"Arts, Faculty of"@en . "Anthropology, Department of"@en . "DSpace"@en . "UBCV"@en . "Quinn, Hannah Elizabeth"@en . "2017-04-13T20:04:41Z"@en . "2017"@en . "Master of Arts - MA"@en . "University of British Columbia"@en . "Lake Babine Nation is currently in negotiations with the Prince Rupert Gas Transmission Pipeline Project regarding the construction of a 950km liquid natural gas pipeline through their traditional territory. While the project has been approved, Nation members continue to express their concerns regarding construction camps, facilities designed to accommodate up to 1000 temporary workers. Increased rates of sexual violence, sexually transmitted infections, and domestic abuse are some of the impacts they are most concerned about. While the initial goal of my research was to voice the concerns of Babine women, I was frequently confronted by prolonged silences, long pauses, refusals, and hesitations in my research encounters. This thesis reflects my critical engagement with silence as it emerged in interviews, negotiations, public discourse, and in the lived experience of Indigenous women in Lake Babine Nation. The questions that motivated this analysis attend to silence as a concept, experience, and method. What follows is the genealogy of the silences encountered: the silences incited by colonialism, the silences mobilized by marginalized people to negotiate institutions that seek to silence them, and the embodied silences of those who live with the embodied consequences of sexual violence. \r\n\r\nThe purpose of my focus on silence has not been to impose a grand theory of silence on my research participants. Rather, the goal has been to attend to the pauses and gaps as they emerged in the research process, in a non-binary way. By extending silence, Babine women invited me to reflect on my positionality, the structures of domination in which we are implicated, and on their embodied and affective realities. What I find myself left with is silence as invitation\u00E2\u0080\u0094an invitation to learn, to unsettle colonial and racial relationships, to refuse, to resist, and to listen. Through a concerted focus on silences that surround sexual violence against Indigenous women, we may begin to see how anti-violence work can contribute to processes of decolonization and self-determination. This research establishes silence as a legitimate focus of investigation in qualitative research that may be approached with the same rigor with which we approach that which is spoken."@en . "https://circle.library.ubc.ca/rest/handle/2429/61228?expand=metadata"@en . " \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0ENCOUNTERING \u00C2\u00A0SILENCE(S): \u00C2\u00A0MITIGATING \u00C2\u00A0THE \u00C2\u00A0NEGATIVE \u00C2\u00A0SOCIAL \u00C2\u00A0IMPACTS \u00C2\u00A0OF \u00C2\u00A0CONSTRUCTION \u00C2\u00A0CAMPS \u00C2\u00A0WITH \u00C2\u00A0LAKE \u00C2\u00A0BABINE \u00C2\u00A0NATION \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0By \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0HANNAH \u00C2\u00A0ELIZABETH \u00C2\u00A0QUINN \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0B.A., \u00C2\u00A0McGill \u00C2\u00A0University, \u00C2\u00A02014 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0A \u00C2\u00A0THESIS \u00C2\u00A0SUBMITTED \u00C2\u00A0IN \u00C2\u00A0PARTIAL \u00C2\u00A0FULFILLMENT \u00C2\u00A0OF \u00C2\u00A0THE \u00C2\u00A0REQUIREMENTS \u00C2\u00A0FOR \u00C2\u00A0THE \u00C2\u00A0DEGREE \u00C2\u00A0OF \u00C2\u00A0MASTER \u00C2\u00A0OF \u00C2\u00A0ARTS \u00C2\u00A0in \u00C2\u00A0THE \u00C2\u00A0FACULTY \u00C2\u00A0OF \u00C2\u00A0GRADUATE \u00C2\u00A0AND \u00C2\u00A0POSTDOCTORAL \u00C2\u00A0STUDIES \u00C2\u00A0(Anthropology) \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0THE \u00C2\u00A0UNIVERSITY \u00C2\u00A0OF \u00C2\u00A0BRITISH \u00C2\u00A0COLUMBIA \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0(Vancouver) \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0April \u00C2\u00A02017 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A9 \u00C2\u00A0Hannah \u00C2\u00A0Elizabeth \u00C2\u00A0Quinn, \u00C2\u00A02017 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0 ii\t \u00C2\u00A0Abstract \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Lake \u00C2\u00A0Babine \u00C2\u00A0Nation \u00C2\u00A0is \u00C2\u00A0currently \u00C2\u00A0in \u00C2\u00A0negotiations \u00C2\u00A0with \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0Prince \u00C2\u00A0Rupert \u00C2\u00A0Gas \u00C2\u00A0Transmission \u00C2\u00A0Pipeline \u00C2\u00A0Project \u00C2\u00A0regarding \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0construction \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0a \u00C2\u00A0950km \u00C2\u00A0liquid \u00C2\u00A0natural \u00C2\u00A0gas \u00C2\u00A0pipeline \u00C2\u00A0through \u00C2\u00A0their \u00C2\u00A0traditional \u00C2\u00A0territory. \u00C2\u00A0While \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0project 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\u00C2\u00A0sexual \u00C2\u00A0violence \u00C2\u00A0against \u00C2\u00A0Indigenous \u00C2\u00A0women, \u00C2\u00A0we \u00C2\u00A0may \u00C2\u00A0begin \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0see \u00C2\u00A0how \u00C2\u00A0anti-\u00C2\u00ADviolence \u00C2\u00A0work \u00C2\u00A0can \u00C2\u00A0contribute \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0processes \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0decolonization \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0self-\u00C2\u00ADdetermination. \u00C2\u00A0This \u00C2\u00A0research \u00C2\u00A0establishes \u00C2\u00A0silence \u00C2\u00A0as \u00C2\u00A0a \u00C2\u00A0legitimate \u00C2\u00A0focus \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0investigation \u00C2\u00A0in \u00C2\u00A0qualitative \u00C2\u00A0research \u00C2\u00A0that \u00C2\u00A0may \u00C2\u00A0be \u00C2\u00A0approached \u00C2\u00A0with \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0same \u00C2\u00A0rigor \u00C2\u00A0with \u00C2\u00A0which \u00C2\u00A0we \u00C2\u00A0approach \u00C2\u00A0that \u00C2\u00A0which \u00C2\u00A0is \u00C2\u00A0spoken. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0 iii\t \u00C2\u00A0Preface \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0This \u00C2\u00A0thesis \u00C2\u00A0is \u00C2\u00A0an \u00C2\u00A0original \u00C2\u00A0intellectual \u00C2\u00A0product \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0author, \u00C2\u00A0Hannah \u00C2\u00A0Elizabeth \u00C2\u00A0Quinn. \u00C2\u00A0The \u00C2\u00A0fieldwork \u00C2\u00A0reported \u00C2\u00A0throughout \u00C2\u00A0this \u00C2\u00A0thesis \u00C2\u00A0was \u00C2\u00A0covered \u00C2\u00A0by \u00C2\u00A0UBC \u00C2\u00A0Ethics \u00C2\u00A0Certificate \u00C2\u00A0number \u00C2\u00A0H16-\u00C2\u00AD00591. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0 iv\t \u00C2\u00A0Table \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0Contents \u00C2\u00A0Abstract \u00C2\u00A0....................................................................................................................................... \u00C2\u00A0ii \u00C2\u00A0Preface \u00C2\u00A0....................................................................................................................................... \u00C2\u00A0iii \u00C2\u00A0Table \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0Contents \u00C2\u00A0...................................................................................................................... \u00C2\u00A0iv \u00C2\u00A0List \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0Abbreviations \u00C2\u00A0.................................................................................................................. \u00C2\u00A0v \u00C2\u00A0Acknowledgements \u00C2\u00A0................................................................................................................... \u00C2\u00A0vi \u00C2\u00A0Introduction \u00C2\u00A0................................................................................................................................. \u00C2\u00A01 \u00C2\u00A0Context \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0Background \u00C2\u00A0........................................................................................................... \u00C2\u00A06 \u00C2\u00A0\u0000 \u00C2\u00A0 Lake \u00C2\u00A0Babine \u00C2\u00A0Nation \u00C2\u00A0........................................................................................................ \u00C2\u00A06 \u00C2\u00A0\u0000 \u00C2\u00A0 The \u00C2\u00A0Prince \u00C2\u00A0Rupert \u00C2\u00A0Gas \u00C2\u00A0Transmission \u00C2\u00A0Pipeline \u00C2\u00A0Project \u00C2\u00A0(PRGT) \u00C2\u00A0................................. \u00C2\u00A07 \u00C2\u00A0Section \u00C2\u00A0I: \u00C2\u00A0Silence \u00C2\u00A0in \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0Boardroom \u00C2\u00A0....................................................................................... \u00C2\u00A010 \u00C2\u00A0Section \u00C2\u00A0II: \u00C2\u00A0The \u00C2\u00A0C3 \u00C2\u00A0Workshop \u00C2\u00A0................................................................................................... \u00C2\u00A022 \u00C2\u00A0Section \u00C2\u00A0III: \u00C2\u00A0In \u00C2\u00A0Babine, \u00C2\u00A0With \u00C2\u00A0Babine \u00C2\u00A0......................................................................................... \u00C2\u00A033 \u00C2\u00A0Conclusion \u00C2\u00A0................................................................................................................................ \u00C2\u00A044 \u00C2\u00A0Bibliography \u00C2\u00A0.............................................................................................................................. \u00C2\u00A048 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0 v\t \u00C2\u00A0List \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0Abbreviations \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0BC \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 British \u00C2\u00A0Columbia \u00C2\u00A0BCEAO \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 British \u00C2\u00A0Columbia \u00C2\u00A0Environmental \u00C2\u00A0Assessment \u00C2\u00A0Office \u00C2\u00A0LBN \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Lake \u00C2\u00A0Babine \u00C2\u00A0Nation \u00C2\u00A0NYSHN \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Native \u00C2\u00A0Youth \u00C2\u00A0Sexual \u00C2\u00A0Health \u00C2\u00A0Network \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0PRGT \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Prince \u00C2\u00A0Rupert \u00C2\u00A0Gas \u00C2\u00A0Transmission \u00C2\u00A0SEEMP \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Socio-\u00C2\u00ADEconomic \u00C2\u00A0Effects \u00C2\u00A0Monitoring \u00C2\u00A0Plan \u00C2\u00A0STI \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Sexually \u00C2\u00A0Transmitted \u00C2\u00A0Infection \u00C2\u00A0UBC \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 The \u00C2\u00A0University \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0British \u00C2\u00A0Columbia \u00C2\u00A0UNBC \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 University \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0Northern \u00C2\u00A0British \u00C2\u00A0Columbia \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0 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\u00C2\u00A0with \u00C2\u00A0communities. \u00C2\u00A0Your \u00C2\u00A0unwavering \u00C2\u00A0commitment \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0this \u00C2\u00A0work \u00C2\u00A0continues \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0inspire \u00C2\u00A0me. \u00C2\u00A0Thank \u00C2\u00A0you \u00C2\u00A0for \u00C2\u00A0trusting \u00C2\u00A0me \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0for \u00C2\u00A0mentoring \u00C2\u00A0me \u00C2\u00A0over \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0past \u00C2\u00A0year \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0a \u00C2\u00A0half. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0I \u00C2\u00A0am \u00C2\u00A0so \u00C2\u00A0grateful \u00C2\u00A0for \u00C2\u00A0my \u00C2\u00A0supervisor \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0committee \u00C2\u00A0for \u00C2\u00A0their \u00C2\u00A0challenging \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0insightful \u00C2\u00A0feedback. \u00C2\u00A0Early \u00C2\u00A0on \u00C2\u00A0in \u00C2\u00A0this \u00C2\u00A0process \u00C2\u00A0I \u00C2\u00A0asked \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0be \u00C2\u00A0pushed \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0to 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\u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 territorial \u00C2\u00A0 responsibilities, \u00C2\u00A0propelled \u00C2\u00A0by \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0actions \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0teachings \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0strong \u00C2\u00A0Indigenous \u00C2\u00A0women \u00C2\u00A0since \u00C2\u00A0colonial \u00C2\u00A0contact \u00C2\u00A0in \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A01820s. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Today, \u00C2\u00A0Lake \u00C2\u00A0Babine \u00C2\u00A0Nation \u00C2\u00A0 remains \u00C2\u00A0entangled \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0negotiations \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0confrontations \u00C2\u00A0with \u00C2\u00A0both \u00C2\u00A0 federal \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0provincial \u00C2\u00A0governments, \u00C2\u00A0as \u00C2\u00A0well \u00C2\u00A0as \u00C2\u00A0industry \u00C2\u00A0regarding \u00C2\u00A0their \u00C2\u00A0 land, \u00C2\u00A0their \u00C2\u00A0 livelihoods, \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0their \u00C2\u00A0people\u00E2\u0080\u0099s \u00C2\u00A0well-\u00C2\u00ADbeing. \u00C2\u00A0 Betty \u00C2\u00A0 Patrick, \u00C2\u00A0 a \u00C2\u00A0 hereditary \u00C2\u00A0 chief \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 former \u00C2\u00A0 band \u00C2\u00A0 council \u00C2\u00A0 chief, \u00C2\u00A0 leads \u00C2\u00A0 many \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 these \u00C2\u00A0negotiations. \u00C2\u00A0 Betty \u00C2\u00A0 currently \u00C2\u00A0 holds \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 Natural \u00C2\u00A0 Resource \u00C2\u00A0 portfolio \u00C2\u00A0 for \u00C2\u00A0 Lake \u00C2\u00A0 Babine \u00C2\u00A0 Nation \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 works \u00C2\u00A0closely \u00C2\u00A0with \u00C2\u00A0her \u00C2\u00A0friend \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0colleague \u00C2\u00A0Verna \u00C2\u00A0Power. \u00C2\u00A0As \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0council \u00C2\u00A0representative \u00C2\u00A0for \u00C2\u00A0Old \u00C2\u00A0Fort, \u00C2\u00A0Verna \u00C2\u00A0has \u00C2\u00A0taken \u00C2\u00A0on \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0role \u00C2\u00A0as \u00C2\u00A0Natural \u00C2\u00A0Resource \u00C2\u00A0Liaison \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0band \u00C2\u00A0council. \u00C2\u00A0As \u00C2\u00A0mothers, \u00C2\u00A0grandmothers, \u00C2\u00A0knowledge \u00C2\u00A0holders, \u00C2\u00A0politicians, \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0charismatic \u00C2\u00A0 Indigenous \u00C2\u00A0women, \u00C2\u00A0 they \u00C2\u00A0have \u00C2\u00A0dedicated \u00C2\u00A0 their \u00C2\u00A0physical, \u00C2\u00A0 intellectual, \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0emotional \u00C2\u00A0labour \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0health \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0prosperity \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0their \u00C2\u00A0Nation. \u00C2\u00A0What \u00C2\u00A0follows \u00C2\u00A0in \u00C2\u00A0this \u00C2\u00A0thesis \u00C2\u00A0is \u00C2\u00A0a \u00C2\u00A0reflection \u00C2\u00A0on \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0work \u00C2\u00A0that \u00C2\u00A0they \u00C2\u00A0have \u00C2\u00A0done \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0fight \u00C2\u00A0for \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0safety \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0women \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0children \u00C2\u00A0in \u00C2\u00A0their \u00C2\u00A0communities. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Betty \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 Verna \u00C2\u00A0 have \u00C2\u00A0 been \u00C2\u00A0 enmeshed \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0 dialogue \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 negotiation \u00C2\u00A0 with \u00C2\u00A0 Prince \u00C2\u00A0 Rupert \u00C2\u00A0 Gas \u00C2\u00A0Transmission \u00C2\u00A0Pipeline \u00C2\u00A0 Project \u00C2\u00A0 (PRGT) \u00C2\u00A0 since \u00C2\u00A0 2012. \u00C2\u00A0 I \u00C2\u00A0 was \u00C2\u00A0 invited \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0 to \u00C2\u00A0 these \u00C2\u00A0 proceedings \u00C2\u00A0 by \u00C2\u00A0 Betty \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0Verna \u00C2\u00A0via \u00C2\u00A0their \u00C2\u00A0research \u00C2\u00A0consultant, \u00C2\u00A0Ginger \u00C2\u00A0Gibson. \u00C2\u00A0At \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0time \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0our \u00C2\u00A0first \u00C2\u00A0meeting, \u00C2\u00A0Lake \u00C2\u00A0Babine \u00C2\u00A0Nation \u00C2\u00A0was \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0process \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0 reviewing \u00C2\u00A0PRGTs \u00C2\u00A0Socio-\u00C2\u00ADEconomic \u00C2\u00A0Effects \u00C2\u00A0Monitoring \u00C2\u00A0Plan \u00C2\u00A0 (SEEMP) \u00C2\u00A0 required \u00C2\u00A0by \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0British \u00C2\u00A0Columbia \u00C2\u00A0Environmental \u00C2\u00A0 Assessment \u00C2\u00A0Office \u00C2\u00A0 (BCEAO) \u00C2\u00A0 as \u00C2\u00A0 a \u00C2\u00A0 condition \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 their \u00C2\u00A0 environmental \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0 2\t \u00C2\u00A0assessment \u00C2\u00A0 certificate. \u00C2\u00A0The \u00C2\u00A0SEEMP \u00C2\u00A0 is \u00C2\u00A0 a \u00C2\u00A0 plan \u00C2\u00A0 to \u00C2\u00A0 communicate \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 report \u00C2\u00A0 how \u00C2\u00A0PRGT \u00C2\u00A0will \u00C2\u00A0manage \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0monitor \u00C2\u00A0 project-\u00C2\u00ADrelated \u00C2\u00A0 socio-\u00C2\u00ADeconomic \u00C2\u00A0 impacts \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 opportunities \u00C2\u00A0 associated \u00C2\u00A0with \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0Project \u00C2\u00A0 including \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0 impacts \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 ancillary \u00C2\u00A0 sites \u00C2\u00A0 such \u00C2\u00A0 as \u00C2\u00A0 construction \u00C2\u00A0 camps,1 \u00C2\u00A0 on \u00C2\u00A0 nearby \u00C2\u00A0 communities. \u00C2\u00A0 In \u00C2\u00A0 this \u00C2\u00A0 case, \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0communities \u00C2\u00A0are \u00C2\u00A0Fort \u00C2\u00A0Babine \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0Tachet, \u00C2\u00A0two \u00C2\u00A0remotely \u00C2\u00A0located \u00C2\u00A0communities \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0Lake \u00C2\u00A0Babine \u00C2\u00A0Nation, \u00C2\u00A05km \u00C2\u00A0from \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0proposed \u00C2\u00A01000-\u00C2\u00ADperson \u00C2\u00A0construction \u00C2\u00A0camp. \u00C2\u00A0Construction, \u00C2\u00A0which \u00C2\u00A0was \u00C2\u00A0scheduled \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0begin \u00C2\u00A0in \u00C2\u00A0early \u00C2\u00A02016, \u00C2\u00A0will \u00C2\u00A0 see \u00C2\u00A0an \u00C2\u00A0 influx \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0200 \u00C2\u00A0 to \u00C2\u00A01000 \u00C2\u00A0workers, \u00C2\u00A0mostly \u00C2\u00A0men, \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0 to \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 region \u00C2\u00A0 that \u00C2\u00A0Betty \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0Verna \u00C2\u00A0call \u00C2\u00A0home, \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0traditional \u00C2\u00A0territory \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0Lake \u00C2\u00A0Babine \u00C2\u00A0Nation. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0While \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0benefit \u00C2\u00A0agreements \u00C2\u00A0have \u00C2\u00A0been \u00C2\u00A0signed, \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0permits \u00C2\u00A0have \u00C2\u00A0been \u00C2\u00A0granted, \u00C2\u00A0consultations \u00C2\u00A0are \u00C2\u00A0ongoing, \u00C2\u00A0 as \u00C2\u00A0 are \u00C2\u00A0 concerns \u00C2\u00A0 regarding \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 potential \u00C2\u00A0 impacts \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 construction \u00C2\u00A0 camps, \u00C2\u00A0 specifically \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0negative \u00C2\u00A0 social \u00C2\u00A0 impacts, \u00C2\u00A0 such \u00C2\u00A0 as \u00C2\u00A0 increased \u00C2\u00A0 incidence \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 gender-\u00C2\u00ADbased \u00C2\u00A0 sexual \u00C2\u00A0 violence, \u00C2\u00A0 pregnancy, \u00C2\u00A0domestic \u00C2\u00A0 abuse, \u00C2\u00A0 sexually \u00C2\u00A0 transmitted \u00C2\u00A0 infections, \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 sexual \u00C2\u00A0 exploitation. \u00C2\u00A0 In \u00C2\u00A0 October \u00C2\u00A0 2015, \u00C2\u00A0 Betty \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0Verna \u00C2\u00A0were \u00C2\u00A0expected \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0comment \u00C2\u00A0on \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0SEEMP \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0provide \u00C2\u00A0feedback \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0PRGT \u00C2\u00A0staff. \u00C2\u00A0In \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0sections \u00C2\u00A0that \u00C2\u00A0 follow, \u00C2\u00A0 I \u00C2\u00A0 explore \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0ways \u00C2\u00A0 that \u00C2\u00A0Betty \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0Verna \u00C2\u00A0 have \u00C2\u00A0 navigated \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 challenging \u00C2\u00A0 topic \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 gendered \u00C2\u00A0sexual \u00C2\u00A0violence \u00C2\u00A0in \u00C2\u00A0community \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0steps \u00C2\u00A0that \u00C2\u00A0they \u00C2\u00A0have \u00C2\u00A0taken \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0produce \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0Indigenous \u00C2\u00A0Communities \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0 Industrial \u00C2\u00A0 Camps: \u00C2\u00A0 Promoting \u00C2\u00A0 Healthy \u00C2\u00A0 Communities \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0 Settings \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 Industrial \u00C2\u00A0 Change \u00C2\u00A0 (2017) \u00C2\u00A0 report. \u00C2\u00A0This \u00C2\u00A0report, \u00C2\u00A0drafted \u00C2\u00A0by \u00C2\u00A0Gibson \u00C2\u00A0et. \u00C2\u00A0al. \u00C2\u00A0(including \u00C2\u00A0myself), 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\u00E2\u0080\u0098damaged-\u00C2\u00ADcentered\u00E2\u0080\u0099 \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u0098deficit-\u00C2\u00ADmodel\u00E2\u0080\u0099 \u00C2\u00A0research \u00C2\u00A0that \u00C2\u00A0centralizes \u00C2\u00A0pain \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0suffering \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0establish \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009Charm \u00C2\u00A0or \u00C2\u00A0injury \u00C2\u00A0in \u00C2\u00A0order \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0achieve \u00C2\u00A0reparations\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0(Tuck \u00C2\u00A02009:413). \u00C2\u00A0In \u00C2\u00A0Suspending \u00C2\u00A0Damage: \u00C2\u00A0A \u00C2\u00A0Letter \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0Communities, \u00C2\u00A0Eve \u00C2\u00A0Tuck \u00C2\u00A0explores \u00C2\u00A0how \u00C2\u00A0researchers \u00C2\u00A0 frame \u00C2\u00A0 Indigenous \u00C2\u00A0 communities \u00C2\u00A0 as \u00C2\u00A0 broken \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 defeated, \u00C2\u00A0 such \u00C2\u00A0 that \u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u009Coppression \u00C2\u00A0 singularly \u00C2\u00A0defines \u00C2\u00A0 a \u00C2\u00A0 community\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0 (2009:413). \u00C2\u00A0 Such \u00C2\u00A0 damaged-\u00C2\u00ADcentered \u00C2\u00A0 approaches \u00C2\u00A0 tend \u00C2\u00A0 to \u00C2\u00A0 present \u00C2\u00A0 Indigenous \u00C2\u00A0women \u00C2\u00A0 as \u00C2\u00A0 at-\u00C2\u00ADrisk \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 as \u00C2\u00A0 inherently \u00C2\u00A0 vulnerable \u00C2\u00A0 due \u00C2\u00A0 to \u00C2\u00A0 historical \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 ongoing \u00C2\u00A0 colonial \u00C2\u00A0 processes. \u00C2\u00A0Alternatively, \u00C2\u00A0 I \u00C2\u00A0have \u00C2\u00A0sought \u00C2\u00A0 to \u00C2\u00A0bear \u00C2\u00A0witness \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0ways \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0which \u00C2\u00A0Betty \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0Verna, \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0members \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0Lake \u00C2\u00A0Babine \u00C2\u00A0Nation, \u00C2\u00A0are \u00C2\u00A0building \u00C2\u00A0the 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\u00C2\u00A0Babine \u00C2\u00A0 Nation \u00C2\u00A0 was \u00C2\u00A0 formed \u00C2\u00A0 through \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 amalgamation \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 Old \u00C2\u00A0 Fort \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 Fort \u00C2\u00A0 Babine \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0 1957 \u00C2\u00A0 by \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0Department \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 Indian \u00C2\u00A0 Affairs, \u00C2\u00A0 who \u00C2\u00A0 joined \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 two \u00C2\u00A0 bands \u00C2\u00A0 together \u00C2\u00A0 for \u00C2\u00A0 administrative \u00C2\u00A0 purposes. \u00C2\u00A0 The \u00C2\u00A0amalgamation \u00C2\u00A0 was \u00C2\u00A0 made \u00C2\u00A0 without \u00C2\u00A0 consulting \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 members \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 either \u00C2\u00A0 band. \u00C2\u00A0 Consisting \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 twenty-\u00C2\u00ADseven \u00C2\u00A0reserves, \u00C2\u00A0LBN \u00C2\u00A0 is \u00C2\u00A0divided \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0 to \u00C2\u00A0 five \u00C2\u00A0distinct \u00C2\u00A0communities: \u00C2\u00A0Woyenne, \u00C2\u00A0Donald\u00E2\u0080\u0099s \u00C2\u00A0Landing, \u00C2\u00A0Tachet, \u00C2\u00A0Old \u00C2\u00A0Fort, \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0 Fort \u00C2\u00A0 Babine. \u00C2\u00A0 Fort \u00C2\u00A0 Babine \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 Tachet \u00C2\u00A0 are \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0most \u00C2\u00A0 isolated \u00C2\u00A0 communities \u00C2\u00A0 located \u00C2\u00A0 within \u00C2\u00A0 traditional \u00C2\u00A0Babine \u00C2\u00A0 territory, \u00C2\u00A0 at \u00C2\u00A0 150km \u00C2\u00A0 from \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 nearest \u00C2\u00A0 town. \u00C2\u00A0 Woyenne, \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 largest \u00C2\u00A0 community \u00C2\u00A0 by \u00C2\u00A0 population, \u00C2\u00A0 is \u00C2\u00A0located \u00C2\u00A0 outside \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 LBN \u00C2\u00A0 traditional \u00C2\u00A0 territory, \u00C2\u00A0 near \u00C2\u00A0Burns \u00C2\u00A0 Lake \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0Ts'il \u00C2\u00A0 Kaz \u00C2\u00A0Koh \u00C2\u00A0First \u00C2\u00A0Nation \u00C2\u00A0 territory. \u00C2\u00A0 The \u00C2\u00A0land \u00C2\u00A0was \u00C2\u00A0purchased \u00C2\u00A0in \u00C2\u00A01965 \u00C2\u00A0by \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0Department \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0Indian \u00C2\u00A0Affairs \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0relocate \u00C2\u00A0members \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0bring \u00C2\u00A0them \u00C2\u00A0closer \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0government \u00C2\u00A0provided \u00C2\u00A0social \u00C2\u00A0services \u00C2\u00A0(Patrick \u00C2\u00A02009). \u00C2\u00A0While \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0Babine \u00C2\u00A0people \u00C2\u00A0once \u00C2\u00A0lived \u00C2\u00A0primarily \u00C2\u00A0along \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0Babine \u00C2\u00A0Lake, \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0largest \u00C2\u00A0sockeye \u00C2\u00A0producing \u00C2\u00A0system \u00C2\u00A0in \u00C2\u00A0Canada, \u00C2\u00A0members \u00C2\u00A0are \u00C2\u00A0now \u00C2\u00A0spread \u00C2\u00A0across \u00C2\u00A0both \u00C2\u00A0rural \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0urban \u00C2\u00A0communities. \u00C2\u00A0Known \u00C2\u00A0as \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0four-\u00C2\u00ADclan \u00C2\u00A0nation, \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0Nadut\u00E2\u0080\u0099en \u00C2\u00A0speaking \u00C2\u00A0Babine \u00C2\u00A0people \u00C2\u00A0are \u00C2\u00A0born \u00C2\u00A0in \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0Bear, \u00C2\u00A0Caribou, \u00C2\u00A0Frog, \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0Beaver \u00C2\u00A0clans. \u00C2\u00A0 Indigenous \u00C2\u00A0governance \u00C2\u00A0arises \u00C2\u00A0from \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0authority \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0hereditary \u00C2\u00A0chiefs \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0four \u00C2\u00A0matrilineal \u00C2\u00A0 clans \u00C2\u00A0with \u00C2\u00A0 government-\u00C2\u00ADrecognized \u00C2\u00A0 political \u00C2\u00A0 authority \u00C2\u00A0 arising \u00C2\u00A0 from \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0Chief \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0Council \u00C2\u00A0electoral \u00C2\u00A0system \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0Indian \u00C2\u00A0Act \u00C2\u00A0(Fiske, \u00C2\u00A0Newell \u00C2\u00A0& \u00C2\u00A0George \u00C2\u00A02001). \u00C2\u00A0Currently, \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0four \u00C2\u00A0LBN \u00C2\u00A0clans \u00C2\u00A0have \u00C2\u00A0over \u00C2\u00A0 120 \u00C2\u00A0 hereditary \u00C2\u00A0 chiefs \u00C2\u00A0 who \u00C2\u00A0 continue \u00C2\u00A0 to \u00C2\u00A0 play \u00C2\u00A0 an \u00C2\u00A0 important \u00C2\u00A0 role \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0 LBN \u00C2\u00A0 political \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 cultural \u00C2\u00A0 affairs \u00C2\u00A0(Firelight \u00C2\u00A0 2014). \u00C2\u00A0 According \u00C2\u00A0 to \u00C2\u00A0 Fiske, \u00C2\u00A0 Newell \u00C2\u00A0 & \u00C2\u00A0 George, \u00C2\u00A0 hereditary \u00C2\u00A0 chiefs \u00C2\u00A0 exercise \u00C2\u00A0 their \u00C2\u00A0 power \u00C2\u00A0 through \u00C2\u00A0feasting \u00C2\u00A0 ceremonies \u00C2\u00A0 known \u00C2\u00A0 as \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 potlatch \u00C2\u00A0 by \u00C2\u00A0 outsiders, \u00C2\u00A0 or \u00C2\u00A0 as \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 Bahl\u00E2\u0080\u0099at \u00C2\u00A0 by \u00C2\u00A0 members \u00C2\u00A0 (2001:72). \u00C2\u00A0Customary \u00C2\u00A0 law \u00C2\u00A0 is \u00C2\u00A0 rooted \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0Bahl\u00E2\u0080\u0099at \u00C2\u00A0system, \u00C2\u00A0which \u00C2\u00A0were \u00C2\u00A0originally \u00C2\u00A0 held \u00C2\u00A0 to \u00C2\u00A0 end \u00C2\u00A0warfare, \u00C2\u00A0manage \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0lands, \u00C2\u00A0waters \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0fish, \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0foster \u00C2\u00A0social \u00C2\u00A0continuity \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0harmony \u00C2\u00A0(Patrick \u00C2\u00A02009). \u00C2\u00A0With \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0outlawing \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0potlatch \u00C2\u00A0 by \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 Canadian \u00C2\u00A0 government \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0 1885, \u00C2\u00A0 LBN \u00C2\u00A0 began \u00C2\u00A0 to \u00C2\u00A0 experience \u00C2\u00A0 a \u00C2\u00A0 loss \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 social \u00C2\u00A0 control \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0 7\t \u00C2\u00A0cultural \u00C2\u00A0 continuity \u00C2\u00A0 inherent \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0Bahl\u00E2\u0080\u0099at \u00C2\u00A0 system \u00C2\u00A0 (Fiske \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 Patrick \u00C2\u00A0 2000). \u00C2\u00A0 The \u00C2\u00A0 loss \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 continuity \u00C2\u00A0 was \u00C2\u00A0further \u00C2\u00A0exacerbated \u00C2\u00A0by \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0Canadian \u00C2\u00A0residential \u00C2\u00A0school \u00C2\u00A0system. \u00C2\u00A0Between \u00C2\u00A01930 \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A01976, \u00C2\u00A0Babine \u00C2\u00A0children \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0youth \u00C2\u00A0were \u00C2\u00A0forcibly \u00C2\u00A0removed \u00C2\u00A0from \u00C2\u00A0their \u00C2\u00A0families \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0taken \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0Lejac \u00C2\u00A0Indian \u00C2\u00A0residential \u00C2\u00A0school \u00C2\u00A0where \u00C2\u00A0many \u00C2\u00A0were \u00C2\u00A0starved, \u00C2\u00A0abused, \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0sexually \u00C2\u00A0violated \u00C2\u00A0(Firelight \u00C2\u00A02014). \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Members \u00C2\u00A0cite \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0legal \u00C2\u00A0subjugation \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0Bahl\u00E2\u0080\u0099at \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0residential \u00C2\u00A0schools \u00C2\u00A0as \u00C2\u00A0transitional \u00C2\u00A0moments \u00C2\u00A0that \u00C2\u00A0 effected \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 Nation\u00E2\u0080\u0099s \u00C2\u00A0 ability \u00C2\u00A0 to \u00C2\u00A0 manage \u00C2\u00A0 colonial \u00C2\u00A0 oppression \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 dispossession \u00C2\u00A0 through \u00C2\u00A0 resource \u00C2\u00A0extraction \u00C2\u00A0 (Fiske \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 Patrick \u00C2\u00A0 2000). \u00C2\u00A0 Consequently, \u00C2\u00A0 LBN\u00E2\u0080\u0099s \u00C2\u00A0 history \u00C2\u00A0 has \u00C2\u00A0 been \u00C2\u00A0 marked \u00C2\u00A0 by \u00C2\u00A0 shifting \u00C2\u00A0dependence \u00C2\u00A0on \u00C2\u00A0resource-\u00C2\u00ADbased \u00C2\u00A0economies \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0projects \u00C2\u00A0 including \u00C2\u00A0 fur \u00C2\u00A0 trading, \u00C2\u00A0 logging, \u00C2\u00A0mining \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0most \u00C2\u00A0recently, \u00C2\u00A0 liquid \u00C2\u00A0natural \u00C2\u00A0gas \u00C2\u00A0 (LNG) \u00C2\u00A0extraction. \u00C2\u00A0At \u00C2\u00A0present, \u00C2\u00A0men \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0women \u00C2\u00A0 rely \u00C2\u00A0on \u00C2\u00A0semi \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0non-\u00C2\u00ADskilled \u00C2\u00A0seasonal \u00C2\u00A0work \u00C2\u00A0provided \u00C2\u00A0by \u00C2\u00A0mining \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0LNG \u00C2\u00A0proponents \u00C2\u00A0(Firelight \u00C2\u00A02014). \u00C2\u00A0Community \u00C2\u00A0members \u00C2\u00A0have \u00C2\u00A0had \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0suffer \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0consequences \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0boom-\u00C2\u00ADand-\u00C2\u00ADbust \u00C2\u00A0industry \u00C2\u00A0cycles. \u00C2\u00A0The \u00C2\u00A0LBN \u00C2\u00A0Natural \u00C2\u00A0Resource \u00C2\u00A0Department \u00C2\u00A0is \u00C2\u00A0currently \u00C2\u00A0 responsible \u00C2\u00A0 for \u00C2\u00A0overseeing \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0managing \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0positive \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0negative \u00C2\u00A0 impacts \u00C2\u00A0 related \u00C2\u00A0 to \u00C2\u00A0mining, \u00C2\u00A0forestry, \u00C2\u00A0LNG, \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0so \u00C2\u00A0on. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00C2\u00A0 The \u00C2\u00A0Prince \u00C2\u00A0Rupert \u00C2\u00A0Gas \u00C2\u00A0Transmission \u00C2\u00A0Pipeline \u00C2\u00A0Project \u00C2\u00A0(PRGT) \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0PRGT, \u00C2\u00A0 a \u00C2\u00A0 subsidiary \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 TransCanada \u00C2\u00A0Pipelines \u00C2\u00A0 Ltd., \u00C2\u00A0 has \u00C2\u00A0 proposed \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 construction \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 operation \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 a \u00C2\u00A0900-\u00C2\u00ADkilometre \u00C2\u00A0LNG \u00C2\u00A0pipeline \u00C2\u00A0from \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0district \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0Hudson\u00E2\u0080\u0099s \u00C2\u00A0Hope \u00C2\u00A0in \u00C2\u00A0northeastern \u00C2\u00A0BC \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0Port \u00C2\u00A0Edward \u00C2\u00A0on \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0Pacific \u00C2\u00A0 coast \u00C2\u00A0 (PRGT \u00C2\u00A0 2013:1). \u00C2\u00A0 Valued \u00C2\u00A0 at \u00C2\u00A0 $5 \u00C2\u00A0 billion \u00C2\u00A0 dollars, \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 project \u00C2\u00A0 is \u00C2\u00A0 estimated \u00C2\u00A0 to \u00C2\u00A0 generate \u00C2\u00A0 8,250 \u00C2\u00A0person-\u00C2\u00ADyears \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0direct \u00C2\u00A0employment \u00C2\u00A0and, \u00C2\u00A0during \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 forty \u00C2\u00A0years \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0operations, \u00C2\u00A0 twenty-\u00C2\u00ADthree \u00C2\u00A0full-\u00C2\u00ADtime \u00C2\u00A0 jobs. \u00C2\u00A0The \u00C2\u00A0 Project \u00C2\u00A0 was \u00C2\u00A0 officially \u00C2\u00A0 announced \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0 January \u00C2\u00A0 2013, \u00C2\u00A0 with \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 project \u00C2\u00A0 description \u00C2\u00A0 submitted \u00C2\u00A0 to \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0BCEAO \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0May \u00C2\u00A02013 \u00C2\u00A0(PRGT \u00C2\u00A02013:1). \u00C2\u00A0The \u00C2\u00A0Project \u00C2\u00A0 requires \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0construction \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0 temporary \u00C2\u00A0 infrastructure, \u00C2\u00A0such \u00C2\u00A0 as \u00C2\u00A0 access \u00C2\u00A0 roads, \u00C2\u00A0 stockpile \u00C2\u00A0 sites \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 construction \u00C2\u00A0 camps \u00C2\u00A0 (PRGT \u00C2\u00A0 2013:13). \u00C2\u00A0Operations \u00C2\u00A0 are \u00C2\u00A0 set \u00C2\u00A0 to \u00C2\u00A0begin \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0 2018, \u00C2\u00A0with \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 construction \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 ancillary \u00C2\u00A0 infrastructure \u00C2\u00A0 commencing \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0 early \u00C2\u00A0 2015, \u00C2\u00A0 to \u00C2\u00A0mid \u00C2\u00A0 2017 \u00C2\u00A0(PRGT \u00C2\u00A02013:14). \u00C2\u00A0In \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0Project \u00C2\u00A0description, \u00C2\u00A0PRGT \u00C2\u00A0outlines \u00C2\u00A0their \u00C2\u00A0commitment \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0engagement \u00C2\u00A0with \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A020 \u00C2\u00A0affected \u00C2\u00A0Indigenous \u00C2\u00A0groups, \u00C2\u00A0including \u00C2\u00A0Lake \u00C2\u00A0Babine \u00C2\u00A0Nation. \u00C2\u00A0While \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0project \u00C2\u00A0will \u00C2\u00A0 impact \u00C2\u00A0multiple \u00C2\u00A0First \u00C2\u00A0Nation \u00C2\u00A0communities, \u00C2\u00A0140km \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0proposed \u00C2\u00A0pipeline \u00C2\u00A0runs \u00C2\u00A0through \u00C2\u00A0LBN \u00C2\u00A0traditional \u00C2\u00A0 territory. \u00C2\u00A0Furthermore, \u00C2\u00A0PRGT \u00C2\u00A0has \u00C2\u00A0 identified \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0need \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0construct \u00C2\u00A0 thirty-\u00C2\u00ADtwo \u00C2\u00A0ancillary \u00C2\u00A0sites, \u00C2\u00A0five \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0which \u00C2\u00A0will \u00C2\u00A0be \u00C2\u00A0within \u00C2\u00A0LBN \u00C2\u00A0territory. \u00C2\u00A0The \u00C2\u00A0site \u00C2\u00A0that \u00C2\u00A0is \u00C2\u00A0most \u00C2\u00A0relevant \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0this \u00C2\u00A0research \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0a \u00C2\u00A0 significant \u00C2\u00A0 concern \u00C2\u00A0 to \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 LBN \u00C2\u00A0 community \u00C2\u00A0 is \u00C2\u00A0 construction \u00C2\u00A0 camp \u00C2\u00A0 119. \u00C2\u00A0 The \u00C2\u00A0 camp, \u00C2\u00A0 expected \u00C2\u00A0 to \u00C2\u00A0 house \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0 8\t \u00C2\u00A0temporary \u00C2\u00A0workforce \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 nearly \u00C2\u00A0 one \u00C2\u00A0 thousand \u00C2\u00A0 people, \u00C2\u00A0 is \u00C2\u00A0 to \u00C2\u00A0 be \u00C2\u00A0 located \u00C2\u00A0 approximately \u00C2\u00A0 2km \u00C2\u00A0 north \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 Fort \u00C2\u00A0Babine, \u00C2\u00A0 an \u00C2\u00A0 isolated \u00C2\u00A0 community \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 approximately \u00C2\u00A0 one-\u00C2\u00ADhundred \u00C2\u00A0 people. \u00C2\u00A0 According \u00C2\u00A0 to \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 socioeconomic \u00C2\u00A0impact \u00C2\u00A0study \u00C2\u00A0conducted \u00C2\u00A0by \u00C2\u00A0Ginger \u00C2\u00A0Gibson, \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0Firelight \u00C2\u00A0Group \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0LBN, \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009Cwithout \u00C2\u00A0careful \u00C2\u00A0mitigation, \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0proposed \u00C2\u00A0location \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0Camp \u00C2\u00A0119, \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0its \u00C2\u00A0short-\u00C2\u00ADterm \u00C2\u00A0nature, \u00C2\u00A0is \u00C2\u00A0considered \u00C2\u00A0likely \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0result \u00C2\u00A0in \u00C2\u00A0social \u00C2\u00A0impacts \u00C2\u00A0on \u00C2\u00A0 Fort \u00C2\u00A0 Babine \u00C2\u00A0 families \u00C2\u00A0 including \u00C2\u00A0 increased \u00C2\u00A0 crime, \u00C2\u00A0 prostitution, \u00C2\u00A0 addictions, \u00C2\u00A0 disparity, \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 other \u00C2\u00A0 social \u00C2\u00A0challenges\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0(2014:38). \u00C2\u00A0Though \u00C2\u00A0PRGT \u00C2\u00A0is \u00C2\u00A0committed \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0continued \u00C2\u00A0consultation, \u00C2\u00A0Firelight \u00C2\u00A0has \u00C2\u00A0suggested \u00C2\u00A0that \u00C2\u00A0consultation \u00C2\u00A0 cannot \u00C2\u00A0 replace \u00C2\u00A0 reliable \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 effective \u00C2\u00A0 mitigations \u00C2\u00A0 (2014:64). \u00C2\u00A0 The \u00C2\u00A0 main \u00C2\u00A0 security \u00C2\u00A0 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\u00C2\u00A0their \u00C2\u00A0experts \u00C2\u00A0had \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0go \u00C2\u00A0through \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0application \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0address \u00C2\u00A0issues\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0(LBN \u00C2\u00A02015a:14). \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0The \u00C2\u00A0EAO \u00C2\u00A0completed \u00C2\u00A0 their \u00C2\u00A0 assessment \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0 late \u00C2\u00A0October \u00C2\u00A0 2014 \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0gave \u00C2\u00A0 their \u00C2\u00A0 certification \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0mid-\u00C2\u00ADNovember \u00C2\u00A02014. \u00C2\u00A0PRGT \u00C2\u00A0received \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0certification, \u00C2\u00A0along \u00C2\u00A0with \u00C2\u00A045 \u00C2\u00A0conditions, \u00C2\u00A0particularly \u00C2\u00A0pertinent \u00C2\u00A0was \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0condition \u00C2\u00A0 to \u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u009Cdevelop \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0 implement \u00C2\u00A0a \u00C2\u00A0social \u00C2\u00A0and 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\u00C2\u00A0 3\t \u00C2\u00A0The\t \u00C2\u00A0negative\t \u00C2\u00A0social\t \u00C2\u00A0impacts\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0construction\t \u00C2\u00A0camps\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0temporary\t \u00C2\u00A0workforce\t \u00C2\u00A0populations\t \u00C2\u00A0have\t \u00C2\u00A0been\t \u00C2\u00A0outlined\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0detail\t \u00C2\u00A0in\t \u00C2\u00A0Gibson\t \u00C2\u00A0et.\t \u00C2\u00A0al.\t \u00C2\u00A0(2017),\t \u00C2\u00A0Amnesty\t \u00C2\u00A0International\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\t \u00C2\u00A0Out\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0Sight,\t \u00C2\u00A0Out\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0Mind\t \u00C2\u00A0report\t \u00C2\u00A0(2016),\t \u00C2\u00A0Ten\t \u00C2\u00A0Steps\t \u00C2\u00A0Ahead\t \u00C2\u00A0by\t \u00C2\u00A0Shandro\t \u00C2\u00A0et.\t \u00C2\u00A0al.\t \u00C2\u00A0(2014)\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0the\t \u00C2\u00A0National\t \u00C2\u00A0Aboriginal\t \u00C2\u00A0Health\t \u00C2\u00A0Organization\t \u00C2\u00A0report\t \u00C2\u00A0(2008).\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0 9\t \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0 Reconciliation \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0 May \u00C2\u00A0 2015, \u00C2\u00A0 outlined \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 financial \u00C2\u00A0 details \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 agreement, \u00C2\u00A0 which \u00C2\u00A0 also \u00C2\u00A0 includes \u00C2\u00A0commitments \u00C2\u00A0 to \u00C2\u00A0 local \u00C2\u00A0 environmental \u00C2\u00A0 stewardship \u00C2\u00A0 program \u00C2\u00A0 funding, \u00C2\u00A0 training \u00C2\u00A0 initiatives, \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 economic \u00C2\u00A0development \u00C2\u00A0 (LBN \u00C2\u00A0 AGM \u00C2\u00A0 2015:54). \u00C2\u00A0 LBN \u00C2\u00A0 Chief \u00C2\u00A0Wilf \u00C2\u00A0 Adam \u00C2\u00A0 stated \u00C2\u00A0 that \u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u009Cthis \u00C2\u00A0 project \u00C2\u00A0 meets \u00C2\u00A0 Lake \u00C2\u00A0 Babine \u00C2\u00A0Nation's \u00C2\u00A0conditions \u00C2\u00A0for \u00C2\u00A0consent: \u00C2\u00A0it 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rights, \u00C2\u00A0negotiate \u00C2\u00A0with \u00C2\u00A0developers, \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0claims \u00C2\u00A0 to \u00C2\u00A0self-\u00C2\u00ADdetermination, \u00C2\u00A0Patrick \u00C2\u00A0argues \u00C2\u00A0 that \u00C2\u00A0Babine \u00C2\u00A0women \u00C2\u00A0 are \u00C2\u00A0 also \u00C2\u00A0 concerned \u00C2\u00A0with \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u009Ctroubled \u00C2\u00A0 by \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 ramifications \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 family \u00C2\u00A0 tension, \u00C2\u00A0 domestic \u00C2\u00A0violence \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0sexual \u00C2\u00A0abuse\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0(2000:45) \u00C2\u00A0in \u00C2\u00A0their \u00C2\u00A0communities. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 4\t \u00C2\u00A0An\t \u00C2\u00A0Impact\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0Benefit\t \u00C2\u00A0Agreement\t \u00C2\u00A0is\t \u00C2\u00A0a\t \u00C2\u00A0contract\t \u00C2\u00A0made\t \u00C2\u00A0between\t \u00C2\u00A0a\t \u00C2\u00A0community\t 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Michel-\u00C2\u00ADRolph \u00C2\u00A0 Trouillot \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 Julie \u00C2\u00A0Cruikshank \u00C2\u00A0 have \u00C2\u00A0 inspired \u00C2\u00A0 a \u00C2\u00A0 generation \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 anthropologists \u00C2\u00A0 to \u00C2\u00A0 consider \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 homogenizing \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 silencing \u00C2\u00A0function \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0anthropology \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0history \u00C2\u00A0as \u00C2\u00A0a \u00C2\u00A0monolithic \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0objective \u00C2\u00A0representation \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0human \u00C2\u00A0experience. \u00C2\u00A0In \u00C2\u00A0his \u00C2\u00A0work \u00C2\u00A0on \u00C2\u00A0history \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0silence, \u00C2\u00A0Haitian \u00C2\u00A0anthropologist \u00C2\u00A0Michel-\u00C2\u00ADRolph \u00C2\u00A0Trouillot \u00C2\u00A0(1995) \u00C2\u00A0explored \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0silences \u00C2\u00A0inherent \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0production \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0history, \u00C2\u00A0such \u00C2\u00A0that \u00C2\u00A0marginalized \u00C2\u00A0voices \u00C2\u00A0are \u00C2\u00A0erased \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0excluded \u00C2\u00A0from \u00C2\u00A0grand \u00C2\u00A0historical \u00C2\u00A0narratives. \u00C2\u00A0In \u00C2\u00A0his \u00C2\u00A0work, \u00C2\u00A0he \u00C2\u00A0studied \u00C2\u00A0silences \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0reveal \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009Cthe \u00C2\u00A0differential \u00C2\u00A0power \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0various \u00C2\u00A0groups \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0agents \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0 producing \u00C2\u00A0 history\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0 (1997:38), \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 to \u00C2\u00A0 fill \u00C2\u00A0 those \u00C2\u00A0 silences \u00C2\u00A0 with \u00C2\u00A0 oral \u00C2\u00A0 histories \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 personal \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0 16\t \u00C2\u00A0narratives. \u00C2\u00A0 In \u00C2\u00A0 Life \u00C2\u00A0 Lived \u00C2\u00A0 Like \u00C2\u00A0 a \u00C2\u00A0 Story \u00C2\u00A0 (1991) \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 The \u00C2\u00A0 Social \u00C2\u00A0 Life \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 Stories \u00C2\u00A0 (1998), \u00C2\u00A0 Julie \u00C2\u00A0 Cruikshank \u00C2\u00A0explores \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 emergence \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 orally \u00C2\u00A0 narrated \u00C2\u00A0 life \u00C2\u00A0 stories \u00C2\u00A0 as \u00C2\u00A0 a \u00C2\u00A0 means \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 navigating \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 issues \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0representation \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0authenticity. \u00C2\u00A0While \u00C2\u00A0oral \u00C2\u00A0histories \u00C2\u00A0were \u00C2\u00A0traditionally \u00C2\u00A0used \u00C2\u00A0in \u00C2\u00A0anthropology \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009Cbreathe \u00C2\u00A0life \u00C2\u00A0into \u00C2\u00A0 academic \u00C2\u00A0 writing\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0 (Cruikshank \u00C2\u00A0 1991:1) \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 supplement \u00C2\u00A0 ethnographic \u00C2\u00A0 description, \u00C2\u00A0 more \u00C2\u00A0 recent \u00C2\u00A0engagement \u00C2\u00A0with \u00C2\u00A0 oral \u00C2\u00A0 histories \u00C2\u00A0 reflects \u00C2\u00A0 ongoing \u00C2\u00A0 collaboration \u00C2\u00A0 between \u00C2\u00A0 interviewee \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 interviewer \u00C2\u00A0 that \u00C2\u00A0begins \u00C2\u00A0by \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009Ctaking \u00C2\u00A0seriously \u00C2\u00A0what \u00C2\u00A0people \u00C2\u00A0say \u00C2\u00A0about \u00C2\u00A0their \u00C2\u00A0lives\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0(ibid.). \u00C2\u00A0By \u00C2\u00A0understanding \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0stories \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0Indigenous \u00C2\u00A0women \u00C2\u00A0who \u00C2\u00A0she \u00C2\u00A0worked \u00C2\u00A0with \u00C2\u00A0as \u00C2\u00A0knowledge \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0 itself, \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0not \u00C2\u00A0as \u00C2\u00A0evidence \u00C2\u00A0 that \u00C2\u00A0either \u00C2\u00A0supports \u00C2\u00A0or \u00C2\u00A0contradicts \u00C2\u00A0western \u00C2\u00A0 ideology \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0science, \u00C2\u00A0Cruikshank \u00C2\u00A0presents \u00C2\u00A0oral \u00C2\u00A0histories \u00C2\u00A0as \u00C2\u00A0contextual, \u00C2\u00A0contradictory, \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 complex. \u00C2\u00A0 Her \u00C2\u00A0 work \u00C2\u00A0 on \u00C2\u00A0 oral \u00C2\u00A0 histories \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 life \u00C2\u00A0 history \u00C2\u00A0 promotes \u00C2\u00A0 a \u00C2\u00A0 decentering \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0researcher \u00C2\u00A0in \u00C2\u00A0a \u00C2\u00A0collaborative \u00C2\u00A0effort \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0record \u00C2\u00A0stories \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0voices \u00C2\u00A0as \u00C2\u00A0nuanced, \u00C2\u00A0complicated, \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0polyphonic. \u00C2\u00A0While \u00C2\u00A0much \u00C2\u00A0scholarly \u00C2\u00A0attention \u00C2\u00A0has \u00C2\u00A0been \u00C2\u00A0paid \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0power \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0representation \u00C2\u00A0in \u00C2\u00A0anthropology \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0feminist \u00C2\u00A0practice, \u00C2\u00A0 voice \u00C2\u00A0 remains \u00C2\u00A0 a \u00C2\u00A0 salient \u00C2\u00A0 category \u00C2\u00A0 particularly \u00C2\u00A0 due \u00C2\u00A0 to \u00C2\u00A0 its \u00C2\u00A0 ongoing \u00C2\u00A0 association \u00C2\u00A0 with \u00C2\u00A0 anticolonial \u00C2\u00A0nationalist \u00C2\u00A0movements \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0emergence \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0new \u00C2\u00A0democracies, \u00C2\u00A0human \u00C2\u00A0rights \u00C2\u00A0discourses, \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0rise \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0Indigenous \u00C2\u00A0movements \u00C2\u00A0(Weidman \u00C2\u00A02014:38). \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0In \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0blue \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0white \u00C2\u00A0boardroom, \u00C2\u00A0I \u00C2\u00A0was \u00C2\u00A0moved \u00C2\u00A0by \u00C2\u00A0Verna\u00E2\u0080\u0099s \u00C2\u00A0courage \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0her \u00C2\u00A0ability \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u0098speak \u00C2\u00A0up\u00E2\u0080\u0099 \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u0098break \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0silence\u00E2\u0080\u0099 \u00C2\u00A0about \u00C2\u00A0violence \u00C2\u00A0against \u00C2\u00A0Indigenous \u00C2\u00A0women. \u00C2\u00A0I \u00C2\u00A0equated \u00C2\u00A0her \u00C2\u00A0actions \u00C2\u00A0with \u00C2\u00A0agency \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0empowerment. \u00C2\u00A0 My \u00C2\u00A0 reaction \u00C2\u00A0 was \u00C2\u00A0 rooted \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 basic \u00C2\u00A0 assumptions \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 binary. \u00C2\u00A0 I \u00C2\u00A0 took \u00C2\u00A0 for \u00C2\u00A0 granted \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0nature \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0form \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0voice \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0silence. \u00C2\u00A0Like \u00C2\u00A0many \u00C2\u00A0feminist \u00C2\u00A0anthropologists \u00C2\u00A0before \u00C2\u00A0me, \u00C2\u00A0I \u00C2\u00A0held \u00C2\u00A0up \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0binary \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0 valorized \u00C2\u00A0 Verna\u00E2\u0080\u0099s \u00C2\u00A0 voice \u00C2\u00A0 without \u00C2\u00A0 critically \u00C2\u00A0 examining \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 context \u00C2\u00A0 within \u00C2\u00A0 which \u00C2\u00A0 she \u00C2\u00A0 spoke, \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0structure \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 silence \u00C2\u00A0 that \u00C2\u00A0 followed. \u00C2\u00A0 In \u00C2\u00A0 so \u00C2\u00A0 doing, \u00C2\u00A0 I \u00C2\u00A0 also \u00C2\u00A0 engaged \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 act \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 silencing. \u00C2\u00A0 In \u00C2\u00A0 equating \u00C2\u00A0Verna\u00E2\u0080\u0099s \u00C2\u00A0speech \u00C2\u00A0act \u00C2\u00A0with \u00C2\u00A0liberation, \u00C2\u00A0I \u00C2\u00A0presumed \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0opposite \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u0093 \u00C2\u00A0that \u00C2\u00A0those \u00C2\u00A0who \u00C2\u00A0do \u00C2\u00A0not \u00C2\u00A0speak \u00C2\u00A0lack \u00C2\u00A0agency, \u00C2\u00A0inadvertently \u00C2\u00A0 reinscribing \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 very \u00C2\u00A0 power \u00C2\u00A0 hierarchies \u00C2\u00A0 that \u00C2\u00A0 feminist \u00C2\u00A0 anthropology \u00C2\u00A0 seeks \u00C2\u00A0 to \u00C2\u00A0 probe \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0dismantle \u00C2\u00A0 (Russo \u00C2\u00A0 2013). \u00C2\u00A0 Such \u00C2\u00A0 an \u00C2\u00A0 analysis \u00C2\u00A0 denies \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 rich \u00C2\u00A0 history \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 Indigenous \u00C2\u00A0 women \u00C2\u00A0 resisting \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0shedding \u00C2\u00A0 light \u00C2\u00A0 on \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 issue \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 sexual \u00C2\u00A0 violence. \u00C2\u00A0 As \u00C2\u00A0 Indigenous \u00C2\u00A0 scholar \u00C2\u00A0 Sarah \u00C2\u00A0 Hunt \u00C2\u00A0 stated \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0 her \u00C2\u00A0presentation \u00C2\u00A0Decolonizing \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0Roots \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0Rape \u00C2\u00A0culture \u00C2\u00A0 (2016b), \u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u009Cmy \u00C2\u00A0relations \u00C2\u00A0before \u00C2\u00A0me \u00C2\u00A0have \u00C2\u00A0carried \u00C2\u00A0this \u00C2\u00A0weight \u00C2\u00A0since \u00C2\u00A0 long \u00C2\u00A0before \u00C2\u00A0academics \u00C2\u00A0or \u00C2\u00A0 feminists \u00C2\u00A0 recognized \u00C2\u00A0 that \u00C2\u00A0 this \u00C2\u00A0was \u00C2\u00A0an \u00C2\u00A0 issue \u00C2\u00A0worthy \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0writing \u00C2\u00A0or \u00C2\u00A0talking \u00C2\u00A0about \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0we \u00C2\u00A0need \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0honor \u00C2\u00A0this \u00C2\u00A0legacy.\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0 17\t \u00C2\u00A0Verna\u00E2\u0080\u0099s \u00C2\u00A0 story \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 her \u00C2\u00A0 decision \u00C2\u00A0 to \u00C2\u00A0 share \u00C2\u00A0 that \u00C2\u00A0 story \u00C2\u00A0 within \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 context \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 negotiations \u00C2\u00A0 with \u00C2\u00A0PRGT \u00C2\u00A0bring \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0 to \u00C2\u00A0 relief \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 intellectual, \u00C2\u00A0emotional, \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0physical \u00C2\u00A0 labour \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0 Indigenous \u00C2\u00A0women \u00C2\u00A0who \u00C2\u00A0have \u00C2\u00A0always \u00C2\u00A0 understood \u00C2\u00A0 sexual \u00C2\u00A0 violence \u00C2\u00A0 as \u00C2\u00A0 intimately \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 necessarily \u00C2\u00A0 related \u00C2\u00A0 to \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 colonial \u00C2\u00A0 project \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 to \u00C2\u00A0resource \u00C2\u00A0 extraction \u00C2\u00A0 (WEA-\u00C2\u00ADNYSHN \u00C2\u00A0 2016;\u00CD\u00BE \u00C2\u00A0 Smith \u00C2\u00A0 2005;\u00CD\u00BE \u00C2\u00A0 Million \u00C2\u00A0 2009;\u00CD\u00BE \u00C2\u00A0 Simpson \u00C2\u00A0 2014). \u00C2\u00A0 Following \u00C2\u00A0 Hunt, \u00C2\u00A0Verna\u00E2\u0080\u0099s \u00C2\u00A0speech \u00C2\u00A0act \u00C2\u00A0belongs \u00C2\u00A0 to \u00C2\u00A0a \u00C2\u00A0 long \u00C2\u00A0 tradition \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u009Ceveryday \u00C2\u00A0actions, \u00C2\u00A0beliefs \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0attitudes \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0 Indigenous \u00C2\u00A0people \u00C2\u00A0who \u00C2\u00A0are \u00C2\u00A0already, \u00C2\u00A0constantly \u00C2\u00A0pushing \u00C2\u00A0back \u00C2\u00A0against \u00C2\u00A0sexual \u00C2\u00A0violence \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0many \u00C2\u00A0manifestations \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0rape \u00C2\u00A0 culture \u00C2\u00A0 which \u00C2\u00A0 we \u00C2\u00A0 have \u00C2\u00A0 been \u00C2\u00A0 resisting \u00C2\u00A0 since \u00C2\u00A0 colonialism \u00C2\u00A0 began\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0 (October \u00C2\u00A0 2016). \u00C2\u00A0 For \u00C2\u00A0 Indigenous \u00C2\u00A0scholars, \u00C2\u00A0 activists, \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 allies \u00C2\u00A0 such \u00C2\u00A0 as \u00C2\u00A0Hunt, \u00C2\u00A0 Simpson \u00C2\u00A0 (2014), \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0Smith \u00C2\u00A0 (2005), \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 rape \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 violence \u00C2\u00A0committed \u00C2\u00A0against \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0bodies \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0Indigenous \u00C2\u00A0women \u00C2\u00A0is \u00C2\u00A0mirrored \u00C2\u00A0by \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0destruction \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0Indigenous \u00C2\u00A0land \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0displacement \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0Indigenous \u00C2\u00A0peoples. \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CSexual \u00C2\u00A0violence \u00C2\u00A0is \u00C2\u00A0an \u00C2\u00A0instrument \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0empire \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0colonization, \u00C2\u00A0not \u00C2\u00A0merely \u00C2\u00A0a \u00C2\u00A0symptom \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0a \u00C2\u00A0dysfunctional \u00C2\u00A0community\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0 (Bubar \u00C2\u00A02014:528). \u00C2\u00A0Dian \u00C2\u00A0Million \u00C2\u00A0explores \u00C2\u00A0how \u00C2\u00A0gender-\u00C2\u00ADbased \u00C2\u00A0violence \u00C2\u00A0has \u00C2\u00A0been \u00C2\u00A0 indispensable \u00C2\u00A0 to \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0subjugation \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0colonized \u00C2\u00A0peoples \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0construction \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0hierarchical \u00C2\u00A0 patriarchy \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u009Cindian \u00C2\u00A0 Canada\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0 because \u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u009Crape \u00C2\u00A0 interrupts \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 dissolves \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 ontological \u00C2\u00A0presence \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0person \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0community, \u00C2\u00A0 their \u00C2\u00A0desire \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0be, \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0go \u00C2\u00A0on, \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0endure, \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0have \u00C2\u00A0integrity\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0(2013:38). \u00C2\u00A0For \u00C2\u00A0 Lake \u00C2\u00A0 Babine \u00C2\u00A0 Nation \u00C2\u00A0 members, \u00C2\u00A0 violence \u00C2\u00A0 against \u00C2\u00A0 Indigenous \u00C2\u00A0 women \u00C2\u00A0 is \u00C2\u00A0 also \u00C2\u00A0 consequence \u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u009Cof \u00C2\u00A0internalizing \u00C2\u00A0colonial \u00C2\u00A0oppression\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0 (Fiske \u00C2\u00A02000:188) \u00C2\u00A0and, \u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u009Cof \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0stresses \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0poverty, \u00C2\u00A0 racism, \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0 loss \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0cultural \u00C2\u00A0values \u00C2\u00A0(Fiske \u00C2\u00A02000:23). \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0What \u00C2\u00A0might \u00C2\u00A0be \u00C2\u00A0revealed \u00C2\u00A0by \u00C2\u00A0theorizing \u00C2\u00A0silence \u00C2\u00A0in \u00C2\u00A0a 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\u00E2\u0080\u009Cupon \u00C2\u00A0 those \u00C2\u00A0 least \u00C2\u00A0 empowered \u00C2\u00A0 to \u00C2\u00A0 intervene \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 conditions \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 their \u00C2\u00A0 oppression.\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0 The \u00C2\u00A0burden \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0 breaking \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 silence \u00C2\u00A0 is \u00C2\u00A0on \u00C2\u00A0Verna, \u00C2\u00A0who \u00C2\u00A0 like \u00C2\u00A0many \u00C2\u00A0other \u00C2\u00A0 Indigenous \u00C2\u00A0women \u00C2\u00A0 is \u00C2\u00A0motivated \u00C2\u00A0by \u00C2\u00A0a \u00C2\u00A0profound \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009Cdesire \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0heal \u00C2\u00A0families, \u00C2\u00A0nations, \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0earth\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0(Million \u00C2\u00A02013:25). \u00C2\u00A0Indigenous \u00C2\u00A0women \u00C2\u00A0like \u00C2\u00A0Betty \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0Verna \u00C2\u00A0present \u00C2\u00A0a \u00C2\u00A0threat \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0Canadian \u00C2\u00A0governments\u00E2\u0080\u0099 \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009Csingle-\u00C2\u00ADminded \u00C2\u00A0obsession \u00C2\u00A0with \u00C2\u00A0drilling, \u00C2\u00A0mining, \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0 fracking\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009Cinsatiable \u00C2\u00A0vision\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0 resource \u00C2\u00A0development \u00C2\u00A0 (Klein \u00C2\u00A02014). \u00C2\u00A0As \u00C2\u00A0Klein \u00C2\u00A0 (2014) \u00C2\u00A0argues, \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0government \u00C2\u00A0has \u00C2\u00A0little \u00C2\u00A0motivation \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0strengthen \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0incentive \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009Cheal \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0strengthen \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0very \u00C2\u00A0people \u00C2\u00A0that \u00C2\u00A0it \u00C2\u00A0sees \u00C2\u00A0as \u00C2\u00A0its \u00C2\u00A0greatest \u00C2\u00A0obstacle.\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0Verna\u00E2\u0080\u0099s \u00C2\u00A0response \u00C2\u00A0exposes \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0burden \u00C2\u00A0that \u00C2\u00A0 is \u00C2\u00A0disproportionately \u00C2\u00A0borne \u00C2\u00A0by \u00C2\u00A0Indigenous \u00C2\u00A0women \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0decolonize, \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0teach \u00C2\u00A0settlers \u00C2\u00A0about \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0history \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0ongoing \u00C2\u00A0impacts \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0colonialism, \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0resist \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0forces \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0structures \u00C2\u00A0that \u00C2\u00A0continue \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0produce \u00C2\u00A0suffering \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0insecurity \u00C2\u00A0in \u00C2\u00A0their \u00C2\u00A0lives \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0communities. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Malhorta \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0Rowe \u00C2\u00A0(2013:2) \u00C2\u00A0propose \u00C2\u00A0that \u00C2\u00A0we \u00C2\u00A0might \u00C2\u00A0focus \u00C2\u00A0our \u00C2\u00A0critical \u00C2\u00A0lens \u00C2\u00A0on \u00C2\u00A0those \u00C2\u00A0who \u00C2\u00A0are \u00C2\u00A0in \u00C2\u00A0a \u00C2\u00A0position \u00C2\u00A0 to \u00C2\u00A0 listen, \u00C2\u00A0 hear, \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 respond \u00C2\u00A0 to \u00C2\u00A0 that \u00C2\u00A0 which \u00C2\u00A0 is \u00C2\u00A0 being \u00C2\u00A0 communicated \u00C2\u00A0 to \u00C2\u00A0 them \u00C2\u00A0 through \u00C2\u00A0 modes \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0expression \u00C2\u00A0 that \u00C2\u00A0are \u00C2\u00A0often \u00C2\u00A0either \u00C2\u00A0 framed \u00C2\u00A0or \u00C2\u00A0 interpreted \u00C2\u00A0as \u00C2\u00A0silence. \u00C2\u00A0The \u00C2\u00A0silence \u00C2\u00A0being \u00C2\u00A0broken \u00C2\u00A0was \u00C2\u00A0not \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0silence \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0Indigenous \u00C2\u00A0women \u00C2\u00A0on \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0topic \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0sexual \u00C2\u00A0violence. \u00C2\u00A0The \u00C2\u00A0silence \u00C2\u00A0in \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0boardroom \u00C2\u00A0sheds \u00C2\u00A0light \u00C2\u00A0on \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0 19\t \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0 silences \u00C2\u00A0 produced \u00C2\u00A0 by \u00C2\u00A0 colonialism \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 whiteness, \u00C2\u00A0 where \u00C2\u00A0 gender-\u00C2\u00ADbased \u00C2\u00A0 sexual \u00C2\u00A0 violence \u00C2\u00A0 against \u00C2\u00A0Indigenous \u00C2\u00A0 people \u00C2\u00A0 is \u00C2\u00A0 framed \u00C2\u00A0 as \u00C2\u00A0 distinct \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 separate \u00C2\u00A0 from \u00C2\u00A0 historical \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 ongoing \u00C2\u00A0 settler \u00C2\u00A0 colonialism \u00C2\u00A0where \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0context \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0resource \u00C2\u00A0extraction \u00C2\u00A0has \u00C2\u00A0no \u00C2\u00A0bearing \u00C2\u00A0on \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0bodies \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0safety \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0Indigenous \u00C2\u00A0women. \u00C2\u00A0Despite \u00C2\u00A0widely \u00C2\u00A0circulated \u00C2\u00A0statistics \u00C2\u00A0in \u00C2\u00A0media, \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0numerous \u00C2\u00A0government \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0public \u00C2\u00A0reports \u00C2\u00A0(Czyzewsky \u00C2\u00A0et \u00C2\u00A0al. \u00C2\u00A02014;\u00CD\u00BE \u00C2\u00A0Amnesty \u00C2\u00A0International \u00C2\u00A02016;\u00CD\u00BE \u00C2\u00A0Gibson \u00C2\u00A0et \u00C2\u00A0al. \u00C2\u00A02017), \u00C2\u00A0stories \u00C2\u00A0such \u00C2\u00A0as \u00C2\u00A0Verna\u00E2\u0080\u0099s \u00C2\u00A0remain \u00C2\u00A0shocking \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0confounding \u00C2\u00A0 to \u00C2\u00A0 outsiders. \u00C2\u00A0 Verna\u00E2\u0080\u0099s \u00C2\u00A0 response \u00C2\u00A0 is \u00C2\u00A0 telling, \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 for \u00C2\u00A0 her, \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 relationship \u00C2\u00A0 between \u00C2\u00A0 the 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\u00C2\u00A0settler-\u00C2\u00ADcolonialism \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 whiteness \u00C2\u00A0 visible \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0 her \u00C2\u00A0 speech \u00C2\u00A0 act\u00E2\u0080\u0094and \u00C2\u00A0 through \u00C2\u00A0 her \u00C2\u00A0 silence. \u00C2\u00A0 By \u00C2\u00A0 mobilizing \u00C2\u00A0silence, \u00C2\u00A0Verna \u00C2\u00A0destabilized \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0business \u00C2\u00A0as \u00C2\u00A0usual \u00C2\u00A0discourses \u00C2\u00A0that \u00C2\u00A0normalize \u00C2\u00A0violence \u00C2\u00A0against \u00C2\u00A0Indigenous \u00C2\u00A0women \u00C2\u00A0 as \u00C2\u00A0 a \u00C2\u00A0 consequence \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 internal \u00C2\u00A0 dysfunction \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 violent \u00C2\u00A0 Indigenous \u00C2\u00A0 men. \u00C2\u00A0 Instead, \u00C2\u00A0 violence \u00C2\u00A0 was \u00C2\u00A0linked \u00C2\u00A0 to \u00C2\u00A0 issues \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 resource \u00C2\u00A0 extraction, \u00C2\u00A0 displacement, \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 community \u00C2\u00A0 disruption. \u00C2\u00A0 In \u00C2\u00A0 some \u00C2\u00A0ways, \u00C2\u00A0Verna \u00C2\u00A0said \u00C2\u00A0 as \u00C2\u00A0much \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0 her \u00C2\u00A0 pause \u00C2\u00A0 as \u00C2\u00A0 she \u00C2\u00A0 did \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0 her \u00C2\u00A0 speech. \u00C2\u00A0Mazzei \u00C2\u00A0 argues \u00C2\u00A0 that \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 silences \u00C2\u00A0 that \u00C2\u00A0 racial \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0gendered \u00C2\u00A0 discomfort \u00C2\u00A0 sometimes \u00C2\u00A0 produce \u00C2\u00A0 demonstrate \u00C2\u00A0 a \u00C2\u00A0 failure \u00C2\u00A0 to \u00C2\u00A0 understand \u00C2\u00A0 whiteness \u00C2\u00A0 as \u00C2\u00A0 a \u00C2\u00A0 racial \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0 20\t \u00C2\u00A0category, \u00C2\u00A0where \u00C2\u00A0our \u00C2\u00A0whiteness \u00C2\u00A0serves \u00C2\u00A0as \u00C2\u00A0a \u00C2\u00A0veil \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009Cmask \u00C2\u00A0what \u00C2\u00A0we \u00C2\u00A0choose \u00C2\u00A0not \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0see, \u00C2\u00A0or \u00C2\u00A0wish \u00C2\u00A0not \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0see, \u00C2\u00A0for \u00C2\u00A0 to \u00C2\u00A0 see \u00C2\u00A0 is \u00C2\u00A0 sometimes \u00C2\u00A0 unbearable\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0 (2003a:30), \u00C2\u00A0 such \u00C2\u00A0 as \u00C2\u00A0 ongoing \u00C2\u00A0 settler \u00C2\u00A0 colonial \u00C2\u00A0 violence \u00C2\u00A0 through \u00C2\u00A0contemporary \u00C2\u00A0institutions. \u00C2\u00A0These \u00C2\u00A0silences, \u00C2\u00A0grounded \u00C2\u00A0in \u00C2\u00A0white \u00C2\u00A0privilege, \u00C2\u00A0produce \u00C2\u00A0a \u00C2\u00A0kind \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0social \u00C2\u00A0blindness \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0 historical \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 political \u00C2\u00A0 violence \u00C2\u00A0 that \u00C2\u00A0 is \u00C2\u00A0 perpetuated \u00C2\u00A0 through \u00C2\u00A0 contemporary \u00C2\u00A0 economic \u00C2\u00A0 development \u00C2\u00A0efforts. \u00C2\u00A0Similarly, \u00C2\u00A0as \u00C2\u00A0a \u00C2\u00A0scholar \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0indigeneity, \u00C2\u00A0colonialism \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0whiteness, \u00C2\u00A0Moreton-\u00C2\u00ADRobinson \u00C2\u00A0explains \u00C2\u00A0that \u00C2\u00A0not \u00C2\u00A0all \u00C2\u00A0representations \u00C2\u00A0are \u00C2\u00A0equal \u00C2\u00A0within \u00C2\u00A0whiteness\u00E2\u0080\u0099s \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u0098regime \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0power,\u00E2\u0080\u0099 \u00C2\u00A0such \u00C2\u00A0that: \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Some \u00C2\u00A0are \u00C2\u00A0 deemed \u00C2\u00A0 truthful \u00C2\u00A0while \u00C2\u00A0 others \u00C2\u00A0 are \u00C2\u00A0 classified \u00C2\u00A0 fictitious, \u00C2\u00A0 some \u00C2\u00A0are \u00C2\u00A0 contested \u00C2\u00A0while \u00C2\u00A0 others \u00C2\u00A0form \u00C2\u00A0part \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0our \u00C2\u00A0commonsense \u00C2\u00A0taken-\u00C2\u00ADfor-\u00C2\u00ADgranted \u00C2\u00A0knowledge \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0world. \u00C2\u00A0Imbued \u00C2\u00A0with \u00C2\u00A0a \u00C2\u00A0power \u00C2\u00A0that \u00C2\u00A0normalises \u00C2\u00A0their \u00C2\u00A0existence, \u00C2\u00A0these \u00C2\u00A0latter \u00C2\u00A0representations \u00C2\u00A0are \u00C2\u00A0invisible, \u00C2\u00A0unnamed \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0unmarked. \u00C2\u00A0It \u00C2\u00A0is \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0 apparent \u00C2\u00A0 transparency \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 these \u00C2\u00A0 normative \u00C2\u00A0 representations \u00C2\u00A0 that \u00C2\u00A0 strategically \u00C2\u00A0 enables \u00C2\u00A0differentiation \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0othering \u00C2\u00A0(2004:76-\u00C2\u00AD77) \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0In \u00C2\u00A0 his \u00C2\u00A0 initial \u00C2\u00A0 response, \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 young \u00C2\u00A0 man \u00C2\u00A0 denied \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 lived \u00C2\u00A0 experience \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 sexual \u00C2\u00A0 violence \u00C2\u00A0 as \u00C2\u00A0 a \u00C2\u00A0consequence \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 resource \u00C2\u00A0 development \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 actions \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 temporary \u00C2\u00A0 male \u00C2\u00A0 workers. \u00C2\u00A0 In \u00C2\u00A0 that \u00C2\u00A0 moment, \u00C2\u00A0Verna \u00C2\u00A0extended \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0him \u00C2\u00A0a \u00C2\u00A0prolonged \u00C2\u00A0silence, \u00C2\u00A0a \u00C2\u00A0contemplative \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0shared \u00C2\u00A0silence, \u00C2\u00A0in \u00C2\u00A0which \u00C2\u00A0those \u00C2\u00A0present \u00C2\u00A0at \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0conference \u00C2\u00A0table \u00C2\u00A0could \u00C2\u00A0consider \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u0098taken-\u00C2\u00ADfor-\u00C2\u00ADgranted\u00E2\u0080\u0099 \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0otherwise \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u0098invisible\u00E2\u0080\u0099 \u00C2\u00A0knowledge. \u00C2\u00A0In \u00C2\u00A0his \u00C2\u00A0work \u00C2\u00A0on \u00C2\u00A0silence \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0history, \u00C2\u00A0Gerald \u00C2\u00A0Sider \u00C2\u00A0suggests \u00C2\u00A0that \u00C2\u00A0silences \u00C2\u00A0are \u00C2\u00A0situated \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0contextual, \u00C2\u00A0 that \u00C2\u00A0some \u00C2\u00A0experiences \u00C2\u00A0deemed \u00C2\u00A0as \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u0098silences\u00E2\u0080\u0099 \u00C2\u00A0may \u00C2\u00A0be \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009Cparticularly \u00C2\u00A0silent \u00C2\u00A0precisely \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0us\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0(Sider \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0Smith \u00C2\u00A01997:16)\u00E2\u0080\u0094the \u00C2\u00A0 non-\u00C2\u00ADIndigenous \u00C2\u00A0 meeting \u00C2\u00A0 attendees, \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 non-\u00C2\u00ADwomen, \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 non-\u00C2\u00ADvictim-\u00C2\u00ADsurvivors. \u00C2\u00A0 The \u00C2\u00A0 silence \u00C2\u00A0 that \u00C2\u00A0followed \u00C2\u00A0was \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0silence \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0a \u00C2\u00A0dominant \u00C2\u00A0group, \u00C2\u00A0a \u00C2\u00A0dominant \u00C2\u00A0society. \u00C2\u00A0By \u00C2\u00A0introducing \u00C2\u00A0that \u00C2\u00A0silence \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0room, \u00C2\u00A0Verna \u00C2\u00A0made \u00C2\u00A0 our \u00C2\u00A0 whiteness \u00C2\u00A0 audible, \u00C2\u00A0 such \u00C2\u00A0 that \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 silence \u00C2\u00A0was \u00C2\u00A0 bound \u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u009Cwithin \u00C2\u00A0 a \u00C2\u00A0myopia\u00E2\u0080\u00A6 \u00C2\u00A0 that \u00C2\u00A0 resisted \u00C2\u00A0seeing \u00C2\u00A0oneself \u00C2\u00A0as \u00C2\u00A0being \u00C2\u00A0seen\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0(Mazzei \u00C2\u00A02007:76). \u00C2\u00A0We \u00C2\u00A0inhabited \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0silence \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009Cfull \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0words \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0sentiment\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0together \u00C2\u00A0 (Johnson \u00C2\u00A02013:60). \u00C2\u00A0Silence \u00C2\u00A0was \u00C2\u00A0actively \u00C2\u00A0mobilized \u00C2\u00A0as \u00C2\u00A0a \u00C2\u00A0 tool \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0negotiation \u00C2\u00A0 that \u00C2\u00A0provides \u00C2\u00A0 those \u00C2\u00A0who \u00C2\u00A0 inhabit \u00C2\u00A0 it \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0possibility \u00C2\u00A0 to \u00C2\u00A0become \u00C2\u00A0aware \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0one\u00E2\u0080\u0099s \u00C2\u00A0social \u00C2\u00A0 location, \u00C2\u00A0one\u00E2\u0080\u0099s \u00C2\u00A0position, \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0thus \u00C2\u00A0 to \u00C2\u00A0know \u00C2\u00A0differently. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0While \u00C2\u00A0this \u00C2\u00A0analysis \u00C2\u00A0does \u00C2\u00A0not \u00C2\u00A0entail \u00C2\u00A0a \u00C2\u00A0complete \u00C2\u00A0dismantling \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0voice/silence \u00C2\u00A0binary, \u00C2\u00A0it \u00C2\u00A0does \u00C2\u00A0shift \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0 focus \u00C2\u00A0 towards \u00C2\u00A0 those \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0 positions \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 power, \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 asks \u00C2\u00A0 us \u00C2\u00A0 as \u00C2\u00A0 researchers \u00C2\u00A0 to \u00C2\u00A0 consider \u00C2\u00A0who \u00C2\u00A0 has \u00C2\u00A0 been \u00C2\u00A0silent. \u00C2\u00A0 To \u00C2\u00A0 position \u00C2\u00A0Betty \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0Verna \u00C2\u00A0 as \u00C2\u00A0 silent \u00C2\u00A0 is \u00C2\u00A0 to \u00C2\u00A0 deny \u00C2\u00A0 a \u00C2\u00A0 legacy \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 resistance \u00C2\u00A0 to \u00C2\u00A0 colonial \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 gender-\u00C2\u00ADbased \u00C2\u00A0 violence \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0 LBN, \u00C2\u00A0 obfuscating \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 intellectual \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 practical \u00C2\u00A0 success \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 weight \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 their \u00C2\u00A0 work. \u00C2\u00A0Framing \u00C2\u00A0 rape \u00C2\u00A0 as \u00C2\u00A0 beyond \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 scope \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 a \u00C2\u00A0 resource \u00C2\u00A0 project \u00C2\u00A0 denies \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 lived \u00C2\u00A0 experience \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 Indigenous \u00C2\u00A0women \u00C2\u00A0in \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0Canadian \u00C2\u00A0resource \u00C2\u00A0development \u00C2\u00A0context \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0perpetuates \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0notion \u00C2\u00A0that \u00C2\u00A0sexual \u00C2\u00A0violence \u00C2\u00A0is \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0 21\t \u00C2\u00A0a \u00C2\u00A0domestic \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0reserve \u00C2\u00A0issue, \u00C2\u00A0as \u00C2\u00A0opposed \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0a \u00C2\u00A0central \u00C2\u00A0feature \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009Con-\u00C2\u00ADgoing \u00C2\u00A0dispossession, \u00C2\u00A0occupation \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0erasure\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0Indigenous \u00C2\u00A0peoples \u00C2\u00A0(Simpson \u00C2\u00A02014). \u00C2\u00A0By \u00C2\u00A0understanding \u00C2\u00A0silence \u00C2\u00A0as \u00C2\u00A0meaningful \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0useful, \u00C2\u00A0we \u00C2\u00A0 can \u00C2\u00A0 understand \u00C2\u00A0 how \u00C2\u00A0 silence \u00C2\u00A0 can \u00C2\u00A0 be \u00C2\u00A0mobilized \u00C2\u00A0 consciously \u00C2\u00A0 to \u00C2\u00A0 produce \u00C2\u00A0 spaces \u00C2\u00A0 for \u00C2\u00A0 alliance \u00C2\u00A0 building \u00C2\u00A0across \u00C2\u00A0power \u00C2\u00A0 lines. \u00C2\u00A0The \u00C2\u00A0 challenge \u00C2\u00A0 then \u00C2\u00A0 for \u00C2\u00A0 those \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0 positions \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0 authority \u00C2\u00A0 is \u00C2\u00A0 to \u00C2\u00A0 acknowledge \u00C2\u00A0both \u00C2\u00A0 their \u00C2\u00A0implicit \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0explicit \u00C2\u00A0silences \u00C2\u00A0on \u00C2\u00A0racialized \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0gendered \u00C2\u00A0sexual \u00C2\u00A0violence, \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0improve \u00C2\u00A0their \u00C2\u00A0ability \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0listen \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0hear \u00C2\u00A0those \u00C2\u00A0who \u00C2\u00A0bear \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0burden \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0resistance. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0 22\t \u00C2\u00A0Section \u00C2\u00A0II: \u00C2\u00A0The \u00C2\u00A0C3 \u00C2\u00A0Workshop \u00C2\u00A0On \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 first \u00C2\u00A0 day \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0C3: \u00C2\u00A0Communities \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0Construction \u00C2\u00A0Camp \u00C2\u00A0workshop, \u00C2\u00A0Betty \u00C2\u00A0addressed \u00C2\u00A0a \u00C2\u00A0crowd \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A035 \u00C2\u00A0Indigenous \u00C2\u00A0women: \u00C2\u00A0We \u00C2\u00A0have \u00C2\u00A0always \u00C2\u00A0been \u00C2\u00A0excellent \u00C2\u00A0crisis \u00C2\u00A0managers;\u00CD\u00BE \u00C2\u00A0we \u00C2\u00A0respond \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0crises \u00C2\u00A0very \u00C2\u00A0well. \u00C2\u00A0But 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\u00C2\u00A0contingent. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0In \u00C2\u00A0a \u00C2\u00A0continued \u00C2\u00A0effort \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0trouble \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0decolonize \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0voice/silence \u00C2\u00A0binary: \u00C2\u00A0how \u00C2\u00A0might \u00C2\u00A0a \u00C2\u00A0 consideration \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 historical \u00C2\u00A0 context \u00C2\u00A0 within \u00C2\u00A0 which \u00C2\u00A0 certain \u00C2\u00A0 silences \u00C2\u00A0 emerge \u00C2\u00A0 inform \u00C2\u00A0 a \u00C2\u00A0 theorization \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0silence \u00C2\u00A0that \u00C2\u00A0is \u00C2\u00A0situated \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0structural, \u00C2\u00A0as \u00C2\u00A0opposed \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0individual \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0pathological? \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 In \u00C2\u00A0their \u00C2\u00A0work \u00C2\u00A0on \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0relationships \u00C2\u00A0between \u00C2\u00A0violence, \u00C2\u00A0silence \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0suffering, \u00C2\u00A0Hastings \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0Simpson \u00C2\u00A0(2007) \u00C2\u00A0 have \u00C2\u00A0 explored \u00C2\u00A0 how \u00C2\u00A0 ethnographic \u00C2\u00A0 works \u00C2\u00A0 on \u00C2\u00A0 conflict \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 violence \u00C2\u00A0 have \u00C2\u00A0 tended \u00C2\u00A0 to \u00C2\u00A0 focus \u00C2\u00A0 on \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u0098hyper-\u00C2\u00ADindividuated\u00E2\u0080\u0099 \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0subjective \u00C2\u00A0experience \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0violence \u00C2\u00A0as \u00C2\u00A0a \u00C2\u00A0traumatic \u00C2\u00A0event. \u00C2\u00A0This \u00C2\u00A0work, \u00C2\u00A0in \u00C2\u00A0their \u00C2\u00A0view, \u00C2\u00A0presents \u00C2\u00A0 individuals \u00C2\u00A0 as \u00C2\u00A0 detached \u00C2\u00A0 from \u00C2\u00A0 social \u00C2\u00A0 relations, \u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u009Clocking \u00C2\u00A0 them \u00C2\u00A0 into \u00C2\u00A0 a \u00C2\u00A0 world \u00C2\u00A0 that \u00C2\u00A0 they \u00C2\u00A0 frequently \u00C2\u00A0seem \u00C2\u00A0unable \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0communicate \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0others, \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0that \u00C2\u00A0others \u00C2\u00A0seem \u00C2\u00A0unable \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u0098share\u00E2\u0080\u0099\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0(Hastings \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0Simpson \u00C2\u00A02007:5). \u00C2\u00A0Similarly, \u00C2\u00A0in \u00C2\u00A0her \u00C2\u00A0work \u00C2\u00A0on \u00C2\u00A0testimony \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0holocaust, \u00C2\u00A0Carol \u00C2\u00A0Kidron \u00C2\u00A0has \u00C2\u00A0explored \u00C2\u00A0how \u00C2\u00A0academics \u00C2\u00A0frame \u00C2\u00A0 silence \u00C2\u00A0 as \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 consequence \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 trauma, \u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u009Cthe \u00C2\u00A0 burial \u00C2\u00A0 or \u00C2\u00A0 repression \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 speech, \u00C2\u00A0 resulting \u00C2\u00A0 not \u00C2\u00A0 from \u00C2\u00A0personal \u00C2\u00A0volition \u00C2\u00A0but \u00C2\u00A0rather \u00C2\u00A0from \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0unspeakable \u00C2\u00A0nature \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0an \u00C2\u00A0experience \u00C2\u00A0that \u00C2\u00A0is\u00E2\u0080\u00A6 \u00C2\u00A0beyond \u00C2\u00A0words, \u00C2\u00A0beyond \u00C2\u00A0narrative, \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0thus \u00C2\u00A0beyond \u00C2\u00A0representation\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0(2009:7). \u00C2\u00A0Consequently, \u00C2\u00A0Verna\u00E2\u0080\u0099s \u00C2\u00A0statement \u00C2\u00A0about \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0difficulty \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0 discussing \u00C2\u00A0 sexual \u00C2\u00A0 violence \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 rape \u00C2\u00A0 could \u00C2\u00A0 readily \u00C2\u00A0 be \u00C2\u00A0 classified \u00C2\u00A0 as \u00C2\u00A0 a \u00C2\u00A0 kind \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u0098psycho-\u00C2\u00ADpathologized\u00E2\u0080\u0099 \u00C2\u00A0process \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0avoidance \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0repression, \u00C2\u00A0where \u00C2\u00A0well-\u00C2\u00ADbeing \u00C2\u00A0is \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009Ccontingent \u00C2\u00A0upon \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0liberation \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0voice\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0(Kidron \u00C2\u00A02009:6). \u00C2\u00A0Such \u00C2\u00A0a \u00C2\u00A0pathological \u00C2\u00A0reading \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0silence \u00C2\u00A0positions \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0women \u00C2\u00A0in \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0room \u00C2\u00A0at \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0C3 \u00C2\u00A0workshop \u00C2\u00A0as \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009Ctraumatized \u00C2\u00A0victims\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0who \u00C2\u00A0simply \u00C2\u00A0 require \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0space \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0opportunity \u00C2\u00A0 to \u00C2\u00A0 testify \u00C2\u00A0about \u00C2\u00A0 their \u00C2\u00A0experiences \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0violence, \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0share \u00C2\u00A0their \u00C2\u00A0stories. \u00C2\u00A0Trauma \u00C2\u00A0as \u00C2\u00A0a \u00C2\u00A0psychological \u00C2\u00A0 state \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u0098new \u00C2\u00A0condition \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0 victimhood\u00E2\u0080\u0099 \u00C2\u00A0began \u00C2\u00A0circulating \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0mid-\u00C2\u00AD20th \u00C2\u00A0 century, \u00C2\u00A0 when \u00C2\u00A0 it \u00C2\u00A0 gained \u00C2\u00A0 prominence \u00C2\u00A0 as \u00C2\u00A0 a \u00C2\u00A0 legitimate \u00C2\u00A0 psychiatric \u00C2\u00A0 condition \u00C2\u00A0 affecting \u00C2\u00A0 both \u00C2\u00A0individuals \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0entire \u00C2\u00A0nations \u00C2\u00A0(Fassin \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0Rechtman \u00C2\u00A02009). \u00C2\u00A0In \u00C2\u00A0Empire \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0Trauma, \u00C2\u00A0Fassin \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0Retchman \u00C2\u00A0(2009) \u00C2\u00A0seek \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0denaturalize \u00C2\u00A0trauma \u00C2\u00A0as \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0normal \u00C2\u00A0psychological \u00C2\u00A0state \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0victims \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0explore \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0historical \u00C2\u00A0construction \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u0098trauma\u00E2\u0080\u0099 \u00C2\u00A0 since \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 Second \u00C2\u00A0World \u00C2\u00A0War \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 within \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 current \u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u0098humanitarian \u00C2\u00A0 age.\u00E2\u0080\u0099 \u00C2\u00A0 Their \u00C2\u00A0analysis \u00C2\u00A0suggests \u00C2\u00A0that \u00C2\u00A0trauma \u00C2\u00A0can \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0has \u00C2\u00A0been \u00C2\u00A0mobilized \u00C2\u00A0for \u00C2\u00A0political \u00C2\u00A0ends, \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0that \u00C2\u00A0persons \u00C2\u00A0are \u00C2\u00A0not \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009Cpassive \u00C2\u00A0 recipients \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 label \u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u0098traumatized\u00E2\u0080\u0099\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0 (2009:xi). \u00C2\u00A0 The \u00C2\u00A0 assumed \u00C2\u00A0 correlation \u00C2\u00A0 between \u00C2\u00A0 violence, \u00C2\u00A0trauma, \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0victimhood \u00C2\u00A0can \u00C2\u00A0adversely \u00C2\u00A0affect \u00C2\u00A0those \u00C2\u00A0labeled \u00C2\u00A0as \u00C2\u00A0victims. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0 24\t \u00C2\u00A0In \u00C2\u00A0her \u00C2\u00A0work \u00C2\u00A0with \u00C2\u00A0Indigenous \u00C2\u00A0girls \u00C2\u00A0on \u00C2\u00A0sexual \u00C2\u00A0violence, \u00C2\u00A0M\u00C3\u00A9tis \u00C2\u00A0scholar \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0trauma \u00C2\u00A0counselor \u00C2\u00A0Natalie \u00C2\u00A0Clark \u00C2\u00A0has \u00C2\u00A0suggested \u00C2\u00A0that \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009Cthe \u00C2\u00A0current \u00C2\u00A0construction \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0 trauma \u00C2\u00A0continues \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0create \u00C2\u00A0a \u00C2\u00A0colonial \u00C2\u00A0subject \u00C2\u00A0who \u00C2\u00A0requires \u00C2\u00A0 intervention, \u00C2\u00A0support \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0saving,\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0obfuscating \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0role \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0state \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0perpetuating \u00C2\u00A0neo-\u00C2\u00ADcolonial \u00C2\u00A0violence \u00C2\u00A0 (2016a:2). \u00C2\u00A0 Clark \u00C2\u00A0 explains \u00C2\u00A0 that \u00C2\u00A0 trauma, \u00C2\u00A0 as \u00C2\u00A0 an \u00C2\u00A0 individualized \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 medicalized \u00C2\u00A0 state, \u00C2\u00A0 has \u00C2\u00A0 been \u00C2\u00A0framed \u00C2\u00A0as \u00C2\u00A0a \u00C2\u00A0mental \u00C2\u00A0health \u00C2\u00A0issue, \u00C2\u00A0resulting \u00C2\u00A0in \u00C2\u00A0state-\u00C2\u00ADfunded \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0regulated \u00C2\u00A0programs \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0interventions \u00C2\u00A0that \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009Cfurther \u00C2\u00A0colonize \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0pathologize \u00C2\u00A0Indigenous \u00C2\u00A0children \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0youths\u00E2\u0080\u0099 \u00C2\u00A0health \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0their \u00C2\u00A0bodies\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0(2016a:3). \u00C2\u00A0The \u00C2\u00A0result, \u00C2\u00A0for \u00C2\u00A0Clark, \u00C2\u00A0is \u00C2\u00A0a \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u0098trauma \u00C2\u00A0industry\u00E2\u0080\u0099 \u00C2\u00A0that \u00C2\u00A0contributes \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0a \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u0098shock \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0awe\u00E2\u0080\u0099 \u00C2\u00A0campaign \u00C2\u00A0which \u00C2\u00A0perpetuates \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009Cstatistics \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0horror \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0shock\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0(ibid.) \u00C2\u00A0 that \u00C2\u00A0are \u00C2\u00A0then \u00C2\u00A0circulated \u00C2\u00A0in \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0media \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0consumed \u00C2\u00A0by \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0public. \u00C2\u00A0The \u00C2\u00A0 social \u00C2\u00A0 response \u00C2\u00A0 is \u00C2\u00A0 to \u00C2\u00A0 intervene \u00C2\u00A0 at \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 level \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 self \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 interpersonal, \u00C2\u00A0 as \u00C2\u00A0 opposed \u00C2\u00A0 to \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0political \u00C2\u00A0 (McKinney \u00C2\u00A02007). \u00C2\u00A0The \u00C2\u00A0consequence \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0a \u00C2\u00A0pathological \u00C2\u00A0 interpretation \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0 silence \u00C2\u00A0undermines \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0neglects \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0economic, \u00C2\u00A0political, \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0social \u00C2\u00A0structures \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u0093 \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0structural \u00C2\u00A0violence \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u0093 \u00C2\u00A0that \u00C2\u00A0continues \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0infringe \u00C2\u00A0upon \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0rights \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0Indigenous \u00C2\u00A0women \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0communities. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0In \u00C2\u00A0his \u00C2\u00A0seminal \u00C2\u00A0work \u00C2\u00A0on \u00C2\u00A0structural \u00C2\u00A0violence, \u00C2\u00A0Paul \u00C2\u00A0Farmer \u00C2\u00A0demonstrated \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0need \u00C2\u00A0 to \u00C2\u00A0consider \u00C2\u00A0not \u00C2\u00A0only \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0individual \u00C2\u00A0experience \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0violence, \u00C2\u00A0but \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009Cthe \u00C2\u00A0larger \u00C2\u00A0social \u00C2\u00A0matrix \u00C2\u00A0in \u00C2\u00A0which \u00C2\u00A0it \u00C2\u00A0is \u00C2\u00A0embedded \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0see \u00C2\u00A0how \u00C2\u00A0various \u00C2\u00A0 large-\u00C2\u00ADscale \u00C2\u00A0social \u00C2\u00A0 forces \u00C2\u00A0come \u00C2\u00A0 to \u00C2\u00A0be \u00C2\u00A0 translated \u00C2\u00A0 into \u00C2\u00A0personal \u00C2\u00A0distress \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0disease\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0 (1997:261). \u00C2\u00A0Like \u00C2\u00A0 Farmer, \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 Indigenous \u00C2\u00A0 women \u00C2\u00A0 at \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 C3, \u00C2\u00A0 were \u00C2\u00A0 interested \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0 exploring \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 mitigating \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 social \u00C2\u00A0forces \u00C2\u00A0 that \u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u009Ccrystalize \u00C2\u00A0 into \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 sharp, \u00C2\u00A0 hard \u00C2\u00A0 surfaces \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 individual \u00C2\u00A0 suffering\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0 (1997:263). \u00C2\u00A0 Locating \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0naming \u00C2\u00A0 structural \u00C2\u00A0 violence \u00C2\u00A0 can \u00C2\u00A0 be \u00C2\u00A0 challenging, \u00C2\u00A0 as \u00C2\u00A0 its \u00C2\u00A0 impacts \u00C2\u00A0 are \u00C2\u00A0 often \u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u009Cpart \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 routine \u00C2\u00A0 grounds \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0everyday \u00C2\u00A0life \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0transformed \u00C2\u00A0into \u00C2\u00A0expressions \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0moral \u00C2\u00A0worth\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0(Scheper-\u00C2\u00ADHughes \u00C2\u00A02004:4). \u00C2\u00A0In \u00C2\u00A0Lake \u00C2\u00A0Babine \u00C2\u00A0Nation \u00C2\u00A0 for \u00C2\u00A0 example, \u00C2\u00A0 women \u00C2\u00A0 participating \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0 this \u00C2\u00A0 research \u00C2\u00A0 project \u00C2\u00A0 described \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 sexual \u00C2\u00A0 violence \u00C2\u00A0 as \u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u009Can \u00C2\u00A0ordinary \u00C2\u00A0condition \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0their \u00C2\u00A0lives\u00E2\u0080\u00A6 \u00C2\u00A0so \u00C2\u00A0common \u00C2\u00A0as \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0seem \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0be \u00C2\u00A0a \u00C2\u00A0normal \u00C2\u00A0phenomenon\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0(Fiske \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0Patrick \u00C2\u00A0200:188). \u00C2\u00A0Kleinman \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0Kleinman \u00C2\u00A0warn \u00C2\u00A0against \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0Western \u00C2\u00A0process \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0rewriting \u00C2\u00A0social \u00C2\u00A0experiences \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0suffering \u00C2\u00A0related \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0poverty \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0conflict \u00C2\u00A0in \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0medical \u00C2\u00A0terms, \u00C2\u00A0where \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u0098victims\u00E2\u0080\u0099 \u00C2\u00A0are \u00C2\u00A0constructed \u00C2\u00A0as \u00C2\u00A0passive, \u00C2\u00A0as \u00C2\u00A0one \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009Cwho \u00C2\u00A0cannot \u00C2\u00A0represent \u00C2\u00A0himself, \u00C2\u00A0who \u00C2\u00A0must \u00C2\u00A0be \u00C2\u00A0represented\u00E2\u0080\u00A6 \u00C2\u00A0then \u00C2\u00A0he \u00C2\u00A0becomes \u00C2\u00A0a \u00C2\u00A0patient\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0(1997:10). \u00C2\u00A0In \u00C2\u00A0short, \u00C2\u00A0one \u00C2\u00A0who \u00C2\u00A0has \u00C2\u00A0suffered \u00C2\u00A0political, \u00C2\u00A0structural, \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0economic \u00C2\u00A0violence \u00C2\u00A0becomes \u00C2\u00A0one \u00C2\u00A0who \u00C2\u00A0is \u00C2\u00A0sick. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0As \u00C2\u00A0traumatized \u00C2\u00A0victims, \u00C2\u00A0 Indigenous \u00C2\u00A0women \u00C2\u00A0are \u00C2\u00A0continuously \u00C2\u00A0framed \u00C2\u00A0as \u00C2\u00A0sick, \u00C2\u00A0as \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0need \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0help, \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0 as \u00C2\u00A0 inherently \u00C2\u00A0 vulnerable \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 susceptible \u00C2\u00A0 to \u00C2\u00A0 violence. \u00C2\u00A0 This \u00C2\u00A0 process \u00C2\u00A0 undermines \u00C2\u00A0 their \u00C2\u00A0 role \u00C2\u00A0 as \u00C2\u00A0 anti-\u00C2\u00ADviolence \u00C2\u00A0 experts \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 activists, \u00C2\u00A0 as \u00C2\u00A0 well \u00C2\u00A0 as \u00C2\u00A0 their \u00C2\u00A0 capacity \u00C2\u00A0 to \u00C2\u00A0 contribute \u00C2\u00A0 to \u00C2\u00A0 intervention \u00C2\u00A0 strategies \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0 25\t \u00C2\u00A0resistance. \u00C2\u00A0Vulnerability \u00C2\u00A0 itself \u00C2\u00A0becomes \u00C2\u00A0naturalized \u00C2\u00A0 through \u00C2\u00A0 this \u00C2\u00A0process \u00C2\u00A0as \u00C2\u00A0 intrinsic \u00C2\u00A0 to \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0population \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0question, \u00C2\u00A0 rather \u00C2\u00A0 than \u00C2\u00A0 a \u00C2\u00A0 historically \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 socially \u00C2\u00A0 produced \u00C2\u00A0 status \u00C2\u00A0 through \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 ongoing \u00C2\u00A0 process \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0colonization \u00C2\u00A0(Green \u00C2\u00A02011:25). \u00C2\u00A0Colonialism \u00C2\u00A0as \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0source \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0vulnerability \u00C2\u00A0is \u00C2\u00A0obscured. \u00C2\u00A0Consequently, \u00C2\u00A0it \u00C2\u00A0was \u00C2\u00A0not \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 pathological \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 highly \u00C2\u00A0 traumatic \u00C2\u00A0 nature \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 rape \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 sexual \u00C2\u00A0 violence \u00C2\u00A0 that \u00C2\u00A0was \u00C2\u00A0 explored \u00C2\u00A0 by \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0women \u00C2\u00A0at \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0C3, \u00C2\u00A0but \u00C2\u00A0instead, \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0structures \u00C2\u00A0that \u00C2\u00A0limit \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0curtail \u00C2\u00A0how \u00C2\u00A0they \u00C2\u00A0can \u00C2\u00A0talk \u00C2\u00A0about \u00C2\u00A0violence, \u00C2\u00A0seek \u00C2\u00A0out \u00C2\u00A0support \u00C2\u00A0services, \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0protect \u00C2\u00A0 themselves \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0their \u00C2\u00A0 families. \u00C2\u00A0This \u00C2\u00A0 is \u00C2\u00A0not \u00C2\u00A0 to \u00C2\u00A0undermine \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0potentially \u00C2\u00A0damaging \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0horribly \u00C2\u00A0disruptive \u00C2\u00A0effects \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0sexual \u00C2\u00A0violence, \u00C2\u00A0but \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0emphasize \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0capacity \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0survivors \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0contribute \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0even \u00C2\u00A0thrive \u00C2\u00A0despite \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0trauma \u00C2\u00A0they \u00C2\u00A0bear. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 As \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 coordinators \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 workshop, \u00C2\u00A0 Betty \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 Verna \u00C2\u00A0 were \u00C2\u00A0 tasked \u00C2\u00A0 with \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 challenge \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0navigating \u00C2\u00A0 a \u00C2\u00A0 topic \u00C2\u00A0 that \u00C2\u00A0 has \u00C2\u00A0 frequently \u00C2\u00A0 been \u00C2\u00A0 labeled \u00C2\u00A0 as \u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u0098taboo\u00E2\u0080\u0099 \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u0098off-\u00C2\u00ADlimits\u00E2\u0080\u0099 \u00C2\u00A0 by \u00C2\u00A0 fellow \u00C2\u00A0 community \u00C2\u00A0members. \u00C2\u00A0Attendance \u00C2\u00A0on \u00C2\u00A0day \u00C2\u00A0one \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0workshop \u00C2\u00A0was \u00C2\u00A0by \u00C2\u00A0 invitation \u00C2\u00A0only \u00C2\u00A0 to \u00C2\u00A0 ensure \u00C2\u00A0 that \u00C2\u00A0 those \u00C2\u00A0women \u00C2\u00A0present \u00C2\u00A0 felt \u00C2\u00A0 safe \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 supported \u00C2\u00A0 as \u00C2\u00A0 they \u00C2\u00A0 discussed, \u00C2\u00A0 disclosed, \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 deliberated \u00C2\u00A0 on \u00C2\u00A0 sexual \u00C2\u00A0 violence \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0construction \u00C2\u00A0 camps. \u00C2\u00A0 Women \u00C2\u00A0 representing \u00C2\u00A0 communities \u00C2\u00A0 already \u00C2\u00A0 impacted \u00C2\u00A0 by \u00C2\u00A0 construction \u00C2\u00A0 camps \u00C2\u00A0recounted \u00C2\u00A0their \u00C2\u00A0experiences \u00C2\u00A0with \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0influx \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0temporary \u00C2\u00A0workers \u00C2\u00A0from \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0south \u00C2\u00A0in \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0their \u00C2\u00A0territories, \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0increased \u00C2\u00A0risks \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0sexual \u00C2\u00A0assault, \u00C2\u00A0rape, \u00C2\u00A0trafficking, \u00C2\u00A0pregnancy, \u00C2\u00A0STIs \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0drug \u00C2\u00A0use \u00C2\u00A0that \u00C2\u00A0are \u00C2\u00A0associated \u00C2\u00A0with \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 establishment \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 construction \u00C2\u00A0 camps \u00C2\u00A0 (see \u00C2\u00A0 Gibson \u00C2\u00A0 et \u00C2\u00A0 al. \u00C2\u00A0 2017;\u00CD\u00BE \u00C2\u00A0 Shandro \u00C2\u00A0 et. \u00C2\u00A0 al. \u00C2\u00A0 2014;\u00CD\u00BE \u00C2\u00A0 Sweet \u00C2\u00A02014a). \u00C2\u00A0 A 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\u00C2\u00A0 employment, \u00C2\u00A0 transportation, \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 cultural \u00C2\u00A0 continuity. \u00C2\u00A0 In \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0afternoon, \u00C2\u00A0we \u00C2\u00A0split \u00C2\u00A0up \u00C2\u00A0in \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0groups \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0focused \u00C2\u00A0on \u00C2\u00A0developing \u00C2\u00A0programs \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0policies \u00C2\u00A0that \u00C2\u00A0might \u00C2\u00A0mitigate \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0negative \u00C2\u00A0 impacts, \u00C2\u00A0based \u00C2\u00A0on \u00C2\u00A0those \u00C2\u00A0categories. \u00C2\u00A0 I \u00C2\u00A0spent \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0afternoon \u00C2\u00A0with \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0health \u00C2\u00A0group. \u00C2\u00A0Here, \u00C2\u00A0we \u00C2\u00A0talked \u00C2\u00A0about \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0need \u00C2\u00A0for \u00C2\u00A0culturally-\u00C2\u00ADappropriate \u00C2\u00A0health \u00C2\u00A0care \u00C2\u00A0services, \u00C2\u00A0free \u00C2\u00A0child-\u00C2\u00ADcare \u00C2\u00A0for \u00C2\u00A0women \u00C2\u00A0employed \u00C2\u00A0at \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0camp, \u00C2\u00A0on-\u00C2\u00ADreserve \u00C2\u00A0sexual \u00C2\u00A0health \u00C2\u00A0services, \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0funding \u00C2\u00A0for \u00C2\u00A0drug \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0alcohol \u00C2\u00A0prevention \u00C2\u00A0programs \u00C2\u00A0in-\u00C2\u00ADcommunity. \u00C2\u00A0A \u00C2\u00A0key \u00C2\u00A0concern \u00C2\u00A0 for \u00C2\u00A0many \u00C2\u00A0at \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 table \u00C2\u00A0was \u00C2\u00A0 that \u00C2\u00A0while \u00C2\u00A0 they \u00C2\u00A0may \u00C2\u00A0 feel \u00C2\u00A0healthy \u00C2\u00A0now, \u00C2\u00A0camp \u00C2\u00A0work \u00C2\u00A0might \u00C2\u00A0render \u00C2\u00A0them \u00C2\u00A0unwell \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u0093 \u00C2\u00A0be \u00C2\u00A0it \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0result \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0shift \u00C2\u00A0work, \u00C2\u00A0or \u00C2\u00A0as \u00C2\u00A0a \u00C2\u00A0consequence \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0a \u00C2\u00A0dramatic \u00C2\u00A0increase \u00C2\u00A0in \u00C2\u00A0income \u00C2\u00A0that \u00C2\u00A0might \u00C2\u00A0result \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0unhealthy \u00C2\u00A0spending, \u00C2\u00A0or \u00C2\u00A0domestic \u00C2\u00A0conflict. \u00C2\u00A0The \u00C2\u00A0risks \u00C2\u00A0requiring \u00C2\u00A0mitigation \u00C2\u00A0were \u00C2\u00A0broad \u00C2\u00A0ranging \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0diverse. \u00C2\u00A0Repeatedly, \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0conversation \u00C2\u00A0circled \u00C2\u00A0back \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0sexual \u00C2\u00A0health \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0safety \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0 26\t \u00C2\u00A0women \u00C2\u00A0in \u00C2\u00A0camps \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0in \u00C2\u00A0community. \u00C2\u00A0When \u00C2\u00A0asked \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0discuss \u00C2\u00A0how \u00C2\u00A0we \u00C2\u00A0might \u00C2\u00A0go \u00C2\u00A0about \u00C2\u00A0mitigating \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0risk \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0increased \u00C2\u00A0STIs \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0pregnancies \u00C2\u00A0among \u00C2\u00A0community \u00C2\u00A0members, \u00C2\u00A0one \u00C2\u00A0woman \u00C2\u00A0who \u00C2\u00A0I \u00C2\u00A0call \u00C2\u00A0Jody \u00C2\u00A0said: \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Before \u00C2\u00A0we \u00C2\u00A0go \u00C2\u00A0in \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0that, \u00C2\u00A0can \u00C2\u00A0I \u00C2\u00A0just \u00C2\u00A0ask: \u00C2\u00A0if \u00C2\u00A0a \u00C2\u00A0woman \u00C2\u00A0is, \u00C2\u00A0you \u00C2\u00A0know\u00E2\u0080\u00A6 \u00C2\u00A0attacked\u00E2\u0080\u0094what \u00C2\u00A0is \u00C2\u00A0she \u00C2\u00A0supposed \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0do? \u00C2\u00A0We \u00C2\u00A0can \u00C2\u00A0talk \u00C2\u00A0about \u00C2\u00A0STIs \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0that, \u00C2\u00A0but \u00C2\u00A0I \u00C2\u00A0think, \u00C2\u00A0like \u00C2\u00A0she \u00C2\u00A0said, \u00C2\u00A0we \u00C2\u00A0need \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0talk \u00C2\u00A0about \u00C2\u00A0that \u00C2\u00A0first. \u00C2\u00A0Who \u00C2\u00A0do \u00C2\u00A0you \u00C2\u00A0even \u00C2\u00A0report \u00C2\u00A0it \u00C2\u00A0to? \u00C2\u00A0The \u00C2\u00A0boss \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0guy \u00C2\u00A0who \u00C2\u00A0did \u00C2\u00A0it? \u00C2\u00A0The \u00C2\u00A0police? \u00C2\u00A0How \u00C2\u00A0do \u00C2\u00A0we \u00C2\u00A0deal \u00C2\u00A0with \u00C2\u00A0it \u00C2\u00A0on \u00C2\u00A0 reserve? \u00C2\u00A0 I \u00C2\u00A0 wouldn\u00E2\u0080\u0099t \u00C2\u00A0 trust \u00C2\u00A0 any \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 those \u00C2\u00A0 guys \u00C2\u00A0 anyways. \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u00A6 \u00C2\u00A0 I \u00C2\u00A0 can\u00E2\u0080\u0099t \u00C2\u00A0 call \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 police, \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 I \u00C2\u00A0 won\u00E2\u0080\u0099t. \u00C2\u00A0Maybe \u00C2\u00A0if \u00C2\u00A0someone \u00C2\u00A0had \u00C2\u00A0training \u00C2\u00A0who \u00C2\u00A0was \u00C2\u00A0on \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0reserve, \u00C2\u00A0you \u00C2\u00A0know? \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0While \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0women \u00C2\u00A0around \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0table \u00C2\u00A0nodded \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0agreement, \u00C2\u00A0 I \u00C2\u00A0 inquired: \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CWhat \u00C2\u00A0do \u00C2\u00A0you \u00C2\u00A0mean \u00C2\u00A0when \u00C2\u00A0you \u00C2\u00A0say \u00C2\u00A0you \u00C2\u00A0can\u00E2\u0080\u0099t \u00C2\u00A0call \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0police?\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0The \u00C2\u00A0woman \u00C2\u00A0explained \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0me \u00C2\u00A0that \u00C2\u00A0there \u00C2\u00A0is \u00C2\u00A0no \u00C2\u00A0trust \u00C2\u00A0between \u00C2\u00A0her \u00C2\u00A0community \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0RCMP, \u00C2\u00A0that \u00C2\u00A0in \u00C2\u00A0her \u00C2\u00A0community \u00C2\u00A0they \u00C2\u00A0have \u00C2\u00A0a \u00C2\u00A0special \u00C2\u00A0name \u00C2\u00A0for \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0RCMP \u00C2\u00A0because \u00C2\u00A0they\u00E2\u0080\u0099re \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0ones \u00C2\u00A0who \u00C2\u00A0take \u00C2\u00A0their \u00C2\u00A0children \u00C2\u00A0away. \u00C2\u00A0 In \u00C2\u00A0 this \u00C2\u00A0statement, \u00C2\u00A0 I \u00C2\u00A0can \u00C2\u00A0 identify \u00C2\u00A0a \u00C2\u00A0deliberate \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0conscious \u00C2\u00A0silence \u00C2\u00A0(that \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0not \u00C2\u00A0calling \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0police) \u00C2\u00A0mobilized \u00C2\u00A0by \u00C2\u00A0a \u00C2\u00A0woman \u00C2\u00A0who \u00C2\u00A0is \u00C2\u00A0cognizant \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0relationships \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0power \u00C2\u00A0in \u00C2\u00A0which \u00C2\u00A0she \u00C2\u00A0lives. \u00C2\u00A0Jody\u00E2\u0080\u0099s \u00C2\u00A0 silence \u00C2\u00A0 reflects \u00C2\u00A0 her \u00C2\u00A0 own \u00C2\u00A0 relationship \u00C2\u00A0 with \u00C2\u00A0 structures \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 institutions \u00C2\u00A0 that \u00C2\u00A0 have \u00C2\u00A0 silenced \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0oppressed \u00C2\u00A0her \u00C2\u00A0in \u00C2\u00A0complex \u00C2\u00A0ways. \u00C2\u00A0This \u00C2\u00A0is \u00C2\u00A0not \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0entrench \u00C2\u00A0a \u00C2\u00A0voice/silence \u00C2\u00A0binary, \u00C2\u00A0but \u00C2\u00A0instead \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0consider \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0ways \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0 which \u00C2\u00A0 structures \u00C2\u00A0 can \u00C2\u00A0 incite \u00C2\u00A0 or \u00C2\u00A0 require \u00C2\u00A0 conscious \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 even \u00C2\u00A0 resistant \u00C2\u00A0 silence. \u00C2\u00A0 In \u00C2\u00A0 short, \u00C2\u00A0 does \u00C2\u00A0theorizing \u00C2\u00A0silence \u00C2\u00A0provide \u00C2\u00A0us \u00C2\u00A0with \u00C2\u00A0space \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0opportunity \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0shift \u00C2\u00A0towards \u00C2\u00A0a \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009Cmode \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0inquiry \u00C2\u00A0that \u00C2\u00A0turns \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0anthropologist\u00E2\u0080\u0099s \u00C2\u00A0critical \u00C2\u00A0analytical \u00C2\u00A0lens \u00C2\u00A0outward, \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0history \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0power\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0(Fernando \u00C2\u00A02014:238). \u00C2\u00A0As \u00C2\u00A0 Yep \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 Shimanoff \u00C2\u00A0 argue, \u00C2\u00A0 silence \u00C2\u00A0 is \u00C2\u00A0 neither \u00C2\u00A0 exclusively \u00C2\u00A0 oppressive \u00C2\u00A0 nor \u00C2\u00A0 liberatory, \u00C2\u00A0 but \u00C2\u00A0both/neither \u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u009Cdepending \u00C2\u00A0 on \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 discursive, \u00C2\u00A0 material, \u00C2\u00A0 historical, \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 geopolitical \u00C2\u00A0 contexts \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0 which \u00C2\u00A0 it \u00C2\u00A0 is \u00C2\u00A0deployed\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0(2013:142). \u00C2\u00A0This \u00C2\u00A0woman\u00E2\u0080\u0099s \u00C2\u00A0silence \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0speech \u00C2\u00A0regarding \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0RCMP \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0removal \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0children \u00C2\u00A0from \u00C2\u00A0communities \u00C2\u00A0is \u00C2\u00A0grounded \u00C2\u00A0in \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0context \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0historical \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0neo-\u00C2\u00ADcolonialism, \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0realities \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u0098sixties \u00C2\u00A0scoop\u00E2\u0080\u0099, \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 current \u00C2\u00A0 statistics \u00C2\u00A0 that \u00C2\u00A0 suggest \u00C2\u00A0 that \u00C2\u00A0 there \u00C2\u00A0 is \u00C2\u00A0 a \u00C2\u00A0 disproportionate \u00C2\u00A0 number \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 Indigenous \u00C2\u00A0children \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0youth \u00C2\u00A0in \u00C2\u00A0foster \u00C2\u00A0care \u00C2\u00A0in \u00C2\u00A0Canada. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0According \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0a \u00C2\u00A0report \u00C2\u00A0published \u00C2\u00A0in \u00C2\u00A02003, \u00C2\u00A040% \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A076,000 \u00C2\u00A0children \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0youth \u00C2\u00A0placed \u00C2\u00A0in \u00C2\u00A0out-\u00C2\u00ADof-\u00C2\u00AD \u00C2\u00A0home \u00C2\u00A0care \u00C2\u00A0in \u00C2\u00A0Canada \u00C2\u00A0are \u00C2\u00A0Indigenous \u00C2\u00A0(Farris-\u00C2\u00ADManning \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0Zandstra \u00C2\u00A02003). \u00C2\u00A0Cindy \u00C2\u00A0Blackstock, \u00C2\u00A0a \u00C2\u00A0Gitxsan \u00C2\u00A0social \u00C2\u00A0worker \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0advocate \u00C2\u00A0 for \u00C2\u00A0 Indigenous \u00C2\u00A0youth-\u00C2\u00ADin-\u00C2\u00ADcare, \u00C2\u00A0estimates \u00C2\u00A0that \u00C2\u00A0there \u00C2\u00A0may \u00C2\u00A0be \u00C2\u00A0as \u00C2\u00A0many \u00C2\u00A0as \u00C2\u00A0three \u00C2\u00A0times \u00C2\u00A0more \u00C2\u00A0Indigenous \u00C2\u00A0children \u00C2\u00A0in \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0care \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0child \u00C2\u00A0welfare \u00C2\u00A0authorities \u00C2\u00A0now \u00C2\u00A0 than \u00C2\u00A0were \u00C2\u00A0 placed \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0 residential \u00C2\u00A0 schools \u00C2\u00A0 at \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 height \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 those \u00C2\u00A0 operations \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 1940s \u00C2\u00A0 (2003). \u00C2\u00A0 In \u00C2\u00A0addition, \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0Aboriginal \u00C2\u00A0 Justice \u00C2\u00A0 Inquiry \u00C2\u00A0Child \u00C2\u00A0Welfare \u00C2\u00A0 Initiative \u00C2\u00A0 (2001) \u00C2\u00A0 stated \u00C2\u00A0 that \u00C2\u00A0 some \u00C2\u00A0provinces \u00C2\u00A0 claim \u00C2\u00A0that \u00C2\u00A0over \u00C2\u00A080% \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0children \u00C2\u00A0in \u00C2\u00A0care \u00C2\u00A0are \u00C2\u00A0Indigenous. \u00C2\u00A0These \u00C2\u00A0numbers \u00C2\u00A0are \u00C2\u00A0startling \u00C2\u00A0when \u00C2\u00A0we \u00C2\u00A0consider \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0fact \u00C2\u00A0that \u00C2\u00A0only \u00C2\u00A0 five \u00C2\u00A0percent \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0Canadian \u00C2\u00A0children \u00C2\u00A0are \u00C2\u00A0 Indigenous \u00C2\u00A0(Trocm\u00C3\u00A9 \u00C2\u00A0et.al. \u00C2\u00A02004:578). \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0As \u00C2\u00A0Trocm\u00C3\u00A9 \u00C2\u00A0et. \u00C2\u00A0al. \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0 27\t \u00C2\u00A0argue, \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0disproportionate \u00C2\u00A0level \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0Indigenous \u00C2\u00A0children \u00C2\u00A0in \u00C2\u00A0care \u00C2\u00A0must \u00C2\u00A0be \u00C2\u00A0considered \u00C2\u00A0contextually, \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0this \u00C2\u00A0means \u00C2\u00A0 considering \u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u009Cthe \u00C2\u00A0 history \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 assimilationist \u00C2\u00A0 education \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 child \u00C2\u00A0 welfare \u00C2\u00A0 policies \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0 Canada\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0(2004:578). \u00C2\u00A0As \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0women \u00C2\u00A0around \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0table \u00C2\u00A0explained \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0me, \u00C2\u00A0they \u00C2\u00A0feel \u00C2\u00A0that \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0removal \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0their \u00C2\u00A0children \u00C2\u00A0is \u00C2\u00A0part \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 ongoing \u00C2\u00A0 colonial \u00C2\u00A0 project. \u00C2\u00A0 While \u00C2\u00A0 children \u00C2\u00A0 are \u00C2\u00A0 removed \u00C2\u00A0 because \u00C2\u00A0 their \u00C2\u00A0 living \u00C2\u00A0 situations \u00C2\u00A0 are \u00C2\u00A0deemed \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0be \u00C2\u00A0unsafe, \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0Too \u00C2\u00A0Many \u00C2\u00A0Victims \u00C2\u00A0report \u00C2\u00A0released \u00C2\u00A0in \u00C2\u00A02016 \u00C2\u00A0by \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0BC \u00C2\u00A0representative \u00C2\u00A0for \u00C2\u00A0children \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0 youth \u00C2\u00A0 revealed \u00C2\u00A0 that \u00C2\u00A0 between \u00C2\u00A0 2011 \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 2014, \u00C2\u00A0 121 \u00C2\u00A0 youth-\u00C2\u00ADin-\u00C2\u00ADcare \u00C2\u00A0 reported \u00C2\u00A0 being \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 victims \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0sexualized \u00C2\u00A0violence. \u00C2\u00A0Of \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0121 \u00C2\u00A0children \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0youth, \u00C2\u00A074 \u00C2\u00A0(61%) \u00C2\u00A0were \u00C2\u00A0Indigenous \u00C2\u00A0girls. \u00C2\u00A0By \u00C2\u00A0understanding \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0violence \u00C2\u00A0as \u00C2\u00A0structural, \u00C2\u00A0I \u00C2\u00A0can \u00C2\u00A0begin \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0understand \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0silence \u00C2\u00A0as \u00C2\u00A0structural \u00C2\u00A0as \u00C2\u00A0well. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Jody\u00E2\u0080\u0099s \u00C2\u00A0statement \u00C2\u00A0about \u00C2\u00A0not \u00C2\u00A0disclosing \u00C2\u00A0violence \u00C2\u00A0because \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0structural \u00C2\u00A0 factors \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0 institutions \u00C2\u00A0that \u00C2\u00A0wield \u00C2\u00A0authority \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0remove \u00C2\u00A0children \u00C2\u00A0from \u00C2\u00A0their \u00C2\u00A0families, \u00C2\u00A0gives \u00C2\u00A0a \u00C2\u00A0weight \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0form \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0function \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0her \u00C2\u00A0own \u00C2\u00A0 silence. \u00C2\u00A0 By \u00C2\u00A0 exploring \u00C2\u00A0 institutional \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 structural \u00C2\u00A0 factors, \u00C2\u00A0 we \u00C2\u00A0 can \u00C2\u00A0 observe \u00C2\u00A0 how \u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u009Cthe \u00C2\u00A0 conditions \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0silence \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0silence \u00C2\u00A0as \u00C2\u00A0a \u00C2\u00A0condition \u00C2\u00A0arise \u00C2\u00A0together\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0(Perez \u00C2\u00A02013:203). \u00C2\u00A0Jane \u00C2\u00A0Parpart \u00C2\u00A0suggests \u00C2\u00A0 that \u00C2\u00A0silence \u00C2\u00A0may \u00C2\u00A0 be \u00C2\u00A0 used \u00C2\u00A0 as \u00C2\u00A0 a \u00C2\u00A0 resistive \u00C2\u00A0 strategy \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 as \u00C2\u00A0 a \u00C2\u00A0 political \u00C2\u00A0 tool \u00C2\u00A0 for \u00C2\u00A0 security \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 survival \u00C2\u00A0 (2010:17). \u00C2\u00A0 Here, \u00C2\u00A0silence \u00C2\u00A0reflects \u00C2\u00A0a \u00C2\u00A0necessity \u00C2\u00A0within \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0context \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0current \u00C2\u00A0Canadian \u00C2\u00A0foster \u00C2\u00A0care \u00C2\u00A0system \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0its \u00C2\u00A0 impact \u00C2\u00A0on \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 lives \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 Indigenous \u00C2\u00A0 families. \u00C2\u00A0 As \u00C2\u00A0 Parpart \u00C2\u00A0 states, \u00C2\u00A0 an \u00C2\u00A0 emphasis \u00C2\u00A0 on \u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u0098speaking \u00C2\u00A0 truth\u00E2\u0080\u0099 \u00C2\u00A0 assumes \u00C2\u00A0 that \u00C2\u00A0those \u00C2\u00A0 who \u00C2\u00A0 speak \u00C2\u00A0 will \u00C2\u00A0 be \u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u009Cprotected \u00C2\u00A0 by \u00C2\u00A0 international \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 national \u00C2\u00A0 institutions \u00C2\u00A0 devoted \u00C2\u00A0 to \u00C2\u00A0 democracy, \u00C2\u00A0freedom \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 speech, \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 human \u00C2\u00A0 rights\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0 (2010:15). \u00C2\u00A0 However, \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 Indigenous \u00C2\u00A0 youth-\u00C2\u00ADin-\u00C2\u00ADcare \u00C2\u00A0 example \u00C2\u00A0suggests \u00C2\u00A0 that \u00C2\u00A0 speaking \u00C2\u00A0out \u00C2\u00A0may \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0 fact \u00C2\u00A0 result \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0 devastation. \u00C2\u00A0Consequently, \u00C2\u00A0 Judy\u00E2\u0080\u0099s \u00C2\u00A0 silence \u00C2\u00A0mirrors \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0brings \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0light \u00C2\u00A0a \u00C2\u00A0more \u00C2\u00A0nuanced \u00C2\u00A0silence, \u00C2\u00A0through \u00C2\u00A0which \u00C2\u00A0communities \u00C2\u00A0negotiate \u00C2\u00A0violence \u00C2\u00A0locally, \u00C2\u00A0relying \u00C2\u00A0on \u00C2\u00A0internal \u00C2\u00A0 strategies \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 retribution \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 justice \u00C2\u00A0 (Parpart \u00C2\u00A0 2010:21). \u00C2\u00A0 If \u00C2\u00A0 she \u00C2\u00A0were \u00C2\u00A0 to \u00C2\u00A0 call \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 police, \u00C2\u00A0 her \u00C2\u00A0 story \u00C2\u00A0could \u00C2\u00A0be \u00C2\u00A0used \u00C2\u00A0as \u00C2\u00A0 justification \u00C2\u00A0 for \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 removal \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0her \u00C2\u00A0children. \u00C2\u00A0But, \u00C2\u00A0by \u00C2\u00A0enacting \u00C2\u00A0silence, \u00C2\u00A0 this \u00C2\u00A0woman \u00C2\u00A0can \u00C2\u00A0preserve \u00C2\u00A0her \u00C2\u00A0family \u00C2\u00A0on \u00C2\u00A0her \u00C2\u00A0own \u00C2\u00A0terms, \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0resist \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0institutions \u00C2\u00A0that \u00C2\u00A0silence \u00C2\u00A0them \u00C2\u00A0in \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0first \u00C2\u00A0place, \u00C2\u00A0such \u00C2\u00A0as \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 settler-\u00C2\u00ADcolonial \u00C2\u00A0 Canadian \u00C2\u00A0 state. \u00C2\u00A0 Overall, \u00C2\u00A0 this \u00C2\u00A0 kind \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 analysis \u00C2\u00A0 points \u00C2\u00A0 to \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 role \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 state, \u00C2\u00A0institutions, \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0public \u00C2\u00A0discourses \u00C2\u00A0in \u00C2\u00A0upholding, \u00C2\u00A0inciting, \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0maintaining \u00C2\u00A0specific \u00C2\u00A0kinds \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0silences \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0their \u00C2\u00A0benefit \u00C2\u00A0 (Bhattacharya \u00C2\u00A0 2009). \u00C2\u00A0 As \u00C2\u00A0 such, \u00C2\u00A0 structural \u00C2\u00A0 silences \u00C2\u00A0might \u00C2\u00A0 be \u00C2\u00A0 addressed \u00C2\u00A0 by \u00C2\u00A0 silence \u00C2\u00A0 at \u00C2\u00A0 a \u00C2\u00A0 different \u00C2\u00A0scale, \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0personal \u00C2\u00A0or \u00C2\u00A0local, \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009Cdeployed \u00C2\u00A0as \u00C2\u00A0a \u00C2\u00A0tool \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0resist \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0very \u00C2\u00A0discourses \u00C2\u00A0that \u00C2\u00A0imposed \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0silence \u00C2\u00A0in \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0first \u00C2\u00A0place\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0(Bhattacharya \u00C2\u00A02009:360). \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0 28\t \u00C2\u00A0Foster \u00C2\u00A0care, \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0Indian \u00C2\u00A0Act, \u00C2\u00A0Bill \u00C2\u00A0C-\u00C2\u00AD31, \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0RCMP, \u00C2\u00A0police \u00C2\u00A0brutality, \u00C2\u00A0residential \u00C2\u00A0schools, \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0judicial \u00C2\u00A0system, \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0prison \u00C2\u00A0system, \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0service \u00C2\u00A0sector: \u00C2\u00A0these \u00C2\u00A0are \u00C2\u00A0just \u00C2\u00A0a \u00C2\u00A0few \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0structures \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0institutions \u00C2\u00A0that \u00C2\u00A0were \u00C2\u00A0 named \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 discussed \u00C2\u00A0 on \u00C2\u00A0 day \u00C2\u00A0 one \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 C3 \u00C2\u00A0 workshop. \u00C2\u00A0 Each \u00C2\u00A0 one \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 these \u00C2\u00A0 institutions \u00C2\u00A0 could \u00C2\u00A0 be \u00C2\u00A0explored \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0 detail \u00C2\u00A0 as \u00C2\u00A0 I \u00C2\u00A0 have \u00C2\u00A0 done \u00C2\u00A0 above \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 case \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 youth-\u00C2\u00ADin-\u00C2\u00ADcare. \u00C2\u00A0 Leanne \u00C2\u00A0 Simpson \u00C2\u00A0 (2014) \u00C2\u00A0 has \u00C2\u00A0explored \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0 depth \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 role \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 residential \u00C2\u00A0 schools \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 destruction \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 reconstruction \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 sexuality \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0gender \u00C2\u00A0that \u00C2\u00A0she \u00C2\u00A0states, \u00C2\u00A0produces \u00C2\u00A0gender \u00C2\u00A0based \u00C2\u00A0violence \u00C2\u00A0as \u00C2\u00A0a \u00C2\u00A0necessary \u00C2\u00A0part \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0heteropatriarchy \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u0098capitalist \u00C2\u00A0 dream.\u00E2\u0080\u0099 \u00C2\u00A0 In \u00C2\u00A0 her \u00C2\u00A0 doctoral \u00C2\u00A0 thesis \u00C2\u00A0 titled: \u00C2\u00A0Warrior \u00C2\u00A0 Women, \u00C2\u00A0 Robyn \u00C2\u00A0 Sanderson \u00C2\u00A0 Bourgeois \u00C2\u00A0 (2014) \u00C2\u00A0outlined \u00C2\u00A0 at \u00C2\u00A0 length \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 role \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 Indian \u00C2\u00A0Act \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0Bill \u00C2\u00A0C-\u00C2\u00AD31 \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 continued \u00C2\u00A0 oppression \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 violence \u00C2\u00A0against \u00C2\u00A0 Indigenous \u00C2\u00A0 women. \u00C2\u00A0 Indigenous \u00C2\u00A0 woman \u00C2\u00A0 scholars \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 activists \u00C2\u00A0 have \u00C2\u00A0 written \u00C2\u00A0 about \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 against \u00C2\u00A0these \u00C2\u00A0 structures \u00C2\u00A0 for \u00C2\u00A0 decades. \u00C2\u00A0 The \u00C2\u00A0 women \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 hotel \u00C2\u00A0 conference \u00C2\u00A0 room \u00C2\u00A0 were \u00C2\u00A0 profoundly \u00C2\u00A0 aware \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0conscious \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0structures \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0relationships \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0power \u00C2\u00A0within \u00C2\u00A0which \u00C2\u00A0they \u00C2\u00A0live. \u00C2\u00A0They \u00C2\u00A0argued \u00C2\u00A0that \u00C2\u00A0institutions \u00C2\u00A0like \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0RCMP, \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0service \u00C2\u00A0sector, \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0so \u00C2\u00A0on \u00C2\u00A0are \u00C2\u00A0tangled \u00C2\u00A0in \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0webs \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0colonialism, \u00C2\u00A0racism, \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0sexism. \u00C2\u00A0The \u00C2\u00A0 confluence \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 these \u00C2\u00A0 intersecting \u00C2\u00A0 forms \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 oppression \u00C2\u00A0 imparts \u00C2\u00A0 an \u00C2\u00A0 image \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 Indigenous \u00C2\u00A0 women \u00C2\u00A0 as \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009Calready \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0always \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0victims\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0(Field \u00C2\u00A0Notes, \u00C2\u00A0June \u00C2\u00A02016) \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0public \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0people \u00C2\u00A0working \u00C2\u00A0within \u00C2\u00A0those \u00C2\u00A0institutions \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0justify \u00C2\u00A0heightened \u00C2\u00A0state \u00C2\u00A0intervention \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u0098for \u00C2\u00A0their \u00C2\u00A0own \u00C2\u00A0good.\u00E2\u0080\u0099 \u00C2\u00A0Throughout \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 first \u00C2\u00A0 day \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 our \u00C2\u00A0 meetings, \u00C2\u00A0 women \u00C2\u00A0 expressed \u00C2\u00A0 how \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 colonial \u00C2\u00A0 processes \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0institutions, \u00C2\u00A0 such \u00C2\u00A0 as \u00C2\u00A0 those \u00C2\u00A0 mentioned \u00C2\u00A0 above, \u00C2\u00A0 have \u00C2\u00A0 made \u00C2\u00A0 them \u00C2\u00A0 feel \u00C2\u00A0 like \u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u009Cbad \u00C2\u00A0 mothers\u00E2\u0080\u009D, \u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u009Cunqualified \u00C2\u00A0employees\u00E2\u0080\u009D, \u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u009Cnon-\u00C2\u00ADcredible \u00C2\u00A0 witnesses\u00E2\u0080\u009D, \u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u009Cinadequate \u00C2\u00A0 wives\u00E2\u0080\u009D, \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u009Cunworthy \u00C2\u00A0 women\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0 (Field \u00C2\u00A0 Notes, \u00C2\u00A0 June \u00C2\u00A02016). \u00C2\u00A0For \u00C2\u00A0Lee \u00C2\u00A0Maracle, \u00C2\u00A0colonial \u00C2\u00A0processes \u00C2\u00A0deny \u00C2\u00A0Indigenous \u00C2\u00A0women \u00C2\u00A0personhood, \u00C2\u00A0reducing \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009Cwhole \u00C2\u00A0people \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0a \u00C2\u00A0subhuman \u00C2\u00A0level\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0(1996:17). \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0In \u00C2\u00A0Sherene \u00C2\u00A0Razack\u00E2\u0080\u0099s \u00C2\u00A0view, \u00C2\u00A0sexism \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0racism \u00C2\u00A0frame \u00C2\u00A0Indigenous \u00C2\u00A0women \u00C2\u00A0as \u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u0098less \u00C2\u00A0 than \u00C2\u00A0human\u00E2\u0080\u0099 \u00C2\u00A0 (2002), \u00C2\u00A0 such \u00C2\u00A0 that \u00C2\u00A0 assault \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0death \u00C2\u00A0are \u00C2\u00A0 treated \u00C2\u00A0as \u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u0098unexceptional\u00E2\u0080\u0099 \u00C2\u00A0 (Hunt \u00C2\u00A0 2016a). \u00C2\u00A0Moreover, \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0Conquest \u00C2\u00A0 (2005) \u00C2\u00A0Andrea \u00C2\u00A0Smith \u00C2\u00A0has \u00C2\u00A0explored \u00C2\u00A0at \u00C2\u00A0 length \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0ways \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0which \u00C2\u00A0colonizers \u00C2\u00A0have \u00C2\u00A0framed \u00C2\u00A0 Indigenous \u00C2\u00A0 bodies \u00C2\u00A0 as \u00C2\u00A0 polluted \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 sinful, \u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u009Cunderserving \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 integrity \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 violable \u00C2\u00A0 at \u00C2\u00A0 all \u00C2\u00A0 times\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0(2005:10). \u00C2\u00A0As \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0source \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0reproducers \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0a \u00C2\u00A0people \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0their \u00C2\u00A0culture, \u00C2\u00A0sexual \u00C2\u00A0violence \u00C2\u00A0is \u00C2\u00A0used \u00C2\u00A0as \u00C2\u00A0a \u00C2\u00A0tool \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0 empire \u00C2\u00A0 to \u00C2\u00A0 destroy \u00C2\u00A0 people, \u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u009Cas \u00C2\u00A0 well \u00C2\u00A0 as \u00C2\u00A0 their \u00C2\u00A0 sense \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 being \u00C2\u00A0 a \u00C2\u00A0 people\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0 (Smith \u00C2\u00A0 2005:3). \u00C2\u00A0 As \u00C2\u00A0 such, \u00C2\u00A0 as \u00C2\u00A0Weidman \u00C2\u00A0 suggests, \u00C2\u00A0 we \u00C2\u00A0 need \u00C2\u00A0 to \u00C2\u00A0 explore \u00C2\u00A0 when \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 why \u00C2\u00A0 voice \u00C2\u00A0 becomes \u00C2\u00A0 a \u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u0098salient \u00C2\u00A0 metaphor\u00E2\u0080\u0099, \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 to \u00C2\u00A0consider \u00C2\u00A0 what \u00C2\u00A0 is \u00C2\u00A0 at \u00C2\u00A0 stake \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0 it \u00C2\u00A0 (Weidman \u00C2\u00A0 2014:38). \u00C2\u00A0 If \u00C2\u00A0 Indigenous \u00C2\u00A0 women \u00C2\u00A0 mobilize \u00C2\u00A0 voice \u00C2\u00A0 under \u00C2\u00A0 these \u00C2\u00A0conditions, \u00C2\u00A0what \u00C2\u00A0 is \u00C2\u00A0at \u00C2\u00A0 risk? \u00C2\u00A0What \u00C2\u00A0kind \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0 consequences \u00C2\u00A0do \u00C2\u00A0 they \u00C2\u00A0 incur? \u00C2\u00A0And \u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u009Cwhat \u00C2\u00A0 forms \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0subjectivity, \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0 29\t \u00C2\u00A0identity, \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0public \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0political \u00C2\u00A0life \u00C2\u00A0are \u00C2\u00A0enabled\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0through \u00C2\u00A0silencing \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0voicing \u00C2\u00A0(Weidman \u00C2\u00A02014:38)? \u00C2\u00A0As \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0C3 \u00C2\u00A0 experience \u00C2\u00A0 exemplified, \u00C2\u00A0 not \u00C2\u00A0 all \u00C2\u00A0 kinds \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 disclosure \u00C2\u00A0 or \u00C2\u00A0 reporting \u00C2\u00A0 serve \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 needs \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 women \u00C2\u00A0present, \u00C2\u00A0but \u00C2\u00A0present \u00C2\u00A0risks \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0challenges. \u00C2\u00A0However, \u00C2\u00A0a \u00C2\u00A0space \u00C2\u00A0like \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0C3, \u00C2\u00A0designed \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0facilitated \u00C2\u00A0by \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0for \u00C2\u00A0Indigenous \u00C2\u00A0women, \u00C2\u00A0may \u00C2\u00A0provide \u00C2\u00A0a \u00C2\u00A0venue \u00C2\u00A0where \u00C2\u00A0certain \u00C2\u00A0kinds \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0disclosures, \u00C2\u00A0be \u00C2\u00A0they \u00C2\u00A0partial \u00C2\u00A0or \u00C2\u00A0shared \u00C2\u00A0in \u00C2\u00A0quiet \u00C2\u00A0voices, \u00C2\u00A0can \u00C2\u00A0have \u00C2\u00A0a \u00C2\u00A0powerful \u00C2\u00A0impact \u00C2\u00A0in \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0formulation \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0practical \u00C2\u00A0solutions \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0mitigations. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0We \u00C2\u00A0stood \u00C2\u00A0 together \u00C2\u00A0at \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0end \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0day, \u00C2\u00A0 reflecting \u00C2\u00A0on \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0work \u00C2\u00A0 that \u00C2\u00A0had \u00C2\u00A0been \u00C2\u00A0done. \u00C2\u00A0A \u00C2\u00A0woman \u00C2\u00A0from \u00C2\u00A0Xeni \u00C2\u00A0Gwet\u00E2\u0080\u0099in \u00C2\u00A0First \u00C2\u00A0Nation \u00C2\u00A0performed \u00C2\u00A0a \u00C2\u00A0smudge \u00C2\u00A0for \u00C2\u00A0everyone \u00C2\u00A0in \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0room, \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0aroma \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0sage 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\u00C2\u00A0 communities \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 listeners, \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0 31\t \u00C2\u00A0publics, \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 public \u00C2\u00A0 spaces \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0 which \u00C2\u00A0 they \u00C2\u00A0 can \u00C2\u00A0 resonate\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0 (2014:45). \u00C2\u00A0 On \u00C2\u00A0 day \u00C2\u00A0 one, \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 public \u00C2\u00A0 was \u00C2\u00A0 what \u00C2\u00A0Lauren \u00C2\u00A0Berlant \u00C2\u00A0calls \u00C2\u00A0an \u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u0098intimate \u00C2\u00A0public\u00E2\u0080\u0099 \u00C2\u00A0or \u00C2\u00A0a \u00C2\u00A0grouping \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0people \u00C2\u00A0who \u00C2\u00A0come \u00C2\u00A0together \u00C2\u00A0based \u00C2\u00A0on \u00C2\u00A0a \u00C2\u00A0shared \u00C2\u00A0worldview \u00C2\u00A0or \u00C2\u00A0emotional \u00C2\u00A0knowledge \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009Cthat \u00C2\u00A0they \u00C2\u00A0have \u00C2\u00A0derived \u00C2\u00A0from \u00C2\u00A0a 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\u00C2\u00A0appreciated \u00C2\u00A0creating \u00C2\u00A0awareness \u00C2\u00A0with \u00C2\u00A0government \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0industry \u00C2\u00A0at \u00C2\u00A0a \u00C2\u00A0very \u00C2\u00A0intimate \u00C2\u00A0level. \u00C2\u00A0We \u00C2\u00A0don\u00E2\u0080\u0099t \u00C2\u00A0get \u00C2\u00A0these \u00C2\u00A0opportunities \u00C2\u00A0often.\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0Both \u00C2\u00A0comments \u00C2\u00A0suggest \u00C2\u00A0that \u00C2\u00A0affective \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0intimate \u00C2\u00A0connection \u00C2\u00A0was \u00C2\u00A0made \u00C2\u00A0at \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0C3, \u00C2\u00A0at \u00C2\u00A0least \u00C2\u00A0for \u00C2\u00A0some \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0those \u00C2\u00A0present. \u00C2\u00A0In \u00C2\u00A0discussing \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0value \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0achieving \u00C2\u00A0intimate \u00C2\u00A0publics, \u00C2\u00A0Berlant \u00C2\u00A0says \u00C2\u00A0that \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009Ctiny \u00C2\u00A0point \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0identification \u00C2\u00A0can \u00C2\u00A0open \u00C2\u00A0up \u00C2\u00A0a \u00C2\u00A0field \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0fantasy \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0de-\u00C2\u00ADisolation\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0(2008:11). \u00C2\u00A0Identification \u00C2\u00A0comes \u00C2\u00A0 from \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 shared \u00C2\u00A0 desire \u00C2\u00A0 for \u00C2\u00A0 a \u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u0098better \u00C2\u00A0 good \u00C2\u00A0 life\u00E2\u0080\u0099 \u00C2\u00A0 felt \u00C2\u00A0 by \u00C2\u00A0 people \u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u009Coften \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0 contradictory \u00C2\u00A0 social \u00C2\u00A0positionings\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0 (2008:270). \u00C2\u00A0 The \u00C2\u00A0 C3 \u00C2\u00A0 participants, \u00C2\u00A0 as \u00C2\u00A0 an \u00C2\u00A0 intimate \u00C2\u00A0 public, \u00C2\u00A0 integrated \u00C2\u00A0 outsiders \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0 to \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0affective \u00C2\u00A0 atmosphere \u00C2\u00A0 that \u00C2\u00A0 they \u00C2\u00A0 had \u00C2\u00A0 established \u00C2\u00A0 on \u00C2\u00A0 their \u00C2\u00A0 own \u00C2\u00A0 terms: \u00C2\u00A0 through \u00C2\u00A0 negotiated \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0measured \u00C2\u00A0silences, \u00C2\u00A0calculated \u00C2\u00A0speech \u00C2\u00A0acts, \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0ceremony. \u00C2\u00A0As \u00C2\u00A0Weidman \u00C2\u00A0states \u00C2\u00A0voice \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0silence \u00C2\u00A0as \u00C2\u00A0speech \u00C2\u00A0acts \u00C2\u00A0are \u00C2\u00A0generative \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0publics \u00C2\u00A0insofar \u00C2\u00A0as \u00C2\u00A0they \u00C2\u00A0give \u00C2\u00A0rise \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009Cto \u00C2\u00A0new \u00C2\u00A0forms \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0collective \u00C2\u00A0identity, \u00C2\u00A0affect, \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0intimacy\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0(2014:44). \u00C2\u00A0 This \u00C2\u00A0 is \u00C2\u00A0 not \u00C2\u00A0 to \u00C2\u00A0 over-\u00C2\u00ADdetermine \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 affective \u00C2\u00A0 experience \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 industry \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 government \u00C2\u00A0representatives, \u00C2\u00A0 but \u00C2\u00A0 to \u00C2\u00A0 honour \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 ways \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0 which \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 Indigenous \u00C2\u00A0 women \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 room \u00C2\u00A0 managed \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0silences \u00C2\u00A0 incited \u00C2\u00A0 by \u00C2\u00A0 colonial \u00C2\u00A0 processes \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 structures, \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 negotiated \u00C2\u00A0 their \u00C2\u00A0 lived \u00C2\u00A0 experiences \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 sexual \u00C2\u00A0violence \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 face \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 a \u00C2\u00A0 public \u00C2\u00A0 comprised \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 people \u00C2\u00A0 implicated 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\u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0structural \u00C2\u00A0 constraints \u00C2\u00A0 framed \u00C2\u00A0 by \u00C2\u00A0 racism, \u00C2\u00A0 they \u00C2\u00A0 developed \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 facilitated \u00C2\u00A0 a \u00C2\u00A0 kind \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 controlled \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 partial \u00C2\u00A0disclosure \u00C2\u00A0that \u00C2\u00A0served \u00C2\u00A0their \u00C2\u00A0own \u00C2\u00A0ends, \u00C2\u00A0despite \u00C2\u00A0those \u00C2\u00A0structural \u00C2\u00A0barriers. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Indigenous \u00C2\u00A0 women \u00C2\u00A0 have \u00C2\u00A0 always \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 will \u00C2\u00A0 continue \u00C2\u00A0 to \u00C2\u00A0 establish \u00C2\u00A0 spaces \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0 which \u00C2\u00A0 they \u00C2\u00A0 voice \u00C2\u00A0 their \u00C2\u00A0stories \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0disclose \u00C2\u00A0their \u00C2\u00A0experiences. \u00C2\u00A0Under \u00C2\u00A0structures \u00C2\u00A0that \u00C2\u00A0silence\u00E2\u0080\u0094structures \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0silence\u00E2\u0080\u0094 \u00C2\u00A0Indigenous \u00C2\u00A0women \u00C2\u00A0 know \u00C2\u00A0 what \u00C2\u00A0 to \u00C2\u00A0 share \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 what \u00C2\u00A0 not \u00C2\u00A0 to \u00C2\u00A0 share. \u00C2\u00A0 Here, \u00C2\u00A0 I \u00C2\u00A0 understand \u00C2\u00A0 silence \u00C2\u00A0 as \u00C2\u00A0 both \u00C2\u00A0 partial \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0negotiated. \u00C2\u00A0 As \u00C2\u00A0 Hastings \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 Simpson \u00C2\u00A0 (2007) \u00C2\u00A0 argue, \u00C2\u00A0 silence \u00C2\u00A0 is \u00C2\u00A0 rarely \u00C2\u00A0 complete. \u00C2\u00A0 In \u00C2\u00A0 fact, \u00C2\u00A0 like \u00C2\u00A0 speech, \u00C2\u00A0silences \u00C2\u00A0are \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009Cnecessarily \u00C2\u00A0partial \u00C2\u00A0accounts, \u00C2\u00A0shaped \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0constructed \u00C2\u00A0in \u00C2\u00A0a \u00C2\u00A0particular \u00C2\u00A0situational, \u00C2\u00A0biographical, \u00C2\u00A0institutional, \u00C2\u00A0 cultural, \u00C2\u00A0 historical, \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 interactional \u00C2\u00A0 context\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0 (Poland \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 Pederson \u00C2\u00A0 1998:294). \u00C2\u00A0 In \u00C2\u00A0 its \u00C2\u00A0partiality, \u00C2\u00A0silence \u00C2\u00A0marks \u00C2\u00A0moments \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0profound \u00C2\u00A0agency \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0restoration \u00C2\u00A0for \u00C2\u00A0those \u00C2\u00A0engaged \u00C2\u00A0in \u00C2\u00A0its \u00C2\u00A0negotiation. \u00C2\u00A0Furthermore, \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 process \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 negotiation, \u00C2\u00A0 women \u00C2\u00A0 like \u00C2\u00A0 Betty \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 Verna \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 attendees \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 C3 \u00C2\u00A0workshop \u00C2\u00A0may \u00C2\u00A0determine 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\u00C2\u00A0visits \u00C2\u00A0Fort \u00C2\u00A0Babine \u00C2\u00A0in \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0summer \u00C2\u00A0where \u00C2\u00A0she \u00C2\u00A0 reconnects \u00C2\u00A0with \u00C2\u00A0her \u00C2\u00A0 relations. \u00C2\u00A0Families \u00C2\u00A0continue \u00C2\u00A0 to \u00C2\u00A0make \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 long \u00C2\u00A0 journey \u00C2\u00A0each \u00C2\u00A0summer \u00C2\u00A0 from \u00C2\u00A0 Vancouver, \u00C2\u00A0 Chilliwack, \u00C2\u00A0 Nanaimo, \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 Kelowna \u00C2\u00A0 to \u00C2\u00A0 make \u00C2\u00A0 their \u00C2\u00A0 fish \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 visit \u00C2\u00A0 family \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0friends. \u00C2\u00A0Many \u00C2\u00A0 speak \u00C2\u00A0 fondly \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 Babine, \u00C2\u00A0 referencing \u00C2\u00A0 long \u00C2\u00A0 summer \u00C2\u00A0 nights \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 nostalgia \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 childhood. \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CThey 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\u00C2\u00A0resources. \u00C2\u00A0Much \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u0098data\u00E2\u0080\u0099 \u00C2\u00A0presented \u00C2\u00A0below \u00C2\u00A0came \u00C2\u00A0from \u00C2\u00A0informal \u00C2\u00A0conversations \u00C2\u00A0with \u00C2\u00A0men \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0 women \u00C2\u00A0 while \u00C2\u00A0 preparing \u00C2\u00A0 meals, \u00C2\u00A0 swimming \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 river, \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 cleaning \u00C2\u00A0 our \u00C2\u00A0 freshly \u00C2\u00A0 harvested \u00C2\u00A0huckleberries. \u00C2\u00A0 Very \u00C2\u00A0 few \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 twelve \u00C2\u00A0 formal \u00C2\u00A0 interviews \u00C2\u00A0 conducted \u00C2\u00A0 were \u00C2\u00A0 recorded \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0 part \u00C2\u00A0 because \u00C2\u00A0 our \u00C2\u00A0hands \u00C2\u00A0were \u00C2\u00A0often \u00C2\u00A0covered \u00C2\u00A0in \u00C2\u00A0fish \u00C2\u00A0guts, \u00C2\u00A0but \u00C2\u00A0also \u00C2\u00A0as \u00C2\u00A0a \u00C2\u00A0reaction \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0extractive \u00C2\u00A0quality \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0ongoing \u00C2\u00A0studies \u00C2\u00A0in \u00C2\u00A0Fort \u00C2\u00A0Babine. \u00C2\u00A0Women \u00C2\u00A0 like \u00C2\u00A0Nancy, \u00C2\u00A0Helen, \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0Sharon \u00C2\u00A0welcomed \u00C2\u00A0me \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0 to \u00C2\u00A0 their \u00C2\u00A0 homes \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0 lives. \u00C2\u00A0 It \u00C2\u00A0was \u00C2\u00A0during \u00C2\u00A0 informal \u00C2\u00A0 time \u00C2\u00A0spent \u00C2\u00A0with \u00C2\u00A0 these \u00C2\u00A0women \u00C2\u00A0 that \u00C2\u00A0 I \u00C2\u00A0began \u00C2\u00A0 to \u00C2\u00A0understand \u00C2\u00A0silence, \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0both \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 instructive \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0structural \u00C2\u00A0forms \u00C2\u00A0discussed \u00C2\u00A0previously, \u00C2\u00A0but \u00C2\u00A0also \u00C2\u00A0as \u00C2\u00A0a \u00C2\u00A0way \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0being \u00C2\u00A0in \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0world, \u00C2\u00A0as \u00C2\u00A0embodied \u00C2\u00A0practices \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0experiences \u00C2\u00A0that \u00C2\u00A0are \u00C2\u00A0felt \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0lived \u00C2\u00A0every \u00C2\u00A0day \u00C2\u00A0by \u00C2\u00A0Indigenous \u00C2\u00A0women. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 I \u00C2\u00A0 visited \u00C2\u00A0Nancy \u00C2\u00A0 regularly \u00C2\u00A0 during \u00C2\u00A0my \u00C2\u00A0 two \u00C2\u00A0 stays \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0Fort \u00C2\u00A0Babine. \u00C2\u00A0She \u00C2\u00A0 invited \u00C2\u00A0me \u00C2\u00A0over \u00C2\u00A0 for \u00C2\u00A0 lunch \u00C2\u00A0or \u00C2\u00A0dinner \u00C2\u00A0when \u00C2\u00A0 I \u00C2\u00A0was \u00C2\u00A0not \u00C2\u00A0 occupied \u00C2\u00A0by \u00C2\u00A0 interviews \u00C2\u00A0or \u00C2\u00A0 fishing. \u00C2\u00A0Her \u00C2\u00A0 house \u00C2\u00A0was \u00C2\u00A0often \u00C2\u00A0bursting \u00C2\u00A0with \u00C2\u00A0 kids, \u00C2\u00A0 loud \u00C2\u00A0chatter, \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0pop \u00C2\u00A0music. \u00C2\u00A0As \u00C2\u00A0a \u00C2\u00A0meeting \u00C2\u00A0point \u00C2\u00A0for \u00C2\u00A0kids \u00C2\u00A0in \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0community \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0having \u00C2\u00A0five \u00C2\u00A0children \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0her \u00C2\u00A0own, \u00C2\u00A0Nancy \u00C2\u00A0was \u00C2\u00A0 often \u00C2\u00A0 preoccupied \u00C2\u00A0with \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 tasks \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 preparing, \u00C2\u00A0 serving, \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 tidying \u00C2\u00A0 up \u00C2\u00A0meals. \u00C2\u00A0On \u00C2\u00A0 a \u00C2\u00A0muggy \u00C2\u00A0Wednesday \u00C2\u00A0afternoon, \u00C2\u00A0Nancy \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0I \u00C2\u00A0sat \u00C2\u00A0in \u00C2\u00A0her \u00C2\u00A0kitchen \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0talked \u00C2\u00A0about \u00C2\u00A0my \u00C2\u00A0research \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0construction \u00C2\u00A0camp. \u00C2\u00A0She \u00C2\u00A0stirred \u00C2\u00A0a \u00C2\u00A0pot \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0boiling \u00C2\u00A0blueberries \u00C2\u00A0as \u00C2\u00A0we \u00C2\u00A0spoke, \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0sweet \u00C2\u00A0aroma \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0macerated \u00C2\u00A0berries \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0sugar \u00C2\u00A0filling \u00C2\u00A0our \u00C2\u00A0nostrils. \u00C2\u00A0We \u00C2\u00A0discussed \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0unemployment \u00C2\u00A0rate \u00C2\u00A0in \u00C2\u00A0Babine \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0desperate \u00C2\u00A0need \u00C2\u00A0for \u00C2\u00A0jobs, \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0 35\t \u00C2\u00A0especially \u00C2\u00A0 for \u00C2\u00A0women. \u00C2\u00A0 I \u00C2\u00A0 asked \u00C2\u00A0Nancy \u00C2\u00A0 about \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 kinds \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 programs \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0 training \u00C2\u00A0 that \u00C2\u00A0might \u00C2\u00A0 be \u00C2\u00A0 useful \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0terms \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0employability. \u00C2\u00A0She \u00C2\u00A0said: \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Nancy: \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CThat\u00E2\u0080\u0099s \u00C2\u00A0not \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u00A6 \u00C2\u00A0that\u00E2\u0080\u0099s \u00C2\u00A0not \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0solution. \u00C2\u00A0That\u00E2\u0080\u0099s \u00C2\u00A0not \u00C2\u00A0what \u00C2\u00A0I\u00E2\u0080\u0099ve \u00C2\u00A0been \u00C2\u00A0saying. \u00C2\u00A0[Pause] \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0I \u00C2\u00A0know \u00C2\u00A0that \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0violence \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0stuff \u00C2\u00A0is \u00C2\u00A0really \u00C2\u00A0bad. \u00C2\u00A0But \u00C2\u00A0I \u00C2\u00A0want \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0talk \u00C2\u00A0about \u00C2\u00A0something \u00C2\u00A0else, \u00C2\u00A0hey? \u00C2\u00A0I \u00C2\u00A0am \u00C2\u00A0in \u00C2\u00A0that \u00C2\u00A0stuff \u00C2\u00A0every \u00C2\u00A0day, \u00C2\u00A0you \u00C2\u00A0know? \u00C2\u00A0It\u00E2\u0080\u0099s \u00C2\u00A0in \u00C2\u00A0my \u00C2\u00A0bones \u00C2\u00A0[long \u00C2\u00A0pause]. \u00C2\u00A0I \u00C2\u00A0just, \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u00A6you \u00C2\u00A0know? \u00C2\u00A0I \u00C2\u00A0have \u00C2\u00A0scary \u00C2\u00A0stories \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0things, \u00C2\u00A0I \u00C2\u00A0know \u00C2\u00A0a \u00C2\u00A0thing \u00C2\u00A0about \u00C2\u00A0this \u00C2\u00A0girl, \u00C2\u00A0but \u00C2\u00A0I \u00C2\u00A0don\u00E2\u0080\u0099t \u00C2\u00A0want \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0do \u00C2\u00A0that\u00E2\u0080\u00A6 \u00C2\u00A0[Turning \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0stove \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0stir \u00C2\u00A0a \u00C2\u00A0pot \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0water \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0noodles], \u00C2\u00A0I \u00C2\u00A0want \u00C2\u00A0us \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0talk \u00C2\u00A0about \u00C2\u00A0this \u00C2\u00A0Kraft \u00C2\u00A0dinner \u00C2\u00A0we\u00E2\u0080\u0099re \u00C2\u00A0gonna \u00C2\u00A0eat. \u00C2\u00A0[Pause] \u00C2\u00A0I \u00C2\u00A0don\u00E2\u0080\u0099t \u00C2\u00A0know\u00E2\u0080\u00A6 \u00C2\u00A0you \u00C2\u00A0know? \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Hannah: \u00C2\u00A0I\u00E2\u0080\u0099m \u00C2\u00A0sorry, \u00C2\u00A0I \u00C2\u00A0didn\u00E2\u0080\u0099t \u00C2\u00A0mean \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0push. \u00C2\u00A0Did \u00C2\u00A0I \u00C2\u00A0say \u00C2\u00A0something \u00C2\u00A0wrong? \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Nancy: \u00C2\u00A0Don\u00E2\u0080\u0099t \u00C2\u00A0be \u00C2\u00A0sorry. \u00C2\u00A0Oh \u00C2\u00A0you \u00C2\u00A0white \u00C2\u00A0ladies. \u00C2\u00A0I \u00C2\u00A0just \u00C2\u00A0want \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0talk \u00C2\u00A0about \u00C2\u00A0some \u00C2\u00A0good \u00C2\u00A0things, \u00C2\u00A0you \u00C2\u00A0know? \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u00A6 \u00C2\u00A0[Pause] \u00C2\u00A0I\u00E2\u0080\u0099m \u00C2\u00A0not \u00C2\u00A0sure \u00C2\u00A0you \u00C2\u00A0understand \u00C2\u00A0where \u00C2\u00A0I\u00E2\u0080\u0099m \u00C2\u00A0coming \u00C2\u00A0from\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0On \u00C2\u00A0 other \u00C2\u00A0 occasions, \u00C2\u00A0 Nancy \u00C2\u00A0 offered \u00C2\u00A0 countless \u00C2\u00A0 mitigations \u00C2\u00A0 strategies \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 insights \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0 to \u00C2\u00A0 camp-\u00C2\u00ADlife \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0women\u00E2\u0080\u0099s \u00C2\u00A0safety. \u00C2\u00A0Today, \u00C2\u00A0she \u00C2\u00A0extended \u00C2\u00A0her \u00C2\u00A0silence \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0me. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Audra \u00C2\u00A0 Simpson \u00C2\u00A0 (2007) \u00C2\u00A0 has \u00C2\u00A0 explored \u00C2\u00A0 this \u00C2\u00A0 kind \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 stoppage \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0 an \u00C2\u00A0 interview \u00C2\u00A0 as \u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u0098ethnographic \u00C2\u00A0refusal\u00E2\u0080\u0099 \u00C2\u00A0 taken \u00C2\u00A0up \u00C2\u00A0in \u00C2\u00A0generative \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0productive \u00C2\u00A0ways. \u00C2\u00A0While \u00C2\u00A0I \u00C2\u00A0sought \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0make \u00C2\u00A0sense \u00C2\u00A0of, \u00C2\u00A0order, \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0make \u00C2\u00A0more \u00C2\u00A0explicit \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0impacts \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0construction \u00C2\u00A0camps \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0potential \u00C2\u00A0mitigations, \u00C2\u00A0Nancy \u00C2\u00A0chose \u00C2\u00A0on \u00C2\u00A0that \u00C2\u00A0day \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0not \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u0098get \u00C2\u00A0in \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0it\u00E2\u0080\u0099 \u00C2\u00A0(Simpson \u00C2\u00A02007). \u00C2\u00A0Like \u00C2\u00A0Simpson \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0her \u00C2\u00A0interviewee, \u00C2\u00A0Nancy \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0I \u00C2\u00A0reached \u00C2\u00A0a \u00C2\u00A0limit. \u00C2\u00A0However, \u00C2\u00A0I \u00C2\u00A0would \u00C2\u00A0like \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0suggest \u00C2\u00A0that \u00C2\u00A0Nancy\u00E2\u0080\u0099s \u00C2\u00A0refusal \u00C2\u00A0does \u00C2\u00A0not \u00C2\u00A0reveal \u00C2\u00A0a \u00C2\u00A0level \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0unspeakability \u00C2\u00A0or \u00C2\u00A0incommunicability, \u00C2\u00A0but \u00C2\u00A0instead \u00C2\u00A0speaks \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0her \u00C2\u00A0desire \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0shift \u00C2\u00A0towards \u00C2\u00A0different \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009Crepresentational \u00C2\u00A0territory\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0(Simpson \u00C2\u00A02007:78). \u00C2\u00A0Initially, \u00C2\u00A0I \u00C2\u00A0was \u00C2\u00A0embarrassed \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0apologetic. \u00C2\u00A0I \u00C2\u00A0fidgeted \u00C2\u00A0in \u00C2\u00A0my \u00C2\u00A0chair, \u00C2\u00A0blushing \u00C2\u00A0hard. \u00C2\u00A0I \u00C2\u00A0recalled \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0silence \u00C2\u00A0in \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0boardroom \u00C2\u00A0from \u00C2\u00A0almost \u00C2\u00A0 ten \u00C2\u00A0months \u00C2\u00A0earlier, \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0silence \u00C2\u00A0that \u00C2\u00A0protected \u00C2\u00A0colonial \u00C2\u00A0desires \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0deflected \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0lived \u00C2\u00A0experiences \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0Indigenous \u00C2\u00A0women. \u00C2\u00A0I \u00C2\u00A0considered \u00C2\u00A0how \u00C2\u00A0this \u00C2\u00A0situation \u00C2\u00A0might \u00C2\u00A0be \u00C2\u00A0like \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0one \u00C2\u00A0in \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0boardroom. \u00C2\u00A0I \u00C2\u00A0said \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0Nancy: \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CI \u00C2\u00A0talk \u00C2\u00A0too \u00C2\u00A0much, \u00C2\u00A0don\u00E2\u0080\u0099t \u00C2\u00A0I?\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0Nancy \u00C2\u00A0replied, \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CYep! \u00C2\u00A0[laughing] \u00C2\u00A0No, \u00C2\u00A0no, \u00C2\u00A0I \u00C2\u00A0like \u00C2\u00A0talking \u00C2\u00A0too. \u00C2\u00A0Just \u00C2\u00A0don\u00E2\u0080\u0099t \u00C2\u00A0forget \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0look \u00C2\u00A0around, \u00C2\u00A0look \u00C2\u00A0at \u00C2\u00A0how \u00C2\u00A0people \u00C2\u00A0are \u00C2\u00A0living \u00C2\u00A0too.\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 In \u00C2\u00A0my \u00C2\u00A0attempt \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0get \u00C2\u00A0 to \u00C2\u00A0know \u00C2\u00A0Nancy \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0understand \u00C2\u00A0her \u00C2\u00A0 insights, \u00C2\u00A0had \u00C2\u00A0I \u00C2\u00A0 forgotten \u00C2\u00A0how \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0 listen? \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Was \u00C2\u00A0 I \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0position \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0power, \u00C2\u00A0 like \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0men \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0board \u00C2\u00A0 room, \u00C2\u00A0 impervious \u00C2\u00A0 to \u00C2\u00A0my \u00C2\u00A0own \u00C2\u00A0positioning \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0privilege? \u00C2\u00A0 In \u00C2\u00A0 their \u00C2\u00A0article \u00C2\u00A0Voicing \u00C2\u00A0Silence \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0 Imagining \u00C2\u00A0Citizenship, \u00C2\u00A0Herakova \u00C2\u00A0et. \u00C2\u00A0al. \u00C2\u00A0 (2011) \u00C2\u00A0discuss \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0ambiguity \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 confusion \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 verbal \u00C2\u00A0 pauses \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 silences \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0 focus \u00C2\u00A0 groups \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 interviews. \u00C2\u00A0 Their \u00C2\u00A0 work \u00C2\u00A0focuses \u00C2\u00A0on \u00C2\u00A0dialogue \u00C2\u00A0between \u00C2\u00A0differently-\u00C2\u00ADsituated \u00C2\u00A0actors \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0dialogue \u00C2\u00A0over \u00C2\u00A0 issues \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0 racism \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0privilege, \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 numerous \u00C2\u00A0 silences \u00C2\u00A0 that \u00C2\u00A0 emerge. \u00C2\u00A0 While \u00C2\u00A0 reflecting \u00C2\u00A0 on \u00C2\u00A0 their \u00C2\u00A0 own \u00C2\u00A0 experiences \u00C2\u00A0 as \u00C2\u00A0 focus \u00C2\u00A0 group \u00C2\u00A0facilitators \u00C2\u00A0 with \u00C2\u00A0 youth, \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 authors \u00C2\u00A0 distinguished \u00C2\u00A0 between \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 act \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 being \u00C2\u00A0 silent, \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 act \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 going \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0 36\t \u00C2\u00A0silent. \u00C2\u00A0While \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0silence \u00C2\u00A0in \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0boardroom \u00C2\u00A0may \u00C2\u00A0speak \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0silence \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0by \u00C2\u00A0those \u00C2\u00A0in \u00C2\u00A0power\u00E2\u0080\u0094of \u00C2\u00A0being \u00C2\u00A0silent, \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0instance \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0silence \u00C2\u00A0in \u00C2\u00A0Nancy\u00E2\u0080\u0099s \u00C2\u00A0house \u00C2\u00A0reflects \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0latter;\u00CD\u00BE \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0importance \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0going \u00C2\u00A0silent. \u00C2\u00A0By \u00C2\u00A0suggesting \u00C2\u00A0that \u00C2\u00A0we \u00C2\u00A0change \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0subject \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0focus \u00C2\u00A0on \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0present \u00C2\u00A0moment, \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0life \u00C2\u00A0in \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0room, \u00C2\u00A0Nancy \u00C2\u00A0moved \u00C2\u00A0me \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0reflect \u00C2\u00A0on \u00C2\u00A0my \u00C2\u00A0privilege, \u00C2\u00A0my \u00C2\u00A0position \u00C2\u00A0as \u00C2\u00A0a \u00C2\u00A0white \u00C2\u00A0settler \u00C2\u00A0researcher, \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0assumptions \u00C2\u00A0that \u00C2\u00A0I \u00C2\u00A0bring \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0this \u00C2\u00A0work. \u00C2\u00A0Through \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0lens \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0ethnographic \u00C2\u00A0refusal \u00C2\u00A0(Simpson \u00C2\u00A02007), \u00C2\u00A0Nancy\u00E2\u0080\u0099s \u00C2\u00A0silence \u00C2\u00A0served \u00C2\u00A0as \u00C2\u00A0an \u00C2\u00A0invitation \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u0093 \u00C2\u00A0an \u00C2\u00A0 opportunity \u00C2\u00A0 to \u00C2\u00A0 go \u00C2\u00A0 silent. \u00C2\u00A0 In \u00C2\u00A0 accordance \u00C2\u00A0 with \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 experiences \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 Herakova \u00C2\u00A0 et.al., \u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u009Cgoing \u00C2\u00A0 silent \u00C2\u00A0 was \u00C2\u00A0simultaneously \u00C2\u00A0 a \u00C2\u00A0 conscious \u00C2\u00A0 pedagogical \u00C2\u00A0 act \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 an \u00C2\u00A0 emotionally \u00C2\u00A0 charged \u00C2\u00A0 reaction\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0 (2011:385). \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 By \u00C2\u00A0intentionally \u00C2\u00A0 going \u00C2\u00A0 silent, \u00C2\u00A0 space \u00C2\u00A0was \u00C2\u00A0created \u00C2\u00A0where \u00C2\u00A0Nancy \u00C2\u00A0 could \u00C2\u00A0orient \u00C2\u00A0me, \u00C2\u00A0on \u00C2\u00A0her \u00C2\u00A0own \u00C2\u00A0 terms. \u00C2\u00A0For \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0intersectional \u00C2\u00A0feminist, \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0outsider, \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0act \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0going \u00C2\u00A0silent \u00C2\u00A0is \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009Cthe \u00C2\u00A0practice \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0being \u00C2\u00A0aware \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0not \u00C2\u00A0knowing, \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0 stepping \u00C2\u00A0 back, \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 committing \u00C2\u00A0 to \u00C2\u00A0 being \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0 conversation, \u00C2\u00A0 not \u00C2\u00A0 domination, \u00C2\u00A0 with \u00C2\u00A0 a \u00C2\u00A0 range \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 relational \u00C2\u00A0knowledges\u00E2\u0080\u00A6 \u00C2\u00A0rather \u00C2\u00A0than \u00C2\u00A0entrench, \u00C2\u00A0existing \u00C2\u00A0power \u00C2\u00A0lines\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0(Russo \u00C2\u00A02013:39). \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 I \u00C2\u00A0turn \u00C2\u00A0again \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0Ann \u00C2\u00A0Russo \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0her \u00C2\u00A0work \u00C2\u00A0on \u00C2\u00A0silence, \u00C2\u00A0voice, \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0accountability. \u00C2\u00A0Russo \u00C2\u00A0explores \u00C2\u00A0her \u00C2\u00A0position \u00C2\u00A0as \u00C2\u00A0a \u00C2\u00A0white \u00C2\u00A0feminist \u00C2\u00A0with \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0responsibility \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0disrupt \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0hegemony \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0white \u00C2\u00A0feminist \u00C2\u00A0privilege \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0hierarchical \u00C2\u00A0relational \u00C2\u00A0dynamics \u00C2\u00A0it \u00C2\u00A0produces \u00C2\u00A0(2013:36). \u00C2\u00A0To \u00C2\u00A0do \u00C2\u00A0this, \u00C2\u00A0Russo \u00C2\u00A0requires \u00C2\u00A0that \u00C2\u00A0white \u00C2\u00A0feminist \u00C2\u00A0scholars \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 activists \u00C2\u00A0 engage \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0 active \u00C2\u00A0 listening, \u00C2\u00A0 which \u00C2\u00A0 implies \u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u009Ca \u00C2\u00A0 willingness \u00C2\u00A0 for \u00C2\u00A0 our \u00C2\u00A0 identities, \u00C2\u00A0 ideas, \u00C2\u00A0theories, \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0actions \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0be \u00C2\u00A0transformed, \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0process \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0dialogue\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0(2013:36). \u00C2\u00A0Active \u00C2\u00A0 listening \u00C2\u00A0does \u00C2\u00A0not \u00C2\u00A0cease \u00C2\u00A0when \u00C2\u00A0we \u00C2\u00A0feel \u00C2\u00A0blamed, \u00C2\u00A0guilty, \u00C2\u00A0or \u00C2\u00A0bad. \u00C2\u00A0As \u00C2\u00A0researcher \u00C2\u00A0Jaskiran \u00C2\u00A0Dhillon \u00C2\u00A0argues, \u00C2\u00A0deep \u00C2\u00A0listening \u00C2\u00A0requires \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009Cdecentering \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0author/researcher/advocate \u00C2\u00A0as \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0single \u00C2\u00A0voice \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0authority\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0(2015:25). \u00C2\u00A0If \u00C2\u00A0researchers \u00C2\u00A0are \u00C2\u00A0going \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0center \u00C2\u00A0research \u00C2\u00A0on \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0lived \u00C2\u00A0experiences \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0Indigenous \u00C2\u00A0women, \u00C2\u00A0then \u00C2\u00A0we \u00C2\u00A0need \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0take \u00C2\u00A0seriously \u00C2\u00A0their \u00C2\u00A0leadership \u00C2\u00A0role \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0knowledge \u00C2\u00A0in \u00C2\u00A0concrete \u00C2\u00A0ways \u00C2\u00A0(ibid.). \u00C2\u00A0And \u00C2\u00A0that \u00C2\u00A0means \u00C2\u00A0taking \u00C2\u00A0direction \u00C2\u00A0from \u00C2\u00A0them. \u00C2\u00A0Going \u00C2\u00A0 silent \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 active \u00C2\u00A0 listening \u00C2\u00A0 requires \u00C2\u00A0 that \u00C2\u00A0 we \u00C2\u00A0 live \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0 these \u00C2\u00A0 sometimes \u00C2\u00A0 fleeting \u00C2\u00A0 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\u00C2\u00A0missing \u00C2\u00A0or \u00C2\u00A0getting \u00C2\u00A0hurt \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u0093 \u00C2\u00A0ending \u00C2\u00A0up \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 tall \u00C2\u00A0grass \u00C2\u00A0 all \u00C2\u00A0 alone. \u00C2\u00A0 I \u00C2\u00A0 wish \u00C2\u00A0 I \u00C2\u00A0 could \u00C2\u00A0 make \u00C2\u00A0 myself \u00C2\u00A0 bigger \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 bigger \u00C2\u00A0 so \u00C2\u00A0 that \u00C2\u00A0 I \u00C2\u00A0 could \u00C2\u00A0 just \u00C2\u00A0 protect \u00C2\u00A0 them \u00C2\u00A0everywhere \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0keep \u00C2\u00A0them \u00C2\u00A0safe. \u00C2\u00A0I \u00C2\u00A0don\u00E2\u0080\u0099t \u00C2\u00A0like \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0talk \u00C2\u00A0about \u00C2\u00A0it \u00C2\u00A0though. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Like \u00C2\u00A0Rachel, \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0affective \u00C2\u00A0impact \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0violence \u00C2\u00A0lives \u00C2\u00A0quietly \u00C2\u00A0but \u00C2\u00A0voraciously \u00C2\u00A0in \u00C2\u00A0Nancy\u00E2\u0080\u0099s \u00C2\u00A0body. \u00C2\u00A0It \u00C2\u00A0affects \u00C2\u00A0how \u00C2\u00A0she \u00C2\u00A0feels \u00C2\u00A0about \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0 interacts \u00C2\u00A0with \u00C2\u00A0her \u00C2\u00A0children. \u00C2\u00A0Though \u00C2\u00A0she \u00C2\u00A0spoke \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0violence \u00C2\u00A0 infrequently \u00C2\u00A0with \u00C2\u00A0me, \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0fear \u00C2\u00A0 is \u00C2\u00A0 embodied \u00C2\u00A0 by \u00C2\u00A0Nancy \u00C2\u00A0 as \u00C2\u00A0 it \u00C2\u00A0 animates \u00C2\u00A0 her \u00C2\u00A0 desires \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 actions. \u00C2\u00A0Only \u00C2\u00A0 by \u00C2\u00A0going \u00C2\u00A0 silent \u00C2\u00A0was \u00C2\u00A0 I \u00C2\u00A0 able \u00C2\u00A0 to \u00C2\u00A0become \u00C2\u00A0attuned \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0lived \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0embodied \u00C2\u00A0presence \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0violence. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Kathleen \u00C2\u00A0Stewart \u00C2\u00A0writes \u00C2\u00A0that \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009Ceveryday \u00C2\u00A0life \u00C2\u00A0is \u00C2\u00A0a \u00C2\u00A0life \u00C2\u00A0lived \u00C2\u00A0on \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0level \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0surging \u00C2\u00A0affects\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0(2007:9) \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0that \u00C2\u00A0their \u00C2\u00A0significance \u00C2\u00A0lies \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009Cin \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0intensities \u00C2\u00A0they \u00C2\u00A0build \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0in \u00C2\u00A0what \u00C2\u00A0thoughts \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0feelings \u00C2\u00A0they \u00C2\u00A0make \u00C2\u00A0possible\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0(2007:3). \u00C2\u00A0Embodied \u00C2\u00A0fear, \u00C2\u00A0not \u00C2\u00A0often \u00C2\u00A0spoken \u00C2\u00A0about \u00C2\u00A0but \u00C2\u00A0always \u00C2\u00A0felt, \u00C2\u00A0motivates \u00C2\u00A0Nancy \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0protect \u00C2\u00A0her \u00C2\u00A0children, \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0pass \u00C2\u00A0on \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0cultural \u00C2\u00A0knowledge \u00C2\u00A0that \u00C2\u00A0was \u00C2\u00A0shared \u00C2\u00A0with \u00C2\u00A0her, \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009Cmake \u00C2\u00A0herself \u00C2\u00A0bigger \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0bigger\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0for \u00C2\u00A0 her \u00C2\u00A0 children. \u00C2\u00A0 There \u00C2\u00A0 is \u00C2\u00A0 significant \u00C2\u00A0 bodily \u00C2\u00A0 investment \u00C2\u00A0 involved \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0 feeling \u00C2\u00A0 fear, \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u009Ctenuous \u00C2\u00A0preservation \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0silence\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0(Pollock \u00C2\u00A02013:162). \u00C2\u00A0I \u00C2\u00A0have \u00C2\u00A0discussed \u00C2\u00A0embodied \u00C2\u00A0silence \u00C2\u00A0as \u00C2\u00A0sensed, \u00C2\u00A0yet \u00C2\u00A0numerous \u00C2\u00A0women \u00C2\u00A0also \u00C2\u00A0discussed \u00C2\u00A0these \u00C2\u00A0silences \u00C2\u00A0in \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0body \u00C2\u00A0as \u00C2\u00A0a \u00C2\u00A0kind \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0knowledge. \u00C2\u00A0Women \u00C2\u00A0spoke \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0a \u00C2\u00A0kind \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u009Cknowing \u00C2\u00A0 through \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 body\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0 (Kidron \u00C2\u00A0 2009:6) \u00C2\u00A0 when \u00C2\u00A0 discussing \u00C2\u00A0 sexual \u00C2\u00A0 violence, \u00C2\u00A0 its \u00C2\u00A0 impacts, \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0prevention \u00C2\u00A0strategies. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 One \u00C2\u00A0night, \u00C2\u00A0sometime \u00C2\u00A0past \u00C2\u00A0midnight, \u00C2\u00A0 I \u00C2\u00A0was \u00C2\u00A0cleaning \u00C2\u00A0 fish \u00C2\u00A0with \u00C2\u00A0 four \u00C2\u00A0women \u00C2\u00A0by \u00C2\u00A0 floodlight. \u00C2\u00A0 I \u00C2\u00A0noticed 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\u00C2\u00A0for \u00C2\u00A0a \u00C2\u00A0few \u00C2\u00A0moments. \u00C2\u00A0Helen \u00C2\u00A0continued: \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0I \u00C2\u00A0had \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0tell \u00C2\u00A0my \u00C2\u00A0family, \u00C2\u00A0then \u00C2\u00A0police, \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0then \u00C2\u00A0they \u00C2\u00A0ask \u00C2\u00A0you \u00C2\u00A0if \u00C2\u00A0you \u00C2\u00A0want \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0go \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0hospital \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0you \u00C2\u00A0feel \u00C2\u00A0bad, \u00C2\u00A0like \u00C2\u00A0you \u00C2\u00A0shouldn\u00E2\u0080\u0099t \u00C2\u00A0want \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0go. \u00C2\u00A0Then \u00C2\u00A0you \u00C2\u00A0meet \u00C2\u00A0doctors \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0nurses \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0all \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0these \u00C2\u00A0people \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0 they \u00C2\u00A0ask \u00C2\u00A0you \u00C2\u00A0over \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0over \u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u0098are \u00C2\u00A0you \u00C2\u00A0sure \u00C2\u00A0 that\u00E2\u0080\u0099s \u00C2\u00A0what \u00C2\u00A0happened?\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0One \u00C2\u00A0hundred \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0fifty \u00C2\u00A0 times \u00C2\u00A0they \u00C2\u00A0ask \u00C2\u00A0you. \u00C2\u00A0By \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0end \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0 it \u00C2\u00A0you \u00C2\u00A0start \u00C2\u00A0 to \u00C2\u00A0wonder \u00C2\u00A0 if \u00C2\u00A0 it \u00C2\u00A0 really \u00C2\u00A0did \u00C2\u00A0happen. \u00C2\u00A0This \u00C2\u00A0violation \u00C2\u00A0 happened, \u00C2\u00A0 but \u00C2\u00A0 you \u00C2\u00A0 start \u00C2\u00A0 to \u00C2\u00A0 doubt \u00C2\u00A0 yourself. \u00C2\u00A0 My \u00C2\u00A0 body \u00C2\u00A0 knew \u00C2\u00A0 it, \u00C2\u00A0 but \u00C2\u00A0 I \u00C2\u00A0 wasn\u00E2\u0080\u0099t \u00C2\u00A0 sure \u00C2\u00A0anymore. \u00C2\u00A0My \u00C2\u00A0body \u00C2\u00A0knew;\u00CD\u00BE \u00C2\u00A0It \u00C2\u00A0always \u00C2\u00A0knows. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Many \u00C2\u00A0women \u00C2\u00A0that \u00C2\u00A0I \u00C2\u00A0spent \u00C2\u00A0time \u00C2\u00A0with \u00C2\u00A0chose \u00C2\u00A0not \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0disclose \u00C2\u00A0sexual \u00C2\u00A0violence \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0RCMP \u00C2\u00A0or \u00C2\u00A0social \u00C2\u00A0services \u00C2\u00A0for \u00C2\u00A0fear \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0not \u00C2\u00A0being \u00C2\u00A0heard \u00C2\u00A0or \u00C2\u00A0taken \u00C2\u00A0seriously, \u00C2\u00A0but \u00C2\u00A0that \u00C2\u00A0silence \u00C2\u00A0did \u00C2\u00A0not \u00C2\u00A0mean \u00C2\u00A0that \u00C2\u00A0it \u00C2\u00A0is \u00C2\u00A0not \u00C2\u00A0expressed \u00C2\u00A0non-\u00C2\u00ADverbally, \u00C2\u00A0 lived, \u00C2\u00A0 felt, \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0experienced \u00C2\u00A0(Kidron \u00C2\u00A02009). \u00C2\u00A0Binary \u00C2\u00A0assumptions \u00C2\u00A0surrounding \u00C2\u00A0voice/silence \u00C2\u00A0 imply \u00C2\u00A0that \u00C2\u00A0voice, \u00C2\u00A0as \u00C2\u00A0vehicle \u00C2\u00A0 for \u00C2\u00A0self-\u00C2\u00ADrepresentation, \u00C2\u00A0has \u00C2\u00A0a \u00C2\u00A0body, \u00C2\u00A0while \u00C2\u00A0silence \u00C2\u00A0does \u00C2\u00A0not. \u00C2\u00A0However, \u00C2\u00A0as \u00C2\u00A0Jackson \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0 39\t \u00C2\u00A0argues, \u00C2\u00A0 silences \u00C2\u00A0 are \u00C2\u00A0 also \u00C2\u00A0 embodied \u00C2\u00A0 insofar \u00C2\u00A0 as \u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u009Cexperiences \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 subjectivities \u00C2\u00A0 are \u00C2\u00A0 always \u00C2\u00A0 embodied\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0(1989). \u00C2\u00A0As \u00C2\u00A0Dian \u00C2\u00A0Million \u00C2\u00A0stated \u00C2\u00A0at \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0Decolonizing \u00C2\u00A0Rape \u00C2\u00A0Culture \u00C2\u00A0Workshop \u00C2\u00A0in \u00C2\u00A0October \u00C2\u00A02016, \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009Cthe \u00C2\u00A0body \u00C2\u00A0is \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0magnificent \u00C2\u00A0bearer \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0storyteller;\u00CD\u00BE \u00C2\u00A0how \u00C2\u00A0we \u00C2\u00A0feel \u00C2\u00A0matters.\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0Bodies \u00C2\u00A0speak \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0perform \u00C2\u00A0a \u00C2\u00A0kind \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0silent \u00C2\u00A0testimony \u00C2\u00A0through \u00C2\u00A0every \u00C2\u00A0day, \u00C2\u00A0embodied \u00C2\u00A0action. \u00C2\u00A0Jackson, \u00C2\u00A0who \u00C2\u00A0has \u00C2\u00A0studied \u00C2\u00A0women\u00E2\u0080\u0099s \u00C2\u00A0speaking \u00C2\u00A0strategies \u00C2\u00A0in \u00C2\u00A0developing \u00C2\u00A0 countries, \u00C2\u00A0 suggests \u00C2\u00A0 that \u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u009Cwomen\u00E2\u0080\u0099s \u00C2\u00A0 bodies \u00C2\u00A0 talk\u00E2\u0080\u00A6 \u00C2\u00A0 these \u00C2\u00A0 embodied \u00C2\u00A0 vocabularies \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 protest \u00C2\u00A0address \u00C2\u00A0 both \u00C2\u00A0 personal \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 broader \u00C2\u00A0 politics\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0 (2012:1013). \u00C2\u00A0 To \u00C2\u00A0 consider \u00C2\u00A0 how \u00C2\u00A0 women\u00E2\u0080\u0099s \u00C2\u00A0 bodies \u00C2\u00A0 speak \u00C2\u00A0suggests \u00C2\u00A0 a \u00C2\u00A0 phenomenological \u00C2\u00A0 approach \u00C2\u00A0 to \u00C2\u00A0 silence, \u00C2\u00A0 where \u00C2\u00A0 silence \u00C2\u00A0 is \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 discursive \u00C2\u00A0 terrain \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u009Cfelt \u00C2\u00A0knowledge\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 embodied \u00C2\u00A0 emotional \u00C2\u00A0 knowledge \u00C2\u00A0 (Million \u00C2\u00A0 2013). \u00C2\u00A0 It \u00C2\u00A0 is \u00C2\u00A0 from \u00C2\u00A0 this \u00C2\u00A0 terrain \u00C2\u00A0 that \u00C2\u00A0 acts \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0speech \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0silence \u00C2\u00A0are \u00C2\u00A0constituted \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0negotiated. \u00C2\u00A0The \u00C2\u00A0visceral \u00C2\u00A0and 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violence. \u00C2\u00A0 Like \u00C2\u00A0 death, \u00C2\u00A0 violence \u00C2\u00A0 is \u00C2\u00A0 responded \u00C2\u00A0 to \u00C2\u00A0 through \u00C2\u00A0 ceremony \u00C2\u00A0collectively. \u00C2\u00A0It \u00C2\u00A0is \u00C2\u00A0from \u00C2\u00A0this \u00C2\u00A0silence \u00C2\u00A0that \u00C2\u00A0every \u00C2\u00A0day \u00C2\u00A0acts \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0existence \u00C2\u00A0emerge \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0are \u00C2\u00A0formed. \u00C2\u00A0Silence \u00C2\u00A0is \u00C2\u00A0an \u00C2\u00A0ongoing \u00C2\u00A0experience \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009Cthat \u00C2\u00A0 is \u00C2\u00A0continually \u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u0098done\u00E2\u0080\u0099\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0 felt, \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0enacted \u00C2\u00A0(Warin \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0Dennis \u00C2\u00A02009:112). \u00C2\u00A0Through \u00C2\u00A0rituals, \u00C2\u00A0ceremony, \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0every \u00C2\u00A0day \u00C2\u00A0acts \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0being, 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\u00C2\u00A0 form \u00C2\u00A0bridges \u00C2\u00A0 that \u00C2\u00A0other \u00C2\u00A0people \u00C2\u00A0might \u00C2\u00A0cross, \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0feel \u00C2\u00A0their \u00C2\u00A0way \u00C2\u00A0into \u00C2\u00A0another \u00C2\u00A0experience.\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0That \u00C2\u00A0is \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0promise \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0going \u00C2\u00A0silent. \u00C2\u00A0These \u00C2\u00A0feelings, \u00C2\u00A0these \u00C2\u00A0affects, \u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u009Cembodied \u00C2\u00A0 pain, \u00C2\u00A0 shame, \u00C2\u00A0 distress, \u00C2\u00A0 anguish, \u00C2\u00A0 humiliation, \u00C2\u00A0 anger, \u00C2\u00A0 rage, \u00C2\u00A0 fear, \u00C2\u00A0 terror, \u00C2\u00A0 can \u00C2\u00A0 promote \u00C2\u00A0healing \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 solidarity\u00E2\u0080\u00A6 \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 provide \u00C2\u00A0 avenues \u00C2\u00A0 for \u00C2\u00A0 empathy \u00C2\u00A0 across \u00C2\u00A0 circuits \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 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\u00C2\u00A0land, \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0in \u00C2\u00A0our \u00C2\u00A0bodies.\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0 44\t \u00C2\u00A0Conclusion \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 What \u00C2\u00A0 is \u00C2\u00A0 to \u00C2\u00A0 be \u00C2\u00A0 made \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 that \u00C2\u00A0 which \u00C2\u00A0 is \u00C2\u00A0 unsaid, \u00C2\u00A0 that \u00C2\u00A0 which \u00C2\u00A0 is \u00C2\u00A0 withheld, \u00C2\u00A0 those \u00C2\u00A0 spoken \u00C2\u00A0 words \u00C2\u00A0punctuated \u00C2\u00A0by \u00C2\u00A0 long \u00C2\u00A0pauses \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0hesitations \u00C2\u00A0within \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 research \u00C2\u00A0process? \u00C2\u00A0As \u00C2\u00A0 researchers, \u00C2\u00A0 reliance \u00C2\u00A0on \u00C2\u00A0a \u00C2\u00A0dichotomy \u00C2\u00A0 that \u00C2\u00A0 positions \u00C2\u00A0 silence \u00C2\u00A0 as \u00C2\u00A0 absence \u00C2\u00A0 limits \u00C2\u00A0 analytical \u00C2\u00A0 potential \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 obfuscates \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 intensely \u00C2\u00A0meaningful, \u00C2\u00A0 fertile \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 generative \u00C2\u00A0 function \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 silence \u00C2\u00A0 (Baurain \u00C2\u00A0 2011). \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 To \u00C2\u00A0 engage \u00C2\u00A0 with \u00C2\u00A0 silence \u00C2\u00A0 as \u00C2\u00A0meaningful \u00C2\u00A0 is \u00C2\u00A0 to \u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u009Cmake \u00C2\u00A0 space \u00C2\u00A0 for \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 returns, \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 interruptions, \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 resistances, \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0denials, \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 subtle \u00C2\u00A0eliding \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 text \u00C2\u00A0 present \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 unspoken\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0 (Mazzei \u00C2\u00A0 2003b:362). \u00C2\u00A0 The \u00C2\u00A0 purpose \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 my \u00C2\u00A0 concerted \u00C2\u00A0 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\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0 48\t \u00C2\u00A0Bibliography \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Acheson, \u00C2\u00A0 Kris. \u00C2\u00A0 2008. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u009CSilence \u00C2\u00A0 as \u00C2\u00A0 Gesture: \u00C2\u00A0 Rethinking \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 Nature \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 Communicative \u00C2\u00A0 Silences.\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0Communication \u00C2\u00A0Theory \u00C2\u00A018: \u00C2\u00A0535\u00E2\u0080\u0093555 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Achino-\u00C2\u00ADLoeb, \u00C2\u00A0Nancy-\u00C2\u00ADLuisa, \u00C2\u00A0ed. \u00C2\u00A02006. \u00C2\u00A0Silence: \u00C2\u00A0The \u00C2\u00A0Currency \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0Power. \u00C2\u00A0Berghahn \u00C2\u00A0Books. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Amnesty \u00C2\u00A0International. \u00C2\u00A02016. \u00C2\u00A0Out \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0Sight, \u00C2\u00A0Out \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0Mind: \u00C2\u00A0Gender, \u00C2\u00A0Indigenous \u00C2\u00A0Rights, \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0Energy \u00C2\u00A0Development \u00C2\u00A0in \u00C2\u00A0Northeastern \u00C2\u00A0British \u00C2\u00A0Columbia, \u00C2\u00A0Canada. \u00C2\u00A0Accessed \u00C2\u00A0on \u00C2\u00A0November \u00C2\u00A01, \u00C2\u00A02016. \u00C2\u00A0URL: \u00C2\u00A0https://www.amnesty.ca/sites/amnesty/files/Out%20of%20Sight%20Out%20of%20Mind%20EN%20FINAL_0.pdf \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Appadurai, \u00C2\u00A0 Arjun. \u00C2\u00A0 1988. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u009CIntroduction: \u00C2\u00A0 Place \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 Voice \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0 Anthropological \u00C2\u00A0 Theory. \u00C2\u00A0 Cultural \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Anthropology.\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0Place \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0Voice \u00C2\u00A0in \u00C2\u00A0Anthropological \u00C2\u00A0Theory \u00C2\u00A03(1):16-\u00C2\u00AD20. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Archibald, \u00C2\u00A0 Linda \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0Mary \u00C2\u00A0Crnkovich. \u00C2\u00A0 1999. \u00C2\u00A0 If \u00C2\u00A0Gender \u00C2\u00A0Mattered: \u00C2\u00A0 A \u00C2\u00A0Case \u00C2\u00A0Study \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 Inuit \u00C2\u00A0Women, \u00C2\u00A0 Land \u00C2\u00A0Claims \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0Voisey\u00E2\u0080\u0099s \u00C2\u00A0Bay \u00C2\u00A0Nickel \u00C2\u00A0Project. \u00C2\u00A0Ottawa: \u00C2\u00A0Status \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0Women \u00C2\u00A0Canada \u00C2\u00A0Research \u00C2\u00A0Branch). \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Asad, \u00C2\u00A0Talal. \u00C2\u00A01973. \u00C2\u00A0Anthropology \u00C2\u00A0& \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0Colonial \u00C2\u00A0Encounter. \u00C2\u00A0Ithaca \u00C2\u00A0Press. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Baskin, \u00C2\u00A0 Cundy. \u00C2\u00A0 2007. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u009CAboriginal \u00C2\u00A0 Youth \u00C2\u00A0 Talk \u00C2\u00A0 about \u00C2\u00A0 Structural \u00C2\u00A0 Determinants \u00C2\u00A0 as \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 Causes \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 their 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\u00C2\u00A015(2) \u00C2\u00A0359-\u00C2\u00AD371. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Blackstock, \u00C2\u00A0Cindy. \u00C2\u00A02003. \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CFirst \u00C2\u00A0Nations \u00C2\u00A0child \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0family \u00C2\u00A0services: \u00C2\u00A0Restoring \u00C2\u00A0peace \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0harmony \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0First \u00C2\u00A0Nations \u00C2\u00A0 communities.\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0Child \u00C2\u00A0Welfare: \u00C2\u00A0 Connecting \u00C2\u00A0 Research \u00C2\u00A0 Policy \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 Practice \u00C2\u00A0 edited \u00C2\u00A0 by \u00C2\u00A0 Kathleen \u00C2\u00A0Kufeldt \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0Brad \u00C2\u00A0McKenzie. \u00C2\u00A0331-\u00C2\u00AD343. \u00C2\u00A0Wilfrid \u00C2\u00A0Laurier \u00C2\u00A0University \u00C2\u00A0Press, \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Bourgeois, \u00C2\u00A0 Robyn \u00C2\u00A0Sanderson. \u00C2\u00A0 2014. \u00C2\u00A0Warrior \u00C2\u00A0Women: \u00C2\u00A0 Indigenous \u00C2\u00A0Women\u00E2\u0080\u0099s \u00C2\u00A0 Anti-\u00C2\u00ADViolence \u00C2\u00A0 Engagement \u00C2\u00A0with \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 Canadian \u00C2\u00A0 State. \u00C2\u00A0 Doctoral \u00C2\u00A0 thesis, \u00C2\u00A0 Department \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 Social \u00C2\u00A0 Justice \u00C2\u00A0 Education, \u00C2\u00A0 The \u00C2\u00A0 University \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0Toronto. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Bubar, \u00C2\u00A0 Roe. \u00C2\u00A0 2014. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u009CDecolonizing \u00C2\u00A0 Sexual \u00C2\u00A0 Violence: \u00C2\u00A0 Professional \u00C2\u00A0 Indigenous \u00C2\u00A0 Women \u00C2\u00A0 Shape \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0Research.\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0International \u00C2\u00A0Review \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0Qualitative \u00C2\u00A0Research \u00C2\u00A06(4) \u00C2\u00A0526-\u00C2\u00AD543. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Castillejo-\u00C2\u00ADCu\u00C3\u00A9llar, \u00C2\u00A0 Alejandro. \u00C2\u00A0 2005. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u009CUnraveling \u00C2\u00A0 Silence: \u00C2\u00A0 Violence, \u00C2\u00A0 Memory \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 Limits \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Anthropology's \u00C2\u00A0Craft.\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0Dialectical \u00C2\u00A0Anthropology \u00C2\u00A029:159-\u00C2\u00AD180 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Caple \u00C2\u00A0 James, \u00C2\u00A0 Erica. \u00C2\u00A0 2010. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u009CRuptures, \u00C2\u00A0 Rights \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 Repair: \u00C2\u00A0 The \u00C2\u00A0 Political \u00C2\u00A0 Economy \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 Trauma \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0 Haiti.\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0Social \u00C2\u00A0Science \u00C2\u00A0& \u00C2\u00A0Medicine \u00C2\u00A070:106-\u00C2\u00AD113. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Clair, \u00C2\u00A0Robin. \u00C2\u00A02013. \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CImposed \u00C2\u00A0Silence \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0Story \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0Warramunga \u00C2\u00A0Woman,\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0Silence, \u00C2\u00A0Feminism, \u00C2\u00A0Power: \u00C2\u00A0Reflections \u00C2\u00A0at \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0Edges \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0Sound. \u00C2\u00A085-\u00C2\u00AD94. \u00C2\u00A0Palgrave \u00C2\u00A0MacMillan. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Clark, \u00C2\u00A0Natalie. \u00C2\u00A02016a. \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CShock \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0Awe: \u00C2\u00A0Trauma \u00C2\u00A0as \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0New \u00C2\u00A0Colonial \u00C2\u00A0Frontier.\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0Humanities \u00C2\u00A05(12): \u00C2\u00A01-\u00C2\u00AD16 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Clark, \u00C2\u00A0 Natalie. \u00C2\u00A0 2016b. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u009CRed \u00C2\u00A0 Intersectionality \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 Violence-\u00C2\u00ADinformed \u00C2\u00A0Witnessing \u00C2\u00A0 Praxis \u00C2\u00A0 with \u00C2\u00A0 Indigenous \u00C2\u00A0Girls.\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0Girlhood \u00C2\u00A0Studies \u00C2\u00A09(2) \u00C2\u00A046-\u00C2\u00AD64. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Clark, \u00C2\u00A0 Natalie. \u00C2\u00A0 2016c. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u009CDecolonizing \u00C2\u00A0 Trauma\u00E2\u0080\u009D, \u00C2\u00A0 Presentation \u00C2\u00A0 at \u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u0098Decolonizing \u00C2\u00A0 Rape \u00C2\u00A0 Culture: \u00C2\u00A0 Indigenous \u00C2\u00A0Responses \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0Sexual \u00C2\u00A0Violence.\u00E2\u0080\u0099 \u00C2\u00A0October \u00C2\u00A014, \u00C2\u00A02016, \u00C2\u00A0Vancouver: \u00C2\u00A0The \u00C2\u00A0University \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0British \u00C2\u00A0Columbia. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0 49\t \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Clark, \u00C2\u00A0 Natalie \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 Sarah \u00C2\u00A0 Hunt. \u00C2\u00A0 2012. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u009CNavigating \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 Crossroads: \u00C2\u00A0 Exploring \u00C2\u00A0 Young \u00C2\u00A0 Women\u00E2\u0080\u0099s \u00C2\u00A0Experiences \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0Health \u00C2\u00A0Using \u00C2\u00A0an \u00C2\u00A0Intersectional \u00C2\u00A0Framework.\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0In \u00C2\u00A0Health \u00C2\u00A0Inequities \u00C2\u00A0in \u00C2\u00A0Canada: \u00C2\u00A0Intersectional \u00C2\u00A0Frameworks \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0Practices. \u00C2\u00A0Edited \u00C2\u00A0by \u00C2\u00A0Olena \u00C2\u00A0Hankivsky. \u00C2\u00A0131-\u00C2\u00AD146. \u00C2\u00A0Vancouver: \u00C2\u00A0UBC \u00C2\u00A0Press. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Clifford, \u00C2\u00A0James. \u00C2\u00A01988. \u00C2\u00A0The \u00C2\u00A0Predicament \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0Culture: \u00C2\u00A0Twentieth-\u00C2\u00ADCentury \u00C2\u00A0Ethnography, \u00C2\u00A0Literature, \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0Art. \u00C2\u00A0Cambridge, \u00C2\u00A0MA: \u00C2\u00A0Harvard \u00C2\u00A0University \u00C2\u00A0Press. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Clifford, \u00C2\u00A0 James, \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 George \u00C2\u00A0 Marcus \u00C2\u00A0 (editors). \u00C2\u00A0 1986. \u00C2\u00A0 Writing \u00C2\u00A0 Culture: \u00C2\u00A0 The \u00C2\u00A0 Poetics \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 Ethnography. \u00C2\u00A0Berkely: \u00C2\u00A0University \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0California \u00C2\u00A0Press. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Cruikshank, \u00C2\u00A0 Julie. \u00C2\u00A01991. \u00C2\u00A0Life \u00C2\u00A0Lived \u00C2\u00A0 like \u00C2\u00A0a \u00C2\u00A0Story: \u00C2\u00A0Life \u00C2\u00A0Stories \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0Three \u00C2\u00A0Yukon \u00C2\u00A0Native \u00C2\u00A0Elders. \u00C2\u00A0Vancouver: \u00C2\u00A0University \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0British \u00C2\u00A0Columbia \u00C2\u00A0Press. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Cruikshank, \u00C2\u00A0 Julie. \u00C2\u00A0 1998. \u00C2\u00A0 The \u00C2\u00A0 Social \u00C2\u00A0 Life \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 Stories: \u00C2\u00A0 Narrative \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 Knowledge \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 Yukon \u00C2\u00A0 Territory. \u00C2\u00A0Vancouver: \u00C2\u00A0UBC \u00C2\u00A0Press. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Crenshaw, \u00C2\u00A0 Carrie. \u00C2\u00A0 1997. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u009CResisting \u00C2\u00A0 whiteness' \u00C2\u00A0 rhetorical \u00C2\u00A0 silence.\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0Western \u00C2\u00A0 Journal \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 Communication, \u00C2\u00A061(3) \u00C2\u00A0253-\u00C2\u00AD278. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Deloria, \u00C2\u00A0 Vine. \u00C2\u00A0 1969. \u00C2\u00A0Custer \u00C2\u00A0 Died \u00C2\u00A0 for \u00C2\u00A0 your \u00C2\u00A0 Sins: \u00C2\u00A0 An \u00C2\u00A0 Indian \u00C2\u00A0Manifesto. \u00C2\u00A0 Norman: \u00C2\u00A0University \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0Oklahoma \u00C2\u00A0Press. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Dhillon, \u00C2\u00A0Jaskiran \u00C2\u00A0K,. \u00C2\u00A02015. \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CIndigenous \u00C2\u00A0girls \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0violence \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0settler \u00C2\u00A0colonial \u00C2\u00A0policing.\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0Decolonization: \u00C2\u00A0Indigeneity, \u00C2\u00A0Education \u00C2\u00A0& \u00C2\u00A0Society \u00C2\u00A04(2): \u00C2\u00A01-\u00C2\u00AD31. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Donnan, \u00C2\u00A0Hastings \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0Kirk \u00C2\u00A0Simpson. \u00C2\u00A02007 \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CSilence \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0Violence \u00C2\u00A0among \u00C2\u00A0Northern \u00C2\u00A0Ireland \u00C2\u00A0Border \u00C2\u00A0Protestants.\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0Ethnos \u00C2\u00A072(1): \u00C2\u00A05\u00E2\u0080\u009328 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Durie, \u00C2\u00A0Jane. \u00C2\u00A02003. \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CSpeaking \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0silence \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0whiteness.\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0Journal \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0Australian \u00C2\u00A0Studies, \u00C2\u00A027:79, \u00C2\u00A0135-\u00C2\u00AD142 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Eckford, \u00C2\u00A0Clarice \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0Jillian \u00C2\u00A0Wagg. \u00C2\u00A02014. \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CThe \u00C2\u00A0Peace \u00C2\u00A0Project: \u00C2\u00A0Gender \u00C2\u00A0Based \u00C2\u00A0Analysis \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0Violence \u00C2\u00A0against \u00C2\u00A0Women \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0Girls \u00C2\u00A0in \u00C2\u00A0Fort \u00C2\u00A0St. \u00C2\u00A0John.\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0Prepared \u00C2\u00A0for \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0Fort \u00C2\u00A0St. \u00C2\u00A0John \u00C2\u00A0Women\u00E2\u0080\u0099s \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Resource \u00C2\u00A0Society. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Environmental \u00C2\u00A0Assessment \u00C2\u00A0Office. \u00C2\u00A02014. \u00C2\u00A0Fact \u00C2\u00A0Sheet: \u00C2\u00A0Prince \u00C2\u00A0Rupert \u00C2\u00A0Gas \u00C2\u00A0Transmission \u00C2\u00A0project \u00C2\u00A0granted \u00C2\u00A0environmental \u00C2\u00A0assessment \u00C2\u00A0approval. \u00C2\u00A0Victoria, \u00C2\u00A0BC. \u00C2\u00A0Accessed \u00C2\u00A0on \u00C2\u00A0May \u00C2\u00A012, \u00C2\u00A02016. \u00C2\u00A0URL: \u00C2\u00A0http://www.eao.gov.bc.ca/pdf/LNG%20Ministers%20Decision/FS_PRGT_Decision_25Nov14.pdf. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Environmental \u00C2\u00A0Assessment \u00C2\u00A0Office. \u00C2\u00A02014. \u00C2\u00A0Assessment \u00C2\u00A0Report: \u00C2\u00A0Prince \u00C2\u00A0Rupert \u00C2\u00A0Gas \u00C2\u00A0Transmission \u00C2\u00A0Project. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Farmer, \u00C2\u00A0 Paul. \u00C2\u00A0 1997. \u00C2\u00A0On \u00C2\u00A0Suffering \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0Structural \u00C2\u00A0 Violence: \u00C2\u00A0 A \u00C2\u00A0View \u00C2\u00A0From \u00C2\u00A0Below, \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0Social \u00C2\u00A0 Suffering. \u00C2\u00A0 In \u00C2\u00A0Social \u00C2\u00A0 Suffering, \u00C2\u00A0 edited \u00C2\u00A0 by \u00C2\u00A0 Arthur \u00C2\u00A0 Kleinman, \u00C2\u00A0 Veena \u00C2\u00A0 Das \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 Margaret \u00C2\u00A0 Lock. \u00C2\u00A0 University \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 California \u00C2\u00A0Press. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Farah, \u00C2\u00A0 Laila. \u00C2\u00A0 2013. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u0098Stitching \u00C2\u00A0 Survival: \u00C2\u00A0 Previsioning \u00C2\u00A0 Silence \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 Expression,\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0 Silence, \u00C2\u00A0 Feminism, \u00C2\u00A0Power: \u00C2\u00A0Reflections \u00C2\u00A0at \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0Edges \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0Sound, \u00C2\u00A0edited \u00C2\u00A0by \u00C2\u00A0Aimee \u00C2\u00A0Carrillo \u00C2\u00A0Rowe \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0Sheena \u00C2\u00A0Malhorta. \u00C2\u00A0239-\u00C2\u00AD251. \u00C2\u00A0Palgrave \u00C2\u00A0MacMillan. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Fassin, \u00C2\u00A0 Didier \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 Richard \u00C2\u00A0 Rechtman. \u00C2\u00A0 2009. \u00C2\u00A0 The \u00C2\u00A0 Empire \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 Trauma: \u00C2\u00A0 An \u00C2\u00A0 Inquiry \u00C2\u00A0 into \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 condition \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0Victimhood. \u00C2\u00A0Princeton \u00C2\u00A0University \u00C2\u00A0Press \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Fassin, \u00C2\u00A0Didier. \u00C2\u00A02008. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u009CThe \u00C2\u00A0Embodied \u00C2\u00A0Past: \u00C2\u00A0From \u00C2\u00A0Paranoid \u00C2\u00A0Style \u00C2\u00A0 to \u00C2\u00A0Politics \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0Memory \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0South \u00C2\u00A0Africa.\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0Social \u00C2\u00A0Anthropology \u00C2\u00A016(3): \u00C2\u00A0312-\u00C2\u00AD328. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0 50\t \u00C2\u00A0Farris-\u00C2\u00ADManning, \u00C2\u00A0C. \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0M. \u00C2\u00A0Zandstra. \u00C2\u00A02003. \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CChildren \u00C2\u00A0in \u00C2\u00A0care \u00C2\u00A0in \u00C2\u00A0Canada: \u00C2\u00A0Summary \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0current \u00C2\u00A0issues \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0trends \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 recommendations \u00C2\u00A0 for \u00C2\u00A0 future \u00C2\u00A0 research\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0 unpublished \u00C2\u00A0 paper \u00C2\u00A0 prepared \u00C2\u00A0 for \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 Child \u00C2\u00A0 Welfare \u00C2\u00A0League \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0Canada \u00C2\u00A0for \u00C2\u00A0submission \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0National \u00C2\u00A0Children\u00E2\u0080\u0099s \u00C2\u00A0Alliance \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Fernando, \u00C2\u00A0Mayanthi \u00C2\u00A0 L,. \u00C2\u00A0 2014. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u009CEthnography \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 politics \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 silence.\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0Cultural \u00C2\u00A0Dynamics \u00C2\u00A0 26(2): \u00C2\u00A0 235-\u00C2\u00AD244. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0The \u00C2\u00A0Firelight \u00C2\u00A0Group. \u00C2\u00A02014. \u00C2\u00A0Lake \u00C2\u00A0Babine \u00C2\u00A0Nation \u00C2\u00A0Knowledge \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0Use \u00C2\u00A0Study \u00C2\u00A0for \u00C2\u00A0TransCanada\u00E2\u0080\u0099s \u00C2\u00A0Proposed \u00C2\u00A0Prince \u00C2\u00A0Rupert \u00C2\u00A0Gas \u00C2\u00A0Transmission \u00C2\u00A0Project. \u00C2\u00A0Submitted \u00C2\u00A0 to \u00C2\u00A0Betty \u00C2\u00A0Patrick, \u00C2\u00A0Lake \u00C2\u00A0Babine \u00C2\u00A0Nation. \u00C2\u00A0Victoria: \u00C2\u00A0The \u00C2\u00A0Firelight \u00C2\u00A0Group. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Fiske, \u00C2\u00A0Jo-\u00C2\u00ADAnne \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0Betty \u00C2\u00A0Patrick \u00C2\u00A0 .2000. \u00C2\u00A0Cis \u00C2\u00A0Dideen \u00C2\u00A0Kat: \u00C2\u00A0When \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0Plumes \u00C2\u00A0Rise, \u00C2\u00A0The \u00C2\u00A0Way \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0Lake \u00C2\u00A0Babine \u00C2\u00A0Nation. \u00C2\u00A0Vancouver: \u00C2\u00A0UBC \u00C2\u00A0Press. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Fiske, \u00C2\u00A0Jo-\u00C2\u00ADAnne \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0Evelyn \u00C2\u00A0George. \u00C2\u00A02006. \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CSeeking \u00C2\u00A0Alternatives \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0Bill \u00C2\u00A0C-\u00C2\u00AD31: \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0An \u00C2\u00A0investigation \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0matrilineal \u00C2\u00A0models \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0First \u00C2\u00A0Nations \u00C2\u00A0citizenship \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0community \u00C2\u00A0membership \u00C2\u00A0policies.\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0Ottawa: \u00C2\u00A0Status \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0Women \u00C2\u00A0Canada. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Fiumara, \u00C2\u00A0Gemma \u00C2\u00A0Corradi. \u00C2\u00A01990. \u00C2\u00A0The \u00C2\u00A0Other \u00C2\u00A0Side \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0Language: \u00C2\u00A0A \u00C2\u00A0Philosophy \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0Listening. \u00C2\u00A0Routledge \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Gibson, \u00C2\u00A0G., \u00C2\u00A0K. \u00C2\u00A0Yung, \u00C2\u00A0L. \u00C2\u00A0Chisholm, \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0H. \u00C2\u00A0Quinn \u00C2\u00A0with 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\u00C2\u00A0Babine \u00C2\u00A0Nation.\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0The \u00C2\u00A0Firelight \u00C2\u00A0Group. \u00C2\u00A0Victoria, \u00C2\u00A0BC. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Gibson, \u00C2\u00A0 Ginger, \u00C2\u00A0 Ciaran \u00C2\u00A0 O\u00E2\u0080\u0099Faircheallaigh \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 Gordon \u00C2\u00A0 Foundation. \u00C2\u00A0 2010. \u00C2\u00A0 IBA \u00C2\u00A0 Community \u00C2\u00A0 Toolkit: \u00C2\u00A0Negotiation \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 Implementation \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 Impact \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 Benefit \u00C2\u00A0 Agreements. \u00C2\u00A0 Commissioned \u00C2\u00A0 by \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 Walter \u00C2\u00A0 & \u00C2\u00A0Duncan \u00C2\u00A0Gordon \u00C2\u00A0Foundation. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Goffman, \u00C2\u00A0Erving. \u00C2\u00A01964. \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CThe \u00C2\u00A0Neglected \u00C2\u00A0Situation.\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0American \u00C2\u00A0Anthropologist \u00C2\u00A066: \u00C2\u00A0133\u00E2\u0080\u0093136. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Gluck, \u00C2\u00A0Sherna \u00C2\u00A0Berger \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0Daphne \u00C2\u00A0Patai \u00C2\u00A0(editors). \u00C2\u00A01991. \u00C2\u00A0Women's \u00C2\u00A0Words: \u00C2\u00A0The \u00C2\u00A0Feminist \u00C2\u00A0Practice \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0Oral \u00C2\u00A0History. \u00C2\u00A0Routledge. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Gomes, \u00C2\u00A0Pereira, \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0Pedro \u00C2\u00A0Paulo. \u00C2\u00A02008. \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CAnthropology \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0Human \u00C2\u00A0Rights: \u00C2\u00A0Between \u00C2\u00A0Silence \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0Voice.\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0Anthropology \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0Humanism \u00C2\u00A033(1/2): \u00C2\u00A038\u00E2\u0080\u009352 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Green, \u00C2\u00A0 Linda. \u00C2\u00A0 2011. \u00C2\u00A0 The \u00C2\u00A0 Utter \u00C2\u00A0 Normalization \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 Violence: \u00C2\u00A0 Silence, \u00C2\u00A0 Memory \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 Impunity \u00C2\u00A0 among \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0Yup\u00E2\u0080\u0099ik \u00C2\u00A0 people \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0 southwestern \u00C2\u00A0Alaska. \u00C2\u00A0 In \u00C2\u00A0Violence \u00C2\u00A0Expressed: \u00C2\u00A0An \u00C2\u00A0Anthropological \u00C2\u00A0Approach, \u00C2\u00A0edited \u00C2\u00A0by \u00C2\u00A0Six-\u00C2\u00ADHohenbalken, \u00C2\u00A0Nancy \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0Nerina \u00C2\u00A0Weiss. \u00C2\u00A0England: \u00C2\u00A0Ashgate \u00C2\u00A0Publishing \u00C2\u00A0Limited \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Herakova \u00C2\u00A0, \u00C2\u00A0Liliana \u00C2\u00A0L., \u00C2\u00A0Dijana \u00C2\u00A0Jela\u00C4\u008Da \u00C2\u00A0, \u00C2\u00A0Razvan \u00C2\u00A0Sibii \u00C2\u00A0& \u00C2\u00A0Leda \u00C2\u00A0Cooks. \u00C2\u00A02011. \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CVoicing \u00C2\u00A0Silence \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0Imagining \u00C2\u00A0Citizenship: \u00C2\u00A0 Dialogues \u00C2\u00A0 about \u00C2\u00A0 Race \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 Whiteness \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0 a \u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u009CPostracial\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0 Era.\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0 Communication \u00C2\u00A0 Studies \u00C2\u00A062(4):372-\u00C2\u00AD388. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Hill, \u00C2\u00A0 Edward. \u00C2\u00A0 2015. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u009CFirst \u00C2\u00A0Nation, \u00C2\u00A0Province \u00C2\u00A0 partner \u00C2\u00A0 on \u00C2\u00A0 natural \u00C2\u00A0 gas \u00C2\u00A0 pipeline.\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0News \u00C2\u00A0Release, \u00C2\u00A0Ministry \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0Aboriginal \u00C2\u00A0Relations \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0Reconciliation. \u00C2\u00A0Lake \u00C2\u00A0Babine \u00C2\u00A0Nation \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Hockey, \u00C2\u00A0Jenny \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0Martin \u00C2\u00A0Forsey. \u00C2\u00A02012. \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CEthnography \u00C2\u00A0is \u00C2\u00A0Not \u00C2\u00A0Participant 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\u00C2\u00A0September \u00C2\u00A030 \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u0093 \u00C2\u00A0October \u00C2\u00A01, \u00C2\u00A02016, \u00C2\u00A0The \u00C2\u00A0University \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0British \u00C2\u00A0Columbia, \u00C2\u00A0Vancouver, \u00C2\u00A0BC. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Hunt, \u00C2\u00A0 Sarah. \u00C2\u00A0 2016b. \u00C2\u00A0 Presentation \u00C2\u00A0 at \u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u009CDecolonizing \u00C2\u00A0 Rape \u00C2\u00A0 Culture: \u00C2\u00A0 Indigenous \u00C2\u00A0 Responses \u00C2\u00A0 to \u00C2\u00A0 Sexual \u00C2\u00A0Violence.\u00E2\u0080\u0099 \u00C2\u00A0October \u00C2\u00A014, \u00C2\u00A02016, \u00C2\u00A0The \u00C2\u00A0University \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0British \u00C2\u00A0Columbia. \u00C2\u00A0Vancouver, \u00C2\u00A0BC. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Hunt, \u00C2\u00A0 Sarah. \u00C2\u00A0 2014. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u009CWitnessing \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 Colonialscape: \u00C2\u00A0 Lighting \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 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\u00C2\u00A0 Power: \u00C2\u00A0 Beyond \u00C2\u00A0 Testimony.\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0 Development \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 Change \u00C2\u00A043(5) \u00C2\u00A0999-\u00C2\u00AD1023. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Johnson, \u00C2\u00A0Julia \u00C2\u00A0R,. \u00C2\u00A02013. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u009CQwe\u00E2\u0080\u0099re \u00C2\u00A0Performances \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0Silence: \u00C2\u00A0Many \u00C2\u00A0Ways \u00C2\u00A0 to \u00C2\u00A0Live \u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u0098Out \u00C2\u00A0Loud\u00E2\u0080\u0099.\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0Silence, \u00C2\u00A0Feminism, \u00C2\u00A0 Power: \u00C2\u00A0 Reflections \u00C2\u00A0 at \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 Edges \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 Sound, \u00C2\u00A0 edited \u00C2\u00A0 by \u00C2\u00A0 Aimee \u00C2\u00A0 Carrillo \u00C2\u00A0 Rowe \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 Sheena \u00C2\u00A0Malhorta. \u00C2\u00A050-\u00C2\u00AD66. \u00C2\u00A0Palgrave \u00C2\u00A0MacMillan. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Keating, \u00C2\u00A0Christine. \u00C2\u00A02013. \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CResistant \u00C2\u00A0Silences.\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0Silence, \u00C2\u00A0Feminism, \u00C2\u00A0Power: \u00C2\u00A0Reflections \u00C2\u00A0at \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0Edges \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0Sound, \u00C2\u00A0edited \u00C2\u00A0by \u00C2\u00A0Aimee \u00C2\u00A0Carrillo \u00C2\u00A0Rowe \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0Sheena \u00C2\u00A0Malhorta. \u00C2\u00A025-\u00C2\u00AD33. \u00C2\u00A0Palgrave \u00C2\u00A0MacMillan. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Kidron, \u00C2\u00A0 Carol \u00C2\u00A0 A,. \u00C2\u00A0 2009. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u009CToward \u00C2\u00A0 an \u00C2\u00A0 Ethnography \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 Silence \u00C2\u00A0 The \u00C2\u00A0 Lived \u00C2\u00A0 Presence \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 Past \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0Everyday \u00C2\u00A0 Life \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 Holocaust \u00C2\u00A0 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\u00C2\u00A0 forms \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 dynamics \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 social \u00C2\u00A0violence\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0 In \u00C2\u00A0 Violence \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 Subjectivity, \u00C2\u00A0 edited \u00C2\u00A0 by \u00C2\u00A0 Das, \u00C2\u00A0 Veena., \u00C2\u00A0 Kleinman, \u00C2\u00A0 Arthur., \u00C2\u00A0 Ramphele, \u00C2\u00A0 M., \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0Reynolds, \u00C2\u00A0P. \u00C2\u00A0Durham: \u00C2\u00A0Duke \u00C2\u00A0University \u00C2\u00A0Press. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Kleinman \u00C2\u00A0Arthur, \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0Joan \u00C2\u00A0Kleinman. \u00C2\u00A01997. \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CThe \u00C2\u00A0Appeal \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0Experience;\u00CD\u00BE \u00C2\u00A0The \u00C2\u00A0dismay \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0Images: \u00C2\u00A0Cultural \u00C2\u00A0Appropriations \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 Suffering \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0 our \u00C2\u00A0 Time, \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0 Social \u00C2\u00A0 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\u00C2\u00A0http://www.lakebabine.com/files/history-\u00C2\u00ADtimeline.php, \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Lake \u00C2\u00A0Babine \u00C2\u00A0Nation. \u00C2\u00A02014a. \u00C2\u00A0Annual \u00C2\u00A0General \u00C2\u00A0Meeting. \u00C2\u00A016th \u00C2\u00A0Annual \u00C2\u00A0General \u00C2\u00A0Assembly. \u00C2\u00A0Neduten \u00C2\u00A0Title \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0Rights. \u00C2\u00A0Dancing \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0Beat \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0Our \u00C2\u00A0Own \u00C2\u00A0Drum. \u00C2\u00A0Burns \u00C2\u00A0Lake, \u00C2\u00A0BC., \u00C2\u00A0Margaret \u00C2\u00A0Patrick \u00C2\u00A0Memorial \u00C2\u00A0Centre. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Lake \u00C2\u00A0Babine \u00C2\u00A0Nation. \u00C2\u00A02014b. \u00C2\u00A0Lake \u00C2\u00A0Babine \u00C2\u00A0Nation\u00E2\u0080\u0099s \u00C2\u00A0Submission \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0Cabinet \u00C2\u00A0on \u00C2\u00A0PRGT \u00C2\u00A0Transmission \u00C2\u00A0Project. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Lake \u00C2\u00A0 Babine \u00C2\u00A0 Nation \u00C2\u00A0 Treaty \u00C2\u00A0 Office. \u00C2\u00A0 2014c. \u00C2\u00A0 Treaty \u00C2\u00A0 Process. \u00C2\u00A0 Accessed \u00C2\u00A0 October \u00C2\u00A0 30, \u00C2\u00A0 2015. \u00C2\u00A0 URL: \u00C2\u00A0http://www.lbntreaty.com/about-\u00C2\u00ADtreaty/the-\u00C2\u00ADtreaty-\u00C2\u00ADprocess/ \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Lake \u00C2\u00A0Babine \u00C2\u00A0Nation. \u00C2\u00A02015. \u00C2\u00A0Ned\u00E2\u0080\u0099ut\u00E2\u0080\u0099en \u00C2\u00A0Dust\u00E2\u0080\u0099lus. \u00C2\u00A0Summer \u00C2\u00A0edition. \u00C2\u00A02(11): \u00C2\u00A01-\u00C2\u00AD68. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Macdonald, \u00C2\u00A0 Ingrid \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0Claire \u00C2\u00A0Rowland. \u00C2\u00A02002. \u00C2\u00A0Tunnel \u00C2\u00A0Vision: \u00C2\u00A0Women, \u00C2\u00A0Mining \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0Communities, \u00C2\u00A0Oxfam \u00C2\u00A0Community \u00C2\u00A0Aid \u00C2\u00A0Abroad. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0 52\t \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Maracle, \u00C2\u00A0 Lee. \u00C2\u00A0 1996. \u00C2\u00A0 I \u00C2\u00A0 am \u00C2\u00A0 Woman: \u00C2\u00A0 A \u00C2\u00A0 Native \u00C2\u00A0 Perspective \u00C2\u00A0 on \u00C2\u00A0 Sociology \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 Feminism. \u00C2\u00A0 Press \u00C2\u00A0 Gang \u00C2\u00A0Publishers. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Maracle, \u00C2\u00A0Lee. \u00C2\u00A01975/1990. \u00C2\u00A0Bobbi \u00C2\u00A0Lee, \u00C2\u00A0Indian \u00C2\u00A0Rebel. \u00C2\u00A0Toronto: \u00C2\u00A0Women\u00E2\u0080\u0099s \u00C2\u00A0Press. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Marcus, \u00C2\u00A0George \u00C2\u00A0E., \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0Fischer, \u00C2\u00A0Michael \u00C2\u00A0M. \u00C2\u00A0J,. \u00C2\u00A01986 \u00C2\u00A0Anthropology \u00C2\u00A0as \u00C2\u00A0Cultural \u00C2\u00A0Critique: \u00C2\u00A0An \u00C2\u00A0Experimental \u00C2\u00A0Moment \u00C2\u00A0in \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0Human \u00C2\u00A0Sciences. \u00C2\u00A0Chicago: \u00C2\u00A0University \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0Chicago \u00C2\u00A0Press. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Mascia-\u00C2\u00ADLees, \u00C2\u00A0Frances \u00C2\u00A0E., \u00C2\u00A0Patricia \u00C2\u00A0Sharpe, \u00C2\u00A0Colleen \u00C2\u00A0Ballerino \u00C2\u00A0Cohen. \u00C2\u00A0 1989. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u009CThe \u00C2\u00A0Postmodernist \u00C2\u00A0 Turn \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0Anthropology: \u00C2\u00A0Cautions \u00C2\u00A0from \u00C2\u00A0a \u00C2\u00A0Feminist \u00C2\u00A0Perspective.\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0Signs \u00C2\u00A015(1) \u00C2\u00A07-\u00C2\u00AD33. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Mazzei, \u00C2\u00A0 Lisa \u00C2\u00A0A. \u00C2\u00A0 2011. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u009CDesiring \u00C2\u00A0 silence: \u00C2\u00A0 gender, \u00C2\u00A0 race \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 pedagogy \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0 education.\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0British \u00C2\u00A0Educational \u00C2\u00A0Research \u00C2\u00A0Journal \u00C2\u00A037(4): \u00C2\u00A0657-\u00C2\u00AD669. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Mazzei, \u00C2\u00A0 Lisa. \u00C2\u00A0 2007. \u00C2\u00A0 Inhabited \u00C2\u00A0 Silence \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0 Qualitative \u00C2\u00A0 Research: \u00C2\u00A0 Putting \u00C2\u00A0 Poststructural \u00C2\u00A0 Theory \u00C2\u00A0 to \u00C2\u00A0Work. \u00C2\u00A0Peter \u00C2\u00A0Lang \u00C2\u00A0Inc., \u00C2\u00A0International \u00C2\u00A0Academic \u00C2\u00A0Publishers. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Mazzei, \u00C2\u00A0 Lisa \u00C2\u00A0 A. \u00C2\u00A0 2003a. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u009CSilent \u00C2\u00A0 Listenings: \u00C2\u00A0 Deconstructive \u00C2\u00A0 Practices \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0 Discourse-\u00C2\u00ADBased \u00C2\u00A0 Research.\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0Educational \u00C2\u00A0Researcher, \u00C2\u00A0Research \u00C2\u00A0News \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0Comment. \u00C2\u00A026-\u00C2\u00AD34 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Mazzei, \u00C2\u00A0 Lisa, \u00C2\u00A0 A. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 2003b. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u009CInhabited \u00C2\u00A0Silences: \u00C2\u00A0 In \u00C2\u00A0Pursuit \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 a \u00C2\u00A0Muffled \u00C2\u00A0Subtext.\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0Qualitative \u00C2\u00A0 Inquiry \u00C2\u00A0 9(3): \u00C2\u00A0355-\u00C2\u00AD368. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0McKinney, \u00C2\u00A0 Kelly. \u00C2\u00A0 2007. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u009CBreaking \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 Conspiracy \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 Silence: \u00C2\u00A0 Testimony, \u00C2\u00A0 Traumatic \u00C2\u00A0 Memory, \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0Psychotherapy \u00C2\u00A0with \u00C2\u00A0Survivors \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0Political \u00C2\u00A0Violence.\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0Ethos \u00C2\u00A035(3): \u00C2\u00A0265-\u00C2\u00AD299. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Million, \u00C2\u00A0 Dian. \u00C2\u00A0 2016. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u009CTherapeutic \u00C2\u00A0 Nations.\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0 Presentation \u00C2\u00A0 at \u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u0098Decolonizing \u00C2\u00A0 Rape \u00C2\u00A0 Culture: \u00C2\u00A0 Indigenous \u00C2\u00A0Responses \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0Sexual \u00C2\u00A0Violence.\u00E2\u0080\u0099 \u00C2\u00A0October \u00C2\u00A014, \u00C2\u00A02016, \u00C2\u00A0Vancouver: \u00C2\u00A0The \u00C2\u00A0University \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0British \u00C2\u00A0Columbia. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Million, \u00C2\u00A0Dian. \u00C2\u00A02014. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u009CThere \u00C2\u00A0 is \u00C2\u00A0a \u00C2\u00A0River \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0Me: \u00C2\u00A0Theory \u00C2\u00A0 from \u00C2\u00A0Life.\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0Theorizing \u00C2\u00A0Native \u00C2\u00A0Studies, \u00C2\u00A0 edited \u00C2\u00A0by \u00C2\u00A0Audra \u00C2\u00A0Simpson \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0Andrea \u00C2\u00A0Smith. \u00C2\u00A032 \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u0093 \u00C2\u00A042. \u00C2\u00A0Durham: \u00C2\u00A0Duke \u00C2\u00A0University \u00C2\u00A0Press. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Million, \u00C2\u00A0Dian. \u00C2\u00A02013. \u00C2\u00A0Therapeutic \u00C2\u00A0Nations: \u00C2\u00A0Healing \u00C2\u00A0in \u00C2\u00A0an \u00C2\u00A0Age \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0Indigenous \u00C2\u00A0Human \u00C2\u00A0Rights. \u00C2\u00A0The \u00C2\u00A0University \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0Arizona \u00C2\u00A0Press. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Million, \u00C2\u00A0 Dian. \u00C2\u00A0 2009. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u009CFelt \u00C2\u00A0 theory: \u00C2\u00A0 An \u00C2\u00A0 Indigenous \u00C2\u00A0 feminist \u00C2\u00A0 approach \u00C2\u00A0 to \u00C2\u00A0 affect \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 history.\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0Wicazo \u00C2\u00A0 Sa \u00C2\u00A0Review \u00C2\u00A024: \u00C2\u00A053\u00E2\u0080\u009376. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Minh-\u00C2\u00ADHa., \u00C2\u00A0 Trinh \u00C2\u00A0 T. \u00C2\u00A0 1989. \u00C2\u00A0Woman, \u00C2\u00A0 Native, \u00C2\u00A0 Other: \u00C2\u00A0 Writing \u00C2\u00A0 Postcoloniality \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 Feminism. \u00C2\u00A0 Bloomington: \u00C2\u00A0Indiana \u00C2\u00A0University \u00C2\u00A0Press. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Moreton-\u00C2\u00ADRobinson, \u00C2\u00A0Aileen. \u00C2\u00A02004. \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CWhiteness, \u00C2\u00A0epistemology \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0Indigenous \u00C2\u00A0representation.\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0in \u00C2\u00A0Whitening \u00C2\u00A0Race: \u00C2\u00A0 Essays \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0 Social \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 Cultural \u00C2\u00A0 Criticism, \u00C2\u00A0 edited \u00C2\u00A0 by \u00C2\u00A0 Aileen \u00C2\u00A0 Moreton-\u00C2\u00ADRobinson. \u00C2\u00A0 75-\u00C2\u00AD88. \u00C2\u00A0 Aboriginal \u00C2\u00A0Studies \u00C2\u00A0Press. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Moreton-\u00C2\u00ADRobinson, \u00C2\u00A0Aileen. \u00C2\u00A02011. \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CThe \u00C2\u00A0White \u00C2\u00A0Man\u00E2\u0080\u0099s \u00C2\u00A0Burden.\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0Australian \u00C2\u00A0Feminist \u00C2\u00A0Studies \u00C2\u00A026(70: \u00C2\u00A0413-\u00C2\u00AD431 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0National \u00C2\u00A0 Aboriginal \u00C2\u00A0 Health \u00C2\u00A0 Organization. \u00C2\u00A0 2008. \u00C2\u00A0 Resource \u00C2\u00A0 Extraction \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 Communities \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0 Northern \u00C2\u00A0Canada: \u00C2\u00A0Gender \u00C2\u00A0Considerations \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0National \u00C2\u00A0 Aboriginal \u00C2\u00A0 Health \u00C2\u00A0 Organization. \u00C2\u00A0 2008. \u00C2\u00A0 Resource \u00C2\u00A0 Extraction \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 Aboriginal \u00C2\u00A0 Communities \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0Northern \u00C2\u00A0Canada: \u00C2\u00A0Social \u00C2\u00A0Considerations. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Northern \u00C2\u00A0Health. \u00C2\u00A02012. \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CPart \u00C2\u00A01: \u00C2\u00A0Understanding \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0State \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0Industrial \u00C2\u00A0Camps \u00C2\u00A0in \u00C2\u00A0Northern \u00C2\u00A0BC: \u00C2\u00A0A \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Background \u00C2\u00A0Paper. \u00C2\u00A0Version \u00C2\u00A01. \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0 53\t \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Parpart, \u00C2\u00A0 Jane \u00C2\u00A0 L,. \u00C2\u00A0 2010. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u009CChoosing \u00C2\u00A0 Silence: \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Rethinking \u00C2\u00A0 Voice, \u00C2\u00A0 Agency, \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0Women\u00E2\u0080\u0099s \u00C2\u00A0 Empowerment.\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0Secrecy \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0Silence \u00C2\u00A0in \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0Research \u00C2\u00A0Process, \u00C2\u00A0edited \u00C2\u00A0by \u00C2\u00A0in \u00C2\u00A0Roisin \u00C2\u00A0Ryan-\u00C2\u00ADFlood \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0Rosalind \u00C2\u00A0Gill. \u00C2\u00A015-\u00C2\u00AD29. \u00C2\u00A0London: \u00C2\u00A0Routledge. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Patrick, \u00C2\u00A0Betty. \u00C2\u00A02009. \u00C2\u00A0Lake \u00C2\u00A0Babine \u00C2\u00A0Nation \u00C2\u00A0History \u00C2\u00A0& \u00C2\u00A0Timelines \u00C2\u00A0Part \u00C2\u00A01. \u00C2\u00A0Accessed \u00C2\u00A0March \u00C2\u00A02, \u00C2\u00A02016. \u00C2\u00A0URL: \u00C2\u00A0http://www.fnwarm.com/media/Lake$20Babine$20Nation-\u00C2\u00ADHistory$20$26$20Timeline.pdf \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Pauktuutit, \u00C2\u00A0 Inuit \u00C2\u00A0Women \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0Canada, \u00C2\u00A0Karina \u00C2\u00A0Czyzewski, \u00C2\u00A0Frank \u00C2\u00A0Tester, \u00C2\u00A0Nadia \u00C2\u00A0Aaruaq, \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0Sylvie \u00C2\u00A0Blangy. \u00C2\u00A02014. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u009CThe \u00C2\u00A0 Impact \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 Resource \u00C2\u00A0 Extraction \u00C2\u00A0 on \u00C2\u00A0 Inuit \u00C2\u00A0 Women \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 Families \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0 Qamani\u00E2\u0080\u0099tuaq, \u00C2\u00A0 Nunavut \u00C2\u00A0Territory.\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0Pauktuutit, \u00C2\u00A0Inuit \u00C2\u00A0Women \u00C2\u00A0of 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\u00C2\u00A0Ann \u00C2\u00A0Pederson. \u00C2\u00A01998. \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CReading \u00C2\u00A0Between \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0Lines: \u00C2\u00A0Interpreting \u00C2\u00A0Silences \u00C2\u00A0in \u00C2\u00A0Qualitative \u00C2\u00A0Research.\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0Qualitative \u00C2\u00A0Inquiry \u00C2\u00A04(2) \u00C2\u00A0293-\u00C2\u00AD312. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Pollock, \u00C2\u00A0Della. \u00C2\u00A02013. \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CKeeping \u00C2\u00A0Quiet: \u00C2\u00A0Performing \u00C2\u00A0Pain,\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0Silence, \u00C2\u00A0Feminism, \u00C2\u00A0Power: \u00C2\u00A0Reflections \u00C2\u00A0at \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0Edges \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0Sound, \u00C2\u00A0edited \u00C2\u00A0by \u00C2\u00A0Aimee \u00C2\u00A0Carillo \u00C2\u00A0Rowe \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0Sheena \u00C2\u00A0Malhorta. \u00C2\u00A0159-\u00C2\u00AD175. \u00C2\u00A0Palgrave \u00C2\u00A0MacMillan. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Prince \u00C2\u00A0Rupert \u00C2\u00A0Gas \u00C2\u00A0Transmission \u00C2\u00A0Project. \u00C2\u00A02013. \u00C2\u00A0Project \u00C2\u00A0Summary. \u00C2\u00A0PRGT4776-\u00C2\u00ADTC-\u00C2\u00ADEN-\u00C2\u00ADRP-\u00C2\u00AD0001 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Prince \u00C2\u00A0 Rupert \u00C2\u00A0 Gas \u00C2\u00A0 Transmission \u00C2\u00A0 Project. \u00C2\u00A0 2013. \u00C2\u00A0 British \u00C2\u00A0 Columbia \u00C2\u00A0 Environmental \u00C2\u00A0 Assessment \u00C2\u00A0 Act. \u00C2\u00A0Selection \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0Valued \u00C2\u00A0Components. \u00C2\u00A0PRGT004776-\u00C2\u00ADTC-\u00C2\u00ADEN-\u00C2\u00ADRP-\u00C2\u00AD000 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Prince \u00C2\u00A0 Rupert \u00C2\u00A0 Gas \u00C2\u00A0 Transmission \u00C2\u00A0 Project. \u00C2\u00A0 2014. \u00C2\u00A0 Summary \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 Assessment \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 Potential \u00C2\u00A0 Social \u00C2\u00A0 Impacts. \u00C2\u00A0PRGT004776-\u00C2\u00ADTC-\u00C2\u00ADEN-\u00C2\u00ADFM-\u00C2\u00AD0001. \u00C2\u00A0Section \u00C2\u00A024. \u00C2\u00A0Part \u00C2\u00A0B-\u00C2\u00AD4, \u00C2\u00A01-\u00C2\u00AD19. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Quinn, \u00C2\u00A0 Hannah. \u00C2\u00A0 2016/2017. \u00C2\u00A0 Field \u00C2\u00A0 Notes \u00C2\u00A0 collected \u00C2\u00A0 during \u00C2\u00A0 research \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0 British \u00C2\u00A0 Columbia, \u00C2\u00A0 Canada. \u00C2\u00A0Unpublished \u00C2\u00A0raw \u00C2\u00A0data. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Representative \u00C2\u00A0 for \u00C2\u00A0 Children \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 Youth. \u00C2\u00A0 2016. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u009CToo \u00C2\u00A0Many \u00C2\u00A0 Victims: \u00C2\u00A0 Sexualized \u00C2\u00A0 Violence \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 Lives \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0Children \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 Youth \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0 Care, \u00C2\u00A0 an \u00C2\u00A0 Aggregate \u00C2\u00A0 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\u00C2\u00A0Reading, \u00C2\u00A0 Charlotte, \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 Fred \u00C2\u00A0 Wien. \u00C2\u00A0 2009. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u009CHealth \u00C2\u00A0 Inequalities \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 Social \u00C2\u00A0 Determinants \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 Aboriginal \u00C2\u00A0People\u00E2\u0080\u0099s \u00C2\u00A0Health.\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0Prince \u00C2\u00A0George, \u00C2\u00A0BC: \u00C2\u00A0National \u00C2\u00A0Collaborating \u00C2\u00A0Centre \u00C2\u00A0for \u00C2\u00A0Aboriginal \u00C2\u00A0Health. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Ross, \u00C2\u00A0 Fiona \u00C2\u00A0C,. \u00C2\u00A0 2003. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u009COn \u00C2\u00A0Having \u00C2\u00A0 Voice \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 Being \u00C2\u00A0Heard: \u00C2\u00A0 Some \u00C2\u00A0 after-\u00C2\u00ADeffects \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 testifying \u00C2\u00A0 before \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0South \u00C2\u00A0African \u00C2\u00A0Truth \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0Reconciliation \u00C2\u00A0Commission.\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0Anthropological \u00C2\u00A0Theory, \u00C2\u00A03(3): \u00C2\u00A0325-\u00C2\u00AD341. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Rowe, \u00C2\u00A0Aimee \u00C2\u00A0Carrillo \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0Sheena \u00C2\u00A0Malhorta. \u00C2\u00A02013. \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CStill \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0Silence: \u00C2\u00A0Feminist \u00C2\u00A0Reflections \u00C2\u00A0at \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Edges \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0Sound,\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0in \u00C2\u00A0Silence, \u00C2\u00A0Feminism, \u00C2\u00A0Power: \u00C2\u00A0Reflections \u00C2\u00A0at \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0Edges \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0Sound, \u00C2\u00A0edited \u00C2\u00A0by \u00C2\u00A0Aimee \u00C2\u00A0Carrillo \u00C2\u00A0Rowe \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0Sheena \u00C2\u00A0Malhorta. \u00C2\u00A01-\u00C2\u00AD24. \u00C2\u00A0Palgrave \u00C2\u00A0MacMillan. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Russo, \u00C2\u00A0Ann \u00C2\u00A0(2013) \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CBetween \u00C2\u00A0Speech \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0Silence: \u00C2\u00A0Reflections \u00C2\u00A0on \u00C2\u00A0Accountability,\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0Silence, \u00C2\u00A0Feminism, \u00C2\u00A0Power: \u00C2\u00A0Reflections \u00C2\u00A0at \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0Edges \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0Sound, \u00C2\u00A0edited \u00C2\u00A0by \u00C2\u00A0Aimee \u00C2\u00A0Carillo \u00C2\u00A0Rowe \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0Sheena \u00C2\u00A0Malhorta. \u00C2\u00A034-\u00C2\u00AD48. \u00C2\u00A0Palgrave \u00C2\u00A0MacMillan. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0 54\t \u00C2\u00A0Ryan-\u00C2\u00ADFlood, \u00C2\u00A0 Roisin \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 Rosalind \u00C2\u00A0 Gill \u00C2\u00A0 (editors). \u00C2\u00A0 2010. \u00C2\u00A0 Secrecy \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 Silence \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 Research \u00C2\u00A0 Process. \u00C2\u00A0Routledge. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Said, \u00C2\u00A0Edward. \u00C2\u00A01978. \u00C2\u00A0Orientalism. \u00C2\u00A0New \u00C2\u00A0York: \u00C2\u00A0Vintage. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Scheper-\u00C2\u00ADHughes, \u00C2\u00A0 Nancy \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 Bourgois, \u00C2\u00A0 Philippe \u00C2\u00A0 (editors). \u00C2\u00A0 2004. \u00C2\u00A0 Violence \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0 War \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 Peace: \u00C2\u00A0 An \u00C2\u00A0Anthology. \u00C2\u00A0Malden: \u00C2\u00A0Blackwell \u00C2\u00A0Publishing. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Shandro, \u00C2\u00A0Janis, \u00C2\u00A0Laura \u00C2\u00A0Jokinen, \u00C2\u00A0Kandace \u00C2\u00A0Kerr, \u00C2\u00A0Ann \u00C2\u00A0Marie \u00C2\u00A0Sam, \u00C2\u00A0Malcolm \u00C2\u00A0Scoble, \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0Aleck \u00C2\u00A0Ostry. \u00C2\u00A02014. \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CTen \u00C2\u00A0 Steps \u00C2\u00A0 Ahead: \u00C2\u00A0 Community \u00C2\u00A0 Health \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 Safety \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0Nak\u00E2\u0080\u0099al \u00C2\u00A0 Bun/Stuart \u00C2\u00A0 Lake \u00C2\u00A0 Region \u00C2\u00A0 During \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0Construction \u00C2\u00A0Phase \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0Mount \u00C2\u00A0Milligan \u00C2\u00A0Mine.\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Sider, \u00C2\u00A0 Gerald \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 Gavin \u00C2\u00A0 Smith. \u00C2\u00A0 1997. \u00C2\u00A0 Between \u00C2\u00A0 History \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 Histories: \u00C2\u00A0 The \u00C2\u00A0 Making \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 Silences \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0Commemorations. \u00C2\u00A0Toronto, \u00C2\u00A0CA: \u00C2\u00A0University \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0Toronto \u00C2\u00A0Press. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Simpson, \u00C2\u00A0 Audra. \u00C2\u00A0 2007. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u009COn \u00C2\u00A0 Ethnographic \u00C2\u00A0 Refusal: \u00C2\u00A0 Indigeneity, \u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u0098Voice\u00E2\u0080\u0099 \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 Colonial \u00C2\u00A0 Citizenship.\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0Junctures \u00C2\u00A067-\u00C2\u00AD80. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Simpson, \u00C2\u00A0 Audra. \u00C2\u00A0 2014. \u00C2\u00A0Mohawk \u00C2\u00A0 interruptus: \u00C2\u00A0 Political \u00C2\u00A0 life \u00C2\u00A0 across \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 border \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 settler \u00C2\u00A0 states. \u00C2\u00A0 Durham: \u00C2\u00A0Duke \u00C2\u00A0University \u00C2\u00A0Press. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Simpson, \u00C2\u00A0 Leanne \u00C2\u00A0 Betasamosake. \u00C2\u00A0 2014.. \u00C2\u00A0 Not \u00C2\u00A0 murdered \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 not \u00C2\u00A0 missing. \u00C2\u00A0 Indigenous \u00C2\u00A0 Nationhood \u00C2\u00A0Movement. \u00C2\u00A0 Accessed \u00C2\u00A0 on \u00C2\u00A0 November \u00C2\u00A0 20, \u00C2\u00A0 2016. \u00C2\u00A0 URL: \u00C2\u00A0 http://nationsrising.org/not-\u00C2\u00ADmurdered-\u00C2\u00ADand-\u00C2\u00ADnot-\u00C2\u00ADmissing/ \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Simpson, \u00C2\u00A0Leanne \u00C2\u00A0Betasamosake. \u00C2\u00A02013. \u00C2\u00A0Anger, \u00C2\u00A0Resentment \u00C2\u00A0& \u00C2\u00A0Love: \u00C2\u00A0Fueling \u00C2\u00A0Resurgent \u00C2\u00A0Struggle. \u00C2\u00A0NAISA \u00C2\u00A0Paper \u00C2\u00A0Presentation, \u00C2\u00A0Washington, \u00C2\u00A0DC. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Simpson, \u00C2\u00A0Leanne. \u00C2\u00A02011. \u00C2\u00A0Dancing \u00C2\u00A0on \u00C2\u00A0Our \u00C2\u00A0Turtle\u00E2\u0080\u0099s \u00C2\u00A0Back: \u00C2\u00A0Stories \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0Nishnaabeg \u00C2\u00A0Re-\u00C2\u00ADCreation, \u00C2\u00A0Resurgence, \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0a \u00C2\u00A0New \u00C2\u00A0Emergence. \u00C2\u00A0Winnipeg: \u00C2\u00A0Arbeiter \u00C2\u00A0Ring \u00C2\u00A0Publishing. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Six-\u00C2\u00ADHohenbalken, \u00C2\u00A0 Nancy \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 Nerina \u00C2\u00A0Weiss. \u00C2\u00A0 2011. \u00C2\u00A0Violence \u00C2\u00A0 Expressed: \u00C2\u00A0 An \u00C2\u00A0 Anthropological \u00C2\u00A0 Approach. \u00C2\u00A0England: \u00C2\u00A0Ashgate \u00C2\u00A0Publishing \u00C2\u00A0Limited. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Smith, \u00C2\u00A0Andrea. \u00C2\u00A02005. \u00C2\u00A0Conquest: \u00C2\u00A0Sexual \u00C2\u00A0violence \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0American \u00C2\u00A0 Indian \u00C2\u00A0genocide. \u00C2\u00A0Cambridge: \u00C2\u00A0South \u00C2\u00A0End \u00C2\u00A0Press. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Smith, \u00C2\u00A0 Andrea. \u00C2\u00A0 2003. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u009CNot \u00C2\u00A0 an \u00C2\u00A0 Indian \u00C2\u00A0 Tradition: \u00C2\u00A0 The \u00C2\u00A0 Sexual \u00C2\u00A0 Colonization \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 Native \u00C2\u00A0 Peoples.\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0 Hypatia \u00C2\u00A018(2): \u00C2\u00A070-\u00C2\u00AD85. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Smith, \u00C2\u00A0 Linda \u00C2\u00A0 Tuhiwai. \u00C2\u00A0 1999. \u00C2\u00A0Decolonizing \u00C2\u00A0Methodologies: \u00C2\u00A0 Research \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 Indigenous \u00C2\u00A0 Peoples. \u00C2\u00A0 London: \u00C2\u00A0Zed \u00C2\u00A0Books. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Spivak, \u00C2\u00A0 Gayatri \u00C2\u00A0 Chakravorty. \u00C2\u00A0 1988. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u009CCan \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 Subaltern \u00C2\u00A0 Speak?\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0 In \u00C2\u00A0Marxism \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 Interpretation \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0Culture, \u00C2\u00A0edited \u00C2\u00A0Lawrence \u00C2\u00A0Grossberg \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0Cary \u00C2\u00A0Nelson. \u00C2\u00A0271-\u00C2\u00AD313. \u00C2\u00A0Basingstoke: \u00C2\u00A0Macmillan. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Stewart, \u00C2\u00A0Kathleen \u00C2\u00A0(2007) \u00C2\u00A0Ordinary \u00C2\u00A0Affects. \u00C2\u00A0Durham: \u00C2\u00A0Duke \u00C2\u00A0University \u00C2\u00A0Press. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Sweet, \u00C2\u00A0 Victoria. \u00C2\u00A0 2014a. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u009CExtracting \u00C2\u00A0 More \u00C2\u00A0 Than \u00C2\u00A0 Resources: \u00C2\u00A0 Human \u00C2\u00A0 Security \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 Arctic \u00C2\u00A0 Indigenous \u00C2\u00A0Women. \u00C2\u00A0Human \u00C2\u00A0Security \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0Arctic \u00C2\u00A0Indigenous \u00C2\u00A0Women.\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0Seattle \u00C2\u00A0University \u00C2\u00A0Law \u00C2\u00A0Review \u00C2\u00A037:1157-\u00C2\u00AD1178. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Sweet, \u00C2\u00A0Victoria. \u00C2\u00A02014b. \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CRising \u00C2\u00A0Threats: \u00C2\u00A0The \u00C2\u00A0Human \u00C2\u00A0Trafficking \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0Indigenous \u00C2\u00A0Women \u00C2\u00A0in \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Circumpolar \u00C2\u00A0Region \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0United \u00C2\u00A0States \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0Canada. \u00C2\u00A0Indigenous \u00C2\u00A0Law \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0Policy \u00C2\u00A0Center.\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0Michigan \u00C2\u00A0State \u00C2\u00A0University \u00C2\u00A0College \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0Law. \u00C2\u00A0Legal \u00C2\u00A0Studies \u00C2\u00A0Research \u00C2\u00A0Paper \u00C2\u00A0Series. \u00C2\u00A0Paper \u00C2\u00A012-\u00C2\u00AD01. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0 55\t \u00C2\u00A0TallBear, \u00C2\u00A0K. \u00C2\u00A02014. \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CStanding \u00C2\u00A0with \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0speaking \u00C2\u00A0as \u00C2\u00A0faith: \u00C2\u00A0A \u00C2\u00A0feminist-\u00C2\u00ADIndigenous \u00C2\u00A0approach \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0inquiry.\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0Journal \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0Research \u00C2\u00A0Practice, \u00C2\u00A010(2), \u00C2\u00A0Article \u00C2\u00A0N17. \u00C2\u00A0Accessed \u00C2\u00A0January \u00C2\u00A020, \u00C2\u00A02017. \u00C2\u00A0URL: \u00C2\u00A0http://jrp.icaap.org/index.php/jrp/article/view/405/371. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Trend, \u00C2\u00A0David. \u00C2\u00A02013. \u00C2\u00A0Worlding: \u00C2\u00A0Identity, \u00C2\u00A0Media, \u00C2\u00A0Imagination \u00C2\u00A0in \u00C2\u00A0a \u00C2\u00A0Digital \u00C2\u00A0Age. \u00C2\u00A0Paradigm \u00C2\u00A0Publishers. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Trocm\u00C3\u00A9, \u00C2\u00A0Nico, \u00C2\u00A0Della \u00C2\u00A0Knoke, \u00C2\u00A0Cindy \u00C2\u00A0Blackstock. \u00C2\u00A02004. \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CPathways \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0Overrepresentation \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Aboriginal \u00C2\u00A0Children \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0Canada\u00E2\u0080\u0099s \u00C2\u00A0Child \u00C2\u00A0Welfare \u00C2\u00A0 System\u00E2\u0080\u009D. \u00C2\u00A0Social \u00C2\u00A0 Service \u00C2\u00A0Review. \u00C2\u00A0 The \u00C2\u00A0University \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 Chicago \u00C2\u00A0Press \u00C2\u00A078(4) \u00C2\u00A0577-\u00C2\u00AD600. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Trouillot, \u00C2\u00A0Michel-\u00C2\u00ADRolph. \u00C2\u00A01995. \u00C2\u00A0Silencing \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0Past: \u00C2\u00A0Power \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0Production \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0History. \u00C2\u00A0Beacon \u00C2\u00A0Press. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Trouillot, \u00C2\u00A0 Michel-\u00C2\u00ADRolph. \u00C2\u00A0 1997. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u009CSilencing \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 Past: \u00C2\u00A0 Layers \u00C2\u00A0 of \u00C2\u00A0 Meaning \u00C2\u00A0 in \u00C2\u00A0 the \u00C2\u00A0 Haitian \u00C2\u00A0 Revolution.\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0 In \u00C2\u00A0Between \u00C2\u00A0History \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0Histories: \u00C2\u00A0The \u00C2\u00A0Making \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0Silences \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0Commemorations, \u00C2\u00A0edited \u00C2\u00A0by \u00C2\u00A0in \u00C2\u00A0Gerald \u00C2\u00A0Sider \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0Gavin \u00C2\u00A0Smith. \u00C2\u00A031-\u00C2\u00AD60. \u00C2\u00A0Toronto, \u00C2\u00A0CA: \u00C2\u00A0University \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0Toronto \u00C2\u00A0Press. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Tuck, \u00C2\u00A0Eve. \u00C2\u00A02009. \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CSuspending \u00C2\u00A0damage: \u00C2\u00A0A \u00C2\u00A0letter \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0communities.\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0Harvard \u00C2\u00A0Educational \u00C2\u00A0Review \u00C2\u00A079(3), \u00C2\u00A0409 \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u0093 \u00C2\u00A0427. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Tuck, \u00C2\u00A0 Eve \u00C2\u00A0 and \u00C2\u00A0 Wayne \u00C2\u00A0 Yang. \u00C2\u00A0 2012. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u009CDecolonization \u00C2\u00A0 is \u00C2\u00A0 not \u00C2\u00A0 a \u00C2\u00A0 metaphor.\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0 Decolonization: \u00C2\u00A0 Indigeneity, \u00C2\u00A0Education, \u00C2\u00A0& \u00C2\u00A0Society \u00C2\u00A01(1): \u00C2\u00A01-\u00C2\u00AD40. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Warin, \u00C2\u00A0Megan \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0Simone \u00C2\u00A0Dennis. \u00C2\u00A02009. \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CTelling \u00C2\u00A0Silences, \u00C2\u00A0Unspeakable \u00C2\u00A0Trauma \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0unremarkable \u00C2\u00A0practices \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0everyday \u00C2\u00A0life.\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0The \u00C2\u00A0Sociological \u00C2\u00A0Review \u00C2\u00A0110-\u00C2\u00AD116. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Weidman, \u00C2\u00A0Amanda. \u00C2\u00A02014. \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CAnthropology \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0Voice.\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0Annual \u00C2\u00A0Review \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0Anthropology \u00C2\u00A043: \u00C2\u00A037\u00E2\u0080\u009351. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Women\u00E2\u0080\u0099s \u00C2\u00A0Earth \u00C2\u00A0Alliance \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0Native \u00C2\u00A0Youth \u00C2\u00A0Sexual \u00C2\u00A0Health \u00C2\u00A0Network. \u00C2\u00A02016. \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CViolence \u00C2\u00A0on \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0Land, \u00C2\u00A0Violence \u00C2\u00A0on \u00C2\u00A0our \u00C2\u00A0Bodies: \u00C2\u00A0Building \u00C2\u00A0an \u00C2\u00A0Indigenous \u00C2\u00A0Response \u00C2\u00A0to \u00C2\u00A0Environmental \u00C2\u00A0Violence.\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0Accessed \u00C2\u00A0June \u00C2\u00A010, \u00C2\u00A02016. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0URL: \u00C2\u00A0http://landbodydefense.org/uploads/files/VLVBReportToolkit2016.pdf. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Yep, \u00C2\u00A0Gust \u00C2\u00A0A., \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0Susan \u00C2\u00A0B \u00C2\u00A0Shimanoff. \u00C2\u00A02013. \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CThe \u00C2\u00A0US \u00C2\u00A0day \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0Silence: \u00C2\u00A0Sexualities, \u00C2\u00A0Silences, \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0Will \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0Unsay \u00C2\u00A0in \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0Age \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0Empire,\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0in \u00C2\u00A0Silence, \u00C2\u00A0Feminism, \u00C2\u00A0Power: \u00C2\u00A0Reflections \u00C2\u00A0at \u00C2\u00A0the \u00C2\u00A0Edges \u00C2\u00A0of \u00C2\u00A0Sound, \u00C2\u00A0edited \u00C2\u00A0by \u00C2\u00A0Aimee \u00C2\u00A0Carillo \u00C2\u00A0Rowe \u00C2\u00A0and \u00C2\u00A0Sheena \u00C2\u00A0Malhorta. \u00C2\u00A0139-\u00C2\u00AD158. \u00C2\u00A0Palgrave \u00C2\u00A0MacMillan. \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0"@en . "Thesis/Dissertation"@en . "2017-05"@en . "10.14288/1.0343601"@en . "eng"@en . "Anthropology"@en . "Vancouver : University of British Columbia Library"@en . "University of British Columbia"@en . "Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International"@* . "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/"@* . "Graduate"@en . "Encountering silence(s) : mitigating the negative social impacts of construction camps with Lake Babine Nation"@en . "Text"@en . "http://hdl.handle.net/2429/61228"@en .