"Applied Science, Faculty of"@en . "Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of"@en . "DSpace"@en . "Bennett, Zachary"@en . "2013-07-27T09:09:57Z"@en . "2013-05"@en . "China\r\nhas\r\na\r\nnation\r\nin\r\nthe\r\nthroes\r\nof\r\nmassive\r\neconomic\r\ngrowth\r\nsince\r\nthe\r\nlate\r\n1970s,\r\na\r\nsituation\r\ncreating\r\nboth\r\nbenefits\r\nand\r\npitfalls\r\nas\r\nthe\r\nnation\r\ncontinues\r\nits\r\nheadlong\r\ncourse\r\nof\r\ndevelopment.\r\nOne\r\nof\r\nthe\r\nmajor\r\nresults\r\nof\r\neconomic\r\ngrowth\r\nhas\r\nbeen\r\nmassive\r\nmigration\r\nto\r\nurban\r\nareas\r\nand\r\nan\r\nincreasingly\r\nglobalized\r\npopulace\r\nthrough\r\nthe\r\ninfiltration\r\nof\r\nWestern\r\nmedia\r\nand\r\nentertainment.\r\nMore\r\nrecently,\r\nthe\r\nexplosive\r\ngrowth\r\nof\r\nprivate\r\nautomobile\r\nownership\r\nis\r\nasking\r\nnew\r\nquestions\r\nof\r\ncities\r\nthroughout\r\nthe\r\ncountry\r\nas\r\nthey\r\nstruggle\r\nto\r\ncope\r\nwith\r\ncongestion,\r\npollution,\r\nand\r\nissues\r\nof\r\nspatial\r\nallocation\r\nand\r\nequity\r\nin\r\nsociety.\r\nThere\r\nis\r\nthe\r\nsuggestion\r\nthat\r\nan\r\nincreasingly\r\nmaterialistic\r\nand\r\nWestern\r\nvalues\r\nsystem\r\nis\r\na\r\nfactor\r\nin\r\nthe\r\ngeneration\r\ngap\r\nfelt\r\nbetween\r\ngroups\r\nin\r\nthe\r\nnation.\r\nThis\r\npaper\r\naddresses\r\nthe\r\nviews\r\nof\r\nmiddle-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090\r\nclass\r\nyouth\r\nin\r\nShenzhen,\r\na\r\nmajor\r\nsouthern\r\ncity\r\nof\r\nChina,\r\nand\r\ntheir\r\nperspective\r\nof\r\nsome\r\nof\r\nthe\r\nchanges\r\noccurring\r\nin\r\nChinese\r\nsociety.\r\nThe\r\nmethod\r\nof\r\nassessment\r\nwas\r\na\r\nsurvey\r\nasking\r\nabout\r\ntheir\r\nviews\r\non\r\ntransportation,\r\npersonal\r\nvalues,\r\nand\r\nreactions\r\nto\r\nhypothetical\r\ntransportation\r\npolicies.\r\nThe\r\nresults\r\ndemonstrate\r\nthe\r\nhold\r\nthat\r\nthe\r\nautomobile\r\nhas\r\non\r\nthe\r\ncollective\r\nimagination\r\nof\r\nyouth.\r\nThere\r\nis\r\nalso\r\nevidence\r\nthat\r\nas\r\nincomes\r\nrise\r\nand\r\ncars\r\nbecome\r\nnormalized,\r\nthe\r\nexpectation\r\nof\r\nfuture\r\nownership\r\nincreases,\r\npushing\r\nthe\r\ncar\r\nfrom\r\na\r\nluxury\r\nitem\r\ninto\r\nthe\r\nmainstream\r\nfor\r\nmiddle-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090class\r\naspirants.\r\nDespite\r\nthe\r\npresence\r\nof\r\nmaterialism,\r\nWestern\r\nvalues\r\ndo\r\nnot\r\nseem\r\nto\r\nplay\r\na\r\nmajor\r\nrole\r\nin\r\nthe\r\nattitude\r\nof\r\nstudents\r\ntowards\r\ncars,\r\nand\r\npotential\r\npolicies\r\neither\r\npromoting\r\ntransit\r\nor\r\nrestricting\r\nprivate\r\nvehicles\r\nwere\r\nmet\r\nby\r\nstrong\r\npushback,\r\nthough\r\nthe\r\npolicies\r\nwould\r\nresult\r\nin\r\nmoving\r\nmore\r\ntrips\r\nto\r\ntransit.\r\nOverall,\r\nthe\r\npace\r\nof\r\nmotorization\r\nsignals\r\nimpending\r\ndisaster,\r\nboth\r\nfrom\r\na\r\nmunicipal\r\nmanagement\r\nand\r\na\r\nbroader\r\nenvironmental\r\nstance\r\nand\r\nefforts\r\nshould\r\nbe\r\nencouraged\r\nwithin\r\nChina\r\nto\r\nmanage\r\nthe\r\ngrowth\r\nand\r\nusage\r\nof\r\nprivate\r\nautomobiles\r\nin\r\nthe\r\nurban\r\narena."@en . "https://circle.library.ubc.ca/rest/handle/2429/44722?expand=metadata"@en . "VALUE, ASPIRATION, AND POLICY: HOW (AND WHY) TOMORROW\u00E2\u0080\u0099S MIDDLE CLASS CHINA MOVES by ZACHARY WILLIAM BENNETT B.A., University of Oregon, 2006 A PROJECT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS (PLANNING) in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES School of Community and Regional Planning We accept this project as conforming to the required standard ...................................................... ..................................................... ..................................................... THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA May 2013 \u00C2\u00A9 Zachary William Bennett, 2013 Executive\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Summary\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0China\t\r \u00C2\u00A0has\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0nation\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0throes\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0massive\t\r \u00C2\u00A0economic\t\r \u00C2\u00A0growth\t\r \u00C2\u00A0since\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0late\t\r \u00C2\u00A01970s,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0situation\t\r \u00C2\u00A0creating\t\r \u00C2\u00A0both\t\r \u00C2\u00A0benefits\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0pitfalls\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0nation\t\r \u00C2\u00A0continues\t\r \u00C2\u00A0its\t\r \u00C2\u00A0headlong\t\r \u00C2\u00A0course\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0development.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0One\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0major\t\r \u00C2\u00A0results\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0economic\t\r \u00C2\u00A0growth\t\r \u00C2\u00A0has\t\r \u00C2\u00A0been\t\r \u00C2\u00A0massive\t\r \u00C2\u00A0migration\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0urban\t\r \u00C2\u00A0areas\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0an\t\r \u00C2\u00A0increasingly\t\r \u00C2\u00A0globalized\t\r \u00C2\u00A0populace\t\r \u00C2\u00A0through\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0infiltration\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Western\t\r \u00C2\u00A0media\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0entertainment.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0More\t\r \u00C2\u00A0recently,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0explosive\t\r \u00C2\u00A0growth\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0private\t\r \u00C2\u00A0automobile\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ownership\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0asking\t\r \u00C2\u00A0new\t\r \u00C2\u00A0questions\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cities\t\r \u00C2\u00A0throughout\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0country\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0they\t\r \u00C2\u00A0struggle\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cope\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0congestion,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0pollution,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0issues\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0spatial\t\r \u00C2\u00A0allocation\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0equity\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0society.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0There\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0suggestion\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0an\t\r \u00C2\u00A0increasingly\t\r \u00C2\u00A0materialistic\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Western\t\r \u00C2\u00A0values\t\r \u00C2\u00A0system\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0factor\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0generation\t\r \u00C2\u00A0gap\t\r \u00C2\u00A0felt\t\r \u00C2\u00A0between\t\r \u00C2\u00A0groups\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0nation.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0This\t\r \u00C2\u00A0paper\t\r \u00C2\u00A0addresses\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0views\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0middle-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090class\t\r \u00C2\u00A0youth\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Shenzhen,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0major\t\r \u00C2\u00A0southern\t\r \u00C2\u00A0city\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0China,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0their\t\r \u00C2\u00A0perspective\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0some\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0changes\t\r \u00C2\u00A0occurring\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Chinese\t\r \u00C2\u00A0society.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0The\t\r \u00C2\u00A0method\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0assessment\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0survey\t\r \u00C2\u00A0asking\t\r \u00C2\u00A0about\t\r \u00C2\u00A0their\t\r \u00C2\u00A0views\t\r \u00C2\u00A0on\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transportation,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0personal\t\r \u00C2\u00A0values,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0reactions\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0hypothetical\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transportation\t\r \u00C2\u00A0policies.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0The\t\r \u00C2\u00A0results\t\r \u00C2\u00A0demonstrate\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0hold\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0automobile\t\r \u00C2\u00A0has\t\r \u00C2\u00A0on\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0collective\t\r \u00C2\u00A0imagination\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0youth.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0There\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0also\t\r \u00C2\u00A0evidence\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0incomes\t\r \u00C2\u00A0rise\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cars\t\r \u00C2\u00A0become\t\r \u00C2\u00A0normalized,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0expectation\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0future\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ownership\t\r \u00C2\u00A0increases,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0pushing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0from\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0luxury\t\r \u00C2\u00A0item\t\r \u00C2\u00A0into\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0mainstream\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0middle-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090class\t\r \u00C2\u00A0aspirants.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Despite\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0presence\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0materialism,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Western\t\r \u00C2\u00A0values\t\r \u00C2\u00A0do\t\r \u00C2\u00A0not\t\r \u00C2\u00A0seem\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0play\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0major\t\r \u00C2\u00A0role\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0attitude\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0students\t\r \u00C2\u00A0towards\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cars,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0potential\t\r \u00C2\u00A0policies\t\r \u00C2\u00A0either\t\r \u00C2\u00A0promoting\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transit\t\r \u00C2\u00A0or\t\r \u00C2\u00A0restricting\t\r \u00C2\u00A0private\t\r \u00C2\u00A0vehicles\t\r \u00C2\u00A0were\t\r \u00C2\u00A0met\t\r \u00C2\u00A0by\t\r \u00C2\u00A0strong\t\r \u00C2\u00A0pushback,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0though\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0policies\t\r \u00C2\u00A0would\t\r \u00C2\u00A0result\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0moving\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0trips\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transit.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Overall,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0pace\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0motorization\t\r \u00C2\u00A0signals\t\r \u00C2\u00A0impending\t\r \u00C2\u00A0disaster,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0both\t\r \u00C2\u00A0from\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0municipal\t\r \u00C2\u00A0management\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0broader\t\r \u00C2\u00A0environmental\t\r \u00C2\u00A0stance\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0efforts\t\r \u00C2\u00A0should\t\r \u00C2\u00A0be\t\r \u00C2\u00A0encouraged\t\r \u00C2\u00A0within\t\r \u00C2\u00A0China\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0manage\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0growth\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0usage\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0private\t\r \u00C2\u00A0automobiles\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0urban\t\r \u00C2\u00A0arena.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0In\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0course\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0this\t\r \u00C2\u00A0project\t\r \u00C2\u00A0I\u00E2\u0080\u0099ve\t\r \u00C2\u00A0been\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0beneficiary\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0help\t\r \u00C2\u00A0from\t\r \u00C2\u00A0many\t\r \u00C2\u00A0distant\t\r \u00C2\u00A0corners.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0First\t\r \u00C2\u00A0among\t\r \u00C2\u00A0these\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0my\t\r \u00C2\u00A0advisor\t\r \u00C2\u00A0at\t\r \u00C2\u00A0SCARP,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Dr.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Jinhua\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Zhao,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0whose\t\r \u00C2\u00A0appreciation\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0material,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0unflagging\t\r \u00C2\u00A0enthusiasm,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0attention\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0detail,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0drive\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0constantly\t\r \u00C2\u00A0better\t\r \u00C2\u00A0product\t\r \u00C2\u00A0have\t\r \u00C2\u00A0brought\t\r \u00C2\u00A0my\t\r \u00C2\u00A0work\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0level\t\r \u00C2\u00A0it\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0at\t\r \u00C2\u00A0today.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0To\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Dr.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Michael\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Leaf\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0agreeing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0be\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0second\t\r \u00C2\u00A0reader,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0providing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0insight\t\r \u00C2\u00A0into\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0discussion\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0values\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0East\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Asia,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0being\t\r \u00C2\u00A0gracious\t\r \u00C2\u00A0under\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0short\t\r \u00C2\u00A0notice\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0time\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0my\t\r \u00C2\u00A0request\t\r \u00C2\u00A0allowed\t\r \u00C2\u00A0him.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0To\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Rupert\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Campbell,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0my\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Kiwi\t\r \u00C2\u00A0brother-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090in-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090arms\t\r \u00C2\u00A0whose\t\r \u00C2\u00A0own\t\r \u00C2\u00A0research\t\r \u00C2\u00A0project\t\r \u00C2\u00A0helped\t\r \u00C2\u00A0grow\t\r \u00C2\u00A0so\t\r \u00C2\u00A0many\t\r \u00C2\u00A0different\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ideas\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0directions\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0my\t\r \u00C2\u00A0own\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0our\t\r \u00C2\u00A0discussions\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0whose\t\r \u00C2\u00A0understanding\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0China\t\r \u00C2\u00A0kept\t\r \u00C2\u00A0me\t\r \u00C2\u00A0accountable\t\r \u00C2\u00A0throughout.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0To\t\r \u00C2\u00A0my\t\r \u00C2\u00A0sister\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Victoria\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Bennett\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Nicholas\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Godsmark,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0their\t\r \u00C2\u00A0willingness\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0be\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0pilot\t\r \u00C2\u00A0survey\t\r \u00C2\u00A0guinea\t\r \u00C2\u00A0pigs.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0To\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Derek\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Paylor,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0my\t\r \u00C2\u00A0friend\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0colleague\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Shenzhen\t\r \u00C2\u00A0who\t\r \u00C2\u00A0did\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0outreach\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0coordination\t\r \u00C2\u00A0needed\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0make\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0survey\t\r \u00C2\u00A0meaningful.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0To\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Tracy\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Chen,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Joyce\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Shen,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Zhan\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Zhao\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0assistance\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0editing,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0translation,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0statistical\t\r \u00C2\u00A0analysis.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0To\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Miki\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Chen,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Zhang\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Dandan,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0He\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Lijun\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0their\t\r \u00C2\u00A0help\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0translating\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0correcting\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Chinese\t\r \u00C2\u00A0version\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0survey.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0To\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Eric\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Booth,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Pete\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Elyse\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Winter,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Sarah\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Gaida,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Thomas\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Trinh,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0students\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Shenzhen\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0responding\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0collecting\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0survey.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0And\t\r \u00C2\u00A0lastly,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0two\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0those\t\r \u00C2\u00A0who\t\r \u00C2\u00A0kept\t\r \u00C2\u00A0me\t\r \u00C2\u00A0sane\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0process,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Jason\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Hsieh,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0whom\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0always\t\r \u00C2\u00A0willing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0share\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0pint\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Eveline\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Xia\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0understanding\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0odd\t\r \u00C2\u00A0hours\t\r \u00C2\u00A0I\t\r \u00C2\u00A0keep.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Table\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Contents\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0 1. Introduction\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6.1\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 2. Research\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Questions\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A63\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 3. Literature\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Review\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A64\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 3.1\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Motorization\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Developing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0World\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A65\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 3.2\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Urbanization\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0China\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6..6\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Urban\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Growth\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Beijing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Shanghai\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 3.3\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Allure\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Private\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Vehicle\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6.12\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Hong\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Kong\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u0093\t\r \u00C2\u00A0China\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Future?\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 3.4\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Cultural\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Values\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Materialism\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6...15\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Materialism\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Shifting\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Values\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 3.5\t\r \u00C2\u00A0The\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Youth\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Factor\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6..20\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 3.6\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Potential\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Interventions\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A623\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 3.7\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Need\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Further\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Research\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6.27\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 4. Methodology\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6.28\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Survey\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Scope\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Survey\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Questions\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Areas\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Inquiry\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 5. Results\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6..33\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 5.1\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Shenzhen\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Brief\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6.34\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Sample\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Size\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Characteristics\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 5.2\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Travel\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Attitudes\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Perceptions\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6.37\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 5.3\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Picture\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Success\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6.41\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 5.4\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Future\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Behavior\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6...\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6.44\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 5.5\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Value\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Orientation\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6.45\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 5.6\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Sticks\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Carrots:\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Policy\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Reaction\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6.48\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Sticks\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Carrots\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Differences\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 5.7\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Comparing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Values\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Policy\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6..54\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 6. Interpretations\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6...55\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 7. Limitations\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6.57\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 8. Going\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Forward\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6.60\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 9. Bibliography\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6.62\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 10. \t\r \u00C2\u00A0Appendix\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A666\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0 List\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Table\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Images\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Table\t\r \u00C2\u00A01:\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Shenzhen\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Municipal\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Characteristics\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0 p.\t\r \u00C2\u00A035\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Table\t\r \u00C2\u00A02:\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Study\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Group\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Characteristics\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0 p.\t\r \u00C2\u00A037\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Table\t\r \u00C2\u00A03:\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Common\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Transportation\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Perceptions\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0 p.\t\r \u00C2\u00A040\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Table\t\r \u00C2\u00A04:\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Picture\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Success:\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Most\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Selected\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Traits\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0 p.\t\r \u00C2\u00A043\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Table\t\r \u00C2\u00A05:\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Responses\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Values\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0 p.\t\r \u00C2\u00A047\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Table\t\r \u00C2\u00A06:\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Proposed\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Transportation\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Policies\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0 p.\t\r \u00C2\u00A049\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Table\t\r \u00C2\u00A07:\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Stick\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Policies:\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Acceptance\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Reactions\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0 p.\t\r \u00C2\u00A050\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Table\t\r \u00C2\u00A08:\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Carrot\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Policies:\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Acceptance\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Reactions\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0 p.\t\r \u00C2\u00A052\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Image\t\r \u00C2\u00A01:\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Picture\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Success\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0 p.\t\r \u00C2\u00A044\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0 1.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Introduction\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Since\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0economic\t\r \u00C2\u00A0reforms\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0opening\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0China\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A01978,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0country\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\t\r \u00C2\u00A0economy\t\r \u00C2\u00A0has\t\r \u00C2\u00A0expanded\t\r \u00C2\u00A0massively,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0averaging\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0than\t\r \u00C2\u00A09%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0growth\t\r \u00C2\u00A0per\t\r \u00C2\u00A0year\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Thun,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02006).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0In\t\r \u00C2\u00A0this\t\r \u00C2\u00A0same\t\r \u00C2\u00A0span,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0number\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0urban\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Chinese\t\r \u00C2\u00A0has\t\r \u00C2\u00A0grown\t\r \u00C2\u00A0massively,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0along\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0their\t\r \u00C2\u00A0relative\t\r \u00C2\u00A0incomes\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Dargay,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02007).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Reflected\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0this\t\r \u00C2\u00A0newfound\t\r \u00C2\u00A0prosperity\t\r \u00C2\u00A0has\t\r \u00C2\u00A0been\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0headlong\t\r \u00C2\u00A0rush\t\r \u00C2\u00A0into\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ownership\t\r \u00C2\u00A0by\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0emerging\t\r \u00C2\u00A0middle\t\r \u00C2\u00A0class,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0resulting\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0slew\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0accompanying\t\r \u00C2\u00A0problems\t\r \u00C2\u00A0such\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0congestion,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0pollution,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0urban\t\r \u00C2\u00A0sprawl.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 In\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Shenzhen\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0other\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cities,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0number\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cars\t\r \u00C2\u00A0has\t\r \u00C2\u00A0skyrocketed,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0growing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0from\t\r \u00C2\u00A0105,097\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A01997\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Shenzhen\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Statistical\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Yearbook,\t\r \u00C2\u00A01997)\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0an\t\r \u00C2\u00A0estimated\t\r \u00C2\u00A02\t\r \u00C2\u00A0million\t\r \u00C2\u00A0today\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Shenzhen\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Daily,\t\r \u00C2\u00A08\t\r \u00C2\u00A0February\t\r \u00C2\u00A02012).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0This\t\r \u00C2\u00A0trend\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0growing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ownership\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0mirrored\t\r \u00C2\u00A0across\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0country\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0massive\t\r \u00C2\u00A0increase\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0number\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cars\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(China\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Statistical\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Yearbook,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02010).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0In\t\r \u00C2\u00A0response,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0local\t\r \u00C2\u00A0municipalities\t\r \u00C2\u00A0have\t\r \u00C2\u00A0unleashed\t\r \u00C2\u00A0an\t\r \u00C2\u00A0array\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0measures\t\r \u00C2\u00A0designed\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ease\t\r \u00C2\u00A0traffic\t\r \u00C2\u00A0woes.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0These\t\r \u00C2\u00A0can\t\r \u00C2\u00A0take\t\r \u00C2\u00A0on\t\r \u00C2\u00A0many\t\r \u00C2\u00A0different\t\r \u00C2\u00A0shapes\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0forms:\t\r \u00C2\u00A0targeting\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0limiting\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ownership,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0subsidies\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0electric\t\r \u00C2\u00A0vehicles,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0encouraging\t\r \u00C2\u00A0bicycling,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0expanding\t\r \u00C2\u00A0public\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transit\t\r \u00C2\u00A0systems.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Beyond\t\r \u00C2\u00A0policy,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0there\t\r \u00C2\u00A0are\t\r \u00C2\u00A0social\t\r \u00C2\u00A0dimensions\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0be\t\r \u00C2\u00A0considered\t\r \u00C2\u00A0when\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ownership\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0put\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0spotlight.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0A\t\r \u00C2\u00A0study\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0satisfaction\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transportation\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Beijing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0found\t\r \u00C2\u00A0differing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0levels\t\r \u00C2\u00A0between\t\r \u00C2\u00A0older\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0younger\t\r \u00C2\u00A0generations\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0city.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0The\t\r \u00C2\u00A0elderly\t\r \u00C2\u00A0were\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0satisfied\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0current\t\r \u00C2\u00A0state\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0system,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0while\t\r \u00C2\u00A0younger\t\r \u00C2\u00A0people\t\r \u00C2\u00A0felt\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0greater\t\r \u00C2\u00A0level\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0dissatisfaction\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Ji\t\r \u00C2\u00A0&\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Gao,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02010).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Similarly,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0same\t\r \u00C2\u00A0study\t\r \u00C2\u00A0showed\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0income\t\r \u00C2\u00A0variations\t\r \u00C2\u00A0affect\t\r \u00C2\u00A0one\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\t\r \u00C2\u00A0view\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transportation,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0general\t\r \u00C2\u00A0higher\t\r \u00C2\u00A0incomes\t\r \u00C2\u00A0showed\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0greater\t\r \u00C2\u00A0preference\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ownership\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Ji\t\r \u00C2\u00A0&\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Gao,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02010).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0 2\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Chinese\t\r \u00C2\u00A0media\t\r \u00C2\u00A0have\t\r \u00C2\u00A0shown\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0growing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0love\t\r \u00C2\u00A0affair\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0seen\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0obvious\t\r \u00C2\u00A0advertising\t\r \u00C2\u00A0placements\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0subtler\t\r \u00C2\u00A0but\t\r \u00C2\u00A0still\t\r \u00C2\u00A0reinforcing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0image\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0successful\t\r \u00C2\u00A0characters\t\r \u00C2\u00A0on\t\r \u00C2\u00A0television\t\r \u00C2\u00A0dramas\t\r \u00C2\u00A0going\t\r \u00C2\u00A0from\t\r \u00C2\u00A0place\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0place\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0their\t\r \u00C2\u00A0own\t\r \u00C2\u00A0vehicle.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0It\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0point\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0middle-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090class\t\r \u00C2\u00A0culture\t\r \u00C2\u00A0reflects\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009Ca\t\r \u00C2\u00A0growing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0love\t\r \u00C2\u00A0affair\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\u00E2\u0080\u009D\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0has\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009Csexualised\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u0099magical\t\r \u00C2\u00A0object\u00E2\u0080\u0099\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0appeals\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0desire\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0power,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0speed\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0excitement\u00E2\u0080\u009D\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Waitt\t\r \u00C2\u00A0&\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Harada,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02012).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 The\t\r \u00C2\u00A0perceived\t\r \u00C2\u00A0value\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0increasingly\t\r \u00C2\u00A0entrenched.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0This\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0spite\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0discovery\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0value\t\r \u00C2\u00A0attached\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0private\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0its\t\r \u00C2\u00A0perceived\t\r \u00C2\u00A0utility,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0are\t\r \u00C2\u00A0seemingly\t\r \u00C2\u00A0misplaced.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0In\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Beijing,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0average\t\r \u00C2\u00A0speed\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0similar\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0brisk\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cyclist,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0about\t\r \u00C2\u00A012\t\r \u00C2\u00A0kilometers\t\r \u00C2\u00A0per\t\r \u00C2\u00A0hour.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0When\t\r \u00C2\u00A0compared\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0speed\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Shanghai\t\r \u00C2\u00A0subway,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0clocking\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0stops,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0at\t\r \u00C2\u00A036\t\r \u00C2\u00A0kilometers/hour,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0driving\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0vastly\t\r \u00C2\u00A0slower\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Zhu,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02012).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Actual\t\r \u00C2\u00A0usage\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cars\t\r \u00C2\u00A0differs\t\r \u00C2\u00A0from\t\r \u00C2\u00A0perception\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0well,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0one\t\r \u00C2\u00A0study\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Hong\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Kong\t\r \u00C2\u00A0drivers\t\r \u00C2\u00A0showed\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0most\t\r \u00C2\u00A0anticipated\t\r \u00C2\u00A0using\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0trips\t\r \u00C2\u00A0they\t\r \u00C2\u00A0would\t\r \u00C2\u00A0not\t\r \u00C2\u00A0otherwise\t\r \u00C2\u00A0make,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0yet\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0majority\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0trips\t\r \u00C2\u00A0by\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Hong\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Kong\t\r \u00C2\u00A0were\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0commuting\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Cullinane,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02003).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Cars\t\r \u00C2\u00A0are\t\r \u00C2\u00A0an\t\r \u00C2\u00A0addiction\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0once\t\r \u00C2\u00A0purchased\t\r \u00C2\u00A0becomes\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0necessity.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Even\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Hong\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Kong,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Cullinane\t\r \u00C2\u00A0found\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0person\t\r \u00C2\u00A0used\t\r \u00C2\u00A0their\t\r \u00C2\u00A0vehicle\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0it\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0viewed\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0indispensible\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(2003).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Indeed,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0relatively\t\r \u00C2\u00A0small\t\r \u00C2\u00A0area\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0comprises\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Hong\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Kong\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(426\t\r \u00C2\u00A0square\t\r \u00C2\u00A0miles),\t\r \u00C2\u00A0it\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0found\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0average\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0still\t\r \u00C2\u00A0traveled\t\r \u00C2\u00A022\t\r \u00C2\u00A0miles\t\r \u00C2\u00A0per\t\r \u00C2\u00A0day,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0further\t\r \u00C2\u00A0evidence\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0once\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0purchased,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0its\t\r \u00C2\u00A0use\t\r \u00C2\u00A0becomes\t\r \u00C2\u00A0habitual\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0addictive.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0This\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0spite\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0statements\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0contrary\t\r \u00C2\u00A0made\t\r \u00C2\u00A0prior\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0purchasing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0vehicle\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Cullinane,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02003).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 The\t\r \u00C2\u00A0infiltration\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0materialistic\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ideas\t\r \u00C2\u00A0into\t\r \u00C2\u00A0China\t\r \u00C2\u00A0may\t\r \u00C2\u00A0be\t\r \u00C2\u00A0one\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0forces\t\r \u00C2\u00A0driving\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0desire\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0private\t\r \u00C2\u00A0vehicle\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0some\t\r \u00C2\u00A0studies\t\r \u00C2\u00A0have\t\r \u00C2\u00A0been\t\r \u00C2\u00A0done\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0this\t\r \u00C2\u00A0effect.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Typically\t\r \u00C2\u00A0values\t\r \u00C2\u00A0are\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transmitted\t\r \u00C2\u00A0from\t\r \u00C2\u00A0one\t\r \u00C2\u00A0generation\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0next.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0In\t\r \u00C2\u00A0China,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0this\t\r \u00C2\u00A0has\t\r \u00C2\u00A0been\t\r \u00C2\u00A0disrupted\t\r \u00C2\u00A0by\t\r \u00C2\u00A0social\t\r \u00C2\u00A0changes,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0younger\t\r \u00C2\u00A0generations\t\r \u00C2\u00A0create\t\r \u00C2\u00A0value\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0vacuum\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Gu\t\r \u00C2\u00A0&\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Hung,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02009).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0In\t\r \u00C2\u00A0this\t\r \u00C2\u00A0newly\t\r \u00C2\u00A0materialistic\t\r \u00C2\u00A0society,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0driving\t\r \u00C2\u00A0goal\t\r \u00C2\u00A0centers\t\r \u00C2\u00A0around\t\r \u00C2\u00A0possession\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0acquisition\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0specific\t\r \u00C2\u00A0products,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0it\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0from\t\r \u00C2\u00A0here\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0satisfaction\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0derived\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Gu\t\r \u00C2\u00A0&\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Hung,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02009).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Presuming\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0examples\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0US\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Europe\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0emulated,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0income\t\r \u00C2\u00A0means\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0materialism\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0drive\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0own\t\r \u00C2\u00A0possessions.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0These\t\r \u00C2\u00A0have\t\r \u00C2\u00A0begun\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0take\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0 3\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 hold\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Asia\t\r \u00C2\u00A0now,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Podoshen\t\r \u00C2\u00A0noting\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CChinese\t\r \u00C2\u00A0consumers\t\r \u00C2\u00A0found\t\r \u00C2\u00A0themselves\t\r \u00C2\u00A0appropriating\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0modern\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0progressive\t\r \u00C2\u00A0world,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0one\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0which\t\r \u00C2\u00A0goods\t\r \u00C2\u00A0from\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0West\t\r \u00C2\u00A0symbolized\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0new\t\r \u00C2\u00A0found\t\r \u00C2\u00A0freedom\u00E2\u0080\u009D\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(2011).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 A\t\r \u00C2\u00A0seismic\t\r \u00C2\u00A0change\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Chinese\t\r \u00C2\u00A0social\t\r \u00C2\u00A0values\t\r \u00C2\u00A0may\t\r \u00C2\u00A0be\t\r \u00C2\u00A0underway,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0youth\t\r \u00C2\u00A0aspiring\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0university\t\r \u00C2\u00A0degrees\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0trying\t\r \u00C2\u00A0their\t\r \u00C2\u00A0luck\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0newly\t\r \u00C2\u00A0industrialized\t\r \u00C2\u00A0centers.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Status\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0social\t\r \u00C2\u00A0pressure\t\r \u00C2\u00A0add\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0different\t\r \u00C2\u00A0element\t\r \u00C2\u00A0from\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0simple\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Western\t\r \u00C2\u00A0yearning\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0consume\t\r \u00C2\u00A0based\t\r \u00C2\u00A0on\t\r \u00C2\u00A0desire\t\r \u00C2\u00A0alone\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Podoshen,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02011).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0As\t\r \u00C2\u00A0this\t\r \u00C2\u00A0occurs,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0new\t\r \u00C2\u00A0generation\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Chinese\t\r \u00C2\u00A0youth\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r 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\u00C2\u00A0two-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090thirds,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0aspire\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0own\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0when\t\r \u00C2\u00A0they\t\r \u00C2\u00A0can\t\r \u00C2\u00A0afford\t\r \u00C2\u00A0one\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Zhu,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02012).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0These\t\r \u00C2\u00A0same\t\r \u00C2\u00A0students\t\r \u00C2\u00A0hold\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0vastly\t\r \u00C2\u00A0positive\t\r \u00C2\u00A0view\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0automobile,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0mirroring\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0drop\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0average\t\r \u00C2\u00A0age\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0driver\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A032,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0most\t\r \u00C2\u00A0students\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0survey\t\r \u00C2\u00A0would\t\r \u00C2\u00A0hope\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0own\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0within\t\r \u00C2\u00A04-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u009010\t\r \u00C2\u00A0years\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Zhu,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02012).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0This\t\r \u00C2\u00A0particularly\t\r \u00C2\u00A0underscores\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0need\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0study\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0younger\t\r \u00C2\u00A0generations\t\r \u00C2\u00A0within\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Chinese\t\r \u00C2\u00A0society.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0The\t\r \u00C2\u00A0notion\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0young\t\r \u00C2\u00A0people\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0China\t\r \u00C2\u00A0hold\t\r \u00C2\u00A0such\t\r \u00C2\u00A0overwhelmingly\t\r \u00C2\u00A0positive\t\r \u00C2\u00A0views\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0even\t\r \u00C2\u00A0if\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0view\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0divorced\t\r \u00C2\u00A0from\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0reality\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0its\t\r \u00C2\u00A0likely\t\r \u00C2\u00A0use,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0bears\t\r \u00C2\u00A0notice.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Coupled\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0habituation\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0use\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ownership\t\r \u00C2\u00A0carries,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0particular\t\r \u00C2\u00A0importance\t\r \u00C2\u00A0should\t\r \u00C2\u00A0be\t\r \u00C2\u00A0paid\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0youth\t\r \u00C2\u00A0perceptions\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0types\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0policies\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0can\t\r \u00C2\u00A0lessen\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0harmful\t\r \u00C2\u00A0effects\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0urban\t\r \u00C2\u00A0traffic\t\r \u00C2\u00A0congestion.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0The\t\r \u00C2\u00A0scale\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0density\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Chinese\t\r \u00C2\u00A0urban\t\r \u00C2\u00A0areas,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0increasing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0environmental\t\r \u00C2\u00A0woes,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0massive\t\r \u00C2\u00A0economic\t\r \u00C2\u00A0change\t\r \u00C2\u00A0further\t\r \u00C2\u00A0underscore\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0need\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0research\t\r \u00C2\u00A0along\t\r \u00C2\u00A0this\t\r \u00C2\u00A0avenue.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 2.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Research\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Questions\t\r \u00C2\u00A0A\t\r \u00C2\u00A0pair\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0questions\t\r \u00C2\u00A0guided\t\r \u00C2\u00A0this\t\r \u00C2\u00A0work.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0First,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0what\t\r \u00C2\u00A0values\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0life\t\r \u00C2\u00A0aspirations\t\r \u00C2\u00A0are\t\r \u00C2\u00A0today\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\t\r \u00C2\u00A0middle-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090class\t\r \u00C2\u00A0youth\t\r \u00C2\u00A0choosing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0themselves?\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Second,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0how\t\r \u00C2\u00A0do\t\r \u00C2\u00A0these\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0 4\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 values\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0aspirations\t\r \u00C2\u00A0combine\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0policy\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0affect\t\r \u00C2\u00A0their\t\r \u00C2\u00A0choices\t\r \u00C2\u00A0on\t\r \u00C2\u00A0personal\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transportation\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0how\t\r \u00C2\u00A0do\t\r \u00C2\u00A0youths\t\r \u00C2\u00A0react\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0theoretical\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transportation\t\r \u00C2\u00A0policies?\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Embedded\t\r \u00C2\u00A0within\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0primary\t\r \u00C2\u00A0research\t\r \u00C2\u00A0questions\t\r \u00C2\u00A0are\t\r \u00C2\u00A0lesser\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ones\t\r \u00C2\u00A0valuable\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0data\t\r \u00C2\u00A0analysis\t\r \u00C2\u00A0process.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Foremost\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0thorough\t\r \u00C2\u00A0assessment\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0demographic\t\r \u00C2\u00A0traits\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0survey\t\r \u00C2\u00A0respondents,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0broken\t\r \u00C2\u00A0down\t\r \u00C2\u00A0by\t\r \u00C2\u00A0age,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0household\t\r \u00C2\u00A0size,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0estimated\t\r \u00C2\u00A0family\t\r \u00C2\u00A0income,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0gender,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0type\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0home,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0family\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ownership.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0With\t\r \u00C2\u00A0these\t\r \u00C2\u00A0baselines\t\r \u00C2\u00A0established,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0significance\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0sample\t\r \u00C2\u00A0can\t\r \u00C2\u00A0be\t\r \u00C2\u00A0determined\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0used\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0comparative\t\r \u00C2\u00A0analysis\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0other\t\r \u00C2\u00A0survey\t\r \u00C2\u00A0responses.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Next\t\r \u00C2\u00A0comes\t\r \u00C2\u00A0what\t\r \u00C2\u00A0values\t\r \u00C2\u00A0are\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0most\t\r \u00C2\u00A0common\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0whether\t\r \u00C2\u00A0or\t\r \u00C2\u00A0not\t\r \u00C2\u00A0there\t\r \u00C2\u00A0has\t\r \u00C2\u00A0been\t\r \u00C2\u00A0an\t\r \u00C2\u00A0infiltration\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Westernized\t\r \u00C2\u00A0values\t\r \u00C2\u00A0competing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0traditional\t\r \u00C2\u00A0values\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0modern\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Chinese\t\r \u00C2\u00A0culture?\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Students\u00E2\u0080\u0099\t\r \u00C2\u00A0future\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ambitions\t\r \u00C2\u00A0regarding\t\r \u00C2\u00A0lifestyle\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ownership/usage\t\r \u00C2\u00A0are\t\r \u00C2\u00A0investigated\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0well.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0The\t\r \u00C2\u00A0research\t\r \u00C2\u00A0also\t\r \u00C2\u00A0allows\t\r \u00C2\u00A0us\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0determine\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0picture\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0success\t\r \u00C2\u00A0within\t\r \u00C2\u00A0our\t\r \u00C2\u00A0sample\t\r \u00C2\u00A0group.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0In\t\r \u00C2\u00A0addition\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0looking\t\r \u00C2\u00A0at\t\r \u00C2\u00A0students\u00E2\u0080\u0099\t\r \u00C2\u00A0perceived\t\r \u00C2\u00A0future\t\r \u00C2\u00A0relationship\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cars,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0responses\t\r \u00C2\u00A0provide\t\r \u00C2\u00A0information\t\r \u00C2\u00A0about\t\r \u00C2\u00A0perceptions\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cars\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0bus\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0rail\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transit.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Assessment\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0environmental\t\r \u00C2\u00A0views\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0conducted\t\r \u00C2\u00A0at\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0basic\t\r \u00C2\u00A0level,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0along\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0influence\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0education\t\r \u00C2\u00A0levels\t\r \u00C2\u00A0have\t\r \u00C2\u00A0on\t\r \u00C2\u00A0all\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0aforementioned\t\r \u00C2\u00A0views.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Finally,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0proposed\t\r \u00C2\u00A0policy\t\r \u00C2\u00A0interventions\t\r \u00C2\u00A0are\t\r \u00C2\u00A0examined.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0General\t\r \u00C2\u00A0trends\t\r \u00C2\u00A0can\t\r \u00C2\u00A0be\t\r \u00C2\u00A0drawn\t\r \u00C2\u00A0determining\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0relative\t\r \u00C2\u00A0reception\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0effectiveness\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0incentives\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0discouragement\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u0093\t\r \u00C2\u00A0carrots\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0sticks\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u0093\t\r \u00C2\u00A0relating\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transportation\t\r \u00C2\u00A0behavior.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0The\t\r \u00C2\u00A0individual\t\r \u00C2\u00A0policies\t\r \u00C2\u00A0are\t\r \u00C2\u00A0also\t\r \u00C2\u00A0assessed\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0finer\t\r \u00C2\u00A0detail\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0specific\t\r \u00C2\u00A0results.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 3.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Literature\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Review\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Mobility\t\r \u00C2\u00A0issues\t\r \u00C2\u00A0are\t\r \u00C2\u00A0increasingly\t\r \u00C2\u00A0coming\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0fore\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cities\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0rapidly\t\r \u00C2\u00A0developing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0countries.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0These\t\r \u00C2\u00A0accompanying\t\r \u00C2\u00A0problems\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0motorization\t\r \u00C2\u00A0are\t\r \u00C2\u00A0not\t\r \u00C2\u00A0unique\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0China\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0include\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0diverse\t\r \u00C2\u00A0array\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0specific\t\r \u00C2\u00A0challenges,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0outlined\t\r \u00C2\u00A0broadly\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0local\t\r \u00C2\u00A0demand\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0motorization\t\r \u00C2\u00A0exceeding\t\r \u00C2\u00A0facility\t\r \u00C2\u00A0capacity,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0tension\t\r \u00C2\u00A0between\t\r \u00C2\u00A0land\t\r \u00C2\u00A0use\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transportation,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0inadequate\t\r \u00C2\u00A0road\t\r \u00C2\u00A0maintenance\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0accountability,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0fundamentally\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0incompatibility\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0present\t\r \u00C2\u00A0urban\t\r \u00C2\u00A0structure\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0increased\t\r \u00C2\u00A0motorization\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Gakenheimer,\t\r \u00C2\u00A01999).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0 5\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Harder\t\r \u00C2\u00A0still\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0developing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0countries\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0resist\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0example\t\r \u00C2\u00A0offered\t\r \u00C2\u00A0by\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0developed\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Western\t\r \u00C2\u00A0nations.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Lessons\t\r \u00C2\u00A0are\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0be\t\r \u00C2\u00A0learned\t\r \u00C2\u00A0from\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Western\t\r \u00C2\u00A0development,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0but\t\r \u00C2\u00A0blindly\t\r \u00C2\u00A0following\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0established\t\r \u00C2\u00A0model\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0recipe\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0disaster,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0both\t\r \u00C2\u00A0locally\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0globally\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Gakenheimer,\t\r \u00C2\u00A01999).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Cities,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0provinces,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0national\t\r \u00C2\u00A0governments\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0dense,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0rapidly\t\r \u00C2\u00A0developing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0nations\t\r \u00C2\u00A0such\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0China\t\r \u00C2\u00A0would\t\r \u00C2\u00A0be\t\r \u00C2\u00A0wise\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0heed\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0lessons,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0both\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0positive\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0negative,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0other\t\r \u00C2\u00A0nations\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0forging\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0road\t\r \u00C2\u00A0forward.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A03.1\t\r \u00C2\u00A0MOTORIZATION\t\r \u00C2\u00A0IN\t\r \u00C2\u00A0THE\t\r \u00C2\u00A0DEVELOPING\t\r \u00C2\u00A0WORLD\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 By\t\r \u00C2\u00A02030,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0China\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0estimated\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0have\t\r \u00C2\u00A0twenty\t\r \u00C2\u00A0times\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0number\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cars\t\r \u00C2\u00A0it\t\r \u00C2\u00A0did\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A02002,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0surpassing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0United\t\r \u00C2\u00A0States\u00E2\u0080\u0099\t\r \u00C2\u00A0vehicle\t\r \u00C2\u00A0numbers\t\r \u00C2\u00A0by\t\r \u00C2\u00A0nearly\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0quarter;\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0spite\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0this\t\r \u00C2\u00A0projection,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ownership\t\r \u00C2\u00A0levels\t\r \u00C2\u00A0will\t\r \u00C2\u00A0only\t\r \u00C2\u00A0be\t\r \u00C2\u00A0on\t\r \u00C2\u00A0par\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0those\t\r \u00C2\u00A0from\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A01970s\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Europe\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Japan\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Dargay,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02007).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Growth\t\r \u00C2\u00A0rates\t\r \u00C2\u00A0have\t\r \u00C2\u00A0run\t\r \u00C2\u00A0high,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0vehicle\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ownership\t\r \u00C2\u00A0growing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0annually\t\r \u00C2\u00A0by\t\r \u00C2\u00A010.6%,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0faster\t\r \u00C2\u00A0than\t\r \u00C2\u00A0nearby\t\r \u00C2\u00A0fast-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090developing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0nations\t\r \u00C2\u00A0like\t\r \u00C2\u00A0India\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Indonesia\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Dargay,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02007).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Spread\t\r \u00C2\u00A0out\t\r \u00C2\u00A0over\t\r \u00C2\u00A0time,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0rate\t\r \u00C2\u00A0appears\t\r \u00C2\u00A0even\t\r \u00C2\u00A0higher,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0at\t\r \u00C2\u00A037.4%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0annually,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0though\t\r \u00C2\u00A0this\t\r \u00C2\u00A0may\t\r \u00C2\u00A0be\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0factor\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0statistical\t\r \u00C2\u00A0manipulation\t\r \u00C2\u00A0considering\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0low\t\r \u00C2\u00A0level\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ownership\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0China\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0recently\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A01985\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Zhu,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02012).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Regardless\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0manner\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0which\t\r \u00C2\u00A0growth\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0quantified,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0number\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cars\t\r \u00C2\u00A0stood\t\r \u00C2\u00A0at\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u0098only\u00E2\u0080\u0099\t\r \u00C2\u00A028\t\r \u00C2\u00A0million\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A02008,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0roughly\t\r \u00C2\u00A038\t\r \u00C2\u00A0per\t\r \u00C2\u00A01000\t\r \u00C2\u00A0people,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0projected\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0continue\t\r \u00C2\u00A0expanding\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Zhu,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02012).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0This\t\r \u00C2\u00A0underscores\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0pressing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0need\t\r \u00C2\u00A0related\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0issues\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0building\t\r \u00C2\u00A0infrastructure\t\r \u00C2\u00A0supporting\t\r \u00C2\u00A0increasing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0usage,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0environmental\t\r \u00C2\u00A0consequences\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Dargay,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02007),\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0inability\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0local\t\r \u00C2\u00A0municipalities\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0match\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0exceedingly\t\r \u00C2\u00A0rapid\t\r \u00C2\u00A0growth\t\r \u00C2\u00A0rate\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0personal\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ownership,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0external\t\r \u00C2\u00A0pressures\t\r \u00C2\u00A0on\t\r \u00C2\u00A0land\t\r \u00C2\u00A0expansion\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0development\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0are\t\r \u00C2\u00A0exacerbated\t\r \u00C2\u00A0by\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0growth\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0private\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cars\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Yang\t\r \u00C2\u00A0&\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Zergas,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02010).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 An\t\r \u00C2\u00A0attendant\t\r \u00C2\u00A0issue\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0increasing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0income\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transit\t\r \u00C2\u00A0usage\t\r \u00C2\u00A0tends\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0drop.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0A\t\r \u00C2\u00A0study\t\r \u00C2\u00A0by\t\r \u00C2\u00A0de\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Grange\t\r \u00C2\u00A0found\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0every\t\r \u00C2\u00A010%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0rise\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0income,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0there\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A02%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0reduction\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transit\t\r \u00C2\u00A0usage\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(de\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Grange\t\r \u00C2\u00A0&\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Troncoso,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02012).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0The\t\r \u00C2\u00A0same\t\r \u00C2\u00A0study\t\r \u00C2\u00A0offered\t\r \u00C2\u00A0signs\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0hope,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0noting\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0policies\t\r \u00C2\u00A0restricting\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0usage\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0higher\t\r \u00C2\u00A0density\t\r \u00C2\u00A0settlement\t\r \u00C2\u00A0patterns\t\r \u00C2\u00A0both\t\r \u00C2\u00A0boosted\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transit\t\r \u00C2\u00A0patronage\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(de\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Grange\t\r \u00C2\u00A0&\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Troncoso,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02012).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0 6\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 There\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0also\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0factor\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0personal\t\r \u00C2\u00A0attachment\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0desire\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0private\t\r \u00C2\u00A0vehicles\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0developing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0world.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Drivers\t\r \u00C2\u00A0feel\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0greater\t\r \u00C2\u00A0sense\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0independence\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0freedom,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0both\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0control\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0their\t\r \u00C2\u00A0schedule\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0autonomous\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Beirao,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02007).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Even\t\r \u00C2\u00A0though\t\r \u00C2\u00A0many\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Chinese\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cannot\t\r \u00C2\u00A0yet\t\r \u00C2\u00A0afford\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0view\t\r \u00C2\u00A0their\t\r \u00C2\u00A0future\t\r \u00C2\u00A0earning\t\r \u00C2\u00A0potential\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0optimism,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0hold\t\r \u00C2\u00A0expectations\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0future\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0purchase\t\r \u00C2\u00A0not\t\r \u00C2\u00A0merely\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0utility\t\r \u00C2\u00A0but\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0symbol\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0arrival\t\r \u00C2\u00A0into\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0middle\t\r \u00C2\u00A0class\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Yang\t\r \u00C2\u00A0&\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Zergas,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02010).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 More\t\r \u00C2\u00A0troublesome\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0those\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0negative\t\r \u00C2\u00A0view\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0growth\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0China\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0trend\t\r \u00C2\u00A0may\t\r \u00C2\u00A0yet\t\r \u00C2\u00A0accelerate.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ownership\t\r \u00C2\u00A0growth\t\r \u00C2\u00A0has\t\r \u00C2\u00A0consistently\t\r \u00C2\u00A0been\t\r \u00C2\u00A0double\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0income,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Chinese\t\r \u00C2\u00A0families\t\r \u00C2\u00A0enter\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0middle-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090income\t\r \u00C2\u00A0class\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(between\t\r \u00C2\u00A0$3,000-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090$10,000\t\r \u00C2\u00A0per\t\r \u00C2\u00A0year)\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0trend\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0purchases\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0expected\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0further\t\r \u00C2\u00A0grow\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Dargay,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02007).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Growth\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0automobile\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ownership\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0this\t\r \u00C2\u00A0income\t\r \u00C2\u00A0range\t\r \u00C2\u00A0has\t\r \u00C2\u00A0been\t\r \u00C2\u00A0seen\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Brazil,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Japan,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Spain,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0recently\t\r \u00C2\u00A0South\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Korea,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0large\t\r \u00C2\u00A0numbers\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0people\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0these\t\r \u00C2\u00A0nations\t\r \u00C2\u00A0have\t\r \u00C2\u00A0reached\t\r \u00C2\u00A0middle\t\r \u00C2\u00A0incomes\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Dargay,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02007).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0While\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0purchasing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0decelerates\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0average\t\r \u00C2\u00A0incomes\t\r \u00C2\u00A0rise\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Dargay,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02007),\t\r \u00C2\u00A0China\t\r \u00C2\u00A0today\t\r \u00C2\u00A0has\t\r \u00C2\u00A0found\t\r \u00C2\u00A0itself\t\r \u00C2\u00A0squarely\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0midst\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0an\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ever-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090expanding\t\r \u00C2\u00A0boom\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0private\t\r \u00C2\u00A0vehicle\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ownership.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Already\t\r \u00C2\u00A0statistics\t\r \u00C2\u00A0are\t\r \u00C2\u00A0bearing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0out\t\r \u00C2\u00A0this\t\r \u00C2\u00A0statistical\t\r \u00C2\u00A0reality.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0As\t\r \u00C2\u00A0far\t\r \u00C2\u00A0back\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0first\t\r \u00C2\u00A0half\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A02006,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0sales\t\r \u00C2\u00A0were\t\r \u00C2\u00A0found\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0have\t\r \u00C2\u00A0grown\t\r \u00C2\u00A0by\t\r \u00C2\u00A0nearly\t\r \u00C2\u00A050%,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A01.8\t\r \u00C2\u00A0million\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cars\t\r \u00C2\u00A0sold\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0period\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Pendyala\t\r \u00C2\u00A0&\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Kitamura,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02007).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0From\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A038\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cars\t\r \u00C2\u00A0per\t\r \u00C2\u00A01000\t\r \u00C2\u00A0people\t\r \u00C2\u00A0today,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0proportion\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0anticipated\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0grow\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0269\t\r \u00C2\u00A0per\t\r \u00C2\u00A01000\t\r \u00C2\u00A0by\t\r \u00C2\u00A02030,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0translating\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0an\t\r \u00C2\u00A0estimated\t\r \u00C2\u00A0twentyfold\t\r \u00C2\u00A0increase\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0vehicles\t\r \u00C2\u00A0totaling\t\r \u00C2\u00A0390\t\r \u00C2\u00A0million\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Zhu,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02012;\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Dargay,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02007).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A03.2\t\r \u00C2\u00A0URBANIZATION\t\r \u00C2\u00A0IN\t\r \u00C2\u00A0CHINA\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 In\t\r \u00C2\u00A0China,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0modernization\t\r \u00C2\u00A0has\t\r \u00C2\u00A0occurred\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0tandem\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0urbanization,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0raising\t\r \u00C2\u00A0questions\t\r \u00C2\u00A0about\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0effect\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0these\t\r \u00C2\u00A0phenomena\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Segall,\t\r \u00C2\u00A01986).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Traditionally\t\r \u00C2\u00A0China\t\r \u00C2\u00A0has\t\r \u00C2\u00A0stood\t\r \u00C2\u00A0apart\t\r \u00C2\u00A0from\t\r \u00C2\u00A0other\t\r \u00C2\u00A0developing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0countries\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0measures\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transportation,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0result\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0one-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090time\t\r \u00C2\u00A0high\t\r \u00C2\u00A0numbers\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0trips\t\r \u00C2\u00A0conducted\t\r \u00C2\u00A0by\t\r \u00C2\u00A0bicycle.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0In\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0developing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0world,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0an\t\r \u00C2\u00A0average\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A075%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0trips\t\r \u00C2\u00A0are\t\r \u00C2\u00A0made\t\r \u00C2\u00A0by\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transit\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Gakenheimer,\t\r \u00C2\u00A01999).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 A\t\r \u00C2\u00A0further\t\r \u00C2\u00A0complication\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0motorization,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0benefit\t\r \u00C2\u00A0presently\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Chinese\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cities\t\r \u00C2\u00A0eager\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0encourage\t\r \u00C2\u00A0other\t\r \u00C2\u00A0types\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0trips,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0high\t\r \u00C2\u00A0density\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0China\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\t\r \u00C2\u00A0urban\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0 7\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 areas,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0often\t\r \u00C2\u00A0over\t\r \u00C2\u00A0250\t\r \u00C2\u00A0persons\t\r \u00C2\u00A0per\t\r \u00C2\u00A0hectare.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0This\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0significantly\t\r \u00C2\u00A0above\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Western\t\r \u00C2\u00A0European\t\r \u00C2\u00A0average\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A050\t\r \u00C2\u00A0persons\t\r \u00C2\u00A0per\t\r \u00C2\u00A0hectare,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0consequence\t\r \u00C2\u00A0being\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0only\t\r \u00C2\u00A010%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0China\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\t\r \u00C2\u00A0urban\t\r \u00C2\u00A0surface\t\r \u00C2\u00A0area\t\r \u00C2\u00A0are\t\r \u00C2\u00A0roads\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Gakenheimer,\t\r \u00C2\u00A01999).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Today,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0advantage\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0being\t\r \u00C2\u00A0eroded\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0development\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0far-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090flung\t\r \u00C2\u00A0suburban\t\r \u00C2\u00A0developments\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0meet\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0demands\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0new\t\r \u00C2\u00A0middle\t\r \u00C2\u00A0class\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0their\t\r \u00C2\u00A0vehicles.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Employment\t\r \u00C2\u00A0often\t\r \u00C2\u00A0follows,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0pattern\t\r \u00C2\u00A0described\t\r \u00C2\u00A0below\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Shanghai,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0process\t\r \u00C2\u00A0lower-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090income\t\r \u00C2\u00A0people\t\r \u00C2\u00A0are\t\r \u00C2\u00A0usually\t\r \u00C2\u00A0left\t\r \u00C2\u00A0behind.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 In\t\r \u00C2\u00A0addition\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0spatial\t\r \u00C2\u00A0demands\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0on\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0physical\t\r \u00C2\u00A0structure\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0city,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0there\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0its\t\r \u00C2\u00A0grasp\t\r \u00C2\u00A0on\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Chinese\t\r \u00C2\u00A0heart.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Despite\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0lower\t\r \u00C2\u00A0amount\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0roadways\t\r \u00C2\u00A0available,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0shorter\t\r \u00C2\u00A0trip\t\r \u00C2\u00A0lengths,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transit\t\r \u00C2\u00A0options,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0families\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0China\t\r \u00C2\u00A0are\t\r \u00C2\u00A0willing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0spend\t\r \u00C2\u00A0two\t\r \u00C2\u00A0years\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0income\t\r \u00C2\u00A0on\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0purchase,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0compared\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0an\t\r \u00C2\u00A0average\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A027\t\r \u00C2\u00A0weeks\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0income\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Americans\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Gakenheimer,\t\r \u00C2\u00A01999).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0URBAN\t\r \u00C2\u00A0GROWTH\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Tied\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0growth\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0motorization\t\r \u00C2\u00A0has\t\r \u00C2\u00A0been\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0rapid\t\r \u00C2\u00A0expansion\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cities\t\r \u00C2\u00A0within\t\r \u00C2\u00A0China.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0The\t\r \u00C2\u00A0percentage\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0urbanized\t\r \u00C2\u00A0population\t\r \u00C2\u00A0has\t\r \u00C2\u00A0shifted\t\r \u00C2\u00A0rapidly,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0going\t\r \u00C2\u00A0from\t\r \u00C2\u00A029%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A01995\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A045%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A02007\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Wang,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02010),\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0shift\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0occurred\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0just\t\r \u00C2\u00A0over\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0decade\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0expected\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0continue\t\r \u00C2\u00A0into\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0future.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0In\t\r \u00C2\u00A0terms\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0numbers,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0there\t\r \u00C2\u00A0were\t\r \u00C2\u00A0only\t\r \u00C2\u00A080\t\r \u00C2\u00A0million\t\r \u00C2\u00A0urban\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Chinese\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A01978;\t\r \u00C2\u00A0by\t\r \u00C2\u00A02008\t\r \u00C2\u00A0there\t\r \u00C2\u00A0were\t\r \u00C2\u00A0560\t\r \u00C2\u00A0million\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Cervero).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0This\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0an\t\r \u00C2\u00A0average\t\r \u00C2\u00A0annual\t\r \u00C2\u00A0shift\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0over\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ten\t\r \u00C2\u00A0million\t\r \u00C2\u00A0rural\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Chinese\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cities,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0these\t\r \u00C2\u00A0new\t\r \u00C2\u00A0residents\t\r \u00C2\u00A0are\t\r \u00C2\u00A0becoming\t\r \u00C2\u00A0part\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0urban\t\r \u00C2\u00A0problem\t\r \u00C2\u00A0though\t\r \u00C2\u00A0traveling\t\r \u00C2\u00A0increased\t\r \u00C2\u00A0distances\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0frequently\t\r \u00C2\u00A0than\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0past,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0propelling\t\r \u00C2\u00A0congestion\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0demand\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0fossil\t\r \u00C2\u00A0fuels\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Wang,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02010).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 One\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0issues\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Chinese\t\r \u00C2\u00A0urbanization,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0observed\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Beijing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Shanghai\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Wang,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02011;\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Cervero,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02008),\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0increased\t\r \u00C2\u00A0population\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0increased\t\r \u00C2\u00A0dispersal\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0population\t\r \u00C2\u00A0also\t\r \u00C2\u00A0lead\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0spatial\t\r \u00C2\u00A0spread\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0employment\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Wang,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02010).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0In\t\r \u00C2\u00A0recognizing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0this\t\r \u00C2\u00A0outcome,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0some\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0potential\t\r \u00C2\u00A0policies\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0could\t\r \u00C2\u00A0be\t\r \u00C2\u00A0used\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0control\t\r \u00C2\u00A0traffic\t\r \u00C2\u00A0may\t\r \u00C2\u00A0need\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0re-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090examination.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0An\t\r \u00C2\u00A0example\t\r \u00C2\u00A0from\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Wang\t\r \u00C2\u00A0suggests\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cordon\t\r \u00C2\u00A0pricing,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0similar\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0congestion\t\r \u00C2\u00A0charging\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0London,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0will\t\r \u00C2\u00A0lose\t\r \u00C2\u00A0effectiveness\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0jobs\t\r \u00C2\u00A0migrate\t\r \u00C2\u00A0farther\t\r \u00C2\u00A0outside\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0central\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cordon\t\r \u00C2\u00A0zone,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0effect\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0such\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0policy\t\r \u00C2\u00A0may\t\r \u00C2\u00A0have\t\r \u00C2\u00A0limits\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(2010).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0This\t\r \u00C2\u00A0may\t\r \u00C2\u00A0be\t\r \u00C2\u00A0true\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0other\t\r \u00C2\u00A0urban\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0 8\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 transportation\t\r \u00C2\u00A0policies,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0underscores\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0dynamic\t\r \u00C2\u00A0connection\t\r \u00C2\u00A0between\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transportation\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0land\t\r \u00C2\u00A0use.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0BEIJING\t\r \u00C2\u00A0One\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0most\t\r \u00C2\u00A0telling\t\r \u00C2\u00A0examples\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0these\t\r \u00C2\u00A0trends\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Beijing,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Chinese\t\r \u00C2\u00A0capital,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0which\t\r \u00C2\u00A0has\t\r \u00C2\u00A0been\t\r \u00C2\u00A0subject\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0massive\t\r \u00C2\u00A0changes\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0past\t\r \u00C2\u00A0few\t\r \u00C2\u00A0decades.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0For\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0capital\t\r \u00C2\u00A0there\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0growing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0body\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0research\t\r \u00C2\u00A0addressing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0impacts\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0urbanization\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0motorization\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Yang\t\r \u00C2\u00A0&\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Zergas,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02010;\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Wang,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02011;\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Ji\t\r \u00C2\u00A0&\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Gao,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02010)\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0offer\t\r \u00C2\u00A0glimpses\t\r \u00C2\u00A0into\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0present\t\r \u00C2\u00A0state\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0China\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\t\r \u00C2\u00A0political\t\r \u00C2\u00A0center.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0A\t\r \u00C2\u00A02010\t\r \u00C2\u00A0paper\t\r \u00C2\u00A0covers\t\r \u00C2\u00A0these\t\r \u00C2\u00A0changes\t\r \u00C2\u00A0from\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0perspective\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0capital\t\r \u00C2\u00A0city,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0noting\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0though\t\r \u00C2\u00A0home\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ownership\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0still\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0first\t\r \u00C2\u00A0priority\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Beijing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0families,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0incomes\t\r \u00C2\u00A0rose,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0households\t\r \u00C2\u00A0became\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0likely\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0own\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0consistent\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0broad\t\r \u00C2\u00A0international\t\r \u00C2\u00A0findings\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Yang\t\r \u00C2\u00A0&\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Zergas,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02010).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 This\t\r \u00C2\u00A0desire\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0borne\t\r \u00C2\u00A0out\t\r \u00C2\u00A0anecdotally\t\r \u00C2\u00A0on\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0traffic-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090choked\t\r \u00C2\u00A0streets,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0also\t\r \u00C2\u00A0statistically\t\r \u00C2\u00A0true.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0In\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0country\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ownership\t\r \u00C2\u00A0levels\t\r \u00C2\u00A0far\t\r \u00C2\u00A0below\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Western\t\r \u00C2\u00A0counterparts,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Beijing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0boasted\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ownership\t\r \u00C2\u00A0rate\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0171\t\r \u00C2\u00A0per\t\r \u00C2\u00A0thousand\t\r \u00C2\u00A0residents\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A02009\t\r \u00C2\u00A0among\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A03.7\t\r \u00C2\u00A0million\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cars\t\r \u00C2\u00A0within\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0capital\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\t\r \u00C2\u00A0boundaries\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Yang\t\r \u00C2\u00A0&\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Zergas,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02010;\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Beijing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Statistical\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Yearbook,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02010).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Since\t\r \u00C2\u00A02009\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0number\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cars\t\r \u00C2\u00A0has\t\r \u00C2\u00A0kept\t\r \u00C2\u00A0climbing,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0though\t\r \u00C2\u00A0even\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Beijing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0serious\t\r \u00C2\u00A0restrictions\t\r \u00C2\u00A0have\t\r \u00C2\u00A0been\t\r \u00C2\u00A0brought\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0fore\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A02011\t\r \u00C2\u00A0advent\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ownership\t\r \u00C2\u00A0lottery\t\r \u00C2\u00A0policy.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Yang\t\r \u00C2\u00A0furthers\t\r \u00C2\u00A0speculates\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0appetite\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0autos\t\r \u00C2\u00A0will\t\r \u00C2\u00A0only\t\r \u00C2\u00A0increase\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Beijing.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Families\t\r \u00C2\u00A0classified\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009Cbig,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0young,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0affluent\u00E2\u0080\u009D\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u0093\t\r \u00C2\u00A0those\t\r \u00C2\u00A0most\t\r \u00C2\u00A0likely\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0desire\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cars\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u0093\t\r \u00C2\u00A0are\t\r \u00C2\u00A0expected\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0continue\t\r \u00C2\u00A0flocking\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Beijing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0seeking\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0higher\t\r \u00C2\u00A0salaries\t\r \u00C2\u00A0offered\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0capital\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Yang\t\r \u00C2\u00A0&\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Zergas,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02010).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0It\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0anticipated\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0this\t\r \u00C2\u00A0growing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0class\t\r \u00C2\u00A0will\t\r \u00C2\u00A0occupy\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0greater\t\r \u00C2\u00A0share\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0local\t\r \u00C2\u00A0demographic.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 In\t\r \u00C2\u00A02011,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0survey\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Beijing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0households\t\r \u00C2\u00A0organized\t\r \u00C2\u00A0across\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ten\t\r \u00C2\u00A0different\t\r \u00C2\u00A0neighborhoods\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0conducted\t\r \u00C2\u00A0covering\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ownership\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0other\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transportation\t\r \u00C2\u00A0elements.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Results\t\r \u00C2\u00A0showed\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0behavior\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0shaped\t\r \u00C2\u00A0by\t\r \u00C2\u00A0two\t\r \u00C2\u00A0primary\t\r \u00C2\u00A0factors:\t\r \u00C2\u00A0personal\t\r \u00C2\u00A0attitudes\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0built\t\r \u00C2\u00A0environment,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0latter\t\r \u00C2\u00A0being\t\r \u00C2\u00A0potentially\t\r \u00C2\u00A0stronger\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Wang,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02011).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0 9\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 The\t\r \u00C2\u00A0danwei\t\r \u00C2\u00A0unit,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0traditional\t\r \u00C2\u00A0type\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Beijing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0housing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0which\t\r \u00C2\u00A0residences\t\r \u00C2\u00A0are\t\r \u00C2\u00A0organized\t\r \u00C2\u00A0around\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0work\t\r \u00C2\u00A0area\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0many\t\r \u00C2\u00A0daily\t\r \u00C2\u00A0needs\t\r \u00C2\u00A0are\t\r \u00C2\u00A0within\t\r \u00C2\u00A0an\t\r \u00C2\u00A0easy\t\r \u00C2\u00A0walk,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0had\t\r \u00C2\u00A0lower\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ownership\t\r \u00C2\u00A0levels\t\r \u00C2\u00A0than\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0newer\t\r \u00C2\u00A0suburban\t\r \u00C2\u00A0communities\t\r \u00C2\u00A0built\t\r \u00C2\u00A0by\t\r \u00C2\u00A0developers\t\r \u00C2\u00A0since\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A01980s\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Wang,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02011).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0These\t\r \u00C2\u00A0newer\t\r \u00C2\u00A0developments,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0located\t\r \u00C2\u00A0near\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0urban\t\r \u00C2\u00A0fringe,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0all\t\r \u00C2\u00A0had\t\r \u00C2\u00A0characteristics\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0increased\t\r \u00C2\u00A0travel\t\r \u00C2\u00A0time\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0higher\t\r \u00C2\u00A0private\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ownership\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Wang,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02011),\t\r \u00C2\u00A0though\t\r \u00C2\u00A0it\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0unclear\t\r \u00C2\u00A0what\t\r \u00C2\u00A0type\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0person\t\r \u00C2\u00A0lived\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0these\t\r \u00C2\u00A0various\t\r \u00C2\u00A0types\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0housing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0if\t\r \u00C2\u00A0personal\t\r \u00C2\u00A0economic\t\r \u00C2\u00A0factors\t\r \u00C2\u00A0are\t\r \u00C2\u00A0at\t\r \u00C2\u00A0play.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Yang\t\r \u00C2\u00A0&\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Zergas\t\r \u00C2\u00A0agree\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0premise\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0varying\t\r \u00C2\u00A0forms\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0urban\t\r \u00C2\u00A0development\t\r \u00C2\u00A0guiding\t\r \u00C2\u00A0preferences\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0vehicle\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ownership,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0along\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0issues\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0speed,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0privacy,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0prestige\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(2010).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Likewise,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0there\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cyclical\t\r \u00C2\u00A0pattern\t\r \u00C2\u00A0wherein\t\r \u00C2\u00A0increasing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ownership\t\r \u00C2\u00A0spurs\t\r \u00C2\u00A0on\t\r \u00C2\u00A0further\t\r \u00C2\u00A0urban\t\r \u00C2\u00A0development\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0serves\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0thus\t\r \u00C2\u00A0necessitating\t\r \u00C2\u00A0further\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ownership,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0role\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0government,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0through\t\r \u00C2\u00A0road-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090building\t\r \u00C2\u00A0schemes,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0exacerbates\t\r \u00C2\u00A0these\t\r \u00C2\u00A0effects\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Yang\t\r \u00C2\u00A0&\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Zergas,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02010).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Past\t\r \u00C2\u00A0speculation,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0urban\t\r \u00C2\u00A0expansion\t\r \u00C2\u00A0phenomenon\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0visible\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Beijing,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0where\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0built-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090up\t\r \u00C2\u00A0area\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A02007\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A02.6\t\r \u00C2\u00A0times\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0size\t\r \u00C2\u00A0it\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A02000\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Yang\t\r \u00C2\u00A0&\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Zergas,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02010).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Government\t\r \u00C2\u00A0efforts\t\r \u00C2\u00A0such\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0construction\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0over\t\r \u00C2\u00A01800\t\r \u00C2\u00A0kilometers\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0new\t\r \u00C2\u00A0roads\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0completion\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Beijing\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Sixth\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Ring\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Road,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0over\t\r \u00C2\u00A015\t\r \u00C2\u00A0kilometers\t\r \u00C2\u00A0from\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0city\t\r \u00C2\u00A0center,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0have\t\r \u00C2\u00A0done\t\r \u00C2\u00A0little\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0alleviate\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0city\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\t\r \u00C2\u00A0new\t\r \u00C2\u00A0image\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0perpetually\t\r \u00C2\u00A0gridlocked\t\r \u00C2\u00A0metropolis\t\r \u00C2\u00A0existing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0under\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0haze\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0smog;\t\r \u00C2\u00A0little\t\r \u00C2\u00A0surprise\t\r \u00C2\u00A0when\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transportation\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0responsible\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0an\t\r \u00C2\u00A0estimated\t\r \u00C2\u00A077%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0carbon\t\r \u00C2\u00A0monoxide\t\r \u00C2\u00A0emissions\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Yang\t\r \u00C2\u00A0&\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Zergas,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02010).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 For\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Beijing,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0there\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0little\t\r \u00C2\u00A0evidence\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0slowdown\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0explosive\t\r \u00C2\u00A0increase\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ownership.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Where\t\r \u00C2\u00A0only\t\r \u00C2\u00A04%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0households\t\r \u00C2\u00A0owned\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A02001,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0number\t\r \u00C2\u00A0grew\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A013%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0by\t\r \u00C2\u00A02006\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A017%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0by\t\r \u00C2\u00A02009\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Yang\t\r \u00C2\u00A0&\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Zergas,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02010).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0This\t\r \u00C2\u00A0rapid\t\r \u00C2\u00A0change\t\r \u00C2\u00A0meant\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0even\t\r \u00C2\u00A0though\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0city\t\r \u00C2\u00A0embarked\t\r \u00C2\u00A0on\t\r \u00C2\u00A0an\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ambitious\t\r \u00C2\u00A0road-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090building\t\r \u00C2\u00A0campaign\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0increased\t\r \u00C2\u00A0road\t\r \u00C2\u00A0area\t\r \u00C2\u00A0per\t\r \u00C2\u00A0capita\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Beijing,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0amount\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0road\t\r \u00C2\u00A0area\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0private\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0dropped\t\r \u00C2\u00A0nearly\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0half,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0from\t\r \u00C2\u00A095\t\r \u00C2\u00A0m2\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A054\t\r \u00C2\u00A0m2\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Yang\t\r \u00C2\u00A0&\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Zergas,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02010).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 While\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0municipality\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0incapable\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0meeting\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0demands\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0new\t\r \u00C2\u00A0vehicles,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0there\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0little\t\r \u00C2\u00A0sign\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0consumer\t\r \u00C2\u00A0lust\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0private\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cars\t\r \u00C2\u00A0abating.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Homeownership,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0high\t\r \u00C2\u00A0priority\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0emerging\t\r \u00C2\u00A0middle\t\r \u00C2\u00A0class\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0China,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0has\t\r \u00C2\u00A0been\t\r \u00C2\u00A0found\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0increase\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0likelihood\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ownership,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0whereas\t\r \u00C2\u00A0renters\t\r \u00C2\u00A0are\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0likely\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0 10\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0live\t\r \u00C2\u00A0near\t\r \u00C2\u00A0frequently\t\r \u00C2\u00A0visited\t\r \u00C2\u00A0locations\t\r \u00C2\u00A0like\t\r \u00C2\u00A0work.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0For\t\r \u00C2\u00A0homeowners,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0there\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0an\t\r \u00C2\u00A0added\t\r \u00C2\u00A0symbolic\t\r \u00C2\u00A0value\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ownership\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0though\t\r \u00C2\u00A0difficult\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0quantify,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0carries\t\r \u00C2\u00A0an\t\r \u00C2\u00A0influence\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Yang\t\r \u00C2\u00A0&\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Zergas,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02010).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 A\t\r \u00C2\u00A0complicating\t\r \u00C2\u00A0factor\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0equation\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0generally\t\r \u00C2\u00A0low\t\r \u00C2\u00A0status\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0public\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transportation\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0regarded\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0The\t\r \u00C2\u00A0results\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A02010\t\r \u00C2\u00A0survey\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0attitudes\t\r \u00C2\u00A0towards\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Beijing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0public\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transit\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0published\t\r \u00C2\u00A0using\t\r \u00C2\u00A0proximity\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transit\t\r \u00C2\u00A0stations\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0criteria\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0identifying\t\r \u00C2\u00A0participants\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Ji\t\r \u00C2\u00A0&\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Gao).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Similar\t\r \u00C2\u00A0surveys\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0other\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Asian\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cities\t\r \u00C2\u00A0like\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Hong\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Kong,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Singapore,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Taipei\t\r \u00C2\u00A0found\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0locations\t\r \u00C2\u00A0near\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0amenities\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transport\t\r \u00C2\u00A0were\t\r \u00C2\u00A0highly\t\r \u00C2\u00A0prized\t\r \u00C2\u00A0by\t\r \u00C2\u00A0residents,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0results\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0were\t\r \u00C2\u00A0decidedly\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0mixed\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Beijing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Ji\t\r \u00C2\u00A0&\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Gao,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02010).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Within\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Beijing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0sample,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0wealthy,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0young,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0elderly\t\r \u00C2\u00A0were\t\r \u00C2\u00A0found\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0be\t\r \u00C2\u00A0especially\t\r \u00C2\u00A0dissatisfied,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0though\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0different\t\r \u00C2\u00A0reasons.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0For\t\r \u00C2\u00A0older\t\r \u00C2\u00A0urban\t\r \u00C2\u00A0residents,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0comfort\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0convenience\t\r \u00C2\u00A0took\t\r \u00C2\u00A0precedence,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0areas\t\r \u00C2\u00A0where\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transport\t\r \u00C2\u00A0system\t\r \u00C2\u00A0fared\t\r \u00C2\u00A0poorly\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Ji\t\r \u00C2\u00A0&\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Gao,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02010).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0For\t\r \u00C2\u00A0younger\t\r \u00C2\u00A0workers,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0critical\t\r \u00C2\u00A0dimension\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0time\t\r \u00C2\u00A0spent\t\r \u00C2\u00A0commuting,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0particularly\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0over\t\r \u00C2\u00A0half\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0workers\t\r \u00C2\u00A0faced\t\r \u00C2\u00A0one-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090way\t\r \u00C2\u00A0commutes\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0at\t\r \u00C2\u00A0least\t\r \u00C2\u00A030\t\r \u00C2\u00A0minutes\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Ji\t\r \u00C2\u00A0&\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Gao,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02010).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Speculation\t\r \u00C2\u00A0on\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0source\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0dissatisfaction\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0high-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090income\t\r \u00C2\u00A0households\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(those\t\r \u00C2\u00A0earning\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Y15,000\t\r \u00C2\u00A0or\t\r \u00C2\u00A0higher\t\r \u00C2\u00A0monthly)\t\r \u00C2\u00A0centered\t\r \u00C2\u00A0on\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0daily\t\r \u00C2\u00A0experience\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0severe\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0chronic\t\r \u00C2\u00A0traffic\t\r \u00C2\u00A0congestion\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Ji\t\r \u00C2\u00A0&\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Gao,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02010).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Families\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0low\t\r \u00C2\u00A0monthly\t\r \u00C2\u00A0incomes\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(less\t\r \u00C2\u00A0than\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Y3,000)\t\r \u00C2\u00A0actually\t\r \u00C2\u00A0tended\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0be\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0satisfied\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Beijing\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transport\t\r \u00C2\u00A0network.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Primarily\t\r \u00C2\u00A0relying\t\r \u00C2\u00A0on\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0bus\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0subway\t\r \u00C2\u00A0system,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0both\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0which\t\r \u00C2\u00A0have\t\r \u00C2\u00A0seen\t\r \u00C2\u00A0significant\t\r \u00C2\u00A0investment\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0expansion\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0recent\t\r \u00C2\u00A0years,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0low-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090income\t\r \u00C2\u00A0households\t\r \u00C2\u00A0have\t\r \u00C2\u00A0benefited\t\r \u00C2\u00A0from\t\r \u00C2\u00A0this\t\r \u00C2\u00A0municipal\t\r \u00C2\u00A0policy\t\r \u00C2\u00A0direction\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Ji\t\r \u00C2\u00A0&\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Gao,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02010).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0For\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Beijing\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\t\r \u00C2\u00A0governing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0group,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0public\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transit\t\r \u00C2\u00A0investment\t\r \u00C2\u00A0has\t\r \u00C2\u00A0proven\t\r \u00C2\u00A0successful,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0while\t\r \u00C2\u00A0road\t\r \u00C2\u00A0expansion\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0private\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cars\t\r \u00C2\u00A0has\t\r \u00C2\u00A0formed\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0same\t\r \u00C2\u00A0function\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0plugging\t\r \u00C2\u00A0holes\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0dam.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0SHANGHAI\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Shanghai,\t\r \u00C2\u00A01200\t\r \u00C2\u00A0kilometers\t\r \u00C2\u00A0southeast\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Beijing,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0tells\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0similar\t\r \u00C2\u00A0story,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0though\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0some\t\r \u00C2\u00A0different\t\r \u00C2\u00A0details.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0While\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Beijing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0enjoys\t\r \u00C2\u00A0status\t\r \u00C2\u00A0at\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0political\t\r \u00C2\u00A0center\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0nation,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Shanghai\t\r \u00C2\u00A0plays\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0role\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0dynamic\t\r \u00C2\u00A0economic\t\r \u00C2\u00A0hub\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Mainland\t\r \u00C2\u00A0China.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0 11\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Given\t\r \u00C2\u00A0this\t\r \u00C2\u00A0prominent\t\r \u00C2\u00A0role,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0it\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0little\t\r \u00C2\u00A0wonder\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0series\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0articles\t\r \u00C2\u00A0about\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0city\t\r \u00C2\u00A0have\t\r \u00C2\u00A0been\t\r \u00C2\u00A0published\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0recent\t\r \u00C2\u00A0years\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Cervero,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02008;\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Pan,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02009;\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Li\t\r \u00C2\u00A0&\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Ye,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02010).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0One\t\r \u00C2\u00A0similarity\t\r \u00C2\u00A0between\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0two\t\r \u00C2\u00A0metropolises\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0rapid\t\r \u00C2\u00A0growth\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0private\t\r \u00C2\u00A0vehicles:\t\r \u00C2\u00A0from\t\r \u00C2\u00A01991\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A02002,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0private\t\r \u00C2\u00A0vehicles\t\r \u00C2\u00A0grew\t\r \u00C2\u00A0from\t\r \u00C2\u00A0200,000\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A01.4\t\r \u00C2\u00A0million\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Shanghai\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Cervero,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02008).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0A\t\r \u00C2\u00A02008\t\r \u00C2\u00A0study\t\r \u00C2\u00A0found\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0spatial\t\r \u00C2\u00A0spread\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0city\t\r \u00C2\u00A0has\t\r \u00C2\u00A0become\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0major\t\r \u00C2\u00A0issue,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0one\t\r \u00C2\u00A0result\t\r \u00C2\u00A0being\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0proliferation\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0isolated\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0self-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090contained\t\r \u00C2\u00A0superblocks\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0towers\t\r \u00C2\u00A0removing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0life\t\r \u00C2\u00A0from\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0streets\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Cervero,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02008).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0This\t\r \u00C2\u00A0development\t\r \u00C2\u00A0pattern\t\r \u00C2\u00A0has\t\r \u00C2\u00A0led\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0decline\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0access\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0jobs,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0along\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0rise\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0both\t\r \u00C2\u00A0motorized\t\r \u00C2\u00A0travel\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0commute\t\r \u00C2\u00A0lengths\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Cervero,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02008).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Li\t\r \u00C2\u00A0&\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Ye\t\r \u00C2\u00A0believed\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0major\t\r \u00C2\u00A0factor\t\r \u00C2\u00A0pushing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0suburbanization,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0job\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0destination\t\r \u00C2\u00A0diffusion,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0rising\t\r \u00C2\u00A0motorization\t\r \u00C2\u00A0has\t\r \u00C2\u00A0been\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0massive\t\r \u00C2\u00A0economic\t\r \u00C2\u00A0expansion\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0region\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0nation\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(2010).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0One\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0few\t\r \u00C2\u00A0bright\t\r \u00C2\u00A0spots\t\r \u00C2\u00A0amongst\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0sea\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0results\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0residents\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0communities\t\r \u00C2\u00A0built\t\r \u00C2\u00A0within\t\r \u00C2\u00A0proximity\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0metro\t\r \u00C2\u00A0station\t\r \u00C2\u00A0bore\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0stronger\t\r \u00C2\u00A0tendency\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0opt\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transit\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Cervero,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02008).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Another\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ray\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0light\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0finding\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0though\t\r \u00C2\u00A0central\t\r \u00C2\u00A0city\t\r \u00C2\u00A0population\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Shanghai\t\r \u00C2\u00A0has\t\r \u00C2\u00A0slightly\t\r \u00C2\u00A0declined,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0density\t\r \u00C2\u00A0remains\t\r \u00C2\u00A0high\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0core\t\r \u00C2\u00A0districts\t\r \u00C2\u00A0do\t\r \u00C2\u00A0not\t\r \u00C2\u00A0seem\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0be\t\r \u00C2\u00A0at\t\r \u00C2\u00A0risk\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0massive\t\r \u00C2\u00A0population\t\r \u00C2\u00A0flight\t\r \u00C2\u00A0like\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0experienced\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0mid-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u009020th\t\r \u00C2\u00A0century\t\r \u00C2\u00A0America\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Li\t\r \u00C2\u00A0&\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Ye,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02010)\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Metro\t\r \u00C2\u00A0station\t\r \u00C2\u00A0proximity\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0not\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0only\t\r \u00C2\u00A0factor\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0influenced\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transportation\t\r \u00C2\u00A0behavior\t\r \u00C2\u00A0among\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Shanghai\t\r \u00C2\u00A0dwellers.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Pan\t\r \u00C2\u00A0noted\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0neighborhoods\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0were\t\r \u00C2\u00A0friendly\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0bike\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0pedestrians\t\r \u00C2\u00A0tended\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0have\t\r \u00C2\u00A0shorter\t\r \u00C2\u00A0average\t\r \u00C2\u00A0trip\t\r \u00C2\u00A0distances\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0boast\t\r \u00C2\u00A0higher\t\r \u00C2\u00A0shares\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0non-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090motorized\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transport,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0presumably\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0factor\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ability\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0easily\t\r \u00C2\u00A0move\t\r \u00C2\u00A0around\t\r \u00C2\u00A0by\t\r \u00C2\u00A0means\t\r \u00C2\u00A0other\t\r \u00C2\u00A0than\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(2009).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0For\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0city\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0whole,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0increases\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0both\t\r \u00C2\u00A0trip\t\r \u00C2\u00A0demand\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0average\t\r \u00C2\u00A0trip\t\r \u00C2\u00A0length\t\r \u00C2\u00A0have\t\r \u00C2\u00A0far\t\r \u00C2\u00A0outpaced\t\r \u00C2\u00A0population\t\r \u00C2\u00A0growth\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Li\t\r \u00C2\u00A0&\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Ye,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02010),\t\r \u00C2\u00A0almost\t\r \u00C2\u00A0certainly\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0result\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Shanghai\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\t\r \u00C2\u00A0suburbanization.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0These\t\r \u00C2\u00A0developments\t\r \u00C2\u00A0nurture\t\r \u00C2\u00A0private\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0dependency\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0their\t\r \u00C2\u00A0built\t\r \u00C2\u00A0format\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0newly\t\r \u00C2\u00A0developing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0areas\t\r \u00C2\u00A0are\t\r \u00C2\u00A0built\t\r \u00C2\u00A0around\t\r \u00C2\u00A0wide\t\r \u00C2\u00A0streets\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0supersized\t\r \u00C2\u00A0blocks\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Pan,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02009).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 In\t\r \u00C2\u00A0spite\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0advantages\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0denser,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ground-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090oriented\t\r \u00C2\u00A0built\t\r \u00C2\u00A0environment\t\r \u00C2\u00A0can\t\r \u00C2\u00A0offer\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0respect\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0travel\t\r \u00C2\u00A0behavior\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0strong\t\r \u00C2\u00A0hand\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0local\t\r \u00C2\u00A0governments\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0China\t\r \u00C2\u00A0can\t\r \u00C2\u00A0play\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0realm\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0land-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090use\t\r \u00C2\u00A0regulations,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Pan\t\r \u00C2\u00A0also\t\r \u00C2\u00A0concedes\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0point\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0 12\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 rising\t\r \u00C2\u00A0incomes\t\r \u00C2\u00A0point\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0an\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ongoing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0increase\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0vehicle\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ownership\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(2009).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0In\t\r \u00C2\u00A0spite\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0tie\t\r \u00C2\u00A0between\t\r \u00C2\u00A0affluence\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ownership,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0study\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ultimately\t\r \u00C2\u00A0recommends\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0land\t\r \u00C2\u00A0use\t\r \u00C2\u00A0must\t\r \u00C2\u00A0be\t\r \u00C2\u00A0paired\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0other\t\r \u00C2\u00A0urban\t\r \u00C2\u00A0planning\t\r \u00C2\u00A0interventions\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0reduce\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0strain\t\r \u00C2\u00A0on\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Shanghai\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\t\r \u00C2\u00A0roads,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0government\t\r \u00C2\u00A0should\t\r \u00C2\u00A0play\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0major\t\r \u00C2\u00A0role\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0this\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Pan,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02009).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Another\t\r \u00C2\u00A0article\t\r \u00C2\u00A0takes\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0role\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0government\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0step\t\r \u00C2\u00A0further,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0from\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0potential\t\r \u00C2\u00A0agent\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0change\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0one\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0has\t\r \u00C2\u00A0already\t\r \u00C2\u00A0played\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0major\t\r \u00C2\u00A0role.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0From\t\r \u00C2\u00A0this\t\r \u00C2\u00A0viewpoint,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0disappearance\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0danwei\t\r \u00C2\u00A0housing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0state-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090sponsored\t\r \u00C2\u00A0support\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0auto\t\r \u00C2\u00A0industry\t\r \u00C2\u00A0are\t\r \u00C2\u00A0both\t\r \u00C2\u00A0contributing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0factors\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0changes\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0land\t\r \u00C2\u00A0use\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0local\t\r \u00C2\u00A0travel\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Shanghai\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Li\t\r \u00C2\u00A0&\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Ye,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02010).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 While\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0spatial\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0urban\t\r \u00C2\u00A0design\t\r \u00C2\u00A0dimensions\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0new\t\r \u00C2\u00A0development\t\r \u00C2\u00A0can\t\r \u00C2\u00A0influence\t\r \u00C2\u00A0travel\t\r \u00C2\u00A0behavior\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0decisions\t\r \u00C2\u00A0by\t\r \u00C2\u00A0individuals,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0it\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0hard\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0imagine\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0interventions\t\r \u00C2\u00A0on\t\r \u00C2\u00A0this\t\r \u00C2\u00A0scale\t\r \u00C2\u00A0will\t\r \u00C2\u00A0succeed\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0holding\t\r \u00C2\u00A0private\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cars\t\r \u00C2\u00A0at\t\r \u00C2\u00A0bay.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0As\t\r \u00C2\u00A0seen\t\r \u00C2\u00A0above\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Beijing,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0built\t\r \u00C2\u00A0area\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Shanghai\t\r \u00C2\u00A0expanded\t\r \u00C2\u00A0from\t\r \u00C2\u00A01985-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u00902003\t\r \u00C2\u00A0by\t\r \u00C2\u00A0175%,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0growing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0from\t\r \u00C2\u00A0200\t\r \u00C2\u00A0square\t\r \u00C2\u00A0kilometers\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0550\t\r \u00C2\u00A0square\t\r \u00C2\u00A0kilometers\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Li\t\r \u00C2\u00A0&\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Ye,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02010).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Other\t\r \u00C2\u00A0major\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Chinese\t\r \u00C2\u00A0urban\t\r \u00C2\u00A0regions\t\r \u00C2\u00A0demonstrated\t\r \u00C2\u00A0large\t\r \u00C2\u00A0jumps\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0built\t\r \u00C2\u00A0area\t\r \u00C2\u00A0over\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0similar\t\r \u00C2\u00A0period,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Guangzhou\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\t\r \u00C2\u00A0urban\t\r \u00C2\u00A0area\t\r \u00C2\u00A0growing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0by\t\r \u00C2\u00A059%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Chengdu\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\t\r \u00C2\u00A0by\t\r \u00C2\u00A0166%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Li\t\r \u00C2\u00A0&\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Ye,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02010).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A03.3\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ALLURE\t\r \u00C2\u00A0OF\t\r \u00C2\u00A0THE\t\r \u00C2\u00A0PRIVATE\t\r \u00C2\u00A0VEHICLE\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Much\t\r \u00C2\u00A0literature\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0research\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0devoted\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0describing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0appeal\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0private\t\r \u00C2\u00A0vehicles\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0why,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0incomes\t\r \u00C2\u00A0grow,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0people\t\r \u00C2\u00A0tend\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0gravitate\t\r \u00C2\u00A0toward\t\r \u00C2\u00A0them\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Pan,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02009).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Commonly,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0four\t\r \u00C2\u00A0values\t\r \u00C2\u00A0are\t\r \u00C2\u00A0examined:\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0use,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0symbolic,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0instrumental,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0affective\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Lois,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02009).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0One\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0most\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cited\t\r \u00C2\u00A0values,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0affective,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0examined\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0depth\t\r \u00C2\u00A0below\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Lois,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02009;\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Waitt,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02012;\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Gardner,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02007;\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Pan,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02009;\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Steg,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02005).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Waitt\t\r \u00C2\u00A0documents\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0long-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090standing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009Clove\t\r \u00C2\u00A0affair\u00E2\u0080\u009D\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0how\t\r \u00C2\u00A0this\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u0098magic\t\r \u00C2\u00A0object\u00E2\u0080\u0099\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0sexualized\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0way\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0far\t\r \u00C2\u00A0exceeds\t\r \u00C2\u00A0its\t\r \u00C2\u00A0potential\t\r \u00C2\u00A0utility\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0purchaser\t\r \u00C2\u00A0by\t\r \u00C2\u00A0speaking\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0issues\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0power,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0excitement,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0even\t\r \u00C2\u00A0love\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(2012).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0In\t\r \u00C2\u00A0this\t\r \u00C2\u00A0view\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0others,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0thus\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0supreme\t\r \u00C2\u00A0expression\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0comfort,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0mobility,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0independence;\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0machine\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0carves\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0singular\t\r \u00C2\u00A0vision\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0its\t\r \u00C2\u00A0use\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Waitt,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02012;\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Steg,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02005).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Even\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0pragmatic\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0less\t\r \u00C2\u00A0poetic\t\r \u00C2\u00A0evaluation\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ownership\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0 13\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 use,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0it\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0found\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0an\t\r \u00C2\u00A0underlying\t\r \u00C2\u00A0factor\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0drivers\t\r \u00C2\u00A0were\t\r \u00C2\u00A0issues\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0control\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Gardner,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02007).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 One\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0proposed\t\r \u00C2\u00A0means\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0escape\t\r \u00C2\u00A0this\t\r \u00C2\u00A0overly\t\r \u00C2\u00A0commercialized\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0unrealistic\t\r \u00C2\u00A0manifestation\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ultimate\t\r \u00C2\u00A0freedom\t\r \u00C2\u00A0through\t\r \u00C2\u00A0vehicle\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ownership,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Waitt\t\r \u00C2\u00A0suggests,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0by\t\r \u00C2\u00A0finding\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0root\t\r \u00C2\u00A0causes\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0behavior\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0people\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0makes\t\r \u00C2\u00A0them\t\r \u00C2\u00A0responsive\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0this\t\r \u00C2\u00A0image\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(2012).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Making\t\r \u00C2\u00A0drivers\t\r \u00C2\u00A0conscious\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0their\t\r \u00C2\u00A0travel\t\r \u00C2\u00A0behaviors\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0attitudes\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0good\t\r \u00C2\u00A0starting\t\r \u00C2\u00A0point\t\r \u00C2\u00A0but\t\r \u00C2\u00A0it\t\r \u00C2\u00A0does\t\r \u00C2\u00A0not\t\r \u00C2\u00A0drive\t\r \u00C2\u00A0hard\t\r \u00C2\u00A0enough\t\r \u00C2\u00A0at\t\r \u00C2\u00A0leveling\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0playing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0field\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0all\t\r \u00C2\u00A0modes\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transport\t\r \u00C2\u00A0within\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0city.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Another\t\r \u00C2\u00A0proposed\t\r \u00C2\u00A0research\t\r \u00C2\u00A0path\t\r \u00C2\u00A0would\t\r \u00C2\u00A0explore\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0psychological\t\r \u00C2\u00A0determinants\t\r \u00C2\u00A0most\t\r \u00C2\u00A0effective\t\r \u00C2\u00A0at\t\r \u00C2\u00A0altering\t\r \u00C2\u00A0driver\t\r \u00C2\u00A0beliefs\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0attitudes.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0This\t\r \u00C2\u00A0could\t\r \u00C2\u00A0include\t\r \u00C2\u00A0factors\t\r \u00C2\u00A0like\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0tendency\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0drivers\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0estimate\t\r \u00C2\u00A0driving\t\r \u00C2\u00A0time\t\r \u00C2\u00A0on\t\r \u00C2\u00A0open\t\r \u00C2\u00A0roads\t\r \u00C2\u00A0or\t\r \u00C2\u00A0viewing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0traffic\t\r \u00C2\u00A0congestion\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0an\t\r \u00C2\u00A0exception\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Gardner,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02007).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Membership\t\r \u00C2\u00A0within\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0group,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0whether\t\r \u00C2\u00A0actual\t\r \u00C2\u00A0or\t\r \u00C2\u00A0perceptual,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0another\t\r \u00C2\u00A0motivating\t\r \u00C2\u00A0factor\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0vehicle\t\r \u00C2\u00A0purchase\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Gardner,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02007).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0This\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0an\t\r \u00C2\u00A0example\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0affective\t\r \u00C2\u00A0values\t\r \u00C2\u00A0holding\t\r \u00C2\u00A0sway\t\r \u00C2\u00A0over\t\r \u00C2\u00A0utility.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0It\t\r \u00C2\u00A0has\t\r \u00C2\u00A0been\t\r \u00C2\u00A0shown\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0motorization\t\r \u00C2\u00A0increases\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0person\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ability\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0pay\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0rises,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0namely\t\r \u00C2\u00A0through\t\r \u00C2\u00A0growing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0personal\t\r \u00C2\u00A0income\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Dargay,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02007;\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Pan,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02009).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Becoming\t\r \u00C2\u00A0part\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0middle\t\r \u00C2\u00A0class\t\r \u00C2\u00A0or\t\r \u00C2\u00A0being\t\r \u00C2\u00A0perceived\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0affluent\t\r \u00C2\u00A0by\t\r \u00C2\u00A0others,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0may\t\r \u00C2\u00A0conspire\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0push\t\r \u00C2\u00A0people\t\r \u00C2\u00A0toward\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0purchase.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Issues\t\r \u00C2\u00A0like\t\r \u00C2\u00A0traffic\t\r \u00C2\u00A0or\t\r \u00C2\u00A0environmental\t\r \u00C2\u00A0concerns\t\r \u00C2\u00A0typically\t\r \u00C2\u00A0become\t\r \u00C2\u00A0externalized\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0these\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cases,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0feeling\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0an\t\r \u00C2\u00A0individual,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0they\t\r \u00C2\u00A0are\t\r \u00C2\u00A0not\t\r \u00C2\u00A0part\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0problem\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Gardner,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02007).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Circling\t\r \u00C2\u00A0back\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0affective\t\r \u00C2\u00A0motivations\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ownership,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Lois\t\r \u00C2\u00A0speculated\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A02009\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0these\t\r \u00C2\u00A0affective\t\r \u00C2\u00A0values\t\r \u00C2\u00A0were\t\r \u00C2\u00A0propped\t\r \u00C2\u00A0up\t\r \u00C2\u00A0by\t\r \u00C2\u00A0internalized\t\r \u00C2\u00A0embedding\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0symbolic\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0instrumental\t\r \u00C2\u00A0values\t\r \u00C2\u00A0under\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0umbrella\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0affective\t\r \u00C2\u00A0values.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Within\t\r \u00C2\u00A0this\t\r \u00C2\u00A0classification\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0further\t\r \u00C2\u00A0notion\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0youth,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0especially\t\r \u00C2\u00A0men,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0are\t\r \u00C2\u00A0most\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0most\t\r \u00C2\u00A0influenced\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Lois,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02009).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Steg\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\t\r \u00C2\u00A0work\t\r \u00C2\u00A0supports\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0notion\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0affective\t\r \u00C2\u00A0motivation\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0primary\t\r \u00C2\u00A0driver\t\r \u00C2\u00A0behind\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0commuting\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0all\t\r \u00C2\u00A0users\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0young\t\r \u00C2\u00A0men\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0particular\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(2005).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0This\t\r \u00C2\u00A0affective\t\r \u00C2\u00A0bias\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0favor\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cars\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0visible\t\r \u00C2\u00A0even\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0drivers\t\r \u00C2\u00A0who\t\r \u00C2\u00A0used\t\r \u00C2\u00A0their\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0only\t\r \u00C2\u00A0rarely,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0theory\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0posed\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0drivers\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0people\t\r \u00C2\u00A0generally)\t\r \u00C2\u00A0compare\t\r \u00C2\u00A0themselves\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0what\t\r \u00C2\u00A0they\t\r \u00C2\u00A0feel\t\r \u00C2\u00A0their\t\r \u00C2\u00A0self-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090image\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0be\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Steg,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02005).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0If\t\r \u00C2\u00A0we\t\r \u00C2\u00A0accept\t\r \u00C2\u00A0this\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0 14\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0true,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0accept\t\r \u00C2\u00A0too\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ownership\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0value\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0symbol\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0middle\t\r \u00C2\u00A0class\t\r \u00C2\u00A0membership\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0China,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0then\t\r \u00C2\u00A0it\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0sensible\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0expect\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Chinese\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0desire\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0personal\t\r \u00C2\u00A0vehicle\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0spite\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0numerous\t\r \u00C2\u00A0infrastructure\t\r \u00C2\u00A0limitations\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0financial\t\r \u00C2\u00A0burden\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ownership.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 A\t\r \u00C2\u00A0proposed\t\r \u00C2\u00A0two-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090prong\t\r \u00C2\u00A0intervention\t\r \u00C2\u00A0addressing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Chinese\t\r \u00C2\u00A0motorization\t\r \u00C2\u00A0suggests\t\r \u00C2\u00A0both\t\r \u00C2\u00A0increasing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0instrumental\t\r \u00C2\u00A0value\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0public\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transportation\t\r \u00C2\u00A0while\t\r \u00C2\u00A0finding\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0way\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0reduce\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0psychosocial\t\r \u00C2\u00A0value\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cars\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Zhu,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02012).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0This\t\r \u00C2\u00A0recommendation\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0based\t\r \u00C2\u00A0on\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0recent\t\r \u00C2\u00A0study\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0university\t\r \u00C2\u00A0student\t\r \u00C2\u00A0attitudes\t\r \u00C2\u00A0towards\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ownership\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Yangtze\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Delta,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0though\t\r \u00C2\u00A0specifics\t\r \u00C2\u00A0on\t\r \u00C2\u00A0how\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0do\t\r \u00C2\u00A0this\t\r \u00C2\u00A0were\t\r \u00C2\u00A0not\t\r \u00C2\u00A0included.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 The\t\r \u00C2\u00A0students\t\r \u00C2\u00A0surveyed\t\r \u00C2\u00A0agreed\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0notion\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cars\t\r \u00C2\u00A0were\t\r \u00C2\u00A0comfortable,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0saved\t\r \u00C2\u00A0time,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0useful\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transporting\t\r \u00C2\u00A0goods.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0In\t\r \u00C2\u00A0truth,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Beijing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0traffic\t\r \u00C2\u00A0crawls\t\r \u00C2\u00A0at\t\r \u00C2\u00A0one-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090third\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0speed\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Shanghai\t\r \u00C2\u00A0subway\t\r \u00C2\u00A0line,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0illustrating\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0disconnect\t\r \u00C2\u00A0between\t\r \u00C2\u00A0perception\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0reality\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Zhu,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02012).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0The\t\r \u00C2\u00A0facts\t\r \u00C2\u00A0have\t\r \u00C2\u00A0yet\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0change\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0perceptions\t\r \u00C2\u00A0among\t\r \u00C2\u00A0these\t\r \u00C2\u00A0students,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0absence\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0solution\t\r \u00C2\u00A0new\t\r \u00C2\u00A0policy\t\r \u00C2\u00A0directions\t\r \u00C2\u00A0or\t\r \u00C2\u00A0interventions\t\r \u00C2\u00A0should\t\r \u00C2\u00A0be\t\r \u00C2\u00A0considered\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0reduce\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0perceived\t\r \u00C2\u00A0instrumental\t\r \u00C2\u00A0value\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0affect\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\t\r \u00C2\u00A0symbolic\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0affective\t\r \u00C2\u00A0worth.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0HONG\t\r \u00C2\u00A0KONG\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u0093\t\r \u00C2\u00A0CHINA\u00E2\u0080\u0099S\t\r \u00C2\u00A0FUTURE?\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 The\t\r \u00C2\u00A0experience\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Western\t\r \u00C2\u00A0countries\t\r \u00C2\u00A0can\t\r \u00C2\u00A0be\t\r \u00C2\u00A0instructive\t\r \u00C2\u00A0but\t\r \u00C2\u00A0may\t\r \u00C2\u00A0not\t\r \u00C2\u00A0carry\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cultural\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0situational\t\r \u00C2\u00A0relevance\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0examples\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0motorization\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0urbanization\t\r \u00C2\u00A0within\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Asia.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Hong\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Kong,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0former\t\r \u00C2\u00A0British\t\r \u00C2\u00A0colony\t\r \u00C2\u00A0at\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0far\t\r \u00C2\u00A0south\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0China,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0offers\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0relatable\t\r \u00C2\u00A0perspective\t\r \u00C2\u00A0on\t\r \u00C2\u00A0these\t\r \u00C2\u00A0issues.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Here,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0attitudes\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0behavior\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0drivers\t\r \u00C2\u00A0have\t\r \u00C2\u00A0been\t\r \u00C2\u00A0well-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090documented\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0recent\t\r \u00C2\u00A0years\t\r \u00C2\u00A0through\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0pair\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0papers\t\r \u00C2\u00A0by\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Cullinane,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0first\t\r \u00C2\u00A0from\t\r \u00C2\u00A02003\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0recent\t\r \u00C2\u00A0from\t\r \u00C2\u00A02010.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Even\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Hong\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Kong,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0its\t\r \u00C2\u00A0highly\t\r \u00C2\u00A0dense,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0concentrated\t\r \u00C2\u00A0population\t\r \u00C2\u00A0centers\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0well-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090connected\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0patronized\t\r \u00C2\u00A0public\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transit\t\r \u00C2\u00A0system,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0has\t\r \u00C2\u00A0seen\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ownership,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0congestion,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0environmental\t\r \u00C2\u00A0problems\t\r \u00C2\u00A0grow.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0In\t\r \u00C2\u00A0response,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0government\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0seeking\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0raise\t\r \u00C2\u00A0public\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transit\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ridership\t\r \u00C2\u00A0from\t\r \u00C2\u00A033%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A045%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0by\t\r \u00C2\u00A02016,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0but\t\r \u00C2\u00A0both\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Cullinane\t\r \u00C2\u00A0surveys\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Hong\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Kong\t\r \u00C2\u00A0residents\t\r \u00C2\u00A0found\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0this\t\r \u00C2\u00A0goal\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0unlikely\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0be\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0 15\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 achieved\t\r \u00C2\u00A0unless\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0controls\t\r \u00C2\u00A0on\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0purchasing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0use\t\r \u00C2\u00A0are\t\r \u00C2\u00A0implemented\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(2003;\t\r \u00C2\u00A02010).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 As\t\r \u00C2\u00A0seen\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0surveys\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0mainland\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Chinese,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0there\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0predisposition\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0favor\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ownership\t\r \u00C2\u00A0seen\t\r \u00C2\u00A0strongly\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0young\t\r \u00C2\u00A0men,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0who\t\r \u00C2\u00A0were\t\r \u00C2\u00A0far\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0likely\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0express\t\r \u00C2\u00A0an\t\r \u00C2\u00A0intent\t\r \u00C2\u00A0on\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ownership\t\r \u00C2\u00A0when\t\r \u00C2\u00A0it\t\r \u00C2\u00A0became\t\r \u00C2\u00A0affordable,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0than\t\r \u00C2\u00A0women\t\r \u00C2\u00A0or\t\r \u00C2\u00A0older\t\r \u00C2\u00A0adults\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Cullinane,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02003;\t\r \u00C2\u00A02010).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0In\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Hong\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Kong\t\r \u00C2\u00A0it\t\r \u00C2\u00A0has\t\r \u00C2\u00A0been\t\r \u00C2\u00A0suggested\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0owners\t\r \u00C2\u00A0may\t\r \u00C2\u00A0only\t\r \u00C2\u00A0use\t\r \u00C2\u00A0their\t\r \u00C2\u00A0vehicles\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0non-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090work\t\r \u00C2\u00A0trips,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0yet\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0found\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0once\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0purchased\t\r \u00C2\u00A0there\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0increased\t\r \u00C2\u00A0incentive\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0use\t\r \u00C2\u00A0it,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0seen\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0fact\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0average\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Hong\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Kong\t\r \u00C2\u00A0driver\t\r \u00C2\u00A0covers\t\r \u00C2\u00A022\t\r \u00C2\u00A0miles\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0day\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Cullinane,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02003),\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0surprising\t\r \u00C2\u00A0number\t\r \u00C2\u00A0when\t\r \u00C2\u00A0considered\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0relatively\t\r \u00C2\u00A0small\t\r \u00C2\u00A0geographical\t\r \u00C2\u00A0context\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Hong\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Kong\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\t\r \u00C2\u00A0boundaries.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Thus,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0becomes\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0necessity\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0those\t\r \u00C2\u00A0who\t\r \u00C2\u00A0purchase\t\r \u00C2\u00A0them,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0even\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0city\t\r \u00C2\u00A0where\t\r \u00C2\u00A0over\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0third\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0population\t\r \u00C2\u00A0live\t\r \u00C2\u00A0within\t\r \u00C2\u00A0500\t\r \u00C2\u00A0meters\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0an\t\r \u00C2\u00A0MTR\t\r \u00C2\u00A0station\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Cullinane,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02010).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 In\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0study\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0important\t\r \u00C2\u00A0aspects\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Hong\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Kong\t\r \u00C2\u00A0public\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transport,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0frequency\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0found\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0be\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0most\t\r \u00C2\u00A0important,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0followed\t\r \u00C2\u00A0by\t\r \u00C2\u00A0fares\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0reliability.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0In\t\r \u00C2\u00A0these\t\r \u00C2\u00A0areas\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0MTR\t\r \u00C2\u00A0system\t\r \u00C2\u00A0performed\t\r \u00C2\u00A0well,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0outperforming\t\r \u00C2\u00A0other\t\r \u00C2\u00A0public\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transit\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0measures\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0both\t\r \u00C2\u00A0reliability\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0frequency\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Cullinane,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02010).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Whether\t\r \u00C2\u00A0or\t\r \u00C2\u00A0not\t\r \u00C2\u00A0this\t\r \u00C2\u00A0good\t\r \u00C2\u00A0showing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0has\t\r \u00C2\u00A0an\t\r \u00C2\u00A0effect\t\r \u00C2\u00A0on\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Hong\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Kong\t\r \u00C2\u00A0residents,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0or\t\r \u00C2\u00A0perhaps\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0what\t\r \u00C2\u00A0extent\t\r \u00C2\u00A0it\t\r \u00C2\u00A0does,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0remains\t\r \u00C2\u00A0unclear.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 By\t\r \u00C2\u00A02010,\t\r \u00C2\u00A034%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Hong\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Kong\t\r \u00C2\u00A0residents\t\r \u00C2\u00A0expressed\t\r \u00C2\u00A0no\t\r \u00C2\u00A0intention\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0buy\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0another\t\r \u00C2\u00A034%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0did\t\r \u00C2\u00A0not\t\r \u00C2\u00A0view\t\r \u00C2\u00A0it\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0priority.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Perhaps\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0instructive\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0look\t\r \u00C2\u00A0at\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0remaining\t\r \u00C2\u00A0survey\t\r \u00C2\u00A0respondents.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A021%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0stated\t\r \u00C2\u00A0they\t\r \u00C2\u00A0would\t\r \u00C2\u00A0buy\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0when\t\r \u00C2\u00A0it\t\r \u00C2\u00A0became\t\r \u00C2\u00A0affordable,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0final\t\r \u00C2\u00A011%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0said\t\r \u00C2\u00A0they\t\r \u00C2\u00A0would\t\r \u00C2\u00A0do\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0same\t\r \u00C2\u00A0were\t\r \u00C2\u00A0it\t\r \u00C2\u00A0not\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cost\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0difficulty\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0parking\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Cullinane,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02010).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0For\t\r \u00C2\u00A0policy\t\r \u00C2\u00A0makers\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cities,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Hong\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Kong\t\r \u00C2\u00A0offers\t\r \u00C2\u00A0insight\t\r \u00C2\u00A0into\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0power\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0parking\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0tool\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0leverage\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0deter\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ownership.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Without\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0dependence\t\r \u00C2\u00A0on\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cannot\t\r \u00C2\u00A0be\t\r \u00C2\u00A0established\t\r \u00C2\u00A0by\t\r \u00C2\u00A0individuals,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0even\t\r \u00C2\u00A0if\t\r \u00C2\u00A0only\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0tenth\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0population\t\r \u00C2\u00A0are\t\r \u00C2\u00A0dissuaded,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0those\t\r \u00C2\u00A0people\t\r \u00C2\u00A0are\t\r \u00C2\u00A0critical\t\r \u00C2\u00A0when\t\r \u00C2\u00A0addressing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0traffic\t\r \u00C2\u00A0congestion\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0an\t\r \u00C2\u00A0urban\t\r \u00C2\u00A0setting.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A03.4\t\r \u00C2\u00A0CULTURAL\t\r \u00C2\u00A0VALUES\t\r \u00C2\u00A0AND\t\r \u00C2\u00A0MATERIALISM\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 The\t\r \u00C2\u00A0importance\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0considering\t\r \u00C2\u00A0culture\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0survey\t\r \u00C2\u00A0design\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0research\t\r \u00C2\u00A0has\t\r \u00C2\u00A0recently\t\r \u00C2\u00A0risen\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0prominence.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Segall\t\r \u00C2\u00A0noted\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A01980s\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0too\t\r \u00C2\u00A0often\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009Ccross-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090culture\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0 16\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 psychology\u00E2\u0080\u009D\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ignored\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0research\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0prepared\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0if\t\r \u00C2\u00A0culture\t\r \u00C2\u00A0were\t\r \u00C2\u00A0irrelevant\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(1986).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0In\t\r \u00C2\u00A0his\t\r \u00C2\u00A0definition,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0culture\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0composed\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0litany\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0items,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0many\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0which\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(language,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0political\t\r \u00C2\u00A0institutions,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0population\t\r \u00C2\u00A0density\t\r \u00C2\u00A0or\t\r \u00C2\u00A0social\t\r \u00C2\u00A0rules,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0name\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0few)\t\r \u00C2\u00A0are\t\r \u00C2\u00A0vastly\t\r \u00C2\u00A0different\t\r \u00C2\u00A0between\t\r \u00C2\u00A0China\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Western\t\r \u00C2\u00A0nations\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Segall,\t\r \u00C2\u00A01986).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Awareness\t\r \u00C2\u00A0then\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0these\t\r \u00C2\u00A0differences\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0critical\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0research\t\r \u00C2\u00A0into\t\r \u00C2\u00A0China\t\r \u00C2\u00A0by\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Western\t\r \u00C2\u00A0academics\t\r \u00C2\u00A0if\t\r \u00C2\u00A0good\t\r \u00C2\u00A0information\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0be\t\r \u00C2\u00A0collected.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 In\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0face\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0these\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cultural\t\r \u00C2\u00A0distinctions,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Gakenheimer\t\r \u00C2\u00A0proposed\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0certain\t\r \u00C2\u00A0aspects\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0travel\t\r \u00C2\u00A0behavior\t\r \u00C2\u00A0seem\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0follow\t\r \u00C2\u00A0consistent\t\r \u00C2\u00A0patterns.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Indeed,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0it\t\r \u00C2\u00A0has\t\r \u00C2\u00A0been\t\r \u00C2\u00A0demonstrated\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0affluence\t\r \u00C2\u00A0influences\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0decision\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0purchase\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Dargay,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02007;\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Pan,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02009),\t\r \u00C2\u00A0but\t\r \u00C2\u00A0time\t\r \u00C2\u00A0spent\t\r \u00C2\u00A0traveling\t\r \u00C2\u00A0remains\t\r \u00C2\u00A0constant\t\r \u00C2\u00A0at\t\r \u00C2\u00A0an\t\r \u00C2\u00A0hour\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0day,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0personal\t\r \u00C2\u00A0travel\t\r \u00C2\u00A0typically\t\r \u00C2\u00A0accounts\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A010%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0household\t\r \u00C2\u00A0expenses\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Gakenheimer,\t\r \u00C2\u00A01999).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0It\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0unclear\t\r \u00C2\u00A0if\t\r \u00C2\u00A0this\t\r \u00C2\u00A0trend\t\r \u00C2\u00A0holds\t\r \u00C2\u00A0true\t\r \u00C2\u00A0today\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0China,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Gakenheimer\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\t\r \u00C2\u00A0work\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0over\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0decade\t\r \u00C2\u00A0old\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0higher\t\r \u00C2\u00A0share\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0income\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0China\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0needed\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0vehicle\t\r \u00C2\u00A0purchases.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0More\t\r \u00C2\u00A0so,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0willingness\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0impart\t\r \u00C2\u00A0this\t\r \u00C2\u00A0large\t\r \u00C2\u00A0share\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0one\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\t\r \u00C2\u00A0savings\t\r \u00C2\u00A0on\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0underscores\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0desire\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0private\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0among\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Chinese.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 In\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0West,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0number\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0examples\t\r \u00C2\u00A0exist\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0academic\t\r \u00C2\u00A0work\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0relation\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transportation\t\r \u00C2\u00A0behavior\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0attitudes.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0These\t\r \u00C2\u00A0come\t\r \u00C2\u00A0from\t\r \u00C2\u00A0an\t\r \u00C2\u00A0array\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0places:\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0UK,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Australia,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Portugal\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Goodwin\t\r \u00C2\u00A0&\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Lyons,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02010;\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Kattiyapornpong,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02009;\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Beirao,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02007)\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0are\t\r \u00C2\u00A0examined\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0some\t\r \u00C2\u00A0detail\t\r \u00C2\u00A0here\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0offer\t\r \u00C2\u00A0context.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Survey\t\r \u00C2\u00A0results\t\r \u00C2\u00A0coming\t\r \u00C2\u00A0out\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0UK\t\r \u00C2\u00A0show\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0disconnect\t\r \u00C2\u00A0between\t\r \u00C2\u00A0identifying\t\r \u00C2\u00A0problems\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0finding\t\r \u00C2\u00A0individual\t\r \u00C2\u00A0accountability.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Majorities\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0UK\t\r \u00C2\u00A0residents\t\r \u00C2\u00A0felt\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0traffic\t\r \u00C2\u00A0congestion\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0national\t\r \u00C2\u00A0concern,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0speed\t\r \u00C2\u00A0reductions,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0traffic\t\r \u00C2\u00A0restrictions\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0residential\t\r \u00C2\u00A0areas,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0improved\t\r \u00C2\u00A0public\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transit\t\r \u00C2\u00A0were\t\r \u00C2\u00A0important,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0yet\t\r \u00C2\u00A0felt\t\r \u00C2\u00A0less\t\r \u00C2\u00A0strongly\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0they\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0individuals\t\r \u00C2\u00A0or\t\r \u00C2\u00A0families\t\r \u00C2\u00A0faced\t\r \u00C2\u00A0traffic\t\r \u00C2\u00A0problems\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Goodwin\t\r \u00C2\u00A0&\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Lyons,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02010).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 More\t\r \u00C2\u00A0controversial\t\r \u00C2\u00A0were\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ideas\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0continued\t\r \u00C2\u00A0road\t\r \u00C2\u00A0building\t\r \u00C2\u00A0or\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0road\t\r \u00C2\u00A0pricing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Goodwin\t\r \u00C2\u00A0&\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Lyons,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02010),\t\r \u00C2\u00A0showing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0though\t\r \u00C2\u00A0identifying\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0problem\t\r \u00C2\u00A0can\t\r \u00C2\u00A0be\t\r \u00C2\u00A0readily\t\r \u00C2\u00A0done,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0taking\t\r \u00C2\u00A0action\t\r \u00C2\u00A0will\t\r \u00C2\u00A0be\t\r \u00C2\u00A0harder.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Similarly,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0environmental\t\r \u00C2\u00A0concerns\t\r \u00C2\u00A0played\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0role\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0individual\t\r \u00C2\u00A0decisions,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0but\t\r \u00C2\u00A0less\t\r \u00C2\u00A0than\t\r \u00C2\u00A0those\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0proximate\t\r \u00C2\u00A0personal\t\r \u00C2\u00A0benefits\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0resident\t\r \u00C2\u00A0could\t\r \u00C2\u00A0experience\t\r \u00C2\u00A0personally,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0be\t\r \u00C2\u00A0it\t\r \u00C2\u00A0air\t\r \u00C2\u00A0quality,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0increased\t\r \u00C2\u00A0fitness,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0or\t\r \u00C2\u00A0saved\t\r \u00C2\u00A0time\t\r \u00C2\u00A0or\t\r \u00C2\u00A0money\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Goodwin\t\r \u00C2\u00A0&\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Lyons,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02010).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0 17\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0 In\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Porto,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0city\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0northern\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Portugal,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0an\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090depth\t\r \u00C2\u00A0study\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0undertaken\t\r \u00C2\u00A0on\t\r \u00C2\u00A0local\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transportation\t\r \u00C2\u00A0attitudes\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0behaviors\t\r \u00C2\u00A0through\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0series\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0interviews\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0group\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0local\t\r \u00C2\u00A0residents.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Emerging\t\r \u00C2\u00A0from\t\r \u00C2\u00A0these\t\r \u00C2\u00A0results\t\r \u00C2\u00A0were\t\r \u00C2\u00A0several\t\r \u00C2\u00A0noteworthy\t\r \u00C2\u00A0claims:\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0perception\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0speed\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0public\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transit\t\r \u00C2\u00A0are\t\r \u00C2\u00A0valuable,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0targets\t\r \u00C2\u00A0aimed\t\r \u00C2\u00A0at\t\r \u00C2\u00A0reducing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0usage\t\r \u00C2\u00A0should\t\r \u00C2\u00A0target\t\r \u00C2\u00A0those\t\r \u00C2\u00A0already\t\r \u00C2\u00A0amenable\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0it,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0public\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transit\t\r \u00C2\u00A0needs\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0respond\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0diverse\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0wide-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090ranging\t\r \u00C2\u00A0needs\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0potential\t\r \u00C2\u00A0users\t\r \u00C2\u00A0better\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Beirao,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02007).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Within\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0article\t\r \u00C2\u00A0were\t\r \u00C2\u00A0suggestions\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0policy\t\r \u00C2\u00A0guidelines\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0would\t\r \u00C2\u00A0make\t\r \u00C2\u00A0slow\t\r \u00C2\u00A0travel\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(transit,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0biking,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0or\t\r \u00C2\u00A0walking)\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0attractive\t\r \u00C2\u00A0while\t\r \u00C2\u00A0simultaneously\t\r \u00C2\u00A0making\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0travel\t\r \u00C2\u00A0less\t\r \u00C2\u00A0attractive\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Beirao,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02007).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Specific\t\r \u00C2\u00A0policy\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ideas\t\r \u00C2\u00A0were\t\r \u00C2\u00A0however\t\r \u00C2\u00A0lacking,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0research\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0needed\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0better\t\r \u00C2\u00A0understand\t\r \u00C2\u00A0what\t\r \u00C2\u00A0types\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0treatment\t\r \u00C2\u00A0would\t\r \u00C2\u00A0be\t\r \u00C2\u00A0most\t\r \u00C2\u00A0effective.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0One\t\r \u00C2\u00A0avenue\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0research\t\r \u00C2\u00A0called\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0better\t\r \u00C2\u00A0understanding\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0psychological\t\r \u00C2\u00A0factors\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0affect\t\r \u00C2\u00A0mode\t\r \u00C2\u00A0choice,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0recommendation\t\r \u00C2\u00A0on\t\r \u00C2\u00A0continued\t\r \u00C2\u00A0use\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0qualitative\t\r \u00C2\u00A0methods\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Beirao,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02007).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Among\t\r \u00C2\u00A0public\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transport\t\r \u00C2\u00A0options\t\r \u00C2\u00A0there\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0also\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0difference\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0perception\t\r \u00C2\u00A0between\t\r \u00C2\u00A0bus\t\r \u00C2\u00A0services\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0light\t\r \u00C2\u00A0rail.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Buses,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0particularly\t\r \u00C2\u00A0at\t\r \u00C2\u00A0rush\t\r \u00C2\u00A0hour,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0were\t\r \u00C2\u00A0seen\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0slow\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0thus\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0waste\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0time\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Beirao,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02007).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Light\t\r \u00C2\u00A0rail,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0on\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0other\t\r \u00C2\u00A0hand,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0viewed\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0reliable,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0spacious,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0comfortable,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0frequent,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0faster,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0well\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0fun\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Beirao,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02007).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0These\t\r \u00C2\u00A0perceptions\t\r \u00C2\u00A0were\t\r \u00C2\u00A0also\t\r \u00C2\u00A0found\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0be\t\r \u00C2\u00A0true\t\r \u00C2\u00A0among\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0users,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0who\t\r \u00C2\u00A0attached\t\r \u00C2\u00A0further\t\r \u00C2\u00A0affective\t\r \u00C2\u00A0value\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0light\t\r \u00C2\u00A0rail\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0carrying\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0certain\t\r \u00C2\u00A0status\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ambience\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Beirao,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02007).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 As\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Hong\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Kong\t\r \u00C2\u00A0example,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0drivers\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Porto\t\r \u00C2\u00A0are\t\r \u00C2\u00A0also\t\r \u00C2\u00A0dependent\t\r \u00C2\u00A0on\t\r \u00C2\u00A0their\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cars\t\r \u00C2\u00A0after\t\r \u00C2\u00A0purchasing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0one.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0The\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0it\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0said,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0gives\t\r \u00C2\u00A0freedom\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0sense\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0control,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ability\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0keep\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0personal\t\r \u00C2\u00A0timetable,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0all\t\r \u00C2\u00A0combining\t\r \u00C2\u00A0into\t\r \u00C2\u00A0enhanced\t\r \u00C2\u00A0autonomy\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0drivers\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Beirao,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02007).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0It\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0interesting\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0note\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cities\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cultures\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0disparate\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Porto\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Hong\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Kong,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0there\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0still\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cross-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090cultural\t\r \u00C2\u00A0bias\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0dependence\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0favor\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0even\t\r \u00C2\u00A0within\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0details\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0usage\t\r \u00C2\u00A0there\t\r \u00C2\u00A0are\t\r \u00C2\u00A0similar\t\r \u00C2\u00A0perceived\t\r \u00C2\u00A0values\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0vehicle\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ownership.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 The\t\r \u00C2\u00A0negative\t\r \u00C2\u00A0aspects\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ownership\t\r \u00C2\u00A0are\t\r \u00C2\u00A0also\t\r \u00C2\u00A0similar.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Porto\t\r \u00C2\u00A0drivers,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0like\t\r \u00C2\u00A0their\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Hong\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Kong\t\r \u00C2\u00A0counterparts,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0complained\t\r \u00C2\u00A0about\t\r \u00C2\u00A0traffic\t\r \u00C2\u00A0congestion\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0difficulty\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0finding\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0paying\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0parking\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Beirao,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02007).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Reflecting\t\r \u00C2\u00A0results\t\r \u00C2\u00A0from\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0 18\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Goodwin\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Lyons\t\r \u00C2\u00A0UK\t\r \u00C2\u00A0survey,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0individual\t\r \u00C2\u00A0drivers\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Porto\t\r \u00C2\u00A0tended\t\r \u00C2\u00A0not\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0see\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0full\t\r \u00C2\u00A0costs\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ownership,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0or\t\r \u00C2\u00A0intend\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0switch\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transit\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0spite\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cost\t\r \u00C2\u00A0savings\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Beirao,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02007;\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Goodwin\t\r \u00C2\u00A0&\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Lyons,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02010).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0MATERIALISM\t\r \u00C2\u00A0AND\t\r \u00C2\u00A0SHIFTING\t\r \u00C2\u00A0VALUES\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Chinese\t\r \u00C2\u00A0culture\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0history\t\r \u00C2\u00A0stretch\t\r \u00C2\u00A0back\t\r \u00C2\u00A0thousands\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0years,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0an\t\r \u00C2\u00A0example\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0one\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0earliest\t\r \u00C2\u00A0remaining\t\r \u00C2\u00A0unified\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cultures.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0In\t\r \u00C2\u00A0spite\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0this\t\r \u00C2\u00A0enormous\t\r \u00C2\u00A0historical\t\r \u00C2\u00A0wealth,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0changes\t\r \u00C2\u00A0being\t\r \u00C2\u00A0wrought\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0country\t\r \u00C2\u00A0today,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0coupled\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0globalization,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0may\t\r \u00C2\u00A0be\t\r \u00C2\u00A0affecting\t\r \u00C2\u00A0some\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0traditional\t\r \u00C2\u00A0tenets\t\r \u00C2\u00A0held\t\r \u00C2\u00A0by\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0average\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Chinese\t\r \u00C2\u00A0person.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0In\t\r \u00C2\u00A0China,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0modernization\t\r \u00C2\u00A0goes\t\r \u00C2\u00A0hand\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0hand\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0urban\t\r \u00C2\u00A0migration\t\r \u00C2\u00A0process,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0behavioral\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0psychological\t\r \u00C2\u00A0effects\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0which\t\r \u00C2\u00A0have\t\r \u00C2\u00A0yet\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0be\t\r \u00C2\u00A0fully\t\r \u00C2\u00A0seen\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Segall,\t\r \u00C2\u00A01986).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 A\t\r \u00C2\u00A0major\t\r \u00C2\u00A0difference\t\r \u00C2\u00A0between\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Americans\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Chinese,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0according\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Segall,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0divide\t\r \u00C2\u00A0between\t\r \u00C2\u00A0individualism\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0collectivism\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0defining\t\r \u00C2\u00A0social\t\r \u00C2\u00A0characteristics\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(1986).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0The\t\r \u00C2\u00A0article\t\r \u00C2\u00A0showed\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0at\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0time,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Chinese\t\r \u00C2\u00A0students\t\r \u00C2\u00A0were\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0equality-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090oriented\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0willing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0serve\t\r \u00C2\u00A0others\t\r \u00C2\u00A0than\t\r \u00C2\u00A0their\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0money-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090driven\t\r \u00C2\u00A0American\t\r \u00C2\u00A0counterparts\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Segall,\t\r \u00C2\u00A01986).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Today\t\r \u00C2\u00A0it\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0unclear\t\r \u00C2\u00A0how\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0past\t\r \u00C2\u00A0twenty-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090five\t\r \u00C2\u00A0years\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0economic\t\r \u00C2\u00A0growth\t\r \u00C2\u00A0may\t\r \u00C2\u00A0have\t\r \u00C2\u00A0changed\t\r \u00C2\u00A0this\t\r \u00C2\u00A0balance\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0China.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Research\t\r \u00C2\u00A0has\t\r \u00C2\u00A0emerged\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0recent\t\r \u00C2\u00A0years\t\r \u00C2\u00A0exploring\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0social\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cultural\t\r \u00C2\u00A0changes\t\r \u00C2\u00A0occurring\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0China\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Kopnina,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02011;\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Weber\t\r \u00C2\u00A0&\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Hsee,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02000;\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Zhang,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02005;\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Rosen,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02004;\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Gu\t\r \u00C2\u00A0&\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Hung,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02009;\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Podoshen,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02011).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0One\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0major\t\r \u00C2\u00A0causes\t\r \u00C2\u00A0attributed\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0shifting\t\r \u00C2\u00A0values\t\r \u00C2\u00A0has\t\r \u00C2\u00A0been\t\r \u00C2\u00A0increased\t\r \u00C2\u00A0exposure\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Western\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ideas\t\r \u00C2\u00A0through\t\r \u00C2\u00A0globalized\t\r \u00C2\u00A0media,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0like\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Internet,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0closer\t\r \u00C2\u00A0economic\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ties\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Zhang,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02005).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Kopnina\t\r \u00C2\u00A0recognizes\t\r \u00C2\u00A0this\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cultural\t\r \u00C2\u00A0shift\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0terms\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0value\t\r \u00C2\u00A0placed\t\r \u00C2\u00A0on\t\r \u00C2\u00A0owned\t\r \u00C2\u00A0or\t\r \u00C2\u00A0purchased\t\r \u00C2\u00A0goods,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0specifically\t\r \u00C2\u00A0referencing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0private\t\r \u00C2\u00A0vehicle.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0She\t\r \u00C2\u00A0notes\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0own\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0context\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Western\t\r \u00C2\u00A0European\t\r \u00C2\u00A0nation\t\r \u00C2\u00A0carries\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0different\t\r \u00C2\u00A0level\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0significance\t\r \u00C2\u00A0than\t\r \u00C2\u00A0it\t\r \u00C2\u00A0does\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0developing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0country,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0where\t\r \u00C2\u00A0it\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0far\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0than\t\r \u00C2\u00A0simply\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0means\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transportation\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(2011).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Chinese\t\r \u00C2\u00A0society\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0still\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0oriented\t\r \u00C2\u00A0towards\t\r \u00C2\u00A0social\t\r \u00C2\u00A0communities\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0situations\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0has\t\r \u00C2\u00A0yet\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0fully\t\r \u00C2\u00A0adapt\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0self-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090serving\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0individualistic\t\r \u00C2\u00A0tendencies\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Western\t\r \u00C2\u00A0countries\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Weber\t\r \u00C2\u00A0&\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Hsee,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02000).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0There\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0stronger\t\r \u00C2\u00A0tendency\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Chinese\t\r \u00C2\u00A0culture\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0view\t\r \u00C2\u00A0life\t\r \u00C2\u00A0events\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0fatalistic\t\r \u00C2\u00A0way,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0less\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0 19\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 individual\t\r \u00C2\u00A0agency\t\r \u00C2\u00A0proscribed\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0actions\t\r \u00C2\u00A0than\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cause-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090and-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090effect\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Western\t\r \u00C2\u00A0viewpoint\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Weber\t\r \u00C2\u00A0&\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Hsee,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02000).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Rosen\t\r \u00C2\u00A0went\t\r \u00C2\u00A0so\t\r \u00C2\u00A0far\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0define\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A01980s\t\r \u00C2\u00A0generation\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0youth\t\r \u00C2\u00A0whom\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Segall\t\r \u00C2\u00A0wrote\t\r \u00C2\u00A0about\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0group\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u0098searching\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0life\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\t\r \u00C2\u00A0meaning\u00E2\u0080\u0099,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0contrasting\t\r \u00C2\u00A0them\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0success-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090oriented\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0financially\t\r \u00C2\u00A0driven\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Chinese\t\r \u00C2\u00A0youth\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0today\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(2004).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Part\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0this\t\r \u00C2\u00A0shift\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0evidenced\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0provision\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0state-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090sanctioned\t\r \u00C2\u00A0role\t\r \u00C2\u00A0models,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0once\t\r \u00C2\u00A0represented\t\r \u00C2\u00A0by\t\r \u00C2\u00A0model\t\r \u00C2\u00A0workers\t\r \u00C2\u00A0building\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0state,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0now\t\r \u00C2\u00A0being\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0well-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090to-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090do\t\r \u00C2\u00A0yuppies\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0China\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Rosen,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02004).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0The\t\r \u00C2\u00A0value\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0stature\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0money\t\r \u00C2\u00A0has\t\r \u00C2\u00A0grown\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0now\t\r \u00C2\u00A0an\t\r \u00C2\u00A0indicator\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0financial\t\r \u00C2\u00A0success\t\r \u00C2\u00A0over\t\r \u00C2\u00A0generations,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0due\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0part\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0commercialization\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0education\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Rosen,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02004).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 With\t\r \u00C2\u00A0increased\t\r \u00C2\u00A0education\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0increased\t\r \u00C2\u00A0income\t\r \u00C2\u00A0has\t\r \u00C2\u00A0come\t\r \u00C2\u00A0greater\t\r \u00C2\u00A0consumption\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0newly\t\r \u00C2\u00A0wealthy\t\r \u00C2\u00A0look\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0outlets,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0often\t\r \u00C2\u00A0finding\t\r \u00C2\u00A0them\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0items\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0carry\t\r \u00C2\u00A0high\t\r \u00C2\u00A0symbolic\t\r \u00C2\u00A0value\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0evidence\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0growing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0appetite\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0material\t\r \u00C2\u00A0culture\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Gu\t\r \u00C2\u00A0&\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Hung,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02009).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0This\t\r \u00C2\u00A0pattern\t\r \u00C2\u00A0echoes\t\r \u00C2\u00A0similar\t\r \u00C2\u00A0shifts\t\r \u00C2\u00A0observed\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Europe\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0America\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0course\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0economic\t\r \u00C2\u00A0development\t\r \u00C2\u00A0generations\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ago,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0has\t\r \u00C2\u00A0probably\t\r \u00C2\u00A0been\t\r \u00C2\u00A0exacerbated\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0China\t\r \u00C2\u00A0by\t\r \u00C2\u00A0mass\t\r \u00C2\u00A0media\t\r \u00C2\u00A0exposure\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Gu\t\r \u00C2\u00A0&\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Hung,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02009).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 More\t\r \u00C2\u00A0recently,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Podoshen\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\t\r \u00C2\u00A0article\t\r \u00C2\u00A0points\t\r \u00C2\u00A0out\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0importance\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0paying\t\r \u00C2\u00A0attention\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0emergent\t\r \u00C2\u00A0values\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0materialism\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u0098conspicuous\t\r \u00C2\u00A0consumption\u00E2\u0080\u0099\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0East\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Asia,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0going\t\r \u00C2\u00A0so\t\r \u00C2\u00A0far\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0point\t\r \u00C2\u00A0out\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0role\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Western\t\r \u00C2\u00A0films\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0television\t\r \u00C2\u00A0play\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0promoting\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Western-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090style\t\r \u00C2\u00A0products\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(2011).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0In\t\r \u00C2\u00A0China\t\r \u00C2\u00A0it\t\r \u00C2\u00A0may\t\r \u00C2\u00A0be\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0reactionary\t\r \u00C2\u00A0casting\t\r \u00C2\u00A0off\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0constraints\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Cultural\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Revolution\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0state-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090driven\t\r \u00C2\u00A0economic\t\r \u00C2\u00A0policies\t\r \u00C2\u00A0placed\t\r \u00C2\u00A0on\t\r \u00C2\u00A0people,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0who\t\r \u00C2\u00A0now\t\r \u00C2\u00A0celebrate\t\r \u00C2\u00A0freedom\t\r \u00C2\u00A0through\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0purchasing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0power\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Podoshen,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02011).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Ultimately\t\r \u00C2\u00A0traditional\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Chinese\t\r \u00C2\u00A0values\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0conscientious\t\r \u00C2\u00A0social\t\r \u00C2\u00A0interactions\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0communalism\t\r \u00C2\u00A0remain\t\r \u00C2\u00A0intact.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0While\t\r \u00C2\u00A0materialism\t\r \u00C2\u00A0has\t\r \u00C2\u00A0chipped\t\r \u00C2\u00A0away\t\r \u00C2\u00A0at\t\r \u00C2\u00A0these\t\r \u00C2\u00A0values,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0there\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0notion\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Western\t\r \u00C2\u00A0values\t\r \u00C2\u00A0are\t\r \u00C2\u00A0being\t\r \u00C2\u00A0grafted\t\r \u00C2\u00A0onto\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0old\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ones,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0so\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0consumption\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0materialism\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0East\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Asia\t\r \u00C2\u00A0occur\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0response\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0social\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cues\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0status\t\r \u00C2\u00A0markers,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0are\t\r \u00C2\u00A0limited\t\r \u00C2\u00A0by\t\r \u00C2\u00A0communal\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0social\t\r \u00C2\u00A0definitions\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0appropriateness\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Podoshen,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02011).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0The\t\r \u00C2\u00A0rapidly\t\r \u00C2\u00A0changing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0social\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0economic\t\r \u00C2\u00A0landscape\t\r \u00C2\u00A0however\t\r \u00C2\u00A0makes\t\r \u00C2\u00A0it\t\r \u00C2\u00A0hard\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0assert\t\r \u00C2\u00A0such\t\r \u00C2\u00A0judgments\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0constants,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0but\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0so\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0snapshots\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0given\t\r \u00C2\u00A0time\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0subject\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0further\t\r \u00C2\u00A0change.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0 20\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A03.5\t\r \u00C2\u00A0THE\t\r \u00C2\u00A0YOUTH\t\r \u00C2\u00A0FACTOR\t\r \u00C2\u00A0In\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Hong\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Kong,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0it\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\t\r \u00C2\u00A0been\t\r \u00C2\u00A0shown\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0younger\t\r \u00C2\u00A0people\t\r \u00C2\u00A0have\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0surprisingly\t\r \u00C2\u00A0high\t\r \u00C2\u00A0preference\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ownership,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0even\t\r \u00C2\u00A0if\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0time\t\r \u00C2\u00A0they\t\r \u00C2\u00A0may\t\r \u00C2\u00A0afford\t\r \u00C2\u00A0one\t\r \u00C2\u00A0lies\t\r \u00C2\u00A0far\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0future\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Cullinane,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02010).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0This\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0good\t\r \u00C2\u00A0example\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0why\t\r \u00C2\u00A0youth\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ought\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0be\t\r \u00C2\u00A0surveyed\t\r \u00C2\u00A0about\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transportation\t\r \u00C2\u00A0values\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0behavior,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0field\t\r \u00C2\u00A0often\t\r \u00C2\u00A0neglected.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0In\t\r \u00C2\u00A0China,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0some\t\r \u00C2\u00A0assessments\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0youth\t\r \u00C2\u00A0have\t\r \u00C2\u00A0been\t\r \u00C2\u00A0conducted,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0regarding\t\r \u00C2\u00A0both\t\r \u00C2\u00A0travel\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0values\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Zhang,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02005;\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Zhu,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02012;\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Gu\t\r \u00C2\u00A0&\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Hung,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02009;\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Smith\t\r \u00C2\u00A0&\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Wylie,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02004).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0One\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0detailed\t\r \u00C2\u00A0research\t\r \u00C2\u00A0pieces\t\r \u00C2\u00A0regarding\t\r \u00C2\u00A0youth\t\r \u00C2\u00A0attitudes\t\r \u00C2\u00A0around\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transportation\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Kopnina\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\t\r \u00C2\u00A0survey\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0elementary-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090age\t\r \u00C2\u00A0student\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Amsterdam.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0The\t\r \u00C2\u00A0author\t\r \u00C2\u00A0acknowledges\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0dearth\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0existing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0research\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0this\t\r \u00C2\u00A0segment\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0field,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0particularly\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0regard\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0viewpoints\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0children\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Kopnina,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02011).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0The\t\r \u00C2\u00A0work\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0based\t\r \u00C2\u00A0on\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0idea\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0children\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\t\r \u00C2\u00A0notions\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cars\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transport\t\r \u00C2\u00A0may\t\r \u00C2\u00A0affect\t\r \u00C2\u00A0their\t\r \u00C2\u00A0future\t\r \u00C2\u00A0behavior\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0adults,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0developing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0curriculum\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0children\t\r \u00C2\u00A0could\t\r \u00C2\u00A0further\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cause\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0sustainable\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transport\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Kopnina,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02011).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0A\t\r \u00C2\u00A0notable\t\r \u00C2\u00A0result\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0like\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0China\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0other\t\r \u00C2\u00A0developing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0nations,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0affective\t\r \u00C2\u00A0factors\t\r \u00C2\u00A0like\t\r \u00C2\u00A0independence\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0personal\t\r \u00C2\u00A0identity\t\r \u00C2\u00A0were\t\r \u00C2\u00A0important\t\r \u00C2\u00A0choices\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ownership\t\r \u00C2\u00A0within\t\r \u00C2\u00A0families\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Kopnina,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02011).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Another\t\r \u00C2\u00A0parallel\t\r \u00C2\u00A0finding\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0influence\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0globalization\t\r \u00C2\u00A0increases,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0children\t\r \u00C2\u00A0are\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0likely\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0have\t\r \u00C2\u00A0attitudes\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0differ\t\r \u00C2\u00A0from\t\r \u00C2\u00A0their\t\r \u00C2\u00A0parents,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0though\t\r \u00C2\u00A0attitudes\t\r \u00C2\u00A0are\t\r \u00C2\u00A0still\t\r \u00C2\u00A0often\t\r \u00C2\u00A0developed\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0youth\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0have\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0tendency\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0be\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transferred\t\r \u00C2\u00A0generationally\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Kopnina,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02011).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0An\t\r \u00C2\u00A0aspect\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0stood\t\r \u00C2\u00A0out\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0adolescents\t\r \u00C2\u00A0whose\t\r \u00C2\u00A0parents\t\r \u00C2\u00A0owned\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cars\t\r \u00C2\u00A0were\t\r \u00C2\u00A0less\t\r \u00C2\u00A0likely\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0blindly\t\r \u00C2\u00A0accept\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cars\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0were\t\r \u00C2\u00A0actively\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0critical\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0them,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0encouraging\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090free\t\r \u00C2\u00A0lifestyles\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0readily\t\r \u00C2\u00A0than\t\r \u00C2\u00A0their\t\r \u00C2\u00A0non-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0owning\t\r \u00C2\u00A0counterparts\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Kopnina,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02011).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0It\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0unknown\t\r \u00C2\u00A0if\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Chinese\t\r \u00C2\u00A0circumstances\t\r \u00C2\u00A0would\t\r \u00C2\u00A0mirror\t\r \u00C2\u00A0these\t\r \u00C2\u00A0attitudes\t\r \u00C2\u00A0or\t\r \u00C2\u00A0if\t\r \u00C2\u00A0family\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ownership\t\r \u00C2\u00A0would\t\r \u00C2\u00A0simply\t\r \u00C2\u00A0act\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0predictor\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0future\t\r \u00C2\u00A0personal\t\r \u00C2\u00A0vehicle\t\r \u00C2\u00A0expectation.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0In\t\r \u00C2\u00A02004\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0poll\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0conducted\t\r \u00C2\u00A0exploring\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0concept\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0what\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0considered\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0be\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u0098cool\u00E2\u0080\u0099\t\r \u00C2\u00A0by\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Chinese\t\r \u00C2\u00A0university\t\r \u00C2\u00A0students.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Concepts\t\r \u00C2\u00A0such\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0individualism\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0innovation\t\r \u00C2\u00A0were\t\r \u00C2\u00A0characteristics\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0made\t\r \u00C2\u00A0companies\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cool,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0eyes\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0these\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0 21\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 students,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0preference\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0brands\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0fit\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0aforementioned\t\r \u00C2\u00A0descriptors\t\r \u00C2\u00A0were\t\r \u00C2\u00A0preferred\t\r \u00C2\u00A0by\t\r \u00C2\u00A0these\t\r \u00C2\u00A0students\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Smith\t\r \u00C2\u00A0&\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Wylie).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0A\t\r \u00C2\u00A0series\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0interviews\t\r \u00C2\u00A0conducted\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Beijing,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Shanghai,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Guangzhou\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0children\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0mothers\t\r \u00C2\u00A0found\t\r \u00C2\u00A0desires\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0future\t\r \u00C2\u00A0jobs\t\r \u00C2\u00A0conferring\t\r \u00C2\u00A0authority\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0freedom\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Zhang,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02005).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Differences\t\r \u00C2\u00A0reinforcing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Western\t\r \u00C2\u00A0individualism\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Chinese\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ideas\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0hard\t\r \u00C2\u00A0work,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0happy\t\r \u00C2\u00A0family,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0strong\t\r \u00C2\u00A0achievement\t\r \u00C2\u00A0among\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Chinese\t\r \u00C2\u00A0youth\t\r \u00C2\u00A0were\t\r \u00C2\u00A0also\t\r \u00C2\u00A0found\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Zhang,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02005).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0What\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u0098cool\u00E2\u0080\u0099\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0seen\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0be\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0good\t\r \u00C2\u00A0predictor\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0aspiration\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0special\t\r \u00C2\u00A0attention\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ought\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0be\t\r \u00C2\u00A0paid\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0what\t\r \u00C2\u00A0these\t\r \u00C2\u00A0indicators\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cultural\t\r \u00C2\u00A0setting\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Zhang,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02005).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0As\t\r \u00C2\u00A0noted\t\r \u00C2\u00A0by\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Rosen,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0this\t\r \u00C2\u00A0definition\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u0098cool\u00E2\u0080\u0099\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0China\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0amorphous.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Wealth\t\r \u00C2\u00A0has\t\r \u00C2\u00A0become\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0common\t\r \u00C2\u00A0aspiration\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0urban\t\r \u00C2\u00A0professionals\t\r \u00C2\u00A0are\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0current\t\r \u00C2\u00A0government-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090approved\t\r \u00C2\u00A0role\t\r \u00C2\u00A0model\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Rosen,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02004).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0A\t\r \u00C2\u00A0survey\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0university\t\r \u00C2\u00A0students\t\r \u00C2\u00A0found\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A071%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0felt\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ability\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0make\t\r \u00C2\u00A0money\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0standard\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0judgment\t\r \u00C2\u00A0among\t\r \u00C2\u00A0peers,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A086%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0felt\t\r \u00C2\u00A0it\t\r \u00C2\u00A0had\t\r \u00C2\u00A0great\t\r \u00C2\u00A0importance\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Rosen,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02004).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0To\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0statement\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009Ca\t\r \u00C2\u00A0modern\t\r \u00C2\u00A0man\t\r \u00C2\u00A0must\t\r \u00C2\u00A0be\t\r \u00C2\u00A0able\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0make\t\r \u00C2\u00A0money\u00E2\u0080\u009D\t\r \u00C2\u00A0there\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0only\t\r \u00C2\u00A07%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0disagreement\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Rosen,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02004).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Whether\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Chinese\t\r \u00C2\u00A0youth\t\r \u00C2\u00A0should\t\r \u00C2\u00A0be\t\r \u00C2\u00A0seen\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0shallow\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0debatable,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0it\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0natural\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0secure\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0future\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0oneself\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0any\t\r \u00C2\u00A0culture,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0no\t\r \u00C2\u00A0comparison\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0made\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Western\t\r \u00C2\u00A0youth,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0who\t\r \u00C2\u00A0could\t\r \u00C2\u00A0share\t\r \u00C2\u00A0similar\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ideas.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0More\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0line\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0purpose\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0this\t\r \u00C2\u00A0paper\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A02012\t\r \u00C2\u00A0study\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0university\t\r \u00C2\u00A0students\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Yangtze\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Delta\t\r \u00C2\u00A0exploring\t\r \u00C2\u00A0desire\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ownership.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0The\t\r \u00C2\u00A0initiative\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0study\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0grounded\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0fact\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A025-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u009029\t\r \u00C2\u00A0year\t\r \u00C2\u00A0age\t\r \u00C2\u00A0group\t\r \u00C2\u00A0compose\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0largest\t\r \u00C2\u00A0portion\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0purchases\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0China\t\r \u00C2\u00A0now,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0today\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\t\r \u00C2\u00A0university\t\r \u00C2\u00A0student\t\r \u00C2\u00A0may\t\r \u00C2\u00A0buy\t\r \u00C2\u00A0their\t\r \u00C2\u00A0own\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cars\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0soon\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0five\t\r \u00C2\u00A0years\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Zhu,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02012).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0A\t\r \u00C2\u00A0surprising\t\r \u00C2\u00A0finding\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0though\t\r \u00C2\u00A0at\t\r \u00C2\u00A0least\t\r \u00C2\u00A0two-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090thirds\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0students\t\r \u00C2\u00A0felt\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cars\t\r \u00C2\u00A0had\t\r \u00C2\u00A0positive\t\r \u00C2\u00A0instrumental\t\r \u00C2\u00A0value,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0full\t\r \u00C2\u00A025%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0students\t\r \u00C2\u00A0felt\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cars\t\r \u00C2\u00A0did\t\r \u00C2\u00A0not\t\r \u00C2\u00A0give\t\r \u00C2\u00A0them\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0travel\t\r \u00C2\u00A0options\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Zhu,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02012).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Similarly,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0though\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cars\t\r \u00C2\u00A0were\t\r \u00C2\u00A0held\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0positive\t\r \u00C2\u00A0light\t\r \u00C2\u00A0by\t\r \u00C2\u00A0at\t\r \u00C2\u00A0least\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0plurality\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0respondents,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0significant\t\r \u00C2\u00A0numbers\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(22%-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u009039%,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0depending\t\r \u00C2\u00A0on\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0question)\t\r \u00C2\u00A0were\t\r \u00C2\u00A0less\t\r \u00C2\u00A0enthusiastic\t\r \u00C2\u00A0about\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cars\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Zhu,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02012).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0In\t\r \u00C2\u00A0contrast\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Kopnina\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\t\r \u00C2\u00A0findings,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0students\t\r \u00C2\u00A0from\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090owning\t\r \u00C2\u00A0families\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0China\t\r \u00C2\u00A0seem\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0have\t\r \u00C2\u00A0higher\t\r \u00C2\u00A0psychosocial\t\r \u00C2\u00A0opinions\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cars\t\r \u00C2\u00A0than\t\r \u00C2\u00A0students\t\r \u00C2\u00A0from\t\r \u00C2\u00A0non-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090car-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090owning\t\r \u00C2\u00A0families,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Zhu\t\r \u00C2\u00A0speculating\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0relevant\t\r \u00C2\u00A0symbol\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0success\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0 22\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 (Zhu,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02012).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0A\t\r \u00C2\u00A0gender\t\r \u00C2\u00A0dynamic\t\r \u00C2\u00A0emerged\t\r \u00C2\u00A0too,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0men\t\r \u00C2\u00A0held\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0higher\t\r \u00C2\u00A0psychosocial\t\r \u00C2\u00A0attitude\t\r \u00C2\u00A0towards\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cars,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0unsurprising\t\r \u00C2\u00A0given\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0same\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0found\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Hong\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Kong\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Cullinane,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02010),\t\r \u00C2\u00A0whereas\t\r \u00C2\u00A0women\t\r \u00C2\u00A0held\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0positive\t\r \u00C2\u00A0instrumental\t\r \u00C2\u00A0view\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0vehicle\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ownership\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Zhu,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02012).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0The\t\r \u00C2\u00A0most\t\r \u00C2\u00A0dangerous\t\r \u00C2\u00A0harbinger\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0future\t\r \u00C2\u00A0behavior,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0if\t\r \u00C2\u00A0we\t\r \u00C2\u00A0accept\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0university\t\r \u00C2\u00A0students\t\r \u00C2\u00A0will\t\r \u00C2\u00A0follow\t\r \u00C2\u00A0through\t\r \u00C2\u00A0on\t\r \u00C2\u00A0their\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ambitions,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A065%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0surveyed\t\r \u00C2\u00A0students\t\r \u00C2\u00A0agreed\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0statement\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0they\t\r \u00C2\u00A0will\t\r \u00C2\u00A0definitely\t\r \u00C2\u00A0buy\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0when\t\r \u00C2\u00A0financially\t\r \u00C2\u00A0able\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Zhu,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02012).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Given\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0already\t\r \u00C2\u00A0dangerous\t\r \u00C2\u00A0levels\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0congestion\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0pollution\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Chinese\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cities,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0it\t\r \u00C2\u00A0gives\t\r \u00C2\u00A0one\t\r \u00C2\u00A0pause\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0imagine\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0future\t\r \u00C2\u00A0where\t\r \u00C2\u00A0nearly\t\r \u00C2\u00A0two-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090thirds\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0homes\t\r \u00C2\u00A0own\t\r \u00C2\u00A0their\t\r \u00C2\u00A0own\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cars.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Gu\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Hung\t\r \u00C2\u00A0point\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transfer\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0values\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0generational\t\r \u00C2\u00A0activity,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0passed\t\r \u00C2\u00A0down\t\r \u00C2\u00A0from\t\r \u00C2\u00A0parents\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0youth,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0process\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0has\t\r \u00C2\u00A0been\t\r \u00C2\u00A0interrupted\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0modern\t\r \u00C2\u00A0day\t\r \u00C2\u00A0China\t\r \u00C2\u00A0by\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0chasm\t\r \u00C2\u00A0between\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0generation\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0lived\t\r \u00C2\u00A0through\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Cultural\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Revolution\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0youth\t\r \u00C2\u00A0today\t\r \u00C2\u00A0who\t\r \u00C2\u00A0are\t\r \u00C2\u00A0embedded\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0globalized\t\r \u00C2\u00A0world\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Gu\t\r \u00C2\u00A0&\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Hung,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02009).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0These\t\r \u00C2\u00A0differences\t\r \u00C2\u00A0are\t\r \u00C2\u00A0said\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0stem\t\r \u00C2\u00A0from\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0become\t\r \u00C2\u00A0exaggerated\t\r \u00C2\u00A0by\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0difference\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0media\t\r \u00C2\u00A0exposure\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0financial\t\r \u00C2\u00A0pressures\t\r \u00C2\u00A0felt\t\r \u00C2\u00A0by\t\r \u00C2\u00A0each\t\r \u00C2\u00A0respective\t\r \u00C2\u00A0generation,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0thus\t\r \u00C2\u00A0contributing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0disruption\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transferred\t\r \u00C2\u00A0values.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Gu\t\r \u00C2\u00A0&\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Hung,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02009).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Acquisition\t\r \u00C2\u00A0centrality\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0novelty\t\r \u00C2\u00A0seeking\t\r \u00C2\u00A0are\t\r \u00C2\u00A0central\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0adoption\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0materialism,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0placed\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0center\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0person\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\t\r \u00C2\u00A0life\t\r \u00C2\u00A0by\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0satisfaction\t\r \u00C2\u00A0found\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0obtaining\t\r \u00C2\u00A0certain\t\r \u00C2\u00A0goods\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Gu\t\r \u00C2\u00A0&\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Hung,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02009).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0It\t\r \u00C2\u00A0has\t\r \u00C2\u00A0already\t\r \u00C2\u00A0been\t\r \u00C2\u00A0seen\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0materialistic\t\r \u00C2\u00A0traits\t\r \u00C2\u00A0are\t\r \u00C2\u00A0being\t\r \u00C2\u00A0integrated\t\r \u00C2\u00A0into\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0behavior\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Chinese\t\r \u00C2\u00A0youth,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0though\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0measures\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0materialism\t\r \u00C2\u00A0are\t\r \u00C2\u00A0still\t\r \u00C2\u00A0less\t\r \u00C2\u00A0than\t\r \u00C2\u00A0seen\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0United\t\r \u00C2\u00A0States\t\r \u00C2\u00A0or\t\r \u00C2\u00A0even\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Japan\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Podoshen,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02011).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Materialism\t\r \u00C2\u00A0too\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0means\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0adapting\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0new\t\r \u00C2\u00A0society\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0which\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0children\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\t\r \u00C2\u00A0views\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0world\t\r \u00C2\u00A0may\t\r \u00C2\u00A0radically\t\r \u00C2\u00A0differ\t\r \u00C2\u00A0from\t\r \u00C2\u00A0their\t\r \u00C2\u00A0immediate\t\r \u00C2\u00A0predecessors,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0substituting\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0loss\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0community\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0traditional\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Chinese\t\r \u00C2\u00A0social\t\r \u00C2\u00A0values\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0their\t\r \u00C2\u00A0newfound\t\r \u00C2\u00A0purchasing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0power\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Gu\t\r \u00C2\u00A0&\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Hung,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02009).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0It\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0most\t\r \u00C2\u00A0economically\t\r \u00C2\u00A0developed\t\r \u00C2\u00A0corners\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0China,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0youth\t\r \u00C2\u00A0have\t\r \u00C2\u00A0turned\t\r \u00C2\u00A0away\t\r \u00C2\u00A0from\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0prospect\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0steady\t\r \u00C2\u00A0government\t\r \u00C2\u00A0employment\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0directed\t\r \u00C2\u00A0themselves\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0higher\t\r \u00C2\u00A0education\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0aspirations\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0upward\t\r \u00C2\u00A0social\t\r \u00C2\u00A0mobility\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Podoshen,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02011).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0How\t\r \u00C2\u00A0materialism\t\r \u00C2\u00A0may\t\r \u00C2\u00A0change\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Chinese\t\r \u00C2\u00A0culture\t\r \u00C2\u00A0remains\t\r \u00C2\u00A0an\t\r \u00C2\u00A0open-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090ended\t\r \u00C2\u00A0question.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0 23\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A03.6\t\r \u00C2\u00A0POTENTIAL\t\r \u00C2\u00A0INTERVENTIONS\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Residents\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0any\t\r \u00C2\u00A0nation\t\r \u00C2\u00A0do\t\r \u00C2\u00A0not\t\r \u00C2\u00A0simply\t\r \u00C2\u00A0act\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0vacuum\t\r \u00C2\u00A0when\t\r \u00C2\u00A0it\t\r \u00C2\u00A0comes\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0choices\t\r \u00C2\u00A0they\t\r \u00C2\u00A0make\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0regard\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transportation\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0various\t\r \u00C2\u00A0policy\t\r \u00C2\u00A0measures\t\r \u00C2\u00A0can\t\r \u00C2\u00A0create\t\r \u00C2\u00A0influence.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Measures\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0interventions\t\r \u00C2\u00A0should\t\r \u00C2\u00A0be\t\r \u00C2\u00A0enacted\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0not\t\r \u00C2\u00A0only\t\r \u00C2\u00A0promote\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0use\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0slower\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0sustainable\t\r \u00C2\u00A0modes\t\r \u00C2\u00A0like\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cycling\t\r \u00C2\u00A0or\t\r \u00C2\u00A0walking,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0but\t\r \u00C2\u00A0also\t\r \u00C2\u00A0advocate\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0better\t\r \u00C2\u00A0public\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transit\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0reducing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0attractiveness\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ownership\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0use\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Beirao,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02007).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 The\t\r \u00C2\u00A0need\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0intervention\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0underscored\t\r \u00C2\u00A0by\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0notion\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0moral\t\r \u00C2\u00A0imperatives,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0like\t\r \u00C2\u00A0environmental\t\r \u00C2\u00A0protection,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0may\t\r \u00C2\u00A0not\t\r \u00C2\u00A0be\t\r \u00C2\u00A0enough\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0drive\t\r \u00C2\u00A0decision-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090making,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0decisions\t\r \u00C2\u00A0often\t\r \u00C2\u00A0break\t\r \u00C2\u00A0down\t\r \u00C2\u00A0into\t\r \u00C2\u00A0individual\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cost\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0benefit\t\r \u00C2\u00A0scenario\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Daboval,\t\r \u00C2\u00A01995).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Government\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0most\t\r \u00C2\u00A0obvious\t\r \u00C2\u00A0point\t\r \u00C2\u00A0at\t\r \u00C2\u00A0which\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0place\t\r \u00C2\u00A0interventions,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0particularly\t\r \u00C2\u00A0relevant\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0China\t\r \u00C2\u00A0where\t\r \u00C2\u00A0metropolitan\t\r \u00C2\u00A0areas\t\r \u00C2\u00A0are\t\r \u00C2\u00A0unified\t\r \u00C2\u00A0under\t\r \u00C2\u00A0single-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090entity\t\r \u00C2\u00A0county-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090level\t\r \u00C2\u00A0governments,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0creating\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0realm\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0which\t\r \u00C2\u00A0enacted\t\r \u00C2\u00A0policies\t\r \u00C2\u00A0can\t\r \u00C2\u00A0be\t\r \u00C2\u00A0universally\t\r \u00C2\u00A0applied\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Gakenheimer,\t\r \u00C2\u00A01999).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 One\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0simplest\t\r \u00C2\u00A0measures\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0stop\t\r \u00C2\u00A0building\t\r \u00C2\u00A0new\t\r \u00C2\u00A0roadways,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0halting\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0expansion\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0roadway\t\r \u00C2\u00A0capacity\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0allowing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0congestion\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0serve\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0disincentive\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0driving.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0In\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Hong\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Kong,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0congestion\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0enough\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0deterrent\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A047%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0owners\t\r \u00C2\u00A0left\t\r \u00C2\u00A0their\t\r \u00C2\u00A0vehicle\t\r \u00C2\u00A0at\t\r \u00C2\u00A0home,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0instead\t\r \u00C2\u00A0using\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transit\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Cullinane,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02003).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Similar\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0road\t\r \u00C2\u00A0capacity\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0provision\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0parking,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0both\t\r \u00C2\u00A0availability\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cost,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0working\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0brake\t\r \u00C2\u00A0on\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0usage.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0This\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0done\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0central\t\r \u00C2\u00A0areas\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Hong\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Kong\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0results\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0drivers\t\r \u00C2\u00A0are\t\r \u00C2\u00A0discouraged\t\r \u00C2\u00A0from\t\r \u00C2\u00A0using\t\r \u00C2\u00A0their\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cars\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Cullinane,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02003).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Past\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0limitations\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0expansion\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transit\t\r \u00C2\u00A0options,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0especially\t\r \u00C2\u00A0rail\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transit.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0In\t\r \u00C2\u00A0China,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cities\t\r \u00C2\u00A0are\t\r \u00C2\u00A0already\t\r \u00C2\u00A0at\t\r \u00C2\u00A0population\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(five\t\r \u00C2\u00A0million\t\r \u00C2\u00A0or\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more)\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0density\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(15,000\t\r \u00C2\u00A0persons\t\r \u00C2\u00A0per\t\r \u00C2\u00A0square\t\r \u00C2\u00A0kilometer)\t\r \u00C2\u00A0thresholds\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0are\t\r \u00C2\u00A0traditionally\t\r \u00C2\u00A0used\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0justify\t\r \u00C2\u00A0rail\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transit\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Cervero,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02008).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Metro\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transit,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0full\t\r \u00C2\u00A0grade\t\r \u00C2\u00A0separation,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0offers\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0reliable\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0frequent\t\r \u00C2\u00A0connection\t\r \u00C2\u00A0along\t\r \u00C2\u00A0its\t\r \u00C2\u00A0length\t\r \u00C2\u00A0free\t\r \u00C2\u00A0from\t\r \u00C2\u00A0any\t\r \u00C2\u00A0roadway\t\r \u00C2\u00A0surface\t\r \u00C2\u00A0congestion.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Rail\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transit\t\r \u00C2\u00A0also\t\r \u00C2\u00A0brings\t\r \u00C2\u00A0up\t\r \u00C2\u00A0issues\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0surrounding\t\r \u00C2\u00A0built-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090form\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0built\t\r \u00C2\u00A0environment\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Chinese\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cities\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0they\t\r \u00C2\u00A0expand\t\r \u00C2\u00A0their\t\r \u00C2\u00A0area\t\r \u00C2\u00A0at\t\r \u00C2\u00A0rates\t\r \u00C2\u00A0exceeding\t\r \u00C2\u00A0their\t\r \u00C2\u00A0population\t\r \u00C2\u00A0growth.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0For\t\r \u00C2\u00A0those\t\r \u00C2\u00A0living\t\r \u00C2\u00A0within\t\r \u00C2\u00A01\t\r \u00C2\u00A0kilometer\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0metro\t\r \u00C2\u00A0station,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0it\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0seen\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0there\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0much\t\r \u00C2\u00A0greater\t\r \u00C2\u00A0chance\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0metro\t\r \u00C2\u00A0rail\t\r \u00C2\u00A0would\t\r \u00C2\u00A0be\t\r \u00C2\u00A0used\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0 24\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 (Cervero,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02008).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Cities\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0developed\t\r \u00C2\u00A0rail-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090transit\t\r \u00C2\u00A0systems\t\r \u00C2\u00A0also\t\r \u00C2\u00A0tend\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0have\t\r \u00C2\u00A0better\t\r \u00C2\u00A0preserved\t\r \u00C2\u00A0downtown\t\r \u00C2\u00A0areas,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0an\t\r \u00C2\u00A0area\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0some\t\r \u00C2\u00A0concern\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0China\t\r \u00C2\u00A0where\t\r \u00C2\u00A0city\t\r \u00C2\u00A0centers\t\r \u00C2\u00A0are\t\r \u00C2\u00A0being\t\r \u00C2\u00A0eroded\t\r \u00C2\u00A0by\t\r \u00C2\u00A0diffusion\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0population\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0jobs\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Gakenheimer,\t\r \u00C2\u00A01999).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 One\t\r \u00C2\u00A0study\t\r \u00C2\u00A0found\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A010%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0expansion\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0size\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0rail\t\r \u00C2\u00A0network\t\r \u00C2\u00A0had\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0effect\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0reducing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0automobile\t\r \u00C2\u00A0use\t\r \u00C2\u00A0by\t\r \u00C2\u00A02%,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0modest\t\r \u00C2\u00A0but\t\r \u00C2\u00A0definite\t\r \u00C2\u00A0decline\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(de\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Grange,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02012).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0It\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0uncertain\t\r \u00C2\u00A0if\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0initial\t\r \u00C2\u00A0size\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0network\t\r \u00C2\u00A0created\t\r \u00C2\u00A0variations\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0this\t\r \u00C2\u00A0effect;\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0example\t\r \u00C2\u00A0do\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0small\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0large\t\r \u00C2\u00A0metro\t\r \u00C2\u00A0system\t\r \u00C2\u00A0share\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0same\t\r \u00C2\u00A0benefits\t\r \u00C2\u00A0from\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0proportionally\t\r \u00C2\u00A0equal\t\r \u00C2\u00A0expansion.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0The\t\r \u00C2\u00A0same\t\r \u00C2\u00A0article\t\r \u00C2\u00A0pointed\t\r \u00C2\u00A0out\t\r \u00C2\u00A0results\t\r \u00C2\u00A0saying\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0fare\t\r \u00C2\u00A0subsidies\t\r \u00C2\u00A0did\t\r \u00C2\u00A0little\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0stimulate\t\r \u00C2\u00A0increased\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transit\t\r \u00C2\u00A0usage\t\r \u00C2\u00A0however,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0consistent\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0past\t\r \u00C2\u00A0findings\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(de\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Grange,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02012).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Rail\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transit\t\r \u00C2\u00A0enjoys\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0positive\t\r \u00C2\u00A0perception\t\r \u00C2\u00A0than\t\r \u00C2\u00A0bus\t\r \u00C2\u00A0service.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Traits\t\r \u00C2\u00A0often\t\r \u00C2\u00A0associated\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0rail\t\r \u00C2\u00A0were\t\r \u00C2\u00A0its\t\r \u00C2\u00A0reliability,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0comfort,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0frequency,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0speed,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0spaciousness\t\r \u00C2\u00A0compared\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0buses\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Beirao,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02007).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0These\t\r \u00C2\u00A0attitudes\t\r \u00C2\u00A0were\t\r \u00C2\u00A0found\t\r \u00C2\u00A0even\t\r \u00C2\u00A0among\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0users\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Beirao,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02007),\t\r \u00C2\u00A0indicating\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0potential\t\r \u00C2\u00A0avenue\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0policy\t\r \u00C2\u00A0interventions\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0shift\t\r \u00C2\u00A0mode\t\r \u00C2\u00A0share\t\r \u00C2\u00A0towards\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transit.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Improving\t\r \u00C2\u00A0bus\t\r \u00C2\u00A0service\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0possible\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0has\t\r \u00C2\u00A0been\t\r \u00C2\u00A0undertaken\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0many\t\r \u00C2\u00A0places.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Asian\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cities\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0had\t\r \u00C2\u00A0undertaken\t\r \u00C2\u00A0comprehensive\t\r \u00C2\u00A0reform\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0their\t\r \u00C2\u00A0bus\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transit\t\r \u00C2\u00A0provision\t\r \u00C2\u00A0found\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0speed\t\r \u00C2\u00A0improved\t\r \u00C2\u00A0significantly\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(30-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u009075%)\t\r \u00C2\u00A0when\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0median\t\r \u00C2\u00A0bus\t\r \u00C2\u00A0lane\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0created,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A017%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0increase\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ridership\t\r \u00C2\u00A0followed,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0on\t\r \u00C2\u00A0average,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0along\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0metro\t\r \u00C2\u00A0riders\t\r \u00C2\u00A0fed\t\r \u00C2\u00A0by\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0increased\t\r \u00C2\u00A0bus\t\r \u00C2\u00A0patronage\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Yamamoto,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02011).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Doing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0so\t\r \u00C2\u00A0fights\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0risk\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0buses\t\r \u00C2\u00A0bogging\t\r \u00C2\u00A0down\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0slow\t\r \u00C2\u00A0surface\t\r \u00C2\u00A0traffic\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0can\t\r \u00C2\u00A0also\t\r \u00C2\u00A0create\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0better\t\r \u00C2\u00A0perception\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0buses\t\r \u00C2\u00A0among\t\r \u00C2\u00A0residents.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Equity\t\r \u00C2\u00A0issues\t\r \u00C2\u00A0can\t\r \u00C2\u00A0arise\t\r \u00C2\u00A0when\t\r \u00C2\u00A0punitive\t\r \u00C2\u00A0measures\t\r \u00C2\u00A0place\t\r \u00C2\u00A0financial\t\r \u00C2\u00A0costs\t\r \u00C2\u00A0on\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0use,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0wealthy\t\r \u00C2\u00A0are\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0better\t\r \u00C2\u00A0position\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0pay\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0costs\t\r \u00C2\u00A0are\t\r \u00C2\u00A0considered.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Driving\t\r \u00C2\u00A0bans,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0such\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Beijing\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\t\r \u00C2\u00A0license\t\r \u00C2\u00A0plate\t\r \u00C2\u00A0number\t\r \u00C2\u00A0scheme\t\r \u00C2\u00A0or\t\r \u00C2\u00A0London\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\t\r \u00C2\u00A0congestion\t\r \u00C2\u00A0charge\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0access\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0central\t\r \u00C2\u00A0city,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0have\t\r \u00C2\u00A0been\t\r \u00C2\u00A0called\t\r \u00C2\u00A0into\t\r \u00C2\u00A0question\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0second\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cars\t\r \u00C2\u00A0can\t\r \u00C2\u00A0be\t\r \u00C2\u00A0purchased\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0circumvent\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Beijing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0policy\t\r \u00C2\u00A0or\t\r \u00C2\u00A0those\t\r \u00C2\u00A0able\t\r \u00C2\u00A0may\t\r \u00C2\u00A0simply\t\r \u00C2\u00A0pay\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0access\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0London\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Wang,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02010).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0However\t\r \u00C2\u00A0given\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ownership\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0biased\t\r \u00C2\u00A0towards\t\r \u00C2\u00A0those\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0means\t\r \u00C2\u00A0anyway,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0equity\t\r \u00C2\u00A0issue\t\r \u00C2\u00A0seems\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0lie\t\r \u00C2\u00A0not\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0penalizing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0driving\t\r \u00C2\u00A0but\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0better\t\r \u00C2\u00A0facilitating\t\r \u00C2\u00A0other\t\r \u00C2\u00A0modes.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0 25\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Limiting\t\r \u00C2\u00A0roadway\t\r \u00C2\u00A0access\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0improving\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transit\t\r \u00C2\u00A0have\t\r \u00C2\u00A0been\t\r \u00C2\u00A0advocated\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0solutions\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Chinese\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cities\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Gakenheimer,\t\r \u00C2\u00A01999).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0It\t\r \u00C2\u00A0seems\t\r \u00C2\u00A0clear\t\r \u00C2\u00A0from\t\r \u00C2\u00A0demographic\t\r \u00C2\u00A0data,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0recent\t\r \u00C2\u00A0built\t\r \u00C2\u00A0form,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0sales\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0no\t\r \u00C2\u00A0single\t\r \u00C2\u00A0intervention\t\r \u00C2\u00A0alone\t\r \u00C2\u00A0will\t\r \u00C2\u00A0solve\t\r \u00C2\u00A0congestion\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0environmental\t\r \u00C2\u00A0challenges\t\r \u00C2\u00A0posed\t\r \u00C2\u00A0by\t\r \u00C2\u00A0private\t\r \u00C2\u00A0vehicles.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Instead\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0menu\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0options\t\r \u00C2\u00A0should\t\r \u00C2\u00A0be\t\r \u00C2\u00A0fostered\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0tested\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0find\t\r \u00C2\u00A0solutions\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0are\t\r \u00C2\u00A0both\t\r \u00C2\u00A0acceptable\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0public\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0effective.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 In\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Singapore\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0number\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0policies\t\r \u00C2\u00A0exist\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0limit\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ownership\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0discourage\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0usage\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0most\t\r \u00C2\u00A0congested\t\r \u00C2\u00A0parts\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0city-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090state.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0The\t\r \u00C2\u00A0list\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0policies\t\r \u00C2\u00A0used\t\r \u00C2\u00A0by\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Singapore\t\r \u00C2\u00A0includes\t\r \u00C2\u00A0congestion\t\r \u00C2\u00A0charging\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0central\t\r \u00C2\u00A0areas,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0restraints\t\r \u00C2\u00A0on\t\r \u00C2\u00A0auto\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ownership\t\r \u00C2\u00A0through\t\r \u00C2\u00A0high\t\r \u00C2\u00A0license\t\r \u00C2\u00A0costs,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ongoing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transit\t\r \u00C2\u00A0investments,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0land-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090use\t\r \u00C2\u00A0choices\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0support\t\r \u00C2\u00A0these\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transportation\t\r \u00C2\u00A0strategies\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Pendyala\t\r \u00C2\u00A0&\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Kitamura,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02007).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 The\t\r \u00C2\u00A0combined\t\r \u00C2\u00A0effect\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Singapore\t\r \u00C2\u00A0has\t\r \u00C2\u00A0been\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0auto\t\r \u00C2\u00A0traffic\t\r \u00C2\u00A0has\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0commute\t\r \u00C2\u00A0mode\t\r \u00C2\u00A0share\t\r \u00C2\u00A0under\t\r \u00C2\u00A025%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0rates\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ownership\t\r \u00C2\u00A0hover\t\r \u00C2\u00A0around\t\r \u00C2\u00A010\t\r \u00C2\u00A0per\t\r \u00C2\u00A0every\t\r \u00C2\u00A0100\t\r \u00C2\u00A0people,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0all\t\r \u00C2\u00A0without\t\r \u00C2\u00A0impacting\t\r \u00C2\u00A0rapid\t\r \u00C2\u00A0local\t\r \u00C2\u00A0economic\t\r \u00C2\u00A0expansion\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Singaporean\t\r \u00C2\u00A0economy\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Pendyala\t\r \u00C2\u00A0&\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Kitamura,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02007).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Given\t\r \u00C2\u00A0similar\t\r \u00C2\u00A0demographics,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0levels\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0state\t\r \u00C2\u00A0control,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cultural\t\r \u00C2\u00A0background,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Singapore\t\r \u00C2\u00A0may\t\r \u00C2\u00A0offer\t\r \u00C2\u00A0an\t\r \u00C2\u00A0instructive\t\r \u00C2\u00A0example\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Chinese\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cities\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0consider\t\r \u00C2\u00A0when\t\r \u00C2\u00A0creating\t\r \u00C2\u00A0their\t\r \u00C2\u00A0own\t\r \u00C2\u00A0policies.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 While\t\r \u00C2\u00A0congestion\t\r \u00C2\u00A0charging\t\r \u00C2\u00A0schemes\t\r \u00C2\u00A0have\t\r \u00C2\u00A0been\t\r \u00C2\u00A0considered\t\r \u00C2\u00A0somewhat\t\r \u00C2\u00A0difficult\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0implement\t\r \u00C2\u00A0given\t\r \u00C2\u00A0their\t\r \u00C2\u00A0technical\t\r \u00C2\u00A0demands,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0parking\t\r \u00C2\u00A0restrictions\t\r \u00C2\u00A0have\t\r \u00C2\u00A0been\t\r \u00C2\u00A0pointed\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0an\t\r \u00C2\u00A0alternative\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0similar\t\r \u00C2\u00A0effects\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Wang,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02010).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0By\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transferring\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0economic\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cost\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0parking\t\r \u00C2\u00A0spaces\t\r \u00C2\u00A0onto\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0user,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0an\t\r \u00C2\u00A0effective\t\r \u00C2\u00A0driving\t\r \u00C2\u00A0discouragement\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0put\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0place\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Wang,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02010).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0This\t\r \u00C2\u00A0could\t\r \u00C2\u00A0be\t\r \u00C2\u00A0easier\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0implement\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0enforce\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Chinese\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cities\t\r \u00C2\u00A0without\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0same\t\r \u00C2\u00A0technical\t\r \u00C2\u00A0requirements\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0capital\t\r \u00C2\u00A0costs\t\r \u00C2\u00A0facing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0congestion\t\r \u00C2\u00A0charging.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Even\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Western\t\r \u00C2\u00A0countries\t\r \u00C2\u00A0there\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0support\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0restrictions\t\r \u00C2\u00A0on\t\r \u00C2\u00A0driving\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0greater\t\r \u00C2\u00A0investments\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0public\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transit.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0A\t\r \u00C2\u00A0UK\t\r \u00C2\u00A0study\t\r \u00C2\u00A0found\t\r \u00C2\u00A0over\t\r \u00C2\u00A095%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0support\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transit,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0speed\t\r \u00C2\u00A0reductions\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cars,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0prioritization\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transit,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0buses,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0pedestrians\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0roadways\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Goodwin\t\r \u00C2\u00A0&\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Lyons,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02010).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0The\t\r \u00C2\u00A0same\t\r \u00C2\u00A0survey\t\r \u00C2\u00A0saw\t\r \u00C2\u00A0respondents\t\r \u00C2\u00A0less\t\r \u00C2\u00A0enthused\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ideas\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0raising\t\r \u00C2\u00A0fees\t\r \u00C2\u00A0or\t\r \u00C2\u00A0usage\t\r \u00C2\u00A0costs\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cars,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0or\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cutting\t\r \u00C2\u00A0services\t\r \u00C2\u00A0like\t\r \u00C2\u00A0road\t\r \u00C2\u00A0maintenance\t\r \u00C2\u00A0or\t\r \u00C2\u00A0reduced\t\r \u00C2\u00A0spending\t\r \u00C2\u00A0on\t\r \u00C2\u00A0new\t\r \u00C2\u00A0roads\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Goodwin\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0 26\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 &\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Lyons,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02010).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0How\t\r \u00C2\u00A0these\t\r \u00C2\u00A0viewpoints\t\r \u00C2\u00A0may\t\r \u00C2\u00A0differ\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Chinese\t\r \u00C2\u00A0context\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0still\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0matter\t\r \u00C2\u00A0deserving\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0attention.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Policies\t\r \u00C2\u00A0restricting\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0usage\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ownership\t\r \u00C2\u00A0have\t\r \u00C2\u00A0had\t\r \u00C2\u00A0positive\t\r \u00C2\u00A0effects\t\r \u00C2\u00A0on\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transit\t\r \u00C2\u00A0usage,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cities\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0good\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0restriction\t\r \u00C2\u00A0policies\t\r \u00C2\u00A0have\t\r \u00C2\u00A0seen\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0use\t\r \u00C2\u00A0decline\t\r \u00C2\u00A020-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u009030%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0accompanied\t\r \u00C2\u00A0by\t\r \u00C2\u00A0similar\t\r \u00C2\u00A0rises\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transit\t\r \u00C2\u00A0usage\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(de\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Grange,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02012).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0These\t\r \u00C2\u00A0are\t\r \u00C2\u00A0not\t\r \u00C2\u00A0numbers\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0scoff\t\r \u00C2\u00A0at\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0offer\t\r \u00C2\u00A0considerable\t\r \u00C2\u00A0hope\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Chinese\t\r \u00C2\u00A0metropolises.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Beyond\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transportation-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090only\t\r \u00C2\u00A0policies,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0realm\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0land\t\r \u00C2\u00A0use\t\r \u00C2\u00A0planning\t\r \u00C2\u00A0holds\t\r \u00C2\u00A0potential\t\r \u00C2\u00A0by\t\r \u00C2\u00A0supporting\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transport\t\r \u00C2\u00A0strategies\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0appropriate\t\r \u00C2\u00A0built\t\r \u00C2\u00A0form.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0China\t\r \u00C2\u00A0has\t\r \u00C2\u00A0an\t\r \u00C2\u00A0advantage\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0this\t\r \u00C2\u00A0regard\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0urban\t\r \u00C2\u00A0land\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0under\t\r \u00C2\u00A0public\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ownership\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0local\t\r \u00C2\u00A0county\t\r \u00C2\u00A0or\t\r \u00C2\u00A0city\t\r \u00C2\u00A0government\t\r \u00C2\u00A0exercises\t\r \u00C2\u00A0direct\t\r \u00C2\u00A0authority\t\r \u00C2\u00A0over\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0entire\t\r \u00C2\u00A0region,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0creating\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0much\t\r \u00C2\u00A0stronger\t\r \u00C2\u00A0chance\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0successful\t\r \u00C2\u00A0interventions\t\r \u00C2\u00A0if\t\r \u00C2\u00A0laws\t\r \u00C2\u00A0are\t\r \u00C2\u00A0applied\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0rigor\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Pan,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02009).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0It\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0particularly\t\r \u00C2\u00A0relevant\t\r \u00C2\u00A0notion\t\r \u00C2\u00A0too\t\r \u00C2\u00A0at\t\r \u00C2\u00A0this\t\r \u00C2\u00A0stage\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0urban\t\r \u00C2\u00A0development,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0critical\t\r \u00C2\u00A0moment\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0formation\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0middle-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090class\t\r \u00C2\u00A0lifestyles,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Chinese\t\r \u00C2\u00A0government\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ought\t\r \u00C2\u00A0not\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0shy\t\r \u00C2\u00A0away\t\r \u00C2\u00A0from\t\r \u00C2\u00A0its\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ability\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0intervene\t\r \u00C2\u00A0or\t\r \u00C2\u00A0remain\t\r \u00C2\u00A0complicit\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0motorization\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0country.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 The\t\r \u00C2\u00A0power\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0influence\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0predominant\t\r \u00C2\u00A0lifestyles\t\r \u00C2\u00A0on\t\r \u00C2\u00A0youth\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0another\t\r \u00C2\u00A0reason\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0act\t\r \u00C2\u00A0now,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0children\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\t\r \u00C2\u00A0views\t\r \u00C2\u00A0are\t\r \u00C2\u00A0so\t\r \u00C2\u00A0often\t\r \u00C2\u00A0influenced\t\r \u00C2\u00A0by\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0culture\t\r \u00C2\u00A0they\t\r \u00C2\u00A0grow\t\r \u00C2\u00A0up\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Increasingly\t\r \u00C2\u00A0children,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0teens,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0university\t\r \u00C2\u00A0students\t\r \u00C2\u00A0are\t\r \u00C2\u00A0given\t\r \u00C2\u00A0their\t\r \u00C2\u00A0own\t\r \u00C2\u00A0discretionary\t\r \u00C2\u00A0spending\t\r \u00C2\u00A0income\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0take\t\r \u00C2\u00A0on\t\r \u00C2\u00A0roles\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0consumers\t\r \u00C2\u00A0at\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0younger\t\r \u00C2\u00A0age\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Veeck\t\r \u00C2\u00A0&\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Flurry,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02009).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0This\t\r \u00C2\u00A0role\t\r \u00C2\u00A0has\t\r \u00C2\u00A0been\t\r \u00C2\u00A0embraced\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0nearly\t\r \u00C2\u00A0two-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090thirds\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Chinese\t\r \u00C2\u00A0teens\t\r \u00C2\u00A0feeling\t\r \u00C2\u00A0pressured\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0keep\t\r \u00C2\u00A0up\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0trends\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0fashion\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0technology,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0showing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0strong\t\r \u00C2\u00A0brand\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cognizance\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0means\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0competing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0keeping\t\r \u00C2\u00A0up\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0their\t\r \u00C2\u00A0peers\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Veeck\t\r \u00C2\u00A0&\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Flurry,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02009).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 On\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0much\t\r \u00C2\u00A0smaller\t\r \u00C2\u00A0scale\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0idea\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0personalized\t\r \u00C2\u00A0interventions.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0These\t\r \u00C2\u00A0consist\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0efforts\t\r \u00C2\u00A0typically\t\r \u00C2\u00A0sponsored\t\r \u00C2\u00A0by\t\r \u00C2\u00A0government\t\r \u00C2\u00A0agencies\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0contact\t\r \u00C2\u00A0individuals\t\r \u00C2\u00A0directly,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0offering\t\r \u00C2\u00A0materials\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0support\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0moving\t\r \u00C2\u00A0away\t\r \u00C2\u00A0from\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0travel\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0sustainable\t\r \u00C2\u00A0modes\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Brog,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02009).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0The\t\r \u00C2\u00A0advantage\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0these\t\r \u00C2\u00A0efforts\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0they\t\r \u00C2\u00A0don\u00E2\u0080\u0099t\t\r \u00C2\u00A0bear\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0same\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cost\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0burdens\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0large-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090scale\t\r \u00C2\u00A0infrastructure\t\r \u00C2\u00A0or\t\r \u00C2\u00A0technology-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090based\t\r \u00C2\u00A0solutions\t\r \u00C2\u00A0do.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 In\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Germany,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0those\t\r \u00C2\u00A0contacted\t\r \u00C2\u00A0through\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0program\t\r \u00C2\u00A0seeking\t\r \u00C2\u00A0individual-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090level\t\r \u00C2\u00A0change\t\r \u00C2\u00A0showed\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0high\t\r \u00C2\u00A0willingness\t\r \u00C2\u00A0not\t\r \u00C2\u00A0only\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0participate\t\r \u00C2\u00A0but\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0voluntary\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0 27\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 actions\t\r \u00C2\u00A0introduced\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0them\t\r \u00C2\u00A0were\t\r \u00C2\u00A0often\t\r \u00C2\u00A0successful\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0lasting\t\r \u00C2\u00A0means\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0weaning\t\r \u00C2\u00A0people\t\r \u00C2\u00A0onto\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0sustainable\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transportation\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Brog,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02009).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0A\t\r \u00C2\u00A0similar\t\r \u00C2\u00A0program\t\r \u00C2\u00A0rolled\t\r \u00C2\u00A0out\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Western\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Australia\t\r \u00C2\u00A0found\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A07%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0reduction\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0trips\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A017%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0increase\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0sustainable\t\r \u00C2\u00A0modes,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0defined\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0public\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transit,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0walking,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0or\t\r \u00C2\u00A0biking\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Borg,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02009).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Whether\t\r \u00C2\u00A0such\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0strategy\t\r \u00C2\u00A0would\t\r \u00C2\u00A0be\t\r \u00C2\u00A0successful\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0China\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0unknown,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0both\t\r \u00C2\u00A0aforementioned\t\r \u00C2\u00A0examples\t\r \u00C2\u00A0took\t\r \u00C2\u00A0place\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Western\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cultures.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0More\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0point,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0even\t\r \u00C2\u00A0if\t\r \u00C2\u00A0small-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090scale\t\r \u00C2\u00A0interventions\t\r \u00C2\u00A0proved\t\r \u00C2\u00A0effective,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0their\t\r \u00C2\u00A0scope\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0not\t\r \u00C2\u00A0large\t\r \u00C2\u00A0enough\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0affect\t\r \u00C2\u00A0change\t\r \u00C2\u00A0on\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0level\t\r \u00C2\u00A0or\t\r \u00C2\u00A0pace\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0needed\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0China\t\r \u00C2\u00A0today.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0The\t\r \u00C2\u00A0speed\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0urbanization\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0motorization\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0too\t\r \u00C2\u00A0great\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0allow\t\r \u00C2\u00A0small\t\r \u00C2\u00A0solutions\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0eat\t\r \u00C2\u00A0away\t\r \u00C2\u00A0at\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0desire\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0private\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car;\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0sophisticated\t\r \u00C2\u00A0array\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0large-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090scale\t\r \u00C2\u00A0strategies\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0needed\t\r \u00C2\u00A0if\t\r \u00C2\u00A0China\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\t\r \u00C2\u00A0urban\t\r \u00C2\u00A0centers\t\r \u00C2\u00A0are\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0make\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0meaningful\t\r \u00C2\u00A0impact\t\r \u00C2\u00A0on\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0rampant\t\r \u00C2\u00A0rush\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cars\t\r \u00C2\u00A0by\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0middle\t\r \u00C2\u00A0class.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A03.7\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 NEED\t\r \u00C2\u00A0FOR\t\r \u00C2\u00A0FURTHER\t\r \u00C2\u00A0RESEARCH\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 While\t\r \u00C2\u00A0extensive\t\r \u00C2\u00A0research\t\r \u00C2\u00A0has\t\r \u00C2\u00A0been\t\r \u00C2\u00A0conducted\t\r \u00C2\u00A0on\t\r \u00C2\u00A0China,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0country\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0so\t\r \u00C2\u00A0expansive\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0rapidly\t\r \u00C2\u00A0changing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0most\t\r \u00C2\u00A0studies\t\r \u00C2\u00A0today\t\r \u00C2\u00A0can\t\r \u00C2\u00A0best\t\r \u00C2\u00A0be\t\r \u00C2\u00A0seen\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0snapshots\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0passing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0eras.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0There\t\r \u00C2\u00A0are\t\r \u00C2\u00A0also\t\r \u00C2\u00A0research\t\r \u00C2\u00A0gaps,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0though\t\r \u00C2\u00A0research\t\r \u00C2\u00A0exists\t\r \u00C2\u00A0on\t\r \u00C2\u00A0youths\t\r \u00C2\u00A0or\t\r \u00C2\u00A0motorization\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0urbanization\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0China,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0there\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0no\t\r \u00C2\u00A0research\t\r \u00C2\u00A0connecting\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0above\t\r \u00C2\u00A0topics\t\r \u00C2\u00A0save\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0recent\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Zhu\t\r \u00C2\u00A0study\t\r \u00C2\u00A0on\t\r \u00C2\u00A0university\t\r \u00C2\u00A0students\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Yangtze\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Delta.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Students\t\r \u00C2\u00A0at\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0secondary\t\r \u00C2\u00A0level\t\r \u00C2\u00A0are\t\r \u00C2\u00A0even\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0neglected\t\r \u00C2\u00A0by\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0academic\t\r \u00C2\u00A0world.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 As\t\r \u00C2\u00A0seen\t\r \u00C2\u00A0above,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0China\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0at\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0critical\t\r \u00C2\u00A0time,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0income\t\r \u00C2\u00A0set\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0reach\t\r \u00C2\u00A0thresholds\t\r \u00C2\u00A0at\t\r \u00C2\u00A0which\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0numbers\t\r \u00C2\u00A0will\t\r \u00C2\u00A0likely\t\r \u00C2\u00A0boom.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0The\t\r \u00C2\u00A0effects,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0both\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0China\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0world,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0could\t\r \u00C2\u00A0be\t\r \u00C2\u00A0disastrous.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Too\t\r \u00C2\u00A0often\t\r \u00C2\u00A0decision-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090making\t\r \u00C2\u00A0processes,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0such\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transportation,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0become\t\r \u00C2\u00A0portioned\t\r \u00C2\u00A0out\t\r \u00C2\u00A0into\t\r \u00C2\u00A0smaller\t\r \u00C2\u00A0spheres\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0responsibility,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0broken\t\r \u00C2\u00A0into\t\r \u00C2\u00A0components\t\r \u00C2\u00A0based\t\r \u00C2\u00A0on\t\r \u00C2\u00A0economics\t\r \u00C2\u00A0or\t\r \u00C2\u00A0social\t\r \u00C2\u00A0programs\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Fang\t\r \u00C2\u00A0&\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Hong,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02006).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0A\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0holistic\t\r \u00C2\u00A0view\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0policy\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0relationships\t\r \u00C2\u00A0intertwined\t\r \u00C2\u00A0within\t\r \u00C2\u00A0would\t\r \u00C2\u00A0benefit\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cities.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0China\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0also\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0unique\t\r \u00C2\u00A0position\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0influence\t\r \u00C2\u00A0these\t\r \u00C2\u00A0choices,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0high-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090level\t\r \u00C2\u00A0governments\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0administrative\t\r \u00C2\u00A0power\t\r \u00C2\u00A0over\t\r \u00C2\u00A0large\t\r \u00C2\u00A0areas\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0fiscal\t\r \u00C2\u00A0means,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0such\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Chinese\t\r \u00C2\u00A0localities,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0are\t\r \u00C2\u00A0shown\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0have\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0greater\t\r \u00C2\u00A0influence\t\r \u00C2\u00A0over\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0longer\t\r \u00C2\u00A0span\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0time\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Fang\t\r \u00C2\u00A0&\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Hong,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02006).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Given\t\r \u00C2\u00A0high-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090density,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0rapidly\t\r \u00C2\u00A0growing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0household\t\r \u00C2\u00A0incomes,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0 28\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0disproportionate\t\r \u00C2\u00A0physical\t\r \u00C2\u00A0spread\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Chinese\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cities,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0there\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0an\t\r \u00C2\u00A0acute\t\r \u00C2\u00A0need\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0effective\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transportation\t\r \u00C2\u00A0policies\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Wang,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02010).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 A\t\r \u00C2\u00A0frightening\t\r \u00C2\u00A0implication\t\r \u00C2\u00A0from\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Zhu\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\t\r \u00C2\u00A0study\t\r \u00C2\u00A0on\t\r \u00C2\u00A0university\t\r \u00C2\u00A0students\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0normative\t\r \u00C2\u00A0view\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0future\t\r \u00C2\u00A0everyone\t\r \u00C2\u00A0should\t\r \u00C2\u00A0have\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0social\t\r \u00C2\u00A0standard\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0could\t\r \u00C2\u00A0create\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0dangerous\t\r \u00C2\u00A0situation,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0especially\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0culture\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0socially\t\r \u00C2\u00A0conscious\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0China\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Zhu,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02012).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0In\t\r \u00C2\u00A0this\t\r \u00C2\u00A0sense,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0has\t\r \u00C2\u00A0already\t\r \u00C2\u00A0surpassed\t\r \u00C2\u00A0mere\t\r \u00C2\u00A0instrumental\t\r \u00C2\u00A0value,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0if\t\r \u00C2\u00A0means\t\r \u00C2\u00A0can\t\r \u00C2\u00A0be\t\r \u00C2\u00A0found\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0counter\t\r \u00C2\u00A0this,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0younger\t\r \u00C2\u00A0generation\t\r \u00C2\u00A0must\t\r \u00C2\u00A0be\t\r \u00C2\u00A0reached.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 If\t\r \u00C2\u00A0no\t\r \u00C2\u00A0solution\t\r \u00C2\u00A0can\t\r \u00C2\u00A0be\t\r \u00C2\u00A0found\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0lower\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0affective\t\r \u00C2\u00A0value\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ownership,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0then\t\r \u00C2\u00A0policies\t\r \u00C2\u00A0need\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0design\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0discourages\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0use\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0encourages\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0provides\t\r \u00C2\u00A0competitive\t\r \u00C2\u00A0alternative\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transportation\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Zhu,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02012).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0An\t\r \u00C2\u00A0analysis\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0attitudes\t\r \u00C2\u00A0held\t\r \u00C2\u00A0by\t\r \u00C2\u00A0secondary\t\r \u00C2\u00A0students\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0their\t\r \u00C2\u00A0reactions\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0proposed\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transportation\t\r \u00C2\u00A0policies\t\r \u00C2\u00A0may\t\r \u00C2\u00A0hold\t\r \u00C2\u00A0clues\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0addressing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0rush\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0private\t\r \u00C2\u00A0vehicle.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Findings\t\r \u00C2\u00A0from\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r 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\u00C2\u00A0English\t\r \u00C2\u00A0language\t\r \u00C2\u00A0teachers\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0goal\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0collecting\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0broader\t\r \u00C2\u00A0demographic\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0representative\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0country\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0whole.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Despite\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0jump\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0age\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0experiences\t\r \u00C2\u00A0between\t\r \u00C2\u00A0secondary\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0university\t\r \u00C2\u00A0students,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0it\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0hoped\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0meaningful\t\r \u00C2\u00A0array\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0responses\t\r \u00C2\u00A0could\t\r \u00C2\u00A0be\t\r \u00C2\u00A0collected\t\r \u00C2\u00A0over\t\r 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\u00C2\u00A0another\t\r \u00C2\u00A0key\t\r \u00C2\u00A0consideration.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Past\t\r \u00C2\u00A0research\t\r \u00C2\u00A0either\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0China\t\r \u00C2\u00A0or\t\r \u00C2\u00A0on\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transportation\t\r \u00C2\u00A0behavior\t\r \u00C2\u00A0have\t\r \u00C2\u00A0collected\t\r \u00C2\u00A0vastly\t\r \u00C2\u00A0differing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0amounts\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0responses,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0from\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0few\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A052\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090depth\t\r \u00C2\u00A0personal\t\r \u00C2\u00A0interviews\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Zhang,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02005)\t\r \u00C2\u00A0or\t\r \u00C2\u00A0139\t\r \u00C2\u00A0questionnaire\t\r \u00C2\u00A0results\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Podoshen,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02011)\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0many\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A01119\t\r \u00C2\u00A0responses\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Beijing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0survey\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Wang,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02011).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0A\t\r \u00C2\u00A0recent,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0related\t\r \u00C2\u00A0article\t\r \u00C2\u00A0concerning\t\r \u00C2\u00A0university\t\r \u00C2\u00A0students\u00E2\u0080\u0099\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ownership\t\r \u00C2\u00A0aspirations\t\r \u00C2\u00A0used\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0questionnaire\t\r \u00C2\u00A0targeted\t\r \u00C2\u00A0at\t\r \u00C2\u00A0two\t\r \u00C2\u00A0central\t\r \u00C2\u00A0China\t\r \u00C2\u00A0universities,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0achieving\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0return\t\r \u00C2\u00A0rate\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0973\t\r \u00C2\u00A0total\t\r \u00C2\u00A0responses,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0which\t\r \u00C2\u00A095%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0were\t\r \u00C2\u00A0usable.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0The\t\r \u00C2\u00A0response\t\r \u00C2\u00A0rate\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0high\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0well,\t\r \u00C2\u00A085%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0at\t\r \u00C2\u00A0one\t\r \u00C2\u00A0school,\t\r \u00C2\u00A090%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0at\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0other\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Zhu,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02012).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0These\t\r \u00C2\u00A0were\t\r \u00C2\u00A0seen\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0achievable\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0reasonable\t\r \u00C2\u00A0targets\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0creating\t\r \u00C2\u00A0robust\t\r \u00C2\u00A0research\t\r \u00C2\u00A0results.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 A\t\r \u00C2\u00A0three-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090tiered\t\r \u00C2\u00A0system\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0conducting\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0survey\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0conducted\t\r \u00C2\u00A0beginning\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0targeted\t\r \u00C2\u00A0convenience\t\r \u00C2\u00A0sample\t\r 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\u00C2\u00A0used.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 After\t\r \u00C2\u00A0including\t\r \u00C2\u00A0these\t\r \u00C2\u00A0two\t\r \u00C2\u00A0filters,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0sample\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0students\t\r \u00C2\u00A0within\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0school\t\r \u00C2\u00A0classrooms\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0census-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090style,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0survey\t\r \u00C2\u00A0given\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0all\t\r \u00C2\u00A0students\t\r \u00C2\u00A0present.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0For\t\r \u00C2\u00A0those\t\r \u00C2\u00A0opting\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0complete\t\r \u00C2\u00A0it,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0no\t\r \u00C2\u00A0personal\t\r \u00C2\u00A0identifying\t\r \u00C2\u00A0information\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0required\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0allow\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0lack\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0pressure\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u0098right\u00E2\u0080\u0099\t\r \u00C2\u00A0answers\t\r \u00C2\u00A0from\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0student\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\t\r \u00C2\u00A0perspective.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Here,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0no\t\r \u00C2\u00A0special\t\r \u00C2\u00A0consideration\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0given\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0differences\t\r \u00C2\u00A0between\t\r \u00C2\u00A0students\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0survey\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0distributed\t\r \u00C2\u00A0without\t\r \u00C2\u00A0bias.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 The\t\r \u00C2\u00A0group\t\r \u00C2\u00A0resulting\t\r \u00C2\u00A0from\t\r \u00C2\u00A0this\t\r \u00C2\u00A0sampling\t\r \u00C2\u00A0method\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0very\t\r \u00C2\u00A0much\t\r \u00C2\u00A0intentional.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Though\t\r \u00C2\u00A0it\t\r \u00C2\u00A0may\t\r \u00C2\u00A0be\t\r \u00C2\u00A0unfair,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0from\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0policy\t\r \u00C2\u00A0view\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0lower\t\r \u00C2\u00A0class\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0China\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0not\t\r \u00C2\u00A0realistically\t\r \u00C2\u00A0able\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0afford\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0However\t\r \u00C2\u00A0this\t\r \u00C2\u00A0sample\t\r \u00C2\u00A0produces\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0group\t\r \u00C2\u00A0from\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0higher-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090income\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0education\t\r \u00C2\u00A0bracket\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0likely\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0have\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0choice\t\r \u00C2\u00A0about\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0purchase\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0future,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0well\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0being\t\r \u00C2\u00A0represented\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0influenced)\t\r \u00C2\u00A0by\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0emergent\t\r \u00C2\u00A0middle-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090class\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0now\t\r \u00C2\u00A0serves\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0idealized\t\r \u00C2\u00A0life\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0China.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0SURVEY\t\r \u00C2\u00A0QUESTIONS\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 In\t\r \u00C2\u00A0order\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0analyze\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0number\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0different\t\r \u00C2\u00A0areas\t\r \u00C2\u00A0touching\t\r \u00C2\u00A0on\t\r \u00C2\u00A0an\t\r \u00C2\u00A0expanse\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0topics,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0survey\t\r \u00C2\u00A0design\t\r \u00C2\u00A0utilizing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0factor\t\r \u00C2\u00A0analysis\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0employed.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0This\t\r \u00C2\u00A0entailed\t\r \u00C2\u00A0clustering\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0certain\t\r \u00C2\u00A0elements,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0such\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0questions\t\r \u00C2\u00A0about\t\r \u00C2\u00A0materialism\t\r \u00C2\u00A0or\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ownership\t\r \u00C2\u00A0aspirations,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0together\t\r \u00C2\u00A0under\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0assumption\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0they\t\r \u00C2\u00A0would\t\r \u00C2\u00A0show\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0relation\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(DeVon\t\r \u00C2\u00A0&\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Block,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02007).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Another\t\r \u00C2\u00A0important\t\r \u00C2\u00A0concept\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0face\t\r 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\u00C2\u00A0comprehensive\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0usable\t\r \u00C2\u00A0final\t\r \u00C2\u00A0product.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0The\t\r \u00C2\u00A0last\t\r \u00C2\u00A0tool\t\r \u00C2\u00A0used\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0design\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0survey\t\r \u00C2\u00A0questions\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0concurrent\t\r \u00C2\u00A0validity.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Here\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0concept\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0tested\t\r \u00C2\u00A0through\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0use\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0related\t\r \u00C2\u00A0criteria\t\r \u00C2\u00A0within\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0survey\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(DeVon\t\r \u00C2\u00A0&\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Block,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02007).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0For\t\r \u00C2\u00A0this\t\r \u00C2\u00A0piece\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0research,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0this\t\r \u00C2\u00A0has\t\r \u00C2\u00A0been\t\r \u00C2\u00A0done\t\r \u00C2\u00A0by\t\r \u00C2\u00A0creating\t\r \u00C2\u00A0triangulating\t\r \u00C2\u00A0questions\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0target\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0same\t\r \u00C2\u00A0concept\t\r \u00C2\u00A0through\t\r \u00C2\u00A0different\t\r \u00C2\u00A0wording\t\r \u00C2\u00A0styles\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0choices,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ensuring\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0view\t\r \u00C2\u00A0may\t\r \u00C2\u00A0be\t\r \u00C2\u00A0validated\t\r \u00C2\u00A0through\t\r \u00C2\u00A0several\t\r \u00C2\u00A0different\t\r \u00C2\u00A0paths.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0 32\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 This\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0also\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0means\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0control\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0reliable\t\r \u00C2\u00A0results,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0conflicting\t\r \u00C2\u00A0viewpoints\t\r \u00C2\u00A0can\t\r \u00C2\u00A0be\t\r \u00C2\u00A0weeded\t\r \u00C2\u00A0out\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0initial\t\r \u00C2\u00A0review\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0collected\t\r \u00C2\u00A0responses.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0The\t\r \u00C2\u00A0final\t\r \u00C2\u00A0piece\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0design\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0has\t\r \u00C2\u00A0been\t\r \u00C2\u00A0considered\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0difference\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cultural\t\r \u00C2\u00A0context.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Despite\t\r \u00C2\u00A0familiarity\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0culture,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0researcher\t\r \u00C2\u00A0recognizes\t\r \u00C2\u00A0inherent\t\r \u00C2\u00A0biases\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0come\t\r \u00C2\u00A0from\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Western\t\r \u00C2\u00A0culture\t\r \u00C2\u00A0upbringing.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Part\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0review\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0questions\t\r \u00C2\u00A0has\t\r \u00C2\u00A0been\t\r \u00C2\u00A0having\t\r \u00C2\u00A0native\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Chinese\t\r \u00C2\u00A0parse\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0proposed\t\r \u00C2\u00A0survey\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cultural\t\r \u00C2\u00A0congruence\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0literacy.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0This\t\r \u00C2\u00A0recognizes\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Chinese\t\r \u00C2\u00A0worldview\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0typically\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0fatalistic\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0socially-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090oriented\t\r \u00C2\u00A0than\t\r \u00C2\u00A0self-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090centered,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0individualized\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Western\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cultural\t\r \u00C2\u00A0norms\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Weber\t\r \u00C2\u00A0&\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Hsee,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02000).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0AREAS\t\r \u00C2\u00A0OF\t\r \u00C2\u00A0INQUIRY\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Environmental\t\r \u00C2\u00A0attitudes\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0awareness\t\r \u00C2\u00A0were\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0topic\t\r \u00C2\u00A0examined\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0air\t\r \u00C2\u00A0pollution\t\r \u00C2\u00A0grows\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0severity\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0media\t\r \u00C2\u00A0stature\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Mainland\t\r \u00C2\u00A0China.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Even\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Hong\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Kong,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0issue\t\r \u00C2\u00A0has\t\r \u00C2\u00A0been\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0enough\t\r \u00C2\u00A0importance\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0include\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0past\t\r \u00C2\u00A0surveys\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transportation\t\r \u00C2\u00A0behavior\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Cullinane,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02010).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0As\t\r \u00C2\u00A0environmental\t\r \u00C2\u00A0degradation\t\r \u00C2\u00A0continues\t\r \u00C2\u00A0apace,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0research\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ought\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0determine\t\r \u00C2\u00A0youth\t\r \u00C2\u00A0opinions\t\r \u00C2\u00A0on\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0matter\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0its\t\r \u00C2\u00A0influence\t\r \u00C2\u00A0have\t\r \u00C2\u00A0policy\t\r \u00C2\u00A0implications.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Aspiration\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ownership\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ties\t\r \u00C2\u00A0directly\t\r \u00C2\u00A0into\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0above,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0serves\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cornerstone\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0entire\t\r \u00C2\u00A0research\t\r \u00C2\u00A0endeavor\t\r \u00C2\u00A0here.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Again\t\r \u00C2\u00A0using\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Hong\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Kong\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0bellwether,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Cullinane\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\t\r \u00C2\u00A0most\t\r \u00C2\u00A0recent\t\r \u00C2\u00A0survey\t\r \u00C2\u00A0found\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0despite\t\r \u00C2\u00A0excellent\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transit,\t\r \u00C2\u00A065%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0residents\t\r \u00C2\u00A0still\t\r \u00C2\u00A0felt\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0desire\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0own\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(2010).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Determining\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0status\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0such\t\r \u00C2\u00A0desires\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Mainland\t\r \u00C2\u00A0youth\t\r \u00C2\u00A0thus\t\r \u00C2\u00A0becomes\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0critical\t\r \u00C2\u00A0concern\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0future\t\r \u00C2\u00A0policy-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090makers.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Past\t\r \u00C2\u00A0perception\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0automobile,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0perception\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0public\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transit\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0amenability\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0it\t\r \u00C2\u00A0were\t\r \u00C2\u00A0important\t\r \u00C2\u00A0survey\t\r \u00C2\u00A0factors.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0In\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0survey,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0distinction\t\r \u00C2\u00A0has\t\r \u00C2\u00A0been\t\r \u00C2\u00A0made\t\r \u00C2\u00A0between\t\r \u00C2\u00A0rail\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0bus\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transit\t\r \u00C2\u00A0under\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0assumption\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0they\t\r \u00C2\u00A0are\t\r \u00C2\u00A0viewed\t\r \u00C2\u00A0differently.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0This\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0based\t\r \u00C2\u00A0on\t\r \u00C2\u00A0research\t\r \u00C2\u00A0showing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0both\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Asia\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Europe,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0rail\t\r \u00C2\u00A0has\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0prestigious\t\r \u00C2\u00A0standing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0eye\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0general\t\r \u00C2\u00A0public\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0well\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0being\t\r \u00C2\u00A0utilized\t\r \u00C2\u00A0when\t\r \u00C2\u00A0convenient\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0users\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Beirao,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02007;\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Cullinane,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02010;\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Cervero,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02008).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 The\t\r \u00C2\u00A0next\t\r \u00C2\u00A0step\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u0093\t\r \u00C2\u00A0consideration\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0policy\t\r \u00C2\u00A0interventions\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u0093\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0critical.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Decision\t\r \u00C2\u00A0making\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0individuals\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0typically\t\r \u00C2\u00A0led\t\r \u00C2\u00A0by,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0regardless\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0recognition\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0large-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090scale\t\r \u00C2\u00A0issues,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0manner\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0which\t\r \u00C2\u00A0issues\t\r \u00C2\u00A0interact\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0people\t\r \u00C2\u00A0personally\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Goodwin\t\r \u00C2\u00A0&\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0 33\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Lyons,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02010).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Thus\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0any\t\r \u00C2\u00A0intervention\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0be\t\r \u00C2\u00A0successful,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0finding\t\r \u00C2\u00A0what\t\r \u00C2\u00A0most\t\r \u00C2\u00A0affects\t\r \u00C2\u00A0individuals\t\r \u00C2\u00A0at\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0personal\t\r \u00C2\u00A0level\t\r \u00C2\u00A0has\t\r \u00C2\u00A0critical\t\r \u00C2\u00A0importance.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0An\t\r \u00C2\u00A0array\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0hypothetical\t\r \u00C2\u00A0policy\t\r \u00C2\u00A0interventions\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0tool\t\r \u00C2\u00A0selected\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0measure\t\r \u00C2\u00A0reactions\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0responses,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0both\t\r \u00C2\u00A0by\t\r \u00C2\u00A0type\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(incentives\t\r \u00C2\u00A0versus\t\r \u00C2\u00A0penalties)\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0well\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0scale\t\r \u00C2\u00A0or\t\r \u00C2\u00A0severity.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Neighborhood\t\r \u00C2\u00A0attributes\t\r \u00C2\u00A0play\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0vital\t\r \u00C2\u00A0role\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0determining\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0way\t\r \u00C2\u00A0residents\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0visitors\t\r \u00C2\u00A0access\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0interact\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0place.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Blank\t\r \u00C2\u00A0street\t\r \u00C2\u00A0walls\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0an\t\r \u00C2\u00A0impermeable\t\r \u00C2\u00A0network\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0pathways\t\r \u00C2\u00A0limit\t\r \u00C2\u00A0non-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0choices,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0while\t\r \u00C2\u00A0lowering\t\r \u00C2\u00A0parking\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0driving\t\r \u00C2\u00A0capacities\t\r \u00C2\u00A0limits\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0use\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Cervero,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02008).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0There\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0also\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0connection\t\r \u00C2\u00A0between\t\r \u00C2\u00A0land-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090use,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0built\t\r \u00C2\u00A0form,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0travel\t\r \u00C2\u00A0behavior\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0could\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0theory\t\r \u00C2\u00A0be\t\r \u00C2\u00A0measured\t\r \u00C2\u00A0through\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0thorough\t\r \u00C2\u00A0survey\t\r \u00C2\u00A0design\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Wang,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02011).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Reflecting\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0nuances\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0land-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090use\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0urban\t\r \u00C2\u00A0form,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0like\t\r \u00C2\u00A0street\t\r \u00C2\u00A0connectivity\t\r \u00C2\u00A0or\t\r \u00C2\u00A0presence\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0local\t\r \u00C2\u00A0retail,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0problem\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0it\t\r \u00C2\u00A0requires\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0level\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0instruction\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0survey\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cannot\t\r \u00C2\u00A0achieve\t\r \u00C2\u00A0quickly.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Thus\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0include\t\r \u00C2\u00A0it\t\r \u00C2\u00A0would\t\r \u00C2\u00A0have\t\r \u00C2\u00A0increased\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cost\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0questionnaire\t\r \u00C2\u00A0such\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0responses\t\r \u00C2\u00A0may\t\r \u00C2\u00A0lose\t\r \u00C2\u00A0validity.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Given\t\r \u00C2\u00A0this,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0built\t\r \u00C2\u00A0environment\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0consciously\t\r \u00C2\u00A0but\t\r \u00C2\u00A0regrettably\t\r \u00C2\u00A0absent\t\r \u00C2\u00A0from\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0questionnaire\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0will\t\r \u00C2\u00A0hopefully\t\r \u00C2\u00A0be\t\r \u00C2\u00A0addressed\t\r \u00C2\u00A0through\t\r \u00C2\u00A0other\t\r \u00C2\u00A0research\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0future.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 5.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Results\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Upon\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0close\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0survey,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0total\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0890\t\r \u00C2\u00A0responses\t\r \u00C2\u00A0were\t\r \u00C2\u00A0collected\t\r \u00C2\u00A0from\t\r \u00C2\u00A0938\t\r \u00C2\u00A0distributed\t\r \u00C2\u00A0surveys,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r 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\u00C2\u00A0selectively\t\r \u00C2\u00A0omitted\t\r \u00C2\u00A0answers\t\r \u00C2\u00A0while\t\r \u00C2\u00A0completing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0questionnaire.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0The\t\r \u00C2\u00A0omissions\t\r \u00C2\u00A0do\t\r \u00C2\u00A0not\t\r \u00C2\u00A0compromise\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0validity\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0responses,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0but\t\r \u00C2\u00A0it\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0worth\t\r \u00C2\u00A0noting\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0not\t\r \u00C2\u00A0all\t\r \u00C2\u00A0questions\t\r \u00C2\u00A0have\t\r \u00C2\u00A0been\t\r \u00C2\u00A0answered.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0For\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0detail,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0data\t\r \u00C2\u00A0set\t\r \u00C2\u00A0will\t\r \u00C2\u00A0be\t\r \u00C2\u00A0made\t\r \u00C2\u00A0accessible.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Students\t\r \u00C2\u00A0were\t\r \u00C2\u00A0drawn\t\r \u00C2\u00A0from\t\r \u00C2\u00A0four\t\r \u00C2\u00A0secondary\t\r \u00C2\u00A0schools\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Shenzhen:\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Shenzhen\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Foreign\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Languages\t\r \u00C2\u00A0School\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u0093\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Buji,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Minzhi\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Middle\t\r \u00C2\u00A0School,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Shenzhen\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Experimental\t\r \u00C2\u00A0School,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Bolun\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Vocational\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Technical\t\r \u00C2\u00A0School.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0The\t\r \u00C2\u00A0latter\t\r \u00C2\u00A0two\t\r \u00C2\u00A0are\t\r \u00C2\u00A0located\t\r \u00C2\u00A0within\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0 34\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Special\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Economic\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Zone\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Shenzhen,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0while\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0former\t\r \u00C2\u00A0pair\t\r \u00C2\u00A0are\t\r \u00C2\u00A0outside\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0suburban,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0less\t\r \u00C2\u00A0central\t\r \u00C2\u00A0portion\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0city.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 The\t\r \u00C2\u00A0two\t\r \u00C2\u00A0parts\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0data\t\r \u00C2\u00A0collection\t\r \u00C2\u00A0originally\t\r \u00C2\u00A0planned\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0project\t\r \u00C2\u00A0did\t\r \u00C2\u00A0not\t\r \u00C2\u00A0come\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0fruition.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Scheduling\t\r \u00C2\u00A0conflicts,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0internal\t\r \u00C2\u00A0classroom\t\r \u00C2\u00A0demands,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0lost\t\r \u00C2\u00A0mail\t\r \u00C2\u00A0did\t\r \u00C2\u00A0not\t\r \u00C2\u00A0allow\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0full\t\r \u00C2\u00A0spectrum\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0university\t\r \u00C2\u00A0students\t\r \u00C2\u00A0responses\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0be\t\r \u00C2\u00A0collected.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0The\t\r \u00C2\u00A0only\t\r \u00C2\u00A0data\t\r \u00C2\u00A0from\t\r \u00C2\u00A0this\t\r \u00C2\u00A0group\t\r \u00C2\u00A0were\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0set\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A076\t\r \u00C2\u00A0valid\t\r \u00C2\u00A0responses\t\r \u00C2\u00A0from\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Wuhan\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Textile\t\r \u00C2\u00A0University.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Given\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0limited\t\r \u00C2\u00A0sample\t\r \u00C2\u00A0size\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0vastly\t\r \u00C2\u00A0differing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0demographic\t\r \u00C2\u00A0character\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0this\t\r \u00C2\u00A0group\t\r \u00C2\u00A0when\t\r \u00C2\u00A0compared\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Shenzhen\t\r \u00C2\u00A0secondary\t\r \u00C2\u00A0school\t\r \u00C2\u00A0students,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0university\t\r \u00C2\u00A0sample\t\r \u00C2\u00A0has\t\r \u00C2\u00A0been\t\r \u00C2\u00A0filtered\t\r \u00C2\u00A0out\t\r \u00C2\u00A0from\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0responses.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Thus\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0focus\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0paper\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0exclusively\t\r \u00C2\u00A0secondary\t\r \u00C2\u00A0students\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Shenzhen.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A05.1\t\r \u00C2\u00A0SHENZHEN\t\r \u00C2\u00A0IN\t\r \u00C2\u00A0BRIEF\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 For\t\r \u00C2\u00A0our\t\r \u00C2\u00A0comparison,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0baseline\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0demographics\t\r \u00C2\u00A0from\t\r \u00C2\u00A0available\t\r \u00C2\u00A0information\t\r \u00C2\u00A0on\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Shenzhen\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0created,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0based\t\r \u00C2\u00A0upon\t\r \u00C2\u00A0statistics\t\r \u00C2\u00A0gathered\t\r \u00C2\u00A0by\t\r \u00C2\u00A0various\t\r \u00C2\u00A0levels\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0government.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Shenzhen,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0population\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A010.3\t\r \u00C2\u00A0million,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0has\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0significantly\t\r \u00C2\u00A0younger\t\r \u00C2\u00A0population,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0an\t\r \u00C2\u00A0average\t\r \u00C2\u00A0age\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0only\t\r \u00C2\u00A030\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cohort\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A015-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u009064\t\r \u00C2\u00A0years\t\r \u00C2\u00A0range\t\r \u00C2\u00A0higher\t\r \u00C2\u00A0than\t\r \u00C2\u00A0peer\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cities\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Beijing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Shanghai\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(88.4%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0versus\t\r \u00C2\u00A082.7%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A081%,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0respectively)\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Shenzhen\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Municipal\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Statistics\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Bureau,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02011).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Table\t\r \u00C2\u00A01:\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Shenzhen\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Municipal\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Characteristics\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Shenzhen\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Municipal\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Characteristics\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Population\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 10.3\t\r \u00C2\u00A0million\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Average\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Age\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 30\t\r \u00C2\u00A0years\t\r \u00C2\u00A0%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Male\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 54.2%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Average\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Monthly\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Income\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Y7,858\t\r \u00C2\u00A0%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0University\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Degree\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 9.1%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Average\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Household\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Size\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 2.11\t\r \u00C2\u00A0persons\t\r \u00C2\u00A0%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Household\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 35%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0Shenzhen\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0found\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0have\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0average\t\r \u00C2\u00A0education\t\r \u00C2\u00A0levels,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A09.1%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0residents\t\r \u00C2\u00A0holding\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0university\t\r \u00C2\u00A0degree,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0lagging\t\r \u00C2\u00A0far\t\r \u00C2\u00A0behind\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Beijing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(31.%)\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0 35\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Shanghai\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(21.9%)\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0this\t\r \u00C2\u00A0regard\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Shenzhen\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Municipal\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Statistic\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Bureau,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02011).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0The\t\r \u00C2\u00A0gap\t\r \u00C2\u00A0could\t\r \u00C2\u00A0be\t\r \u00C2\u00A0attributable\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0lack\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0established\t\r \u00C2\u00A0universities\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Shenzhen,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0prevalence\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0less\t\r \u00C2\u00A0educated\t\r \u00C2\u00A0migrant\t\r \u00C2\u00A0workers\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0manufacturing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0industry,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0or\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0combination\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0these\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0other\t\r \u00C2\u00A0factors;\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0now,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0it\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0unclear.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 The\t\r \u00C2\u00A0presence\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0high\t\r \u00C2\u00A0number\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0young,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0migratory\t\r \u00C2\u00A0residents\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Shenzhen\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0further\t\r \u00C2\u00A0evident\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0low\t\r \u00C2\u00A0average\t\r \u00C2\u00A0household\t\r \u00C2\u00A0size,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0only\t\r \u00C2\u00A02.11\t\r \u00C2\u00A0persons,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0compared\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Beijing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(2.45)\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Shanghai\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(2.49)\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Shenzhen\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Municipal\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Statistic\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Bureau,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02011).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0It\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0also\t\r \u00C2\u00A0likely\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0number\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0lower\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0migrants\t\r \u00C2\u00A0often\t\r \u00C2\u00A0return\t\r \u00C2\u00A0home\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0start\t\r \u00C2\u00A0families\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0elderly\t\r \u00C2\u00A0parents\t\r \u00C2\u00A0are\t\r \u00C2\u00A0less\t\r \u00C2\u00A0likely\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0join\t\r \u00C2\u00A0offspring\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Shenzhen.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Shenzhen\t\r \u00C2\u00A0also\t\r \u00C2\u00A0bears\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0gender\t\r \u00C2\u00A0imbalance\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0characterizes\t\r \u00C2\u00A0China,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0being\t\r \u00C2\u00A054.2%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0male\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0only\t\r \u00C2\u00A045.8%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0female\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Shenzhen\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Municipal\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Statistic\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Bureau,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02011).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 What\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0city\t\r \u00C2\u00A0lacks\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0education,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0age,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0household\t\r \u00C2\u00A0size,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0it\t\r \u00C2\u00A0makes\t\r \u00C2\u00A0up\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0high\t\r \u00C2\u00A0levels\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0personal\t\r \u00C2\u00A0income.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0The\t\r \u00C2\u00A0average\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Shenzhener\t\r \u00C2\u00A0brings\t\r \u00C2\u00A0home\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Y7,858\t\r \u00C2\u00A0($1,261)\t\r \u00C2\u00A0per\t\r \u00C2\u00A0month,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0well\t\r \u00C2\u00A0above\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0national\t\r \u00C2\u00A0average\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0reflective\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0city\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\t\r \u00C2\u00A0status\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0premier\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Special\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Economic\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Zone\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Guangdong\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Statistical\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Yearbook,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02011).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Undoubtedly\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0higher\t\r \u00C2\u00A0earning\t\r \u00C2\u00A0potential\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0driver\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0migration\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0city.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0SAMPLE\t\r \u00C2\u00A0SIZE\t\r \u00C2\u00A0CHARACTERISTICS\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 The\t\r \u00C2\u00A0average\t\r \u00C2\u00A0age\t\r \u00C2\u00A0within\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0survey\t\r \u00C2\u00A0sample\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0significantly\t\r \u00C2\u00A0lower.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Shenzhen\t\r \u00C2\u00A0students\t\r \u00C2\u00A0were\t\r \u00C2\u00A014.1\t\r \u00C2\u00A0years\t\r \u00C2\u00A0old\t\r \u00C2\u00A0on\t\r \u00C2\u00A0average,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0vast\t\r \u00C2\u00A0majority\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0them\t\r \u00C2\u00A0belong\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Junior\t\r \u00C2\u00A01\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Junior\t\r \u00C2\u00A02\t\r \u00C2\u00A0grad\t\r \u00C2\u00A0levels\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(85%).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0This\t\r \u00C2\u00A0has\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0potential\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0skew\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0data,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0certainly\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0results\t\r \u00C2\u00A0now\t\r \u00C2\u00A0reflect\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0younger\t\r \u00C2\u00A0demographic\t\r \u00C2\u00A0than\t\r \u00C2\u00A0previously\t\r \u00C2\u00A0targeted.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0The\t\r \u00C2\u00A0responses\t\r \u00C2\u00A0retain\t\r \u00C2\u00A0validity;\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0lens\t\r \u00C2\u00A0has\t\r \u00C2\u00A0simply\t\r \u00C2\u00A0shifted\t\r \u00C2\u00A0down\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0few\t\r \u00C2\u00A0years.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Average\t\r \u00C2\u00A0education\t\r \u00C2\u00A0levels\t\r \u00C2\u00A0are\t\r \u00C2\u00A0higher\t\r \u00C2\u00A0than\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0city\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0whole,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0obvious\t\r \u00C2\u00A0given\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0students\t\r \u00C2\u00A0are\t\r \u00C2\u00A0already\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0secondary\t\r \u00C2\u00A0school.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Their\t\r \u00C2\u00A0educational\t\r \u00C2\u00A0aspirations\t\r \u00C2\u00A0reflect\t\r \u00C2\u00A0their\t\r \u00C2\u00A0status\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0middle-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0upper-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090class\t\r \u00C2\u00A0children:\t\r \u00C2\u00A072%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0state\t\r \u00C2\u00A0an\t\r \u00C2\u00A0intention\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0attend\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0university\t\r \u00C2\u00A0after\t\r \u00C2\u00A0graduation.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0The\t\r \u00C2\u00A0students\t\r \u00C2\u00A0also\t\r \u00C2\u00A0come\t\r \u00C2\u00A0from\t\r \u00C2\u00A0considerably\t\r \u00C2\u00A0wealthy\t\r \u00C2\u00A0backgrounds,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0even\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Shenzhen.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0More\t\r \u00C2\u00A0than\t\r \u00C2\u00A069%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0estimated\t\r \u00C2\u00A0their\t\r \u00C2\u00A0family\t\r \u00C2\u00A0income\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0be\t\r \u00C2\u00A0at\t\r \u00C2\u00A0least\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Y10,000\t\r \u00C2\u00A0per\t\r \u00C2\u00A0month,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0nearly\t\r \u00C2\u00A0half\t\r \u00C2\u00A0estimated\t\r \u00C2\u00A0household\t\r \u00C2\u00A0income\t\r \u00C2\u00A0at\t\r \u00C2\u00A0over\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Y15,000.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0In\t\r \u00C2\u00A0this\t\r \u00C2\u00A0sense,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0design\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0survey\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0success:\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0students\t\r \u00C2\u00A0represent\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0wealthy\t\r \u00C2\u00A0middle-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090class\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0future.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0 36\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0 On\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0mundane\t\r \u00C2\u00A0elements\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0demography,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0gender\t\r \u00C2\u00A0split\t\r \u00C2\u00A0showed\t\r \u00C2\u00A0better\t\r \u00C2\u00A0balance,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0males\t\r \u00C2\u00A0were\t\r \u00C2\u00A0only\t\r \u00C2\u00A051.9%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0sample\t\r \u00C2\u00A0respondents,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0whereas\t\r \u00C2\u00A0females\t\r \u00C2\u00A0were\t\r \u00C2\u00A048.1%.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Average\t\r \u00C2\u00A0household\t\r \u00C2\u00A0size\t\r \u00C2\u00A0exceeded\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Shenzhen,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0most\t\r \u00C2\u00A0students\t\r \u00C2\u00A0living\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0homes\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A03\t\r \u00C2\u00A0or\t\r \u00C2\u00A04\t\r \u00C2\u00A0people\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(67%),\t\r \u00C2\u00A0obviously\t\r \u00C2\u00A0above\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0citywide\t\r \u00C2\u00A0rate\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0families\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0children\t\r \u00C2\u00A0are\t\r \u00C2\u00A0larger.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Another\t\r \u00C2\u00A0telling\t\r \u00C2\u00A0number\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0upper-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090class\t\r \u00C2\u00A0status\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0students\t\r \u00C2\u00A0surveyed\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ownership\t\r \u00C2\u00A0rate\t\r \u00C2\u00A0by\t\r \u00C2\u00A0household.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A085%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0students\t\r \u00C2\u00A0lived\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0household\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0had\t\r \u00C2\u00A0their\t\r \u00C2\u00A0own\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0compared\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0citywide\t\r \u00C2\u00A0average\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A035%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A02010\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(Shenzhen\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Daily,\t\r \u00C2\u00A08\t\r \u00C2\u00A0March\t\r \u00C2\u00A02011).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0There\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0no\t\r \u00C2\u00A0indication\t\r \u00C2\u00A0either\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0number\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cars\t\r \u00C2\u00A0per\t\r \u00C2\u00A0household,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0some\t\r \u00C2\u00A0students\u00E2\u0080\u0099\t\r \u00C2\u00A0families\t\r \u00C2\u00A0may\t\r \u00C2\u00A0have\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0than\t\r \u00C2\u00A0one.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 The\t\r \u00C2\u00A0numbers\t\r \u00C2\u00A0show\t\r \u00C2\u00A0an\t\r \u00C2\u00A0even\t\r \u00C2\u00A0stronger\t\r \u00C2\u00A0connection\t\r \u00C2\u00A0between\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ownership\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0wealth\t\r \u00C2\u00A0when\t\r \u00C2\u00A0dissected\t\r \u00C2\u00A0further.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0For\t\r \u00C2\u00A0families\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0monthly\t\r \u00C2\u00A0incomes\t\r \u00C2\u00A0over\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Y10,000,\t\r \u00C2\u00A093%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0were\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0owners.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Among\t\r \u00C2\u00A0those\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0lower\t\r \u00C2\u00A0incomes,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0rate\t\r \u00C2\u00A0drops\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A067%.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Likewise\t\r \u00C2\u00A0while\t\r \u00C2\u00A0only\t\r \u00C2\u00A067%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0renters\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0survey\t\r \u00C2\u00A0had\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car,\t\r \u00C2\u00A087%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0homeowners\t\r \u00C2\u00A0were\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0owners.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Table\t\r \u00C2\u00A02:\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Study\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Group\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Characteristics\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Study\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Group\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Characteristics\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Average\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Age\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 14.1\t\r \u00C2\u00A0years\t\r \u00C2\u00A0%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Male\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 51.9%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Estimated\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Monthly\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Income\t\r \u00C2\u00A0>Y10,000\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 69%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Plan\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Seek\t\r \u00C2\u00A0University\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Degree\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 72%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Households\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A03-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u00904\t\r \u00C2\u00A0people\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 69%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Households\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 85%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Students\t\r \u00C2\u00A0lived\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0three\t\r \u00C2\u00A0main\t\r \u00C2\u00A0types\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0housing:\t\r \u00C2\u00A0villas,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0or\t\r \u00C2\u00A0stand\t\r \u00C2\u00A0alone\t\r \u00C2\u00A0homes,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0urban\t\r \u00C2\u00A0apartments,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0or\t\r \u00C2\u00A0suburban\t\r \u00C2\u00A0apartments.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Most\t\r \u00C2\u00A0lived\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0apartments\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(79%),\t\r \u00C2\u00A0villas\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(7%),\t\r \u00C2\u00A0or\t\r \u00C2\u00A0suburban\t\r \u00C2\u00A0apartments\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(9%).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0The\t\r \u00C2\u00A0remaining\t\r \u00C2\u00A05%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0lived\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0other\t\r \u00C2\u00A0forms\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0housing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0were\t\r \u00C2\u00A0excluded\t\r \u00C2\u00A0from\t\r \u00C2\u00A0further\t\r \u00C2\u00A0analysis\t\r \u00C2\u00A0due\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0small\t\r \u00C2\u00A0sample\t\r \u00C2\u00A0size.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Within\t\r \u00C2\u00A0each\t\r \u00C2\u00A0group\t\r \u00C2\u00A0were\t\r \u00C2\u00A0slightly\t\r \u00C2\u00A0different\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ranges\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0socio-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090economic\t\r \u00C2\u00A0status.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0It\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0possible\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0determine\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0spectrum\t\r \u00C2\u00A0defined\t\r \u00C2\u00A0by\t\r \u00C2\u00A0characteristics,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0wherein\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0students\t\r \u00C2\u00A0living\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0villas\t\r \u00C2\u00A0had\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0highest\t\r \u00C2\u00A0average\t\r \u00C2\u00A0family\t\r \u00C2\u00A0income,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0estimated\t\r \u00C2\u00A0at\t\r \u00C2\u00A0over\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Y10,000\t\r \u00C2\u00A0by\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0 37\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 82%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0villa\t\r \u00C2\u00A0dwellers,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0compared\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0lower\t\r \u00C2\u00A0rates\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0urban\t\r \u00C2\u00A0apartment\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(70%)\t\r \u00C2\u00A0or\t\r \u00C2\u00A0suburban\t\r \u00C2\u00A0apartments\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(62%)\t\r \u00C2\u00A0students.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 In\t\r \u00C2\u00A0other\t\r \u00C2\u00A0measures\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0material\t\r \u00C2\u00A0wealth,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0students\t\r \u00C2\u00A0living\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0villas\t\r \u00C2\u00A0showed\t\r \u00C2\u00A0greater\t\r \u00C2\u00A0economic\t\r \u00C2\u00A0clout.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A096%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0lived\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0homes\t\r \u00C2\u00A0their\t\r \u00C2\u00A0family\t\r \u00C2\u00A0owned\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A093%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0families\t\r \u00C2\u00A0had\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cars.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0This\t\r \u00C2\u00A0contrasts\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0urban\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0suburban\t\r \u00C2\u00A0apartment\t\r \u00C2\u00A0numbers,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0where\t\r \u00C2\u00A0only\t\r \u00C2\u00A091%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A080%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0homes\t\r \u00C2\u00A0were\t\r \u00C2\u00A0owned,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0respectively.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Likewise,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cars\t\r \u00C2\u00A0were\t\r \u00C2\u00A0owned\t\r \u00C2\u00A0by\t\r \u00C2\u00A0only\t\r \u00C2\u00A086%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0families\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0urban\t\r \u00C2\u00A0apartments\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A072%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0families\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0suburban\t\r \u00C2\u00A0apartments.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0In\t\r \u00C2\u00A0spite\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0lower\t\r \u00C2\u00A0performance\t\r \u00C2\u00A0relative\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0villa-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090dwellers,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0these\t\r \u00C2\u00A0numbers\t\r \u00C2\u00A0still\t\r \u00C2\u00A0significantly\t\r \u00C2\u00A0outstrip\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0average\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Shenzhen\t\r \u00C2\u00A0household.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0While\t\r \u00C2\u00A0location\t\r \u00C2\u00A0can\t\r \u00C2\u00A0account\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0some\t\r \u00C2\u00A0variation\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0socio-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090economic\t\r \u00C2\u00A0demographics,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0there\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0no\t\r \u00C2\u00A0means\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0assess\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0built\t\r \u00C2\u00A0area\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0each\t\r \u00C2\u00A0respondent\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\t\r \u00C2\u00A0home\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0see\t\r \u00C2\u00A0if\t\r \u00C2\u00A0it\t\r \u00C2\u00A0fits\t\r \u00C2\u00A0into\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0definition\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0these\t\r \u00C2\u00A0categories.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Further\t\r \u00C2\u00A0they\t\r \u00C2\u00A0are\t\r \u00C2\u00A0defined\t\r \u00C2\u00A0by\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0students\t\r \u00C2\u00A0themselves,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0line\t\r \u00C2\u00A0between\t\r \u00C2\u00A0suburban\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0urban\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0hard\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0divine\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0place\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0dense\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Shenzhen.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Some\t\r \u00C2\u00A0differences\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0opinion\t\r \u00C2\u00A0exist,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0however\t\r \u00C2\u00A0given\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0definitions\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0housing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0types\t\r \u00C2\u00A0are\t\r \u00C2\u00A0hard\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0differentiate,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0they\t\r \u00C2\u00A0are\t\r \u00C2\u00A0not\t\r \u00C2\u00A0elaborated\t\r \u00C2\u00A0upon.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0A\t\r \u00C2\u00A0full\t\r \u00C2\u00A0evaluation\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0way\t\r \u00C2\u00A0built\t\r \u00C2\u00A0form\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0living\t\r \u00C2\u00A0environment\t\r \u00C2\u00A0interact\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0one\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\t\r \u00C2\u00A0views\t\r \u00C2\u00A0on\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transportation\t\r \u00C2\u00A0should\t\r \u00C2\u00A0be\t\r \u00C2\u00A0tabled\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0time\t\r \u00C2\u00A0being\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0strongly\t\r \u00C2\u00A0advocated\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0any\t\r \u00C2\u00A0seeking\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0build\t\r \u00C2\u00A0upon\t\r \u00C2\u00A0this\t\r \u00C2\u00A0type\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0research.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 In\t\r \u00C2\u00A0total,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0higher\t\r \u00C2\u00A0average\t\r \u00C2\u00A0income,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0household\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ownership\t\r \u00C2\u00A0rates,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0education\t\r \u00C2\u00A0set\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0sample\t\r \u00C2\u00A0size\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0survey\t\r \u00C2\u00A0apart\t\r \u00C2\u00A0from\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0rest\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Shenzhen.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0The\t\r \u00C2\u00A0group\t\r \u00C2\u00A0falls\t\r \u00C2\u00A0into\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0category\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0being\t\r \u00C2\u00A0middle\t\r \u00C2\u00A0or\t\r \u00C2\u00A0upper-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090class,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0exact\t\r \u00C2\u00A0type\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0people\t\r \u00C2\u00A0who\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0future\t\r \u00C2\u00A0may\t\r \u00C2\u00A0be\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0trendsetters\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0barometers\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Chinese\t\r \u00C2\u00A0social\t\r \u00C2\u00A0norms.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A05.2\t\r \u00C2\u00A0TRAVEL\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ATTITUDES\t\r \u00C2\u00A0AND\t\r \u00C2\u00A0PERCEPTIONS\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0similar\t\r \u00C2\u00A0import\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0demographic\t\r \u00C2\u00A0traits\t\r \u00C2\u00A0defining\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0students\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0survey\t\r \u00C2\u00A0sample\t\r \u00C2\u00A0are\t\r \u00C2\u00A0their\t\r \u00C2\u00A0behaviors\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0current\t\r \u00C2\u00A0attitudes\t\r \u00C2\u00A0relating\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transportation.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Among\t\r \u00C2\u00A0students,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0regular\t\r \u00C2\u00A0travel\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0city\t\r \u00C2\u00A0center\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0uncommon,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0less\t\r \u00C2\u00A0than\t\r \u00C2\u00A017%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0students\t\r \u00C2\u00A0heading\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0city\t\r \u00C2\u00A0center\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0than\t\r \u00C2\u00A0once\t\r \u00C2\u00A0per\t\r \u00C2\u00A0week.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Other\t\r \u00C2\u00A0factors\t\r \u00C2\u00A0could\t\r \u00C2\u00A0explain\t\r \u00C2\u00A0this,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0such\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0lack\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0free\t\r \u00C2\u00A0time,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0be\t\r \u00C2\u00A0sure\t\r \u00C2\u00A0students\t\r \u00C2\u00A0are\t\r \u00C2\u00A0not\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0 38\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 same\t\r \u00C2\u00A0group\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0working\t\r \u00C2\u00A0adults\t\r \u00C2\u00A0so\t\r \u00C2\u00A0conclusions\t\r \u00C2\u00A0about\t\r 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\u00C2\u00A0are\t\r \u00C2\u00A0based\t\r \u00C2\u00A0on\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0student\t\r \u00C2\u00A0sample\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0may\t\r \u00C2\u00A0not\t\r \u00C2\u00A0be\t\r \u00C2\u00A0indicative\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0city\t\r \u00C2\u00A0at\t\r \u00C2\u00A0large.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0The\t\r \u00C2\u00A0primary\t\r \u00C2\u00A0takeaway\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0while\t\r \u00C2\u00A0most\t\r \u00C2\u00A0families\t\r \u00C2\u00A0have\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0access\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0useful\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transit\t\r \u00C2\u00A0options\t\r \u00C2\u00A0are\t\r \u00C2\u00A0still\t\r \u00C2\u00A0relatively\t\r \u00C2\u00A0near,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0numbers\t\r \u00C2\u00A0likely\t\r \u00C2\u00A0boosted\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0recent\t\r \u00C2\u00A0metro\t\r \u00C2\u00A0expansions.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 When\t\r \u00C2\u00A0asked\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0select\t\r \u00C2\u00A0most\t\r \u00C2\u00A0important\t\r \u00C2\u00A0aspects\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transportation\t\r \u00C2\u00A0from\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0group\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0five\t\r \u00C2\u00A0characteristics\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(safety,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0convenience,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0speed,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cost,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0comfort),\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0overwhelming\t\r \u00C2\u00A0majority\t\r \u00C2\u00A0selected\t\r \u00C2\u00A0safety\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0primary\t\r \u00C2\u00A0feature,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0checking\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0at\t\r \u00C2\u00A082%.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Conversely,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0two\t\r \u00C2\u00A0aspects\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0featured\t\r \u00C2\u00A0consistently\t\r \u00C2\u00A0low\t\r \u00C2\u00A0rankings\t\r 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\u00C2\u00A0how\t\r \u00C2\u00A0students\t\r \u00C2\u00A0viewed\t\r \u00C2\u00A0three\t\r \u00C2\u00A0different\t\r \u00C2\u00A0types\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transportation:\t\r \u00C2\u00A0metro,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0bus\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Bus\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0metro\t\r \u00C2\u00A0were\t\r \u00C2\u00A0examined\t\r \u00C2\u00A0separately\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0enough\t\r \u00C2\u00A0previous\t\r \u00C2\u00A0research\t\r \u00C2\u00A0existed\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0show\t\r \u00C2\u00A0perceptual\t\r \u00C2\u00A0gaps\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0biases\t\r \u00C2\u00A0towards\t\r \u00C2\u00A0each,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0results\t\r \u00C2\u00A0from\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0students\t\r \u00C2\u00A0confirm\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0such\t\r \u00C2\u00A0biases\t\r \u00C2\u00A0strongly\t\r \u00C2\u00A0exist\t\r \u00C2\u00A0still\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0China.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 The\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Shenzhen\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Metro,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0which\t\r \u00C2\u00A0has\t\r \u00C2\u00A0expanded\t\r \u00C2\u00A0dramatically\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0last\t\r \u00C2\u00A0two\t\r \u00C2\u00A0years\t\r \u00C2\u00A0from\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0short\t\r \u00C2\u00A02-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090line\t\r \u00C2\u00A0system\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A05-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090line\t\r \u00C2\u00A0one\t\r \u00C2\u00A0covering\t\r \u00C2\u00A0over\t\r \u00C2\u00A0170\t\r \u00C2\u00A0kilometers\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0length,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0 39\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 generally\t\r \u00C2\u00A0well\t\r \u00C2\u00A0regarded.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0The\t\r \u00C2\u00A0most\t\r \u00C2\u00A0frequent\t\r \u00C2\u00A0descriptions\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0it\t\r \u00C2\u00A0were\t\r \u00C2\u00A0convenient\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(69%)\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0fast\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(66%),\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0majority\t\r \u00C2\u00A0selected\t\r \u00C2\u00A0affordable\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(55%).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Crowded,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0negative\t\r \u00C2\u00A0trait,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0safe\t\r \u00C2\u00A0appeared\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0than\t\r \u00C2\u00A040%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0selections.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 The\t\r \u00C2\u00A0bus\t\r \u00C2\u00A0system\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Shenzhen\t\r \u00C2\u00A0did\t\r \u00C2\u00A0not\t\r \u00C2\u00A0fare\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0well\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0minds\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0students,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0chief\t\r \u00C2\u00A0adjectives\t\r \u00C2\u00A0applied\t\r \u00C2\u00A0being\t\r \u00C2\u00A0crowded\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(70%)\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0slow\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(60%).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0While\t\r \u00C2\u00A0positive\t\r \u00C2\u00A0attributes\t\r \u00C2\u00A0such\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0affordability\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0convenience\t\r \u00C2\u00A0scored\t\r \u00C2\u00A0well\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(50%,\t\r \u00C2\u00A039%),\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0bus\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0also\t\r \u00C2\u00A0stigmatized\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0being\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0poor\t\r \u00C2\u00A0people\t\r \u00C2\u00A0by\t\r \u00C2\u00A037%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0respondents.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Part\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0this\t\r \u00C2\u00A0may\t\r \u00C2\u00A0be\t\r \u00C2\u00A0due\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0fact\t\r 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\u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0respondents\t\r \u00C2\u00A0called\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cars\t\r \u00C2\u00A0convenient\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(57%)\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0comfortable\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(53%).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Interestingly,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cluster\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0factors\t\r \u00C2\u00A0just\t\r \u00C2\u00A0below\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A040%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0range\t\r \u00C2\u00A0included\t\r \u00C2\u00A0fast\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0slow,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0well\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0crowded\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0gives\t\r \u00C2\u00A0freedom.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 It\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0possible\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0students\t\r \u00C2\u00A0whose\t\r \u00C2\u00A0parents\t\r \u00C2\u00A0have\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cars\t\r \u00C2\u00A0have\t\r \u00C2\u00A0experienced\t\r \u00C2\u00A0both\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r 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\u00C2\u00A0no\t\r \u00C2\u00A0gaps\t\r \u00C2\u00A0large\t\r \u00C2\u00A0enough\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0explain\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0difference\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0being\t\r \u00C2\u00A0strictly\t\r \u00C2\u00A0perceptual\t\r \u00C2\u00A0or\t\r \u00C2\u00A0experiential.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Table\t\r \u00C2\u00A03:\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Common\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Transportation\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Perceptions\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Common\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Transportation\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Perceptions\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Mode\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Metro\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Bus\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Responses\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0selected)\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Convenient\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(57%)\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Comfortable\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(53%)\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Fast\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(39%)\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Crowded\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(30%)\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Gives\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Freedom\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(28%)\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Convenient\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(69%)\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Fast\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(66%)\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Affordable\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(55%)\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Crowded\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(48%)\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Safe\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(41%)\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Crowded\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(70%)\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Slow\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(60%)\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Affordable\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(50%)\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Convenient\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(39%)\t\r \u00C2\u00A0For\t\r \u00C2\u00A0poor\t\r \u00C2\u00A0people\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(37%)\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 One\t\r \u00C2\u00A0difference\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0appears,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0seems\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0reflect\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0work\t\r \u00C2\u00A0done\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Hong\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Kong\t\r \u00C2\u00A0by\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Cullinane,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0male\t\r \u00C2\u00A0students\t\r \u00C2\u00A0placed\t\r \u00C2\u00A0greater\t\r \u00C2\u00A0value\t\r \u00C2\u00A0on\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A027%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0felt\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0 40\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0rich,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0compared\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A016.5%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0women.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Males\t\r \u00C2\u00A0were\t\r \u00C2\u00A0also\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0likely\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0consider\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0metro\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(16%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0versus\t\r \u00C2\u00A09%)\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0bus\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(44%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0versus\t\r \u00C2\u00A030%)\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0be\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0poor\t\r \u00C2\u00A0people.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0This\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0only\t\r \u00C2\u00A0area\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0differed\t\r \u00C2\u00A0markedly\t\r \u00C2\u00A0by\t\r \u00C2\u00A0gender,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0seems\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0support\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0idea\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0men\t\r \u00C2\u00A0place\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0psychosocial\t\r \u00C2\u00A0value\t\r \u00C2\u00A0on\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0marker\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0one\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\t\r \u00C2\u00A0social\t\r \u00C2\u00A0class.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Another\t\r \u00C2\u00A0way\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0derive\t\r \u00C2\u00A0meaningful\t\r \u00C2\u00A0perception\t\r \u00C2\u00A0differences\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0results\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0look\t\r \u00C2\u00A0at\t\r 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\u00C2\u00A0examining\t\r \u00C2\u00A0student\t\r \u00C2\u00A0aspirations,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0several\t\r \u00C2\u00A0results\t\r \u00C2\u00A0point\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0an\t\r \u00C2\u00A0influence\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Western\t\r \u00C2\u00A0norms,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0though\t\r \u00C2\u00A0these\t\r \u00C2\u00A0are\t\r \u00C2\u00A0not\t\r \u00C2\u00A0entirely\t\r \u00C2\u00A0at\t\r \u00C2\u00A0odds\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Chinese\t\r \u00C2\u00A0traditional\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0 42\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 values,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0such\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0desire\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0homeownership.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Results\t\r \u00C2\u00A0from\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0question\t\r \u00C2\u00A0asking\t\r \u00C2\u00A0students\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0select\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0characteristics\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0successful\t\r \u00C2\u00A0person\t\r \u00C2\u00A0show\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0marked\t\r \u00C2\u00A0trend\t\r \u00C2\u00A0towards\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0mixture\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0values,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0potentially\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0byproduct\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0globalized\t\r \u00C2\u00A0world.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Interestingly,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0options\t\r \u00C2\u00A0available,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0one\t\r \u00C2\u00A0selected\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0most\t\r \u00C2\u00A0frequency\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0independence,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0over\t\r \u00C2\u00A066%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0respondents\t\r \u00C2\u00A0choosing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0it.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0None\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0other\t\r \u00C2\u00A0results\t\r \u00C2\u00A0obtained\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0mark\t\r \u00C2\u00A0over\t\r \u00C2\u00A050%,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0making\t\r \u00C2\u00A0independence\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0runaway\t\r \u00C2\u00A0winner.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0This\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0result\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0wouldn\u00E2\u0080\u0099t\t\r \u00C2\u00A0be\t\r \u00C2\u00A0out\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0place\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Western\t\r \u00C2\u00A0classroom,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0it\t\r \u00C2\u00A0begs\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0question\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0whether\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0definition\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0independence\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Chinese\t\r \u00C2\u00A0students\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0same\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0it\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0those\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0West.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Markers\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0wealth\t\r \u00C2\u00A0also\t\r \u00C2\u00A0showed\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0strong\t\r \u00C2\u00A0connection\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0successful\t\r \u00C2\u00A0individual.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0With\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0rate\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A048%,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0both\t\r \u00C2\u00A0owning\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0home\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0being\t\r \u00C2\u00A0rich\t\r \u00C2\u00A0were\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0next\t\r \u00C2\u00A0two\t\r \u00C2\u00A0most\t\r \u00C2\u00A0chosen\t\r \u00C2\u00A0indicators.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Owning\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0came\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0fourth\t\r \u00C2\u00A0at\t\r \u00C2\u00A038%.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0All\t\r \u00C2\u00A0three\t\r \u00C2\u00A0show\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0predilection\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0material\t\r \u00C2\u00A0possessions\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0well\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0value\t\r \u00C2\u00A0placed\t\r \u00C2\u00A0on\t\r \u00C2\u00A0wealth\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0link\t\r \u00C2\u00A0between\t\r \u00C2\u00A0success\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0material\t\r \u00C2\u00A0gain.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Once\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0these\t\r \u00C2\u00A0results\t\r \u00C2\u00A0would\t\r \u00C2\u00A0be\t\r \u00C2\u00A0no\t\r \u00C2\u00A0surprise\t\r \u00C2\u00A0coming\t\r \u00C2\u00A0from\t\r \u00C2\u00A0either\t\r \u00C2\u00A0hemisphere.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 The\t\r \u00C2\u00A0last\t\r \u00C2\u00A0common\t\r \u00C2\u00A0result\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0successful\t\r \u00C2\u00A0person\t\r \u00C2\u00A0would\t\r \u00C2\u00A0have\t\r \u00C2\u00A0studied\t\r \u00C2\u00A0or\t\r \u00C2\u00A0lived\t\r \u00C2\u00A0abroad,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0checking\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0at\t\r \u00C2\u00A0just\t\r \u00C2\u00A0under\t\r \u00C2\u00A037%.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0As\t\r \u00C2\u00A0recently\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0late\t\r \u00C2\u00A01970s,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0only\t\r \u00C2\u00A0real\t\r \u00C2\u00A0options\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0study\t\r \u00C2\u00A0abroad\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0most\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Chinese\t\r \u00C2\u00A0were\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Soviet\t\r \u00C2\u00A0sphere\t\r \u00C2\u00A0institutions;\t\r \u00C2\u00A0today\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0has\t\r \u00C2\u00A0changed\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0record\t\r \u00C2\u00A0enrollments\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Chinese\t\r \u00C2\u00A0students\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0universities\t\r \u00C2\u00A0across\t\r \u00C2\u00A0North\t\r \u00C2\u00A0America,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Europe,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Australia.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0A\t\r \u00C2\u00A0bias\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0favor\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0living\t\r \u00C2\u00A0overseas\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0trait\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0successful\t\r \u00C2\u00A0may\t\r \u00C2\u00A0also\t\r \u00C2\u00A0point\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0level\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0idolization\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Western\t\r \u00C2\u00A0culture\t\r \u00C2\u00A0or\t\r \u00C2\u00A0at\t\r \u00C2\u00A0least\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0exposure\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0worldliness.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Table\t\r \u00C2\u00A04:\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Picture\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Success:\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Most\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Selected\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Traits\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Picture\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Success:\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Most\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Selected\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Traits\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Trait\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 %\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Selected\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Independent\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 66%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Owns\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Home\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 49%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Rich\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 48%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Owns\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 38%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Lived/Studied\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Overseas\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 36%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Private\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Company\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Job\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 27%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0 43\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Married\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 24%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 It\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0fair\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0note\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0well\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0while\t\r \u00C2\u00A0these\t\r \u00C2\u00A0trends\t\r \u00C2\u00A0are\t\r \u00C2\u00A0evident,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0they\t\r \u00C2\u00A0are,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0like\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transportation\t\r \u00C2\u00A0perceptions,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0not\t\r \u00C2\u00A0overwhelming.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Independence,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0only\t\r \u00C2\u00A0measure\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0score\t\r \u00C2\u00A0over\t\r \u00C2\u00A050%,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0may\t\r \u00C2\u00A0be\t\r \u00C2\u00A0an\t\r \u00C2\u00A0exception\t\r \u00C2\u00A0but\t\r \u00C2\u00A0overall\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0influence\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Western\t\r \u00C2\u00A0values\t\r \u00C2\u00A0on\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0picture\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0success\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Chinese\t\r \u00C2\u00A0culture\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0present\t\r \u00C2\u00A0but\t\r \u00C2\u00A0not\t\r \u00C2\u00A0omnipresent,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0at\t\r \u00C2\u00A0least\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0now.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0There\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0also\t\r \u00C2\u00A0no\t\r \u00C2\u00A0means\t\r \u00C2\u00A0within\t\r \u00C2\u00A0this\t\r \u00C2\u00A0survey\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0determine\t\r \u00C2\u00A0if\t\r \u00C2\u00A0these\t\r \u00C2\u00A0trends\t\r \u00C2\u00A0mark\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0departure\t\r \u00C2\u00A0from\t\r \u00C2\u00A0past\t\r \u00C2\u00A0results\t\r \u00C2\u00A0given\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0dearth\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0available\t\r \u00C2\u00A0comparative\t\r \u00C2\u00A0data.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Image\t\r \u00C2\u00A01:\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Picture\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Success\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0 44\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 When\t\r \u00C2\u00A0broken\t\r \u00C2\u00A0into\t\r \u00C2\u00A0different\t\r \u00C2\u00A0filters,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0it\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0found\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0being\t\r \u00C2\u00A0rich\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0owning\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0were\t\r \u00C2\u00A0significantly\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0important\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0students\t\r \u00C2\u00A0from\t\r \u00C2\u00A0families\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cars.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A050%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0these\t\r \u00C2\u00A0students\t\r \u00C2\u00A0chose\t\r \u00C2\u00A0rich,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0while\t\r \u00C2\u00A0only\t\r \u00C2\u00A037%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0students\t\r \u00C2\u00A0without\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cars\t\r \u00C2\u00A0did.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Similarly,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0respective\t\r \u00C2\u00A0difference\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r 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\u00C2\u00A0men,\t\r \u00C2\u00A077%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A056%.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0In\t\r \u00C2\u00A0line\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0this\t\r \u00C2\u00A0finding\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0marriage\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0successful\t\r \u00C2\u00A0trait\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0chosen\t\r \u00C2\u00A0by\t\r \u00C2\u00A0only\t\r \u00C2\u00A016%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0women,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0compared\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A031%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0men,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0sharp\t\r \u00C2\u00A0contrast.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Growing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0gender\t\r \u00C2\u00A0awareness\t\r \u00C2\u00A0may\t\r \u00C2\u00A0be\t\r \u00C2\u00A0responsible\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0this,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0although\t\r \u00C2\u00A0further\t\r \u00C2\u00A0research\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0needed.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Among\t\r \u00C2\u00A0students\t\r \u00C2\u00A0from\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090owning\t\r \u00C2\u00A0families,\t\r \u00C2\u00A037%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0felt\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0symbol\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0success,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0while\t\r \u00C2\u00A0their\t\r \u00C2\u00A0opposite\t\r \u00C2\u00A0only\t\r \u00C2\u00A0selected\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ownership\t\r \u00C2\u00A025%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0time.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Again,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0this\t\r \u00C2\u00A0shows\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ownership\t\r \u00C2\u00A0breeds\t\r \u00C2\u00A0familiarity\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0raises\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0standard\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0what\t\r \u00C2\u00A0becomes\t\r \u00C2\u00A0acceptable\t\r \u00C2\u00A0through\t\r \u00C2\u00A0normalization\t\r 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\u00C2\u00A0perceived\t\r \u00C2\u00A0use\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0actual\t\r \u00C2\u00A0use,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0even\t\r \u00C2\u00A0though\t\r \u00C2\u00A0here\t\r \u00C2\u00A0it\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0hypothetical,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0lead\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0higher\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0use.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Once\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0having\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0present\t\r \u00C2\u00A0within\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0student\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\t\r \u00C2\u00A0family\t\r \u00C2\u00A0turned\t\r \u00C2\u00A0out\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0have\t\r \u00C2\u00A0an\t\r \u00C2\u00A0influence\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0normalizing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0vehicle\t\r \u00C2\u00A0usage.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A060%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0students\t\r \u00C2\u00A0from\t\r \u00C2\u00A0families\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cars\t\r \u00C2\u00A0indicated\t\r \u00C2\u00A0they\t\r \u00C2\u00A0would\t\r \u00C2\u00A0drive\t\r \u00C2\u00A0regularly.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0For\t\r \u00C2\u00A0their\t\r \u00C2\u00A0counterparts,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0this\t\r \u00C2\u00A0number\t\r \u00C2\u00A0drops\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0 45\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 46%.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0This\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0little\t\r \u00C2\u00A0surprise,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0given\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0other\t\r \u00C2\u00A0results\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0past\t\r \u00C2\u00A0research\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0corroborates\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0supports\t\r \u00C2\u00A0this\t\r \u00C2\u00A0finding.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A05.5\t\r \u00C2\u00A0VALUE\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ORIENTATION\t\r \u00C2\u00A0The\t\r \u00C2\u00A0question\t\r 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\u00C2\u00A0given\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0traditional\t\r \u00C2\u00A0predilection\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0multi-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090generational\t\r \u00C2\u00A0households.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Possible\t\r \u00C2\u00A0explanations\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0 46\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 could\t\r \u00C2\u00A0be\t\r \u00C2\u00A0increasing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0pressure\t\r \u00C2\u00A0placed\t\r \u00C2\u00A0on\t\r \u00C2\u00A0youth\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0demographic\t\r \u00C2\u00A0pinch\t\r \u00C2\u00A0point\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0which\t\r \u00C2\u00A0many\t\r \u00C2\u00A0youth\t\r \u00C2\u00A0will\t\r \u00C2\u00A0one\t\r \u00C2\u00A0day\t\r \u00C2\u00A0find\t\r \u00C2\u00A0themselves\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0only\t\r \u00C2\u00A0children,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0caring\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0two\t\r \u00C2\u00A0sets\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0parents.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Excluding\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0two\t\r \u00C2\u00A0aforementioned\t\r \u00C2\u00A0diversions,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0remaining\t\r \u00C2\u00A0statements\t\r \u00C2\u00A0received\t\r \u00C2\u00A0very\t\r \u00C2\u00A0pronounced\t\r \u00C2\u00A0responses.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0This\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0partly\t\r \u00C2\u00A0by\t\r \u00C2\u00A0intent\t\r \u00C2\u00A0through\t\r \u00C2\u00A0wording\t\r \u00C2\u00A0statements\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0way\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0encourage\t\r \u00C2\u00A0responses,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0but\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0consistency\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0responses\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0surprise.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0It\t\r \u00C2\u00A0may\t\r \u00C2\u00A0also\t\r \u00C2\u00A0serve\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0validate\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0tone\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0statements\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0their\t\r \u00C2\u00A0composition.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Table\t\r \u00C2\u00A05:\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Responses\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Values\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Responses\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Values\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Statement\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Agree\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Disagree\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Neutral\t\r \u00C2\u00A0The\t\r \u00C2\u00A0things\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0person\t\r \u00C2\u00A0owns\t\r \u00C2\u00A0say\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0lot\t\r \u00C2\u00A0about\t\r \u00C2\u00A0them\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 54%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 16%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 30%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0A\t\r \u00C2\u00A0simple\t\r \u00C2\u00A0life\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0few\t\r \u00C2\u00A0material\t\r \u00C2\u00A0possessions\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0good\t\r \u00C2\u00A0life\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 27%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 30%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 43%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0It\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\t\r \u00C2\u00A0important\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0own\t\r \u00C2\u00A0famous\t\r \u00C2\u00A0or\t\r \u00C2\u00A0name-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090brand\t\r \u00C2\u00A0goods\t\r \u00C2\u00A0even\t\r \u00C2\u00A0if\t\r \u00C2\u00A0they\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cost\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 69%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 21%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 10%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0My\t\r \u00C2\u00A0life\t\r \u00C2\u00A0would\t\r \u00C2\u00A0be\t\r \u00C2\u00A0happier\t\r \u00C2\u00A0if\t\r \u00C2\u00A0I\t\r \u00C2\u00A0owned\t\r \u00C2\u00A0certain\t\r \u00C2\u00A0things\t\r \u00C2\u00A0I\t\r \u00C2\u00A0don\u00E2\u0080\u0099t\t\r \u00C2\u00A0have\t\r \u00C2\u00A0now\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 21%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 29%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 49%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0I\t\r \u00C2\u00A0would\t\r \u00C2\u00A0be\t\r \u00C2\u00A0happier\t\r \u00C2\u00A0if\t\r \u00C2\u00A0I\t\r \u00C2\u00A0could\t\r \u00C2\u00A0afford\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0buy\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0luxury\t\r \u00C2\u00A0items\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 50%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 31%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 19%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0It\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\t\r \u00C2\u00A0okay\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0people\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0buy\t\r \u00C2\u00A0anything\t\r \u00C2\u00A0they\t\r \u00C2\u00A0want,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0even\t\r \u00C2\u00A0if\t\r \u00C2\u00A0its\t\r \u00C2\u00A0something\t\r \u00C2\u00A0they\t\r \u00C2\u00A0don\u00E2\u0080\u0099t\t\r \u00C2\u00A0need\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 58%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 23%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 19%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Wearing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0stylish\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0up-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090to-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090date\t\r \u00C2\u00A0clothes\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0important\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 48%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 33%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 20%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0It\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0important\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0fit\t\r \u00C2\u00A0into\t\r \u00C2\u00A0society\t\r \u00C2\u00A0than\t\r \u00C2\u00A0be\t\r \u00C2\u00A0known\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0an\t\r \u00C2\u00A0individual\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 14%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 16%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 70%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Before\t\r \u00C2\u00A0buying\t\r \u00C2\u00A0something,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0it\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0important\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0know\t\r \u00C2\u00A0what\t\r \u00C2\u00A0others\t\r \u00C2\u00A0think\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0it\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 26%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 24%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 50%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Protecting\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0environment\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0important\t\r \u00C2\u00A0than\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0economy\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 9%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 13%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 79%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Parents\t\r \u00C2\u00A0should\t\r \u00C2\u00A0always\t\r \u00C2\u00A0live\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0their\t\r \u00C2\u00A0children\t\r \u00C2\u00A0when\t\r \u00C2\u00A0they\t\r \u00C2\u00A0get\t\r \u00C2\u00A0older\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 22%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 46%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 32%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Seven\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0statements\t\r \u00C2\u00A0garnered\t\r \u00C2\u00A0clear\t\r \u00C2\u00A0majority\t\r \u00C2\u00A0responses,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0including\t\r \u00C2\u00A0both\t\r \u00C2\u00A0neutral\t\r \u00C2\u00A0statements.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0The\t\r \u00C2\u00A0responses\t\r \u00C2\u00A0all\t\r \u00C2\u00A0reinforced\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0traditional\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Chinese\t\r \u00C2\u00A0value\t\r \u00C2\u00A0orientation\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0further\t\r \u00C2\u00A0remaining\t\r \u00C2\u00A0three\t\r \u00C2\u00A0had\t\r \u00C2\u00A0clear\t\r \u00C2\u00A0pluralities,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0greater\t\r \u00C2\u00A0than\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0next\t\r \u00C2\u00A0option\t\r \u00C2\u00A0by\t\r \u00C2\u00A0at\t\r \u00C2\u00A0least\t\r \u00C2\u00A017%.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0One\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0statements\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0received\t\r \u00C2\u00A0only\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0plurality\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0 47\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 aforementioned\t\r \u00C2\u00A0statement\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0respondent\t\r \u00C2\u00A0would\t\r \u00C2\u00A0feel\t\r \u00C2\u00A0happier\t\r \u00C2\u00A0if\t\r \u00C2\u00A0they\t\r \u00C2\u00A0owned\t\r \u00C2\u00A0an\t\r \u00C2\u00A0item\t\r \u00C2\u00A0they\t\r \u00C2\u00A0didn\u00E2\u0080\u0099t\t\r \u00C2\u00A0have.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0The\t\r \u00C2\u00A0final\t\r \u00C2\u00A0statement\t\r \u00C2\u00A0asked\t\r \u00C2\u00A0about\t\r \u00C2\u00A0living\t\r \u00C2\u00A0circumstances\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0older\t\r \u00C2\u00A0parents.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Few\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0statement\t\r \u00C2\u00A0responses\t\r \u00C2\u00A0went\t\r \u00C2\u00A0past\t\r \u00C2\u00A060%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0agreeing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0or\t\r \u00C2\u00A0disagreeing,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0three\t\r \u00C2\u00A0exceptions.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0The\t\r \u00C2\u00A0first\t\r \u00C2\u00A0said\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0environment\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0important\t\r \u00C2\u00A0than\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0economy,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0which\t\r \u00C2\u00A0met\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A078%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0agreement.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0To\t\r \u00C2\u00A0see\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0environmental\t\r \u00C2\u00A0situation\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0China\t\r \u00C2\u00A0causes\t\r \u00C2\u00A0one\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0wonder\t\r \u00C2\u00A0about\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0seriousness\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0this\t\r \u00C2\u00A0assertion,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0but\t\r \u00C2\u00A0on\t\r \u00C2\u00A0paper\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0sentiment\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0at\t\r \u00C2\u00A0least\t\r \u00C2\u00A0reflected.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 The\t\r \u00C2\u00A0other\t\r \u00C2\u00A0two\t\r \u00C2\u00A0were\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0fitting\t\r \u00C2\u00A0into\t\r \u00C2\u00A0society\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0important\t\r \u00C2\u00A0than\t\r \u00C2\u00A0standing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0out\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(70%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0agreement)\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0it\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0important\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0own\t\r \u00C2\u00A0higher\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cost\t\r \u00C2\u00A0brand-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090name\t\r \u00C2\u00A0goods\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(68%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0disagreement).\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0The\t\r \u00C2\u00A0former\t\r \u00C2\u00A0statement\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0no\t\r \u00C2\u00A0surprise\t\r \u00C2\u00A0given\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0communally\t\r \u00C2\u00A0derived\t\r \u00C2\u00A0socialization\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0China\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0despite\t\r \u00C2\u00A0inroads\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Western\t\r \u00C2\u00A0materialism\t\r \u00C2\u00A0it\t\r \u00C2\u00A0seems\t\r \u00C2\u00A0little\t\r \u00C2\u00A0has\t\r \u00C2\u00A0eroded,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0even\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0young.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Speaking\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0latter\t\r \u00C2\u00A0statement,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0it\t\r \u00C2\u00A0may\t\r \u00C2\u00A0be\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cost\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0still\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0concern\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0students\t\r \u00C2\u00A0or\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0luxury\t\r \u00C2\u00A0goods\t\r \u00C2\u00A0aren\u00E2\u0080\u0099t\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0much\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0draw.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0They\t\r \u00C2\u00A0may\t\r \u00C2\u00A0simply\t\r \u00C2\u00A0be\t\r \u00C2\u00A0pragmatic,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0but\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0reasons\t\r \u00C2\u00A0are\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0supposition\t\r \u00C2\u00A0at\t\r \u00C2\u00A0this\t\r \u00C2\u00A0point\t\r \u00C2\u00A0than\t\r \u00C2\u00A0explanations.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Several\t\r \u00C2\u00A0less\t\r \u00C2\u00A0pronounced\t\r \u00C2\u00A0trends\t\r \u00C2\u00A0emerged\t\r \u00C2\u00A0from\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0collected\t\r \u00C2\u00A0responses.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0While\t\r \u00C2\u00A0gender\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0not\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0major\t\r \u00C2\u00A0dividing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0point,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0there\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0slight\t\r \u00C2\u00A0tendency\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0males\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0select\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0traditional\t\r \u00C2\u00A0values\t\r \u00C2\u00A0than\t\r \u00C2\u00A0females.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0This\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0often\t\r \u00C2\u00A0only\t\r \u00C2\u00A0by\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0few\t\r \u00C2\u00A0percentage\t\r \u00C2\u00A0points\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0few\t\r \u00C2\u00A0instances\t\r \u00C2\u00A0exceeded\t\r \u00C2\u00A0five\t\r \u00C2\u00A0percent;\t\r \u00C2\u00A0thus\t\r \u00C2\u00A0it\t\r \u00C2\u00A0may\t\r \u00C2\u00A0simply\t\r \u00C2\u00A0fall\t\r \u00C2\u00A0into\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0range\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0error.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0It\t\r \u00C2\u00A0may\t\r \u00C2\u00A0have\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0connection\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0notion\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0women\t\r \u00C2\u00A0have\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0independence\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0mind\t\r \u00C2\u00A0when\t\r \u00C2\u00A0they\t\r \u00C2\u00A0think\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0success\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0well.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0While\t\r \u00C2\u00A0this\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0logical\t\r \u00C2\u00A0leap,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0this\t\r \u00C2\u00A0paper\t\r \u00C2\u00A0does\t\r \u00C2\u00A0not\t\r \u00C2\u00A0statistically\t\r \u00C2\u00A0confirm\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0relation.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Similarly\t\r \u00C2\u00A0when\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0filter\t\r \u00C2\u00A0splitting\t\r \u00C2\u00A0results\t\r \u00C2\u00A0between\t\r \u00C2\u00A0families\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cars\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0without\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0applied,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0slight\t\r \u00C2\u00A0difference\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0again\t\r \u00C2\u00A0seen.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Here,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0students\t\r \u00C2\u00A0from\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090owning\t\r \u00C2\u00A0households\t\r \u00C2\u00A0leaned\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0towards\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Western\t\r \u00C2\u00A0values.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0For\t\r \u00C2\u00A0statements\t\r \u00C2\u00A0like\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009Cwhat\t\r \u00C2\u00A0you\t\r \u00C2\u00A0own\t\r \u00C2\u00A0says\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0lot\t\r \u00C2\u00A0about\t\r \u00C2\u00A0you\u00E2\u0080\u009D\t\r \u00C2\u00A0or\t\r \u00C2\u00A0whether\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009Cowning\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0luxury\t\r \u00C2\u00A0brands\t\r \u00C2\u00A0would\t\r \u00C2\u00A0make\t\r \u00C2\u00A0you\t\r \u00C2\u00A0happier\u00E2\u0080\u009D,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0agreement\t\r \u00C2\u00A0rate\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A09%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0higher\t\r \u00C2\u00A0than\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0those\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0families\t\r \u00C2\u00A0without\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cars.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Likewise,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0there\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0over\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A09%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0higher\t\r \u00C2\u00A0level\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0disagreement\t\r \u00C2\u00A0on\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0idea\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0parents\t\r \u00C2\u00A0should\t\r \u00C2\u00A0live\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0their\t\r \u00C2\u00A0adult\t\r \u00C2\u00A0children\t\r \u00C2\u00A0or\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0life\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0few\t\r \u00C2\u00A0possessions\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0good.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0 48\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Again,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0difference\t\r \u00C2\u00A0between\t\r \u00C2\u00A0both\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0genders\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0households\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0or\t\r \u00C2\u00A0without\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0aren\u00E2\u0080\u0099t\t\r \u00C2\u00A0especially\t\r \u00C2\u00A0divergent.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0For\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0most\t\r \u00C2\u00A0part,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0values\t\r \u00C2\u00A0recorded\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0survey\t\r \u00C2\u00A0show\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0youth\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Shenzhen,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0though\t\r \u00C2\u00A0they\t\r \u00C2\u00A0may\t\r \u00C2\u00A0have\t\r \u00C2\u00A0some\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Western\t\r \u00C2\u00A0inclinations\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0materialist\t\r \u00C2\u00A0views,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0still\t\r \u00C2\u00A0maintain\t\r \u00C2\u00A0predominantly\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Chinese\t\r \u00C2\u00A0value\t\r \u00C2\u00A0systems.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A05.6\t\r \u00C2\u00A0STICKS\t\r \u00C2\u00A0AND\t\r \u00C2\u00A0CARROTS:\t\r \u00C2\u00A0POLICY\t\r \u00C2\u00A0REACTION\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 A\t\r \u00C2\u00A0total\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0nine\t\r \u00C2\u00A0different\t\r \u00C2\u00A0hypothetical\t\r \u00C2\u00A0policies\t\r \u00C2\u00A0were\t\r \u00C2\u00A0crafted\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0survey\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0presented\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0respondents.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Within\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0proposed\t\r \u00C2\u00A0policies\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0division\t\r \u00C2\u00A0between\t\r \u00C2\u00A0disincentives\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0drive\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0incentives\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0non-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0modes;\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0other\t\r \u00C2\u00A0words,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0classic\t\r \u00C2\u00A0sticks\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0carrots.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Another\t\r \u00C2\u00A0layer\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0added\t\r \u00C2\u00A0through\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0usage\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0different\t\r \u00C2\u00A0wording\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0theoretical\t\r \u00C2\u00A0price\t\r \u00C2\u00A0points\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0create\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0gradation\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0policies.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0This\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0done\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0elicit\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0test\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0strength\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0reaction\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0see\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0extent\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0which\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0policy\t\r \u00C2\u00A0needed\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0go\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0drive\t\r \u00C2\u00A0behavior.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0It\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0also\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0means\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0determine\t\r \u00C2\u00A0validity\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0results.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Survey\t\r \u00C2\u00A0respondents\t\r \u00C2\u00A0were\t\r \u00C2\u00A0asked\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0respond\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0proposed\t\r \u00C2\u00A0policy\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0two\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ways:\t\r \u00C2\u00A0first,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A05-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090point\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Likert\t\r \u00C2\u00A0scale\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0acceptability\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0policy,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0followed\t\r \u00C2\u00A0by\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transportation\t\r \u00C2\u00A0behavior\t\r \u00C2\u00A0reaction.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Testing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0acceptance\t\r \u00C2\u00A0has\t\r \u00C2\u00A0typically\t\r \u00C2\u00A0been\t\r \u00C2\u00A0grouped\t\r \u00C2\u00A0into\t\r \u00C2\u00A0acceptable,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0unacceptable,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0neutral\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0reporting.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0For\t\r \u00C2\u00A0reactions,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0they\t\r \u00C2\u00A0have\t\r \u00C2\u00A0been\t\r \u00C2\u00A0separated\t\r \u00C2\u00A0by\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0non-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0mode,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0distinctions\t\r \u00C2\u00A0made\t\r \u00C2\u00A0within\t\r \u00C2\u00A0these\t\r \u00C2\u00A0where\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0results\t\r \u00C2\u00A0are\t\r \u00C2\u00A0significant.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Table\t\r \u00C2\u00A06:\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Proposed\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Transportation\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Policies\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Proposed\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Transportation\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Policies\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Sticks\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Carrots\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Y50,000\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0license\t\r \u00C2\u00A0registration\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Dedicated\t\r \u00C2\u00A0BRT-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090style\t\r \u00C2\u00A0bus\t\r \u00C2\u00A0lanes\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0license\t\r \u00C2\u00A0lottery\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0an\t\r \u00C2\u00A0average\t\r \u00C2\u00A0wait\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A02-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u00903\t\r \u00C2\u00A0years\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Installing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0tax\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0double\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0size\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0metro\t\r \u00C2\u00A0system\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Y70\t\r \u00C2\u00A0congestion\t\r \u00C2\u00A0fee\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cars\t\r \u00C2\u00A0entering\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Special\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Economic\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Zone\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Y2\t\r \u00C2\u00A0subsidized\t\r \u00C2\u00A0tickets\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0public\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transit\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Y50\t\r \u00C2\u00A0per\t\r \u00C2\u00A0hour\t\r \u00C2\u00A0parking\t\r \u00C2\u00A0fee\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Free\t\r \u00C2\u00A02\t\r \u00C2\u00A0hour\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transfers\t\r \u00C2\u00A0on\t\r \u00C2\u00A0public\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transit\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Y12\t\r \u00C2\u00A0per\t\r \u00C2\u00A0liter\t\r \u00C2\u00A0gasoline\t\r \u00C2\u00A0prices\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0STICKS\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0 49\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Unsurprisingly,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0stick\t\r \u00C2\u00A0policies\t\r \u00C2\u00A0were\t\r \u00C2\u00A0unpopular.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0To\t\r \u00C2\u00A0varying\t\r \u00C2\u00A0degrees\t\r \u00C2\u00A0students\t\r \u00C2\u00A0felt\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0proposed\t\r \u00C2\u00A0policies\t\r \u00C2\u00A0were\t\r \u00C2\u00A0unacceptable\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0one\t\r \u00C2\u00A0way\t\r \u00C2\u00A0or\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0other,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0range\t\r \u00C2\u00A0between\t\r \u00C2\u00A068%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A091%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0unacceptable,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0all\t\r \u00C2\u00A0but\t\r \u00C2\u00A0one\t\r \u00C2\u00A0over\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0three-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090quarters\t\r \u00C2\u00A0mark.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Acceptance\t\r \u00C2\u00A0rates\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0policies\t\r \u00C2\u00A0never\t\r \u00C2\u00A0exceeded\t\r \u00C2\u00A020%,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0remainder\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0responses\t\r \u00C2\u00A0were\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0neutral\t\r \u00C2\u00A0or\t\r \u00C2\u00A0no\t\r \u00C2\u00A0opinion\t\r \u00C2\u00A0category.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Tied\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0unacceptable\t\r \u00C2\u00A0marks\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0policies\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0move\t\r \u00C2\u00A0towards\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0non-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0modes\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0travel.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0When\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ranked,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0rates\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0non-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090acceptance\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0non-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0modes\t\r \u00C2\u00A0follow\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0same\t\r \u00C2\u00A0order.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0This\t\r \u00C2\u00A0outcome\t\r \u00C2\u00A0may\t\r \u00C2\u00A0indicate\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0sharper\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0policy\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0restrictive\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0purchasing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ownership\t\r \u00C2\u00A0it\t\r \u00C2\u00A0may\t\r \u00C2\u00A0seem,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0likely\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Chinese\t\r \u00C2\u00A0youth\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0settle\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0alternative\t\r \u00C2\u00A0modes.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Chief\t\r \u00C2\u00A0among\t\r \u00C2\u00A0these\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0metro,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0which\t\r \u00C2\u00A0consistently\t\r \u00C2\u00A0outdrew\t\r \u00C2\u00A0increased\t\r \u00C2\u00A0bus,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0bike,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0walking\t\r \u00C2\u00A0trips.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0A\t\r \u00C2\u00A0lottery\t\r \u00C2\u00A0policy,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0inspired\t\r \u00C2\u00A0by\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0example\t\r \u00C2\u00A0used\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Beijing,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0asked\t\r \u00C2\u00A0students\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0assume\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0wait\t\r \u00C2\u00A0time\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A02-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u00903\t\r \u00C2\u00A0years\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0While\t\r \u00C2\u00A0still\t\r \u00C2\u00A0deemed\t\r \u00C2\u00A0overwhelmingly\t\r \u00C2\u00A0unacceptable\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(68%),\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0policy\t\r \u00C2\u00A0actually\t\r \u00C2\u00A0had\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0lowest\t\r \u00C2\u00A0rate\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0non-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090acceptance.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0It\t\r \u00C2\u00A0may\t\r \u00C2\u00A0be\t\r \u00C2\u00A0because\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0policy\t\r \u00C2\u00A0doesn\u00E2\u0080\u0099t\t\r \u00C2\u00A0infer\t\r \u00C2\u00A0any\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cost\t\r \u00C2\u00A0penalty,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0which\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0others\t\r \u00C2\u00A0do.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Given\t\r \u00C2\u00A0this\t\r \u00C2\u00A0proposed\t\r \u00C2\u00A0intervention,\t\r \u00C2\u00A059%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0said\t\r \u00C2\u00A0they\u00E2\u0080\u0099d\t\r \u00C2\u00A0use\t\r \u00C2\u00A0non-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0modes\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0bulk\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0being\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A039%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0who\t\r \u00C2\u00A0would\t\r \u00C2\u00A0opt\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0metro.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0The\t\r \u00C2\u00A0next\t\r \u00C2\u00A0policy\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0modeled\t\r \u00C2\u00A0after\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Shanghai\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0auction\t\r \u00C2\u00A0program\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0supposed\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0one-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090time\t\r \u00C2\u00A0fee\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Y50,000\t\r \u00C2\u00A0($8,035)\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0register\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0vehicle.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Opposition\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0this\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A075%.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0In\t\r \u00C2\u00A0accounting\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0reactions\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0such\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0policy,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0non-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0modes\t\r \u00C2\u00A0were\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0beneficiaries,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A063%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0opting\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0them,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0including\t\r \u00C2\u00A042%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0metro.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Table\t\r \u00C2\u00A07:\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Stick\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Policies:\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Acceptance\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Reactions\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Stick\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Policies:\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Acceptance\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Reactions\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Acceptance\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Reaction\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Policy\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Unacceptable\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Neutral\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Acceptable\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Drive\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Transit\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Walk\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Y50,000\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0license\t\r \u00C2\u00A0registration\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 76% 10% 14% 35% 54% 11% Car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0license\t\r \u00C2\u00A0lottery\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0an\t\r \u00C2\u00A0average\t\r \u00C2\u00A0wait\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A02-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u00903\t\r \u00C2\u00A0years\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 69% 15% 16% 40% 48% 12% Y70\t\r \u00C2\u00A0congestion\t\r \u00C2\u00A0fee\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cars\t\r \u00C2\u00A0entering\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Special\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Economic\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 81% 9% 11% 33% 57% 10% \t\r \u00C2\u00A0 50\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Zone\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Y50\t\r \u00C2\u00A0per\t\r \u00C2\u00A0hour\t\r \u00C2\u00A0parking\t\r \u00C2\u00A0fee\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 92% 4% 4% 26% 62% 13% Y12\t\r \u00C2\u00A0per\t\r \u00C2\u00A0liter\t\r \u00C2\u00A0gasoline\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 86% 5% 9% 24% 61% 15% \t\r \u00C2\u00A0 The\t\r \u00C2\u00A0three\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ensuing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0measures\t\r \u00C2\u00A0are\t\r \u00C2\u00A0based\t\r \u00C2\u00A0on\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ideas\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0usage\t\r \u00C2\u00A0management\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0opposed\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ownership\t\r \u00C2\u00A0restraints\t\r \u00C2\u00A0like\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0above\t\r \u00C2\u00A0pair.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0They\t\r \u00C2\u00A0impose\t\r \u00C2\u00A0financial\t\r \u00C2\u00A0costs\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0varying\t\r \u00C2\u00A0significance.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0If\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0congestion\t\r \u00C2\u00A0charge\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0central\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Shenzhen\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0enacted\t\r \u00C2\u00A0costing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Y70\t\r \u00C2\u00A0($11.25),\t\r \u00C2\u00A0over\t\r \u00C2\u00A080%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0opposition\t\r \u00C2\u00A0appears,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A050%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0recording\t\r \u00C2\u00A0strong\t\r \u00C2\u00A0opposition.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0The\t\r \u00C2\u00A0acceptance\t\r \u00C2\u00A0rate\t\r \u00C2\u00A0plummets\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0less\t\r \u00C2\u00A0than\t\r \u00C2\u00A010%,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0but\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0shift\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0non\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0modes\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0strong\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(66%)\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0once\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0metro,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0at\t\r \u00C2\u00A047%,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0viewed\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0best\t\r \u00C2\u00A0alternative.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Increasing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cost\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0gas\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Y12\t\r \u00C2\u00A0($1.90)\t\r \u00C2\u00A0per\t\r \u00C2\u00A0liter\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0like\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0others,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0unpopular.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A066%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0were\t\r \u00C2\u00A0strongly\t\r \u00C2\u00A0against\t\r \u00C2\u00A0it,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A086%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0against\t\r \u00C2\u00A0generally.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0The\t\r \u00C2\u00A0reaction\t\r \u00C2\u00A0again\t\r \u00C2\u00A0tended\t\r \u00C2\u00A0towards\t\r \u00C2\u00A0non-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0modes\t\r \u00C2\u00A0at\t\r \u00C2\u00A065%,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0metro\t\r \u00C2\u00A0clocking\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0at\t\r \u00C2\u00A0just\t\r \u00C2\u00A0under\t\r \u00C2\u00A050%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0total.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0It\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0also\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0continuation\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0idea\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0harsh\t\r \u00C2\u00A0financial\t\r \u00C2\u00A0costs\t\r \u00C2\u00A0are\t\r \u00C2\u00A0both\t\r \u00C2\u00A0unpopular\t\r \u00C2\u00A0but\t\r \u00C2\u00A0potentially\t\r \u00C2\u00A0effecting\t\r \u00C2\u00A0at\t\r \u00C2\u00A0causing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0active\t\r \u00C2\u00A0behavior\t\r \u00C2\u00A0changes.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Finally,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0hypothetical\t\r \u00C2\u00A0intervention\t\r \u00C2\u00A0charging\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Y50\t\r \u00C2\u00A0($8)\t\r \u00C2\u00A0per\t\r \u00C2\u00A0hour\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0parking\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0least\t\r \u00C2\u00A0popular.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Over\t\r \u00C2\u00A0three\t\r \u00C2\u00A0quarters\t\r \u00C2\u00A0were\t\r \u00C2\u00A0strongly\t\r \u00C2\u00A0against\t\r \u00C2\u00A0it,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A091%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0total\t\r \u00C2\u00A0deemed\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0policy\t\r \u00C2\u00A0unacceptable.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0The\t\r \u00C2\u00A0trend\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transitioning\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0non-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0modes\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0rising\t\r \u00C2\u00A0discontent\t\r \u00C2\u00A0tied\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0policy\t\r \u00C2\u00A0continues\t\r \u00C2\u00A0however.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Nearly\t\r \u00C2\u00A075%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0indicated\t\r \u00C2\u00A0they\u00E2\u0080\u0099d\t\r \u00C2\u00A0use\t\r \u00C2\u00A0non-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0modes\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0nearly\t\r \u00C2\u00A0half\t\r \u00C2\u00A0opting\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0metro\t\r \u00C2\u00A0usage.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0CARROTS\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Interventions\t\r \u00C2\u00A0incentivizing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0non-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0travel,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0instead\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0punishing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0automobile\t\r \u00C2\u00A0options,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0were\t\r \u00C2\u00A0met\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0generally\t\r \u00C2\u00A0positive\t\r \u00C2\u00A0reactions.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Three\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0four\t\r \u00C2\u00A0policies\t\r \u00C2\u00A0found\t\r \u00C2\u00A0broad\t\r \u00C2\u00A0acceptance\t\r \u00C2\u00A0among\t\r \u00C2\u00A0those\t\r \u00C2\u00A0surveyed.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0The\t\r \u00C2\u00A0wording\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0fourth\t\r \u00C2\u00A0one\t\r \u00C2\u00A0may\t\r \u00C2\u00A0be\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0factor\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0its\t\r \u00C2\u00A0deemed\t\r \u00C2\u00A0unacceptability,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0discussed\t\r \u00C2\u00A0below\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0detail.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Due\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0difficulty\t\r \u00C2\u00A0wording\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0clear\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0concise\t\r \u00C2\u00A0question,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0no\t\r \u00C2\u00A0specific\t\r \u00C2\u00A0policy\t\r \u00C2\u00A0enhancing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0bicycling\t\r \u00C2\u00A0or\t\r \u00C2\u00A0pedestrian\t\r \u00C2\u00A0choice\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0included.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0 51\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Like\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0driving\t\r \u00C2\u00A0disincentive\t\r \u00C2\u00A0proposals,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0broad\t\r \u00C2\u00A0tendency\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0actions\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0move\t\r \u00C2\u00A0towards\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0non-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0modes\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0travel.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Here\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0values\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ranged\t\r \u00C2\u00A0from\t\r \u00C2\u00A056%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A075%,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0roughly\t\r \u00C2\u00A0similar\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0scope\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0effect\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0anti-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0policies.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0It\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0interesting\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0see\t\r \u00C2\u00A0this\t\r \u00C2\u00A0relation;\t\r \u00C2\u00A0however\t\r \u00C2\u00A0no\t\r \u00C2\u00A0distinction\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0made\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0quantity\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0trips\t\r \u00C2\u00A0changed\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0fine\t\r \u00C2\u00A0grain\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0detail\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0not\t\r \u00C2\u00A0available\t\r \u00C2\u00A0due\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0nature\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0this\t\r \u00C2\u00A0survey.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Table\t\r \u00C2\u00A08:\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Carrot\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Policies:\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Acceptance\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Reactions\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Carrot\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Policies:\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Acceptance\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Reactions\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Acceptance\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Reaction\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Policy\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Unacceptable\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Neutral\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Acceptable\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Drive\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Transit\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Walk\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Dedicated\t\r \u00C2\u00A0BRT-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090style\t\r \u00C2\u00A0bus\t\r \u00C2\u00A0lanes\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 28% 16% 56% 45% 48% 8% Installing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0tax\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0double\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0size\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0metro\t\r \u00C2\u00A0system\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 60% 12% 28% 29% 59% 12% Y2\t\r \u00C2\u00A0subsidized\t\r \u00C2\u00A0tickets\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0public\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transit\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 13% 13% 74% 34% 59% 7% Free\t\r \u00C2\u00A02\t\r \u00C2\u00A0hour\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transfers\t\r \u00C2\u00A0on\t\r \u00C2\u00A0public\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transit\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 14% 8% 78% 24% 70% 6% \t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 A\t\r \u00C2\u00A0policy\t\r \u00C2\u00A0proposing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0dedicated\t\r \u00C2\u00A0bus\t\r \u00C2\u00A0lanes\t\r \u00C2\u00A0on\t\r \u00C2\u00A0major\t\r \u00C2\u00A0roads\t\r \u00C2\u00A0met\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A055%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0approval,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A029%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0against\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0remainder\t\r \u00C2\u00A0neutral.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0In\t\r \u00C2\u00A0such\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0scenario,\t\r \u00C2\u00A056%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0respondents\t\r \u00C2\u00A0said\t\r \u00C2\u00A0they\t\r \u00C2\u00A0would\t\r \u00C2\u00A0opt\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0non-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0travel,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0including\t\r \u00C2\u00A021%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0bus.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0This\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0still\t\r \u00C2\u00A0less\t\r \u00C2\u00A0than\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0rate\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0metro\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(27%),\t\r \u00C2\u00A0an\t\r \u00C2\u00A0interesting\t\r \u00C2\u00A0find\t\r \u00C2\u00A0considering\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0policy\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0specifically\t\r \u00C2\u00A0designed\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0encourage\t\r \u00C2\u00A0bus\t\r \u00C2\u00A0usage.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0It\t\r \u00C2\u00A0may\t\r \u00C2\u00A0be\t\r \u00C2\u00A0evidence\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0perceptual\t\r \u00C2\u00A0difference\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0two\t\r \u00C2\u00A0modes\t\r \u00C2\u00A0carry.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 A\t\r \u00C2\u00A0policy\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0subsidizing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0public\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transit\t\r \u00C2\u00A0fares\t\r \u00C2\u00A0at\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0rate\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Y2\t\r \u00C2\u00A0($.32),\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Beijing,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0would\t\r \u00C2\u00A0mean\t\r \u00C2\u00A0significantly\t\r \u00C2\u00A0lower\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cost\t\r \u00C2\u00A0than\t\r \u00C2\u00A0now,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0when\t\r \u00C2\u00A0fares\t\r \u00C2\u00A0can\t\r \u00C2\u00A0range\t\r \u00C2\u00A0up\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Y11\t\r \u00C2\u00A0($1.76)\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0furthest\t\r \u00C2\u00A0trips\t\r \u00C2\u00A0on\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Shenzhen\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Metro.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0When\t\r \u00C2\u00A0facing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0option\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ticket\t\r \u00C2\u00A0subsidy,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0almost\t\r \u00C2\u00A0three\t\r \u00C2\u00A0quarters\t\r \u00C2\u00A0found\t\r \u00C2\u00A0it\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0be\t\r \u00C2\u00A0acceptable\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0mere\t\r \u00C2\u00A013%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0were\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0 52\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 against\t\r \u00C2\u00A0it.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A067%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0respondents\t\r \u00C2\u00A0would\t\r \u00C2\u00A0opt\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0non-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0trips,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0metro\t\r \u00C2\u00A0actually\t\r \u00C2\u00A0taking\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0smaller\t\r \u00C2\u00A0share\t\r \u00C2\u00A0than\t\r \u00C2\u00A0bus,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0which\t\r \u00C2\u00A0had\t\r \u00C2\u00A039%.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0This\t\r \u00C2\u00A0may\t\r \u00C2\u00A0be\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0case\t\r \u00C2\u00A0because\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0issue\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0fare\t\r \u00C2\u00A0payment\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0one\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0not\t\r \u00C2\u00A0abstract\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0student,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0but\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0very\t\r \u00C2\u00A0common\t\r \u00C2\u00A0occurrence\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0thus\t\r \u00C2\u00A0quite\t\r \u00C2\u00A0tangible.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Currently\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transit\t\r \u00C2\u00A0agency\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Shenzhen\t\r \u00C2\u00A0does\t\r \u00C2\u00A0not\t\r \u00C2\u00A0allow\t\r \u00C2\u00A0free\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transfers,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0though\t\r \u00C2\u00A0it\t\r \u00C2\u00A0does\t\r \u00C2\u00A0offer\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0slightly\t\r \u00C2\u00A0discounted\t\r \u00C2\u00A0rate\t\r \u00C2\u00A0when\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0fare\t\r \u00C2\u00A0card\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0used\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0close\t\r \u00C2\u00A0succession\t\r \u00C2\u00A0between\t\r \u00C2\u00A0trips.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0An\t\r \u00C2\u00A0intervention\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0would\t\r \u00C2\u00A0create\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0free\t\r \u00C2\u00A0two-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090hour\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transfer\t\r \u00C2\u00A0window\t\r \u00C2\u00A0met\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A079%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0acceptance\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0only\t\r \u00C2\u00A015%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0non-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090acceptance.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Bus\t\r \u00C2\u00A0usage\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0selected\t\r \u00C2\u00A0by\t\r \u00C2\u00A048%,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0total\t\r \u00C2\u00A0non-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0mode\t\r \u00C2\u00A0increases\t\r \u00C2\u00A0were\t\r \u00C2\u00A0chosen\t\r \u00C2\u00A0by\t\r \u00C2\u00A075%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0responders.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Again,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0this\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0situation\t\r \u00C2\u00A0student\t\r \u00C2\u00A0may\t\r \u00C2\u00A0regularly\t\r \u00C2\u00A0encounter\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0their\t\r \u00C2\u00A0trips\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0from\t\r \u00C2\u00A0school.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 The\t\r \u00C2\u00A0fourth\t\r \u00C2\u00A0carrot\t\r \u00C2\u00A0produced\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0most\t\r \u00C2\u00A0interesting\t\r \u00C2\u00A0results.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0It\t\r \u00C2\u00A0suggests\t\r \u00C2\u00A0increasing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0taxes\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0order\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0double\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0size\t\r 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\u00C2\u00A0service\t\r \u00C2\u00A0levels.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 It\t\r \u00C2\u00A0may\t\r \u00C2\u00A0be\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0result\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0tradeoff\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0only\t\r \u00C2\u00A026%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0students\t\r \u00C2\u00A0supported\t\r \u00C2\u00A0such\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0measure,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0while\t\r \u00C2\u00A0nearly\t\r \u00C2\u00A060%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0found\t\r \u00C2\u00A0it\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0be\t\r \u00C2\u00A0unacceptable.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Such\t\r \u00C2\u00A0numbers\t\r \u00C2\u00A0are\t\r \u00C2\u00A0near\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0levels\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0discontent\t\r \u00C2\u00A0registered\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0anti-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090driving\t\r \u00C2\u00A0policies,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0albeit\t\r \u00C2\u00A0at\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0lower\t\r \u00C2\u00A0end.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Nevertheless,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0it\t\r \u00C2\u00A0offers\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0stark\t\r \u00C2\u00A0contrast\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0other\t\r \u00C2\u00A0hypothetical\t\r \u00C2\u00A0carrots.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 While\t\r \u00C2\u00A0unpopular,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0idea\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0doubling\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0metro\t\r \u00C2\u00A0system\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0able\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0win\t\r \u00C2\u00A0over\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0fair\t\r \u00C2\u00A0share\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0respondents.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Just\t\r \u00C2\u00A0under\t\r \u00C2\u00A045%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0stated\t\r \u00C2\u00A0their\t\r \u00C2\u00A0reaction\t\r \u00C2\u00A0would\t\r \u00C2\u00A0be\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ride\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0metro\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0fully\t\r \u00C2\u00A070%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0would\t\r \u00C2\u00A0use\t\r \u00C2\u00A0non-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0modes.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0For\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0policy\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0seemingly\t\r \u00C2\u00A0unpopular,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0there\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0an\t\r \u00C2\u00A0irony\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0so\t\r \u00C2\u00A0many\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0those\t\r \u00C2\u00A0purportedly\t\r \u00C2\u00A0against\t\r \u00C2\u00A0it\t\r \u00C2\u00A0would\t\r \u00C2\u00A0also\t\r \u00C2\u00A0continue\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0use\t\r \u00C2\u00A0it.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0DIFFERENCES\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Some\t\r \u00C2\u00A0differences\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0results\t\r \u00C2\u00A0appeared\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0all\t\r \u00C2\u00A0policies\t\r \u00C2\u00A0when\t\r \u00C2\u00A0certain\t\r \u00C2\u00A0filters\t\r \u00C2\u00A0were\t\r \u00C2\u00A0added,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0such\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0gender.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Men\t\r \u00C2\u00A0showed\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0stronger\t\r \u00C2\u00A0stated\t\r \u00C2\u00A0intent\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0walk\t\r \u00C2\u00A0or\t\r \u00C2\u00A0bike\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0result\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0policies\t\r \u00C2\u00A0than\t\r \u00C2\u00A0women.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Women,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0meanwhile,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0were\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0apt\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0shift\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0travel\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0 53\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 by\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transit\t\r \u00C2\u00A0modes,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0particularly\t\r \u00C2\u00A0strong\t\r \u00C2\u00A0representation\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0increased\t\r \u00C2\u00A0metro\t\r \u00C2\u00A0usage.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0For\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0driving\t\r \u00C2\u00A0disincentive\t\r \u00C2\u00A0policies,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0gap\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0particularly\t\r \u00C2\u00A0pronounced.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Women\t\r \u00C2\u00A0answered\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0they\t\r \u00C2\u00A0would\t\r \u00C2\u00A0take\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0metro\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0by\t\r \u00C2\u00A0anywhere\t\r \u00C2\u00A0from\t\r \u00C2\u00A013%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A023%,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0public\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transit\t\r \u00C2\u00A0rates\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0general\t\r \u00C2\u00A0being\t\r \u00C2\u00A0higher\t\r \u00C2\u00A0by\t\r \u00C2\u00A011%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A020%.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0For\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0non-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0incentives,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0gaps\t\r \u00C2\u00A0between\t\r \u00C2\u00A0males\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0females\t\r \u00C2\u00A0narrow,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0overall\t\r \u00C2\u00A0public\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transit\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ranging\t\r \u00C2\u00A0from\t\r \u00C2\u00A07-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u009014%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0metro\t\r \u00C2\u00A0dropping\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0under\t\r \u00C2\u00A010%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0difference.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0The\t\r \u00C2\u00A0gap\t\r \u00C2\u00A0between\t\r \u00C2\u00A0men\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0women\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0walking\t\r \u00C2\u00A0or\t\r \u00C2\u00A0bicycling\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0smaller.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0However,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0same\t\r \u00C2\u00A0pattern\t\r \u00C2\u00A0appeared\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transit,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0wherein\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0driving\t\r \u00C2\u00A0disincentives\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0larger\t\r \u00C2\u00A0gap\t\r \u00C2\u00A0exists\t\r \u00C2\u00A0than\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0non-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0mode\t\r \u00C2\u00A0incentives.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Here\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0range\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0between\t\r \u00C2\u00A04-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u009010%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u0098sticks\u00E2\u0080\u0099,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0only\t\r \u00C2\u00A0.5%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A05%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u0098carrots\u00E2\u0080\u0099.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Based\t\r \u00C2\u00A0on\t\r \u00C2\u00A0those\t\r \u00C2\u00A0results,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0it\t\r \u00C2\u00A0seems\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0women\t\r \u00C2\u00A0may\t\r \u00C2\u00A0be\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0willing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0change\t\r \u00C2\u00A0their\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ways\t\r \u00C2\u00A0when\t\r \u00C2\u00A0faced\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0restrictive\t\r \u00C2\u00A0policies\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(possibly\t\r \u00C2\u00A0or)\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0men\t\r \u00C2\u00A0are\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0obstinately\t\r \u00C2\u00A0set\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0their\t\r \u00C2\u00A0own.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0This\t\r \u00C2\u00A0latter\t\r \u00C2\u00A0assertion\t\r \u00C2\u00A0gains\t\r \u00C2\u00A0some\t\r \u00C2\u00A0credence\t\r \u00C2\u00A0when\t\r \u00C2\u00A0considering\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0men\t\r \u00C2\u00A0were\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0likely\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0continue\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0pursue\t\r \u00C2\u00A0driving.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0They\t\r \u00C2\u00A0showed\t\r \u00C2\u00A0stronger\t\r \u00C2\u00A0reactions\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0favor\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0driving\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0all\t\r \u00C2\u00A0policies,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ranging\t\r \u00C2\u00A0from\t\r \u00C2\u00A05%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A010%,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0one\t\r \u00C2\u00A0instance\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A019%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0gap\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Y70\t\r \u00C2\u00A0congestion\t\r \u00C2\u00A0charge.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0It\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0unclear\t\r \u00C2\u00A0why\t\r \u00C2\u00A0this\t\r \u00C2\u00A0gap\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0so\t\r \u00C2\u00A0large\t\r \u00C2\u00A0compared\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0others.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Overall\t\r \u00C2\u00A0though\t\r \u00C2\u00A0this\t\r \u00C2\u00A0fits\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0analysis\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Cullinane\t\r \u00C2\u00A0has\t\r \u00C2\u00A0done\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Hong\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Kong\t\r \u00C2\u00A0attitudes\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0show\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0stronger\t\r \u00C2\u00A0tendency\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0men\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0gravitate\t\r \u00C2\u00A0towards\t\r \u00C2\u00A0driving.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0In\t\r \u00C2\u00A0spite\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0differences\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0appeared\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0reactions\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0male\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0female\t\r \u00C2\u00A0students,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0acceptance\t\r \u00C2\u00A0rates\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0policies\t\r \u00C2\u00A0varied\t\r \u00C2\u00A0little\t\r \u00C2\u00A0from\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0composite\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ones\t\r \u00C2\u00A0above.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0The\t\r \u00C2\u00A0widest\t\r \u00C2\u00A0gap\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0merely\t\r \u00C2\u00A07%\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0acceptability\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transit\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ticket\t\r \u00C2\u00A0subsidized\t\r \u00C2\u00A0at\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Y2,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0which\t\r \u00C2\u00A0women\t\r \u00C2\u00A0found\t\r \u00C2\u00A0it\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0agreeable.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0The\t\r \u00C2\u00A0general\t\r \u00C2\u00A0range\t\r 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\u00C2\u00A0stronger\t\r \u00C2\u00A0opposition\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0both\t\r \u00C2\u00A0anti-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0pro-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090transit\t\r \u00C2\u00A0policies\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0evidenced,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0but\t\r \u00C2\u00A0even\t\r \u00C2\u00A0here\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0gaps\t\r \u00C2\u00A0are\t\r \u00C2\u00A0smaller\t\r \u00C2\u00A0than\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0acceptance\t\r \u00C2\u00A0rates\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0males\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0females.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0There\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0slight\t\r \u00C2\u00A0tendency\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0favor\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0taking\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transit\t\r \u00C2\u00A0by\t\r \u00C2\u00A0students\t\r \u00C2\u00A0who\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0 54\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 were\t\r \u00C2\u00A0from\t\r \u00C2\u00A0homes\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0did\t\r \u00C2\u00A0not\t\r \u00C2\u00A0own\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cars,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0well\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0slight\t\r \u00C2\u00A0preference\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0maintaining\t\r \u00C2\u00A0automobile\t\r \u00C2\u00A0trips\t\r \u00C2\u00A0by\t\r \u00C2\u00A0students\t\r \u00C2\u00A0from\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090owning\t\r \u00C2\u00A0households.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A05.7\t\r \u00C2\u00A0COMPARING\t\r \u00C2\u00A0VALUES\t\r \u00C2\u00A0AND\t\r \u00C2\u00A0POLICY\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Having\t\r \u00C2\u00A0established\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Chinese\t\r \u00C2\u00A0traditional\t\r \u00C2\u00A0views\t\r \u00C2\u00A0are\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0or\t\r \u00C2\u00A0less\t\r \u00C2\u00A0intact\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0certainly\t\r \u00C2\u00A0still\t\r \u00C2\u00A0dominant\t\r \u00C2\u00A0even\t\r \u00C2\u00A0among\t\r \u00C2\u00A0younger\t\r \u00C2\u00A0citizens,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0it\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0possible\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0determine\t\r \u00C2\u00A0if\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0values\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cause\t\r \u00C2\u00A0any\t\r \u00C2\u00A0variance\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0attitudes\t\r \u00C2\u00A0towards\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cars\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transportation.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0To\t\r \u00C2\u00A0do\t\r \u00C2\u00A0so,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0three\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0questions\t\r \u00C2\u00A0relating\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0personal\t\r \u00C2\u00A0values\t\r \u00C2\u00A0were\t\r \u00C2\u00A0used\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0comparative\t\r \u00C2\u00A0purposes\t\r \u00C2\u00A0against\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0selection\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0questions.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 The\t\r \u00C2\u00A0value\t\r \u00C2\u00A0questions\t\r \u00C2\u00A0examined\t\r \u00C2\u00A0were\t\r \u00C2\u00A0based\t\r \u00C2\u00A0on\t\r \u00C2\u00A0responses\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0survey\t\r \u00C2\u00A0questions\t\r \u00C2\u00A02,\t\r \u00C2\u00A04,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A08.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0The\t\r \u00C2\u00A0primary\t\r \u00C2\u00A0result\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0come\t\r \u00C2\u00A0out\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cross-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090examination\t\r \u00C2\u00A0between\t\r \u00C2\u00A0values\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transportation\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0there\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0little\t\r \u00C2\u00A0connection\t\r \u00C2\u00A0between\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0two\t\r \u00C2\u00A0sets.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0While\t\r \u00C2\u00A0some\t\r \u00C2\u00A0variance\t\r \u00C2\u00A0exists\t\r \u00C2\u00A0within\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ranges,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0it\t\r \u00C2\u00A0seems\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0student\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\t\r \u00C2\u00A0personal\t\r \u00C2\u00A0values\t\r \u00C2\u00A0play\t\r \u00C2\u00A0little\t\r \u00C2\u00A0role\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0their\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transportation\t\r \u00C2\u00A0choices\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0attitudes.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 An\t\r \u00C2\u00A0area\t\r \u00C2\u00A0where\t\r \u00C2\u00A0some\t\r \u00C2\u00A0greater\t\r \u00C2\u00A0influence\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0seen\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0between\t\r \u00C2\u00A0materialism\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0question\t\r \u00C2\u00A04\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(My\t\r \u00C2\u00A0life\t\r \u00C2\u00A0would\t\r \u00C2\u00A0be\t\r \u00C2\u00A0happier\t\r \u00C2\u00A0if\t\r \u00C2\u00A0I\t\r \u00C2\u00A0owned\t\r \u00C2\u00A0certain\t\r \u00C2\u00A0things\t\r 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\u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0person\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\t\r \u00C2\u00A0stated\t\r \u00C2\u00A0values,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0at\t\r \u00C2\u00A0least\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0relation\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0sample\t\r \u00C2\u00A0group\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0this\t\r \u00C2\u00A0survey.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0 55\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 6.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Interpretations\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Based\t\r \u00C2\u00A0on\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0analysis\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0data,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0number\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0key\t\r \u00C2\u00A0threads\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0thoughts\t\r \u00C2\u00A0emerge\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0offer\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0complete\t\r \u00C2\u00A0view\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r 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\u00C2\u00A0now.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 There\t\r \u00C2\u00A0has\t\r \u00C2\u00A0not\t\r \u00C2\u00A0been\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0wholesale\t\r \u00C2\u00A0penetration\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Western\t\r \u00C2\u00A0values\t\r \u00C2\u00A0imposed\t\r \u00C2\u00A0on\t\r \u00C2\u00A0these\t\r \u00C2\u00A0youth.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0This\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0spite\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0spread\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0globalization\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0idealization\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0many\t\r \u00C2\u00A0elements\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Western\t\r \u00C2\u00A0culture\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0media.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0The\t\r \u00C2\u00A0students\t\r \u00C2\u00A0too\t\r \u00C2\u00A0are\t\r \u00C2\u00A0at\t\r \u00C2\u00A0an\t\r \u00C2\u00A0age\t\r \u00C2\u00A0where\t\r 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\u00C2\u00A0potential\t\r \u00C2\u00A0gender\t\r \u00C2\u00A0division.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Males\t\r \u00C2\u00A0were\t\r \u00C2\u00A0overall\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0likely\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0trend\t\r \u00C2\u00A0towards\t\r \u00C2\u00A0traditional\t\r \u00C2\u00A0values,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0while\t\r \u00C2\u00A0females\t\r \u00C2\u00A0placed\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0greater\t\r \u00C2\u00A0emphasis\t\r \u00C2\u00A0on\t\r \u00C2\u00A0personal\t\r \u00C2\u00A0independence.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Both\t\r \u00C2\u00A0showed\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0strong\t\r \u00C2\u00A0desire\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0have\t\r \u00C2\u00A0lived\t\r \u00C2\u00A0overseas\t\r \u00C2\u00A0too,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0though\t\r \u00C2\u00A0no\t\r \u00C2\u00A0distinction\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0made\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0if\t\r \u00C2\u00A0this\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0temporary\t\r \u00C2\u00A0or\t\r \u00C2\u00A0permanent\t\r \u00C2\u00A0arrangement.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Even\t\r \u00C2\u00A0though\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ideas\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0being\t\r \u00C2\u00A0independent\t\r \u00C2\u00A0or\t\r \u00C2\u00A0living\t\r \u00C2\u00A0abroad\t\r \u00C2\u00A0fared\t\r \u00C2\u00A0well\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0student\t\r \u00C2\u00A0descriptions\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0successful\t\r \u00C2\u00A0person,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0some\t\r \u00C2\u00A0conflict\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0values\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0present.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0For\t\r \u00C2\u00A0all\t\r \u00C2\u00A0pretensions\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0value\t\r \u00C2\u00A0independence,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0there\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0still\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0pull\t\r \u00C2\u00A0towards\t\r \u00C2\u00A0traditional\t\r \u00C2\u00A0values\t\r \u00C2\u00A0like\t\r \u00C2\u00A0marriage,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0bearing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0children,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0owning\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0home.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0This\t\r \u00C2\u00A0may\t\r \u00C2\u00A0be\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0result\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0survey\t\r \u00C2\u00A0group\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\t\r \u00C2\u00A0average\t\r \u00C2\u00A0age,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0where\t\r \u00C2\u00A0it\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0easy\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0hold\t\r \u00C2\u00A0two\t\r \u00C2\u00A0views\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0may\t\r \u00C2\u00A0conflict\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0each\t\r \u00C2\u00A0other\t\r \u00C2\u00A0without\t\r \u00C2\u00A0noticing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0logical\t\r \u00C2\u00A0incongruity.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Materialism\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0represented\t\r \u00C2\u00A0among\t\r \u00C2\u00A0this\t\r \u00C2\u00A0age\t\r \u00C2\u00A0group;\t\r \u00C2\u00A0however,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0it\t\r \u00C2\u00A0does\t\r \u00C2\u00A0not\t\r \u00C2\u00A0necessarily\t\r \u00C2\u00A0conflict\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Chinese\t\r \u00C2\u00A0values.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0A\t\r \u00C2\u00A0materialist\t\r \u00C2\u00A0view\t\r \u00C2\u00A0can\t\r \u00C2\u00A0be\t\r \u00C2\u00A0nurtured\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0context\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0wanting\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0both\t\r \u00C2\u00A0fit\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0stand\t\r \u00C2\u00A0out\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0society,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ideas\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0are\t\r \u00C2\u00A0not\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0 56\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 exclusively\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0social\t\r \u00C2\u00A0domain\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0either\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0East\t\r \u00C2\u00A0or\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0West.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0For\t\r \u00C2\u00A0all\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0perceptual\t\r \u00C2\u00A0value\t\r \u00C2\u00A0attached\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cars\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0their\t\r \u00C2\u00A0precedence\t\r \u00C2\u00A0over\t\r \u00C2\u00A0other\t\r \u00C2\u00A0modes\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0mind\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0student\t\r \u00C2\u00A0respondents,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ownership\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0still\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0good\t\r \u00C2\u00A0deal\t\r \u00C2\u00A0less\t\r \u00C2\u00A0essential\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0successful\t\r \u00C2\u00A0person\t\r \u00C2\u00A0than\t\r \u00C2\u00A0home\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ownership.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Evidenced\t\r \u00C2\u00A0within\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0results,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0particularly\t\r \u00C2\u00A0when\t\r \u00C2\u00A0examining\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0descriptors\t\r \u00C2\u00A0assigned\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0travel\t\r \u00C2\u00A0by\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0metro,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0bus,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0clear\t\r \u00C2\u00A0preference\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0different\t\r \u00C2\u00A0modes.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Speaking\t\r \u00C2\u00A0from\t\r \u00C2\u00A0social\t\r \u00C2\u00A0values,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0perceived\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0best\t\r \u00C2\u00A0mode,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0especially\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0subtle\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cues\t\r \u00C2\u00A0such\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0status\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0person\t\r \u00C2\u00A0using\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0particular\t\r \u00C2\u00A0mode.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Cars\t\r \u00C2\u00A0performed\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0best\t\r \u00C2\u00A0here,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0labeled\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0positively\t\r \u00C2\u00A0than\t\r \u00C2\u00A0either\t\r \u00C2\u00A0public\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transit\t\r \u00C2\u00A0mode.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0This\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0especially\t\r \u00C2\u00A0true\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0men,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0who\t\r \u00C2\u00A0throughout\t\r \u00C2\u00A0various\t\r \u00C2\u00A0sections\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0survey\t\r \u00C2\u00A0demonstrated\t\r \u00C2\u00A0favoritism\t\r \u00C2\u00A0towards\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0women\t\r \u00C2\u00A0did\t\r \u00C2\u00A0not.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Cars,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0when\t\r \u00C2\u00A0present\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0household,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0also\t\r \u00C2\u00A0had\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0normalizing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0effect\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0students\t\r \u00C2\u00A0from\t\r \u00C2\u00A0such\t\r \u00C2\u00A0households\t\r \u00C2\u00A0were\t\r \u00C2\u00A0found\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0hold\t\r \u00C2\u00A0biases\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0favor\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0private\t\r \u00C2\u00A0vehicles\t\r \u00C2\u00A0compared\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0their\t\r \u00C2\u00A0peers\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0homes\t\r \u00C2\u00A0without\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cars.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0This\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0line\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0prior\t\r \u00C2\u00A0research\t\r \u00C2\u00A0on\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ownership,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0both\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Asia\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0also\t\r \u00C2\u00A0globally.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 The\t\r \u00C2\u00A0bus\t\r \u00C2\u00A0had\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0worst\t\r \u00C2\u00A0results,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0maligned\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0slow\t\r \u00C2\u00A0tool\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0poor\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0too\t\r \u00C2\u00A0crowded.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Metro\t\r \u00C2\u00A0received\t\r \u00C2\u00A0better\t\r \u00C2\u00A0marks,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0occupying\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0solid\t\r \u00C2\u00A0middle\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ground\t\r \u00C2\u00A0between\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0bus.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0These\t\r \u00C2\u00A0results\t\r \u00C2\u00A0are\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0line\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0perceptions\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0three\t\r \u00C2\u00A0modes\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0West\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0well,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0though\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0China\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0speed\t\r \u00C2\u00A0value\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0metro\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0hard\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0overstate\t\r \u00C2\u00A0given\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0congestion\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0surface\t\r \u00C2\u00A0streets\t\r \u00C2\u00A0often\t\r \u00C2\u00A0endure.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 When\t\r \u00C2\u00A0presented\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0slate\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0hypothetical\t\r \u00C2\u00A0policy\t\r \u00C2\u00A0interventions\t\r \u00C2\u00A0designed\t\r \u00C2\u00A0either\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0curb\t\r \u00C2\u00A0private\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cars\t\r \u00C2\u00A0or\t\r \u00C2\u00A0encourage\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transit,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0outcomes\t\r \u00C2\u00A0followed\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0consistent\t\r \u00C2\u00A0path.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0The\t\r \u00C2\u00A0stick\t\r \u00C2\u00A0policies,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0either\t\r \u00C2\u00A0targeting\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ownership\t\r \u00C2\u00A0or\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0usage,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0were\t\r \u00C2\u00A0roundly\t\r \u00C2\u00A0unpopular\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0deemed\t\r \u00C2\u00A0unacceptable\t\r \u00C2\u00A0by\t\r \u00C2\u00A0strong\t\r \u00C2\u00A0majorities.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0The\t\r \u00C2\u00A0carrots\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0incentivized\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transit\t\r \u00C2\u00A0were\t\r \u00C2\u00A0almost\t\r \u00C2\u00A0entirely\t\r \u00C2\u00A0acceptable\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0students.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 The\t\r \u00C2\u00A0sole\t\r \u00C2\u00A0aberration\t\r \u00C2\u00A0among\t\r \u00C2\u00A0these\t\r \u00C2\u00A0trends\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0question\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0using\t\r \u00C2\u00A0increased\t\r \u00C2\u00A0taxes\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0fund\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0metro\t\r \u00C2\u00A0expansion,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0which\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0roundly\t\r \u00C2\u00A0rejected.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0It\t\r \u00C2\u00A0may\t\r \u00C2\u00A0be\t\r \u00C2\u00A0because\t\r \u00C2\u00A0this\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0only\t\r \u00C2\u00A0question\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0involved\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0tradeoff,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0financial\t\r \u00C2\u00A0implication\t\r \u00C2\u00A0looked\t\r \u00C2\u00A0punitive.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0It\t\r \u00C2\u00A0would\t\r \u00C2\u00A0be\t\r \u00C2\u00A0curious\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0learn\t\r \u00C2\u00A0what\t\r \u00C2\u00A0sort\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0balance\t\r \u00C2\u00A0would\t\r \u00C2\u00A0need\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0be\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0 57\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 struck\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0order\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0make\t\r \u00C2\u00A0such\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0policy\t\r \u00C2\u00A0acceptable\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0general\t\r \u00C2\u00A0public\t\r \u00C2\u00A0or\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0survey\t\r \u00C2\u00A0population.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Reactions\t\r \u00C2\u00A0towards\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0policies,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0be\t\r \u00C2\u00A0they\t\r \u00C2\u00A0stick\t\r \u00C2\u00A0or\t\r \u00C2\u00A0carrot,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0were\t\r \u00C2\u00A0near\t\r \u00C2\u00A0universal.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Students\t\r \u00C2\u00A0chose\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0increase\t\r \u00C2\u00A0their\t\r \u00C2\u00A0non-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0modes\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0travel,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0siding\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0public\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transit,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0especially\t\r \u00C2\u00A0metro.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0The\t\r \u00C2\u00A0survey\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0unable\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0test\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0magnitude\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0shift,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0so\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0effect\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0policy\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0causes\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transit\t\r \u00C2\u00A0usage\t\r \u00C2\u00A0could\t\r \u00C2\u00A0vary\t\r \u00C2\u00A0from\t\r \u00C2\u00A0one\t\r \u00C2\u00A0extra\t\r \u00C2\u00A0trip\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0year\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0all\t\r \u00C2\u00A0trips\t\r \u00C2\u00A0by\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transit.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Such\t\r \u00C2\u00A0detail\t\r \u00C2\u00A0could\t\r \u00C2\u00A0not\t\r \u00C2\u00A0be\t\r \u00C2\u00A0produced\t\r \u00C2\u00A0because\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0nature\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0survey.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Even\t\r \u00C2\u00A0if\t\r \u00C2\u00A0values\t\r \u00C2\u00A0are\t\r \u00C2\u00A0not\t\r \u00C2\u00A0affected\t\r \u00C2\u00A0by\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0penetration\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Western\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ideas,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0market\t\r \u00C2\u00A0has\t\r \u00C2\u00A0clearly\t\r \u00C2\u00A0shifted\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0response\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0private\t\r \u00C2\u00A0vehicle,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0coupled\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0growing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0affluence.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0The\t\r \u00C2\u00A0attitudes\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Shenzhen\t\r \u00C2\u00A0youth,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0middle\t\r \u00C2\u00A0class\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0future,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0shows\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0distinctive\t\r \u00C2\u00A0preference\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cars\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0attitudes\t\r \u00C2\u00A0towards\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transportation\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0are\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0at\t\r \u00C2\u00A0home\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0West\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0they\t\r \u00C2\u00A0are\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0China.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0For\t\r \u00C2\u00A0both\t\r \u00C2\u00A0boys\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0girls,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0symbol\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0success\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0life,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0albeit\t\r \u00C2\u00A0not\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0primary\t\r \u00C2\u00A0one.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 For\t\r \u00C2\u00A0city\t\r \u00C2\u00A0builders,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0planners,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0government\t\r \u00C2\u00A0officials,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0awareness\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0such\t\r \u00C2\u00A0findings\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0crucial.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Chinese\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cities\t\r \u00C2\u00A0have\t\r \u00C2\u00A0undergone\t\r \u00C2\u00A0drastic\t\r \u00C2\u00A0alterations\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0continue\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0change\t\r \u00C2\u00A0rapidly.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0The\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cities\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0best\t\r \u00C2\u00A0understand\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0desires\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0their\t\r \u00C2\u00A0populace,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0well\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0levers\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0balance\t\r \u00C2\u00A0those\t\r \u00C2\u00A0desires\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0other\t\r \u00C2\u00A0citywide\t\r \u00C2\u00A0goals\t\r \u00C2\u00A0will\t\r \u00C2\u00A0have\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0advantage.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Already\t\r \u00C2\u00A0China\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0an\t\r \u00C2\u00A0urban\t\r \u00C2\u00A0laboratory\t\r \u00C2\u00A0offering\t\r \u00C2\u00A0rare\t\r \u00C2\u00A0opportunities\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0innovation\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0experimentation.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0In\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0face\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r 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\u00C2\u00A0office.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Responsible,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0civic-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090oriented\t\r \u00C2\u00A0policies\t\r \u00C2\u00A0will\t\r \u00C2\u00A0balance\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0short-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090term\t\r \u00C2\u00A0political\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cycle\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0gains\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0long-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090term\t\r \u00C2\u00A0perspective\t\r \u00C2\u00A0required\t\r \u00C2\u00A0by\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0city.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 7.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Limitations\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 There\t\r \u00C2\u00A0are\t\r \u00C2\u00A0certain\t\r \u00C2\u00A0limitations\t\r \u00C2\u00A0acknowledged\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0this\t\r \u00C2\u00A0project.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0The\t\r \u00C2\u00A0majority\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0students\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0secondary\t\r \u00C2\u00A0school\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0university\t\r \u00C2\u00A0are\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0middle\t\r \u00C2\u00A0or\t\r \u00C2\u00A0upper\t\r \u00C2\u00A0class\t\r \u00C2\u00A0backgrounds,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0lack\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0economic\t\r \u00C2\u00A0diversity\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0expected.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0This\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0not\t\r \u00C2\u00A0purely\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0 58\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 classified\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0limitation\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0survey,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0it\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0believed\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0students\t\r \u00C2\u00A0from\t\r \u00C2\u00A0such\t\r \u00C2\u00A0backgrounds\t\r \u00C2\u00A0are\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ones\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0likely\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0have\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0realistic\t\r \u00C2\u00A0choice\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0purchasing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0private\t\r \u00C2\u00A0vehicle\t\r \u00C2\u00A0compared\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0those\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0lesser\t\r \u00C2\u00A0means.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Further,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0an\t\r \u00C2\u00A0emergent\t\r \u00C2\u00A0middle\t\r \u00C2\u00A0class\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0educated\t\r \u00C2\u00A0demographic,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0this\t\r \u00C2\u00A0generation\t\r \u00C2\u00A0will\t\r \u00C2\u00A0be\t\r \u00C2\u00A0setting\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0standards\t\r \u00C2\u00A0by\t\r \u00C2\u00A0which\t\r \u00C2\u00A0success\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0measured\t\r \u00C2\u00A0within\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Chinese\t\r \u00C2\u00A0society.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0The\t\r 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\u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0large\t\r \u00C2\u00A0sample\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0collected\t\r \u00C2\u00A0so\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0level\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0significance\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0easily\t\r \u00C2\u00A0achieved\t\r \u00C2\u00A0when\t\r \u00C2\u00A0analyzing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0results\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0drawing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0conclusions.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Finally,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0students\t\r \u00C2\u00A0between\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ages\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A013-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u009018\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0China\t\r \u00C2\u00A0have\t\r \u00C2\u00A0famously\t\r \u00C2\u00A0stressful\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0high-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090pressure\t\r \u00C2\u00A0lives.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Each\t\r \u00C2\u00A0progressing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0year\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0secondary\t\r \u00C2\u00A0school\t\r \u00C2\u00A0builds\t\r \u00C2\u00A0on\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0culminating\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Chinese\t\r \u00C2\u00A0college\t\r \u00C2\u00A0entrance\t\r \u00C2\u00A0examination\t\r \u00C2\u00A0at\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0end\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0grade\t\r \u00C2\u00A012.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0This,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0combined\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0teenage\t\r \u00C2\u00A0tendency\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0fickleness\t\r \u00C2\u00A0or\t\r \u00C2\u00A0inconsistency,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0means\t\r \u00C2\u00A0there\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0no\t\r \u00C2\u00A0certainty\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0gaining\t\r \u00C2\u00A0meaningful\t\r \u00C2\u00A0results\t\r \u00C2\u00A0from\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0participants\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0survey.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r 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\u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0By\t\r \u00C2\u00A0categorizing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0these\t\r \u00C2\u00A0gaps,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0it\t\r \u00C2\u00A0may\t\r \u00C2\u00A0be\t\r \u00C2\u00A0possible\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0future\t\r \u00C2\u00A0efforts\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0find\t\r \u00C2\u00A0new\t\r \u00C2\u00A0means\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0seal\t\r \u00C2\u00A0them\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0deliver\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0stronger,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0robust\t\r \u00C2\u00A0body\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0research.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0 60\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0 8.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Going\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Forward\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0 With\t\r \u00C2\u00A0this\t\r \u00C2\u00A0study\t\r \u00C2\u00A0complete\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0baseline\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0values,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transportation\t\r \u00C2\u00A0attitudes,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0policy\t\r \u00C2\u00A0implications\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0place,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0door\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0open\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0wide\t\r \u00C2\u00A0array\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0potential\t\r \u00C2\u00A0research\t\r \u00C2\u00A0options.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Some\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0these\t\r \u00C2\u00A0involve\t\r \u00C2\u00A0new\t\r \u00C2\u00A0designs\t\r \u00C2\u00A0examining\t\r \u00C2\u00A0previously\t\r \u00C2\u00A0unexplored\t\r \u00C2\u00A0areas\t\r \u00C2\u00A0while\t\r \u00C2\u00A0others\t\r \u00C2\u00A0may\t\r \u00C2\u00A0use\t\r \u00C2\u00A0this\t\r \u00C2\u00A0data\t\r \u00C2\u00A0set\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0delve\t\r \u00C2\u00A0deeper\t\r \u00C2\u00A0into\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0rich\t\r \u00C2\u00A0variety\t\r \u00C2\u00A0it\t\r 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\u00C2\u00A0research\t\r \u00C2\u00A0designs\t\r \u00C2\u00A0building\t\r \u00C2\u00A0upon\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0results\t\r \u00C2\u00A0here,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0it\t\r \u00C2\u00A0would\t\r \u00C2\u00A0be\t\r \u00C2\u00A0interesting\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0delve\t\r \u00C2\u00A0into\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0local\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0personal\t\r \u00C2\u00A0dimensions\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transportation.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Creating\t\r \u00C2\u00A0policy\t\r \u00C2\u00A0interventions\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0specific\t\r \u00C2\u00A0area,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0or\t\r \u00C2\u00A0eliciting\t\r \u00C2\u00A0youth\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ideas\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0such\t\r \u00C2\u00A0interventions,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0could\t\r \u00C2\u00A0be\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0great\t\r \u00C2\u00A0research\t\r \u00C2\u00A0avenue\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0determine\t\r \u00C2\u00A0what\t\r \u00C2\u00A0works\t\r \u00C2\u00A0on\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0scale\t\r \u00C2\u00A0much\t\r \u00C2\u00A0smaller\t\r \u00C2\u00A0than\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0city\t\r \u00C2\u00A0writ\t\r \u00C2\u00A0large.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Such\t\r \u00C2\u00A0local\t\r \u00C2\u00A0investigation\t\r \u00C2\u00A0could\t\r \u00C2\u00A0shed\t\r \u00C2\u00A0light\t\r \u00C2\u00A0on\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0role\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0walking\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0bicycling\t\r \u00C2\u00A0play\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0student\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transportation,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0role\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0this\t\r \u00C2\u00A0survey\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0unable\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0account\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Identifying\t\r \u00C2\u00A0gaps\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0potential\t\r \u00C2\u00A0improvements\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0such\t\r \u00C2\u00A0areas\t\r \u00C2\u00A0would\t\r \u00C2\u00A0take\t\r \u00C2\u00A0policies\t\r \u00C2\u00A0from\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0idea\t\r \u00C2\u00A0stage\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0critical\t\r \u00C2\u00A0point\t\r \u00C2\u00A0where\t\r \u00C2\u00A0they\t\r \u00C2\u00A0meet\t\r \u00C2\u00A0implementation,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0an\t\r \u00C2\u00A0essential\t\r \u00C2\u00A0step\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0actualizing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0any\t\r \u00C2\u00A0plan.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Another\t\r \u00C2\u00A0path\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0could\t\r \u00C2\u00A0be\t\r \u00C2\u00A0pursued\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0concentrated\t\r \u00C2\u00A0local\t\r \u00C2\u00A0approach\t\r \u00C2\u00A0would\t\r \u00C2\u00A0be\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0examine\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0link\t\r \u00C2\u00A0between\t\r \u00C2\u00A0urban\t\r \u00C2\u00A0design,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0especially\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0large\t\r \u00C2\u00A0estate-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090style\t\r \u00C2\u00A0housing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0developments,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transportation\t\r \u00C2\u00A0behavior.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0This\t\r \u00C2\u00A0could\t\r \u00C2\u00A0be\t\r \u00C2\u00A0done\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0communities\t\r \u00C2\u00A0either\t\r \u00C2\u00A0near\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0metro\t\r \u00C2\u00A0station\t\r \u00C2\u00A0or\t\r \u00C2\u00A0served\t\r \u00C2\u00A0by\t\r \u00C2\u00A0buses\t\r \u00C2\u00A0only.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Another\t\r \u00C2\u00A0means\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0measuring\t\r \u00C2\u00A0this\t\r \u00C2\u00A0could\t\r \u00C2\u00A0be\t\r \u00C2\u00A0through\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0use\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0trip\t\r \u00C2\u00A0diaries\t\r \u00C2\u00A0by\t\r \u00C2\u00A0students\t\r \u00C2\u00A0over\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0period\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0time\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0see\t\r \u00C2\u00A0how\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0what\t\r \u00C2\u00A0sort\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0journeys\t\r \u00C2\u00A0are\t\r \u00C2\u00A0made.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Along\t\r \u00C2\u00A0similar\t\r \u00C2\u00A0lines\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0trip\t\r \u00C2\u00A0diaries\t\r \u00C2\u00A0would\t\r \u00C2\u00A0be\t\r \u00C2\u00A0conducting\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0series\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0qualitative,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0personal\t\r \u00C2\u00A0interviews\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0students,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0using\t\r \u00C2\u00A0questions\t\r \u00C2\u00A0similar\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ones\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0 61\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 posed\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0survey\t\r \u00C2\u00A0but\t\r \u00C2\u00A0allowing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0range\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0reactions.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0This\t\r \u00C2\u00A0could\t\r \u00C2\u00A0go\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0long\t\r \u00C2\u00A0way\t\r \u00C2\u00A0towards\t\r \u00C2\u00A0capturing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0some\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0nuances\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0paper-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090based\t\r \u00C2\u00A0survey\t\r \u00C2\u00A0omitted.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Transportation\t\r \u00C2\u00A0behavior\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0future\t\r \u00C2\u00A0was\t\r \u00C2\u00A0looked\t\r \u00C2\u00A0at\t\r \u00C2\u00A0merely\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0hypothetical\t\r \u00C2\u00A0scenario,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0lacks\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0means\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0follow-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090up\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0individuals\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0see\t\r \u00C2\u00A0how\t\r \u00C2\u00A0much\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0those\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ideas\t\r \u00C2\u00A0are\t\r \u00C2\u00A0realized.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0An\t\r \u00C2\u00A0interesting\t\r \u00C2\u00A0research\t\r \u00C2\u00A0work\t\r \u00C2\u00A0could\t\r \u00C2\u00A0target\t\r \u00C2\u00A0potential\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0owners,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0asking\t\r \u00C2\u00A0them\t\r \u00C2\u00A0their\t\r \u00C2\u00A0perceptions\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cars\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0how\t\r \u00C2\u00A0much\t\r \u00C2\u00A0they\t\r \u00C2\u00A0anticipate\t\r \u00C2\u00A0using\t\r \u00C2\u00A0them.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0A\t\r \u00C2\u00A0follow-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090up\t\r \u00C2\u00A0could\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ensue\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0six\t\r \u00C2\u00A0months\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0year,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0determining\t\r \u00C2\u00A0how\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0new\t\r \u00C2\u00A0drivers\t\r \u00C2\u00A0really\t\r \u00C2\u00A0use\t\r \u00C2\u00A0their\t\r \u00C2\u00A0vehicles\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0what\t\r \u00C2\u00A0some\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0their\t\r \u00C2\u00A0personal\t\r \u00C2\u00A0outcomes\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ownership\t\r \u00C2\u00A0have\t\r \u00C2\u00A0been.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Another\t\r \u00C2\u00A0option\t\r \u00C2\u00A0is\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0expand\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0data\t\r \u00C2\u00A0set.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0This\t\r \u00C2\u00A0could\t\r \u00C2\u00A0be\t\r \u00C2\u00A0done\t\r \u00C2\u00A0by\t\r \u00C2\u00A0rolling\t\r \u00C2\u00A0out\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0version\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0survey\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0students\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0other\t\r \u00C2\u00A0provinces\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0have\t\r \u00C2\u00A0different\t\r \u00C2\u00A0sets\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0socio-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090economic\t\r \u00C2\u00A0variables\t\r \u00C2\u00A0or\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0similar\t\r \u00C2\u00A0student\t\r \u00C2\u00A0bodies\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0other\t\r \u00C2\u00A0prosperous\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cities\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0China.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0The\t\r \u00C2\u00A0age\t\r \u00C2\u00A0could\t\r \u00C2\u00A0be\t\r \u00C2\u00A0adjusted\t\r \u00C2\u00A0too,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0university\t\r \u00C2\u00A0students\t\r \u00C2\u00A0could\t\r \u00C2\u00A0become\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0targeted\t\r \u00C2\u00A0demographic.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0The\t\r \u00C2\u00A0potential\t\r \u00C2\u00A0exists\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0this\t\r \u00C2\u00A0group\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0reactions\t\r \u00C2\u00A0will\t\r \u00C2\u00A0be\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0thought\t\r \u00C2\u00A0out\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0grounded\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0complications\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0real\t\r \u00C2\u00A0world\t\r \u00C2\u00A0can\t\r \u00C2\u00A0present\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0person\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0time\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0experience.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Such\t\r \u00C2\u00A0data\t\r \u00C2\u00A0could\t\r \u00C2\u00A0provide\t\r \u00C2\u00A0better\t\r \u00C2\u00A0determinants\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0behavior.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Finally,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0policy\t\r \u00C2\u00A0dimension\t\r \u00C2\u00A0can\t\r \u00C2\u00A0be\t\r \u00C2\u00A0examined\t\r \u00C2\u00A0through\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0more\t\r \u00C2\u00A0demanding\t\r \u00C2\u00A0lens.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0This\t\r \u00C2\u00A0could\t\r \u00C2\u00A0be\t\r \u00C2\u00A0by\t\r \u00C2\u00A0investigating\t\r \u00C2\u00A0tradeoffs,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0that\t\r \u00C2\u00A0improvements\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0either\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0road\t\r \u00C2\u00A0or\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transit\t\r \u00C2\u00A0network\t\r \u00C2\u00A0happen\t\r \u00C2\u00A0at\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cost,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0be\t\r \u00C2\u00A0it\t\r \u00C2\u00A0financial\t\r \u00C2\u00A0or\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0resources\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0other\t\r \u00C2\u00A0areas.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0It\t\r \u00C2\u00A0would\t\r \u00C2\u00A0be\t\r \u00C2\u00A0telling\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0pose\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0series\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0policies\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ask\t\r \u00C2\u00A0students\t\r \u00C2\u00A0which\t\r \u00C2\u00A0one\t\r \u00C2\u00A0they\t\r \u00C2\u00A0would\t\r \u00C2\u00A0find\t\r \u00C2\u00A0most\t\r \u00C2\u00A0acceptable\t\r \u00C2\u00A0or\t\r \u00C2\u00A0feel\t\r \u00C2\u00A0most\t\r \u00C2\u00A0effective\t\r \u00C2\u00A0at\t\r \u00C2\u00A0mitigating\t\r \u00C2\u00A0traffic\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0enabling\t\r \u00C2\u00A0urban\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transportation.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 All\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0above\t\r \u00C2\u00A0suggestions,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0content\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0this\t\r \u00C2\u00A0paper,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0can\t\r \u00C2\u00A0help\t\r \u00C2\u00A0inform\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Chinese\t\r \u00C2\u00A0policymakers\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0researchers\t\r \u00C2\u00A0about\t\r \u00C2\u00A0some\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0issues\t\r \u00C2\u00A0at\t\r \u00C2\u00A0play\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0providing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0urban\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transportation\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0China.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Hopefully\t\r \u00C2\u00A0these\t\r \u00C2\u00A0issues\t\r \u00C2\u00A0continue\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0attract\t\r \u00C2\u00A0serious\t\r \u00C2\u00A0attention,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0any\t\r \u00C2\u00A0potential\t\r \u00C2\u00A0solutions\t\r \u00C2\u00A0found\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0place\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0complex\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0varied\t\r \u00C2\u00A0as\t\r \u00C2\u00A0China\t\r \u00C2\u00A0also\t\r \u00C2\u00A0hold\t\r \u00C2\u00A0great\t\r \u00C2\u00A0potential\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0other\t\r \u00C2\u00A0fast\t\r \u00C2\u00A0growing,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0rapidly\t\r \u00C2\u00A0urbanizing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0parts\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0world.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0 62\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0 9.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Bibliography\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Beirao,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0G.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0&\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 J.A.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Cabral,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u009CUnderstanding\t\r \u00C2\u00A0attitudes\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 towards\t\r \u00C2\u00A0public\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 transport\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0private\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car:\t\r \u00C2\u00A0A\t\r \u00C2\u00A0qualitative\t\r \u00C2\u00A0study\u00E2\u0080\u009D,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Transport\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Policy,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Vol.\t\r \u00C2\u00A014,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Issue\t\r \u00C2\u00A06,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0pp.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0478-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090489.\t\r \u00C2\u00A02007\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Brog,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Werner,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0et\t\r \u00C2\u00A0al.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CEvaluation\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Voluntary\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Travel\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Behaviour\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Change:\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Experiences\t\r \u00C2\u00A0from\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Three\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Continents.\u00E2\u0080\u009D\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Transport\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Policy,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0vol.\t\r \u00C2\u00A016\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(6):\t\r \u00C2\u00A0pp.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0281-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090292.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A02009.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Camerer,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Colin.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CBounded\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Rationality\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Individual\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Decision-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090making.\u00E2\u0080\u009D\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Experimental\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Economics,\t\r \u00C2\u00A01\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(2),\t\r \u00C2\u00A0pp.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0163-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090183.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A09/1998.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Cervero,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0R.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Day\t\r \u00C2\u00A0J.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CSuburbanization\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transit-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090oriented\t\r \u00C2\u00A0development\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0China.\u00E2\u0080\u009D\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Transport\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Policy,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0vol.\t\r \u00C2\u00A015,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0no.\t\r \u00C2\u00A05,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0pp.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0315-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090323.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Sep.\t\r \u00C2\u00A02008.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 China\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Statistical\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Yearbook,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02010.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Chin\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Gregory\t\r \u00C2\u00A0T.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0China\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Automotive\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Modernization.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Palgrave\t\r \u00C2\u00A0MacMillan,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Toronto.\t\r \u00C2\u00A02010.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Cullinane,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Sharon,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Cullinane,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Kevin.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CCar\t\r \u00C2\u00A0dependence\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0a\t\r \u00C2\u00A0public\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transport\t\r \u00C2\u00A0dominated\t\r \u00C2\u00A0city:\t\r \u00C2\u00A0evidence\t\r \u00C2\u00A0from\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Hong\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Kong.\u00E2\u0080\u009D\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Transportation\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Research\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Part\t\r \u00C2\u00A0D,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0pp.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0129-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090138.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A02003.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Cullinane,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Sharon.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CAttitudes\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Hong\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Kong\t\r \u00C2\u00A0residents\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0cars\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0public\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transport:\t\r \u00C2\u00A0some\t\r \u00C2\u00A0policy\t\r \u00C2\u00A0implications.\u00E2\u0080\u009D\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Transport\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Reviews,\t\r \u00C2\u00A023\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(1),\t\r \u00C2\u00A0pp.\t\r \u00C2\u00A021-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u009034.\t\r \u00C2\u00A02003.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Daboval,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0J.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Comish,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0R.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CInfluences\t\r \u00C2\u00A0on\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Decision-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090Making\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Behavior.\u00E2\u0080\u009D\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Psychological\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Reports,\t\r \u00C2\u00A076\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(1),\t\r \u00C2\u00A0pp.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0176-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090178.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A02/1995.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Dargay,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Gately,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Sommer.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CVehicle\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Ownership\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Income\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Growth,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Worldwide:\t\r \u00C2\u00A01960-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u00902010.\u00E2\u0080\u009D\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Energy\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Journal,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0pp.\t\r \u00C2\u00A01-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u009032.\t\r \u00C2\u00A02007.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 De\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Grange,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0L.,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Troncoso,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0R.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CAn\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Empirical\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Evaluation\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Impact\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Three\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Urban\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Transportation\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Policies\t\r \u00C2\u00A0on\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Transit\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Use.\u00E2\u0080\u009D\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Transport\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Policy,\t\r \u00C2\u00A022,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0pp.\t\r \u00C2\u00A011-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u009019.\t\r \u00C2\u00A02012.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 DeVon,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0H.,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Block,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0M.,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0et\t\r \u00C2\u00A0al.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CA\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Pscyhometric\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Toolbox\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Testing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Validity\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Reliability.\u00E2\u0080\u009D\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Journal\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Nursing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Scholarship,\t\r \u00C2\u00A039\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(2),\t\r \u00C2\u00A0pp.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0155-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090164.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A02007.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Fang,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Q.H.,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Hong,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0H.S.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CMethods\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Integrating\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Environment\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Decision-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090Making\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0China.\u00E2\u0080\u009D\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Aquatic\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Ecosystem\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Health\t\r \u00C2\u00A0&\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Management,\t\r \u00C2\u00A09\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(1),\t\r \u00C2\u00A0pp.\t\r \u00C2\u00A073-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u009078.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A01/2006.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0 63\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Gakenheimer\t\r \u00C2\u00A0R.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CUrban\t\r \u00C2\u00A0mobility\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0developing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0world.\u00E2\u0080\u009D\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Transportation\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Research\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Part\t\r \u00C2\u00A0A:\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Policy\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Practice,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0vol.\t\r \u00C2\u00A033,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0no.\t\r \u00C2\u00A07-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u00908,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0pp.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0671-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090689.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Sep.\t\r \u00C2\u00A01999.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Goethals\t\r \u00C2\u00A0S.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CThe\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Influence\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Interactions\t\r \u00C2\u00A0between\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Urban\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Transportation\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Planning\t\r \u00C2\u00A0through\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Transforming\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Structures\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Chinese\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Big\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Cities.\u00E2\u0080\u009D\t\r \u00C2\u00A047th\t\r \u00C2\u00A0ISOCARP\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Congress.\t\r \u00C2\u00A02011.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Goodwin,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Phil\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Lyons,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Glenn.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CPublic\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Attitudes\t\r \u00C2\u00A0to\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Transport:\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Interpreting\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0evidence.\u00E2\u0080\u009D\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Transportation\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Planning\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Technology,\t\r \u00C2\u00A033:1,\t\r \u00C2\u00A03-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u009017.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A02010.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Gu,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Flora\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Hung,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Kineta.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CMaterialism\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Among\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Adolescents\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0China:\t\r \u00C2\u00A0A\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Historical\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Generation\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Perspective.\u00E2\u0080\u009D\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Journal\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Asia\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Business\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Studies,\t\r \u00C2\u00A03:2,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0pp.\t\r \u00C2\u00A056-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u009054.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A02009.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Guangdong\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Statistical\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Yearbook,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02011.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Hamrin,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Carol\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Lee\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Zhao,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Suisheng.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Decision-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090Making\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Deng\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\t\r \u00C2\u00A0China:\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Perspectives\t\r \u00C2\u00A0from\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Insiders.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0M.E.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Sharpe.\t\r \u00C2\u00A01995.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Herche,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Joel.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CMeasuring\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Social\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Values.\u00E2\u0080\u009D\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Marketing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Science\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Institute.\t\r \u00C2\u00A01994.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Kattiyapornpong,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Uraiporn\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Miller,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Kenneth\t\r \u00C2\u00A0E.\t\r 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\u00C2\u00A0X.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CAnalysis\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0People\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Satisfaction\t\r \u00C2\u00A0with\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Public\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Transportation\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Beijing.\u00E2\u0080\u009D\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Habitat\t\r \u00C2\u00A0International,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0vol.\t\r \u00C2\u00A034,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0pp.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0464-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090470.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A02010.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Li,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0J.,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0et\t\r \u00C2\u00A0al.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CModeling\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Private\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Ownership\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0China:\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Investigating\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Impact\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Urban\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Form\t\r \u00C2\u00A0across\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Mega-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090cities.\u00E2\u0080\u009D\t\r \u00C2\u00A0TRB\t\r \u00C2\u00A02010\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Annual\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Meeting.\t\r \u00C2\u00A02010.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Li,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Ye,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Ye,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Jianhong,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0et\t\r \u00C2\u00A0al.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CTransportation\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Characteristics\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Change\t\r \u00C2\u00A0under\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Rapid\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Urban\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Expansion:\t\r \u00C2\u00A0A\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Case\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Study\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Shanghai.\u00E2\u0080\u009D\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Chinese\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Geographic\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Science,\t\r \u00C2\u00A020\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(6),\t\r \u00C2\u00A0pp.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0554-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090561.\t\r \u00C2\u00A02010.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Lois,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0D.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0&\t\r \u00C2\u00A0M.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Lopez-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090Saez\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(2009),\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CThe\t\r \u00C2\u00A0relationship\t\r \u00C2\u00A0between\t\r \u00C2\u00A0instrumental,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0symbolic\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0affective\t\r \u00C2\u00A0factors\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0predictors\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0use:\t\r \u00C2\u00A0A\t\r \u00C2\u00A0structural\t\r \u00C2\u00A0equation\t\r \u00C2\u00A0modeling\t\r \u00C2\u00A0approach\u00E2\u0080\u009D.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Transportation\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Research\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Part\t\r \u00C2\u00A0A,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0No.\t\r \u00C2\u00A043,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0730-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u009099\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Pan,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Haixiao.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CInfluence\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Urban\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Form\t\r \u00C2\u00A0on\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Travel\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Behaviour\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Four\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Neigbhourhoods\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Shanghai.\u00E2\u0080\u009D\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Urban\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Studies,\t\r \u00C2\u00A046\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(2),\t\r \u00C2\u00A0pp.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0275-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090294.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A02/2009.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0 64\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Pendyala\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Ram\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Kitamura,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Ryuichi.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CThe\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Rapid\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Motorization\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Asia:\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Implications\t\r \u00C2\u00A0for\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Future.\u00E2\u0080\u009D\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Transportation,\t\r \u00C2\u00A034\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(3),\t\r \u00C2\u00A0pp.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0275-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090279.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A05/2007.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Podoshen,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Jeffrey\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Li,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Lu,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0et\t\r \u00C2\u00A0al.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CMaterialism\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Conspicuous\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Consumption\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0China:\t\r \u00C2\u00A0A\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Cross-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090Cultural\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Examination.\u00E2\u0080\u009D\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0International\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Journal\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Consumer\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Studies,\t\r \u00C2\u00A035\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(1),\t\r \u00C2\u00A0pp\t\r \u00C2\u00A017-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u009025.\t\r \u00C2\u00A02011.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Scrase,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Timothy\t\r \u00C2\u00A0J.,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Holden,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Todd,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0et\t\r \u00C2\u00A0al.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Globalization,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Culture\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Inequality\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Asia.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Trans\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Pacific,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02003.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Segall,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0M.H.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CCulture\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Behavior:\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Psychology\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Global\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Perspective.\u00E2\u0080\u009D\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Annual\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Review\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Psychology,\t\r \u00C2\u00A037\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(1),\t\r \u00C2\u00A0pp.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0523-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090564.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A02/1986.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Shenzhen\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Daily,\t\r \u00C2\u00A08\t\r \u00C2\u00A0February\t\r \u00C2\u00A02012.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Shenzhen\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Daily,\t\r \u00C2\u00A08\t\r \u00C2\u00A0March\t\r \u00C2\u00A02011.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0http://www.szdaily.com/content/2011-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u009003/08/content_5406947.htm\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Shenzhen\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Statistical\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Yearbook,\t\r \u00C2\u00A01997.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Shenzhen\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Municipal\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Statistics\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Bureau,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02011.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0http://www.sztj.com/main/xxgk/tjsj/tjgb/pcgb/201105127231.shtml\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Smith,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Jeff\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Wylie,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Jean.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CChina\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Youth\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Define\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u0098Cool\u00E2\u0080\u0099.\u00E2\u0080\u009D\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0The\t\r \u00C2\u00A0China\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Business\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Review,\t\r \u00C2\u00A031\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(4),\t\r \u00C2\u00A0p.\t\r \u00C2\u00A030.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A08/2004.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Srinisavan,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Sumeeta.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CLinking\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Travel\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Behavior\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Location\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Chengdu,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0China.\u00E2\u0080\u009D\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Transportation\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Research\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Record,\t\r \u00C2\u00A02193\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(1),\t\r \u00C2\u00A0pp.\t\r \u00C2\u00A085-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u009096.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A012/2010.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Thun,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Eric.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Changing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Lanes\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0China:\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Foreign\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Direct\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Investment,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Local\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Governments\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Auto\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Sector\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Development.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Cambridge\t\r \u00C2\u00A0University\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Press,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Cambridge.\t\r \u00C2\u00A02006.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Veeck,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Ann\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Flurry,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Laura\t\r \u00C2\u00A0A.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CChildren\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Relative\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Influence\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Family\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Decision\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Making\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Urban\t\r \u00C2\u00A0China.\u00E2\u0080\u009D\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Journal\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Macromarketing,\t\r \u00C2\u00A029\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(2),\t\r \u00C2\u00A0pp.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0145-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090159.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A06/2009.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Waitt,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0G.,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Harada,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0T.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CDriving,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Cities\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Changing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Climates.\u00E2\u0080\u009D\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Urban\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Studies,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Sage\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Publications,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0pp.\t\r \u00C2\u00A01-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u009019.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A02012.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Wang,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Donggen.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CBuilt\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Environment\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Diversities\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Activity-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090Travel\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Behaviour\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Variations\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Beijing,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0China.\u00E2\u0080\u009D\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Journal\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Transport\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Geography,\t\r \u00C2\u00A019\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(6),\t\r \u00C2\u00A0pp.\t\r \u00C2\u00A01173-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u00901186.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A011/2011\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 \t\r \u00C2\u00A0 65\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Wang\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Juan,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Sun\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Yan,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Zhao\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Fangfang.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CStudy\t\r \u00C2\u00A0on\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Travel\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Characteristics\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Private\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Car\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Owners\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Beijing.\u00E2\u0080\u009D\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Traffic\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Engineering,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0No.\t\r \u00C2\u00A021.\t\r \u00C2\u00A011/2011.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Wang,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0R.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CShaping\t\r \u00C2\u00A0urban\t\r \u00C2\u00A0transport\t\r \u00C2\u00A0policies\t\r \u00C2\u00A0in\t\r \u00C2\u00A0China:\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Will\t\r \u00C2\u00A0copying\t\r \u00C2\u00A0foreign\t\r \u00C2\u00A0policies\t\r \u00C2\u00A0work?.\u00E2\u0080\u009D\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Transport\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Policy,\t\r \u00C2\u00A017:\t\r \u00C2\u00A0p.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0147-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090152.\t\r \u00C2\u00A02010.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Weber,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Elke\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Hsee,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Christopher.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CCulture\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Individual\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Judgment\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Decision\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Making.\u00E2\u0080\u009D\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Applied\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Psychology:\t\r \u00C2\u00A0An\t\r \u00C2\u00A0International\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Review,\t\r \u00C2\u00A049\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(1),\t\r \u00C2\u00A0p.\t\r \u00C2\u00A032.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A01/2000.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Yamamoto,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Toshiyuki\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Talvitie,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Antti.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CTransport\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Infrastructure\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Services:\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Asia\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Developing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0World\u00E2\u0080\u009D.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Transportation,\t\r \u00C2\u00A038\t\r \u00C2\u00A0(5),\t\r \u00C2\u00A0pp.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0715-\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u0090717.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A09/2011.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Yang\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Chen\t\r \u00C2\u00A0and\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Zergas,\t\r \u00C2\u00A0C.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CThe\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Dynamics\t\r \u00C2\u00A0of\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Metropolitan\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Motorization\t\r \u00C2\u00A0under\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Rapid\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 Development:\t\r \u00C2\u00A0the\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Beijing\t\r \u00C2\u00A0Case\u00E2\u0080\u009D.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A02010.\t\r \u00C2\u00A0\t\r \u00C2\u00A0 "Graduating Project"@en . "Shenzhen Shi (China)"@en . "10.14288/1.0075795"@en . "eng"@en . "Unreviewed"@en . "Vancouver : University of British Columbia Library"@en . "Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International"@en . "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/"@en . "Graduate"@en . "University of British Columbia. SCARP Graduating Projects"@en . "Middle Class"@en . "Value, Aspiration & Policy: How (and Why) Tomorrow's Middle Class China Moves"@en . "Text"@en . "http://hdl.handle.net/2429/44722"@en .