatography of the crude product on silica gel (10 g, elution with petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 40:1), followed by distillation (air-bath temperature 55-65\u00C2\u00B0C/0.15 Torr) of the material thus obtained, afforded 66.0 mg (83%) of a mixture of the cyclopentanecarboxylates 277 and 279 in a ratio of 12:1, respectively (GLC analysis). The rnixture of the esters was separated by preparative thin layer chromatography on silica gel (elution 5 times with petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 40:1) and each product was obtained as a colorless oil. Analysis of both oils by G L C , T L C (petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 40:1) and * H NMR spectroscopy indicated that each consisted of one component The major, more polar cyclopentanecarboxylate 277 exhibited IR (film): 1735, 1661, 1623, 1177, 1044, 884 cm-1; 1 H NMR (CDC1 3 , 400 MHz): 8 1.27 (t, 3H, / = 7 Hz, -OCH2CH3), 1.71 (d, 3H, / = 7 Hz, =CHCH3), 1.88-1.99 (m, 1H, H b ) , 2.01-2.11 (m, 1H, H b ) , 2.30-2.41 (m, 1H, He), 2.53-2.64 (m, 1H, H c ) , 3.43-3.49 (m, 1H, Ha), 4.11-4.24 (m, 2H, -OCH2CH3), 4.94 (broad d, 1H, / ~ 2 Hz, H f ) , 5.36 (broad d, 1H, / ~ 2 Hz, He), 5.91-6.00 (m, 1H, Hd). Irradiation at 8 1.71 simplified the multiplet at 8 5.91-6.00 to a triplet (/ = 2 Hz). -218-NOE difference experiments: irradiation at 8 5.36 caused enhancement of the signals at 8 4.94 and 8 5.91-6.00, while irradiation at 8 5.95 caused enhancement of the signals at 8 1.71 and 8 5.36. Exact Mass calcd. for C 1 1 H 1 6 O 2 (M+): 180.1150; found: 180.1155. The minor, less polar cyclopentanecarboxylate 279 exhibited IR (film): 1708, 1649, 1614, 1229, 1063 cm-1; * H NMR (CDCI3, 400 MHz): 8 1.31 (t, 3H, / = 7 Hz, - O C H 2 C H 3 ) , 1.75 (d, 3H, / = 7 Hz, =CHCH3) , 2.12 (broad t, 3H, / = 1 Hz, =CCH3), 2.46-2.54 (m, 2H), 2.64-2.71 (m, 2H), 4.24 (q, 2H, / = 7 Hz, - O C H 2 C H 3 ) , 5.65-5.74 (m, 1H, olefinic proton). Exact Mass calcd. for C11H16O2 (M+): 180.1150; found: 180.1159. Preparation of Ethyl 2.3-bis(Methylene')cyclohexanecarboxvlate (2811 Following general procedure 6 outlined above, the diene ester 234 was converted into the cyclohexanecarboxylate 281 in the presence of lithium chloride. The following amounts of reagents and solvents were used: Pd(PPh3)4 (40 mg, 35 jimol); the diene ester 234 (160 mg, 0.376 mmol) in 4 mL of dry D M F ; L i C l (32 mg, 0.75 mmol). Flash chromatography of the crude product on silica gel (10 g, elution with petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 40:1), followed by distillation (air-bath temperature 56-64\u00C2\u00B0C/0.15 Torr) of the material thus obtained, afforded 50.0 mg (74%) of the cyclohexanecarboxylate 281 as a colorless oil. Analysis of this oil 281 -219-by G L C , T L C (petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 40:1) and * H NMR spectroscopy indicated that it consisted of one component. This material exhibited LR (film): 1736, 1637, 1158, 1034, 898 cm- 1 ; * H NMR (CDCI3, 400 MHz): 8 1.26 (t, 3H, / = 7 Hz, -OCH2CH3), 1.55-1.67 (m, 1H), 1.71-1.87 (m, 2H), 1.99-2.09 (m, 1H), 2.18-2.35 (m, 2H), 3.25 (broad dd, 1H, / ~ 8, 4 Hz, Ha), 4.06-4.26 (m, 2H, -OCH2CH3), 4.73 (broad s, 2H, H b and He), 4.99 (broad s, 1H, He), 5.13 (broad s, 1H, Hd). Irradiation at 8 3.25 sharpened the signals at 8 1.71-1.87, 8 1.99-2.09, 8 4.73 and 8 5.13. NOE difference experiment: irradiation at 8 3.25 caused enhancement of the signals at 8 1.71-1.87, 8 1.99-2.09 and 8 4.73. Exact Mass calcd. for C i i H i 6 0 2 (M+): 180.1150; found: 180.1145. Preparation of Ethyl (E)-2-EthvIidene-3-methvlenecyclohexanecarboxylate (282) Following general procedure 6 outlined above, the diene ester 235 was converted into the cyclohexanecarboxylate 282 in the presence of lithium chloride. The following amounts of reagents and solvents were used: Pd(PPh3)4 (13 mg, 11 ^mol); the diene ester 235 (100 mg, 0.228 mmol) in 3 mL of dry D M F ; L i C l (19 mg, 0.45 mmol). Flash chromatography of the crude product on silica gel (5 g, elution with petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 40:1), followed by distillation (air-bath temperature 70-78\u00C2\u00B0C/0.15 Torr) of-the material thus obtained, afforded 30.0 mg (68%) of the cyclohexanecarboxylate 282 as a colorless oil. Analysis of this oil 282 -220-by G L C , T L C (petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 40:1) and * H N M R spectroscopy indicated that it consisted of one component This material exhibited IR (film): 1734, 1627, 1154, 1030, 891 cm\" 1; * H NMR (CDC1 3 , 400 MHz): 8 1.22 (t, 3H, J = 7 Hz, -OCH2CH3), 1.55-1.81 (m, 3H), 1.69 (d, 3H, / = 7 Hz, =CHCH3), 2.05-2.15 (m, 1H), 2.20-2.28 (m, 1H), 2.34-2.42 (m, 1H), 3.66 (dd, 1H, / = 6, 2 Hz, H a ) , 4.05-4.18 (m, 2H, -OCH2CH3), 4.64 (t, 1H, / = 2 Hz, H b ) , 4.87 (t, 1H, / = 2 Hz, Hg), 5.75 (q, 1H, J = 7 Hz, Hd). Irradiation at 8 5.75 converted the doublet at 8 1.69 to a singlet. NOE difference experiments: irradiation at 8 4.87 caused enhancement of the signals at 8 4.64 and 8 5.75; irradiation at 8 5.75 caused enhancement of the signals at 8 1.69 and 8 4.87. Exact Mass calcd. for C i 2 H i 8 0 2 (M+): 194.1307; found: 194.1309. Preparation of Ethyl (F)-2-(3-Memoxvmethoxypropylidene)-3-methylenecyclohexane- carboxylate (283) Following general procedure 6 outlined above, the diene ester 236 was converted into the cyclohexanecarboxylate 283 in the presence of lithium chloride. The following amounts of reagents and solvents were used: Pd(PPh3)4 (13 mg, 11 /imol); the diene ester 236 (110 mg, 0.214 mmol) in 3 mL of dry D M F ; L i C l (18 mg, 0.42 mmol). Flash chromatography of the crude product on silica gel (5 g, 283 -221-elution with petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 8:1), followed by distillation (air-bath temperature 85-95\u00C2\u00B0C/0.15 Torr) of the material thus obtained, afforded 31.0 mg (54%) of the cyclohexanecarboxylate 283 as a colorless oil. Analysis of this oil by G L C , T L C (petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 8:1) and * H N M R spectroscopy indicated that it consisted of one component. This material exhibited LR (film): 1733, 1152, 1111, 1034 cm-1; 1 H NMR (CDCI3, 400 MHz): 8 1.22 (t, 3H, / = 7 Hz, -OCH2CH3), 1.55-1.83 (m, 3H), 2.04-2.15 (m, 1H), 2.20-2.28 (m, 1H), 2.30-2.51 (m, 3H), 3.36 (s, 3H, -OCH3), 3.52-3.62 (m, 2H, -OCH2CH2-), 3.63-3.68 (m, 1H, Ha), 4.05-4.16 (m, 2H, -OCH2CH3), 4.64 (s, 2H, -OCH2O-), 4.66 (broad dd, 1H, / ~ 2, 1 Hz, H b ) , 4.88 (broad dd, 1H, / ~ 2, 1 Hz, He), 5.67 (t, 1H, J = 1 Hz, Hd). N O E difference experiment: irradiation at 8 5.67 caused enhancement of the signals at 8 2.30-2.51 and 8 4.88. Exact Mass calcd. for C 1 5 H 2 4 O 4 (M+): 268.1674; found: 268.1671. -222-8. Preparation of Cvclobutanecarboxarnides Preparation of ALp-Chlorophenyl-(EV2-ethylidene-3-memylenecy^ To a stirred solution of p-chloroaniline (64.0 mg, 0.502 mmol) in 2 mL of dry benzene under an argon atmosphere was added a solution of trimethylaluminum (0.250 mL, 0.500 mmol) in toluene. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 20 min until no more bubbling was observed. A solution of the cyclobutanecarboxylate 254 (55.3 mg, 0.333 mmol) in 1 mL of dry benzene was added and the resulting solution was refluxed for 4 h. Dilute hydrochloric acid (5%, 5 mL) was added and the mixture was extracted thoroughly with diethyl ether. The combined ether extracts were washed (water, brine) and dried (MgSC\u00C2\u00AB4). Concentration of the solution, followed by pumping on a vacuum pump to remove traces of solvent, afforded 71.0 mg (87%) of the cyclobutanecarboxamide 270. Recrystallization of this material from dichloromethane-hexane provided the amide 270 as a colorless needle-like solid (melting point 133.5-135\u00C2\u00B0C). Analysis of this solid by T L C (petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 3:1) and * H N M R spectroscopy indicated that it consisted of one component. This material exhibited IR (CHCI3): 1670, 1590, 1490, 1400, 1100, 820 cm-1; l H NMR (CDCI3, 300 MHz): S 1.74 (d, 3H, / = 7 Hz, =CHCH3), 2.80 (ddt, 1H, J = 16.5, 6, 3 Hz, H b ) , 3.10 am 270 -223-(ddt, 1H, / = 16.5, 10.5, 2.5 Hz, He), 3.72-3.81 (m, 1H, H a ) , 4.79 (broad s, 1H, Hd), 5.20 (broad s, 1H, Hg), 5.96 (qd, 1H, / = 7, 3 Hz, H f ) , 7.29 (d, 2H, / = 10 Hz, aromatic protons), 7.49 (d, 2H, / = 10 Hz, aromatic protons), 7.60 (broad s, 1H, -NH). Exact Mass calcd. for Ci4Hi4N035ci (M+): 247.0764; found: 247.0764. Preparation of A^p-Bromophenvl-(Z)-2-ethvk^ne-3-mem^ (2111 271 To a cold (-5\u00C2\u00B0C), stirred solution of p-bromoaniline hydrochloride (96.0 mg, 0.460 mmol) in 1.5 mL of dry benzene under an argon atmosphere was added a solution of rrimethylaluminum (0.230 mL, 0.460 mmol) in toluene. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h until no more bubbling was observed. A solution of the cyclobutanecarboxylate 255 (38.1 mg, 0.229 mmol) in 0.5 mL of dry benzene was added and the resulting solution was refluxed for 3 h. Dilute hydrochloric acid (5%, 4 mL) was added and the nuxture was extracted thoroughly with diethyl ether. The combined ether extracts were washed (water, brine) and dried (MgS04). Concentration of the solution, followed by pumping on a vacuum pump to remove traces of solvent, afforded 62.8 mg (94%) of the cyclobutanecarboxamide 271. Recrystallization of this material from diethyl ether--224-hexane provided the amide 271 as a colorless needle-like solid (melting point, 155-156.5\u00C2\u00B0C). Analysis of this solid by T L C (petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 3:1) and *H NMR spectroscopy indicated that it consisted of one component. This material exhibited IR (CHC13): 1670, 1580, 1480, 1390, 1075, 880 cm-l; l H N M R (CDCI3, 400 MHz): S 1.90 (dd, 3H, / = 8, 2 Hz, =CHCH3), 2.88 (ddt, 1H, / = 15.5, 6, 3 Hz, H b ) , 3.00 (ddt, 1H, / = 15.5, 9.5, 2.5 Hz, He), 3.64-3.72 (m, 1H, H a ) , 4.01 (broad s, 1H, Hd), 4.26 (broad s, 1H, He), 4.60 (broad q, 1H, J ~ 8 Hz, Hf), 7.44 (s, 4H, aromatic protons), 7.52 (broad s, 1H, -NH). Exact Mass calcd. for Ci4Hi4N0 79Br (M+): 291.0260; found: 291.0263. Preparation of Af-p-Chlorophenvl-fZ).(Z)-2.3-bis(ethvlidene)cyclobutanecarboxamide 12211 272 To a stirred solution of p-cMoroaniline (35.0 mg, 0.274 mmol) in 1.5 mL of dry benzene under an argon atmosphere was added a solution of trimethylaluminum (0.130 mL, 0.260 mmol) in toluene. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 20 min until no more bubbling was observed. A solution of the cyclobutanecarboxylate 264 (32.2 mg, 0.179 mmol) in 0.5 mL of dry benzene was added and the resulting solution was refluxed for 4 h. Dilute hydrochloric acid (5%, 4 mL) was added and the mixture was extracted thoroughly with diethyl ether. The combined ether extracts were washed (water, brine) and -225-dried (MgS04). Concentration of the solution, followed by pumping on a vacuum pump to remove traces of solvent, afforded 36.2 mg (77%) of the cyclobutanecarboxamide 272. RecrystaUization of this material from diethyl ether-pentane provided the amide 272 as a colorless needle-like solid (melting point, 144-146 \u00C2\u00B0C). Analysis of this solid by T L C (petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 3:1) and * H NMR spectroscopy indicated that it consisted of one component. This material exhibited LR (CHCI3): 1680, 1600, 1510, 1210, 1040, 830 cm-l; l H NMR (CDCI3, 400 MHz): 6 1.86 (d, 3H, / = 7 Hz, =CHCH3), 1.91 (dd, 3H, J = 7, 1 Hz, =CHCH3), 2.73-2.90 (m, 2H, H b and He), 3.54-3.61 (m, 1H, H a ) , 5.26 (broad q, 1H, / = 7 Hz, =CHCH 3 ) , 5.39 (broad q, 1H, / = 7 Hz, =CHCH 3 ) , 7.28 (d, 2H, / = 10 Hz, aromatic protons), 7.50 (d, 2H, / = 10 Hz, aromatic protons), 7.60 (broad s, 1H, -NH). Exact Mass calcd. for C i 5 H i 6 N 0 3 5 C l (M+): 261.0920; found: 261.0916. -226-9. Diels-Alder Reactions Preparation of the Ester 289 289 To a stirred solution of the cyclobutanecarboxylate 253 (41.0 mg, 0.270 mmol) in 3 mL of dry T H F under an argon atmosphere was added tetracyanoethylene (35.0 mg, 0.273 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred for 30 min at room temperature and then was concentrated. The crude product was subjected to chromatography on silica gel (1 g, elution with petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 1:1). Concentration of the appropriate fractions, followed by pumping on a vacuum pump to remove traces of solvent, afforded 66.0 mg (87%) of the ester 289 as a solid. Analysis of this solid by T L C (petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 1:1) and J H NMR spectroscopy indicated that it consisted of one component. Recrystallization of this material from petroleum ether-diethyl ether provided the ester 289 as a white solid (melting point, 128-129\u00C2\u00B0C). This material exhibited IR (KBr pellet): 2256, 1729, 1261, 1200 cm\" 1; * H NMR ( C D C I 3 , 400 MHz): S 1.30 (t, 3H, / = 7 Hz, -OCH2CH3), 2.86 (broad d, 1H, / = 14 Hz, He), 3.05 (broad d, 1H, J = 14 Hz, H b ) , 3.09-3.36 (m, 4H, Hd), 3.76-3.83 (m, 1H, Ha), 4.15-4.28 (m, 2H, - O C H 2 C H 3 ) . Exact Mass calcd. for C 1 5 H 1 2 N 4 O 2 (M+): 280.0970; found: 280.0964. -227-Preparation of the Ester 290 Hd N C N C N C N O N O N C \u00C2\u00A3 > H COzEt f^COjEt a 290 291 To a stirred solution of the cyclobutanecarboxylate 254 (57.0 mg, 0.343 mmol) in 3.5 mL of dry THF under an argon atmosphere was added tetracyano-ethylene (44.0 mg, 0.343 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred for 0.5 h at room temperature and then was concentrated. The crude product was subjected to chromatography on silica gel (2 g, elution with petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 3:1). Concentration of the appropriate fractions, followed by pumping on a vacuum pump to remove traces of solvent, afforded 84.0 mg (83%) of a mixture of the esters 290 and 291 in a ratio of 19:1, respectively (*H NMR analysis). Recrystallization of this mixture from petroleum ether-diethyl ether provided the ester 290 as a white solid (melting point, 152-153\u00C2\u00B0C). Analysis of this solid by T L C (petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 3:1) and *H NMR spectroscopy indicated that it consisted of one component. This material exhibited IR (CHCI3): 2230, 1720, 1080, 1060 cnr 1 ; lH NMR (CDCI3, 400 MHz): 8 1.29 (t, 3H, / = 7 Hz, -OCH2CH3), 1.57 (d, 3H, / = 7 Hz, -CHCH3), 2.83-2.91 (m, 1H, He), 2.96-3.01 (m, 1H, H b ) , 3.09-3.21 (m, 2H, Hd), 3.31-3.41 (m, 1H, He), 3.76-3.82 (m, 1H, Ha), 4.20 (q, 2H, J = 7 Hz, -OCH2CH3). Irradiation at 8 1.57 sharpened the signal at 8 3.31-3.41. Irradiation at 8 3.36 converted the doublet at 8 1.57 to a singlet, the multiplet at 8 2.83-2.91 to a broad doublet (/ ~ 14 Hz) and the multiplet at 8 2.96-3.01 to a broad doublet of doublets (J ~ 14, 6 Hz), and sharpened the multiplet at 8 3.76-3.82. Irradiation at 8 3.79 converted the signal at 8 2.83-2.91 to a doublet of -228-doublets (/ ~ 14, 3 Hz) and the signal at 8 2.96-3.01 to a broad doublet of doublets (/ ~ 14, 2.5 Hz), and sharpened the multiplet at 8 3.31-3.41. N O E difference experiment: irradiation at 8 1.57 caused enhancement of the signals at 8 3.31-3.41 and 8 3.76-3.82; irradiation at 8 3.36 caused enhancement of the signal at 8 1.57; irradiation at 8 3.79 caused enhancement of the signals at 8 1.57 and 8 2.96-3.01. Exact Mass calcd. for C16H14N4O2 (M+): 294.1118; found: 294.1117. Preparation of the Ester 291 290 291 To a stirred solution of the cyclobutanecarboxylate 255 (52.0 mg, 0.313 mmol) in 3.5 mL of dry THF under an argon atmosphere was added tetracyano-ethylene (41.0 mg, 0.320 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred for 1.5 days at room temperature and then was concentrated. The crude product was subjected to chromatography on silica gel (2 g, elution with petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 3:1). Concentration of the appropriate fractions, followed by pumping on a vacuum pump to remove traces of solvent, afforded 79.0 mg (86%) of a mixture of the esters 291 and 290 in a ratio of 9:1, respectively ( ! H NMR analysis). Recrystallization of this mixture from petroleum ether-diethyl ether provided the ester 291 as a white solid (melting point, 110-111\u00C2\u00B0C). Analysis of this solid by T L C (petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 3:1) and * H NMR spectroscopy indicated that it consisted of -229-one component. This material exhibited IR (KBr pellet): 2255, 1733, 1255, 1029 cm- 1 ; J H NMR (CDC13, 400 MHz): S 1.29 (t, 3H, / = 7 Hz, -OCH2CH3), 1.53 (d, 3H, / = 7 Hz, -CHCH3), 2.84 (broad d, 1H, / = 14 Hz, He), 2.92 (broad dt, 1H, / = 14, 4 Hz, H b ) , 3.13 (broad d, 1H, / = 16 Hz, Hd), 3.22-3.36 (m, 2H, Hd and He), 3.73-3.79 (m, 1H, Ha), 4.14-4.27 (m, 2H, -OCH2CH3). Exact Mass calcd. for C16H14N4O2 (M+): 294.1118; found: 294.1123. Preparation of the Ester 292 292 To a stirred solution of the cyclobutanecarboxylate 258 (80.0 mg, 0.333 mmol) in 3 mL of dry T H F under an argon atmosphere was added tetracyanoethylene (43.0 mg, 0.336 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred for 1 h at room temperature and then was concentrated. The crude product was subjected to chromatography on silica gel (2 g, elution with petroleum ether-ethyl acetate, 3:1). Concentration of the appropriate fractions, followed by pumping on a vacuum pump to remove traces of solvent, afforded 108 mg (88%) of the ester 292 as a colorless oil. Analysis of this oil by T L C (petroleum ether-ethyl acetate, 3:1) and lH NMR spectroscopy indicated that it consisted of one component. This material exhibited IR (film): 2255, 1732, 1153, 1113, 1045 cm\" 1; lU NMR (CDCI3, 300 MHz): 6 1.27 (t, 3H, / = 7 Hz, -OCH2CH3), 2.02-2.21 (m, 2H, -CHCH2CH2O-), -230-2.68-2.78 (m, 1H, He), 2.95-3.04 (m, 1H, Hb), 3.08-3.22 (m, 2H, Hd), 3.37 (s, 3H, -OCH3), 3.40-3.50 (m, 1H, He), 3.64-3.81 (m, 3H, -CH2CH2O- and Ha), 4.17 (q, 2H, / = 7 Hz, -OCH2CH3), 4.59 (d, 1H, / = 7.5 Hz, -OCH2O-), 4.61 (d, 1H, / = 7.5 Hz, -OCH2O-). Irradiation at 8 2.13 sharpened the signal at 8 3.40-3.50 and converted part of the signal at 8 3.64-3.81 to two doublets (/ = 10.5 Hz, each). Irradiation at 8 3.45 sharpened the signal at 8 2.02-2.21, converted the multiplet at 8 2.68-2.78 to a broad doublet (/ = 13.5 Hz) and converted the multiplet at 8 2.95-3.04 to doublet of doublets (/ = 13.5, 4.5 Hz). NOE difference experiment: irradiation at 8 2.13 caused enhancement of the signals at 8 3.40-3.50 and 8 3.64-3.81; irradiation at 8 3.45 caused enhancement of the signal at 8 2.02-2.21. Exact Mass calcd. for C18H17N4O3 (M+-OCH3): 337.1300; found: 337.1304. Preparation of the Ester 293 To a stirred solution of the cyclobutanecarboxylate 259 (42.0 mg, 0.175 mmol) in 2 mL of dry THF under an argon atmosphere was added tetracyanoethylene (22.5 mg, 0.176 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred for 24 h at room temperature and then was concentrated. The crude product was subjected to chromatography on silica gel (2 g, elution with petroleum ether-ethyl acetate, -231-3:1). Concentration of the appropriate fractions, followed by pumping on a vacuum pump to remove traces of solvent, afforded 56.0 mg (87%) of the ester 293 as a colorless oil. Analysis of this oil by T L C (petroleum ether-ethyl acetate, 3:1) and * H NMR spectroscopy indicated that it consisted of one component. This material exhibited IR (film): 2255, 1729, 1261, 1201, 1113, 1040 cm-1; * H NMR (CDC13, 300 MHz): S 1.21 (t, 3H, / = 7 Hz, -OCH2CH3) , 1.97-2.10 (m, 1H, -CHCH2CH2O-), 2.15-2.28 (m, 1H, -CHCH2CH2O-), 2.65 (broad d, 1H, / = 13.5 Hz, He), 2.89 (broad dt, 1H, / = 13.5, 3 Hz, H b ) , 3.05 (broad d, 1H, / = 18 Hz, Hd), 3.19 (broad d, 1H, / = 18 Hz, Hd), 3.31 (broad s, 4H, - O C H 3 and He), 3.51-3.76 (m, 3H, -CH2CH2O- and H a ) , 4.02-4.20 (m, 2H, -OCH2CH3) , 4.55 (d, 1H, / = 6 Hz, -OCH2O-), 4.58 (d, 1H, J = 6 Hz, -OCH2O-). Exact Mass calcd. for C18H17N4O3 (M+-OCH 3): 337.1300; found: 337.1304. Preparation of the Ester 294 To a stirred solution of the cyclobutanecarboxylate 263 (32.0 mg, 0.177 mmol) in 1.5 mL of dry T H F under an argon atmosphere was added tetracyano-ethylene (25.0 mg, 0.195 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred for 3 h at room temperature and then was concentrated. The crude product was subjected to chromatography on silica gel (1 g, elution with petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 3:1). Concentration of the appropriate fractions, followed by pumping on a vacuum pump 294 295 -232-to remove traces of solvent, afforded 47.0 mg (86%) of a mixture of the esters 294 and 295 in a ratio of ~24:1, respectively (*H N M R analysis). Recrystallization of this mixture from petroleum ether-diethyl ether provided the ester 294 as a white solid (melting point, 111-112\u00C2\u00B0C). Analysis of this solid by T L C (petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 3:1) and J H NMR spectroscopy indicated that it consisted of one component This material exhibited IR (CHCI3): 2230, 1720, 1085, 1035, 920 cm-1; 1 H NMR (CDCI3, 400 MHz): 6 1.29 (t, 3H, / = 7 Hz, - O C H 2 C H 3 ) , 1.54 (d, 3H, / = 7 Hz, -CHCH3), 1.56 (d, 3H, / = 7 Hz, - C H C H 3 ) , 2.83 (ddt, 1H, / = 14, 4, 2 Hz, He), 2.90 (dddd, 1H, / = 14, 4, 3, 2 Hz, H b ) , 3.25-3.33 (m, 1H), 3.33-3.43 (m, 1H), 3.73-3.78 (m, 1H, Ha), 4.15-4.25 (m, 2H, -OCH2CH3). Exact Mass calcd. for C17H16N4O2 (M+): 308.1273; found: 308.1274. Preparation of the Triester 299 O M e O ^ N T ^ N \u00E2\u0080\u0094 , To a stirred solution of the cyclobutanecarboxylate 253 (45.0 mg, 0.296 mmol) in 1 mL of dry diethyl ether under an argon atmosphere was added dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate (84.4 mg, 0.594 mmol). The reaction mixture was refluxed for 20 h and then was concentrated. The crude product was subjected to 299 -233-chromatography on silica gel (3 g, elution with petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 3:1). Concentration of the appropriate fractions, followed by pumping on a vacuum pump to remove traces of solvent, afforded 74.0 mg (85%) of the triester 299 as a colorless oil. Analysis of this oil by T L C (petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 3:1) and * H NMR spectroscopy indicated that it consisted of one component. This material exhibited IR (film): 1728, 1630, 1263 cm-1; l H NMR (CDCI3, 400 MHz): 5 1.26 (t, 3H, / = 7 Hz, -OCH2CH3), 2.73-3.12 (m, 6H), 3.66-3.70 (m, 1H, Ha), 3.77 (s, 6H, -CO2CH3), 4.14 (q, 2H, / = 7 Hz, -OCH2CH3). Exact Mass calcd. for C i 5 H i 8 0 6 (M+): 294.1103; found: 294.1096. Preparation of the Triester 300 To a stirred solution of the triester 299 (74.0 mg, 0.250 mmol) in 1 mL of dry benzene under an argon atmosphere was added 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-l,4-benzoquinone (57.0 mg, 0.251 mmol). The reaction mixture was refluxed for 1 h and then was concentrated. The crude product was subjected to chromatography on silica gel (3 g, elution with petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 3:1). Concentration of the appropriate fractions, followed by pumping on a vacuum pump to remove traces of solvent, afforded 68.0 mg (93%) of the triester 300 as a colorless oil. Analysis O 300 -234-of this oil by T L C (petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 3:1) arid * H NMR spectroscopy indicated that it consisted of one component. This material exhibited IR (film): 1729, 1590, 1268, 1206, 781 cm-1; 1 H NMR (CDC1 3, 400 MHz): 8 1.28 (t, 3H, / = 7 Hz, -OCH2CH3), 3.49 (dd, 1H, / = 15, 6 Hz, Hb), 3.54 (dd, 1H, / = 15, 3 Hz, H b ) , 3.89 (s, 6H, -CO2CH3), 4.20 (q, 2H, / = 7 Hz, -OCH2CH3), 4.34 (dd, 1H, / = 6, 3 Hz, H a ) , 7.44 (s, 1H, aromatic proton), 7.55 (s, 1H, aromatic proton). Exact Mass calcd. for C15H16O6 (M+): 292.0947; found: 292.0945. Preparation of the Triester 303 (a) From the Cyclobutanecarboxylate 254 301 and 302 303 To a stirred solution of the cyclobutanecarboxylate 254 (56.0 mg, 0.337 mmol) in 1 mL of dry diethyl ether under an argon atmosphere was added dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate (92.5 mg, 0.651 mmol). The reaction mixture was refluxed for 20 h and then was concentrated. The crude product was subjected to chromatography on silica gel (3 g, elution with petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 3:1). Concentration of the appropriate fractions, followed by pumping on a vacuum pump to remove traces of solvent, afforded 85.0 mg (82%) of a colorless oil that consisted of a mixture of the triesters 301 (major isomer) and 302 (minor isomer) -235-as a colorless oil (ratio of 4:1, respectively, from * H NMR analysis). The *H NMR (CDCI3, 300 MHz) signals that could be assigned to the major triester 301 were the following: S 1.13 (d, 3H, / = 7 Hz, -CHCH3), 1.22 (t, 3H, / = 7 Hz, -OCH2CH3), 3.70 (s, 3H, -CO2CH3), 3.76 (s, 3H, -CO2CH3), 4.11 (q, 2H, / = 7 Hz, -OCH2CH3). The only lK NMR (CDCI3, 300 MHz) signal that could be assigned to the rninor triester 302 were the following: 5 1.08 (d, 3H, / = 7 Hz, -CHCH3). A stirred solution of a mixture of the triesters 301 and 302 (85.0 mg, 0.276 mmol) and 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-l,4-benzoquinone (69.0 mg, 0.304 mmol) in 1 mL of dry benzene under an argon atmosphere was refluxed for 1 h. The solution was then concentrated and the crude product was subjected to chromatography on silica gel (3 g, elution with petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 3:1). Concentration of the appropriate fractions, followed by pumping on a vacuum pump to remove traces of solvent, afforded 69.0 mg (82%) of the triester 303 as a colorless oil. Analysis of this oil by T L C (petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 3:1) and *H NMR spectroscopy indicated that it consisted of one component. This material exhibited IR (film): 1732, 1607, 1263, 1206, 796 cm\" 1; * H NMR (CDCI3, 300 MHz): S 1.28 (t, 3H, / = 7 Hz, -OCH2CH3), 2.25 (s, 3H, -CCH3), 3.39 (dd, 1H, / = 13.5, 5 Hz, H b ) , 3.45 (dd, 1H, / = 13.5, 3 Hz, H b ) , 3.86 (s, 3H, -CO2CH3), 3.92 (s, 3H, -CO2CH3), 4.20 (q, 2H, / = 7 Hz, -OCH2CH3), 4.31 (dd, 1H, J = 5, 3 Hz, Ha), 7.56 (s, 1H, aromatic proton). Exact Mass calcd. for C i 6 H i 8 0 6 (M+): 306.1103; found: 306.1103. -236-(b) From the Cyclobutanecarboxylate 255 To a stirred solution of the cyclobutanecarboxylate 255 (35.0 mg, 0.211 mmol) in 0.5 mL of dry benzene under an argon atmosphere was added dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate (57.8 mg, 0.407 mmol). The reaction mixture was refluxed for 19 h and then was concentrated. The crude product was subjected to chromatography on silica gel (2 g, elution with petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 3:1). Concentration of the appropriate fractions, afforded a rnixture of the triesters 301, 302 and 303 in a ratio of 3:5:2, respectively NMR analysis). A stirred solution of the mixture and 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-l,4-benzoquinone (52.6 mg, 0.232 mmol) in 0.5 mL of dry benzene under an argon atmosphere was refluxed for 1 h. The solution was then concentrated and the crude product was subjected to chromatography on silica gel (2 g, elution with petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 3:1). Concentration of the appropriate fractions, followed by pumping on a vacuum pump to remove traces of solvent, afforded 32.2 mg (50%) of the triester 303. The ! H NMR spectrum of this product was identical with that of the same material obtained as described in (a), above. Preparation of the Triester 306 O O G^COzEt 304 and 305 306 -237-To a stirred solution of the cyclobutanecarboxylate 258 (40.0 mg, 0.162 mmol) in 1 mL of dry diethyl ether under an argon atmosphere was added dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate (27.7 mg, 0.195 mmol). The reaction mixture was refluxed for 19 h and then was concentrated. The crude product was subjected to chromatography on silica gel (2 g, elution with petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 2:1). Concentration of the appropriate fractions, followed by pumping on a vacuum pump to remove traces of solvent, afforded 56.8 mg (89%) of a colorless oil that consisted of a mixture of the triesters 304 (major isomer) and 305 (minor isomer) (ratio of 4:1, respectively, from lH NMR analysis). The * H NMR (CDCI3, 300 MHz) signals that could be assigned to the major triester 304 were the following: S 1.24 (t, 3H, J = 7 Hz, -OCH2CH3), 3.30 (s, 3H, -OCH3), 3.74 (s, 3H, -CO2CH3), 3.78 (s, 3H, -CO2CH3), 4.12 (q, 2H, -OCH2CH3), 4.53 (s, 2H, -OCH2O-). The ! H NMR (CDCI3, 300 MHz) signals that could be assigned to the minor triester 305 were the following: 5 1.25 (t, 3H, / = 7 Hz, - O C H 2 CH3) , 3.29 (s, 3H, - O C H 3 ) , 4.51 (s, 2H, -OCH2O-). A stirred solution of a mixture of the triesters 304 and 305 (50.8 mg, 0.133 mmol) and 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-l,4-benzoquinone (33.0 mg, 0.145 mmol) in 1 mL of dry benzene under an argon atmosphere was refluxed for 1 h. The solution was then concentrated and the crude product was subjected to chromatography on silica gel (3 g, elution with petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 3:1). Concentration of the appropriate fractions, followed by pumping on a vacuum pump to remove traces of solvent, afforded 45.0 mg (89%) of the triester 306 as a colorless oil. Analysis of this oil by T L C (petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 3:1) and * H NMR spectroscopy indicated that it consisted of one component. This material exhibited IR (film): 1729, 1624, 1264, 1219, 1152, 1037, 768 cm-*; * H NMR (CDCI3, 300 MHz): 6 1.29 (t, 3H, / = 7 Hz, -OCH2CH3), 2.80 (dt, 1H, / = 15, 7.5 Hz, -CH2CH2O-), 3.05 (dt, 1H, / = 15, 7.5 Hz, -CH2CH2O-) 3.27 (s, -238-3H, - O C H 3 ) , 3.38-3.50 (m, 2H, Hb), 3.61-3.78 (m, 2H, - C H 2 C H 2 O - ) , 3.87 (s, 3H, -CO2CH3), 3.90 (s, 3H, -CO2CH3), 4.20 (q, 2H, / = 7 Hz, -OCH2CH3), 4.38 (broad t, 1H, / ~ 4 Hz, H a ) , 4.56 (s, 2H, -OCH2O-), 7.59 (s, 1H, aromatic proton). Exact Mass calcd. for C19H24O8 (M+): 380.1471; found: 380.1468. Preparation of the Diesters 307 and 308 O To a stirred solution of the cyclobutanecarboxylate 254 (36.8 mg, 0.222 mmol) in 1 mL of dry benzene under an argon atmosphere was added methyl propynoate (28.0 mg, 0.333 mmol). The reaction mixture was refluxed for 12 h and then concentrated to remove excess methyl propynoate. A stirred solution of the mixture and 2,3-chchloro-5,6-dicyano-l,4-benzoquinone (60.0 mg, 0.264 mmol) in 1 mL of dry benzene under an argon atmosphere was refluxed for 1 h. The solution was then concentrated and the crude product was subjected to chromatography on silica gel (2 g, elution with petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 8:1). Concentration of the appropriate fractions, followed by pumping on a vacuum pump to remove traces of solvent, afforded 44.0 mg (81%) of a colorless oil that consisted of a mixture of the diesters 307 and 308 in a ratio of 5:1, respectively (lH NMR analysis). This mixture exhibited IR (film): 1723, 1614, 1266, 1035, 772 cm- 1. The ! H NMR (CDCI3, 400 MHz) signals that could be assigned to the -239-major diester 307 were the foUowing: S 1.29 (t, 3H, / = 7 Hz, -OCH2CH3), 1.49 (s, 3H, -CQi3), 3.35-3.49 (m, 2H, Hb), 3.88 (s, 3H, -CO2CH3), 4.12 (q, 2H, / = 7 Hz, -OCH2CH3), 4.30 (broad t, 1H, / ~ 4 Hz, H a ) , 7.01 (d, 1H, 7 = 8 Hz, aromatic proton), 8.00 (d, 1H, / = 8 Hz, aromatic proton). The * H NMR (CDCI3, 400 MHz) signals that could be assigned to the minor diester 308 were the following: S 1.29 (t, 3H, / = 7 Hz, -OCH2CH3), 1.31 (s, 3H, -CCH3), 3.35-3.49 (m, 2H, H b ) , 3.90 (s, 3H, -CO2CH3), 4.12 (q, 2H, / = 7 Hz, -OCH2CH3), 4.30 (broad t, 1H, / ~ 4 Hz, H a ) , 7.60 (s, 1H, aromatic proton), 7.78 (s, 1H, aromatic proton). Exact Mass calcd. for C14H16O4 (M+): 248.1049; found 248.1046. General Procedure 7 Preparation of the Ketone 296 296 313 To a cold (-78\u00C2\u00B0C), stirred solution of the diene 296 (1 equiv) and methyl vinyl ketone (MVK) (5 equiv) in dry dichloromethane (~10 mL per mmol of ester), under an argon atmosphere, was added boron trifluoride-etherate complex (1 equiv). The reaction mixture was stirred at -78\u00C2\u00B0C for 1-3 h. Saturated aqueous ammonium chloride was added and the mixture was extracted thoroughly with diethyl ether. -240-The combined ether extracts were washed (water, brine), dried (MgSC^) and concentrated. The residual oil was subjected to flash chromatography on silica gel. Concentration of the appropriate fractions afforded the ketone 313. Preparation of the Keto Ester 314 Following general procedure 7 outlined above, the cyclobutanecarboxylate 254 was converted into the keto ester 314. The following amounts of reagents and solvents were used: the cyclobutanecarboxylate 254 (173 mg, 1.04 mmol) in 10 mL of dry CH2CI2; M V K (362 mg, 5.16 mmol); BF3-Et20 (148 mg, 1.04 mmol). The reaction time was 1 h. The crude product was subjected to flash chromatography on silica gel (10 g, elution with petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 3:1). Concentration of the appropriate fractions, followed by pumping on a vacuum pump to remove traces of solvent, afforded 245 mg (99%) of the keto ester 314 as a colorless oil. Analysis of this oil by T L C (petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 3:1) and * H NMR spectroscopy indicated that it consisted of one component This material exhibited IR (film): 1730, 1709, 1179, 1038 cnr 1 ; * H NMR (CDCI3, 400 MHz): S 0.80 (d, 3H, / = 7 Hz, -CHCH3), 1.26 (t 3H, / = 7 Hz, -OCH2CH3), 1.61-1.72 (m, 1H), 1.78 (dq, 1H, / = 14, 2.5 Hz), 1.93-2.00 (m, 2H), 2.13 (s, 3H, -COCH3), 2.59-2.70 (m, 2H, Hb), 2.70-2.77 (m, 1H, Hd), 2.81 (ddd, 1H, / = 12, 5, 2.5 Hz, He), 3.57-3.64 (m, 1H, H a ) , 4.15 (q, 2H, / = 7 Hz, O 314 -241--OCH2CH3) . Irradiation at 8 0.80 sharpened the multiplet at 8 2.70-2.77. Irradiation at 8 1.97 simplified the multiplet at 8 1.61-1.72 to a doublet of doublets (7 = 14, 12 Hz) and the doublet of quartets at 8 1.78 to a doublet of doublets (/ = 14, 2.5 Hz), and sharpened the multiplet at 8 2.59-2.70. Irradiation at 8 3.60 simplified the multiplet at 8 2.59-2.70 to two broad doublets (/ = 13 Hz). N O E difference experiments: irradiation at 8 0.80 caused enhancement of the signals at 8 1.61-1.72, 8 2.70-2.77 and 8 3.57-3.64; irradiation at 8 3.60 caused enhancement of the signals at 8 0.80 and 8 2.59-2.70. Exact Mass calcd. for C14H20O3 (M+): 236.1412; found: 236.1414. Preparation of the Keto Ester 315 315 Following general procedure 7 outlined above, the cyclobutanecarboxylate 255 was converted into the keto ester 315. The following amounts of reagents and solvents were used: the cyclobutanecarboxylate 255 (62.0 mg, 0.373 mmol) in 4 mL of dry C H 2 C 1 2 ; M V K (131 mg, 1.87 mmol); B F 3 E t 2 0 (53.0 mg, 0.373 mmol). The reaction time was 3 h. The crude product was subjected to flash chromatography on silica gel (5 g, elution with petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 3:1). Concentration of the appropriate fractions, followed by pumping on a vacuum pump to remove traces of solvent, afforded 58.0 mg (66%) of the keto ester 315 as a colorless oil. Analysis of this oil by T L C (petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 3:1) and -242-*H NMR spectroscopy indicated that it consisted of one component. This material exhibited IR (film): 1731, 1712, 1177, 1033 cm-1; 1H NMR (CDC13, 400 MHz): 8 0.89 (d, 3H, / = 7 Hz, -CHCH3), 1.25 (t, 3H, / = 7 Hz, -OCH2CH3), 1.59-1.70 (m, 1H), 1.89-2.03 (m, 2H), 2.08-2.16 (m, 1H), 2.17 (s, 3H, -COCH3), 2.41 (ddd, 1H, / = 11, 8, 3 Hz, He), 2.50-2.58 (m, 1H, Hd), 2.58-2.69 (m, 2H, H b ) , 3.52-3.57 (m, 1 H , H a ) , 4.12 (q, 2H, / = 7 Hz, - O C H 2 C H 3 ) . Irradiation at 8 0.89 sharpened the multiplet at 8 2.50-2.58, while irradiation at 8 3.54 sharpened the multiplet at 8 2.58-2.69. N O E difference experiment: irradiation at 8 3.54 caused enhancement of the signals at 8 2.50-2.58 and 8 2.58-2.69. Exact Mass calcd. for C14H20O3 (M+): 236.1412; found: 236.1417. Preparation of the Keto Ester 316 O ^ O 316 Following general procedure 7 outlined above, the cyclobutanecarboxylate 258 was converted into the keto ester 316. The following amounts of reagents and solvents were used: the cyclobutanecarboxylate 258 (55.0 mg, 0.229 mmol) in 2.5 mL of dry CH 2 C1 2 ; M V K (80.3 mg, 1.15 mmol); BF 3 Et20 (32.5 mg, 0.229 mmol). The reaction time was 1 h. The crude product was subjected to flash chromatography on silica gel (2 g, elution with petroleum ether-ethyl acetate, 3:1). Concentration of the appropriate fractions, followed by pumping on a vacuum pump -243-to remove traces of solvent, afforded 57.5 mg (81%) of the keto ester 316 as a colorless oil. Analysis of this oil by T L C (petroleum ether-ethyl acetate, 3:1) and *H NMR spectroscopy indicated that it consisted of one component. This material exhibited IR (film): 1729, 1709, 1152, 1112, 1039 cm-l; * H NMR (CDCI3, 400 MHz): 8 1.27 (t, 3H, / = 7 Hz, -OCH2CH3), 1.40-1.61 (m, 2H, -CH2CH2O-), 1.66-1.78 (m, 1H), 1.83-1.91 (m, 1H), 1.97-2.05 (m, 2H), 2.16 (s, 3H, -COCH3), 2.59 (broad d> 1H, / = 13 Hz, H b ) , 2.71 (broad dd, 1H, / = 13, 4 Hz, H b ) , 2.75-2.85 (m, 2H, He and Hd), 3.32 (s, 3H, - O C H 3 ) , 3.44-3.60 (m, 2H, -CH2CH2O-), 3.60-3.65 (m, 1H, H a ) , 4.15 (q, 2H, / = 7 Hz, -OCH2CH3), 4.57 (s, 2H, -OCH2O-). Irradiation at 8 1.50 sharpened the multiplet at 8 2.75-2.85 and simplified the multiplet at 8 3.44-3.60 to two broad doublets (/ = 11 Hz). Irradiation at 8 2.00 sharpened the signals at 8 1.66-1.78, 8 1.83-1.91, 8 2.59 and 8 2.71. Irradiation at 8 3.62 sharpened the signal at 8 2.59 and simplified the signal at 8 2.71 to a broad doublet (/ = 13 Hz). N O E difference experiment: irradiation at 8 1.50 caused enhancement of the signals at. 8 2.75-2.85, 8 3.44-3.60 and 8 3.60-3.65. Exact Mass calcd. for C17H26O5 (M+): 310.1780; found: 310.1782. Preparation of l-(Hvdroxvmethvl')-(g)-2-ethylidene-3-methylenecyclobutane (317) O H 317 -244-To a cold (0\u00C2\u00B0C), stirred solution of lithium aluminum hydride (32.0 mg, 0.843 mmol) in 3 mL of dry diethyl ether under an argon atmosphere was added the cyclobutanecarboxylate 254 (232 mg, 1.40 mmol) as a solution in 1 mL of dry diethyl ether. The reaction mixture was stirred at 0\u00C2\u00B0C for 5 min, then at room temperature for 5 min. Sodium sulfate decahydrate (271 mg, 0.842 mmol) was added and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 10 min. The resulting solid was removed by filtration through a short column of Florisil (2 g) and the column was eluted with diethyl ether. Concentration of the eluate, followed by distillation (air-bath temperature 45-50\u00C2\u00B0C/0.2 Torr) of the material thus obtained, afforded 159 mg (92%) of the alcohol 317 as a colorless oil. Analysis of this oil by G L C , T L C (petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 3:1) and * H NMR spectroscopy indicated that it consisted of one component. This material exhibited LR (film): 3327 (broad), 1673, 1646, 1439, 1024, 864 cm-1; 1 H NMR (CDCI3, 400 MHz): S 1.43 (broad s, 1H, exchanged with D 2 0 , -OH), 1.70 (d, 3H, / = 7 Hz, =CHCH3), 2.38-2.47 (m, 1H, H b ) , 2.72-2.84 (m, 1H, He), 3.16-3.27 (m, 1H, H a ) , 3.76 (dd, 1H, J = 13, 8 Hz, -CHCH2OH) , 3.85 (dd, 1H, / = 13, 6 Hz, -CHCH2OH), 4.66 (broad s, 1H, Hd), 5.08 (broad t, 1H, / = 2 Hz, He), 5.78 (qd, 1H, J = 7, 2 Hz, H f). Exact Mass calcd. for C 8 H i 2 0 (M+): 124.0888; found: 124.0891. -245-Preparation of l-(rm-ButylflphenvlsUvloxvmemyl)-(in-2-eth^ methylenecvclobutane (318) 318 To a stirred solution of the alcohol 317 (165 mg, 1.33 mmol) in 13 mL of dry N//-dimethylformamide under an argon atmosphere was added imidazole (230 mg, 3.38 mmol) and rm-butylchlorodiphenylsilane (438 mg, 1.59 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred for 16 h at room temperature. Saturated ammonium chloride solution was added and the mixture was extracted thoroughly with petroleum ether. The combined petroleum ether extracts were washed (water, brine), dried (MgSC>4) and concentrated. The residual oil was subjected to flash chromatography on silica gel (10 g, elution with petroleum ether). Concentration of the appropriate fractions, followed by pumping on a vacuum pump to remove traces of solvent, afforded 435 mg (90%) of the ether 318 as a colorless oil. Analysis of this oil by T L C (petroleum ether) and *H NMR spectroscopy indicated that it consisted of one component. This material exhibited IR (film): 1673, 1647, 1428, 1112, 1083, 824 cm- 1 ; J H NMR (CDC13, 400 MHz): 8 1.05 (s, 9H, -SiCMeO. 1.57 (d, 3H, / = 7 Hz, =CHCH3), 2.35-2.43 (m, 1H, H b ) , 2.68-2.76 (m, 1H, He), 3.11-3.20 (m, 1H, Ha), 3.70 (dd, 1H, / = 11, 8 Hz, -CHCH2O-), 3.89 (dd, 1H, J = 11, 6 Hz, -CHCH2O-), 4.60 (broad s, 1H, Hd), 5.03 (broad t, 1H, / ~ 2 Hz, He), 5.67 (qd, 1H, J = 7, 2 Hz, Hf), 7.36-7.47 (m, 6H, aromatic protons), 7.68-7.74 (m, 4H, aromatic protons). Irradiation at 8 5.03 simplified both -246-multiplets at 8 2.35-2.43 and 8 2.68-2.76 to a pair of doublets of doublets of doublets (/ = 16, 5, 2 Hz and / = 16, 9, 2 Hz, respectively). Exact Mass calcd. for C20H21OS1 (M+-CMe3): 305.1362; found: 305.1370. Preparation of the Keto Ether 319 Following general procedure 7 outlined above, the ether 318 was converted into the keto ether 319. The following amounts of reagents and solvents were used: the ether 319 (143 mg, 0.395 mmol) in 4 mL of dry CH2CI2; M V K (135 mg, 1.92 mmol); BF3-Et20 (56.1 mg, 0.395 mmol). The reaction time was 1 h. The crude product was subjected to flash chromatography on silica gel (5 g, elution with petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 40:1). Concentration of the appropriate fractions, followed by pumping on a vacuum pump to remove traces of solvent, afforded 158 mg (93%) of the keto ether 319 as a colorless oil. Analysis of this oil by T L C (petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 40:1) and * H NMR spectroscopy indicated that it consisted of one component. This material exhibited IR (film): 1709, 1429, 1113, 1083, 703 cm-1; 1 H N M R (CDCI3, 300 MHz): 8 0.82 (d, 3H, J = 7 Hz, -CHCH3), 1.08 (s, 9H, -SiCMe_3), 1.60-1.82 (m, 2H), 1.82-2.02 (m, 2H), 2.06 (broad d, 1H, / = 12 Hz, He), 2.11 (s, 3H, -COCH3), 2.43 (broad dd, 1H, / = 12, 4.5 Hz, H b ) , 2.70-2.84 (m, 2H, Hd and He), 3.00-3.10 (m, 1H, H a ) , 3.72 (dd, 1H, / = 10.5, 7.6 Hz, -CHCK2O-), 3.81 (dd, 1H, / = 10.5, 5.7 Hz, 319 319 -247--CHCH2O-) , 7.36-7.48 (m, 6H, aromatic protons), 7.67-7.72 (m, 4H, aromatic protons). Irradiation at 8 0.82 sharpened the multiplet at 8 2.70-2.84. Irradiation at 8 2.43 simplified the broad doublet at 8 2.06 to a broad singlet and sharpened the multiplet at 8 3.00-3.10. Irradiation at 8 3.76 sharpened the multiplet at 8 3.00-3.10. NOE difference experiments: irradiation at 8 0.82 caused enhancement of the signals at 8 2.70-2.84 and 8 3.00-3.10; irradiation at 8 3.05 caused enhancement of the signals at 8 0.82, 8 2 A3, 8 3.72 and 8 3.81. Exact Mass calcd. for C28H3602Si (M+): 432.2485; found: 432.2491. Preparation of the Nitro Ester 320 To a cold (0\u00C2\u00B0C), stirred solution of the cyclobutanecarboxylate 254 (32.5 mg, 0.195 mmol) in 2 mL of dichloromethane under an argon atmosphere was added freshly prepared nitroethylene (300 mg, 4.11 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at 0\u00C2\u00B0C for 3 h and then was concentrated. The crude product was subjected to chromatography on silica gel (4 g, elution with petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 3:1). Concentration of the appropriate fractions, followed by pumping on a vacuum pump to remove traces of solvent, afforded 37.0 mg (79%) of a mixture of the nitro ester 320 and two other isomers in a ratio of 84:9:7, respectively (iH NMR analysis). Recrystallization of this mixture from petroleum ether-diethyl ether provided the nitro ester 320 as a colorless plate-like solid (melting point, 68-=b,H, 320 -248-69\u00C2\u00B0C ). Analysis of this solid by T L C (petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 3:1) and *H NMR spectroscopy indicated that it consisted of one component. This material exhibited IR (CCI4): 1734, 1548, 1372, 1180, 1036 cnr 1 ; * H NMR (CDCI3, 400 MHz): S 0.96 (d, 3H, / = 7 Hz, -CHCH3) , 1.28 (t, 3H, / = 7 Hz, -OCH2CH3), 2.08-2.29 (m, 4H), 2.68 (broad d, 1H, J = 14 Hz, He), 2.75 (dd, 1H, J = 14, 4.5 Hz, Hb), 3.00-3.10 (m, 1H, H-), 3.62-3.69 (m, 1H, Ha), 4.17 (q, 2H, / = 7 Hz, -OCH2CH3), 4.77 (q, 1H, / = 6 Hz, Hd). Irradiation at 8 2.18 sharpened the signals at 8 3.62-3.69 and simplified the quartet at 8 4.77 to a doublet (/ = 6 Hz). Irradiation at 8 3.05 simplified the doublet at 8 0.96 to a singlet and the quartet at 8 4.77 to a triplet (/= 6 Hz), and sharpened the signals at 8 2.68 and 8 2.75. Irradiation at 8 3.64 sharpened the broad doublet at 8 2.68 and simplified the doublet of doublets at 8 2.75 to a doublet (J = 14 Hz). N O E difference experiments: irradiation at 8 0.96 caused enhancement of the signals at 8 3.00-3.10 and 8 3.62-3.69; irradiation at 8 3.05 caused enhancement of the signals at 8 0.96 and 8 4.77. Exact Mass calcd. for C12H17O4N (M+): 239.1157; found: 239.1160. The 1 H NMR signals that could be assigned to the two minor isomers were 8 1.04 (d, 3H, 7 = 7 Hz, - C H C H 3 ) and 8 1.09 (d, 3H, / = 7 Hz, - C H C H 3 ) , respectively. -249-Preparation of the Nitro Ether 321 OSi/-BuPh 2 321 To a cold (0\u00C2\u00B0C), stirred solution of the ether 318 (80.0 mg, 0.221 mmol) in 2 mL of dichloromethane under an argon atmosphere was added freshly prepared nitroethylene (320 mg, 4.40 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at 0\u00C2\u00B0C for 3 h and then was concentrated. The crude product was subjected to chromatography on silica gel (4 g, elution with petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 8:1). Concentration of the appropriate fractions, followed by pumping on a vacuum pump to remove traces of solvent, afforded 78.0 mg (81%) of the nitro ether 321 as a colorless oil. Analysis of this oil by T L C (petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 8:1) and * H NMR spectroscopy indicated that it consisted of one component. This material exhibited IR ( f i lm) : 1544, 1429, 1377, 1112, 703 cm\" 1; * H N M R (CDC1 3, 400 MHz): 5 0.92 (d, 3H, / = 7 Hz, -CHCH3), 1.05 (s, 9H, -SiCMeO. 2.01-2.21 (m, 5H, one of the protons was He), 2.45 (broad d, 1H, / = 14 Hz, Hb), 2.98-3.09 (m, 2H, H a and He), 3.18 (dd, 1H, / = 10, 8 Hz, -CHCH2O-), 3.28 (dd, 1H, J = 10, 6 Hz, -CHCH2O-), 4.67 (dt, 1H, / = 10, 5 Hz, Hd), 7.36-7.46 (m, 6H, aromatic protons), 7.64-7.70 (m, 4H, aromatic protons). Exact Mass calcd. for C 22H240 3NSi (M+-CMe3): 378.1525; found: 378.1518. -250-10. Thermal Ring Opening of Functionalized Bicvclic Cyclobutenes Preparation of the Diols 322 and 323 L - Hd ^ = V ^ O H O H 322 and 323 To a cold (-78\u00C2\u00B0C), stirred solution of the keto ester 314 (247 mg, 1.05 mmol) in 5 mL of dry diethyl ether under an argon atmosphere, was added dropwise, a solution of 4), and concentrated. The residual oil was subjected to chromatography on silica gel (4 g, elution with petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 3:1). Concentration of the apropriate fractions, folowed by pumping on a vacum pump to remove traces of solvent, aforded 61.5 mg (85%) of the keto aldehyde 324 as a colorles oil. Analysis of this oil by TLC (petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 3:1) and *H NMR spectroscopy indicated that it consisted of one component. This material exhibited IR (film): 2707, 1708, 136 cm-1; lH NMR (CDC1 3 , 40 MHz): S 0.83 (d, 3H, / = 7 Hz, -CHCH3), 1.63-1.83 (m, 2H), 2.0-2.08 (m, 2H), 2.15 (s, 3H, -COCH3), 2.61 (broad d, 1H, / = 14 Hz, He), 2.6-2.76 (m, 2H, Hb and He), 2.84 (dd, 1H, / = 12, 6, 4 Hz, Hd), 3.58-3.63 (m, 1H, Ha), 9.59 (d, 1H, J = 4 Hz, -CHO). Exact Mas calcd. for C12H16O2 (M+): 192.150; found: 192.145. Preparation of the Diols 325 and 326 325 and 326 To a cold (-78\u00C2\u00B0C), stired solution of the keto ester 315 (160 mg, 0.678 mol) in 7 mL of dry diethyl ether under an argon atmosphere was aded, dropwise, a solution of dhsobutylalurnum hydride (2.40 mL, 2.40 mol) in toluene. The reaction mixture was stired at -78\u00C2\u00B0C for 1 h and at 0\u00C2\u00B0C for 1 h. -253-Aqueous hydrochloric acid (5%, 10 mL) was added and the mixture was extracted thoroughly with diethyl ether. The combined ether extracts were washed with brine, dried (MgSC\u00C2\u00BB4) and concentrated. The residual oi l was subjected to flash chromatography on silica gel (6.5 g, elution with petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 2:3). Concentration of the appropriate fractions, followed by pumping on a vacuum pump to remove traces of solvent, afforded 113 mg (85%) of a mixture of the diols 325 (major isomer) and 326 (minor isomer) in a ratio of 5:3, respectively ( l H N M R analysis). Recrystallization of this mixture from petroleum ether-diethyl ether provided the major diol 325 as a white solid (melting point, 109-110.5\u00C2\u00B0C). Analysis of this solid by T L C (petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 2:3) and *H N M R spectroscopy indicated that it consisted of one component. This material exhibited IR (CHCI3): 3600, 1500, 1410, 1010 cm-1; 1 H N M R (CDCI3, 400 MHz): S 1.04 (d, 3H, / = 7 Hz, -CHCH3), 1.23 (d, 3H, / = 6 Hz, -CHOHCH3), 1.32 (broad s, 2H, exchanged with D 2 0 , -OH), 1.55-1.66 (m, 2H), 1.74-1.83 (m, 1H), 1.95-2.03 (m, 2H), 2.11-2.19 (m, 1H, Hd), 2.20 (broad d, 1H, / ~ 14 Hz, He), 2.53 (broad dt, 1H, / ~ 14, 4 Hz, H b ) , 2.96-3.04 (m, 1H, H a ) , 3.76 (dd, 1H, / = 12, 7 Hz, -CH2OH), 3.84 (dd, 1H, / = 12, 5 Hz, -CH2OH), 3.93-4.01 (m, 1H, -CHOHCH3). Exact Mass calcd. for C12H20O2 (M+): 196.1463; found: 196.1458. The l H N M R (CDCI3, 400 MHz) signals that could be assigned to the minor diol 326 were the following: S 1.15 (d, 3 H , / = 6 Hz, -CHOHCH3), 3.88-3.93 (m, 1H, -CHOHCH3). -254-Preparation of the Keto Aldehyde 327 327 To a cold (-78\u00C2\u00B0C), stirred solution of dry dimethylsulfoxide (81.6 mg, 1.04 mmol) in 4 mL of dry dichloromethane under an argon atmosphere, was added oxalyl chloride (126 mg, 0.993 mmol). After the reaction mixture had been stirred at -78\u00C2\u00B0C for 15 min, a solution of the diols 325 and 326 (89.0 mg, 0.454 mmol) in 0.5 mL of dry dichloromethane was added dropwise. The resulting mixture was stirred at -78\u00C2\u00B0C for 15 min. Dry triethylamine (305 mg, 3.01 mmol) was added, and the solution was stirred at -78\u00C2\u00B0C for 5 min and at room temperature for 30 min. Saturated aqueous ammonium chloride (10 mL) was added and the mixture was extracted thoroughly with diethyl ether. The combined ether extracts were washed with brine, dried (MgS04) and concentrated. The residual oil was subjected to chromatography on silica gel (4 g, elution with petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 3:1). Concentration of the appropriate fractions, followed by pumping on a vacuum pump to remove traces of solvent, afforded 71.1 mg (82%) of the keto aldehyde 327 as a colorless oil. Analysis of this oil by T L C (petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 3:1) and * H NMR spectroscopy indicated that it consisted of one component This material exhibited IR (film): 2708, 1719, 1710, 1364, 1158 cm-1; 1 H N M R (CDCI3, 400 MHz): S 0.87 (d, 3H, / = 7 Hz, -CHCH3), 1.64-1.76 (m, 1H), 1.98 (d of quintets, 1H, / = 13, 3 Hz), 2.01-2.18 (m, 2H), 2.19 (s, 3H, -COCH3), 2.40 (ddd, 1H, J = 11, 8, 3 Hz, Hd), 2.52-2.64 (m, 2H, He and He), -255-2.67-2.75 (m, 1H, H b ) , 3.52-3.57 (m, 1H, Ha), 9.48 (d, 1H, / = 6 Hz, -CHO). Exact Mass calcd. for Ci2Hi602 (M+): 192.1150; found: 192.1145. Preparation of the Keto Ether Diene 328 A solution of the keto ether 319 (120 mg, 0.277 mmol) in 3 mL of mesitylene was refluxed for 1 h under an argon atmosphere. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and then was concentrated. The crude product was subjected to chromatography on silica gel (6 g, elution first with petroleum ether, then with petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 19:1). Concentration of the appropriate fractions, followed by pumping on a vacuum pump to remove traces of solvent, afforded 100 mg (83%) of the keto ether diene 328 as a colorless oil. Analysis of this oil by T L C (petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 19:1) and * H NMR spectroscopy indicated that it consisted of one component. This material exhibited IR (film): 1710, 1155, 1060, 705 cm\" 1; *H NMR (CDC13, 400 MHz): S 0.68 (d, 3H, / = 7 Hz, - C H C H j ) , 1.06 (s, 9H, -SiCMej) , 1.69-1.79 (m, 2H), 2.01 (s, 3H, -COCH3), 2.02-2.13 (m, 1H), 2.38-2.50 (m, 2H, one of the protons was He), 3.01-3.09 (m, 1H, Hd), 4.28 (dd, 1H, / = 13.5, 5.5 Hz, =CHCH20-), 4.39 (dd, 1H, / = 13.5, 7.5 Hz, =CHCH20-), 4.73 (broad t, 1H, / ~ 1.5 Hz, H a ) , 4.88 (broad t, 1H, J ~ 1.5 Hz, H b ) , 5.67 (dd, 1H, / = 7.5, 5.5 Hz, He), 7.37-7.48 H b He OSir-BuPh2 328 -256-(m, 6H, aromatic protons), 7.70-7.78 (m, 4H, aromatic protons). Irradiation at 8 0.68 simplified the multiplet at 8 3.01-3.09 to a doublet (/ = 4 Hz). Irradiation at 8 3.05 converted the doublet at 8 0.68 to a singlet and simplified part of the signal at 8 2.38-2.50. N O E difference experiment: irradiation at 8 5.67 caused enhancement of the signals at 8 4.28, 8 4.39 and 8 4.88. Exact Mass calcd. for C28H3602Si: 432.2484; found: 432.2475. This product was refluxed in mesitylene for 1 h under an argon atmosphere and no isomerization of the double bonds was observed. Preparation of the Nitro Ether Dienes 329 and 330 329 330 A solution of the nitro ether 321 (45.0 mg, 0.103 mmol) in 1 mL of mesitylene was refluxed for 1 h under an argon atmosphere. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and then was concentrated. The crude product was subjected to chromatography on silica gel (6 g, elution first with petroleum ether, then with diethyl ether). Concentration of the diethyl ether fractions afforded 38 mg (85%) of a mixture of the nitro ether dienes 329 and 330 in a ratio of 3:1, respectively (*H NMR analysis). This mixture was again subjected to chromatography on silica gel (2 g, elution with petroleum ether-diether ether, 19:1). Concentration of the appropriate fractions, followed by pumping on a vacuum -257-pump to remove traces of solvent, afforded 25.0 mg (56%) of the nitro ether diene 329, as a colorless oil, and 9.0 mg (20%) of the nitro ether diene 330, also as a colorless oil. Analysis of both oils by T L C (petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 19:1) and 1 H NMR spectroscopy indicated that each oil consisted of one component The major nitro ether diene 329 exhibited IR (film): 1546, 1376, 1112, 703 cm-l; l H NMR (CDCI3, 400 MHz): 8 0.77 (d, 3H, / = 7 Hz, -CHCH3), 1.08 (s, 9H, -SiCMe3), 2.07-2.20 (m, 3H), 2.45-2.52 (m, 1H), 3.36-3.45 (m, 1H, H d ) , 4.26 (dd, 1H, J = 14, 5.5 Hz, =CHCH20-), 4.33 (dt, 1H, J = 11, 5 Hz, H e ) , 4.37 (dd, 1H, / = 14, 7 Hz, =CHCH20-), 4.81 (broad s, 1H, H a ) , 4.96 (broad s, 1H, H b ) , 5.75 (dd, 1H, 7 = 7, 5.5 Hz, He), 7.38-7.48 (m, 6H, aromatic protons), 7.69-7.76 (m, 4H, aromatic protons). Irradiation at 8 0.77 simplified the multiplet at S 3.36-3.45 to a doublet (7 = 5 Hz). NOE difference experiment: irradiation at 8 5.75 caused enhancement of the signals at 8 4.26, 8 4.37 and 8 4.96. Exact Mass calcd. for C26H 3 3N03Si (M+): 435.2230; found: 435.2229. The minor nitro ether diene 330 exhibited IR (film): 1545, 1371, 1112, 703 cm-1; i H NMR ( C D C I 3 , 400 MHz): 8 0.99 (d, 3H, / = 7 Hz, - C H C H 3 ) , 1.06 (s, 9H, -SiCMe3), 2.00-2.48 (m, 4H), 3.43-3.52 (m, 1H, HQ), 4.29 (dd, 1H, / = 13, 6 Hz, =CHCH20-), 4.32-4.38 (m, 2H, He and =CHCH20-), 4.77 (broad s, 1H, H a ) , 4.95 (broad t, 1H, / ~ 1.5 Hz, H b ) , 5.74 (t 1H, / = 6 Hz, He), 7.36-7.47 (m, 6H, aromatic protons), 7.68-7.74 (m, 4H, aromatic protons). N O E difference experiment: irradiation at 8 5.74 caused enhancement of the signals at 8 4.29, 8 4.32-4.38 and 8 4.95. Exact Mass calcd. for C26H33N03Si (M+): 435.2230; found: 435.2223. -258-Prepararion of the Keto Ester Dienes 331 and 332 - ^ CC^Et o 331 332 A solution of the keto ester 314 (150 mg, 0.636 mmol) in 6 mL of mesitylene was refluxed for 1 h under an argon atmosphere. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and then was concentrated. The crude product was subjected to flash chromatography on silica gel (6 g, elution first with petroleum ether, then with diethyl ether). Concentration of the diethyl ether fractions afforded 128 mg (85%) of a mixture of the keto ester dienes 331 and 332 in a ratio of 11:1, respectively (}H N M R analysis). This mixture was again subjected to chromatography on silica gel (4 g, elution with petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 3:1). Concentration of the appropriate fractions, followed by pumping on a vacuum pump to remove traces of solvent, afforded 114 mg (76%) of the keto ester diene 331, as a colorless oil, and 11 mg (7%) of the keto ester diene 332 , also as a colorless oil. Analysis of both oils by T L C (petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 3:1) and *H NMR spectroscopy indicated that each oil consisted of one component The keto ester diene 331 exhibited IR (film): 1713, 1635, 1184, 1137 cm\" 1; l H NMR (CDC13, 400 MHz): 8 0.88 (d, 3H, / = 7 Hz, -CHCH3), 1.32 (t, 3H, / = 7 Hz, -OCH2CH3), 1.73-1.82 (m, 1H), 1.87 (qd, 1H, / = 13, 5.5 Hz), 2.10-2.24 (m, 1H), 2.22 (s, 3H, -COCH3), 2.53 (ddd, 1H, / = 14, 5, 2 Hz), 2.70 (dt, 1H, J = 13, 4 Hz, He), 4.20 (q, 2H, / = 7 Hz, -OCH2CH3), 4.57-4.67 (m, 1H, Hd), 4.91 (broad t, 1H, / ~ 2 Hz, Ha), 5.03 (broad t, 1H, / ~ 2 Hz, Hb), 5.84 (s, 1H, He). Irradiation at 8 0.88 simplified the multiplet at 8 4.57--259-4.67 to a doublet (/ = 4 Hz). Irradiation at 8 2.70 sharpened the signal at 8 1.73-1.82, and simplified the signal at 8 1.87 to a triplet of doublets (/ = 13, 5.5 Hz) and the multiplet at 8 4.57-4.67 to a quartet (/ = 7 Hz). Irradiation at 8 4.63 simplified the doublet at 8 0.88 to a singlet and the signal at 8 2.70 to a doublet of doublets (J = 13, 4 Hz). N O E difference experiments: irradiation at 8 0.88 caused enhancement of the signals at 8 1.73-1.82 and 8 4.57-4.67; irradiation at 8 5.84 caused enhancement of the signal at 8 5.03. Exact Mass calcd. for C14H20O3 (M+): 236.1412; found: 236.1411. The keto ester diene 332 exhibited IR (film): 1724, 1709, 1638, 1181 cm- 1; l H NMR (CDCI3, 400 MHz): 8 0.90 (d, 3H, / = 7 Hz, -CHCH3), 1.26 (t, 3H, / = 7 Hz, -OCH2CH3), 1.77-1.94 (m, 2H), 2.17 (s, 3H, -COCH3), 2.18-2.28 (m, 1H), 2.52 (ddd, 1H, / = 13, 4.5, 3 Hz), 2.78 (dt, 1H, / = 12, 4 Hz, He), 2.90-2.98 (m, 1H, H d ) , 4.14 (q, 2H, / = 7 Hz, -OCH2CH3), 4.90 (broad t, 1H, J ~ 1.5 Hz, H a ) , 5.08 (broad t, 1H, J ~ 1.5 Hz, H b ) , 5.72 (s, 1H, Hg). N O E difference experiments: irradiation at 8 2.94 caused enhancement of the signals at 8 0.90, 8 2.78 and 8 5.72; irradiation at 8 5.72 caused enhancement of the signal at 8 2.90-2.98. Exact Mass calcd. for C 1 4 H 2 0 O 3 (M+): 236.1412; found: 236.1417. Both materials were refluxed in mesitylene for 1 h under an argon atmosphere and no isomerization of the double bonds was observed in either case. -260-Preparation of the Diol Diene 333 (major isomer) (a) By Reduction of the Keto Ester Diene 331 333 and 334 To a cold (-78\u00C2\u00B0C), stirred solution of the keto ester diene 331 (75.3 mg, 0.319 mmol) in 3 mL of dry diethyl ether under an argon atmosphere was added, dropwise, a solution of diisobutylaluminum hydride (1.1 mL, 1.1 mmol) in hexane. The reaction mixture was stirred at -78\u00C2\u00B0C for 1 h and at 0\u00C2\u00B0C for 1 h. Saturated aqueous ammonium chloride (5 mL) was added and the mixture was extracted thoroughly with diethyl ether. The combined ether extracts were washed with brine, dried (MgSC>4) and concentrated. The residual oil was subjected to flash chromatography on silica gel (2 g, elution with petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 2:3). Concentration of the appropriate fractions, followed by pumping on a vacuum pump to remove traces of solvent, afforded 56.0 mg (90%) of a mixture of the diol dienes 333 (major isomer) and 334 (minor isomer) in a ratio of 11:1, respectively (lH NMR analysis). Recrystallization of this mixture from petroleum ether-diethyl ether provided the major diol diene 333 as a white solid (melting point, 72.5-74\u00C2\u00B0C). Analysis of this solid by T L C (petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 2:3) and * H NMR spectroscopy indicated that it consisted of one component. This material exhibited LR (CHCI3): 3600, 1640, 1000, 900 cm- 1; lH NMR (CDCI3, 400 MHz): 8 0.90 (d, 3H, / = 7 Hz, -CHCH3), 1.25 (d, 3H, / = 6 Hz, -CHOHCH3), 1.32-1.46 (m, 1H), 1.49--261-1.61 (m, 2H), 1.71 (broad s, 2H, exchanged with D2O, -OH), 2.10-2.21 (m, 1H), 2.42 (ddd, 1H, / = 14, 4, 2 Hz), 3.20-3.30 (m, 1H, Hd), 3.60-3.70 (m, 1H, -CHOHCH3), 4.14 (dd, 1H, / = 12, 6 Hz, =CHCH20H), 4.30 (dd, 1H, J = 12, 8 Hz, =CHCH20H), 4.71 (broad t, 1H, / ~ 2 Hz, Ha), 4.88 (broad t, 1H, / ~ 2 Hz, H b ) , 5.61 (dd, 1H, / = 8, 6 Hz, He). Irradiation at 8 0.90 simplified the multiplet at 8 3.20-3.30 to a doublet ( 7 = 4 Hz). Irradiation at 8 1.25 simplified the multiplet at 8 3.60-3.70 to a doublet (/ = 8 Hz). Exact Mass calcd. for C12H20O2 (M+): 196.1463; found: 196.1465. The only * H NMR (CDCI3, 400 MHz) signal that could be assigned to the minor diol diene 3 3 4 was the following: 8 0.85 (d, 3H, / = 7 Hz, -CHCH3). (b) Bv Thermolysis of Diol 3 2 2 A sample of the major diol 3 2 2 (20 mg, 0.10 mmol) in a sealed capillary tube was heated in a preheated oil bath (160\u00C2\u00B0C) for 0.5 h. The tube was cooled to room temperature and the product was extracted with chloroform-d. Concentration of the solution, followed by pumping on a vacuum pump to remove traces of solvent, afforded 16 mg (80%) of the major diol diene 3 3 3 . The J H N M R spectrum of this product was identical with that of the major diol diene 3 3 3 obtained from the reduction of keto ester diene 3 3 1 . This product was refluxed in mesitylene for 1 h under an argon atmosphere and no isomerization of the double bonds was observed. -262-Preparation of the Keto Ester Dienes 335 and 336 Js . .COjEt 335 336 A solution of the keto ester 315 (75.6 mg, 0.320 mmol) in 3.2 mL of mesitylene was refluxed for 1 h under an argon atmosphere. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and then was concentrated. The crude product was subjected to flash chromatography on silica gel (6 g, elution first with petroleum ether, then with diethyl ether). Concentration of the diethyl ether fractions afforded 62.0 mg (82%) of a mixture of the keto ester dienes 335 and 336 in a ratio of 1:1, respectively ( ! H N M R analysis). This mixture was subjected to chromatography on silica gel again (2.5 g, elution with petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 3:1). Concentration of the appropriate fractions, followed by pumping on a vacuum pump to remove traces of solvent, afforded 30.0 mg (40%) of the keto ester diene 335, as a colorless oil and 29.0 mg (38%) of the the keto ester diene 336, as a colorless oil. Analysis of both oils by T L C (petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 3:1) and lH NMR spectroscopy indicated that each oil consisted of one component. The keto ester diene 335 exhibited IR (film): 1712, 1635, 1176, 1138, 902 cm\" 1; lH NMR (CDC1 3 , 400 MHz): 8 1.17 (d, 3H, / = 7 Hz, -CHCH3), 1.29 (t, 3H, / = 7 Hz, -OCH2CH3), 1.84-1.95 (m, 1H), 1.99-2.07 (m, 1H), 2.20 (s, 3H, -COCH3), 2.27-2.45 (m, 2H), 2.53-2.59 (m, 1H, He), 4.14-4.23 (m, 2H, -OCII2CH3), 4.55 (broad q, 1H, J = 7 Hz, Hd), 4.85 (broad s, 1H, Ha), 5.03 -263-(broad t, 1H, / ~ 1.5 Hz, Hb), 5.82 (s 1H, He). Irradiation at 8 1.17 converted the signal at 8 4.55 to a broad doublet (/ ~ 1 Hz). Irradiation at 8 2.55 sharpened the signal at 6 1.99-2.07 and the broad quartet at 8 4.55. Irradiation at 8 4.55 converted the doublet at 8 1.17 to a singlet and the multiplet at 8 2.53-2.59 to a broad triplet (/ ~ 4 Hz). N O E difference experiments: irradiation at 8 1.17 caused enhancement of the signals at 8 4.55 and 8 2.53-2.59; irradiation at 8 5.82 caused enhancement of the signal at 8 5.03. Exact Mass calcd. for C14H20O3 (M+): 236.1412; found: 236.1410. The keto ester diene 336 exhibited IR (film): 1720, 1713, 1635, 1191, 1162, 899 cm-1; 1 H N M R (CDCI3, 400 MHz): 8 1.04 (d, 3H, / = 7 Hz, -CHCH3), 1.25 (t, 3H, / = 7 Hz, -OCH2CH3), 1.62-1.74 (m, 1H), 1.99 (dq, 1H, J = 13, 4 Hz), 2.18 (s, 3H, -COCH3), 2.29-2.39 (m, 1H), 2.48 (dd, 1H, J = 10, 4 Hz, He), 2.53 (dt, 1H, / = 14, 4 Hz), 2.62-2.71 (m, 1H, Hd), 4.13 (q, 2H, / = 7 Hz, -OCH2CH3), 4.83 (broad s, 1H, Ha), 4.94 (broad s, 1H, H b ) , 5.62 (d, 1H, J = 2 Hz, He). Irradiation at 8 1.04 simplified the multiplet at 8 2.62-2.71 to a doublet (/ = 10 Hz). Irradiation at 8 2.66 simplified the doublets at 8 1.04 and 8 5.62 to singlets and the doublet of doublets at 8 2.48 to a doublet (/ = 4 Hz). N O E difference experiment: irradiation at 8 1.04 caused enhancement of the signals at 8 2.48, 8 2.62-2.71 and 8 5.62. Exact Mass calcd. for C14H20O3 (M+): 236.1412; found: 236.1420. Both materials were refluxed in mesitylene for 1 h under an argon atmosphere and no isomerization of the double bonds was observed in either case. -264-Preparation of the Keto Aldehyde 337 and the Keto Ether 338 (a) In Benzene A solution of the keto aldehyde 324 (37.0 mg, 0.189 mmol) in 2 mL of benzene was refluxed for 3 h under an argon atmosphere. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and then was concentrated. T L C analysis (petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 3:1) of the residual oil showed the presence of two compounds, with a difference in Rf values of 0.39. The oil was subjected to chromatography on silica gel (4 g, elution with petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 3:1). Concentration of the appropriate fractions afforded the partially pure keto aldehyde 337 and keto ether 338. These products were slowly mterconverting into each other. The *H NMR (CDCI3, 400 MHz) signals that could be assigned to the keto aldehyde 337 were the following: S 0.97 (d, 3H, / = 7 Hz, -CHCH3), 2.20 (s, 3H, -COCH3), 2.84 (dt, 1H, / = 12, 4 Hz, He), 3.00-3.08 (m, 1H, Hd), 5.02 (broad t, 1H, / ~ 1 Hz, Ha), 5.31 (broad t, 1H, / ~ 1 Hz, H b ) , 5.99 (d, 1H, J = 8 Hz, He), 9.83 (d, 1H, / = 8 Hz, -CHO). The * H N M R (CDCI3, 400 MHz) signals could be assigned to the keto cyclic ether 338 were the following: 8 0.86 (d, 3H, / = 7 Hz, -CHCH3), 2.17 (s, 3H, -COCH3), 2.53-2.62 (m, 1H, H c ) , 2.71 (ddd, 1H, / = 12, 6, 3 Hz, Hd), 4.39-4.48 (m, 2H, -CH2O-), 5.10 (d, 1H, / = 6 Hz, H b ) , 6.40 (d, 1H, / = 6 Hz, Ha). -265-(b) In Benzene-cfc; A solution of the keto aldehyde 324 (20.0 mg, 0.104 mmol) in 1 mL of benzene-^6 was refluxed for 3 h under an argon atmosphere. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and a * H NMR spectrum was obtained. This spectrum showed the presence of a niixture of the keto aldehyde 337 and the keto ether 338 in a ratio of 1:2, respectively. The lH NMR (C6D6, 400 MHz) signals that could be assigned to the keto aldehyde 337 were the following: 5 0.60 (d, 3H, J = 7 Hz, - C H C H 3 ) , 1.63 (s, 3H, -COCH3), 4.59 (broad s, 1H, Ha), 4.78 (broad s, 1H, H b ) , 5.80 (d, 1H, / = 8 Hz, He), 9.89 (d, 1H, / = 8 Hz, -CHO). The *H NMR ( C ^ , 400 MHz) signals that could be assigned to the keto ether 338 were the following: 5 0.72 (d, 3H, / = 7 Hz, - C H C H 3 ) , 1.70 (s, 3H, -COCH3), 4.22 (d, 1H, / = 12 Hz, -CH2O-), 4.28 (d, 1H, / = 12 Hz, -CH2O-), 4.88 (d, 1H, / = 6 Hz, H b ) , 6.36 (d, 1H, J = 6 Hz, H a ) . Concentration of the solution, followed by pumping on a vacuum pump to remove traces of solvent, afforded 16.0 mg (80%) of the mixture. This mixture exhibited IR (film): 1708, 1672, 1355, 1157 cm\"1. Exact Mass calcd. for Ci 2Hi 6C>2 (M+): 192.1150; found: 192.1146. Preparation of the Keto Aldehyde 339 O H 339 -266-To a cold (-78\u00C2\u00B0C), stirred solution of dry dimethyl sulfoxide (29.7 mg, 0.380 mmol) in 1.5 mL of dry dichloromethane under an argon atmosphere, was added oxalyl chloride (46.6 mg, 0.367 mmol). After the reaction mixture had been stirred at -78\u00C2\u00B0C for 15 min, a solution of the diol diene 333 (32.3 mg, 0.165 mmol) in 0.5 mL of dry dichloromethane was added dropwise. The resulting mixture was stirred at -78\u00C2\u00B0C for 15 rrrin. Dry triethylamine (131 mg, 1.29 mmol) was added and the solution was stirred at -78\u00C2\u00B0C for 5 min, and at room temperature for 30 min. Saturated aqueous ammonium chloride (5 mL) was added and the resulting mixture was extracted thoroughly with diethyl ether. The combined ether extracts were washed with brine, dried (MgSC\u00C2\u00AB4), and concentrated. The residual oil was subjected to chromatography on silica gel (2 g, elution with petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 3:1). Concentration of the appropriate fractions, followed by pumping on a vacuum pump to remove traces of solvent, afforded 24.6 mg (78%) of the keto aldehyde 339 as a colorless oil. Analysis of this oil by T L C (petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 3:1) and * H NMR spectroscopy indicated that it consisted of one component. This material exhibited LR (film): 2760, 1708, 1672, 1162 cm-l; l H NMR (CDC1 3 , 400 MHz): 5 1.00 (d, 3H, / = 7 Hz, -CHCH3), 1.85-1.94 (m, 2H), 2.19-2.30 (m, 1H), 2.24 (s, 3H, -COCH3), 2.59 (dt, 1H, / = 14, 4 Hz, He), 2.71-2.77 (m, 1H), 4.07-4.15 (m, 1H, Hd), 5.03 (broad t, 1H, / ~ 2 Hz, Ha), 5.14 (broad t, 1H, J ~ 2 Hz, H b ) , 6.02 (d, 1H, / = 8 Hz, He), 10.12 (d, 1H, / = 8 Hz, -CHO); * H NMR (C6D 6 , 400 MHz): S 0.73 (d, 3H, / = 7, -CHCH3), 1.44-1.54 (m, 1H), 1.60-1.84 (m, 2H), 1.69 (s, 3H, -COCH3), 2.02 (dt, 1H, J = 14, 4 Hz, He), 2.07-2.14 (m, 1H), 3.69-3.78 (m, 1H, H d ) , 4.63 (broad s, 1H, H a ) , 4.82 (broad s, 1H, H b ) , 6.02 (d, 1H, J = 8 Hz, He), 9.95 (d, 1H, / = 8 Hz, -CHO). Exact Mass calcd. for C12H16O2 (M+): 192.1150; found: 192.1146. -267-This product was refluxed in mesitylene for 1 h under an argon atmosphere and no isomerization of the double bonds was observed. Preparation of the Diol Dienes 340 and 341 340 and 341 A solution of the keto aldehyde 324 (61.2 mg, 0.319 mmol) in 3 mL of dry toluene was refluxed under an argon atmosphere for 30 min. The reaction mixture was cooled to -78\u00C2\u00B0C and a solution of (msobutylaluminum hydride (0.80 mL, 0.800 mmol) in toluene was added dropwise. The resulting mixture was stirred at -78\u00C2\u00B0C for 30 min, at 0\u00C2\u00B0C for 30 min and at room temperature for 2 h. Saturated aqueous ammonium chloride (5 mL) was added and the mixture was extracted thoroughly with diethyl ether. The combined ether extracts were washed with brine, dried (MgSC\u00C2\u00BB4) and concentrated. The residual oil was subjected to chromatography on silica gel (2 g, elution with petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 2:3). Concentration of the appropriate fractions, followed by pumping on a vacuum pump to remove traces of solvent, afforded 48.7 mg (78%) of a colorless oil that consisted of a mixture of the diol dienes 340 (major isomer) and 341 (minor isomer) in a ratio of 10:3, respectively (*H NMR analysis). The mixture exhibited IR (film): 3347 (broad), 1376, 991, 895 cm\"1. The ! H NMR (CDCI3, 400 MHz) signals that could be assigned to the major diol diene 340 were the following: 8 0.94 (d, 3H, J = 7 Hz, -CHCH3), 1.23 (d, 3H, / = -268-6 Hz, -CHOHCH3), 2.00-2.14 (m, 1H), 2.35-2.42 (m, 1H), 2.76-2.85 (m, 1H, H d ) , 3.53-3.68 (m, 1H, - C H O H C H 3 ) , 4.12 (dd, 1H, / = 12, 6 Hz, =CHCH20H), 4.32 (dd, 1H, / = 12, 8 Hz, =CHCH20H), 4.62 (broad s, 1H, H a ) , 5.01 (broad s, 1H, H b ) , 5.50 (dd, 1H, / = 8, 6 Hz, He). Irradiation at 8 2.80 simplified the doublet at 8 0.94 to a singlet. Irradiation at 8 3.62 simplified the doublet at 8 1.23 to a singlet. NOE difference experiment: irradiation at 8 5.50 caused enhancement of the signals at 8 2.76-2.85, 8 4.12 and 8 4.32. The * H NMR (CDCI3, 400 MHz) signals that could be assigned to the minor diol diene 341 were the following: 8 0.87 (d, 3H, / = 7 Hz, -CHCH3), 1.24 (d, 3H, / = 6 Hz, -CHOHCH3), 4.62 (broad s, 1H, Ha), 5.01 (broad s, 1H, H b ) , 5.46 (dd, 1H, / = 8, 6 Hz, He). Exact Mass calcd. for C12H20O2 (M+): 196.1463; found: 196.1460. Preparation of the Keto Aldehyde 345 and the Keto Ether 346 345 346 A solution of the keto aldehyde 327 (10.0 mg, 0.0520 mmol) in 0.5 mL of benzene-^ was refluxed for 3 h under an argon atmosphere. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and a * H NMR spectrum was obtained. This spectrum showed the presence of a mixture of the keto aldehyde 345 and the -269-keto ether 346 in a ratio of 1:2, respectively. The L H NMR (C6D6, 400 MHz) signals that could be assigned to the keto aldehyde 345 were the following: S 0.70 (d, 3H, / = 7 Hz, -CHCH3), 1.65 (s, 3H, -COCH3), 4.63 (broad s, 1H, H a ) , 4.74 (broad s, 1H, H b ) , 5.94 (dd, 1H, / = 8, 1.5 Hz, He), 10.02 (d, 1H, / = 8 Hz, -CHO). The * H NMR (C6D6. 400 MHz) signals that could be assigned to the keto ether 346 were the following: 8 0.92 (d, 3H, / = 7 Hz, -CHCH3), 1.77 (s, 3H, -COCH3), 4.30 (broad s, 2H, -CH2O-), 5.10 (d, 1H, / = 6.5 Hz, H b ) , 6.41 (d, 1H, / = 6.5 Hz, Ha). Concentration of the solution, followed by pumping on the vacuum pump to remove traces of solvent, afforded 7.0 mg (70%) of the mixture. This mixture exhibited LR (film): 1708, 1670, 1364, 1164 cm- 1. Exact Mass calcd. for C12H16O2 (M+): 192.1150; found: 192.1150. Preparation of the Diol Dienes 347 and 348 (a) By Thermolysis-Reduction of the Keto Aldehyde 327 347 and 348 A solution of the keto aldehyde 327 (67.9 mg, 0.354 mmol) in 3 mL of dry toluene was refluxed under an argon atmosphere for 30 min. The reaction -270-mixture was cooled to -78\u00C2\u00B0C and a solution of dusobutylalurninum hydride (0.88 mL, 0.88 mmol) in toluene was added dropwise. The resulting mixture was stirred at -78\u00C2\u00B0C for 30 min, at 0 \u00C2\u00B0 C for 30 min and at room temperature for 2 h. Saturated aqueous ammonium chloride (5 mL) was added and the resulting mixture was extracted thoroughly with diethyl ether. The combined ether extracts were washed with brine, dried (MgSO*) and concentrated. The residual oil was subjected to chromatography on silica gel (2 g, elution with petroleum ether-ethyl acetate, 3:2). Concentration of the appropriate fractions, followed by pumping on a vacuum pump to remove traces of solvent, afforded 51.0 mg (74%) of a colorless oil that consisted of a mixture of the diol dienes 347 (major isomer) and 348 (niinor isomer) in a ratio of 2:1, respectively (NMR analysis). The mixture exhibited IR (film): 3367 (broad), 1638, 1110, 1015 cm*1. The * H NMR (CDCI3, 400 MHz) signals that could be assigned to the major diol diene 347 were the following: 8 1.11 (d, 3H, / = 7 Hz, -CHCH3), 1.24 (d, 3H, / = 7 Hz, - C H O H C H 3 ) , 3.96 (quintet, 1H, / = 7 Hz, -CHOHCH3) , 4.20 (dd, 1H, / = 12, 7 Hz, =CHCH20H), 4.29 (dd, 1H, / = 12, 7 Hz, =CHCH20H), 4.61 (broad s, 1H, H a ) , 5.00 (broad s, 1H, H b ) , 5.44 (t, 1H, / = 7 Hz, He). The *H NMR (CDCI3, 400 MHz) signals that could be assigned to the rninor diol diene 348 were the following: 8 1.08 (d, 3H, / = 7 Hz, -CHCH3), 1.19 (d, 3H, / = 6 Hz, - C H O H C H 3 ) , 3.93 (quintet, 1H, / = 7 Hz, - C H O H C H 3 ) , 4.18 (dd, 1H, / = 12, 7 Hz, =CHCH20H), 4.31 (dd, 1H, / = 12, 7 Hz, =CHCH20H), 4.61 (broad s, 1H, Ha), 5.00 (broad s, 1H, H b ) , 5.50 (t, 1H, / = 7 Hz, He). Exact Mass calcd. for C12H20O2 (M+): 196.1463; found: 196.1456. -271-(b) Bv Reduction of the Keto Ester Diene 336 To a cold (-78\u00C2\u00B0C), stirred solution of the keto ester diene 336 (21.0 mg, 0.0890 mmol) in 1 mL of dry diethyl ether under an argon atmosphere was added, dropwise, a solution of (msobutylaluminum hydride (0.31 mL, 0.31 mmol) in hexane. The reaction mixture was stirred at -78\u00C2\u00B0C for 1 h and at 0\u00C2\u00B0C for 1 h. Saturated aqueous ammonium chloride (3 mL) was added and the mixture was extracted thoroughly with diethyl ether. The combined ether extracts were washed with brine, dried (MgSCvO and concentrated. The residual oil was subjected to flash chromatography on silica gel (2 g, elution with petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 2:3). Concentration of the appropriate fractions, followed by pumping on a vacuum pump to remove traces of solvent, afforded 15.1 mg (87%) of a mixture of the diol dienes 347 and 348 in a ratio of 2:1, respectively OH. N M R analysis). The ! H NMR spectrum of this mixture was identical with that of the same material obtained as described in (a), above. -272-11. Diels-Alder Reactions of the Keto Ether Diene 328 Preparation of the Keto Ether Diesters 349 and 350 Ha Hd CC^Me o COjMe OSi(Ph)2t-Bu OSi(Ph)2t-Bu 349 350 A stirred solution of the keto ether 319 (62.5 mg, 0.145 mmol) in 1.5 mL of mesitylene was refluxed for 1 h under an argon atmosphere. Dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate (40.5 mg, 0.285 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was refluxed for 1 h. The solution was concentrated and the crude product was subjected to chromatography on silica gel (5 g, elution first with petroleum ether, then with diethyl ether). The combined ether fractions were concentrated to afford 62 mg (74%) of a mixture of the keto ether diesters 349 and 350 in the ratio of 5:4, respectively (}H N M R analysis). The mixture was again subjected to chromatography on silica gel (2 g, elution with petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 3:1). Concentration of the appropriate fractions, followed by pumping on a vacuum pump to remove traces of solvent, afforded 33 mg (40%) of the keto ether diester 349, as a colorless oil and 26 mg (31%) of the keto ether diester 350, also as a colorless oil. Analysis of both oils by T L C (petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 3:1) and lH NMR spectroscopy indicated that each oil consisted of one component. The major keto ether diester 349 exhibited IR (film): 1719, 1655, 1431, 1270, 1113, 705 cm- 1 ; lH NMR (CDCI3, 400 MHz): 8 0.82 (d, 3H, / = 7 Hz, -CHCH3) , 1.03 (s, 9H, -SiCM\u00C2\u00A33), 1.77-1.84 (m, 2H), 1.96-2.15 (m, 2H), 2.05 -273-(s, 3H, -COCH3), 2.57 (dt, 1H, 7 = 10, 5 Hz, Ha), 2.61-2.69 (m, 1H, H b ) , 2.73 (dd, 1H, 7 = 16.5, 2 Hz, Hd), 3.10 (dd, 1H, 7 = 16.5, 2 Hz, Hd), 3.30-3.36 (m, 1H, He), 3.74 (s, 3H, -CO2CH3), 3.75 (dd, 1H, 7 = 8, 4 Hz, -CHCH2O-), 3.82 (overlapping singlet with a doublet of doublets, 4H, -CO2CH3 and -CHCH2O-, 7 = 8, 4 Hz), 7.34-7.49 (m, 6H, aromatic protons), 7.56-7.86 (m, 4H, aromatic protons). Irradiation at 8 0.82 sharpened the multiplet at 8 2.61-2.69. Irradiation at 8 3.33 simplified the doublets of doublets at 8 2.73, 8 3.10, 8 3.75 and 8 3.82 to doublets (7 = 16.5 Hz, 7 = 16.5 Hz, 7 = 8 Hz, 7 = 8 Hz, respectively). N O E difference experiment: irradiation at 8 0.82 caused enhancement of the signals at 8 1.77-1.84, 8 2.61-2.69 and 8 3.30-3.36. Exact Mass calcd. for C33H 390 5Si (M+-OCH3): 543.2566; found: 543.2568. The minor keto ether diester 350 exhibited IR (film): 1723, 1656, 1431, 1267, 1112, 705 cm-1; 1 H NMR (CDCI3, 400 MHz): 8 0.74 (d, 3H, 7 = 7 Hz, -CHCH3), 1.01 (s, 9H, -SiCMe3), 1.66-1.84 (m, 2H), 1.92-2.02 (m, 1H), 2.12 (s, 3H, -COCH3), 2.13-2.19 (m, 1H), 2.53-2.63 (m, 2H, H a and H b ) , 2.70 (broad d, 1H, 7 = 16.5 Hz, Hd), 3.05 (broad d, 1H, 7 = 16.5 Hz, Hd), 3.33- 3.39 (m, 1H, He), 3.62 (dd, 1H, 7 = 10, 6 Hz, -CHCH2O-), 3.73 (s, 3H, -CO2CH3), 3.80 (dd, 1H, 7 = 10, 4 Hz, -CHCH2O-), 3.83 (s, 3H, -CO2CH3), 7.34- 7.45 (m, 6H, aromatic protons), 7.60-7.68 (m, 4H, aromatic protons). Irradiation at 8 0.74 sharpened the multiplet at 8 2.53-2.63. Irradiation at 8 3.35 sharpened the doublets at 8 2.70 and 8 3.05 and simplified the doublets of doublets at 8 3.62 and 8 3.80 to doublets (7 = 10 Hz, each). N O E difference experiments: irradiation at 8 3.35 caused enhancement of the signals at 8 2.53-2.63, 8 3.62 and 8 3.80; irradiation at 8 3.62 caused enhancement of the signals at 8 0.74, 8 3.33-3.39 and 8 3.80. Exact Mass calcd. for C33H390sSi (M+-OCH3): 543.2566; found: 543.2573. -274-Preparation of the Diketo Ether 351 351 To a cold (-78\u00C2\u00B0C), stirred solution of the keto ether diene 328 (100 mg, 0.232 mmol) and methyl vinyl ketone (80.8 mg, 1.15 mmol) in 2.5 mL of dry dichloromethane under an argon atmosphere was added boron trifluoride-etherate complex (32.9 mg, 0.232 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at -78\u00C2\u00B0C for 1 h. Saturated aqueous ammonium chloride (5 mL) was added and the mixture was extracted thoroughly with diethyl ether. The combined ether extracts were washed (water, brine), dried (MgSQ*) and concentrated. The crude product was subjected to flash chromatography on silica gel (4 g, elution with petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 8:1). Concentration of the appropriate fractions, followed by pumping on a vacuum pump to remove traces of solvent, afforded 97.1 mg (83%) of the diketo ether 351 as a colorless oil. Analysis of this oil by T L C (petroleum ether-diethyl ether, 40:1) and * H NMR spectroscopy indicated that it consisted of one component. This material exhibited IR (film): 1708, 1112, 1063, 707 cm\" 1 ; lH NMR (CDCI3, 400 MHz): 5 0.84 (d, 3H, / = 7 Hz, -CHCH3), 1.02 (s, 9H, -SiCMss), 1.61-1.71 (m, 2H), 1.78-1.95 (m, 6H), 1.91 (s, 3H, - C H a C O C H 3 ) , 2.25-2.31 (m, 1H, H b ) , 2.32 (s, 3H, -CHdCOCHs), 2.36 (dt, 1H, / = 15, 5 Hz, H a ) , 2.60 (dt, 1H, / = 10.5, 4 Hz, Hd), 2.83-2.90 calc (g/cm3) 1.23 1.135 1.27 radiation Cu Mo Cu temperature (\u00C2\u00B0C) 21 21 21 26max (deg) 150 55 150 No. reflections with 1607 1042 1647 />3o(/) No. variables 199 154 228 R 0.049 0.041 0.037 Rw 0.068 0.042 0.056 goodness of fit 2.026 1.678 1.816 largest residual peak 0.22 0.44 0.16 "@en . "Thesis/Dissertation"@en . "10.14288/1.0060297"@en . "eng"@en . "Chemistry"@en . "Vancouver : University of British Columbia Library"@en . "University of British Columbia"@en . "For non-commercial purposes only, such as research, private study and education. Additional conditions apply, see Terms of Use https://open.library.ubc.ca/terms_of_use."@en . "Graduate"@en . "Preparation and some chemistry of ethyl 2,3-bis(alkylidene)cyclobutanecarboxylates"@en . "Text"@en . "http://hdl.handle.net/2429/29181"@en .