"Science, Faculty of"@en . "Physics and Astronomy, Department of"@en . "DSpace"@en . "UBCV"@en . "So, Rocky Yat Cheung. 2008. Measurement of Upsilon (1S) Production at BABAR - Inclusive Measurement at the Upsilon (4S). Undergraduate Honours Thesis. Department of Physics and Astronomy. University of British Columbia."@en . "So, Rocky Yat Cheung"@en . "So, Rocky Yat Cheung"@en . "2008-05-21T21:40:53Z"@en . "2008-05"@en . "BABAR is a particle physics experiment at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC). The purpose of BABAR is to study matter-antimatter asymmetry in the bottom quark system. At SLAC, electons and positrons collide, which annihilate and decay into a variety of daughters. An Upsilon(4S) meson is one of the possible daughters. An Upsilon(4S) decays into a B meson and an anti-B meson more than 96% of the time. A B meson has an anti-bottom quark and an anti-B meson has a bottom quark. The purpose of this thesis is to measure how many Upsilon(1S) originated from Upsilon(4S) in the entire BABAR data set. This thesis compares on-peak data and off-peak data. On-peak data was taken at center of mass energy 10.58GeV. One of the possible interactions is e+e\u00E2\u0088\u0092 -> Upsilon(4S) since the mass of Upsilon(4S) is 10.58GeV/c^2. On-peak data, taken at center of mass energy 10.54GeV, is not enough to have any BB pairs because 10.54GeV is less than the mass of an Upsilon(4S). This\nthesis can be useful for BABAR physicist because it helps set an upper limit on how many BB pairs there are in the entire BABAR data set. In other words, it sets an upper limit on how much more than 96% does Upsilon(4S) decay to BB. Measurement of the decay of Upsilon(4S) -> Upsilon(1S) + X give evidence for non-BB decays of the Upsilon(4S). The final results of this study show that there were (110 +- 3) \u00C3\u0097 10^5 Upsilon(1S) on-peak, of which (10 +- 9) \u00C3\u0097 10^5 originated from an Upsilon(4S). Increasing the centre of mass energy from 10.54GeV to 10.58GeV increases the Upsilon(1S) production by (10 +- 8)%."@en . "https://circle.library.ubc.ca/rest/handle/2429/840?expand=metadata"@en . "2072614 bytes"@en . "application/pdf"@en . "Measurement of \u00CE\u00A5 (1S) Production at BABAR Inclusive Measurement at the \u00CE\u00A5 (4S) by Rocky Yat Cheung So A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF Bachelor of Science in The Faculty of Science (Honours Biophysics) The University Of British Columbia (Vancouver, Canada) April 14th, 2008 c\u00C2\u00A9 Rocky Yat Cheung So 2008 Abstract BABAR is a particle physics experiment at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC). The purpose of BABAR is to study matter-antimatter asymmetry in the bottom quark system. At SLAC, electons and positrons collide, which annihilate and decay into a variety of daughters. An \u00CE\u00A5 (4S) meson is one of the possible daughters. An \u00CE\u00A5 (4S) decays into a B meson and B meson more than 96% of the time. A B meson has an anti-bottom quark and a B meson has a bottom quark. The purpose of this thesis is to measure how many \u00CE\u00A5 (1S) originated from \u00CE\u00A5 (4S) in the entire BABAR data set. This thesis compares on-peak data and off-peak data. On-peak data was taken at center of mass energy 10.58GeV . One of the possible interactions is e+e\u00E2\u0088\u0092 \u00E2\u0086\u0092 \u00CE\u00A5 (4S) since the mass of \u00CE\u00A5 (4S) is 10.58GeV/c2. Off-peak data, taken at center of mass energy 10.54GeV , is not enough to have any BB pairs because 10.54GeV is less than the mass of an \u00CE\u00A5 (4S). This thesis can be useful for BABAR physicist because it helps set an upper limit on how many BB pairs there are in the entire BABAR data set. In other words, it sets an upper limit on how much more than 96% does \u00CE\u00A5 (4S) decay to BB. Measurement the decay of \u00CE\u00A5 (4S) \u00E2\u0086\u0092 \u00CE\u00A5 (1S) +X give evidence for non BB decays of the \u00CE\u00A5 (4S). The final results of this study shows that there were (110 \u00C2\u00B1 3) \u00C3\u0097 105 \u00CE\u00A5 (1S) on-peak, of which (10 \u00C2\u00B1 9) \u00C3\u0097 105 originated from an \u00CE\u00A5 (4S). Increasing the centre of mass energy from 10.54GeV to 10.58GeV increases the \u00CE\u00A5 (1S) production by (10 \u00C2\u00B1 8)%. ii Table of Contents Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii List of Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v List of Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1 Overview of the BABAR Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2 Anatomy of SLAC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.3 The BABAR Coordinate System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.4 Laboratory Frame and Centre of Mass Frame . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.5 Bottomonium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.6 Motivation for the Measurement of \u00CE\u00A5 (1S) at \u00CE\u00A5 (4S) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2 Particle Interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 3 Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 3.1 Physics of Muon and Electron Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 3.2 Candidates Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 3.3 Monte Carlo Sample . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 4 Analysis Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 4.1 Detector Resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 4.2 \u00CE\u00A5 (1S) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 4.3 Detection Efficiencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 4.4 Angular Distributions of Monte Carlo Samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 4.5 Angular Distribution of Detected \u00CE\u00A5 (1S) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 4.6 Calculated Number of Events Expected . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 4.6.1 ISR Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 4.6.2 Feed Down Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 5 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 5.1 Comparison of On-peak and Off-peak Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 5.2 Error Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 iii Table of Contents 5.3 Attempt to Measure \u00CF\u0087bJ (3P) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 5.4 Attempt to Measure \u00CE\u00A5 (2S) and \u00CE\u00A5 (3S) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Appendices A Comparison of SP1072 and SP3981 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 iv List of Tables 2.1 Mass of \u00CE\u00A5 species. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 3.1 Summary of the data sets, versions used, integrated luminosities, and number of \u00CE\u00A5 (4S) in each Run. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 3.2 Angles selection in laboratory frame and centre of mass frame. . . . . . . . . . . . 11 3.3 Summary of Monte Carlo sample used. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 4.1 Detection efficiencies of different signal Monte Carlo types of different Runs. . . . . 16 4.2 \u00CE\u00A5 dielectron widths and ISR cross sections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 4.3 Number of ISR \u00CE\u00A5 produced and decayed into muon pairs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 4.4 Number of \u00CE\u00A5 (1S) from known feed down events. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 5.1 Summary of uncertainties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 5.2 \u00CF\u0087bJ (3P) masses and energy of the photon that decayed with it. . . . . . . . . . . . 25 v List of Figures 1.1 SLAC and the PEP-II Rings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2 The BABAR detector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.3 The BABAR coordinates system. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.4 BABAR boost protractor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.5 A spectrum of bottomonium species. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2.1 Feynman diagram of the quark pair and lepton pair production . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2.2 Flow chart of on-peak processes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2.3 Flow chart of off-peak processes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 3.1 Ratio of E/p for particles of different energies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 4.1 Invariant mass of muon pairs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 4.2 Data VS background Monte Carlo at M\u00CE\u00A5 (1S) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 4.3 Number of \u00CE\u00A5 (1S)\u00E2\u0086\u0092 \u00C2\u00B5+\u00C2\u00B5\u00E2\u0088\u0092 detected on-peak. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 4.4 Number of \u00CE\u00A5 (1S)\u00E2\u0086\u0092 \u00C2\u00B5+\u00C2\u00B5\u00E2\u0088\u0092 detected off-peak. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 4.5 Background Monte Carlo angular distributions in the forward direction. . . . . . . 17 4.6 Background Monte Carlo angular distributions in the backward direction . . . . . 17 4.7 Angular distribution at signal region and outside signal region. . . . . . . . . . . . 18 4.8 Angular distribution of detected \u00CE\u00A5 (1S) on-peak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 4.9 Angular distribution of detected \u00CE\u00A5 (1S) off-peak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 5.1 Invariant mass of two muons plus one photon greater than 500MeV . . . . . . . . . 27 5.2 On-peak data and background Monte Carlo at \u00CE\u00A5 (2S) region. . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 5.3 On-peak data and background Monte Carlo at \u00CE\u00A5 (3S) region. . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 5.4 On-peak data minus background Monte Carlo at \u00CE\u00A5 (2S) region. . . . . . . . . . . . 28 5.5 Off-peak data minus background Monte Carlo at \u00CE\u00A5 (2S) region. . . . . . . . . . . . 29 A.1 On-peak comparison of muon angular distribution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 A.2 Off-peak comparison of muon angular distribution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 A.3 On-peak differences of muon angular distribution between data and Monte Carlo. . 32 A.4 Off-peak differences of muon angular distribution between data and Monte Carlo. . 32 vi Acknowledgements I would like to thank Dr. Christopher Hearty for the many hours he spent supervising this research. He identified the project and gave me brilliant ideas for this data analysis. Also, thanks to Doug Maas for setting up and maintaining the computer I used for the analysis, and thanks to Dr. Robert Kiefl and Dr. Michael Hasinoff for coordinating the Physics 449 course. Finally, I would like to thank my family for their support, especially my father, Wing Keung So, who always reminds me to do my best and never give up. vii Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Overview of the BABAR Experiment The BABAR experiment takes place at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) in Cali- fornia, USA. It studies matter-antimatter asymmetry in the bottom quark system. Mesons are produced in SLAC by colliding positrons to electrons head on at speeds close to the speed of light. Electrons are accelerated to 9GeV and positrons are accelerated to 3.1GeV . Since electrons and positrons are each other\u00E2\u0080\u0099s anti-particle, they annihilate when they hit each other, making an \u00CE\u00A5 (4S) particle a fraction of the time. This \u00CE\u00A5 (4S) particle subsequently decays into a pair of B mesons (one B and one B). These are what BABAR physicists are interested in. By studying the differences between how a B and a B evolve, BABAR physicists can better understand the matter-antimatter asymmetry, which can help explain why the universe is dominated with matter instead of antimatter. 1.2 Anatomy of SLAC SLAC has an accelerator and a detector. The accelerator is linear and injects electrons and positrons into the Positron Electron Project II (PEP-II) ring. The detector is made of many different components. Figure 1.1 [1] shows how the linac feeds electrons and positrons into two seperate rings. Figure 1.1: SLAC and the PEP-II Rings Using electromagnetic fields, electrons and positrons are accelerated down the linac and moved into the PEP-II rings where they begin to travel in opposite directions. The two beams are steered to hit each other at the BABAR detector, where data is taken. 1 Chapter 1. Introduction Figure 1.2: The BABAR detector Figure 1.3: The BABAR coordinates system. The BABAR detector is able identify and measure the energy, momentum, azimuthal angle \u00CF\u0086, and polar angle \u00CE\u00B8 of a charged track. It has five different detectors to do this as shown in Figure 1.2 [1]. The Silicon Vertex Tracker records where the track originates (where the vertex of an interaction is). The Drift Chamber measures the momentum of a track. The Detector of Internally Reflected Cherenkov light detects and identifies hadrons. The Cesium Iodide calorimeter measures photon energies. Finally, the Instrumented Flux Return identifies muons and neutral hadrons. 1.3 The BABAR Coordinate System Throughout this thesis, the BABAR coordinates convention will be used (see Figure 1.3). The z-axis points in the direction of the electron beam. The x-axis horizontally points away from the PEP-II ring. \u00CE\u00B8 is the angle a charged track makes with the z-axis. \u00CF\u0086 is the angle a charged track makes with the x-axis in the x-y plane. 2 Chapter 1. Introduction 1.4 Laboratory Frame and Centre of Mass Frame In the laboratory frame, the electrons are accelerated to 9GeV and positrons to 3.1GeV. After their collision, the \u00CE\u00A5 (4S) continues to move in the electron\u00E2\u0080\u0099s initial direction for momentum to be conserved. The BABAR experiment is designed to do this so we can resolve the decay vertex of the B mesons. Since the total mass of BB is 10.54GeV [4], BB move almost as fast as the \u00CE\u00A5 (4S) in the laboratory frame. If the electron and positron beams are symmetric in the laboratory frame, then the B mesons would decay at the centre of mass and we cannot see which one decayed first. We can Lorentz transform from the laboratory frame to the centre of mass frame. At the GeV scale, electrons and positrons can be considered massless (m is zero in Einstein\u00E2\u0080\u0099s energy momentum relation E2 = p2c2 +m2c4). Lab Frame 9GeV e\u00E2\u0088\u0092 \u00E2\u0086\u0092\u00E2\u0086\u0090 3.1GeV e+ Energy of collision = 12.1GeV = E Momentum of collision = 5.9GeV = pz Centre of Mass Frame 5.29GeV e\u00E2\u0088\u0092 \u00E2\u0086\u0092\u00E2\u0086\u0090 5.29GeV e+ Energy of collision = 10.58GeV = E\u00E2\u0080\u00B2 Momentum of collision = 0GeV = p\u00E2\u0080\u00B2z p\u00E2\u0080\u00B2z = \u00CE\u00B3(pz \u00E2\u0088\u0092 \u00CE\u00B2E) \u00CE\u00B2 = pz/E = 0.487 \u00CE\u00B3 = 1.15 \u00CE\u00B2\u00CE\u00B3 = 0.56 Therefore, the centre of mass frame is travelling along the z-axis at about half the speed of light relative to the laboratory frame. This thesis analyses muon data in the centre of mass frame. The relationship between \u00CE\u00B8 in the laboratory frame and \u00CE\u00B8\u00E2\u0080\u00B2 in the centre of mass frame is: cos\u00CE\u00B8\u00E2\u0080\u00B2 = (cos\u00CE\u00B8 \u00E2\u0088\u0092 \u00CE\u00B2)/(1\u00E2\u0088\u0092 \u00CE\u00B2cos\u00CE\u00B8) (1.1) Azimuthal angle does not change in a boost along the z axis. \u00CF\u0086\u00E2\u0080\u00B2 = \u00CF\u0086 (1.2) Figure 1.4 shows how \u00CE\u00B8 in one frame is related to the other. 1.5 Bottomonium Bottomonium is a general term that applies to any meson that has one bottom quark and one anti-bottom quark. States with different quantum numbers have different names. For example, a bottomonium with quantum numbers JPC = 1\u00E2\u0088\u0092\u00E2\u0088\u0092 is called an \u00CE\u00A5 , where J is the total angular momentum, P is the parity quantum number, and C is the charge conjugation quantum number. A \u00CF\u0087bJ is a bottomonium with quantum number JPC = 0, 1, 2++. J can be 0, 1,or 2, which 3 Chapter 1. Introduction Figure 1.4: BABAR boost protractor. corresponds to three states for each of the \u00CF\u0087bJ(mP ). Figure 1.5 [2] shows different bottomonium species, their respective quantum numbers, and a few of their decay modes. Figure 1.5: A spectrum of bottomonium species. 1.6 Motivation for the Measurement of \u00CE\u00A5 (1S) at \u00CE\u00A5 (4S) BABAR physicists are interested in B mesons. At BABAR, BB pairs are created by the production of an \u00CE\u00A5 (4S). \u00CE\u00A5 (4S) decays into BB mesons more than 96% of the time (95% confidence interval) [3]. BABAR physicists would like to know how many B mesons there are in the entire BABAR data set. Therefore, if we can measure how often an \u00CE\u00A5 (4S) decays into an \u00CE\u00A5 (1S), it gives us more information on the upper limit of how many BB mesons were produced. The BABAR experiment 4 Chapter 1. Introduction took data at two energies: on-peak ( \u00E2\u0088\u009A s = 10.58GeV) and off-peak ( \u00E2\u0088\u009A s = 10.54GeV). An \u00CE\u00A5 (4S) has a mass of 10.58GeV , so on-peak data can have \u00CE\u00A5 (4S) in them. Off-peak energy is slightly below that required to make an \u00CE\u00A5 (4S), so \u00CE\u00A5 (4S) would not be present in the data. By comparing the two data sets, the number of \u00CE\u00A5 (1S) decayed from an \u00CE\u00A5 (4S) can be measured. The branching fraction B(\u00CE\u00A5 (4S)\u00E2\u0086\u0092 \u00CE\u00A5 (1S) + anything) is measured to be less than 4\u00C3\u0097 10\u00E2\u0088\u00923 [3]. The measurement of this thesis is not a branching fraction. It is an inclusive measurement that includes any \u00CE\u00A5 (1S) that originated from an \u00CE\u00A5 (4S) regardless of whether it decayed into a \u00CF\u0087bJ , \u00CE\u00A5 (3S), or \u00CE\u00A5 (2S) first, or directly to \u00CE\u00A5 (1S) in the process. This thesis also attempts to show evidence for \u00CF\u0087bJ in the 3P state. This state has never been observed directly before. Heavy quarkonia interactions are important for testing of lattice quantum chromodynamics (LQCD). Many heavy quarkonia are studied by measuring their decays. The \u00CE\u00A5 (4S) is above open flavour threshold. Thus, this study can be useful for LQCD theorists. 5 Chapter 2 Particle Interactions At BABAR, an electron-positron collision annihilates and makes a virtual photon, which decays into quark pairs or lepton pairs. Figure 2.1 are the Feynman diagrams for the two interactions. Figure 2.1: Feynman diagram of the quark pair and lepton pair production. The first Feyn- man diagram is the production of quark-antiquark pairs. The second Feynman diagram is the production of lepton-antilepton pairs. Time goes from left to right. When a quark pair is produced, they hadronize [4]. In the case of bottom quark pairs, they hadronize to an \u00CE\u00A5 . Since the quantum numbers of a photon and an \u00CE\u00A5 are both JPC = 1\u00E2\u0088\u0092\u00E2\u0088\u0092, \u00CE\u00A5 is the only bottomonium species that can be made. Thus, a \u00CF\u0087bJ cannot be made initially. At such high energies, photons can be emitted from any of the four legs in the above Feynman diagrams. The photon would carry away some energy and momentum. If the photon was emitted in the two initial legs, the collision would have energy less than the 10.58GeV or 10.54GeV . e+e\u00E2\u0088\u0092 \u00E2\u0086\u0092 \u00CE\u00B3qq e+e\u00E2\u0088\u0092 \u00E2\u0086\u0092 \u00CE\u00B3`+`\u00E2\u0088\u0092 Any photon emitted from a lepton prefers to point along the direction of its parent lepton. Therefore, if a photon is emitted initially, the lepton final states would also preferentially point in the initial directions. e+e\u00E2\u0088\u0092 \u00E2\u0086\u0092 \u00CE\u00B3\u00C2\u00B5+\u00C2\u00B5\u00E2\u0088\u0092 has an angular distribution peaked in the forward and backward directions. If a bottom quark pair is created, an \u00CE\u00A5 (4S) can be made only if there were no photons. It would be completely stationary in the centre of mass frame. If a photon is emitted before the collision, it would carry away some energy and there would not be enough energy to make an \u00CE\u00A5 (4S). However, \u00CE\u00A5 (nS), where n = 1, 2, 3, can be made even if a photon carried away some energy. This is because the masses of \u00CE\u00A5 (nS) are lower than the energy of the collision. The masses of \u00CE\u00A5 species are given in Table 2.1 [3]. In this process, the photon associated with an \u00CE\u00A5 (nS), is called an initial state radiation photon, or \u00CE\u00B3ISR. 6 Chapter 2. Particle Interactions Mass (GeV ) \u00CE\u00A5 (1S) 9.46030\u00C2\u00B1 0.00026 \u00CE\u00A5 (2S) 10.02326\u00C2\u00B1 0.00031 \u00CE\u00A5 (3S) 10.3552\u00C2\u00B1 0.0005 \u00CE\u00A5 (4S) 10.5794\u00C2\u00B1 0.0012 Table 2.1: Mass of \u00CE\u00A5 species. e+e\u00E2\u0088\u0092 \u00E2\u0086\u0092 \u00CE\u00B3\u00CE\u00A5 (nS) In the off-peak data set, many of the \u00CE\u00A5 particles come from the ISR process. The others come from the feed down of intermediate decays such as \u00CE\u00A5 (3S)\u00E2\u0086\u0092 X \u00E2\u0086\u0092 \u00CE\u00A5 (1S). Similarly, in the on-peak data set, there are many \u00CE\u00A5 (nS) from the ISR process, but there are also decays from the \u00CE\u00A5 (4S). One of these known decays is \u00CE\u00A5 (4S)\u00E2\u0086\u0092 pi+pi\u00E2\u0088\u0092\u00CE\u00A5 (nS) [5]. There are even more feed down processes because an \u00CE\u00A5 (4S) may decay into \u00CE\u00A5 (3S) or other bottomonium species, which may end up decaying into an \u00CE\u00A5 (1S). Figure 1.5 shows how an \u00CE\u00A5 (3S) can decay into \u00CE\u00B3 + \u00CF\u0087b2(2P ), which may subsequently decays into \u00CF\u0089+ \u00CE\u00A5 (1S). Figure 1.5 is a simplification of the cascade of events that can make a \u00CE\u00A5 (1S). In reality, there are many more intermediate decays possible. This thesis analyses muon data collected in the BABAR experiment. There are many back- ground muon events in the form of e+e\u00E2\u0088\u0092 \u00E2\u0086\u0092 \u00CE\u00B3\u00C2\u00B5+\u00C2\u00B5\u00E2\u0088\u0092. We are interested in the signal events. These events come from \u00CE\u00A5 decays into muon pairs \u00CE\u00A5 (1S)\u00E2\u0086\u0092 \u00C2\u00B5+\u00C2\u00B5\u00E2\u0088\u0092. The BABAR experiment recorded muon energies and momenta for every event. This gives their 4-momentum vector. Adding the muons\u00E2\u0080\u0099 4-momenta and squaring it gives the invariant mass squared. If the two muons decayed from an \u00CE\u00A5 (1S), this would necessarily be equal to the mass of an \u00CE\u00A5 (1S). (p\u00C2\u00B5+ + p\u00C2\u00B5\u00E2\u0088\u0092)2 =M\u00CE\u00A5 (1S)2 Figures 2.2 and 2.3 summarizes the processes relevant to this thesis. 7 Chapter 2. Particle Interactions Figure 2.2: Flow chart of on-peak processes. Figure 2.3: Flow chart of off-peak processes. 8 Chapter 3 Data The BABAR experiment started taking data in 1999. It takes data for 9 months in a year. Each year\u00E2\u0080\u0099s data set is called a Run. This analysis uses data from Run 1 to Run 6. Table 3.1 summarizes the data sets used in this analysis. Data Set Integrated Luminosity (pb\u00E2\u0088\u00921) Number of \u00CE\u00A5 (4S) (106) AllEventsSkim-Run1-OffPeak-R22d-v07 2620 0 AllEventsSkim-Run2-OffPeak-R22d-v07 6920 0 AllEventsSkim-Run3-OffPeak-R22d-v04 2470 0 AllEventsSkim-Run4-OffPeak-R22d-v07 10100 0 AllEventsSkim-Run5-OffPeak-R22d-v07 14500 0 AllEventsSkim-Run6-OffPeak-R22d-v07 7280 0 Total Off-Peak Data 43900 0 AllEventsSkim-Run1-OnPeak-R22d-v07 20400 22.39 \u00C2\u00B10.25 AllEventsSkim-Run2-OnPeak-R22d-v07 61100 67.39 \u00C2\u00B10.74 AllEventsSkim-Run3-OnPeak-R22d-v04 32300 35.57 \u00C2\u00B10.39 AllEventsSkim-Run4-OnPeak-R22d-v07 100000 110.45 \u00C2\u00B11.22 AllEventsSkim-Run5-OnPeak-R22d-v07 133000 147.19 \u00C2\u00B11.62 AllEventsSkim-Run6-OnPeak-R22d-v07 76200 82.04 \u00C2\u00B10.90 Total On-Peak Data 423000 465.04 \u00C2\u00B15.15 Table 3.1: Summary of the data sets, versions used, integrated luminosities, and number of \u00CE\u00A5 (4S) in each Run. 3.1 Physics of Muon and Electron Identification The BABAR detector measures leptons as charged tracks. When a high energy electron moves through a medium, it can emit a photon. This photon can subsequently create an electron- positron pair by pair production. The electron and positron can further emit photons, which will produce pairs and so on until the particles have insufficient energy to produce more particles. This phenomenon is called electromagnetic shower [6]. Muons and electrons have distinct shower shapes. By analyzing the shape of a shower, a detector can identity an electron from a muon. The ratio of the energy deposited in a shower to the momentum of the electron, E/pc, is nearly one[7]. This means that electrons deposit most of their energy in its shower. However, since muons do not shower like electrons, they deposit a lot less energy as electrons. The E/pc ratio and distribution are characteristic for different particles. Figure 3.1 [7] shows how different particles deposit different amounts of energy. 9 Chapter 3. Data Figure 3.1: Ratio of E/p for particles of different energies. 3.2 Candidates Selection The major goal of this analysis is to measure how many \u00CE\u00A5 (1S) there are in the on-peak data set. Data in the BABAR experiment are recorded as individual events. Data used in this analysis are muon events that satisfy the following: \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 there were two charged tracks originating from one vertex, \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 one of the charged tracks was identified as a muon, \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 the two charged tracks had total energies that range from 8 to 12 GeV in the centre of mass frame, \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 and the event passed the BGFmumu filter (a reconstructing software filter that roughly identifies dimuon events e+e\u00E2\u0088\u0092 \u00E2\u0086\u0092 \u00C2\u00B5+\u00C2\u00B5\u00E2\u0088\u0092). The BABAR detector is cylindrical. It \u00E2\u0080\u009Cwraps\u00E2\u0080\u009D around the beam pipe and there are no detectors along the beam direction. BABAR is known to be capable of measuring polar angles \u00CE\u00B8 from 0.41 to 2.54 radians in the laboratory frame. The corresponding angles in the centre of mass frame are given in Table 3.2. Along with the above criteria, muons with cos\u00CE\u00B8 from -0.78 to 0.78 were selected instead of from -0.94 to 0.78. This is done to avoid any bias from having more muons in the backwards direction of the data set. 10 Chapter 3. Data \u00CE\u00B8 (radians) cos\u00CE\u00B8 \u00CE\u00B8\u00E2\u0080\u00B2 (radians) cos\u00CE\u00B8\u00E2\u0080\u00B2 0.41 0.92 0.68 0.78 2.54 \u00E2\u0088\u00920.83 2.78 \u00E2\u0088\u00920.94 Table 3.2: Angles selection in laboratory frame and centre of mass frame. The muon pairs are reconstructed to \u00CE\u00A5 candidates. The four-momentum of these candidates are simply the sum of the four-vector of the muon pair. 3.3 Monte Carlo Sample Both the on-peak and off-peak data involve many different processes; some of which we know and some we do not know about. To model the BABAR data, Monte Carlo simulations were used. Monte Carlo simulations are useful because they can model different processes separately. Monte Carlo sample comes from computer-generated events. These events are then modelled to go through the BABAR detector. It includes any resolution effects in the detector. It models if a detector will detect the charged tracks and if it will satisfy the reconstruction criteria. Table 3.3 summarizes the Monte Carlo samples used in this analysis. There are two different models for the background process SP1072 and SP3981. This study uses SP3981 because it is believed to be the better one. A comparison of SP1072 and SP3981 is given in Appendix A. Decay Mode SP Number of Events Number of Events modenum On-Peak Off-Peak \u00C2\u00B5+\u00C2\u00B5\u00E2\u0088\u0092(\u00CE\u00B3) 1072 1.2096060\u00C3\u0097 107 6.37691\u00C3\u0097 105 \u00C2\u00B5+\u00C2\u00B5\u00E2\u0088\u0092(\u00CE\u00B3) 3981 2.837796\u00C3\u0097 108 6.689054\u00C3\u0097 107 \u00CE\u00A5 (4S)\u00E2\u0086\u0092 pi+pi\u00E2\u0088\u0092\u00CE\u00A5 (nS)\u00E2\u0086\u0092 pi+pi\u00E2\u0088\u0092`+`\u00E2\u0088\u0092 5467 145000 0 \u00CE\u00A5 (4S)\u00E2\u0086\u0092 \u00CE\u00B3\u00CF\u0087bJ(3P )\u00E2\u0086\u0092 \u00CE\u00B3\u00CE\u00B3\u00CE\u00A5 (nS)\u00E2\u0086\u0092 \u00CE\u00B3\u00CE\u00B3`+`\u00E2\u0088\u0092 8249 350000 0 \u00CE\u00B3\u00CE\u00A5 (nS)\u00E2\u0086\u0092 \u00CE\u00B3`+`\u00E2\u0088\u0092 8268 1053000 0 Table 3.3: Summary of Monte Carlo sample used. 11 Chapter 4 Analysis Procedures ROOT was used to analyse data from the BABAR database in ntuples format [8]. Figure 4.1 is a mass plot of the invariant muon pair mass on-peak and off-peak. Figure 4.1: Invariant mass of muon pairs. 4.1 Detector Resolution Most of the data are background events in the form of e+e\u00E2\u0088\u0092 \u00E2\u0086\u0092 \u00CE\u00B3\u00C2\u00B5+\u00C2\u00B5\u00E2\u0088\u0092. The peaks of the two histograms occur slightly below their centre of mass energy because many events have lost energy via photon emission. It becomes an asymmetric Gaussian because events can only lose energy and move to the left side of the Gaussian instead of moving to the heavier side of the Gaussian. The BABAR detector has a resolution. If an event had an invariant muon pair mass M, it is 12 Chapter 4. Analysis Procedures going to be measured with a variance of \u00CF\u00832. The higher side of the Gaussian has energy higher than the centre of mass energy, so almost all the events there had no photons. The width of the higher energy side would be the approximate resolution of the detector because it is mostly events of centre of mass energy. This width is approximately 70MeV . The detector\u00E2\u0080\u0099s resolution is assumed to be constant from 8GeV to 12GeV . 4.2 \u00CE\u00A5 (1S) If the BABAR detector detects signal from \u00CE\u00A5 (1S), we expect to see an excess of events at the mass of \u00CE\u00A5 (1S) over background events. A Gaussian with mean at M\u00CE\u00A5 (1S) and width \u00CF\u0083 is expected. The integral of this Gaussian would be the total number of \u00CE\u00A5 (1S) we detected. The Monte Carlo for background events e+e\u00E2\u0088\u0092 \u00E2\u0086\u0092 \u00C2\u00B5+\u00C2\u00B5\u00E2\u0088\u0092\u00CE\u00B3 is plotted with the data at the \u00CE\u00A5 (1S) region \u00C2\u00B14\u00CF\u0083. The mass region outside of 3\u00CF\u0083 have neglible signal. The Monte Carlo was scaled so the number of events at those regions is equal to the data. Those events are purely background events. Figure 4.2 shows the excess of events at the \u00CE\u00A5 (1S) region compared to background Monte Carlo. Figure 4.2: Data VS background Monte Carlo at M\u00CE\u00A5 (1S) Then the background Monte Carlo events are subtracted from data to obtain the distribution 13 Chapter 4. Analysis Procedures of signal events. Figure 4.3: Number of \u00CE\u00A5 (1S)\u00E2\u0086\u0092 \u00C2\u00B5+\u00C2\u00B5\u00E2\u0088\u0092 detected on-peak. This was fitted to a Gaussian in Figure 4.3. There are (1.644 \u00C2\u00B1 0.04) \u00C3\u0097 105 \u00CE\u00A5 (1S) \u00E2\u0086\u0092 \u00C2\u00B5+\u00C2\u00B5\u00E2\u0088\u0092 events in this Gaussian. Dividing this by the branching fraction B(\u00CE\u00A5 (1S) \u00E2\u0086\u0092 \u00C2\u00B5+\u00C2\u00B5\u00E2\u0088\u0092) = (2.48 \u00C2\u00B1 0.05)%, this corresponds to (6.63\u00C2\u00B1 0.16)\u00C3\u0097 106 \u00CE\u00A5 (1S) detected. The corresponding plot is given in Figure 4.4 for off-peak. There are (6.5\u00C2\u00B1 0.4)\u00C3\u0097 105 \u00CE\u00A5 (1S) detected off-peak. 4.3 Detection Efficiencies The number of \u00CE\u00A5 (1S) detected is less than the actual number of \u00CE\u00A5 (1S) produced because the BABAR detector has a detection efficiency less than 100%. Efficiencies are estimated using signal Monte Carlo sample. Events were generated in signal Monte Carlo samples. As shown in Table 3.3, these were \u00CE\u00A5 (nS)\u00E2\u0086\u0092 \u00C2\u00B5+\u00C2\u00B5\u00E2\u0088\u0092 events. Of these samples, Events that had an \u00CE\u00A5 (1S) generated and a muon pair generated right after were selected. These are the actual number of events of interest generated. Of these events, the exact same selection criteria used for candidate selection in data were applied. These events are the simulated events that survive to the detector and gets detected. Therefore, the efficiency \u000F is 14 Chapter 4. Analysis Procedures Figure 4.4: Number of \u00CE\u00A5 (1S)\u00E2\u0086\u0092 \u00C2\u00B5+\u00C2\u00B5\u00E2\u0088\u0092 detected off-peak. 15 Chapter 4. Analysis Procedures \u000F = #surviving #generated (4.1) These efficiencies are listed in Table 4.1 for different Runs for each signal Monte Carlo type. Their uncertainties are \u00E2\u0088\u009A n\u00C3\u0097 \u000F(1\u00E2\u0088\u0092 \u000F), where n is the number of generated events of interest. Run \u00CE\u00A5 (4S)\u00E2\u0086\u0092 pipi\u00CE\u00A5 (nS) \u00CE\u00A5 (4S)\u00E2\u0086\u0092 \u00CE\u00B3\u00CF\u0087bJ(3P )\u00E2\u0086\u0092 \u00CE\u00B3\u00CE\u00B3\u00CE\u00A5 (nS) \u00CE\u00B3ISR\u00CE\u00A5 (nS) 1 0.668\u00C2\u00B1 0.014 0.664\u00C2\u00B1 0.012 0.592\u00C2\u00B1 0.008 2 0.678\u00C2\u00B1 0.008 0.670\u00C2\u00B1 0.007 0.604\u00C2\u00B1 0.005 3 0.679\u00C2\u00B1 0.010 0.661\u00C2\u00B1 0.010 0.601\u00C2\u00B1 0.006 4 - 0.673\u00C2\u00B1 0.005 0.605\u00C2\u00B1 0.004 5 0.687\u00C2\u00B1 0.005 0.668\u00C2\u00B1 0.005 0.604\u00C2\u00B1 0.003 6 0.679\u00C2\u00B1 0.010 - - Table 4.1: Detection efficiencies of different signal Monte Carlo types of different Runs. Monte Carlo samples were not available for every Run. Different signal types have different efficiencies because they have different angular distribu- tions. The BABAR detector does not have a uniform detection efficiency over all polar angles. 4.4 Angular Distributions of Monte Carlo Samples Knowing the number of \u00CE\u00A5 (1S) detected is not enough to determine if it decayed from an \u00CE\u00A5 (4S), decayed from a cascade of feed down events, or directly from an ISR event. Monte Carlo samples can be used to model the angular distributions of background events and different signal types. The angular distribution of \u00CE\u00A5 (4S)\u00E2\u0086\u0092 pi+pi\u00E2\u0088\u0092\u00CE\u00A5 (nS) and \u00CE\u00A5 (4S)\u00E2\u0086\u0092 \u00CE\u00B3\u00CF\u0087bJ(3P )\u00E2\u0086\u0092 \u00CE\u00B3\u00CE\u00B3\u00CE\u00A5 (nS) events are uniform. This is because in the event an \u00CE\u00A5 (4S) is made, it is stationary in the centre of mass frame. Its daughters would not inherit any momentum, and there is no preferred direction. In ISR events, since an ISR photon carried away some momentum, the \u00CE\u00A5 (nS) particle is not stationary in the centre of mass frame when it gets created. ISR photons have angular distributions peaked in the forward and backward directions. To conserve momentum, the ISR photon and the \u00CE\u00A5 candidate would have to point back to back in the centre of mass frame. Background Monte Carlo also have sharp spikes in the forwards and backwards region. 4.5 Angular Distribution of Detected \u00CE\u00A5 (1S) The shape angular distribution of detected \u00CE\u00A5 (1S) can tell what they are composed of. It is a combination of a uniform distribution of \u00CE\u00A5 (1S) decayed from \u00CE\u00A5 (4S) and a peaked distribution of ISR \u00CE\u00A5 . Since the number of background events is big compared to signal events, the accuracy of Monte Carlo angular distributions is very critical. In order to avoid any inaccurate modelling of the angular distribution of background events by Monte Carlo, data itself can also model the angular distributions of background events. The following is a description of how this was done. Outside the signal region, since there is no \u00CE\u00A5 (1S), we can expect those events are purely background. That is, the events from 9.12 \u00E2\u0088\u0092 9.22GeV and 9.70 \u00E2\u0088\u0092 9.80GeV are expected to be 16 Chapter 4. Analysis Procedures only e+e\u00E2\u0088\u0092 \u00E2\u0086\u0092 \u00CE\u00B3\u00C2\u00B5+\u00C2\u00B5\u00E2\u0088\u0092. We expect that some combination of the lower region and the upper region of the data gives the angular distribution of the e+e\u00E2\u0088\u0092 \u00E2\u0086\u0092 \u00CE\u00B3\u00C2\u00B5+\u00C2\u00B5\u00E2\u0088\u0092 at the signal region. Figure 4.5: Background Monte Carlo angular distributions in the forward direction. Figure 4.6: Background Monte Carlo angular distributions in the backward direction To determine the weighting ratio, we looked at the angular distributions of background Monte Carlo and tried to emulate the signal region by adding the lower region to upper region with dif- ferent proportions. The angular distributions in the forward and backwards region of background Monte Carlo are plotted in Figures 4.5 and 4.6. Theses plot show that lower the invariant mass, the more sharply peaked the angular distributions are in the forwards and backwards direction. By adding a 9.12 \u00E2\u0088\u0092 9.22GeV distribution to a 9.70 \u00E2\u0088\u0092 9.80GeV distribution, a new distribution that is almost identical to the one at signal region is obtained. The weighting was 53% lower region and 47% upper region. This weighting ratio was obtained by trial and error. Using the outside regions does not give the exact angular distribution at the signal region. With background Monte Carlo, taking the actual angular distribution at the signal region and 17 Chapter 4. Analysis Procedures subtracting the lower and upper region gives the disagreement. This disagreement should be similar to the disagreement for data. In the actual BABAR data, 53% of the lower region and 47% of the upper region was added to the disagreement obtained from background Monte Carlo. Figure 4.7 is an on-peak plot of the angular distribution at signal region with the distribution outside the signal region. This is used as the angular distribution of e+e\u00E2\u0088\u0092 \u00E2\u0086\u0092 \u00CE\u00B3\u00C2\u00B5+\u00C2\u00B5\u00E2\u0088\u0092 in the signal region. Figure 4.7: Angular distribution at signal region and outside signal region. This was subtracted from the angular distribution of the data at the signal region. The resulting plot is the angular distribution of the detected \u00CE\u00A5 (1S). Figure 4.8 is on-peak and Figure 4.9 is off-peak. The \u00CE\u00A5 (1S) in both the on-peak and off-data set is also peaked in the forward and backward region. This indicates that many of these are ISR \u00CE\u00A5 . 4.6 Calculated Number of Events Expected 4.6.1 ISR Events ISR processes have been studied before [9] [10]. In these studies, the predicted cross section for ISR events were accurate up to the fine structure constant squared, \u00CE\u00B12. 18 Chapter 4. Analysis Procedures Figure 4.8: Angular distribution of detected \u00CE\u00A5 (1S) on-peak 19 Chapter 4. Analysis Procedures Figure 4.9: Angular distribution of detected \u00CE\u00A5 (1S) off-peak 20 Chapter 4. Analysis Procedures \u00CF\u0083\u00CE\u00B3ISR\u00CE\u00A5 (nS)(s) = 12pi2\u00CE\u0093ee M(nS)s W (s, 1\u00E2\u0088\u0092 M 2(nS) s ) (4.2) x = 1\u00E2\u0088\u0092 M 2(nS) s (4.3) W (s, x) = \u00E2\u0088\u0086\u00CE\u00B2x\u00CE\u00B2\u00E2\u0088\u00921 \u00E2\u0088\u0092 \u00CE\u00B2 2 (2\u00E2\u0088\u0092 x) + \u00CE\u00B2 2 8 { (2\u00E2\u0088\u0092 x)[3ln(1\u00E2\u0088\u0092 x)\u00E2\u0088\u0092 4lnx]\u00E2\u0088\u0092 4 ln(1\u00E2\u0088\u0092 x) x \u00E2\u0088\u0092 6 + x } (4.4) \u00E2\u0088\u0086 = 1 + \u00CE\u00B1 pi ( 3 2 L+ 1 3 pi2 \u00E2\u0088\u0092 2) + (\u00CE\u00B1 pi )2\u00CE\u00B42 (4.5) \u00CE\u00B42 = ( 9 8 \u00E2\u0088\u0092 2\u00CE\u00B62)L2 \u00E2\u0088\u0092 (4516 \u00E2\u0088\u0092 11 2 \u00CE\u00B62 \u00E2\u0088\u0092 3\u00CE\u00B63)L\u00E2\u0088\u0092 65\u00CE\u00B62 2 \u00E2\u0088\u0092 9 2 \u00CE\u00B63 \u00E2\u0088\u0092 6\u00CE\u00B62ln2 + 38\u00CE\u00B62 + 57 12 (4.6) \u00CE\u00B2 = 2\u00CE\u00B1 pi (L\u00E2\u0088\u0092 1) (4.7) \u00CE\u00B62 = 1.64493407 (4.8) \u00CE\u00B63 = 1.2020569 (4.9) L = 2ln \u00E2\u0088\u009A s me (4.10) me is the mass of an election. \u00E2\u0088\u009A s is the centre of mass energy. \u00CE\u0093ee is the dielectron width. M(nS) is the mass of an \u00CE\u00A5 (nS). \u00CE\u00B2 in the above equations is not the fraction of the speed of light. Plugging in the on-peak and off-peak centre of mass energies and the \u00CE\u00A5 masses gives the cross section for the interactions. Multiplying this by the integrated luminosities and efficiency of each run gives the number of \u00CE\u00A5 (1S) that we expect to detect. Table 4.2 lists the dielectron widths and ISR cross sections for different \u00CE\u00A5 . Table 4.3 lists the number of \u00CE\u00A5 we expect to be produced and the number of \u00CE\u00A5 \u00E2\u0086\u0092 \u00C2\u00B5+\u00C2\u00B5\u00E2\u0088\u0092 events. Dielectron width On-peak ISR Off-peak ISR \u00CE\u0093ee (keV) [3] cross section (pb) cross section (pb) \u00CE\u00A5 (1S) 1.340\u00C2\u00B1 0.0018 19.60 20.42 \u00CE\u00A5 (2S) 0.612\u00C2\u00B1 0.011 17.11 18.48 \u00CE\u00A5 (3S) 0.272\u00C2\u00B1 0.008 28.63 34.54 Table 4.2: \u00CE\u00A5 dielectron widths and ISR cross sections. 21 Chapter 4. Analysis Procedures B(\u00CE\u00A5 \u00E2\u0086\u0092 \u00C2\u00B5+\u00C2\u00B5\u00E2\u0088\u0092)(%) On-peak ISR \u00CE\u00A5 \u00CE\u00A5 \u00E2\u0086\u0092 \u00C2\u00B5+\u00C2\u00B5\u00E2\u0088\u0092 Off-peak ISR \u00CE\u00A5 \u00CE\u00A5 \u00E2\u0086\u0092 \u00C2\u00B5+\u00C2\u00B5\u00E2\u0088\u0092 \u00CE\u00A5 (1S) 2.48\u00C2\u00B1 0.05 8300352 205849 896340 22229 \u00CE\u00A5 (2S) 1.93\u00C2\u00B1 0.17 7246524 139858 810872 15650 \u00CE\u00A5 (3S) 2.18\u00C2\u00B1 0.21 12124269 264309 1516103 33051 Table 4.3: Number of ISR \u00CE\u00A5 produced and decayed into muon pairs. 4.6.2 Feed Down Events In both on-peak and off-peak, there are millions of ISR \u00CE\u00A5 (nS). The \u00CE\u00A5 (2S) and \u00CE\u00A5 (3S) could decay into an \u00CE\u00A5 (1S). Some of these decays have precisely measured branching fractions. It turns out that the number of \u00CE\u00A5 (1S) from a cascade of feed down decays is very comparable to the ISR \u00CE\u00A5 (1S) events. Table 4.4 sums up the known decays from higher mass bottomonium species. Origin On-peak Off-peak feed down \u00CE\u00A5 (1S) feed down \u00CE\u00A5 (1S) \u00CE\u00A5 (2S) 2303525 257760 \u00CE\u00A5 (3S) 1693811 211806 \u00CE\u00A5 (4S) 75788 0 Total 4073124 469566 Table 4.4: Number of \u00CE\u00A5 (1S) from known feed down events. The most significant contribution comes from \u00CE\u00A5 (2S). Roughly, 30% of \u00CE\u00A5 (2S) decays into an \u00CE\u00A5 (1S). The total contributions of feed down events add up to almost one half of ISR \u00CE\u00A5 (1S). The actual contributions should be bigger because there are branching fractions that have not been measured and there may be processes that we do not know of or understand. The feed down from \u00CE\u00A5 (4S) in off-peak data is zero because there is no \u00CE\u00A5 (4S). The \u00CE\u00A5 from the cascade of decays have a complicated angular distrubution because there are many processes involved. Since there is not yet a Monte Carlo for these events, it is very difficult to model the detection efficiency of these events. We predict the angular distribution of these to have a preference in the forward and backwards directions but not as sharply peaked. This is because ISR \u00CE\u00A5 (2S) and \u00CE\u00A5 (3S) have momentum in the centre of mass frame. Their daughters inherit some of the momentum. \u00CE\u00A5 also have no preferred decay direction, so the combined effect of these two would make a distribution preferred forward and backwards. 22 Chapter 5 Results 5.1 Comparison of On-peak and Off-peak Data Although the energy resolution of the BABAR detector was estimated to be 70MeV , the on-peak Gaussian fit at the \u00CE\u00A5 (1S) region has a width of (61 \u00C2\u00B1 2)MeV and the off-peak has a width of (48 \u00C2\u00B1 5)MeV . This may mean that the resolution is different for on-peak and off-peak or there is some process data that we do not know about in the on-peak data set that smeared out the data. The angular distributions of \u00CE\u00A5 (1S) in the both on-peak data and off-peak data have very similar shapes and are both peaked in the forwards and backwards direction. This indicates that the on-peak \u00CE\u00A5 (1S) are mostly created in the same mechanism as off-peak. The ratio of luminosities between on-peak and off-peak data is R = 9.7. Scaling the number of off-peak \u00CE\u00A5 (1S) by this ratio gives a good estimate of how many \u00CE\u00A5 (1S) in the on-peak data did not originate from an \u00CE\u00A5 (4S). N = n\u000FB (5.1) n = N \u000FB (5.2) n\u00E2\u0080\u00B2 = N \u00E2\u0080\u00B2 \u000FB (5.3) N is the number of detected \u00CE\u00A5 (1S) on-peak. n is the number of produced \u00CE\u00A5 (1S) on-peak. N \u00E2\u0080\u00B2 is the number of detected \u00CE\u00A5 (1S) off-peak. n\u00E2\u0080\u00B2 is the number of produced \u00CE\u00A5 (1S) off-peak. \u000F is the detection efficiency. B is the branching fraction of \u00CE\u00A5 (1S)\u00E2\u0086\u0092 \u00C2\u00B5+\u00C2\u00B5\u00E2\u0088\u0092. The number of \u00CE\u00A5 (1S) that originated from a \u00CE\u00A5 (4S) is therefore \u00CE\u00B4 = n\u00E2\u0088\u0092 n\u00E2\u0080\u00B2Rr (5.4) \u00CE\u00B4 = N \u00E2\u0088\u0092N \u00E2\u0080\u00B2Rr \u000FB (5.5) r is a correction factor of 0.96, which is equal to the ratio of \u00CE\u00A5 (1S) ISR cross section on-peak to off-peak. \u00CE\u00B4 corresponds to 1.1\u00C3\u0097 107 \u00E2\u0088\u0092 1.0\u00C3\u0097 107 \u00E2\u0089\u0088 1\u00C3\u0097 106. To avoid the complications from efficiencies, branching fractions, different resolution widths, and uncertainties, we can simply compare the ratio of detected on-peak events and off peak events. Efficiencies and branching fractions cancel in their ratio N/(N \u00E2\u0080\u00B2Rr). This becomes 164400/(9.7\u00C3\u0097 16120\u00C3\u0097 0.96) \u00E2\u0089\u0088 1.10. In other words, just by tuning the centre of mass energy up to the mass of an \u00CE\u00A5 (4S), we get roughly 10% more \u00CE\u00A5 (1S) due to \u00CE\u00A5 (4S) decays. 23 Chapter 5. Results On-peak and off-peak data both agree that most of the \u00CE\u00A5 (1S) came from ISR production. The decay \u00CE\u00A5 (4S) \u00E2\u0086\u0092 \u00CE\u00A5 (1S) must happen at some level. This process is small compared to the ISR production of \u00CE\u00A5 (1S). 5.2 Error Analysis The three fundamental quantities measured are the total number of \u00CE\u00A5 (1S), the number of this that originated from an \u00CE\u00A5 (4S), and how many more \u00CE\u00A5 (1S) we get if we go from off-peak to on-peak. The uncertainties involved in these calculations are given in Table 5.1. Parameter Uncertainty Ratio of luminosities 1% B(\u00CE\u00A5 (1S) \u00E2\u0086\u0092\u00C2\u00B5+ \u00C2\u00B5\u00E2\u0088\u0092) 1% N 2.3% N \u00E2\u0080\u00B2 7.0% Systematic error between data and Monte Carlo 4% Detection efficiencies 1.6% Number of \u00CE\u00A5 (4S) in on-peak data 1.1% Systematic error of ratio of ISR luminosities \u00E2\u0089\u0088 1% Table 5.1: Summary of uncertainties. Therefore, n = (1.10 \u00C2\u00B1 0.03) \u00C3\u0097 107, \u00CE\u00B4 = (1.0 \u00C2\u00B1 0.9) \u00C3\u0097 106, and increasing the centre of mass energy from off-peak to on-peak makes (10 \u00C2\u00B1 8)% more \u00CE\u00A5 (1S). The uncertainty on \u00CE\u00B4 is huge because N \u00E2\u0089\u0088 N \u00E2\u0080\u00B2Rr. Of the 4.65 \u00C3\u0097 108 \u00CE\u00A5 (4S), 0.22 \u00C2\u00B1 0.18% eventually end up as an \u00CE\u00A5 (1S). Compared to the branching fraction of \u00CE\u00A5 (4S) \u00E2\u0086\u0092 \u00CE\u00A5 (1S) + anything < 0.4% [3], this means that \u00CE\u00A5 (4S) decayed into \u00CE\u00A5 (1S) directly most of the time instead of by a cascade of decays. 5.3 Attempt to Measure \u00CF\u0087bJ (3P) \u00CE\u00A5 (4S) decays into BB almost all the time. Approximately 1 million out of the 465 million \u00CE\u00A5 (4S) did not decay into BB, which is about 0.2%. Some of these \u00CE\u00A5 (4S) may have decayed into the theoretical \u00CF\u0087bJ (3P). \u00CF\u0087bJ in the (3P) orbital has never been directly observed. The mass of \u00CF\u0087bJ is theoretically between the mass of a \u00CE\u00A5 (3S) and a \u00CE\u00A5 (4S). Mass (GeV ) Energy of photon decayed along (MeV ) \u00CF\u0087b0 (3P) 10.501 79 \u00CF\u0087b1 (3P) 10.516 64 \u00CF\u0087b2 (3P) 10.526 54 Table 5.2: \u00CF\u0087bJ (3P) masses and energy of the photon that decayed with it. Daughters in a 2-body decay in the centre of mass frame of the parent have energies 24 Chapter 5. Results Edaughter1 = Mparent 2 \u00E2\u0088\u0092mdaughter12 +mdaughter22 2Mparentmdaughter1 (5.6) Therefore, photons decayed with \u00CF\u0087bJ (3P) should have energies approximately from 50 to 80MeV in the decay \u00CE\u00A5 (4S) \u00E2\u0086\u0092 \u00CE\u00B3\u00CF\u0087bJ(3P ). This is difficult to distinguish from the background because there are many background photons that did not originate from the electron, the positron, or their collision. These background photons also have energies in the order of tens of MeV. Theoretically, \u00CF\u0087bJ (3P) may also decay radiatively into an \u00CE\u00A5 (1S). The higher mass difference between \u00CF\u0087bJ (3P) and \u00CE\u00A5 (1S) corresponds to a higher energy photon in the order of 1GeV . Unfortunately, this was also very difficult to distinguish from the background. This is because in the event e+e\u00E2\u0088\u0092 \u00E2\u0086\u0092 \u00CE\u00B3\u00C2\u00B5+\u00C2\u00B5\u00E2\u0088\u0092, one photon emission events contribute the more than multi-photon events. These one photon events also have photon energies in the order of 1GeV in the \u00CF\u0087bJ (3P) rest frame. It is very difficult to resolve background QED photons and \u00CF\u0087bJ photons. Besides, the masses of \u00CF\u0087bJ (3P) are already very close to each other. We attempted to measure a \u00CF\u0087bJ (3P) by plotting the invariant mass of the two muon plus one photon with energy more than 500MeV . This selection was done to avoid any background photons. If there were \u00CF\u0087bJ (3P) in the data, there should be excess events at the theoretical \u00CF\u0087bJ (3P) masses. To do this, the same approach used to plot the angular distributions was used. Figure 5.1 shows plots at the lower region and upper region of the invariant muon pair mass. Then we used the same weighting factors which we used before (53% and 47%) to emulate the signal region. The resulting plot is also given in Figure 5.1. Most of these events are background events. The \u00CF\u0087bJ (3P) signal is probably too small and undistinguishable. 5.4 Attempt to Measure \u00CE\u00A5 (2S) and \u00CE\u00A5 (3S) We originally proposed to measure \u00CE\u00A5 (2S) and \u00CE\u00A5 (3S) too. From the expected events calculation in chapter 4, we can expect that \u00CE\u00A5 (2S) and \u00CE\u00A5 (3S) get created in similar amounts by ISR but differ in the feed down contributions. At the \u00CE\u00A5 (2S) and \u00CE\u00A5 (3S) regions, there are many more background events compared to the \u00CE\u00A5 (1S) region. Excess events are more difficult to be seen. Also, the Monte Carlo and data do not agree as well as it did at the \u00CE\u00A5 (1S) region. The analysis methods used in this study would not work well for a measurement of \u00CE\u00A5 (2S) and \u00CE\u00A5 (3S). Figures 5.2 and 5.3 shows how \u00CE\u00A5 are not distinguishable from the on-peak data. We do not see \u00E2\u0080\u009CGaussian bumps\u00E2\u0080\u009D at M\u00CE\u00A5 (2S) or M\u00CE\u00A5 (3S). Figure 5.4 is data minus background Monte Carlo on-peak and Figure 5.5 is data minus background Monte Carlo off-peak. In both of these plots, Monte Carlo predicts too few events above the mass region of \u00CE\u00A5 (2S). These fits were obtained by fitting a Gaussian plus a third order polynomial. It would be difficult to look at the angular distribution of \u00CE\u00A5 (2S) candidates until we have Monte Carlo that agrees with data better. 25 Chapter 5. Results Figure 5.1: Invariant mass of two muons plus one photon greater than 500MeV Figure 5.2: On-peak data and background Monte Carlo at \u00CE\u00A5 (2S) region. 26 Chapter 5. Results Figure 5.3: On-peak data and background Monte Carlo at \u00CE\u00A5 (3S) region. Figure 5.4: On-peak data minus background Monte Carlo at \u00CE\u00A5 (2S) region. 27 Chapter 5. Results Figure 5.5: Off-peak data minus background Monte Carlo at \u00CE\u00A5 (2S) region. 28 Bibliography [1] Workbook for BABAR Offline Users. http://www.slac.stanford.edu/BFROOT/www/doc/workbook/detector/detector.html [2] Pedlar Todd K. Contribution to the proceedings for \u00E2\u0080\u009DHeavy Quarks and Leptons 2006\u00E2\u0080\u009D (HQL06), 16-20 Oct 2006 Munich, Germany. [3] W.-M. Yao et al. (Particle Data Group), J. Phys. G 33, 1 (2006) (URL: http://pdg.lbl.gov) [4] Griffiths, D. Introduction to elementary particles. New York : J. Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1987. [5] BABAR Collaboration, B. Aubert et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 232001 (2006). [6] Perkins, Donald H. Introduction to high energy physics. Cambridge ; New York : Cambridge University Press, 2000. [7] The BABAR Physics Book. http://www.slac.stanford.edu/pubs/slacreports/slac-r-504.html [8] ROOT: An Object Oriented Data Analysis Framework. http://root.cern.ch/ [9] Patrignani, Claudia. Study of hadronic transitions of \u00CE\u00A5 (nS) and search for \u00CE\u00A5 (nS)\u00E2\u0086\u0092 \u00CE\u00B7 \u00CE\u00A5 (1S). BABAR Analysis Document # 1784, Version 2. September 25, 2007. [10] Benayoun, M. et al. Spectroscopy at B-Factories Using Hard Photon Emission. International Journal of Modern Physics A. arXiv:hep-ph/9910523v1 27 Oct 1999. 29 Appendix A Comparison of SP1072 and SP3981 This thesis uses Monte Carlo modenum SP3981 to model e+e\u00E2\u0088\u0092 \u00E2\u0086\u0092 \u00C2\u00B5+\u00C2\u00B5\u00E2\u0088\u0092\u00CE\u00B3. Both SP1072 and SP3981 model this process. SP3981 is believed to be better at modelling the background muon process, but no one has actually studied their differences. This section compares the two and shows that SP3981 seems better at modelling the actual BABAR data. Figure A.1: On-peak comparison of muon angular distribution. Figure A.2: Off-peak comparison of muon angular distribution. The muon angular distributions in the Run3 data are compared to SP1072 and Run3 SP3981. 30 Appendix A. Comparison of SP1072 and SP3981 Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests returns a score of 0 between data and SP1072 as well as between data and SP3981. This is possibly due to the small error bars resulting from high statistics. Figure A.1 is on-peak comparison and Figure A.2 is off-peak comparison. Both the Monte Carlo samples have muon angular distributions that are shaped like the data. However, SP3981 appears to resemble data more closely. This is more obvious on-peak than off-peak. SP3981 can also model the detector defiency more closely at cos\u00CE\u00B8 near \u00C2\u00B10.55. Figure A.3 is a plot of the difference between on-peak data and Monte Carlo samples. Figure A.4 is the corresponding plot for off-peak data. The disagreements appear to be smaller for SP3981. This is a rather coarse study of the two Monte Carlo modes. More vigorous statistical com- parisons can be done to quantify how much better SP3981 is compared to SP1072. Figure A.3: On-peak differences of muon angular distribution between data and Monte Carlo. Figure A.4: Off-peak differences of muon angular distribution between data and Monte Carlo. 31"@en . "Graduating Project"@en . "10.14288/1.0085961"@en . "eng"@en . "Unreviewed"@en . "Vancouver : University of British Columbia Library"@en . "All rights reserved"@en . "Undergraduate"@en . "University of British Columbia. PHYS 449"@en . "Upsilon 1S"@en . "Upsilon 4S"@en . "Bottomonium"@en . "anti-bottom quark"@en . "anti-B meson"@en . "B meson"@en . "quarkonia"@en . "muon"@en . "Monte Carlo"@en . "muon pairs"@en . "Measurement of Upsilon (1S) Production at BaBar"@en . "Text"@en . "http://hdl.handle.net/2429/840"@en .