"Medicine, Faculty of"@en . "Physical Therapy, Department of"@en . "Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, Department of"@en . "DSpace"@en . "How do I know the article is any good? Step 2: How to appraise the literature (Quantitative articles \u00E2\u0080\u0093 practical session)."@en . "Hoens, Alison"@en . "Leznoff, Sandy"@en . "2007-01-12T17:46:09Z"@en . "2007-01-12"@en . "EBP STEP 2 - APPRAISING THE EVIDENCE - How do I know the article is any good? Step 2: How to appraise the literature (Quantitative articles \u00E2\u0080\u0093 practical session). This is a workshop presented by BC RSRnet (BC Rehabilitation Sciences Research Network) for British Columbia physiotherapists and occupational therapists on January 11, 2007 and recorded by Eugene Barsky, UBC Physiotherapy Outreach Librarian."@en . "https://circle.library.ubc.ca/rest/handle/2429/97?expand=metadata"@en . "190144 bytes"@en . "30572661 bytes"@en . "42813432 bytes"@en . "23408841 bytes"@en . "94991 bytes"@en . "application/pdf"@en . "application/octet-stream"@en . "EBP Step #2 Cont\u00E2\u0080\u0099d APPRAISING THE EVIDENCE: QUANTITATIVE ARTICLES Alison Hoens Clinical Assistant Prof, UBC Clinical Coordinator, PHC Sandy Leznoff Clinical Instructor, UBC Clinical Coordinator, OT, PHC EBP - THE PROCESS Clinical Problem Ask Acquire Appraise Apply Act ASK \u00C2\u0084 Foreground Questions \u00C2\u0084 PICO \u00C2\u0084 P - Patient/Problem \u00C2\u0084 I - Intervention \u00C2\u0084 C - Comparison \u00C2\u0084 O - Outcome ACQUIRE Building the search strategy \u00C2\u0084 Identify concepts from PICO \u00C2\u0084 Decide on words \u00C2\u0084 2 methods: keywords or classification \u00C2\u0084 Boolean operators \u00C2\u0084 Truncation \u00C2\u0084 Limits: study design; age; gender; language; year of publication APPRAISE LEVEL OF EVIDENCE \u00C2\u0084 Meta-analysis \u00C2\u0084 Systematic reviews \u00C2\u0084 Narrative reviews \u00C2\u0084 Clinical Practice Guidelines \u00C2\u0084 Randomized Controlled Trials \u00C2\u0084 Cohort Studies \u00C2\u0084 Case-controlled Studies \u00C2\u0084 Case studies \u00C2\u0084 *Expert opinion \u00C2\u0084Modified from Cormack (2002) APPRAISE STRENGTH OF EVIDENCE \u00C2\u0084 Quality of methodology \u00C2\u0084 \u00E2\u0080\u009CIf you are deciding whether a paper is worth reading, you should do so on the design of the methods section and not on the interest of the hypothesis, the nature or impact of the results, or the speculation in the discussion\u00E2\u0080\u009D Greenhalgh, T. (1997). How to read a paper. BMJ, 315, 243-6 APPRAISE \u00C2\u0084 PURPOSE \u00C2\u0084 REVIEW OF LITERATURE \u00C2\u0084 Synthesis of previous literature (refs) \u00C2\u0084 Demonstrate \u00E2\u0080\u0098holes\u00E2\u0080\u0099 \u00C2\u0084 METHODS \u00C2\u0084 Sample \u00C2\u0084 Description \u00C2\u0084 Number (calculation of power) \u00C2\u0084 Randomization \u00C2\u0084 Allocation concealed APPRAISE \u00C2\u0084 METHODS Cont\u00E2\u0080\u0099d \u00C2\u0084 Intervention \u00C2\u0084 Detailed \u00C2\u0084 Relevant \u00C2\u0084 Trained & blinded \u00C2\u0084 Contamination & co-intervention \u00C2\u0084 Outcomes \u00C2\u0084 Detailed \u00C2\u0084 Relevant \u00C2\u0084 Reliable \u00C2\u0084 Valid APPRAISE \u00C2\u0084 STATS ANALYSIS & RESULTS \u00C2\u0084 Groups similar at baseline \u00C2\u0084 Drop outs - reported & analyzed \u00C2\u0084 Test for normalcy \u00C2\u0084 More than means and p values APPRAISE \u00C2\u0084 CONCLUSIONS \u00C2\u0084 Clinical implications \u00C2\u0084 Reasonable restriction of interpretation \u00C2\u0084 Limitations reported \u00C2\u0084 APPLICABILITY \u00C2\u0084 Patients similar \u00C2\u0084 Benefits> harm/cost APPRAISE \u00C2\u0084 EXPLANATION \u00C2\u0084 A mutual discussion designed to correct differences \u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6 \u00C2\u0084 So, now let\u00E2\u0080\u0099s go practice! WHERE ARE WE NOW? \u00C2\u0084 ASK \u00C2\u0084 ACQUIRE \u00C2\u0084 APPRAISE \u00C2\u0084 APPLY \u00C2\u0084 ACT \u00C2\u0084 Pollock et al (2000): Barriers to EBP in 3 general categories \u00C2\u0084 Ability \u00C2\u0084 Opportunity \u00C2\u0084 Implementation THANK YOU! \u00C2\u0084 Charlotte Beck \u00C2\u0084 Maggie McIllwaine \u00C2\u0084 Sandy Leznoff \u00C2\u0084 Eugene Barsky \u00C2\u0084 Barbara Saint \u00C2\u0084 Jo Clark \u00C2\u0084 Marcelle Sprecher \u00C2\u0084 YOU! STAY TUNED \u00E2\u0080\u00A6 \u00C2\u0084 Session # 4: Appraising Qualitative Articles (theory) \u00C2\u0084 Session #5: Appraising Qualitative Articles (practical) \u00C2\u0084 Session #6: Applying EBP- Putting it into practice! THE BOTTOM LINE \u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6.. WE CAN DO IT! WORKSHEET \u00E2\u0080\u0093\u00C2\u00A0APPRAISAL\u00C2\u00A0OF\u00C2\u00A0A\u00C2\u00A0QUANTITATIVE\u00C2\u00A0ARTICLE\u00C2\u00A0 I.\u00C2\u00A0Study\u00C2\u00A0Purpose\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00AD\u00C2\u00A0Clearly\u00C2\u00A0stated\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00AD\u00C2\u00A0Phrased\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0research\u00C2\u00A0question\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0hypothesis\u00C2\u00A0 II.\u00C2\u00A0Literature\u00C2\u00A0Review\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00AD\u00C2\u00A0Provide\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0synthesis\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0appropriate\u00C2\u00A0previous\u00C2\u00A0research\u00C2\u00A0&\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0clinical\u00C2\u00A0importance\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 topic\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00AD\u00C2\u00A0Include\u00C2\u00A0primary\u00C2\u00A0>\u00C2\u00A0secondary\u00C2\u00A0sources\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00AD\u00C2\u00A0Interpret\u00C2\u00A0results\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0previous\u00C2\u00A0work\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00AD\u00C2\u00A0Clearly\u00C2\u00A0demonstrate\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u0098holes\u00E2\u0080\u0099\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0need\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0filled\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0particular\u00C2\u00A0study\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0thus\u00C2\u00A0 justifies\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0need\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0study\u00C2\u00A0 III.\u00C2\u00A0Study\u00C2\u00A0Design\u00C2\u00A0 RCT\u00C2\u00A0 Case\u00C2\u00ADControl\u00C2\u00A0 Cohort\u00C2\u00A0 Cross\u00C2\u00ADSectional\u00C2\u00A0 Single\u00C2\u00A0subject\u00C2\u00A0 Case\u00C2\u00A0Study\u00C2\u00A0 Before\u00C2\u00ADAfter\u00C2\u00A0 IV.\u00C2\u00A0Appropriateness\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Design\u00C2\u00A0 Sample/selection\u00C2\u00A0Bias\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00AD\u00C2\u00A0Volunteer\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0referral\u00C2\u00A0bias\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00AD\u00C2\u00A0Seasonal\u00C2\u00A0bias\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00AD\u00C2\u00A0Attention\u00C2\u00A0bias\u00C2\u00A0 Measurement/detection\u00C2\u00A0Bias\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00AD\u00C2\u00A0No.\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0outcome\u00C2\u00A0measures\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00AD\u00C2\u00A0Lack\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u0098masked\u00E2\u0080\u0099/\u00E2\u0080\u0099blinded\u00E2\u0080\u0099\u00C2\u00A0evaluation\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00AD\u00C2\u00A0Recall\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0memory\u00C2\u00A0bias\u00C2\u00A0 Intervention/Performance\u00C2\u00A0Bias\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00AD\u00C2\u00A0Contamination\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00AD\u00C2\u00A0Co\u00C2\u00ADintervention\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00AD\u00C2\u00A0Timing\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0intervention\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00AD\u00C2\u00A0Site\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0treatment\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00AD\u00C2\u00A0Different\u00C2\u00A0therapists V.\u00C2\u00A0Sample \u00C2\u00AD\u00C2\u00A0Was\u00C2\u00A0there\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0detailed\u00C2\u00A0description\u00C2\u00A0eg.\u00C2\u00A0Age,\u00C2\u00A0gender,\u00C2\u00A0duration\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0disease\u00C2\u00A0/\u00C2\u00A0disability?\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00AD\u00C2\u00A0Were\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0number\u00C2\u00A0reported?\u00C2\u00A0Were\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0groups\u00C2\u00A0equal\u00C2\u00A0&\u00C2\u00A0similar?\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00AD\u00C2\u00A0Was\u00C2\u00A0there\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0description\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0how\u00C2\u00A0subjects\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0sampled/recruited?\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00AD\u00C2\u00A0Were\u00C2\u00A0there\u00C2\u00A0appropriate\u00C2\u00A0inclusion/exclusion\u00C2\u00A0criteria?\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00AD\u00C2\u00A0Was\u00C2\u00A0there\u00C2\u00A0justification\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0sample\u00C2\u00A0size\u00C2\u00A0(calculation\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0power?\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00AD\u00C2\u00A0If\u00C2\u00A0there\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0more\u00C2\u00A0than\u00C2\u00A0one\u00C2\u00A0group,\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0subjects\u00C2\u00A0randomly\u00C2\u00A0allocated?\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00AD\u00C2\u00A0Was\u00C2\u00A0allocation\u00C2\u00A0concealed?\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00AD\u00C2\u00A0Were\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0ethics\u00C2\u00A0procedures\u00C2\u00A0reported?\u00C2\u00A0 VI.\u00C2\u00A0Outcomes\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00AD\u00C2\u00A0Were\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0outcomes\u00C2\u00A0clearly\u00C2\u00A0described?\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00AD\u00C2\u00A0Were\u00C2\u00A0they\u00C2\u00A0detailed\u00C2\u00A0sufficiently\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0replication?\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00AD\u00C2\u00A0Was\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0frequency\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0outcome\u00C2\u00A0measures\u00C2\u00A0described?\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00AD\u00C2\u00A0Were\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0measures\u00C2\u00A0relevant\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0clinical\u00C2\u00A0outcome?\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00AD\u00C2\u00A0Was\u00C2\u00A0reliability\u00C2\u00A0examined/reported\u00C2\u00A0&\u00C2\u00A0confirmed\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0these\u00C2\u00A0investigators?\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00AD\u00C2\u00A0Was\u00C2\u00A0validity\u00C2\u00A0examined\u00C2\u00A0&\u00C2\u00A0reported?\u00C2\u00A0 VI.\u00C2\u00A0Intervention\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00AD\u00C2\u00A0Was\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0intervention\u00C2\u00A0described\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0detail\u00C2\u00A0(to\u00C2\u00A0replicate)?\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00AD\u00C2\u00A0Was\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0intervention\u00C2\u00A0relevant?\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00AD\u00C2\u00A0Who\u00C2\u00A0delivered\u00C2\u00A0it\u00CD\u00BE\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0they\u00C2\u00A0trained?\u00CD\u00BE\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0they\u00C2\u00A0blinded?\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00AD\u00C2\u00A0Was\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0frequency\u00C2\u00A0appropriate?\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00AD\u00C2\u00A0Was\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0setting\u00C2\u00A0appropriate?\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00AD\u00C2\u00A0Was\u00C2\u00A0contamination/co\u00C2\u00ADintervention\u00C2\u00A0avoided?\u00C2\u00A0 VII.\u00C2\u00A0Stats\u00C2\u00A0Analysis\u00C2\u00A0&\u00C2\u00A0Results\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00AD\u00C2\u00A0Was\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0testable\u00C2\u00A0hypothesis\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0objective\u00C2\u00A0stated?\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00AD\u00C2\u00A0Was\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0sample\u00C2\u00A0adequately\u00C2\u00A0described?\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00AD\u00C2\u00A0If\u00C2\u00A0randomized \u00C2\u00AD\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0baseline\u00C2\u00A0groups\u00C2\u00A0similar?\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0(table\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0baseline\u00C2\u00A0characteristics\u00C2\u00A0 presented\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0statistical\u00C2\u00A0comparison)\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00AD\u00C2\u00A0Adequate\u00C2\u00A0number\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0subjects?\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0(30+\u00C2\u00A0per\u00C2\u00A0group)\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00AD\u00C2\u00A0Is\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0population\u00C2\u00A0normally\u00C2\u00A0distributed?\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Should\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0parametric\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0nonparametric\u00C2\u00A0test\u00C2\u00A0been\u00C2\u00A0 used?\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00AD\u00C2\u00A0If\u00C2\u00A0hypothesis\u00C2\u00A0testing \u00C2\u00AD\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0result\u00C2\u00A0statistically\u00C2\u00A0significant?\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0(p\u00C2\u00A0<0.05)\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00AD\u00C2\u00A0Was\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0change\u00C2\u00A0meaningful?\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00AD\u00C2\u00A0If\u00C2\u00A0showing\u00C2\u00A0confidence\u00C2\u00A0intervals,\u00C2\u00A0does\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0interval\u00C2\u00A0cross\u00C2\u00A00\u00C2\u00A0(if\u00C2\u00A0presenting\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0mean\u00C2\u00A0 difference\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0two\u00C2\u00A0groups)\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A01\u00C2\u00A0(if\u00C2\u00A0showing\u00C2\u00A0relative\u00C2\u00A0risk\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0odds\u00C2\u00A0ratios).\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00AD\u00C2\u00A0Is\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0change\u00C2\u00A0what\u00C2\u00A0you\u00C2\u00A0expect?\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00AD\u00C2\u00A0Have\u00C2\u00A0they\u00C2\u00A0made\u00C2\u00A0too\u00C2\u00A0many\u00C2\u00A0comparisons?\u00C2\u00A0Fishing\u00C2\u00A0expedition.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00AD\u00C2\u00A0Were\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0statistical\u00C2\u00A0methods\u00C2\u00A0provided\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0detail?\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00AD\u00C2\u00A0Were\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0statistical\u00C2\u00A0methods\u00C2\u00A0appropriate?\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00AD\u00C2\u00A0Were\u00C2\u00A0drop\u00C2\u00ADouts\u00C2\u00A0reported?\u00C2\u00A0Were\u00C2\u00A0their\u00C2\u00A0results\u00C2\u00A0analyzed?\u00C2\u00A0 VIII.\u00C2\u00A0Conclusions\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00AD\u00C2\u00A0Were\u00C2\u00A0clinical\u00C2\u00A0implications\u00C2\u00A0explored?\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00AD\u00C2\u00A0Were\u00C2\u00A0conclusions\u00C2\u00A0restricted\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0reasonable\u00C2\u00A0interpretation\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0results?\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00AD\u00C2\u00A0Were\u00C2\u00A0limitations\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0study\u00C2\u00A0reported? IX\u00C2\u00A0How\u00C2\u00A0can\u00C2\u00A0I\u00C2\u00A0apply\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0results\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0patient\u00C2\u00A0care?\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00AD\u00C2\u00A0Were\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0study\u00C2\u00A0patients\u00C2\u00A0similar\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0my\u00C2\u00A0patient?\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00AD\u00C2\u00A0Were\u00C2\u00A0all\u00C2\u00A0clinically\u00C2\u00A0important\u00C2\u00A0outcomes\u00C2\u00A0considered?\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00AD\u00C2\u00A0Are\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0likely\u00C2\u00A0treatment\u00C2\u00A0benefits\u00C2\u00A0worth\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0potential\u00C2\u00A0harm\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0costs?\u00C2\u00A0 Adapted\u00C2\u00A0from:\u00C2\u00A0 1.\u00C2\u00A0 Critical\u00C2\u00A0Review\u00C2\u00A0Form,\u00C2\u00A0Quantitative\u00C2\u00A0Studies,\u00C2\u00A0developed\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0McMaster\u00C2\u00A0OT\u00C2\u00A0Evidence\u00C2\u00ADBased\u00C2\u00A0 Practice\u00C2\u00A0Research\u00C2\u00A0Group\u00C2\u00A0(Law\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al,\u00C2\u00A01998)\u00C2\u00A0 2.\u00C2\u00A0 Guyatt,\u00C2\u00A0G.\u00C2\u00A0&\u00C2\u00A0Rennie,\u00C2\u00A0D.\u00C2\u00A0(2002).\u00C2\u00A0User\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0Guide\u00C2\u00A0To\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0Medical\u00C2\u00A0Literature.\u00C2\u00A0JAMA\u00C2\u00A0 3.\u00C2\u00A0 BMJ\u00C2\u00A0(1997)\u00C2\u00A0series\u00C2\u00A0July\u00C2\u00ADSept\u00C2\u00A0Greenhalgh,\u00C2\u00A0T\u00C2\u00A0 4.\u00C2\u00A0 Downs,\u00C2\u00A0SH &\u00C2\u00A0Black,\u00C2\u00A0N\u00C2\u00A0(1998).\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0feasibility\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0creating\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0checklist\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0assessment\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0methodological\u00C2\u00A0quality\u00C2\u00A0both\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0randomized\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0non\u00C2\u00ADrandomised\u00C2\u00A0studies\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0health\u00C2\u00A0 care\u00C2\u00A0interventions.\u00C2\u00A0J\u00C2\u00A0Epidemiol\u00C2\u00A0Community\u00C2\u00A0Health,\u00C2\u00A052:\u00C2\u00A0377\u00C2\u00AD384.\u00C2\u00A0 5.\u00C2\u00A0 Medlicott,\u00C2\u00A0M\u00C2\u00A0&\u00C2\u00A0Harris\u00C2\u00A0SR\u00C2\u00A0(2006).\u00C2\u00A0A\u00C2\u00A0systematic\u00C2\u00A0review\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0effectiveness\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0exercise,\u00C2\u00A0 manual\u00C2\u00A0therapy,\u00C2\u00A0electrotherapy,\u00C2\u00A0relaxation\u00C2\u00A0training,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0biofeedback\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0management\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0temporomandibular\u00C2\u00A0disorder.\u00C2\u00A0Physical\u00C2\u00A0Therapy,\u00C2\u00A086(7),\u00C2\u00A0955\u00C2\u00AD973.\u00C2\u00A0 6.\u00C2\u00A0 PEDro\u00C2\u00A0scale\u00C2\u00A0from:\u00C2\u00A0http://www.pedro.fhs.usyd.edu.au/scale_item.html\u00C2\u00A0 7.\u00C2\u00A0 Akobeng,\u00C2\u00A0AK\u00C2\u00A0(2005).\u00C2\u00A0Principles\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Evidence\u00C2\u00A0Based\u00C2\u00A0Medicine.\u00C2\u00A0Arch\u00C2\u00A0Dis\u00C2\u00A0Child\u00CD\u00BE\u00C2\u00A090\u00CD\u00BE\u00C2\u00A0837\u00C2\u00AD\u00C2\u00A0 40.\u00C2\u00A0 8.\u00C2\u00A0 Akobeng,\u00C2\u00A0AK\u00C2\u00A0(2005).\u00C2\u00A0Understanding\u00C2\u00A0randomized\u00C2\u00A0controlled\u00C2\u00A0trials.\u00C2\u00A0Arch\u00C2\u00A0Dis\u00C2\u00A0Child\u00CD\u00BE\u00C2\u00A090\u00CD\u00BE\u00C2\u00A0 840\u00C2\u00AD44.\u00C2\u00A0 9.\u00C2\u00A0 Akobeng,\u00C2\u00A0AK\u00C2\u00A0(2005).\u00C2\u00A0Understanding\u00C2\u00A0systematic\u00C2\u00A0reviews\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0meta\u00C2\u00ADanalysis.\u00C2\u00A0Arch\u00C2\u00A0Dis\u00C2\u00A0 Child\u00CD\u00BE\u00C2\u00A090\u00CD\u00BE\u00C2\u00A0845\u00C2\u00AD48.\u00C2\u00A0 10.\u00C2\u00A0Akobeng,\u00C2\u00A0AK\u00C2\u00A0(2005).\u00C2\u00A0Evidence\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0Practice.\u00C2\u00A0Arch\u00C2\u00A0Dis\u00C2\u00A0Child\u00CD\u00BE\u00C2\u00A090\u00CD\u00BE\u00C2\u00A0849\u00C2\u00AD852.\u00C2\u00A0 11.\u00C2\u00A0Sim,\u00C2\u00A0J\u00C2\u00A0&\u00C2\u00A0Reid,\u00C2\u00A0N.\u00C2\u00A0(1999).\u00C2\u00A0Statistical\u00C2\u00A0Inference\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0confidence\u00C2\u00A0intervals:\u00C2\u00A0Issues\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 Interpretation\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Utilization.\u00C2\u00A0Phys\u00C2\u00A0Ther,\u00C2\u00A079(2),\u00C2\u00A0186\u00C2\u00AD195.\u00C2\u00A0 12.\u00C2\u00A0Clancy,\u00C2\u00A0MJ\u00C2\u00A0(2002).\u00C2\u00A0Overview\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0research\u00C2\u00A0designs.\u00C2\u00A0Emerg\u00C2\u00A0Med\u00C2\u00A0J\u00CD\u00BE\u00C2\u00A019\u00CD\u00BE\u00C2\u00A0546\u00C2\u00AD549.\u00C2\u00A0 13.\u00C2\u00A0 Herbert,\u00C2\u00A0RD\u00C2\u00A0(2000).\u00C2\u00A0How\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0estimate\u00C2\u00A0treatment\u00C2\u00A0effects\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0reports\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0clinical\u00C2\u00A0trials.\u00C2\u00A0I:\u00C2\u00A0 Continuous\u00C2\u00A0Outcomes.\u00C2\u00A0Aus\u00C2\u00A0J\u00C2\u00A0Phys\u00C2\u00A0Ther,\u00C2\u00A046\u00CD\u00BE\u00C2\u00A0229\u00C2\u00AD235.\u00C2\u00A0 14.\u00C2\u00A0Herbert,\u00C2\u00A0RD\u00C2\u00A0(2000).\u00C2\u00A0How\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0estimate\u00C2\u00A0treatment\u00C2\u00A0effects\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0reports\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0clinical\u00C2\u00A0trials.\u00C2\u00A0I:\u00C2\u00A0 Dichotomous\u00C2\u00A0Outcomes.\u00C2\u00A0Aus\u00C2\u00A0J\u00C2\u00A0Phys\u00C2\u00A0Ther,\u00C2\u00A046\u00CD\u00BE\u00C2\u00A0303\u00C2\u00AD313.\u00C2\u00A0 A.\u00C2\u00A0Hoens\u00C2\u00A0&\u00C2\u00A0P.\u00C2\u00A0Camp\u00C2\u00A02004/\u00C2\u00A0Revised\u00C2\u00A0Dec\u00C2\u00A02006"@en . "Presentation"@en . "10.14288/1.0103628"@en . "eng"@en . "Unreviewed"@en . "Vancouver : University of British Columbia Library"@en . "Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International"@en . "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/"@en . "Faculty"@en . "Physical Therapy"@en . "Physiotherapy"@en . "Occupational Therapy"@en . "Evidence Based Practice"@en . "Podcast"@en . "BC RSRnet"@en . "Evidence Based Practice - Step 2 - Appraising the Evidence: Practical Session"@en . "Text"@en . "Sound"@en . "http://hdl.handle.net/2429/97"@en .