"Arts, Faculty of"@en . "Political Science, Department of"@en . "DSpace"@en . "UBCV"@en . "Lai, Dominic"@en . "2016-09-07T02:02:20"@en . "2016"@en . "Master of Arts - MA"@en . "University of British Columbia"@en . "Norms literature assume that opponents of norms do not comply with its prescriptions, and will actively reject its\u00E2\u0080\u0099 logic patterns. While this may describe some patterns of norm contestation, actors that openly contest generally accepted norms may incur unbearable penalties. Other theories presume that a state may accept a norm\u00E2\u0080\u0099s logic patterns, but not comply as a result of an inability to comply. Evasion and avoidance present a different way of envisioning how actors may approach norms, compliance, and logic systems by delinking compliance and acceptance of normative logic. These concepts introduce opportunism as a key variable that also challenges presumptions about actor intentions. By examining the cases of doping in sport, tax law, and Indigenous rights, a pattern emerges where actors have been able to manipulate a norm\u00E2\u0080\u0099s compliance signals to technically comply with a norm while defeating the norm\u00E2\u0080\u0099s objectives. In turn, this allows actors to enjoy the benefits of non-compliance or partial compliance and compliance simultaneously, and escape detection by appearing to be compliant with the norm itself. These two concepts implicitly challenge the concept that compliance is a binary variable, and builds on a growing literature that suggests that the grey area between the poles of compliance and non-compliance may be more complex than expected."@en . "https://circle.library.ubc.ca/rest/handle/2429/59082?expand=metadata"@en . "Compliant(ish): Norm evasion and avoidance in doping, tax, and Indigenous rights by Dominic Lai B.A., The University of British Columbia, 2015 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in The Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies (Political Science) The University of British Columbia (Vancouver) August 2016 \u00C2\u00A9 Dominic Lai, 2016AbstractNorms literature assume that opponents of norms do not comply with its prescriptions, and will actively reject its\u00E2\u0080\u0099 logic patterns. While this may describe some patterns of norm contestation, actors that openly contest generally accepted norms may incur unbearable penalties. Other theories presume that a state may accept a norm\u00E2\u0080\u0099s logic patterns, but not comply as a result of an inability to comply. Evasion and avoidance present a different way of envisioning how actors may approach norms, compliance, and logic systems by delinking compliance and acceptance of normative logic. These concepts introduce opportunism as a key variable that also challenges presumptions about actor intentions. By examining the cases of doping in sport, tax law, and Indigenous rights, a pattern emerges where actors have been able to manipulate a norm\u00E2\u0080\u0099s compliance signals to technically comply with a norm while defeating the norm\u00E2\u0080\u0099s objectives. In turn, this allows actors to enjoy the benefits of non-compliance or partial compliance and compliance simultaneously, and escape detection by appearing to be compliant with the norm itself. These two concepts implicitly challenge the concept that compliance is a binary variable, and builds on a growing literature that suggests that the grey area between the poles of compliance and non-compliance may be more complex than expected.iiPrefaceThis thesis is original, unpublished, independent work by the author, Dominic Lai.iiiTable of ContentsAbstract iiPreface iiiTable of Contents ivList of Abbreviations vAcknowledgements viIntroduction 1Existing literature on socialization and contestation 3 Applying evasion and avoidance normatively 6Through the mouse hole: evasion in doping and sport 14Differentiating avoidance in taxation 27 Settling in (a new equilibrium): UNDRIP and avoidance 33 Subtle changes 42Conclusion 48Bibliography 51ivList of AbbreviationsADAMS - Anti-Doping Administration and Management SystemARAF - All Russian Athletics FederationFSB - Federal Security Service of the Russian FederationIAAF - International Association of Athletics FederationIOC - International Olympic CommitteeIPC - International Paralympic CommitteeNADO - National anti-doping organizationNOC - National Olympic CommitteeNPC - National Paralympic CommitteeUNDRIP - United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous PeoplesWADA - World Anti Doping AgencyvAcknowledgementsI acknowledge that my work takes place on the ancestral, unceded, and traditional territories of the Musqueam people, and I thank them for allowing students, including myself, onto their territories as we learn and grow intellectually.Without Sheryl Lightfoot\u00E2\u0080\u0099s guidance and subtle hints to not get too sidetracked, I would still be buried under papers about hormone levels in high performance athletes and thrown out the notion that a thesis should be under 50 pages. I thank her for her guidance and brilliant ideas as my supervisor, for believing that an undergraduate student could cut it in grad school, and for the conversations which always ran longer than expected.Many thanks also go out to Richard Price for sparking an idea during my first seminar with him that eventually morphed into this thesis. Professor Price\u00E2\u0080\u0099s insightful comments, and willingness to support an unorthodox comparison of taxes and doping was instrumental in ultimately finding the key to this puzzle.Thank you to Johnny Mack, Glen Coulthard, and Jenny Peterson for helping guide my thought process in different ways, which ultimately impacted the thesis\u00E2\u0080\u0099 structure and underlying logic. Special thanks to Coll Thrush for initially setting me on this course.Finally, thank you to my friends, paddling family, and actual family that supported me through all my crazy ideas, and through my time at UBC. Especially the cat, who somehow would always be sitting beside me or in front of my screen well into the night. viIntroduction\u00C2\u00A0Spring\u00C2\u00A0normally\u00C2\u00A0means\u00C2\u00A0different\u00C2\u00A0things\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0different\u00C2\u00A0people.\u00C2\u00A0For\u00C2\u00A0accountants,\u00C2\u00A0it\u00C2\u00A0usually\u00C2\u00A0signals\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0time\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0year\u00C2\u00A0when\u00C2\u00A0they\u00C2\u00A0get\u00C2\u00A0inundated\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0shoeboxes\u00C2\u00A0full\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0receipts\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0papers.\u00C2\u00A0As\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0saying\u00C2\u00A0goes,\u00C2\u00A0only\u00C2\u00A0two\u00C2\u00A0things\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0life\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0certain;\u00C2\u00A0death\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0taxes.\u00C2\u00A0But\u00C2\u00A0while\u00C2\u00A0escaping\u00C2\u00A0death\u00C2\u00A0resides\u00C2\u00A0(for\u00C2\u00A0now)\u00C2\u00A0solely\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0realm\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0science\u00C2\u00A0fiction\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0fantasy,\u00C2\u00A0escaping\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0full\u00C2\u00A0brunt\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0tax\u00C2\u00A0payment\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0possible,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0even\u00C2\u00A0accepted.\u00C2\u00A0Common\u00C2\u00A0knowledge\u00C2\u00A0might\u00C2\u00A0well\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0accountants\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0paid\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0their\u00C2\u00A0ability\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0just\u00C2\u00A0bookkeep,\u00C2\u00A0but\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0their\u00C2\u00A0ability\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0find\u00C2\u00A0ways\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0their\u00C2\u00A0clients\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0pay\u00C2\u00A0less\u00C2\u00A0tax.\u00C2\u00A0Some\u00C2\u00A0do\u00C2\u00A0so\u00C2\u00A0somewhat\u00C2\u00A0legally;\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0field\u00C2\u00A0calls\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0tax\u00C2\u00A0avoidance.\u00C2\u00A0Some\u00C2\u00A0do\u00C2\u00A0it\u00C2\u00A0clearly\u00C2\u00A0illegally;\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0call\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0tax\u00C2\u00A0evasion.\u00C2\u00A0These\u00C2\u00A0terms\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0useful\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0defining\u00C2\u00A0legality,\u00C2\u00A0illegality,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0grey\u00C2\u00A0zone\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A0these\u00C2\u00A0two\u00C2\u00A0poles.\u00C2\u00A0Interestingly,\u00C2\u00A0evasion\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0avoidance\u00C2\u00A0do\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0necessarily\u00C2\u00A0challenge\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0system\u00C2\u00A0directly.\u00C2\u00A0Actors\u00C2\u00A0act\u00C2\u00A0clandestinely,\u00C2\u00A0while\u00C2\u00A0possibly\u00C2\u00A0even\u00C2\u00A0paying\u00C2\u00A0some\u00C2\u00A0tax\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0avoid\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0suspicion\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0tax\u00C2\u00A0authorities.\u00C2\u00A0Importantly,\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0system\u00C2\u00A0must\u00C2\u00A0exist\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0evading\u00C2\u00A0actor\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0reap\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0benefits\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0system\u00C2\u00A0while\u00C2\u00A0shirking\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0costs\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0participating.\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0example,\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0state\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0its\u00C2\u00A0income\u00C2\u00A0streams\u00C2\u00A0must\u00C2\u00A0continue\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0exist,\u00C2\u00A0else\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0benefits\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0state\u00C2\u00A0citizenship\u00C2\u00A0disappear.\u00C2\u00A0Can\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0apply\u00C2\u00A0these\u00C2\u00A0terms\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0norms?\u00C2\u00A0Theories\u00C2\u00A0about\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00C2\u00A0socialization\u00C2\u00A0usually\u00C2\u00A0boil\u00C2\u00A0down\u00C2\u00A0compliance\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0whether\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0actor\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0actions\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0rhetoric\u00C2\u00A0align\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0norm,\u00C2\u00A0but\u00C2\u00A0what\u00C2\u00A0if\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0indicators\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00C2\u00A0socialization\u00C2\u00A0can\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0hijacked\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0conflate\u00C2\u00A0non\u00C2\u00ADcompliance\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0compliance?\u00C2\u00A0Discourse\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0behaviour\u00C2\u00A0indicate\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0actor\u00C2\u00A0has\u00C2\u00A0been\u00C2\u00A0socialized\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0norm,\u00C2\u00A0but\u00C2\u00A0what\u00C2\u00A0socialization\u00C2\u00A0means\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0questionable.\u00C2\u00A0This\u00C2\u00A0might\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0socialization\u00C2\u00A0where\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0state\u00C2\u00A0fully\u00C2\u00A0incorporates\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00C2\u00A0into\u00C2\u00A0its\u00C2\u00A0operating\u00C2\u00A0logics,\u00C2\u00A0which\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0turn\u00C2\u00A0informs\u00C2\u00A0most\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0its\u00C2\u00A0actions,\u00C2\u00A0rhetoric,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0thought.\u00C2\u00A0It\u00C2\u00A0could\u00C2\u00A0also\u00C2\u00A0mean\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0actor\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0socialized\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008Bexistence\u00C2\u00A01\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0norm,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0can\u00C2\u00A0act\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0speak\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0normatively\u00C2\u00A0compliant\u00C2\u00A0way\u00C2\u00A0even\u00C2\u00A0though\u00C2\u00A0such\u00C2\u00A0action\u00C2\u00A0would\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0seem\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0actor\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0best\u00C2\u00A0interests.\u00C2\u00A0Borrowing\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0Checkel,\u00C2\u00A0why\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0dog\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0barking\u00C2\u00A0even\u00C2\u00A0when\u00C2\u00A0something\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0stepping\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0its\u00C2\u00A0tail?\u00C2\u00A0It\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0possible\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0it\u00C2\u00A0does\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0mind\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0intrusion\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0its\u00C2\u00A0personal\u00C2\u00A0space,\u00C2\u00A0but\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0always\u00C2\u00A0likely.\u00C2\u00A0Alternatively,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0I\u00C2\u00A0argue,\u00C2\u00A0it\u00C2\u00A0has\u00C2\u00A0learned\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0barking\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0silent\u00C2\u00A0kennel\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0noticeable,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0has\u00C2\u00A0found\u00C2\u00A0alternate\u00C2\u00A0ways\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0expressing\u00C2\u00A0displeasure.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0I\u00C2\u00A0explore\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0potential\u00C2\u00A0gap\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0existing\u00C2\u00A0literature\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0contestation,\u00C2\u00A0compliance,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0socialization,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0argue\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0question\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0intent\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0faith\u00C2\u00A0should\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0inserted\u00C2\u00A0into\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0socialization\u00C2\u00A0equation\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0more\u00C2\u00A0fully\u00C2\u00A0understand\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0ways\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0which\u00C2\u00A0(non)compliance\u00C2\u00A0indicators\u00C2\u00A0can\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0manipulated.\u00C2\u00A0Checking\u00C2\u00A0discursive\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0material\u00C2\u00A0compliance\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0indicators\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00C2\u00A0socialization\u00C2\u00A0may\u00C2\u00A0overlook\u00C2\u00A0how\u00C2\u00A0those\u00C2\u00A0indicators\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0generated.\u00C2\u00A0Evasion\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0avoidance\u00C2\u00A0seek\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0point\u00C2\u00A0out\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0actors\u00C2\u00A0can\u00C2\u00A0get\u00C2\u00A0around\u00C2\u00A0norms\u00C2\u00A0while\u00C2\u00A0seemingly\u00C2\u00A0engaging\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0compliant\u00C2\u00A0behaviour.\u00C2\u00A0What\u00C2\u00A0if\u00C2\u00A0actors\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0found\u00C2\u00A0ways\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0send\u00C2\u00A0costly\u00C2\u00A0signals\u00C2\u00A0without\u00C2\u00A0incurring\u00C2\u00A0much,\u00C2\u00A0if\u00C2\u00A0any\u00C2\u00A0cost?\u00C2\u00A0Are\u00C2\u00A0there\u00C2\u00A0ways\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0playing\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0normative\u00C2\u00A0rules\u00C2\u00A0all\u00C2\u00A0while\u00C2\u00A0breaking\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0spirit\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0rules?\u00C2\u00A0By\u00C2\u00A0examining\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0cases\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0doping\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0sport,\u00C2\u00A0tax\u00C2\u00A0law,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Indigenous\u00C2\u00A0rights\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0Canada,\u00C2\u00A0I\u00C2\u00A0argue\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0evasion\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0avoidance\u00C2\u00A0represent\u00C2\u00A0another\u00C2\u00A0way\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0thinking\u00C2\u00A0about\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00C2\u00A0contestation\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0manipulating\u00C2\u00A0compliance\u00C2\u00A0signals\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0order\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0engage\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0prohibited\u00C2\u00A0practices\u00C2\u00A0without\u00C2\u00A0necessarily\u00C2\u00A0incurring\u00C2\u00A0penalty.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A02\u00C2\u00A0Existing\u00C2\u00A0literature\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0socialization\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0contestation\u00C2\u00A0Norms\u00C2\u00A0scholars\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0thus\u00C2\u00A0far\u00C2\u00A0assumed\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0rhetoric\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0behaviour\u00C2\u00A0will\u00C2\u00A0align;\u00C2\u00A0compliance\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0contestation\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0relatively\u00C2\u00A0straightforward\u00C2\u00A0question.\u00C2\u00A0Risse\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Sikkink\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0canonical\u00C2\u00A0theory\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00C2\u00A0socialization\u00C2\u00A0sees\u00C2\u00A0states\u00C2\u00A0proceed\u00C2\u00A0along\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0relatively\u00C2\u00A0intuitive\u00C2\u00A0sequence\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009Ctactical\u00C2\u00A0concessions,\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0whereby\u00C2\u00A0states\u00C2\u00A0minimally\u00C2\u00A0comply\u00C2\u00A0discursively\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0materially,\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0directly\u00C2\u00A0challenge\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0validity\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0norm. \u00E2\u0080\u008B\u00C2\u00A0They\u00C2\u00A0theorize\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0these\u00C2\u00A01concessions\u00C2\u00A0force\u00C2\u00A0states\u00C2\u00A0into\u00C2\u00A0accepting\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0internal\u00C2\u00A0validity,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0will\u00C2\u00A0lead\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0incorporation\u00C2\u00A0into\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0actor\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009Cstandard\u00C2\u00A0operating\u00C2\u00A0procedures\u00E2\u0080\u009D;\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0other\u00C2\u00A0words,\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009Cstates\u00C2\u00A0entangle\u00C2\u00A0themselves\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0moral\u00C2\u00A0discourse\u00C2\u00A0which\u00C2\u00A0they\u00C2\u00A0cannot\u00C2\u00A0escape\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0long\u00C2\u00A0run.\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0With\u00C2\u00A0states\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0contest\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0internal\u00C2\u00A0validity,\u00C2\u00A0Risse\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Sikkink\u00C2\u00A0argue\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A02international\u00C2\u00A0acceptance\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00C2\u00A0generates\u00C2\u00A0social,\u00C2\u00A0material,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0economic\u00C2\u00A0pressures\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0can\u00C2\u00A0shame,\u00C2\u00A0sanction,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0otherwise\u00C2\u00A0persuade\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0antagonistic\u00C2\u00A0state\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0least\u00C2\u00A0engage\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0tactical\u00C2\u00A0concessions\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0reduce\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0costs\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0contestation. \u00C2\u00A0Even\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0most\u00C2\u00A0reluctant\u00C2\u00A0states\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A03induced\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0abide\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0become\u00C2\u00A0socialized\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0norm,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00C2\u00A0eventually\u00C2\u00A0becomes\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0matter\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0everyday\u00C2\u00A0common\u00C2\u00A0sense. \u00E2\u0080\u008B\u00C2\u00A0However,\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0theory\u00C2\u00A0presumes\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0state\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A04statements\u00C2\u00A0will\u00C2\u00A0generally\u00C2\u00A0align\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0their\u00C2\u00A0behaviour,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0does\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0thoroughly\u00C2\u00A0question\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0possibility\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0moral\u00C2\u00A0discourse\u00C2\u00A0can\u00C2\u00A0form\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0entirety\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0state\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0tactical\u00C2\u00A0concession.\u00C2\u00A0Deitelhoff\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Zimmermann\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0applicatory\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0justificatory\u00C2\u00A0contestation\u00C2\u00A0expands\u00C2\u00A0Risse\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Sikkink\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0concept\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0tactical\u00C2\u00A0concessions\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0painting\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0more\u00C2\u00A0nuanced\u00C2\u00A0image\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0contestation\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0socialization\u00C2\u00A0beyond\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0binary\u00C2\u00A0equation.\u00C2\u00A0For\u00C2\u00A0example,\u00C2\u00A0American\u00C2\u00A0officials\u00C2\u00A01\u00C2\u00A0Thomas\u00C2\u00A0Risse\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Kathryn\u00C2\u00A0Sikkink,\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CThe\u00C2\u00A0socialization\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0international\u00C2\u00A0human\u00C2\u00A0rights\u00C2\u00A0norms\u00C2\u00A0into\u00C2\u00A0domestic\u00C2\u00A0practices:\u00C2\u00A0introduction,\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008BThe\u00C2\u00A0Power\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Human\u00C2\u00A0Rights:\u00C2\u00A0International\u00C2\u00A0Norms\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Domestic\u00C2\u00A0Change\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008B ed.\u00C2\u00A0Thomas\u00C2\u00A0Risse,\u00C2\u00A0Kathryn\u00C2\u00A0Sikkink,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Stephen\u00C2\u00A0Ropp.\u00C2\u00A0Cambridge:\u00C2\u00A0Cambridge\u00C2\u00A0University\u00C2\u00A0Press,\u00C2\u00A01999:\u00C2\u00A012\u00C2\u00AD3.\u00C2\u00A02\u00C2\u00A0Ibid.,\u00C2\u00A016\u00C2\u00AD17.\u00C2\u00A03\u00C2\u00A0Ibid.,\u00C2\u00A014.\u00C2\u00A04\u00C2\u00A0Ibid.,\u00C2\u00A016\u00C2\u00AD17.\u00C2\u00A03\u00C2\u00A0engaged\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0applicatory\u00C2\u00A0contestation\u00C2\u00A0after\u00C2\u00A0information\u00C2\u00A0surfaced\u00C2\u00A0about\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0US\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0program\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0extradition\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0black\u00C2\u00A0site\u00C2\u00A0detentions;\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0framing\u00C2\u00A0waterboarding\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0alternative\u00C2\u00A0interrogation\u00C2\u00A0technique\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0torture,\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0US\u00C2\u00A0could\u00C2\u00A0accept\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00C2\u00A0against\u00C2\u00A0torture,\u00C2\u00A0but\u00C2\u00A0simultaneously\u00C2\u00A0contest\u00C2\u00A0it\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0carving\u00C2\u00A0out\u00C2\u00A0waterboarding\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0exception. \u00C2\u00A0Risse\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Sikkink\u00C2\u00A05foreshadow\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0possibility\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0writing\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009Cactors\u00C2\u00A0might\u00C2\u00A0actually\u00C2\u00A0agree\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0moral\u00C2\u00A0validity\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0norm,\u00C2\u00A0but\u00C2\u00A0disagree\u00C2\u00A0whether\u00C2\u00A0certain\u00C2\u00A0behavior\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0covered\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0it.\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0Justificatory\u00C2\u00A06contestation\u00C2\u00A0matches\u00C2\u00A0Risse\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Sikkink\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0thoughts\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0moral\u00C2\u00A0contestation;\u00C2\u00A0states\u00C2\u00A0resist\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0entire\u00C2\u00A0premise\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0foundation\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0norm,\u00C2\u00A0rather\u00C2\u00A0than\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0application. \u00C2\u00A0These\u00C2\u00A0two\u00C2\u00A07theories\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0mutually\u00C2\u00A0exclusive;\u00C2\u00A0applicatory\u00C2\u00A0contestation\u00C2\u00A0can\u00C2\u00A0bleed\u00C2\u00A0into\u00C2\u00A0justificatory\u00C2\u00A0contestation,\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0seen\u00C2\u00A0when\u00C2\u00A0other\u00C2\u00A0states\u00C2\u00A0used\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0case\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0American\u00C2\u00A0torture\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0precedent\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0conduct\u00C2\u00A0their\u00C2\u00A0own\u00C2\u00A0programs\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0torture. \u00C2\u00A08In\u00C2\u00A0examining\u00C2\u00A0R2P\u00C2\u00A0misapplications,\u00C2\u00A0Badesceu\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Weiss\u00C2\u00A0discuss\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0possibility\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0successful\u00C2\u00A0application\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0required\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0succeed,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0misapplication\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0breaches\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00C2\u00A0can\u00C2\u00A0clarify\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0strengthen\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0underlying\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0defining\u00C2\u00A0what\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008Bis\u00C2\u00A0not\u00E2\u0080\u008B . \u00C2\u00A0Intuitively,\u00C2\u00A0their\u00C2\u00A0work\u00C2\u00A0argues\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0clear\u00C2\u00A0violations,\u00C2\u00A0whether\u00C2\u00A09defined\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0such\u00C2\u00A0through\u00C2\u00A0acclamation\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0negotiation,\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0necessary\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0order\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0more\u00C2\u00A0definitely\u00C2\u00A0separate\u00C2\u00A0cases\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0questionable\u00C2\u00A0compliance\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0overt\u00C2\u00A0non\u00C2\u00ADcompliance.\u00C2\u00A0Their\u00C2\u00A0work\u00C2\u00A0echoes\u00C2\u00A0Kratochwil\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Ruggie\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0foundational\u00C2\u00A0finding\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00C2\u00A0violation\u00C2\u00A0does\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0necessarily\u00C2\u00A0mean\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0invalid,\u00C2\u00A0but\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0any\u00C2\u00A0reference\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0process\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A05\u00C2\u00A0Nicole\u00C2\u00A0Deitelhoff\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Lisbeth\u00C2\u00A0Zimmermann,\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CThings\u00C2\u00A0We\u00C2\u00A0Lost\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Fire:\u00C2\u00A0How\u00C2\u00A0Different\u00C2\u00A0Types\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Contestation\u00C2\u00A0Affect\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Validity\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0International\u00C2\u00A0Norms,\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008BPeace\u00C2\u00A0Research\u00C2\u00A0Institute\u00C2\u00A0Frankfurt\u00C2\u00A0Working\u00C2\u00A0Papers\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008B no.\u00C2\u00A018\u00C2\u00A0(December\u00C2\u00A02013):\u00C2\u00A04\u00C2\u00AD9.\u00C2\u00A0Averell\u00C2\u00A0Schmidt\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Kathryn\u00C2\u00A0Sikkink,\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CIs\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Norm\u00C2\u00A0Against\u00C2\u00A0Torture\u00C2\u00A0Dying?\u00E2\u0080\u009D.\u00C2\u00A0Unpublished\u00C2\u00A0manuscript.\u00C2\u00A06\u00C2\u00A0Risse\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Sikkink,\u00C2\u00A013.\u00C2\u00A07\u00C2\u00A0Ibid.\u00C2\u00A08\u00C2\u00A0Schmidt\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Sikkink.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A09\u00C2\u00A0Cristina\u00C2\u00A0Badesceu\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Thomas\u00C2\u00A0Weiss,\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CMisrepresenting\u00C2\u00A0R2P\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Advancing\u00C2\u00A0Norms:\u00C2\u00A0An\u00C2\u00A0Alternative\u00C2\u00A0Spiral?\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008BInternational\u00C2\u00A0Studies\u00C2\u00A0Perspectives\u00E2\u0080\u008B \u00C2\u00A011\u00C2\u00A0(2010):\u00C2\u00A0358\u00C2\u00AD9.\u00C2\u00A04\u00C2\u00A0violation\u00C2\u00A0acknowledges\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0principle\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0normative\u00C2\u00A0pull. \u00C2\u00A0An\u00C2\u00A0actor\u00C2\u00A0must\u00C2\u00A0make\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0intentional\u00C2\u00A010decision\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0whether\u00C2\u00A0they\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0comply,\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0violate\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0existing\u00C2\u00A0norm.\u00C2\u00A0However,\u00C2\u00A0tactical\u00C2\u00A0maneuvering\u00C2\u00A0around\u00C2\u00A0norms\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0still\u00C2\u00A0limited\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0accepting\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0norms,\u00C2\u00A0leading\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0thoroughly\u00C2\u00A0straightforward\u00C2\u00A0teleological\u00C2\u00A0narrative\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00C2\u00A0socialization.\u00C2\u00A0Acharya\u00C2\u00A0offers\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0different\u00C2\u00A0way\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0envisioning\u00C2\u00A0norms\u00C2\u00A0through\u00C2\u00A0his\u00C2\u00A0theories\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0subsidiarity\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0localization;\u00C2\u00A0localization\u00C2\u00A0sees\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009Cforeign\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00E2\u0080\u00A6[adapted\u00C2\u00A0and]\u00C2\u00A0imported\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0local\u00C2\u00A0usage\u00C2\u00A0only.\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A0subsidiarity,\u00C2\u00A0local\u00C2\u00A0actors\u00C2\u00A0may\u00C2\u00A0export\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009Cuniversalize\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0locally\u00C2\u00A0constructed\u00C2\u00A0norms,\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0key\u00C2\u00A0difference\u00C2\u00A0being\u00C2\u00A0whether\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0domestic\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0foreign\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0intended\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0alter\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0existing\u00C2\u00A0norm,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0arena\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0hybridized\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0expected\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0impact. \u00C2\u00A0While\u00C2\u00A0his\u00C2\u00A0work\u00C2\u00A0refutes\u00C2\u00A011the\u00C2\u00A0straightforward\u00C2\u00A0process\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0contestation\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0socialization\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0other\u00C2\u00A0authors\u00C2\u00A0presume,\u00C2\u00A0Acharya\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0theory\u00C2\u00A0still\u00C2\u00A0maintains\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0element\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0good\u00C2\u00A0faith\u00C2\u00A0dealing.\u00C2\u00A0Actors\u00C2\u00A0do\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0negotiate\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0create\u00C2\u00A0norms\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0intent\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0undermining\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0same\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00C2\u00A0they\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0built,\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0least\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0seen\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0proponents\u00C2\u00A0of.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Bellamy\u00C2\u00A0moves\u00C2\u00A0away\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0strand\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0thought\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0introducing\u00C2\u00A0another\u00C2\u00A0variable\u00C2\u00A0into\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0compliance\u00C2\u00A0equation\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0examining\u00C2\u00A0strategic\u00C2\u00A0motives\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00C2\u00A0acceptance.\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A0reexamining\u00C2\u00A0R2P,\u00C2\u00A0he\u00C2\u00A0creates\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0different\u00C2\u00A0narrative\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0coerced\u00C2\u00A0compliance\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0building\u00C2\u00A0off\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0idea\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0tactical\u00C2\u00A0concessions\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0describe\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009Cmimicry\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009Cnoninstrumental\u00C2\u00A0conformism\u00E2\u0080\u009D,\u00C2\u00A0where\u00C2\u00A0actors\u00C2\u00A0engage\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0...adopt[ing]\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0language\u00C2\u00A0while\u00C2\u00A0persisting\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0established\u00C2\u00A0patterns\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0behaviour.\u00C2\u00A0They\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0able\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0do\u00C2\u00A0so\u00C2\u00A0precisely\u00C2\u00A0because\u00C2\u00A0it\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0so\u00C2\u00A0difficult\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0other\u00C2\u00A010\u00C2\u00A0Friedrich\u00C2\u00A0Kratochwil\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0John\u00C2\u00A0Gerard\u00C2\u00A0Ruggie,\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CInternational\u00C2\u00A0Organization:\u00C2\u00A0A\u00C2\u00A0State\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Art\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0Art\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0State,\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008BInternational\u00C2\u00A0Organization\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008B 40,\u00C2\u00A0no.\u00C2\u00A04\u00C2\u00A0(Autumn\u00C2\u00A01986):\u00C2\u00A0768\u00C2\u00AD9.\u00C2\u00A011\u00C2\u00A0Amitav\u00C2\u00A0Acharya,\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CNorm\u00C2\u00A0Subsidiarity\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Regional\u00C2\u00A0Orders:\u00C2\u00A0Sovereignty,\u00C2\u00A0Regionalism,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Rule\u00C2\u00ADMaking\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Third\u00C2\u00A0World,\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0International\u00C2\u00A0Studies\u00C2\u00A0Quarterly\u00C2\u00A055\u00C2\u00A0(2011):\u00C2\u00A097\u00C2\u00AD8.\u00C2\u00A05\u00C2\u00A0members\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0society\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0determine\u00C2\u00A0whether\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0they\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0acting\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0manner\u00C2\u00A0consistent\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0norm. \u00C2\u00A012\u00C2\u00A0This\u00C2\u00A0gap\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0Bellamy\u00C2\u00A0hints\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A0rhetoric,\u00C2\u00A0action,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0intent\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0explored\u00C2\u00A0elsewhere,\u00C2\u00A0like\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0Lightfoot\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009Cselective\u00C2\u00A0endorsement,\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0where\u00C2\u00A0states\u00C2\u00A0define\u00C2\u00A0self\u00C2\u00A0determination\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Indigenous\u00C2\u00A0rights\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0way\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0create\u00C2\u00A0automatic\u00C2\u00A0compliance,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0limit\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0force\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0precision. \u00C2\u00A0Viewing\u00C2\u00A0compliance\u00C2\u00A0through\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0more\u00C2\u00A0critical\u00C2\u00A0lens\u00C2\u00A0creates\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A013possible\u00C2\u00A0gap\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0actor\u00C2\u00A0engagement\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0norms\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0cannot\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0fully\u00C2\u00A0viewed\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0exclusively\u00C2\u00A0realist\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0constructivist\u00C2\u00A0lens.\u00C2\u00A0I\u00C2\u00A0explore\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0point\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0building\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0alternate\u00C2\u00A0idea\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0evasion\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0avoidance\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0interacts\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0existing\u00C2\u00A0literature.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Applying\u00C2\u00A0evasion\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0avoidance\u00C2\u00A0normatively\u00C2\u00A0This\u00C2\u00A0gap\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0understanding\u00C2\u00A0normative\u00C2\u00A0compliance\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0theoretical\u00C2\u00A0gap\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0intuitively\u00C2\u00A0makes\u00C2\u00A0sense,\u00C2\u00A0but\u00C2\u00A0theoretically\u00C2\u00A0has\u00C2\u00A0been\u00C2\u00A0left\u00C2\u00A0unaddressed\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0many\u00C2\u00A0thinkers\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0area.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0key\u00C2\u00A0point\u00C2\u00A0behind\u00C2\u00A0evasion\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0avoidance\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00C2\u00A0itself\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0acknowledged\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0fact\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0non\u00C2\u00ADcompliant\u00C2\u00A0actor.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0existence\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0well\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0need\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0act\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008Baround\u00E2\u0080\u008B \u00C2\u00A0it,\u00C2\u00A0rather\u00C2\u00A0than\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0it,\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0incorporated\u00C2\u00A0into\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0actor\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0standard\u00C2\u00A0operating\u00C2\u00A0procedure\u00C2\u00A0because\u00C2\u00A0it\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0their\u00C2\u00A0benefit\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0do\u00C2\u00A0so.\u00C2\u00A0Risse\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Sikkink\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0spiral\u00C2\u00A0model\u00C2\u00A0would\u00C2\u00A0interpret\u00C2\u00A0evasion\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0avoidance\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0step\u00C2\u00A0towards\u00C2\u00A0full\u00C2\u00A0socialization,\u00C2\u00A0though\u00C2\u00A0maintaining\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0aspect\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0tactical\u00C2\u00A0concession\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0instrumental\u00C2\u00A0compliance.\u00C2\u00A0However,\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0spiral\u00C2\u00A0model\u00C2\u00A0misses\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0possibility\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0evasion\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0avoidance\u00C2\u00A0can\u00C2\u00A0become\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0extent\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0actor\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0compliance,\u00C2\u00A0since\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A012\u00C2\u00A0Alex\u00C2\u00A0Bellamy,\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CThe\u00C2\u00A0Responsibility\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Protect:\u00C2\u00A0Five\u00C2\u00A0Years\u00C2\u00A0On,\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0Ethics\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0International\u00C2\u00A0Affairs\u00C2\u00A024,\u00C2\u00A0no.\u00C2\u00A02\u00C2\u00A0(Summer\u00C2\u00A02010):\u00C2\u00A0166.\u00C2\u00A013\u00C2\u00A0Sheryl\u00C2\u00A0Lightfoot,\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CSelective\u00C2\u00A0endorsement\u00C2\u00A0without\u00C2\u00A0intent\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0implement:\u00C2\u00A0indigenous\u00C2\u00A0rights\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Anglosphere,\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008BThe\u00C2\u00A0International\u00C2\u00A0Journal\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Human\u00C2\u00A0Rights\u00E2\u0080\u008B \u00C2\u00A016,\u00C2\u00A0vol,\u00C2\u00A01\u00C2\u00A0(2012):\u00C2\u00A0102.\u00C2\u00A06\u00C2\u00A0international\u00C2\u00A0regime\u00C2\u00A0might\u00C2\u00A0conflate\u00C2\u00A0partial\u00C2\u00A0compliance\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0eventual\u00C2\u00A0compliance\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0reduce\u00C2\u00A0pressure\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0partially\u00C2\u00A0compliant\u00C2\u00A0state,\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0just\u00C2\u00A0simply\u00C2\u00A0cannot\u00C2\u00A0detect\u00C2\u00A0evasion\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0avoidance.\u00C2\u00A0Acharya\u00C2\u00A0includes\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0his\u00C2\u00A0theories\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0localization\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0subsidiarity\u00C2\u00A0theory\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0process\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00C2\u00A0translation\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0implicit\u00C2\u00A0change\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0adapt\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0local\u00C2\u00A0conditions,\u00C2\u00A0which\u00C2\u00A0complicates\u00C2\u00A0Risse\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Sikkink\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0model\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0socialization\u00C2\u00A0while\u00C2\u00A0reinforcing\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0messy\u00C2\u00A0reality\u00C2\u00A0behind\u00C2\u00A0socialization:\u00C2\u00A0full\u00C2\u00A0socialization\u00C2\u00A0might\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0less\u00C2\u00A0common\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0assumed. \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A0addition,\u00C2\u00A014while\u00C2\u00A0applicatory\u00C2\u00A0contestation\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0justificatory\u00C2\u00A0contestation\u00C2\u00A0may\u00C2\u00A0occur,\u00C2\u00A0it\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0necessarily\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0actor\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0interests\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0openly\u00C2\u00A0contest\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0norm.\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A0fact,\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0I\u00C2\u00A0explore\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0case\u00C2\u00A0study\u00C2\u00A0around\u00C2\u00A0doping,\u00C2\u00A0evasion\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0avoidance\u00C2\u00A0relies\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0existence,\u00C2\u00A0so\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0actor\u00C2\u00A0can\u00C2\u00A0take\u00C2\u00A0advantage\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0what\u00C2\u00A0other\u00C2\u00A0actors\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0unable\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0do\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0moral\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0instrumental\u00C2\u00A0reasons.\u00C2\u00A0Actors\u00C2\u00A0can\u00C2\u00A0generate\u00C2\u00A0compliance\u00C2\u00A0indicators\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0either\u00C2\u00A0complying\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0prescriptions,\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0acting\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0way\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00C2\u00A0did\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0envision\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0order\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0reap\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0benefits\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0appearing\u00C2\u00A0compliant\u00C2\u00A0while\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0complying.\u00C2\u00A0Evasion\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0avoidance\u00C2\u00A0describes\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0latter\u00C2\u00A0scenario.\u00C2\u00A0These\u00C2\u00A0two\u00C2\u00A0phenomena\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0defined\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0moral\u00C2\u00A0non\u00C2\u00ADcompliance,\u00C2\u00A0but\u00C2\u00A0they\u00C2\u00A0differ\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0other\u00C2\u00A0forms\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0non\u00C2\u00ADcompliance\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0separating\u00C2\u00A0intent\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0faith\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0action\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0discourse.\u00C2\u00A0Evasion\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0when\u00C2\u00A0information\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0deliberately\u00C2\u00A0manipulated\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0way\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0explicitly\u00C2\u00A0breaches\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0rules\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0game\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0generate\u00C2\u00A0indicators\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00C2\u00A0compliance,\u00C2\u00A0such\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0evidence\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0nuclear\u00C2\u00A0refinement\u00C2\u00A0plants\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0shut\u00C2\u00A0down,\u00C2\u00A0even\u00C2\u00A0while\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0plants\u00C2\u00A0continue\u00C2\u00A0producing\u00C2\u00A0fissile\u00C2\u00A0material\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0case\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0anti\u00C2\u00ADnuclear\u00C2\u00A0proliferation\u00C2\u00A0norms.\u00C2\u00A0This\u00C2\u00A0can\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0differentiated\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0avoidance,\u00C2\u00A0where\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0rules\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0game\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0adhered\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0way\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0defeats\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0goal,\u00C2\u00A0such\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0Price\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0study\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00C2\u00A0against\u00C2\u00A0anti\u00C2\u00ADpersonnel\u00C2\u00A0mines,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0subsequent\u00C2\u00A0US\u00C2\u00A0action\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0label\u00C2\u00A0certain\u00C2\u00A0forms\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0mines\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0submunitions\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0order\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0continue\u00C2\u00A014\u00C2\u00A0Acharya,\u00C2\u00A097\u00C2\u00AD9.\u00C2\u00A07\u00C2\u00A0using\u00C2\u00A0them. \u00C2\u00A0At\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0foundational\u00C2\u00A0level,\u00C2\u00A0evasion\u00C2\u00A0cheats\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0system,\u00C2\u00A0while\u00C2\u00A0avoidance\u00C2\u00A0uses\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A015system\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0loopholes\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0actor\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0advantage.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Returning\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0issue\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0good\u00C2\u00A0faith\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0intent,\u00C2\u00A0what\u00C2\u00A0these\u00C2\u00A0examples\u00C2\u00A0hint\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0actor\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0refusal\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0bound\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0principle\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0good\u00C2\u00A0faith.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0presumed\u00C2\u00A0honesty\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0action\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0rhetoric\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0indicating\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0actor\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0true\u00C2\u00A0intent\u00C2\u00A0cannot\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0ever\u00C2\u00A0ascertained,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0can\u00C2\u00A0only\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0arrived\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0interpreting\u00C2\u00A0actions\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0signals\u00C2\u00A0generated\u00C2\u00A0through\u00C2\u00A0discourse,\u00C2\u00A0hearsay,\u00C2\u00A0action,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0presumption.\u00C2\u00A0Other\u00C2\u00A0actors\u00C2\u00A0enforcing\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00C2\u00A0may\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0initially\u00C2\u00A0suspicious\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0validity\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0normatively\u00C2\u00A0compliant\u00C2\u00A0material\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0discourse\u00C2\u00A0coming\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0previously\u00C2\u00A0bellicose\u00C2\u00A0actor,\u00C2\u00A0but\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0absence\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0evidence\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0contrary,\u00C2\u00A0would\u00C2\u00A0eventually\u00C2\u00A0take\u00C2\u00A0compliance\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0evidence\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0socialization.\u00C2\u00A0Pozen\u00C2\u00A0tries\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0define\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0basic\u00C2\u00A0essence\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0bad\u00C2\u00A0faith\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009Cactor\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0state\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0mind\u00C2\u00A0and,\u00C2\u00A0above\u00C2\u00A0all,\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0her\u00C2\u00A0honesty\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0sincerity,\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009Cthe\u00C2\u00A0fairness\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0reasonableness\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0her\u00C2\u00A0conduct,\u00C2\u00A0tested\u00C2\u00A0against\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0norms\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0legally\u00C2\u00A0relevant\u00C2\u00A0community,\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0but\u00C2\u00A0finds\u00C2\u00A0these\u00C2\u00A0definitions\u00C2\u00A0overly\u00C2\u00A0broad,\u00C2\u00A0which\u00C2\u00A0leaves\u00C2\u00A0open\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0question\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0what\u00C2\u00A0honesty\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0good\u00C2\u00A0faith\u00C2\u00A0is. \u00C2\u00A0However,\u00C2\u00A0Smith\u00C2\u00A0finds\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0potential\u00C2\u00A0operating\u00C2\u00A0mechanism\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0bad\u00C2\u00A0faith\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A016describing\u00C2\u00A0opportunism:\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Let\u00C2\u00A0me\u00C2\u00A0suggest\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0opportunism\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0behavior\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0undesirable\u00C2\u00A0but\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0cannot\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0cost\u00C2\u00ADeffectively\u00C2\u00A0captured\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u0093\u00C2\u00A0defined,\u00C2\u00A0detected,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0deterred\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u0093\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0explicit\u00C2\u00A0ex\u00C2\u00A0ante\u00C2\u00A0rulemaking.\u00C2\u00A0Opportunism\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0residual\u00C2\u00A0behavior\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0would\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0contracted\u00C2\u00A0away\u00C2\u00A0if\u00C2\u00A0ex\u00C2\u00A0ante\u00C2\u00A0transaction\u00C2\u00A0costs\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0lower.\u00C2\u00A0Not\u00C2\u00A0coincidentally,\u00C2\u00A0it\u00C2\u00A0often\u00C2\u00A0violates\u00C2\u00A0moral\u00C2\u00A0norms,\u00C2\u00A0which\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0incorporated\u00C2\u00A0into\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0ex\u00C2\u00A0post\u00C2\u00A0principles\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0deal\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0opportunism. \u00C2\u00A01715\u00C2\u00A0Richard\u00C2\u00A0Price,\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CReversing\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Gun\u00C2\u00A0Sights:\u00C2\u00A0Transnational\u00C2\u00A0Civil\u00C2\u00A0Society\u00C2\u00A0Targets\u00C2\u00A0Land\u00C2\u00A0Mines,\u00E2\u0080\u009C\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008BInternational\u00C2\u00A0Organization\u00E2\u0080\u008B \u00C2\u00A052,\u00C2\u00A0no.\u00C2\u00A03\u00C2\u00A0(Summer\u00C2\u00A01998):\u00C2\u00A0637.\u00C2\u00A016\u00C2\u00A0David\u00C2\u00A0Pozen,\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CConstitutional\u00C2\u00A0Bad\u00C2\u00A0Faith,\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008BHarvard\u00C2\u00A0Law\u00C2\u00A0Review\u00E2\u0080\u008B \u00C2\u00A0129,\u00C2\u00A0issue\u00C2\u00A04\u00C2\u00A0(February\u00C2\u00A02016):\u00C2\u00A0892\u00C2\u00AD4.\u00C2\u00A017\u00C2\u00A0Henry\u00C2\u00A0Smith,\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CEquity\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0Second\u00C2\u00ADOrder\u00C2\u00A0Law:\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0Problem\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Opportunism,\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008BHarvard\u00C2\u00A0Public\u00C2\u00A0Law\u00C2\u00A0Working\u00C2\u00A0Paper\u00E2\u0080\u008B ,\u00C2\u00A0no.\u00C2\u00A015\u00C2\u00AD13\u00C2\u00A0(January\u00C2\u00A015,\u00C2\u00A02015):\u00C2\u00A014.\u00C2\u00A08\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Smith\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0opportunism\u00C2\u00A0offers\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0working\u00C2\u00A0definition\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0bad\u00C2\u00A0faith;\u00C2\u00A0bad\u00C2\u00A0faith\u00C2\u00A0can\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0when\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0actor\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0actions\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0discourse\u00C2\u00A0should\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0changed,\u00C2\u00A0but\u00C2\u00A0they\u00C2\u00A0knowingly\u00C2\u00A0carry\u00C2\u00A0out\u00C2\u00A0behaviours\u00C2\u00A0antithetical\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0new\u00C2\u00A0regime\u00C2\u00A0they\u00C2\u00A0operate\u00C2\u00A0in.\u00C2\u00A0Importantly,\u00C2\u00A0he\u00C2\u00A0identifies\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0key\u00C2\u00A0point;\u00C2\u00A0opportunism\u00C2\u00A0takes\u00C2\u00A0advantage\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0loopholes\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0ex\u00C2\u00A0ante\u00C2\u00A0rules\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0closed\u00C2\u00A0when\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0rule\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0made,\u00C2\u00A0echoing\u00C2\u00A0foundational\u00C2\u00A0concerns\u00C2\u00A0about\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00C2\u00A0lags.\u00C2\u00A0Moving\u00C2\u00A0back\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0norms,\u00C2\u00A0discursive\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0material\u00C2\u00A0compliance\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0meant\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0indicate\u00C2\u00A0socialization\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0norm,\u00C2\u00A0but\u00C2\u00A0when\u00C2\u00A0inserting\u00C2\u00A0opportunism\u00C2\u00A0into\u00C2\u00A0evasion\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0avoidance,\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0can\u00C2\u00A0define\u00C2\u00A0one\u00C2\u00A0important\u00C2\u00A0facet\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0terms.\u00C2\u00A0While\u00C2\u00A0actors\u00C2\u00A0engaging\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0evasion\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0avoidance\u00C2\u00A0can\u00C2\u00A0acknowledge\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0parasitically\u00C2\u00A0thrive\u00C2\u00A0off\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0norm,\u00C2\u00A0their\u00C2\u00A0conduct\u00C2\u00A0does\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0internalize\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0prescriptions,\u00C2\u00A0existence,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0logic\u00C2\u00A0systems.\u00C2\u00A0These\u00C2\u00A0actors\u00C2\u00A0take\u00C2\u00A0into\u00C2\u00A0account\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0fact\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00C2\u00A0exists,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0act\u00C2\u00A0strategically\u00C2\u00A0around\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0try\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0avoid\u00C2\u00A0incurring\u00C2\u00A0penalties\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0ignoring\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0prescriptions\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0internal\u00C2\u00A0logics.\u00C2\u00A0A\u00C2\u00A0fully\u00C2\u00A0socialized\u00C2\u00A0actor\u00C2\u00A0would\u00C2\u00A0accept\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0presence,\u00C2\u00A0prescriptions,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0logics,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0instead\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0exploiting\u00C2\u00A0loopholes,\u00C2\u00A0approach\u00C2\u00A0loopholes\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0intent\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0mind.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0However,\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0does\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0preclude\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0evader\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0avoider\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0participating\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0complying\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0norm;\u00C2\u00A0I\u00C2\u00A0argue\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0strategic\u00C2\u00A0compliance\u00C2\u00A0can\u00C2\u00A0help\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0actor\u00C2\u00A0build\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0reputation\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0compliant,\u00C2\u00A0which\u00C2\u00A0can\u00C2\u00A0hide\u00C2\u00A0their\u00C2\u00A0non\u00C2\u00ADcompliance\u00C2\u00A0while\u00C2\u00A0even\u00C2\u00A0encouraging\u00C2\u00A0further\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00C2\u00A0compliance\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0other\u00C2\u00A0actors.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0need\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0violated\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0exist\u00C2\u00A0becomes\u00C2\u00A0more\u00C2\u00A0clear;\u00C2\u00A0if\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0associated\u00C2\u00A0regime\u00C2\u00A0does\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0exist,\u00C2\u00A0then\u00C2\u00A0it\u00C2\u00A0cannot\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0taken\u00C2\u00A0advantage\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0send\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0seemingly\u00C2\u00A0costly\u00C2\u00A0signal.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A09\u00C2\u00A0One\u00C2\u00A0other\u00C2\u00A0point\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0evasion\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0avoidance\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0deliberate\u00C2\u00A0strategies\u00C2\u00A0meant\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0deliver\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0outcome\u00C2\u00A0contrary\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0goals\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0prescription.\u00C2\u00A0Building\u00C2\u00A0off\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Chayes\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Chayes\u00E2\u0080\u0099\u00C2\u00A0requirements\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0compliance,\u00C2\u00A0if\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0actor\u00C2\u00A0does\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0capacity\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0comply,\u00C2\u00A0their\u00C2\u00A0non\u00C2\u00ADcompliance\u00C2\u00A0falls\u00C2\u00A0outside\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0range\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0cases\u00C2\u00A0described\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0evasion\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0avoidance.\u00C2\u00A0Hawkins\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Jacoby\u00C2\u00A0build\u00C2\u00A0off\u00C2\u00A0Chayes\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Chayes\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0describe\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0subset\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0states\u00C2\u00A0staffed\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0normatively\u00C2\u00A0socialized\u00C2\u00A0but\u00C2\u00A0under\u00C2\u00ADresourced\u00C2\u00A0bureaucracy,\u00C2\u00A0which\u00C2\u00A0can\u00C2\u00A0only\u00C2\u00A0meet\u00C2\u00A0some\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0its\u00C2\u00A0normative\u00C2\u00A0commitments\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0partially\u00C2\u00A0compliant\u00C2\u00A0state. 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6,\u00C2\u00A0no.\u00C2\u00A01\u00C2\u00A0(June\u00C2\u00A02010):\u00C2\u00A042.\u00C2\u00A010\u00C2\u00A0unaware\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0norm,\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0relies\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0belief\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0actor\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0transmitting\u00C2\u00A0their\u00C2\u00A0signals\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0good\u00C2\u00A0faith.\u00C2\u00A0Whether\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0case,\u00C2\u00A0but\u00C2\u00A0more\u00C2\u00A0importantly,\u00C2\u00A0whether\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0proponents\u00C2\u00A0perceive\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0case\u00C2\u00A0depends\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0available\u00C2\u00A0information.\u00C2\u00A0For\u00C2\u00A0example,\u00C2\u00A0if\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0taxpayer\u00C2\u00A0claims\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0inability\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0pay\u00C2\u00A0their\u00C2\u00A0outstanding\u00C2\u00A0taxes\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0basis\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0bankruptcy,\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0tax\u00C2\u00A0agency\u00C2\u00A0would\u00C2\u00A0likely\u00C2\u00A0probe\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0taxpayer\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0claim,\u00C2\u00A0but\u00C2\u00A0would\u00C2\u00A0likely\u00C2\u00A0accept\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0evidence\u00C2\u00A0submitted\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0claimant.\u00C2\u00A0This\u00C2\u00A0would\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0change\u00C2\u00A0even\u00C2\u00A0if\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0taxpayer\u00C2\u00A0had\u00C2\u00A0anonymous\u00C2\u00A0offshore\u00C2\u00A0assets,\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0long\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0tax\u00C2\u00A0agency\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0unaware\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0these\u00C2\u00A0assets.\u00C2\u00A0Similarly,\u00C2\u00A0what\u00C2\u00A0appears\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0avoidance\u00C2\u00A0could\u00C2\u00A0turn\u00C2\u00A0out\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0evasion\u00C2\u00A0if\u00C2\u00A0additional\u00C2\u00A0information\u00C2\u00A0becomes\u00C2\u00A0available\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0indicates\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0avoidance\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0generated\u00C2\u00A0through\u00C2\u00A0manipulated\u00C2\u00A0inputs.\u00C2\u00A0Finally,\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0issue\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0what\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0being\u00C2\u00A0manipulated\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0order\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0appear\u00C2\u00A0compliant,\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0send\u00C2\u00A0normatively\u00C2\u00A0compliant\u00C2\u00A0signals\u00C2\u00A0should\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0examined.\u00C2\u00A0Avoidance\u00C2\u00A0plays\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0inability\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0cover\u00C2\u00A0every\u00C2\u00A0situation\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0looking\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0gaps\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0logic,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0bridging\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0gaps\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A0prescriptions\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0action\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0normatively\u00C2\u00A0antithetical\u00C2\u00A0logic,\u00C2\u00A0generating\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0non\u00C2\u00ADintended\u00C2\u00A0result.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0cover\u00C2\u00A0deployed\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0actor\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0procedural;\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0actions\u00C2\u00A0meet\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0procedural\u00C2\u00A0aspects,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0can\u00C2\u00A0shelter\u00C2\u00A0under\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0ambiguity\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0imprecision.\u00C2\u00A0Though\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0actor\u00C2\u00A0risks\u00C2\u00A0detection\u00C2\u00A0because\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0their\u00C2\u00A0deviation\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0standard\u00C2\u00A0modes\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0operation,\u00C2\u00A0they\u00C2\u00A0can\u00C2\u00A0claim\u00C2\u00A0some\u00C2\u00A0level\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0output\u00C2\u00A0legitimacy\u00C2\u00A0through\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0non\u00C2\u00ADmanipulation\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0input\u00C2\u00A0variables.\u00C2\u00A0Deitelhoff\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Zimmerman\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0applicatory\u00C2\u00A0contestation\u00C2\u00A0retains\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0similar\u00C2\u00A0notion\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0manipulated\u00C2\u00A0imprecision;\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0applicatory\u00C2\u00A0contestation,\u00C2\u00A0imprecision\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0created,\u00C2\u00A0whereas\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0avoidance,\u00C2\u00A0imprecision\u00C2\u00A0already\u00C2\u00A0exists,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0leveraged\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0actor\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0benefit.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Evasion\u00C2\u00A0differs\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0input\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0generate\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0normatively\u00C2\u00A0compliant\u00C2\u00A0signal\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0manipulated.\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0sense,\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0internal\u00C2\u00A0legitimacy\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0upheld,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0even\u00C2\u00A0strengthened\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A011\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0successful\u00C2\u00A0addition\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0normatively\u00C2\u00A0compliant\u00C2\u00A0case\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0adds\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0precedent.\u00C2\u00A0While\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0outcome\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0normatively\u00C2\u00A0compliant,\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0outcome\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0legitimacy\u00C2\u00A0ultimately\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0negated\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0lack\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0input\u00C2\u00A0legitimacy\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0those\u00C2\u00A0aware\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0evasion\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0play.\u00C2\u00A0Actors\u00C2\u00A0engaging\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0evasion\u00C2\u00A0hide\u00C2\u00A0among\u00C2\u00A0other\u00C2\u00A0normatively\u00C2\u00A0compliant\u00C2\u00A0cases,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0cannot\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0easily\u00C2\u00A0detected\u00C2\u00A0because\u00C2\u00A0their\u00C2\u00A0action,\u00C2\u00A0logic,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0outcomes\u00C2\u00A0appear\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0align\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0goals.\u00C2\u00A0This\u00C2\u00A0form\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0non\u00C2\u00ADcompliance\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0does\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0necessarily\u00C2\u00A0seek\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0challenge\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0governing\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00C2\u00A0falls\u00C2\u00A0outside\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0standard\u00C2\u00A0findings\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0norms\u00C2\u00A0scholars;\u00C2\u00A0while\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0many\u00C2\u00A0cases,\u00C2\u00A0non\u00C2\u00ADcompliance\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0linked\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0contestation,\u00C2\u00A0evasion\u00C2\u00A0addresses\u00C2\u00A0cases\u00C2\u00A0where\u00C2\u00A0contestation\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0compliance\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0delinked.\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A0other\u00C2\u00A0words,\u00C2\u00A0evasion\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0avoidance\u00C2\u00A0try\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0highlight\u00C2\u00A0cases\u00C2\u00A0where\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0relational\u00C2\u00A0logic\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0actor,\u00C2\u00A0their\u00C2\u00A0political\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0social\u00C2\u00A0environment,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00C2\u00A0do\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0override\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0prevailing\u00C2\u00A0logics\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0play.\u00C2\u00A0Instead,\u00C2\u00A0actors\u00C2\u00A0rely\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0transactional\u00C2\u00A0logic\u00C2\u00A0when\u00C2\u00A0it\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0most\u00C2\u00A0advantageous,\u00C2\u00A0though\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0does\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0preclude\u00C2\u00A0compliance.\u00C2\u00A0Every\u00C2\u00A0action\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0calculated\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0measured,\u00C2\u00A0rather\u00C2\u00A0than\u00C2\u00A0habitual\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0instinctive.\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0cases\u00C2\u00A0I\u00C2\u00A0explore,\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0deliberate\u00C2\u00A0chain\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0events\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0actions\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0I\u00C2\u00A0highlight\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0key\u00C2\u00A0difference\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A0sheer\u00C2\u00A0incompetence\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0ignorance,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0evasion\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0avoidance.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0We\u00C2\u00A0see\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0highly\u00C2\u00A0calculated\u00C2\u00A0doping\u00C2\u00A0regimen\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0Russian\u00C2\u00A0athletes\u00C2\u00A0underwent\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0they\u00C2\u00A0evaded\u00C2\u00A0detection\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0international\u00C2\u00A0doping\u00C2\u00A0regime,\u00C2\u00A0but\u00C2\u00A0also\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0deliberate\u00C2\u00A0acknowledgement\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0their\u00C2\u00A0actions\u00C2\u00A0constituted\u00C2\u00A0both\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00C2\u00A0violation\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0well\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0purposeful\u00C2\u00A0attempt\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0conceal\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0violation.\u00C2\u00A0Tax\u00C2\u00A0avoidance\u00C2\u00A0similarly\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0strategic\u00C2\u00A0maneuvering\u00C2\u00A0around\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0regime\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0rules\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0participate\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0polity\u00C2\u00A0without\u00C2\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\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 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\u00C2\u00A019\u00C2\u00A0Of\u00C2\u00A0particular\u00C2\u00A0interest\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0how\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00C2\u00A0speaks\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0fair\u00C2\u00A0play\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0ethics;\u00C2\u00A0what\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00C2\u00A0would\u00C2\u00A0appear\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0govern\u00C2\u00A0would\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0substances\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0processes\u00C2\u00A0meant\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0unfairly\u00C2\u00A0boost\u00C2\u00A0performance,\u00C2\u00A0though\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0broad\u00C2\u00A0definition\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0doping\u00C2\u00A0arguably\u00C2\u00A0covers\u00C2\u00A0everything\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0anabolic\u00C2\u00A0steroids,\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0high\u00C2\u00A0intensity\u00C2\u00A0training\u00C2\u00A0centres\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0techniques\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0only\u00C2\u00A0some\u00C2\u00A0states\u00C2\u00A0can\u00C2\u00A0afford\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0have.\u00C2\u00A0Its\u00C2\u00A0subjectivity\u00C2\u00A0speaks\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0recognition\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Krasner\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0lags,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0seeks\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0proactively\u00C2\u00A0restrict\u00C2\u00A0new\u00C2\u00A0technological\u00C2\u00A0advancements\u00C2\u00A0before\u00C2\u00A0they\u00C2\u00A0arise. 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36,\u00C2\u00A0vol.\u00C2\u00A02\u00C2\u00A0International\u00C2\u00A0Regimes\u00C2\u00A0(Spring\u00C2\u00A01982):\u00C2\u00A0500\u00C2\u00AD503.\u00C2\u00A014\u00C2\u00A0specificity\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0authors\u00C2\u00A0like\u00C2\u00A0Abbott\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Snidal\u00C2\u00A0identify\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0key\u00C2\u00A0part\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0equation\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0gives\u00C2\u00A0hard\u00C2\u00A0law,\u00C2\u00A0norms,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0their\u00C2\u00A0prescriptions\u00C2\u00A0power. 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\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0prohibited\u00C2\u00A0list\u00C2\u00A0includes\u00C2\u00A0all\u00C2\u00A0substances\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0specifically\u00C2\u00A022banned\u00C2\u00A0under\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0regime,\u00C2\u00A0but\u00C2\u00A0also\u00C2\u00A0includes\u00C2\u00A0treatments\u00C2\u00A0such\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0blood\u00C2\u00A0doping\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0gene\u00C2\u00A0manipulation.\u00C2\u00A0While\u00C2\u00A0there\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0subjectivity\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00C2\u00A0during\u00C2\u00A0negotiation\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0international\u00C2\u00A0expert\u00C2\u00A0community\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0which\u00C2\u00A0substances\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0treatments\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0considered\u00C2\u00A0banned,\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0clarity\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0list\u00C2\u00A0combined\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0defining\u00C2\u00A0any\u00C2\u00A0prescriptive\u00C2\u00A0avoidance\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00C2\u00A0violation\u00C2\u00A0reinforces\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0regime\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0structural\u00C2\u00A0cohesion\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0specificity.\u00C2\u00A0While\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00C2\u00A0covers\u00C2\u00A0import\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0export\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0certain\u00C2\u00A0substances,\u00C2\u00A0funding,\u00C2\u00A0institutional\u00C2\u00A0mechanisms,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0laboratory\u00C2\u00A0certification\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0standardization,\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0main\u00C2\u00A0tool\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0testing.\u00C2\u00A0Testing\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0done\u00C2\u00A0during\u00C2\u00A0competition\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0detect\u00C2\u00A0drug\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0treatment\u00C2\u00A0use\u00C2\u00A0contrary\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0rules,\u00C2\u00A0but\u00C2\u00A0also\u00C2\u00A0out\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0competition\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0detect\u00C2\u00A0substances\u00C2\u00A0like\u00C2\u00A0anabolic\u00C2\u00A0steroids\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009Cwash\u00C2\u00A0out,\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0cannot\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0detected\u00C2\u00A0after\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0certain\u00C2\u00A0period\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0time\u00C2\u00A0but\u00C2\u00A0will\u00C2\u00A0still\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0performance\u00C2\u00ADenhancing\u00C2\u00A0effect. 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\u00C2\u00A0A\u00C2\u00A0later\u00C2\u00A031conversation\u00C2\u00A0before\u00C2\u00A0Stepanova\u00C2\u00A0returned\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0competition\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0Kazarin\u00C2\u00A0touched\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0dangers\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0doping\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0coaches\u00C2\u00A0inexperienced\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0washout\u00C2\u00A0periods,\u00C2\u00A0but\u00C2\u00A0also\u00C2\u00A0led\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Kazarin\u00C2\u00A0prescribing\u00C2\u00A0Stepanova\u00C2\u00A0oxandrolone,\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0drug\u00C2\u00A0which\u00C2\u00A0promotes\u00C2\u00A0muscle\u00C2\u00A0growth.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0KAZARIN:\u00C2\u00A0You\u00E2\u0080\u0099ll\u00C2\u00A0start\u00C2\u00A0taking\u00C2\u00A0them,\u00C2\u00A0let\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0say\u00C2\u00A0starting\u00C2\u00A0about\u00C2\u00A0Wednesday.\u00C2\u00A0What\u00C2\u00A0date\u00C2\u00A0will\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0be?\u00C2\u00A0Today\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A010th.\u00C2\u00A0So\u00C2\u00A0it\u00C2\u00A0will\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A012th.\u00C2\u00A0STEPANOVA:\u00C2\u00A0Until\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A022?\u00C2\u00A0KAZARIN:\u00C2\u00A0Yes,\u00C2\u00A0until\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A022.\u00C2\u00A0One\u00C2\u00A0pill\u00C2\u00A0contains\u00C2\u00A01mg.\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0then,\u00C2\u00A0until\u00C2\u00A0[inaudible]\u00C2\u00A0shouldn\u00E2\u0080\u0099t\u00C2\u00A0do\u00C2\u00A0anything.\u00C2\u00A0So\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A040\u00C2\u00AD45\u00C2\u00A0days\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0get\u00C2\u00A0clean.\u00C2\u00A0That\u00C2\u00A0is,\u00C2\u00A0if\u00C2\u00A0you\u00C2\u00A0finish\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A022,\u00C2\u00A0then\u00C2\u00A0around\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0beginning\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0January\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0so,\u00C2\u00A0you\u00C2\u00A0should\u00C2\u00A0already\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0nice\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0clean.\u00C2\u00A0So,\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0theory,\u00C2\u00A0you\u00C2\u00A0can\u00C2\u00A0actually\u00C2\u00A0even\u00C2\u00A0do\u00C2\u00A015\u00C2\u00A0days...Let\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0check\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0calendar...If\u00C2\u00A0it\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A030\u00C2\u00A0Ibid.,\u00C2\u00A0149.\u00C2\u00A031\u00C2\u00A0Ibid.,\u00C2\u00A0150\u00C2\u00A018\u00C2\u00A015\u00C2\u00A0days,\u00C2\u00A0then\u00C2\u00A0until\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A027th.\u00C2\u00A0That\u00C2\u00A0means\u00C2\u00A03\u00C2\u00A0days\u00C2\u00A0here.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A031st,\u00C2\u00A034th\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A010\u00C2\u00A0more\u00C2\u00A0days\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00C2\u00A0So,\u00C2\u00A0after\u00C2\u00A0January\u00C2\u00A010\u00C2\u00A0you\u00C2\u00A0can\u00C2\u00A0pass.\u00C2\u00A0STEPANOVA:\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0main\u00C2\u00A0thing...is\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0make\u00C2\u00A0sure\u00C2\u00A0I\u00C2\u00A0do\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0doping\u00C2\u00A0check\u00C2\u00A0before\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A028th....What\u00C2\u00A0about\u00C2\u00A0[drugs]\u00C2\u00A0detectable\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A020\u00C2\u00A0days?\u00C2\u00A0Do\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0any\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0those\u00C2\u00A0left?\u00C2\u00A0KAZARIN:\u00C2\u00A0Of\u00C2\u00A0course,\u00C2\u00A0not.\u00C2\u00A0Now,\u00C2\u00A0Primabolan\u00C2\u00A0has\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0shortest\u00C2\u00A0time,\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0about\u00C2\u00A030\u00C2\u00AD35\u00C2\u00A0days.\u00C2\u00A020\u00C2\u00A0days,\u00C2\u00A0really!\u00C2\u00A0What\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0you\u00C2\u00A0thinking?\u00C2\u00A0Science\u00C2\u00A0keeps\u00C2\u00A0moving\u00C2\u00A0ahead. \u00C2\u00A032\u00C2\u00A0Stepanova\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Kazarin\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0case\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0one\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0many\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0report,\u00C2\u00A0but\u00C2\u00A0I\u00C2\u00A0focus\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0one\u00C2\u00A0because\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0its\u00C2\u00A0direct\u00C2\u00A0link\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0evasion.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00C2\u00A0against\u00C2\u00A0doping\u00C2\u00A0exists,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0it\u00C2\u00A0has\u00C2\u00A0pull,\u00C2\u00A0but\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0case,\u00C2\u00A0Stepanova\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Kazarin,\u00C2\u00A0presumably\u00C2\u00A0backed\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0battery\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0support\u00C2\u00A0staff\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0ARAF,\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0found\u00C2\u00A0ways\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0appear\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0adhere\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0norm,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0reap\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0benefits\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0competing\u00C2\u00A0clean,\u00C2\u00A0namely\u00C2\u00A0international\u00C2\u00A0recognition\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0sanction\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0race.\u00C2\u00A0However,\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0achieved\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0stepping\u00C2\u00A0around\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0compliance\u00C2\u00A0indicators\u00C2\u00A0while\u00C2\u00A0breaching\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00C2\u00A0itself,\u00C2\u00A0falling\u00C2\u00A0cleanly\u00C2\u00A0within\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0bounds\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0evasion.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0conversation\u00C2\u00A0makes\u00C2\u00A0it\u00C2\u00A0clear\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0Stepanova\u00C2\u00A0being\u00C2\u00A0able\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0dope\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0test\u00C2\u00A0clean\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0deliberate\u00C2\u00A0choice;\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0chance.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Further\u00C2\u00A0connecting\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0case\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0evasion,\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0would\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0classified\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0clean\u00C2\u00A0test\u00C2\u00A0resulting\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0timing\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0drug\u00C2\u00A0washout\u00C2\u00A0periods\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0example\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0compliance,\u00C2\u00A0had\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0report\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0been\u00C2\u00A0available.\u00C2\u00A0Given\u00C2\u00A0Stepanova\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0previous\u00C2\u00A0sanctions\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0testing\u00C2\u00A0positive\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0races,\u00C2\u00A0her\u00C2\u00A0test\u00C2\u00A0results\u00C2\u00A0would\u00C2\u00A0likely\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0watched\u00C2\u00A0more\u00C2\u00A0carefully,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0any\u00C2\u00A0result\u00C2\u00A0indicating\u00C2\u00A0doping\u00C2\u00A0would\u00C2\u00A0further\u00C2\u00A0tarnish\u00C2\u00A0her\u00C2\u00A0reputation\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0impact\u00C2\u00A0her\u00C2\u00A0ability\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0race. \u00C2\u00A0However,\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A033clean\u00C2\u00A0test\u00C2\u00A0result\u00C2\u00A0would\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0encouraging\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00C2\u00A0proponents,\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0previously\u00C2\u00A0non\u00C2\u00ADcompliant\u00C2\u00A0actor\u00C2\u00A0found\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0normatively\u00C2\u00A0compliant\u00C2\u00A0would\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0evidence\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0effective\u00C2\u00A032\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008B Ibid.,\u00C2\u00A0151\u00C2\u00AD4.\u00C2\u00A033\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008B Ibid.,\u00C2\u00A0130.\u00C2\u00A019\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0had\u00C2\u00A0normative\u00C2\u00A0pull.\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0case,\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0clean\u00C2\u00A0test\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0made\u00C2\u00A0possible\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0deliberate\u00C2\u00A0manipulation\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0tactical\u00C2\u00A0compliance\u00C2\u00A0backed\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0deliberate\u00C2\u00A0intent\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0evade\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00C2\u00A0later,\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0seen\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0period\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0strategic\u00C2\u00A0compliance\u00C2\u00A0Kazarin\u00C2\u00A0engineered.\u00C2\u00A0Another\u00C2\u00A0case\u00C2\u00A0detailed\u00C2\u00A0how\u00C2\u00A0Russian\u00C2\u00A0coach\u00C2\u00A0Aleksey\u00C2\u00A0Melnikov\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0IAAF\u00C2\u00A0anti\u00C2\u00ADdoping\u00C2\u00A0director\u00C2\u00A0Gabriel\u00C2\u00A0Doll\u00C3\u00A9\u00C2\u00A0received\u00C2\u00A0450\u00C2\u00A0000\u00C2\u00A0Euros\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0Russian\u00C2\u00A0runner\u00C2\u00A0Liliya\u00C2\u00A0Shobukhova\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0order\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0remove\u00C2\u00A0her\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0IAAF/WADA\u00C2\u00A0list\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0athletes\u00C2\u00A0suspected\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0doping.\u00C2\u00A0Her\u00C2\u00A0removal\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0suspected\u00C2\u00A0athletes\u00C2\u00A0list\u00C2\u00A0permitted\u00C2\u00A0her\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0race\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0number\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0marathons\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0well\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0London\u00C2\u00A0Olympics. \u00C2\u00A0Doll\u00C3\u00A9\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Lamine\u00C2\u00A0Diack,\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0IAAF\u00C2\u00A0president\u00C2\u00A0then\u00C2\u00A0delayed\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A034investigation\u00C2\u00A0into\u00C2\u00A0Shobukhova\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0case\u00C2\u00A0even\u00C2\u00A0after\u00C2\u00A0anti\u00C2\u00ADdoping\u00C2\u00A0personnel\u00C2\u00A0raised\u00C2\u00A0concerns\u00C2\u00A0about\u00C2\u00A0procedural\u00C2\u00A0irregularities\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0having\u00C2\u00A0Shobukhova\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0name\u00C2\u00A0removed\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0list,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0investigation\u00C2\u00A0into\u00C2\u00A0her\u00C2\u00A0original\u00C2\u00A0adverse\u00C2\u00A0analytical\u00C2\u00A0finding\u00C2\u00A0postponed.\u00C2\u00A0Her\u00C2\u00A0status\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0clean\u00C2\u00A0competitor,\u00C2\u00A0aided\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0delays\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0IAAF\u00C2\u00A0investigation,\u00C2\u00A0allowed\u00C2\u00A0her\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0race\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0London\u00C2\u00A0Olympics\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Chicago\u00C2\u00A0Marathon.\u00C2\u00A0However,\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0attempt\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0bury\u00C2\u00A0her\u00C2\u00A0case\u00C2\u00A0failed,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0two\u00C2\u00A0years\u00C2\u00A0after\u00C2\u00A0Shobukhova\u00C2\u00A0would\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0normally\u00C2\u00A0faced\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0disciplinary\u00C2\u00A0hearing\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0temporary\u00C2\u00A0ban,\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0IAAF\u00C2\u00A0received\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0form\u00C2\u00A0accepting\u00C2\u00A0sanction\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0original\u00C2\u00A0anti\u00C2\u00ADdoping\u00C2\u00A0rule\u00C2\u00A0violation\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0led\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0her\u00C2\u00A0inclusion\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0list,\u00C2\u00A0which\u00C2\u00A0also\u00C2\u00A0served\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0admission\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0guilt.\u00C2\u00A0Shobukhova\u00C2\u00A0stated\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0her\u00C2\u00A0signature\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0forged\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0form,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0refuted\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0legitimacy\u00C2\u00A035of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0IAAF\u00C2\u00A0form;\u00C2\u00A0it\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0notable\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0IAAF\u00C2\u00A0received\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0form\u00C2\u00A0after\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0constant\u00C2\u00A0escalation\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0pressure\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0IAAF\u00C2\u00A0legal\u00C2\u00A0counsel\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0Doll\u00C3\u00A9\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Diack\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0personal\u00C2\u00A0lawyer\u00C2\u00A0regarding\u00C2\u00A0unreasonable\u00C2\u00A0delays\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0questionable\u00C2\u00A0testing\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0procedures\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0Shobukhova\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0case. \u00C2\u00A0Once\u00C2\u00A036Shobukhova\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0sanction\u00C2\u00A0took\u00C2\u00A0effect,\u00C2\u00A0300\u00C2\u00A0000\u00C2\u00A0Euros\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0refunded\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0her\u00C2\u00A0bank\u00C2\u00A0account\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A034\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008BThe\u00C2\u00A0Independent\u00C2\u00A0Commission\u00C2\u00A0Report\u00C2\u00A02.\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008B World\u00C2\u00A0Anti\u00C2\u00ADDoping\u00C2\u00A0Agency.\u00C2\u00A02016.\u00C2\u00A023\u00C2\u00AD24.\u00C2\u00A035\u00C2\u00A0Ibid.,\u00C2\u00A025\u00C2\u00AD6.\u00C2\u00A036\u00C2\u00A0Ibid.,\u00C2\u00A025\u00C2\u00AD6.\u00C2\u00A020\u00C2\u00A0Singaporean\u00C2\u00A0business\u00C2\u00A0called\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CBlack\u00C2\u00A0Tidings,\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0run\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0close\u00C2\u00A0associate\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Diack\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0son. \u00C2\u00A0To\u00C2\u00A037further\u00C2\u00A0complicate\u00C2\u00A0matters,\u00C2\u00A0Diack\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0son\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0also\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0IAAF\u00C2\u00A0vice\u00C2\u00ADpresident.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0While\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0IAAF\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0WADA\u00C2\u00A0proceeded\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0likely\u00C2\u00A0assumption\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0Shobukhova\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0doping,\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0report\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0entirely\u00C2\u00A0clear\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0whether\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0test\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0conducted\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0definitively\u00C2\u00A0establish\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0she\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0doping,\u00C2\u00A0although\u00C2\u00A0given\u00C2\u00A0Stepanova\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0case,\u00C2\u00A0clean\u00C2\u00A0tests\u00C2\u00A0may\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0carry\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0same\u00C2\u00A0weight\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0they\u00C2\u00A0did.\u00C2\u00A0I\u00C2\u00A0proceed\u00C2\u00A0along\u00C2\u00A0WADA\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0assumption\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0Shobukhova\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0training\u00C2\u00A0regimen\u00C2\u00A0likely\u00C2\u00A0involved\u00C2\u00A0doping,\u00C2\u00A0given\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0larger\u00C2\u00A0body\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0evidence\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0suggests\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0viable\u00C2\u00A0system\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0circumvent\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0doping\u00C2\u00A0regime\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0tests\u00C2\u00A0existed,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0athletes\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0participating\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0program\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0occasionally\u00C2\u00A0caught,\u00C2\u00A0but\u00C2\u00A0could\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0definitively\u00C2\u00A0found\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0doping\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0first.\u00C2\u00A0Setting\u00C2\u00A0aside\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0questionable\u00C2\u00A0chain\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0logic\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0led\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0refunding\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0extortion\u00C2\u00A0through\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0Singaporean\u00C2\u00A0bank\u00C2\u00A0account\u00C2\u00A0registered\u00C2\u00A0under\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CBlack\u00C2\u00A0Tidings,\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0case\u00C2\u00A0highlights\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0case\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0potential\u00C2\u00A0evasion.\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0case,\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0benefits\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0competing\u00C2\u00A0without\u00C2\u00A0doping\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0London\u00C2\u00A0Olympics\u00C2\u00A0has\u00C2\u00A0been\u00C2\u00A0attained\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0appearing\u00C2\u00A0code\u00C2\u00A0compliant,\u00C2\u00A0while\u00C2\u00A0likely\u00C2\u00A0racing\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0benefit\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0prohibited\u00C2\u00A0substances\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0treatments.\u00C2\u00A0Evasion\u00C2\u00A0requires\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0outcome\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0normatively\u00C2\u00A0compliant,\u00C2\u00A0but\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0inputs\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0manipulated\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0create\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0certain\u00C2\u00A0outcome;\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0case,\u00C2\u00A0Shobukhova\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0able\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0race\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0clean\u00C2\u00A0athlete\u00C2\u00A0while\u00C2\u00A0benefitting\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0performance\u00C2\u00A0enhancing\u00C2\u00A0effects\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0banned\u00C2\u00A0substances\u00C2\u00A0This\u00C2\u00A0outcome\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0possible\u00C2\u00A0only\u00C2\u00A0through\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0deliberate\u00C2\u00A0attempt\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0bury\u00C2\u00A0her\u00C2\u00A0case\u00C2\u00A0under\u00C2\u00A0questionable\u00C2\u00A0blood\u00C2\u00A0work\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0initially\u00C2\u00A0exonerated\u00C2\u00A0her,\u00C2\u00A0but\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0detected\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0IAAF\u00C2\u00A0investigators\u00C2\u00A0while\u00C2\u00A0looking\u00C2\u00A0into\u00C2\u00A0delays\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0case.\u00C2\u00A037\u00C2\u00A0Ibid.,\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A028\u00C2\u00AD31.\u00C2\u00A021\u00C2\u00A0It\u00C2\u00A0does\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0matter\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0Shobukhova\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0ultimately\u00C2\u00A0sanctioned,\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0it\u00C2\u00A0would\u00C2\u00A0appear\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0her\u00C2\u00A0sanction\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0strategic\u00C2\u00A0maneuver\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0relieve\u00C2\u00A0pressure\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0individuals\u00C2\u00A0within\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0IAAF.\u00C2\u00A0What\u00C2\u00A0Shobukhova\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0case\u00C2\u00A0highlights\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0potential\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0occasional\u00C2\u00A0compliance\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0non\u00C2\u00ADcompliant\u00C2\u00A0actors,\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0same\u00C2\u00A0way\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0Stepanova\u00C2\u00A0complied\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0anti\u00C2\u00ADdoping\u00C2\u00A0regime\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0time.\u00C2\u00A0For\u00C2\u00A0there\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0benefits\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0system,\u00C2\u00A0there\u00C2\u00A0must\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0system\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0exists.\u00C2\u00A0For\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0system\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0exist,\u00C2\u00A0there\u00C2\u00A0must\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0compliance;\u00C2\u00A0what\u00C2\u00A0evasion\u00C2\u00A0does\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0take\u00C2\u00A0advantage\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0assumption\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0compliant\u00C2\u00A0actors\u00C2\u00A0will\u00C2\u00A0act\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0good\u00C2\u00A0faith\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0relation\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0order\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0generate\u00C2\u00A0maximum\u00C2\u00A0benefit\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0actor.\u00C2\u00A0While\u00C2\u00A0evasion\u00C2\u00A0involves\u00C2\u00A0non\u00C2\u00ADcompliance,\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0most\u00C2\u00A0important\u00C2\u00A0factor\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0whether\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0actor\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008Bviewed\u00E2\u0080\u008B \u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0fully\u00C2\u00A0compliant.\u00C2\u00A0Given\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0norms\u00C2\u00A0can\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0violated\u00C2\u00A0without\u00C2\u00A0necessarily\u00C2\u00A0being\u00C2\u00A0contested,\u00C2\u00A0Russian\u00C2\u00A0president\u00C2\u00A0Vladimir\u00C2\u00A0Putin\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0immediate\u00C2\u00A0response\u00C2\u00A0would\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0been\u00C2\u00A0understood\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0emphatic\u00C2\u00A0stand\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0anti\u00C2\u00ADdoping.\u00C2\u00A0He\u00C2\u00A0stated\u00C2\u00A0shortly\u00C2\u00A0after\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0documentary\u00C2\u00A0aired\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0allegations\u00C2\u00A0required\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009Cincrease\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0work\u00C2\u00A0efficiency\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0our\u00C2\u00A0[Russian]\u00C2\u00A0anti\u00C2\u00ADdoping\u00C2\u00A0services,\u00C2\u00A0but\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0other,\u00C2\u00A0it\u00C2\u00A0speaks\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0necessity\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0step\u00C2\u00A0up\u00C2\u00A0preventive\u00C2\u00A0efforts\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0sphere.\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0While\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0could\u00C2\u00A0take\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0face\u00C2\u00A0value\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0evidence\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Russian\u00C2\u00A038support\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0norm,\u00C2\u00A0later\u00C2\u00A0comments\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0Russian\u00C2\u00A0sport\u00C2\u00A0minister\u00C2\u00A0Vitaly\u00C2\u00A0Mutko\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0calls\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0officials\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0arrested\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0fined\u00C2\u00A0if\u00C2\u00A0they\u00C2\u00A0publish\u00C2\u00A0names\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0athletes\u00C2\u00A0who\u00C2\u00A0fail\u00C2\u00A0drug\u00C2\u00A0testing\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0raise\u00C2\u00A0questions\u00C2\u00A0about\u00C2\u00A0whether\u00C2\u00A0even\u00C2\u00A0public\u00C2\u00A0discourse\u00C2\u00A0has\u00C2\u00A0been\u00C2\u00A0co\u00C2\u00ADopted\u00C2\u00A0into\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0process\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0evading\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0anti\u00C2\u00ADdoping. \u00C2\u00A0A\u00C2\u00A0head\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0state\u00C2\u00A0delivering\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0non\u00C2\u00ADconditional\u00C2\u00A0statement\u00C2\u00A039against\u00C2\u00A0doping\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0sport\u00C2\u00A0sends\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0strong\u00C2\u00A0signal\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0state\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0committed\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0particular\u00C2\u00A038\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008BThe\u00C2\u00A0Independent\u00C2\u00A0Commission\u00C2\u00A0Report\u00C2\u00A01\u00E2\u0080\u008B ,\u00C2\u00A058.\u00C2\u00A039\u00C2\u00A0Associated\u00C2\u00A0Press,\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009C\u00E2\u0080\u008BRussia's\u00C2\u00A0sports\u00C2\u00A0minister\u00C2\u00A0calls\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0doping\u00C2\u00A0leaks\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0criminalized,\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008BCBC\u00C2\u00A0News\u00E2\u0080\u008B .\u00C2\u00A0March\u00C2\u00A026,\u00C2\u00A02016.\u00C2\u00A0Accessed\u00C2\u00A0April\u00C2\u00A012,\u00C2\u00A02016.\u00C2\u00A0http://www.cbc.ca/sports/olympics/generic/russian\u00C2\u00ADdoping\u00C2\u00ADmutzko\u00C2\u00ADcriminalized\u00C2\u00AD1.3508147\u00C2\u00A022\u00C2\u00A0position,\u00C2\u00A0but\u00C2\u00A0re\u00C2\u00ADexamining\u00C2\u00A0Putin\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0statement\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0evasion\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Mutko\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0statement\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0mind\u00C2\u00A0challenges\u00C2\u00A0whether\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0signal\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0trustworthy.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0At\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0point,\u00C2\u00A0I\u00C2\u00A0note\u00C2\u00A0Lynch\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0definition\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0hypocrisy;\u00C2\u00A0he\u00C2\u00A0argues\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0actors\u00C2\u00A0can\u00C2\u00A0play\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009Ca\u00C2\u00A0distinctive\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u0098hypocrisy\u00E2\u0080\u0099\u00C2\u00A0game,\u00C2\u00A0using\u00C2\u00A0moral\u00C2\u00A0rhetoric,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0demands\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0others\u00C2\u00A0live\u00C2\u00A0up\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0their\u00C2\u00A0own\u00C2\u00A0moral\u00C2\u00A0rhetoric,\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0strategic\u00C2\u00A0advantage.\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0If\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0global\u00C2\u00A0regime\u00C2\u00A0prohibiting\u00C2\u00A0doping\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A040sport\u00C2\u00A0did\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0exist,\u00C2\u00A0then\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0pareto\u00C2\u00A0optimal\u00C2\u00A0solution,\u00C2\u00A0if\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0goal\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0sport\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0set\u00C2\u00A0new\u00C2\u00A0records,\u00C2\u00A0would\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0dope.\u00C2\u00A0However,\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0existence\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0regime\u00C2\u00A0prohibits\u00C2\u00A0doping;\u00C2\u00A0it\u00C2\u00A0would\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0actor\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0interest\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0understood\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0support\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00C2\u00A0against\u00C2\u00A0doping,\u00C2\u00A0while\u00C2\u00A0clandestinely\u00C2\u00A0engaging\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0doping\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0order\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0take\u00C2\u00A0advantage\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00C2\u00A0compliance\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0fact\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0most\u00C2\u00A0other\u00C2\u00A0actors\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0doping.\u00C2\u00A0Putting\u00C2\u00A0Smith\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0opportunism\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Lynch\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0hypocrisy\u00C2\u00A0together\u00C2\u00A0creates\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0possibility\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0material\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0discursive\u00C2\u00A0hypocrisy;\u00C2\u00A0Lynch\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0game\u00C2\u00A0requires\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0one\u00C2\u00A0actor\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0information\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0another\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0privy\u00C2\u00A0to,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0use\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0imbalance\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0knowledge\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0their\u00C2\u00A0own\u00C2\u00A0advantage.\u00C2\u00A0Smith\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0opportunism\u00C2\u00A0lacks\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0imbalance\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0knowledge\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0Lynch\u00C2\u00A0identifies,\u00C2\u00A0but\u00C2\u00A0which\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0critical\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0my\u00C2\u00A0definition\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0evasion\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0avoidance.\u00C2\u00A0While\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0two\u00C2\u00A0initial\u00C2\u00A0Independent\u00C2\u00A0Reports\u00C2\u00A0fed\u00C2\u00A0news\u00C2\u00A0cycles\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0months,\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0third\u00C2\u00A0Independent\u00C2\u00A0Report\u00C2\u00A0(the\u00C2\u00A0McLaren\u00C2\u00A0Report)\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0interview\u00C2\u00A0given\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0former\u00C2\u00A0Moscow\u00C2\u00A0WADA\u00C2\u00A0laboratory\u00C2\u00A0director\u00C2\u00A0Grigory\u00C2\u00A0Rodchenkov\u00C2\u00A0revealed\u00C2\u00A0more\u00C2\u00A0details\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0measures\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0Russian\u00C2\u00A0officials\u00C2\u00A0took\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0ensure\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0Russian\u00C2\u00A0athletes\u00C2\u00A0could\u00C2\u00A0dope\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0test\u00C2\u00A0clean,\u00C2\u00A0especially\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Sochi\u00C2\u00A0Olympics.\u00C2\u00A0While\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0past\u00C2\u00A0Olympics,\u00C2\u00A0Russia\u00C2\u00A0sent\u00C2\u00A0athletes\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0had\u00C2\u00A0stopped\u00C2\u00A0doping\u00C2\u00A0ahead\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0time,\u00C2\u00A0given\u00C2\u00A0limitations\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0alter\u00C2\u00A0records\u00C2\u00A0inside\u00C2\u00A0international\u00C2\u00A0laboratories,\u00C2\u00A040\u00C2\u00A0Marc\u00C2\u00A0Lynch,\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CLie\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0me:\u00C2\u00A0sanctions\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0Iraq\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008BMoral\u00C2\u00A0Limit\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Possibility\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0World\u00C2\u00A0Politics\u00E2\u0080\u008B \u00C2\u00A0ed.\u00C2\u00A0Richard\u00C2\u00A0Price.\u00C2\u00A0Cambridge:\u00C2\u00A0Cambridge\u00C2\u00A0University\u00C2\u00A0Press,\u00C2\u00A02008,\u00C2\u00A0170.\u00C2\u00A023\u00C2\u00A0Rodchenkov\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0interview\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0McLaren\u00C2\u00A0Report\u00C2\u00A0showed\u00C2\u00A0how\u00C2\u00A0testing\u00C2\u00A0integrity\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0Sochi\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0compromised\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0entirely\u00C2\u00A0novel\u00C2\u00A0ways.\u00C2\u00A0Rodchenkov\u00C2\u00A0stated\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0his\u00C2\u00A0interview\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0New\u00C2\u00A0York\u00C2\u00A0Times\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0he\u00C2\u00A0had\u00C2\u00A0developed\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0cocktail\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0drugs\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0would\u00C2\u00A0wash\u00C2\u00A0out\u00C2\u00A0quickly,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0process\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Sochi\u00C2\u00A0lab\u00C2\u00A0had\u00C2\u00A0enabled\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009Cpeople\u00C2\u00A0[to\u00C2\u00A0celebrate]\u00C2\u00A0Olympic\u00C2\u00A0champion\u00C2\u00A0winners,\u00C2\u00A0but\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0sitting\u00C2\u00A0crazy\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0replacing\u00C2\u00A0their\u00C2\u00A0urine,\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0through\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0clandestine\u00C2\u00A0operation\u00C2\u00A0involving\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0FSB.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0McLaren\u00C2\u00A0Report\u00C2\u00A0corroborated\u00C2\u00A0Rodchenkov\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0interview,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0further\u00C2\u00A0backed\u00C2\u00A0it\u00C2\u00A0up\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0investigation\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0what\u00C2\u00A0McLaren\u00C2\u00A0called\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009Csample\u00C2\u00A0swapping\u00C2\u00A0methodology\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0developed\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Sochi\u00C2\u00A0Olympics\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0laboratory.\u00C2\u00A0Previously,\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Moscow\u00C2\u00A0laboratory,\u00C2\u00A0evasion\u00C2\u00A0could\u00C2\u00A0occur\u00C2\u00A0because\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Russian\u00C2\u00A0state\u00C2\u00A0could\u00C2\u00A0interfere\u00C2\u00A0directly\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0testing\u00C2\u00A0process.\u00C2\u00A0Samples\u00C2\u00A0received\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0screened\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0detect\u00C2\u00A0if\u00C2\u00A0any\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0likely\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0produce\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0adverse\u00C2\u00A0finding,\u00C2\u00A0indicating\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0case\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0doping.\u00C2\u00A0From\u00C2\u00A0there,\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0laboratory\u00C2\u00A0would\u00C2\u00A0contact\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0liason\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0worked\u00C2\u00A0under\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0blessing\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Russian\u00C2\u00A0Ministry\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Sport,\u00C2\u00A0who\u00C2\u00A0would\u00C2\u00A0advise\u00C2\u00A0whether\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0sample\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0either\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009Csaved\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009Cquarantined.\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0Saving\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0sample\u00C2\u00A0meant\u00C2\u00A0halting\u00C2\u00A0further\u00C2\u00A0examination\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0recording\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0negative\u00C2\u00A0result\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0ADAMS,\u00C2\u00A0while\u00C2\u00A0quarantining\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0sample\u00C2\u00A0meant\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0full\u00C2\u00A0test\u00C2\u00A0would\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0carried\u00C2\u00A0out\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0result\u00C2\u00A0put\u00C2\u00A0into\u00C2\u00A0ADAMS. \u00C2\u00A0Given\u00C2\u00A0international\u00C2\u00A041observers\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0Sochi,\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0possible,\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0testing\u00C2\u00A0could\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0halted\u00C2\u00A0halfway\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0contact\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0mysterious\u00C2\u00A0figure\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0would\u00C2\u00A0reply\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0one\u00C2\u00A0word\u00C2\u00A0responses\u00C2\u00A0without\u00C2\u00A0eliciting\u00C2\u00A0some\u00C2\u00A0measure\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0concern\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0alarm.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0For\u00C2\u00A0Sochi,\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0extra\u00C2\u00A0step\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0sample\u00C2\u00A0swapping\u00C2\u00A0methodology\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0taken\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0allow\u00C2\u00A0Russian\u00C2\u00A0officials\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0tamper\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0urine\u00C2\u00A0samples,\u00C2\u00A0which\u00C2\u00A0involved\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0unlikely\u00C2\u00A0combination\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0breaking\u00C2\u00A0open\u00C2\u00A0previously\u00C2\u00A0untamperable\u00C2\u00A0testing\u00C2\u00A0vessels,\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0mouse\u00C2\u00A0hole,\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0FSB,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0table\u00C2\u00A041\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008BThe\u00C2\u00A0Independent\u00C2\u00A0Person\u00C2\u00A0Report\u00E2\u0080\u008B .\u00C2\u00A0World\u00C2\u00A0Anti\u00C2\u00ADDoping\u00C2\u00A0Agency.\u00C2\u00A02016.\u00C2\u00A032\u00C2\u00AD35.\u00C2\u00A0(McLaren\u00C2\u00A0Report)\u00C2\u00A024\u00C2\u00A0salt.\u00C2\u00A0Samples\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0collected\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0specially\u00C2\u00A0designed\u00C2\u00A0glass\u00C2\u00A0containers\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0thought\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0secure,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0could\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0opened\u00C2\u00A0without\u00C2\u00A0obvious\u00C2\u00A0signs;\u00C2\u00A0however,\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0year\u00C2\u00A0preceding\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Olympics,\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0FSB\u00C2\u00A0collected\u00C2\u00A0hundreds\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0test\u00C2\u00A0sample\u00C2\u00A0bottles\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0well\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0locking\u00C2\u00A0rings\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0secured\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0bottles,\u00C2\u00A0likely\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0determine\u00C2\u00A0how\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0open\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0bottles\u00C2\u00A0without\u00C2\u00A0visible\u00C2\u00A0signs. \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A042After\u00C2\u00A0samples\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0collected\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0venues,\u00C2\u00A0they\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0shipped\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Sochi\u00C2\u00A0WADA\u00C2\u00A0laboratory,\u00C2\u00A0where\u00C2\u00A0they\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0stored\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0testing.\u00C2\u00A0However,\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0FSB\u00C2\u00A0influenced\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0building\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0design,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0put\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0office\u00C2\u00A0outside\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0secure\u00C2\u00A0internal\u00C2\u00A0perimeter\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0laboratory\u00C2\u00A0area,\u00C2\u00A0but\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0other\u00C2\u00A0side\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0storage\u00C2\u00A0room\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0wall. \u00C2\u00A0Athletes\u00C2\u00A0who\u00C2\u00A0had\u00C2\u00A0provided\u00C2\u00A0samples\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A043were\u00C2\u00A0under\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0protection\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Russian\u00C2\u00A0state\u00C2\u00A0would\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0their\u00C2\u00A0samples\u00C2\u00A0flagged,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0under\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0cover\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0night,\u00C2\u00A0their\u00C2\u00A0samples\u00C2\u00A0would\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0passed\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0lab\u00C2\u00A0technicians\u00C2\u00A0through\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0small\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u0098mouse\u00C2\u00A0hole\u00E2\u0080\u0099\u00C2\u00A0drilled\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0wall\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0laboratory\u00C2\u00A0into\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0FSB\u00C2\u00A0office\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Rodchenkov,\u00C2\u00A0who\u00C2\u00A0would\u00C2\u00A0then\u00C2\u00A0pass\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0sealed\u00C2\u00A0bottle\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0FSB\u00C2\u00A0agent\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0would\u00C2\u00A0take\u00C2\u00A0them\u00C2\u00A0away\u00C2\u00A0elsewhere\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0unsealed.\u00C2\u00A0Samples\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0then\u00C2\u00A0dumped\u00C2\u00A0out,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0replaced\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0clean\u00C2\u00A0urine.\u00C2\u00A0Urine\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0specific\u00C2\u00A0gravity,\u00C2\u00A0measuring\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0weight\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0dissolved\u00C2\u00A0solids\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0sample,\u00C2\u00A0differs\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0sample\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0sample,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0ensure\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0previously\u00C2\u00A0collected\u00C2\u00A0clean\u00C2\u00A0urine\u00C2\u00A0would\u00C2\u00A0match\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0dirty\u00C2\u00A0urine\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0specific\u00C2\u00A0gravity,\u00C2\u00A0water\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0table\u00C2\u00A0salt\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0mixed\u00C2\u00A0in.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0bottles\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0then\u00C2\u00A0sealed,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0passed\u00C2\u00A0back\u00C2\u00A0through\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0mouse\u00C2\u00A0hole\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0testing. \u00C2\u00A0Invariably,\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0doctored\u00C2\u00A0samples\u00C2\u00A0passed\u00C2\u00A044inspection.\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0case,\u00C2\u00A0though\u00C2\u00A0more\u00C2\u00A0information\u00C2\u00A0likely\u00C2\u00A0will\u00C2\u00A0come\u00C2\u00A0through\u00C2\u00A0over\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0following\u00C2\u00A0months,\u00C2\u00A0evasion\u00C2\u00A0has\u00C2\u00A0been\u00C2\u00A0thoroughly\u00C2\u00A0detected\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0regime,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0brought\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0light.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A042\u00C2\u00A0Rebecca\u00C2\u00A0R.\u00C2\u00A0Ruiz\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Michael\u00C2\u00A0Schwirtz,\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CRussian\u00C2\u00A0Insider\u00C2\u00A0Says\u00C2\u00A0State\u00C2\u00ADRun\u00C2\u00A0Doping\u00C2\u00A0Fueled\u00C2\u00A0Olympic\u00C2\u00A0Gold,\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008BNew\u00C2\u00A0York\u00C2\u00A0Times\u00E2\u0080\u008B .\u00C2\u00A0May\u00C2\u00A012,\u00C2\u00A02016.\u00C2\u00A0Accessed\u00C2\u00A0July\u00C2\u00A031,\u00C2\u00A02016.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0http://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/13/sports/russia\u00C2\u00ADdoping\u00C2\u00ADsochi\u00C2\u00ADolympics\u00C2\u00AD2014.html?_r=0\u00C2\u00A043\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008BMcLaren\u00C2\u00A0Report\u00E2\u0080\u008B ,\u00C2\u00A063\u00C2\u00AD4,\u00C2\u00A068.\u00C2\u00A044\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008BMcLaren\u00C2\u00A0Report,\u00E2\u0080\u008B \u00C2\u00A065\u00C2\u00AD72.\u00C2\u00A025\u00C2\u00A0benefits\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0further\u00C2\u00A0evasion\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0regime\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0limited;\u00C2\u00A0though\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0IOC\u00C2\u00A0declined\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0ban\u00C2\u00A0all\u00C2\u00A0Russian\u00C2\u00A0participation\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Rio\u00C2\u00A0Olympics,\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0reverse\u00C2\u00A0onus\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0proof\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0deep\u00C2\u00A0suspicion\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Russian\u00C2\u00A0athletes\u00C2\u00A0takes\u00C2\u00A0away\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0element\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0good\u00C2\u00A0faith\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0exploited\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0allow\u00C2\u00A0Russian\u00C2\u00A0athletes\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0race\u00C2\u00A0while\u00C2\u00A0benefitting\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0effects\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0banned\u00C2\u00A0substances.\u00C2\u00A0Procedural\u00C2\u00A0irregularities\u00C2\u00A0likely\u00C2\u00A0would\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0regarded\u00C2\u00A0less\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0errors,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0more\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0attempts\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0opportunistic\u00C2\u00A0behaviour. \u00C2\u00A0However,\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0assumes\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0other\u00C2\u00A0methods\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0manipulation\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A045been\u00C2\u00A0detected;\u00C2\u00A0if\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0actor\u00C2\u00A0participating\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0regime\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0socialized\u00C2\u00A0into\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0logics,\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0actor\u00C2\u00A0can\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0expected\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0constantly\u00C2\u00A0search\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0different\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0undetectable\u00C2\u00A0ways\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0circumvent\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0goals\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0reap\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0benefits\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0somewhat\u00C2\u00A0complying.\u00C2\u00A0Given\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0mountain\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0evidence\u00C2\u00A0surrounding\u00C2\u00A0manipulated\u00C2\u00A0tests,\u00C2\u00A0observers\u00C2\u00A0would\u00C2\u00A0likely\u00C2\u00A0do\u00C2\u00A0well\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0keeping\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0equally\u00C2\u00A0large\u00C2\u00A0mountain\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0salt\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0hand\u00C2\u00A0while\u00C2\u00A0examining\u00C2\u00A0compliance\u00C2\u00A0signals.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 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\u00C2\u00A047The\u00C2\u00A0Canada\u00C2\u00A0Revenue\u00C2\u00A0Agency\u00C2\u00A0builds\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0differentiating\u00C2\u00A0tax\u00C2\u00A0minimization\u00C2\u00A0strategies;\u00C2\u00A0tax\u00C2\u00A0planning\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0regarded\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0legitimate\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009Cwithin\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0intent\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0law,\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0whereas\u00C2\u00A0avoidance\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0tax\u00C2\u00A0minimization\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0meeting\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0specific\u00C2\u00A0wording\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0law\u00C2\u00A0but\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009Cviolate[s]\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0spirit\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0intent\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0law.\u00E2\u0080\u009D 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.\u00C2\u00A0October\u00C2\u00A07,\u00C2\u00A02013.\u00C2\u00A0Accessed\u00C2\u00A0April\u00C2\u00A011,\u00C2\u00A02016.\u00C2\u00A0http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/tax\u00C2\u00ADavoidance\u00C2\u00ADcanada\u00C2\u00ADbarbados\u00C2\u00ADtax\u00C2\u00ADdeal\u00C2\u00ADloopholes\u00C2\u00ADrevealed\u00C2\u00AD1.1913228\u00C2\u00A047\u00C2\u00A0Brian\u00C2\u00A0Arnold\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0James\u00C2\u00A0Wilson,\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CAggressive\u00C2\u00A0International\u00C2\u00A0Tax\u00C2\u00A0Planning\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0Multinational\u00C2\u00A0Corporations:\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Canadian\u00C2\u00A0Context\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Possible\u00C2\u00A0Responses,\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008BSPP\u00C2\u00A0Research\u00C2\u00A0Papers\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008B 7,\u00C2\u00A0issue\u00C2\u00A029\u00C2\u00A0(September\u00C2\u00A02014\u00E2\u0080\u008B)\u00E2\u0080\u008B :\u00C2\u00A013.\u00C2\u00A048\u00C2\u00A0Canada\u00C2\u00A0Revenue\u00C2\u00A0Agency.\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CTax\u00C2\u00A0Avoidance,\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0December\u00C2\u00A023,\u00C2\u00A02013.\u00C2\u00A0Accessed\u00C2\u00A0April\u00C2\u00A07,\u00C2\u00A02016.\u00C2\u00A0http://www.cra\u00C2\u00ADarc.gc.ca/gncy/lrt/\u00C2\u00A0vvw\u00C2\u00ADeng.html\u00C2\u00A027\u00C2\u00A0realtor\u00C2\u00A0sent\u00C2\u00A0out\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0email\u00C2\u00A0pointing\u00C2\u00A0out\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0non\u00C2\u00ADCanadian\u00C2\u00A0buyers\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0signed\u00C2\u00A0pre\u00C2\u00ADsale\u00C2\u00A0contracts\u00C2\u00A0could\u00C2\u00A0sell\u00C2\u00A0their\u00C2\u00A0future\u00C2\u00A0condo\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0profit\u00C2\u00A0while\u00C2\u00A0legally\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0having\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0incur\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A015%\u00C2\u00A0tax. \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A049While\u00C2\u00A0avoidance\u00C2\u00A0manipulates\u00C2\u00A0legitimate\u00C2\u00A0ways\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0understand\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0law\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0create\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0non\u00C2\u00ADcompliant\u00C2\u00A0event,\u00C2\u00A0evasion\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009Cdeliberately\u00C2\u00A0ignor[es]\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0specific\u00C2\u00A0part\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0law.\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0However,\u00C2\u00A050this\u00C2\u00A0broad\u00C2\u00A0definition\u00C2\u00A0requires\u00C2\u00A0fine\u00C2\u00A0tuning,\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0it\u00C2\u00A0collapses\u00C2\u00A0all\u00C2\u00A0possible\u00C2\u00A0permutations\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0non\u00C2\u00ADcompliance\u00C2\u00A0together.\u00C2\u00A0A\u00C2\u00A0finer\u00C2\u00A0definition\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0found\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008BIncome\u00C2\u00A0Tax\u00C2\u00A0Act\u00E2\u0080\u008B ,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0though\u00C2\u00A0evasion\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0still\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0specifically\u00C2\u00A0defined,\u00C2\u00A0associated\u00C2\u00A0mechanisms\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008Bof\u00E2\u0080\u008B \u00C2\u00A0evasion\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0identified.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0239\u00C2\u00A0(1)\u00C2\u00A0Every\u00C2\u00A0person\u00C2\u00A0who\u00C2\u00A0has\u00C2\u00A0(a)\u00C2\u00A0made,\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0participated\u00C2\u00A0in,\u00C2\u00A0assented\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0acquiesced\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0making\u00C2\u00A0of,\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008Bfalse\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0deceptive\u00C2\u00A0statements\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008B in\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0return,\u00C2\u00A0certificate,\u00C2\u00A0statement\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0answer\u00C2\u00A0filed\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0made\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0required\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0under\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0Act\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0regulation,\u00C2\u00A0(b)\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008Bevade\u00C2\u00A0payment\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008B of\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0tax\u00C2\u00A0imposed\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0Act,\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008Bdestroyed,\u00C2\u00A0altered,\u00C2\u00A0mutilated,\u00C2\u00A0secreted\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0otherwise\u00C2\u00A0disposed\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0records\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0books\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008B of\u00C2\u00A0account\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0taxpayer,\u00C2\u00A0(c)\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008Bmade,\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0assented\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0acquiesced\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0making\u00C2\u00A0of,\u00C2\u00A0false\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0deceptive\u00C2\u00A0entries,\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0omitted,\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0assented\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0acquiesced\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0omission\u00E2\u0080\u008B ,\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0enter\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0material\u00C2\u00A0particular,\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0records\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0books\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0account\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0taxpayer,\u00C2\u00A0(d)\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008Bwilfully,\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0any\u00C2\u00A0manner,\u00C2\u00A0evaded\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0attempted\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0evade\u00C2\u00A0compliance\u00E2\u0080\u008B \u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0Act\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0payment\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0taxes\u00C2\u00A0imposed\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0Act...is\u00C2\u00A0guilty\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0offence...[emphasis\u00C2\u00A0added] \u00C2\u00A051\u00C2\u00A0This\u00C2\u00A0law\u00C2\u00A0differentiates\u00C2\u00A0evasion\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0other\u00C2\u00A0forms\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0non\u00C2\u00ADpayment\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0underpayment,\u00C2\u00A0but\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0differentiation\u00C2\u00A0would\u00C2\u00A0appear\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0assisting\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0record\u00C2\u00A0manipulation,\u00C2\u00A0evading\u00C2\u00A049\u00C2\u00A0Jane\u00C2\u00A0Armstrong,\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009C\u00E2\u0080\u008BVancouver\u00C2\u00A0realtor\u00C2\u00A0probed\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0'how\u00C2\u00ADto'\u00C2\u00A0email\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0avoiding\u00C2\u00A0new\u00C2\u00A0property\u00C2\u00A0transfer\u00C2\u00A0tax,\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008BCBC\u00C2\u00A0News\u00E2\u0080\u008B .\u00C2\u00A0August\u00C2\u00A05,\u00C2\u00A02016.\u00C2\u00A0Accessed\u00C2\u00A0August\u00C2\u00A05,\u00C2\u00A02016.\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008Bhttp://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british\u00C2\u00ADcolumbia/real\u00C2\u00ADestate\u00C2\u00ADcouncil\u00C2\u00ADinvestigation\u00C2\u00ADrealtor\u00C2\u00AD1.3697962\u00C2\u00A050\u00C2\u00A0Canada\u00C2\u00A0Revenue\u00C2\u00A0Agency.\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CTax\u00C2\u00A0Avoidance\u00E2\u0080\u009D.\u00C2\u00A051\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008BIncome\u00C2\u00A0Tax\u00C2\u00A0Act\u00C2\u00A0(R.S.C.,\u00C2\u00A01985,\u00C2\u00A0c.\u00C2\u00A01\u00C2\u00A0(5th\u00C2\u00A0Supp.))\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008Bs.\u00C2\u00A0239\u00C2\u00A0(1)\u00C2\u00A028\u00C2\u00A0payment,\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0otherwise\u00C2\u00A0act\u00C2\u00A0outside\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0bounds\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0law.\u00C2\u00A0Importantly,\u00C2\u00A0though\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0truism,\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0law\u00C2\u00A0applies\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0specific\u00C2\u00A0individuals:\u00C2\u00A0those\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0choose\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0participate\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0particular\u00C2\u00A0political\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0economic\u00C2\u00A0community.\u00C2\u00A0With\u00C2\u00A0norms,\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0voluntary\u00C2\u00A0variable\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0citizenship\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0being\u00C2\u00A0able\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0choose\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0conduct\u00C2\u00A0business\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0certain\u00C2\u00A0political\u00C2\u00A0community\u00C2\u00A0is,\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0some\u00C2\u00A0degree,\u00C2\u00A0still\u00C2\u00A0present.\u00C2\u00A0For\u00C2\u00A0example,\u00C2\u00A0states\u00C2\u00A0assent\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0treaties,\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0choose\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0adhere\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0declarations\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0conventions\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0reap\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0benefits\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00C2\u00A0compliance,\u00C2\u00A0whether\u00C2\u00A0it\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0avoiding\u00C2\u00A0shame,\u00C2\u00A0sending\u00C2\u00A0athletes\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0compete\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0doping\u00C2\u00ADfree\u00C2\u00A0environment,\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0ensuring\u00C2\u00A0state\u00C2\u00A0income\u00C2\u00A0flows\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0undercut\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0tax\u00C2\u00A0underpayment.\u00C2\u00A0Another\u00C2\u00A0facet\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0discussion\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0taxpayer\u00C2\u00A0understands\u00C2\u00A0they\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0obligation\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0pay\u00C2\u00A0tax,\u00C2\u00A0but\u00C2\u00A0instead\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0paying\u00C2\u00A0tax\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0their\u00C2\u00A0full\u00C2\u00A0tax\u00C2\u00A0burden,\u00C2\u00A0actively\u00C2\u00A0chooses\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0reduce\u00C2\u00A0their\u00C2\u00A0tax\u00C2\u00A0burden\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0way\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0appears\u00C2\u00A0compliant.\u00C2\u00A0This\u00C2\u00A0non\u00C2\u00ADchallenge\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0law\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0internal\u00C2\u00A0validity\u00C2\u00A0challenges\u00C2\u00A0scholarship\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00C2\u00A0non\u00C2\u00ADcompliance;\u00C2\u00A0there\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0no\u00C2\u00A0attempt\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0overthrow\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0system.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Recalling\u00C2\u00A0Kratochwil\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Ruggie\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0point,\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0lack\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0open\u00C2\u00A0contestation\u00C2\u00A0indicates\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0normative\u00C2\u00A0pull\u00C2\u00A0exists,\u00C2\u00A0generated\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0state\u00C2\u00A0sanction\u00C2\u00A0through\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0combination\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0fines\u00C2\u00A0and/or\u00C2\u00A0imprisonment.\u00C2\u00A0This\u00C2\u00A0would\u00C2\u00A0indicate\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0benefits\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0political\u00C2\u00A0participation\u00C2\u00A0outweigh\u00C2\u00A0open\u00C2\u00A0contestation\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0norm,\u00C2\u00A0but\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0enough\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0justify\u00C2\u00A0complete\u00C2\u00A0compliance\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0norm.\u00C2\u00A0It\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0grey\u00C2\u00A0area\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0binary\u00C2\u00A0understanding\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0compliance\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0evasion\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0avoidance\u00C2\u00A0fit\u00C2\u00A0in.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0early\u00C2\u00A0months\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A02016,\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Panama\u00C2\u00A0Pap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\u00C2\u00A0While\u00C2\u00A0it\u00C2\u00A0may\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A052politically\u00C2\u00A0popular\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0call\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0released\u00C2\u00A0information\u00C2\u00A0tax\u00C2\u00A0evasion\u00C2\u00A0(and\u00C2\u00A0while\u00C2\u00A0some\u00C2\u00A0cases\u00C2\u00A0may\u00C2\u00A0indeed\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0tax\u00C2\u00A0evasion),\u00C2\u00A0it\u00C2\u00A0may\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0more\u00C2\u00A0accurate\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0examine\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0describe\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0case\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0one\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0tax\u00C2\u00A0avoidance.\u00C2\u00A0Recent\u00C2\u00A0years\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0seen\u00C2\u00A0similar\u00C2\u00A0cases\u00C2\u00A0across\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0world;\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0example,\u00C2\u00A0international\u00C2\u00A0firms\u00C2\u00A0based\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0UK\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009Ctax\u00C2\u00A0shamed\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0transferring\u00C2\u00A0funds\u00C2\u00A0overseas\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0avoid\u00C2\u00A0having\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0pay\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0much\u00C2\u00A0tax. \u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0important\u00C2\u00A0point\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0note\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0corporations\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A053\u00E2\u0080\u009Cshamed,\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0but\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0necessarily\u00C2\u00A0penalized\u00C2\u00A0because\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0their\u00C2\u00A0construction\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0their\u00C2\u00A0tax\u00C2\u00A0obligations.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Tax\u00C2\u00A0avoidance\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0transferring\u00C2\u00A0funds\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0assets\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0offshore\u00C2\u00A0businesses\u00C2\u00A0can\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0constructed\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0avoidance\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0it\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0legal,\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0moment,\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0do\u00C2\u00A0so.\u00C2\u00A0There\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0laws\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0restrict\u00C2\u00A0transnational\u00C2\u00A0capital\u00C2\u00A0flows,\u00C2\u00A0but\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0Arnold\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Wilson\u00C2\u00A0argue\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0same\u00C2\u00A0vein\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0Krasner,\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0lag\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00C2\u00A0(in\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0case,\u00C2\u00A0partially\u00C2\u00A0encoded\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0domestic\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0international\u00C2\u00A0law)\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0ground\u00C2\u00A0realities\u00C2\u00A0can\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0exploited.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0quote\u00C2\u00A0I\u00C2\u00A0used\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0begin\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0section,\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0well\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0opportunism\u00C2\u00A0play\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0large\u00C2\u00A0role\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0avoidance;\u00C2\u00A0actors\u00C2\u00A0look\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0gaps\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0logic,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0exploit\u00C2\u00A0them\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0their\u00C2\u00A0benefit.\u00C2\u00A0It\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0illegal\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0transfer\u00C2\u00A0funds\u00C2\u00A0overseas.\u00C2\u00A0Actors\u00C2\u00A0exploit\u00C2\u00A0transnational\u00C2\u00A0capital\u00C2\u00A0flows\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0areas\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0higher\u00C2\u00A0tax\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0lower\u00C2\u00A0tax\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0avoid\u00C2\u00A0higher\u00C2\u00A0rates\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0tax.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A052\u00C2\u00A0This\u00C2\u00A0source\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0linked\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0International\u00C2\u00A0Consortium\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Investigative\u00C2\u00A0Journalists,\u00C2\u00A0which\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0group\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0centre\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0releasing\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Panama\u00C2\u00A0Papers.\u00C2\u00A0Frederik\u00C2\u00A0Obermaier,\u00C2\u00A0Bastian\u00C2\u00A0Obermayer,\u00C2\u00A0Vanessa\u00C2\u00A0Wormer\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Wolfgang\u00C2\u00A0Jaschensky,\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CAbout\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Panama\u00C2\u00A0Papers,\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008BS\u00C3\u00BCddeutsche\u00C2\u00A0Zeitung\u00E2\u0080\u008B 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.\u00C2\u00A0May\u00C2\u00A021,\u00C2\u00A02013.\u00C2\u00A0Accessed\u00C2\u00A0April\u00C2\u00A013,\u00C2\u00A02016.\u00C2\u00A0http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine\u00C2\u00AD20560359\u00C2\u00A030\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Canadian\u00C2\u00A0context,\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0can\u00C2\u00A0differentiate\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0evasion\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0looking\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0personal\u00C2\u00A0income\u00C2\u00A0taxes.\u00C2\u00A0A\u00C2\u00A0Canadian\u00C2\u00A0citizen\u00C2\u00A0holding\u00C2\u00A0shares\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0hypothetical\u00C2\u00A0overseas\u00C2\u00A0company\u00C2\u00A0could\u00C2\u00A0see\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0value\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0their\u00C2\u00A0shares\u00C2\u00A0appreciate,\u00C2\u00A0but\u00C2\u00A0unless\u00C2\u00A0they\u00C2\u00A0receive\u00C2\u00A0income\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0company,\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0sell\u00C2\u00A0their\u00C2\u00A0shares,\u00C2\u00A0they\u00C2\u00A0do\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0incur\u00C2\u00A0any\u00C2\u00A0Canadian\u00C2\u00A0tax.\u00C2\u00A0It\u00C2\u00A0would\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0difficult\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0funds\u00C2\u00A0held\u00C2\u00A0overseas\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0benefit\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0Canadian\u00C2\u00A0owner\u00C2\u00A0without\u00C2\u00A0paying\u00C2\u00A0out\u00C2\u00A0capital,\u00C2\u00A0but,\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0example,\u00C2\u00A0shares\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0company\u00C2\u00A0could\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0exchanged\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0nominal\u00C2\u00A0price\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0other\u00C2\u00A0assets\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0value\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0alternative\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0psuedo\u00C2\u00ADmarket;\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0necessarily\u00C2\u00A0evasion\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0itself.\u00C2\u00A0Assuming\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0there\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0no\u00C2\u00A0other\u00C2\u00A0laws\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0asset\u00C2\u00A0transfers\u00C2\u00A0being\u00C2\u00A0taxed,\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0actor\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0question\u00C2\u00A0technically\u00C2\u00A0has\u00C2\u00A0complied\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0regime\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0prescriptions,\u00C2\u00A0but\u00C2\u00A0has\u00C2\u00A0morally\u00C2\u00A0circumvented\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0regime\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0objectives.\u00C2\u00A0There\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0fine\u00C2\u00A0balance\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A0avoidance\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0evasion.\u00C2\u00A0Evasion\u00C2\u00A0would\u00C2\u00A0require\u00C2\u00A0deliberately\u00C2\u00A0falsifying\u00C2\u00A0income\u00C2\u00A0tax\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0domestic\u00C2\u00A0commercial\u00C2\u00A0tax\u00C2\u00A0returns;\u00C2\u00A0avoidance\u00C2\u00A0requires\u00C2\u00A0only\u00C2\u00A0creative\u00C2\u00A0accounting\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0willingness\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0counter\u00C2\u00ADlogically\u00C2\u00A0think\u00C2\u00A0through\u00C2\u00A0problems.\u00C2\u00A0However,\u00C2\u00A0moves\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0collapse\u00C2\u00A0loopholes\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0assume\u00C2\u00A0bad\u00C2\u00A0faith\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0all\u00C2\u00A0cases\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0possible\u00C2\u00A0avoidance,\u00C2\u00A0such\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0anti\u00C2\u00ADdoping\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00C2\u00A0could\u00C2\u00A0more\u00C2\u00A0effectively\u00C2\u00A0reinforce\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00C2\u00A0compliance,\u00C2\u00A0even\u00C2\u00A0if\u00C2\u00A0tactical\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0strategic.\u00C2\u00A0While\u00C2\u00A0I\u00C2\u00A0argue\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0indicators\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0socialization\u00C2\u00A0can\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0co\u00C2\u00ADopted\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0deliberately\u00C2\u00A0acting\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0bad\u00C2\u00A0faith,\u00C2\u00A0I\u00C2\u00A0would\u00C2\u00A0maintain\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0ultimately,\u00C2\u00A0constant\u00C2\u00A0compliant\u00C2\u00A0discourse\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0action\u00C2\u00A0can\u00C2\u00A0force\u00C2\u00A0actors\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0evasion\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0avoidance\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0towards\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0fuller\u00C2\u00A0socialization.\u00C2\u00A0For\u00C2\u00A0example,\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Russian\u00C2\u00A0case\u00C2\u00A0studies,\u00C2\u00A0Stepanova\u00C2\u00A0engaged\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0period\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0tactical\u00C2\u00A0non\u00C2\u00ADdoping\u00C2\u00A0due\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0inability\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Russian\u00C2\u00A0evaders\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0get\u00C2\u00A0around\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0norm.\u00C2\u00A0Constant\u00C2\u00A0vigilance\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0enforcing\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0norm,\u00C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\u00C2\u00A032\u00C2\u00A0Settling\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0(a\u00C2\u00A0new\u00C2\u00A0equilibrium):\u00C2\u00A0UNDRIP\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0avoidance\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0While\u00C2\u00A0I\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0approached\u00C2\u00A0norms\u00C2\u00A0so\u00C2\u00A0far\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0positive\u00C2\u00A0force\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0should\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0upheld\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0is,\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0position\u00C2\u00A0assumes\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0norms\u00C2\u00A0speak\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0universal\u00C2\u00A0truth.\u00C2\u00A0Assuming\u00C2\u00A0norms\u00C2\u00A0should\u00C2\u00A0remain\u00C2\u00A0perfectly\u00C2\u00A0stable\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0problematic;\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0one,\u00C2\u00A0there\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0self\u00C2\u00ADevident\u00C2\u00A0problem\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0having\u00C2\u00A0absolute\u00C2\u00A0rules\u00C2\u00A0throughout\u00C2\u00A0history.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0lags\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0Krasner\u00C2\u00A0identified\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0problematic\u00C2\u00A0would\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0only\u00C2\u00A0intensified\u00C2\u00A0under\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0pressures\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0constants;\u00C2\u00A0norms\u00C2\u00A0must\u00C2\u00A0change,\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0risk\u00C2\u00A0obsolescence\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00C2\u00A0death.\u00C2\u00A0Secondly,\u00C2\u00A0it\u00C2\u00A0assumes\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0inherent\u00C2\u00A0righteousness,\u00C2\u00A0justness,\u00C2\u00A0universality,\u00C2\u00A0accuracy,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0logic\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0content\u00C2\u00A0itself,\u00C2\u00A0which\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0always\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0given.\u00C2\u00A0With\u00C2\u00A0doping\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0tax\u00C2\u00A0evasion,\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0general\u00C2\u00A0case\u00C2\u00A0can\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0made\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0norms\u00C2\u00A0surrounding\u00C2\u00A0these\u00C2\u00A0regimes\u00C2\u00A0conform\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0what\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0socially\u00C2\u00A0accepted\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009Cgood\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0while\u00C2\u00A0these\u00C2\u00A0could\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0seen\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0softer\u00C2\u00A0cases\u00C2\u00A0where\u00C2\u00A0you\u00C2\u00A0can\u00C2\u00A0expect\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0find\u00C2\u00A0broad\u00C2\u00A0support\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0underlying\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0general,\u00C2\u00A0there\u00C2\u00A0can\u00C2\u00A0still\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0debate.\u00C2\u00A0For\u00C2\u00A0example,\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0tax\u00C2\u00A0evasion\u00C2\u00A0moral\u00C2\u00A0if\u00C2\u00A0it\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0supporting\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0corrupt\u00C2\u00A0regime?\u00C2\u00A0Or\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0it\u00C2\u00A0more\u00C2\u00A0correct\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0ignore\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0regime\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0tax\u00C2\u00A0system\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0favour\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0alternate\u00C2\u00A0economic\u00C2\u00A0system?\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0two\u00C2\u00A0cases\u00C2\u00A0above,\u00C2\u00A0there\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0inherent\u00C2\u00A0understanding\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0agents\u00C2\u00A0involved\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0evasion\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0avoidance\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0their\u00C2\u00A0actions\u00C2\u00A0are,\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0whole,\u00C2\u00A0bad;\u00C2\u00A0hinting\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0need\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0justify\u00C2\u00A0their\u00C2\u00A0action,\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0emotional\u00C2\u00A0linkage\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0their\u00C2\u00A0action\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0shame.\u00C2\u00A0With\u00C2\u00A0tax\u00C2\u00A0evasion\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0doping,\u00C2\u00A0I\u00C2\u00A0examined\u00C2\u00A0global\u00C2\u00A0prohibitive\u00C2\u00A0regimes\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0spoke\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0generally\u00C2\u00A0accepted\u00C2\u00A0actions\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0reactions;\u00C2\u00A0elimination\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0evasion\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0ensure\u00C2\u00A0services\u00C2\u00A0can\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0provided,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0prohibiting\u00C2\u00A0doping\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0ensure\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0athletes\u00C2\u00A0perform\u00C2\u00A0without\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0use\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0particular\u00C2\u00A0techniques\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0substances\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0determined\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0regime\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0epistemic\u00C2\u00A0community.\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0way,\u00C2\u00A0prohibitive\u00C2\u00A0regimes\u00C2\u00A0can\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0simpler\u00C2\u00A0than\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0prescriptive\u00C2\u00A0regime;\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0prohibitive\u00C2\u00A0regime\u00C2\u00A0requires\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0action\u00C2\u00A0end\u00C2\u00A0without\u00C2\u00A0necessarily\u00C2\u00A0requiring\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0substitute\u00C2\u00A0action,\u00C2\u00A033\u00C2\u00A0whereas\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0prescriptive\u00C2\u00A0regime\u00C2\u00A0requires\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0creation\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0new\u00C2\u00A0system\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0logics,\u00C2\u00A0institutions,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0actions.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0By\u00C2\u00A0turning\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0case\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Indigenous\u00C2\u00A0rights\u00C2\u00A0regimes\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0Canada,\u00C2\u00A0I\u00C2\u00A0nuance\u00C2\u00A0my\u00C2\u00A0argument\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0suggesting\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0equally\u00C2\u00A0valid,\u00C2\u00A0but\u00C2\u00A0alternate\u00C2\u00A0way\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0envisioning\u00C2\u00A0evasion\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0avoidance.\u00C2\u00A0Rather\u00C2\u00A0than\u00C2\u00A0collapsing\u00C2\u00A0all\u00C2\u00A0forms\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0evasion\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0avoidance\u00C2\u00A0under\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0general\u00C2\u00A0banner\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0negativity\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0overall\u00C2\u00A0nihilism\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0potentially\u00C2\u00A0skews\u00C2\u00A0towards\u00C2\u00A0anarchy,\u00C2\u00A0I\u00C2\u00A0suggest\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00C2\u00A0change\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0likely\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0find\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0genesis\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0evasion\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0avoidance.\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0sense,\u00C2\u00A0evasion\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0avoidance\u00C2\u00A0serve\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0crucial\u00C2\u00A0role\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0life\u00C2\u00A0cycle\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0norm;\u00C2\u00A0these\u00C2\u00A0phenomena\u00C2\u00A0let\u00C2\u00A0actors\u00C2\u00A0test\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0waters\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0potential\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00C2\u00A0change\u00C2\u00A0without\u00C2\u00A0incurring\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0full\u00C2\u00A0cost\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00C2\u00A0violation.\u00C2\u00A0This\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0turn\u00C2\u00A0can\u00C2\u00A0lead\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0resolution\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0partially\u00C2\u00A0compliant\u00C2\u00A0behaviour,\u00C2\u00A0either\u00C2\u00A0through\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0strengthening\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0underlying\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0written,\u00C2\u00A0modifying\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0classify\u00C2\u00A0evasive\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0avoidant\u00C2\u00A0behaviour\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0compliant,\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0gradual\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00C2\u00A0death.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0With\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0case\u00C2\u00A0study,\u00C2\u00A0I\u00C2\u00A0also\u00C2\u00A0introduce\u00C2\u00A0another\u00C2\u00A0observation\u00C2\u00A0about\u00C2\u00A0avoidance,\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0they\u00C2\u00A0can\u00C2\u00A0affect\u00C2\u00A0norms\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0every\u00C2\u00A0stage\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0cycle,\u00C2\u00A0whether\u00C2\u00A0it\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0emergence,\u00C2\u00A0growth,\u00C2\u00A0fully\u00C2\u00A0implemented,\u00C2\u00A0contestation,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0death.\u00C2\u00A0Indigenous\u00C2\u00A0rights\u00C2\u00A0norms\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0still\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0process\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0development\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0growth;\u00C2\u00A0their\u00C2\u00A0codification\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0recognition\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0global\u00C2\u00A0norms\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0been\u00C2\u00A0achieved\u00C2\u00A0already\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0UN,\u00C2\u00A0but\u00C2\u00A0what\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0means\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0practice\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0still\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0matter\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0debate.\u00C2\u00A0Negotiating\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00ADthe\u00C2\u00ADground\u00C2\u00A0effects\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0what\u00C2\u00A0Indigenous\u00C2\u00A0rights\u00C2\u00A0entail\u00C2\u00A0will\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0subject\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0debate\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0foreseeable\u00C2\u00A0future.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Turning\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0experience\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Indigenous\u00C2\u00A0peoples\u00C2\u00A0across\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0world\u00C2\u00A0complicates\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0narrative\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0evasion\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0avoidance\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0phenomena\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0stamped\u00C2\u00A0out\u00C2\u00A0completely.\u00C2\u00A0These\u00C2\u00A0phenomena,\u00C2\u00A0while\u00C2\u00A0problematic\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00C2\u00A0proponents,\u00C2\u00A0serve\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0crucial\u00C2\u00A0socialization\u00C2\u00A0aspect,\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A034\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0actor\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0question\u00C2\u00A0evading\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0avoiding\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0normative\u00C2\u00A0regime\u00C2\u00A0recognizes\u00C2\u00A0their\u00C2\u00A0non\u00C2\u00ADcompliance\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0norm,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0must\u00C2\u00A0make\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0decision\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0how\u00C2\u00A0they\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0participate\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0their\u00C2\u00A0social\u00C2\u00A0realms.\u00C2\u00A0Actors\u00C2\u00A0must\u00C2\u00A0actively\u00C2\u00A0make\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0decision\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0fully\u00C2\u00A0compliant\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0norm.\u00C2\u00A0However,\u00C2\u00A0it\u00C2\u00A0would\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0entirely\u00C2\u00A0correct\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0say\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0evasion\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0avoidance\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0entirely\u00C2\u00A0antithetical\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0compliance;\u00C2\u00A0actors,\u00C2\u00A0I\u00C2\u00A0argue,\u00C2\u00A0ultimately\u00C2\u00A0modify\u00C2\u00A0parts\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0their\u00C2\u00A0behaviour\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0gain\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0benefits\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0compliance\u00C2\u00A0through\u00C2\u00A0partial\u00C2\u00A0compliance.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Hawkins\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Jacoby\u00C2\u00A0examine\u00C2\u00A0human\u00C2\u00A0rights\u00C2\u00A0courts,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0state\u00C2\u00A0partial\u00C2\u00A0compliance\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0their\u00C2\u00A0judgements,\u00C2\u00A0grouping\u00C2\u00A0them\u00C2\u00A0into\u00C2\u00A0four\u00C2\u00A0main\u00C2\u00A0methods\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0resistance;\u00C2\u00A0split\u00C2\u00A0decisions\u00C2\u00A0(compliance\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0some\u00C2\u00A0parts,\u00C2\u00A0but\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0all\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0judgement),\u00C2\u00A0state\u00C2\u00A0substitution\u00C2\u00A0(compliance\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0spirit,\u00C2\u00A0but\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0letter\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0law),\u00C2\u00A0slow\u00C2\u00A0motion\u00C2\u00A0compliance\u00C2\u00A0(delay),\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0ambiguous\u00C2\u00A0compliance\u00C2\u00A0amid\u00C2\u00A0complexity\u00C2\u00A0(particularly\u00C2\u00A0intricate\u00C2\u00A0task\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0makes\u00C2\u00A0it\u00C2\u00A0difficult\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0determine\u00C2\u00A0compliance). \u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0partial\u00C2\u00A0modifications\u00C2\u00A0may,\u00C2\u00A0if\u00C2\u00A0backed\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0external\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0internal\u00C2\u00A054pressures,\u00C2\u00A0force\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0partially\u00C2\u00A0compliant\u00C2\u00A0actor\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0position\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0opportunistic\u00C2\u00A0avoidance\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0evasion\u00C2\u00A0into\u00C2\u00A0proceeding\u00C2\u00A0along\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0spiral\u00C2\u00A0model.\u00C2\u00A0However,\u00C2\u00A0where\u00C2\u00A0my\u00C2\u00A0case\u00C2\u00A0study\u00C2\u00A0differs\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0while\u00C2\u00A0Hawkins\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Jacoby\u00C2\u00A0assume\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0integrity\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0overarching\u00C2\u00A0definitions\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0govern\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0norms,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0there\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0arbiter\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0can\u00C2\u00A0define\u00C2\u00A0compliance,\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0case\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0UNDRIP\u00C2\u00A0implementation\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0one\u00C2\u00A0where\u00C2\u00A0avoidance\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0case\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0complying\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0letter,\u00C2\u00A0but\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0spirit\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0norm,\u00C2\u00A0taking\u00C2\u00A0advantage\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0subjectivity\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0ethos.\u00C2\u00A0Avoidance\u00C2\u00A0looks\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0loopholes\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0letter\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0regime\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0substitutes\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0different\u00C2\u00A0spirit,\u00C2\u00A0which\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0inversion\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Hawkins\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Jacoby\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0state\u00C2\u00A0substitution\u00C2\u00A0theory.\u00C2\u00A0I\u00C2\u00A0apply\u00C2\u00A0avoidance\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Canadian\u00C2\u00A0statements\u00C2\u00A0surrounding\u00C2\u00A0UNDRIP\u00C2\u00A0implementation\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0support,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Indigenous\u00C2\u00A0self\u00C2\u00ADdetermination\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0general\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0make\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0case\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0avoidance\u00C2\u00A0can\u00C2\u00A054\u00C2\u00A0Hawkins\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Jacoby,\u00C2\u00A077\u00C2\u00AD83.\u00C2\u00A035\u00C2\u00A0moderate\u00C2\u00A0behaviour\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0bring\u00C2\u00A0actors\u00C2\u00A0closer\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0standards.\u00C2\u00A0While\u00C2\u00A0Indigenous\u00C2\u00A0peoples\u00C2\u00A0across\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0world\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0broadly\u00C2\u00A0been\u00C2\u00A0subject\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0varying\u00C2\u00A0levels\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0discrimination,\u00C2\u00A0removal,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0nullification,\u00C2\u00A0I\u00C2\u00A0focus\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0experience\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Indigenous\u00C2\u00A0peoples\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0Canada\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0contextualize\u00C2\u00A0my\u00C2\u00A0example\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0avoidance\u00C2\u00A0may\u00C2\u00A0also\u00C2\u00A0serve\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0constructive\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0dialogical\u00C2\u00A0purpose.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Indigenous\u00C2\u00A0experiences\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0Canada\u00C2\u00A0vary,\u00C2\u00A0but\u00C2\u00A0most\u00C2\u00A0generally\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0characterized\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0some\u00C2\u00A0measure\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0resilience,\u00C2\u00A0violence,\u00C2\u00A0survival,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0annihilation\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0part\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0various\u00C2\u00A0actors.\u00C2\u00A0At\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0core\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0conflict\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0question\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0land,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0who\u00C2\u00A0has\u00C2\u00A0access\u00C2\u00A0to,\u00C2\u00A0control\u00C2\u00A0of,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0ownership\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0it.\u00C2\u00A0Large\u00C2\u00A0portions\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Canada\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0settled\u00C2\u00A0without\u00C2\u00A0negotiation\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0permission\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Indigenous\u00C2\u00A0peoples\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0nations,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0legitimacy\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0treaties\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0areas\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0covered\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0them\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0questionable.\u00C2\u00A0Authorizing\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0multi\u00C2\u00ADcentury\u00C2\u00A0process\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0colonialism\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0series\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0papal\u00C2\u00A0bulls,\u00C2\u00A0which\u00E2\u0080\u008B\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008B sanctioned\u00C2\u00A0North\u00C2\u00A0American\u00C2\u00A0exploration\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0granted\u00C2\u00A0lands\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0their\u00C2\u00A0European\u00C2\u00A0finders\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0condition\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0Indigenous\u00C2\u00A0peoples\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0those\u00C2\u00A0lands\u00C2\u00A0would\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0converted\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Christianity.\u00C2\u00A0Settler\u00C2\u00A0colonialism,\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0addition\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0expanding\u00C2\u00A0empire,\u00C2\u00A0served\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0means\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0extracting\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0transporting\u00C2\u00A0resources\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0undeveloped\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0developed\u00C2\u00A0areas\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0service\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0Lockean\u00C2\u00A0economic\u00C2\u00A0logic. \u00C2\u00A0Land\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0crucial\u00C2\u00A0source\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A055physical\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0economic\u00C2\u00A0growth;\u00C2\u00A0Indigenous\u00C2\u00A0peoples\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0way\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0obstacles\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0overcome,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0neutralized\u00C2\u00A0physically\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0culturally\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0allow\u00C2\u00A0growth\u00C2\u00A0continue\u00C2\u00A0unabated.\u00C2\u00A0Historically,\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0most\u00C2\u00A0egregious\u00C2\u00A0examples\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0exclusion\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0generally\u00C2\u00A0south\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0border,\u00C2\u00A0but\u00C2\u00A0Canadian\u00C2\u00A0policies\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0equally\u00C2\u00A0destructive.\u00C2\u00A0Residential\u00C2\u00A0schools\u00C2\u00A0removed\u00C2\u00A0youth\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0Indigenous\u00C2\u00A0communities\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0reshaped\u00C2\u00A0them\u00C2\u00A0into\u00C2\u00A0workers\u00C2\u00A0within\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0settler\u00C2\u00A055\u00C2\u00A0Barbara\u00C2\u00A0Arneil,\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CTrade,\u00C2\u00A0Plantations,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Property:\u00C2\u00A0John\u00C2\u00A0Locke\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Economic\u00C2\u00A0Defense\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Colonialism,\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008BJournal\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0History\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Ideas\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008B 55,\u00C2\u00A0no.\u00C2\u00A04\u00C2\u00A0(October\u00C2\u00A01994):\u00C2\u00A0597\u00C2\u00AD601.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A036\u00C2\u00A0colonial\u00C2\u00A0state. \u00C2\u00A0Beatings,\u00C2\u00A0violence,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0social\u00C2\u00A0repression\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0schools\u00C2\u00A0ensured\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0Canadian\u00C2\u00A056treatment\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Indigenous\u00C2\u00A0peoples\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0equally\u00C2\u00A0heinous\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0found\u00C2\u00A0south\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0border. \u00C2\u00A057Indigenous\u00C2\u00A0peoples\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0dehumanized\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0seen\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009Cexperimental\u00C2\u00A0materials\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009Claboratories\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0when\u00C2\u00A0testing\u00C2\u00A0nutritional\u00C2\u00A0theories. \u00C2\u00A0Experiments\u00C2\u00A0followed\u00C2\u00A0strict\u00C2\u00A0guidelines;\u00C2\u00A058in\u00C2\u00A0one\u00C2\u00A0case,\u00C2\u00A0investigators\u00C2\u00A0provided\u00C2\u00A08\u00C2\u00A0ounce\u00C2\u00A0servings\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0milk\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0two\u00C2\u00A0years\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0control\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0differences\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0health,\u00C2\u00A0knowing\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0child\u00C2\u00A0subjects\u00C2\u00A0would\u00C2\u00A0suffer\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0riboflavin\u00C2\u00A0deficiencies\u00C2\u00A0during\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0control\u00C2\u00A0period. \u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A0another\u00C2\u00A0case,\u00C2\u00A0vitamin\u00C2\u00A0C\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0impact\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0dental\u00C2\u00A0health\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0tested\u00C2\u00A059by\u00C2\u00A0providing\u00C2\u00A0child\u00C2\u00A0subjects\u00C2\u00A0ascorbic\u00C2\u00A0acid\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0placebos;\u00C2\u00A0all\u00C2\u00A0children\u00C2\u00A0being\u00C2\u00A0tested\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0denied\u00C2\u00A0dental\u00C2\u00A0treatments\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0ensure\u00C2\u00A0result\u00C2\u00A0integrity. \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A060While\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Canadian\u00C2\u00A0state\u00C2\u00A0still\u00C2\u00A0continues\u00C2\u00A0policies\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0logics\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0exclude\u00C2\u00A0Indigenous\u00C2\u00A0participation\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0outside\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0state\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0restricts\u00C2\u00A0Indigenous\u00C2\u00A0agency,\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0overt\u00C2\u00A0racism\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0oppression\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0previous\u00C2\u00A0centuries\u00C2\u00A0has\u00C2\u00A0been\u00C2\u00A0moderated\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0take\u00C2\u00A0more\u00C2\u00A0discreet\u00C2\u00A0forms.\u00C2\u00A0For\u00C2\u00A0example,\u00C2\u00A0Borrows\u00C2\u00A0argues\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0constitutional\u00C2\u00A0recognition\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Indigenous\u00C2\u00A0culture\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0rights\u00C2\u00A0based\u00C2\u00A0purely\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0contact\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0pre\u00C2\u00ADcontact\u00C2\u00A0practices\u00C2\u00A0differs\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0living\u00C2\u00A0tree\u00C2\u00A0interpretation\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0rights\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Canadian\u00C2\u00A0constitution\u00C2\u00A0offers\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0other\u00C2\u00A0citizens,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0leads\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0systematic\u00C2\u00A0under\u00C2\u00ADprivileging\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Indigenous\u00C2\u00A0peoples\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0choose\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0maintain\u00C2\u00A0certain\u00C2\u00A0parts\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0their\u00C2\u00A0culture. \u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0gradual\u00C2\u00A0moderation\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0racist\u00C2\u00A0action\u00C2\u00A0maps\u00C2\u00A0onto\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0active\u00C2\u00A0lobbying\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A06156\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008BThe\u00C2\u00A0Rabbit\u00C2\u00ADProof\u00C2\u00A0Fence\u00E2\u0080\u008B \u00C2\u00A0explores\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0(fictionalized)\u00C2\u00A0experience\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0trio\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0young\u00C2\u00A0Jigalong\u00C2\u00A0girls,\u00C2\u00A0born\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0European\u00C2\u00A0father\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Jigalong\u00C2\u00A0mother,\u00C2\u00A0removed\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0their\u00C2\u00A0home,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0put\u00C2\u00A0into\u00C2\u00A0residential\u00C2\u00A0school.\u00C2\u00A0It\u00C2\u00A0also\u00C2\u00A0highlights\u00C2\u00A0horizontal\u00C2\u00A0violence\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0colonial\u00C2\u00A0project;\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0tracker\u00C2\u00A0sent\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0re\u00C2\u00ADcapture\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0girls\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0forced\u00C2\u00A0into\u00C2\u00A0his\u00C2\u00A0job\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0maintain\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0connection\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0his\u00C2\u00A0daughter,\u00C2\u00A0who\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0also\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0school.\u00C2\u00A057\u00C2\u00A0Truth\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Reconciliation\u00C2\u00A0Commission\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Canada,\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008BHonouring\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Truth,\u00C2\u00A0Reconciling\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Future\u00C2\u00A0Summary\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Final\u00C2\u00A0Report\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Truth\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Reconciliation\u00C2\u00A0Commission\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Canada\u00E2\u0080\u008B ,\u00C2\u00A02015.\u00C2\u00A041\u00C2\u00AD7.\u00C2\u00A0(TRC\u00C2\u00A0Executive\u00C2\u00A0Summary)\u00C2\u00A058\u00C2\u00A0Ian\u00C2\u00A0Mosby,\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CAdministering\u00C2\u00A0Colonial\u00C2\u00A0Science:\u00C2\u00A0Nutrition\u00C2\u00A0Research\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Human\u00C2\u00A0Biomedical\u00C2\u00A0Experimentation\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0Aboriginal\u00C2\u00A0Communities\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Residential\u00C2\u00A0Schools,\u00C2\u00A01942\u00E2\u0080\u00931952,\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008BHistoire\u00C2\u00A0Social/Social\u00C2\u00A0History\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008B 46,\u00C2\u00A0no.\u00C2\u00A091\u00C2\u00A0(May\u00C2\u00A02013):\u00C2\u00A0148\u00C2\u00A059\u00C2\u00A0Ibid.,\u00C2\u00A0161.\u00C2\u00A060\u00C2\u00A0Ibid.,\u00C2\u00A0162\u00C2\u00AD3.\u00C2\u00A061\u00C2\u00A0John\u00C2\u00A0Borrows,\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009C(Ab)Originalism\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Canada\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0Constitution,\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008BSupreme\u00C2\u00A0Court\u00C2\u00A0Law\u00C2\u00A0Review\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008B 58,\u00C2\u00A0(2012):\u00C2\u00A0358,\u00C2\u00A0361\u00C2\u00AD2.\u00C2\u00A037\u00C2\u00A0direct\u00C2\u00A0action\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0Indigenous\u00C2\u00A0peoples\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0resist\u00C2\u00A0state\u00C2\u00A0assimilation\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0fight\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0rights,\u00C2\u00A0recognition,\u00C2\u00A0land,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0material\u00C2\u00A0shifts\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0their\u00C2\u00A0day\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0day\u00C2\u00A0lives.\u00C2\u00A0Though\u00C2\u00A0Canada\u00C2\u00A0has\u00C2\u00A0progressively\u00C2\u00A0shifted\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0recognize\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0colonial\u00C2\u00A0project\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0historical\u00C2\u00A0harms\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Indigenous\u00C2\u00A0peoples,\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0problem\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0land\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0ongoing\u00C2\u00A0harm\u00C2\u00A0caused\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0settlement\u00C2\u00A0remains\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0heart\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0problem.\u00C2\u00A0Lightfoot\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0distinguishment\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009Csoft\u00C2\u00A0rights,\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0more\u00C2\u00A0politically\u00C2\u00A0charged\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009Chard\u00C2\u00A0rights,\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0such\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0land\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0levels\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0self\u00C2\u00ADgovernance\u00C2\u00A0rights\u00C2\u00A0speaks\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Canada\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0strategy\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0avoiding\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0full\u00C2\u00A0brunt\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00C2\u00A0surrounding\u00C2\u00A0adoption\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0compliance\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0UNDRIP. \u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A0discussing\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0number\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Anglo\u00C2\u00ADdescendent\u00C2\u00A062settler\u00C2\u00A0states,\u00C2\u00A0she\u00C2\u00A0argues\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009Covercompliance\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0soft\u00C2\u00A0rights\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0effort\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0avoid\u00C2\u00A0opening\u00C2\u00A0up\u00C2\u00A0questions\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0hard\u00C2\u00A0rights\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0impact\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0political\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0territorial\u00C2\u00A0structure\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0state,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0protect\u00C2\u00A0their\u00C2\u00A0image\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0proponents\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0human\u00C2\u00A0(including\u00C2\u00A0Indigenous)\u00C2\u00A0rights.\u00C2\u00A0Partial\u00C2\u00A0compliance\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0low\u00C2\u00ADcost\u00C2\u00A0provisions\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0UNDRIP\u00C2\u00A0paired\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0opportunistic\u00C2\u00A0silences\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0questions\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0territory\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0land\u00C2\u00A0ensure\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0states\u00C2\u00A0can\u00C2\u00A0enjoy\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0benefits\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0compliance,\u00C2\u00A0even\u00C2\u00A0when\u00C2\u00A0violating\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0spirit.\u00C2\u00A0Though\u00C2\u00A0there\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0similarities\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0example\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Hawkins\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Jacoby\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0split\u00C2\u00A0decisions,\u00C2\u00A0key\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0issue\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0awareness\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0what\u00C2\u00A0Canada\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0obligations\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0relation\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0UNDRIP.\u00C2\u00A0Hawkins\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Jacoby\u00C2\u00A0presume\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0there\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0actor\u00C2\u00A0requiring\u00C2\u00A0uniform\u00C2\u00A0application\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0judgement;\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0case\u00C2\u00A0sees\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0most\u00C2\u00A0powerful\u00C2\u00A0actor\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0play\u00C2\u00A0purposely\u00C2\u00A0silencing\u00C2\u00A0part\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0variables\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0constitute\u00C2\u00A0complete\u00C2\u00A0socialization\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0compliance\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0technically\u00C2\u00A0allowable\u00C2\u00A0way.\u00C2\u00A0Canadian\u00C2\u00A0opposition\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0UNDRIP\u00C2\u00A0began\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0drafting\u00C2\u00A0refinement\u00C2\u00A0phase,\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0Indigenous\u00C2\u00A0rights\u00C2\u00A0activist\u00C2\u00A0describing\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Canadian/American/Australian/New\u00C2\u00A0Zealand\u00C2\u00A062\u00C2\u00A0Sheryl\u00C2\u00A0Lightfoot,\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CEmerging\u00C2\u00A0International\u00C2\u00A0Rights\u00C2\u00A0Norms\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u0098over\u00C2\u00ADcompliance\u00E2\u0080\u0099\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0New\u00C2\u00A0Zealand\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Canada,\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008BPolitical\u00C2\u00A0Science\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008B 62,\u00C2\u00A0no.\u00C2\u00A01\u00C2\u00A0(2010):\u00C2\u00A0104.\u00C2\u00A038\u00C2\u00A0block\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0tactics\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009Ccreatively\u00C2\u00A0using\u00C2\u00A0language\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0obscure\u00C2\u00A0rather\u00C2\u00A0than\u00C2\u00A0resolve\u00C2\u00A0some\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0underlying\u00C2\u00A0issues\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0negotiating\u00C2\u00A0states\u00C2\u00A0sought\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0construct\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0declaration. \u00C2\u00A0Importantly,\u00C2\u00A063during\u00C2\u00A0negotiations\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0draft\u00C2\u00A0declaration,\u00C2\u00A0Lightfoot\u00C2\u00A0describes\u00C2\u00A0Canada\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0one\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0few\u00C2\u00A0states\u00C2\u00A0(joining\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0US\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Brazil)\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0requesting\u00C2\u00A0clarification\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0articles\u00C2\u00A0surrounding\u00C2\u00A0questions\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0land,\u00C2\u00A0resources,\u00C2\u00A0treaties,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0voicing\u00C2\u00A0concern\u00C2\u00A0(the\u00C2\u00A0US\u00C2\u00A0expressed\u00C2\u00A0opposition)\u00C2\u00A0regarding\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0right\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0self\u00C2\u00ADdetermination. \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A064The\u00C2\u00A0draft\u00C2\u00A0declaration\u00C2\u00A0eventually\u00C2\u00A0moved\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0debate\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0review\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0UN\u00C2\u00A0General\u00C2\u00A0Assembly,\u00C2\u00A0where\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0final\u00C2\u00A0draft\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0approved\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0vote\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0143\u00C2\u00A0for,\u00C2\u00A011\u00C2\u00A0abstentions,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A04\u00C2\u00A0against\u00C2\u00A0(Canada,\u00C2\u00A0US,\u00C2\u00A0Australia,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0New\u00C2\u00A0Zealand\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0minority\u00C2\u00A0voting\u00C2\u00A0against).\u00C2\u00A0Canada\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0time\u00C2\u00A0declared\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0declaration\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0provisions\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009Coverly\u00C2\u00A0broad,\u00C2\u00A0unclear,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0capable\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0wide\u00C2\u00A0variety\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0interpretations,\u00C2\u00A0discounting\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0need\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0recognize\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0range\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0rights\u00C2\u00A0over\u00C2\u00A0land\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0possibly\u00C2\u00A0putting\u00C2\u00A0into\u00C2\u00A0question\u00C2\u00A0matters\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0been\u00C2\u00A0settled\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0treaty,\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0setting\u00C2\u00A0up\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0curious\u00C2\u00A0position\u00C2\u00A0where\u00C2\u00A0it\u00C2\u00A0seemed\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0Canada\u00C2\u00A0found\u00C2\u00A0UNDRIP\u00C2\u00A0substantively\u00C2\u00A0lacking\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0terms\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0land\u00C2\u00A0rights,\u00C2\u00A0though\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Canadian\u00C2\u00A0state\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0policies\u00C2\u00A0towards\u00C2\u00A0Indigenous\u00C2\u00A0peoples\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0generally\u00C2\u00A0reactive\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0imposed\u00C2\u00A0court\u00C2\u00A0judgements,\u00C2\u00A0rather\u00C2\u00A0than\u00C2\u00A0proactive. \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A065In\u00C2\u00A02010,\u00C2\u00A0Canada\u00C2\u00A0declared\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0its\u00C2\u00A0qualms\u00C2\u00A0about\u00C2\u00A0UNDRIP\u00C2\u00A0had\u00C2\u00A0been\u00C2\u00A0resolved,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009Cthe\u00C2\u00A0Declaration\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0aspirational\u00C2\u00A0document\u00C2\u00A0which\u00C2\u00A0speaks\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0individual\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0collective\u00C2\u00A0rights\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Indigenous\u00C2\u00A0peoples,\u00C2\u00A0taking\u00C2\u00A0into\u00C2\u00A0account\u00C2\u00A0their\u00C2\u00A0specific\u00C2\u00A0cultural,\u00C2\u00A0social\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0economic\u00C2\u00A063\u00C2\u00A0Sheryl\u00C2\u00A0Lightfoot,\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008BGlobal\u00C2\u00A0Indigenous\u00C2\u00A0Politics:\u00C2\u00A0A\u00C2\u00A0Subtle\u00C2\u00A0Revolution\u00E2\u0080\u008B .\u00C2\u00A0New\u00C2\u00A0York:\u00C2\u00A0Routledge,\u00C2\u00A02016.\u00C2\u00A056.\u00C2\u00A0(Lightfoot\u00C2\u00A02016)\u00C2\u00A064\u00C2\u00A0Ibid.,\u00C2\u00A058.\u00C2\u00A065\u00C2\u00A0United\u00C2\u00A0Nations,\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CGeneral\u00C2\u00A0Assembly\u00C2\u00A0adopts\u00C2\u00A0Declaration\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0Rights\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Indigenous\u00C2\u00A0Peoples;\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u0098Major\u00C2\u00A0step\u00C2\u00A0forward\u00E2\u0080\u0099\u00C2\u00A0towards\u00C2\u00A0human\u00C2\u00A0rights\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0all,\u00C2\u00A0says\u00C2\u00A0president,\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0September\u00C2\u00A013,\u00C2\u00A02007.\u00C2\u00A0Accessed\u00C2\u00A0August\u00C2\u00A03,\u00C2\u00A02016.\u00C2\u00A0http://www.un.org/press/en/2007/ga10612.doc.htm\u00C2\u00A039\u00C2\u00A0circumstances.\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0While\u00C2\u00A0optimistic\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0scope,\u00C2\u00A0combining\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0lack\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0action\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0general\u00C2\u00A0towards\u00C2\u00A066improving\u00C2\u00A0living\u00C2\u00A0standards\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0off\u00C2\u00A0reserve\u00C2\u00A0Indigenous\u00C2\u00A0peoples,\u00C2\u00A0protracted\u00C2\u00A0domestic\u00C2\u00A0legal\u00C2\u00A0battles\u00C2\u00A0against\u00C2\u00A0Indigenous\u00C2\u00A0litigants\u00C2\u00A0regarding\u00C2\u00A0environmental\u00C2\u00A0protections,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0labelling\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0declaration\u00C2\u00A0meant\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0prescribe\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0minimum\u00C2\u00A0standards\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0Indigenous\u00C2\u00A0rights\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0aspirational\u00C2\u00A0hints\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0underlying\u00C2\u00A0opportunism\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0bad\u00C2\u00A0faith\u00C2\u00A0compliance.\u00C2\u00A0While\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0declaration\u00C2\u00A0has\u00C2\u00A0normative\u00C2\u00A0pull\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0areas\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0Lightfoot\u00C2\u00A0labels\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0soft\u00C2\u00A0rights,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0rhetorically\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0general,\u00C2\u00A0examining\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0larger\u00C2\u00A0picture\u00C2\u00A0forces\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0observer\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0question\u00C2\u00A0Canada\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0commitment\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0UNDRIP,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0whether\u00C2\u00A0it\u00C2\u00A0intended\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0comply\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0declaration.\u00C2\u00A0Part\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0problem\u00C2\u00A0lies\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0fact\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0codified\u00C2\u00A0form\u00C2\u00A0allowed\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0flexibility,\u00C2\u00A0including\u00C2\u00A0counter\u00C2\u00ADnormative\u00C2\u00A0logic\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0allows\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0minimal\u00C2\u00A0action.\u00C2\u00A0Seemingly\u00C2\u00A0ending\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0question\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Canada\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0intent\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0comply\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0UNDRIP,\u00C2\u00A0Canadian\u00C2\u00A0Minister\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Indigenous\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Northern\u00C2\u00A0Affairs\u00C2\u00A0Carolyn\u00C2\u00A0Bennett,\u00C2\u00A0declared\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0May\u00C2\u00A02016\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0Canada\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009Cis\u00C2\u00A0now\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0full\u00C2\u00A0supporter\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Declaration,\u00C2\u00A0without\u00C2\u00A0qualification...\u00C2\u00A0Adopting\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0implementing\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Declaration\u00C2\u00A0means\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0will\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0breathing\u00C2\u00A0life\u00C2\u00A0into\u00C2\u00A0Section\u00C2\u00A035\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Canada\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0Constitution,\u00C2\u00A0which\u00C2\u00A0provides\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0full\u00C2\u00A0box\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0rights\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0Indigenous\u00C2\u00A0peoples.\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0Setting\u00C2\u00A067aside\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0lack\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0specificity\u00C2\u00A0around\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0substantial\u00C2\u00A0effects\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0compliance,\u00C2\u00A0it\u00C2\u00A0would\u00C2\u00A0appear\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0Canada\u00C2\u00A0had\u00C2\u00A0taken\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0critical\u00C2\u00A0step\u00C2\u00A0towards\u00C2\u00A0full\u00C2\u00A0socialization\u00C2\u00A0through\u00C2\u00A0discursive\u00C2\u00A0compliance\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0high\u00C2\u00A0cost\u00C2\u00A0arena\u00C2\u00A0without\u00C2\u00A0any\u00C2\u00A0qualifications.\u00C2\u00A0However,\u00C2\u00A0Minister\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Justice\u00C2\u00A0Jody\u00C2\u00A0Wilson\u00C2\u00ADRaybould\u00C2\u00A0acknowledged\u00C2\u00A0two\u00C2\u00A0months\u00C2\u00A0later\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009Csimplistic\u00C2\u00A0approaches,\u00C2\u00A0such\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A066\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008BIndigenous\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Northern\u00C2\u00A0Affairs\u00C2\u00A0Canada,\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008B\u00E2\u0080\u009C\u00E2\u0080\u008BCanada's\u00C2\u00A0Statement\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Support\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0United\u00C2\u00A0Nations\u00C2\u00A0Declaration\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Rights\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Indigenous\u00C2\u00A0Peoples,\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0November\u00C2\u00A012,\u00C2\u00A02010.\u00C2\u00A0Accessed\u00C2\u00A0August\u00C2\u00A01,\u00C2\u00A02016.\u00C2\u00A0http://www.aadnc\u00C2\u00ADaandc.gc.ca/eng/1309374239861/\u00E2\u0080\u008B1309374546142\u00C2\u00A067Government\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Canada,\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CCanada\u00C2\u00A0Becomes\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0Full\u00C2\u00A0Supporter\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0United\u00C2\u00A0Nations\u00C2\u00A0Declaration\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Rights\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Indigenous\u00C2\u00A0Peoples,\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0May\u00C2\u00A010,\u00C2\u00A02016.\u00C2\u00A0Accessed\u00C2\u00A0July\u00C2\u00A015,\u00C2\u00A02016.\u00C2\u00A0http://news.gc.ca/web/article\u00C2\u00ADen.do?mthd=tp&crtr.page=1&nid=1063339&crtr.tp1D=1&_ga=1.40822306.1066794629.1422563602\u00C2\u00A040\u00C2\u00A0adopting\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0UNDRIP\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0being\u00C2\u00A0Canadian\u00C2\u00A0law,\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0unworkable\u00C2\u00A0and,\u00C2\u00A0respectfully,\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0political\u00C2\u00A0distraction\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0undertaking\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0hard\u00C2\u00A0work\u00C2\u00A0required\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0actually\u00C2\u00A0implement\u00C2\u00A0it,\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0indicating\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0possible\u00C2\u00A0rhetorical\u00C2\u00A0line\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0defense\u00C2\u00A0similar\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0form\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Hawkins\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Jacoby\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u0098ambiguous\u00C2\u00A0compliance\u00C2\u00A0among\u00C2\u00A0complexity\u00E2\u0080\u0099\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0justify\u00C2\u00A0avoidance. \u00C2\u00A0Importantly,\u00C2\u00A0though\u00C2\u00A0avoidance\u00C2\u00A068necessarily\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0defined\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0opportunism\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0bad\u00C2\u00A0faith,\u00C2\u00A0it\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0opportunism\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0bad\u00C2\u00A0faith\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0relation\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0norm;\u00C2\u00A0while\u00C2\u00A0policy\u00C2\u00A0makers\u00C2\u00A0may\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0sincere\u00C2\u00A0intentions\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0improving\u00C2\u00A0Indigenous\u00C2\u00A0rights,\u00C2\u00A0their\u00C2\u00A0intent\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0sidestep\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0provision\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0prescriptions\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0what\u00C2\u00A0allows\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0case\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0framed\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0terms\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0avoidance.\u00C2\u00A0Canada\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0relationship\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0Indigenous\u00C2\u00A0peoples\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0nations\u00C2\u00A0remain\u00C2\u00A0fraught\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0complexity,\u00C2\u00A0but\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0issue\u00C2\u00A0becomes\u00C2\u00A0one\u00C2\u00A0where\u00C2\u00A0partial\u00C2\u00A0compliance\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0conflated\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0full\u00C2\u00A0compliance\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0outside\u00C2\u00A0observers,\u00C2\u00A0who\u00C2\u00A0lessen\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0pressures\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0Canada\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0fully\u00C2\u00A0comply.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0avoidance\u00C2\u00A0likely\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0continue\u00C2\u00A0unabated\u00C2\u00A0relate\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0core\u00C2\u00A0question\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0materiality\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0land.\u00C2\u00A0While\u00C2\u00A0social\u00C2\u00A0mechanisms\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0settler\u00C2\u00A0colonialism\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0being\u00C2\u00A0addressed\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0accordance\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0UNDRIP\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0Lightfoot\u00C2\u00A0identifies,\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0question\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0land\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0sidelined\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0way\u00C2\u00A0inconsistent\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0other\u00C2\u00A0parts\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0declaration.\u00C2\u00A0Borrowing\u00C2\u00A0Smith\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0language,\u00C2\u00A0Canadian\u00C2\u00A0action\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0relation\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0question\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0land\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0self\u00C2\u00ADdetermination\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Indigenous\u00C2\u00A0peoples\u00C2\u00A0represents\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0opportunism\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0violates\u00C2\u00A0moral\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0quasi\u00C2\u00ADenforceable\u00C2\u00A0norms.\u00C2\u00A0For\u00C2\u00A0example,\u00C2\u00A0while\u00C2\u00A0Canada\u00C2\u00A0rhetorically\u00C2\u00A0complies\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0UNDRIP,\u00C2\u00A0underfunding\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0child\u00C2\u00A0welfare\u00C2\u00A0resources\u00C2\u00A0accessed\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0Indigenous\u00C2\u00A0peoples\u00C2\u00A0compared\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0those\u00C2\u00A0meant\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0general\u00C2\u00A0population\u00C2\u00A0underlines\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0systemic\u00C2\u00A0problems\u00C2\u00A0underlying\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Canadian\u00C2\u00A0state\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0logics\u00C2\u00A0when\u00C2\u00A0compared\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0logic\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A068\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008BIndigenous\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Northern\u00C2\u00A0Affairs\u00C2\u00A0Canada,\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008B\u00E2\u0080\u009C\u00E2\u0080\u008BAssembly\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0First\u00C2\u00A0Nations\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00AD\u00C2\u00A0Annual\u00C2\u00A0General\u00C2\u00A0Assembly,\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0July\u00C2\u00A012,\u00C2\u00A02016\u00C2\u00A0Accessed\u00C2\u00A0July\u00C2\u00A020.\u00C2\u00A02016.\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008Bhttp://news.gc.ca/web/article\u00C2\u00ADen.do?nid=1098629&tp=970\u00C2\u00A041\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0core\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0UNDRIP. \u00C2\u00A0Elsewhere,\u00C2\u00A0UNDRIP\u00C2\u00A0Article\u00C2\u00A032\u00C2\u00A0requires\u00C2\u00A0free,\u00C2\u00A0informed,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0prior\u00C2\u00A069consent\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Indigenous\u00C2\u00A0peoples\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0issues\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0impact\u00C2\u00A0them,\u00C2\u00A0but\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0leading\u00C2\u00A0Canadian\u00C2\u00A0law\u00C2\u00A0firm\u00C2\u00A0conditions\u00C2\u00A0consent\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0certain\u00C2\u00A0circumstances,\u00C2\u00A0meaning\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0full\u00C2\u00A0cost\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0participating\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0UNDRIP\u00C2\u00A0can\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0minimized. \u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0phenomena\u00C2\u00A0identified\u00C2\u00A0so\u00C2\u00A0far\u00C2\u00A0map\u00C2\u00A0closely\u00C2\u00A0onto\u00C2\u00A0avoidance;\u00C2\u00A070confusion\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0definitions,\u00C2\u00A0obfuscation\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0willful\u00C2\u00A0ignorance\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0facts,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0legitimate\u00C2\u00A0responses\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0partially\u00C2\u00A0meet\u00C2\u00A0compliance\u00C2\u00A0requirements.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Subtle\u00C2\u00A0changes \u00C2\u00A071Freezing\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0narrative\u00C2\u00A0here\u00C2\u00A0clearly\u00C2\u00A0paints\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0picture\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0ongoing\u00C2\u00A0avoidance,\u00C2\u00A0but\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0dynamic\u00C2\u00A0nature\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0relationship\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00C2\u00A0proponents\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0opponents\u00C2\u00A0would\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0completely\u00C2\u00A0ignored.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0conversational\u00C2\u00A0nature\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0avoidance\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0evasion\u00C2\u00A0cannot\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0seen\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0only\u00C2\u00A0examining\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0moment\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0extreme\u00C2\u00A0detail.\u00C2\u00A0Rather,\u00C2\u00A0examining\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0timeline\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0events\u00C2\u00A0reveals\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0gradual\u00C2\u00A0ebb\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0flow\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0ideas\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0dialogue\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0leads\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00C2\u00A0changes.\u00C2\u00A0Contrasting\u00C2\u00A0initial\u00C2\u00A0contact\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A0Indigenous\u00C2\u00A0nations\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0European\u00C2\u00A0settlers\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0contemporary\u00C2\u00A0contact\u00C2\u00A0reveals\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0while\u00C2\u00A0exclusionary\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0assimilatory\u00C2\u00A0impulses\u00C2\u00A0still\u00C2\u00A0exist,\u00C2\u00A0their\u00C2\u00A0manifestations\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0changed.\u00C2\u00A0I\u00C2\u00A0suggest\u00C2\u00A0again\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0rather\u00C2\u00A0than\u00C2\u00A0approaching\u00C2\u00A0avoidance\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0evasion\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0pure\u00C2\u00A0case\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0black\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0white,\u00C2\u00A0these\u00C2\u00A0phenomena\u00C2\u00A0can\u00C2\u00A0also\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0understood\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0dialogical\u00C2\u00A0manner,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0way\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0actors\u00C2\u00A0might\u00C2\u00A0negotiate\u00C2\u00A0tenuous\u00C2\u00A0relationships\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0each\u00C2\u00A0other\u00C2\u00A0without\u00C2\u00A0necessarily\u00C2\u00A0moving\u00C2\u00A0into\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0realm\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0open\u00C2\u00A0confrontation.\u00C2\u00A0By\u00C2\u00A0allowing\u00C2\u00A069\u00C2\u00A0Tim\u00C2\u00A0Fontaine,\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009C\u00E2\u0080\u008BCanada\u00C2\u00A0discriminates\u00C2\u00A0against\u00C2\u00A0children\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0reserves,\u00C2\u00A0tribunal\u00C2\u00A0rules,\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008BCBC\u00C2\u00A0News\u00E2\u0080\u008B .\u00C2\u00A0January\u00C2\u00A026\u00C2\u00A02016.\u00C2\u00A0Accessed\u00C2\u00A0August\u00C2\u00A07,\u00C2\u00A02016.\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008Bhttp://www.cbc.ca/news/aboriginal/canada\u00C2\u00ADdiscriminates\u00C2\u00ADagainst\u00C2\u00ADchildren\u00C2\u00ADon\u00C2\u00ADreserves\u00C2\u00ADtribunal\u00C2\u00ADrules\u00C2\u00AD1.3419480\u00C2\u00A070\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008B UN\u00C2\u00A0General\u00C2\u00A0Assembly,\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008BUnited\u00C2\u00A0Nations\u00C2\u00A0Declaration\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Rights\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Indigenous\u00C2\u00A0Peoples\u00C2\u00A0:\u00C2\u00A0resolution\u00C2\u00A0adopted\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0General\u00C2\u00A0Assembly\u00E2\u0080\u008B ,\u00C2\u00A02\u00C2\u00A0October\u00C2\u00A02007,\u00C2\u00A0A/RES/61/295.\u00C2\u00A0Article\u00C2\u00A032.\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008BSee\u00C2\u00A0also\u00E2\u0080\u008B :\u00C2\u00A0Torys\u00C2\u00A0LLP.\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008BFree,\u00C2\u00A0Prior\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Informed\u00C2\u00A0Consent\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0Canada:\u00C2\u00A0Towards\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0New\u00C2\u00A0Relationship\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0Indigenous\u00C2\u00A0Peoples\u00E2\u0080\u008B ,\u00C2\u00A02016.\u00C2\u00A020\u00C2\u00AD8.\u00C2\u00A071\u00C2\u00A0Lightfoot\u00C2\u00A02016.\u00C2\u00A042\u00C2\u00A0negotiations\u00C2\u00A0over\u00C2\u00A0substantive\u00C2\u00A0rights\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0take\u00C2\u00A0place\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0less\u00C2\u00A0confrontational\u00C2\u00A0manner,\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0costs\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0challenging\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00C2\u00A0significantly\u00C2\u00A0decrease.\u00C2\u00A0I\u00C2\u00A0briefly\u00C2\u00A0turn\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0neuroscience\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0highlight\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0point\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0avoidance\u00C2\u00A0differs\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0effect\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0sanction\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0evasion.\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A0examining\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0intersections\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A0norms\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0neuroscience,\u00C2\u00A0Hopf\u00C2\u00A0argues\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0actions\u00C2\u00A0relating\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0fully\u00C2\u00A0socialized\u00C2\u00A0norms\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009Cautomatic\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0unreflective...not\u00C2\u00A0even\u00C2\u00A0boundedly\u00C2\u00A0rational,\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0there\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0deliberate\u00C2\u00A0consideration\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0even\u00C2\u00A0one\u00C2\u00A0alternative\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0what\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0automatically\u00C2\u00A0perceived\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0practiced,\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0gesturing\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0subconscious\u00C2\u00A0influence\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0behaviour. \u00C2\u00A0He\u00C2\u00A0further\u00C2\u00A0notes\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0breaching\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0deeply\u00C2\u00A0socialized\u00C2\u00A072norm\u00C2\u00A0can\u00C2\u00A0prompt\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0unreflexive\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0aggressive\u00C2\u00A0response\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009Cregardless\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u0098objective\u00E2\u0080\u0099\u00C2\u00A0nature\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0rival\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0conduct..setting\u00C2\u00A0into\u00C2\u00A0motion\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0self\u00C2\u00ADfulfilling\u00C2\u00A0prophesy\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0makes\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0enduring\u00C2\u00A0rivalry\u00C2\u00A0automatic.\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A073Putting\u00C2\u00A0Hopf\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0ideas\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0practice\u00C2\u00A0means\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0direct\u00C2\u00A0challenge\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0costly\u00C2\u00A0endeavour,\u00C2\u00A0necessitating\u00C2\u00A0less\u00C2\u00A0direct\u00C2\u00A0means\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00C2\u00A0change,\u00C2\u00A0especially\u00C2\u00A0those\u00C2\u00A0impacting\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0everyday\u00C2\u00A0logics\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0actors\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0individuals.\u00C2\u00A0Identifying\u00C2\u00A0evasion\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0way\u00C2\u00A0WADA\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0IPC\u00C2\u00A0has\u00C2\u00A0done\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0Russian\u00C2\u00A0doping\u00C2\u00A0aligns\u00C2\u00A0closely\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0Hopf\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0initial\u00C2\u00A0finding;\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0breaching\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00C2\u00A0openly\u00C2\u00A0will\u00C2\u00A0activate\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0aggressive\u00C2\u00A0response\u00C2\u00A0directed\u00C2\u00A0towards\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0identified\u00C2\u00A0rival.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0logic\u00C2\u00A0behind\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0clandestinely\u00C2\u00A0subverted,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0heat\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0moment,\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0need\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0integrity\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0remain\u00C2\u00A0intact\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0evader\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0thrive,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0therefore,\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0need\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0strong\u00C2\u00A0may\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0missed.\u00C2\u00A0Even\u00C2\u00A0though\u00C2\u00A0evasion\u00C2\u00A0can\u00C2\u00A0strengthen\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0underlying\u00C2\u00A0norm,\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0penalty\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0evasion\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0automatic,\u00C2\u00A0reflexive,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0aggressive,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0evasive\u00C2\u00A0actor\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0likely\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0recieve\u00C2\u00A0any\u00C2\u00A0thanks\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0regime\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0pointing\u00C2\u00A0out\u00C2\u00A0weak\u00C2\u00A0points.\u00C2\u00A0Rather,\u00C2\u00A072\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Ted\u00C2\u00A0Hopf,\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CThe\u00C2\u00A0logic\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0habit\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0International\u00C2\u00A0Relations,\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008BEuropean\u00C2\u00A0Journal\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0International\u00C2\u00A0Relations\u00E2\u0080\u008B \u00C2\u00A016,\u00C2\u00A0vol.\u00C2\u00A04\u00C2\u00A0(2010):\u00C2\u00A0548,\u00C2\u00A0552.\u00C2\u00A073\u00C2\u00A0Ibid,\u00C2\u00A0552.\u00C2\u00A043\u00C2\u00A0detected\u00C2\u00A0evasion\u00C2\u00A0sets\u00C2\u00A0up\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0binaristic\u00C2\u00A0relationship\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0evasive\u00C2\u00A0actor\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0regime.\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0case\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Indigenous\u00C2\u00A0rights,\u00C2\u00A0avoidance\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0part\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0state\u00C2\u00A0generates\u00C2\u00A0social\u00C2\u00A0sanction\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0Indigenous\u00C2\u00A0communities\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0overarching\u00C2\u00A0regime,\u00C2\u00A0but\u00C2\u00A0does\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0shut\u00C2\u00A0down\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0potential\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0dialogue\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A0actors\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0same\u00C2\u00A0way\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0deliberate\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0bad\u00C2\u00A0faith\u00C2\u00A0breach\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00C2\u00A0would\u00C2\u00A0otherwise\u00C2\u00A0do.\u00C2\u00A0Under\u00C2\u00A0Hopf\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0theory,\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0might\u00C2\u00A0understand\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0novelty\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0avoidance,\u00C2\u00A0sitting\u00C2\u00A0somewhere\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A0evasion\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0full\u00C2\u00A0compliance,\u00C2\u00A0forces\u00C2\u00A0actors\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0critically\u00C2\u00A0think\u00C2\u00A0about\u00C2\u00A0their\u00C2\u00A0response,\u00C2\u00A0instead\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0entirely\u00C2\u00A0relying\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0instinctive\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0habitual\u00C2\u00A0response.\u00C2\u00A0It\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0grey\u00C2\u00A0space\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0shifts\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0deeply\u00C2\u00A0entrenched\u00C2\u00A0logics\u00C2\u00A0might\u00C2\u00A0begin\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0take\u00C2\u00A0hold,\u00C2\u00A0without\u00C2\u00A0necessarily\u00C2\u00A0waging\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0direct\u00C2\u00A0assault\u00C2\u00A0against\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00C2\u00A0itself.\u00C2\u00A0As\u00C2\u00A0noted,\u00C2\u00A0Indigenous\u00C2\u00A0rights\u00C2\u00A0during\u00C2\u00A0earlier\u00C2\u00A0periods\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0interaction\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0trampled\u00C2\u00A0on,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0dialogue\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0conducted\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0binary\u00C2\u00A0terms\u00C2\u00A0through\u00C2\u00A0court\u00C2\u00A0imposed\u00C2\u00A0decisions\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0through\u00C2\u00A0imposed\u00C2\u00A0state\u00C2\u00A0law.\u00C2\u00A0Consent\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0asked\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0federal\u00C2\u00A0government,\u00C2\u00A0nor\u00C2\u00A0necessarily\u00C2\u00A0conferred\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0Indigenous\u00C2\u00A0peoples.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0shift\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0overt\u00C2\u00A0violence\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0latent\u00C2\u00A0violence\u00C2\u00A0can\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0linked\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0gradual\u00C2\u00A0dialogue\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0what\u00C2\u00A0constitutes\u00C2\u00A0acceptable\u00C2\u00A0action.\u00C2\u00A0While\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0would\u00C2\u00A0appear\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0simply\u00C2\u00A0relabelling\u00C2\u00A0tactical\u00C2\u00A0concessions,\u00C2\u00A0avoidance\u00C2\u00A0differs\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0opportunistic\u00C2\u00A0bad\u00C2\u00A0faith\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0always\u00C2\u00A0assumed\u00C2\u00A0instead\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0good\u00C2\u00A0faith\u00C2\u00A0dealings,\u00C2\u00A0necessitating\u00C2\u00A0constant\u00C2\u00A0pressure\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0actor\u00C2\u00A0undergoing\u00C2\u00A0socialization.\u00C2\u00A0While\u00C2\u00A0Risse\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Sikkink\u00C2\u00A0also\u00C2\u00A0require\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009Csustained\u00C2\u00A0bilateral\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0multilateral\u00C2\u00A0network\u00C2\u00A0pressure\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0applied\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0transform\u00C2\u00A0tactical\u00C2\u00A0concession\u00C2\u00A0into\u00C2\u00A0substantial\u00C2\u00A0action,\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0risk\u00C2\u00A0lies\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0teleological\u00C2\u00A0movement\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0spiral\u00C2\u00A0model\u00C2\u00A0assumes\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0compliance. \u00C2\u00A0Avoidance\u00C2\u00A0fills\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0small,\u00C2\u00A0but\u00C2\u00A0important\u00C2\u00A0gap\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0their\u00C2\u00A0theory,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A074assumes\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0avoidant\u00C2\u00A0state,\u00C2\u00A0without\u00C2\u00A0revealing\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0opportunism\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0play,\u00C2\u00A0can\u00C2\u00A0escape\u00C2\u00A0undetected\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0accepted\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0fully\u00C2\u00A0compliant\u00C2\u00A0member\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0regime,\u00C2\u00A0without\u00C2\u00A0necessarily\u00C2\u00A074\u00C2\u00A0Risse\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Sikkink,\u00C2\u00A020\u00C2\u00A0(figure\u00C2\u00A01.3).\u00C2\u00A044\u00C2\u00A0sharing\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0costs\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0compliance.\u00C2\u00A0Instead\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0compliance\u00C2\u00A0being\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0eventuality\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0given,\u00C2\u00A0avoidance\u00C2\u00A0assumes\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0worst\u00C2\u00A0case\u00C2\u00A0scenario,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0takes\u00C2\u00A0what\u00C2\u00A0amounts\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0more\u00C2\u00A0traditional\u00C2\u00A0realist\u00C2\u00A0stance\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0socialization.\u00C2\u00A0Frequent\u00C2\u00A0dialogue\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0pressure,\u00C2\u00A0though\u00C2\u00A0still\u00C2\u00A0contentious,\u00C2\u00A0does\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0always\u00C2\u00A0take\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0oppositional\u00C2\u00A0forums\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0open,\u00C2\u00A0but\u00C2\u00A0also\u00C2\u00A0behind\u00C2\u00A0closed\u00C2\u00A0doors.\u00C2\u00A0For\u00C2\u00A0example,\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0July\u00C2\u00A02016\u00C2\u00A0meeting\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0provincial\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0federal\u00C2\u00A0leaders\u00C2\u00A0also\u00C2\u00A0included\u00C2\u00A0Indigenous\u00C2\u00A0leaders\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0variety\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0organizations\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0representing\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0variety\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0constituencies. \u00C2\u00A0Moving\u00C2\u00A0backwards\u00C2\u00A075in\u00C2\u00A0time,\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0can\u00C2\u00A0trace\u00C2\u00A0inclusion\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0representation\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0decision\u00C2\u00A0making\u00C2\u00A0fora\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0impact\u00C2\u00A0Indigenous\u00C2\u00A0peoples;\u00C2\u00A0Borrows\u00C2\u00A0notes\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0negotiation\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Charlottetown\u00C2\u00A0Accord\u00C2\u00A0involved\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009Cnational\u00C2\u00A0Indigenous\u00C2\u00A0organizations\u00C2\u00A0[working]\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0first\u00C2\u00A0ministers\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0debate\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0draft\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0series\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0amendments\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0constitution,\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0which\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0step\u00C2\u00A0forward\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Meech\u00C2\u00A0Lake\u00C2\u00A0Accord,\u00C2\u00A0which\u00C2\u00A0famously\u00C2\u00A0met\u00C2\u00A0its\u00C2\u00A0end\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0Elijah\u00C2\u00A0Harper,\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0Indigenous\u00C2\u00A0politician\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Red\u00C2\u00A0Sucker\u00C2\u00A0Lake\u00C2\u00A0First\u00C2\u00A0Nation,\u00C2\u00A0voted\u00C2\u00A0against\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0crucial\u00C2\u00A0motion\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0its\u00C2\u00A0implementation\u00C2\u00A0because\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0lack\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0consultation,\u00C2\u00A0which\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0step\u00C2\u00A0forward\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0previous\u00C2\u00A0policies\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0exclusion. \u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0types\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0pressures,\u00C2\u00A0leverage,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0cost\u00C2\u00A0brought\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0bear\u00C2\u00A0will\u00C2\u00A0vary\u00C2\u00A0depending\u00C2\u00A076on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0audience\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0arena\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0dialogue,\u00C2\u00A0but\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0ability\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0adapt\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0modify\u00C2\u00A0negotiation\u00C2\u00A0tactics\u00C2\u00A0allow\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0less\u00C2\u00A0politically\u00C2\u00A0popular\u00C2\u00A0ideas\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0floated\u00C2\u00A0without\u00C2\u00A0incurring\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0heavy\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0cost.\u00C2\u00A0While\u00C2\u00A0state\u00C2\u00A0exclusion\u00C2\u00A0continued,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0continues\u00C2\u00A0through\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0present\u00C2\u00A0day,\u00C2\u00A0gradual\u00C2\u00A0recognition\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Indigenous\u00C2\u00A0rights\u00C2\u00A0(primarily\u00C2\u00A0cultural)\u00C2\u00A0appear\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0gradually\u00C2\u00A0lead\u00C2\u00A0towards\u00C2\u00A075\u00C2\u00A0Council\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Federation,\u00E2\u0080\u008B\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008B \u00E2\u0080\u009CPremiers\u00C2\u00A0work\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0improve\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0state\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0federation,\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0July\u00C2\u00A021,\u00C2\u00A02016.\u00C2\u00A0Accessed\u00C2\u00A0August\u00C2\u00A01,\u00C2\u00A02016.\u00C2\u00A0http://canadaspremiers.ca/phocadownload/newsroom_2016/state_of_the_federation_july21.pdf\u00C2\u00A076\u00C2\u00A0John\u00C2\u00A0Borrows,\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008BFreedom\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Indigenous\u00C2\u00A0Constitutionalism\u00E2\u0080\u008B .\u00C2\u00A0Toronto:\u00C2\u00A0University\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Toronto\u00C2\u00A0Press,\u00C2\u00A02016.\u00C2\u00A078.\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008BSee\u00C2\u00A0also\u00E2\u0080\u008B :\u00C2\u00A0Ian\u00C2\u00A0Peach,\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CThe\u00C2\u00A0power\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0single\u00C2\u00A0feather:\u00C2\u00A0Meech\u00C2\u00A0Lake,\u00C2\u00A0indigenous\u00C2\u00A0resistance\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0evolution\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0indigenous\u00C2\u00A0politics\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0Canada,\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008BReview\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Constitutional\u00C2\u00A0Studies\u00E2\u0080\u008B \u00C2\u00A016,\u00C2\u00A0vol.\u00C2\u00A01\u00C2\u00A0(October\u00C2\u00A02011);\u00C2\u00A02.\u00C2\u00A045\u00C2\u00A0compliance.\u00C2\u00A0This\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0say\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0entire\u00C2\u00A0relationship\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Canadian\u00C2\u00A0state\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Indigenous\u00C2\u00A0peoples\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0characterized\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0openness\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0good\u00C2\u00A0faith;\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0do\u00C2\u00A0so\u00C2\u00A0would\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0dangerously\u00C2\u00A0optimistic\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0very\u00C2\u00A0least,\u00C2\u00A0but\u00C2\u00A0I\u00C2\u00A0argue\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0gradual\u00C2\u00A0compliance\u00C2\u00A0through\u00C2\u00A0avoidance,\u00C2\u00A0though\u00C2\u00A0problematic,\u00C2\u00A0can\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0form\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0socialization,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0avoidance\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0way\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0actor\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0cushion\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0postpone\u00C2\u00A0their\u00C2\u00A0obligations\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0long\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0possible.\u00C2\u00A0An\u00C2\u00A0actor\u00C2\u00A0can\u00C2\u00A0discursively\u00C2\u00A0comply,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0appear\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0make\u00C2\u00A0moves\u00C2\u00A0towards\u00C2\u00A0materially\u00C2\u00A0complying,\u00C2\u00A0but\u00C2\u00A0if\u00C2\u00A0they\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0capacity\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0comply\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0their\u00C2\u00A0obligations\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0does\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0do\u00C2\u00A0so,\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0can\u00C2\u00A0generally\u00C2\u00A0find\u00C2\u00A0external\u00C2\u00A0influences\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0would\u00C2\u00A0encourage\u00C2\u00A0us\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0label\u00C2\u00A0such\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0case\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0one\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0active\u00C2\u00A0avoidance.\u00C2\u00A0Indigenous\u00C2\u00A0scholars\u00C2\u00A0place\u00C2\u00A0land\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0centre\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Indigenous\u00C2\u00A0identities;\u00C2\u00A0Alfred\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Corntassel\u00C2\u00A0define\u00C2\u00A0Indigeneity\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009Coppositional,\u00C2\u00A0place\u00C2\u00ADbased\u00C2\u00A0existence,\u00C2\u00A0along\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0consciousness\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0being\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0struggle\u00C2\u00A0against\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0dispossessing\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0demeaning\u00C2\u00A0fact\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0colonization\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0foreign\u00C2\u00A0peoples,\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0fundamentally\u00C2\u00A0distinguishes\u00C2\u00A0Indigenous\u00C2\u00A0peoples\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0other\u00C2\u00A0peoples\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0world.\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008BNishnaabeg\u00C2\u00A0scholar\u00C2\u00A0Leanne\u00C2\u00A0Simpson\u00C2\u00A0also\u00C2\u00A0highlights\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A077integral\u00C2\u00A0link\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A0land\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Indigeneity\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0story\u00C2\u00A0(mirroring\u00C2\u00A0traditional\u00C2\u00A0forms\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0knowledge\u00C2\u00A0transmission)\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0how\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0young\u00C2\u00A0girl\u00C2\u00A0discovered\u00C2\u00A0maple\u00C2\u00A0syrup,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0how\u00C2\u00A0her\u00C2\u00A0community\u00C2\u00A0learned\u00C2\u00A0how\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0make\u00C2\u00A0syrup. \u00C2\u00A0Simpson\u00C2\u00A0posits\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0number\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009Cwhat\u00C2\u00A0if\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0relate\u00C2\u00A078to\u00C2\u00A0knowledge\u00C2\u00A0systems\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0specific\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0certain\u00C2\u00A0territories\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0place\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0her\u00C2\u00A0story. \u00C2\u00A0Places\u00C2\u00A079are\u00C2\u00A0forms\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0knowledge,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0ignore\u00C2\u00A0Lightfoot\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009Chard\u00C2\u00A0rights\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0focus\u00C2\u00A0solely\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009Csoft,\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0cultural\u00C2\u00A0rights\u00C2\u00A0ignores\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0deep\u00C2\u00A0links,\u00C2\u00A0especially\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0Indigenous\u00C2\u00A0cultures,\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0inform\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A077\u00C2\u00A0Taiaiake\u00C2\u00A0Alfred\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Jeff\u00C2\u00A0Corntassel,\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CBeing\u00C2\u00A0Indigenous:\u00C2\u00A0Resurgences\u00C2\u00A0against\u00C2\u00A0Contemporary\u00C2\u00A0Colonialism,\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008BGovernment\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Opposition\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008B 40,\u00C2\u00A0vol.\u00C2\u00A04\u00C2\u00A0(2005):\u00C2\u00A0597.\u00C2\u00A078\u00C2\u00A0Leanne\u00C2\u00A0Betasamosake\u00C2\u00A0Simpson,\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CLand\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0pedagogy;\u00C2\u00A0Nishnaabeg\u00C2\u00A0intelligence\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0rebellious\u00C2\u00A0transformation,\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008BDecolonization:\u00C2\u00A0Indigeneity,\u00C2\u00A0Education\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Society\u00E2\u0080\u008B \u00C2\u00A03,\u00C2\u00A0no.\u00C2\u00A03\u00C2\u00A0(2014):\u00C2\u00A02\u00C2\u00AD5.\u00C2\u00A079\u00C2\u00A0Ibid.,\u00C2\u00A08\u00C2\u00AD9.\u00C2\u00A046\u00C2\u00A0place\u00C2\u00ADbased\u00C2\u00A0existence\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0Alfred\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Corntassel\u00C2\u00A0identify\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0their\u00C2\u00A0definition.\u00C2\u00A0Focusing\u00C2\u00A0purely\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0social\u00C2\u00A0aspect\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Indigeneity\u00C2\u00A0without\u00C2\u00A0addressing\u00C2\u00A0material,\u00C2\u00A0land\u00C2\u00A0based\u00C2\u00A0aspects\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0identity\u00C2\u00A0risks\u00C2\u00A0stripping\u00C2\u00A0Indigenous\u00C2\u00A0identities\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0significant\u00C2\u00A0meaning.\u00C2\u00A0This\u00C2\u00A0sits\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0crux\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0particular\u00C2\u00A0case\u00C2\u00A0study\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0gives\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0push\u00C2\u00A0against\u00C2\u00A0avoidance\u00C2\u00A0urgency\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0direction.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0pressures\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0Indigenous\u00C2\u00A0peoples\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0state\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0potential\u00C2\u00A0costs\u00C2\u00A0generated\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0issue,\u00C2\u00A0means\u00C2\u00A0avoidance\u00C2\u00A0will\u00C2\u00A0characterize\u00C2\u00A0relations\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A0Indigenous\u00C2\u00A0peoples,\u00C2\u00A0nations,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Canada,\u00C2\u00A0but\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0contentiousness\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0issue\u00C2\u00A0will\u00C2\u00A0likely\u00C2\u00A0prevent\u00C2\u00A0avoidance\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0becoming\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0end\u00C2\u00A0state\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0itself.\u00C2\u00A0By\u00C2\u00A0examining\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0development\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0UNDRIP,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0associated\u00C2\u00A0Indigenous\u00C2\u00A0rights,\u00C2\u00A0avoidance\u00C2\u00A0can\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0seen\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0problem\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0continues\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0plague\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00C2\u00A0proponents,\u00C2\u00A0but\u00C2\u00A0can\u00C2\u00A0also\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0leveraged\u00C2\u00A0into\u00C2\u00A0developing\u00C2\u00A0more\u00C2\u00A0compliant\u00C2\u00A0action\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0actors,\u00C2\u00A0even\u00C2\u00A0if\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0actor\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0question\u00C2\u00A0does\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0believe\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0norm.\u00C2\u00A0If\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0mostly\u00C2\u00A0substantially\u00C2\u00A0correct,\u00C2\u00A0then\u00C2\u00A0approaching\u00C2\u00A0avoidance\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0beginning\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0conversation\u00C2\u00A0fits\u00C2\u00A0into\u00C2\u00A0Risse\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Sikkink\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0spiral\u00C2\u00A0model;\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0difficult\u00C2\u00A0part,\u00C2\u00A0it\u00C2\u00A0seems\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0providing\u00C2\u00A0enough\u00C2\u00A0pressure\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0momentum\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0ensure\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0actor\u00C2\u00A0moderates\u00C2\u00A0their\u00C2\u00A0behaviour\u00C2\u00A0over\u00C2\u00A0time\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0match\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0norm.\u00C2\u00A0If\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0substantially\u00C2\u00A0problematic,\u00C2\u00A0avoidance\u00C2\u00A0can\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0way\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0test\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0alternative\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0irrational\u00C2\u00A0habit,\u00C2\u00A0without\u00C2\u00A0incurring\u00C2\u00A0associated\u00C2\u00A0costs\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00C2\u00A0breach\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0way\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0overt\u00C2\u00A0opposition\u00C2\u00A0may\u00C2\u00A0incur.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A047\u00C2\u00A0Conclusion\u00C2\u00A0Norms\u00C2\u00A0matter.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0realist\u00C2\u00A0position\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0norms\u00C2\u00A0do\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0matter\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0untenable\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0variety\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0reasons,\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0least\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0some\u00C2\u00A0realists\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0gradually\u00C2\u00A0accepted\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0value\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0social\u00C2\u00A0interaction\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0force\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0material\u00C2\u00A0impacts,\u00C2\u00A0rather\u00C2\u00A0than\u00C2\u00A0being\u00C2\u00A0purely\u00C2\u00A0ephemeral. \u00C2\u00A080Non\u00C2\u00ADcompliant\u00C2\u00A0actors\u00C2\u00A0ultimately\u00C2\u00A0comply\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0variety\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0reasons;\u00C2\u00A0economic\u00C2\u00A0sanction,\u00C2\u00A0ostracization\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0communities,\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0inability\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0access\u00C2\u00A0benefits\u00C2\u00A0associated\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0norm.\u00C2\u00A0By\u00C2\u00A0looking\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0evasion\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0avoidance,\u00C2\u00A0I\u00C2\u00A0argue\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0actor\u00C2\u00A0may\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0able\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0their\u00C2\u00A0cake\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0eat\u00C2\u00A0it\u00C2\u00A0too.\u00C2\u00A0Engaging\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0partial\u00C2\u00A0compliance\u00C2\u00A0under\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0facade\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0full\u00C2\u00A0compliance\u00C2\u00A0breaks\u00C2\u00A0away\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0theories\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0link\u00C2\u00A0non\u00C2\u00ADcompliance\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0contestation.\u00C2\u00A0Contestation\u00C2\u00A0assumes\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0question\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0desired;\u00C2\u00A0evasion\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0avoidance\u00C2\u00A0take\u00C2\u00A0advantage\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0logics\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0presumptions\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0require\u00C2\u00A0it\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0continue\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0reap\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0benefits.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0repercussions\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0evasion\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0avoidance\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0many;\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00C2\u00A0proponents\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0attempt\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0solidify\u00C2\u00A0their\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00C2\u00A0may\u00C2\u00A0collapse\u00C2\u00A0avoidance\u00C2\u00A0into\u00C2\u00A0norm\u00C2\u00A0violations,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0try\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0narrow\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0grey\u00C2\u00A0zone\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A0compliance\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0non\u00C2\u00ADcompliance\u00C2\u00A0further,\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0parliamentarians\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0policy\u00C2\u00A0experts\u00C2\u00A0everywhere\u00C2\u00A0attempt\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0do\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0anti\u00C2\u00ADavoidance\u00C2\u00A0clauses.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0presumed\u00C2\u00A0sanction\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0evasion\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0far\u00C2\u00A0greater\u00C2\u00A0than\u00C2\u00A0avoidance;\u00C2\u00A0avoidance\u00C2\u00A0plays\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A081ambiguous\u00C2\u00A0legitimacy\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0action,\u00C2\u00A0whereas\u00C2\u00A0evasion\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0non\u00C2\u00ADcompliance\u00C2\u00A0under\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0veneer\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0compliance.\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A0turn,\u00C2\u00A0evasion\u00C2\u00A0would\u00C2\u00A0likely\u00C2\u00A0simplify\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0process\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0strengthening\u00C2\u00A0norms,\u00C2\u00A0building\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0Badescu\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Weiss.\u00C2\u00A0By\u00C2\u00A0collapsing\u00C2\u00A0avoidance\u00C2\u00A0into\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0case\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0non\u00C2\u00ADcompliance,\u00C2\u00A0bad\u00C2\u00A0faith\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0always\u00C2\u00A0presumed,\u00C2\u00A0which\u00C2\u00A0allows\u00C2\u00A0misapplication\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0quickly\u00C2\u00A0identified.\u00C2\u00A0Avoidance,\u00C2\u00A080\u00C2\u00A0John\u00C2\u00A0Gerard\u00C2\u00A0Ruggie,\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CWhat\u00C2\u00A0Makes\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0World\u00C2\u00A0Hang\u00C2\u00A0Together?\u00C2\u00A0Neo\u00C2\u00ADUtilitarianism\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Social\u00C2\u00A0Constructivist\u00C2\u00A0Challenge,\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00E2\u0080\u008BInternational\u00C2\u00A0Organization\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008B 52,\u00C2\u00A0no.\u00C2\u00A04\u00C2\u00A0(\u00E2\u0080\u008BInternational\u00C2\u00A0Organization\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0Fifty:\u00C2\u00A0Exploration\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Contestation\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Study\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0World\u00C2\u00A0Politics,\u00C2\u00A0Autumn\u00C2\u00A01998)\u00E2\u0080\u008B:\u00C2\u00A0861.\u00C2\u00A081\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008BIncome\u00C2\u00A0Tax\u00C2\u00A0Act\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008B 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against\u00C2\u00A0their\u00C2\u00A0interests,\u00C2\u00A0compliance\u00C2\u00A049\u00C2\u00A0indicators\u00C2\u00A0generated\u00C2\u00A0should\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0scrutinized\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0never\u00C2\u00A0taken\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0face\u00C2\u00A0value.\u00C2\u00A0This\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0say\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0norms\u00C2\u00A0will\u00C2\u00A0never\u00C2\u00A0force\u00C2\u00A0states\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0act\u00C2\u00A0against\u00C2\u00A0their\u00C2\u00A0own\u00C2\u00A0opportunistic\u00C2\u00A0self\u00C2\u00A0interest,\u00C2\u00A0but\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0some\u00C2\u00A0cases,\u00C2\u00A0what\u00C2\u00A0appears\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0too\u00C2\u00A0good\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0true,\u00C2\u00A0might\u00C2\u00A0just\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0too\u00C2\u00A0good\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0true.\u00C2\u00A0Approaching\u00C2\u00A0non\u00C2\u00ADcompliance\u00C2\u00A0without\u00C2\u00A0necessarily\u00C2\u00A0linking\u00C2\u00A0it\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0contestation\u00C2\u00A0opens\u00C2\u00A0up\u00C2\u00A0different\u00C2\u00A0channels\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0enquiry,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0challenges\u00C2\u00A0thinkers\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0more\u00C2\u00A0closely\u00C2\u00A0question\u00C2\u00A0whether\u00C2\u00A0their\u00C2\u00A0indicators\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0socialization\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0truly\u00C2\u00A0working.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0most\u00C2\u00A0pointed\u00C2\u00A0critiques\u00C2\u00A0against\u00C2\u00A0norms\u00C2\u00A0may\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0misguided\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0outdated,\u00C2\u00A0but\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0cynicism\u00C2\u00A0around\u00C2\u00A0norms\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0informs\u00C2\u00A0realist\u00C2\u00A0lines\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0thought\u00C2\u00A0can\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0extrapolated\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0question\u00C2\u00A0whether\u00C2\u00A0certain\u00C2\u00A0variables\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0truly\u00C2\u00A0linked\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0each\u00C2\u00A0other.\u00C2\u00A0Most\u00C2\u00A0actors\u00C2\u00A0comply\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0international\u00C2\u00A0norms\u00C2\u00A0most\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0time;\u00C2\u00A0I\u00C2\u00A0argue\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0because\u00C2\u00A0non\u00C2\u00ADcompliance\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0too\u00C2\u00A0costly.\u00C2\u00A0If\u00C2\u00A0norms\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0social\u00C2\u00A0fact,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0they\u00C2\u00A0cannot\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0avoided,\u00C2\u00A0then\u00C2\u00A0actors\u00C2\u00A0seeking\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0engage\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0restricted\u00C2\u00A0activity\u00C2\u00A0will\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0creative.\u00C2\u00A0Whether\u00C2\u00A0it\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0realist\u00C2\u00A0logic\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0seeks\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0drive\u00C2\u00A0up\u00C2\u00A0medal\u00C2\u00A0counts\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0mitigate\u00C2\u00A0tax\u00C2\u00A0obligations,\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0understanding\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0changing\u00C2\u00A0social\u00C2\u00A0logics\u00C2\u00A0might\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0gradual\u00C2\u00A0process,\u00C2\u00A0there\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0underlying\u00C2\u00A0opportunism\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0takes\u00C2\u00A0advantage\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0limited\u00C2\u00A0abilities\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0understand\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0full\u00C2\u00A0meaning\u00C2\u00A0behind\u00C2\u00A0signals.\u00C2\u00A0Norms\u00C2\u00A0ultimately\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0social\u00C2\u00A0construct\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0attempt\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0codify\u00C2\u00A0intent\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0meaning,\u00C2\u00A0but\u00C2\u00A0come\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0certain\u00C2\u00A0place\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0time\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0makes\u00C2\u00A0certain\u00C2\u00A0assumptions\u00C2\u00A0about\u00C2\u00A0logic,\u00C2\u00A0intent,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0action.\u00C2\u00A0Human\u00C2\u00A0ingenuity,\u00C2\u00A0potential,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0creativity\u00C2\u00A0ensure\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0any\u00C2\u00A0codification\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0rules\u00C2\u00A0can\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0made\u00C2\u00A0obsolete\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0absence\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0certain\u00C2\u00A0assumed\u00C2\u00A0logical\u00C2\u00A0restrictions.\u00C2\u00A0Similarly,\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0same\u00C2\u00A0ingenuity,\u00C2\u00A0potential,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0creativity\u00C2\u00A0can\u00C2\u00A0engineer\u00C2\u00A0solutions\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0exploit\u00C2\u00A0these\u00C2\u00A0same\u00C2\u00A0gaps\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0logics\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0find\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0grey\u00C2\u00A0zone\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A0intended\u00C2\u00A0action\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0transactional\u00C2\u00A0logic.\u00C2\u00A0If\u00C2\u00A0there\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0will,\u00C2\u00A0there\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0way.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A050\u00C2\u00A0Bibliography\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Abbott,\u00C2\u00A0Kenneth\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Duncan\u00C2\u00A0Snidal.\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CHard\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Soft\u00C2\u00A0Law\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0International\u00C2\u00A0Governance.\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0International\u00C2\u00A0Organization\u00E2\u0080\u008B \u00C2\u00A054,\u00C2\u00A0no.\u00C2\u00A03\u00C2\u00A0(Legalization\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0World\u00C2\u00A0Politics,\u00C2\u00A0Summer\u00C2\u00A02000):\u00C2\u00A0421\u00C2\u00AD456.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Acharya,\u00C2\u00A0Amitav.\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CNorm\u00C2\u00A0Subsidiarity\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Regional\u00C2\u00A0Orders:\u00C2\u00A0Sovereignty,\u00C2\u00A0Regionalism,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Rule\u00C2\u00ADMaking\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Third\u00C2\u00A0World.\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0International\u00C2\u00A0Studies\u00C2\u00A0Quarterly\u00C2\u00A055\u00C2\u00A0(2011):\u00C2\u00A095\u00C2\u00AD125.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Alfred,\u00C2\u00A0Taiaiake\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Jeff\u00C2\u00A0Corntassel.\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CBeing\u00C2\u00A0Indigenous:\u00C2\u00A0Resurgences\u00C2\u00A0against\u00C2\u00A0Contemporary\u00C2\u00A0Colonialism.\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008BGovernment\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Opposition\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008B 40,\u00C2\u00A0vol.\u00C2\u00A04\u00C2\u00A0(2005):\u00C2\u00A0597\u00C2\u00AD614.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Armstrong,\u00C2\u00A0Jane.\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CVancouver\u00C2\u00A0realtor\u00C2\u00A0probed\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0'how\u00C2\u00ADto'\u00C2\u00A0email\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0avoiding\u00C2\u00A0new\u00C2\u00A0property\u00C2\u00A0transfer\u00C2\u00A0tax.\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008BCBC\u00C2\u00A0News\u00E2\u0080\u008B .\u00C2\u00A0August\u00C2\u00A05,\u00C2\u00A02016.\u00C2\u00A0Accessed\u00C2\u00A0August\u00C2\u00A05,\u00C2\u00A02016.\u00C2\u00A0http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british\u00C2\u00ADcolumbia/real\u00C2\u00ADestate\u00C2\u00ADcouncil\u00C2\u00ADinvestigation\u00C2\u00ADrealtor\u00C2\u00AD1.3697962\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Arneil,\u00C2\u00A0Barbara.\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CTrade,\u00C2\u00A0Plantations,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Property:\u00C2\u00A0John\u00C2\u00A0Locke\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Economic\u00C2\u00A0Defense\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Colonialism.\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008BJournal\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0History\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Ideas\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008B 55,\u00C2\u00A0no.\u00C2\u00A04\u00C2\u00A0(October\u00C2\u00A01994):\u00C2\u00A0591\u00C2\u00AD609.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Arnold,\u00C2\u00A0Brian\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0James\u00C2\u00A0Wilson.\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CAggressive\u00C2\u00A0International\u00C2\u00A0Tax\u00C2\u00A0Planning\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0Multinational\u00C2\u00A0Corporations:\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Canadian\u00C2\u00A0Context\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Possible\u00C2\u00A0Responses.\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008BSPP\u00C2\u00A0Research\u00C2\u00A0Papers\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008B 7,\u00C2\u00A0issue\u00C2\u00A029\u00C2\u00A0(September\u00C2\u00A02014\u00E2\u0080\u008B)\u00E2\u0080\u008B :\u00C2\u00A01\u00C2\u00AD76.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Associated\u00C2\u00A0Press.\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CRussia's\u00C2\u00A0sports\u00C2\u00A0minister\u00C2\u00A0calls\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0doping\u00C2\u00A0leaks\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0criminalized.\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0CBC\u00C2\u00A0News\u00E2\u0080\u008B .\u00C2\u00A0March\u00C2\u00A026,\u00C2\u00A02016.\u00C2\u00A0Accessed\u00C2\u00A0April\u00C2\u00A012,\u00C2\u00A02016.\u00C2\u00A0http://www.cbc.ca/sports/olympics/generic/russian\u00C2\u00ADdoping\u00C2\u00ADmutzko\u00C2\u00ADcriminalized\u00C2\u00AD1.3508147\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Badesceu,\u00C2\u00A0Cristina\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Thomas\u00C2\u00A0Weiss.\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CMisrepresenting\u00C2\u00A0R2P\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Advancing\u00C2\u00A0Norms:\u00C2\u00A0An\u00C2\u00A0Alternative\u00C2\u00A0Spiral?\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008BInternational\u00C2\u00A0Studies\u00C2\u00A0Perspectives\u00E2\u0080\u008B \u00C2\u00A011\u00C2\u00A0(2010):\u00C2\u00A0354\u00C2\u00AD374.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Barford,\u00C2\u00A0Vanessa\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Gerry\u00C2\u00A0Holt.\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CGoogle,\u00C2\u00A0Amazon,\u00C2\u00A0Starbucks:\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0rise\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0'tax\u00C2\u00A0shaming'.\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008BBBC\u00C2\u00A0News\u00E2\u0080\u008B .\u00C2\u00A0May\u00C2\u00A021,\u00C2\u00A02013.\u00C2\u00A0Accessed\u00C2\u00A0April\u00C2\u00A013,\u00C2\u00A02016.\u00C2\u00A0http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine\u00C2\u00AD20560359\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Bellamy,\u00C2\u00A0Alex.\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CThe\u00C2\u00A0Responsibility\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Protect:\u00C2\u00A0Five\u00C2\u00A0Years\u00C2\u00A0On.\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008BEthics\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0International\u00C2\u00A0Affairs\u00E2\u0080\u008B \u00C2\u00A024,\u00C2\u00A0no.\u00C2\u00A02\u00C2\u00A0(Summer\u00C2\u00A02010):\u00C2\u00A0143\u00C2\u00AD169.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Borrows,\u00C2\u00A0John.\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009C(Ab)Originalism\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Canada\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0Constitution.\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008BSupreme\u00C2\u00A0Court\u00C2\u00A0Law\u00C2\u00A0Review\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008B 58\u00C2\u00A0(2012):\u00C2\u00A0351\u00C2\u00AD398.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Borrows,\u00C2\u00A0John.\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008BFreedom\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Indigenous\u00C2\u00A0Constitutionalism\u00E2\u0080\u008B .\u00C2\u00A0Toronto:\u00C2\u00A0University\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Toronto\u00C2\u00A0Press,\u00C2\u00A02016.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A051\u00C2\u00A0Canada\u00C2\u00A0Revenue\u00C2\u00A0Agency.\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CTax\u00C2\u00A0Avoidance.\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0December\u00C2\u00A023,\u00C2\u00A02013.\u00C2\u00A0Accessed\u00C2\u00A0April\u00C2\u00A07,\u00C2\u00A02016.\u00C2\u00A0http://www.cra\u00C2\u00ADarc.gc.ca/gncy/lrt/\u00C2\u00A0vvw\u00C2\u00ADeng.html\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Council\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Federation.\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CPremiers\u00C2\u00A0work\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0improve\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0state\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0federation.\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0July\u00C2\u00A021,\u00C2\u00A02016.\u00C2\u00A0Accessed\u00C2\u00A0August\u00C2\u00A01,\u00C2\u00A02016.\u00C2\u00A0http://canadaspremiers.ca/phocadownload/newsroom_2016/state_of_the_federation_july21.pdf\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Deitelhoff,\u00C2\u00A0Nicole\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Lisbeth\u00C2\u00A0Zimmermann.\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CThings\u00C2\u00A0We\u00C2\u00A0Lost\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Fire:\u00C2\u00A0How\u00C2\u00A0Different\u00C2\u00A0Types\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Contestation\u00C2\u00A0Affect\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Validity\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0International\u00C2\u00A0Norms.\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008BPeace\u00C2\u00A0Research\u00C2\u00A0Institute\u00C2\u00A0Frankfurt\u00C2\u00A0Working\u00C2\u00A0Papers\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008B no.\u00C2\u00A018\u00C2\u00A0(December\u00C2\u00A02013):\u00C2\u00A01\u00C2\u00AD17.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Fontaine,\u00C2\u00A0Tim.\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CCanada\u00C2\u00A0discriminates\u00C2\u00A0against\u00C2\u00A0children\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0reserves,\u00C2\u00A0tribunal\u00C2\u00A0rules.\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0CBC\u00C2\u00A0News\u00E2\u0080\u008B .\u00C2\u00A0January\u00C2\u00A026,\u00C2\u00A02016.\u00C2\u00A0Accessed\u00C2\u00A0August\u00C2\u00A07,\u00C2\u00A02016.\u00C2\u00A0http://www.cbc.ca/news/aboriginal/canada\u00C2\u00ADdiscriminates\u00C2\u00ADagainst\u00C2\u00ADchildren\u00C2\u00ADon\u00C2\u00ADreserves\u00C2\u00ADtribunal\u00C2\u00ADrules\u00C2\u00AD1.3419480\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Government\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Canada.\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CCanada\u00C2\u00A0Becomes\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0Full\u00C2\u00A0Supporter\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0United\u00C2\u00A0Nations\u00C2\u00A0Declaration\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Rights\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Indigenous\u00C2\u00A0Peoples.\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0May\u00C2\u00A010,\u00C2\u00A02016.\u00C2\u00A0Accessed\u00C2\u00A0July\u00C2\u00A015,\u00C2\u00A02016.\u00C2\u00A0http://news.gc.ca/web/article\u00C2\u00ADen.do?mthd=tp&crtr.page=1&nid=1063339&crtr.tp1D=1&_ga=1.40822306.1066794629.1422563602\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Hawkins,\u00C2\u00A0Darren\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Wade\u00C2\u00A0Jacoby.\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CPartial\u00C2\u00A0Compliance:\u00C2\u00A0A\u00C2\u00A0Comparison\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0European\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Inter\u00C2\u00ADAmerican\u00C2\u00A0Courts\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Human\u00C2\u00A0Rights.\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008BJournal\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0International\u00C2\u00A0Law\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0International\u00C2\u00A0Relations\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008B 6,\u00C2\u00A0no.\u00C2\u00A01\u00C2\u00A0(June\u00C2\u00A02010):\u00C2\u00A035\u00C2\u00AD85.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Hopf,\u00C2\u00A0Ted.\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CThe\u00C2\u00A0logic\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0habit\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0International\u00C2\u00A0Relations.\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008BEuropean\u00C2\u00A0Journal\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0International\u00C2\u00A0Relations\u00E2\u0080\u008B \u00C2\u00A016,\u00C2\u00A0vol.\u00C2\u00A04\u00C2\u00A0(2010):\u00C2\u00A0539\u00C2\u00AD561.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Income\u00C2\u00A0Tax\u00C2\u00A0Act\u00E2\u0080\u008B \u00C2\u00A0(R.S.C.,\u00C2\u00A01985,\u00C2\u00A0c.\u00C2\u00A01\u00C2\u00A0(5th\u00C2\u00A0Supp.))\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Indigenous\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Northern\u00C2\u00A0Affairs\u00C2\u00A0Canada.\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CAssembly\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0First\u00C2\u00A0Nations\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00AD\u00C2\u00A0Annual\u00C2\u00A0General\u00C2\u00A0Assembly.\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0July\u00C2\u00A012,\u00C2\u00A02016\u00C2\u00A0Accessed\u00C2\u00A0July\u00C2\u00A020.\u00C2\u00A02016.\u00C2\u00A0http://news.gc.ca/web/article\u00C2\u00ADen.do?nid=1098629&tp=970\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Indigenous\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Northern\u00C2\u00A0Affairs\u00C2\u00A0Canada.\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CCanada's\u00C2\u00A0Statement\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Support\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0United\u00C2\u00A0Nations\u00C2\u00A0Declaration\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Rights\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Indigenous\u00C2\u00A0Peoples.\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0November\u00C2\u00A012,\u00C2\u00A02010.\u00C2\u00A0Accessed\u00C2\u00A0August\u00C2\u00A01,\u00C2\u00A02016.\u00C2\u00A0http://www.aadnc\u00C2\u00ADaandc.gc.ca/eng/1309374239861/1309374546142\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0Independent\u00C2\u00A0Commission\u00C2\u00A0Report\u00C2\u00A01:\u00C2\u00A0Final\u00C2\u00A0Report\u00E2\u0080\u008B .\u00C2\u00A0World\u00C2\u00A0Anti\u00C2\u00ADDoping\u00C2\u00A0Agency.\u00C2\u00A02015.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0Independent\u00C2\u00A0Commission\u00C2\u00A0Report\u00C2\u00A02.\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008B World\u00C2\u00A0Anti\u00C2\u00ADDoping\u00C2\u00A0Agency.\u00C2\u00A02016.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0Independent\u00C2\u00A0Person\u00C2\u00A0Report\u00E2\u0080\u008B .\u00C2\u00A0World\u00C2\u00A0Anti\u00C2\u00ADDoping\u00C2\u00A0Agency.\u00C2\u00A02016.\u00C2\u00A052\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0International\u00C2\u00A0Olympic\u00C2\u00A0Committee.\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CStatement\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Executive\u00C2\u00A0Board\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0International\u00C2\u00A0Olympic\u00C2\u00A0Committee\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0WADA\u00C2\u00A0Independent\u00C2\u00A0Person\u00C2\u00A0Report.\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0July\u00C2\u00A019,\u00C2\u00A02016.\u00C2\u00A0Accessed\u00C2\u00A0July\u00C2\u00A025,\u00C2\u00A02016.\u00C2\u00A0https://www.olympic.org/news/statement\u00C2\u00ADof\u00C2\u00ADthe\u00C2\u00ADexecutive\u00C2\u00ADboard\u00C2\u00ADof\u00C2\u00ADthe\u00C2\u00AD\u00C2\u00A0international\u00C2\u00ADolympic\u00C2\u00ADcommittee\u00C2\u00ADon\u00C2\u00ADthe\u00C2\u00ADwada\u00C2\u00ADindependent\u00C2\u00ADperson\u00C2\u00ADreport\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0International\u00C2\u00A0Convention\u00C2\u00A0against\u00C2\u00A0Doping\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0Sport\u00E2\u0080\u008B .\u00C2\u00A0United\u00C2\u00A0Nations\u00C2\u00A0Educational,\u00C2\u00A0Scientific\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Cultural\u00C2\u00A0Organization.\u00C2\u00A02005.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Kratochwil,\u00C2\u00A0Friedrich\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0John\u00C2\u00A0Gerard\u00C2\u00A0Ruggie.\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CInternational\u00C2\u00A0Organization:\u00C2\u00A0A\u00C2\u00A0State\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Art\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0Art\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0State.\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008BInternational\u00C2\u00A0Organization\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008B 40,\u00C2\u00A0no.\u00C2\u00A04\u00C2\u00A0(Autumn\u00C2\u00A01986):\u00C2\u00A0753\u00C2\u00AD775.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Lightfoot,\u00C2\u00A0Sheryl.\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CEmerging\u00C2\u00A0International\u00C2\u00A0Rights\u00C2\u00A0Norms\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u0098over\u00C2\u00ADcompliance\u00E2\u0080\u0099\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0New\u00C2\u00A0Zealand\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Canada.\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008BPolitical\u00C2\u00A0Science\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008B 62,\u00C2\u00A0no.\u00C2\u00A01\u00C2\u00A0(2010):\u00C2\u00A084\u00C2\u00AD104.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Lightfoot,\u00C2\u00A0Sheryl.\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008BGlobal\u00C2\u00A0Indigenous\u00C2\u00A0Politics:\u00C2\u00A0A\u00C2\u00A0Subtle\u00C2\u00A0Revolution\u00E2\u0080\u008B .\u00C2\u00A0New\u00C2\u00A0York:\u00C2\u00A0Routledge,\u00C2\u00A02016.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Lightfoot,\u00C2\u00A0Sheryl.\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CSelective\u00C2\u00A0endorsement\u00C2\u00A0without\u00C2\u00A0intent\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0implement:\u00C2\u00A0indigenous\u00C2\u00A0rights\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Anglosphere.\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008BThe\u00C2\u00A0International\u00C2\u00A0Journal\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Human\u00C2\u00A0Rights\u00E2\u0080\u008B \u00C2\u00A016,\u00C2\u00A0vol.\u00C2\u00A01\u00C2\u00A0(2012):\u00C2\u00A0100\u00C2\u00AD122.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Lynch,\u00C2\u00A0Marc.\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CLie\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0me:\u00C2\u00A0sanctions\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0Iraq\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008BMoral\u00C2\u00A0Limit\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Possibility\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0World\u00C2\u00A0Politics\u00E2\u0080\u008B ,\u00C2\u00A0edited\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0Richard\u00C2\u00A0Price,\u00C2\u00A0165\u00C2\u00AD196.\u00C2\u00A0Cambridge:\u00C2\u00A0Cambridge\u00C2\u00A0University\u00C2\u00A0Press,\u00C2\u00A02008.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Mosby,\u00C2\u00A0Ian.\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CAdministering\u00C2\u00A0Colonial\u00C2\u00A0Science:\u00C2\u00A0Nutrition\u00C2\u00A0Research\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Human\u00C2\u00A0Biomedical\u00C2\u00A0Experimentation\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0Aboriginal\u00C2\u00A0Communities\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Residential\u00C2\u00A0Schools,\u00C2\u00A01942\u00E2\u0080\u00931952.\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008BHistoire\u00C2\u00A0Social/Social\u00C2\u00A0History\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008B 46,\u00C2\u00A0no.\u00C2\u00A091\u00C2\u00A0(May\u00C2\u00A02013):\u00C2\u00A0145\u00C2\u00AD172.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Obermaier,\u00C2\u00A0Frederik,\u00C2\u00A0Bastian\u00C2\u00A0Obermayer,\u00C2\u00A0Vanessa\u00C2\u00A0Wormer\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Wolfgang\u00C2\u00A0Jaschensky.\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CAbout\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Panama\u00C2\u00A0Papers.\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008BS\u00C3\u00BCddeutsche\u00C2\u00A0Zeitung\u00E2\u0080\u008B .\u00C2\u00A0Accessed\u00C2\u00A0April\u00C2\u00A013,\u00C2\u00A02016.\u00C2\u00A0http://panamapapers.sueddeutsche.de/articles/56febff0a1bb8d3c3495adf4/.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Peach,\u00C2\u00A0Ian.\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CThe\u00C2\u00A0power\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0single\u00C2\u00A0feather:\u00C2\u00A0Meech\u00C2\u00A0Lake,\u00C2\u00A0indigenous\u00C2\u00A0resistance\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0evolution\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0indigenous\u00C2\u00A0politics\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0Canada.\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008BReview\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Constitutional\u00C2\u00A0Studies\u00E2\u0080\u008B \u00C2\u00A016,\u00C2\u00A0vol.\u00C2\u00A01\u00C2\u00A0(October\u00C2\u00A02011):\u00C2\u00A01\u00C2\u00AD29.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Pozen,\u00C2\u00A0David.\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CConstitutional\u00C2\u00A0Bad\u00C2\u00A0Faith.\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008BHarvard\u00C2\u00A0Law\u00C2\u00A0Review\u00E2\u0080\u008B \u00C2\u00A0129,\u00C2\u00A0issue\u00C2\u00A04\u00C2\u00A0(February\u00C2\u00A02016):\u00C2\u00A0885\u00C2\u00AD955.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Price,\u00C2\u00A0Richard.\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CReversing\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Gun\u00C2\u00A0Sights:\u00C2\u00A0Transnational\u00C2\u00A0Civil\u00C2\u00A0Society\u00C2\u00A0Targets\u00C2\u00A0Land\u00C2\u00A0Mines.\u00E2\u0080\u009C\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008BInternational\u00C2\u00A0Organization\u00E2\u0080\u008B \u00C2\u00A052,\u00C2\u00A0no.\u00C2\u00A03\u00C2\u00A0(Summer\u00C2\u00A01998):\u00C2\u00A0613\u00C2\u00AD644.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A053\u00C2\u00A0Risse,\u00C2\u00A0Thomas\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Kathryn\u00C2\u00A0Sikkink.\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CThe\u00C2\u00A0socialization\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0international\u00C2\u00A0human\u00C2\u00A0rights\u00C2\u00A0norms\u00C2\u00A0into\u00C2\u00A0domestic\u00C2\u00A0practices:\u00C2\u00A0introduction,\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008BThe\u00C2\u00A0Power\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Human\u00C2\u00A0Rights:\u00C2\u00A0International\u00C2\u00A0Norms\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Domestic\u00C2\u00A0Change\u00E2\u0080\u008B ,\u00C2\u00A0edited\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0Thomas\u00C2\u00A0Risse,\u00C2\u00A0Kathryn\u00C2\u00A0Sikkink,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Stephen\u00C2\u00A0Ropp,\u00C2\u00A01\u00C2\u00AD38.\u00C2\u00A0Cambridge:\u00C2\u00A0Cambridge\u00C2\u00A0University\u00C2\u00A0Press,\u00C2\u00A01999.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Ruggie,\u00C2\u00A0John\u00C2\u00A0Gerard.\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CWhat\u00C2\u00A0Makes\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0World\u00C2\u00A0Hang\u00C2\u00A0Together?\u00C2\u00A0Neo\u00C2\u00ADUtilitarianism\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Social\u00C2\u00A0Constructivist\u00C2\u00A0Challenge.\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008BInternational\u00C2\u00A0Organization\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008B 52,\u00C2\u00A0no.\u00C2\u00A04\u00C2\u00A0(International\u00C2\u00A0Organization\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0Fifty:\u00C2\u00A0Exploration\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Contestation\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Study\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0World\u00C2\u00A0Politics,\u00C2\u00A0Autumn\u00C2\u00A01998):\u00C2\u00A0855\u00C2\u00AD885.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Ruiz,\u00C2\u00A0Rebecca\u00C2\u00A0R.\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Michael\u00C2\u00A0Schwirtz.\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CRussian\u00C2\u00A0Insider\u00C2\u00A0Says\u00C2\u00A0State\u00C2\u00ADRun\u00C2\u00A0Doping\u00C2\u00A0Fueled\u00C2\u00A0Olympic\u00C2\u00A0Gold.\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008BNew\u00C2\u00A0York\u00C2\u00A0Times\u00E2\u0080\u008B .\u00C2\u00A0May\u00C2\u00A012,\u00C2\u00A02016.\u00C2\u00A0Accessed\u00C2\u00A0July\u00C2\u00A031,\u00C2\u00A02016.\u00C2\u00A0http://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/13/sports/russia\u00C2\u00ADdoping\u00C2\u00ADsochi\u00C2\u00ADolympics\u00C2\u00AD2014.html?_r=0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Sawa,\u00C2\u00A0Timothy.\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CTax\u00C2\u00A0avoidance:\u00C2\u00A0Canada\u00C2\u00ADBarbados\u00C2\u00A0tax\u00C2\u00A0deal\u00C2\u00A0loopholes\u00C2\u00A0revealed.\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008BCBC\u00C2\u00A0News\u00E2\u0080\u008B .\u00C2\u00A0October\u00C2\u00A07,\u00C2\u00A02013.\u00C2\u00A0Accessed\u00C2\u00A0April\u00C2\u00A011,\u00C2\u00A02016.\u00C2\u00A0http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/tax\u00C2\u00ADavoidance\u00C2\u00ADcanada\u00C2\u00ADbarbados\u00C2\u00ADtax\u00C2\u00ADdeal\u00C2\u00ADloopholes\u00C2\u00ADrevealed\u00C2\u00AD1.1913228\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Schmidt,\u00C2\u00A0Averell\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Kathryn\u00C2\u00A0Sikkink.\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CIs\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Norm\u00C2\u00A0Against\u00C2\u00A0Torture\u00C2\u00A0Dying?\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0Unpublished\u00C2\u00A0manuscript.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Simpson,\u00C2\u00A0Leanne\u00C2\u00A0Betasamosake.\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CLand\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0pedagogy;\u00C2\u00A0Nishnaabeg\u00C2\u00A0intelligence\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0rebellious\u00C2\u00A0transformation.\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008BDecolonization:\u00C2\u00A0Indigeneity,\u00C2\u00A0Education\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Society\u00E2\u0080\u008B \u00C2\u00A03,\u00C2\u00A0no.\u00C2\u00A03\u00C2\u00A0(2014):\u00C2\u00A01\u00C2\u00AD25.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Smith,\u00C2\u00A0Henry.\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CEquity\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0Second\u00C2\u00ADOrder\u00C2\u00A0Law:\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0Problem\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Opportunism.\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008BHarvard\u00C2\u00A0Public\u00C2\u00A0Law\u00C2\u00A0Working\u00C2\u00A0Paper\u00E2\u0080\u008B ,\u00C2\u00A0no.\u00C2\u00A015\u00C2\u00AD13\u00C2\u00A0(January\u00C2\u00A015.\u00C2\u00A02015):\u00C2\u00A01\u00C2\u00AD74.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Torys\u00C2\u00A0LLP.\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008BFree,\u00C2\u00A0Prior\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Informed\u00C2\u00A0Consent\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0Canada:\u00C2\u00A0Towards\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0New\u00C2\u00A0Relationship\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0Indigenous\u00C2\u00A0Peoples\u00E2\u0080\u008B .\u00C2\u00A02016.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Truth\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Reconciliation\u00C2\u00A0Commission\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Canada.\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008BHonouring\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Truth,\u00C2\u00A0Reconciling\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Future\u00C2\u00A0Summary\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Final\u00C2\u00A0Report\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Truth\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Reconciliation\u00C2\u00A0Commission\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Canada\u00E2\u0080\u008B .\u00C2\u00A02015.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0United\u00C2\u00A0Nations.\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CGeneral\u00C2\u00A0Assembly\u00C2\u00A0adopts\u00C2\u00A0Declaration\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0Rights\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Indigenous\u00C2\u00A0Peoples;\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u0098Major\u00C2\u00A0step\u00C2\u00A0forward\u00E2\u0080\u0099\u00C2\u00A0towards\u00C2\u00A0human\u00C2\u00A0rights\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0all,\u00C2\u00A0says\u00C2\u00A0president.\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0September\u00C2\u00A013,\u00C2\u00A02007.\u00C2\u00A0Accessed\u00C2\u00A0August\u00C2\u00A03,\u00C2\u00A02016.\u00C2\u00A0http://www.un.org/press/en/2007/ga10612.doc.htm\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0UN\u00C2\u00A0General\u00C2\u00A0Assembly.\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008BUnited\u00C2\u00A0Nations\u00C2\u00A0Declaration\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Rights\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Indigenous\u00C2\u00A0Peoples\u00C2\u00A0:\u00C2\u00A0resolution\u00C2\u00A0adopted\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0General\u00C2\u00A0Assembly\u00E2\u0080\u008B .\u00C2\u00A02007.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A054\u00C2\u00A0World\u00C2\u00A0Anti\u00C2\u00ADDoping\u00C2\u00A0Agency.\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CWhereabouts.\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0Accessed\u00C2\u00A0April\u00C2\u00A011,\u00C2\u00A02016.\u00C2\u00A0https://www.wada\u00C2\u00ADama.org/en/questions\u00C2\u00ADanswers/whereabouts\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0World\u00C2\u00A0Anti\u00C2\u00ADDoping\u00C2\u00A0Agency.\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008BWorld\u00E2\u0080\u008B \u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u008BAnti\u00C2\u00ADDoping\u00C2\u00A0Code\u00E2\u0080\u008B .\u00C2\u00A02015.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A055\u00C2\u00A0"@en . "Thesis/Dissertation"@en . "2016-11"@en . "10.14288/1.0314134"@en . "eng"@en . "Political Science"@en . "Vancouver : University of British Columbia Library"@en . "University of British Columbia"@en . "Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International"@* . "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/"@* . "Graduate"@en . "Compliant(ish) : norm evasion and avoidance in doping, tax, and Indigenous rights"@en . "Text"@en . "http://hdl.handle.net/2429/59082"@en .