"Arts, Faculty of"@en . "Non UBC"@en . "Psychology, Department of"@en . "DSpace"@en . "Todd, R. M., MacDonald, M. J., Sedge, P., Robertson, A. Jetly, R., Taylor, M. J., Pang, E. W. (2015). Soldiers with PTSD see a world full of threat: MEG reveals enhanced tuning to combat-related cues. Biological Psychiatry, 78 (12), 821-829."@en . "Todd, Rebecca M."@en . "MacDonald, Matt J."@en . "Sedge, Paul"@en . "Robertson, Amanda"@en . "Jetly, Rakesh"@en . "Taylor, Margot J."@en . "Pang, Elizabeth W."@en . "2017-09-19T19:04:37Z"@en . "2015"@en . "Background. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is linked to elevated arousal and alterations in cognitive processes. Yet whether a traumatic experience is linked to neural and behavioural differences in selective attentional tuning to traumatic stimuli is not known. The present study examined selective awareness of threat stimuli and underlying temporal-spatial patterns of brain activation associated with PTSD.\r\nMethods. Participants were 44 soldiers from the Canadian Armed Forces, 22 with PTSD and 22 without. All completed neuropsychological tests and clinical assessments. Magnetoencephalography (MEG) data were collected while participants identified two targets in a rapidly presented stream of words. The first target was a number and the second target (T2) was either a combat-related or neutral word. The difference in accuracy for combat-related vs. neutral words was used as a measure of attentional bias.\r\nResults. All soldiers showed a bias for combat-related words. This bias was enhanced in the PTSD group, and behavioural differences were associated with distinct patterns of brain activity. At early latencies non-PTSD soldiers showed activation of midline frontal regions associated with fear regulation (90-340ms after T2 presentation), whereas those with PTSD showed greater visual cortex activation linked to enhanced visual processing of trauma stimuli (200-300ms).\r\nConclusions. These findings suggest that attentional biases in PTSD are linked to deficits in very rapid regulatory activation observed in healthy controls. Thus, sufferers with PTSD may literally see a world more populated by traumatic cues, contributing to a positive feedback loop that perpetuates the effects of trauma."@en . "https://circle.library.ubc.ca/rest/handle/2429/63069?expand=metadata"@en . "Enhanced\t \u00C2\u00A0tuning\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0combat\t \u00C2\u00A0cues\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0soldiers\t \u00C2\u00A0with\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD\t \u00C2\u00A0Todd\t \u00C2\u00A0et\t \u00C2\u00A0al.,\t \u00C2\u00A01\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0Soldiers\t \u00C2\u00A0with\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD\t \u00C2\u00A0see\t \u00C2\u00A0a\t \u00C2\u00A0world\t \u00C2\u00A0full\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0threat:\t \u00C2\u00A0MEG\t \u00C2\u00A0reveals\t \u00C2\u00A0enhanced\t \u00C2\u00A0tuning\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0combat-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090related\t \u00C2\u00A0cues\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0Rebecca\t \u00C2\u00A0M.\t \u00C2\u00A0Todd1,\t \u00C2\u00A0Matt\t \u00C2\u00A0J.\t \u00C2\u00A0MacDonald2,\t \u00C2\u00A0Paul\t \u00C2\u00A0Sedge3,4,\t \u00C2\u00A0Amanda\t \u00C2\u00A0Robertson5,\t \u00C2\u00A0Rakesh\t \u00C2\u00A0Jetly6,\t \u00C2\u00A0Margot\t \u00C2\u00A0J.\t \u00C2\u00A0Taylor2,5,7,8,\t \u00C2\u00A0Elizabeth\t \u00C2\u00A0W.\t \u00C2\u00A0Pang5,8\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A01\t \u00C2\u00A0Department\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0Psychology,\t \u00C2\u00A0University\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0British\t \u00C2\u00A0Columbia,\t \u00C2\u00A0Vancouver,\t \u00C2\u00A0BC,\t \u00C2\u00A0Canada\t \u00C2\u00A02\t \u00C2\u00A0Department\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0Diagnostic\t \u00C2\u00A0Imaging,\t \u00C2\u00A0Hospital\t \u00C2\u00A0for\t \u00C2\u00A0Sick\t \u00C2\u00A0Children,\t \u00C2\u00A0Toronto,\t \u00C2\u00A0ON,\t \u00C2\u00A0Canada\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A03\t \u00C2\u00A0Operational\t \u00C2\u00A0Stress\t \u00C2\u00A0Injury\t \u00C2\u00A0Clinic,\t \u00C2\u00A0The\t \u00C2\u00A0Royal\t \u00C2\u00A0Ottawa\t \u00C2\u00A0Mental\t \u00C2\u00A0Health\t \u00C2\u00A0Center,\t \u00C2\u00A0Ottawa,\t \u00C2\u00A0ON,\t \u00C2\u00A0Canada\t \u00C2\u00A04\t \u00C2\u00A0The\t \u00C2\u00A0Saint\t \u00C2\u00A0Lawrence\t \u00C2\u00A0Valley\t \u00C2\u00A0Correctional\t \u00C2\u00A0Treatment\t \u00C2\u00A0Center,\t \u00C2\u00A0Brockville,\t \u00C2\u00A0ON,\t \u00C2\u00A0Canada\t \u00C2\u00A05\t \u00C2\u00A0Neurosciences\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0Mental\t \u00C2\u00A0Health\t \u00C2\u00A0Research\t \u00C2\u00A0Institute,\t \u00C2\u00A0Hospital\t \u00C2\u00A0for\t \u00C2\u00A0Sick\t \u00C2\u00A0Children,\t \u00C2\u00A0Toronto,\t \u00C2\u00A0ON,\t \u00C2\u00A0Canada\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A06\t \u00C2\u00A0Directorate\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0Mental\t \u00C2\u00A0Health,\t \u00C2\u00A0Canadian\t \u00C2\u00A0Forces\t \u00C2\u00A0Health\t \u00C2\u00A0Services,\t \u00C2\u00A0Ottawa,\t \u00C2\u00A0ON,\t \u00C2\u00A0Canada\t \u00C2\u00A07\t \u00C2\u00A0Department\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0Medical\t \u00C2\u00A0Imaging,\t \u00C2\u00A0University\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0Toronto,\t \u00C2\u00A0Toronto,\t \u00C2\u00A0ON,\t \u00C2\u00A0Canada\t \u00C2\u00A08\t \u00C2\u00A0Division\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0Neurology,\t \u00C2\u00A0Hospital\t \u00C2\u00A0for\t \u00C2\u00A0Sick\t \u00C2\u00A0Children,\t \u00C2\u00A0Toronto,\t \u00C2\u00A0ON,\t \u00C2\u00A0Canada\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0Address\t \u00C2\u00A0correspondence\t \u00C2\u00A0to:\t \u00C2\u00A0Rebecca\t \u00C2\u00A0Todd,\t \u00C2\u00A0PhD\t \u00C2\u00A0Department\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0Psychology\t \u00C2\u00A0University\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0British\t \u00C2\u00A0Columbia\t \u00C2\u00A02136\t \u00C2\u00A0West\t \u00C2\u00A0Mall,\t \u00C2\u00A0Vancouver,\t \u00C2\u00A0BC,\t \u00C2\u00A0V6T\t \u00C2\u00A01Z4,\t \u00C2\u00A0Canada\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0Email:\t \u00C2\u00A0becket.todd@psych.ubc.ca\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0KEYSWORDS:\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0post-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090traumatic\t \u00C2\u00A0stress\t \u00C2\u00A0disorder\t \u00C2\u00A0(PTSD),\t \u00C2\u00A0soldiers,\t \u00C2\u00A0magnetoencephalography\t \u00C2\u00A0(MEG),\t \u00C2\u00A0beamforming,\t \u00C2\u00A0attentional\t \u00C2\u00A0blink,\t \u00C2\u00A0affect-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090biased\t \u00C2\u00A0attention,\t \u00C2\u00A0attentional\t \u00C2\u00A0bias\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0Abstract:\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0248\t \u00C2\u00A0words\t \u00C2\u00A0Body:\t \u00C2\u00A03988\t \u00C2\u00A0words\t \u00C2\u00A0Number\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0tables:\t \u00C2\u00A02\t \u00C2\u00A0Number\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0Figures:\t \u00C2\u00A04\t \u00C2\u00A0Supplemental\t \u00C2\u00A0information:\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A01\t \u00C2\u00A0figure,\t \u00C2\u00A014\t \u00C2\u00A0pages\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0text\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0tables\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0 \t \u00C2\u00A0Enhanced\t \u00C2\u00A0tuning\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0combat\t \u00C2\u00A0cues\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0soldiers\t \u00C2\u00A0with\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD\t \u00C2\u00A0Todd\t \u00C2\u00A0et\t \u00C2\u00A0al.,\t \u00C2\u00A02\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0Abstract\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0Background.\t \u00C2\u00A0Post-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090traumatic\t \u00C2\u00A0stress\t \u00C2\u00A0disorder\t \u00C2\u00A0(PTSD)\t \u00C2\u00A0is\t \u00C2\u00A0linked\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0elevated\t \u00C2\u00A0arousal\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0alterations\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0cognitive\t \u00C2\u00A0processes.\t \u00C2\u00A0Yet\t \u00C2\u00A0whether\t \u00C2\u00A0a\t \u00C2\u00A0traumatic\t \u00C2\u00A0experience\t \u00C2\u00A0is\t \u00C2\u00A0linked\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0neural\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0behavioural\t \u00C2\u00A0differences\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0selective\t \u00C2\u00A0attentional\t \u00C2\u00A0tuning\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0traumatic\t \u00C2\u00A0stimuli\t \u00C2\u00A0is\t \u00C2\u00A0not\t \u00C2\u00A0known.\t \u00C2\u00A0The\t \u00C2\u00A0present\t \u00C2\u00A0study\t \u00C2\u00A0examined\t \u00C2\u00A0selective\t \u00C2\u00A0awareness\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0threat\t \u00C2\u00A0stimuli\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0underlying\t \u00C2\u00A0temporal-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090spatial\t \u00C2\u00A0patterns\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0brain\t \u00C2\u00A0activation\t \u00C2\u00A0associated\t \u00C2\u00A0with\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD.\t \u00C2\u00A0Methods.\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0Participants\t \u00C2\u00A0were\t \u00C2\u00A044\t \u00C2\u00A0soldiers\t \u00C2\u00A0from\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0Canadian\t \u00C2\u00A0Armed\t \u00C2\u00A0Forces,\t \u00C2\u00A022\t \u00C2\u00A0with\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A022\t \u00C2\u00A0without.\t \u00C2\u00A0All\t \u00C2\u00A0completed\t \u00C2\u00A0neuropsychological\t \u00C2\u00A0tests\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0clinical\t \u00C2\u00A0assessments.\t \u00C2\u00A0Magnetoencephalography\t \u00C2\u00A0(MEG)\t \u00C2\u00A0data\t \u00C2\u00A0were\t \u00C2\u00A0collected\t \u00C2\u00A0while\t \u00C2\u00A0participants\t \u00C2\u00A0identified\t \u00C2\u00A0two\t \u00C2\u00A0targets\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0a\t \u00C2\u00A0rapidly\t \u00C2\u00A0presented\t \u00C2\u00A0stream\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0words.\t \u00C2\u00A0The\t \u00C2\u00A0first\t \u00C2\u00A0target\t \u00C2\u00A0was\t \u00C2\u00A0a\t \u00C2\u00A0number\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0second\t \u00C2\u00A0target\t \u00C2\u00A0(T2)\t \u00C2\u00A0was\t \u00C2\u00A0either\t \u00C2\u00A0a\t \u00C2\u00A0combat-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090related\t \u00C2\u00A0or\t \u00C2\u00A0neutral\t \u00C2\u00A0word.\t \u00C2\u00A0The\t \u00C2\u00A0difference\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0accuracy\t \u00C2\u00A0for\t \u00C2\u00A0combat-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090related\t \u00C2\u00A0vs.\t \u00C2\u00A0neutral\t \u00C2\u00A0words\t \u00C2\u00A0was\t \u00C2\u00A0used\t \u00C2\u00A0as\t \u00C2\u00A0a\t \u00C2\u00A0measure\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0attentional\t \u00C2\u00A0bias.\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0Results.\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0All\t \u00C2\u00A0soldiers\t \u00C2\u00A0showed\t \u00C2\u00A0a\t \u00C2\u00A0bias\t \u00C2\u00A0for\t \u00C2\u00A0combat-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090related\t \u00C2\u00A0words.\t \u00C2\u00A0This\t \u00C2\u00A0bias\t \u00C2\u00A0was\t \u00C2\u00A0enhanced\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD\t \u00C2\u00A0group,\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0behavioural\t \u00C2\u00A0differences\t \u00C2\u00A0were\t \u00C2\u00A0associated\t \u00C2\u00A0with\t \u00C2\u00A0distinct\t \u00C2\u00A0patterns\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0brain\t \u00C2\u00A0activity.\t \u00C2\u00A0At\t \u00C2\u00A0early\t \u00C2\u00A0latencies\t \u00C2\u00A0non-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090PTSD\t \u00C2\u00A0soldiers\t \u00C2\u00A0showed\t \u00C2\u00A0activation\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0midline\t \u00C2\u00A0frontal\t \u00C2\u00A0regions\t \u00C2\u00A0associated\t \u00C2\u00A0with\t \u00C2\u00A0fear\t \u00C2\u00A0regulation\t \u00C2\u00A0(90-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090340ms\t \u00C2\u00A0after\t \u00C2\u00A0T2\t \u00C2\u00A0presentation),\t \u00C2\u00A0whereas\t \u00C2\u00A0those\t \u00C2\u00A0with\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD\t \u00C2\u00A0showed\t \u00C2\u00A0greater\t \u00C2\u00A0visual\t \u00C2\u00A0cortex\t \u00C2\u00A0activation\t \u00C2\u00A0linked\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0enhanced\t \u00C2\u00A0visual\t \u00C2\u00A0processing\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0trauma\t \u00C2\u00A0stimuli\t \u00C2\u00A0(200-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090300ms).\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0Conclusions.\t \u00C2\u00A0These\t \u00C2\u00A0findings\t \u00C2\u00A0suggest\t \u00C2\u00A0that\t \u00C2\u00A0attentional\t \u00C2\u00A0biases\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD\t \u00C2\u00A0are\t \u00C2\u00A0linked\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0deficits\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0very\t \u00C2\u00A0rapid\t \u00C2\u00A0regulatory\t \u00C2\u00A0activation\t \u00C2\u00A0observed\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0healthy\t \u00C2\u00A0controls.\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0Thus,\t \u00C2\u00A0sufferers\t \u00C2\u00A0with\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD\t \u00C2\u00A0may\t \u00C2\u00A0literally\t \u00C2\u00A0see\t \u00C2\u00A0a\t \u00C2\u00A0world\t \u00C2\u00A0more\t \u00C2\u00A0populated\t \u00C2\u00A0by\t \u00C2\u00A0traumatic\t \u00C2\u00A0cues,\t \u00C2\u00A0contributing\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0a\t \u00C2\u00A0positive\t \u00C2\u00A0feedback\t \u00C2\u00A0loop\t \u00C2\u00A0that\t \u00C2\u00A0perpetuates\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0effects\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0trauma.\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0Enhanced\t \u00C2\u00A0tuning\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0combat\t \u00C2\u00A0cues\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0soldiers\t \u00C2\u00A0with\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD\t \u00C2\u00A0Todd\t \u00C2\u00A0et\t \u00C2\u00A0al.,\t \u00C2\u00A03\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0Introduction\t \u00C2\u00A0Posttraumatic\t \u00C2\u00A0Stress\t \u00C2\u00A0Disorder\t \u00C2\u00A0(PTSD)\t \u00C2\u00A0is\t \u00C2\u00A0a\t \u00C2\u00A0trauma-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090related\t \u00C2\u00A0mental\t \u00C2\u00A0disorder\t \u00C2\u00A0with\t \u00C2\u00A0anxious\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0depressive\t \u00C2\u00A0features,\t \u00C2\u00A0resulting\t \u00C2\u00A0from\t \u00C2\u00A0exposure\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0one\t \u00C2\u00A0or\t \u00C2\u00A0more\t \u00C2\u00A0events\t \u00C2\u00A0involving\t \u00C2\u00A0actual\t \u00C2\u00A0or\t \u00C2\u00A0threatened\t \u00C2\u00A0death\t \u00C2\u00A0or\t \u00C2\u00A0serious\t \u00C2\u00A0injury.\t \u00C2\u00A0Although\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0clinical\t \u00C2\u00A0presentation\t \u00C2\u00A0varies,\t \u00C2\u00A0individuals\t \u00C2\u00A0suffering\t \u00C2\u00A0from\t \u00C2\u00A0this\t \u00C2\u00A0condition\t \u00C2\u00A0experience\t \u00C2\u00A0symptoms\t \u00C2\u00A0that\t \u00C2\u00A0include\t \u00C2\u00A0re-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090experiencing\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0traumatic\t \u00C2\u00A0event,\t \u00C2\u00A0avoidance\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0associated\t \u00C2\u00A0situations\t \u00C2\u00A0or\t \u00C2\u00A0stimuli,\t \u00C2\u00A0negative\t \u00C2\u00A0mood\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0appraisals,\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0elevated\t \u00C2\u00A0levels\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0arousal\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0reactivity\t \u00C2\u00A0(1).\t \u00C2\u00A0It\t \u00C2\u00A0is\t \u00C2\u00A0well\t \u00C2\u00A0documented\t \u00C2\u00A0that\t \u00C2\u00A0a\t \u00C2\u00A0traumatic\t \u00C2\u00A0experience\t \u00C2\u00A0can\t \u00C2\u00A0influence\t \u00C2\u00A0a\t \u00C2\u00A0wide\t \u00C2\u00A0range\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0cognitive\t \u00C2\u00A0processes\t \u00C2\u00A0[e.g.,\t \u00C2\u00A0(2)].\t \u00C2\u00A0Yet\t \u00C2\u00A0it\t \u00C2\u00A0is\t \u00C2\u00A0still\t \u00C2\u00A0not\t \u00C2\u00A0known\t \u00C2\u00A0whether\t \u00C2\u00A0a\t \u00C2\u00A0history\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0traumatic\t \u00C2\u00A0experience\t \u00C2\u00A0is\t \u00C2\u00A0associated\t \u00C2\u00A0with\t \u00C2\u00A0specific\t \u00C2\u00A0patterns\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0selective\t \u00C2\u00A0attention\t \u00C2\u00A0that\t \u00C2\u00A0may\t \u00C2\u00A0influence\t \u00C2\u00A0how\t \u00C2\u00A0an\t \u00C2\u00A0individual\t \u00C2\u00A0literally\t \u00C2\u00A0sees\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0world,\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0whether\t \u00C2\u00A0neural\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0behavioural\t \u00C2\u00A0indices\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0selective\t \u00C2\u00A0attention\t \u00C2\u00A0characterize\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD.\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0Here\t \u00C2\u00A0we\t \u00C2\u00A0examined\t \u00C2\u00A0these\t \u00C2\u00A0questions\t \u00C2\u00A0by\t \u00C2\u00A0investigating\t \u00C2\u00A0patterns\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0perceptual\t \u00C2\u00A0awareness\t \u00C2\u00A0for\t \u00C2\u00A0combat-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090related\t \u00C2\u00A0stimuli\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0Canadian\t \u00C2\u00A0soldiers\t \u00C2\u00A0with\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0without\t \u00C2\u00A0diagnoses\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD\t \u00C2\u00A0as\t \u00C2\u00A0well\t \u00C2\u00A0as\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0civilians,\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0used\t \u00C2\u00A0magnetoencephalography\t \u00C2\u00A0(MEG)\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0measure\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0temporal-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090spatial\t \u00C2\u00A0patterns\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0associated\t \u00C2\u00A0brain\t \u00C2\u00A0activation\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0soldiers.\t \u00C2\u00A0A\t \u00C2\u00A0body\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0evidence\t \u00C2\u00A0indicates\t \u00C2\u00A0there\t \u00C2\u00A0is\t \u00C2\u00A0preferential\t \u00C2\u00A0allocation\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0attention\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0trauma-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090related\t \u00C2\u00A0stimuli\t \u00C2\u00A0following\t \u00C2\u00A0a\t \u00C2\u00A0traumatic\t \u00C2\u00A0experience.\t \u00C2\u00A0Studies\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0trauma-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090related\t \u00C2\u00A0attentional\t \u00C2\u00A0biases\t \u00C2\u00A0indicate\t \u00C2\u00A0difficulty\t \u00C2\u00A0disengaging\t \u00C2\u00A0both\t \u00C2\u00A0spatial\t \u00C2\u00A0[for\t \u00C2\u00A0review\t \u00C2\u00A0see\t \u00C2\u00A0(3)]\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0temporal\t \u00C2\u00A0(4)\t \u00C2\u00A0attentional\t \u00C2\u00A0resources\t \u00C2\u00A0from\t \u00C2\u00A0trauma-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090related\t \u00C2\u00A0stimuli.\t \u00C2\u00A0Other\t \u00C2\u00A0studies\t \u00C2\u00A0have\t \u00C2\u00A0found\t \u00C2\u00A0enhanced\t \u00C2\u00A0perception\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0trauma-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090related\t \u00C2\u00A0stimuli\t \u00C2\u00A0as\t \u00C2\u00A0measured\t \u00C2\u00A0by\t \u00C2\u00A0an\t \u00C2\u00A0increased\t \u00C2\u00A0signal\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0noise\t \u00C2\u00A0ratio\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0perception\t \u00C2\u00A0for\t \u00C2\u00A0both\t \u00C2\u00A0visual\t \u00C2\u00A0(5)\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0auditory\t \u00C2\u00A0(6)\t \u00C2\u00A0information.\t \u00C2\u00A0However,\t \u00C2\u00A0some\t \u00C2\u00A0studies\t \u00C2\u00A0have\t \u00C2\u00A0failed\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0find\t \u00C2\u00A0such\t \u00C2\u00A0attentional\t \u00C2\u00A0biases\t \u00C2\u00A0(7).\t \u00C2\u00A0The\t \u00C2\u00A0specificity\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0attentional\t \u00C2\u00A0biases\t \u00C2\u00A0for\t \u00C2\u00A0trauma-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090related\t \u00C2\u00A0stimuli\t \u00C2\u00A0or\t \u00C2\u00A0threat\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0general\t \u00C2\u00A0has\t \u00C2\u00A0also\t \u00C2\u00A0been\t \u00C2\u00A0questioned\t \u00C2\u00A0(8,\t \u00C2\u00A09).\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0Enhanced\t \u00C2\u00A0tuning\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0combat\t \u00C2\u00A0cues\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0soldiers\t \u00C2\u00A0with\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD\t \u00C2\u00A0Todd\t \u00C2\u00A0et\t \u00C2\u00A0al.,\t \u00C2\u00A04\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0The\t \u00C2\u00A0attentional\t \u00C2\u00A0blink\t \u00C2\u00A0(AB)\t \u00C2\u00A0(10)\t \u00C2\u00A0is\t \u00C2\u00A0an\t \u00C2\u00A0experimental\t \u00C2\u00A0manipulation\t \u00C2\u00A0that\t \u00C2\u00A0effectively\t \u00C2\u00A0measures\t \u00C2\u00A0biases\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0rapid\t \u00C2\u00A0perceptual\t \u00C2\u00A0encoding\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0resulting\t \u00C2\u00A0awareness.\t \u00C2\u00A0The\t \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u0098blink\u00E2\u0080\u0099\t \u00C2\u00A0itself\t \u00C2\u00A0is\t \u00C2\u00A0a\t \u00C2\u00A0phenomenon\t \u00C2\u00A0where\t \u00C2\u00A0participants\t \u00C2\u00A0are\t \u00C2\u00A0typically\t \u00C2\u00A0unable\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0report\t \u00C2\u00A0a\t \u00C2\u00A0target\t \u00C2\u00A0stimulus\t \u00C2\u00A0when\t \u00C2\u00A0it\t \u00C2\u00A0is\t \u00C2\u00A0presented\t \u00C2\u00A0within\t \u00C2\u00A0~500ms\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0a\t \u00C2\u00A0previous\t \u00C2\u00A0target\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0a\t \u00C2\u00A0rapid\t \u00C2\u00A0stream\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0stimuli.\t \u00C2\u00A0There\t \u00C2\u00A0are\t \u00C2\u00A0a\t \u00C2\u00A0number\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0competing\t \u00C2\u00A0interpretations\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0AB\t \u00C2\u00A0phenomenon,\t \u00C2\u00A0but\t \u00C2\u00A0one\t \u00C2\u00A0interpretation\t \u00C2\u00A0that\t \u00C2\u00A0has\t \u00C2\u00A0garnered\t \u00C2\u00A0empirical\t \u00C2\u00A0support\t \u00C2\u00A0is\t \u00C2\u00A0that\t \u00C2\u00A0it\t \u00C2\u00A0reflects\t \u00C2\u00A0a\t \u00C2\u00A0failure\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0attentional\t \u00C2\u00A0filters\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0consolidate\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0second\t \u00C2\u00A0target\t \u00C2\u00A0into\t \u00C2\u00A0working\t \u00C2\u00A0memory\t \u00C2\u00A0when\t \u00C2\u00A0it\t \u00C2\u00A0appears\t \u00C2\u00A0too\t \u00C2\u00A0quickly\t \u00C2\u00A0after\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0first,\t \u00C2\u00A0resulting\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0impaired\t \u00C2\u00A0perceptual\t \u00C2\u00A0awareness\t \u00C2\u00A0(11).\t \u00C2\u00A0When\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0second\t \u00C2\u00A0target\t \u00C2\u00A0(T2)\t \u00C2\u00A0is\t \u00C2\u00A0emotionally\t \u00C2\u00A0salient\t \u00C2\u00A0(e.g.,\t \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u0098RAPE\u00E2\u0080\u0099\t \u00C2\u00A0vs.\t \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u0098ROPE\u00E2\u0080\u0099),\t \u00C2\u00A0there\t \u00C2\u00A0is\t \u00C2\u00A0a\t \u00C2\u00A0reduced\t \u00C2\u00A0blink,\t \u00C2\u00A0or\t \u00C2\u00A0an\t \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u0098emotional\t \u00C2\u00A0sparing\u00E2\u0080\u0099\t \u00C2\u00A0(12-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u009014).\t \u00C2\u00A0This\t \u00C2\u00A0emotional\t \u00C2\u00A0sparing\t \u00C2\u00A0can\t \u00C2\u00A0be\t \u00C2\u00A0seen\t \u00C2\u00A0as\t \u00C2\u00A0reflecting\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0relative\t \u00C2\u00A0robustness\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0selective\t \u00C2\u00A0attention\t \u00C2\u00A0for\t \u00C2\u00A0affective\t \u00C2\u00A0stimuli\t \u00C2\u00A0(15).\t \u00C2\u00A0Fear\t \u00C2\u00A0conditioning\t \u00C2\u00A0can\t \u00C2\u00A0also\t \u00C2\u00A0elicit\t \u00C2\u00A0AB\t \u00C2\u00A0sparing\t \u00C2\u00A0for\t \u00C2\u00A0conditioned\t \u00C2\u00A0stimuli,\t \u00C2\u00A0suggesting\t \u00C2\u00A0a\t \u00C2\u00A0link\t \u00C2\u00A0between\t \u00C2\u00A0emotional\t \u00C2\u00A0learning\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0enhanced\t \u00C2\u00A0perceptual\t \u00C2\u00A0awareness\t \u00C2\u00A0(16),\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0fMRI\t \u00C2\u00A0research\t \u00C2\u00A0has\t \u00C2\u00A0found\t \u00C2\u00A0sparing\t \u00C2\u00A0for\t \u00C2\u00A0conditioned\t \u00C2\u00A0stimuli\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0healthy\t \u00C2\u00A0controls\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0be\t \u00C2\u00A0mediated\t \u00C2\u00A0by\t \u00C2\u00A0co-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090activation\t \u00C2\u00A0between\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0amygdalae\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0visual\t \u00C2\u00A0cortices\t \u00C2\u00A0(16).\t \u00C2\u00A0Further,\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0healthy\t \u00C2\u00A0adults,\t \u00C2\u00A0an\t \u00C2\u00A0MEG\t \u00C2\u00A0investigation\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0temporal-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090spatial\t \u00C2\u00A0patterns\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0sparing\t \u00C2\u00A0for\t \u00C2\u00A0emotionally\t \u00C2\u00A0salient\t \u00C2\u00A0words\t \u00C2\u00A0has\t \u00C2\u00A0found\t \u00C2\u00A0emotional\t \u00C2\u00A0sparing\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0be\t \u00C2\u00A0characterized\t \u00C2\u00A0by\t \u00C2\u00A0early\t \u00C2\u00A0activation\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0regions\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0extended\t \u00C2\u00A0amygdalae\t \u00C2\u00A0followed\t \u00C2\u00A0by\t \u00C2\u00A0later\t \u00C2\u00A0activation\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0key\t \u00C2\u00A0frontal\t \u00C2\u00A0regions\t \u00C2\u00A0(17).\t \u00C2\u00A0Individual\t \u00C2\u00A0differences\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0degree\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0AB\t \u00C2\u00A0emotional\t \u00C2\u00A0sparing\t \u00C2\u00A0have\t \u00C2\u00A0been\t \u00C2\u00A0observed,\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0may\t \u00C2\u00A0be\t \u00C2\u00A0influenced\t \u00C2\u00A0by\t \u00C2\u00A0temperament,\t \u00C2\u00A0genotype,\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0experience.\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0Greater\t \u00C2\u00A0emotional\t \u00C2\u00A0sparing\t \u00C2\u00A0for\t \u00C2\u00A0threatening\t \u00C2\u00A0faces\t \u00C2\u00A0has\t \u00C2\u00A0been\t \u00C2\u00A0linked\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0higher\t \u00C2\u00A0levels\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0trait\t \u00C2\u00A0anxiety\t \u00C2\u00A0(18).\t \u00C2\u00A0Moreover,\t \u00C2\u00A0carrying\t \u00C2\u00A0a\t \u00C2\u00A0deletion\t \u00C2\u00A0variant\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0ADRA2b\t \u00C2\u00A0gene\t \u00C2\u00A0influencing\t \u00C2\u00A0norepinephrine\t \u00C2\u00A0levels\t \u00C2\u00A0has\t \u00C2\u00A0been\t \u00C2\u00A0linked\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0higher\t \u00C2\u00A0levels\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0overall\t \u00C2\u00A0emotional\t \u00C2\u00A0enhancement\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0memory,\t \u00C2\u00A0including\t \u00C2\u00A0intrusive\t \u00C2\u00A0memory\t \u00C2\u00A0following\t \u00C2\u00A0trauma\t \u00C2\u00A0(19).\t \u00C2\u00A0Notably,\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0ADRA2b\t \u00C2\u00A0deletion\t \u00C2\u00A0variant\t \u00C2\u00A0is\t \u00C2\u00A0also\t \u00C2\u00A0associated\t \u00C2\u00A0with\t \u00C2\u00A0greater\t \u00C2\u00A0sparing\t \u00C2\u00A0for\t \u00C2\u00A0negatively\t \u00C2\u00A0valenced\t \u00C2\u00A0words\t \u00C2\u00A0(20).\t \u00C2\u00A0Such\t \u00C2\u00A0links\t \u00C2\u00A0between\t \u00C2\u00A0common\t \u00C2\u00A0genetic\t \u00C2\u00A0variations\t \u00C2\u00A0associated\t \u00C2\u00A0with\t \u00C2\u00A0intrusive\t \u00C2\u00A0traumatic\t \u00C2\u00A0memory,\t \u00C2\u00A0enhanced\t \u00C2\u00A0limbic\t \u00C2\u00A0Enhanced\t \u00C2\u00A0tuning\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0combat\t \u00C2\u00A0cues\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0soldiers\t \u00C2\u00A0with\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD\t \u00C2\u00A0Todd\t \u00C2\u00A0et\t \u00C2\u00A0al.,\t \u00C2\u00A05\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0activation\t \u00C2\u00A0linked\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0emotional\t \u00C2\u00A0sparing,\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0AB\t \u00C2\u00A0emotional\t \u00C2\u00A0sparing\t \u00C2\u00A0linked\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0threat\t \u00C2\u00A0provide\t \u00C2\u00A0convergent\t \u00C2\u00A0evidence\t \u00C2\u00A0suggesting\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD\t \u00C2\u00A0may\t \u00C2\u00A0be\t \u00C2\u00A0associated\t \u00C2\u00A0with\t \u00C2\u00A0enhanced\t \u00C2\u00A0AB\t \u00C2\u00A0sparing\t \u00C2\u00A0for\t \u00C2\u00A0trauma-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090related\t \u00C2\u00A0cues.\t \u00C2\u00A0Such\t \u00C2\u00A0enhanced\t \u00C2\u00A0AB\t \u00C2\u00A0sparing\t \u00C2\u00A0should\t \u00C2\u00A0also\t \u00C2\u00A0be\t \u00C2\u00A0related\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0distinct\t \u00C2\u00A0patterns\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0brain\t \u00C2\u00A0activity\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD.\t \u00C2\u00A0Although\t \u00C2\u00A0neuroimaging\t \u00C2\u00A0studies\t \u00C2\u00A0using\t \u00C2\u00A0different\t \u00C2\u00A0experimental\t \u00C2\u00A0tasks\t \u00C2\u00A0show\t \u00C2\u00A0mixed\t \u00C2\u00A0results,\t \u00C2\u00A0meta-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090analyses\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0fMRI\t \u00C2\u00A0data\t \u00C2\u00A0indicate\t \u00C2\u00A0that\t \u00C2\u00A0overall\t \u00C2\u00A0symptom\t \u00C2\u00A0provocation\t \u00C2\u00A0elicits\t \u00C2\u00A0greater\t \u00C2\u00A0activation\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0bilateral\t \u00C2\u00A0amygdalae,\t \u00C2\u00A0mid-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090cingulate\t \u00C2\u00A0cortex\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0precuneus,\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0reduced\t \u00C2\u00A0activation\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0ventromedial\t \u00C2\u00A0prefrontal\t \u00C2\u00A0cortex\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0fronto-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090parietal\t \u00C2\u00A0control\t \u00C2\u00A0networks\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0participants\t \u00C2\u00A0with\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD\t \u00C2\u00A0relative\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0controls\t \u00C2\u00A0(21,\t \u00C2\u00A022).\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD\t \u00C2\u00A0has\t \u00C2\u00A0also\t \u00C2\u00A0been\t \u00C2\u00A0linked\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0patterns\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0altered\t \u00C2\u00A0functional\t \u00C2\u00A0connectivity\t \u00C2\u00A0(23).\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0Yet\t \u00C2\u00A0rapidly-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090occurring\t \u00C2\u00A0patterns\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0brain\t \u00C2\u00A0activity\t \u00C2\u00A0coupled\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0sorting\t \u00C2\u00A0salient\t \u00C2\u00A0from\t \u00C2\u00A0mundane\t \u00C2\u00A0stimuli\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0AB,\t \u00C2\u00A0which\t \u00C2\u00A0may\t \u00C2\u00A0be\t \u00C2\u00A0crucially\t \u00C2\u00A0altered\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD,\t \u00C2\u00A0may\t \u00C2\u00A0not\t \u00C2\u00A0be\t \u00C2\u00A0captured\t \u00C2\u00A0by\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0slow\t \u00C2\u00A0time-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090courses\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0PET\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0fMRI.\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0The\t \u00C2\u00A0present\t \u00C2\u00A0study\t \u00C2\u00A0addressed\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0question\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0whether\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD\t \u00C2\u00A0is\t \u00C2\u00A0linked\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0altered\t \u00C2\u00A0tuning\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0attentional\t \u00C2\u00A0filters\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0visual\t \u00C2\u00A0environment\t \u00C2\u00A0under\t \u00C2\u00A0conditions\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0high\t \u00C2\u00A0visual\t \u00C2\u00A0competition.\t \u00C2\u00A0Here\t \u00C2\u00A0we\t \u00C2\u00A0used\t \u00C2\u00A0MEG\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0examine\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0connection\t \u00C2\u00A0between\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD,\t \u00C2\u00A0behavioural\t \u00C2\u00A0indices\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0AB\t \u00C2\u00A0emotional\t \u00C2\u00A0sparing\t \u00C2\u00A0for\t \u00C2\u00A0trauma-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090specific\t \u00C2\u00A0stimuli,\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0patterns\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0brain\t \u00C2\u00A0activation\t \u00C2\u00A0at\t \u00C2\u00A0a\t \u00C2\u00A0high\t \u00C2\u00A0temporal\t \u00C2\u00A0resolution.\t \u00C2\u00A0Combat\t \u00C2\u00A0veterans\t \u00C2\u00A0currently\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0Canadian\t \u00C2\u00A0Armed\t \u00C2\u00A0Forces\t \u00C2\u00A0performed\t \u00C2\u00A0an\t \u00C2\u00A0AB\t \u00C2\u00A0task\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0MEG\t \u00C2\u00A0scanner\t \u00C2\u00A0using\t \u00C2\u00A0combat-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090related\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0neutral\t \u00C2\u00A0words\t \u00C2\u00A0as\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0second\t \u00C2\u00A0target\t \u00C2\u00A0(T2)\t \u00C2\u00A0stimuli.\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0We\t \u00C2\u00A0predicted\t \u00C2\u00A0that\t \u00C2\u00A0AB\t \u00C2\u00A0performance\t \u00C2\u00A0would\t \u00C2\u00A0differentiate\t \u00C2\u00A0soldiers\t \u00C2\u00A0with\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0without\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD,\t \u00C2\u00A0such\t \u00C2\u00A0that\t \u00C2\u00A0soldiers\t \u00C2\u00A0with\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD\t \u00C2\u00A0would\t \u00C2\u00A0show\t \u00C2\u00A0greater\t \u00C2\u00A0AB\t \u00C2\u00A0sparing\t \u00C2\u00A0than\t \u00C2\u00A0soldiers\t \u00C2\u00A0without\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD.\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0For\t \u00C2\u00A0participants\t \u00C2\u00A0with\t \u00C2\u00A0no\t \u00C2\u00A0combat\t \u00C2\u00A0experience,\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0AB\t \u00C2\u00A0for\t \u00C2\u00A0combat-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090related\t \u00C2\u00A0words\t \u00C2\u00A0should\t \u00C2\u00A0not\t \u00C2\u00A0differ\t \u00C2\u00A0from\t \u00C2\u00A0that\t \u00C2\u00A0for\t \u00C2\u00A0neutral\t \u00C2\u00A0words.\t \u00C2\u00A0Based\t \u00C2\u00A0on\t \u00C2\u00A0evidence\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0altered\t \u00C2\u00A0structure\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0function\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0regulatory\t \u00C2\u00A0processes\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD,\t \u00C2\u00A0we\t \u00C2\u00A0predicted\t \u00C2\u00A0that\t \u00C2\u00A0control\t \u00C2\u00A0soldiers\t \u00C2\u00A0would\t \u00C2\u00A0show\t \u00C2\u00A0greater\t \u00C2\u00A0activation\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0regulatory\t \u00C2\u00A0regions\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0anterior\t \u00C2\u00A0cingulate\t \u00C2\u00A0cortex\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0presence\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0combat-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090related\t \u00C2\u00A0stimuli.\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0Based\t \u00C2\u00A0on\t \u00C2\u00A0convergent\t \u00C2\u00A0evidence\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0role\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0valuation\t \u00C2\u00A0networks\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0AB\t \u00C2\u00A0sparing\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0greater\t \u00C2\u00A0excitability\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0valuation\t \u00C2\u00A0networks\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD,\t \u00C2\u00A0we\t \u00C2\u00A0predicted\t \u00C2\u00A0that\t \u00C2\u00A0those\t \u00C2\u00A0with\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD\t \u00C2\u00A0would\t \u00C2\u00A0show\t \u00C2\u00A0Enhanced\t \u00C2\u00A0tuning\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0combat\t \u00C2\u00A0cues\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0soldiers\t \u00C2\u00A0with\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD\t \u00C2\u00A0Todd\t \u00C2\u00A0et\t \u00C2\u00A0al.,\t \u00C2\u00A06\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0either\t \u00C2\u00A0enhanced\t \u00C2\u00A0activation\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0nodes\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0valuation\t \u00C2\u00A0networks\t \u00C2\u00A0(amygdalae,\t \u00C2\u00A0orbitofrontal\t \u00C2\u00A0cortex),\t \u00C2\u00A0or\t \u00C2\u00A0higher\t \u00C2\u00A0levels\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0visual\t \u00C2\u00A0cortex\t \u00C2\u00A0activity\t \u00C2\u00A0associated\t \u00C2\u00A0with\t \u00C2\u00A0emotional\t \u00C2\u00A0sparing,\t \u00C2\u00A0or\t \u00C2\u00A0both.\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0Materials\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0Methods\t \u00C2\u00A0Participants\t \u00C2\u00A0for\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0MEG\t \u00C2\u00A0study\t \u00C2\u00A0were\t \u00C2\u00A0active-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090duty\t \u00C2\u00A0service\t \u00C2\u00A0members\t \u00C2\u00A0from\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0Canadian\t \u00C2\u00A0Armed\t \u00C2\u00A0Forces\t \u00C2\u00A0(CAF).\t \u00C2\u00A0The\t \u00C2\u00A0initial\t \u00C2\u00A0sample\t \u00C2\u00A0included\t \u00C2\u00A024\t \u00C2\u00A0soldiers\t \u00C2\u00A0diagnosed\t \u00C2\u00A0with\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD\t \u00C2\u00A0(all\t \u00C2\u00A0males;\t \u00C2\u00A0mean\t \u00C2\u00A0age\t \u00C2\u00A0=\t \u00C2\u00A037.7\t \u00C2\u00A0years\t \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00B1\t \u00C2\u00A06.8\t \u00C2\u00A0SD;\t \u00C2\u00A0range\t \u00C2\u00A026-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u009048\t \u00C2\u00A0years)\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A024\t \u00C2\u00A0control\t \u00C2\u00A0soldiers\t \u00C2\u00A0(all\t \u00C2\u00A0males;\t \u00C2\u00A0mean\t \u00C2\u00A0age\t \u00C2\u00A0=\t \u00C2\u00A032.9\t \u00C2\u00A0years\t \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00B1\t \u00C2\u00A04.6\t \u00C2\u00A0SD;\t \u00C2\u00A0range\t \u00C2\u00A027-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u009042\t \u00C2\u00A0years).\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0All\t \u00C2\u00A0participants\t \u00C2\u00A0were\t \u00C2\u00A0veterans\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0combat\t \u00C2\u00A0who\t \u00C2\u00A0had\t \u00C2\u00A0served\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0Afghanistan.\t \u00C2\u00A0At\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0time\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0MEG\t \u00C2\u00A0testing\t \u00C2\u00A04\t \u00C2\u00A0soldiers\t \u00C2\u00A0were\t \u00C2\u00A0excluded\t \u00C2\u00A0because\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0scanner\t \u00C2\u00A0incompatibility\t \u00C2\u00A0or\t \u00C2\u00A0unusable\t \u00C2\u00A0MEG\t \u00C2\u00A0data,\t \u00C2\u00A0leaving\t \u00C2\u00A0a\t \u00C2\u00A0final\t \u00C2\u00A0N\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A022\t \u00C2\u00A0soldiers\t \u00C2\u00A0with\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD\t \u00C2\u00A0(mean\t \u00C2\u00A0age\t \u00C2\u00A0=\t \u00C2\u00A037.6\t \u00C2\u00A0years;\t \u00C2\u00A0range\t \u00C2\u00A026-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u009048\t \u00C2\u00A0years)\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A022\t \u00C2\u00A0soldiers\t \u00C2\u00A0without\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD\t \u00C2\u00A0(mean\t \u00C2\u00A0age\t \u00C2\u00A0=\t \u00C2\u00A032.4\t \u00C2\u00A0years;\t \u00C2\u00A0range\t \u00C2\u00A027-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u009040\t \u00C2\u00A0years).\t \u00C2\u00A0We\t \u00C2\u00A0also\t \u00C2\u00A0collected\t \u00C2\u00A0behavioural\t \u00C2\u00A0data\t \u00C2\u00A0from\t \u00C2\u00A0an\t \u00C2\u00A0additional\t \u00C2\u00A0group\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A018\t \u00C2\u00A0age\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0education\t \u00C2\u00A0matched\t \u00C2\u00A0participants\t \u00C2\u00A0with\t \u00C2\u00A0no\t \u00C2\u00A0combat\t \u00C2\u00A0experience\t \u00C2\u00A0(all\t \u00C2\u00A0males;\t \u00C2\u00A0mean\t \u00C2\u00A0age\t \u00C2\u00A0=\t \u00C2\u00A028.05\t \u00C2\u00A0years\t \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00B1\t \u00C2\u00A05.84\t \u00C2\u00A0SD;\t \u00C2\u00A0range\t \u00C2\u00A020-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u009039\t \u00C2\u00A0years)\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0serve\t \u00C2\u00A0as\t \u00C2\u00A0non-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090military\t \u00C2\u00A0controls.\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0These\t \u00C2\u00A0civilians\t \u00C2\u00A0were\t \u00C2\u00A0actively\t \u00C2\u00A0recruited\t \u00C2\u00A0from\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0hospital\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0university\t \u00C2\u00A0community\t \u00C2\u00A0for\t \u00C2\u00A0a\t \u00C2\u00A0separate\t \u00C2\u00A0study\t \u00C2\u00A0on\t \u00C2\u00A0traumatic\t \u00C2\u00A0brain\t \u00C2\u00A0injury,\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0agreed\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0complete\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0behavioural\t \u00C2\u00A0version\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0AB\t \u00C2\u00A0task.\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0Individuals\t \u00C2\u00A0with\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD\t \u00C2\u00A0were\t \u00C2\u00A0diagnosed\t \u00C2\u00A0using\t \u00C2\u00A0a\t \u00C2\u00A0semi-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090structured\t \u00C2\u00A0clinical\t \u00C2\u00A0interview\t \u00C2\u00A0for\t \u00C2\u00A0DSM-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090IV\t \u00C2\u00A0Axis\t \u00C2\u00A0I\t \u00C2\u00A0Disorders\t \u00C2\u00A0(American\t \u00C2\u00A0Psychiatric\t \u00C2\u00A0Publishing\t \u00C2\u00A0Inc.),\t \u00C2\u00A0performed\t \u00C2\u00A0by\t \u00C2\u00A0a\t \u00C2\u00A0military\t \u00C2\u00A0psychiatrist\t \u00C2\u00A0according\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0Canadian\t \u00C2\u00A0Forces\t \u00C2\u00A0protocol.\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0The\t \u00C2\u00A0diagnosis\t \u00C2\u00A0also\t \u00C2\u00A0included\t \u00C2\u00A0psychometric\t \u00C2\u00A0testing\t \u00C2\u00A0by\t \u00C2\u00A0a\t \u00C2\u00A0psychiatrist\t \u00C2\u00A0or\t \u00C2\u00A0psychologist\t \u00C2\u00A0at\t \u00C2\u00A0a\t \u00C2\u00A0Canadian\t \u00C2\u00A0Armed\t \u00C2\u00A0Forces\t \u00C2\u00A0Operational\t \u00C2\u00A0Trauma\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0Stress\t \u00C2\u00A0Support\t \u00C2\u00A0Centre\t \u00C2\u00A0(OTSSC)\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0identified\t \u00C2\u00A0through\t \u00C2\u00A0clinicians\t \u00C2\u00A0at\t \u00C2\u00A0one\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0CAF\t \u00C2\u00A0OTSSCs\t \u00C2\u00A0(for\t \u00C2\u00A0details\t \u00C2\u00A0see\t \u00C2\u00A0supplemental\t \u00C2\u00A0information\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0for\t \u00C2\u00A0demographic\t \u00C2\u00A0information\t \u00C2\u00A0see\t \u00C2\u00A0Table\t \u00C2\u00A01).\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0All\t \u00C2\u00A0testing\t \u00C2\u00A0was\t \u00C2\u00A0conducted\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0MEG\t \u00C2\u00A0Lab\t \u00C2\u00A0at\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0Hospital\t \u00C2\u00A0for\t \u00C2\u00A0Sick\t \u00C2\u00A0Children\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0received\t \u00C2\u00A0institutional\t \u00C2\u00A0ethics\t \u00C2\u00A0approvals\t \u00C2\u00A0from\t \u00C2\u00A0both\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0Hospital\t \u00C2\u00A0for\t \u00C2\u00A0Sick\t \u00C2\u00A0Children\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0Defense\t \u00C2\u00A0Research\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0Development\t \u00C2\u00A0Canada.\t \u00C2\u00A0All\t \u00C2\u00A0participants\t \u00C2\u00A0gave\t \u00C2\u00A0informed\t \u00C2\u00A0written\t \u00C2\u00A0consent.\t \u00C2\u00A0Enhanced\t \u00C2\u00A0tuning\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0combat\t \u00C2\u00A0cues\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0soldiers\t \u00C2\u00A0with\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD\t \u00C2\u00A0Todd\t \u00C2\u00A0et\t \u00C2\u00A0al.,\t \u00C2\u00A07\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0Neuropsychological\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0Clinical\t \u00C2\u00A0Assessments.\t \u00C2\u00A0All\t \u00C2\u00A0participants\t \u00C2\u00A0completed\t \u00C2\u00A0a\t \u00C2\u00A0short\t \u00C2\u00A0battery\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0neuropsychological\t \u00C2\u00A0tests\t \u00C2\u00A0as\t \u00C2\u00A0well\t \u00C2\u00A0as\t \u00C2\u00A0brief\t \u00C2\u00A0clinical\t \u00C2\u00A0assessments\t \u00C2\u00A0(see\t \u00C2\u00A0supplemental\t \u00C2\u00A0information).\t \u00C2\u00A0The\t \u00C2\u00A0tests,\t \u00C2\u00A0their\t \u00C2\u00A0means\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0standard\t \u00C2\u00A0deviations\t \u00C2\u00A0for\t \u00C2\u00A0each\t \u00C2\u00A0group\t \u00C2\u00A0are\t \u00C2\u00A0contained\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0Table\t \u00C2\u00A01.\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0Experimental\t \u00C2\u00A0tasks.\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0Before\t \u00C2\u00A0entering\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0MEG\t \u00C2\u00A0scanner\t \u00C2\u00A0participants\t \u00C2\u00A0performed\t \u00C2\u00A0a\t \u00C2\u00A0practice\t \u00C2\u00A0version\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0AB\t \u00C2\u00A0task\t \u00C2\u00A0using\t \u00C2\u00A0only\t \u00C2\u00A0neutral\t \u00C2\u00A0T2\t \u00C2\u00A0words.\t \u00C2\u00A0Following\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0practice\t \u00C2\u00A0task\t \u00C2\u00A0participants\t \u00C2\u00A0entered\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0MEG\t \u00C2\u00A0scanner\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0MEG\t \u00C2\u00A0data\t \u00C2\u00A0were\t \u00C2\u00A0collected\t \u00C2\u00A0while\t \u00C2\u00A0participants\t \u00C2\u00A0performed\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0experimental\t \u00C2\u00A0version\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0AB\t \u00C2\u00A0task.\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0Both\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0practice\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0experimental\t \u00C2\u00A0versions\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0AB\t \u00C2\u00A0task\t \u00C2\u00A0were\t \u00C2\u00A0rapid\t \u00C2\u00A0serial\t \u00C2\u00A0visual\t \u00C2\u00A0presentation\t \u00C2\u00A0(RSVP)\t \u00C2\u00A0tasks\t \u00C2\u00A0with\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0following\t \u00C2\u00A0parameters:\t \u00C2\u00A0In\t \u00C2\u00A0each\t \u00C2\u00A0trial,\t \u00C2\u00A0following\t \u00C2\u00A0a\t \u00C2\u00A0fixation\t \u00C2\u00A0cross,\t \u00C2\u00A015\t \u00C2\u00A0stimuli\t \u00C2\u00A0were\t \u00C2\u00A0presented\t \u00C2\u00A0sequentially\t \u00C2\u00A0for\t \u00C2\u00A0100ms\t \u00C2\u00A0each\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0a\t \u00C2\u00A0rapid\t \u00C2\u00A0stream\t \u00C2\u00A0(see\t \u00C2\u00A0Figure\t \u00C2\u00A01).\t \u00C2\u00A0For\t \u00C2\u00A0each\t \u00C2\u00A0trial\t \u00C2\u00A0participants\t \u00C2\u00A0were\t \u00C2\u00A0required\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0report\t \u00C2\u00A0two\t \u00C2\u00A0targets\t \u00C2\u00A0that\t \u00C2\u00A0were\t \u00C2\u00A0presented\t \u00C2\u00A0amongst\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0series\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0distractors:\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0first\t \u00C2\u00A0(T1)\t \u00C2\u00A0was\t \u00C2\u00A0a\t \u00C2\u00A0string\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0numbers\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0second\t \u00C2\u00A0(T2)\t \u00C2\u00A0was\t \u00C2\u00A0always\t \u00C2\u00A0a\t \u00C2\u00A0word,\t \u00C2\u00A0both\t \u00C2\u00A0presented\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0green\t \u00C2\u00A0font.\t \u00C2\u00A0Distractor\t \u00C2\u00A0words\t \u00C2\u00A0were\t \u00C2\u00A0neutral,\t \u00C2\u00A0presented\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0black\t \u00C2\u00A0font,\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0selected\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0be\t \u00C2\u00A0longer\t \u00C2\u00A0than\t \u00C2\u00A0target\t \u00C2\u00A0words\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0optimize\t \u00C2\u00A0masking\t \u00C2\u00A0effects.\t \u00C2\u00A0Following\t \u00C2\u00A0each\t \u00C2\u00A0trial,\t \u00C2\u00A0participants\t \u00C2\u00A0were\t \u00C2\u00A0asked\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0report\t \u00C2\u00A0both\t \u00C2\u00A0targets.\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0Practice\t \u00C2\u00A0task.\t \u00C2\u00A0The\t \u00C2\u00A0practice\t \u00C2\u00A0task\t \u00C2\u00A0was\t \u00C2\u00A0used\t \u00C2\u00A0for\t \u00C2\u00A0two\t \u00C2\u00A0purposes:\t \u00C2\u00A0To\t \u00C2\u00A0familiarize\t \u00C2\u00A0participants\t \u00C2\u00A0with\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0experimental\t \u00C2\u00A0task\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0determine\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0lag\t \u00C2\u00A0at\t \u00C2\u00A0which\t \u00C2\u00A0each\t \u00C2\u00A0participant\t \u00C2\u00A0had\t \u00C2\u00A0approximately\t \u00C2\u00A060%\t \u00C2\u00A0accuracy\t \u00C2\u00A0for\t \u00C2\u00A0T2\t \u00C2\u00A0words\t \u00C2\u00A0(see\t \u00C2\u00A0supplemental\t \u00C2\u00A0material\t \u00C2\u00A0for\t \u00C2\u00A0details).\t \u00C2\u00A0All\t \u00C2\u00A0T2\t \u00C2\u00A0words\t \u00C2\u00A0were\t \u00C2\u00A0emotionally\t \u00C2\u00A0neutral.\t \u00C2\u00A0Experimental\t \u00C2\u00A0Task\t \u00C2\u00A0(MEG).\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0In\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0MEG\t \u00C2\u00A0version\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0task\t \u00C2\u00A0T2\t \u00C2\u00A0words\t \u00C2\u00A0were\t \u00C2\u00A0either\t \u00C2\u00A0combat-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090related\t \u00C2\u00A0words,\t \u00C2\u00A0selected\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0be\t \u00C2\u00A0emotionally\t \u00C2\u00A0arousing\t \u00C2\u00A0for\t \u00C2\u00A0soldiers,\t \u00C2\u00A0or\t \u00C2\u00A0neutral\t \u00C2\u00A0words\t \u00C2\u00A0(a\t \u00C2\u00A0separate\t \u00C2\u00A0set\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0neutral\t \u00C2\u00A0words\t \u00C2\u00A0from\t \u00C2\u00A0those\t \u00C2\u00A0employed\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0practice\t \u00C2\u00A0task).\t \u00C2\u00A0Combat-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090related\t \u00C2\u00A0words\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0neutral\t \u00C2\u00A0words\t \u00C2\u00A0were\t \u00C2\u00A0balanced\t \u00C2\u00A0for\t \u00C2\u00A0length,\t \u00C2\u00A0written\t \u00C2\u00A0frequency,\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0neighbourhood\t \u00C2\u00A0frequency\t \u00C2\u00A0(the\t \u00C2\u00A0frequency\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0words\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0same\t \u00C2\u00A0length\t \u00C2\u00A0that\t \u00C2\u00A0could\t \u00C2\u00A0be\t \u00C2\u00A0created\t \u00C2\u00A0by\t \u00C2\u00A0changing\t \u00C2\u00A0a\t \u00C2\u00A0single\t \u00C2\u00A0letter)\t \u00C2\u00A0(27).\t \u00C2\u00A0Stimuli\t \u00C2\u00A0were\t \u00C2\u00A0presented\t \u00C2\u00A0Enhanced\t \u00C2\u00A0tuning\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0combat\t \u00C2\u00A0cues\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0soldiers\t \u00C2\u00A0with\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD\t \u00C2\u00A0Todd\t \u00C2\u00A0et\t \u00C2\u00A0al.,\t \u00C2\u00A08\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0foveally\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0subtended\t \u00C2\u00A0a\t \u00C2\u00A0visual\t \u00C2\u00A0angle\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A06o.\t \u00C2\u00A0After\t \u00C2\u00A0each\t \u00C2\u00A0trial\t \u00C2\u00A0there\t \u00C2\u00A0was\t \u00C2\u00A0a\t \u00C2\u00A0variable\t \u00C2\u00A0inter-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090stimulus\t \u00C2\u00A0interval\t \u00C2\u00A0between\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0final\t \u00C2\u00A0word\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0stream\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0fixation\t \u00C2\u00A0cross\t \u00C2\u00A0that\t \u00C2\u00A0marked\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0beginning\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0next\t \u00C2\u00A0trial.\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0During\t \u00C2\u00A0this\t \u00C2\u00A0interval\t \u00C2\u00A0participants\t \u00C2\u00A0observed\t \u00C2\u00A0a\t \u00C2\u00A0black\t \u00C2\u00A0screen\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0reported\t \u00C2\u00A0both\t \u00C2\u00A0targets\t \u00C2\u00A0verbally\t \u00C2\u00A0into\t \u00C2\u00A0a\t \u00C2\u00A0microphone.\t \u00C2\u00A0Responses\t \u00C2\u00A0were\t \u00C2\u00A0scored\t \u00C2\u00A0as\t \u00C2\u00A0hits\t \u00C2\u00A0(accurately\t \u00C2\u00A0reported\t \u00C2\u00A0numbers\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0words)\t \u00C2\u00A0or\t \u00C2\u00A0misses\t \u00C2\u00A0(either\t \u00C2\u00A0T1\t \u00C2\u00A0or\t \u00C2\u00A0T2\t \u00C2\u00A0inaccurately\t \u00C2\u00A0reported)\t \u00C2\u00A0by\t \u00C2\u00A0an\t \u00C2\u00A0experimenter\t \u00C2\u00A0during\t \u00C2\u00A0data\t \u00C2\u00A0acquisition\t \u00C2\u00A0(for\t \u00C2\u00A0trial\t \u00C2\u00A0counts\t \u00C2\u00A0see\t \u00C2\u00A0Supplemental\t \u00C2\u00A0Table\t \u00C2\u00A0S1).\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0In\t \u00C2\u00A0total\t \u00C2\u00A0participants\t \u00C2\u00A0completed\t \u00C2\u00A0172\t \u00C2\u00A0trials,\t \u00C2\u00A086\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0which\t \u00C2\u00A0T2\t \u00C2\u00A0was\t \u00C2\u00A0combat-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090related\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A086\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0which\t \u00C2\u00A0it\t \u00C2\u00A0was\t \u00C2\u00A0neutral.\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0MEG\t \u00C2\u00A0data\t \u00C2\u00A0acquisition\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0preprocessing.\t \u00C2\u00A0MEG\t \u00C2\u00A0data\t \u00C2\u00A0were\t \u00C2\u00A0recorded\t \u00C2\u00A0continuously\t \u00C2\u00A0(600\t \u00C2\u00A0Hz\t \u00C2\u00A0sampling\t \u00C2\u00A0rate,\t \u00C2\u00A0100\t \u00C2\u00A0Hz\t \u00C2\u00A0low-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090pass\t \u00C2\u00A0filter,\t \u00C2\u00A0third-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090order\t \u00C2\u00A0spatial\t \u00C2\u00A0gradient\t \u00C2\u00A0noise\t \u00C2\u00A0cancellation)\t \u00C2\u00A0on\t \u00C2\u00A0a\t \u00C2\u00A0151\t \u00C2\u00A0channel\t \u00C2\u00A0whole-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090head\t \u00C2\u00A0CTF\t \u00C2\u00A0system\t \u00C2\u00A0(MISL\t \u00C2\u00A0Ltd.,\t \u00C2\u00A0Canada)\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0a\t \u00C2\u00A0magnetically-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090shielded\t \u00C2\u00A0room\t \u00C2\u00A0(for\t \u00C2\u00A0details\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0calculation\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0global\t \u00C2\u00A0field\t \u00C2\u00A0power\t \u00C2\u00A0see\t \u00C2\u00A0supplemental\t \u00C2\u00A0material).\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0As\t \u00C2\u00A0we\t \u00C2\u00A0were\t \u00C2\u00A0interested\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0measures\t \u00C2\u00A0related\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0accuracy\t \u00C2\u00A0for\t \u00C2\u00A0T2,\t \u00C2\u00A0all\t \u00C2\u00A0reported\t \u00C2\u00A0activations\t \u00C2\u00A0were\t \u00C2\u00A0time-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090locked\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0T2\t \u00C2\u00A0onset.\t \u00C2\u00A0T2\t \u00C2\u00A0trials\t \u00C2\u00A0were\t \u00C2\u00A0sorted\t \u00C2\u00A0by\t \u00C2\u00A0combat-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090related\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0neutral\t \u00C2\u00A0words.\t \u00C2\u00A0A\t \u00C2\u00A0vector\t \u00C2\u00A0beamformer\t \u00C2\u00A0source\t \u00C2\u00A0localization\t \u00C2\u00A0algorithm\t \u00C2\u00A0(24,\t \u00C2\u00A025)\t \u00C2\u00A0integrated\t \u00C2\u00A0over\t \u00C2\u00A050ms\t \u00C2\u00A0non-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090overlapping\t \u00C2\u00A0time\t \u00C2\u00A0windows\t \u00C2\u00A0from\t \u00C2\u00A090\t \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u0093\t \u00C2\u00A0590ms\t \u00C2\u00A0was\t \u00C2\u00A0applied\t \u00C2\u00A0with\t \u00C2\u00A0a\t \u00C2\u00A0spatial\t \u00C2\u00A0resolution\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A05\t \u00C2\u00A0mm\t \u00C2\u00A0over\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0whole\t \u00C2\u00A0brain.\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0This\t \u00C2\u00A0resulted\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0images\t \u00C2\u00A0for\t \u00C2\u00A010\t \u00C2\u00A0time\t \u00C2\u00A0windows\t \u00C2\u00A0(i.e.,\t \u00C2\u00A090-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090140,\t \u00C2\u00A0140-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090190,\t \u00C2\u00A0190-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090240,\t \u00C2\u00A0240-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090290,\t \u00C2\u00A0290-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090340,\t \u00C2\u00A0340-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090390,\t \u00C2\u00A0390-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090440,\t \u00C2\u00A0440-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090490,\t \u00C2\u00A0490-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090540,\t \u00C2\u00A0540-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090590ms).\t \u00C2\u00A0The\t \u00C2\u00A0beamforming\t \u00C2\u00A0algorithm\t \u00C2\u00A0was\t \u00C2\u00A0applied\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0each\t \u00C2\u00A0condition\t \u00C2\u00A0separately,\t \u00C2\u00A0so\t \u00C2\u00A0that\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0covariance\t \u00C2\u00A0matrix\t \u00C2\u00A0was\t \u00C2\u00A0appropriately\t \u00C2\u00A0computed\t \u00C2\u00A0for\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0number\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0trials\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0variability\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0data.\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0Results\t \u00C2\u00A0Behavioural\t \u00C2\u00A0results\t \u00C2\u00A0Enhanced\t \u00C2\u00A0tuning\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0combat\t \u00C2\u00A0cues\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0soldiers\t \u00C2\u00A0with\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD\t \u00C2\u00A0Todd\t \u00C2\u00A0et\t \u00C2\u00A0al.,\t \u00C2\u00A09\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0Word\t \u00C2\u00A0Ratings.\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0After\t \u00C2\u00A0completing\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0AB\t \u00C2\u00A0task\t \u00C2\u00A0participants\t \u00C2\u00A0rated\t \u00C2\u00A0all\t \u00C2\u00A0T2\t \u00C2\u00A0words\t \u00C2\u00A0for\t \u00C2\u00A0both\t \u00C2\u00A0subjective\t \u00C2\u00A0levels\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0arousal\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0word\t \u00C2\u00A0familiarity.\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0Full\t \u00C2\u00A0results\t \u00C2\u00A0are\t \u00C2\u00A0reported\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0supplemental\t \u00C2\u00A0information,\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0arousal\t \u00C2\u00A0ratings\t \u00C2\u00A0for\t \u00C2\u00A0each\t \u00C2\u00A0group\t \u00C2\u00A0are\t \u00C2\u00A0illustrated\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0Figure\t \u00C2\u00A02.\t \u00C2\u00A0Accuracy.\t \u00C2\u00A0Accuracy\t \u00C2\u00A0was\t \u00C2\u00A0calculated\t \u00C2\u00A0as\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0proportion\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0correctly\t \u00C2\u00A0reported\t \u00C2\u00A0words\t \u00C2\u00A0for\t \u00C2\u00A0T2\t \u00C2\u00A0trials\t \u00C2\u00A0that\t \u00C2\u00A0followed\t \u00C2\u00A0correct\t \u00C2\u00A0T1\t \u00C2\u00A0trials\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0combat-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090related\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0neutral\t \u00C2\u00A0conditions\t \u00C2\u00A0(Supplemental\t \u00C2\u00A0Table\t \u00C2\u00A0S1).\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0A\t \u00C2\u00A0repeated\t \u00C2\u00A0measures\t \u00C2\u00A0ANOVA\t \u00C2\u00A0was\t \u00C2\u00A0performed\t \u00C2\u00A0on\t \u00C2\u00A0accuracy\t \u00C2\u00A0with\t \u00C2\u00A0T2\t \u00C2\u00A0category\t \u00C2\u00A0(combat-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090related\t \u00C2\u00A0vs.\t \u00C2\u00A0neutral)\t \u00C2\u00A0as\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0within-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090subject\t \u00C2\u00A0factor\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD\t \u00C2\u00A0group\t \u00C2\u00A0as\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0between-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090subject\t \u00C2\u00A0factor.\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0All\t \u00C2\u00A0reported\t \u00C2\u00A0contrasts\t \u00C2\u00A0were\t \u00C2\u00A0Bonferroni\t \u00C2\u00A0corrected\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0control\t \u00C2\u00A0for\t \u00C2\u00A0multiple\t \u00C2\u00A0comparisons.\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0There\t \u00C2\u00A0was\t \u00C2\u00A0no\t \u00C2\u00A0main\t \u00C2\u00A0effect\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0group,\t \u00C2\u00A0F(1,\t \u00C2\u00A042)\t \u00C2\u00A0=\t \u00C2\u00A01.56,\t \u00C2\u00A0p\t \u00C2\u00A0>\t \u00C2\u00A00.20,\t \u00C2\u00A0indicating\t \u00C2\u00A0that\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0groups\t \u00C2\u00A0did\t \u00C2\u00A0not\t \u00C2\u00A0differ\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0overall\t \u00C2\u00A0accuracy.\t \u00C2\u00A0There\t \u00C2\u00A0was\t \u00C2\u00A0a\t \u00C2\u00A0main\t \u00C2\u00A0effect\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0T2\t \u00C2\u00A0category,\t \u00C2\u00A0F(1,\t \u00C2\u00A042)\t \u00C2\u00A0=\t \u00C2\u00A0113.24,\t \u00C2\u00A0p\t \u00C2\u00A0<\t \u00C2\u00A00.001,\t \u00C2\u00A0\u00CE\u00B7\u00CF\u00812\t \u00C2\u00A0=\t \u00C2\u00A0.73,\t \u00C2\u00A0with\t \u00C2\u00A0higher\t \u00C2\u00A0accuracy\t \u00C2\u00A0signifying\t \u00C2\u00A0a\t \u00C2\u00A0reduced\t \u00C2\u00A0attentional\t \u00C2\u00A0blink,\t \u00C2\u00A0or\t \u00C2\u00A0AB\t \u00C2\u00A0sparing,\t \u00C2\u00A0for\t \u00C2\u00A0combat-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090related\t \u00C2\u00A0words.\t \u00C2\u00A0Contrasts\t \u00C2\u00A0showed\t \u00C2\u00A0this\t \u00C2\u00A0effect\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0be\t \u00C2\u00A0significant\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0both\t \u00C2\u00A0groups\t \u00C2\u00A0separately,\t \u00C2\u00A0ps\t \u00C2\u00A0<\t \u00C2\u00A00.001.\t \u00C2\u00A0This\t \u00C2\u00A0was\t \u00C2\u00A0qualified\t \u00C2\u00A0by\t \u00C2\u00A0a\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD\t \u00C2\u00A0group\t \u00C2\u00A0by\t \u00C2\u00A0T2\t \u00C2\u00A0accuracy\t \u00C2\u00A0interaction,\t \u00C2\u00A0F(1,\t \u00C2\u00A042)\t \u00C2\u00A0=\t \u00C2\u00A06.34,\t \u00C2\u00A0p\t \u00C2\u00A0=\t \u00C2\u00A00.01,\t \u00C2\u00A0\u00CE\u00B7\u00CF\u00812\t \u00C2\u00A0=\t \u00C2\u00A0.13,\t \u00C2\u00A0indicating\t \u00C2\u00A0a\t \u00C2\u00A0greater\t \u00C2\u00A0difference\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0accuracy\t \u00C2\u00A0between\t \u00C2\u00A0combat-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090related\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0neutral\t \u00C2\u00A0words\t \u00C2\u00A0for\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0soldiers\t \u00C2\u00A0with\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD.\t \u00C2\u00A0Thus,\t \u00C2\u00A0whereas\t \u00C2\u00A0all\t \u00C2\u00A0soldiers\t \u00C2\u00A0showed\t \u00C2\u00A0an\t \u00C2\u00A0advantage\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0perceptual\t \u00C2\u00A0encoding\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0combat-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090related\t \u00C2\u00A0relative\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0neutral\t \u00C2\u00A0words,\t \u00C2\u00A0those\t \u00C2\u00A0with\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD\t \u00C2\u00A0had\t \u00C2\u00A0a\t \u00C2\u00A0greater\t \u00C2\u00A0advantage\t \u00C2\u00A0than\t \u00C2\u00A0those\t \u00C2\u00A0without\t \u00C2\u00A0(Figure\t \u00C2\u00A02b).\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0To\t \u00C2\u00A0ensure\t \u00C2\u00A0that\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0overall\t \u00C2\u00A0AB\t \u00C2\u00A0sparing\t \u00C2\u00A0for\t \u00C2\u00A0combat-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090related\t \u00C2\u00A0words\t \u00C2\u00A0was\t \u00C2\u00A0due\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0combat\t \u00C2\u00A0experience\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0not\t \u00C2\u00A0such\t \u00C2\u00A0factors\t \u00C2\u00A0as\t \u00C2\u00A0greater\t \u00C2\u00A0semantic\t \u00C2\u00A0relatedness,\t \u00C2\u00A0we\t \u00C2\u00A0examined\t \u00C2\u00A0behavioural\t \u00C2\u00A0data\t \u00C2\u00A0from\t \u00C2\u00A0control\t \u00C2\u00A0participants\t \u00C2\u00A0with\t \u00C2\u00A0no\t \u00C2\u00A0combat\t \u00C2\u00A0experience.\t \u00C2\u00A0Analysis\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0accuracy\t \u00C2\u00A0results\t \u00C2\u00A0indicated\t \u00C2\u00A0no\t \u00C2\u00A0combat-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090related\t \u00C2\u00A0sparing\t \u00C2\u00A0for\t \u00C2\u00A0civilian\t \u00C2\u00A0controls.\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0Familiarity\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0arousal\t \u00C2\u00A0ratings\t \u00C2\u00A0as\t \u00C2\u00A0well\t \u00C2\u00A0as\t \u00C2\u00A0AB\t \u00C2\u00A0accuracy\t \u00C2\u00A0results\t \u00C2\u00A0for\t \u00C2\u00A0all\t \u00C2\u00A0groups\t \u00C2\u00A0are\t \u00C2\u00A0reported\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0supplemental\t \u00C2\u00A0materials\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0arousal\t \u00C2\u00A0ratings\t \u00C2\u00A0are\t \u00C2\u00A0illustrated\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0figure\t \u00C2\u00A03.\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0Enhanced\t \u00C2\u00A0tuning\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0combat\t \u00C2\u00A0cues\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0soldiers\t \u00C2\u00A0with\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD\t \u00C2\u00A0Todd\t \u00C2\u00A0et\t \u00C2\u00A0al.,\t \u00C2\u00A010\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0Because\t \u00C2\u00A0attentional\t \u00C2\u00A0biases\t \u00C2\u00A0are\t \u00C2\u00A0symptomatic\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0anxiety\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0depression\t \u00C2\u00A0(26-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u009028),\t \u00C2\u00A0we\t \u00C2\u00A0further\t \u00C2\u00A0examined\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0relation\t \u00C2\u00A0between\t \u00C2\u00A0combat-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090word\t \u00C2\u00A0sparing\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0GAD-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u00907\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0PHQ9\t \u00C2\u00A0scores,\t \u00C2\u00A0as\t \u00C2\u00A0well\t \u00C2\u00A0as\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0relationship\t \u00C2\u00A0between\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD\t \u00C2\u00A0symptoms\t \u00C2\u00A0as\t \u00C2\u00A0measured\t \u00C2\u00A0by\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0PCL\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0combat-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090word\t \u00C2\u00A0sparing\t \u00C2\u00A0within\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD\t \u00C2\u00A0group\t \u00C2\u00A0alone.\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0Results,\t \u00C2\u00A0reported\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0detail\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0supplemental\t \u00C2\u00A0information\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0illustrated\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0Figure\t \u00C2\u00A02c,\t \u00C2\u00A0indicated\t \u00C2\u00A0that\t \u00C2\u00A0combat-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090word\t \u00C2\u00A0sparing\t \u00C2\u00A0was\t \u00C2\u00A0related\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0both\t \u00C2\u00A0anxiety\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0depression,\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0this\t \u00C2\u00A0difference\t \u00C2\u00A0was\t \u00C2\u00A0driven\t \u00C2\u00A0by\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0soldiers\t \u00C2\u00A0with\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD.\t \u00C2\u00A0They\t \u00C2\u00A0also\t \u00C2\u00A0revealed\t \u00C2\u00A0a\t \u00C2\u00A0continuous\t \u00C2\u00A0relationship\t \u00C2\u00A0between\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD\t \u00C2\u00A0symptoms\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0combat-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090word\t \u00C2\u00A0sparing.\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0MEG\t \u00C2\u00A0Results\t \u00C2\u00A0Global\t \u00C2\u00A0Field\t \u00C2\u00A0Power\t \u00C2\u00A0(GFP)\t \u00C2\u00A0results.\t \u00C2\u00A0MEG\t \u00C2\u00A0analyses\t \u00C2\u00A0were\t \u00C2\u00A0conducted\t \u00C2\u00A0only\t \u00C2\u00A0on\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0two\t \u00C2\u00A0groups\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0soldiers.\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0Whole-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090head\t \u00C2\u00A0GFP\t \u00C2\u00A0plots\t \u00C2\u00A0for\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0soldiers\t \u00C2\u00A0with\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0without\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD\t \u00C2\u00A0for\t \u00C2\u00A0each\t \u00C2\u00A0category\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0stimuli\t \u00C2\u00A0were\t \u00C2\u00A0used\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0identify\t \u00C2\u00A0beamformer\t \u00C2\u00A0window\t \u00C2\u00A0widths\t \u00C2\u00A0that\t \u00C2\u00A0would\t \u00C2\u00A0encompass\t \u00C2\u00A0prominent\t \u00C2\u00A0peaks.\t \u00C2\u00A0GFPs\t \u00C2\u00A0for\t \u00C2\u00A0each\t \u00C2\u00A0subject\t \u00C2\u00A0were\t \u00C2\u00A0visually\t \u00C2\u00A0inspected\t \u00C2\u00A0prior\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0inclusion\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0source\t \u00C2\u00A0analysis\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0ensure\t \u00C2\u00A0adequate\t \u00C2\u00A0data\t \u00C2\u00A0quality.\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0Three\t \u00C2\u00A0soldiers\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD\t \u00C2\u00A0group\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A03\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0no-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090PTSD\t \u00C2\u00A0group\t \u00C2\u00A0were\t \u00C2\u00A0excluded\t \u00C2\u00A0from\t \u00C2\u00A0MEG\t \u00C2\u00A0source\t \u00C2\u00A0analysis\t \u00C2\u00A0due\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0excessively\t \u00C2\u00A0high-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090amplitude\t \u00C2\u00A0signals\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0poor\t \u00C2\u00A0signal-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090to-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090noise\t \u00C2\u00A0ratios,\t \u00C2\u00A0leaving\t \u00C2\u00A019\t \u00C2\u00A0participants\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0each\t \u00C2\u00A0group.\t \u00C2\u00A0GFP\t \u00C2\u00A0plots\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0frontal\t \u00C2\u00A0sensors,\t \u00C2\u00A0between\t \u00C2\u00A0groups,\t \u00C2\u00A0show\t \u00C2\u00A0that\t \u00C2\u00A0both\t \u00C2\u00A0groups\t \u00C2\u00A0reveal\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0typically\t \u00C2\u00A0observed\t \u00C2\u00A0differences\t \u00C2\u00A0between\t \u00C2\u00A0hits\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0misses\t \u00C2\u00A0(collapsed\t \u00C2\u00A0across\t \u00C2\u00A0word\t \u00C2\u00A0category)\t \u00C2\u00A0at\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0time\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0P3\t \u00C2\u00A0(~400ms)(Figure\t \u00C2\u00A03).\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0Source\t \u00C2\u00A0Analyses.\t \u00C2\u00A0To\t \u00C2\u00A0assess\t \u00C2\u00A0activation\t \u00C2\u00A0across\t \u00C2\u00A0time\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0specific\t \u00C2\u00A0source\t \u00C2\u00A0regions,\t \u00C2\u00A0we\t \u00C2\u00A0focused\t \u00C2\u00A0on\t \u00C2\u00A0brain\t \u00C2\u00A0activity\t \u00C2\u00A0underlying\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0emotional\t \u00C2\u00A0sparing\t \u00C2\u00A0effect\t \u00C2\u00A0(the\t \u00C2\u00A0difference\t \u00C2\u00A0between\t \u00C2\u00A0correct\t \u00C2\u00A0combat-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090related\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0neutral\t \u00C2\u00A0words)\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A050ms\t \u00C2\u00A0time\t \u00C2\u00A0windows\t \u00C2\u00A0using\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0following\t \u00C2\u00A0contrasts:\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0In\t \u00C2\u00A0one\t \u00C2\u00A0analysis\t \u00C2\u00A0[(Combat\t \u00C2\u00A0hits\t \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u0093\t \u00C2\u00A0Neutral\t \u00C2\u00A0hits)\t \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u0093\t \u00C2\u00A0(Combat\t \u00C2\u00A0misses\t \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u0093\t \u00C2\u00A0Neutral\t \u00C2\u00A0misses)]\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD\t \u00C2\u00A0group\t \u00C2\u00A0were\t \u00C2\u00A0subtracted\t \u00C2\u00A0from\t \u00C2\u00A0[(Combat\t \u00C2\u00A0hits\t \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u0093\t \u00C2\u00A0Neutral\t \u00C2\u00A0hits)\t \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u0093\t \u00C2\u00A0(Combat\t \u00C2\u00A0misses\t \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u0093\t \u00C2\u00A0Neutral\t \u00C2\u00A0misses)]\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0military\t \u00C2\u00A0controls.\t \u00C2\u00A0In\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0other\t \u00C2\u00A0analysis\t \u00C2\u00A0Enhanced\t \u00C2\u00A0tuning\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0combat\t \u00C2\u00A0cues\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0soldiers\t \u00C2\u00A0with\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD\t \u00C2\u00A0Todd\t \u00C2\u00A0et\t \u00C2\u00A0al.,\t \u00C2\u00A011\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0same\t \u00C2\u00A0contrasts\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0military\t \u00C2\u00A0controls\t \u00C2\u00A0were\t \u00C2\u00A0subtracted\t \u00C2\u00A0from\t \u00C2\u00A0those\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD\t \u00C2\u00A0group.\t \u00C2\u00A0To\t \u00C2\u00A0control\t \u00C2\u00A0for\t \u00C2\u00A0multiple\t \u00C2\u00A0comparisons,\t \u00C2\u00A0data\t \u00C2\u00A0were\t \u00C2\u00A0permuted\t \u00C2\u00A0(2946\t \u00C2\u00A0permutations)\t \u00C2\u00A0across\t \u00C2\u00A0to-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090be-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090compared\t \u00C2\u00A0conditions,\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0largest\t \u00C2\u00A0differences\t \u00C2\u00A0for\t \u00C2\u00A0any\t \u00C2\u00A0voxel\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0this\t \u00C2\u00A0surrogate\t \u00C2\u00A0data\t \u00C2\u00A0were\t \u00C2\u00A0used\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0obtain\t \u00C2\u00A0a\t \u00C2\u00A0threshold\t \u00C2\u00A0for\t \u00C2\u00A0each\t \u00C2\u00A0voxel.\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0Locations\t \u00C2\u00A0with\t \u00C2\u00A0significant\t \u00C2\u00A0activations\t \u00C2\u00A0between\t \u00C2\u00A0groups\t \u00C2\u00A0(p\t \u00C2\u00A0<\t \u00C2\u00A00.05,\t \u00C2\u00A0corrected)\t \u00C2\u00A0are\t \u00C2\u00A0listed\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0Table\t \u00C2\u00A02\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0all\t \u00C2\u00A0significant\t \u00C2\u00A0results\t \u00C2\u00A0are\t \u00C2\u00A0plotted\t \u00C2\u00A0on\t \u00C2\u00A03-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090dimensional\t \u00C2\u00A0brains\t \u00C2\u00A0for\t \u00C2\u00A0visualization\t \u00C2\u00A0(for\t \u00C2\u00A03D\t \u00C2\u00A0depictions\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0all\t \u00C2\u00A0regions\t \u00C2\u00A0showing\t \u00C2\u00A0contrasts\t \u00C2\u00A0related\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0differences\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0AB\t \u00C2\u00A0sparing\t \u00C2\u00A0between\t \u00C2\u00A0groups\t \u00C2\u00A0see\t \u00C2\u00A0Supplemental\t \u00C2\u00A0Figure\t \u00C2\u00A01).\t \u00C2\u00A0Here\t \u00C2\u00A0we\t \u00C2\u00A0focus\t \u00C2\u00A0on\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0most\t \u00C2\u00A0robust\t \u00C2\u00A0results\t \u00C2\u00A0related\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0group\t \u00C2\u00A0differences\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0neural\t \u00C2\u00A0substrates\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0emotional\t \u00C2\u00A0sparing\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0hypothesized\t \u00C2\u00A0regions.\t \u00C2\u00A0First,\t \u00C2\u00A0there\t \u00C2\u00A0was\t \u00C2\u00A0greater\t \u00C2\u00A0activation\t \u00C2\u00A0associated\t \u00C2\u00A0with\t \u00C2\u00A0combat-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090word\t \u00C2\u00A0sparing\t \u00C2\u00A0for\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0control\t \u00C2\u00A0group\t \u00C2\u00A0over\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD\t \u00C2\u00A0group\t \u00C2\u00A0at\t \u00C2\u00A0an\t \u00C2\u00A0early\t \u00C2\u00A0latency\t \u00C2\u00A0(90-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090140ms)\t \u00C2\u00A0with\t \u00C2\u00A0a\t \u00C2\u00A0peak\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0caudate\t \u00C2\u00A0nucleus\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0activation\t \u00C2\u00A0extending\t \u00C2\u00A0along\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0subgenual\t \u00C2\u00A0anterior\t \u00C2\u00A0cingulate\t \u00C2\u00A0cortex\t \u00C2\u00A0(ACC).\t \u00C2\u00A0This\t \u00C2\u00A0early\t \u00C2\u00A0ventral\t \u00C2\u00A0midline\t \u00C2\u00A0activity\t \u00C2\u00A0was\t \u00C2\u00A0followed\t \u00C2\u00A0directly\t \u00C2\u00A0by\t \u00C2\u00A0activation\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0dorsal\t \u00C2\u00A0ACC\t \u00C2\u00A0at\t \u00C2\u00A0140-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090190ms\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0by\t \u00C2\u00A0dorsal\t \u00C2\u00A0ACC\t \u00C2\u00A0again\t \u00C2\u00A0100ms\t \u00C2\u00A0later\t \u00C2\u00A0at\t \u00C2\u00A0290-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090340ms\t \u00C2\u00A0(Figure\t \u00C2\u00A04).\t \u00C2\u00A0Thus,\t \u00C2\u00A0soldiers\t \u00C2\u00A0without\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD\t \u00C2\u00A0showed\t \u00C2\u00A0more\t \u00C2\u00A0rapid\t \u00C2\u00A0activation\t \u00C2\u00A0than\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD\t \u00C2\u00A0group\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0regions\t \u00C2\u00A0known\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0modulate\t \u00C2\u00A0amygdalae\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0autonomic\t \u00C2\u00A0activation.\t \u00C2\u00A0At\t \u00C2\u00A0a\t \u00C2\u00A0longer\t \u00C2\u00A0latency\t \u00C2\u00A0(540-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090590ms),\t \u00C2\u00A0military\t \u00C2\u00A0controls\t \u00C2\u00A0showed\t \u00C2\u00A0greater\t \u00C2\u00A0activation\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0right\t \u00C2\u00A0inferior\t \u00C2\u00A0orbital\t \u00C2\u00A0gyrus,\t \u00C2\u00A0a\t \u00C2\u00A0prefrontal\t \u00C2\u00A0region\t \u00C2\u00A0previously\t \u00C2\u00A0found\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0discriminate\t \u00C2\u00A0between\t \u00C2\u00A0emotional\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0neutral\t \u00C2\u00A0T2\t \u00C2\u00A0hits\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0healthy\t \u00C2\u00A0controls\t \u00C2\u00A0(17).\t \u00C2\u00A0In\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0opposite\t \u00C2\u00A0direction,\t \u00C2\u00A0there\t \u00C2\u00A0was\t \u00C2\u00A0a\t \u00C2\u00A0robust\t \u00C2\u00A0mid-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090latency\t \u00C2\u00A0activation\t \u00C2\u00A0(290\t \u00C2\u00A0-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090340ms)\t \u00C2\u00A0that\t \u00C2\u00A0was\t \u00C2\u00A0greater\t \u00C2\u00A0for\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD\t \u00C2\u00A0than\t \u00C2\u00A0non-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090PTSD\t \u00C2\u00A0group\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0occipital\t \u00C2\u00A0visual\t \u00C2\u00A0cortex\t \u00C2\u00A0with\t \u00C2\u00A0peaks\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0left\t \u00C2\u00A0posterior\t \u00C2\u00A0precuneus\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0left\t \u00C2\u00A0lingual\t \u00C2\u00A0gyrus\t \u00C2\u00A0(Figure\t \u00C2\u00A04).\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0Discussion\t \u00C2\u00A0In\t \u00C2\u00A0this\t \u00C2\u00A0study\t \u00C2\u00A0we\t \u00C2\u00A0employed\t \u00C2\u00A0a\t \u00C2\u00A0novel\t \u00C2\u00A0experimental\t \u00C2\u00A0paradigm\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD\t \u00C2\u00A0research\t \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u0094\t \u00C2\u00A0an\t \u00C2\u00A0attentional\t \u00C2\u00A0blink\t \u00C2\u00A0(AB)\t \u00C2\u00A0task\t \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u0094\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0index\t \u00C2\u00A0selective\t \u00C2\u00A0awareness\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0trauma-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090related\t \u00C2\u00A0cues.\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0We\t \u00C2\u00A0compared\t \u00C2\u00A0task\t \u00C2\u00A0Enhanced\t \u00C2\u00A0tuning\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0combat\t \u00C2\u00A0cues\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0soldiers\t \u00C2\u00A0with\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD\t \u00C2\u00A0Todd\t \u00C2\u00A0et\t \u00C2\u00A0al.,\t \u00C2\u00A012\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0performance\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0temporal-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090spatial\t \u00C2\u00A0patterns\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0brain\t \u00C2\u00A0activation\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0Canadian\t \u00C2\u00A0combat\t \u00C2\u00A0veterans\t \u00C2\u00A0with\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0without\t \u00C2\u00A0diagnoses\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD.\t \u00C2\u00A0Results\t \u00C2\u00A0showed\t \u00C2\u00A0that\t \u00C2\u00A0whereas\t \u00C2\u00A0all\t \u00C2\u00A0combat\t \u00C2\u00A0veterans\t \u00C2\u00A0showed\t \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u0098emotional\t \u00C2\u00A0sparing\u00E2\u0080\u0099\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0attentional\t \u00C2\u00A0blink,\t \u00C2\u00A0with\t \u00C2\u00A0greater\t \u00C2\u00A0accuracy\t \u00C2\u00A0for\t \u00C2\u00A0combat-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090related\t \u00C2\u00A0over\t \u00C2\u00A0neutral\t \u00C2\u00A0words,\t \u00C2\u00A0this\t \u00C2\u00A0sparing\t \u00C2\u00A0was\t \u00C2\u00A0enhanced\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD\t \u00C2\u00A0group.\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0Crucially,\t \u00C2\u00A0soldiers\t \u00C2\u00A0with\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD\t \u00C2\u00A0also\t \u00C2\u00A0rated\t \u00C2\u00A0combat-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090related\t \u00C2\u00A0words\t \u00C2\u00A0as\t \u00C2\u00A0significantly\t \u00C2\u00A0more\t \u00C2\u00A0arousing\t \u00C2\u00A0relative\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0neutral\t \u00C2\u00A0words\t \u00C2\u00A0than\t \u00C2\u00A0soldiers\t \u00C2\u00A0without\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD,\t \u00C2\u00A0indicating\t \u00C2\u00A0a\t \u00C2\u00A0greater\t \u00C2\u00A0subjective\t \u00C2\u00A0emotional\t \u00C2\u00A0response\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0words.\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0As\t \u00C2\u00A0Figure\t \u00C2\u00A02\t \u00C2\u00A0(a\t \u00C2\u00A0&\t \u00C2\u00A0b)\t \u00C2\u00A0illustrates,\t \u00C2\u00A0these\t \u00C2\u00A0higher\t \u00C2\u00A0arousal\t \u00C2\u00A0patterns\t \u00C2\u00A0show\t \u00C2\u00A0a\t \u00C2\u00A0similar\t \u00C2\u00A0pattern\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0AB\t \u00C2\u00A0accuracy\t \u00C2\u00A0results\t \u00C2\u00A0showing\t \u00C2\u00A0greater\t \u00C2\u00A0combat-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090word\t \u00C2\u00A0sparing\t \u00C2\u00A0for\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD\t \u00C2\u00A0group.\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0This\t \u00C2\u00A0finding\t \u00C2\u00A0is\t \u00C2\u00A0consistent\t \u00C2\u00A0with\t \u00C2\u00A0a\t \u00C2\u00A0body\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0research\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0healthy\t \u00C2\u00A0adults\t \u00C2\u00A0finding\t \u00C2\u00A0that\t \u00C2\u00A0words\t \u00C2\u00A0rated\t \u00C2\u00A0as\t \u00C2\u00A0higher\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0arousal\t \u00C2\u00A0are\t \u00C2\u00A0subject\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u0098emotional\t \u00C2\u00A0sparing\u00E2\u0080\u0099\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0attentional\t \u00C2\u00A0blink\t \u00C2\u00A0(12-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u009014,\t \u00C2\u00A020).\t \u00C2\u00A0Thus,\t \u00C2\u00A0it\t \u00C2\u00A0is\t \u00C2\u00A0likely\t \u00C2\u00A0that\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD\t \u00C2\u00A0group\t \u00C2\u00A0showed\t \u00C2\u00A0higher\t \u00C2\u00A0levels\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0combat-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090word\t \u00C2\u00A0sparing\t \u00C2\u00A0because\t \u00C2\u00A0they\t \u00C2\u00A0found\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0combat-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090related\t \u00C2\u00A0words\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0be\t \u00C2\u00A0more\t \u00C2\u00A0arousing,\t \u00C2\u00A0consistent\t \u00C2\u00A0with\t \u00C2\u00A0patterns\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0elevated\t \u00C2\u00A0arousal\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0reactivity\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0trauma-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090related\t \u00C2\u00A0stimuli\t \u00C2\u00A0associated\t \u00C2\u00A0with\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD\t \u00C2\u00A0(29,\t \u00C2\u00A030).\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0It\t \u00C2\u00A0should\t \u00C2\u00A0be\t \u00C2\u00A0noted\t \u00C2\u00A0that\t \u00C2\u00A0whereas\t \u00C2\u00A0there\t \u00C2\u00A0was\t \u00C2\u00A0greater\t \u00C2\u00A0sparing\t \u00C2\u00A0for\t \u00C2\u00A0combat-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090words,\t \u00C2\u00A0there\t \u00C2\u00A0was\t \u00C2\u00A0overall\t \u00C2\u00A0poorer\t \u00C2\u00A0performance\t \u00C2\u00A0for\t \u00C2\u00A0neutral\t \u00C2\u00A0words\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD\t \u00C2\u00A0group\t \u00C2\u00A0relative\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0military\t \u00C2\u00A0controls,\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0that\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0difference\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0performance\t \u00C2\u00A0was\t \u00C2\u00A0reduced\t \u00C2\u00A0by\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0combat-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090word\t \u00C2\u00A0sparing\t \u00C2\u00A0for\t \u00C2\u00A0combat-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090related\t \u00C2\u00A0words.\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0This\t \u00C2\u00A0reduced\t \u00C2\u00A0performance\t \u00C2\u00A0for\t \u00C2\u00A0neutral\t \u00C2\u00A0words\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD\t \u00C2\u00A0group\t \u00C2\u00A0may\t \u00C2\u00A0reflect\t \u00C2\u00A0a\t \u00C2\u00A0number\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0factors\t \u00C2\u00A0related\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0being\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0scanner,\t \u00C2\u00A0including\t \u00C2\u00A0heightened\t \u00C2\u00A0stress/anxiety\t \u00C2\u00A0triggered\t \u00C2\u00A0by\t \u00C2\u00A0combat-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090related\t \u00C2\u00A0words,\t \u00C2\u00A0suppression\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0selective\t \u00C2\u00A0attention\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0neutral\t \u00C2\u00A0words\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0presence\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0combat\t \u00C2\u00A0words,\t \u00C2\u00A0or\t \u00C2\u00A0greater\t \u00C2\u00A0deterioration\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0sustained\t \u00C2\u00A0attention\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0task\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD\t \u00C2\u00A0group.\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0Our\t \u00C2\u00A0MEG\t \u00C2\u00A0results\t \u00C2\u00A0revealed\t \u00C2\u00A0that\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0distinct\t \u00C2\u00A0patterns\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0brain\t \u00C2\u00A0activity\t \u00C2\u00A0for\t \u00C2\u00A0combat-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090related\t \u00C2\u00A0vs.\t \u00C2\u00A0neutral\t \u00C2\u00A0words\t \u00C2\u00A0further\t \u00C2\u00A0distinguished\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0two\t \u00C2\u00A0groups.\t \u00C2\u00A0Compared\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0those\t \u00C2\u00A0with\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD,\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0soldiers\t \u00C2\u00A0without\t \u00C2\u00A0Enhanced\t \u00C2\u00A0tuning\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0combat\t \u00C2\u00A0cues\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0soldiers\t \u00C2\u00A0with\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD\t \u00C2\u00A0Todd\t \u00C2\u00A0et\t \u00C2\u00A0al.,\t \u00C2\u00A013\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD\t \u00C2\u00A0combat-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090word\t \u00C2\u00A0sparing\t \u00C2\u00A0was\t \u00C2\u00A0characterized\t \u00C2\u00A0by\t \u00C2\u00A0early\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0strong\t \u00C2\u00A0activation\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0midline\t \u00C2\u00A0frontal\t \u00C2\u00A0regions\t \u00C2\u00A0associated\t \u00C2\u00A0with\t \u00C2\u00A0fear\t \u00C2\u00A0regulation\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0extinction\t \u00C2\u00A0(22,\t \u00C2\u00A031,\t \u00C2\u00A032).\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0In\t \u00C2\u00A0contrast,\t \u00C2\u00A0at\t \u00C2\u00A0mid-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090latencies,\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD\t \u00C2\u00A0soldiers\t \u00C2\u00A0showed\t \u00C2\u00A0extensive\t \u00C2\u00A0activation\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0visual\t \u00C2\u00A0cortex.\t \u00C2\u00A0These\t \u00C2\u00A0findings\t \u00C2\u00A0suggest\t \u00C2\u00A0that\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0differences\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0combat-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090word\t \u00C2\u00A0sparing\t \u00C2\u00A0observed\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0two\t \u00C2\u00A0groups\t \u00C2\u00A0may\t \u00C2\u00A0be\t \u00C2\u00A0linked\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0reductions\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0rapid\t \u00C2\u00A0regulatory\t \u00C2\u00A0activity\t \u00C2\u00A0leading\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0enhanced\t \u00C2\u00A0processing\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0emotionally\t \u00C2\u00A0salient\t \u00C2\u00A0targets\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD\t \u00C2\u00A0group.\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0Early-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090mid\t \u00C2\u00A0latency\t \u00C2\u00A0activation\t \u00C2\u00A0patterns.\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0One\t \u00C2\u00A0influential\t \u00C2\u00A0model\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD\t \u00C2\u00A0proposes\t \u00C2\u00A0that\t \u00C2\u00A0symptoms\t \u00C2\u00A0reflect\t \u00C2\u00A0a\t \u00C2\u00A0failure\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0fear\t \u00C2\u00A0extinction\t \u00C2\u00A0processes\t \u00C2\u00A0following\t \u00C2\u00A0a\t \u00C2\u00A0traumatic\t \u00C2\u00A0event\t \u00C2\u00A0(33,\t \u00C2\u00A034).\t \u00C2\u00A0Consistent\t \u00C2\u00A0with\t \u00C2\u00A0this\t \u00C2\u00A0model,\t \u00C2\u00A0source\t \u00C2\u00A0localization\t \u00C2\u00A0results\t \u00C2\u00A0indicated\t \u00C2\u00A0that\t \u00C2\u00A0very\t \u00C2\u00A0early\t \u00C2\u00A0activation\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0prefrontal\t \u00C2\u00A0midline\t \u00C2\u00A0regions\t \u00C2\u00A0associated\t \u00C2\u00A0with\t \u00C2\u00A0amygdala/autonomic\t \u00C2\u00A0regulation\t \u00C2\u00A0differentiated\t \u00C2\u00A0control\t \u00C2\u00A0soldiers\t \u00C2\u00A0from\t \u00C2\u00A0those\t \u00C2\u00A0with\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD.\t \u00C2\u00A0Between\t \u00C2\u00A090\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0140ms\t \u00C2\u00A0after\t \u00C2\u00A0T2\t \u00C2\u00A0presentation,\t \u00C2\u00A0soldiers\t \u00C2\u00A0without\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD\t \u00C2\u00A0showed\t \u00C2\u00A0greater\t \u00C2\u00A0activation\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0caudate\t \u00C2\u00A0nucleus/subgenual\t \u00C2\u00A0ACC,\t \u00C2\u00A0regions\t \u00C2\u00A0consistently\t \u00C2\u00A0implicated\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0both\t \u00C2\u00A0structural\t \u00C2\u00A0imaging\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0challenge\t \u00C2\u00A0studies\t \u00C2\u00A0(21,\t \u00C2\u00A029,\t \u00C2\u00A035,\t \u00C2\u00A036).\t \u00C2\u00A0It\t \u00C2\u00A0has\t \u00C2\u00A0been\t \u00C2\u00A0proposed\t \u00C2\u00A0that\t \u00C2\u00A0reduced\t \u00C2\u00A0caudate\t \u00C2\u00A0activity\t \u00C2\u00A0is\t \u00C2\u00A0linked\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0anhedonia\t \u00C2\u00A0characteristic\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0both\t \u00C2\u00A0depression\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD\t \u00C2\u00A0(35).\t \u00C2\u00A0Activity\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0subgenual\t \u00C2\u00A0ACC\t \u00C2\u00A0is\t \u00C2\u00A0implicated\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0modulation\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0amygdala\t \u00C2\u00A0activity\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0humans\t \u00C2\u00A0(37),\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0a\t \u00C2\u00A0large\t \u00C2\u00A0body\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0human\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0animal\t \u00C2\u00A0literature\t \u00C2\u00A0shows\t \u00C2\u00A0its\t \u00C2\u00A0key\t \u00C2\u00A0role\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0fear\t \u00C2\u00A0extinction\t \u00C2\u00A0[for\t \u00C2\u00A0review\t \u00C2\u00A0see\t \u00C2\u00A0(29,\t \u00C2\u00A038)].\t \u00C2\u00A0Our\t \u00C2\u00A0pattern\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0activation\t \u00C2\u00A0suggests\t \u00C2\u00A0that,\t \u00C2\u00A0for\t \u00C2\u00A0control\t \u00C2\u00A0soldiers\t \u00C2\u00A0without\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD,\t \u00C2\u00A0very\t \u00C2\u00A0rapid\t \u00C2\u00A0extinction-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090related\t \u00C2\u00A0processes\t \u00C2\u00A0are\t \u00C2\u00A0recruited\t \u00C2\u00A0immediately\t \u00C2\u00A0after\t \u00C2\u00A0encountering\t \u00C2\u00A0trauma-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090related\t \u00C2\u00A0stimuli.\t \u00C2\u00A0For\t \u00C2\u00A0controls,\t \u00C2\u00A0such\t \u00C2\u00A0processes\t \u00C2\u00A0were\t \u00C2\u00A0associated\t \u00C2\u00A0with\t \u00C2\u00A0greater\t \u00C2\u00A0successful\t \u00C2\u00A0perceptual\t \u00C2\u00A0encoding\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0combat-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090related\t \u00C2\u00A0stimuli.\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0The\t \u00C2\u00A0pattern\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0greater\t \u00C2\u00A0ventral\t \u00C2\u00A0midline\t \u00C2\u00A0activation\t \u00C2\u00A0associated\t \u00C2\u00A0with\t \u00C2\u00A0combat-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090word\t \u00C2\u00A0sparing\t \u00C2\u00A0for\t \u00C2\u00A0military\t \u00C2\u00A0controls\t \u00C2\u00A0was\t \u00C2\u00A0followed\t \u00C2\u00A0by\t \u00C2\u00A0greater\t \u00C2\u00A0dorsal\t \u00C2\u00A0ACC\t \u00C2\u00A0activation\t \u00C2\u00A0for\t \u00C2\u00A0controls\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0two\t \u00C2\u00A0subsequent\t \u00C2\u00A0early-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090to-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090mid\t \u00C2\u00A0latency\t \u00C2\u00A0time\t \u00C2\u00A0windows\t \u00C2\u00A0between\t \u00C2\u00A0140\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0340ms.\t \u00C2\u00A0Interestingly,\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD\t \u00C2\u00A0challenge\t \u00C2\u00A0studies\t \u00C2\u00A0using\t \u00C2\u00A0fMRI\t \u00C2\u00A0have\t \u00C2\u00A0typically\t \u00C2\u00A0revealed\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0opposite\t \u00C2\u00A0pattern,\t \u00C2\u00A0with\t \u00C2\u00A0enhanced\t \u00C2\u00A0relative\t \u00C2\u00A0activation\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD\t \u00C2\u00A0compared\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0controls\t \u00C2\u00A0(39,\t \u00C2\u00A040).\t \u00C2\u00A0Yet\t \u00C2\u00A0dorsal\t \u00C2\u00A0ACC\t \u00C2\u00A0activation\t \u00C2\u00A0has\t \u00C2\u00A0been\t \u00C2\u00A0consistently\t \u00C2\u00A0linked\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0both\t \u00C2\u00A0fear\t \u00C2\u00A0Enhanced\t \u00C2\u00A0tuning\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0combat\t \u00C2\u00A0cues\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0soldiers\t \u00C2\u00A0with\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD\t \u00C2\u00A0Todd\t \u00C2\u00A0et\t \u00C2\u00A0al.,\t \u00C2\u00A014\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0acquisition/expression\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0its\t \u00C2\u00A0regulation/extinction\t \u00C2\u00A0(41),\t \u00C2\u00A0including\t \u00C2\u00A0modulation\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0amygdala\t \u00C2\u00A0activity\t \u00C2\u00A0via\t \u00C2\u00A0reappraisal\t \u00C2\u00A0(42),\t \u00C2\u00A0suggesting\t \u00C2\u00A0it\t \u00C2\u00A0may\t \u00C2\u00A0play\t \u00C2\u00A0a\t \u00C2\u00A0flexible\t \u00C2\u00A0role\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0these\t \u00C2\u00A0processes.\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0Inconsistency\t \u00C2\u00A0with\t \u00C2\u00A0fMRI\t \u00C2\u00A0results\t \u00C2\u00A0may\t \u00C2\u00A0further\t \u00C2\u00A0reflect\t \u00C2\u00A0differences\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0measures\t \u00C2\u00A0(e.g.,\t \u00C2\u00A0transient\t \u00C2\u00A0neuronal\t \u00C2\u00A0activity\t \u00C2\u00A0captured\t \u00C2\u00A0by\t \u00C2\u00A0MEG\t \u00C2\u00A0may\t \u00C2\u00A0not\t \u00C2\u00A0be\t \u00C2\u00A0detectable\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0slower\t \u00C2\u00A0BOLD\t \u00C2\u00A0response)\t \u00C2\u00A0or\t \u00C2\u00A0differences\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0AB\t \u00C2\u00A0task\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0emotional\t \u00C2\u00A0challenge\t \u00C2\u00A0paradigms\t \u00C2\u00A0typically\t \u00C2\u00A0used\t \u00C2\u00A0for\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD.\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0Overall,\t \u00C2\u00A0our\t \u00C2\u00A0data\t \u00C2\u00A0are\t \u00C2\u00A0consistent\t \u00C2\u00A0with\t \u00C2\u00A0a\t \u00C2\u00A0greater\t \u00C2\u00A0role\t \u00C2\u00A0for\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0dorsal\t \u00C2\u00A0ACC\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0regulation\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0appraisal\t \u00C2\u00A0for\t \u00C2\u00A0control\t \u00C2\u00A0participants.\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0Here\t \u00C2\u00A0such\t \u00C2\u00A0regulatory\t \u00C2\u00A0activity\t \u00C2\u00A0occurred\t \u00C2\u00A0at\t \u00C2\u00A0latencies\t \u00C2\u00A0just\t \u00C2\u00A0prior\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0during\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0time\t \u00C2\u00A0window\t \u00C2\u00A0when\t \u00C2\u00A0stimuli\t \u00C2\u00A0that\t \u00C2\u00A0reach\t \u00C2\u00A0awareness\t \u00C2\u00A0are\t \u00C2\u00A0discriminated\t \u00C2\u00A0from\t \u00C2\u00A0those\t \u00C2\u00A0that\t \u00C2\u00A0are\t \u00C2\u00A0subject\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0attentional\t \u00C2\u00A0blink\t \u00C2\u00A0(17,\t \u00C2\u00A043).\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0Subsequently,\t \u00C2\u00A0we\t \u00C2\u00A0observed\t \u00C2\u00A0a\t \u00C2\u00A0period\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0greater\t \u00C2\u00A0activation\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0early\t \u00C2\u00A0visual\t \u00C2\u00A0cortex\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD\t \u00C2\u00A0group\t \u00C2\u00A0than\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0military\t \u00C2\u00A0controls.\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0AB\t \u00C2\u00A0sparing\t \u00C2\u00A0for\t \u00C2\u00A0fear-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090conditioned\t \u00C2\u00A0stimuli\t \u00C2\u00A0has\t \u00C2\u00A0been\t \u00C2\u00A0linked\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0greater\t \u00C2\u00A0connectivity\t \u00C2\u00A0between\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0amygdalae\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0visual\t \u00C2\u00A0cortex\t \u00C2\u00A0(16).\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD\t \u00C2\u00A0challenge\t \u00C2\u00A0studies\t \u00C2\u00A0have\t \u00C2\u00A0also\t \u00C2\u00A0reported\t \u00C2\u00A0greater\t \u00C2\u00A0influence\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0amygdalae\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0reduced\t \u00C2\u00A0influence\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0prefrontal\t \u00C2\u00A0regions\t \u00C2\u00A0on\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0visual\t \u00C2\u00A0cortex\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD\t \u00C2\u00A0(23),\t \u00C2\u00A0indicating\t \u00C2\u00A0that\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD\t \u00C2\u00A0is\t \u00C2\u00A0associated\t \u00C2\u00A0with\t \u00C2\u00A0altered\t \u00C2\u00A0functional\t \u00C2\u00A0connectivity\t \u00C2\u00A0patterns\t \u00C2\u00A0that\t \u00C2\u00A0enhance\t \u00C2\u00A0visual\t \u00C2\u00A0processing\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0threat.\t \u00C2\u00A0Here\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD\t \u00C2\u00A0group\t \u00C2\u00A0showed\t \u00C2\u00A0visual\t \u00C2\u00A0cortex\t \u00C2\u00A0intensified\t \u00C2\u00A0activation\t \u00C2\u00A0patterns\t \u00C2\u00A0associated\t \u00C2\u00A0with\t \u00C2\u00A0enhanced\t \u00C2\u00A0emotional\t \u00C2\u00A0processing\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0absence\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0regulatory\t \u00C2\u00A0activation\t \u00C2\u00A0observed\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0controls.\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0Thus,\t \u00C2\u00A0our\t \u00C2\u00A0data\t \u00C2\u00A0suggest\t \u00C2\u00A0that,\t \u00C2\u00A0whereas\t \u00C2\u00A0combat-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090related\t \u00C2\u00A0cues\t \u00C2\u00A0are\t \u00C2\u00A0highly\t \u00C2\u00A0salient\t \u00C2\u00A0for\t \u00C2\u00A0all\t \u00C2\u00A0soldiers,\t \u00C2\u00A0at\t \u00C2\u00A0earlier\t \u00C2\u00A0latencies\t \u00C2\u00A0those\t \u00C2\u00A0without\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD\t \u00C2\u00A0are\t \u00C2\u00A0able\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0rapidly\t \u00C2\u00A0down-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090regulate\t \u00C2\u00A0affective\t \u00C2\u00A0responses\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0stay\t \u00C2\u00A0on\t \u00C2\u00A0task.\t \u00C2\u00A0In\t \u00C2\u00A0contrast,\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD\t \u00C2\u00A0is\t \u00C2\u00A0linked\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0intensified\t \u00C2\u00A0processing\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0emotional\t \u00C2\u00A0salience\t \u00C2\u00A0reflected\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0visual\t \u00C2\u00A0cortical\t \u00C2\u00A0processing.\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0Late\t \u00C2\u00A0activation\t \u00C2\u00A0patterns.\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0At\t \u00C2\u00A0longer\t \u00C2\u00A0latencies,\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0beamforming\t \u00C2\u00A0results\t \u00C2\u00A0revealed\t \u00C2\u00A0that\t \u00C2\u00A0controls\t \u00C2\u00A0showed\t \u00C2\u00A0greater\t \u00C2\u00A0emotional-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090sparing-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090related\t \u00C2\u00A0activation\t \u00C2\u00A0than\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD\t \u00C2\u00A0group\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0right\t \u00C2\u00A0inferior\t \u00C2\u00A0orbital\t \u00C2\u00A0gyrus.\t \u00C2\u00A0This\t \u00C2\u00A0is\t \u00C2\u00A0consistent\t \u00C2\u00A0with\t \u00C2\u00A0a\t \u00C2\u00A0prefrontal\t \u00C2\u00A0region\t \u00C2\u00A0found\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0characterize\t \u00C2\u00A0emotional\t \u00C2\u00A0sparing\t \u00C2\u00A0at\t \u00C2\u00A0later\t \u00C2\u00A0latencies\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0healthy\t \u00C2\u00A0controls\t \u00C2\u00A0(17).\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0The\t \u00C2\u00A0OFC\t \u00C2\u00A0plays\t \u00C2\u00A0a\t \u00C2\u00A0key\t \u00C2\u00A0role\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0flexible\t \u00C2\u00A0evaluation\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0stimulus\t \u00C2\u00A0Enhanced\t \u00C2\u00A0tuning\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0combat\t \u00C2\u00A0cues\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0soldiers\t \u00C2\u00A0with\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD\t \u00C2\u00A0Todd\t \u00C2\u00A0et\t \u00C2\u00A0al.,\t \u00C2\u00A015\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0salience\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0relation\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0context\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0has\t \u00C2\u00A0been\t \u00C2\u00A0implicated\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0learning\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0decision-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090making\t \u00C2\u00A0processes\t \u00C2\u00A0related\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0emotional\t \u00C2\u00A0or\t \u00C2\u00A0motivational\t \u00C2\u00A0salience\t \u00C2\u00A0(44-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u009046).\t \u00C2\u00A0Here\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0non-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090PTSD\t \u00C2\u00A0group\t \u00C2\u00A0showed\t \u00C2\u00A0an\t \u00C2\u00A0activation\t \u00C2\u00A0pattern\t \u00C2\u00A0similar\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0that\t \u00C2\u00A0found\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0be\t \u00C2\u00A0associated\t \u00C2\u00A0with\t \u00C2\u00A0emotional\t \u00C2\u00A0sparing\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0civilian\t \u00C2\u00A0controls,\t \u00C2\u00A0with\t \u00C2\u00A0greater\t \u00C2\u00A0activation\t \u00C2\u00A0linked\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0context-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090sensitive\t \u00C2\u00A0valuation\t \u00C2\u00A0processes\t \u00C2\u00A0that\t \u00C2\u00A0appeared\t \u00C2\u00A0just\t \u00C2\u00A0prior\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0making\t \u00C2\u00A0a\t \u00C2\u00A0response.\t \u00C2\u00A0This\t \u00C2\u00A0finding\t \u00C2\u00A0is\t \u00C2\u00A0consistent\t \u00C2\u00A0with\t \u00C2\u00A0a\t \u00C2\u00A0pattern\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0reduced\t \u00C2\u00A0prefrontal\t \u00C2\u00A0activation\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD\t \u00C2\u00A0(29).\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0Although\t \u00C2\u00A0our\t \u00C2\u00A0analysis\t \u00C2\u00A0approach\t \u00C2\u00A0with\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0beamformer\t \u00C2\u00A0data\t \u00C2\u00A0did\t \u00C2\u00A0not\t \u00C2\u00A0permit\t \u00C2\u00A0examination\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0patterns\t \u00C2\u00A0correlated\t \u00C2\u00A0with\t \u00C2\u00A0individual\t \u00C2\u00A0differences\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0depression\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0anxiety,\t \u00C2\u00A0our\t \u00C2\u00A0behavioural\t \u00C2\u00A0findings\t \u00C2\u00A0suggest\t \u00C2\u00A0that\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0group\t \u00C2\u00A0differences\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0neural\t \u00C2\u00A0activation\t \u00C2\u00A0we\t \u00C2\u00A0observed\t \u00C2\u00A0reflect\t \u00C2\u00A0high\t \u00C2\u00A0frequency\t \u00C2\u00A0rates\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0comorbid\t \u00C2\u00A0depression\t \u00C2\u00A0and/or\t \u00C2\u00A0anxiety\t \u00C2\u00A0found\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0an\t \u00C2\u00A0estimated\t \u00C2\u00A021-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u009094%\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD\t \u00C2\u00A0sufferers\t \u00C2\u00A0[e.g.,\t \u00C2\u00A0(47)].\t \u00C2\u00A0Future\t \u00C2\u00A0research\t \u00C2\u00A0examining\t \u00C2\u00A0connectivity\t \u00C2\u00A0patterns\t \u00C2\u00A0could\t \u00C2\u00A0employ\t \u00C2\u00A0graph\t \u00C2\u00A0theory\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0correlate\t \u00C2\u00A0activation\t \u00C2\u00A0with\t \u00C2\u00A0individual\t \u00C2\u00A0behavioural\t \u00C2\u00A0scores.\t \u00C2\u00A0Another\t \u00C2\u00A0goal\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0future\t \u00C2\u00A0research\t \u00C2\u00A0is\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0examine\t \u00C2\u00A0patterns\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0phase\t \u00C2\u00A0synchrony\t \u00C2\u00A0at\t \u00C2\u00A0specific\t \u00C2\u00A0frequency\t \u00C2\u00A0bands\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0examine\t \u00C2\u00A0whether\t \u00C2\u00A0attentional\t \u00C2\u00A0tuning\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0trauma-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090related\t \u00C2\u00A0stimuli\t \u00C2\u00A0is\t \u00C2\u00A0characterized\t \u00C2\u00A0by\t \u00C2\u00A0altered\t \u00C2\u00A0patterns\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0functional\t \u00C2\u00A0connectivity\t \u00C2\u00A0between\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0amygdalae,\t \u00C2\u00A0anterior\t \u00C2\u00A0cingulate\t \u00C2\u00A0regions,\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0visual\t \u00C2\u00A0cortices.\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0Other\t \u00C2\u00A0areas\t \u00C2\u00A0for\t \u00C2\u00A0future\t \u00C2\u00A0research\t \u00C2\u00A0include\t \u00C2\u00A0examining\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0relation\t \u00C2\u00A0between\t \u00C2\u00A0effects\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0medication\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0MEG\t \u00C2\u00A0activation\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0disembed\t \u00C2\u00A0potential\t \u00C2\u00A0medication\t \u00C2\u00A0effects.\t \u00C2\u00A0They\t \u00C2\u00A0can\t \u00C2\u00A0also\t \u00C2\u00A0include\t \u00C2\u00A0investigation\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0relation\t \u00C2\u00A0between\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD\t \u00C2\u00A0symptoms\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0neural\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0behavioural\t \u00C2\u00A0measures\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0combat-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090word\t \u00C2\u00A0sparing\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0ascertain\t \u00C2\u00A0whether\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0pattern\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0results\t \u00C2\u00A0we\t \u00C2\u00A0observed\t \u00C2\u00A0is\t \u00C2\u00A0independent\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0clinical\t \u00C2\u00A0levels\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD.\t \u00C2\u00A0Conclusion:\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0Heightened\t \u00C2\u00A0attentional\t \u00C2\u00A0tuning\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0combat-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090related\t \u00C2\u00A0words\t \u00C2\u00A0was\t \u00C2\u00A0observed\t \u00C2\u00A0for\t \u00C2\u00A0combat\t \u00C2\u00A0veterans\t \u00C2\u00A0with\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0without\t \u00C2\u00A0a\t \u00C2\u00A0diagnosis\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD;\t \u00C2\u00A0however\t \u00C2\u00A0those\t \u00C2\u00A0soldiers\t \u00C2\u00A0with\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD\t \u00C2\u00A0showed\t \u00C2\u00A0higher\t \u00C2\u00A0levels\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0tuning\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0threat.\t \u00C2\u00A0Our\t \u00C2\u00A0results\t \u00C2\u00A0suggest\t \u00C2\u00A0that\t \u00C2\u00A0behavioural\t \u00C2\u00A0patterns\t \u00C2\u00A0that\t \u00C2\u00A0differ\t \u00C2\u00A0between\t \u00C2\u00A0groups\t \u00C2\u00A0only\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0degree\t \u00C2\u00A0reflect\t \u00C2\u00A0distinct\t \u00C2\u00A0patterns\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0neural\t \u00C2\u00A0activation.\t \u00C2\u00A0These\t \u00C2\u00A0differences\t \u00C2\u00A0are\t \u00C2\u00A0particularly\t \u00C2\u00A0distinct\t \u00C2\u00A0at\t \u00C2\u00A0early\t \u00C2\u00A0latencies,\t \u00C2\u00A0when\t \u00C2\u00A0emotionally\t \u00C2\u00A0significant\t \u00C2\u00A0stimuli\t \u00C2\u00A0may\t \u00C2\u00A0be\t \u00C2\u00A0pre-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090attentively\t \u00C2\u00A0sorted\t \u00C2\u00A0from\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0Enhanced\t \u00C2\u00A0tuning\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0combat\t \u00C2\u00A0cues\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0soldiers\t \u00C2\u00A0with\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD\t \u00C2\u00A0Todd\t \u00C2\u00A0et\t \u00C2\u00A0al.,\t \u00C2\u00A016\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0mundane.\t \u00C2\u00A0Because\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0deficits\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0rapid\t \u00C2\u00A0regulatory\t \u00C2\u00A0activation,\t \u00C2\u00A0soldiers\t \u00C2\u00A0who\t \u00C2\u00A0suffer\t \u00C2\u00A0from\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD\t \u00C2\u00A0may\t \u00C2\u00A0literally\t \u00C2\u00A0see\t \u00C2\u00A0a\t \u00C2\u00A0world\t \u00C2\u00A0more\t \u00C2\u00A0populated\t \u00C2\u00A0with\t \u00C2\u00A0reminders\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0trauma\t \u00C2\u00A0than\t \u00C2\u00A0those\t \u00C2\u00A0without.\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0Acknowledgements:\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0The\t \u00C2\u00A0authors\t \u00C2\u00A0would\t \u00C2\u00A0like\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0thank\t \u00C2\u00A0Marc\t \u00C2\u00A0Lalancette\t \u00C2\u00A0for\t \u00C2\u00A0assistance\t \u00C2\u00A0with\t \u00C2\u00A0data\t \u00C2\u00A0collection.\t \u00C2\u00A0This\t \u00C2\u00A0work\t \u00C2\u00A0was\t \u00C2\u00A0supported\t \u00C2\u00A0by\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0Canadian\t \u00C2\u00A0Forces\t \u00C2\u00A0Health\t \u00C2\u00A0Services\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0a\t \u00C2\u00A0Defence\t \u00C2\u00A0Research\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0Development\t \u00C2\u00A0Canada\t \u00C2\u00A0contract\t \u00C2\u00A0(W7719-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090135182/001/TOR)\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0MJT\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0EWP.\t \u00C2\u00A0Financial\t \u00C2\u00A0disclosures.\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0Dr.\t \u00C2\u00A0Todd\t \u00C2\u00A0reports\t \u00C2\u00A0no\t \u00C2\u00A0biomedical\t \u00C2\u00A0financial\t \u00C2\u00A0interests\t \u00C2\u00A0or\t \u00C2\u00A0potential\t \u00C2\u00A0conflicts\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0interest.\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0Dr.\t \u00C2\u00A0Pang\t \u00C2\u00A0reports\t \u00C2\u00A0no\t \u00C2\u00A0biomedical\t \u00C2\u00A0financial\t \u00C2\u00A0interests\t \u00C2\u00A0or\t \u00C2\u00A0potential\t \u00C2\u00A0conflicts\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0interest.\t \u00C2\u00A0Dr.\t \u00C2\u00A0Sedge\t \u00C2\u00A0reports\t \u00C2\u00A0no\t \u00C2\u00A0biomedical\t \u00C2\u00A0financial\t \u00C2\u00A0interests\t \u00C2\u00A0or\t \u00C2\u00A0potential\t \u00C2\u00A0conflicts\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0interest.\t \u00C2\u00A0Dr.\t \u00C2\u00A0Jetly\t \u00C2\u00A0reports\t \u00C2\u00A0no\t \u00C2\u00A0biomedical\t \u00C2\u00A0financial\t \u00C2\u00A0interests\t \u00C2\u00A0or\t \u00C2\u00A0potential\t \u00C2\u00A0conflicts\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0interest.\t \u00C2\u00A0Dr.\t \u00C2\u00A0Taylor\t \u00C2\u00A0reports\t \u00C2\u00A0no\t \u00C2\u00A0biomedical\t \u00C2\u00A0financial\t \u00C2\u00A0interests\t \u00C2\u00A0or\t \u00C2\u00A0potential\t \u00C2\u00A0conflicts\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0interest.\t \u00C2\u00A0Ms.\t \u00C2\u00A0Robertson\t \u00C2\u00A0reports\t \u00C2\u00A0no\t \u00C2\u00A0biomedical\t \u00C2\u00A0financial\t \u00C2\u00A0interests\t \u00C2\u00A0or\t \u00C2\u00A0potential\t \u00C2\u00A0conflicts\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0interest.\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0Mr.\t \u00C2\u00A0MacDonald\t \u00C2\u00A0reports\t \u00C2\u00A0no\t \u00C2\u00A0biomedical\t \u00C2\u00A0financial\t \u00C2\u00A0interests\t \u00C2\u00A0or\t \u00C2\u00A0potential\t \u00C2\u00A0conflicts\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0interest.\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0 \t \u00C2\u00A0Enhanced\t \u00C2\u00A0tuning\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0combat\t \u00C2\u00A0cues\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0soldiers\t \u00C2\u00A0with\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD\t \u00C2\u00A0Todd\t \u00C2\u00A0et\t \u00C2\u00A0al.,\t \u00C2\u00A017\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0References\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A01.\t \u00C2\u00A0 Association\t \u00C2\u00A0AP\t \u00C2\u00A0(2013):\t \u00C2\u00A0Diagnostic\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0Statistical\t \u00C2\u00A0Manual\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0Mental\t \u00C2\u00A0Disorders.\t \u00C2\u00A05th\t \u00C2\u00A0ed.\t \u00C2\u00A0Washington\t \u00C2\u00A0,\t \u00C2\u00A0DC:\t \u00C2\u00A0American\t \u00C2\u00A0Psychiatric\t \u00C2\u00A0Association.\t \u00C2\u00A02.\t \u00C2\u00A0 Moore\t \u00C2\u00A0SA\t \u00C2\u00A0(2009):\t \u00C2\u00A0Cognitive\t \u00C2\u00A0abnormalities\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0posttraumatic\t \u00C2\u00A0stress\t \u00C2\u00A0disorder.\t \u00C2\u00A0Curr\t \u00C2\u00A0Opin\t \u00C2\u00A0Psychiatry.\t \u00C2\u00A022:19-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u009024.\t \u00C2\u00A03.\t \u00C2\u00A0 Hayes\t \u00C2\u00A0JP,\t \u00C2\u00A0Vanelzakker\t \u00C2\u00A0MB,\t \u00C2\u00A0Shin\t \u00C2\u00A0LM\t \u00C2\u00A0(2012):\t \u00C2\u00A0Emotion\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0cognition\t \u00C2\u00A0interactions\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD:\t \u00C2\u00A0a\t \u00C2\u00A0review\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0neurocognitive\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0neuroimaging\t \u00C2\u00A0studies.\t \u00C2\u00A0Front\t \u00C2\u00A0Integr\t \u00C2\u00A0Neurosci.\t \u00C2\u00A06:89.\t \u00C2\u00A04.\t \u00C2\u00A0 Amir\t \u00C2\u00A0N,\t \u00C2\u00A0Taylor\t \u00C2\u00A0CT,\t \u00C2\u00A0Bomyea\t \u00C2\u00A0JA,\t \u00C2\u00A0Badour\t \u00C2\u00A0CL\t \u00C2\u00A0(2009):\t \u00C2\u00A0Temporal\t \u00C2\u00A0allocation\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0attention\t \u00C2\u00A0toward\t \u00C2\u00A0threat\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0individuals\t \u00C2\u00A0with\t \u00C2\u00A0posttraumatic\t \u00C2\u00A0stress\t \u00C2\u00A0symptoms.\t \u00C2\u00A0J\t \u00C2\u00A0Anxiety\t \u00C2\u00A0Disord.\t \u00C2\u00A023:1080-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u00901085.\t \u00C2\u00A05.\t \u00C2\u00A0 Kleim\t \u00C2\u00A0B,\t \u00C2\u00A0Ehring\t \u00C2\u00A0T,\t \u00C2\u00A0Ehlers\t \u00C2\u00A0A\t \u00C2\u00A0(2012):\t \u00C2\u00A0Perceptual\t \u00C2\u00A0processing\t \u00C2\u00A0advantages\t \u00C2\u00A0for\t \u00C2\u00A0trauma-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090related\t \u00C2\u00A0visual\t \u00C2\u00A0cues\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0post-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090traumatic\t \u00C2\u00A0stress\t \u00C2\u00A0disorder.\t \u00C2\u00A0Psychological\t \u00C2\u00A0medicine.\t \u00C2\u00A042:173-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090181.\t \u00C2\u00A06.\t \u00C2\u00A0 Amir\t \u00C2\u00A0N,\t \u00C2\u00A0McNally\t \u00C2\u00A0RJ,\t \u00C2\u00A0Wiegartz\t \u00C2\u00A0PS\t \u00C2\u00A0(1997):\t \u00C2\u00A0Implicit\t \u00C2\u00A0memory\t \u00C2\u00A0bias\t \u00C2\u00A0for\t \u00C2\u00A0threat\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0posttraumatic\t \u00C2\u00A0stress\t \u00C2\u00A0disorder.\t \u00C2\u00A0Cognit\t \u00C2\u00A0Ther\t \u00C2\u00A0Res.\t \u00C2\u00A020:625-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090635.\t \u00C2\u00A07.\t \u00C2\u00A0 Bryant\t \u00C2\u00A0RA,\t \u00C2\u00A0Harvey\t \u00C2\u00A0AG\t \u00C2\u00A0(1997):\t \u00C2\u00A0Attentional\t \u00C2\u00A0bias\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0posttraumatic\t \u00C2\u00A0stress\t \u00C2\u00A0disorder.\t \u00C2\u00A0J\t \u00C2\u00A0Trauma\t \u00C2\u00A0Stress.\t \u00C2\u00A010:635-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090644.\t \u00C2\u00A08.\t \u00C2\u00A0 McNally\t \u00C2\u00A0RJ,\t \u00C2\u00A0Kaspi\t \u00C2\u00A0SP,\t \u00C2\u00A0Riemann\t \u00C2\u00A0BC,\t \u00C2\u00A0Zeitlin\t \u00C2\u00A0SB\t \u00C2\u00A0(1990):\t \u00C2\u00A0Selective\t \u00C2\u00A0processing\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0threat\t \u00C2\u00A0cues\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0posttraumatic\t \u00C2\u00A0stress\t \u00C2\u00A0disorder.\t \u00C2\u00A0Journal\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0abnormal\t \u00C2\u00A0psychology.\t \u00C2\u00A099:398-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090402.\t \u00C2\u00A09.\t \u00C2\u00A0 McNally\t \u00C2\u00A0RJ,\t \u00C2\u00A0Riemann\t \u00C2\u00A0BC,\t \u00C2\u00A0Louro\t \u00C2\u00A0CE,\t \u00C2\u00A0Lukach\t \u00C2\u00A0BM,\t \u00C2\u00A0Kim\t \u00C2\u00A0E\t \u00C2\u00A0(1992):\t \u00C2\u00A0Cognitive\t \u00C2\u00A0processing\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0emotional\t \u00C2\u00A0information\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0panic\t \u00C2\u00A0disorder.\t \u00C2\u00A0Behaviour\t \u00C2\u00A0research\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0therapy.\t \u00C2\u00A030:143-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090149.\t \u00C2\u00A010.\t \u00C2\u00A0 Raymond\t \u00C2\u00A0JE,\t \u00C2\u00A0Shapiro\t \u00C2\u00A0KL,\t \u00C2\u00A0Arnell\t \u00C2\u00A0KM\t \u00C2\u00A0(1992):\t \u00C2\u00A0Temporary\t \u00C2\u00A0suppression\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0visual\t \u00C2\u00A0processing\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0an\t \u00C2\u00A0RSVP\t \u00C2\u00A0task:\t \u00C2\u00A0an\t \u00C2\u00A0attentional\t \u00C2\u00A0blink?\t \u00C2\u00A0Journal\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0experimental\t \u00C2\u00A0psychology\t \u00C2\u00A0Human\t \u00C2\u00A0perception\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0performance.\t \u00C2\u00A018:849-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090860.\t \u00C2\u00A011.\t \u00C2\u00A0 Di\t \u00C2\u00A0Lollo\t \u00C2\u00A0V,\t \u00C2\u00A0Kawahara\t \u00C2\u00A0J,\t \u00C2\u00A0Shahab\t \u00C2\u00A0Ghorashi\t \u00C2\u00A0SM,\t \u00C2\u00A0Enns\t \u00C2\u00A0JT\t \u00C2\u00A0(2005):\t \u00C2\u00A0The\t \u00C2\u00A0attentional\t \u00C2\u00A0blink:\t \u00C2\u00A0resource\t \u00C2\u00A0depletion\t \u00C2\u00A0or\t \u00C2\u00A0temporary\t \u00C2\u00A0loss\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0control?\t \u00C2\u00A0Psychological\t \u00C2\u00A0research.\t \u00C2\u00A069:191-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090200.\t \u00C2\u00A012.\t \u00C2\u00A0 Keil\t \u00C2\u00A0A,\t \u00C2\u00A0Ihssen\t \u00C2\u00A0N\t \u00C2\u00A0(2004):\t \u00C2\u00A0Identification\t \u00C2\u00A0facilitation\t \u00C2\u00A0for\t \u00C2\u00A0emotionally\t \u00C2\u00A0arousing\t \u00C2\u00A0verbs\t \u00C2\u00A0during\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0attentional\t \u00C2\u00A0blink.\t \u00C2\u00A0Emotion.\t \u00C2\u00A04:23-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u009035.\t \u00C2\u00A013.\t \u00C2\u00A0 Anderson\t \u00C2\u00A0AK\t \u00C2\u00A0(2005):\t \u00C2\u00A0Affective\t \u00C2\u00A0influences\t \u00C2\u00A0on\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0attentional\t \u00C2\u00A0dynamics\t \u00C2\u00A0supporting\t \u00C2\u00A0awareness.\t \u00C2\u00A0J\t \u00C2\u00A0Exp\t \u00C2\u00A0Psychol\t \u00C2\u00A0Gen.\t \u00C2\u00A0134:258-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090281.\t \u00C2\u00A014.\t \u00C2\u00A0 Anderson\t \u00C2\u00A0AK,\t \u00C2\u00A0Phelps\t \u00C2\u00A0EA\t \u00C2\u00A0(2001):\t \u00C2\u00A0Lesions\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0human\t \u00C2\u00A0amygdala\t \u00C2\u00A0impair\t \u00C2\u00A0enhanced\t \u00C2\u00A0perception\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0emotionally\t \u00C2\u00A0salient\t \u00C2\u00A0events.\t \u00C2\u00A0Nature.\t \u00C2\u00A0411:305-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090309.\t \u00C2\u00A015.\t \u00C2\u00A0 Todd\t \u00C2\u00A0RM,\t \u00C2\u00A0Cunningham\t \u00C2\u00A0WA,\t \u00C2\u00A0Anderson\t \u00C2\u00A0AK,\t \u00C2\u00A0Thompson\t \u00C2\u00A0E\t \u00C2\u00A0(2012):\t \u00C2\u00A0Affect-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090biased\t \u00C2\u00A0attention\t \u00C2\u00A0as\t \u00C2\u00A0emotion\t \u00C2\u00A0regulation.\t \u00C2\u00A0Trends\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0Cognitive\t \u00C2\u00A0Sciences.\t \u00C2\u00A016:365-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090372.\t \u00C2\u00A016.\t \u00C2\u00A0 Lim\t \u00C2\u00A0SL,\t \u00C2\u00A0Padmala\t \u00C2\u00A0S,\t \u00C2\u00A0Pessoa\t \u00C2\u00A0L\t \u00C2\u00A0(2009):\t \u00C2\u00A0Segregating\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0significant\t \u00C2\u00A0from\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0mundane\t \u00C2\u00A0on\t \u00C2\u00A0a\t \u00C2\u00A0moment-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090to-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090moment\t \u00C2\u00A0basis\t \u00C2\u00A0via\t \u00C2\u00A0direct\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0indirect\t \u00C2\u00A0amygdala\t \u00C2\u00A0contributions.\t \u00C2\u00A0Proc\t \u00C2\u00A0Natl\t \u00C2\u00A0Acad\t \u00C2\u00A0Sci\t \u00C2\u00A0U\t \u00C2\u00A0S\t \u00C2\u00A0A.\t \u00C2\u00A0106:16841-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u009016846.\t \u00C2\u00A017.\t \u00C2\u00A0 Todd\t \u00C2\u00A0RM,\t \u00C2\u00A0Taylor\t \u00C2\u00A0MJ,\t \u00C2\u00A0Robertson\t \u00C2\u00A0A,\t \u00C2\u00A0Cassel\t \u00C2\u00A0DB,\t \u00C2\u00A0Doesberg\t \u00C2\u00A0SM,\t \u00C2\u00A0Lee\t \u00C2\u00A0DH,\t \u00C2\u00A0et\t \u00C2\u00A0al.\t \u00C2\u00A0(2014):\t \u00C2\u00A0Temporal-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090spatial\t \u00C2\u00A0neural\t \u00C2\u00A0activation\t \u00C2\u00A0patterns\t \u00C2\u00A0linked\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0perceptual\t \u00C2\u00A0encoding\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0emotional\t \u00C2\u00A0salience.\t \u00C2\u00A0PLoS\t \u00C2\u00A0One.\t \u00C2\u00A09:e93753.\t \u00C2\u00A018.\t \u00C2\u00A0 Fox\t \u00C2\u00A0E,\t \u00C2\u00A0Russo\t \u00C2\u00A0R,\t \u00C2\u00A0Georgiou\t \u00C2\u00A0GA\t \u00C2\u00A0(2005):\t \u00C2\u00A0Anxiety\t \u00C2\u00A0modulates\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0degree\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0attentive\t \u00C2\u00A0resources\t \u00C2\u00A0required\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0process\t \u00C2\u00A0emotional\t \u00C2\u00A0faces.\t \u00C2\u00A0Cognitive,\t \u00C2\u00A0affective\t \u00C2\u00A0&\t \u00C2\u00A0behavioral\t \u00C2\u00A0neuroscience.\t \u00C2\u00A05:396-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090404.\t \u00C2\u00A019.\t \u00C2\u00A0 de\t \u00C2\u00A0Quervain\t \u00C2\u00A0DJ,\t \u00C2\u00A0Kolassa\t \u00C2\u00A0IT,\t \u00C2\u00A0Ertl\t \u00C2\u00A0V,\t \u00C2\u00A0Onyut\t \u00C2\u00A0PL,\t \u00C2\u00A0Neuner\t \u00C2\u00A0F,\t \u00C2\u00A0Elbert\t \u00C2\u00A0T,\t \u00C2\u00A0et\t \u00C2\u00A0al.\t \u00C2\u00A0(2007):\t \u00C2\u00A0A\t \u00C2\u00A0deletion\t \u00C2\u00A0variant\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0alpha2b-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090adrenoceptor\t \u00C2\u00A0is\t \u00C2\u00A0related\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0emotional\t \u00C2\u00A0memory\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0Europeans\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0Africans.\t \u00C2\u00A0Nat\t \u00C2\u00A0Neurosci.\t \u00C2\u00A010:1137-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u00901139.\t \u00C2\u00A0Enhanced\t \u00C2\u00A0tuning\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0combat\t \u00C2\u00A0cues\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0soldiers\t \u00C2\u00A0with\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD\t \u00C2\u00A0Todd\t \u00C2\u00A0et\t \u00C2\u00A0al.,\t \u00C2\u00A018\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A020.\t \u00C2\u00A0 Todd\t \u00C2\u00A0RM,\t \u00C2\u00A0Muller\t \u00C2\u00A0DJ,\t \u00C2\u00A0Lee\t \u00C2\u00A0DH,\t \u00C2\u00A0Robertson\t \u00C2\u00A0A,\t \u00C2\u00A0Eaton\t \u00C2\u00A0T,\t \u00C2\u00A0Freeman\t \u00C2\u00A0N,\t \u00C2\u00A0et\t \u00C2\u00A0al.\t \u00C2\u00A0(2013):\t \u00C2\u00A0Genes\t \u00C2\u00A0for\t \u00C2\u00A0emotion-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090enhanced\t \u00C2\u00A0remembering\t \u00C2\u00A0are\t \u00C2\u00A0linked\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0enhanced\t \u00C2\u00A0perceiving.\t \u00C2\u00A0Psychological\t \u00C2\u00A0Science.\t \u00C2\u00A024:2244-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u00902253.\t \u00C2\u00A021.\t \u00C2\u00A0 Hayes\t \u00C2\u00A0JP,\t \u00C2\u00A0Hayes\t \u00C2\u00A0SM,\t \u00C2\u00A0Mikedis\t \u00C2\u00A0AM\t \u00C2\u00A0(2012):\t \u00C2\u00A0Quantitative\t \u00C2\u00A0meta-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090analysis\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0neural\t \u00C2\u00A0activity\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0posttraumatic\t \u00C2\u00A0stress\t \u00C2\u00A0disorder.\t \u00C2\u00A0Biology\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0mood\t \u00C2\u00A0&\t \u00C2\u00A0anxiety\t \u00C2\u00A0disorders.\t \u00C2\u00A02:9.\t \u00C2\u00A022.\t \u00C2\u00A0 Etkin\t \u00C2\u00A0A\t \u00C2\u00A0(2012):\t \u00C2\u00A0Neurobiology\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0anxiety:\t \u00C2\u00A0from\t \u00C2\u00A0neural\t \u00C2\u00A0circuits\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0novel\t \u00C2\u00A0solutions?\t \u00C2\u00A0Depress\t \u00C2\u00A0Anxiety.\t \u00C2\u00A029:355-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090358.\t \u00C2\u00A023.\t \u00C2\u00A0 Gilboa\t \u00C2\u00A0A,\t \u00C2\u00A0Shalev\t \u00C2\u00A0AY,\t \u00C2\u00A0Laor\t \u00C2\u00A0L,\t \u00C2\u00A0Lester\t \u00C2\u00A0H,\t \u00C2\u00A0Louzoun\t \u00C2\u00A0Y,\t \u00C2\u00A0Chisin\t \u00C2\u00A0R,\t \u00C2\u00A0et\t \u00C2\u00A0al.\t \u00C2\u00A0(2004):\t \u00C2\u00A0Functional\t \u00C2\u00A0connectivity\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0prefrontal\t \u00C2\u00A0cortex\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0amygdala\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0posttraumatic\t \u00C2\u00A0stress\t \u00C2\u00A0disorder.\t \u00C2\u00A0Biol\t \u00C2\u00A0Psychiatry.\t \u00C2\u00A055:263-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090272.\t \u00C2\u00A024.\t \u00C2\u00A0 Sekihara\t \u00C2\u00A0K,\t \u00C2\u00A0Nagarajan\t \u00C2\u00A0SS,\t \u00C2\u00A0Poeppel\t \u00C2\u00A0D,\t \u00C2\u00A0Marantz\t \u00C2\u00A0A,\t \u00C2\u00A0Miyashita\t \u00C2\u00A0Y\t \u00C2\u00A0(2001):\t \u00C2\u00A0Reconstructing\t \u00C2\u00A0spatio-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090temporal\t \u00C2\u00A0activities\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0neural\t \u00C2\u00A0sources\t \u00C2\u00A0using\t \u00C2\u00A0an\t \u00C2\u00A0MEG\t \u00C2\u00A0vector\t \u00C2\u00A0beamformer\t \u00C2\u00A0technique.\t \u00C2\u00A0IEEE\t \u00C2\u00A0Trans\t \u00C2\u00A0Biomed\t \u00C2\u00A0Eng.\t \u00C2\u00A048:760-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090771.\t \u00C2\u00A025.\t \u00C2\u00A0 Quraan\t \u00C2\u00A0MA,\t \u00C2\u00A0Moses\t \u00C2\u00A0SN,\t \u00C2\u00A0Hung\t \u00C2\u00A0Y,\t \u00C2\u00A0Mills\t \u00C2\u00A0T,\t \u00C2\u00A0Taylor\t \u00C2\u00A0MJ\t \u00C2\u00A0(2011):\t \u00C2\u00A0Detection\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0localization\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0hippocampal\t \u00C2\u00A0activity\t \u00C2\u00A0using\t \u00C2\u00A0beamformers\t \u00C2\u00A0with\t \u00C2\u00A0MEG:\t \u00C2\u00A0a\t \u00C2\u00A0detailed\t \u00C2\u00A0investigation\t \u00C2\u00A0using\t \u00C2\u00A0simulations\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0empirical\t \u00C2\u00A0data.\t \u00C2\u00A0Human\t \u00C2\u00A0Brain\t \u00C2\u00A0Mapping.\t \u00C2\u00A032:812-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090827.\t \u00C2\u00A026.\t \u00C2\u00A0 Peckham\t \u00C2\u00A0AD,\t \u00C2\u00A0McHugh\t \u00C2\u00A0RK,\t \u00C2\u00A0Otto\t \u00C2\u00A0MW\t \u00C2\u00A0(2010):\t \u00C2\u00A0A\t \u00C2\u00A0meta-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090analysis\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0magnitude\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0biased\t \u00C2\u00A0attention\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0depression.\t \u00C2\u00A0Depress\t \u00C2\u00A0Anxiety.\t \u00C2\u00A027:1135-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u00901142.\t \u00C2\u00A027.\t \u00C2\u00A0 Bar-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090Haim\t \u00C2\u00A0Y,\t \u00C2\u00A0Lamy\t \u00C2\u00A0D,\t \u00C2\u00A0Pergamin\t \u00C2\u00A0L,\t \u00C2\u00A0Bakermans-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090Kranenburg\t \u00C2\u00A0MJ,\t \u00C2\u00A0van\t \u00C2\u00A0IMH\t \u00C2\u00A0(2007):\t \u00C2\u00A0Threat-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090related\t \u00C2\u00A0attentional\t \u00C2\u00A0bias\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0anxious\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0nonanxious\t \u00C2\u00A0individuals:\t \u00C2\u00A0a\t \u00C2\u00A0meta-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090analytic\t \u00C2\u00A0study.\t \u00C2\u00A0Psychological\t \u00C2\u00A0bulletin.\t \u00C2\u00A0133:1-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u009024.\t \u00C2\u00A028.\t \u00C2\u00A0 Fox\t \u00C2\u00A0E,\t \u00C2\u00A0Russo\t \u00C2\u00A0R,\t \u00C2\u00A0Dutton\t \u00C2\u00A0K\t \u00C2\u00A0(2002):\t \u00C2\u00A0Attentional\t \u00C2\u00A0Bias\t \u00C2\u00A0for\t \u00C2\u00A0Threat:\t \u00C2\u00A0Evidence\t \u00C2\u00A0for\t \u00C2\u00A0Delayed\t \u00C2\u00A0Disengagement\t \u00C2\u00A0from\t \u00C2\u00A0Emotional\t \u00C2\u00A0Faces.\t \u00C2\u00A0Cogn\t \u00C2\u00A0Emot.\t \u00C2\u00A016:355-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090379.\t \u00C2\u00A029.\t \u00C2\u00A0 Pitman\t \u00C2\u00A0RK,\t \u00C2\u00A0Rasmusson\t \u00C2\u00A0AM,\t \u00C2\u00A0Koenen\t \u00C2\u00A0KC,\t \u00C2\u00A0Shin\t \u00C2\u00A0LM,\t \u00C2\u00A0Orr\t \u00C2\u00A0SP,\t \u00C2\u00A0Gilbertson\t \u00C2\u00A0MW,\t \u00C2\u00A0et\t \u00C2\u00A0al.\t \u00C2\u00A0(2012):\t \u00C2\u00A0Biological\t \u00C2\u00A0studies\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0post-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090traumatic\t \u00C2\u00A0stress\t \u00C2\u00A0disorder.\t \u00C2\u00A0Nat\t \u00C2\u00A0Rev\t \u00C2\u00A0Neurosci.\t \u00C2\u00A013:769-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090787.\t \u00C2\u00A030.\t \u00C2\u00A0 Pole\t \u00C2\u00A0N\t \u00C2\u00A0(2007):\t \u00C2\u00A0The\t \u00C2\u00A0psychophysiology\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0posttraumatic\t \u00C2\u00A0stress\t \u00C2\u00A0disorder:\t \u00C2\u00A0a\t \u00C2\u00A0meta-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090analysis.\t \u00C2\u00A0Psychol\t \u00C2\u00A0Bull.\t \u00C2\u00A0133:725-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090746.\t \u00C2\u00A031.\t \u00C2\u00A0 Johnson\t \u00C2\u00A0LR,\t \u00C2\u00A0McGuire\t \u00C2\u00A0J,\t \u00C2\u00A0Lazarus\t \u00C2\u00A0R,\t \u00C2\u00A0Palmer\t \u00C2\u00A0AA\t \u00C2\u00A0(2012):\t \u00C2\u00A0Pavlovian\t \u00C2\u00A0fear\t \u00C2\u00A0memory\t \u00C2\u00A0circuits\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0phenotype\t \u00C2\u00A0models\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD.\t \u00C2\u00A0Neuropharmacology.\t \u00C2\u00A062:638-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090646.\t \u00C2\u00A032.\t \u00C2\u00A0 Koenigs\t \u00C2\u00A0M,\t \u00C2\u00A0Grafman\t \u00C2\u00A0J\t \u00C2\u00A0(2009):\t \u00C2\u00A0Posttraumatic\t \u00C2\u00A0stress\t \u00C2\u00A0disorder:\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0role\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0medial\t \u00C2\u00A0prefrontal\t \u00C2\u00A0cortex\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0amygdala.\t \u00C2\u00A0Neuroscientist.\t \u00C2\u00A015:540-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090548.\t \u00C2\u00A033.\t \u00C2\u00A0 Jovanovic\t \u00C2\u00A0T,\t \u00C2\u00A0Kazama\t \u00C2\u00A0A,\t \u00C2\u00A0Bachevalier\t \u00C2\u00A0J,\t \u00C2\u00A0Davis\t \u00C2\u00A0M\t \u00C2\u00A0(2012):\t \u00C2\u00A0Impaired\t \u00C2\u00A0safety\t \u00C2\u00A0signal\t \u00C2\u00A0learning\t \u00C2\u00A0may\t \u00C2\u00A0be\t \u00C2\u00A0a\t \u00C2\u00A0biomarker\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD.\t \u00C2\u00A0Neuropharmacology.\t \u00C2\u00A062:695-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090704.\t \u00C2\u00A034.\t \u00C2\u00A0 Skelton\t \u00C2\u00A0K,\t \u00C2\u00A0Ressler\t \u00C2\u00A0KJ,\t \u00C2\u00A0Norrholm\t \u00C2\u00A0SD,\t \u00C2\u00A0Jovanovic\t \u00C2\u00A0T,\t \u00C2\u00A0Bradley-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090Davino\t \u00C2\u00A0B\t \u00C2\u00A0(2012):\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0gene\t \u00C2\u00A0variants:\t \u00C2\u00A0new\t \u00C2\u00A0pathways\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0new\t \u00C2\u00A0thinking.\t \u00C2\u00A0Neuropharmacology.\t \u00C2\u00A062:628-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090637.\t \u00C2\u00A035.\t \u00C2\u00A0 Herringa\t \u00C2\u00A0R,\t \u00C2\u00A0Phillips\t \u00C2\u00A0M,\t \u00C2\u00A0Almeida\t \u00C2\u00A0J,\t \u00C2\u00A0Insana\t \u00C2\u00A0S,\t \u00C2\u00A0Germain\t \u00C2\u00A0A\t \u00C2\u00A0(2012):\t \u00C2\u00A0Post-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090traumatic\t \u00C2\u00A0stress\t \u00C2\u00A0symptoms\t \u00C2\u00A0correlate\t \u00C2\u00A0with\t \u00C2\u00A0smaller\t \u00C2\u00A0subgenual\t \u00C2\u00A0cingulate,\t \u00C2\u00A0caudate,\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0insula\t \u00C2\u00A0volumes\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0unmedicated\t \u00C2\u00A0combat\t \u00C2\u00A0veterans.\t \u00C2\u00A0Psychiatry\t \u00C2\u00A0Res.\t \u00C2\u00A0203:139-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090145.\t \u00C2\u00A036.\t \u00C2\u00A0 Tuescher\t \u00C2\u00A0O,\t \u00C2\u00A0Protopopescu\t \u00C2\u00A0X,\t \u00C2\u00A0Pan\t \u00C2\u00A0H,\t \u00C2\u00A0Cloitre\t \u00C2\u00A0M,\t \u00C2\u00A0Butler\t \u00C2\u00A0T,\t \u00C2\u00A0Goldstein\t \u00C2\u00A0M,\t \u00C2\u00A0et\t \u00C2\u00A0al.\t \u00C2\u00A0(2011):\t \u00C2\u00A0Differential\t \u00C2\u00A0activity\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0subgenual\t \u00C2\u00A0cingulate\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0brainstem\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0panic\t \u00C2\u00A0disorder\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD.\t \u00C2\u00A0J\t \u00C2\u00A0Anxiety\t \u00C2\u00A0Disord.\t \u00C2\u00A025:251-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090257.\t \u00C2\u00A037.\t \u00C2\u00A0 Heinz\t \u00C2\u00A0A,\t \u00C2\u00A0Braus\t \u00C2\u00A0DF,\t \u00C2\u00A0Smolka\t \u00C2\u00A0MN,\t \u00C2\u00A0Wrase\t \u00C2\u00A0J,\t \u00C2\u00A0Puls\t \u00C2\u00A0I,\t \u00C2\u00A0Hermann\t \u00C2\u00A0D,\t \u00C2\u00A0et\t \u00C2\u00A0al.\t \u00C2\u00A0(2005):\t \u00C2\u00A0Amygdala-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090prefrontal\t \u00C2\u00A0coupling\t \u00C2\u00A0depends\t \u00C2\u00A0on\t \u00C2\u00A0a\t \u00C2\u00A0genetic\t \u00C2\u00A0variation\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0serotonin\t \u00C2\u00A0transporter.\t \u00C2\u00A0Nat\t \u00C2\u00A0Neurosci.\t \u00C2\u00A08:20-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u009021.\t \u00C2\u00A038.\t \u00C2\u00A0 Moustafa\t \u00C2\u00A0AA,\t \u00C2\u00A0Gilbertson\t \u00C2\u00A0MW,\t \u00C2\u00A0Orr\t \u00C2\u00A0SP,\t \u00C2\u00A0Herzallah\t \u00C2\u00A0MM,\t \u00C2\u00A0Servatius\t \u00C2\u00A0RJ,\t \u00C2\u00A0Myers\t \u00C2\u00A0CE\t \u00C2\u00A0(2013):\t \u00C2\u00A0A\t \u00C2\u00A0model\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0amygdala-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090hippocampal-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090prefrontal\t \u00C2\u00A0interaction\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0fear\t \u00C2\u00A0conditioning\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0extinction\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0animals.\t \u00C2\u00A0Brain\t \u00C2\u00A0Cogn.\t \u00C2\u00A081:29-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u009043.\t \u00C2\u00A0Enhanced\t \u00C2\u00A0tuning\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0combat\t \u00C2\u00A0cues\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0soldiers\t \u00C2\u00A0with\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD\t \u00C2\u00A0Todd\t \u00C2\u00A0et\t \u00C2\u00A0al.,\t \u00C2\u00A019\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A039.\t \u00C2\u00A0 Rauch\t \u00C2\u00A0SL,\t \u00C2\u00A0Shin\t \u00C2\u00A0LM,\t \u00C2\u00A0Phelps\t \u00C2\u00A0EA\t \u00C2\u00A0(2006):\t \u00C2\u00A0Neurocircuitry\t \u00C2\u00A0models\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0posttraumatic\t \u00C2\u00A0stress\t \u00C2\u00A0disorder\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0extinction:\t \u00C2\u00A0human\t \u00C2\u00A0neuroimaging\t \u00C2\u00A0research-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090past,\t \u00C2\u00A0present,\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0future.\t \u00C2\u00A0Biol\t \u00C2\u00A0Psychiatry.\t \u00C2\u00A060:376-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090382.\t \u00C2\u00A040.\t \u00C2\u00A0 Shin\t \u00C2\u00A0LM,\t \u00C2\u00A0Rauch\t \u00C2\u00A0SL,\t \u00C2\u00A0Pitman\t \u00C2\u00A0RK\t \u00C2\u00A0(2006):\t \u00C2\u00A0Amygdala,\t \u00C2\u00A0medial\t \u00C2\u00A0prefrontal\t \u00C2\u00A0cortex,\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0hippocampal\t \u00C2\u00A0function\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD.\t \u00C2\u00A0Ann\t \u00C2\u00A0N\t \u00C2\u00A0Y\t \u00C2\u00A0Acad\t \u00C2\u00A0Sci.\t \u00C2\u00A01071:67-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u009079.\t \u00C2\u00A041.\t \u00C2\u00A0 Etkin\t \u00C2\u00A0A,\t \u00C2\u00A0Egner\t \u00C2\u00A0T,\t \u00C2\u00A0Kalisch\t \u00C2\u00A0R\t \u00C2\u00A0(2011):\t \u00C2\u00A0Emotional\t \u00C2\u00A0processing\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0anterior\t \u00C2\u00A0cingulate\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0medial\t \u00C2\u00A0prefrontal\t \u00C2\u00A0cortex.\t \u00C2\u00A0Trends\t \u00C2\u00A0Cogn\t \u00C2\u00A0Sci.\t \u00C2\u00A015:85-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u009093.\t \u00C2\u00A042.\t \u00C2\u00A0 Ochsner\t \u00C2\u00A0KN,\t \u00C2\u00A0Ray\t \u00C2\u00A0RD,\t \u00C2\u00A0Cooper\t \u00C2\u00A0JC,\t \u00C2\u00A0Robertson\t \u00C2\u00A0ER,\t \u00C2\u00A0Chopra\t \u00C2\u00A0S,\t \u00C2\u00A0Gabrieli\t \u00C2\u00A0JD,\t \u00C2\u00A0et\t \u00C2\u00A0al.\t \u00C2\u00A0(2004):\t \u00C2\u00A0For\t \u00C2\u00A0better\t \u00C2\u00A0or\t \u00C2\u00A0for\t \u00C2\u00A0worse:\t \u00C2\u00A0neural\t \u00C2\u00A0systems\t \u00C2\u00A0supporting\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0cognitive\t \u00C2\u00A0down-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0up-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090regulation\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0negative\t \u00C2\u00A0emotion.\t \u00C2\u00A0Neuroimage.\t \u00C2\u00A023:483-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090499.\t \u00C2\u00A043.\t \u00C2\u00A0 Sergent\t \u00C2\u00A0C,\t \u00C2\u00A0Baillet\t \u00C2\u00A0S,\t \u00C2\u00A0Dehaene\t \u00C2\u00A0S\t \u00C2\u00A0(2005):\t \u00C2\u00A0Timing\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0brain\t \u00C2\u00A0events\t \u00C2\u00A0underlying\t \u00C2\u00A0access\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0consciousness\t \u00C2\u00A0during\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0attentional\t \u00C2\u00A0blink.\t \u00C2\u00A0Nature\t \u00C2\u00A0Neuroscience.\t \u00C2\u00A08:1391-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u00901400.\t \u00C2\u00A044.\t \u00C2\u00A0 Kringelbach\t \u00C2\u00A0ML\t \u00C2\u00A0(2005):\t \u00C2\u00A0The\t \u00C2\u00A0human\t \u00C2\u00A0orbitofrontal\t \u00C2\u00A0cortex:\t \u00C2\u00A0linking\t \u00C2\u00A0reward\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0hedonic\t \u00C2\u00A0experience.\t \u00C2\u00A0Nature\t \u00C2\u00A0reviews\t \u00C2\u00A0Neuroscience.\t \u00C2\u00A06:691-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090702.\t \u00C2\u00A045.\t \u00C2\u00A0 Rudebeck\t \u00C2\u00A0PH,\t \u00C2\u00A0Saunders\t \u00C2\u00A0RC,\t \u00C2\u00A0Prescott\t \u00C2\u00A0AT,\t \u00C2\u00A0Chau\t \u00C2\u00A0LS,\t \u00C2\u00A0Murray\t \u00C2\u00A0EA\t \u00C2\u00A0(2013):\t \u00C2\u00A0Prefrontal\t \u00C2\u00A0mechanisms\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0behavioral\t \u00C2\u00A0flexibility,\t \u00C2\u00A0emotion\t \u00C2\u00A0regulation\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0value\t \u00C2\u00A0updating.\t \u00C2\u00A0Nature\t \u00C2\u00A0Neuroscience.\t \u00C2\u00A016:1140-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u00901145.\t \u00C2\u00A046.\t \u00C2\u00A0 Schoenbaum\t \u00C2\u00A0G,\t \u00C2\u00A0Roesch\t \u00C2\u00A0MR,\t \u00C2\u00A0Stalnaker\t \u00C2\u00A0TA,\t \u00C2\u00A0Takahashi\t \u00C2\u00A0YK\t \u00C2\u00A0(2009):\t \u00C2\u00A0A\t \u00C2\u00A0new\t \u00C2\u00A0perspective\t \u00C2\u00A0on\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0role\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0orbitofrontal\t \u00C2\u00A0cortex\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0adaptive\t \u00C2\u00A0behaviour.\t \u00C2\u00A0Nature\t \u00C2\u00A0reviews\t \u00C2\u00A0Neuroscience.\t \u00C2\u00A010:885-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090892.\t \u00C2\u00A047.\t \u00C2\u00A0 Ginzburg\t \u00C2\u00A0K,\t \u00C2\u00A0Ein-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090Dor\t \u00C2\u00A0T,\t \u00C2\u00A0Solomon\t \u00C2\u00A0Z\t \u00C2\u00A0(2010):\t \u00C2\u00A0Comorbidity\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0posttraumatic\t \u00C2\u00A0stress\t \u00C2\u00A0disorder,\t \u00C2\u00A0anxiety\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0depression:\t \u00C2\u00A0a\t \u00C2\u00A020-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090year\t \u00C2\u00A0longitudinal\t \u00C2\u00A0study\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0war\t \u00C2\u00A0veterans.\t \u00C2\u00A0J\t \u00C2\u00A0Affect\t \u00C2\u00A0Disord.\t \u00C2\u00A0123:249-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090257.\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0 \t \u00C2\u00A0Enhanced\t \u00C2\u00A0tuning\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0combat\t \u00C2\u00A0cues\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0soldiers\t \u00C2\u00A0with\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD\t \u00C2\u00A0Todd\t \u00C2\u00A0et\t \u00C2\u00A0al.,\t \u00C2\u00A020\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0Figure\t \u00C2\u00A0Captions\t \u00C2\u00A0Figure\t \u00C2\u00A01.\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0Example\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0attentional\t \u00C2\u00A0blink\t \u00C2\u00A0task\t \u00C2\u00A0with\t \u00C2\u00A0a\t \u00C2\u00A0combat-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090related\t \u00C2\u00A0word\t \u00C2\u00A0at\t \u00C2\u00A0T2.\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0Figure\t \u00C2\u00A02.\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0Behavioural\t \u00C2\u00A0results.\t \u00C2\u00A0(A)\t \u00C2\u00A0Arousal\t \u00C2\u00A0rating\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0(B)\t \u00C2\u00A0T2\t \u00C2\u00A0accuracy\t \u00C2\u00A0for\t \u00C2\u00A0combat-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090related\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0neutral\t \u00C2\u00A0words\t \u00C2\u00A0for\t \u00C2\u00A0soldiers\t \u00C2\u00A0with\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD,\t \u00C2\u00A0soldiers\t \u00C2\u00A0without\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0combat-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090na\u00C3\u00AFve\t \u00C2\u00A0controls.\t \u00C2\u00A0(C)\t \u00C2\u00A0Correlations\t \u00C2\u00A0between\t \u00C2\u00A0T2\t \u00C2\u00A0combat-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090word\t \u00C2\u00A0sparing\t \u00C2\u00A0(accuracy\t \u00C2\u00A0for\t \u00C2\u00A0combat\t \u00C2\u00A0words\t \u00C2\u00A0>\t \u00C2\u00A0neutral\t \u00C2\u00A0words)\t \u00C2\u00A0and:\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0GAD-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u00907\t \u00C2\u00A0score\t \u00C2\u00A0as\t \u00C2\u00A0a\t \u00C2\u00A0measure\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0anxiety\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD\t \u00C2\u00A0group\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0military\t \u00C2\u00A0controls\t \u00C2\u00A0(left);\t \u00C2\u00A0PHQ9\t \u00C2\u00A0score\t \u00C2\u00A0as\t \u00C2\u00A0a\t \u00C2\u00A0measure\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0depression\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD\t \u00C2\u00A0group\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0military\t \u00C2\u00A0controls\t \u00C2\u00A0(middle);\t \u00C2\u00A0PCL\t \u00C2\u00A0score\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD\t \u00C2\u00A0group\t \u00C2\u00A0as\t \u00C2\u00A0a\t \u00C2\u00A0measure\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD\t \u00C2\u00A0symptoms\t \u00C2\u00A0(right).\t \u00C2\u00A0Enhanced\t \u00C2\u00A0tuning\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0combat\t \u00C2\u00A0cues\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0soldiers\t \u00C2\u00A0with\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD\t \u00C2\u00A0Todd\t \u00C2\u00A0et\t \u00C2\u00A0al.,\t \u00C2\u00A021\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0Figure\t \u00C2\u00A03.\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0Global-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090field\t \u00C2\u00A0power\t \u00C2\u00A0(GFP,\t \u00C2\u00A0or\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0root\t \u00C2\u00A0mean\t \u00C2\u00A0square\t \u00C2\u00A0power\t \u00C2\u00A0over\t \u00C2\u00A0a\t \u00C2\u00A0set\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0sensors)\t \u00C2\u00A0plots\t \u00C2\u00A0from\t \u00C2\u00A0frontal\t \u00C2\u00A0sensors\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0a\t \u00C2\u00A0time\t \u00C2\u00A0window\t \u00C2\u00A0ranging\t \u00C2\u00A0from\t \u00C2\u00A0-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090200\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0600ms.\t \u00C2\u00A0The\t \u00C2\u00A0P3\t \u00C2\u00A0component\t \u00C2\u00A0seen\t \u00C2\u00A0at\t \u00C2\u00A0around\t \u00C2\u00A0400ms\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0both\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0non-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090PTSD\t \u00C2\u00A0groups\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0hits\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0not\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0misses,\t \u00C2\u00A0is\t \u00C2\u00A0larger\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD\t \u00C2\u00A0group.\t \u00C2\u00A0Enhanced\t \u00C2\u00A0tuning\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0combat\t \u00C2\u00A0cues\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0soldiers\t \u00C2\u00A0with\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD\t \u00C2\u00A0Todd\t \u00C2\u00A0et\t \u00C2\u00A0al.,\t \u00C2\u00A022\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0Figure\t \u00C2\u00A04.\t \u00C2\u00A0Locations\t \u00C2\u00A0where\t \u00C2\u00A0significantly\t \u00C2\u00A0greater\t \u00C2\u00A0activations\t \u00C2\u00A0were\t \u00C2\u00A0observed\t \u00C2\u00A0for\t \u00C2\u00A0emotional\t \u00C2\u00A0sparing\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0combat-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090related\t \u00C2\u00A0words\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD\t \u00C2\u00A0compared\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0non-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090PTSD\t \u00C2\u00A0soldiers\t \u00C2\u00A0(red/orange)\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0when\t \u00C2\u00A0greater\t \u00C2\u00A0activations\t \u00C2\u00A0were\t \u00C2\u00A0observed\t \u00C2\u00A0for\t \u00C2\u00A0non-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090PTSD\t \u00C2\u00A0soldiers\t \u00C2\u00A0compared\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0those\t \u00C2\u00A0with\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD\t \u00C2\u00A0(blue).\t \u00C2\u00A0Enhanced\t \u00C2\u00A0tuning\t \u00C2\u00A0to\t \u00C2\u00A0combat\t \u00C2\u00A0cues\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0soldiers\t \u00C2\u00A0with\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD\t \u00C2\u00A0Todd\t \u00C2\u00A0et\t \u00C2\u00A0al.,\t \u00C2\u00A023\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0Tables\t \u00C2\u00A0Table\t \u00C2\u00A01.\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0Participant\t \u00C2\u00A0demographics\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD\t \u00C2\u00A0 Military\t \u00C2\u00A0Controls\t \u00C2\u00A0 Non-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090military\t \u00C2\u00A0controls\t \u00C2\u00A0n\t \u00C2\u00A0 22\t \u00C2\u00A0 22\t \u00C2\u00A0 24\t \u00C2\u00A0age\t \u00C2\u00A0 37.6\t \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00B1\t \u00C2\u00A06.8\t \u00C2\u00A0year*\t \u00C2\u00A0 32.4\t \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00B1\t \u00C2\u00A04.3\t \u00C2\u00A0years\t \u00C2\u00A0 28.1\t \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00B1\t \u00C2\u00A05.8\t \u00C2\u00A0years\t \u00C2\u00A0handedness\t \u00C2\u00A0 17\t \u00C2\u00A0right\t \u00C2\u00A0/\t \u00C2\u00A05\t \u00C2\u00A0left\t \u00C2\u00A0 18\t \u00C2\u00A0right\t \u00C2\u00A0/\t \u00C2\u00A03\t \u00C2\u00A0left\t \u00C2\u00A0/\t \u00C2\u00A01\t \u00C2\u00A0ambi\t \u00C2\u00A0 23\t \u00C2\u00A0right\t \u00C2\u00A0/\t \u00C2\u00A01\t \u00C2\u00A0left\t \u00C2\u00A0WASI\t \u00C2\u00A0 108.8\t \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00B1\t \u00C2\u00A013.9^\t \u00C2\u00A0 117.1\t \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00B1\t \u00C2\u00A014.5\t \u00C2\u00A0 115.7\t \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00B1\t \u00C2\u00A07.9\t \u00C2\u00A0AUDIT\t \u00C2\u00A0 8.2\t \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00B1\t \u00C2\u00A07.5\t \u00C2\u00A0 5.6\t \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00B1\t \u00C2\u00A03.6\t \u00C2\u00A0 5.6\t \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00B1\t \u00C2\u00A05.0\t \u00C2\u00A0GAD-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u00907\t \u00C2\u00A0 15.4\t \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00B1\t \u00C2\u00A04.1*\t \u00C2\u00A0 2.0\t \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00B1\t \u00C2\u00A01.9\t \u00C2\u00A0 2.9\t \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00B1\t \u00C2\u00A04.4\t \u00C2\u00A0PHQ9\t \u00C2\u00A0 17.4\t \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00B1\t \u00C2\u00A04.5*\t \u00C2\u00A0 2.0\t \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00B1\t \u00C2\u00A02.3\t \u00C2\u00A0 2.4\t \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00B1\t \u00C2\u00A04.7\t \u00C2\u00A0^p=0.057;\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0*p<0.005\t \u00C2\u00A0for\t \u00C2\u00A0t-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090test\t \u00C2\u00A0between\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0military\t \u00C2\u00A0control\t \u00C2\u00A0groups\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0Table\t \u00C2\u00A02.\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0Brain\t \u00C2\u00A0regions\t \u00C2\u00A0associated\t \u00C2\u00A0with\t \u00C2\u00A0between-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090group\t \u00C2\u00A0differences\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0combat-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090word\t \u00C2\u00A0sparing\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A050ms\t \u00C2\u00A0windows\t \u00C2\u00A0for\t \u00C2\u00A0soldiers\t \u00C2\u00A0with\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0without\t \u00C2\u00A0PTSD\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0"@en . "Article"@en . "Postprint"@en . "10.14288/1.0355683"@en . "eng"@en . "Reviewed"@en . "Vancouver : University of British Columbia Library"@en . "Elsevier"@en . "10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.05.011"@en . "Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International"@* . "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/"@* . "Faculty"@en . "Researcher"@en . "Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)"@en . "Soldiers"@en . "Magnetoencephalography (MEG)"@en . "Beamforming"@en . "Attentional blink"@en . "Affect-biased attention"@en . "Attentional bias"@en . "Soldiers with PTSD see a world full of threat : MEG reveals enhanced tuning to combat-related cues"@en . "Text"@en . "http://hdl.handle.net/2429/63069"@en .