"Science, Faculty of"@en . "Physics and Astronomy, Department of"@en . "DSpace"@en . "Herriot, Glen; Hickson, Paul; Ellerbroek, Brent L.; Andersen, David A.; Davidge, Timothy; Erickson, David A.; Powell, Ian P.; Clare, Richard M.; Smith, Malcolm; Saddlemyer, Leslie: and J.-P. Veran, NFIRAOS: TMT facility adaptive optics with conventional DMs. Astronomical Adaptive Optics Systems and Applications II, edited by Robert K. Tyson, Michael Lloyd-Hart. Proceedings of SPIE Volume 5903, 590302, 2005."@en . "Hickson, Paul"@en . "Hickson, Paul"@en . "2011-09-20T17:06:05Z"@en . "2005"@en . "Although many of the instruments planned for the TMT (Thirty Meter Telescope) have their own closely-coupled adaptive optics systems, \nTMT will also have a facility Adaptive Optics (AO) system feeding three instruments on the Nasmyth platform. For this Narrow-Field \nInfrared Adaptive Optics System, NFIRAOS (pronounced nefarious), the TMT project considered two architectures. One, described in this \npaper, employs conventional deformable mirrors with large diameters of about 300 mm and this is the reference design adopted by the \nTMT project. An alternative design based on MEMS was also studied, and is being presented separately in this conference. The \nrequirements for NFIRAOS include 0.8-5 microns wavelength range, 30 arcsecond diameter output field of view (FOV), excellent sky \ncoverage, and diffraction-limited atmospheric turbulence compensation (specified at 133 nm RMS including residual telescope and science \ninstrument errors.) The reference design for NFIRAOS includes multiple sodium laser guide stars over a 70 arcsecond FOV, and an infrared \ntip/tilt/focus/astigmatism natural guide star sensor within instruments. Larger telescopes require greater deformable mirror (DM) stroke. \nAlthough initially NFIRAOS will correct a 10 arcsecond science field, it uses two deformable mirrors in series, partly to provide sufficient \nstroke for atmospheric correction over the 30 m telescope aperture, but mainly to partially correct a 2 arcminute diameter \"technical\" \nfield to sharpen near-IR natural guide stars and improve sky coverage. The planned upgrade to full performance includes replacing the \nground conjugated DM with a higher actuator density, and using a deformable telescope secondary mirror as a \"woofer.\" NFIRAOS incorporates \nan instrument rotator and selection of three live instruments: a near-Infrared integral field Imaging spectrograph, a near-infrared echelle \nspectrograph, and after upgrading NFIRAOS to full multi-conjugation, a wide field (30 arcsecond) infrared camera.\n\n\nCopyright 2005 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers. \nOne print or electronic copy may be made for personal use only. Systematic reproduction and distribution, \nduplication of any material in this paper for a fee or for commercial purposes, or modification of the content of the paper are prohibited."@en . "https://circle.library.ubc.ca/rest/handle/2429/37485?expand=metadata"@en . " NFIRAOS: TMT facility adaptive optics with conventional DMs Glen Herriota, Paul Hicksonb, B. L. Ellerbroekc, D.A. Andersena, T. Davidgea, D. A. Ericksona, I. P. Powella, R. Clarec, M. Smitha, L. Saddlemyera, J-P V\u00C3\u00A9rana, aNational Research Council Canada \u00E2\u0080\u0093 Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics (Canada) bUniversity of British Columbia (Canada) cThirty Meter Telescope Project, Pasadena CA ABSTRACT Although many of the instruments planned for the TMT (Thirty Meter Telescope) have their own closely-coupled adap- tive optics systems, TMT will also have a facility Adaptive Optics (AO) system feeding three instruments on the Nas- myth platform. For this Narrow-Field Infrared Adaptive Optics System, NFIRAOS (pronounced nefarious), the TMT project considered two architectures. One, described in this paper, employs conventional deformable mirrors with large diameters of about 300 mm and this is the reference design adopted by the TMT project. An alternative design based on MEMS was also studied, and is being presented separately in this conference. The requirements for NFIRAOS include 0.8-5 microns wavelength range, 30 arcsecond diameter output field of view (FOV), excellent sky coverage, and dif- fraction-limited atmospheric turbulence compensation (specified at 133 nm RMS including residual telescope and sci- ence instrument errors.) The reference design for NFIRAOS includes multiple sodium laser guide stars over a 70 arcsecond FOV, and an infrared tip/tilt/focus/astigmatism natural guide star sensor within instruments. Larger tele- scopes require greater deformable mirror (DM) stroke. Although initially NFIRAOS will correct a 10 arcsecond science field, it uses two deformable mirrors in series, partly to provide sufficient stroke for atmospheric correction over the 30 m telescope aperture, but mainly to partially correct a 2 arcminute diameter \u00E2\u0080\u009Ctechnical\u00E2\u0080\u009D field to sharpen near-IR natural guide stars and improve sky coverage. The planned upgrade to full performance includes replacing the ground- conjugated DM with a higher actuator density, and using a deformable telescope secondary mirror as a \u00E2\u0080\u009Cwoofer.\u00E2\u0080\u009D NFIRAOS incorporates an instrument rotator and selection of three live instruments: a near-Infrared integral field Im- aging spectrograph, a near-infrared echelle spectrograph, and after upgrading NFIRAOS to full multi-conjugation, a wide field (30 arcsecond) infrared camera. Keywords: TMT, Thirty Meter Telescope, adaptive optics, NFIRAOS 1. INTRODUCTION The Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT) project is a public-private partnership that fulfills the goals of a concept called the Giant Segmented Mirror Telescope (GSMT), which was identified in the National Academy of Sciences report \u00E2\u0080\u009CAs- tronomy and Astrophysics in the New Millennium\u00E2\u0080\u009D as the highest-priority new ground-based facility for the first decade of the 21st century. The TMT project is a collaboration of Caltech, University of California (UC), the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA), and the Association of Canadian Universities for Research in Astron- omy (ACURA). The goal of the TMT project is to construct an extremely large telescope based on over 700 hexagonal- shaped mirror segments that stretch a total of 30 meters in diameter. Such a telescope also needs adaptive optics systems that compensate for natural distortions of the incoming light by Earth\u00E2\u0080\u0099s atmosphere and huge science instruments con- taining dozens of mirrors, detectors, and complex filters. The TMT will gather light in visible and infrared wavelengths to help astronomers answer the most challenging questions in astronomy and astrophysics, from \u00E2\u0080\u009CHow do planets form?\u00E2\u0080\u009D to \u00E2\u0080\u009CWhat is the ultimate fate of our galaxy?\u00E2\u0080\u009D The founding members of the TMT formalized their partnership in June 2003, with the goal of beginning full science operations of the telescope as early as 2015, on a site to be chosen in 2007. Funding for the project is expected to be a mix of public and private contributions, with a significant fraction of open community access to the resulting observing time for astronomers in the United States and Canada. Astronomical Adaptive Optics Systems and Applications II, edited by Robert K. Tyson, Michael Lloyd-Hart, Proceedings of SPIE Vol. 5903, 590302, (2005) \u00C2\u00B7 0277-786X/05/$15 \u00C2\u00B7 doi: 10.1117/12.617849 Proc. of SPIE Vol. 5903 590302-1 Downloaded from SPIE Digital Library on 20 Sep 2011 to 137.82.117.28. Terms of Use: http://spiedl.org/terms 4 1.1. The Thirty Meter Telescope Project The Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT) Project (See www.tmt.org) is currently in the design and development phase. A reference design for the telescope has been developed with the following key features: - A 30 meter f/1 filled aperture primary with more than 700 hexagonal mirror segments, each actively con- trolled with edge sensors and 3 actuators providing tip/tilt/piston compensation. - An f/15 final focus. - A Gregorian secondary mirror (M2) approximately 3.6 m in diameter. - A field of view of 20 arcminutes. - The elevation axis in front of the primary mirror - Large Nasmyth platforms fed by an articulated tertiary mirror (M3) - Wavelength coverage from 0.31 to 28 microns - Operational zenith angle range from 1 to 65 degrees from zenith - Both seeing limited and adaptive optics observing modes TMT will be commissioned with a rigid secondary mirror. However, as soon as practical after first light, it is planned to upgrade to an adaptive secondary mirror. Figure 1 Thirty Meter Telescope with instruments on Nasmyth platforms Sites in both hemispheres are under consideration, with a vigourous site survey programme underway to assess key en- vironmental parameters. 1.2. TMT AO Program NFIRAOS must feed a suite of instruments, work seamlessly with the observatory, and preserve flexibility for the fu- ture. It is part of the overall TMT program for adaptive optics managed by Brent Ellerbroek of the TMT project office in Pasadena. The TMT instrument program is managed by David Crampton, NRC-HIA in Victoria. The adaptive optics program includes component development projects and feasibility studies for items like deformable mirrors, wave-front sensor (WFS) detectors, real time computers, and adaptive secondary mirrors. As well, feasibility studies of several Proc. of SPIE Vol. 5903 590302-2 Downloaded from SPIE Digital Library on 20 Sep 2011 to 137.82.117.28. Terms of Use: http://spiedl.org/terms specialized AO systems, intimately married to specific science instruments are underway. See the Ellerbroek paper in this conference. AO System Feeding Instrument IRIS Integral Field Spectrograph 1- 2.5 \u00C2\u00B5m NIRES Near infrared Echelle spectrograph 1-5 \u00C2\u00B5m NFIRAOS Narrow Field Infra-red adaptive optics system. WIRC Wide field (30\u00E2\u0080\u009D) near-infrared imager 1- 5 \u00C2\u00B5m MIRAO Mid-infrared adaptive optics MIRES Mid-infrared Echelle Spectrograph 5 \u00E2\u0080\u0093 28 \u00C2\u00B5m ExAO Extreme Contrast adaptive optics PFI Planet formation imager MOAO Multi-object adaptive optics. Open-loop correction of individual science fields within 5-arcminute field of view. IRMOS Infrared multi-object spectrograph. Multiple deployable IFU spectrograph 1- 2.5 \u00C2\u00B5m Table 1 TMT AO & Instruments 1.3. Narrow-Field Infrared Adaptive Optics System, NFIRAOS Currently, the National Research Council of Canada\u00E2\u0080\u0099s Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics is contracted to conduct a conceptual design study for NFIRAOS, in close collaboration with the TMT project office. This concept study ends with a conceptual design review in April 2006. There is only a single conceptual study for NFIRAOS, which is planned to stay slightly ahead of instruments\u00E2\u0080\u0099 design and development throughout the project. Because it is a key first-light fa- cility of TMT, modelling, error budget, and interfaces are directed from the project office. The TMT Project will de- velop & supply detectors, DMs, high-speed electronics to NFIRAOS. The conceptual study will provide costing esti- mates for NFIRAOS as input to the overall TMT Costing Review in the 3rd quarter of 2006. Figure 2 NFIRAOS Layout NFIRAOS will be the main facility adaptive optics system for TMT. NIFIRAOS will provide near diffraction-limited compensation of atmospheric turbulence using laser guide star adaptive optics. It will have opto-mechanical interfaces with three narrow-field (10\u00E2\u0080\u009D - 30\u00E2\u0080\u009D), near infra-red science instruments and reside on the TMT Nasmyth platform. It has software and control interfaces with the Observatory Control, Telescope Control, and Data Handling Systems. Its adap- tive optics control functions will be integrated with the Laser Guide Star Facility, the Secondary Mirror Control System, Instrument interface structure To Instru- ment Electronics enclosure Telescope Beam To Instru- ment Optics En- closure Proc. of SPIE Vol. 5903 590302-3 Downloaded from SPIE Digital Library on 20 Sep 2011 to 137.82.117.28. Terms of Use: http://spiedl.org/terms and on-instrument wavefront sensors included within science instruments. To maximize sky coverage, these sensors will detect near infra-red. Instruments will have either multiple natural guide star tip/tilt sensors, or single tip/tilt/focus/astigmatism (i.e. 2x2 SH) wavefront sensors. The current plans are to deliver a baseline NFIRAOS that corrects a 10 arcsecond field for astronomy, but which also moderately corrects a 2-arcminute diameter technical field for this natural guide star wavefront sensing. NFIRAOS will be also be upgradeable to a multi-conjugate AO system that corrects a wider science field (30 arcsecond) for a near infra-red science instrument, planned to be an imager. 2. NFIRAOS FUNCTIONALITY & PERFORMANCE Figure 3 shows part of TMT\u00E2\u0080\u0099s Nasmyth platform with NFIRAOS accepting an f/15 input beam from the telescope and directing the corrected light to one of three instruments. Switching between instruments shall require no more than 10 minutes during nighttime observing. Figure 3 NFIRAOS shown on part of Nasmyth platform with three instruments NFIRAOS is intended principally for laser guide star operation, to provide 50% sky coverage at the galactic pole with near-diffraction limited performance, defined, under nominal seeing of r0 = 0.15 m in the observing direction, to be 120 nm rms wavefront error on-axis, and 133 nm rms over a thirty arcsecond field of view. This latter field of view and level of image quality is not expected at first light, but after upgrading the deformable mirrors. Furthermore it assumes an isoplanatic angle (\u00CE\u00B80) of 2.5 arcsecond, which is an estimate before substantial site survey data has been obtained. The technical, or patrol field for Natural guide star sensing is sufficiently large (currently 2 arcminutes diameter) to achieve the required sky coverage because NFIRAOS relies on moderate image sharpening (expected Strehl ~ 0.1) of near-IR natural guide stars by the two deformable mirrors. To that end, the control system, while optimized over the science field, operates as \u00E2\u0080\u009CMCAO-lite\u00E2\u0080\u009D to improve the measurement precision of the tip/tilt wavefront sensors. This entire technical field is fed to instruments for natural star wavefront sensing. NFIRAOS-fed instruments will include natural guide star (NGS) wavefront sensor(s) to provide fast guiding, calibrate focus biases in the laser guide star (LGS) WFS induced by variations in the range to the sodium layer, and also detect quadratic modes of focal anisoplanatism. The magnitude limit and integration time for this sensor(s) will be consistent 3 Instruments Input NFIRAOS Plan View Proc. of SPIE Vol. 5903 590302-4 Downloaded from SPIE Digital Library on 20 Sep 2011 to 137.82.117.28. Terms of Use: http://spiedl.org/terms with 50 per cent sky coverage at the galactic pole. Thus, typical operation will use LGS WFS within NFIRAOS blended with measurements from NGS IR wavefront sensors within instruments. It is proposed that instrument builders provide their choice of natural guide star sensing via either of \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 a single 2x2 Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 multiple tip/tilt sensors The first technique detects tip, tilt, focus and astigmatism, to break the degeneracy caused by atmospheric quadratic modes imperfectly sensed by laser guide stars. This uncertainty would cause image distortion, such as magnification errors and differential XY magnification. The latter multiple NGS approach choice directly senses tip/tilt at three stars throughout the field, perhaps by sub-array readout of an imaging detector. It avoids possible vignetting by pickoff mir- rors or losses due to dichroics, but as well as having poorer observing efficiency from acquiring multiple natural stars, it is less resistant to focus errors due to uncertainty in the altitude of the sodium layer. See section 5. NFIRAOS will use 5-9 Sodium laser guide stars with good beam quality (on the sky) and with a total power of ~100 W initially and ~400 W for the MCAO upgrade. The LGS WFSs will operate with a mean guide star range from 85 to 200 km and NFIRAOS will function at zenith angles from 0 to 60 degrees, and with values of r0 (in the direction of the ob- servation) as small as 0.10 m at \u00CE\u00BB = 0.5 \u00C2\u00B5m. NFIRAOS is required to operate without undue DM saturation or control instabilities. Thus TMT will procure deformable mirrors with stroke amplitude six times the RMS actuator command necessary for turbulence compensation (5\u00CF\u0083 for atmosphere and 1 \u00CF\u0083 for margin.) 2.1 Calibration facilities NFIRAOS will include remotely deployable simulated NGS sources, and simulated LGS sources. These devices will be used to characterize and calibrate system performance, system alignment, deformable mirror to wavefront sensor influ- ence-functions, WFS detectors, and non-common path aberrations between the wavefront sensing and science optical paths. There will also be a manually inserted atmospheric turbulence simulator at the input focal plane. As a goal, the turbulence simulator will include multiple phase screens in planes conjugate to ranges between 0 and 10 km. NFIRAOS will also be usable with simulated NGS and LGS sources located at the prime focus of the telescope. NFIRAOS will compensate in real-time for variations in both NGS and LGS WFS gains and biases induced by changes in seeing, flexure and thermal effects and variations in the sodium layer density profile. NFIRAOS-fed instruments will include a \u00E2\u0080\u009Ctruth\u00E2\u0080\u009D sensor to measure and characterize loop performance on bright stars. For use without lasers, NFIRAOS-fed instruments will include a high-order NGS WFS to control the DMs. [This sensor might be the high-order NGS truth WFS, but operated at higher sample rate.] NFIRAOS will provide performance estimates usable for characterizing the AO-compensated point spread function (PSF) at the science instrument focal plane. As a goal, these estimates should be available in near-real-time in a format usable for optimizing the performance of the AO control loop. 2.2. Technical risk avoidance NFIRAOS will minimize dependence upon unproven AO component technologies. Thus, it will be operated with cur- rently demonstrated guide star laser pulse formats and piezostack deformable mirrors with actuator stroke and actuator density similar to existing mirrors. As well, NFIRAOS will use NGS and LGS wavefront sensors that are minimal extrapolations from existing detector technology in terms of read noise, pixel read rate, and number of pixels. However, we hope to use a novel radial format CCD for LGS sensing to help mitigate up to 4 arcseconds of spot elongation on outer subapertures. Rectangular subar- rays, notionally 16x4 pixels, will be placed non-contiguously across the CCD at each lenslet image, with the subarrays\u00E2\u0080\u0099 long axes aligned with the elongated laser spot. This geometry minimizes the number of pixels read out, but provides sufficient sampling to permit spot centroiding via correlation tracking or matched filtering, benefiting from structure in the sodium layer. Proc. of SPIE Vol. 5903 590302-5 Downloaded from SPIE Digital Library on 20 Sep 2011 to 137.82.117.28. Terms of Use: http://spiedl.org/terms 2.3. Upgrade Path to MCAO Recall that even the baseline 10\u00E2\u0080\u009D field of view NFIRAOS operates as a modest MCAO system, to improve sky cover- age. During this phase, it is expected that the TMT secondary mirror will be a rigid body with little tip/tilt bandwidth. The baseline NFIRAOS will have the following two DMs. 1) A ground-conjugated DM with 60 actuators across the 300 mm pupil, but with additional rings of unilluminated ac- tuators filling a 360 mm diameter circle. These actuators will have a stroke of at least 9 \u00C2\u00B5m. This mirror will be mounted on a tip/tilt platform with a 20 Hz tip/tilt bandwidth (and a goal of 40 Hz.) This specification is for the tip/tilt platform while tilting the DM, not the overall closed loop bandwidth of the control system. See modeling details in section 5 for control bandwidth estimates. 2) A DM conjugate to 12 km, with 60 actuators across the 360 mm beamprint of the 2 arcminute technical (NGS WFS) field of view. The upgrade to a 30\u00E2\u0080\u009D field corrected by Multi-conjugate adaptive optics is planned as follows: 1) Remove the ground-conjugated DM from the tip/tilt platform and discard it. 2) Install, at the conjugate to 0 km, a new DM with a <3 \u00C2\u00B5m stroke and 120 actuators across the pupil. 3) Upgrade the LGS WFS cameras to 120 subapertures across the pupil. 4) Replace the telescope secondary mirror with an adaptive secondary to act as a \u00E2\u0080\u009Cwoofer\u00E2\u0080\u009D for the new DM. 5) Quadruple the laser power. 3. OPTOMECHANICS The input beam from the telescope is 2 m above the Nasmyth platform, and focuses 5 m beyond the edge of the primary mirror. The output f/15 beam from NFIRAOS comes to a focus 750 mm beyond the side ports\u00E2\u0080\u0099 instrument mounting faces, and 600 mm above the upper port face. However, instrument snouts may intrude into NFIRAOS, providing 1 m back focal distance in every case. NFIRAOS includes an input window, and an airtight seal with each science instru- ment\u00E2\u0080\u0099s input window, and light-tight shutters at each window. The side ports are 3 m above the platform. Image de-rotation will be done within the side-facing narrow-field instru- ments by either a \u00E2\u0080\u009CK\u00E2\u0080\u009D mirror assembly, or by rotating the instrument about a horizontal axis. NFIRAOS provides a mounting face for an instrument rotator bearing at the top port. Notionally this is earmarked for WIRC, the 30\u00E2\u0080\u0099 imaging camera. Very preliminary estimates of masses are as follows: NFIRAOS 10 \u00E2\u0080\u0093 15 T, WIRC 10 T, IRIS 4 T, and NIRES 8 tonnes. NFIRAOS itself has dimensions 8.2 x 4.2 x 2.5 meters, but these will likely grow as the design is refined. The science wavelength range is 1.0-5.0 \u00C2\u00B5m, with a goal of 0.6-5.0 \u00C2\u00B5m. The optical throughput over this wavelength range should exceed 75%. The \u00E2\u0080\u009CBaseline\u00E2\u0080\u009D output science field of view is a 10 arcsecond square. The output science field will be corrected over a 30 arcsecond square for the MCAO \u00E2\u0080\u009CUpgrade.\u00E2\u0080\u009D The technical field of view (for 1.0-2.5 \u00C2\u00B5m natural guide star sensing) delivered to instruments is 2\u00E2\u0080\u0099 diameter. The optical design images the TMT secondary mirror at the ground-conjugate NFIRAOS deformable mirror. The design incorporates a high-order 60x60 piezostack DM, in series with a low-order (30-60 across pupil), large stroke \u00E2\u0080\u009Cwoofer\u00E2\u0080\u009D DM. The \u00E2\u0080\u009Cwoofer\u00E2\u0080\u009D is placed in a plane optically conjugate to h = 12 km to simplify the MCAO upgrade. The on-axis beam diameter is 0.30 m at both mirrors so that they may be in single optical relay. Figure 4 on the left shows the science optical path. Light from the telescope is collimated by an off-axis parabola, re- flects off the high altitude, and then ground conjugated DMs, passing through a beamsplitter before being reimaged by a matching OAP. Finally a steering mirror diverts the corrected light to one of three instrument ports. Figure 5 shows the laser guide star optics. A short-wave reflecting beamsplitter send the laser light off a fold and then to a replica of the off-axis parabola OAP2. A zoom collimator refocuses the sodium layer while compensating for aber- rations due to the finite and varying range distance. The laser beacons focus on a facetted mirror that acts as a field stop and diverts each beacon into its own stationary LGS camera with collimator, lenslet array and CCD. Proc. of SPIE Vol. 5903 590302-6 Downloaded from SPIE Digital Library on 20 Sep 2011 to 137.82.117.28. Terms of Use: http://spiedl.org/terms A Figure 4 Left: Science Path. Right: LGS WFSs cameras facing facetted mirror after last element of zoom Figure 5 Laser Guide star optics Left: isometric, Upper Right: plan view, Lower Right Side view. These optomechancal layouts have been done by Darren Erickson (mechanics) and Ian Powell (optics), starting from a previous optical design by Dick Buchroeder. 3.1 Commissioning Camera For integration and testing of NFIRAOS, there will be a commissioning camera, consisting of an IR-sensitive NGS WFS, and a small instantaneous field patrolling IR imager, available to be attached to one of the three NFIRAOS output ports. This will probably reside on the top port, which is intended for the imager, a second generation instrument. Side Port Side Port Top Port Input Focus DM h=12 km DM h=0 km B/S OAP2 OAP1 Instrument Selector zoom corrector LGS WFS cameras beamsplitter Proc. of SPIE Vol. 5903 590302-7 Downloaded from SPIE Digital Library on 20 Sep 2011 to 137.82.117.28. Terms of Use: http://spiedl.org/terms -4- Figure 6 Side View showing NFIRAOS and three instruments Figure 7 Side view of Science and LGS optics above electronics cabinets 4. EMISSIVITY AND REFRIGERATION The overall TMT science requirements demand that NFIRAOS\u00E2\u0080\u0099 inter-OH background in K band not exceed 15% of the background due to the sky and the 3-mirror telescope at a nominal temperature of 273 K. The intent is that a real NFIRAOS will only increase integration time on the sky by 15%. With 5 mirrors, a beamsplitter, and a double-pane entrance window, NFIRAOS\u00E2\u0080\u0099 emissivity is 20%. To meet the background specification requires cooling of all optical surfaces to -33 Celsius. The jagged upper curve in the left panel of Figure 8 shows the background requirement, calculated by adding a grey- body emission, representing the telescope, to K-band sky background data courtesy of the Gemini Observatory. Fifteen per cent of this total at each wavelength in K band is the not-to-exceed specification for NFIRAOS. The lower smooth curve on the left is the emission from NFIRAOS, for the temperature where this background just kisses the specification curve, (circled). The right hand panel shows how the required temperature would vary versus NFIRAOS emissivity. Clearly, this temperature range, together with the mass and volume of NFIRAOS will make both servicing it and chang- ing instruments challenging. Humidity from personnel will condense on critical surfaces, yet warming it above this ele- vated dew point will result in very long cycle times. 2 m 8 m 2 m 4 m Edge of primary Nasmyth Proc. of SPIE Vol. 5903 590302-8 Downloaded from SPIE Digital Library on 20 Sep 2011 to 137.82.117.28. Terms of Use: http://spiedl.org/terms Figure 8 Enclosure Temperature to meet background specification 5. PERFORMANCE MODELLING 5.1 Tip tilt and sky coverage Richard Clare of the TMT Project Office is studying the sky coverage and tip tilt residual errors for a variety of parame- ters: \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Number of NGS: 1 \u00E2\u0080\u0093 5 if T/T only o or 1 T/T/F/A sensor o or 1 T/T sensor plus a Rayleigh beacon \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 bandwidth: o sampling ~100- 1000 Hz o -3 db cutoff of tip/tilt mirror ranging from 10 to 100 Hz \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 read noise: TBD 1, 5 10, 15 e- \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 windshake: possible 3-5 Hz telescope resonance inducing T/T/F/Coma of uncertain amplitude \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 performance metrics: rms tip/tilt jitter, quadratic mode residuals) The initial conclusion is that, based on median wind speeds and early structural and wind buffeting analysis for the tele- scope, and given the tip/tilt mirror -3 dB bandwidth of 20 Hz, the residual telescope windshake after correction by NFIRAOS approximately equals the entire NFIRAOS error budget. The DM conjugate to the ground does not have enough stroke to correct tip/tilt and high order aberrations simultaneously. We will explore using the h=12 km DM as a tweeter to correct the tip/tilt high temporal frequencies. No other surface is small and/or close to a ground conjugate. 5.2 Order of correction, location of DM Meanwhile, Jean-Pierre V\u00C3\u00A9ran and David Andersen, are evaluating the tradeoffs among quantity and location of laser guide stars, altitude and actuator density of the higher DM, with a performance metric of tilt-removed wavefront error. Interestingly, the best performance results from putting 5-7 lasers in a 35\u00E2\u0080\u009D radius ring, without a central beacon. \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Order of correction of high-altitude DM, e.g. 30x30 to 60x60 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 DM conjugate options 9-14 km \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 LGS asterism options, 5 -9 sodium beacons 5 10 15 20 25 30 40 35 30 25 20 Allowable AO Temperature vs emissivity Emissivity % Te m pe ra tu re C el si us 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 15% x (Teles. + Sky) vs NFIRAOS Wavelength nm ph ot on s / ( as ec ^2 m ^2 n m s ) NFIRAOS Reference Design 15%(Teles + Sky) K Band Meet Spec. Proc. of SPIE Vol. 5903 590302-9 Downloaded from SPIE Digital Library on 20 Sep 2011 to 137.82.117.28. Terms of Use: http://spiedl.org/terms \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 loop bandwidth sampling 0.5 to 2 kHz \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 WFS measurement noise TBD 2 to 10 e- Remaining important higher-order effects and implementation issues to be studied include. \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Wavefront sensor modeling (LGS elongation, partially sharpened NGS) \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Deformable mirror modeling (hysteresis, dynamic range, influence functions) \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Telescope interactions (M1 segmentation, M1/M2/Nasmyth windshake) \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 AO implementation errors (misregistration, NCPA, \u00E2\u0080\u00A6) \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Advanced algorithms and adaptive background tasks (woofer/tweeter control, pseudo open-loop control, un- controlled mode removal, loop and centroid gain estimation, clipping) 6. SOFTWARE INTERFACES NFIRAOS interfaces with the TMT Observatory Control System (OCS) for overall sequencing of observational steps involving NFIRAOS, science instruments, and the LGS projection facility. NFIRAOS offloads wavefront corrections to the TMT Telescope Control System (TCS) to compensate for telescope pointing errors, primary mirror figure errors, and secondary mirror decenter, focus (and higher order for AM2 upgrade) errors, and retrieves the telescope pointing vector. TMT Data Handling System (DHS) stores WFS measurements and DM actuator commands as needed to charac- terize performance and estimate the AO-compensated PSF at the science instrument. NFIRAOS connects to the TMT Secondary Control System (SCS) for high-bandwidth control of secondary mirror tip/tilt if the secondary mirror is used for this function or for high bandwidth mirror figure control if and when an adaptive secondary mirror is implemented. NFIRAOS communicates with the TMT LGS Facility (LGS Facility) for pointing control of laser guide stars on the sky, synchronizing LGS WFS measurements with laser pulses (if a pulsed laser is used), and to be notified of interruptions to LGS projection. NFIRAOS receives tip/tilt/focus measurements from any available on-instrument wavefront sensors in science instruments. System Commands/Inputs from NFIRAOS Commands/Outputs to NFIRAOS Observatory Control System AO control loop status Commands to start/stop/adjust AO loop op- eration Telescope/Mount Control System Pointing offloads Focus and other low order M1 figure ad- justments Telescope pointing state Secondary Control System Tip/tilt and focus commands Actuator commands (in the case of an adap- tive secondary) Secondary mirror actuator state LGS Facility Commands to start/stop/adjust laser opera- tion Commands to start/stop/adjust LGS projec- tion and LGS control loops AO control loop status (in response to re- quests from laser safety systems) Laser system status LGS projection system status Halt/stop commands due to laser traffic con- trol blocks or safety alarms Wavefront Recon- struction System Choice of wavefront reconstruction algo- rithms and other control loop parameters Commands to start/stop wavefront recon- struction Commands to start/stop supervisory loops Real-time WFS measurements Reconstruction system status DM actuator commands, and offload com- mands to other mechanisms and actuators (e.g., LGS WFS focus) Instrument Control System The observatory control system controls both AO system and instrument operations in paral- lel, particularly important to saving AO loop data corresponding to science exposures. Data Handling Sys- tem Commands to start/stop saving AO loop telemetry. AO loop telemetry Data handling system state. Proc. of SPIE Vol. 5903 590302-10 Downloaded from SPIE Digital Library on 20 Sep 2011 to 137.82.117.28. Terms of Use: http://spiedl.org/terms Figure 9 Software Interfaces Data Flow 7. CONCLUSIONS NFIRAOS, the facility Near-Infrared Adaptive Optics System for the Thirty Metre Telescope, resides in a cooled enclo- sure on the telescope Nasmyth platform. It employs 5-7 laser guide stars and conventional piezostack deformable mir- rors to feed three instruments. Initially it will correct a 10 arcsecond scientific field, but will be upgraded to a multicon- jugate adaptive optics system correcting a 30 arcsecond field of view. NFIRAOS is intimately connected with the ob- servatory control system to ensure efficient observing. REFERENCES 1. Tom Geballe, Phil Puxley http://www.gemini.edu/sciops/ObsProcess/obsConstraints/atm- models/nearIR_skybg_16_15.dat ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors present this paper as part of the work of the Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT) Project. TMT is a partnership of the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA), the Association of Canadian Universities for Re- search in Astronomy (ACURA), the California Institute of Technology and the University of California. The partners gratefully acknowledge the support of the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, the US National Science Foundation, the National Research Council of Canada (NRC), the Gemini Partnership and the Natural Science and Engineering Re- search Council Canada (NSERC). Flexure Fast Guid- RA, Dec Observatory Control System Telescope Control System Adaptive Optics WFS Instrument or Field Rotator AD Laser Launch Facility Edg Sen- AO Offload Telescope Drive Low Order Tip/Tilt, Focus, Coma, Alt Actuators Instru- Secondary Mirror WFSs Facility Tomo- graphy DM & T/T Control Primary Mirror Control Configura- Z.A, P.A. Proc. of SPIE Vol. 5903 590302-11 Downloaded from SPIE Digital Library on 20 Sep 2011 to 137.82.117.28. Terms of Use: http://spiedl.org/terms"@en . "Conference Paper"@en . "10.14288/1.0107617"@en . "eng"@en . "Reviewed"@en . "Vancouver : University of British Columbia Library"@en . "Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE)"@en . "10.1117/12.617849"@en . "Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International"@en . "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/"@en . "Faculty"@en . "NFIRAOS: TMT facility adaptive optics with conventional DMs."@en . "Text"@en . "http://hdl.handle.net/2429/37485"@en .