"Applied Science, Faculty of"@en . "Architecture and Landscape Architecture (SALA), School of"@en . "DSpace"@en . "UBCV"@en . "Myriam Assal"@en . "Assal, Myriam"@en . "2020-05-15T14:43:22Z"@en . "2020-05-13"@en . "Anchored in the discourse of participation and social space, Reclaiming The Everyday Space is first and foremost about a place and the people that make it alive. Perhaps, to its inhabitants, the scale of a neighbourhood is the most understandable scale of the city \u00E2\u0080\u0093 it is the stage of our everyday life. This thesis analyzes the neighbourhood of Villeray, in Montreal, and argues for a re-appropriation of the city by right of inhabitance. In a highly capitalist society where space equals capital, social space needs to be valued again and fought for. Villeray needs public space(s) where people will participate in political, social and spatial debates about their space, and regain ownership and agency over their neighbourhood."@en . "https://circle.library.ubc.ca/rest/handle/2429/74470?expand=metadata"@en . "iRECLAIMING EVERYDAY SPACE: VILLERAY, MONTR\u00C3\u0089ALiiiiiMyriam AssalBachelor of Sciences in Architecture with distinction, McGill University, 2018.Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Architecturein The Faculty of Applied ScienceSchool of Architecture and Landscape ArchitectureCommittee:Chris Macdonald - Faculty Chair Jill Bambury - Faculty Committee memberRichard Evans - External Committee memberChristopher MacdonaldFaculty Chair Blair Satterfield Program ChairUniversity of British ColumbiaMyriam Assal, May 2019 \u00C2\u00A9RECLAIMING THE EVERYDAY SPACE: VILLERAY, MONTR\u00C3\u0089ALvivABSTRACTAnchored in the discourse of participation and social space, Reclaiming The Everyday Space is first and foremost about a place and the people that make it alive. Perhaps, to its inhabitants, the scale of a neighbourhood is the most under-standable scale of the city \u00E2\u0080\u0093 it is the stage of our everyday life. This thesis analyzes the neighbour-hood of Villeray, in Montreal, and argues for a re-appropriation of the city by right of inhabitance. In a highly capitalist society where space equals capital, social space needs to be valued again and fought for. Villeray needs public space(s) where people will participate in political, social and spatial debates about their space, and regain ownership and agency over their neighbourhood.viiviCONTENTSABSTRACT ...........................................................................................................................................................................................vCONTENTS ..........................................................................................................................................................................................viiLIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................................................................................... ixACKNOWLEDGMENTS .......................................................................................................................................................................xixINTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................................................................1STATEMENT OF INTENT .....................................................................................................................................................................3CHAPTER 01: THE STORY OF A NEIGHBOURHOOD ..................................................51.1 THE PLACE ...................................................................................................................................................................................71.2 THE PEOPLE ................................................................................................................................................................................13CHAPTER 02: THE SOCIAL SPACE .............................................................................212.1 CAPITAL, SOCIAL AND ABSTRACT SPACE ...............................................................................................................................232.2 THE DUALITY OF SOCIAL AND ABSTRACT SPACE.........................................................................................................................252.3 PUBLIC, PRIVATE AND COMMUNITY SPACE ...........................................................................................................................33CHAPTER 03: APPROPRIATING THE NEIGHBOURHOOD ..........................................373.1 AGENCY OVER URBAN SPACE...................................................................................................................................................393.2 PARTICIPATION AND ACTIVISM ................................................................................................................................................433.3 INTERVENTION PROPOSAL .......................................................................................................................................................473.4 PRECEDENTS ...............................................................................................................................................................................53CHAPTER 04: THE DESIGN PROJECT .........................................................................614.1 POLICY CHANGES: DENSITY TRANSFERS AND COMMUNITY STAKEHOLDERS ................................................................634.2 LA MAISON CITOYENNE .............................................................................................................................................................71CONCLUSION ......................................................................................................................................................................................121NOTES ..................................................................................................................................................................................................122BIBLIOGRAPHY ..................................................................................................................................................................................125ixviiiFig. 1 \u00E2\u0080\u0093 Assal, Myriam. Origin of the Montreal grid, December 2019, Illustration.Fig. 2 \u00E2\u0080\u0093 Assal, Myriam. Allotment plan of former Compte farm, December 2020, Illustration.Fig. 3 \u00E2\u0080\u0093 Assal, Myriam. Allotment plan of former Logan farm, May 2020, Illustration.Data used to produce fig. 2 and 3:Blaird, C\u00C3\u00A9cile. Plan de lotissement de l\u00E2\u0080\u0099ancienne ferme Compte, and Plan de lotissement de l\u00E2\u0080\u0099ancienne ferme Logan in R\u00C3\u00A9jean Legault, \u00C2\u00AB\u00C2\u00AB Architecture Et Forme Urbaine : L\u00E2\u0080\u0099exemple Du Triplex \u00C3\u0080 Montr\u00C3\u00A9al De 1870 \u00C3\u0080 1914 \u00C2\u00BB,\u00C2\u00BB Revue D\u00E2\u0080\u0099Histoire Urbaine 18, no. 1 (1989)4. http://id.erudit.org/iderudit/1017820ar. Fig. 4 \u00E2\u0080\u0093 Assal, Myriam. Different land division systems, December 2019, Illustration.Fig. 5 \u00E2\u0080\u0093 Assal, Myriam. Subdivision of the rang, December 2019, Illustration.Fig. 6 \u00E2\u0080\u0093 Archives de Montr\u00C3\u00A9al. Villeray, Parc de Gasp\u00C3\u00A9, 1946, VM105-ALPHA11-001, Photograph, Archives de la Ville de Montr\u00C3\u00A9al, Montreal, Flickr accessed October 29, 2019, https://www.flickr.com/photos/archivesmontreal/24191409598Copyright information: CC BY-NC-SA 2.5 CAFig. 7 \u00E2\u0080\u0093 Archives de Montr\u00C3\u00A9al, Carte des quartiers de Montr\u00C3\u00A9al, 1913, VM66-S5P114, Photograph, Archives de la Ville de Montr\u00C3\u00A9al, Montreal, http://archivesdemontreal.com/documents/2014/12/008_VM66-S5P114.jpgCopyright information: CC BY-NC-SA 2.5 CAFig. 8 \u00E2\u0080\u0093 Assal, Myriam. Urban density in Villeray and comparisons, April 2020, Table.Data used to produce the table:Montreal-en-Statistiques, Profil Des Districts \u00C3\u0089lectoraux De L\u00E2\u0080\u0099Arrondissement De Villeray-Saint-Michel-Parc-Extension (Montreal: Montr\u00C3\u00A9al en Statistiques,[2017]). Sophie Daoust, Forum Social Villeray 2018-2019 (Montreal: CDC Solidarit\u00C3\u00A9 Villeray,[2019]).Josef FIlipowicz, \u00E2\u0080\u009CRoom to Grow:Comparing UrbanDensity in Canadaand Abroad,\u00E2\u0080\u009D Fraser Research Bulletin (January, 2018), 1-14. https://www.fraserinstitute.org/sites/default/files/room-to-grow-comparing-urban-density-in-canada-and-abroad.pdf. Fig. 9 \u00E2\u0080\u0093 Assal, Myriam. Population and revenue changes in Villeray, 2019, Graph.Fig. 9 \u00E2\u0080\u0093 Assal, Myriam. Statistical portrait of the residents of Villeray, April 2020, Table.LIST OF FIGURESxixData used to produce the table:\u00E2\u0080\u009CVilleray,\u00E2\u0080\u009D , accessed Dec 12, 2019, http://www.centraide-mtl.org/fr/fr/communautes-desservies/villeray/.Andr\u00C3\u00A9 Lavall\u00C3\u00A9e, Plan D\u00E2\u0080\u0099Urbanisme - Plan Directeur De L\u00E2\u0080\u0099Arrondissement Villeray/Saint-Michel/Parc-Extension (Montreal: Ville de Montreal,[1992]).Christian Paquin, Portrait Statistique DeLa Population Du Territoire DuCentre De Sant\u00C3\u00A9 Et DeServices Sociaux Du C\u00C5\u0093ur-De-l\u00E2\u0080\u0099\u00C3\u008EleD\u00C3\u00A9cembre 2013 (Montr\u00C3\u00A9al: ,[2013]).Montreal-en-Statistiques, Profil Des Districts \u00C3\u0089lectoraux De L\u00E2\u0080\u0099Arrondissement De Villeray-Saint-Michel-Parc-Extension (Montreal: Montr\u00C3\u00A9al en statistiques,[2014]).Montreal-en-Statistiques, Profil Sociod\u00C3\u00A9mographique - Recensement 2016 - ArrondissementDe Villeray\u00E2\u0080\u0093Saint-Michel\u00E2\u0080\u0093Parc-Extension (Montreal: Montr\u00C3\u00A9al en Statistiques,[2018]).Sophie Daoust, Forum Social Villeray 2018-2019 (Montreal: CDC Solidarit\u00C3\u00A9 Villeray,[2019]). Fig. 10 \u00E2\u0080\u0093 Assal, Myriam. Timeline of Villeray Neighbourhood, November 2019, Illustration.Images used to produce the drawing (from left to right):BANQ. \u00C3\u0089glise Saint-\u00C3\u0089douard et partie du boulevard Saint-Denis, 16 mai 1896, Photograph, Albums de rues F.-Z. Massicotte, Biblioth\u00C3\u00A8que et Archives nationales du Qu\u00C3\u00A9bec, Montreal, Heritage Montreal accessed October 29, 2019, http://www.memorablemontreal.com/print/batiments_menu.php?quartier=4&batiment=56§ion=Array&menu=histoireArchives de Montr\u00C3\u00A9al. Gare Jean Talon, 1936, Photograph, Ville de Montreal Section Archives, Montreal, accessed October 29, 2019, https://archivesdemontreal.ica-atom.org/gare-jean-talon-9-avril-1936Soci\u00C3\u00A9t\u00C3\u00A9 de Transport de Montr\u00C3\u00A9al. Tramway Back River, 1893, Photograph, Electric Tramway, STM Archives, Montreal, ac-cessed October 29, 2019, http://www.stm.info/sites/default/files/histoire/ht2_1905_1-907-022_tramway_sault-au-recol-let.jpgArchives de Montr\u00C3\u00A9al. Maison 8727 Lajeunesse en 1929, 1929, Photograph, Archives de Montreal, Montreal, Flick accessed October 29, 2019, https://www.flickr.com/photos/benoit59/30566686911/Archives photographique Notman, Mus\u00C3\u00A9e McCord d\u00E2\u0080\u0099Histoire Canadienne, H\u00C3\u00B4tel Bougie-Vervais en 1896, 1896, Photograph, in Mich\u00C3\u00A8le Beno\u00C3\u00AEt, Roger Gratton, Pignon sur rue: Les quartiers de Montr\u00C3\u00A9al (Montr\u00C3\u00A9al: Gu\u00C3\u00A9rin, 1991), 253, plate 4.BANQ. \u00C3\u0089glise Notre-Dame du Saint-Rosaire, 1949, Photograph, J-P Morriset, Biblioth\u00C3\u00A8que et Archives nationales du Qu\u00C3\u00A9bec, Montreal, Flick accessed October 29, 2019, https://www.flickr.com/photos/benoit59/21208494301/in/photostream/Archives des Clercs de Saint-Viateur du Canada. Institution des Sourds-Muets - Construction - Carri\u00C3\u00A8revers 1920, 1920, Photograph, Archives des Clercs de Saint-Viateur du Canada, Montreal, Heritage Montreal accessed October 29, 2019, http://www.memorablemontreal.com/accessibleQA/histoire.php?quartier=4Propos Montreal. Premi\u00C3\u00A8re page du journal La Presse, 20 mai 1905, 1905, Newspaper, La Presse, Montreal, Propos Montreal accessed October 29, 2019, http://proposmontreal.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/21-octobre-1905-La-Presse.pdfSoci\u00C3\u00A9t\u00C3\u00A9 de Transport de Montr\u00C3\u00A9al. Ateliers Youville 1913, Photograph, The Golden Age of Tramway, STM Archives, Montreal, accessed October 29, 2019, http://www.stm.info/sites/default/files/histoire/ht3_1912_1-911-019_ate-liers_youville.jpgArchives de Montr\u00C3\u00A9al. Maison 8749 Lajeunesse en 1929, 1929, Photograph, Archives de Montreal, Montreal, Flick Commons accessed October 29, 2019, https://www.flickr.com/photos/benoit59/30023397994/in/photostream/Gregory, Martin Nestor. Au 8112 avenue Henri-Julien, la famille Albert pose fi\u00C3\u00A8rement devant sa nouvelle maison, vers 1918, 1918, Photograph, Archives de Montreal, Montreal, Wikimedia Commons accessed October 29, 2019, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Famille_Albert_-_8112_avenue_Henri-Julien_-_1918.jpgVille de Montr\u00C3\u00A9al, Biblioth\u00C3\u00A8que nationale du Qu\u00C3\u00A9bec, La rue Saint-Denis au coeur du quartier Villeray, Photograph, in Service de la mise en valeur du territoire et du patrimoine, Direction du d\u00C3\u00A9veloppement urbain, Division du patrimoine et de la toponymie Ville de Montr\u00C3\u00A9al, \u00C3\u0089valuation du patrimoine urbain Arrondissement de Villeray \u00E2\u0080\u0094 Saint-Michel \u00E2\u0080\u0094Parc-Extension (Montr\u00C3\u00A9al: 2005), 25, plate 14.E.1. La Presse. Les enfants sont tout joyeux de l\u00E2\u0080\u0099arriv\u00C3\u00A9e d\u00E2\u0080\u0099un petit cirque au parc Jarry, 1937, Photograph, Park Extension Historical Society, Montreal, accessed October 29, 2019, http://www.histoireparcextension.org/news-nouvelles/histoire-parc-jarry-park-historyGariepy, Edgar. Carri\u00C3\u00A8re Martineau et Rogers, coin des rues de Bellechasse et Papineau, 1948, Photograph, Archives de Montr\u00C3\u00A9al, Montreal, Journal Metro accessed October 29, 2019, https://journalmetro.com/actualites/montreal/955646/lheritage-cache-des-anciennes-carrieres/#jp-carousel-955707xiiixiiThe Record. Unemployed men line up outside a soup kitchen in Toronto during the Great Depression, 1929, Photograph, Park Extension Historical Society, Montreal, accessed October 29, 2019, http://www.histoireparcextension.org/news-nouvelles/histoire-parc-jarry-park-historyArchives de Montr\u00C3\u00A9al. March\u00C3\u00A9 Jean-Talon, 1955, Photograph, The Great Depression hit Canada the hardest, Toronto, Flick accessed October 29, 2019, https://www.flickr.com/photos/archivesmontreal/37334607684Archives de Montr\u00C3\u00A9al. Les 6969-6983, rue Saint-Hubert, 1946, Photograph, Archives de Montreal, Montreal, accessed October 29, 2019, https://www.therecord.com/opinion-story/2628477-the-great-depression-hit-canada-the-hardest/Archives de Montr\u00C3\u00A9al. \u00C3\u0089cole du Rosaire et Parc Villeray sur le site de l\u00E2\u0080\u0099ancienne carri\u00C3\u00A8re Villeray, 1983, Photograph, Archives de Montreal, Montreal, accessed October 29, 2019, https://www.flickr.com/photos/benoit59/29991646894/Archives de Montr\u00C3\u00A9al. Parc Jarry, Villeray, 1954, Photograph, Archives de Montreal, Montreal, accessed October 29, 2019, https://www.flickr.com/photos/archivesmontreal/37334614334Ville de Montr\u00C3\u00A9al, Biblioth\u00C3\u00A8que nationale du Qu\u00C3\u00A9bec, La Terrasse Villeray, rue Chambord, Photograph, in Service de la mise en valeur du territoire et du patrimoine, Direction du d\u00C3\u00A9veloppement urbain, Division du patrimoine et de la toponymie Ville de Montr\u00C3\u00A9al, \u00C3\u0089valuation du patrimoine urbain Arrondissement de Villeray \u00E2\u0080\u0094 Saint-Michel \u00E2\u0080\u0094Parc-Extension (Montr\u00C3\u00A9al: 2005), 28, plate 14.U.2. Archives de Montr\u00C3\u00A9al. Rue Saint-G\u00C3\u00A9rard au nord de la rue Li\u00C3\u00A8ge, 1981, Photograph, Archives de Montreal, Montreal, accessed October 29, 2019, https://www.flickr.com/photos/benoit59/31864467293Ville de Montr\u00C3\u00A9al, Biblioth\u00C3\u00A8que nationale du Qu\u00C3\u00A9bec, 23e Avenue, Photograph, in Service de la mise en valeur du territoire et du patrimoine, Direction du d\u00C3\u00A9veloppement urbain, Division du patrimoine et de la toponymie Ville de Montr\u00C3\u00A9al, \u00C3\u0089valuation du patrimoine urbain Arrondissement de Villeray \u00E2\u0080\u0094 Saint-Michel \u00E2\u0080\u0094Parc-Extension (Montr\u00C3\u00A9al: 2005), 28, plate 14.U.1. Ville de Montr\u00C3\u00A9al, Biblioth\u00C3\u00A8que nationale du Qu\u00C3\u00A9bec, Rue Molson, Photograph, in Service de la mise en valeur du territoire et du patrimoine, Direction du d\u00C3\u00A9veloppement urbain, Division du patrimoine et de la toponymie Ville de Montr\u00C3\u00A9al, \u00C3\u0089valuation du patrimoine urbain Arrondissement de Villeray \u00E2\u0080\u0094 Saint-Michel \u00E2\u0080\u0094Parc-Extension (Montr\u00C3\u00A9al: 2005), 28, plate 14.U.3. The Montreal Gazette. Expressway Taking Shape, 1959, Photograph, Montreal Roads Historical Overview, Montreal, accessed October 29, 2019, http://www.montrealroads.com/roads/metropolitan/Soci\u00C3\u00A9t\u00C3\u00A9 de Transport de Montr\u00C3\u00A9al. MR-63 train at Cr\u00C3\u00A9mazie station, 1866, Photograph, Metro History, STM Archives, Montreal, accessed October 29, 2019, http://www.stm.info/en/about/discover_the_stm_its_history/history/50-years-metro-historyLafond, Dominique. D\u00C3\u00A9panneur Chanab, unknown date, Photograph, in Judith Lussier, Sacr\u00C3\u00A9 D\u00C3\u00A9panneur! (Montr\u00C3\u00A9al: Editions H\u00C3\u00A9liothrope 2010), 175.Engrenage Noir. Affiche \u00E2\u0080\u009C\u00C3\u0080 Villeray r\u00C3\u00A9sister pour y rester \u00E2\u0080\u0098\u00E2\u0080\u0099, unknown date, Photograph, Villeray/Saint-Michel/Parc-Extension, Culture Ville de Montr\u00C3\u00A9al, Montreal, accessed October 29, 2019, http://www.pourquoijamais.com/evenementpj/667Patro le Pr\u00C3\u00A9vost. Le Pr\u00C3\u00A9vost Auditorium, 2012, Artwork, Projet Rouage, Associations Pourquoi Jamais and Association des Locataires de Villeray, Montreal, accessed October 29, 2019, http://ville.montreal.qc.ca/culture/en/le-prevost-auditoriumArchimontreal. M\u00C3\u00A9tro Fabre, 2016, Photograph, Instagram, Villeray Montreal, accessed October 29, 2019, https://www.instagram.com/p/BB50JvYSSt3/?taken-by=archimontrealArchives de Montr\u00C3\u00A9al. Ruelle derri\u00C3\u00A8re le 8418 de la rue Berri o\u00C3\u00B9 a \u00C3\u00A9t\u00C3\u00A9 assassin\u00C3\u00A9 le sergent-d\u00C3\u00A9tective Henry Farmer par deux cambrioleurs, 1944, Photograph, Archives de Montreal, Montreal, accessed October 29, 2019, http://archivesde-montreal.com/2014/10/06/chronique-montrealite-no-15-breve-histoire-des-ruelles-de-montreal/Archives de Montr\u00C3\u00A9al. D\u00C3\u00A9pliant de l\u00E2\u0080\u0099Op\u00C3\u00A9ration Place au Soleil, 1980, Leaflet, Archives de Montreal, Montreal, accessed October 29, 2019, http://archivesdemontreal.com/2014/10/06/chronique-montrealite-no-15-breve-histoire-des-ruelles-de-montreal/Solidarit\u00C3\u00A9 Villeray. Logo SDC, 1980, Leaflet, Corporation de D\u00C3\u00A9veloppement Communautaire Solidarit\u00C3\u00A9 Villeray, Montreal, accessed October 29, 2019, Archives de Montr\u00C3\u00A9al. D\u00C3\u00A9pliant de l\u00E2\u0080\u0099Op\u00C3\u00A9ration Place au Soleil, 1980, Leaflet, Archives de Montreal, Montreal, accessed October 29, 2019, http://archivesdemontreal.com/2014/10/06/chronique-montrealite-no-15-breve-histoire-des-ruelles-de-montreal/Assal, Myriam. (author). Place Castelnau. 2019, Photograph, Montreal.Fr\u00C3\u00A9chette, Alain. La petite Od\u00C3\u00A9lie dans le J de la Promenade Jarry, 2018, Photograph, La Promenade Jarry (Facebook page), https://www.facebook.com/promenadejarry/posts/976823409161333?comment_id=1000961573414183 xvxivVille de Montr\u00C3\u00A9al. D\u00C3\u00A9couvrez la nouvelle maison de la culture Claude-L\u00C3\u00A9veill\u00C3\u00A9e, 2018, Photograph, Blogue Ville de Montreal, Montreal, accessed October 29, 2019, http://ville.montreal.qc.ca/culture/blogue/decouvrez-la-nouvelle-maison-de-la-culture-claude-leveilleeFig. 11 \u00E2\u0080\u0093 Assal, Myriam. Transformation of social space to abstract space, December 2019, Illustration.Fig. 12 \u00E2\u0080\u0093 Assal, Myriam. Example-sketch of an ALV advocacy event; Poster, (Translated) \u00E2\u0080\u009CKnow the many faces of the Villeray neighbour-hood\u00E2\u0080\u009D, Commented itinerary on Castelnau street, Activity for the whole family, come in great numbers!\u00E2\u0080\u009D, 2020, Illustration.Fig. 13 \u00E2\u0080\u0093 Assal, Myriam. Sketch of a gathering and speech for an event, May 2020, Illustration.Fig. 14 \u00E2\u0080\u0093 Assal, Myriam. Sketch of an activist puppet show, (Translated): \u00E2\u0080\u009CON SALE. 514-VERY PRICEY\u00E2\u0080\u009D, May 2020, Illustration.Data and photos used to produce fig. 12, 13, 14:Association des Locataires de Villeray (ALV), Photographs of the Connaissez-vous votre Villeray Event: Poster of the event, August 2017, Photographs, courtesy of ALV.Association des Locataires de Villeray (ALV), Photographs of the Connaissez-vous votre Villeray Event: Puppet show, August 2017, Photographs, courtesy of ALV.Association des Locataires de Villeray (ALV), Photographs of the Connaissez-vous votre Villeray Event: Speech and gathering, August 2017, Photographs, courtesy of ALV.Fig. 15 \u00E2\u0080\u0093 Assal, Myriam. Villeray zoning map, Scale 1: 3 000, March 2020, Drawing (plan).Data used to create the plan:Direction-de-l\u00E2\u0080\u0099Urbanisme, ArrondissementDe Villeray\u00E2\u0080\u0093Saint-Michel\u00E2\u0080\u0093Parc-Extension (Montreal: Ville de Montr\u00C3\u00A9al,[2005]).Fig. 16 \u00E2\u0080\u0093 Assal, Myriam. Abstracted residential typologies, plans and elevation, No scale, November 2019, Drawing (plans and elevations).Data used to draw the typologies:From memory (Assal, Myriam) of interior space in these types of apartments, Photographs, Real-Estate Listings and Apartment listings online.Fig. 17 \u00E2\u0080\u0093 Assal, Myriam. Residential typologies photo-collage, December 2019, Illustration.Photos to produce the photo collage:Assal, Myriam., Photographs series of Villeray residential typologies, August 2019, Photographs.Fig. 18 \u00E2\u0080\u0093 Assal, Myriam. Public/private gradient from street to laneway, December 2019, Illustration.Fig. 19 \u00E2\u0080\u0093 Assal, Myriam. Everyday places matrix: a classification of spaces of interaction, December 2019, Illustration.Fig. 20 \u00E2\u0080\u0093 Assal Myriam. Laneways in Villeray, DIY and other elements annotated, photo-collage, April 2020, Illustration.Photos to produce the photo collage:Assal, Myriam. Photographs series of Villeray residential typologies, August 2019, Photographs.Fig. 21 \u00E2\u0080\u0093 Assal Myriam. Villeray neighbourhood community groups, map and list, Scale 1: 3000, April 2020, Drawing (plan).Data used to produce the map:\u00E2\u0080\u009CVilleray,\u00E2\u0080\u009D , accessed Dec 12, 2019, http://www.centraide-mtl.org/fr/fr/communautes-desservies/villeray/.Fig. 22 \u00E2\u0080\u0093 Assal, Myriam. Site plan of Montreal Island and Villeray, November 2019, Drawing (plan).Fig. 23 \u00E2\u0080\u0093 Assal, Myriam. Villeray neighbourhood, map. Scale 1:3 000, April 2020, Drawing (plan).Fig. 24 \u00E2\u0080\u0093 Assal, Myriam. Residential lots in Villeray, map. Scale 1:3 000, May 2020, Drawing (plan).Fig. 25 \u00E2\u0080\u0093 Assal, Myriam. Community and public lots in Villeray, map. Scale 1:3 000, May 2020, Drawing (plan).Fig. 26 \u00E2\u0080\u0093 Assal, Myriam. Ownership benefits, collage-diagram. April 2020, Illustration.Fig. 27 \u00E2\u0080\u0093 Assal, Myriam. Density transfer mechanism, collage-diagram. April 2020, Illustration.Fig. 28 \u00E2\u0080\u0093 Assal, Myriam. Density transfer mechanism for stakeholders, diagram, April 2020, Illustration.Fig. 29 \u00E2\u0080\u0093 Assal, Myriam. Density transfer mechanism for community stakeholders, collage-diagram, April 2020, Illustration.Fig. 30 \u00E2\u0080\u0093 Assal, Myriam. Growth of collective ownership over time, collage-diagram, April 2020, Illustration.Fig. 31 \u00E2\u0080\u0093 Assal, Myriam. Axonometric view of the project within the neighbourhood, No scale, April 2020, Drawing (axonometric).Fig. 32 \u00E2\u0080\u0093 Assal, Myriam. Potential expansion sites in the neighbourhood, map, Scale 1:3 000, April 2020, Drawing (plan).Fig. 33 \u00E2\u0080\u0093 Assal, Myriam. Existing block site plan, Scale 1:1 000, April 2020, Drawing (plan).Fig. 34 \u00E2\u0080\u0093 Assal, Myriam. Existing building ground floor and site plan, Scale 1:200, April 2020, Drawing (plan).Fig. 35 \u00E2\u0080\u0093 Assal, Myriam. Photo series of the existing project site, February 2020, Photographs.Fig. 36 \u00E2\u0080\u0093 Assal, Myriam. Laneway Henri-Julien/Gasp\u00C3\u00A9 at Guizot and Jarry, elements annotated, photo-collage, December 2020, Photographs.Fig. 37 \u00E2\u0080\u0093 Assal, Myriam. Massing strategy diagram, April 2020, Illustration.Fig. 38 \u00E2\u0080\u0093 Assal, Myriam. Program hierarchy diagram, April 2020, Illustration.Fig. 39 \u00E2\u0080\u0093 Assal, Myriam. View of the Maison Citoyenne from across the street, April 2020, Illustration.Fig. 40 \u00E2\u0080\u0093 Assal, Myriam. Ground floor plan, Scale 1:200, April 2020, Drawing (plan).Fig. 41 \u00E2\u0080\u0093 Assal, Myriam. Transverse West section, courtyard, Scale 1:300, April 2020, Drawing (section).xviixviFig. 42 \u00E2\u0080\u0093 Assal, Myriam. Longitudinal North section, service cores, Scale 1:300, April 2020, Drawing (section).Fig. 43 \u00E2\u0080\u0093 Assal, Myriam. Transverse West section, courtyard, Scale 1:100, April 2020, Drawing (section).Fig. 44 \u00E2\u0080\u0093 Assal, Myriam. View of the passage leading to the courtyard from Jarry street, April 2020, Illustration.Fig. 45 \u00E2\u0080\u0093 Assal, Myriam. View of the courtyard from the lane, April 2020, Illustration.Fig. 46 \u00E2\u0080\u0093 Assal, Myriam. View of the service core area in the collective kitchen, April 2020, Illustration.Fig. 47 \u00E2\u0080\u0093 Assal, Myriam. Longitudinal North section, service cores, Scale 1:100, April 2020, Drawing (section).Fig. 48 \u00E2\u0080\u0093 Assal, Myriam. First floor plan, Scale 1:200, April 2020, Drawing (plan).Fig. 49 \u00E2\u0080\u0093 Assal, Myriam. Transverse West section, main staircase, Scale 1:100, April 2020, Drawing (section).Fig. 50 \u00E2\u0080\u0093 Assal, Myriam. View of the half landing, stairs, sitting space and laneway, April 2020, Illustration.Fig. 51 \u00E2\u0080\u0093 Assal, Myriam. Second floor plan, Scale 1:200, April 2020, Drawing (plan).Fig. 52 \u00E2\u0080\u0093 Assal, Myriam. View of the second floor main hall, meeting rooms and balcony, April 2020, Illustration.Fig. 53 \u00E2\u0080\u0093 Assal, Myriam. Third floor plan, Scale 1:200, April 2020, Drawing (plan).Fig. 54 \u00E2\u0080\u0093 Assal, Myriam. View of the main gathering space during an improv event at night, April 2020, Illustration.Fig. 55 \u00E2\u0080\u0093 Assal, Myriam. View of the main gathering space in the afternoon, April 2020, Illustration.Fig. 56 \u00E2\u0080\u0093 Assal, Myriam. Axonometric view of the building\u00E2\u0080\u0099s activities, Scale 1:600, April 2020, Drawing (axonometric).Fig. 57 \u00E2\u0080\u0093 Assal, Myriam. View of the project\u00E2\u0080\u0099s corner site, site model and massing 1:500, February 2020, Photograph.Fig. 58 \u00E2\u0080\u0093 Assal, Myriam. View of the project\u00E2\u0080\u0099s fa\u00C3\u00A7ade, site model and massing 1:500, February 2020, Photograph.Fig. 59 \u00E2\u0080\u0093 Assal, Myriam. Top view of the site model 1:500, February 2020, Photograph.Fig. 60 \u00E2\u0080\u0093 Assal, Myriam. View of the stairs, working model 1:50, February 2020, Photograph.Fig. 61 \u00E2\u0080\u0093 Assal, Myriam. View of the courtyard and fa\u00C3\u00A7ades, working model 1:50, February 2020, Photograph.Fig. 62 \u00E2\u0080\u0093 Assal, Myriam. Top view of the working model 1:50, February 2020, Photograph.Note: Spatial data used to produce all site plans: Donn\u00C3\u00A9es Ouvertes Ville De Montr\u00C3\u00A9al (Open Data) (Montreal: Ville de Montr\u00C3\u00A9al.) xixxviiiACKNOWLEDGMENTSThis thesis is the product of many minds and I would like to thank personally everyone who collaborated on it.First, Chris Macdonald, my chair. Thank you for helping me navigate this thesis and proposing human and brilliant ideas. My committee, Richard Evans and Jill Bambury. Our meet-ings were not only productive and insightful, they were also very enjoyable. Thank you for taking such interest in my ideas.Finally, my friends Katie and Zahra. Thank you for taking interest in my work and being my best advisers. xxixx\u00C3\u0080 mes parents, Annie et Salah, qui ont toujours cru en moi. \u00C3\u0080 travers votre g\u00C3\u00A9n\u00C3\u00A9rosit\u00C3\u00A9, vous m\u00E2\u0080\u0099avez appris l\u00E2\u0080\u0099humilit\u00C3\u00A9, la solidarit\u00C3\u00A9 et l\u00E2\u0080\u0099entraide.\u00C3\u0080 mon fr\u00C3\u00A8re Alex et ma s\u00C5\u0093ur Sophie. Que cette th\u00C3\u00A8se vous inspire \u00C3\u00A0 accomplir tout ce dont vous r\u00C3\u00AAvez.\u00C3\u0080 mon amoureux, J\u00C3\u00A9r\u00C3\u00A9mie. Cette th\u00C3\u00A8se n\u00E2\u0080\u0099aurait pas \u00C3\u00A9t\u00C3\u00A9 possible sans ton soutien et ton amour.Et finalement, \u00C3\u00A0 mon quartier Villeray et son beau monde. Vous donnez un sens \u00C3\u00A0 Montr\u00C3\u00A9al, vous \u00C3\u00AAtes Montr\u00C3\u00A9al!1xxii A neighbourhood is perhaps to its inhabitants the most understandable scale of our cities \u00E2\u0080\u0094 it is the stage of our everyday lives. However, individualism in our societies can\u00E2\u0080\u0099t seem to stop growing everyday and the culture of cooperation, sharing and gathering in communities is los-ing its importance in people\u00E2\u0080\u0099s lives. Not only is community as an inherent value endangered, but people seem to feel completely distanced from political issues that concern their space. As Kazuyo Sejima elegantly put it, \u00E2\u0080\u009Cin an age in which people communicate through various media in non-physical spaces, it is the architect\u00E2\u0080\u0099s responsibility to make actual space for physical and direct communication between people.\u00E2\u0080\u009D1 This thesis started out with a strong interest in the Ville-ray neighbourhood in Montreal as a place where a sense of community is still valued. Since this thesis deals with everyday places and social spaces, I wanted to introduce the topic with a personal note. Villeray is meaningful to me. It is a place I call home and a place I truly love. While living there, I grew a fascination for daily scenes in the neighbourhood. Some of them pictured people gathering in odd places in laneways, front lawns and d\u00C3\u00A9panneurs, hanging out on their balconies and talking to the neighbours across, or children biking and playing hockey in the alleyway. Others were characterized by the urban landscape with guerrilla gardening on sidewalks, clothes drying on clothes lines suspended above the alley-way, do-it-yourself (DIY) signs on corner streets and alleys, or even accessible private backyards to the community. All these beautiful, diverse and everyday manifestations took place on a backdrop of typical Montreal plex typologies that are highly regulated by the Planning department. To me, the duality in the urban fabric between authority and rebellion is one that deserves to be studied, to the benefit of the inhabitants.This thesis explores the dualities embed-ded in the spaces that compose the Ville-ray neighbourhood in Montreal and seeks to find ways to allow its inhabitants to regain agency towards their everyday social and public spaces.How can participation of the inhabitants in their social and spatial spaces increase their agency and rights to the neighbourhood?What kind of space would enable the inhabitants to pre-serve community life while participating in the politics relating to their neighbourhood?Finally, how can we preserve, while expand and organize, the existing community participation in shaping the space that, by right of inhabitance, is theirs? INTRODUCTION32STATEMENT OF INTENTT h i s t h e s i s e x p l o r e s w a y s t o b r i n g b a c k a g e n c y a n d o w n e r -s h i p t o t h e r e s i d e n t s o f V i l l e r a y a n d t o a l l o w t h e m t o r e a p -p r o p r i a t e t h e i r n e i g h b o u r h o o d \u00E2\u0080\u0099 s e v e r y d a y s p a c e s . H o w c a n u r b a n p o l i c y c h a n g e s e m p o w e r a n d e n a b l e r e s i -d e n t s t o p a r t i c i p a t e i n t h e e c o n o m i c , s o c i a l , p o l i t i c a l a n d c o m m u n i t y l i f e o f t h e n e i g h b o u r h o o d ?54 To begin, I would like to introduce Villeray as a lively and urban neighbourhood in Montreal, Qu\u00C3\u00A9bec. The neighbourhood is on the north-central part of the island of Montreal. Located in the larger borough of Villeray-Saint-Mi-chel-Parc-Extension, it is the most central of the three neigh-bourhoods and its boundaries are the metropolitan highway to the north and the important Jean-Talon artery to the south. Officially, the western boundary is Saint-Dominique, but most of the residents consider it to actually be the railway on the West side of Jarry park. Finally, the eastern boundary is officially Garnier/Fabre street, but again residents consider the main boulevard, Iberville, to be the eastern boundary. This section will cover the historical background of the neighbourhood and its residents up until today by looking at how the neighbourhood was founded, how it evolved and how its residents participated in shaping what it is today.CHAPTER 01: THE STORY OF A NEIGHBOURHOOD1234seigneuriesc\u00C3\u00B4te (road where seigneuries end)c\u00C3\u00B4te mont\u00C3\u00A9e (connects north-south settlements)connection of the south and north grids (seigneuries and rangs)c\u00C3\u00B4te c\u00C3\u00B4te seigneuriesrang (individual lots)interior landsinterior lands VillerayVillerayVillerayVillerayPrairies riverSt-Lawrence river76fig. 1 - Origin of the Montreal grid Let us start with the beginning and how Villeray came to exist as a Montreal neighbourhood. While the old-est settlements of Ville-Marie and Sault-Au-R\u00C3\u00A9collet on the island of Montreal were established around 1642 and 1621, respectively, Villeray became a neighbourhood of the City of Montreal only in 1905. It is my intention to acknowledge that Montreal was and still is home to various populations of Indigenous and other peoples. This thesis discusses a neighbourhood in a city that is located on unceded Indig-enous lands \u00E2\u0080\u0094 it is concerned with the diversity of social spaces and its people. The Quebec population, especially on the island of Montreal was founded by a diversity of ethnicities and cultures.Initially, in the 1870s, Villeray was almost entirely farmlands. Due to French colonization, the land was divided accord-ing to the French system of seigneuries. Essentially, the seigneurs (chosen by the King) would own a piece of land and let habitants cultivate their assigned lot in exchange for various forms of rent. The seigneurie is a long rectangu-lar shape and is placed perpendicular to the waterway, to allow multiple seigneuries to have access to water, which in this case is the Saint-Laurent river to the south and the Prairies river to the north. The seigneuries are subdivided in smaller narrow lots called rangs or farms.2 After the British conquest in 1759, the township system was the norm, but the seigneurie system was already established and persisted for a long time in Quebec.3 The township system can be witnessed in other provinces and in Quebec English rural towns. The main difference of the township (or county/canton) is the dimensions (equal on both sides) and square subdivided lots.4 The reason for looking at the origin of land division is to understand how this influenced the division of the modern block and ultimately, individual lots we find today. The typical rang size was approximately 175m x 1750m. Today, in Villeray or other similar neigh-bourhoods like the Plateau Mont-Royal, a normal block is roughly 70m x 250m. By subdividing the rang in two rows of 6 blocks, one could build about 12 blocks (although it is not always exact) with mainly one-way streets along the long side, and two-ways on the short side. This structure is consistent with the old way of organizing roads to connect the rangs together. Long narrow roads between the long sides of the rangs were called \u00E2\u0080\u009Cmont\u00C3\u00A9es\u00E2\u0080\u009D and the roads where all short sides of the rangs were joining together were called \u00E2\u0080\u009Cc\u00C3\u00B4te\u00E2\u0080\u009D5. We can see this heritage with the orientation of the street grid: narrow one-ways run North \u00E2\u0080\u0093 South (perpendicular to the rivers) and larger axes (two-ways) run East \u00E2\u0080\u0093 West. The major Villeray farm owners of the 19th century were Jarry, Lalonde, Compte, Frigon and Stanley Bagg to name a few.6 Around 1870, a group comprised of a French con-tractor, a lawyer and an architect bought the Compte farm, a very large territory formed of multiple rangs and divided it into approximately 1200 lots.7 By respecting the existing rural paths (mont\u00C3\u00A9es and c\u00C3\u00B4tes) as well as the road align-ment from Ville-Marie, they predicted the annexation of the village of Villeray to Montreal. Along with the construction of row houses, they donated lots for the construction of institutional buildings. Later on, other landowners were influenced to subdivide their land in lots to either sell or build on .8 History reminds us that the city and the neigh-bourhood was built partly by private stakeholders.As previously said, the blocks were presumably created with 1.1 THE PLACE1750 mmont\u00C3\u00A9e (one-way)175 mBLOCK70 m x 250 mc\u00C3\u00B4te (two-ways)LOT (rang)175m x 1750m5 km16 km10 km15 km16 km10 kmLOT650m x 650mLOT (rang)175m x 1750mLOT833m x 833mTOWNSHIP (WEST CANADA)TOWNSHIP (WEST CANADA)SEIGNEURIE (QUEBEC)98the street grids by subdividing individual rangs. In Villeray, the block that would later be divided in smaller lots was divided in its interior by laneways at the very beginning in the planning of the town by the developers. The laneways first appeared in the allotment of big farms, in wealthy anglophone villages (McTavish farm which is today known as the Golden Square Mile, situated around McGill University). This laneway could be used for circulation and to access domestic workers quarters.9 In the context of a workers\u00E2\u0080\u0099 neighbourhood like Villeray and the Plateau Mont-Royal, the laneway was a good solution to create a secondary access to the back of the row houses and was already successful in older neighbourhoods. Another important thing to note is that there is a hierarchy of the lots that follow the hierarchy of the streets. Important streets are wider, and the lots along them are wider and deeper.10 The laneways are either in the form of an \u00E2\u0080\u009CH\u00E2\u0080\u009D or only an \u00E2\u0080\u009CI\u00E2\u0080\u009D cutting through the lot. This urban model is really interesting because it was originally designed for density while allowing different private and public conditions, as Legault defines them:(translated from French) \u00E2\u0080\u009CThis urban model is also visible by the formal shape of the inte-rior blocks. The integration of the laneways allows access to the back of the row houses and also dedicates a public front space and a domestic back space for the house.\u00E2\u0080\u009D11fig. 2 - allotment plan of former Compt\u00C3\u00A9 farm fig. 3 - allotment plan of former Logan farm fig. 5 - subdivision of the rangfig. 4 - different land division systems1110fig. 6 - Villeray, Photograph of the Parc des R\u00C3\u00AAves (angle of Gasp\u00C3\u00A9 and Guizot in the studied block), 1946. fig. 7 - map of the City of Montreal and its neighbourhoods, 1913 (after Villeray is annexed). Saint-Denis includes Villeray.1312 To interpret the spatial transformations of Villeray through history would be meaningless without understand-ing who inhabited the place. At the beginning of the 20th century, workers started to move to Villeray, not too far from the fortified Ville-Marie to live closer to their work in quarries. With the boom in construction in the city, there was a need for Greystone, which was present in many quarries in Villeray. Prior to 1905, , the village was already populated by stone masons who started to build small houses on farmlands. 12 Additionally, many workers were employed by the Canadian Pacific Railway that was inaugurated in 188613. Before 1893, people would travel to the northern settlements of Sault-Au-R\u00C3\u00A9collet through the Chemin Saint-Laurent (today\u00E2\u0080\u0099s Saint-Laurent boulevard) from Ville-Marie and would stop at hotels in Villeray on the way.14 After 1893, the \u00E2\u0080\u009CBack River\u00E2\u0080\u009D electric tramway line15 running along Saint-Laurent would initiate the expansion of Montreal to the North. The village of Villeray quickly grew and community buildings including a church, a municipal room and a classroom were built by the small community of 800 people.16 In 1905, Villeray was annexed to the City of Montreal.17 Commercial streets like Saint-Laurent, Jean-Talon, Saint-Hubert and the Chemin de la C\u00C3\u00B4te-Saint-Laurent (today\u00E2\u0080\u0099s Cr\u00C3\u00A9mazie boulevard and Metropolitan highway) were extended from the existing city grid.18 More and more people came to Villeray with their families because of the availability and affordability of the space. Few years later, the Montreal Street Railway com-pany established its tramway garages and storing facilities, the Atelier d\u00E2\u0080\u0099Youville, on current Cr\u00C3\u00A9mazie boulevard.19 The facility employed many workers and opened the way for manufacturing industries in the area, creating many jobs for the working class, who then established in Villeray. During the 1900s up until after World War II, there had been two major construction booms. The first construction boom, which ended with the Great Depression of 1929 gifted the neighbourhood with typical Montreal plexes, or multi-storeys row houses. The second construction boom after World War II left us with veteran single-family houses, apartment build-ings and semi-detached houses in the East.20 The 19th and 20th century also saw the mass arrival of immigrants in the neighbourhood. Around 1880 and again after World War II, a lot of Italians arrived in Villeray and established themselves in today\u00E2\u0080\u0099s famous Little Italy, just North of Jean-Talon. They were mainly workers in search of labour.21 Same happened with Greek, Portuguese and East European communities after the war, which lead to an explosion of the population. The majority of the population were workers, with revenue averages lower than the Montreal averages22. Additionally, after the 1970s, a large population of immigrants from Haiti, Central America, India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Vietnam, Laos, Arab countries (Maghreb mainly) and Turkey arrived in the borough and contributed to its multiculturalism.23The history of Villeray shows that the neighbourhood was founded because of its worker class vocation and proximity. It also has been populated by a majority of workers in the past. Today, Villeray has a majority of tenants. In the last 2016 census, 73.7% of the residents of the neighbourhood were tenants24, against 77% in 198625, which indicates that in more than 30 years, there was a rise of only 3.3% of owners. The neighbourhood is composed of 46% of peo-ple living alone and 54% of families. The majority of these families (54.1%) include children.26Finally, Villeray has developed strong community and social organizations since the 1970s. In 1961, 44% of the residents were workers. Tensions between landlords and tenants, 1.2 THE PEOPLEURBAN DENSIT YPopu la t ion dens i t y ( inhab i tants/km 2)10 300V i l le ray6 500Sain t - Jacques (V i l l e Mar ie )4 916Mont rea l5 493Vancouver11 054LondonHOUSEHOLDSHOUSINGAloneCompos i t ion Revenue L ive under pover ty l ineStatus Mobi l i t yMonth ly cos ts45%25%$ 26 69919% $ 79 226 1 4%10% $ 43 893 29%27%73%$ 1 385 45% st ay for+5 years$ 792Coup lesCoup les w i th ch i ld renS ing le parent1 2%(47% l i ve a lone )24%(44% when l i ve a lone )60 930 $ 42 753 20%Sen io r s22% 28%Recent immigrants (2011 - )Tot al populat ionOwner sTenants1514insalubrity, housing crises and other housing-related prob-lematics started to arise in the neighbourhood due to social inequalities, poverty and the state of the facilities which led to the creation of the Villeray Tenants\u00E2\u0080\u0099 Association (ALV; Association des Locataires de Villeray). The association works to inform tenants on their rights and has participated to establish coop programs and social housing in the neigh-bourhood.27 The ALV also organizes workshops, discussions and has been quite preoccupied by gentrification in the last few years. There is such a big range of social associations in Villeray working for residents\u00E2\u0080\u0099 well-being that in the 1980s, 16 community groups gathered to form the Community Council Solidarity Villeray (Conseil communautaire Solidar-it\u00C3\u00A9s Villeray). The council\u00E2\u0080\u0099s objective is to foster mutual aid to disadvantaged communities, to promote social justice and to help residents to participate in democratic life and to defend their social rights.28 Lastly, the story of the place and the faces of Villeray brings to light the importance of democratic and community life for this neighbourhood. Today, the population of Villeray remains in majority composed of tenants. People living alone are numerous, as well as seniors, and we find a lot of families with children. They usually live in duplexes, triplexes, etc, which are a very space-efficient row housing typology. Ville-ray thus very densely built, with an urban density around 10 300 inhabitant/km2, which is even higher than the density in the downtown area. Also, with revenues per households that are lower than the Montreal average, there is still today 20% of the population that live under the poverty line. Vul-nerable groups like recent immigrants, single-parents and seniors already use many of the community services but these a still not visible enough. For families, couples and fig. 8 - urban density in Villeray and comparisonsother residents as well as vulnerable groups, the lack of community space, in such a densely built neighbourhood, is quite problematic. In light of the population\u00E2\u0080\u0099s past and present economic situation, and since the majority is formed by tenants, it is not surprising that major rent increases and other changes part of the gentrification process particularly affect the residents of Villeray. Ownership and agency are two import-ant concepts that will be further discussed in subsequent sections of this thesis.fig. 9 - statistical portrait of the residents of Villeray1716fig. 10 - timeline of Villeray neighbourhood1918fig. 10 - timeline of Villeray neighbourhood (continued)2120 This thesis is framed around the social theory of space developed by Henri Lefebvre in La Production de l\u00E2\u0080\u0099Es-pace, 1974 (The production of Space, translated in 1981), and many other written works by him on this topic. The spatial theory he develops is complex, academically rigorous and strongly related to philosophy and sociology. Naturally, my focus for this research will be the spatial aspects but I am extremely interested in the dimensions of this theory and with the Marxist approach to space and capitalism. With basic notions of Marxist sociology, Lefebvre\u00E2\u0080\u0099s theory of social space is a fascinating lens through which to look at the social space of Villeray. This chapter will establish a framework to look at community and public space through the lens of social space and participation.CHAPTER 02: THE SOCIAL SPACE2322 The concept of social space is one that understands space within its temporal dimension. Space is usually under-stood as something static, but Lefebvre argues that space is actually the product of a specific society, with its own relations to the modes of production or in other words, to capitalism.29 Lefebvre explains that social space is found in everyday spaces and is where the social activities are held:\u00E2\u0080\u009CEveryone knows what is meant when we speak of a \u00E2\u0080\u0098room\u00E2\u0080\u0099 in an apartment, the \u00E2\u0080\u0098corner\u00E2\u0080\u0099 of the street, a \u00E2\u0080\u0098marketplace\u00E2\u0080\u0099, a shopping or cultural \u00E2\u0080\u0098centre\u00E2\u0080\u0099, a public \u00E2\u0080\u0098place\u00E2\u0080\u0099, and so on. These terms of everyday discourse serve to distinguish, but not to isolate, particular spaces, and in general to describe a social space. They correspond to a specific use of that space, and hence to a spa-tial practice that they express and constitute.\u00E2\u0080\u009D30Lefebvre explains logically a concept that we all have encountered. Social space is produced by its society and society produced by it in return. It is a mediating process. History, politics, economy and society all produce a specific space. To understand the complexity of social space, Louis Gaudreau (2013) draws parallels between Henri Lefebvre and Marx concepts of time, space and capital. To put it very simply, the main argument of Marx\u00E2\u0080\u0099s critique of capitalism is that labour and production have become an abstraction. In capitalist societies, alienated workers no longer consume the result of their labour directly. Capitalists produce goods to be exchanged for value and exploit workers for their labour. Labour and production are abstracted, they become quantitative, they both operate on the basis of speculation and exchange value.31 We could be tempted to see the concept of production as a concrete one, but production and labour are abstracted by the insertion of the concept of capital, surplus (profit) and exchange value.32 The same concept of abstraction is present in Lefebvre\u00E2\u0080\u0099s theory of space. Capitalism has a strong effect on space: it produces two dimensions of space. One is concrete, which he calls social space. This space is the \u00E2\u0080\u009Cuseful\u00E2\u0080\u009D value of the space, it is the product of social interactions, of everyday life, it is qualitative. The other contradictory dimension is the abstract space, the capitalist market value of space. It is space reduced from everything else, it is quantitative.33 Basically, space, like capitalism, is not used strictly for social interactions and everyday needs, it is used to make profits. 2.1 CAPITAL, SOCIAL AND ABSTRACT SPACEHOMOGENISATIONFRAGMENTATIONHIERARCHYof the social spaceDOMINATION12345of the social spaceof the social spaceof the social spaceDOMINATIONof the abstract spaceSOCIAL SPACEABSTRACTED SPACE2524fig. 11 - transformation of social to abstract space Social and abstract space are consistently in con-flict. Space is a contested space itself. In the increasingly commodified city and the growth of production, the abstract space modifies space to facilitate the reproduction of cap-ital.34 The phenomenon has the effect of overpowering social space. This happens in three steps, as summarized by Gaudreau:1. Homogenization, where the space is standardized, divided in measurable units;2. Fragmentation, where the space is regularized, highly organized, areas are distinguished and zoning regulations are put in place;3. Hierarchy, where new power relationships are cre-ated between spaces, and ultimately people.35This duality between abstract and social space is recogniz-able in Villeray. The very concept of typologies participates to organize the building stock into something that can be compared to each other. Only by looking at the fa\u00C3\u00A7ades, we recognize abstracted elements put in place: the typical Montreal plex typologies, the consistent (and encouraged) use of brick and the height limitations (1 to 2, 2 to 3 and 3 to 6 storeys for different residential and commercial zones)36. These abstractions are not new, they have been there since the allotment of the land at the beginning of the 20th century and continue to invade all dimensions of the space. The interesting thing is the duality between social and abstract observed in Montreal, or how they are always in competition. People alter the typologies in thousands of ways to make them unique. The back fa\u00C3\u00A7ade, seen from the laneways, are not as regulated \u00E2\u0080\u0094 an orchestrated chaos prevails. In the street, guerrilla gardening is practiced, and laneways are beautified with furniture, art and adapted for children to play and community to meet. Finally, I would add that the current issue around gentri-fication could be understood partly under the Lefebvrian lens of capitalist space. What has become clear in this research is that first, the culture in Villeray is favourable to individual and collective expression through micro-scale design interventions and individual/collective appropriation of their space (fa\u00C3\u00A7ades, back fa\u00C3\u00A7ades, sidewalks, laneways). Secondly, the history of the neighbourhood as one of community, working class and inequalities is embedded in the social space. One of the problems that the neighbourhood is facing today is a difficulty to deal with gentrification and especially with the rise of rents and the slow transformation of the neighbour-hood in a very desirable area which attracts capital and investment opportunities. The vacancy rate in Villeray in 2018 was 0.5% (1.9% in Greater Montreal), which indicate how desirable the neighbourhood is, but also how alarming the rate is in the context of a housing crisis. To put it simpler than the phenomenon is, gentrification could be explained as a phenomenon that displaces workers communities from typical residential worker neighbourhoods when these are recognized for their historical and capital market-value by speculators. Usually, the neighbourhoods are slowly being occupied by artist and student communities and finally rehabilitated by middle-class homebuyers and developers. The issue of gentrification is taken very seriously especially by the Villeray Tenants Association (ALV) and there has been many activities, workshops, guided tours and publications 2.2 THE DUALITY OF SOCIAL AND ABSTRACT SPACEST-LAURENTCASGRAINGASPEHENRI-JULIENDROLETST-DENISBERRILAJEUNESSEST-GERARDFOUCHERCHATEAUBRIANDST-HUBERTST-ANDREBOYERCHRISTOPHE-COLOMBJARRYJARRYGUIZOTLIEGEPARC VILLERAYPARC NORMANDVILLEPATRO-PR\u00C3\u0089VOSTPARC JARRYNORMANVILLECHAMBORDLANAUDIEREROUSSELOTGARNIERFABREVILLERAYGOUNODCASTELNAUJEAN-TALONFAILLONJULES-VERNELIEGELEMANMISTRALGOUNODST-ALFREDST-ELIEJUILLETLORANGERLE GARDEURVALCARTIERFABREVILLERAY BOUNDARIESMETROCASTELNEAUMETROJEAN-TALONMETROFABREMETROJARRYCREMAZIEMETROCREMAZIEMETROPOLITAN HWYPAPINEAUST-DOMINIQUEZONING LEGEND26-0626-0426-0526-0726-1326-T1526-T326-0226-08MAXIMUM 2 STOREYSMAXIMUM 3 STOREYSMAXIMUM 4 STOREYSMAXIMUM 6 STOREYSMAXIMUM 8 STOREYS2726by the group to increase awareness about this issue. But what if the problem had part of its roots in the abstrac-tion system of the space, which allows capital to be easily reproduced? If it does, then it makes sense to propose an intervention that brings back social space in the neighbour-hood. Surely, we live in an era of domination of abstract space and capital but there is one important thing we ought not to forget. Abstract space is also dependent on concrete (social) space, just like capital is intrinsically dependent on labour. Hence, space is contested, contradictory and source of conflict, which rebalances its power relations.37As it will be discussed in the next chapter, this project aims to look at these issues of gentrification and abstrac-tion of space by capital to combine them with compatible discourse around participation and re-appropriation of the neighbourhood. In the meantime, a closer look to Villeray\u00E2\u0080\u0099s social space teaches us that it is organized within private and public spheres but that the boundaries between are very blurred.fig. 14 - gathering and speech for the eventfig. 13 - puppet show, (Translated): \u00E2\u0080\u009CON SALE. 514-VERY PRICEY\u00E2\u0080\u009Dfig. 12 - Poster, (Translated) \u00E2\u0080\u009CKnow the many faces of the Villeray neighbourhood\u00E2\u0080\u009D, Commented itinerary on Castelnau street, When? Saturday August 26th at 11am, Where? Corner Castelnau and Saint-Denis, Activity for the whole family, come in great numbers!\u00E2\u0080\u009Dfig. 15 - Villeray zoning map, 1:3 000shoebox on 2-storeys2-PLEXSINGLE-FAMILYTYPICAL FLOOR PLANSTYPICAL ELEVATIONR-D-C (GROUND)1 ER (FIRST)2 \u00C3\u0088ME (SECOND)SOUS-SOL (BASEMENT)3-PLEXon 2-storeys on 3-storeysAPARTMENT BACK FA\u00C3\u0087ADE (LANEWAY)5-PLEX4-PLEXinterior stairsVILLERAY\u00E2\u0080\u0099S RESIDENTIAL TYPOLOGIES PLANS & ELEVATIONS 1:3002928shoebox on 2-storeys2-PLEXSINGLE-FAMILYTYPICAL FLOOR PLANSTYPICAL ELEVATION1230R-D-C (GROUND)1ER (FIRST)2\u00C3\u0088ME (SECOND)SOUS-SOL (BASEMENT)3-PLEXon 2-storeys on 3-storeysfig. 16 - abstracted residential typologies, plans and elevationsAPARTMENT BACK FA\u00C3\u0087ADE (LANEWAY)5-PLEX4-PLEXinterior stairs3130shoebox on 2-storeys2-PLEXSINGLE-FAMILYTYPICAL ELEVATION 3-PLEXon 2-storeys on 3-storeysfig. 17 - residential typologies photo-collageAPARTMENT5-PLEX4-PLEXinterior stairs3332 As Micheal Brill discusses it in Mistaking Community Life for Public Life, there are many differences between public and community spaces and those are very important to understand when designing. Community life is very different than public life \u00E2\u0080\u0094 community is sociability with like-minded people while public life is sociability with strangers.38 To differentiate those two conditions allows to see a gradation of private life to public life, with community usually somewhere in the middle. Because of the typology of the residences and their proximity to each other, very interesting conditions of private, public and community life are at play. From access to the street, sidewalk, exterior staircase, balcony, interior apartment to the back balcony, service staircase, backyard and finally laneway, there is a strong gradation between extremely public to extremely 2.3 PUBLIC, PRIVATE AND COMMUNITY SPACEprivate, and then to community space that operates in a very short period. This closer look at the somewhat blurred boundaries in Villeray provides us with more options to design within the highly curated social space.As a way to identify future intervention sites and to reflect on the possible ways to intervene in the public sphere in a creative way, I started to categorize everyday spaces according to their privateness, publicness, accessibility and non-accessibility. The classification revealed itself really useful to identify different degrees of publicness within ordinary spaces. As we discuss micro-urban experiments in the next chapter, it will be interesting to keep in mind how these appear in all spheres of private-public-community spaces and to ask how participation could be geared to all these types of space.010203040506070809101213141516171819202122 232425 2627282930313233343536373839404144434211PARKNEIHBOURHOODPARKMETROBANK (ATM)BANK (SERVICE)HOSPITALDENTAL, EYE, SPECIALIZED CLINICSCAF\u00C3\u0089UNIVERSITYCEGEPCOMMUNITY GARDEND\u00C3\u0089PANNEURMAKER SPACEPUBLIC POOLWATER PLAY PARKMUNICIPAL ARENALIQUOR STORE (SAQ)BARRETAIL STORES APARTMENT BUILDINGPLEX APARTMENTSINGLE-FAMILY HOUSEOFFICESREPAIR GARAGERELIGIOUS PLACES(CHURCH, TEMPLE, MOSQUE)RESTAURANTPHARMACYFAST-FOODRESTAURANTLANEWAY PARKINGLANEWAY PARKING(DRIVE-WAY)HIGHWAYAS PUBLICSPACESTREET PARKINGYOGASTUDIOYOUTH CENTREFITNESS CENTREINDEPENDANT GROCER (SMALL)GROCERY STORE(SUPERMARKET)ELEMENTARY SCHOOLHIGH SCHOOLDAYCAREFIRE HALLPUBLICLIBRARYSOCIAL HOUSINGCOMPLEXPRIVATENON-ACCESSIBLEACCESSIBLE3534fig. 18 - public/private gradient from street to lanewayGRADIENT OF PUBLIC TO PRIVATEVERY PUBLICPUBLICSTREETSIDEWALKGARDENING LOTSEMI-PUBLICFRONT YARDSEMI-PRIVATESTAIRSBALCONYSEMI-PRIVATESTAIRSBALCONYSEMI/SEMIPRIVATEBACKYARDFENCEINDENTIN PLANPARTYWALLSEMI/SEMIPUBLICLANEWAY(RUELLE)PRIVATEAPARTMENTINTERIORfig. 19 - everyday places matrix: a classification of spaces of interaction3736 The main reason why Villeray was chosen as a site of study is because I observed many urban micro-interven-tions that seemed to make this neighbourhood special. I am very interested in how inhabitants of the neighbourhood developed practices that were sometimes individual or organized amongst the community. These practices included guerrilla and community gardening, street art, occupation of the laneways, street free lending libraries, \u00E2\u0080\u009CSlow\u00E2\u0080\u009D traffic signs made by the residents, shared toys and furniture in parks and more. These practices first appeared to me as a reflection of a strong local community cooperation, but this research led me to ask myself if these practices could also be actions from the residents to assert their right to the city. In this chapter, I will introduce the concepts of \u00E2\u0080\u009Cright to the city\u00E2\u0080\u009D, micro-urban practices also called \u00E2\u0080\u009Cdo-it-yourself (DIY) and participation in a larger sense. I will then apply the framework to Villeray and introduce the design inter-vention(s) proposal. CHAPTER 03: APPROPRIATING THE NEIGHBOURHOOD3938 The discourse around micro-urban practices and do-it-yourself (DIY) urbanism brought a lot of interesting elements concerning everyday practices and micro-political acts. Essentially, this discourse explores how micro-urban-ism, in a way, allows inhabitants to regain their right to the city. To me, the appropriation of the urban everyday in Villeray was special and led to wanting to know more about it. According to Kurt Yveson (2013), the key dynamics of DIY urbanism are, amongst others, to establish a defamiliariza-tion or refamiliarization of the city, a decommodification (use instead of market value), and alternative economies. In addition, other dualities are at play: temporary to per-manent, public to private, collective to individual, legal to illegal and old to new.39 We can see these concepts at play in DIY urbanism practices when walking in Villeray. Just as an example, laneways are exceptional spaces to witness decommodification and alternative economies with DIY fur-niture, recycled materials to make signs, decorations, play installations and more. On the one hand, we can explain this motivation to appropriate everyday spaces by the inhabitants to improve the use of the spaces and the playfulness of the shared community space. Since the majority the population are tenants and a big portion are families, there is advan-tage to make use of relatively private-community spaces like the laneway for recreation. In that sense, some may say that the interventions have nothing to do with politics. I would argue that to some extent, these interventions on the everyday spaces are highly political since they represent an appropriation of the city space and a declaration of the equal right of each inhabitant to occupy it. \u00E2\u0080\u009CLefebvre\u00E2\u0080\u0099s notion that the \u00E2\u0080\u0098right to the city\u00E2\u0080\u0099 is founded on an urban politics of inhabitance is suggestive of how a democratic urban politics might emerge from appropriations of the city. In other words, one way in which the practices of DIY urbanism might begin to construct a democratic politics of the city is through the declaration of a right to (appropriate the) city based on nothing more than their shared inhab-itance of the city.\u00E2\u0080\u009D.40Yveson\u00E2\u0080\u0099s conclusion of the article stipulates that to give birth to a more democratic society, small-scale experiments must be politicized, coordinated and collectively organized in such ways that disagreements and conflicts can be staged and challenge the authority.41 In the case of Villeray, the small-scale experiments represent the beginnings of a more organized democratic activity, and the design portion of this thesis shall propose to take them to the next level, with the concept of participation in mind.3.1 AGENCY OVER URBAN SPACE4140diy skipping rope hookdiy bottle openermuralopen backyarddiy basketball hoopdiy sign:\u00E2\u0080\u009Cdrive very very slowly\u00E2\u0080\u009Ddiy signmarkingdiy decorationdiy decorationbookexchangerecycled furnitureplantingfig. 20 - Laneways in Villeray, DIY and other elements annotated, photo-collageParticipation and activism are an important part of Villeray, and only by walking the streets and lanes, one can notice their effect on the urban landscape.The many encounters of urban DIY interventions (\u00E2\u0080\u009Cdo it your-self\u00E2\u0080\u009D) in the neighbourhood address the common practice of appropriating the space for the individual and collective needs of the residents. It also speaks to the lack of com-munity space.Residents lacking private backyards appropriate other spaces to socialize, revitalize and participate in the com-munity life. DIY URBAN INTERVENTIONS4342 Participation is a concept that is now used a lot in practice and is usually described as a consultation process with the concerned populations in public projects. However, the current discourse on participation offers way more divergent views on the matter. One of the major issues dis-cussed by architect and academic Markus Miessen relates to the obsession of consensus and the general romantic perception towards the notion of participation.42 Miessen proposes a model of participation that is not based on consensus built on the idea that participation is naturally conflictual.43 When people assemble, discuss and partici-pate, conflicts arise and to always aim for an ideal consensus is not realistic and does not provide productive solutions, according to the author. Other discussions on consensus saw the consensus-building process as a challenge indeed, but the response to the process was, to my understanding, not very productive. For example, one of the solutions was to improve communication as well as planners/design facilitator responsibility towards a more just process.44 I am really interested in Markus Miessen\u00E2\u0080\u0099s discourse because it identifies the paradox of participation and accept the pos-sibility of a non-consensual process and outcome which I think is more grounded in reality. The other interesting thing about his discourse is how it also concerns the use of the space and its architecture, not only the design process. In The Nightmare of Participation (Crossbench Praxis as a Mode of Criticality), 2010, Miessen proposes to change the model of participation to make it a political act:\u00E2\u0080\u009CI will put forward a concept of participation as a way to enter politics (forcing oneself into the existing power relations) instead of a \u00E2\u0080\u0098politically motivated model of pseudo-partic-ipation\u00E2\u0080\u0099 (a proposition to let others contribute to the decision-making process), which is habitually stirred by the craving for political legitimization.\u00E2\u0080\u009D45 By looking at participation as a political act, we can tie Miessen\u00E2\u0080\u0099s participation concept with the idea of everyday spaces, the production of space and inherent right to the city based on inhabitance. What Miessen is proposing is an opening towards other fields, with other social and spatial practices that make up people\u00E2\u0080\u0099s lives and that produce space. Essentially, to abandon the model of single authorship that characterize the architecture field today and that is applied to participation as well by opening its boundaries.46 To combine all these concepts brings me to propose an intervention that would possibly invite a third party to stage a confrontation with the authority (the City, and the ever-rul-ing capitalist market), perhaps a social organization. This third party would act as the uninvited, critical, outsider agent, or as Miessen calls it, \u00E2\u0080\u009Cthe crossbench practitioner\u00E2\u0080\u009D.47 The reason for that would be to assure that the political action is visible, as Yveson recommended48, and to organize the DIY isolated experiments into a clear, political action. The interventions will attempt to achieve three things:1. Provide a safe-space for conflict, a stage for micro-political actions, participation in spatial construct and reclaiming the right to the Villeray neighbourhood.2. Re-appropriate the neighbourhood\u00E2\u0080\u0099s everyday social space;3. Provide public and community space in the neigh-bourhood that reconciliate social and abstract space.3.2 PARTICIPATION AND ACTIVISM4544Villeray\u00E2\u0080\u0099s tenants association. Advocates for tenants\u00E2\u0080\u0099 rights and access to affordable, social and adequate housing.ASSOCIATION DES LOCATAIRES DE VILLERAY (ALV)LAJEUNESSE COMMUNITY CENTRE (property of School Board) *closes in 2020Neighbourhood \u00E2\u0080\u009Chouse\u00E2\u0080\u009D (community centre) that works to improve the residents\u00E2\u0080\u0099 quality of life. Activities like collective kitchen, soup kitchen and reduced grocery products.MAISON DE QUARTIER VILLERAYSolidarity Villeray brings many social stakeholders in the neighbourhood with neihbourhood round tables. Improve quality of life, addressing health, education, urban planning, environmental, community and social organizations in Villeray.CDC SOLIDARIT\u00C3\u0089 VILLERAY660 VILLERAY (property of City of Montreal)Centre for women (immigrant and natives), advocates for disadvantaged women, offers intercultural activities, workshops, legal activities, etc.CDFIA8043 SAINT-HUBERT (private property)Villeray Grandparents organization develops intergenerational ties between seniors and young people. MAISON DES GRANDS-PARENTS DE VILLERAY8043 SAINT-HUBERT (property of MGPV inc.)Youth Employment organization that help youth to integrate the workforce and maintain employment. EMPLOI-JEUNESSEFree accessible literacy services for Villeray\u00E2\u0080\u0099s residents. Advocates for equal access to education.LA JARNIGOINEStreetwork and prevention for youth at risk of homelessness, prostitution violence and drug abuse. PACTE DE RUE205-211 JARRY (property of Solidarit\u00C3\u00A9 Jarry coop.)Branch of CDC Solidarit\u00C3\u00A9 Villeray in the most Eastern part of the neighbourhood. In partnership with the neighbourhring borough (Rosemont-Petite-Patrie).CDC VILLERAY EST1982 TILLEMONT (private property)Neighbourhood life community organization. Provides an environment that foster mutual aid, participation in leisure activities and community action. Offers activities like sports, recreation, education, emergency food assistance, etc.PATRO LE PR\u00C3\u0089VOST7355 CHRISTOPHE-COLOMB (property of City of Montreal)COMMUNITY GROUPS AND STAKEHOLDERS IN VILLERAY (NON-PROFIT)Household economic cooperatives, home economics, income, housing and consummation. The organization helps individuals and families with budgeting and consumers rights.ACEF NORD7500 CHATEAUBRIAND (property of ACEF Montreal)Centre for assistance, complaint support and information relating to health and social services.CAAP MONTR\u00C3\u0089ALFondation Qu\u00C3\u00A9b\u00C3\u00A9coise Scout du Canada (FQS)Scout group 52.SCOUTS DU CANADA733 SAINT-DENIS (property of FQS)Saint Nicholas Antiochian Orthodox Church.ORTHODOX SCOUTS80 CASTELNAU (property of Church)Service d\u00E2\u0080\u0099int\u00C3\u00A9gration au march\u00C3\u00A9 du travail par Objectif, Integration to the workforce for mmigrantsSIMOPaternity valorization organization.RVP7245 CLARK (property of Renaissance Inc.)Mental health movement, advocates for mental well-being.MOUVEMENT SANT\u00C3\u0089 MENTALE QU\u00C3\u0089BECFree professional consulting (phone service) for parents relating to parent-children relations.PREMI\u00C3\u0088RE RESSOURCE (AIDE AU PARENTS)911 JEAN-TALON (property of SHDM)Neighbourhood life for impoverished youth, performance arts day camp, homework support, etc.CR\u00C3\u0089ATION ETC.Villeray seniors\u00E2\u0080\u0099 centre with a variety of activities for seniors.CENTRE DES \u00C3\u0082IN\u00C3\u0089S DE VILLERAYCommunity and recreation centre with a variety of activities for Villeray residents.CENTRE DE LOISIRS COMMUAUTAIRES LAJEUNESSEUrban Security and crime prevention in VSP borough.TANDEM VSPVilleray Family Zone, offers activities for families.ESPACE FAMILLE VILLERAYAssociation for Vietnamese seniors.ASSOCIATION DES PERSONNES \u00C3\u0082G\u00C3\u0089ES VIETNAMIENNES18910111167234515 MINUTES WALK RADIUS LA JARNIGOINECDFIAMAISON DE QUARTIER VILLERAYSDC VILLERAY ESTPATRO LE PR\u00C3\u0089VOSTALVCR\u00C3\u0089ATION ETC.TANDEM VSPPREMI\u00C3\u0088RE RESSOURCE, AIDE AUX PARENTSMOUVEMENT SANT\u00C3\u0089 MENTALE QCCENTRE A\u00C3\u008EN\u00C3\u0089S VILLERAYESPACE FAMILLE VILLERAYCENTRE LOISIRS COMMUNAUTAIRES LAJEUNESSEASSOCIATION DES PERSONNES AG\u00C3\u0089ES VIETNAMIENNESSOLIDARIT\u00C3\u0089 VILLERAYACEF NORD MONTREALMAISON DES GRANDS-PARENTS VILLERAYORTHODOX SCOUTSCAAP MONTREALSCOUTS CANADASIMORVPEMPLOI JEUNESSEPACTE DE RUE12345678891011ST-LAURENTCASGRAINGASPEHENRI-JULIENDROLETST-DENISBERRILAJEUNESSEST-GERARDFOUCHERCHATEAUBRIANDST-HUBERTST-ANDREBOYERCHRISTOPHE-COLOMBJARRYJARRYGUIZOTLIEGEVILLERAY PARKPARC NORMANDVILLEPATRO-PR\u00C3\u0089VOSTDOWNTOWM MONTREALJARRY PARKIGASTADIUMNORMANVILLECHAMBORDLANAUDIEREROUSSELOTGARNIERFABREMARQUETTECARTIERCHABOTBORDEAUXLORIMIER\u00C3\u0089RABLESSAGARDLOUIS-H\u00C3\u0089MON\u00C3\u0089CORESLOUIS-HBERTIBERVILLETILLEMONTL.O.-DAVIDVILLERAYGOUNODCASTELNAUJEAN-TALONB\u00C3\u0089LANGERB\u00C3\u0089LANGERMOZARTFAILLONJULES-VERNESAINT-DENISCHRISTOPHE-COLOMBPAPINEAUSAINT-LAURENT (MAIN)LIEGELEMANMISTRALGOUNODST-ALFREDST-ELIEJUILLETLORANGERLE GARDEURVALCARTIERFABREMETROPARCMETROCASTELNEAUMETROJEAN-TALONMETROFABREMETROJARRYCREMAZIEVILLERAY ADMINISTRATIVE LIMITS VILLERAY SOCAL LIMITSMETROCREMAZIEMETROPOLITAN HWYPAPINEAUST-DOMINIQUEfig. 21 - Villeray neighbourhood community groups, map and list 1:3 000Villeray has a long history of social activism since its cre-ation. Today, there are 23 community non-profit groups that act only in Villeray and advocate on behalf of the residents for social justice, access to affordable housing, food aid, poverty and community development amongst others. Community groups are at the heart of social development COMMUNITY GROUPS and community life in Villeray, and yet they are usually the most under-funded sector.This map shows where the community groups are located, how scattered through the neighbourhood they are and most importantly, how a major community hub at the Lajeunesse Centre, has shut down as of 2020. 4746 I am proposing two scales of intervention: an urban intervention and an architectural one that will produce public and community space for the residents to appropri-ate the neighbourhood again. More than isolated DIY proj-ects in the neighbourhood, I propose to organize, through architecture, a democratic and social space to affirm the right to the neighbourhood inherent to every inhabitant of Villeray. Participation will be key to this project. First, the urban intervention will take the form of a policy shift that will empower Villeray residents (home owners directly and tenants indirectly) through community groups. The archi-tectural intervention, which will take the form of a citizen house, will allow residents to take part in the decisions concerning the spatial, social and economic aspects of the neighbourhood.3.3 INTERVENTION PROPOSALLEGENDVILLERAY NEIGHBOURHOOD5 KM1 KM 10 KMVILLERAY-SAINT-MICHEL-PARC-EXTENSION BOROUGHPARKS/GREEN SPACESMETRO LINESDES PRAIRIES RIVERST-LAWRENCERIVERTO LONGUEUILTO LAVALORANGE LINEGREEN LINEBLUE LINEYELLOW LINEVILLERAYWEST ISLANDPOINTE-DE-L\u00E2\u0080\u0099\u00C3\u008ELEMETROPOLITAN HWYDOWNTOWNMONTREALMOUNT-ROYAL4948fig. 22 - site plan of Montreal Island and Villeray fig. 23 - Villeray neighbourhood, map 1:3 00015 MINUTES WALK RADIUS LA JARNIGOINECDFIAMAISON DE QUARTIER VILLERAYSDC VILLERAY ESTPATRO LE PR\u00C3\u0089VOSTALVCR\u00C3\u0089ATION ETC.TANDEM VSPPREMI\u00C3\u0088RE RESSOURCE, AIDE AUX PARENTSMOUVEMENT SANT\u00C3\u0089 MENTALE QCCENTRE A\u00C3\u008EN\u00C3\u0089S VILLERAYESPACE FAMILLE VILLERAYCENTRE LOISIRS COMMUNAUTAIRES LAJEUNESSEASSOCIATION DES PERSONNES AG\u00C3\u0089ES VIETNAMIENNESSOLIDARIT\u00C3\u0089 VILLERAYACEF NORD MONTREALMAISON DES GRANDS-PARENTS VILLERAYORTHODOX SCOUTSCAAP MONTREALSCOUTS CANADASIMORVPEMPLOI JEUNESSEPACTE DE RUE12345678891011ST-LAURENTCASGRAINGASPEHENRI-JULIENDROLETST-DENISBERRILAJEUNESSEST-GERARDFOUCHERCHATEAUBRIANDST-HUBERTST-ANDREBOYERCHRISTOPHE-COLOMBJARRYJARRYGUIZOTLIEGEVILLERAY PARKPARC NORMANDVILLEPATRO-PR\u00C3\u0089VOSTDOWNTOWM MONTREALJARRY PARKIGASTADIUMNORMANVILLECHAMBORDLANAUDIEREROUSSELOTGARNIERFABREMARQUETTECARTIERCHABOTBORDEAUXLORIMIER\u00C3\u0089RABLESSAGARDLOUIS-H\u00C3\u0089MON\u00C3\u0089CORESLOUIS-HBERTIBERVILLETILLEMONTL.O.-DAVIDVILLERAYGOUNODCASTELNAUJEAN-TALONB\u00C3\u0089LANGERB\u00C3\u0089LANGERMOZARTFAILLONJULES-VERNESAINT-DENISCHRISTOPHE-COLOMBPAPINEAUSAINT-LAURENT (MAIN)LIEGELEMANMISTRALGOUNODST-ALFREDST-ELIEJUILLETLORANGERLE GARDEURVALCARTIERFABREMETROPARCMETROCASTELNEAUMETROJEAN-TALONMETROFABREMETROJARRYCREMAZIEVILLERAY ADMINISTRATIVE LIMITS VILLERAY SOCAL LIMITSMETROCREMAZIEMETROPOLITAN HWYPAPINEAUST-DOMINIQUENCOMMUNITY CENTRE, RECREATIF CENTRE LOTSSCHOOLS, DAYCARE LOTSRELIGIOUS PLACES LOTSCOMMUNITY GARDENS LOTSLANENWAYS (RUELLE)SMALL NEIGHBOURHOOD PARCSPARC WITH RECREATIVE EQUPMENTRETAIL, RESTAURANTS, GROCERY, DEP. LOTSPUBLIC STREETS, METRO, PARKINGLEGENDPUBLIC TO COMMUNITYST-LAURENTCASGRAINGASPEHENRI-JULIENDROLETST-DENISBERRILAJEUNESSEST-GERARDFOUCHERCHATEAUBRIANDST-HUBERTST-ANDREBOYERCHRISTOPHE-COLOMBJARRYJARRYGUIZOTLIEGEPARC VILLERAYPARC NORMANDVILLEPATRO-PR\u00C3\u0089VOSTPARC JARRYNORMANVILLECHAMBORDLANAUDIEREROUSSELOTGARNIERFABREMARQUETTEVILLERAYGOUNODCASTELNAUJEAN-TALONFAILLONJULES-VERNELIEGELEMANMISTRALGOUNODTILLEMONTL-O.DAVIDEVERETTB\u00C3\u0089LANGERST-ALFREDST-ELIEJUILLETLORANGERLE GARDEURVALCARTIERFABREMETROCASTELNEAUMETROJEAN-TALONMETROJARRYMETROCREMAZIEMETROFABRECREMAZIEMETROPOLITAN HWYVILLERAYAHUNTSICPAPINEAUCARTIERCHABOTBORDEAUXLORIMIER\u00C3\u0089RABLESSAGARDLOUIS-H\u00C3\u0089MON\u00C3\u0089CORESLOUIS-H\u00C3\u0089BERTIBERVILLEST-DOMINIQUENST-LAURENTCASGRAINGASPEHENRI-JULIENDROLETST-DENISBERRILAJEUNESSEST-GERARDFOUCHERCHATEAUBRIANDST-HUBERTST-ANDREBOYERCHRISTOPHE-COLOMBJARRYJARRYGUIZOTLIEGEPARC VILLERAYPARC NORMANDVILLEPATRO-PR\u00C3\u0089VOSTPARC JARRYNORMANVILLECHAMBORDLANAUDIEREROUSSELOTGARNIERFABREMARQUETTEVILLERAYGOUNODCASTELNAUJEAN-TALONFAILLONJULES-VERNELIEGELEMANMISTRALGOUNODTILLEMONTL-O.DAVIDEVERETTB\u00C3\u0089LANGERST-ALFREDST-ELIEJUILLETLORANGERLE GARDEURVALCARTIERFABREMETROCASTELNEAUMETROJEAN-TALONMETROJARRYMETROCREMAZIEMETROFABRECREMAZIEMETROPOLITAN HWYVILLERAYAHUNTSICPAPINEAUCARTIERCHABOTBORDEAUXLORIMIER\u00C3\u0089RABLESSAGARDLOUIS-H\u00C3\u0089MON\u00C3\u0089CORESLOUIS-H\u00C3\u0089BERTIBERVILLEST-DOMINIQUE5150fig. 24 - residential lots in Villeray, map 1:3 000 fig. 25 - community and public lots in Villeray, map 1:3 00053523.4 PRECEDENTS The following section presents precedents that helped to inform the research, and will also help to inform the design. The precedents sometimes take the form of architecture, landscape architecture or urbanism.Some of the precedents were built, some of them remain ideas. 5554European Kunsthalle Spaces of Production Studio Miessen - 200749Spaces of Production is a study project that was realized by Studios Miessen as a research project to explore the spatial potential of cultural institutions like the European Kunsthalle in Cologne. The European Kunsthalle is a cul-tural and art institution which typically does not have a permanent space and is independent from governments. The vision of a space that would act as a democratic forum and that would curate art in the urban and public space evolved from the Josef-Haubrich-Forum, founded in 1967 and demolished in 2002.50 With the intention to critically discuss the practices of curating and \u00E2\u0080\u009Cto actively participate in the discussions of transformation of public space, social bonds and political agency as part of the conditions and practices of a newly founded Kunsthalle\u00E2\u0080\u009D51, the European Kunsthalle in Cologne was founded. Studio Miessen studied the unstable and stable models for the Kunsthalle and merged the two models in an improved one: the \u00E2\u0080\u009CCorps Exquisite \u00E2\u0080\u0093 kombiniertes Modell\u00E2\u0080\u009D (combined model). The unstable model explored the temporality of the spaces, its homelessness and its anchoring in the urban space. As part of the analysis, an extensive inventory of everyday places in downtown Cologne was conducted, and places were categorized according to the publicness or privateness, as well as the degree of accessibility. I attempted in my thesis to conduct a similar investigation. Then, spaces were selected in the city of Cologne to be hosts for exhibitions.The stable model explored limitations with the unstable model, and the possibility to remodel space in time within the limits of the lot to adapt programs.Finally, the Corps Exquisite combined model introduced a time-based component to the new European Kunsthalle building, which would have a growing framework to leave room for future programs. This approach goes back to an idea of participation, which is embedded in the architecture. \u00E2\u0080\u009CCorps Exquisite combines the principle of accumulation with the idea of an ever-changing authorship of the exten-sions. Growth is the curatorial principle.\u00E2\u0080\u009D52 This precedent is an incredible one in its use of participa-tion as a concept of design, not just as a part of the design process. The concepts of stability and instability remind me of urban micro-experiments that are organized, in this case in the context of an art institution. I think this project could be a powerful precedent in the very different context of creating public spaces in a neighbourhood.5756Granby Four Streets Assemble Studio - 201353The project is located in Granby, a neighbourhood in Liv-erpool, UK. The demolition of Granby\u00E2\u0080\u0099s all but four Victo-rian Terraces streets during past decades of poor planning left the community with empty and crumbling homes. To reclaim their streets, some residents started DIY actions like clearing, painting and planting on the streets and in 2011, the Granby Four Streets CLT community partnership was created. The objective of the collective land ownership program was to fix the houses and use them for affordable housing. In a collaboration with Granby Four Streets CLT and Stein-beck Studios, Assemble presented an incremental project to refurbish house and other public spaces in Granby. The collective worked with the community, and proposed a vision that embraced the DIY character of the place. Ten houses were built up to now and a ceramic workshop, all with the public involvement.54This project is interesting in the context of my project, because it also deals with a neighbourhood and revital-ization. Although highly celebrated, the project was also critiqued. The reality of the creation of an ideal social space might not be entirely possible. Even in an attempt to create Lefebvrian social space, the project unintentionally created \u00E2\u0080\u009Cabstract space\u00E2\u0080\u009D according to Matthew Thompson. Granby Four Street project participated in the production of abstract space \u00E2\u0080\u0094 \u00E2\u0080\u009Ca \u00E2\u0080\u0098spectacle\u00E2\u0080\u0099 of media-friendly arts-led regeneration, inserting Granby into global circuits of cultural consumption.\u00E2\u0080\u009D555958Broadway Estate Community Garden Tilbury muf architecture/art \u00E2\u0080\u0093 20055This project is a community garden/park in Tillbury, UK. The park was first planned with the residents of an underpriv-ileged housing estate in Essex. After encountering horse dung on site and talking to resident, muf discovered that the park was used for the semi-legal practice of grazing ponies. Nowhere in the brief the it had been mentioned that the land was used that way. Muf then started to look at contested space and at how to make the Tilbury park truly public.57 In parallel to the construction of the park, a local history project was run by muf with children from the community. In addition to collecting photographs, stories and map-ping them into a new archive, children fabricated horses\u00E2\u0080\u0099 costumes to re-enact the stories they heard. Posters were displayed in the town, in bus stops. Truly, the ponies were representing an alternative way to appropriate the public space that was outside the conventional.58 As for the design of the space, clusters of hills break down the park in different zones, which include a dressage arena for horses, gardens and indigenous plantings, granite steps for encounters, a large lawn that could be used for foot-ball but not identified, play area for children under 5 and individual play alcoves. The use of typological qualities of the park, which are ambiguous in a way but still there, work to keep the cultural memory that is embedded in the place.59This project is simple and elegant, and most importantly, the concept of participation is embedded not only by the cultural research on horses but also by the undetermined, flexible spaces within the park.6160CHAPTER 04: THE DESIGN PROJECT The following section presents the design project, established in the neighbourhood of Villeray, to respond to the initial thesis statement. This thesis is dependent on its site, and inversely, its site is dependent on the research. The need to reappropriate the neighbourhood by its resi-dents has been translated in this design project by a general policy shift. Then, the policy shift has been tested out and an architectural intervention, la Maison Citoyenne, is an example of how the policy shift could benefit the residents. This following section will propose two scales of inter-vention, in two parts. Part 1, Policy Changes: Density Transfers and Community Stakeholders will propose an urban policy, and Part 2, La Maison Citoyenne, will propose a community building.63624.1 POLICY CHANGES: DENSITY TRANSFERS AND COMMUNITY STAKEHOLDERSThe urban policy shift proposed aims to create a circular mechanism that will bring back property ownership to the residents of Villeray while reinvesting the economic benefits to generate social capital.fig.26 - ownership benefits, collage-diagram6564\u00E2\u0080\u009C B R O K E R \u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00E2\u0080\u009C B U Y E R \u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00E2\u0080\u009C S E L L E R \u00E2\u0080\u009DA I R S P A C E - r i g h t s s o l d\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 p r e s e r v a t i o n o f t h e n e i g h b o u r h o o d s c a l e a n d f a b r i c\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 l e s s e r n e e d f o r o w n e r s t o s e l l\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 b e t t e r m a i n t e n a n c e o f p r o p e r t i e s b y i n d i v i d u a l o w n e r s h e n c e b e t t e r l i v i n g c o n d i t i o n s f o r t e n a n t s\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 t h e s a l e a l l o w s a r e s i d u a l p r o f i t f o r c o m m u n i t yN E W B U I L D I N G - d e n s i t y t r a n s -community groupPROFITSownersa i r r i g h t sa i r r i g h t sdeveloperSHDMcity- community groups funding- reinvested in community\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 u r b a n d e n s i f i c a t i o n f o r g r o w i n g p o p u l a t i o n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 a l l o w s a s m a l l e r s e l e c t i o n o f t a l l e r n e w p r o j e c t s\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 a t t r a c t i v e p o l i c i e s f o r a l l p a r t i e s ( s e l l e r , b r o k e r , b u y e r )\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 o p p o r t u n i t i e s f o r b i g s c a l e a f f o r d a b l e / s o c i a l h o u s i n g p r o j e c t sN E W C I T I Z E N H O U S E - f u n d e d b y \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 c i t i z e n h o u s e i s t h e t a n g i b l e b e n e f i t s o f t h e p o l i c y t o a l l r e s i d e n t s\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 u r b a n p o l i c y g e a r e d t o b e n e f i t t h e r e s i d e n t s f i r s t\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 p o l i c y a l l o w s i n i t i a l f u n d i n g\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 p a r t i c i p a t i o n o f t h e c o m m u n i t y s t a k e h o l d e r i n t h e p r o p e r t y m a r k e t o f t h e n e i g h b o u r h o o dL E G E N DCommunity groups become, in this scenario, agents of liaison between the neighbourhood owners and big buyers through the sale of air space rights.The black blocks illustrate potential air space rights that would be sold via community groups. The yellow blocks represent new constructions that make use of the pur-chased air rights to increase their density allowance.fig.27 - density transfer mechanism, collage-diagram6766The capitalization of air space rights for the transfer of density allows owners to maintain their rental properties; community groups to generate funding; and big buyer to build higher.This policy could help protect the existing small-scale ty-pologies of the neighbourhood and preserve the existing fabric. When selling their air space rights, owners would have to inject sums into their properties to maintain them and offer better living conditions for tenants. \u00E2\u0080\u009C B R O K E R \u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00E2\u0080\u009C B U Y E R \u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00E2\u0080\u009C S E L L E R \u00E2\u0080\u009DA I R S P A C E - r i g h t s s o l d\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 p r e s e r v a t i o n o f t h e n e i g h b o u r h o o d s c a l e a n d f a b r i c\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 l e s s e r n e e d f o r o w n e r s t o s e l l\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 b e t t e r m a i n t e n a n c e o f p r o p e r t i e s b y i n d i v i d u a l o w n e r s h e n c e b e t t e r l i v i n g c o n d i t i o n s f o r t e n a n t s\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 t h e s a l e a l l o w s a r e s i d u a l p r o f i t f o r c o m m u n i t yN E W B U I L D I N G - d e n s i t y t r a n s -community groupPROFITSownersa i r r i g h t sa i r r i g h t sdeveloperSHDMcity- community groups funding- reinvested in community\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 u r b a n d e n s i f i c a t i o n f o r g r o w i n g p o p u l a t i o n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 a l l o w s a s m a l l e r s e l e c t i o n o f t a l l e r n e w p r o j e c t s\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 a t t r a c t i v e p o l i c i e s f o r a l l p a r t i e s ( s e l l e r , b r o k e r , b u y e r )\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 o p p o r t u n i t i e s f o r b i g s c a l e a f f o r d a b l e / s o c i a l h o u s i n g p r o j e c t sN E W C I T I Z E N H O U S E - f u n d e d b y \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 c i t i z e n h o u s e i s t h e t a n g i b l e b e n e f i t s o f t h e p o l i c y t o a l l r e s i d e n t s\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 u r b a n p o l i c y g e a r e d t o b e n e f i t t h e r e s i d e n t s f i r s t\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 p o l i c y a l l o w s i n i t i a l f u n d i n g\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 p a r t i c i p a t i o n o f t h e c o m m u n i t y s t a k e h o l d e r i n t h e p r o p e r t y m a r k e t o f t h e n e i g h b o u r h o o dL E G E N DProfits generated by the capitalization of air space rights will be directly reinvested within the bounds of the neigh-bourhood to serve the residents.Fir t, as a funding strategy for a Citizens House to offer services, and second, as a real estate investment in the neighbourhood.fig.28 - density transfer mechanism for stakeholders, diagram fig.29 - density transfer mechanism for community stakeholders, collage-diagram6968The community groups and therefore the residents will collectively reclaim many properties over time in the neighbourhood.Buildings will serve for community activities, social housing and could also be rented to small local business-es, as part of a subsidized program, or eventually given back to residents in co-ownership for example.WEST VILLERAYCITIZEN HOUSESUBSIDIZEDDAYCARECOMMUNIT Y GROUPS POTENTIAL CO-OWNED BUILDINGS MAJOR COMMUNIT Y HUBLEGENDVILLERAYAHUNTSICCENTRAL VILLERAYCITIZEN HOUSELOCAL BUSINESSSUBSIDIZED SPACELOCAL BUSINESSSUBSIDIZED SPACEFITNESSCLUBSUBSIDIZEDDAYCARELOCAL BUSINESS SUBSIDIZED SPACESUBSIDIZED GROCERYLOCAL BUSINESS SUBSIDIZED SPACEAFTER-SCHOOLPROGRAMSEAST VILLERAYCITIZEN HOUSEfig.30 - growth of collective ownership over time, collage-diagram71704.2 LA MAISON CITOYENNEThe citizen house, La maison citoyenne, is a space set out to generate a collective identity and to support and bring the community together by collaging the existing and the new.fig.31 - axonometric view of the project within the neighbourhoodST-LAURENTCASGRAINGASPEHENRI-JULIENDROLETST-DENISBERRILAJEUNESSEST-GERARDFOUCHERCHATEAUBRIANDST-HUBERTST-ANDREBOYERCHRISTOPHE-COLOMBJARRYJARRYGUIZOTLIEGEVILLERAY PARKPARC NORMANDVILLEPATRO-PR\u00C3\u0089VOSTDOWNTOWM MONTREALJARRY PARKIGASTADIUMNORMANVILLECHAMBORDLANAUDIEREROUSSELOTGARNIERFABREMARQUETTECARTIERCHABOTBORDEAUXLORIMIER\u00C3\u0089RABLESSAGARDLOUIS-H\u00C3\u0089MON\u00C3\u0089CORESLOUIS-HBERTIBERVILLETILLEMONTL.O.-DAVIDVILLERAYGOUNODCASTELNAUJEAN-TALONB\u00C3\u0089LANGERB\u00C3\u0089LANGERMOZARTFAILLONJULES-VERNESAINT-DENISCHRISTOPHE-COLOMBPAPINEAUSAINT-LAURENT (MAIN)LIEGELEMANMISTRALGOUNODST-ALFREDST-ELIEJUILLETLORANGERLE GARDEURVALCARTIERFABREMETROPARCMETROCASTELNEAUMETROJEAN-TALONMETROFABREMETROJARRYCREMAZIEVILLERAY ADMINISTRATIVE LIMITS VILLERAY SOCAL LIMITSMETROCREMAZIEMETROPOLITAN HWYPAPINEAUST-DOMINIQUEWEST SITECOOP JARRYCENTRE SITEMAISON VILLERAYPREVIOUS (CLOSED) CENTRE LAJEUNESSE EAST SITESDC SOLIDARIT\u00C3\u0089 ESTfig. 32 - potential expansion sites in the neighbourhood, map 1:3 0007372Three main community hubs have been identified in the neighbourhood as potential expansion sites, and the West site has been chosen as a case study of the new citizen house typology.The second site is the 660 Villeray, which is an old City building lent to various community groups. The heritage institutional building would be another interesting site to investigate. This building could be renovated while keeping its original fa\u00C3\u00A7ades, and additional storeys could be considered. The third site is the 1982 Tillemont, which is actually only a commercial space rented to the SDC Solidarit\u00C3\u00A9 Villeray Est. This space is well located in the eastern part of Villeray, but adjacent building would have to be acquired THE SITEby community groups for this site to be a viable option.Since the Citizen House is first and foremost a place for residents to get services and different aids, proximity is crucial. Multiple citizen houses would serve residents within a 10-20 minutes walking distance. This project proposes that multiple citizen houses would be imple-mented over time, and this is only one example. The scale of these possible interventions is also flexible - some will result in buildings, others could result in pocket parks or small community places.The West Site, which is the site of the proposed interven-tion, is comprised of four existing buildings. One of them is already a community owned coop, and the three others are residential and commercial properties that would be acquired by the community groups.fig. 33 - existing block site plan 1:1 0007574EXISTING BUILDING OF INTERVENTION LEGENDEXISTING BUILDINGSLANEWAY SHEDSTREE CANOPYPRIVATE BACKYARDS (FENCE)PROPERTY LOTSJARRYGUIZOTGASPEPARC DES R\u00C3\u008AVESPARC SAINT-VINCENT-FERRIERPAROISSE SAINT-VINCENT-FERRIERRUELLE GASPE/HENRI-JULIENHENRI-JULIEN communauto (car share) dr ycleaning Gasp\u00C3\u00A9INFO JARRY\u00E2\u0080\u0099V entrance (to basement)DESJARDINS ATM entrance (vestibule)DUPLEXCAR PARKINGcoopcoopCAR PARKINGCAR PARKINGCOMMERCIAL/RESIDENTIALBUILDINGCOOP JARRYDUPLEXLANEWAYEMPLOI JEUNESSE entrance (ground floor)CRIPHASEentrance (ground floor)PACT DE RUEentrance (1st floor)LA JARNIGOINEentrance (to 1st floor)private backyardprivate backyardprivate backyardprivate car parkingprivate car parkingprivate car parkingprivate backyardprivate backyardaccessible to the kids living on the bockRESIDENCE1st floorRESIDENCE1st floorRESIDENCEground floorstairsstairsd\u00C3\u00A9panneur Vadeboncoeur (now for rent)1 34256 87fig. 34 - existing building ground floor and site plan 1:2007776The existing building fa\u00C3\u00A7ades will be preserved in an attempt to allow the marriage of the existing and the new.The car parkings allow for the occupation of some vacant land by the new building. Other main modifications to the existing are the complete repurposing of the interior spaces and the addition of 2 new storeys.The different fa\u00C3\u00A7ades, on the street or in the laneway, that will shape the new Maison citoyenne are a reflection of the eclectic nature of the neighbourhood\u00E2\u0080\u0099s townscape.LANEWAY797815263748fig. 35 - photo series of the existing project site8180basketball hoopclotheswood sidingtwo-storeys shed\u00E2\u0080\u009Cshed\u00E2\u0080\u009D patiocanvas awningvinessliding fence doorsexterior furniture, picnic tableparking spotgaragepainttreesexterior furniture, chairsfig. 36 - Laneway Henri-Julien/Gasp\u00C3\u00A9 at Guizot and Jarry, elements annotated, photo-collagecatwalk structureselectric poleslow fencesvegetated shed (hangard)open backyardgaragesDIY signSERVICE CORESERVICE COREVERTICALGATHERINGGATHERINGADMINISTRATIONCOMMUNITY AMENITIESCOMMUNITY AMENITIESPUBLICPRIVATEEXISTING CONDITIONS1 2 3 4 5PRIVATE BACKYARDS BECOME AN INTIMATE COURTYARDNEW BUILDING WRAPS THE COURTYARD, OUTSIDE CIRCULATION FLOWS THROUGH THE SITEHIGH STREETRESIDENTIAL STREETLANEWAYMAIN AND SECONDARY ENTRANCES BASED ON FLOW OF CIRCULATIONVERTICAL CIRCULATION LANDING AS GATHERING, CIRCULATION AROUND THE COURTYARD FOR VIEWS ON UPPER FLOORSfig. 37 - massing strategy diagramEXISTING CONDITIONS1 2 3 4 5PRIVATE BACKYARDS BECOME AN INTIMATECOURTYARDNEW BUILDING WRAPS THE COURTYARD, OUTSIDE CIRCULATION FLOWS THROUGH THE SITEHIGH STREETRESIDENTIAL STREETLANEWAYMAIN AND SECONDARY ENTRANCES BASED ON FLOW OF CIRCULATIONVERTICAL CIRCULATION LANDING AS GATHERING, CIRCULATION AROUND THE COURTYA D FOR VIEWS ON UPPER FLOORSfig.38 - program hierarchy diagram8382The program caters to existing and new social activities and aims to amplify the sense of community.It is important to note that the program is derived from the current community activities and additional needs put forward by citizens during the 2018 Villeray Social Forum. That forum was organized by a major community group, the SDC Solidarit\u00C3\u00A9 Villeray, who is the major community actor to mediate conversations between different commu-nity groups in the neighbourhood.I met with the SDC Solidarit\u00C3\u00A9 Villeray as well as Info Jarry\u00E2\u0080\u0099v and Emploi Jeunesse to discuss their needs for a new community space.THE PROGRAMAs for the vertical organization of the program, it sets up a degree of hierarchy between highly public and private uses within the building. Mainly public uses are located on the ground and first floors, like the bar caf\u00C3\u00A9, commer-cial spaces, collective kitchen, wood working workshop, fitness rooms and various workspaces. More private uses, like the community groups administra-tion spaces and the gathering/event spaces are located on the second and top floors.fig. 39 - view of the Maison Citoyenne from across the street8584The idea of collaging the existing and the new is especial-ly visible on the fa\u00C3\u00A7ade. The strategy was that the new additions contrast with the existing buildings, while the interior reads as one.THE BUILDING878612345678910111213141516passagecourtyardwelcoming areahalf landingstreet entrydesjardins ATMactivities roomworkshopexit stair 2games roombar/cafecafe kitchensubsidized grocery storelocal business subsidized rentindustrial kitchenexit stair 2The ground floor is oriented around an intimate courtyard accessible from the lane and from the high street. If coming from Jarry, the visitor first makes its way under a street canopy occupying the public space, through a passage between buildings to arrive in the courtyard. Its dual role as a gathering and circulation space is the first encounter of the visitor with the intimate collective space. As the visitor enters the building from the courtyard, they can find its interior extension, the main hall. From that orientation hall, visitors can then reach highly public community spaces like activity rooms, a wood working workshop, and a collective kitchen. Local businesses like a bar caf\u00C3\u00A9, a subsidized grocery store and a local business are also located on the ground floor and accessible from Jarry. They are part of the building while also remaining independent.PROGRAMTHE GROUND FLOOR12345677891011 12 13 141516fig. 40 - ground floor plan 1:2008988fig. 41 - transverse West section, courtyard 1:300fig. 42 - longitudinal North section, service cores 1:300Visible on the courtyard section, the canopy, passage and courtyard areas double as collective gathering spaces. The enfilade created by those spaces gradually leads the visitors from a highly public to a private exterior space.The courtyard would be the hearth of the citizen\u00E2\u0080\u0099s house, where block parties, family activities or casual gatherings would be held. It could also perform as a meeting place for events happening elsewhere in the neighbourhood, seasonal activities happening in the laneway like ice staking in the winter or scavenger hunts in the summer. 9190fig. 43 - transverse West section, courtyard 1:1009392fig. 44 - view of the passage leading to the courtyard from Jarry street fig. 45 - view of the courtyard from the lane9594fig. 46 - view of the service core area in the collective kitchenFinally, the two service cores, seen in the longitudinal section, condense all the functions and services that are not necessarily part of the program. The core walls are vertically continuous throughout the building and serve all programmatic spaces. They are made of brick, contrasting with the lighter steel structure and reminiscent of the diversity of the brick ma-terial found in Villeray. They appear as load-bearing walls, and in fact, hide structural elements that make the long spans on the higher floors possible.Their lower, dropped ceilings and continuous brick floors allow to feel the transition between the spaces that are served, and the serving spaces. Located in the cores are for the most part washrooms, storage spaces, coat rooms and exit stairs.On the left, a view of the kitchen service area, where the brick core walls incorporate the storage and appliances can be observed. 9796fig. 47 - longitudinal North section, service cores 1:1009998The visitor finds its way through the main staircase, and first stops on the half landing before reaching the first floor. This half landing, where one stops, interacts, sits or looks outside represents another grain of collective space, and is continued in the main hall wrapping around the courtyard. The U-shape circulation around the courtyard really takes form here. It becomes a meeting place for residents before or after they take part in their activities, or simply a casual space to hang out.THE FIRST FLOOR171819202122232425fitness roomequipment roomchange roomscoworking spaceprinting/technologiesmedia studiolarge meeting roomcasual meeting roommain corridorPROGRAMfig. 48 - first floor plan 1:20041720212223242518172916181917101100fig. 49 - transverse West section, main staircase 1:100103102fig. 50 - view of the half landing, stairs, sitting space and lanewayThe section and the half landing view show how the half-landings double as circulation and collective spaces. They are resting points and allow to experience the build-ing at a much slower pace.The half landing becomes a social place, not only a transition one. It also offers incredible views of the everyday life that is happening outside the building and in the laneway. The viewpoints, that are repeated between each floor, work within the logic of the social ecology of the building. They observe the laneway, while they are observed by the laneway pedestrians, who can understand what is happening inside the building. During winter and summer months, different everyday activities take place in the laneway - circulation, children playing, neighbours socializing, etc. Some other activities will also be organized by la Maison Citoyenne: an ice skating strip in the winter and art and play installations in the summer. All these activities will be visible from the landings, which connect the building with the everyday space of the laneway.Finally, the half-landings are part of a larger system within the staircase that includes the vertical circulation stairs as well as the bleachers. The bleachers can be used for casual sitting, but also for activities that require an audience. The main staircase is then activated as a main social space, rather than being a simple circulation tool. 105104The new second floor addition allows for a true open plan for community administration spaces.The central main hall combines more flexible, common spaces while the areas off the sides are dedicated to com-munity administration and collaboration. The main hall extends onto a balcony, offering an outdoor collective experience on this upper floor.THE SECOND FLOORPROGRAM2627282930open office space (for community groups)individual meeting/call roombalconycoat roomstoragefig. 51 - second floor plan 1:20026 2629303029272827 27 2742916107106fig. 52 - view of the second floor main hall, meeting rooms and balconyIn this view, the main hall, more flexible and commu-nal, connects with the small meeting rooms on the left, and the entrance to the open office at the back. This floor offers an opportunity for community groups to have a dedicated and quality workspace. With an open office configuration, community groups, which are typi-cally composed of a small number of people per group, can have access to many amenities while occupying a small number of desks. The office spaces are protected by access doors, so the main hall can be used by all users while the administration spaces are reserved for com-munity staff. Small individual meeting rooms, accessible from the main hall, can be used for individual meetings/counselling sessions with members of the community or simply by staff for sensitive calls, or team meetings. The two large meeting rooms, located on the first floor, can also be used by community groups for larger meet-ings. The idea is to share the community amenities to all residents, not only community groups staff, but to also allow them to have dedicated working spaces. Finally, the balcony works within the same social and organizational logic than the courtyard, half landings and main halls. It is another grain of collective space. It is a more private exterior space than the courtyard for example and offers a memorable everyday experience for the users.109108Lastly, on the third and top floor, the main staircase and the main hall merge together into the central gathering space to achieve an open and flexible room.On either side of the service cores, the visitor will find secondary gathering rooms that can be independent or merged to the central gathering area. South terraces also act as transitional and unifying spaces between the three gathering rooms, and offer an opportunity for outdoor viewing platforms. They offer great views of the neighbourhood, and interior activities happening in the secondary gathering spaces can spill outside. THE TOP FLOORPROGRAM313233343536storages-w terracegatheringcoat roommain gathering s-e terracefig. 53 - third floor plan 1:200429163132333435333631111110fig. 54 - view of the main gathering space during an improv event at nightThe gathering spaces, comprising three distinct gathering rooms or one can also host a variety of cultural and community events to reinforce, support and celebrate the diversity of the residents. In this night view of the central space, casual improv and theatre activities are taking place, illustrating only one example of how residents will inhabit the space. The flexible configuration of this floor makes it easier for the community to use the building for multiple occasions. One of the problems observed with the current community spaces in the neighbourhood (for example the now closed Lajeunesse Centre) is that the buildings are usually old schools and don\u00E2\u0080\u0099t offer a lot of flexibility in their interior layouts. Typically, old schools were organized into a series of classrooms, with a gymnasium-type space. Larger events would then be held in gymnasiums, but these spaces do not offer a memorable experience of the com-munity space. They are usually only used out of necessity. The new gathering space at La Maison Citoyenne rec-ognizes the value in community life and offers a quality space as a backdrop for it.113112fig. 55 - view of the main gathering space in the afternoonThe main strategy used to create a memorable environ-ment for the community is the distinct structure and light conditions found in the central gathering space. It reinforces the hierarchy of the program and underlines the importance of the space as a private yet social one. Being on the top floor, the gathering space has the oppor-tunity to let light enter from the roof. With a contrasting exposed wood roof structure, the visitor will be surprised by the light and warmth of the gathering space. The wood screen, which also lets light from the south side (and Jarry street) in a peculiar way will create a unique atmosphere in that room. Over time, this space could be referred to as the \u00E2\u0080\u009Cla salle en bois\u00E2\u0080\u009D (the wood room) since it is distinctly made of wood in the inside and outside. This space will come to be the reference for community life and should be made special for its deserving users. 115114Finally, the axonometric view of the building informs us about the activities that are held in the building. Following the vertical hierarchy of highly public to private space, la Maison Citoyenne nonetheless contains a highly community-oriented program.On every floor, the service cores contain washrooms and storage. The U-shape circulation around the courtyard is also visible on this drawing.The ground floor is animated by highly public and acces-sible activities, like activity rooms, a woodworking work-shop, a collective kitchen, the bar caf\u00C3\u00A9 and businesses. A video games and board games room is also available to the neighbourhood\u00E2\u0080\u0099s kids and teenagers. Those rooms are open to all, although some rules and schedules apply.On the first floor, fitness classes are taking place; a yoga class and dance activities are shown in the drawing. An AA meeting, or a comit\u00C3\u00A9 ruelle verte meeting (green laneway committee) is also taking place on the East side\u00E2\u0080\u0099s casual meeting room. A coworking space and a media-lab with access to computers, printers and other state-of-the-art technology equipment are also accessible every day of the week.On the second floor, multiple community groups share an open office workspace, with a lot of glazing and natural lighting. They collaborate on social and urban issues that affect the neighbourhood.Finally, on the top floor, an information/workshop session on a future social housing project in the neighbourhood is taking place. Participants are discussing and having lunch. In the East room, a community lunch is organized by the Maison des Grands-Parents de Villeray, (Villeray Grand-Parents House) to connect seniors and children through activities.ACTIVITIESfig. 56 - axonometric view of the building\u00E2\u0080\u0099s activities 1:600117116This last section compiles photos of the different phys-ical models produced for this project. Two models were realized; the first one is a site model, to experiment with massing, and the second one is a working model, to exper-iment with fa\u00C3\u00A7ade designs and interior layouts.PHYSICAL MODELSfig. 59 - top view of the site model 1:500, photographfig. 58 - view of the project\u00E2\u0080\u0099s fa\u00C3\u00A7ade, site model and massing 1:500, photographfig. 57 - view of the project\u00E2\u0080\u0099s corner site, site model and massing 1:500, photograph119118fig. 62 - top view of the working model 1:50, photographfig. 60 - view of the stairs, working model 1:50, photographfig. 61 - view of the courtyard and fa\u00C3\u00A7ades, working model 1:50, photograph121120In the end, I believe that providing a community place that offer more than recreational activities would allow residents to participate in the neighbourhood life in a variety of ways. To me, participation is a direct way to reappropriate the neighbourhood. By participating first in activities with the neighbourhood community, res-idents can adapt the community offer to their lives. They then have an entry point from where they can participate in larger discussions about the neighbourhood. It is not enough to urge residents to express themselves on urban and social issues if they don\u00E2\u0080\u0099t have a safe space and a local social circle to do so. The neighbourhood should provide a space where residents are brought together. Additionally, policy shifts like the density transfer strategy or others, could be a starting point in the battle against the harmful consequences of gentrification, like the exclusion of native residents. Gentrification is inevitable, but it is possible to slow it down and regulate urban and economic practices to empower the community instead of the highest bidder. With more progressive and socialist measures, governments and cities will need to give pri-ority to the collective well-being of its inhabitants rather than to the individual monopoly of private companies. Developers are certainly not going to disappear from the real-estate market of the neighbourhood, but urban policy changes should restrict some of their inequitable actions, which will define the urban landscape of tomorrow.With regulations, gentrification could be somehow con-trolled or slowed down. Residents\u00E2\u0080\u0099 ownership, as well as heritage urban fabric could then be encouraged and pre-served. With a little help from policy makers, the density transfer strategy will incrementally increase opportunity for local ownership and businesses and, over time, could help regulate the market. Finally, La Maison Citoyenne would be an opportunity to offer a safe space for citizens\u00E2\u0080\u0099 participation in the com-munity, social and economic life of the neighbourhood with a strategy that is truly adapted to the eclectic and dense nature of Villeray.CONCLUSION123122NOTES 1 Kazuyo Sejima, \u00E2\u0080\u009CFace to Face,\u00E2\u0080\u009D Hunch: Berlage Institute Report, no. 6/7 (2003): no. 6/7. quoted in Markus Miessen, The Nightmare of Participation (Crossbench Praxis as a Mode of Criticality) (Berlin: Sternberg Press, 2010), 62. 2 Jacques Mathieu, \u00E2\u0080\u009CSeigneurial System,\u00E2\u0080\u009D The Canadian Encyclopedia, August 25, 2013, https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/seigneurial-system. 3 Ibid. 4 Alan Rayburn, \u00E2\u0080\u009CTownship,\u00E2\u0080\u009D The Canadian Encyclopedia, February 7, 2006, https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/township. 5 Miche\u00CC\u0080le Benoit and Roger Gratton, Pignon Sur Rue: Les Quartiers de Montre\u00CC\u0081al (Montre\u00CC\u0081al: Gue\u00CC\u0081rin, 1991), 252. 6 Ibid., 252\u00E2\u0080\u009353. 7 R\u00C3\u00A9jean Legault, \u00E2\u0080\u009C\u00C2\u00AB\u00E2\u0080\u00AFArchitecture et Forme Urbaine\u00E2\u0080\u00AF: L\u00E2\u0080\u0099exemple Du Triplex \u00C3\u00A0 Montr\u00C3\u00A9al de 1870 \u00C3\u00A0 1914\u00E2\u0080\u00AF\u00C2\u00BB,\u00E2\u0080\u009D Revue d\u00E2\u0080\u0099histoire urbaine 18, 18, no. 1 (1989): 4, http://id.erudit.org/iderudit/1017820ar. 8 Ibid. 8 Ibid., 4\u00E2\u0080\u00936. 9 Mario Robert, \u00E2\u0080\u009CChronique Montr\u00C3\u00A9alit\u00C3\u00A9 No 14 \u00E2\u0080\u0093 Br\u00C3\u00A8ve Histoire Des Ruelles de Montr\u00C3\u00A9al,\u00E2\u0080\u009D Archives Montreal, accessed December 11, 2019, http://archivesdemontreal.com/2014/10/06/chronique-montrealite-no-15-breve-histoire-des-ruelles-de-montreal/. 10 Legault, \u00E2\u0080\u009C\u00C2\u00AB\u00E2\u0080\u00AFArchitecture et Forme Urbaine\u00E2\u0080\u00AF: L\u00E2\u0080\u0099exemple Du Triplex \u00C3\u00A0 Montr\u00C3\u00A9al de 1870 \u00C3\u00A0 1914\u00E2\u0080\u00AF\u00C2\u00BB,\u00E2\u0080\u009D 5\u00E2\u0080\u009310. 11 Ibid. 12 \u00E2\u0080\u009CVilleray, de la campagne \u00C3\u00A0 la ville,\u00E2\u0080\u009D Arrondissement, 2011, https://www.arrondissement.com/tout-get-document/u1155-villeray-campagne-ville. 13 Benoit and Gratton, Pignon Sur Rue: Les Quartiers de Montre\u00CC\u0081al, 254. 14 Ibid. 15 \u00E2\u0080\u009CHistoire des tramways - Les Tramways Electriques,\u00E2\u0080\u009D Soci\u00C3\u00A9t\u00C3\u00A9 de transport de Montr\u00C3\u00A9al, accessed December 11, 2019, http://www.stm.info/fr/a-propos/decouvrez-la-STM-et-son-histoire/histoire/histoire-des-tramways. 16 Arrondissement, \u00E2\u0080\u009CVilleray, de la campagne \u00C3\u00A0 la ville.\u00E2\u0080\u009D 17 Ibid. 18 Ibid. 19 Benoit and Gratton, Pignon Sur Rue: Les Quartiers de Montre\u00CC\u0081al, 254. 20 Celine Topp, \u00E2\u0080\u009C\u00C3\u0089valuation Du Patrimoine Urbain Arrondissement de Villeray \u00E2\u0080\u0094 Saint-Michel \u00E2\u0080\u0094Parc-Extension,\u00E2\u0080\u009D Service de La Mise En Valeur Du Territoire et Du Patrimoine, Direction Du D\u00C3\u00A9veloppement Urbain, Division Du Patrimoine et de La Toponymie (Montreal: Ville de Montr\u00C3\u00A9al, 2005), 25\u00E2\u0080\u009328. 21 H\u00C3\u00A9ritage-Montr\u00C3\u00A9al, \u00E2\u0080\u009CMontr\u00C3\u00A9al en quartiers,\u00E2\u0080\u009D M\u00C3\u00A9morable Montreal, accessed December 14, 2019, http://www.memorablemontreal.com/accessibleQA/histoire.php?quartier=4. 22 Montreal-en-Statistiques, \u00E2\u0080\u009CProfil Des Districts \u00C3\u0089lectoraux de l\u00E2\u0080\u0099arrondissement de Villeray-Saint-Michel-Parc-Extension,\u00E2\u0080\u009D Direction de l\u00E2\u0080\u0099urbanisme Service de La Mise En Valeur Du Territoire Ville de Montr\u00C3\u00A9al (Montreal: Montr\u00C3\u00A9al en Statistiques, November 2017), 9, http://ville.montreal.qc.ca/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/MTL_STATS_FR/MEDIA/DOCUMENTS/VILLERAY%96SAINT-MICHEL%96PARC-EXTENSION_2017.PDF. 23 Ir\u00C3\u00A8ne Le Bot, \u00E2\u0080\u009CPortrait de Territoire: L\u00E2\u0080\u0099arrondissement Villeray/Saint-Michel/Parc-Extension,\u00E2\u0080\u009D Centraide Du Grand Montr\u00C3\u00A9al (Montreal: Service d\u00E2\u0080\u0099allocation et d\u00E2\u0080\u0099analyse sociale, n.d.), 9\u00E2\u0080\u009310, accessed December 2019. 24 Montreal-en-Statistiques, \u00E2\u0080\u009CProfil Des Districts \u00C3\u0089lectoraux de l\u00E2\u0080\u0099arrondissement de Villeray-Saint-Michel-Parc-Extension,\u00E2\u0080\u009D 7. 25 Andr\u00C3\u00A9 Lavall\u00C3\u00A9e, \u00E2\u0080\u009CPlan d\u00E2\u0080\u0099urbanisme - Plan Directeur de l\u00E2\u0080\u0099arrondissement Villeray/Saint-Michel/Parc-Extension,\u00E2\u0080\u009D Bureau Du Plan d\u00E2\u0080\u0099urbanisme (Montreal: Ville de Montreal, 1992), 5. 26 Montreal-en-Statistiques, \u00E2\u0080\u009CProfil Des Districts \u00C3\u0089lectoraux de l\u00E2\u0080\u0099arrondissement de Villeray-Saint-Michel-Parc-Extension,\u00E2\u0080\u009D 8. 27 \u00E2\u0080\u009CHistorique,\u00E2\u0080\u009D Association des locataires de villeray, accessed December 15, 2019, http://locatairesdevilleray.com/a -propos/historique/. 28 \u00E2\u0080\u009CVilleray: de 1940 \u00C3\u00A0 aujourd\u00E2\u0080\u0099hui,\u00E2\u0080\u009D Arrondissement, 2011, https://www.arrondissement.com/tout-get-document/u1165-villeray-1940-aujourd. 1 Kazuyo Sejima, \u00E2\u0080\u009CFace to Face,\u00E2\u0080\u009D Hunch: Berlage Institute Report, no. 6/7 (2003): no. 6/7. quoted in Markus Miessen, The Nightmare of Participation (Crossbench Praxis as a Mode of Criticality) (Berlin: Sternberg Press, 2010), 62. 2 Jacques Mathieu, \u00E2\u0080\u009CSeigneurial System,\u00E2\u0080\u009D The Canadian Encyclopedia, August 25, 2013, https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/seigneurial-system. 3 Ibid. 4 Alan Rayburn, \u00E2\u0080\u009CTownship,\u00E2\u0080\u009D The Canadian Encyclopedia, February 7, 2006, https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/township. 5 Miche\u00CC\u0080le Benoit and Roger Gratton, Pignon Sur Rue: Les Quartiers de Montre\u00CC\u0081al (Montre\u00CC\u0081al: Gue\u00CC\u0081rin, 1991), 252. 6 Ibid., 252\u00E2\u0080\u009353. 7 R\u00C3\u00A9jean Legault, \u00E2\u0080\u009C\u00C2\u00AB\u00E2\u0080\u00AFArchitecture et Forme Urbaine\u00E2\u0080\u00AF: L\u00E2\u0080\u0099exemple Du Triplex \u00C3\u00A0 Montr\u00C3\u00A9al de 1870 \u00C3\u00A0 1914\u00E2\u0080\u00AF\u00C2\u00BB,\u00E2\u0080\u009D Revue d\u00E2\u0080\u0099histoire urbaine 18, 18, no. 1 (1989): 4, http://id.erudit.org/iderudit/1017820ar. 8 Ibid. 8 Ibid., 4\u00E2\u0080\u00936. 9 Mario Robert, \u00E2\u0080\u009CChronique Montr\u00C3\u00A9alit\u00C3\u00A9 No 14 \u00E2\u0080\u0093 Br\u00C3\u00A8ve Histoire Des Ruelles de Montr\u00C3\u00A9al,\u00E2\u0080\u009D Archives Montreal, accessed December 11, 2019, http://archivesdemontreal.com/2014/10/06/chronique-montrealite-no-15-breve-histoire-des-ruelles-de-montreal/. 10 Legault, \u00E2\u0080\u009C\u00C2\u00AB\u00E2\u0080\u00AFArchitecture et Forme Urbaine\u00E2\u0080\u00AF: L\u00E2\u0080\u0099exemple Du Triplex \u00C3\u00A0 Montr\u00C3\u00A9al de 1870 \u00C3\u00A0 1914\u00E2\u0080\u00AF\u00C2\u00BB,\u00E2\u0080\u009D 5\u00E2\u0080\u009310. 11 Ibid. 12 \u00E2\u0080\u009CVilleray, de la campagne \u00C3\u00A0 la ville,\u00E2\u0080\u009D Arrondissement, 2011, https://www.arrondissement.com/tout-get-document/u1155-villeray-campagne-ville. 13 Benoit and Gratton, Pignon Sur Rue: Les Quartiers de Montre\u00CC\u0081al, 254. 14 Ibid. 15 \u00E2\u0080\u009CHistoire des tramways - Les Tramways Electriques,\u00E2\u0080\u009D Soci\u00C3\u00A9t\u00C3\u00A9 de transport de Montr\u00C3\u00A9al, accessed December 11, 2019, http://www.stm.info/fr/a-propos/decouvrez-la-STM-et-son-histoire/histoire/histoire-des-tramways. 16 Arrondissement, \u00E2\u0080\u009CVilleray, de la campagne \u00C3\u00A0 la ville.\u00E2\u0080\u009D 17 Ibid. 18 Ibid. 19 Benoit and Gratton, Pignon Sur Rue: Les Quartiers de Montre\u00CC\u0081al, 254. 20 Celine Topp, \u00E2\u0080\u009C\u00C3\u0089valuation Du Patrimoine Urbain Arrondissement de Villeray \u00E2\u0080\u0094 Saint-Michel \u00E2\u0080\u0094Parc-Extension,\u00E2\u0080\u009D Service de La Mise En Valeur Du Territoire et Du Patrimoine, Direction Du D\u00C3\u00A9veloppement Urbain, Division Du Patrimoine et de La Toponymie (Montreal: Ville de Montr\u00C3\u00A9al, 2005), 25\u00E2\u0080\u009328. 21 H\u00C3\u00A9ritage-Montr\u00C3\u00A9al, \u00E2\u0080\u009CMontr\u00C3\u00A9al en quartiers,\u00E2\u0080\u009D M\u00C3\u00A9morable Montreal, accessed December 14, 2019, http://www.memorablemontreal.com/accessibleQA/histoire.php?quartier=4. 22 Montreal-en-Statistiques, \u00E2\u0080\u009CProfil Des Districts \u00C3\u0089lectoraux de l\u00E2\u0080\u0099arrondissement de Villeray-Saint-Michel-Parc-Extension,\u00E2\u0080\u009D Direction de l\u00E2\u0080\u0099urbanisme Service de La Mise En Valeur Du Territoire Ville de Montr\u00C3\u00A9al (Montreal: Montr\u00C3\u00A9al en Statistiques, November 2017), 9, http://ville.montreal.qc.ca/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/MTL_STATS_FR/MEDIA/DOCUMENTS/VILLERAY%96SAINT-MICHEL%96PARC-EXTENSION_2017.PDF. 23 Ir\u00C3\u00A8ne Le Bot, \u00E2\u0080\u009CPortrait de Territoire: L\u00E2\u0080\u0099arrondissement Villeray/Saint-Michel/Parc-Extension,\u00E2\u0080\u009D Centraide Du Grand Montr\u00C3\u00A9al (Montreal: Service d\u00E2\u0080\u0099allocation et d\u00E2\u0080\u0099analyse sociale, n.d.), 9\u00E2\u0080\u009310, accessed December 2019. 24 Montreal-en-Statistiques, \u00E2\u0080\u009CProfil Des Districts \u00C3\u0089lectoraux de l\u00E2\u0080\u0099arrondissement de Villeray-Saint-Michel-Parc-Extension,\u00E2\u0080\u009D 7. 25 Andr\u00C3\u00A9 Lavall\u00C3\u00A9e, \u00E2\u0080\u009CPlan d\u00E2\u0080\u0099urbanisme - Plan Directeur de l\u00E2\u0080\u0099arrondissement Villeray/Saint-Michel/Parc-Extension,\u00E2\u0080\u009D Bureau Du Plan d\u00E2\u0080\u0099urbanisme (Montreal: Ville de Montreal, 1992), 5. 26 Montreal-en-Statistiques, \u00E2\u0080\u009CProfil Des Districts \u00C3\u0089lectoraux de l\u00E2\u0080\u0099arrondissement de Villeray-Saint-Michel-Parc-Extension,\u00E2\u0080\u009D 8. 27 \u00E2\u0080\u009CHistorique,\u00E2\u0080\u009D Association des locataires de villeray, accessed December 15, 2019, http://locatairesdevilleray.com/a-propos/historique/. 28 \u00E2\u0080\u009CVilleray: de 1940 \u00C3\u00A0 aujourd\u00E2\u0080\u0099hui,\u00E2\u0080\u009D Arrondissement, 2011, https://www.arrondissement.com/tout-get-document/u1165-villeray-1940-aujourd. 29 Henri Lefebvre, The Production of Space, trans. Donald Nicholson-Smith (Oxford, OX, UK; Cambridge, Mass., USA: Blackwell, 1991), 26. 30 Ibid., 16. 31 Louis Gaudreau, \u00E2\u0080\u009CSpace, Time, and the Theory of Capital in Henri Lefebvre and Marx (Espace, Temps et Th\u00C3\u00A9orie Du Capital Chez Henri Lefebvre et Marx),\u00E2\u0080\u009D Cahiers de recherche sociologique 55, 55, no. Automne 2013 (2013): 160, https://id.erudit.org/iderudit/1027685ar. 32 Ibid., 161. 33 Ibid., 162. 34 Ibid., 163. 35 Ibid., 163\u00E2\u0080\u009364. 36 Direction-de-l\u00E2\u0080\u0099Urbanisme, \u00E2\u0080\u009CArrondissement Villeray\u00E2\u0080\u0093Saint-Michel\u00E2\u0080\u0093 Parc-Extension,\u00E2\u0080\u009D City document, ed. Ville de Montreal, Ville de Montreal (Montreal: Ville de Montr\u00C3\u00A9al, June 2005), 31, http://ville.montreal.qc.ca/portal/page?_pageid=2761,3096629&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL. 37 Gaudreau, \u00E2\u0080\u009CSpace, Time, and the Theory of Capital in Henri Lefebvre and Marx (Espace, Temps et Th\u00C3\u00A9orie Du Capital Chez Henri Lefebvre et Marx),\u00E2\u0080\u009D 171. 38 Micheal Brill, \u00E2\u0080\u009CMistaking Community Life for Public Life,\u00E2\u0080\u009D Places 14, 14, no. 2 (2001): 50, http://escholarship.org/uc/item/5d67x283. 39 Kurt Iveson, \u00E2\u0080\u009CCities within the City: Do-It-Yourself and the Right to the City,\u00E2\u0080\u009D International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 37, 37, no. 3 (May 2013): 943, https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.12053. 40 Ibid., 946. 41 Ibid. 42 Markus Miessen and Kenny Cupers, \u00E2\u0080\u009CParticipation and/or Criticality? Thoughts on an Architectural Practice for Urban Change.,\u00E2\u0080\u009D Tresholds, no. 40 (2012): 106, https://search-proquest-com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/avery/docview/1112338607/AF4FB97839F408BPQ/1?accountid=14656. 43 Markus Miessen, \u00E2\u0080\u009CThe Violence of Participation: Spatial Practices Beyond Models of Consensus,\u00E2\u0080\u009D Fillip, no. 7 (2008): no. 7, https://fillip.ca/content/the-violence-of-participation. 44 Tim Richardson and Stephen Connelly, Reinventing Public Participation: Planning in the Age of Consensus, ed. Peter Blundell-Jones, Doina Petrescu, and Jeremy Till, Architecture and Participation (New York: Routledge, 2012), 77\u00E2\u0080\u0093104. 45 Miessen, The Nightmare of Participation (Crossbench Praxis as a Mode of Criticality), 304. 46 Markus Miessen and Kenny Cupers, \u00E2\u0080\u009CParticipation and/or Criticality? Thoughts on an Architectural Practice for Urban Change.,\u00E2\u0080\u009D 111. 47 Markus Miessen, The Nightmare of Participation (Crossbench Praxis as a Mode of Criticality), 22. 48 Kurt Iveson, \u00E2\u0080\u009CCities within the City: Do-It-Yourself and the Right to the City,\u00E2\u0080\u009D 946. 49 Nikolaus Hirsch et al., \u00E2\u0080\u009CSpaces of Production In European Kunsthalle 2005 2006 2007,\u00E2\u0080\u009D trans. Electronically translated by Myriam Assal, European Kunsthalle (Cologne (K\u00C3\u00B6ln): European Kunsthalle, 2007), 105\u00E2\u0080\u009351. 50 Vanessa Joan-Muller and Astrid Wege, \u00E2\u0080\u009CKunsthalle: A Model for the Future,\u00E2\u0080\u009D Oncurating, no. 21 (December 2013): 60, https://www.on-curating.org/files/oc/dateiverwaltung/issue-21/PDF_to_Download/ONCURATING_Issue21_A4.pdf. 51 Ibid. 52 Nikolaus Hirsch et al., \u00E2\u0080\u009CSpaces of Production In European Kunsthalle 2005 2006 2007,\u00E2\u0080\u009D 60. 53 Assemble Studio, \u00E2\u0080\u009CGranby Four Streets,\u00E2\u0080\u009D Assemble, 2013, https://assemblestudio.co.uk. 54 Ibid. 55 Matthew Thompson, \u00E2\u0080\u009CLIFE in a ZOO: Henri Lefebvre and the (Social) Production of (Abstract) Space in Liverpool,\u00E2\u0080\u009D City 21, 21, no. 2 (2017): 124, https://doi.org/10.1080/13604813.2017.1353327. 56 \u00E2\u0080\u009CBroadway Estate Community Garden Tilbury,\u00E2\u0080\u009D Muf Architecture/Art, 2005, http://muf.co.uk/portfolio/tilbury/. 57 Muf et al., Rights of Common: Ownership, Participation, Risk (New York: Rootledge, 2012), 212\u00E2\u0080\u009313. 58 Ibid., 214. 59 Kieran Long, \u00E2\u0080\u009CMuf | Icon 022,\u00E2\u0080\u009D Icon Magazine, April 2005, https://www.iconeye.com/component/k2/item/2640-muf-%7C-icon-022-%7C-april-2005. 125124 29 Henri Lefebvre, The Production of Space, trans. Donald Nicholson-Smith (Oxford, OX, UK; Cambridge, Mass., USA: Blackwell, 1991), 26. 30 Ibid., 16. 31 Louis Gaudreau, \u00E2\u0080\u009CSpace, Time, and the Theory of Capital in Henri Lefebvre and Marx (Espace, Temps et Th\u00C3\u00A9orie Du Capital Chez Henri Lefebvre et Marx),\u00E2\u0080\u009D Cahiers de recherche sociologique 55, 55, no. Automne 2013 (2013): 160, https://id.erudit.org/iderudit/1027685ar. 32 Ibid., 161. 33 Ibid., 162. 34 Ibid., 163. 35 Ibid., 163\u00E2\u0080\u009364. 36 Direction-de-l\u00E2\u0080\u0099Urbanisme, \u00E2\u0080\u009CArrondissement Villeray\u00E2\u0080\u0093Saint-Michel\u00E2\u0080\u0093 Parc-Extension,\u00E2\u0080\u009D City document, ed. Ville de Montreal, Ville de Montreal (Montreal: Ville de Montr\u00C3\u00A9al, June 2005), 31, http://ville.montreal.qc.ca/portal/page?_pageid=2761,3096629&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL. 37 Gaudreau, \u00E2\u0080\u009CSpace, Time, and the Theory of Capital in Henri Lefebvre and Marx (Espace, Temps et Th\u00C3\u00A9orie Du Capital Chez Henri Lefebvre et Marx),\u00E2\u0080\u009D 171. 38 Micheal Brill, \u00E2\u0080\u009CMistaking Community Life for Public Life,\u00E2\u0080\u009D Places 14, 14, no. 2 (2001): 50, http://escholarship.org/uc/item/5d67x283. 39 Kurt Iveson, \u00E2\u0080\u009CCities within the City: Do-It-Yourself and the Right to the City,\u00E2\u0080\u009D International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 37, 37, no. 3 (May 2013): 943, https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.12053. 40 Ibid., 946. 41 Ibid. 42 Markus Miessen and Kenny Cupers, \u00E2\u0080\u009CParticipation and/or Criticality? Thoughts on an Architectural Practice for Urban Change.,\u00E2\u0080\u009D Tresholds, no. 40 (2012): 106, https://search-proquest-com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/avery/docview/1112338607/AF4FB97839F408BPQ/1?accountid=14656. 43 Markus Miessen, \u00E2\u0080\u009CThe Violence of Participation: Spatial Practices Beyond Models of Consensus,\u00E2\u0080\u009D Fillip, no. 7 (2008): no. 7, https://fillip.ca/content/the-violence-of-participation. 44 Tim Richardson and Stephen Connelly, Reinventing Public Participation: Planning in the Age of Consensus, ed. Peter Blundell-Jones, Doina Petrescu, and Jeremy Till, Architecture and Participation (New York: Routledge, 2012), 77\u00E2\u0080\u0093104. 45 Miessen, The Nightmare of Participation (Crossbench Praxis as a Mode of Criticality), 304. 46 Markus Miessen and Kenny Cupers, \u00E2\u0080\u009CParticipation and/or Criticality? Thoughts on an Architectural Practice for Urban Change.,\u00E2\u0080\u009D 111. 47 Markus Miessen, The Nightmare of Participation (Crossbench Praxis as a Mode of Criticality), 22. 48 Kurt Iveson, \u00E2\u0080\u009CCities within the City: Do-It-Yourself and the Right to the City,\u00E2\u0080\u009D 946. 49 Nikolaus Hirsch et al., \u00E2\u0080\u009CSpaces of Production In European Kunsthalle 2005 2006 2007,\u00E2\u0080\u009D trans. Electronically translated by Myriam Assal, European Kunsthalle (Cologne (K\u00C3\u00B6ln): European Kunsthalle, 2007), 105\u00E2\u0080\u009351. 50 Vanessa Joan-Muller and Astrid Wege, \u00E2\u0080\u009CKunsthalle: A Model for the Future,\u00E2\u0080\u009D Oncurating, no. 21 (December 2013): 60, https://www.on-curating.org/files/oc/dateiverwaltung/issue-21/PDF_to_Download/ONCURATING_Issue21_A4.pdf. 51 Ibid. 52 Nikolaus Hirsch et al., \u00E2\u0080\u009CSpaces of Production In European Kunsthalle 2005 2006 2007,\u00E2\u0080\u009D 60. 53 Assemble Studio, \u00E2\u0080\u009CGranby Four Streets,\u00E2\u0080\u009D Assemble, 2013, https://assemblestudio.co.uk. 54 Ibid. 55 Matthew Thompson, \u00E2\u0080\u009CLIFE in a ZOO: Henri Lefebvre and the (Social) Production of (Abstract) Space in Liverpool,\u00E2\u0080\u009D City 21, 21, no. 2 (2017): 124, https://doi.org/10.1080/13604813.2017.1353327. 56 \u00E2\u0080\u009CBroadway Estate Community Garden Tilbury,\u00E2\u0080\u009D Muf Architecture/Art, 2005, http://muf.co.uk/portfolio/tilbury/. 57 Muf et al., Rights of Common: Ownership, Participation, Risk (New York: Rootledge, 2012), 212\u00E2\u0080\u009313. 58 Ibid., 214. 59 Kieran Long, \u00E2\u0080\u009CMuf | Icon 022,\u00E2\u0080\u009D Icon Magazine, April 2005, https://www.iconeye.com/component/k2/item/2640-muf-%7C-icon-022-%7C-april-2005. 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Architecture and Participation. New York: Routledge, 2012. Robert, Mario. \u00E2\u0080\u009CChronique Montr\u00C3\u00A9alit\u00C3\u00A9 No 14 \u00E2\u0080\u0093 Br\u00C3\u00A8ve Histoire Des Ruelles de Montr\u00C3\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u009D Archives Montreal. Accessed December 11, 2019. http://archivesdemontreal.com/2014/10/06/chronique-montrealite-no-15-breve-histoire-des-ruelles-de-montreal/. Sejima, Kazuyo. \u00E2\u0080\u009CFace to Face,\u00E2\u0080\u009D Hunch: Berlage Institute Report, no. 6/7 (2003). Studio, Assemble. \u00E2\u0080\u009CGranby Four Streets.\u00E2\u0080\u009D Assemble, 2013. https://assemblestudio.co.uk. Thompson, Matthew. \u00E2\u0080\u009CLIFE in a ZOO: Henri Lefebvre and the (Social) Production of (Abstract) Space in Liverpool,\u00E2\u0080\u009D City 21, 21, no. 2 (2017): 104\u00E2\u0080\u009326. https://doi.org/10.1080/13604813.2017.1353327. Topp, Celine. \u00E2\u0080\u009C\u00C3\u0089valuation Du Patrimoine Urbain Arrondissement de Villeray \u00E2\u0080\u0094 Saint-Michel \u00E2\u0080\u0094Parc-Extension.\u00E2\u0080\u009D Service de La Mise En Valeur Du Territoire et Du Patrimoine, Direction Du D\u00C3\u00A9veloppement Urbain, Division Du Patrimoine et de La Toponymie. Montreal: Ville de Montr\u00C3\u00A9al, 2005. \u00E2\u0080\u009CVilleray: de 1940 \u00C3\u00A0 aujourd\u00E2\u0080\u0099hui.\u00E2\u0080\u009D Arrondissement, 2011. https://www.arrondissement.com/tout-get-document/u1165-villeray-1940- aujourd. \u00E2\u0080\u009CVilleray, de la campagne \u00C3\u00A0 la ville.\u00E2\u0080\u009D Arrondissement, 2011. https://www.arrondissement.com/tout-get-document/u1155-villeray- campagne-ville. "@en . "Graduating Project"@en . "Montreal"@en . "Quebec"@en . "Villeray"@en . "10.14288/1.0390874"@en . "eng"@en . "Unreviewed"@en . "Vancouver : University of British Columbia Library"@en . "Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International"@* . "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/"@* . "Graduate"@en . "University of British Columbia. ARCH 549"@en . "Architecture"@en . "Urbanism"@en . "Participation"@en . "Social"@en . "Social space"@en . "DIY"@en . "activism"@en . "citizen participation"@en . "civic and social structures"@en . "air rights"@en . "air space"@en . "civil rights"@en . "density"@en . "community participation"@en . "communities"@en . "social group"@en . "community centre"@en . "community center"@en . "neighbourhood"@en . "neighborhood"@en . "Reclaiming Everyday Space : Villeray, Montr\u00E9al"@en . "Text"@en . "http://hdl.handle.net/2429/74470"@en .