"Science, Faculty of"@en . "Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of"@en . "DSpace"@en . "UBCV"@en . "Bandara, Sandamini"@en . "Barrette, Nicole"@en . "Carss, Jordyn"@en . "Fendick, Grace"@en . "2017-04-25T19:22:24Z"@en . "2017-04-09"@en . "The City of Vancouver has the ambition to be one of the greenest cities in the world (City of\r\nVancouver, 2012). Through bylaws and policy changes, they have committed to reduce their ecological\r\nfootprint, enhance urban sustainability and meet objectives like protecting natural spaces from\r\ndevelopment and restoring natural habitat. In order to achieve their goals, the City needs to make\r\nsustainable development decisions, informed by research about surrounding ecosystems and the\r\nspecies that live there. False Creek, a saltwater inlet on the south end of downtown, is of particular\r\ninterest for both its urban and natural roles within the city landscape. Proposed development plans for\r\nthe northeast corner of False Creek created interest for the City to collect more information about the\r\nstatus of the ecosystem.\r\nTo learn more about the health of the False Creek ecosystem, marine birds were chosen as an\r\nindicator because they are highly integrated in both the aquatic and terrestrial features of the landscape,\r\nare sensitive to climate change, and are easily identifiable. Because Vancouver is a stopover on a major\r\nnorth-south bird migration route and contains regions that have been identified as Important Bird Areas\r\n(IBAs) according to internationally recognized standards, the city\u00E2\u0080\u0099s role in providing habitat to both\r\nmigratory and resident species is globally significant.\r\nFalse Creek is one such area within an IBA, but no detailed studies about which marine birds use\r\nthe area and how human activities disturb different species has been attempted to date. This project was\r\nestablished to help fill information gaps by conducting a baseline survey of the marine birds present in\r\nFalse Creek during the winter months. The research questions driving our study were:\r\n1) Which marine bird species are present in False Creek\r\nbetween November and February?\r\n2) What are the distributions of the observed species and how\r\nmany are observed in the field?\r\n3) What are human activities that disturb marine birds in False\r\nCreek?"@en . "https://circle.library.ubc.ca/rest/handle/2429/61384?expand=metadata"@en . "0\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWinter\tmarine\tbirds\tin\tFalse\tCreek:\ta\tspatial\tanalysis\tof\tbird\tdistributions\tand\tanthropogenic\tdisturbances\tA\tSTUDENT\tAND\tCOMMUNITY\tPARTNERSHIP\tPROJECT\t9TH\tAPRIL,\t2017\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \t1\t\t\t1.\tExecutive\tsummary\t1.1\tRationale\tThe\tCity\tof\tVancouver\thas\tthe\tambition\tto\tbe\tone\tof\tthe\tgreenest\tcities\tin\tthe\tworld\t(City\tof\tVancouver,\t2012).\tThrough\tbylaws\tand\tpolicy\tchanges,\tthey\thave\tcommitted\tto\treduce\ttheir\tecological\tfootprint,\tenhance\turban\tsustainability\tand\tmeet\tobjectives\tlike\tprotecting\tnatural\tspaces\tfrom\tdevelopment\tand\trestoring\tnatural\thabitat.\tIn\torder\tto\tachieve\ttheir\tgoals,\tthe\tCity\tneeds\tto\tmake\tsustainable\tdevelopment\tdecisions,\tinformed\tby\tresearch\tabout\tsurrounding\tecosystems\tand\tthe\tspecies\tthat\tlive\tthere.\tFalse\tCreek,\ta\tsaltwater\tinlet\ton\tthe\tsouth\tend\tof\tdowntown,\tis\tof\tparticular\tinterest\tfor\tboth\tits\turban\tand\tnatural\troles\twithin\tthe\tcity\tlandscape.\tProposed\tdevelopment\tplans\tfor\tthe\tnortheast\tcorner\tof\tFalse\tCreek\tcreated\tinterest\tfor\tthe\tCity\tto\tcollect\tmore\tinformation\tabout\tthe\tstatus\tof\tthe\tecosystem.\tTo\tlearn\tmore\tabout\tthe\thealth\tof\tthe\tFalse\tCreek\tecosystem,\tmarine\tbirds\twere\tchosen\tas\tan\tindicator\tbecause\tthey\tare\thighly\tintegrated\tin\tboth\tthe\taquatic\tand\tterrestrial\tfeatures\tof\tthe\tlandscape,\tare\tsensitive\tto\tclimate\tchange,\tand\tare\teasily\tidentifiable.\tBecause\tVancouver\tis\ta\tstopover\ton\ta\tmajor\tnorth-south\tbird\tmigration\troute\tand\tcontains\tregions\tthat\thave\tbeen\tidentified\tas\tImportant\tBird\tAreas\t(IBAs)\taccording\tto\tinternationally\trecognized\tstandards,\tthe\tcity\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\trole\tin\tproviding\thabitat\tto\tboth\tmigratory\tand\tresident\tspecies\tis\tglobally\tsignificant.\t\tFalse\tCreek\tis\tone\tsuch\tarea\twithin\tan\tIBA,\tbut\tno\tdetailed\tstudies\tabout\twhich\tmarine\tbirds\tuse\tthe\tarea\tand\thow\thuman\tactivities\tdisturb\tdifferent\tspecies\thas\tbeen\tattempted\tto\tdate.\tThis\tproject\twas\testablished\tto\thelp\tfill\tinformation\tgaps\tby\tconducting\ta\tbaseline\tsurvey\tof\tthe\tmarine\tbirds\tpresent\tin\tFalse\tCreek\tduring\tthe\twinter\tmonths.\t\t\t\t1.2\tMethods\tObservations\twere\tmade\tduring\tsix\tfield\tvisits\tusing\ta\tmoving\tpoint\tcount\tmethod\twith\t80\tobservation\tpoints\tspread\tevenly\tthroughout\tFalse\tCreek.\tThe\tarea\taround\teach\tobservation\tpoint\twas\tdelineated\taccording\tto\thabitat\ttype\tto\tfacilitate\tdata\trecording\tand\tanalysis.\tObservations\twere\trecorded\ton\tdatasheets\tthen\tmanipulated\tin\texcel\tand\tentered\tinto\tGIS\tfor\tspatial\tanalysis.\t\tThe\tresearch\tquestions\tdriving\tour\tstudy\twere:\t1) Which\tmarine\tbird\tspecies\tare\tpresent\tin\tFalse\tCreek\tbetween\tNovember\tand\tFebruary?\t2) What\tare\tthe\tdistributions\tof\tthe\tobserved\tspecies\tand\thow\tmany\tare\tobserved\tin\tthe\tfield?\t3) What\tare\thuman\tactivities\tthat\tdisturb\tmarine\tbirds\tin\tFalse\tCreek?\t2\t\t1.3\tFindings\tDuring\tour\tstudy,\twe\tobserved\t16\tunique\tmarine\tbird\tspecies\tand\t3105\tindividuals\tfrom\tseven\tsub-families\tof\twaterfowl,\tfour\tof\twhich\thad\tsufficient\tdata\tand\twere\tanalyzed\tindividually\twhile\tthe\tremaining\tthree\tcould\tnot\tbe\ttreated\tindividually\tdue\tto\tsparse\tdata\tand\twere\tcombined\tinto\tan\tOthers\tcategory.\tMapping\tthe\tspecies\taccording\tto\tthese\tgroups\tis\tjustified\tin\thow\tthere\tis\tsignificant\toverlap\tin\tthe\tecological\tniches\tbetween\tspecies\tin\tthe\tsame\tsub-family\tand\thelps\tto\tsimplify\tanalysis.\tSub-families\tincluded\tin\tour\tanalyses\twere\tthe\tDabbling\tDucks,\tDiving\tBirds,\tCormorants,\tGulls\tand\tspecies\twe\tgrouped\tinto\ta\tcategory\tlabelled\tOthers\tthat\twe\tdid\tnot\tobserve\tenough\ttimes\tto\taccurately\tanalyze\tfor\thabitat\tuse\tpatterns.\tWe\tobserved\ttwo\tBC\tBlue\tlisted\tspecies\t(Great\tBlue\tHeron\tand\tDouble-crested\tCormorant)\tand\tone\tRed\tlisted\tspecies\t(Pelagic\tCormorant)\twhich\traise\tconservation\tconcerns.\t\tThe\tmost\tcommon\tspecies\tobserved\twere\tfrom\tthe\tGulls,\tDiving\tBirds\tand\tDabbling\tDucks\tsub-families\t(Figure\t1).\tOur\tfindings\tare\tsummarized\tin\ta\tcollection\tof\tGIS\tmaps\tillustrating\tobserved\tdistributions\tand\tdensities\tfor\teach\tsub-family\twith\tcharts\tshowing\thabitat\tpreferences\t(Figure\t2).\tThe\tmaps\tillustrate\tthat\tspecies\tdensity\tand\tdistribution\tare\tnot\tuniform\tthroughout\tFalse\tCreek.\tSpecies\tare\tobserved\tto\thave\thabitat\tpreferences\tand\tuse\tcertain\tareas\tmore\tthan\tothers\tdepending\ton\ttheir\tspecific\tecological\tneeds.\tAn\tunexpected\tfinding\tis\tthat\tsome\tman-made\tstructures\tactually\timproved\thabitat\tquality\tand\tincrease\tuse\tbecause\tthey\tprovide\tplaces\tfor\tbirds\tto\trest,\tnest\tor\tfeed.\t\tThe\tmost\tcommonly\tobserved\tanthropogenic\tdisturbances\twere\toff-leash\tdogs\tand\tmotorized\tboats.\tThese\tobservations\tare\tmapped\taccording\tto\tactivity\ttype\t(Figure\t3).\tAlmost\tall\tof\tthe\toff-leash\tdog\tobservations\toccurred\toutside\tdesignated\toff-leash\tparks,\tsuggesting\ta\tpossibility\tfor\tchanges\tto\trecreational\tland\tuse.\tBecause\tthe\tstudy\toccurred\tover\tthe\twinter,\tsummer\trecreational\tactivities\tand\tincreased\tuse\tof\tthe\tarea\twill\tlikely\tchange\tresults.\t\t\t\tFigure\t1.\tThe\tproportion\tof\tobservations\tof\teach\tsub-family\tover\tsix\tfield\tsessions.\tThe\tsub-families\tcontained\tin\tOthers\tinclude\tgroups\twhere\tonly\tone\tspecies\twas\tobserved\tand\tfrequency\tof\tobservations\twas\tvery\tlow.\t\t3\t\t\t\tFigure\t2.\tA\tmap\tshowing\tthe\tdensities\tand\tdistributions\tof\tDabbling\tDucks\tas\twell\tas\ta\tpie\tchart\tshowing\thabitat\tpreferences\taccording\tto\thow\toften\tthey\twere\tobserved\tin\teach\thabitat\ttype.\t\t\t4\t\tFigure\t 3.\t The\t frequencies\t of\t observed\t anthropogenic\t disturbances\t across\t all\t habitats\t in\t False\t Creek.\tLarger\tdots\tdenote\tmore\tsightings.\t1.4\tRecommendations\tMoving\tforward,\tthe\tCity\tof\tVancouver\tcan\tuse\tinformation\tabout\twhich\tmarine\tbirds\tuse\tFalse\tCreek\tand\twhich\thabitats\tthey\tuse\tthe\tmost\tto\tassist\tthem\tin\tmaking\tmore\tecologically\tconscious\tdevelopment\tdecisions,\tsupport\tconservation\tefforts\tas\twell\tas\teducate\tthe\tpublic\tand\tpromote\tstewardship\tin\tthe\tcommunity.\tSome\tspecific\trecommendations\twe\thave\tare:\t1) Implement\ta\tcitizen\tscience\tprogram\tin\tFalse\tCreek\tto\tencourage\tusers\tto\tlearn\tmore\tabout\tthe\tlocal\tecology\tand\traise\tawareness\tabout\twildlife\tin\turban\tenvironments.\tPotentially\tuseful\tactivities\tinclude:\ta. A\tself-guided\tbirdwatching\ttour\tinvolving\tinformative\tsignage\tthat\tindicates\tlocations\tspecies\tare\tlikely\tto\tbe\tobserved\tas\twell\tas\tinteresting\tfacts.\t\tb. A\tbird\tbingo\tactivity\tthat\tintroduces\tusers\tto\tspecies\tidentification\tand\thighlights\thow\tmarine\tbirds\tuse\tthe\tarea.\t2) Consider\tadding\tlandscape\tfeatures\tto\tnew\tdevelopments\tin\tthe\tnortheast\tcorner\tof\tFalse\tCreek\tthat\tmake\tspaces\tmore\tbird-friendly.\tExamples\tinclude\tponds,\tstructures\tfor\tperching,\tand\tprotected\tareas\tfor\tnesting.\t\t3) Perform\ta\tsimilar\tstudy\tin\tthe\tsummer\tmonths\tto\tdetermine\tthe\tseasonality\tof\thabitat\tuse,\tspecies\tcomposition\tand\thuman\tactivities\tand\tto\tanalyze\tthe\trelationship\tbetween\tdisturbances\tand\tmarine\tbird\tdistributions\tto\tdetermine\tcorrelations.\tExamples\tof\tfuture\tresearch\tquestions\tinclude:\ta. Do\tmarine\tbirds\tavoid\tcertain\tareas\tbecause\tof\tdisturbance\tfrequency\tor\tintensity?\tb. Are\tsome\tspecies\tmore\tsensitive\tto\tanthropogenic\tdisturbances\tthan\tothers?\tc. Does\tprotecting\tareas\tfrom\tdisturbances\t(like\toff-leash\tdogs)\tincrease\tbird\tuse\tof\tthe\tarea?\t\t\t2.\tAuthor\tBios\t\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Sandamini\tBandara\tis\ta\tfourth\tyear\tenvironmental\tscience\tstudent\twith\ta\tfocus\tin\tland,\tair\tand\twater\tsystems.\tShe\twants\tto\tspecialize\tin\tterrestrial\twater\tand\twater\tmanagement\tand\tpursue\ta\tcareer\tas\tan\tenvironmental\tconsultant.\t\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Nicole\tBarrette\tis\ta\tfourth\tyear\tenvironmental\tscience\tstudent\twith\ta\tconcentration\tin\tland,\tair,\tand\twater\tsystems.\tShe\thas\ta\tparticular\tinterest\tin\tusing\tGIS\tand\tother\tspatial\tanalysis\ttools\tfor\tproblem\tsolving\tin\tenvironmental\tissues\twith\ta\tfocus\ton\tthe\teffects\tof\tclimate\tchange.\t\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Jordyn\tCarss\tis\ta\tfourth\tyear\tenvironmental\tscience\tstudent\tspecializing\tin\tland,\tair\tand\twater\tsystems.\tShe\taspires\tto\tget\ta\tmasters\tdegree\tin\tsustainable\tarchitecture\tand\tdesign\tpassive\thouses\tspecifically\tadapted\tto\tthe\tclimate\tin\tthe\tPacific\tNorthwest.\t\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Grace\tFendick\tis\ta\tfourth\tyear\tenvironmental\tscience\tstudent\twith\ta\tconcentration\tin\tecology\tand\tconservation.\tShe\thopes\tto\tcontinue\tto\tpromote\tsustainability\tthroughout\ther\tlife.\t\t \t5\t\t3.\tTable\tof\tContents\t1.\tExecutive\tsummary\t.................................................................................................................................\t1\t1.1\tRationale\t..............................................................................................................................................................\t1\t1.2\tMethods\t................................................................................................................................................................\t1\t1.3\tFindings\t................................................................................................................................................................\t2\t1.4\tRecommendations\t............................................................................................................................................\t4\t2.\tAuthor\tBios\t................................................................................................................................................\t4\t4.\tBackground\t................................................................................................................................................\t7\t4.1\tMotivation\t&\trelevance\t...................................................................................................................................\t7\t4.2\tArea\toverview\t....................................................................................................................................................\t7\t5.\tGlossary\t.......................................................................................................................................................\t9\t6.\tIntroduction\t...............................................................................................................................................\t9\t6.1\tLocation\t................................................................................................................................................................\t9\t6.2\tLandscape\tEcology\t...........................................................................................................................................\t9\t6.3\tBiology\t...............................................................................................................................................................\t10\t7.\tMethods\t....................................................................................................................................................\t11\t7.1\tBird\tSpecies\tof\tFocus\t....................................................................................................................................\t11\t7.2\tStudy\tarea\t.........................................................................................................................................................\t13\t7.3\tData\tcollection\t................................................................................................................................................\t13\t7.4\tCounting\tmethod\t............................................................................................................................................\t14\t7.5\tObservation\tpoints\t........................................................................................................................................\t15\t7.6\tObservation\tzones\tcreated\tin\tGIS\t.............................................................................................................\t16\t7.7\tData\tanalysis\tin\tExcel\t...................................................................................................................................\t17\t7.8\tBird\tdistributions\tin\tGIS\t..............................................................................................................................\t17\t7.9\tDisturbances\t...................................................................................................................................................\t17\t8.\tSources\tof\tError\t.....................................................................................................................................\t18\t8.1\tField\tsurvey:\tObservation\terror\t...............................................................................................................\t18\t8.2\tGIS:\tError\tin\tcreating\tobservation\tzones\t...............................................................................................\t18\t8.3\tGIS:\tError\tin\tspatial\tanalysis\t......................................................................................................................\t18\t9.\tResults\t......................................................................................................................................................\t19\t9.1\tObserved\tbird\tdistributions\t......................................................................................................................\t19\t9.1.1\tProportion\tof\teach\tspecies\u00E2\u0080\u0099\tobservations\t.................................................................................................\t19\t9.1.2\tBiodiversity\t................................................................................................................................................................\t20\t9.2\tHabitat\tType\tPreferences\tby\tSub-Families\t...........................................................................................\t21\t9.2.1\tCormorants\t(Species\tof\tspecial\tconcern)\t..................................................................................................\t21\t9.2.2\tDabbling\tDucks\t.........................................................................................................................................................\t21\t9.2.3\tDiving\tBirds\t................................................................................................................................................................\t22\t9.2.4\tGulls\t.................................................................................................................................................................................\t23\t9.3\tDistribution\tof\tother\tspecies\tobserved\t..................................................................................................\t24\t9.3.1\tCanada\tGoose\t.............................................................................................................................................................\t25\t9.3.2\tGreat\tBlue\tHeron\t(Species\tof\tspecial\tconcern)\t......................................................................................\t26\t9.3.3\tBelted\tKingfisher\t.....................................................................................................................................................\t26\t9.4\tDisturbances\t...................................................................................................................................................\t27\t9.4.1\tDensity\tof\tall\tanthropogenic\tdisturbances\t..............................................................................................\t27\t9.4.2\tDisturbances\tdue\tto\tdogs\t(Both\toff-leash\tand\ton-leash)\t.................................................................\t28\t6\t\t9.4.3\tDisturbances\tdue\tto\tboats\t(Both\tmotorized\tand\tnon-motorized)\t.............................................\t29\t10.\tDiscussion\t.............................................................................................................................................\t29\t10.1\tDiscussion\ton\tbird\tdistributions\t............................................................................................................\t29\t10.1.1\tCormorants\t..............................................................................................................................................................\t29\t10.1.2\tDabbling\tDucks\t......................................................................................................................................................\t30\t10.1.3\tDiving\tBirds\t.............................................................................................................................................................\t31\t10.1.4\tGulls\t..............................................................................................................................................................................\t32\t10.1.5\tOther\tspecies\t...........................................................................................................................................................\t32\t10.1.6\tGeneral\tRemarks\t..................................................................................................................................................\t33\t10.2\tDiscussion\ton\tdisturbances\t.....................................................................................................................\t33\t10.2.1\tDogs\t..............................................................................................................................................................................\t34\t10.2.2\tBoats\t............................................................................................................................................................................\t34\t10.2.3\tWeather\t......................................................................................................................................................................\t34\t11.\tCitizen\tscience\t.....................................................................................................................................\t34\t11.1\tBird\tBingo\t......................................................................................................................................................\t35\t11.2\tInformative\tsigns\t........................................................................................................................................\t36\t12.\tRecommendations\t.............................................................................................................................\t38\t13.\tSummary\t...............................................................................................................................................\t38\t14.\tAcknowledgements\t............................................................................................................................\t39\t15.\tReferences\t............................................................................................................................................\t40\t15.1\tImages\t.............................................................................................................................................................\t40\t15.2\tInformation\t...................................................................................................................................................\t40\t16.\tAppendix\t...............................................................................................................................................\t43\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t7\t\t4.\tBackground\t4.1\tMotivation\t&\trelevance\tWith\tincreasing\tcommitments\tin\tareas\tsuch\tas\tconservation,\tstewardship\tand\tsustainability,\tthe\tmunicipal\tgovernment\tis\tacting\tto\treduce\tMetro\tVancouver\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\tenvironmental\timpacts\tthrough\ta\tseries\tof\trecent\tbylaw\tand\tpolicy\tchanges\tin\tline\twith\tthe\tGreenest\tCity\tAction\tPlan\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\ttargets\tfor\t2020.\tOne\tof\tthe\tbiggest\tchallenges\tto\tmeeting\tour\tsustainability\ttargets\tis\tthe\timpacts\tof\turban\tdevelopment\ton\tareas\twith\tsignificant\tecological\troles.\tTo\tprotect\tthese\tecologically\tvaluable\tareas\tand\tminimize\tthe\teffects\tof\tland\tuse\tchange\ton\tboth\thabitat\tand\tresident\twildlife,\tthe\thealth\tof\tnatural\tenvironments\twithin\tour\tcity\tneeds\tto\tbe\tevaluated\tand\tconsidered\tduring\tdevelopment.\t\tFalse\tCreek\tis\tan\tarea\twithin\tVancouver\tthat\thas\tboth\timportant\tecological\tfeatures\tand\tvaluable\tdevelopment\tsites.\tWith\trecent\tredevelopment\tplans\tproposed\tfor\tsections\tin\tFalse\tCreek,\tthe\tCity\tis\tinterested\tin\tlearning\tmore\tabout\thow\tit\tfunctions\tas\ta\thabitat\tand\tits\thealth\tas\tan\tecosystem.\tMarine\tbird\tbiodiversity\twas\tselected\tto\tevaluate\tthese\tparameters\tand\tbecause\tno\tdetailed\tsurveys\thave\tbeen\tperformed\tover\tthe\tentire\tFalse\tCreek\tarea\tthe\tCity\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\tSustainability\tdepartment\tpartnered\twith\tus\tto\tperform\tfill\tthese\tdata\tgaps\tby\tperforming\ta\tbaseline\tsurvey\tof\tthe\tdistributions\tand\tdensities\tof\tmarine\tbirds\tin\tFalse\tCreek.\tAs\ta\tsecondary\tobjective,\tthe\trole\tof\thuman\tactivities\tin\tthe\tarea\tas\tdisturbances\tto\tmarine\tbirds\twas\talso\texamined.\t\tThis\tstudy\tis\trelevant\tin\tterms\tof\ttiming\tbecause\tin\tAugust\tof\t2018,\tVancouver\tis\thosting\tthe\tInternational\tOrnithological\tCongress.\tHaving\tthe\tconference\tin\tthe\tcity\twill\tincrease\tawareness\tabout\tbirds\tin\tVancouver\tand\texpose\tcitizens\tto\tunique\tlearning\topportunities.\tThis\tis\ta\trare\toccasion\tfor\tscientific\tengagement\tand\tsurveys\tlike\tthis\tcan\tbe\tused\tto\tinform\tprograms\tand\tactivities\tthat\teducate\tthe\tpublic\tabout\tlocal\tecology.\t\t4.2\tArea\toverview\tFalse\tCreek\tis\tan\turbanized\tsaltwater\tinlet\ton\tthe\tsouth\tside\tof\tdowntown\tVancouver\tspanning\tbetween\t100\tand\t400\tmeters\twide,\tthree\tkilometers\tlong\tand\thas\tan\taverage\tbasin\tdepth\tof\tfive\tmeters\t(Vancouver\tEconomic\tCommission,\t2016).\tOver\tthe\tlast\tcentury,\tindustrialization\tand\tthe\ttransformation\tof\tthe\tarea\tfrom\ta\twetland\tto\ta\trail\tyard\tand\tfinally\tto\turban\tcommunities\thas\taltered\tthe\tecosystem\tsignificantly\t(Figures\t4\t&\t5).\tToday,\tthe\tinlet\tis\tbordered\tby\tapproximately\teight\tkilometers\tof\twalking\tand\tbiking\tpathways\tand\tis\tspanned\tby\tthree\tmajor\tbridges.\tSignificant\twater\tactivity\tincludes\t10\tactive\tmarinas\twith\tberths\tfor\tup\tto\t1500\tboats\tand\tfour\tferry\troutes.\tContinued\turbanization\thas\tcontributed\tto\ta\tdecrease\tin\tthe\tpresence\tof\tspecies\tliving\tin\tthe\tarea\tand\taltered\tecosystem\tdynamics\t(Bird\tStudies\tCanada,\t2011).\t\t\t8\t\t\tFalse\tCreek\tin\tthe\tearly\t1900s\t\t \t \t False\tCreek\tduring\tthe\tlate\t1930s\t\tFalse\tCreek\tin\tthe\t1950s-1970s\t \t \t False\tCreek\ttoday\tFigure\t4.\tImages\tof\tFalse\tCreek\tfrom\tthe\tearly\t1990s-2000s\tillustrating\tland\tuse\tchanges\tand\tthe\timplications\tof\thuman\tactivities\tand\tdevelopment\ton\tthe\tecosystem.\t\t\t\t9\t\tFigure\t 5.\t The\t timeline\t of\t False\t Creek\t history\t from\t pre-1990s\t to\t 2016\t (City\t of\t Vancouver,\t 2016\t &\tVancouver\tEconomic\tCommission,\t2016).\t5.\tGlossary\t\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Anthropogenic-\tcaused\tby\thumans.\t\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Biodiversity-\tthe\tnumber\tof\tdifferent\tspecies\tfound\tin\ta\tparticular\tarea.\tAlso\tcalled\tspecies\trichness.\t\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Disturbance-\tan\tactivity\tthat\tcauses\tmarine\tbirds\tto\tbecome\tvisually\tagitated\tor\talter\ttheir\tbehaviour.\tExamples\tof\tdisturbance\tresponses\tinclude\tflapping\ttheir\twings,\tflying\tor\trunning\taway.\t\t\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Ecosystem-\ta\tbiological\tcommunity\tof\torganisms\tand\ttheir\tinteractions\twith\ttheir\tsurrounding\tenvironment.\t\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Niche-\tthe\trole\ta\tspecies\thas\tin\tits\tenvironment\tand\thow\tit\tmeets\tits\tbasic\tneeds\tfor\tfood\tand\tshelter.\t\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Sustainability-\tacting\tin\tsuch\ta\tway\tthat\tminimizes\tor\tremoves\timpacts\tto\tfuture\tenvironments\tand\tdoes\tnot\tdegrade\tthe\tcapacity\tof\tfuture\tgenerations\tto\tmeet\ttheir\tneeds.\t\t6.\tIntroduction\t6.1\tLocation\tVancouver\tis\tsituated\tin\ta\tspectacular\tregion\tecologically.\tWe\tare\tsurrounded\tby\tan\tamazingly\tdiverse\tand\tactive\tnatural\tlandscape\twhere\tdistinct\tecosystems\toverlap\tand\tcombine,\tproviding\tus\twith\tan\textremely\tbountiful\tenvironment\t(Wilson,\t2010).\tSituated\twhere\tthe\tFraser\tRiver\tmeets\tthe\tStrait\tof\tGeorgia\tand\tflanked\tby\ttemperate\trainforests\tand\tcoastal\tmountains,\twe\texperience\tthe\tshifts\tof\tseasons\tand\tthe\tassociated\tmigrations\tand\tmovements\tof\twildlife.\tAn\texample\tof\tthis\tis\thow\tMetro\tVancouver\tis\ta\tstopover\tand\twintering\tlocation\ton\tthe\tPacific\tFlyway;\ta\tmajor\tnorth-south\tmigratory\troute\tfor\tbirds\tthat\textends\tfrom\tAlaska\tdown\tto\tSouth\tAmerica.\tThis\tmeans\tthat\tmany\tspecies\tpass\tthrough\tour\tregion\tduring\ttheir\tseasonal\tmigrations,\tresulting\tin\tdynamic\tand\tdiverse\tbird\tpopulations\tyear-round.\tFor\tthis\treason,\tareas\tof\tMetro\tVancouver\thave\tbeen\tdesignated\tas\tImportant\tBird\tAreas\t(IBAs)\taccording\tto\tinternationally\trecognized\tcriteria\twith\tthe\tgoal\tof\tpromoting\tconservation\t(Chute,\t1998).\tThe\tEnglish\tBay\tand\tBurrard\tInlet\tarea\tof\tMetro\tVancouver\tis\tone\tsuch\tlocation\tthat\thas\tbeen\tdesignated\tan\tIBA\tbecause\tit\tis\timportant\thabitat\tfor\tboth\tcongregatory\tspecies\tand\twaterfowl\t(Bird\tStudies\tCanada,\t2017).\tIncluded\tin\tthe\tIBA\tare\tthe\tFalse\tCreek,\tVancouver\tHarbour\tand\tIndian\tArm\tregions,\twhich\tencompass\ta\tvariety\tof\thabitats\tfrom\tnatural\tforests\tto\tman-made\tbeaches\tthat\tare\timportant\tfor\tthree\tglobally\tsignificant\tspecies\t(Barrow\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\tGoldeneye,\tWestern\tGrebe\tand\tSurf\tScooter),\tone\tnationally\tsignificant\tspecies\t(Great\tBlue\tHeron)\tas\twell\tas\tother\tspecies\tof\tconservation\tinterest\tin\tBritish\tColumbia\t(such\tas\tPelagic\tand\tDouble-Crested\tCormorants).\t6.2\tLandscape\tEcology\tBecause\tMetro\tVancouver\tis\tsituated\talong\tthe\tPacific\tFlyway,\tessential\thabitat\tfor\tboth\tmigratory\tand\tresident\tspecies\tis\tcontained\twithin\tand\taround\tthe\turban\tcenter.\tAreas\tthat\tare\tespecially\timportant\t10\t\tfor\tbirds,\tsuch\tas\tthe\tBurrard\tInlet\tand\tEnglish\tBay\tIBA\tare\tlocated\tnear\tthe\tFraser\tRiver\tEstuary,\twhere\tseawater\tmeets\tfreshwater\tto\tcreate\ta\tunique\tand\tfragile\tecosystem\twith\tresources\tand\tshelter\tsuitable\tfor\tdiverse\tbird\tspecies\t(Dawe,\tTrethewey\t&\tBuechert,\t1995).\tSpecific\tlandscape\tfeatures\tof\tthe\tBurrard\tInlet\tand\tEnglish\tBay\tregion\tinclude\tsheltered\tinlets,\ttidal\tsandflats\tand\tareas\tof\tindustrial\tdevelopment.\tFalse\tCreek,\tin\tparticular,\tis\thighly\turbanized.\tDespite\tits\taltered\tstate,\tthe\tFalse\tCreek\tarea\tstill\tacts\tas\timportant\thabitat\tfor\tmany\tbird\tspecies.\tFeatures\tof\tthe\tFalse\tCreek\tarea\tthat\tare\tbeneficial\tto\tbird\tpopulations\tinclude\tcobbled\twaterfronts\tcovered\tin\tseaweed\tand\talgae,\ttreed\tparks,\tand\tfreshwater\tponds.\t6.3\tBiology\tStudying\thow\tbirds\tuse\tan\tarea\tis\tan\teffective\tway\tto\tgauge\tecosystem\thealth\tbecause\tbirds\tare\tgood\tindicators\tof\tunderlying\tprocesses.\tMarine\tbirds,\tin\tparticular,\tregularly\tinteract\twith\tthe\tocean,\tfreshwater,\tand\tthe\tshoreline\tand\tare\tsensitive\tto\tsmall\tchanges\tin\tany\tpart\tof\ttheir\tenvironment.\tFor\texample,\twater\tquality\taffects\tthe\tamount\tand\ttypes\tof\tseaweed\tand\talgae\tthat\tcan\tgrow\tin\tintertidal\tareas.\tMany\tmarine\tbirds\trely\ton\tthis\tvegetative\tgrowth\tas\ta\tprimary\tfood\tsource,\tso\tchanges\tin\talgal\tgrowth\tdue\tto\tpoor\twater\tquality\twill\tbe\treflected\tin\tbird\tpopulation\thealth\t(Ministry\tof\tEnvironment,\t2006).\tSimilarly,\tmarine\tbirds\trequire\tshoreline\tfeatures\tto\tnest\tin,\tsuch\tas\treeds\tand\ttall\tgrasses\tthat\talso\thave\tan\timportant\trole\tin\twater\tpurification.\tModification\tof\thabitat\tthrough\tland\tuse\tchanges\tthat\tturn\ta\tbog\tinto\ta\tdog\tpark\tnot\tonly\treduce\tthe\tamount\tof\tsuitable\tnesting\tspace\tfor\tbirds,\tbut\talso\teliminate\timportant\tgroundwater\tfiltration\tprocesses.\tMany\tother\tecosystem\tservices\tare\tsimilarly\taffected\tby\tland\tuse\tchange\tand\tcan\tgo\tundetected\tfor\tlong\tperiods\tof\ttime.\tUsing\teasily\tdetectable\tproxies,\tsuch\tas\tmarine\tbird\tpopulations,\tfor\tthe\tperformance\tof\tecosystem\tservices\tallows\tfor\tmore\tefficient\tmonitoring\tand\ta\tbetter\tunderstanding\tof\thow\tour\tactions\timpact\tour\tenvironment.\tDue\tto\tits\tlocation\tin\tan\tIBA\tand\tits\tecologically\tproductive\testuarine\tfeatures,\tFalse\tCreek\thas\tbeen\tidentified\tas\timportant\thabitat\tfor\tboth\tresident\tand\tmigratory\tmarine\tbirds.\tAccording\tto\ta\tprevious\tstudy\tperformed\tin\t2015\tby\tButler\tet\tal.\t(2015),\t15\tmarine\tbird\tspecies\twere\tobserved\tin\tthe\tFalse\tCreek\tarea\tover\tthe\tcourse\tof\ttheir\tyear\tlong\tstudy.\tThe\tfive\tmost\tcommonly\tobserved\tspecies\twere\tBlack\tOyster\tCatchers,\tCalifornia\tGulls,\tRed-Breasted\tMergansers,\tPelagic\tCormorants\tand\tRing-billed\tGulls.\tBecause\tour\tstudy\ttook\tplace\tbetween\tNovember\tand\tFebruary,\twe\texpected\tto\tsee\ta\tgreater\tpresence\tof\toverwintering\tmigratory\twaterfowl\tlike\tGreat\tBlue\tHerons,\tBarrow\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\tGoldeneyes\tand\tBufflehead\tducks,\twhich\trepresent\tthree\tof\tthe\tseven\tsub-families\tof\twaterfowl\trelevant\tto\tthis\tregion.\tBird\tsub-families\tare\tgroupings\tof\tspecies\twith\tsimilar\tniches.\tThis\tmeans\tthat\tthey\toccupy\tsimilar\thabitats,\thave\tsimilar\tdiets\tand\tperform\tthe\tsame\tcharacteristic\tfunctions\t(Table\t1).\tAs\tsuch,\tthese\tgroupings\tare\tuseful\tto\tsimplify\tanalyses\tand\tmake\tconclusions\tabout\trelated\tspecies.\t\t\tSub-family\t Species\t Characteristics\tDiving\tBirds\t -Bufflehead\tduck\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-Horned\tGrebe\t-Barrow\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\tGoldeneye\t\t-Hooded\tMerganser\t-Common\tGoldeneye\t\t-Pied\tBilled\tGrebe\t-Common\tLoon\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-Red\tBreasted\tMerganser\t-Feed\ton\talgae,\tinsects\tand\tsmall\tfish\tby\tdiving\tbeneath\tthe\tsurface\tof\tthe\twater\tDabbling\tDucks\t -Mallard\tDuck\t -Feed\ton\talgae\tat\tthe\t11\t\t-American\tWigeon\t surface,\tstick\ttheir\ttail\tfeathers\tout\tof\tthe\twater\tCormorants\t -Pelagic\tCormorant,\tSubspecies\t(BC\tRed\tlisted\tsub-species)\t-Double-breasted\tCormorant\t(BC\tBlue\tlisted)\t -Dive\tdown\tto\tcatch\tsmall\tfish\tfrom\tdeep\twater\tGulls\t -Gulls\t -Highly\tversatile\tscavengers\tAerial\tDivers\t -Belted\tKingfisher\t -Swoop\tdown\tfrom\ta\tperch\tto\tcatch\tprey\tGround\tForagers\t -Canada\tGoose\t -Eat\tgrass\t&\tother\tvegetation\tStalking\tBirds\t -Great\tBlue\tHeron\t(BC\tBlue\tlisted)\t -Feed\tin\tthe\tintertidal\ton\tfish\t&\tsmall\tinvertebrates\tTable\t1.\tList\tof\trelevant\tspecies,\torganized\tin\ttheir\tsub-families\tand\tsome\tidentifying\tcharacteristics\t(Bird\tStudies\tCanada,\t2011).\t7.\tMethods\t7.1\tBird\tSpecies\tof\tFocus\tA\tstudy\tpublished\tin\t2015\tby\tButler\tet\tal.:\t\u00E2\u0080\u009CStatus\tand\tDistribution\tof\tMarine\tBirds\tand\tMammals\tin\tBurrard\tInlet\tand\tIndian\tArm,\tBritish\tColumbia\t2011-13\u00E2\u0080\u009D\tprovides\ta\tbroad\toverview\tof\twhich\tspecies\tare\tpresent\tand\twhere\tthey\tare\tlocated\tin\tand\taround\tthe\tmetro\tVancouver\tarea.\tThe\toverall\ttrends\tin\tthe\tspatial\tdistribution\tpatterns\tof\tshoreline\tbird\tpopulation\twere\tmapped\tby\tspecies.\tWhile\tButler\tet\tal.\t(2015)\tdid\tcover\tpart\tFalse\tCreek,\tit\twas\tnot\tin\ta\tlot\tof\tdetail.\tObservations\twere\tmade\tfrom\ta\tboat\twhich\tfollowed\talong\tthe\tedges\tof\tFalse\tCreek,\tand\tnot\ta\tlot\tof\tattention\twas\tplaced\ton\tthe\tsurrounding\turban\tenvironment.\tThere\twas\talso\tno\taccount\tof\tany\tdisturbances\tand\thow\tthese\tmay\tbe\taffecting\tthe\tpresence\tand\tdistribution\tof\tthe\tmarine\tbirds.\tOur\tstudy\tmapped\tout\tbird\tdensity\tin\tfiner\tdetail,\tas\twell\tas\tmade\tnote\tof\tany\tdisturbances\twe\tobserved.\tThe\tButler\tet\tal.\tstudy\twas\ta\tuseful\tresource\tfor\tproviding\tus\twith\ta\tstarting\tpoint\tof\t\tthe\tspecies\tthat\twe\tare\tlikely\tto\tsee\tin\tFalse\tCreek.\tThere\tare\tseveral\tkey\tspecies\tthat\twe\tfocused\tour\tefforts\ton.\tThese\tspecies\twere\tdetermined\tby\tlooking\tthrough\tthe\tappendix\tmaps\tof\tthe\tButler\tet\tal.\tstudy\tand\tidentifying\twhich\tbirds\thad\thabitat\tthat\toverlapped\twith\tour\tFalse\tCreek\tstudy\tregion.\tWe\talso\tobserved\tseveral\tother\tspecies\tnot\tincluded\tin\tthe\tstudy.\tThese\tother\tspecies\twere\tdetermined\tvia\tcommunications\twith\tour\tcommunity\tpartner\tand\tobservations\twe\thave\tmade\tin\tthe\tfield.\tTable\t2\tbelow\tincludes\ta\tlist\tof\tall\tbird\tspecies\tobserved\tin\tthis\tstudy.\t\t\t\t12\t\tSpecies\tCommon\tName\t Species\tScientific\tName\t\tAmerican\tWigeon\t\t Anas\tamericana\tBarrow\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\tGoldeneye\t Bucephala\tislandica\tBufflehead\tDuck\t Bucephala\talbeola\tBelted\tKingfisher\t Megaceryle\talcyon\tCalifornia\tGull\t Larus\tcalifornicus\tCanada\tGoose\t Branta\tcanadensis\tCommon\tGoldeneye\t Bucephala\tclangula\tCommon\tLoon\t Gavia\timmer\t\tDouble-Crested\tCormorant\t\t(BC\tblue-listed)\t Phalacrocorax\tauritus\tauritus\tGlaucous-Winged\tGull\t Larus\tglaucescens\tGreat\tBlue\tHeron\t(BC\tblue-listed)\t Ardea\therodias\tfannini\tHorned\tGrebe\t Podiceps\tauritus\tHooded\tMerganser\t Lophodytes\tcucullatus\t\tMallard\tDuck\t Anas\tplatyrhynchos\tMew\tGull\t Larus\tcanus\tPelagic\tCormorant\t\t(BC\tred-listed\tsub-species)\t Phalacrocorax\tpelagicus\tPied-Billed\tGrebe\t Podilymbus\tpodiceps\tRed-Breasted\tMerganser\t Mergus\tserrator\tRing-Billed\tGull\t Larus\tdelawarensis\tTable\t2.\tCommon\tand\tscientific\tnames\tof\tmarine\tbird\tspecies\tobserved\tin\tFalse\tCreek\tincluding\tBC\tlist\tdesignations\t\t\t13\t\t7.2\tStudy\tarea\tBirds\tare\thighly\tmobile\tanimals\tand\tas\tsuch,\tthere\tis\tless\taccuracy\tin\tpinpointing\tan\texact\tlocation\tof\ta\tsighting.\tTherefore,\tfor\tour\tmethods,\twe\tdivided\tFalse\tCreek\tinto\tfive\tseparate\tecoregions:\t1) Urban\tShorefront\t[U]:\tThis\tincludes\tany\tland\tthat\tis\tnot\tdirectly\tinfluenced\tby\tthe\tocean\tbut\tis\tnear\tto\tthe\tshore.\tExamples\tare\tparks,\tsidewalks,\ttrees,\tand\tbuildings\twithin\tsight\tof\tthe\tobservation\tpoints.\t\t2) Docks\t[D]:\tThis\tincludes\tany\tmanmade\tstructure\tfloating\tin\tthe\twater\tand\tthe\twatercraft\tanchored\tto\tthe\tstructure\tbut\tnot\tthe\twater\tbetween\tthe\tboats\tor\tin\tthe\tmarinas.\t3) Shoreline\t[S]:\tThis\tis\tbeachfront,\tsand,\tor\tgravel\tthat\tis\tin\tdirect\tcontact\twith\tthe\tocean.\t4) Nearshore\t[N]:\tThis\tis\tthe\tregion\twithin\tapproximately\t30\tm\tto\tthe\tshoreline\tthat\ttends\tto\tbe\tmore\tsheltered\tand\tisolated\tfrom\tboat\ttraffic\tand\tshoreline\tdisturbances.\t5) Offshore\t[O]:\tThis\tis\tthe\tregion\tin\tthe\tcenter\tof\tFalse\tCreek\tin\tthe\topen\twater\tfarthest\taway\tfrom\tthe\tshore.\tBird\tsightings\twere\trecorded\tby\tobservation\tpoint\tand\tecoregion\tto\tgive\ta\tgeneralized\tlocation\tas\topposed\tto\tindividual\tpoints.\tSample\tecoregions\tare\tshown\tbelow\t(Figure\t6).\t\t\tFigure\t6.\tExample\tecoregions\tand\tbase\tgrid\tof\tobservation\tzones\tdivided\tby\thabitat\ttype.\t\t7.3\tData\tcollection\tThis\tstudy\twas\ta\tbaseline\tmonitoring\tproject\tas\tthere\thas\tyet\tto\tbe\ta\tdetailed\tproject\tof\tthis\tnature\tdone\tin\tfor\tthe\tFalse\tCreek\tregion.\tThe\tfocus\tof\tour\tobservations\twas\ton\twhich\tmarine\tbird\tspecies\tare\tpresent,\tand\twhere\tthey\tare\tlocated\tthroughout\tFalse\tCreek.\tWe\tmade\tobservations\ton\tspecific\tbird\tbehaviours\tby\trecording\tthe\tactions\tof\tthe\tbirds\twhen\twe\tsee\tthem.\tExamples\tof\tbehaviour\tinclude\tswimming,\tflying,\tdiving,\tsleeping,\tsitting\ton\tdock/boat/structure,\tand\teating.\tWe\talso\tmade\tobservations\tabout\tany\tanthropogenic\tdisturbances\tto\tmarine\tbirds\tthat\twe\tsaw\twhile\tcounting\tthe\tbirds\tsuch\tas\toff\tleash\tdogs,\thuman\tinteractions\tand\tboats.\t\tWe\thad\tsix\tfield\tdata\tcollection\tsessions,\tthree\tin\tthe\tmorning\tand\tthree\tin\tthe\tafternoon\tas\twell\tas\ta\tpilot\tsession\tin\torder\tto\texplore\tthe\tFalse\tCreek\tregion\tin\tperson,\tas\twell\tas\ttest\tour\tmethod\tand\tcalibrate\tour\tobservations\tas\ta\tteam\t(Figure\t7).\t\tWe\taccumulated\tthree\tsessions\t(two\tmornings\tand\tone\tafternoon)\tof\tgood\tdata\tcollection\tin\tNovember\tand\tthree\tsessions\t(one\tmorning\tand\ttwo\tafternoons)\tin\tJanuary\tand\tFebruary.\t14\t\t\tFigure\t7.\tTimeline\tof\tproject\tincluding\tfield\tsession\tdates\t\t The\tmorning\tdata\tcollection\tbegan\taround\t07:00-08:00,\tdepending\ton\tthe\ttiming\tof\tsunrise,\tand\tended\tbefore\t12:00\tto\tcatch\tearly\tmorning\tactivity\twhen\tdisturbances\tare\tat\ta\tminimum.\tAfternoon\tsessions\toccurred\tbetween\t13:00-16:00\tto\tencapsulate\tmore\tmidday\tactivities,\tconstruction\tsites\tand\tobserve\tthe\teffects\tof\ta\tbusier\tseawall\tand\tmore\tactivity\tfrom\tboats\tand\tferries.\tAfter\ta\tpreliminary\tdata\tanalysis\tcomparing\tobservations\tbetween\tmorning\tand\tafternoon\tsessions,\twe\tdecided\tto\tcompile\tall\tthe\tdata\ttogether\tafter\tanalyzing\tbird\tobservations\tmade\tin\tthe\tmorning\tand\tafternoon,\twhich\tshowed\tbird\tobservations\tin\tmorning\twere\t47.6%\twhile\tafternoon\tobservations\twere\tat\t52.4%.\tSince\tobservations\tmade\tat\tdifferent\ttimes\tof\tthe\tday\twere\tnot\tsufficiently\tdifferent\tto\tjustify\tseparate\tanalyses,\tall\tthe\tobservations\twere\tgrouped\ttogether.\t\t\t7.4\tCounting\tmethod\tFalse\tCreek\tis\ta\tlarge\tarea\tto\tsurvey\ttherefore\tit\twas\timportant\twe\tselected\tthe\tproper\tmethod\tto\tcover\tit\tas\tbest\tas\tpossible\twith\tthe\tlimited\tresources\tthat\twe\thad.\tOur\tcounting\tmethod\tinvolved\tus\tbreaking\tup\tthe\tstudy\tthe\tarea\tusing\tpoint\tcounts\tscattered\talong\tthe\tshoreline\tand\trecording\tobservations\tat\teach\tpoint\ton\ta\tdatasheet.\tAn\texample\tof\tthe\tdatasheet\twe\tcreated\tand\tused\tin\tthe\tfield\tcan\tbe\tfound\tin\tthe\tappendix.\tWe\tdivided\tFalse\tCreek\tinto\tfour\tapproximately\tequal\tsized\tregions,\tdesignated\tareas\tA,\tB,\tC,\tand\tD\t(Figure\t8).\tWithin\teach\tof\tthese\tareas,\twe\tidentified\t20\tobservation\tsites\tthat\tare\tevenly\tspread\tthroughout\teach\tarea.\tThe\tsites\tare\tlabeled\t1-20\tand\tare\tsequential\talong\ta\troute\tthat\tbegins\ton\tone\tside\tof\tthe\tarea\tand\tends\ton\tthe\tother.\tThe\troutes\tare\tdescribed\tin\tmore\tdetail\tin\tthe\tfollowing\tsection.\tBecause\tthe\tdistance\tbetween\tobservation\tpoints\twas\tless\tthan\t10\tminutes\tof\twalking\ttime,\tan\taverage\tof\tfive\tminutes\tof\tobservation\ttime\tat\teach\tsite\twas\tconsidered\tadequate\t(Ralph\tet\tal.\t1995).\tUsing\tthis\tmethod,\teach\tregion\twas\tcovered\tin\tapproximately\ttwo\thours.\tWhen\ttime\tallowed,\twe\trepeated\tour\tobservations\tlater\tin\tthe\tday\tto\tgenerate\tone\tset\tof\tdata\tin\tthe\tmorning\tand\tone\tin\tthe\tafternoon.\tWhen\tthere\twas\tinsufficient\ttime,\tonly\tone\tround\tof\tobservations\twere\tmade,\teither\tin\tthe\tmorning\tor\tafternoon,\tdepending\ton\tour\tavailability.\t\t\t15\t\t\tFigure\t8.\tCounting\tareas\tA,\tB,\tC,\tand\tD\tin\tFalse\tCreek.\t\t To\tnegate\tbias\tin\tour\toverall\tcounts,\twe\tcreated\ta\trotation\tsystem\tso\tthat\ta\tdifferent\tresearcher\twould\tmake\tobservations\tin\ta\tdifferent\tcounting\tarea\tin\teach\tsession.\tWe\talso\tperformed\ta\tcalibration\tanalysis\tduring\tour\tpilot\tfield\tsession\twhere\twe\tcounted\tbirds\tseparately\tin\tthe\tsame\tlocation\tand\tcompared\tour\tresults\tto\tensure\taccuracy\t(Table\t2).\t7.5\tObservation\tpoints\tFigure\t9\tshows\tthe\tassigned\tobservation\tpoints\twithin\teach\tof\tthe\tcounting\tareas.\tThey\tare\tevenly\tdistributed\tthroughout\tthe\tarea\tand\thave\tbeen\tselected\tto\tbe\tgood\tvantage\tpoints\tfor\tobserving\tthe\tsurrounding\tarea.\tEach\tpoint\tis\tassociated\twith\ta\tlandmark\tthat\tis\teasy\tto\tlocate\twhile\tin\tthe\tfield.\tStarting\tin\tArea\tA,\twe\tmoved\tfrom\tpoint\tto\tpoint\tin\ta\tclockwise\tdirection\taround\tFalse\tCreek.\tEach\tobserver\thad\ta\tdetailed\tcopy\tof\tthe\tmap\tto\tuse\tas\ta\tguide\tin\tthe\tfield\tto\tensure\tthat\tthe\tobservation\tpoints\toccurred\tin\tthe\tsame\tlocation\teach\ttime.\t16\t\t\t\tFigure\t9.\tDistribution\tof\tobservation\tpoints\twhere\tdata\twas\tcollected\twithin\teach\tarea\t(A,B,C,D).\tThese\tare\tthe\troutes\twalked\tin\teach\tof\tour\tfield\tsurvey\tdays.\t7.6\tObservation\tzones\tcreated\tin\tGIS\tFigure\t10\tshows\tthe\tobservation\tzones\tthat\twere\tcreated\tusing\tthe\tobservation\tpoints.\tThe\tobservation\tpoints\twere\tused\tas\treference\tpoints\tand\tpolygons\twere\tcreated\tusing\tthe\tmidpoint\tbetween\tthe\tobservation\tpoints.\tEach\tpolygon\twas\tthen\tseparated\tinto\tthe\thabitat\tzones\t(urban\tshore,\tdocks,\tshoreline,\tnear\tshore,\tand\toffshore).\tThe\tpolygons\twere\tthen\tdivided\taccording\tto\tthe\tobserved\tline\tof\tsight\tat\teach\tobservation\tpoint\tbased\ton\thuman\tjudgment\tobtained\tin\tthe\tfield.\tZones\tcreated\tin\tthe\thabitats\toffshore\tand\tnearshore\twere\tmerged\ttogether\tin\torder\tto\taccommodate\tfor\tunusual\tshape\tof\tFalse\tCreek.\t\t\t17\t\tFigure\t10.\tGrid\tof\tobservation\tzones\tcreated\tfrom\tthe\tobservation\tpoints.\t7.7\tData\tanalysis\tin\tExcel\t\tAfter\teach\tfield\tday,\tteam\tmembers\tinput\ttheir\tdata\tinto\ta\tshared\tspreadsheet\tfile.\tThis\tdata\twas\tthen\tsorted\tinto\tseparate\tsheets\tfor\teach\tfield\tday\tsession.\tThese\tspreadsheets\twere\tused\tfor\tmaking\tseparate\tspreadsheets\tfor\t(1)\tthe\ttotal\tnumber\tof\tobservations\tfor\teach\tspecies\tat\teach\tobservation\tzone\tand\tthe\thabitat\tpreferences\tfor\teach\tspecies\tand\t(2)\tthe\ttotal\tamount\tof\tdisturbances\tas\twell\tas\tthe\thabitat\ttypes\tthat\tthe\tdisturbances\twere\trecorded\tin.\t(1)\tThe\tnumber\tof\tindividuals\tseen\tin\teach\tobservational\tzone\t(site\tand\thabitat\ttype)\ton\teach\tof\tthe\tfield\tday\tsections\twas\tthen\trecorded\tin\ta\tseparate\tsheet\tfor\teach\tspecies.\tThese\tsheets\twill\tbe\tused\tto\tfind\tthe\tnumber\tof\ttotal\tobservations\tof\teach\tspecies\tand\tthe\thabitat\tpreferences\tof\teach\tspecies.\t(2)\tthe\tdata\tfor\teach\tfield\tday\tsession\twas\tmanually\tcombed\tthrough\tto\tfind\tinstances\tof\tdisturbances,\tthese\tinstances\twere\tpulled\tand\tput\tinto\tanother\tspreadsheet\tthat\tsorted\tdisturbances\tby\tobservation\tzone,\tdisturbance\ttype,\ttime\tof\tday\t(morning\tor\tafternoon),\tand\tthe\tbird\tcode\tof\tthe\tspecies\tbeing\timpacted.\tThis\tspreadsheet\twas\tthen\tused\tto\tcreate\ttables\tand\tgraphs\tof\tthe\ttotal\tnumber\tof\tdisturbances,\tthe\ttypes\tof\tdisturbances,\tand\tthe\tobservation\tzones\tthat\thad\tthe\tdisturbances\tin\tArcGIS.\t\t7.8\tBird\tdistributions\tin\tGIS\tBird\tdistribution\tfor\teach\tspecies\twas\tdisplayed\tspatially\tby\tjoining\tthe\tsorted\texcel\tdata\tto\tthe\tobservation\tzones.\tBird\tspecies\twere\tcombined\ttogether\tbased\ton\tbird\tbehaviors\tand\tseparated\tinto\tfive\tgroups:\tDabbling\tDucks,\tdiving\tbirds,\tGulls,\tcormorants\tand\trarely\tobserved\tbird\tspecies.\tDabbling\tDucks\tinclude\tAmerican\tWigeons\tand\tMallard\tDucks.\tDiving\tbirds\tinclude\tBufflehead\tDuck,\tBarrow's\tGoldeneye,\tPied-Billed\tGrebe,\tRed\tBreasted\tMerganser,\tCommon\tLoon,\tHooded\tMerganser,\tHorned\tGrebe\tand\tCommon\tGoldeneye.\tThe\ttwo\tspecies\tof\tcormorants\tthat\twere\tobserved\tin\tFalse\tCreek\twere,\tPelagic\tCormorants\tand\tDouble-Crested\tCormorants.\tThe\trarely\tobserved\tspecies\tin\tFalse\tCreek\tinclude\tthe\tBelted\tKingfisher\tand\tthe\tGreat\tBlue\tHeron.\t\tThe\tdata\twas\tthen\tsorted\tby\tthe\ttotal\tnumber\tof\tbird\tobservations\twithin\teach\tsub-family\tfor\teach\tobservation\tzone.\tAs\tthe\tdifferent\tzones\tof\tthe\tgrid\tare\tall\tdifferent\tsizes,\tthe\tnumber\tof\tbird\tobservations\twas\tnormalized\tby\tthe\tarea\tof\tthe\tgrid\tpiece\tit\twas\tassociated\twith.\tIn\tthis\tway\tthe\tdensity\tof\tbirds\tcould\tbe\trepresented\tequally\tacross\tthe\tentire\tarea\tand\tcomparisons\tcould\tbe\tmade.\t\tAll\tobservations\tmade\tfor\tthe\tvarious\tsub-families\twere\tcompiled\tonto\tone\tmap\tto\tshow\tthe\tareas\tthat\tare\tused\tthe\tmost\tfrequently\tby\tmarine\tbirds.\tMaps\twere\talso\tgenerated\tfor\teach\tsub-family\tseparately.\tMaps\tof\tthe\tdistributions\tof\teach\tindividual\tspecies\tobserved\tcan\tbe\tfound\tin\tthe\tappendix.\t7.9\tDisturbances\tDisturbances\twere\tdisplayed\tspatially\tusing\ta\tsimilar\tmethod\tto\tbird\tdistributions.\tThe\tsorted\texcel\tdata\twas\tused\tto\tspatially\tmap\tdisturbance\tdistribution\taccording\tto\teach\tobservation\tzone\tand\ttheir\tcorresponding\thabitats.\tDisturbances\twere\tidentified\tas\teither\tpresence\tor\tabsence\tonly\tand\tnot\tranked\tdue\tto\tintensity.\tThe\tidentified\tdisturbances\tinclude\tnon-motorized\tboat\ttraffic,\tmotorized\tboat\ttraffic,\ton\tleash,\tand\toff-leash\tdogs,\tand\tdirect\thuman\tinteractions\t(such\tas\tfeeding).\t\t\t\t The\tfrequency\tof\tall\tobserved\tdisturbances\tin\teach\tobservation\tzone\twas\tmapped\tusing\tsymbology\tthat\tis\tproportional\tto\tthe\tnumber\tof\tdisturbances\tobserved\tin\teach\tzone.\tThe\ttwo\tmost\tnotable\tdisturbance\tactivities\t(on-\tand\toff-leash\tdogs\tand\tboats)\twere\tmapped\tindividually\ton\ta\tpresence\tabsence\tbasis\tat\teach\tobservation\tzone.\t\t18\t\t8.\tSources\tof\tError\t8.1\tField\tsurvey:\tObservation\terror\tA\tlarge\tpart\tof\tobtaining\tthe\tdata\tfor\tthe\tcounting\tmethod\twas\tsubjected\tto\tvariation\tin\thuman\tobservances.\tDuring\tthe\ttrial\tfor\ttaking\tobservations\tall\tobservers\tinitially\tconducted\ta\tbird\tcount\tin\tthe\tsame\tlocation.\tThis\ttrial\tshowed\tthat\tthere\twas\ta\tgeneral\tconsensus\ton\tthe\tbird\tcount\twith\ta\tstandard\terror\tof\t2.5-5.5%\tdepending\tthe\tgroup\tof\tbirds\tobserved\t(Table\t3).\tIn\tlarge\tgroups\tof\tbirds\tcounted\tin\tsmall\tareas,\tsuch\tas\tMallard\tDucks\tor\tBarrow\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\tGoldeneye\tin\tponds,\tthere\twas\ta\thigher\tdiscrepancy\tamong\tthe\tobservers.\tThere\tmay\talso\thave\tbeen\ta\tcertain\tamount\tof\thuman\terror\tbetween\tobservers\twhen\tattempting\taccurately\tidentify\tthe\tbird\tspecies.\tAnother\tsource\tof\thuman\terror\twas\tvisibility.\tOn\tsome\tinstances\tthere\twas\train\tand\tsnow\twhich\tmade\tit\tmore\tdifficult\tto\tidentify\tthe\tbirds.\tBird\tbehavior\tmay\talso\thave\tplayed\ta\trole\tin\terror,\tsince\tbirds\tare\thighly\tmobile\tit\tis\tpossible\tfor\tmore\tthan\tone\tobserver\tto\thave\tcounted\ta\tbird\tmore\tthan\tonce.\t\t\tTable\t3.\tCalibration\tresults\tof\tobservation\terrors\tbetween\tthe\tfour\tobservers\t\t8.2\tGIS:\tError\tin\tcreating\tobservation\tzones\tMaking\tthe\tpolygons\tfor\tthe\tobservation\tzones\tgenerally\tconsisted\ton\tusing\tthe\tfield\tsurvey\tas\treference.\tHuman\tjudgement\ton\tvisibility\twas\tused\tto\tdetermine\tthe\tareas\tfor\tthe\tdocks\tand\tnear\tshore\tareas.\tSatellite\timagery\tfrom\tArcMAP\twas\tused\tas\ta\ttemplate\tto\tcreate\tthe\tobservation\tzones.\tThe\tsatellite\timagery\twas\tobtained\tfor\tlow\ttide\tand\tthe\tobservation\tzones\tallocated\tbased\ton\tthis\tinformation.\tHowever,\tnot\tall\tfield\tdays\tshowed\tlowtide\twhich\tmay\thave\tresulted\tin\tsome\terror\twhen\tcounting\tbird\tobservations\tin\tthe\tshoreline.\tAlso\tby\tgrouping\tareas\tof\toffshore\tand\tnear\tshore\tareas\ttogether\tthere\tmay\thave\tbeen\tinstances\twhere\tthe\tlocations\twere\tmoved\ta\tlot\tfurther\tthan\thuman\tline\tof\tsight.\tThis\terror\tis\tnegligible\tdue\tto\tthe\tmobile\tnature\tof\tbirds.\tWhile\tthe\tobservation\tsites\twere\tused\tin\tthe\tfield\tsurvey,\tthe\tcounting\tmethod\talso\tincluded\trecording\tbird\tobservations\twhile\tmoving,\tthis\tmay\thave\tresulted\tin\tsome\tbirds\tbeing\tallocated\tto\tdifferent\tobservation\tzones\twhen\tthe\tpolygons\twere\tcreated.\t8.3\tGIS:\tError\tin\tspatial\tanalysis\t\tWhile\tmapping\tthe\tbirds\tby\tspecies\thad\tlittle\tto\tno\tdiscrepancy\twhen\tcombining\tthe\tspecies\taccording\tto\tbehaviors,\tsuch\tas\tdiving\tbirds,\tit\tcaused\tthe\tresulting\tspatial\tdata\tto\tbe\tskewed\tin\tthe\tdirection\twith\tthe\tmost\tamount\tof\tbirds.\tThis\twas\tseen\tespecially\tin\tthe\tdiving\tbirds,\twhere\tthe\ttotal\tnumber\tof\tBarrows\tGoldeneye\twas\tmuch\tbigger\tthan\tthe\tother\tbird\tspecies\tcausing\tthe\tdata\tto\tbe\tskewed.\tSpatial\tanalysis\tof\tdisturbances\tand\trarely\tobserved\tbird\tspecies\twas\tsomewhat\tskewed\tdue\tto\tsampling\terror.\tThere\twere\ttoo\tfew\tobservations\tin\torder\tto\tdraw\taccurate\tconclusions\tfor\tthese\tobservations.\t\t19\t\t9.\tResults\t\t9.1\tObserved\tbird\tdistributions\tOver\tsix\tfield\tsessions\tfrom\tNovember\tto\tFebruary,\t3105\tmarine\tbirds\twere\tobserved\tfrom\t16\tspecies.\tThese\tspecies\twere\tgrouped\tinto\tsub-families\tbased\ton\ttheir\tbehaviors.\tTheir\tdistributions\tthroughout\tFalse\tCreek\twere\tmapped\t(Figure\t11).\t\t\tFigure\t11.\tArea-normalized\tdensity\tof\tall\tobserved\tmarine\tbirds\t(excluding\tGulls)\tbroken\tdown\tby\tsub-family\tshowing\tthe\tproportional\tdistribution\tthroughout\tFalse\tCreek.\t\t9.1.1\tProportion\tof\teach\tspecies\u00E2\u0080\u0099\tobservations\tThis\tstudy\tshows\tthat\tthere\tare\tmany\tspecies\tof\tmarine\tbirds\tlocated\tin\tFalse\tCreek.\tThere\twere\t16\tmarine\tbird\tspecies\tseen\tover\tthe\tsix\tfield\tsessions.\tAs\tshown\tin\tFigure\t12,\tthe\tfour\tsub-families\tmade\tup\t98.1%\tof\tall\tmarine\tbird\tobservations.\tGulls\tmade\tup\t45.6%\tof\tall\tobservations,\tDabbling\tDucks\tmade\tup\t24%\tof\tall\tobservations,\tDiving\tBirds\tmade\tup\t25.3%\tof\tthe\tobservations,\tand\t\tCormorants\tmade\tup\t3.2%\tof\tthe\tobservations.\tTogether,\tthe\tother\tspecies,\tincluding\tthe\tCanada\tGoose,\tGreat\tBlue\tHeron,\tand\tthe\tBelted\tKingfisher\tmade\tup\tthe\tremaining\t1.9%\tof\tall\tthe\tobservations.\t\t\t\t20\t\t\t\tFigure\t12.\tThe\tproportion\tof\tobservations\tof\teach\tsub-family\tover\tsix\tfield\tsessions.\tThe\tsub-families\tcontained\tin\tOthers\tinclude\tgroups\twhere\tonly\tone\tspecies\twas\tobserved\tand\tfrequency\tof\tobservations\twas\tvery\tlow.\t9.1.2\tBiodiversity\tAccording\tto\tFigure\t13,\t the\tnearshore\thas\tthe\thighest\tbiodiversity\tof\tall\t the\thabitat\t types\twith\teight\tunique\tspecies\tobserved\t in\t the\thabitat.\t In\tcomparison,\t the\tshoreline\thabitat\t type\thas\t the\t lowest\tbiodiversity\twith\tonly\tthree\tunique\tspecies\tobserved\tin\tthe\thabitat.\t\t\t\tFigure\t13.\tThe\tnumber\tof\tunique\tspecies\tobserved\tin\teach\thabitat\tover\tthe\tsix\tfield\tsessions.\t\t\t\t21\t\t9.2\tHabitat\tType\tPreferences\tby\tSub-Families\t9.2.1\tCormorants\t(Species\tof\tspecial\tconcern)\tMany\tof\tthe\tCormorant\tobservations\twere\tseen\tunder\tthe\tBurrard\tBridge\tand\twere\tconcentrated\tin\tthe\tnearshore\tand\turban\tshorefront\thabitat\ttype\t(Figure\t14).\tHowever,\toverall,\tmost\tobservations\tof\tCormorants\ttook\tplace\tin\tthe\toffshore\thabitat\ttype\twith\t38.4%\tof\tall\tCormorant\tobservations\ttaking\tplace\tthere\t(Figure\t15).\t\tFigure\t14.\tThe\tdistribution\tof\ttotal\tobservations\tof\tCormorants\t(Double-\tcrested\tand\tPelagic)\tover\tsix\tfield\tdays\tmapped\tover\thabitat\ttype\tfor\teach\tobservation\tzone.\t\tFigure\t15.\tThe\tobserved\tfrequencies\tof\tCormorants\t(Double-Crested\tand\tPelagic)\tin\tthe\tfive\thabitat\ttypes\tover\tthe\tsix\tfield\tsessions.\t\t\t9.2.2\tDabbling\tDucks\tDabbling\tDucks\tfollow\tthe\tgeneral\tspatial\tpattern\tfor\tmost\tbirds\tin\tFalse\tCreek.\tThe\tlargest\tnumber\tof\tDabbling\tDuck\tobservations\twere\tmade\tin\tthe\tfreshwater\tponds\tin\tthe\turban\tshorefront\t22\t\thabitat\ttype\tnear\tGranville\tIsland\t(Figure\t16).\t\tOver\t70%\tof\tthe\ttotal\tobservations\tof\tthe\tgroup\twere\tfound\tin\tthe\turban\tshorefront\tand\tnearshore\thabitat\ttypes\t(Figure\t17).\t\tFigure\t16.\tThe\tdistribution\tof\ttotal\tobservations\tof\tDabbling\tDucks\t(American\tWigeon\tand\tMallard\tduck)\tover\tsix\tfield\tdays\tmapped\tover\thabitat\ttype\tfor\teach\tobservation\tzone.\t\t\tFigure\t17.\tThe\tobserved\tfrequencies\tof\tDabbling\tDucks\tin\tthe\tfive\thabitat\ttypes\tover\tthe\tsix\tfield\tsessions.\t\t9.2.3\tDiving\tBirds\tThe\tgeneral\tspatial\tpatterns\tfor\tdiving\tbirds\tshow\tthat\tmost\tobservations\twere\tmade\tin\tthe\tnear\tshore\tand\toffshore\thabitat\ttypes.\tThe\tlargest\tdensity\tof\tDiving\tBirds\ttook\tplace\tnear\tGranville\tStreet\tBridge\tin\tthe\tnorthwest\tregion\tof\tFalse\tCreek\t(Figure\t18).\tThe\tlargest\tamount\tof\tdiving\tbird\twere\tobserved\tin\tthe\tnearshore\thabitat\ttype\tin\tthe\tsmall\tgaps\tbetween\tboats\tin\tthe\tmany\tmarinas\tfound\tin\tFalse\tCreek.\t73.2%\tof\tall\tthe\tobservations\tof\tdiving\tbirds\ttook\tplace\tin\tthe\tnearshore\thabitat\ttype\t(Figure\t19).\t\t23\t\t\t\tFigure\t18.\tThe\tdistribution\tof\ttotal\tobservations\tof\tDiving\tbirds\t(Bufflehead\tDuck,\tBarrow's\tGoldeneye,\tPied\tBilled\tGrebe,\tRed\tBreasted\tMerganser,\tCommon\tLoon,\tHooded\tMerganser,\tHorned\tGrebe\tand\tCommon\tGoldeneye)\tover\tsix\tfield\tdays\tmapped\tover\thabitat\ttype\tfor\teach\tobservation\tzone.\t\t\tFigure\t19.\tThe\tobserved\tfrequencies\tof\tDiving\tBirds\t(Bufflehead,\tBarrow\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\tGoldeneye,\tPied-Billed\tGrebe,\tRed-Breasted\tMerganser,\tCommon\tLoon,\tHorned\tGrebe,\tand\tCommon\tGoldeneye)\tin\tthe\tfive\thabitat\ttypes\tover\tthe\tsix\tfield\tsessions.\t\t9.2.4\tGulls\tGull\tdistribution\tis\tspread\tevenly\tacross\tFalse\tCreek,\twith\tthe\tmost\tobservations\ttaking\tplace\ton\tGranville\tIsland\t(Figure\t20).\tThe\tspatial\tpattern\tfor\tGull\tdistribution\tis\tconcentrated\tin\tthe\turban\tshorefront\thabitat\ttype,\twith\t49.9%\tof\tthe\ttotal\tGull\tobservations\tmade\there\t(Figure\t21).\t24\t\t\tFigure\t20.\tThe\tdistribution\tof\ttotal\tobservations\tof\tGulls\tover\tsix\tfield\tdays\tmapped\tover\thabitat\ttype\tfor\teach\tobservation\tzone.\t\t\tFigure\t21.\tThe\tobserved\tfrequencies\tof\tGulls\t(Glaucous-Winged,\tRing-Billed,\tCalifornia,\tand\tMew)\tin\tthe\tfive\thabitat\ttypes\tover\tthe\tsix\tfield\tsessions.\t\t9.3\tDistribution\tof\tother\tspecies\tobserved\tThere\twere\tfew\tsightings\tof\tspecies\tin\tthe\tOther\tcategory.\tCanadian\tGeese\twere\tmost\tfrequently\tfound\tnear\tGranville\tIsland,\tGreat\tBlue\tHerons\twere\tmost\toften\tseen\tnear\tthe\tnorth\tside\tof\tthe\tGranville\tStreet\tBridge\tand\tGranville\tIsland\tand\tBelted\tKingfishers\twere\tcommonly\tseen\tin\tmarinas\t(Figure\t22).\t\t\t\t25\t\t\tFigure\t22.\tSpatial\tdistributions\tof\tGreat\tBlue\tHeron,\tBelted\tKingfisher\tand\tCanada\tGoose\tover\tsix\tfield\tdays\tmapped\tover\thabitat\ttype\tfor\teach\tobservation\tzone.\tDue\tto\tthe\tlow\tnumbers\tof\tobservations,\tthese\tspecies\tare\tmapped\tby\tnumbers\tof\tbirds\tobserved\trather\tthan\tby\tdensity.\t\t9.3.1\tCanada\tGoose\tCanadian\tGeese\twere\tnot\tseen\tas\tfrequently\tas\tsome\tof\tthe\tother\tgroupings.\tThe\tmost\tobservations\tof\tCanada\tGeese\twere\tmade\tin\tthe\turban\tshoreline\tnear\tfreshwater\tponds\ton\tthe\tsouthwest\tside\tof\tGranville\tIsland.\tCanada\tGeese\twere\tobserved\tin\tthe\turban\tshorefront\t61.9%\tof\tthe\ttime\t(Figure\t23).\t\t\t\tFigure\t23.\tThe\tobserved\tfrequencies\tof\tCanada\tGoose\tin\tthe\tfive\thabitat\ttypes\tover\tthe\tsix\tfield\tsessions.\tCanadian\tGeese\twere\tnot\tseen\tin\tshoreline\tand\tnearshore\thabitat\ttypes\twhich\twere\tnot\tincluded\tin\tthis\tFigure.\t\t26\t\t9.3.2\tGreat\tBlue\tHeron\t(Species\tof\tspecial\tconcern)\t\tGreat\tBlue\tHerons\twere\tnot\tseen\tfrequently.\tGreat\tBlue\tHerons\twere\tmost\toften\tin\tthe\twestern\tcorner\tof\tFalse\tCreek,\tparticularly\tnear\tGranville\tIsland\tand\tthe\tGranville\tStreet\tBridge.\tBased\ton\tfield\tsurvey\tobservations,\tmost\tof\tthese\tbirds\twere\tobserved\tin\tthe\tdock\thabitat\ttype\twith\t58.8%\tof\tthe\ttotal\tobservations\tmade\tthere\t(Figure\t24).\t\t\t\tFigure\t24.\tThe\tobserved\tfrequencies\tof\tGreat\tBlue\tHeron\tin\tthe\tfive\thabitat\ttypes\tover\tthe\tsix\tfield\tsessions.\tOffshore,\tnearshore,\tand\tshoreline\tare\tnot\tincluded\tin\tthe\tgraph\tbecause\tthere\twere\tno\tobservations\tin\tthose\thabitat\ttypes.\t\t\t9.3.3\tBelted\tKingfisher\tThe\tobserved\tdistribution\tof\tthe\tBelted\tKingfisher\twas\tvery\tlimited.\tBelted\tKingfishers\twere\tonly\tseen\tin\tmarina\tareas,\twith\t66.7%\tof\tall\tobservations\twere\tin\tthe\tdock\thabitat\ttype\t(Figure\t25).\t\tFigure\t25.\tThe\tobserved\tfrequencies\tof\tBelted\tKingfisher\tin\tthe\tfive\thabitat\ttypes\tover\tthe\tsix\tfield\tsessions.\tOffshore,\turban\tshorefront,\tand\tshoreline\tare\tnot\tincluded\tin\tthe\tgraph\tbecause\tthere\twere\tno\tobservations\tin\tthose\thabitat\ttypes.\t27\t\t9.4\tDisturbances\t9.4.1\tDensity\tof\tall\tanthropogenic\tdisturbances\tIn\ttotal,\t67\tinstances\tof\tanthropogenic\tdisturbances\twere\tobserved\tover\tour\tsix\tfield\tsessions\t(Table\t4).\tThe\tmost\toften\tobserved\tanthropogenic\tdisturbance\twas\toff-leash\tdogs,\twith\t22\tseparate\tobservations.\tAreas\twith\tthe\thighest\tdensities\tof\tanthropogenic\tdisturbances\tare\tGranville\tIsland\tand\tthe\tDavid\tLam\tPark\t(Figure\t26).\t\t\tTable\t4.\tThe\tfrequencies\tof\tobserved\tdisturbances\tto\tmarine\tbirds\tover\tthe\t6\tfield\tsessions.\tAll\tdisturbances\telicited\ta\treaction\tfrom\tthe\tbirds\tthat\twas\tvisually\tor\taudibly\tnoticeable,\tsuch\tas\tflying\taway,\tflapping\ttheir\twings,\tor\tsquawking.\t\t28\t\t\tFigure\t26.\tThe\tdistribution\tof\ttotal\tmarine\tbird\tdisturbances.\t(Aquabus,\tFerry\tYachts\t&\tmotorboats,\tCanoe,\tTotal\tmotorized\tboats,\tRowers,\tPaddle\tboards,\tDragonboats,\tKayaks,\tSailboat,\tTotal\tnon-motorized\tboats,\tDirect\thuman\tinteractions\t(being\tfed,\tchased\tor\tabused),\tDrones,\tNoise,\tOff-leash\tdogs\tand\tOn-leash\tdogs)\tover\t6\tfield\tdays\tmapped\tover\thabitat\ttype\tfor\teach\tobservation\tzone.\t\t9.4.2\tDisturbances\tdue\tto\tdogs\t(Both\toff-leash\tand\ton-leash)\tOff-leash\tdogs\twere\tfrequently\tseen\tin\tparks,\tboth\toff-leash\tareas\tand\ton-leash.\tThere\twere\talso\toff-leash\tdogs\tobserved\tin\tthe\tnortheast\tcorner\tof\tGranville\tIsland\t(Figure\t27).\t\t\t29\t\tFigure\t27.\tThe\tdistribution\tof\tmarine\tbird\tdisturbances\tdue\tto\tdogs\t(both\ton-leash\tand\toff-leash)\tover\tsix\t\tfield\tdays\tmapped\tover\thabitat\ttype\tfor\teach\tobservation\tzone.\tObservations\twere\trecorded\ton\ta\tpresence/absence\tbasis\tonly.\t\t9.4.3\tDisturbances\tdue\tto\tboats\t(Both\tmotorized\tand\tnon-motorized)\tThe\tmost\tfrequent\tboat\tdisturbances\ttook\tplace\tin\tthe\toffshore\thabitat\ttype\ton\teither\tside\tof\tthe\tCambie\tStreet\tBridge\t(Figure\t28).\tThere\twere\talso\tboat\tdisturbances\tin\tthe\tnearshore\thabitat\ttype\tin\tmarinas.\t\t\tFigure\t28.\tThe\tdistribution\tof\tmarine\tbird\tdisturbances\tdue\tto\tboats\t(both\tmotorized\tand\tnon-motorized)\tover\tsix\tfield\tdays\tmapped\tover\thabitat\ttype\tfor\teach\tobservation\tzone.\tObservations\twere\trecorded\ton\ta\tpresence/absence\tbasis\tonly.\t10.\tDiscussion\t10.1\tDiscussion\ton\tbird\tdistributions\t10.1.1\tCormorants\tThe\tresults\tfrom\tFigure\t14\tshow\tthat\tthere\twere\ttwo\tlocations\twith\thigh\tCormorant\tobservations.\tThe\tfirst\tlocation\twas\tunder\tthe\tBurrard\tBridge.\tThis\tmay\tbe\tdue\tto\tnesting\tsites\tthat\twere\tobserved\tbuilt\tinto\tthe\tbridge\tstructure.\tThe\tother\tlocation\twas\tfound\tin\tArea\tA\t(Figure\t8).\tThis\tis\tdue\tto\tthe\tman-made\tstructure,\twhich\tthe\tCormorants\twere\tfrequently\tseen\tperched\ton\tduring\tthe\tfield\tsurvey\t(Figure\t29).\tCormorants\tare\thabitat\tgeneralists\tand\tare\tfound\tin\tthe\tnearshore\tand\tinland\taquatic\tarea\t(Mercer\tet.al,\t2013).\tThis\tis\tshown\tin\tFigures\t14\tand\t15,\twhere\tthe\thighest\tfrequency\tof\tCormorants\twere\tobserved\tin\tthe\toffshore\tarea\tof\tFalse\tCreek.\t\tIn\tBritish\tColumbia,\tCormorants\tare\tclassified\tas\tbreeding-\taquatic\tbirds\tthat\tcommonly\tfeed\ton\tbenthic\tand\tmid-water\tschooling\tfish\t(Chatwin\tet\tal.,\t2002).\tSince\tthe\toffshore\tarea\tprovides\tdeep\tenough\twater\tto\taccommodate\tmid-water\tfeeding\tfish,\tthis\thabitat\tprovides\tthe\tideal\tfeeding\tgrounds\tfor\tCormorants.\tPelagic\tCormorants\tare\t30\t\tlisted\tas\tRed\tstatus\t(candidate\tfor\tExtirpated,\tEndangered,\tor\tThreatened\tstatus\tin\tBritish\tColumbia)\tand\tDouble\tcrested\tCormorants\tare\tlisted\tas\tBlue\tstatus\t(candidate\tfor\tspecial\tConcern\tin\tBritish\tColumbia)\tin\tthe\tBC\tlist.\t\t\t\tFigure\t29.\tCormorants\tperched\ton\tman-made\tstructure\tdrying\ttheir\twings\tin\tArea\tA.\t\t10.1.2\tDabbling\tDucks\tFigure\t17\tshows\tthat\tthe\tnearshore\tand\turban\tshore\thabitats\thad\tthe\thighest\tfrequency\tof\tDabbling\tDucks.\tDabbling\tDucks\tare\tgenerally\tsurface\tfeeders\tthat\tfeed\tfrom\tthe\tsurface\tor\tfeed\tfrom\tshallow\twater\tby\ttipping\tforwards\tand\tsubmerging\ttheir\tnecks.\tThey\tgenerally\tfeed\ton\tseagrass\tor\tbrown\talgae\t(fucus)\t(Baldwin\tet.\tal,\t1994).\tAs\tshown\tin\tFigure\t32\tthe\tnearshore\thabitat\tis\tabundant\tin\tfucus\talong\tthe\tseawall\twhich\tmakes\tit\ta\tsuitable\tfeeding\tground\tfor\tDabbling\tDucks.\tThe\thighest\tobservations\tof\tDabbling\tDucks\twere\tmade\tin\tthe\turban\tshorefront\thabitat\tin\tArea\tD.\tThis\tmay\talso\tbe\tdue\tto\tthe\ttwo\tfreshwater\tman-made\tponds\tthat\tare\tlocated\tin\tthe\turban\thousing\tcomplex.\tDuring\tfield\tsessions\tin\tNovember,\twe\tnoticed\tDabbling\tDucks,\tespecially\tAmerican\tWigeons,\twere\tattracted\tto\tthe\tpond\tin\tCharleston\tPark.\tHowever,\tin\tJanuary\tand\tFebruary,\tthis\tpond\twas\toften\tfrozen\tand\ttherefore\tmany\tof\tthese\tbirds\thad\tmigrated\tto\tthe\turban\tponds\tin\tArea\tD.\tFigure\t30\tshows\tthat\tthe\tpond\tin\tCharleston\tPark\twas\ta\tbetter\tfeeding\tsite\tdue\tto\tabundant\talgae\tand\tinsects\tcompared\tto\tFigure\t31\twhich\tshows\tthe\turban\tfreshwater\tponds.\tThe\turban\tponds\tallowed\tthe\tDabbling\tDucks\tto\thave\taccess\tto\tfreshwater\tfor\tdrinking\tand\tbathing\twhen\tthe\tpond\tlocated\tat\tCharleston\tPark\twas\tfrozen.\t\t\t\t31\t\t\tFigure\t30.\tFreshwater\tpond\tin\tCharleston\tPark\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFigure\t31.\tFreshwater\tpond\tin\turban\thousing\tcomplex\t\t\tFigure\t32.\tNearshore\thabitat\tin\tArea\tC\twith\tseawall\tpavers\tcovered\tin\tfucus.\tThe\tcloser\tsection\twas\ta\tmore\trecent\taddition\tcompared\tto\tthe\tboulders\tfurther\tdown\tthe\tseawall.\t\t\t10.1.3\tDiving\tBirds\tFigure\t19\tshows\tthat\tDiving\tBirds\tare\tmostly\tobserved\tin\tthe\tnearshore\thabitat.\tFalse\tCreek\thas\thigh\tintertidal\tmixing\tand\tsurface\twaters\twith\thigh\tsalinity\t(Department\tof\tFisheries\tand\tOceans).\tTidal\tmixing\tincreases\tprimary\tproduction\tand\tnutrient\tenrichment\t(Pingree\tet\tal.\t1974),which\tresults\tin\tan\tincrease\tin\tprimary\tconsumers,\tsuch\tas\tsaltwater\tinsects\tand\tfish.\tDue\tto\thigh\ttidal\tmixing\tand\tshallow\t32\t\twaters,\tthere\tis\tan\tabundance\tof\tprimary\tproduction\talong\tthe\tseawall,\tas\tseen\tin\tFigure\t32.\tSmall\tGrebe\tspecies\tare\tgenerally\tplankton\tfeeders,\twhile\tMergansers,\tLoons\tand\tBarrow's\tGoldeneye\tare\tpiscivores,\tcarnivorous\tanimals\twhich\teat\tprimarily\tfish\t(\tHolm\tet\tal.\t2002).\tFigure\t32\tshows\tthat\tthe\tnearshore\thabitat\tis\tabundant\tin\tfucus\tand\tgreen\talgae,\twhich\tserve\tas\ta\tgreat\tfeeding\tground\tfor\tDiving\tBirds.\tFigure\t18\tshows\tthat\tmost\tDiving\tBirds\tare\tfound\tnear\tdocks.\tDuring\tthe\tfield\tsurvey,\tDiving\tBirds\twere\tseen\tdiving\tunder\tand\tswimming\tbetween\tdocks.\tThe\tdocks\tprovide\tshelter\tfrom\twind\tand\train\twhich\tprovides\tthe\tdiving\tbirds\twith\ta\tresting\tarea.\tDocking\tareas\talso\thave\tslightly\tdeeper\twater,\twhich\tserves\tas\ta\thabitat\tfor\tsmall\tfish,\ta\tsignificant\tdietary\trequirement\tfor\tDiving\tBirds.\tThe\thigh\tdensity\tof\tDiving\tBirds\tobserved\tnear\tdocks\tis\talso\tdue\tto\tthe\tfact\tthat\tmost\tDiving\tBirds,\tsuch\tas\tBarrow's\tGoldeneye,\tdive\tin\tflocks.\t\t10.1.4\tGulls\tGulls\twere\tthe\tspecies\tmost\tfrequently\tobserved\tduring\tthis\tstudy.\tThe\tfour\tspecies:\tCalifornia\tGull,\tGlaucous-Winged\tGull,\tMew\tGull,\tand\tRing-Billed\tGull\twere\tdifficult\tto\tdistinguish\tat\ta\tdistance,\tparticularly\twhen\tthey\twere\tseen\tfloating\tout\tin\tthe\toffshore\tareas.\tIn\torder\tto\tremain\tconsistent\twith\tour\tdensity\tmapping,\twe\tdecided\tto\tlump\tall\tfour\tGull\tspecies\tinto\tone\tgroup.\tThe\tdistribution\tof\tthe\tGulls\tis\tmapped\tin\tFigure\t20.\tAs\tcan\tbe\tseen\tin\tthe\tdistribution\tmap,\tthe\tGulls\tare\tfound\tin\tnearly\tevery\tpart\tof\tFalse\tCreek\tand\tthere\tdoesn't\tappear\tto\tbe\ta\tstrong\tpattern.\tWe\tdid\tnotice\tthat\tthere\twere\tslightly\thigher\tconcentrations\taround\tGranville\tIsland,\tparticularly\tin\tthe\tnortheast\tcorner\tas\tthis\twas\twhere\twe\tsaw\tthem\tbeing\tfed\tor\tstealing\tfood\tfrom\thumans\tthe\tmost\toften.\tWhen\tthe\tobservations\tare\tdivided\tby\thabitat\ttype,\twe\tfound\tthat\tnearly\thalf\tof\tthe\tGull\tsightings\t(49.9%)\twere\tmade\tin\tthe\turban\tshorefront\t(Figure\t21).\tMany\tGulls\tuse\turban\tareas\tsuch\tas\tparking\tlots\tand\tbuildings\tfor\tresting\tareas.\tGulls\tseem\tto\tbe\tvery\twell\tintegrated\tinto\tthe\turban\tenvironment\tand\teven\tseem\tto\tbenefit\tfrom\tthe\tpresence\tof\thumans.\tAs\tgeneralist\tfeeders,\tthey\tare\thighly\tadaptable\tbirds\tand\tare\table\tto\tefficiently\tfeed\tin\tall\tdifferent\tkinds\tof\thabitat\ttypes.\tThey\twill\teat\tfish\tand\tmarine\tinvertebrates\tfound\talong\tthe\tshoreline\tand\tin\tthe\tnearshore\tareas,\talgae\tfrom\tfreshwater\tponds,\tas\twell\tas\tgarbage\tand\thuman\tfood\tfrom\turban\tareas.\tThis\twould\texplain\twhy\tthey\tthrive\tin\tplaces\tsuch\tas\tGranville\tisland\twhere\tthere\tis\ta\thigh\tdensity\tof\thumans\tand\thuman\tfood.\t\t10.1.5\tOther\tspecies\tWithin\tthe\tother\tspecies\tcategory,\twe\tincluded\tthe\tCanada\tGoose,\tthe\tBelted\tKingfisher\tand\tthe\tGreat\tBlue\tHeron.\tNone\tof\tthe\tspecies\twere\tobserved\tfrequently\tenough\tto\tmake\tany\tconclusions\tabout\ttheir\tdistributions\tin\tFalse\tCreek.\t\tThe\tGreat\tBlue\theron\thas\tBlue\tstatus\tin\tthe\tBC\tSpecies\tlist\t(candidate\tfor\tspecial\tConcern\tin\tBritish\tColumbia).\tNesting\tareas\tin\tStanley\tPark\thave\tbeen\trecorded\tsince\tthe\t1920\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\t(Butler\tet.\tal).\tThey\tare\tstalking\tbirds\tand\tfeed\ton\tsmall\tfish\tcaught\tin\tshallow\twaters\t(Committee\ton\tthe\tstatus\tof\tendangered\twildlife\tin\tCanada,\t2017).\tAreas\tnear\tmarinas\tare\tideal\tfor\tHerons\tbecause\tthe\twaters\tare\tfairly\tshallow.\tIn\taddition,\tthe\tdocks\tthat\tthey\twere\tmost\toften\tobserved\tat\tmay\tgive\tthem\ta\tvantage\tpoint\tto\tsee\tinto\tthe\tshallow\twaters\tand\tprovide\tthem\twith\tplaces\tto\trest\ton\thigh\tground\t(Figure\t22).\t\tSince\tthis\tsurvey\twas\tconducted\tin\tthe\twinter,\tmost\tobservations\tof\tCanada\tGeese\twere\tin\tthe\tearly\tNovember\tbefore\tthey\tmigrated.\tThere\twere\tno\tobservations\tof\tCanada\tGeese\tafter\tJanuary,\tlikely\tdue\tto\ttheir\tmigratory\tbehaviour.\tCanada\tGeese\tgraze\ton\tgrass\tand\tother\tterrestrial\tvegetation\t33\t\t(Mowbray,\tEly,\tSedinger,\t&\tTrost,\t2002).\tOur\tobservations\tline\tup\twith\tthese\tfeeding\tbehaviors\tas\tmost\tof\tour\tobservations\ttook\tplace\tin\tthe\turban\tshorefront\thabitat\ttype.\t\tBelted\tKingfisher\twere\tonly\tseen\tthree\ttimes,\thowever\ttheir\thabitat\tpreferences\talso\tline\tup\twith\ttheir\tfeeding\tbehaviors.\tBecause\tBelted\tKingfishers\tswoop\tdown\ton\ttheir\tprey,\tdocks\tprovide\tthem\twith\ta\thigh\tvantage\tpoint\tto\tstalk\ttheir\tprey\tbefore\tswooping\t(Hamas,\t2009).\t\t10.1.6\tGeneral\tRemarks\t\t Figure\t11\tshows\tthat\tmost\tbird\tdensities\tare\tlocated\tin\tthe\tnearshore\thabitat.\tThis\tis\tobserved\tagain\tin\tFigure\t13,\twhich\tshows\tthat\tthe\tmost\tnumber\tof\tspecies\twere\tobserved\tin\tthe\tnearshore\thabitat.\tAs\texplained\tin\tthe\tsections\tabove,\tthis\tis\tmostly\tdue\tto\tthe\tabundance\tof\tprimary\tproduction\tlocated\tin\tthe\tnearshore\thabitat.\tAs\tmentioned\tin\tthe\tDiving\tBird\tsection,\tstrong\tintertidal\tmixing\tincreases\tnutrient\tenrichment\twhich\tattracts\tsmall\tfish\tand\tinsects\tresulting\tin\tan\tincrease\tin\tpiscivores\t(Department\tof\tFisheries\tand\tOceans).\tCertain\tareas\talong\tthe\tnearshore\thabitat\thad\tan\tincrease\tin\talgae\tproduction.\tAs\tshown\tin\tFigure\t32,\tcertain\tareas\talong\tthe\tseawall\tcontained\tsmooth\tflat\tpavers\twhich\tseemed\tto\tencourage\talgae\tgrowth.\t\t\t Figure\t11\tshows\tthat\tthe\tarea\twith\tthe\tlowest\tbird\tobservations\tis\teast\tFalse\tCreek.\tFigure\t26\tshows\tthat\tthis\tarea\talso\thas\tfewer\tdisturbances.\tSince\tbirds\tare\tan\tindicator\tspecies\tfor\tecosystem\thealth,\ta\tdecrease\tin\tmarine\tbirds\tin\tthis\tarea\tmay\tbe\tdue\tto\tpoor\twater\tquality.\tThe\tMetro\tVancouver\tBeach\tWater\tQuality\treport\tdiscloses\tthat\tthe\tmean\tgeometric\taverage\tof\tE-coli\tbacteria\tfor\t100ml\tof\twater\tis\t163\tfor\teast\tFalse\tCreek\t(Vancouver\tCoastal\tHealth).\tThis\tis\tthe\thighest\tamount\tof\tE-coli\tfound\tin\tthe\tmetro\tVancouver\tarea.\tA\treport\tconducted\tby\tthe\tministry\tof\tenvironment\tshows\tthat\teast\tFalse\tCreek\tis\tstill\tacceptable\tfor\tsecondary\trecreational\tactivities,\tsuch\tas\tcanoeing\tor\tsailing\tbut\tprimary\thuman\tactivities\tare\tnot\tencouraged\t(Ministry\tof\tEnvironment,\t2006).\tThe\tcomparatively\tpoor\twater\tquality\tmay\tbe\ta\tfactor\tin\twhy\tso\tfew\tbirds\tare\tseen\there.\t\t10.2\tDiscussion\ton\tdisturbances\tThroughout\tour\tfield\tsurveys,\twe\tobserved\tmany\tdifferent\ttypes\tof\tdisturbances\tthat\taffected\tthe\tmarine\tbirds\tin\tthe\tregion.\tDisturbances\tthat\twe\tnoted\twere\tboth\tactive\t(eg.\ta\tboat\tcausing\ta\tbird\tto\tpanic\tand\tfly\taway)\tand\tpassive\t(eg.\ta\tregion\twith\texcessive\tnoise).\tDisturbances\tincluded\tboth\toff-leash\tand\ton-leash\tdogs,\thuman\tinteractions\t(eg.\tvia\tfeeding),\tmotorized\tand\tnon-motorized\tboating,\texcessive\tnoise,\tother\tbirds,\tand\tin\tone\tinstance,\ta\tdrone.\t\tIn\tthe\tfirst\tmap\t(Figure\t26),\twe\tlooked\tat\tthe\tdensity\tof\tall\tdisturbances\tlumped\ttogether.\tThe\thighest\tconcentration\tof\tdisturbances\toccurred\ton\tthe\tnorthwest\ttip\tof\tGranville\tIsland;\tthis\tcoincides\twith\tan\toutdoor\tseating\tarea\toutside\tof\tthe\tmain\tfood\tcourt\tand\tis\tvery\tpopular\tfor\ttourists.\tThere\twere\tmany\tGulls\tfocussed\tin\tthis\tarea\tand\tlots\tof\tfeeding\tof\tthe\tbirds\tby\thumans.\tIt\tis\talso\tthe\tsite\tof\tan\taquabus\tdock.\tOther\tareas\tof\thigh\tdisturbances\tcoincided\twith\tcity\tparks\tand\tthe\topen\tgrassy\tregions\tfound\tthere,\tmostly\tdue\tto\tthe\tpresences\tof\thigh\tnumbers\tof\tboth\toff-leash\tand\ton-leash\tdogs,\tand\tthe\toffshore\tareas\tdue\tto\tthe\taquabus\troutes\tand\tother\tboat\ttraffic.\tExcessive\tnoise\twas\tdetermined\taccording\tto\tdeviations\tfrom\tnormal\tbackground\tlevels\tthat\tcould\tbe\tnoticed\twithout\tspecialized\tsound\tmonitoring\tequipment.\tBecause\tthis\tstudy\toccurred\tover\tthe\twinter,\twe\texpect\tour\tdisturbance\tresults\tto\tbe\tseasonally\tconfined\tto\twinter\tmonths.\tIn\tthe\tsummer\tmonths,\trecreational\tuse\twill\tprobably\tbe\tmuch\thigher,\tincreasing\tthe\tprobability\tof\tdog-bird,\tboat-bird\tand\thuman-bird\tinteractions\tand\tchanging\tthe\tproportion\tof\teach\toccurrence.\t34\t\t\t10.2.1\tDogs\tDisturbances\tdue\tto\tdogs\twere\tof\tparticular\tinterest\tto\tus\tthroughout\tthe\tstudy\tas\tthis\tis\tan\tissue\tthat\tthe\tCity\tof\tVancouver\tis\tcurrently\texamining.\tIn\ttotal,\twe\trecorded\t27\tinstances\tof\tdisturbance\tof\tbirds\tdue\tto\tdogs\twith\tonly\tfive\tof\tthese\tbeing\twhen\tthe\tdogs\twere\ton-leash\tand\tthe\tother\t22\tbeing\twhen\tthe\tdogs\twere\toff-leash.\tOur\tresults\tseem\tto\tsignify\tthat\tdogs\ttend\tto\tdisturb\tbirds,\thowever\tthey\tare\tless\tdisruptive\twhen\tkept\tmore\tin\tcontrol\tand\ton-leash.\tThe\tbird\tspecies\tthat\twere\tmost\taffected\tby\tdogs\twere\tthe\tDabbling\tDucks\tsuch\tas\tMallards\tand\tAmerican\tWigeon,\tas\twell\tas\tsome\tof\tthe\tDiving\tBirds\tthat\tspend\tmore\ttime\tcloser\tto\tshore\tsuch\tas\tthe\tBufflehead\tDuck\tand\tBarrow\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\tGoldeneye.\t\tOn\tthe\tmap\t(Figure\t27),\tit\tcan\tbe\tseen\tthat\toff-leash\tdog\tdisturbances\twere\tobserved\tin\tnearly\tevery\tpublic\tpark\talong\tthe\twaterfront,\tdespite\tthe\tfact\tthat\tthese\tare\tnearly\tall\ton-leash\tparks\tonly\twith\tclear\tsignage.\tCharleson\tPark,\ton\tthe\tsouthern\tedge\tof\tFalse\tCreek\tis\ta\tdesignated\toff-leash\tarea,\thowever\tit\tis\tadjacent\tto\ta\tlarge\tfreshwater\tpond\twhich\twe\tfound\twas\tfrequented\tby\tDabbling\tDucks\tand\tGulls.\tWhile\tdisturbances\twere\tindeed\tobserved,\tbirds\tstill\tmade\tuse\tof\tthe\tpond\tin\thigh\tnumbers.\t\t\t10.2.2\tBoats\tFalse\tCreek\tis\ta\tvery\tactive\twaterway\tfor\tboth\tmotorized\tand\tnon-motorized\tboat\ttraffic\tof\tvarious\tforms.\tThe\tmost\tabundant\tboat\tdisturbance\tobserved\twere\tAqua\tBuses\twhich\toperate\ton\tset\troutes\tthroughout\tthe\tchannel.\tWe\talso\tobserved\tdisturbances\tdue\tto\tpersonal\tcrafts\tsuch\tas\tsailboats,\tcanoes,\tkayaks,\tdragonboats,\tand\trowers.\tDragonboat\tand\trower\ttraffic\twas\tmostly\tseen\tin\tthe\tmorning\tand\tmay\tbe\tmore\tof\ta\tdisturbance\tto\tbirds\tdue\tto\ttheir\tuse\tof\tloudspeakers.\tBased\ton\tthe\tspatial\tdistribution\ton\tthe\tmap\t(Figure\t28),\tboat\tdisturbances\tseem\tto\tbe\tmore\tprevalent\tin\tareas\twhere\tthe\tchannel\tnarrows,\twhich\twould\tmake\tsense\tas\tthere\tis\tless\tspace\tfor\tthe\tboat\ttraffic\tand\tthe\tbirds\tto\tmaneuver\taround\teach\tother.\tBird\tspecies\tthat\twere\taffected\tthe\tmost\tby\tboats\tinclude\tboth\tthe\tPelagic\tand\tthe\tDouble-crested\tCormorants,\twhich\tspend\ttime\tfeeding\tout\tin\tthe\tcenter\tof\tthe\tchannel,\tas\twell\tas\tthe\tDiving\tBirds\tsuch\tas\tthe\tBufflehead\tDuck\tand\tBarrow\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\tGoldeneye.\t\t10.2.3\tWeather\t \tOn\tone\tof\tour\tfield\tvisits\t(February\t5th)\twe\texperienced\tunusually\tcold\tweather\twith\tlots\tof\tsnow\tand\tmany\tof\tthe\tponds\twere\tpartially\tor\tcompletely\tfrozen\tover.\tThe\tfrozen\tponds\tdid\tnot\thave\tany\tbirds\tobserved.\tThe\tbirds\tmay\thave\tbeen\tconcentrated\tin\tthe\tareas\twhere\tthe\twater\twas\tnot\tfrozen\tor\ttemporarily\tmoved\toutside\tof\tour\tstudy\tarea.\tWe\tare\taware\tthat\tthis\tmay\thave\tslightly\taltered\tour\tresults.\t\t11.\tCitizen\tscience\tThe\tCity\tof\tVancouver\tis\tinterested\tin\tsharing\tthe\tresults\tof\tour\tstudy\twith\tthe\tpublic\tin\ta\tmeaningful\tway.\tNot\tonly\tis\tinformation\tregarding\tthe\tdensities\tand\tdistributions\tof\tmarine\tbirds\tin\tFalse\tCreek\tuseful\tfor\tinforming\tdevelopment\tchanges\tto\tland\tuse,\tbut\tit\tcan\talso\tbe\tused\tto\tsubstantiate\teducational\tactivities\tthat\tteach\tcitizens\tabout\tmarine\tbird\tbiodiversity\tin\tVancouver\tand\thow\turban\tareas\tfunction\tas\thabitat\tto\twildlife.\tThese\tactivities\twill\talso\tteach\tthe\tpublic\trudimentary\tscientific\tskills,\tsuch\tas\tdata\tcollection\tand\tmaking\taccurate\tobservations.\tData\tsubmitted\tby\tcitizens\tcan\tbe\tcollected\tby\tthe\tCity\tof\tVancouver\tand\tcompiled\tinto\ta\tlong-term\tdatabase\tif\tthey\twish\tto\tcontinue\t35\t\tmonitoring\tmarine\tbirds\tin\tFalse\tCreek.\tWhile\tanalyzing\tcitizen-reported\tdata\tis\toutside\tof\tthe\tscope\tof\tour\tstudy,\twe\thope\tthat\tthe\tgraphics\twe\tgenerate\twill\thelp\tto\tincrease\tpublic\tawareness\tof\tbirds\tin\tthe\tarea\tand\tencourage\tcitizens\tto\treport\tmore\tsightings.\tPerhaps\tthe\tCity\tof\tVancouver\twill\tundertake\ta\tproject\tfocused\tmore\ton\tanalysis\tof\tcitizen\tscience\tdata\tin\tthe\tfuture\tif\tthey\twish\tto\timplement\tlong-term\tdata\tcollection.\t\t\t\t\t11.1\tBird\tBingo\tAs\ta\tway\tto\tget\tthe\tpublic\tmore\tengaged\twith\tthe\tmarine\tbirds\tin\tFalse\tCreek,\twe\thave\tdesigned\ta\tbird\tbingo\ttemplate\tthat\tincludes\tthe\ttop\t10\tspecies\tobserved\tand\tcommon\tbird\tbehaviours.\tIt\twill\tencourage\tusers\tto\twalk\taround\tFalse\tCreek\tand\tnotice\tmarine\tbirds\twhere\tthey\tpreviously\twould\thave\tignored\tor\tmissed\ttheir\tpresence.\tIt\twill\talso\tteach\tusers\tsome\trudimentary\tbird\tidentification\tskills\tand\tfacts\tabout\tsome\tspecies.\t\tFront\tside:\t\t36\t\t\tBack\tside:\t\t11.2\tInformative\tsigns\tAnother\tkey\tpart\tof\tour\tpublic\tengagement\tplan\tis\tthe\tcreation\tof\tsignposts\tbased\ton\tthe\tresults\tof\tour\tstudy.\tFalse\tCreek\tis\ta\ttourist\thotspot\tall\tyear\tround.\tMany\tpeople\twalk\talong\tthe\tsea\twall\tin\tclose\tproximity\tto\tthe\tmarine\tbirds\tin\tFalse\tCreek\tand\tdon\u00E2\u0080\u0099t\tknow\twhich\tspecies\tare\tthere.\tWe\tare\tproposing\tthat\tthe\tCity\tof\tVancouver\tplace\tsome\tinterpretive\tsigns\tin\tsome\thigh-traffic\tareas\tthat\tare\talso\thabitat\t\u00E2\u0080\u009Chotspots\u00E2\u0080\u009D\tfor\tsome\tof\tthe\tmore\tpopular\tmarine\tbirds\twe\tsaw\tduring\tour\tstudy.\t\tEach\tsignpost\tincludes\tpictures\tof\tthe\tbird,\tkey\tidentification\tpoints,\tone\tof\tour\tdensity\tdistribution\tmaps,\tand\ta\tlink\tto\tthe\tonline\tdatabase\t\u00E2\u0080\u009Cebird\u00E2\u0080\u009D\twhere\tcitizens\tcan\tlog\tany\tobservations\tthey\tmake.\tThere\tis\tan\texample\tsignpost\tfor\tCormorants\tincluded\ton\tthe\tfollowing\tpage:\t\tWELCOME TO FALSE CREEK MARINE BIRD BINGO!\tContained on this Bingo card are ten species of marine birds you are likely to see on any visit to False Creek as well as common bird behaviours. Not a seasoned bird watcher? No problem! Bird identification is easier than you think and with a few tips and a little practice, you'll be an expert in no time.\tBIRD IDENTIFICATION 101:\t1. Dabbling duck: A sub-family of ducks that stick their butt up in the air when they are feeding from the surface layer. wigeons and Mallards are examples of dabblers.\t2. Great blue heron: Blue-grey feathers, a long, sharp beak and shaggy plumage. Usually found standing still next to the shoreline or sleeping on docks, posts or on boats.\t3. Canada goose: Black head with a white chin strap and have brown, tan and white body feathers. Usually found in parks, near ponds, or swimming next to shore.\t4. Pelagic cormorant: Dark and glossy feathers, long, slender neck, and a hooked bill. Usually found diving in the middle of the inlet or drying off on posts and docks.\t5. Diving ducks: A sub-family of ducks that dive down to the bottom to feed. Goldeneyes and Buffleheads are examples of divers.\t6. American wigeon: Males are brown with a bright green patch on their face, females are grey on top and brown beneath. Usually found in ponds or swimming close to shore.\t7. Barrow\u00E2\u0080\u0099s goldeneye: Males are mostly white with a black head and a white crescent beneath their eye. Females have a brown head, orange bill and grey body. Found in ponds, swimming in docks, and sometimes in flocks of 50+ birds.\t8. Male mallard duck: Bright green head, white ring on neck and a grey and brown body with orange feet. Found in ponds, parks and close to shore.\t9. Bufflehead duck: Males have a white body and black head with a big white patch. Females are mostly grey with a darker head and small white patch under the eye. Usually found in ponds and swimming offshore.\t10. Goose poop: Greenish-brown found on pathways and in the grass. Watch your step!\t11. Hooded merganser: Males have a black head, a mohawk-like crest and a large white patch. Females are mostly grey with a brown fringe. Found near shore.\t12. Gulls: White and grey with orange, yellow or black beaks. Found everywhere!\t13. Bird sleeping: Characterized by tucking their head under their wings and either float or stand in the shallows.\t37\t\t\t38\t\t12.\tRecommendations\t1.\tImplement\ta\tmarine\tbird\tbased\tcitizen\tscience\tprogram\tin\tFalse\tCreek\tFalse\tCreek\tprovides\tresidents\tof\tVancouver\twith\tthe\tunique\topportunity\tto\tinteract\twith\tnature\twithout\thaving\tto\tleave\tthe\tcity\tlimits.\tBecause\tmarine\tbirds\thave\tsuch\tan\timpressive\tpresence\tin\tFalse\tCreek,\tare\teasily\tidentifiable\tand\tcharismatic,\tthey\tare\tan\texcellent\tsubject\tfor\tcitizen\tscience\tprograms\ttargeted\tat\tincreasing\tcommunity\texposure\tto\turban\twildlife\tand\tpromoting\tconservation.\tThe\tfindings\tfrom\tthis\tstudy\tcan\tbe\tused\tas\tthe\tscientific\tsubstance\tbehind\tpublic\teducation\tprograms\tand\tcan\tadvise\tthe\tcontent\tof\tfuture\tactivities\tas\twell\tas\tthe\tlocations\tof\tsignage\tand\tinformation.\tOur\ttwo\tprototype\tactivities\tserve\tas\texamples\tof\thow\tour\tfindings\tcan\tbe\tpresented\tto\tthe\tpublic\tin\tfun\tand\tengaging\tways.\t\t2.\tInclude\tbird-friendly\tfeatures\tin\tfuture\tdevelopment\tprojects\tAn\tunexpected\tresult\tfrom\tthis\tstudy\tis\thow\tcertain\tman-made\tecosystem\tfeatures\twere\tobserved\tto\tbenefit\tmarine\tbirds.\tFreshwater\tponds,\tmarinas\tand\tstatues\twere\tfrequently\tobserved\tbeing\tused\tby\tresident\tmarine\tbirds\tand\tsupplement\ttheir\tnatural\thabitat\tby\tserving\tas\tprotected\tplaces\tto\tfeed,\trest,\tand\tdry\toff.\tBecause\tfew\tmarine\tbirds\twere\tobserved\tin\tthe\tnortheast\tcorner\tof\tFalse\tCreek\twhere\tredevelopments\thave\tbeen\tproposed,\tdecision\tmakers\thave\tthe\topportunity\tto\tadvise\tredevelopment\tprojects\tto\tconsider\tsupplementing\texisting\thabitats\twith\tfeatures\tthat\twill\tincrease\tbird\tpresence\tin\tthe\tarea.\t\t3.\tPerform\tfuture\tstudies\tto\tbroaden\tunderstanding\t\t Because\tthis\tstudy\toccurred\tover\tthe\twinter,\tthe\tresults\tare\tseasonally\tconstrained\tand\thave\tlimited\tinfluence.\tAs\tsuch,\tsimilar\tstudies\tshould\toccur\tduring\tthe\tother\tthree\tseasons\tto\tdetermine\thow\tmarine\tbird\tspecies\tcomposition\tchanges\tbetween\tmigratory\tperiods\tand\twhether\thabitat\tuse\thas\ta\tseasonal\tcomponent.\tCombining\tthe\tfindings\tfrom\teach\tseasonal\tstudy\twill\tallow\tfor\ta\tbetter\tunderstanding\tof\tthe\tecology\tof\tFalse\tCreek\tand\tmore\taccurate\tideas\tof\thabitat\tuse\tby\tmarine\tbirds.\t\t Another\tpossible\tstudy\tcould\tlook\tat\thow\tdisturbances\timpact\tmarine\tbird\thabitat\tuse\tin\tFalse\tCreek.\tBecause\tthis\twas\ta\tbaseline\tstudy,\tno\tconclusions\tcan\tbe\tmade\tabout\tthe\trole\tof\tdisturbances\tin\tdetermining\tthe\tspatial\tdistributions\tof\tspecies\tand\twhy\tsome\tareas\tare\tused\tmore\tfrequently\tthan\tothers.\tMethodology\tcould\tinclude\tisolating\tan\tarea\tfrom\tdisturbances\tand\trecording\tmarine\tbird\tobservations\tbefore\tand\tafter\tisolation\tto\tdetermine\tthe\tcausality\tbetween\tdisturbance\tfrequency\tand\tmarine\tbird\tpresence.\t\t13.\tSummary\tOur\tstudy\trevealed\tthat\tmarine\tbirds\textensively\tuse\tthe\tFalse\tCreek\tarea\tand\tthat\thuman\tactions\tcan\tbe\tobserved\tdisturbing\ttheir\tactivities.\tIn\ttotal,\t3105\tindividuals\tfrom\t16\tdifferent\tspecies\tacross\tseven\tsub-families\tof\twaterfowl\twere\tobserved\tin\tFalse\tCreek\tover\tsix\tfield\tsessions\tbetween\tNovember\t2016\tto\tFebruary\t2017.\tThese\tspecies\twere\tobserved\tin\ta\tvariety\tof\tdifferent\thabitat\ttypes\taccording\tto\twhich\tareas\tsuited\ttheir\tecological\tniches.\tThe\tmaps\tillustrating\thabitat\tuse\tby\tsub-family\tshow\tconsiderable\tvariation\tbetween\tgroups,\twhich\tis\texplained\tin\tliterature\tby\ttheir\tdifferent\teating\thabits\tand\tphysiological\ttraits.\tThese\tvisuals\tillustrate\thow\tmarine\tbird\thabitat\tuse\tin\tFalse\tCreek\tis\textremely\tdynamic\tand\treveal\twhich\tareas\twithin\tthe\tecosystem\tare\tmore\tsignificant\tthan\tothers\tin\t39\t\tregards\tto\tbiodiversity\tand\tnumber\tof\tindividuals\tfound\tthere.\tPrecise\tobservation\tnumbers\tfor\teach\tindividual\tspecies\tis\tcontained\tin\tour\tappendix,\talong\twith\tmaps\tand\tcharts\tabout\thabitat\tpreferences.\t\tAnthropogenic\tdisturbances\tto\tmarine\tbids\talso\tspatially\tvariable.\tSome\tareas\twere\tmore\tfrequently\tdisturbed\tthan\tothers\tand\tdominant\tdisturbance\ttype\tchanges\tdepending\twhere\tyou\tare\taround\tthe\tinlet.\tBoat\tdisturbance\twas\tthe\tmost\tintense\tin\tareas\twhere\tthe\tchannel\tnarrows\tand\thuman\trelated\tincidents\twere\tmost\tcommon\tin\tdensely\tpopulated\tareas\tlike\tGranville\tIsland.\tOff-leash\tdogs\twere\tthe\tmost\tcommonly\tobserved\tdisturbance\toverall\tand\tfrequently\toccurred\taway\tfrom\toff-leash\tdesignated\tareas.\t\tThe\tdynamic\tmarine\tbird\tpopulations\tobserved\tin\tFalse\tCreek\tillustrate\tthat\tthe\tarea\thas\ta\tsignificant\tconservation\trole.\tThe\tarea\tis\timportant\thabitat\tfor\tBC\tRed\tand\tBlue\tlisted\tspecies,\twhich\tindicates\tthat\tpreserving\tthe\thealth\tof\tthe\tecosystem\tis\tnecessary\tto\tpromote\tthe\tprotection\tof\tthese\tthreatened\tspecies.\tMoving\tinto\ta\tfuture\twhere\tclimate\tchange\thas\tthe\tability\tto\talter\tthe\tfunctioning\tof\tour\tenvironment,\tit\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\tintegral\tthat\twe\tdo\twhat\twe\tcan\tright\tnow\tto\treduce\tadditional\tstresses\ton\twildlife\tand\ttheir\thabitats\tand\tkeep\tour\tspaces\tplaces\tthey\twant\tto\tcall\thome.\t14.\tAcknowledgements\t\t We\twould\tlike\tto\tthank\tour\tcommunity\tpartners\tat\tthe\tCity\tof\tVancouver-\tAngela\tDanyluk,\tDana\tMcDonald,\tJeanie\tMorton\tand\tNick\tPage\tas\twell\tas\tSara\tHarris,\tour\tproject\tconsultant.\tAlso\tthanks\tto\tBernado\tRanieri\tand\tVikas\tMenghwani\tfor\ttheir\tfeedback.\t\t \t\t 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\t46\t\t\t\t2.\tAll\tBirds\tObserved\tin\tthe\tStudy\t\t\tFigure\t6.\tThe\trelative\tproportion\tof\tobservations\tof\teach\tspecies\tover\tthe\tsix\tfield\tsessions\tfrom\tNovember\tto\tFebruary.\tThe\ttable\tcontains\tthe\tspecies\tgrouped\tin\tthe\t\u00E2\u0080\u009Cobserved\t<5\ttimes\u00E2\u0080\u009D\tthat\twere\trarely\tseen.\t\ta. American\tWigeon\t\tFigure\t7.\tThe\tdistribution\tof\ttotal\tobservations\tof\tAmerican\tWigeon\tover\tsix\tfield\tdays\tmapped\tover\thabitat\ttype\tfor\teach\tobservation\tzone.\t47\t\t\t\tFigure\t8.\tThe\tobserved\tfrequencies\tof\tAmerican\tWigeons\tin\tthe\tfive\thabitat\ttypes\tover\tthe\tsix\tfield\tsessions.\t\t \t48\t\t\t\t\tb. Barrow\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\tGoldeneye\t\t\tFigure\t9.\tThe\tdistribution\tof\ttotal\tobservations\tof\tBarrow\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\tGoldeneye\tover\tsix\tfield\tdays\tmapped\tover\thabitat\ttype\tfor\teach\tobservation\tzone.\t\tFigure\t10.\tThe\tobserved\tfrequencies\tof\tBarrow\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\tGoldeneye\t\tin\tthe\tfive\thabitat\ttypes\tover\tthe\tsix\tfield\tsessions.\tDock\thabitats\thave\tbeen\texcluded\tbecause\tthere\twere\tno\tsightings\tin\tthose\tlocations.\t\t\t\t \t49\t\t\t\t\tc. Belted\tKingfisher\t\t\tFigure\t11.\tThe\tdistribution\tof\ttotal\tobservations\tof\tBelted\tKingfisher\tover\tsix\tfield\tdays\tmapped\tover\thabitat\ttype\tfor\teach\tobservation\tzone.\t\tFigure\t12.\tThe\tobserved\tfrequencies\tof\tBelted\tKingfisher\tin\tthe\tfive\thabitat\ttypes\tover\tthe\tsix\tfield\tsessions.\tUrban\tshorefront,\tshoreline,\tand\toffshore\t\thabitats\thave\tbeen\texcluded\tbecause\tthere\twere\tno\tsightings\tin\tthose\tlocations.\t\t\t\t \t50\t\t\t\t\td. Bufflehead\tDuck\t\t\tFigure\t13.\tThe\tdistribution\tof\ttotal\tobservations\tof\tBufflehead\tDuck\tover\tsix\tfield\tdays\tmapped\tover\thabitat\ttype\tfor\teach\tobservation\tzone.\t\tFigure\t14.\tThe\tobserved\tfrequencies\tof\tBufflehead\tDucks\tin\tthe\tfive\thabitat\ttypes\tover\tthe\tsix\tfield\tsessions.\tShoreline,\toffshore,\tand\tdock\thabitats\thave\tbeen\texcluded\tbecause\tthere\twere\tno\tsightings\tin\tthose\tlocations.\t\t\t\t \t51\t\t\t\t\te. Canada\tGoose\t\t\t\tFigure\t15.\tThe\tdistribution\tof\ttotal\tobservations\tof\tCanada\tGoose\tover\tsix\tfield\tdays\tmapped\tover\thabitat\ttype\tfor\teach\tobservation\tzone.\t\tFigure\t16.\tThe\tobserved\tfrequencies\tof\tCanada\tGoose\tin\tthe\tfive\thabitat\ttypes\tover\tthe\tsix\tfield\tsessions.\tNearshore\tand\tshoreline\thabitats\thave\tbeen\texcluded\tbecause\tthere\twere\tno\tsightings\tin\tthose\tlocations.\t\t\t\t \t52\t\t\t\t\tf. Common\tGoldeneye\t\t\tFigure\t17.\tThe\tdistribution\tof\ttotal\tobservations\tof\tCommon\tGoldeneye\tover\tsix\tfield\tdays\tmapped\tover\thabitat\ttype\tfor\teach\tobservation\tzone.\t\tFigure\t18.\tThe\tobserved\tfrequencies\tof\tCommon\tGoldeneye\t\tin\tthe\tfive\thabitat\ttypes\tover\tthe\tsix\tfield\tsessions.\tUrban\tshorefront,\tshoreline,\tand\toffshore\thabitats\thave\tbeen\texcluded\tbecause\tthere\twere\tno\tsightings\tin\tthose\tlocations.\t\t\t \t53\t\t\t\t\tg. Common\tLoon\t\t\tFigure\t19.\tThe\tdistribution\tof\ttotal\tobservations\tof\tCommon\tLoon\tover\tsix\tfield\tdays\tmapped\tover\thabitat\ttype\tfor\teach\tobservation\tzone.\t\tFigure\t20.\tThe\tobserved\tfrequencies\tof\tCommon\tLoon\tin\tthe\tfive\thabitat\ttypes\tover\tthe\tsix\tfield\tsessions.\tUrban\tshorefront,\tshoreline,\tand\tdock\thabitats\thave\tbeen\texcluded\tbecause\tthere\twere\tno\tsightings\tin\tthose\tlocations.\t\t\t\t \t54\t\t\t\t\th. Double-Crested\tCormorant\t\t\tFigure\t21.\tThe\tdistribution\tof\ttotal\tobservations\tof\tDouble-Crested\tCormorants\tover\tsix\tfield\tdays\tmapped\tover\thabitat\ttype\tfor\teach\tobservation\tzone.\t\tFigure\t22.\tThe\tobserved\tfrequencies\tof\tDouble-Crested\tCormorant\tin\tthe\tfive\thabitat\ttypes\tover\tthe\tsix\tfield\tsessions.\tUrban\tshorefront\thabitats\thave\tbeen\texcluded\tbecause\tthere\twere\tno\tsightings\tin\tthose\tlocations.\t\t\t\t \t55\t\t\t\t\ti. Gulls\t\t\tFigure\t23.\tThe\tdistribution\tof\ttotal\tobservations\tof\tGulls\tover\tsix\tfield\tdays\tmapped\tover\thabitat\ttype\tfor\teach\tobservation\tzone.\t\tFigure\t24.\tThe\tobserved\tfrequencies\tof\tGulls\tin\tthe\tfive\thabitat\ttypes\tover\tthe\tsix\tfield\tsessions.\t\t\t \t56\t\t\t\t\tj. Great\tBlue\tHeron\t(Blue-listed/Species\tof\tspecial\tconcern)\t\t\tFigure\t25.\tThe\tdistribution\tof\ttotal\tobservations\tof\tGreat\tBlue\tHerons\tover\tsix\tfield\tdays\tmapped\tover\thabitat\ttype\tfor\teach\tobservation\tzone.\t\tFigure\t26.\tThe\tobserved\tfrequencies\tof\tGreat\tBlue\tHerons\tin\tthe\tfive\thabitat\ttypes\tover\tthe\tsix\tfield\tsessions.\tShoreline,\tnearshore,\tand\toffshore\thabitats\thave\tbeen\texcluded\tbecause\tthere\twere\tno\tsightings\tin\tthose\tlocations.\t\t\t\t \t57\t\t\t\t\tk. Hooded\tMerganser\t\t\t\tFigure\t27.\tThe\tdistribution\tof\ttotal\tobservations\tof\tHooded\tMerganser\tover\tsix\tfield\tdays\tmapped\tover\thabitat\ttype\tfor\teach\tobservation\tzone.\t\tFigure\t28.\tThe\tobserved\tfrequencies\tof\tHooded\tMerganser\tin\tthe\tfive\thabitat\ttypes\tover\tthe\tsix\tfield\tsessions.\tUrban\tshoreline,\tshoreline,\tand\tdock\thabitats\thave\tbeen\texcluded\tbecause\tthere\twere\tno\tsightings\tin\tthose\tlocations.\t\t\t\t \t58\t\t\t\t\tl. Horned\tGrebe\t\t\tFigure\t29.\tThe\tdistribution\tof\ttotal\tobservations\tof\tHorned\tGrebe\tover\tsix\tfield\tdays\tmapped\tover\thabitat\ttype\tfor\teach\tobservation\tzone.\t\tFigure\t30.\tThe\tobserved\tfrequencies\tof\tHorned\tGrebe\tin\tthe\tfive\thabitat\ttypes\tover\tthe\tsix\tfield\tsessions.\tUrban\tshorefront,\tshoreline,\tand\tdock\thabitats\thave\tbeen\texcluded\tbecause\tthere\twere\tno\tsightings\tin\tthose\tlocations.\t\t\t \t59\t\t\t\t\tm. Mallard\tDuck\t\t\tFigure\t31.\tThe\tdistribution\tof\ttotal\tobservations\tof\tMallard\tDucks\tover\tsix\tfield\tdays\tmapped\tover\thabitat\ttype\tfor\teach\tobservation\tzone.\t\tFigure\t32.\tThe\tobserved\tfrequencies\tof\tMallard\tDucks\tin\tthe\tfive\thabitat\ttypes\tover\tthe\tsix\tfield\tsessions.\tDock\thabitats\thave\tbeen\texcluded\tbecause\tthere\twere\tno\tsightings\tin\tthose\tlocations.\t\t\t\t \t60\t\t\t\t\tn. Pelagic\tCormorant\t\t\tFigure\t33.\tThe\tdistribution\tof\ttotal\tobservations\tof\tPelagic\tCormorants\tover\tsix\tfield\tdays\tmapped\tover\thabitat\ttype\tfor\teach\tobservation\tzone.\t\tFigure\t34.\tThe\tobserved\tfrequencies\tof\tPelagic\tCormorant\tin\tthe\tfive\thabitat\ttypes\tover\tthe\tsix\tfield\tsessions.\tDock\thabitats\thave\tbeen\texcluded\tbecause\tthere\twere\tno\tsightings\tin\tthose\tlocations.\t\t\t\t \t61\t\t\t\t\to. Pied-Billed\tGrebe\t\t\tFigure\t35.\tThe\tdistribution\tof\ttotal\tobservations\tof\tPied-Billed\tGrebe\tover\tsix\tfield\tdays\tmapped\tover\thabitat\ttype\tfor\teach\tobservation\tzone.\t\tFigure\t36.\tThe\tobserved\tfrequencies\tof\tPied-Billed\tGrebe\tin\tthe\tfive\thabitat\ttypes\tover\tthe\tsix\tfield\tsessions.\tUrban\tshorefront,\tnearshore,\tand\toffshore\thabitats\thave\tbeen\texcluded\tbecause\tthere\twere\tno\tsightings\tin\tthose\tlocations.\t\t\t\t \t62\t\t\t\t\tp. Red-Breasted\tMerganser\t\t\tFigure\t37.\tThe\tdistribution\tof\ttotal\tobservations\tof\tRed-Breasted\tMerganser\tover\tsix\tfield\tdays\tmapped\tover\thabitat\ttype\tfor\teach\tobservation\tzone.\t\tFigure\t38.\tThe\tobserved\tfrequencies\tof\tRed-Breasted\tMerganser\tin\tthe\tfive\thabitat\ttypes\tover\tthe\tsix\tfield\tsessions.\tUrban\tshorefront,\tshoreline,\tand\tdock\thabitats\thave\tbeen\texcluded\tbecause\tthere\twere\tno\tsightings\tin\tthose\tlocations.\t\t\t\t\t63\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\ta)\tDetailed\tdisturbance\tmaps\t\t\tFigure\t40.\tAll\tdisturbances\tmapped\tby\ttype:\tBlues\tcorrespond\twith\tboats,\tred/orange\tcorresponds\twith\tdogs,\tgreen\tcorresponds\twith\tnoise,\tetc.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t"@en . "Report"@en . "10.14288/1.0347188"@en . "eng"@en . "Unreviewed"@en . "Vancouver : University of British Columbia Library"@en . "Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International"@* . "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/"@* . "Undergraduate"@en . "University of British Columbia. ENVR 400"@en . "Winter marine birds in False Creek : a spatial analysis of bird distributions and anthropogenic disturbances"@en . "Text"@en . "Still Image"@en . "http://hdl.handle.net/2429/61384"@en .