"Science, Faculty of"@en . "Zoology, Department of"@en . "DSpace"@en . "UBCV"@en . "Rechisky, Erin Leanne"@en . "2010-04-12T15:17:03Z"@en . "2010"@en . "Doctor of Philosophy - PhD"@en . "University of British Columbia"@en . "This thesis documents the use a large-scale acoustic telemetry array to track hatchery-reared salmon smolts during their seaward migration, presents estimates of early marine survival, and describes migration behaviour in the ocean of two species of Pacific salmon from the Columbia and Fraser River basins. \nIn the Columbia River basin, it is hypothesized that seaward migrating Snake River spring Chinook salmon suffer from \u00E2\u0080\u009Cdelayed mortality\u00E2\u0080\u009D due to passage through eight hydropower dams or \u00E2\u0080\u009Cdifferential delayed mortality\u00E2\u0080\u009D from transportation via barge around the dams. I tested these hypotheses by comparing survival of in-river migrating smolts from the Snake River basin to 1) a Yakima River population that migrated past only four dams and 2) a Snake River group that was transported around all dams. Early marine survival estimates of non-transported Snake and Yakima smolts from the mouth of the Columbia River to Vancouver Island (a 485 km, one month journey) was equal in both 2006 and 2008 (2007 estimates were not available), which contradicts the delayed mortality theory. Early marine survival for the transported groups was slightly higher than for the in-river migrants, again contradicting the differential delayed mortality theory. These measurements form the first direct experimental test of key theories concerning juvenile fish survival in the coastal ocean. \nCultus Lake sockeye salmon are a genetically unique population from the Fraser River basin and are now endangered due to the very low return of adults in recent years. Mean survivorship of smolts (2004-7) from release to the northern Strait of Georgia ranged from 10-50%, while survivorship to the final sub-array in Queen Charlotte Strait ranged from 7-28%. Cultus Lake smolts displayed four migratory behaviours: northward migration to enter the Pacific Ocean via Queen Charlotte Strait; westward migration through the Strait of Juan de Fuca; migration into Howe Sound before continued the migration north; and migration upstream into Cultus Lake. These are the first direct observations of movement and survival for Fraser River sockeye salmon smolts. The availability of early marine survival data fills key knowledge gaps and as well as permitting direct testing of important salmon conservation hypotheses and rapid scientific advance."@en . "https://circle.library.ubc.ca/rest/handle/2429/23349?expand=metadata"@en . "\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 MIGRATION\u00C2\u00A0AND\u00C2\u00A0SURVIVAL\u00C2\u00A0OF\u00C2\u00A0JUVENILE\u00C2\u00A0SPRING\u00C2\u00A0CHINOOK\u00C2\u00A0AND\u00C2\u00A0 SOCKEYE\u00C2\u00A0SALMON\u00C2\u00A0DETERMINED\u00C2\u00A0BY\u00C2\u00A0A\u00C2\u00A0LARGE\u00C2\u00ADSCALE\u00C2\u00A0TELEMETRY\u00C2\u00A0ARRAY\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 by\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Erin\u00C2\u00A0Leanne\u00C2\u00A0Rechisky\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 B.Sc.,\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0University\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0North\u00C2\u00A0Carolina\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0Wilmington,\u00C2\u00A01994\u00C2\u00A0 M.Sc.,\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0University\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Rhode\u00C2\u00A0Island,\u00C2\u00A02002\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 A\u00C2\u00A0THESIS\u00C2\u00A0SUBMITTED\u00C2\u00A0IN\u00C2\u00A0PARTIAL\u00C2\u00A0FULFILLMENT\u00C2\u00A0OF\u00C2\u00A0 THE\u00C2\u00A0REQUIREMENTS\u00C2\u00A0FOR\u00C2\u00A0THE\u00C2\u00A0DEGREE\u00C2\u00A0OF\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 DOCTOR\u00C2\u00A0OF\u00C2\u00A0PHILOSOPHY\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 The\u00C2\u00A0Faculty\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Graduate\u00C2\u00A0Studies\u00C2\u00A0 (Zoology)\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 THE\u00C2\u00A0UNIVERSITY\u00C2\u00A0OF\u00C2\u00A0BRITISH\u00C2\u00A0COLUMBIA\u00C2\u00A0 (Vancouver)\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 April\u00C2\u00A02010\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A9\u00C2\u00A0Erin\u00C2\u00A0Leanne\u00C2\u00A0Rechisky,\u00C2\u00A02010\u00C2\u00A0 ii\u00C2\u00A0 Abstract\u00C2\u00A0 This\u00C2\u00A0thesis\u00C2\u00A0documents\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0use\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0large\u00E2\u0080\u0090scale\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0telemetry\u00C2\u00A0array\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0track\u00C2\u00A0hatchery\u00E2\u0080\u0090 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Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0suffer\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009Cdelayed\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0due\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0passage\u00C2\u00A0through\u00C2\u00A0eight\u00C2\u00A0hydropower\u00C2\u00A0 dams\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009Cdifferential\u00C2\u00A0delayed\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0transportation\u00C2\u00A0via\u00C2\u00A0barge\u00C2\u00A0around\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0dams.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0I\u00C2\u00A0 tested\u00C2\u00A0these\u00C2\u00A0hypotheses\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0comparing\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0migrating\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0 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differential\u00C2\u00A0delayed\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0theory.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0These\u00C2\u00A0measurements\u00C2\u00A0form\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0first\u00C2\u00A0direct\u00C2\u00A0experimental\u00C2\u00A0 test\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0key\u00C2\u00A0theories\u00C2\u00A0concerning\u00C2\u00A0juvenile\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0coastal\u00C2\u00A0ocean.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Cultus\u00C2\u00A0Lake\u00C2\u00A0sockeye\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0genetically\u00C2\u00A0unique\u00C2\u00A0population\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Fraser\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0basin\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0now\u00C2\u00A0endangered\u00C2\u00A0due\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0very\u00C2\u00A0low\u00C2\u00A0return\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0adults\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0recent\u00C2\u00A0years.\u00C2\u00A0Mean\u00C2\u00A0 survivorship\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0(2004\u00E2\u0080\u00907)\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0northern\u00C2\u00A0Strait\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Georgia\u00C2\u00A0ranged\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A010\u00E2\u0080\u0090 50%,\u00C2\u00A0while\u00C2\u00A0survivorship\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0final\u00C2\u00A0sub\u00E2\u0080\u0090array\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0Queen\u00C2\u00A0Charlotte\u00C2\u00A0Strait\u00C2\u00A0ranged\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A07\u00E2\u0080\u009028%.\u00C2\u00A0 Cultus\u00C2\u00A0Lake\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0displayed\u00C2\u00A0four\u00C2\u00A0migratory\u00C2\u00A0behaviours:\u00C2\u00A0northward\u00C2\u00A0migration\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0enter\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 Pacific\u00C2\u00A0Ocean\u00C2\u00A0via\u00C2\u00A0Queen\u00C2\u00A0Charlotte\u00C2\u00A0Strait;\u00C2\u00A0westward\u00C2\u00A0migration\u00C2\u00A0through\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Strait\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Juan\u00C2\u00A0de\u00C2\u00A0 Fuca;\u00C2\u00A0migration\u00C2\u00A0into\u00C2\u00A0Howe\u00C2\u00A0Sound\u00C2\u00A0before\u00C2\u00A0continued\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0migration\u00C2\u00A0north;\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0migration\u00C2\u00A0 upstream\u00C2\u00A0into\u00C2\u00A0Cultus\u00C2\u00A0Lake.\u00C2\u00A0These\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0first\u00C2\u00A0direct\u00C2\u00A0observations\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0movement\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0 Fraser\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0sockeye\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0smolts.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0availability\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0early\u00C2\u00A0marine\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0fills\u00C2\u00A0key\u00C2\u00A0 knowledge\u00C2\u00A0gaps\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0well\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0permitting\u00C2\u00A0direct\u00C2\u00A0testing\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0important\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0conservation\u00C2\u00A0 hypotheses\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0rapid\u00C2\u00A0scientific\u00C2\u00A0advance.\u00C2\u00A0 iii\u00C2\u00A0 Table\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Contents\u00C2\u00A0 Abstract\u00C2\u00A0...................................................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A0ii\u00C2\u00A0 Table\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Contents\u00C2\u00A0...................................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A0iii\u00C2\u00A0 List\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Tables...........................................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A0vii\u00C2\u00A0 List\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Figures\u00C2\u00A0..........................................................................................................................ix\u00C2\u00A0 Acknowledgements\u00C2\u00A0................................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A0xii\u00C2\u00A0 Dedication\u00C2\u00A0..............................................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A0xv\u00C2\u00A0 Co\u00E2\u0080\u0090authorship\u00C2\u00A0Statement\u00C2\u00A0......................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A0xvi\u00C2\u00A0 1\u00C2\u00A0 General\u00C2\u00A0Introduction\u00C2\u00A0....................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A01\u00C2\u00A0 1.1\u00C2\u00A0 Conservation\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0depleted\u00C2\u00A0species\u00C2\u00A0...................................................................................\u00C2\u00A01\u00C2\u00A0 1.2\u00C2\u00A0 Marine\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0juvenile\u00C2\u00A0salmonids\u00C2\u00A0............................................................................\u00C2\u00A02\u00C2\u00A0 1.3\u00C2\u00A0 Threatened\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Pacific\u00C2\u00A0Northwest\u00C2\u00A0.................................................................\u00C2\u00A04\u00C2\u00A0 1.4\u00C2\u00A0 Spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon,\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0basin,\u00C2\u00A0USA\u00C2\u00A0............................................................\u00C2\u00A04\u00C2\u00A0 1.5\u00C2\u00A0 Cultus\u00C2\u00A0Lake\u00C2\u00A0sockeye\u00C2\u00A0salmon,\u00C2\u00A0Fraser\u00C2\u00A0River,\u00C2\u00A0Canada\u00C2\u00A0........................................................\u00C2\u00A06\u00C2\u00A0 1.6\u00C2\u00A0 Pacific\u00C2\u00A0Ocean\u00C2\u00A0Shelf\u00C2\u00A0Tracking\u00C2\u00A0array\u00C2\u00A0(POST)\u00C2\u00A0......................................................................\u00C2\u00A08\u00C2\u00A0 1.7\u00C2\u00A0 Estimating\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0telemetry\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0......................................................................\u00C2\u00A010\u00C2\u00A0 1.8\u00C2\u00A0 Thesis\u00C2\u00A0objectives\u00C2\u00A0...........................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A012\u00C2\u00A0 1.9\u00C2\u00A0 References\u00C2\u00A0....................................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A014\u00C2\u00A0 2\u00C2\u00A0 Surgical\u00C2\u00A0Implantation\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Acoustic\u00C2\u00A0Tags:\u00C2\u00A0Influence\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Tag\u00C2\u00A0Loss\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Tag\u00E2\u0080\u0090induced\u00C2\u00A0 Mortality\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0Free\u00E2\u0080\u0090ranging\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Hatchery\u00E2\u0080\u0090held\u00C2\u00A0Spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0Salmon\u00C2\u00A0(O.\u00C2\u00A0tschawtscha)\u00C2\u00A0 Smolts\u00C2\u00A0........................................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A020\u00C2\u00A0 2.1\u00C2\u00A0 Introduction\u00C2\u00A0..................................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A020\u00C2\u00A0 2.2\u00C2\u00A0 Methods\u00C2\u00A0........................................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A023\u00C2\u00A0 2.2.1\u00C2\u00A0 Study/release\u00C2\u00A0sites\u00C2\u00A0........................................................................................\u00C2\u00A023\u00C2\u00A0 2.2.2\u00C2\u00A0 Tags\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0tagging\u00C2\u00A0..........................................................................................\u00C2\u00A024\u00C2\u00A0 2.2.3\u00C2\u00A0 Captive\u00C2\u00A0study\u00C2\u00A0.................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A026\u00C2\u00A0 2.2.4\u00C2\u00A0 Field\u00C2\u00A0study\u00C2\u00A0.....................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A028\u00C2\u00A0 2.2.5\u00C2\u00A0 Data\u00C2\u00A0analyses\u00C2\u00A0................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A029\u00C2\u00A0 2.3\u00C2\u00A0 Results\u00C2\u00A0...........................................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A033\u00C2\u00A0 2.3.1\u00C2\u00A0 Tag\u00C2\u00A0effects\u00E2\u0080\u0090\u00C2\u00A0Captive\u00C2\u00A0studies\u00C2\u00A0..........................................................................\u00C2\u00A033\u00C2\u00A0 2.3.2\u00C2\u00A0 Tag\u00C2\u00A0effects\u00E2\u0080\u0090\u00C2\u00A0Field\u00C2\u00A0studies\u00C2\u00A0...............................................................................\u00C2\u00A037\u00C2\u00A0 2.4\u00C2\u00A0 Discussion\u00C2\u00A0.....................................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A041\u00C2\u00A0 2.5\u00C2\u00A0 References\u00C2\u00A0....................................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A067\u00C2\u00A0 3\u00C2\u00A0 Experimental\u00C2\u00A0Measurement\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Hydrosystem\u00E2\u0080\u0090induced\u00C2\u00A0Delayed\u00C2\u00A0Mortality\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0Juvenile\u00C2\u00A0 Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0Spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0Salmon\u00C2\u00A0Using\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0Large\u00E2\u0080\u0090scale\u00C2\u00A0Acoustic\u00C2\u00A0Array\u00C2\u00A0................\u00C2\u00A070\u00C2\u00A0 3.1\u00C2\u00A0 Introduction\u00C2\u00A0..................................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A070\u00C2\u00A0 3.2\u00C2\u00A0 Methods\u00C2\u00A0........................................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A071\u00C2\u00A0 iv\u00C2\u00A0 3.2.1\u00C2\u00A0 Populations\u00C2\u00A0used\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0study\u00C2\u00A0.......................................................................\u00C2\u00A071\u00C2\u00A0 3.2.2\u00C2\u00A0 Tagging\u00C2\u00A0.........................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A072\u00C2\u00A0 3.2.3\u00C2\u00A0 Array\u00C2\u00A0location\u00C2\u00A0................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A072\u00C2\u00A0 3.2.4\u00C2\u00A0 Survival\u00C2\u00A0analysis\u00C2\u00A0............................................................................................\u00C2\u00A073\u00C2\u00A0 3.2.5\u00C2\u00A0 Cross\u00E2\u0080\u0090shelf\u00C2\u00A0distribution\u00C2\u00A0..................................................................................\u00C2\u00A074\u00C2\u00A0 3.3\u00C2\u00A0 Results\u00C2\u00A0...........................................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A074\u00C2\u00A0 3.3.1\u00C2\u00A0 Survival\u00C2\u00A0..........................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A074\u00C2\u00A0 3.3.2\u00C2\u00A0 Coastal\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0distribution\u00C2\u00A0............................................................................\u00C2\u00A076\u00C2\u00A0 3.4\u00C2\u00A0 Discussion\u00C2\u00A0.....................................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A076\u00C2\u00A0 3.4.1\u00C2\u00A0 Study\u00C2\u00A0limitations\u00C2\u00A0...........................................................................................\u00C2\u00A076\u00C2\u00A0 3.4.2\u00C2\u00A0 Conclusions\u00C2\u00A0....................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A076\u00C2\u00A0 3.5\u00C2\u00A0 References\u00C2\u00A0....................................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A081\u00C2\u00A0 4\u00C2\u00A0 Comparative\u00C2\u00A0Early\u00C2\u00A0Ocean\u00C2\u00A0Survival\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Migration\u00C2\u00A0Behaviour\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Juvenile\u00C2\u00A0Spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0 Salmon\u00C2\u00A0Migrating\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0Two\u00C2\u00A0Tributaries\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0..................................\u00C2\u00A082\u00C2\u00A0 4.1\u00C2\u00A0 Introduction\u00C2\u00A0..................................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A082\u00C2\u00A0 4.2\u00C2\u00A0 Methods\u00C2\u00A0........................................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A084\u00C2\u00A0 4.2.1\u00C2\u00A0 Populations\u00C2\u00A0studied\u00C2\u00A0.......................................................................................\u00C2\u00A084\u00C2\u00A0 4.2.2\u00C2\u00A0 Tag\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0sites\u00C2\u00A0.....................................................................................\u00C2\u00A085\u00C2\u00A0 4.2.3\u00C2\u00A0 Tag\u00C2\u00A0specs\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0surgical\u00C2\u00A0protocol\u00C2\u00A0....................................................................\u00C2\u00A086\u00C2\u00A0 4.2.4\u00C2\u00A0 Acoustic\u00C2\u00A0array\u00C2\u00A0location\u00C2\u00A0..................................................................................\u00C2\u00A088\u00C2\u00A0 4.2.5\u00C2\u00A0 Survival\u00C2\u00A0estimate\u00C2\u00A0analyses\u00C2\u00A0............................................................................\u00C2\u00A089\u00C2\u00A0 4.2.6\u00C2\u00A0 Survival\u00C2\u00A0models\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0model\u00C2\u00A0selection\u00C2\u00A0............................................................\u00C2\u00A092\u00C2\u00A0 4.2.7\u00C2\u00A0 Survival\u00C2\u00A0ratios\u00C2\u00A0................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A093\u00C2\u00A0 4.2.8\u00C2\u00A0 Survival\u00C2\u00A0rate\u00C2\u00A0..................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A094\u00C2\u00A0 4.2.9\u00C2\u00A0 Cross\u00C2\u00A0shelf\u00C2\u00A0distribution\u00C2\u00A0..................................................................................\u00C2\u00A095\u00C2\u00A0 4.2.10\u00C2\u00A0 Travel\u00C2\u00A0time\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0migration\u00C2\u00A0rate\u00C2\u00A0.....................................................................\u00C2\u00A096\u00C2\u00A0 4.3\u00C2\u00A0 Results\u00C2\u00A0...........................................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A097\u00C2\u00A0 4.3.1\u00C2\u00A0 Model\u00C2\u00A0selection\u00C2\u00A0.............................................................................................\u00C2\u00A097\u00C2\u00A0 4.3.2\u00C2\u00A0 Estimates\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0.....................................................................................\u00C2\u00A098\u00C2\u00A0 4.3.3\u00C2\u00A0 Survival\u00C2\u00A0ratios\u00C2\u00A0..............................................................................................\u00C2\u00A0100\u00C2\u00A0 4.3.4\u00C2\u00A0 Survival\u00C2\u00A0rate\u00C2\u00A0................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A0101\u00C2\u00A0 4.3.5\u00C2\u00A0 Detection\u00C2\u00A0probability,\u00C2\u00A0p\u00C2\u00A0...............................................................................\u00C2\u00A0101\u00C2\u00A0 4.3.6\u00C2\u00A0 Cross\u00E2\u0080\u0090shelf\u00C2\u00A0distribution\u00C2\u00A0................................................................................\u00C2\u00A0102\u00C2\u00A0 4.3.7\u00C2\u00A0 Travel\u00C2\u00A0time\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0migration\u00C2\u00A0rate\u00C2\u00A0...................................................................\u00C2\u00A0103\u00C2\u00A0 4.4\u00C2\u00A0 Discussion\u00C2\u00A0...................................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A0104\u00C2\u00A0 4.4.1\u00C2\u00A0 Model\u00C2\u00A0selection\u00C2\u00A0...........................................................................................\u00C2\u00A0104\u00C2\u00A0 4.4.2\u00C2\u00A0 Survival\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0hydrosystem\u00C2\u00A0........................................................................\u00C2\u00A0105\u00C2\u00A0 4.4.3\u00C2\u00A0 Survival\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0estuary\u00C2\u00A0.................................................................................\u00C2\u00A0106\u00C2\u00A0 4.4.4\u00C2\u00A0 Early\u00C2\u00A0marine\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0...................................................................................\u00C2\u00A0107\u00C2\u00A0 4.4.5\u00C2\u00A0 Delayed\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0..........................\u00C2\u00A0107\u00C2\u00A0 4.4.6\u00C2\u00A0 Assessing\u00C2\u00A0additional\u00C2\u00A0model\u00C2\u00A0assumptions....................................................\u00C2\u00A0108\u00C2\u00A0 4.4.7\u00C2\u00A0 Survival\u00C2\u00A0rate\u00C2\u00A0................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A0109\u00C2\u00A0 4.4.8\u00C2\u00A0 Marine\u00C2\u00A0migration\u00C2\u00A0characteristics\u00C2\u00A0................................................................\u00C2\u00A0110\u00C2\u00A0 v\u00C2\u00A0 4.4.9\u00C2\u00A0 Study\u00C2\u00A0limitations\u00C2\u00A0.........................................................................................\u00C2\u00A0111\u00C2\u00A0 4.4.10\u00C2\u00A0 Conclusions\u00C2\u00A0..................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A0111\u00C2\u00A0 4.5\u00C2\u00A0 References\u00C2\u00A0..................................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A0129\u00C2\u00A0 5\u00C2\u00A0 Early\u00C2\u00A0Marine\u00C2\u00A0Survival\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Transported\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0In\u00E2\u0080\u0090River\u00C2\u00A0Migrant\u00C2\u00A0Hatchery\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0Spring\u00C2\u00A0 Chinook\u00C2\u00A0Salmon\u00C2\u00A0Smolts:\u00C2\u00A0Does\u00C2\u00A0Transportation\u00C2\u00A0Reduce\u00C2\u00A0Survival?\u00C2\u00A0..............................\u00C2\u00A0133\u00C2\u00A0 5.1\u00C2\u00A0 Introduction\u00C2\u00A0................................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A0133\u00C2\u00A0 5.2\u00C2\u00A0 Methods\u00C2\u00A0......................................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A0137\u00C2\u00A0 5.2.1\u00C2\u00A0 Smolt\u00C2\u00A0acquisition\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0tagging\u00C2\u00A0....................................................................\u00C2\u00A0137\u00C2\u00A0 5.2.2\u00C2\u00A0 Transportation\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0..................................................\u00C2\u00A0141\u00C2\u00A0 5.2.3\u00C2\u00A0 POST\u00C2\u00A0array\u00C2\u00A0elements\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0location\u00C2\u00A0..............................................................\u00C2\u00A0142\u00C2\u00A0 5.2.4\u00C2\u00A0 Data\u00C2\u00A0analysis\u00C2\u00A0...............................................................................................\u00C2\u00A0143\u00C2\u00A0 5.2.5\u00C2\u00A0 Travel\u00C2\u00A0time\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0rate\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0movement\u00C2\u00A0.............................................................\u00C2\u00A0149\u00C2\u00A0 5.3\u00C2\u00A0 Results\u00C2\u00A0.........................................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A0149\u00C2\u00A0 5.3.1\u00C2\u00A0 In\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0survivorship\u00C2\u00A0.....................................................................................\u00C2\u00A0149\u00C2\u00A0 5.3.2\u00C2\u00A0 Estuary\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0plume\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0.........................................................................\u00C2\u00A0150\u00C2\u00A0 5.3.3\u00C2\u00A0 Coastal\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0.................................................................................\u00C2\u00A0150\u00C2\u00A0 5.3.4\u00C2\u00A0 Survivorship\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Willapa\u00C2\u00A0Bay\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Lippy\u00C2\u00A0Point\u00C2\u00A0.........................\u00C2\u00A0151\u00C2\u00A0 5.3.5\u00C2\u00A0 Post\u00C2\u00A0Bonneville\u00C2\u00A0survivorship\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Willapa\u00C2\u00A0Bay\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Lippy\u00C2\u00A0Point\u00C2\u00A0.....................\u00C2\u00A0151\u00C2\u00A0 5.3.6\u00C2\u00A0 Post\u00E2\u0080\u0090release\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0.................................................................................\u00C2\u00A0152\u00C2\u00A0 5.3.7\u00C2\u00A0 Timing\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0entry\u00C2\u00A0.................................................................................\u00C2\u00A0153\u00C2\u00A0 5.3.8\u00C2\u00A0 Distribution\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0lines\u00C2\u00A0...................................................................\u00C2\u00A0154\u00C2\u00A0 5.3.9\u00C2\u00A0 Travel\u00C2\u00A0time\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0rate\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0movement\u00C2\u00A0.............................................................\u00C2\u00A0154\u00C2\u00A0 5.4\u00C2\u00A0 Discussion\u00C2\u00A0...................................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A0155\u00C2\u00A0 5.5\u00C2\u00A0 References\u00C2\u00A0..................................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A0175\u00C2\u00A0 6\u00C2\u00A0 Freshwater\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Marine\u00C2\u00A0Migration\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Survival\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Endangered\u00C2\u00A0Cultus\u00C2\u00A0Lake\u00C2\u00A0Sockeye\u00C2\u00A0 Salmon\u00C2\u00A0Smolts\u00C2\u00A0Using\u00C2\u00A0POST,\u00C2\u00A0A\u00C2\u00A0large\u00E2\u0080\u0090scale\u00C2\u00A0Acoustic\u00C2\u00A0Telemetry\u00C2\u00A0Array\u00C2\u00A0.........................\u00C2\u00A0180\u00C2\u00A0 6.1\u00C2\u00A0 Introduction\u00C2\u00A0................................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A0180\u00C2\u00A0 6.2\u00C2\u00A0 Methods\u00C2\u00A0......................................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A0182\u00C2\u00A0 6.2.1\u00C2\u00A0 Study\u00C2\u00A0site\u00C2\u00A0.....................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A0182\u00C2\u00A0 6.2.2\u00C2\u00A0 Smolt\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0groups\u00C2\u00A0...................................................................................\u00C2\u00A0182\u00C2\u00A0 6.2.3\u00C2\u00A0 Tag\u00C2\u00A0characteristics\u00C2\u00A0......................................................................................\u00C2\u00A0183\u00C2\u00A0 6.2.4\u00C2\u00A0 Surgical\u00C2\u00A0techniques\u00C2\u00A0.....................................................................................\u00C2\u00A0184\u00C2\u00A0 6.2.5\u00C2\u00A0 Hydrophone\u00C2\u00A0receiver\u00C2\u00A0deployments\u00C2\u00A0.............................................................\u00C2\u00A0184\u00C2\u00A0 6.2.6\u00C2\u00A0 Freshwater\u00C2\u00A0mobile\u00C2\u00A0tracking\u00C2\u00A0........................................................................\u00C2\u00A0185\u00C2\u00A0 6.2.7\u00C2\u00A0 Data\u00C2\u00A0analysis\u00C2\u00A0...............................................................................................\u00C2\u00A0186\u00C2\u00A0 6.2.8\u00C2\u00A0 Survival\u00C2\u00A0rate\u00C2\u00A0estimation\u00C2\u00A0..............................................................................\u00C2\u00A0188\u00C2\u00A0 6.3\u00C2\u00A0 Results\u00C2\u00A0.........................................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A0190\u00C2\u00A0 6.3.1\u00C2\u00A0 Survival\u00C2\u00A0estimates\u00C2\u00A0.......................................................................................\u00C2\u00A0190\u00C2\u00A0 6.3.2\u00C2\u00A0 Migration\u00C2\u00A0behaviour\u00C2\u00A0...................................................................................\u00C2\u00A0192\u00C2\u00A0 6.4\u00C2\u00A0 Discussion\u00C2\u00A0...................................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A0195\u00C2\u00A0 6.4.1\u00C2\u00A0 Survival\u00C2\u00A0........................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A0195\u00C2\u00A0 6.4.2\u00C2\u00A0 Migration\u00C2\u00A0highways\u00C2\u00A0....................................................................................\u00C2\u00A0197\u00C2\u00A0 vi\u00C2\u00A0 6.4.3\u00C2\u00A0 The\u00C2\u00A0POST\u00C2\u00A0Array............................................................................................\u00C2\u00A0198\u00C2\u00A0 6.5\u00C2\u00A0 References\u00C2\u00A0..................................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A0212\u00C2\u00A0 7\u00C2\u00A0 General\u00C2\u00A0Conclusions\u00C2\u00A0.................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A0216\u00C2\u00A0 7.1\u00C2\u00A0 Transmitters\u00C2\u00A0had\u00C2\u00A0little\u00C2\u00A0effect\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0migrating\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0........................................\u00C2\u00A0216\u00C2\u00A0 7.2\u00C2\u00A0 Marine\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0co\u00E2\u0080\u0090varied\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0predicted\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0conditions\u00C2\u00A0......................................\u00C2\u00A0218\u00C2\u00A0 7.3\u00C2\u00A0 Delayed\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0hypotheses\u00C2\u00A0challenged\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0early\u00C2\u00A0marine\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0..............\u00C2\u00A0218\u00C2\u00A0 7.4\u00C2\u00A0 Early\u00C2\u00A0marine\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0promote\u00C2\u00A0hypothesis\u00C2\u00A0testing\u00C2\u00A0.............................................\u00C2\u00A0219\u00C2\u00A0 7.5\u00C2\u00A0 Tag\u00C2\u00A0size\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0other\u00C2\u00A0study\u00C2\u00A0limitations\u00C2\u00A0...........................................................................\u00C2\u00A0220\u00C2\u00A0 7.6\u00C2\u00A0 Future\u00C2\u00A0research\u00C2\u00A0...........................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A0222\u00C2\u00A0 7.7\u00C2\u00A0 Applications\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0early\u00C2\u00A0marine\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0.................................................................\u00C2\u00A0223\u00C2\u00A0 7.8\u00C2\u00A0 References\u00C2\u00A0..................................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A0224\u00C2\u00A0 Appendix\u00C2\u00A0A.\u00C2\u00A0Travel\u00C2\u00A0Time\u00C2\u00A0Tables\u00C2\u00A0...........................................................................................\u00C2\u00A0226\u00C2\u00A0 Appendix\u00C2\u00A0B.\u00C2\u00A0Migration\u00C2\u00A0Rate\u00C2\u00A0Tables\u00C2\u00A0......................................................................................\u00C2\u00A0230\u00C2\u00A0 Appendix\u00C2\u00A0C.\u00C2\u00A0Distribution\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Mortality\u00C2\u00A0Rates\u00C2\u00A0........................................................................\u00C2\u00A0234\u00C2\u00A0 Appendix\u00C2\u00A0D.\u00C2\u00A0Additional\u00C2\u00A0Peer\u00E2\u0080\u0090reviewed\u00C2\u00A0Thesis\u00C2\u00A0Related\u00C2\u00A0Publications\u00C2\u00A0....................................\u00C2\u00A0239\u00C2\u00A0 D.1\u00C2\u00A0Published\u00C2\u00A0papers\u00C2\u00A0..............................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A0239\u00C2\u00A0 D.2\u00C2\u00A0Papers\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0review\u00C2\u00A0...............................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A0239\u00C2\u00A0 D.3\u00C2\u00A0Non\u00E2\u0080\u0090peer\u00E2\u0080\u0090reviewed\u00C2\u00A0book\u00C2\u00A0chapters\u00C2\u00A0submitted\u00C2\u00A0.................................................................\u00C2\u00A0239\u00C2\u00A0 Appendix\u00C2\u00A0E.\u00C2\u00A0Animal\u00C2\u00A0Care\u00C2\u00A0Certification\u00C2\u00A0.................................................................................\u00C2\u00A0240\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 vii\u00C2\u00A0 List\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Tables\u00C2\u00A0 Table\u00C2\u00A02.1.\u00C2\u00A0Tagging\u00C2\u00A0summary\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0captive\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A09\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0 dummy\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0transmitters\u00C2\u00A0(DATs)\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A07\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0DATs\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02008.\u00C2\u00A0.........................\u00C2\u00A059\u00C2\u00A0 Table\u00C2\u00A02.2.\u00C2\u00A0Tagging\u00C2\u00A0summary\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0seaward\u00C2\u00A0migrating\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A09\u00C2\u00A0 mm\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0transmitters\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A07\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0transmitters\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02008.\u00C2\u00A0................................\u00C2\u00A060\u00C2\u00A0 Table\u00C2\u00A02.3.\u00C2\u00A0Tag\u00C2\u00A0burden\u00C2\u00A0(%)\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0implanted\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A09\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A07\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0 dummy\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0transmitters\u00C2\u00A0(DAT)\u00C2\u00A0used\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0captive\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0effects\u00C2\u00A0studies,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A09\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A07\u00C2\u00A0 mm\u00C2\u00A0live\u00C2\u00A0transmitters\u00C2\u00A0used\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0estimate\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0(IR)\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0estimates.\u00C2\u00A0..........................\u00C2\u00A061\u00C2\u00A0 Table\u00C2\u00A02.4.\u00C2\u00A0Summary\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0statistical\u00C2\u00A0analyses\u00C2\u00A0used\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0captive\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0study.\u00C2\u00A0...................................\u00C2\u00A062\u00C2\u00A0 Table\u00C2\u00A02.5.\u00C2\u00A0Model\u00C2\u00A0selection\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0fork\u00C2\u00A0length\u00C2\u00A0(FL)\u00C2\u00A0analyses\u00C2\u00A0using\u00C2\u00A0Akaike\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0Information\u00C2\u00A0Criterion\u00C2\u00A0 (AIC).\u00C2\u00A0..................................................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A066\u00C2\u00A0 Table\u00C2\u00A03.1.\u00C2\u00A0Mean\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0(Dworshak)\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0(CESRF)\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0 implanted\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0V9\u00E2\u0080\u00906L\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0transmitters\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0PIT\u00C2\u00A0tags\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006.\u00C2\u00A0..................................\u00C2\u00A080\u00C2\u00A0 Table\u00C2\u00A04.1.\u00C2\u00A0Tagging\u00C2\u00A0summary\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0seaward\u00C2\u00A0migrating\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A09mm\u00C2\u00A0(3.1\u00C2\u00A0 grams\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0air)\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0transmitters\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A02007,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A07mm\u00C2\u00A0(1.6\u00C2\u00A0grams\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0air)\u00C2\u00A0 transmitters\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02008........................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A0123\u00C2\u00A0 Table\u00C2\u00A04.2.\u00C2\u00A0Model\u00C2\u00A0selection\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0analyses\u00C2\u00A0using\u00C2\u00A0 Akaike\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0Information\u00C2\u00A0Criterion\u00C2\u00A0(AIC)..\u00C2\u00A0.............................................................................\u00C2\u00A0124\u00C2\u00A0 Table\u00C2\u00A04.3.\u00C2\u00A0Segment\u00C2\u00A0specific\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0probabilities\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0yearling\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0 salmon\u00C2\u00A0released\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0Kooskia\u00C2\u00A0National\u00C2\u00A0Fish\u00C2\u00A0Hatchery,\u00C2\u00A0Kooskia,\u00C2\u00A0ID,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Chandler\u00C2\u00A0Juvenile\u00C2\u00A0 Monitoring\u00C2\u00A0Facility,\u00C2\u00A0Prosser,\u00C2\u00A0WA,\u00C2\u00A0respectively.\u00C2\u00A0..............................................................\u00C2\u00A0125\u00C2\u00A0 Table\u00C2\u00A04.4.\u00C2\u00A0Survivorship\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0yearling\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0released\u00C2\u00A0 from\u00C2\u00A0Kooskia\u00C2\u00A0National\u00C2\u00A0Fish\u00C2\u00A0Hatchery,\u00C2\u00A0Kooskia,\u00C2\u00A0ID,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Chandler\u00C2\u00A0Juvenile\u00C2\u00A0Monitoring\u00C2\u00A0 Facility,\u00C2\u00A0Prosser,\u00C2\u00A0WA,\u00C2\u00A0respectively\u00C2\u00A0..................................................................................\u00C2\u00A0126\u00C2\u00A0 Table\u00C2\u00A04.5.\u00C2\u00A0Estimated\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0ratios.\u00C2\u00A0Survival\u00C2\u00A0ratios\u00C2\u00A0 are\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0Lake\u00C2\u00A0Wallula\u00C2\u00A0(LaW)\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0McGowan\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0Channel\u00C2\u00A0(McG)\u00C2\u00A010\u00C2\u00A0km\u00C2\u00A0below\u00C2\u00A0Bonneville\u00C2\u00A0Dam\u00C2\u00A0 (hydro),\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0McG\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Astoria\u00C2\u00A0(Ast),\u00C2\u00A0McG\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Willapa\u00C2\u00A0Bay\u00C2\u00A0(WiB),\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0McG\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0north\u00C2\u00A0 western\u00C2\u00A0Vancouver\u00C2\u00A0Island\u00C2\u00A0(LIP).\u00C2\u00A0.....................................................................................\u00C2\u00A0127\u00C2\u00A0 Table\u00C2\u00A04.6.\u00C2\u00A0Detection\u00C2\u00A0probability\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0POST\u00C2\u00A0 sub\u00E2\u0080\u0090arrays\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0basin\u00C2\u00A0..........................................................................\u00C2\u00A0128\u00C2\u00A0 viii\u00C2\u00A0 Table\u00C2\u00A05.1.\u00C2\u00A0Summary\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00E2\u0080\u0090origin\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0tagging.\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A02006\u00E2\u0080\u009007\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0 implanted\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A09\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0transmitters;\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02008\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0implanted\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A07\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0 transmitters.\u00C2\u00A0...................................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A0168\u00C2\u00A0 Table\u00C2\u00A05.2.\u00C2\u00A0Survivorship\u00C2\u00A0(SE)\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0(IR)\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0transported\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0 Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0smolts.\u00C2\u00A0..................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A0169\u00C2\u00A0 Table\u00C2\u00A05.3.\u00C2\u00A0Survivorship\u00C2\u00A0(SE)\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0(IR)\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0transported\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0 McGowan's\u00C2\u00A0Channel\u00C2\u00A0(below\u00C2\u00A0Bonneville\u00C2\u00A0Dam).\u00C2\u00A0...............................................................\u00C2\u00A0169\u00C2\u00A0 Table\u00C2\u00A05.4.\u00C2\u00A0Segment\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0(SE)\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0(IR)\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0transported\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0 salmon\u00C2\u00A0smolts.\u00C2\u00A0................................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A0170\u00C2\u00A0 Table\u00C2\u00A05.5.\u00C2\u00A0Transport\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0(T/I)\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0differential\u00C2\u00A0delayed\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0(D)\u00C2\u00A0ratios.\u00C2\u00A0...................\u00C2\u00A0171\u00C2\u00A0 Table\u00C2\u00A05.6.\u00C2\u00A0Mean\u00C2\u00A0Travel\u00C2\u00A0time\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0sub\u00E2\u0080\u0090arrays\u00C2\u00A0(days,\u00C2\u00A0st.\u00C2\u00A0dev.).\u00C2\u00A0..................................\u00C2\u00A0172\u00C2\u00A0 Table\u00C2\u00A05.7.\u00C2\u00A0Segment\u00C2\u00A0specific\u00C2\u00A0travel\u00C2\u00A0times\u00C2\u00A0(days;\u00C2\u00A0st.\u00C2\u00A0dev.)\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0(IR)\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0transported\u00C2\u00A0(TR)\u00C2\u00A0 Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0smolts.\u00C2\u00A0......................................................................\u00C2\u00A0173\u00C2\u00A0 Table\u00C2\u00A05.8.\u00C2\u00A0Segment\u00E2\u0080\u0090specific\u00C2\u00A0rate\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0movement\u00C2\u00A0(km/day;\u00C2\u00A0st.\u00C2\u00A0dev.)\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0(IR)\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0transported\u00C2\u00A0 (TR)\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006,\u00C2\u00A02007\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A02008.\u00C2\u00A0.......................\u00C2\u00A0174\u00C2\u00A0 Table\u00C2\u00A06.1.\u00C2\u00A0Summary\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Cultus\u00C2\u00A0Lake\u00C2\u00A0sockeye\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0released\u00C2\u00A01.\u00C2\u00A0.................\u00C2\u00A0208\u00C2\u00A0 Table\u00C2\u00A06.2.\u00C2\u00A0Model\u00C2\u00A0selection\u00C2\u00A0results\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0recaptures\u00E2\u0080\u0090only\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0probability\u00C2\u00A0estimates1.\u00C2\u00A0...........\u00C2\u00A0209\u00C2\u00A0 Table\u00C2\u00A06.3.\u00C2\u00A0Migratory\u00C2\u00A0behaviour\u00C2\u00A0categories\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0Cultus\u00C2\u00A0Lake\u00C2\u00A0sockeye\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02004\u00E2\u0080\u00902007.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0 first\u00C2\u00A0number\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0each\u00C2\u00A0column\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0number\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0detected\u00C2\u00A0.........................................\u00C2\u00A0210\u00C2\u00A0 Table\u00C2\u00A06.4.\u00C2\u00A0Residualization\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0initial\u00C2\u00A0downstream\u00C2\u00A0migration\u00C2\u00A0surveys\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Cultus\u00C2\u00A0Lake\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 rivers\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0connect\u00C2\u00A0it\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Fraser\u00C2\u00A0River.\u00C2\u00A0.......................................................................\u00C2\u00A0211\u00C2\u00A0 Table\u00C2\u00A0A.1.\u00C2\u00A0Segment\u00C2\u00A0specific\u00C2\u00A0travel\u00C2\u00A0time\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0 (mean\u00C2\u00A0days\u00C2\u00A0(st.\u00C2\u00A0dev.))\u00C2\u00A0......................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A0226\u00C2\u00A0 Table\u00C2\u00A0A.2.\u00C2\u00A0Cumulative\u00C2\u00A0travel\u00C2\u00A0time\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0 detection\u00C2\u00A0sites\u00C2\u00A0(mean\u00C2\u00A0days\u00C2\u00A0(st.\u00C2\u00A0dev.)).\u00C2\u00A0............................................................................\u00C2\u00A0228\u00C2\u00A0 Table\u00C2\u00A0B.1.\u00C2\u00A0Segment\u00C2\u00A0specific\u00C2\u00A0rate\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0movement\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0 smolts\u00C2\u00A0(mean\u00C2\u00A0km/day\u00C2\u00A0(st.\u00C2\u00A0dev))\u00C2\u00A0......................................................................................\u00C2\u00A0230\u00C2\u00A0 Table\u00C2\u00A0B.2.\u00C2\u00A0Cumulative\u00C2\u00A0migration\u00C2\u00A0rate\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0 detection\u00C2\u00A0sites\u00C2\u00A0(mean\u00C2\u00A0km/day\u00C2\u00A0(st.\u00C2\u00A0dev.))\u00C2\u00A0........................................................................\u00C2\u00A0232\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 ix\u00C2\u00A0 List\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Figures\u00C2\u00A0 Figure\u00C2\u00A01.1.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0estimated\u00C2\u00A0proportion\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0total\u00C2\u00A0integrated\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0accounted\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0juvenile\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0migration,\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0life\u00C2\u00A0stages\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0adult\u00C2\u00A0upstream\u00C2\u00A0migration\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0 from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Clearwater\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0(Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0Basin,\u00C2\u00A0USA),\u00C2\u00A01999\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A02003\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0standard\u00C2\u00A0 error\u00C2\u00A0(SE).\u00C2\u00A0............................................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A02\u00C2\u00A0 Figure\u00C2\u00A01.2.\u00C2\u00A0Map\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Pacific\u00C2\u00A0Ocean\u00C2\u00A0Shelf\u00C2\u00A0Tracking\u00C2\u00A0(POST)\u00C2\u00A0array.\u00C2\u00A0Red\u00C2\u00A0bars\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0dots\u00C2\u00A0indicate\u00C2\u00A0 individual\u00C2\u00A0sub\u00E2\u0080\u0090arrays.\u00C2\u00A0POST\u00C2\u00A0map\u00C2\u00A0courtesy\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0POST\u00C2\u00A0Project\u00C2\u00A02009.\u00C2\u00A0...............................\u00C2\u00A09\u00C2\u00A0 Figure\u00C2\u00A02.1.\u00C2\u00A0Pacific\u00C2\u00A0Ocean\u00C2\u00A0Shelf\u00C2\u00A0Tracking\u00C2\u00A0(POST)\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0array.\u00C2\u00A0...................................................\u00C2\u00A049\u00C2\u00A0 Figure\u00C2\u00A02.2.\u00C2\u00A0Size\u00C2\u00A0distribution\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0(red\u00C2\u00A0bars)\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0(blue\u00C2\u00A0bars)\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0 salmon\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A09\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A07\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0dummy\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0transmitters\u00C2\u00A0(2006\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A02008,\u00C2\u00A0 respectively),\u00C2\u00A0initial\u00C2\u00A0size\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0expelled\u00C2\u00A0tags\u00C2\u00A0(white\u00C2\u00A0bars),\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0initial\u00C2\u00A0size\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0 that\u00C2\u00A0died\u00C2\u00A0during\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0study\u00C2\u00A0(black\u00C2\u00A0bars).\u00C2\u00A0......................................................................\u00C2\u00A050\u00C2\u00A0 Figure\u00C2\u00A02.3.\u00C2\u00A0Tag\u00C2\u00A0retention\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0 with\u00C2\u00A09\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0dummy\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0transmitters\u00C2\u00A0(solid\u00C2\u00A0lines)\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0passive\u00C2\u00A0integrated\u00C2\u00A0transponder\u00C2\u00A0 tags\u00C2\u00A0(dashed\u00C2\u00A0lines)\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006.\u00C2\u00A0..............................................................................................\u00C2\u00A051\u00C2\u00A0 Figure\u00C2\u00A02.4.\u00C2\u00A0Tag\u00C2\u00A0retention\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0 with\u00C2\u00A07\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0dummy\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0transmitters\u00C2\u00A0(solid\u00C2\u00A0lines)\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0passive\u00C2\u00A0integrated\u00C2\u00A0transponder\u00C2\u00A0 tags\u00C2\u00A0(dashed\u00C2\u00A0lines)\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02008.\u00C2\u00A0..............................................................................................\u00C2\u00A052\u00C2\u00A0 Figure\u00C2\u00A02.5.\u00C2\u00A0Post\u00E2\u0080\u0090surgery\u00C2\u00A0healing.\u00C2\u00A0..................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A053\u00C2\u00A0 Figure\u00C2\u00A02.6.\u00C2\u00A0Boxplots\u00C2\u00A0(median,\u00C2\u00A0quartiles,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A095%\u00C2\u00A0confidence\u00C2\u00A0interval)\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0fork\u00C2\u00A0length\u00C2\u00A0(FL)\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0 Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0(a)\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0(b)\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A09\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0dummy\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0 transmitters\u00C2\u00A0(DAT)\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0passive\u00C2\u00A0integrated\u00C2\u00A0transponder\u00C2\u00A0tags\u00C2\u00A0(Control)\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006.\u00C2\u00A0.............\u00C2\u00A054\u00C2\u00A0 Figure\u00C2\u00A02.7.\u00C2\u00A0Boxplots\u00C2\u00A0(median,\u00C2\u00A0quartiles,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A095%\u00C2\u00A0confidence\u00C2\u00A0interval)\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0fork\u00C2\u00A0length\u00C2\u00A0(FL)\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0 Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0(a)\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0(b)\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A07\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0dummy\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0 transmitters\u00C2\u00A0(DAT)\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0passive\u00C2\u00A0integrated\u00C2\u00A0transponder\u00C2\u00A0tags\u00C2\u00A0(Control)\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02008.\u00C2\u00A0.............\u00C2\u00A054\u00C2\u00A0 Figure\u00C2\u00A02.8.\u00C2\u00A0Survivorship\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A02008\u00C2\u00A0.....\u00C2\u00A055\u00C2\u00A0 Figure\u00C2\u00A02.9.\u00C2\u00A0Survival\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0size\u00C2\u00A0class\u00C2\u00A0(fork\u00C2\u00A0length)\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0migrating\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0(red)\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0 (blue)\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A09\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0transmitters..\u00C2\u00A0........................\u00C2\u00A056\u00C2\u00A0 Figure\u00C2\u00A02.10.\u00C2\u00A0Survival\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02008\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0size\u00C2\u00A0class\u00C2\u00A0(fork\u00C2\u00A0length)\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0migrating\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0(red)\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0 (blue)\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A07\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0transmitters.\u00C2\u00A0.........................\u00C2\u00A057\u00C2\u00A0 x\u00C2\u00A0 Figure\u00C2\u00A02.11.\u00C2\u00A0Proportion\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0animals\u00C2\u00A0available\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0detection\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0captive\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0study\u00C2\u00A0(K;\u00C2\u00A0 black\u00C2\u00A0circles),\u00C2\u00A0estimated\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0river\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A095%\u00C2\u00A0confidence\u00C2\u00A0intervals\u00C2\u00A0(red\u00C2\u00A0symbols),\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0estimated\u00C2\u00A0IR\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0corrected\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0effects\u00C2\u00A0(SK,\u00C2\u00A0larger,\u00C2\u00A0grey\u00C2\u00A0symbols)\u00C2\u00A0................\u00C2\u00A058\u00C2\u00A0 Figure\u00C2\u00A03.1.\u00C2\u00A0Map\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Pacific\u00C2\u00A0Ocean\u00C2\u00A0Shelf\u00C2\u00A0Tracking\u00C2\u00A0(POST)\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0array\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0distribution\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0continental\u00C2\u00A0shelf..\u00C2\u00A0.............................................................\u00C2\u00A078\u00C2\u00A0 Figure\u00C2\u00A04.1.\u00C2\u00A0Map\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Pacific\u00C2\u00A0Ocean\u00C2\u00A0Shelf\u00C2\u00A0Tracking\u00C2\u00A0(POST)\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0array\u00C2\u00A0...............................\u00C2\u00A0113\u00C2\u00A0 Figure\u00C2\u00A04.2.\u00C2\u00A0Survivorship\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Lippy\u00C2\u00A0Point\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0northwestern\u00C2\u00A0 end\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Vancouver\u00C2\u00A0Island.\u00C2\u00A0................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A0114\u00C2\u00A0 Figure\u00C2\u00A04.3.\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0(red)\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0(blue)\u00C2\u00A0Spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0estimates\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0four\u00C2\u00A0 migration\u00C2\u00A0zones\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A02008.\u00C2\u00A0Numbers\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0parentheses\u00C2\u00A0above\u00C2\u00A0bars\u00C2\u00A0indicate\u00C2\u00A0mean\u00C2\u00A0 survival\u00C2\u00A0per\u00C2\u00A0day.\u00C2\u00A0..............................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A0115\u00C2\u00A0 Figure\u00C2\u00A04.4.\u00C2\u00A0Cross\u00E2\u0080\u0090shelf\u00C2\u00A0distribution\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0off\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 southern\u00C2\u00A0Washington\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0Willapa\u00C2\u00A0Bay\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006,\u00C2\u00A02007,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A02008..\u00C2\u00A0...................................\u00C2\u00A0116\u00C2\u00A0 Figure\u00C2\u00A04.5.\u00C2\u00A0Cross\u00E2\u0080\u0090shelf\u00C2\u00A0distribution\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0 Lippy\u00C2\u00A0Point\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0northwestern\u00C2\u00A0Vancouver\u00C2\u00A0Island\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A02008.\u00C2\u00A0...............................\u00C2\u00A0119\u00C2\u00A0 Figure\u00C2\u00A04.6.\u00C2\u00A0Migration\u00C2\u00A0rate\u00C2\u00A0vs.\u00C2\u00A0fork\u00C2\u00A0length\u00C2\u00A0(FL)\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0(Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 Yakima\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0combined\u00C2\u00A0................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A0121\u00C2\u00A0 Figure\u00C2\u00A04.7.\u00C2\u00A0Segment\u00C2\u00A0specific\u00C2\u00A0travel\u00C2\u00A0time\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0hydrosystem\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Pacific\u00C2\u00A0Ocean\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006,\u00C2\u00A02007\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A02008\u00C2\u00A0...........\u00C2\u00A0122\u00C2\u00A0 Figure\u00C2\u00A05.1.\u00C2\u00A0Schematic\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0components\u00C2\u00A0used\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0transportation\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0ratios\u00C2\u00A0(T/I)\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 post\u00E2\u0080\u0090Bonneville\u00C2\u00A0differential\u00C2\u00A0delayed\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0ratios\u00C2\u00A0(D).\u00C2\u00A0..............................................\u00C2\u00A0160\u00C2\u00A0 Figure\u00C2\u00A05.2.\u00C2\u00A0Pacific\u00C2\u00A0Ocean\u00C2\u00A0Shelf\u00C2\u00A0Tracking\u00C2\u00A0(POST)\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0array.\u00C2\u00A0.................................................\u00C2\u00A0161\u00C2\u00A0 Figure\u00C2\u00A05.3.\u00C2\u00A0Survivorship\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0(IR)\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0transported\u00C2\u00A0(TR)\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0 smolts\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006,\u00C2\u00A02007\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A02008.\u00C2\u00A0................................................................\u00C2\u00A0162\u00C2\u00A0 Figure\u00C2\u00A05.4.\u00C2\u00A0Conditional\u00C2\u00A0survivorship\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0transported\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0 salmon\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0McGowan\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0Channel\u00C2\u00A0(10\u00C2\u00A0km\u00C2\u00A0below\u00C2\u00A0Bonneville\u00C2\u00A0Dam)\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006,\u00C2\u00A02007\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A02008.\u00C2\u00A0........................................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A0163\u00C2\u00A0 Figure\u00C2\u00A05.5.\u00C2\u00A0Timing\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0entry\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0two\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0groups\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0(IR)\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0transported\u00C2\u00A0(TR)\u00C2\u00A0 Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006,\u00C2\u00A02007\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A02008\u00C2\u00A0................................\u00C2\u00A0164\u00C2\u00A0 Figure\u00C2\u00A05.6.\u00C2\u00A0Cross\u00E2\u0080\u0090shelf\u00C2\u00A0distribution\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0(IR)\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0transported\u00C2\u00A0(TR)\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0 salmon\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0off\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0southern\u00C2\u00A0Washington\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0Willapa\u00C2\u00A0Bay\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006,\u00C2\u00A02007,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A02008.\u00C2\u00A0..\u00C2\u00A0165\u00C2\u00A0 xi\u00C2\u00A0 Figure\u00C2\u00A05.7.\u00C2\u00A0Cross\u00E2\u0080\u0090shelf\u00C2\u00A0distribution\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0(IR)\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0transported\u00C2\u00A0(TR)\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0 salmon\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0Lippy\u00C2\u00A0Point\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0northwestern\u00C2\u00A0Vancouver\u00C2\u00A0Island\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A02008\u00C2\u00A0....\u00C2\u00A0166\u00C2\u00A0 Figure\u00C2\u00A05.8.\u00C2\u00A0Migration\u00C2\u00A0rate\u00C2\u00A0vs.\u00C2\u00A0FL\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A02008\u00C2\u00A0 (in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0transported\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0combined)\u00C2\u00A0..................................................................\u00C2\u00A0167\u00C2\u00A0 Figure\u00C2\u00A06.1.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0southern\u00C2\u00A0British\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0components\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0POST\u00C2\u00A0array.\u00C2\u00A0.............................\u00C2\u00A0200\u00C2\u00A0 Figure\u00C2\u00A06.2.\u00C2\u00A0Survivorship\u00C2\u00A0estimates\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0exit\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Strait\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Georgia\u00C2\u00A0system\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0 different\u00C2\u00A0assumed\u00C2\u00A0detection\u00C2\u00A0probabilities\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0final\u00C2\u00A0QCS\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0JDF\u00C2\u00A0lines\u00C2\u00A0....................\u00C2\u00A0201\u00C2\u00A0 Figure\u00C2\u00A06.3.\u00C2\u00A0Survivorship\u00C2\u00A0relative\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0cumulative\u00C2\u00A0distance\u00C2\u00A0migrated\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0acoustically\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0Cultus\u00C2\u00A0 Lake\u00C2\u00A0sockeye.\u00C2\u00A0..................................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A0202\u00C2\u00A0 Figure\u00C2\u00A06.4.\u00C2\u00A0Segment\u00E2\u0080\u0090specific\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0estimates\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0acoustically\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0Cultus\u00C2\u00A0Lake\u00C2\u00A0sockeye\u00C2\u00A0 salmon\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0lower\u00C2\u00A0Fraser\u00C2\u00A0River,\u00C2\u00A0lower\u00C2\u00A0Fraser\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0NSOG,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0NSOG\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0 QCS,\u00C2\u00A02004\u00E2\u0080\u009007.\u00C2\u00A0..................................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A0203\u00C2\u00A0 Figure\u00C2\u00A06.5.\u00C2\u00A0Distribution\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0migrating\u00C2\u00A0acoustically\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0Cultus\u00C2\u00A0Lake\u00C2\u00A0sockeye\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 Northern\u00C2\u00A0Strait\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Georgia\u00C2\u00A0lines.\u00C2\u00A0.....................................................................................\u00C2\u00A0204\u00C2\u00A0 Figure\u00C2\u00A06.6.\u00C2\u00A0Distribution\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0migrating\u00C2\u00A0acoustically\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0Cultus\u00C2\u00A0Lake\u00C2\u00A0sockeye\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 Queen\u00C2\u00A0Charlotte\u00C2\u00A0Strait\u00C2\u00A0line\u00C2\u00A0.............................................................................................\u00C2\u00A0205\u00C2\u00A0 Figure\u00C2\u00A06.7.\u00C2\u00A0Significance\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0series\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0\u00CF\u00872\u00C2\u00A0goodness\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0fit\u00C2\u00A0tests\u00C2\u00A0obtained\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0grouping\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0detected\u00C2\u00A0 on\u00C2\u00A0neighbouring\u00C2\u00A0receivers\u00C2\u00A0..............................................................................................\u00C2\u00A0206\u00C2\u00A0 Figure\u00C2\u00A06.8.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Average\u00C2\u00A0travel\u00C2\u00A0rates\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0different\u00C2\u00A0sections\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0migration\u00C2\u00A0route.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Vertical\u00C2\u00A0bars\u00C2\u00A0 represent\u00C2\u00A095%\u00C2\u00A0confidence\u00C2\u00A0intervals.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0(2004:\u00C2\u00A0\u00EF\u0081\u00AE;\u00C2\u00A02005:\u00C2\u00A0\u00EF\u0081\u00B5;\u00C2\u00A02006:\u00C2\u00A0\u00EF\u0081\u00B0,\u00C2\u00A02007:\u00C2\u00A0\u00EF\u0081\u00B1).\u00C2\u00A0............\u00C2\u00A0207\u00C2\u00A0 Figure\u00C2\u00A0C.1.\u00C2\u00A0Bootstrapped\u00C2\u00A0distribution\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0rates\u00C2\u00A0per\u00C2\u00A0km\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0travel\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0seaward\u00C2\u00A0migrating\u00C2\u00A0 Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006\u00C2\u00A0(higher\u00C2\u00A0positive\u00C2\u00A0values\u00C2\u00A0 represent\u00C2\u00A0greater\u00C2\u00A0mortality).\u00C2\u00A0..........................................................................................\u00C2\u00A0234\u00C2\u00A0 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effort\u00C2\u00A0involving\u00C2\u00A0Kintama\u00C2\u00A0Research\u00C2\u00A0staff,\u00C2\u00A0particularly\u00C2\u00A0Aswea\u00C2\u00A0Porter\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0David\u00C2\u00A0Welch,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0my\u00C2\u00A0 previous\u00C2\u00A0lab\u00E2\u0080\u0090mate\u00C2\u00A0Mike\u00C2\u00A0Melnychuk,\u00C2\u00A0who\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0Ph.D.\u00C2\u00A0research\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0UBC\u00C2\u00A0focused\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Fraser\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0Squamish\u00C2\u00A0river\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0smolts.\u00C2\u00A0For\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0duration\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0study\u00C2\u00A0(2004\u00E2\u0080\u00907)\u00C2\u00A0I\u00C2\u00A0contributed\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0 design\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0research\u00C2\u00A0program,\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0tagging,\u00C2\u00A0equipment\u00C2\u00A0deployment\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0recovery,\u00C2\u00A0mobile\u00C2\u00A0 tracking\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0Cultus\u00C2\u00A0Lake\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Vedder\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Fraser\u00C2\u00A0rivers,\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0analysis,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0preparation\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 manuscript.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 1\u00C2\u00A0 1 General\u00C2\u00A0Introduction\u00C2\u00A0 1.1 Conservation\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0depleted\u00C2\u00A0species\u00C2\u00A0 As\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0human\u00C2\u00A0population\u00C2\u00A0swells\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0need\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0exploitation\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0natural\u00C2\u00A0resources\u00C2\u00A0 continues\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0increase,\u00C2\u00A0our\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009Cecological\u00C2\u00A0footprint\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0(Wackernagel\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Rees\u00C2\u00A01996)\u00C2\u00A0continues\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0 expand.\u00C2\u00A0Human\u00C2\u00A0activities\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0development\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0altered\u00C2\u00A0much\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0landscape,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0 encroached\u00C2\u00A0upon\u00C2\u00A0freshwater\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0marine\u00C2\u00A0environments\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0well.\u00C2\u00A0As\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0result,\u00C2\u00A0many\u00C2\u00A0species\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 populations\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0plants\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0animals,\u00C2\u00A0both\u00C2\u00A0terrestrial\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0aquatic,\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0been\u00C2\u00A0severely\u00C2\u00A0negatively\u00C2\u00A0 impacted\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0greatly\u00C2\u00A0depleted\u00C2\u00A0relative\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0historical\u00C2\u00A0levels.\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A0Canada\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0United\u00C2\u00A0States,\u00C2\u00A0 wildlife\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0protected\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0federal\u00C2\u00A0government\u00C2\u00A0under\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Species\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0Risk\u00C2\u00A0Act\u00C2\u00A0(SARA),\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 Endangered\u00C2\u00A0Species\u00C2\u00A0Act\u00C2\u00A0(ESA),\u00C2\u00A0respectively.\u00C2\u00A0Both\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0these\u00C2\u00A0acts\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0charged\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0identifying,\u00C2\u00A0 protecting,\u00C2\u00A0recovering,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0managing\u00C2\u00A0endangered\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0threatened\u00C2\u00A0species.\u00C2\u00A0Population\u00C2\u00A0 monitoring\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0integral\u00C2\u00A0part\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0developing\u00C2\u00A0recovery\u00C2\u00A0strategies\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0determining\u00C2\u00A0critical\u00C2\u00A0 habitats.\u00C2\u00A0These\u00C2\u00A0assessments\u00C2\u00A0provide\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0best\u00C2\u00A0available\u00C2\u00A0science\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0resource\u00C2\u00A0managers.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Pacific\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0highly\u00C2\u00A0migratory\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0utilize\u00C2\u00A0freshwater\u00C2\u00A0rivers,\u00C2\u00A0streams\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0lakes\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0 spawn\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0rear,\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0well\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0estuarine\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0marine\u00C2\u00A0habitats\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0forage\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0mature\u00C2\u00A0before\u00C2\u00A0returning\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0their\u00C2\u00A0natal\u00C2\u00A0streams.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0anadromous\u00C2\u00A0life\u00C2\u00A0history\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Pacific\u00C2\u00A0salmonids\u00C2\u00A0makes\u00C2\u00A0them\u00C2\u00A0 particularly\u00C2\u00A0vulnerable\u00C2\u00A0because\u00C2\u00A0they\u00C2\u00A0rely\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0wide\u00C2\u00A0spectrum\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0habitats\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0survival,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0these\u00C2\u00A0 habitats,\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0most\u00C2\u00A0cases,\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0been\u00C2\u00A0significantly\u00C2\u00A0altered.\u00C2\u00A0Rivers\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0streams\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0been\u00C2\u00A0physically\u00C2\u00A0 disturbed\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0development\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0roads,\u00C2\u00A0infrastructure,\u00C2\u00A0dams,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0irrigation\u00C2\u00A0channels.\u00C2\u00A0These\u00C2\u00A0 physical\u00C2\u00A0changes\u00C2\u00A0alter\u00C2\u00A0water\u00C2\u00A0levels,\u00C2\u00A0water\u00C2\u00A0flow\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0may\u00C2\u00A0affect\u00C2\u00A0habitats\u00C2\u00A0upstream\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 downstream\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0disturbance\u00C2\u00A0(Mallik\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Richardson\u00C2\u00A02009).\u00C2\u00A0They\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0been\u00C2\u00A0chemically\u00C2\u00A0 altered\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0point\u00C2\u00A0source\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0non\u00C2\u00A0point\u00C2\u00A0source\u00C2\u00A0pollution.\u00C2\u00A0Even\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0vast\u00C2\u00A0oceans\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0been\u00C2\u00A0 affected\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0human\u00C2\u00A0activity;\u00C2\u00A0increasing\u00C2\u00A0global\u00C2\u00A0demand\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0fossil\u00C2\u00A0fuels\u00C2\u00A0has\u00C2\u00A0lead\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0increased\u00C2\u00A0 atmospheric\u00C2\u00A0carbon\u00C2\u00A0dioxide\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0sea\u00C2\u00A0surface\u00C2\u00A0temperatures\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0could\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0major\u00C2\u00A0direct\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 indirect\u00C2\u00A0effects\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0populations\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Pacific\u00C2\u00A0Northwest\u00C2\u00A0(Ashley\u00C2\u00A02006).\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 2\u00C2\u00A0 1.2 Marine\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0juvenile\u00C2\u00A0salmonids\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Substantial\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0occurs\u00C2\u00A0during\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A02\u00E2\u0080\u00903\u00C2\u00A0year\u00C2\u00A0marine\u00C2\u00A0life\u00C2\u00A0history\u00C2\u00A0stage\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0migratory\u00C2\u00A0 salmonids\u00C2\u00A0(Bradford\u00C2\u00A01995).\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0estimated\u00C2\u00A0proportion\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0total\u00C2\u00A0integrated\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0 significantly\u00C2\u00A0higher\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0when\u00C2\u00A0compared\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0during\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0juvenile\u00C2\u00A0outmigration\u00C2\u00A0 or\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0adult\u00C2\u00A0migration\u00C2\u00A0upstream\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0Oncorhynchus\u00C2\u00A0tshawytscha\u00C2\u00A0(also\u00C2\u00A0 called\u00C2\u00A0yearling\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0stream\u00E2\u0080\u0090type)\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0basin\u00C2\u00A0(Buchanan\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A02007,\u00C2\u00A0Figure\u00C2\u00A0 1.1).\u00C2\u00A0Much\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0occurs\u00C2\u00A0soon\u00C2\u00A0after\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0entry\u00C2\u00A0(Pearcy\u00C2\u00A01992),\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0second\u00C2\u00A0phase\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 juvenile\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0may\u00C2\u00A0occur\u00C2\u00A0several\u00C2\u00A0months\u00C2\u00A0later\u00C2\u00A0if\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0do\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0attain\u00C2\u00A0favourable\u00C2\u00A0size\u00C2\u00A0during\u00C2\u00A0 their\u00C2\u00A0first\u00C2\u00A0summer\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0(Beamish\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Mahnken\u00C2\u00A02001).\u00C2\u00A0Mortality\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0driven\u00C2\u00A0 largely\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0predation,\u00C2\u00A0while\u00C2\u00A0size\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0entry\u00C2\u00A0(larger\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0generally\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0higher\u00C2\u00A0survival),\u00C2\u00A0 timing\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0entry,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0rearing\u00C2\u00A0history\u00C2\u00A0(wild\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0tend\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0return\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0higher\u00C2\u00A0rates\u00C2\u00A0than\u00C2\u00A0hatchery\u00C2\u00A0 raised)\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0all\u00C2\u00A0factors\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0contribute\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0variation\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0juvenile\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0rates\u00C2\u00A0(Quinn\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A02002).\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Figure\u00C2\u00A01.1.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0estimated\u00C2\u00A0proportion\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0total\u00C2\u00A0integrated\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0accounted\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0juvenile\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0migration,\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0life\u00C2\u00A0stages\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0adult\u00C2\u00A0upstream\u00C2\u00A0migration\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 Clearwater\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0(Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0Basin,\u00C2\u00A0USA),\u00C2\u00A01999\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A02003\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0standard\u00C2\u00A0error\u00C2\u00A0(SE).\u00C2\u00A0From\u00C2\u00A0 Buchannan\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A02007.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 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(84.6%,\u00C2\u00A0SE=1.8%)\u00C2\u00A0 juvenile\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0 migration (11.2%,\u00C2\u00A0SE=1.2%) adult\u00C2\u00A0upstream\u00C2\u00A0 migration (4.2%,\u00C2\u00A0SE=1.2%) 3\u00C2\u00A0 al.\u00C2\u00A01998)\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0well\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0zooplankton\u00C2\u00A0species\u00C2\u00A0distribution\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0abundance\u00C2\u00A0(Mackas\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A02007).\u00C2\u00A0 Interspecific\u00C2\u00A0competition\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0these\u00C2\u00A0food\u00C2\u00A0resources\u00C2\u00A0may\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0important\u00C2\u00A0factor\u00C2\u00A0affecting\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0 populations\u00C2\u00A0(Ruggerone\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Nielsen\u00C2\u00A02004),\u00C2\u00A0therefore\u00C2\u00A0resource\u00C2\u00A0availability\u00C2\u00A0influenced\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0 climate\u00C2\u00A0likely\u00C2\u00A0determines\u00C2\u00A0early\u00C2\u00A0marine\u00C2\u00A0growth\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0success\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0after\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0entry.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Although\u00C2\u00A0there\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0reliable\u00C2\u00A0estimates\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0adult\u00C2\u00A0return\u00C2\u00A0rates\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0many\u00C2\u00A0populations\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Pacific\u00C2\u00A0 salmon,\u00C2\u00A0it\u00C2\u00A0has\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0been\u00C2\u00A0possible\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0partition\u00C2\u00A0marine\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0into\u00C2\u00A0specific\u00C2\u00A0life\u00C2\u00A0history\u00C2\u00A0stages.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Despite\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0extensive\u00C2\u00A0amount\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0research\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0has\u00C2\u00A0been\u00C2\u00A0conducted\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0early\u00C2\u00A0marine\u00C2\u00A0life\u00C2\u00A0 history\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0juvenile\u00C2\u00A0salmonids\u00C2\u00A0around\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Pacific\u00C2\u00A0Rim\u00C2\u00A0region\u00C2\u00A0(Symons\u00C2\u00A02003)\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0survival,\u00C2\u00A0 fine\u00E2\u0080\u0090scale\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0distribution\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0behaviour\u00C2\u00A0after\u00C2\u00A0seaward\u00C2\u00A0migration\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0their\u00C2\u00A0rivers\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0largely\u00C2\u00A0 lacking.\u00C2\u00A0Most\u00C2\u00A0often,\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0determined\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0ratio\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0returning\u00C2\u00A0adults;\u00C2\u00A0 however,\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0measure\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0incorporates\u00C2\u00A0juvenile\u00C2\u00A0freshwater\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0during\u00C2\u00A0downstream\u00C2\u00A0 migration,\u00C2\u00A0juvenile\u00C2\u00A0marine\u00C2\u00A0survival,\u00C2\u00A0immature\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0adult\u00C2\u00A0survival.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Most\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0what\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0known\u00C2\u00A0about\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0migration\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0distribution\u00C2\u00A0during\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0early\u00C2\u00A0marine\u00C2\u00A0life\u00C2\u00A0 history\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0juvenile\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0originating\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0North\u00C2\u00A0America\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0based\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0returns\u00C2\u00A0during\u00C2\u00A0labor\u00C2\u00A0 intensive\u00C2\u00A0inshore\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0offshore\u00C2\u00A0trawl\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0seine\u00C2\u00A0surveys\u00C2\u00A0(Beamish\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A02000;\u00C2\u00A0Brodeur\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A02004;\u00C2\u00A0 e.g.,\u00C2\u00A0Hartt\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Dell\u00C2\u00A01986;\u00C2\u00A0Meyers\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A01996).\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Tags\u00C2\u00A0returns\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0juveniles\u00C2\u00A0offer\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0snapshot\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0migration\u00C2\u00A0patterns.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Catches\u00C2\u00A0during\u00C2\u00A0large\u00C2\u00A0scale\u00C2\u00A0sampling\u00C2\u00A0studies\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Pacific\u00C2\u00A0Northwest\u00C2\u00A0 have\u00C2\u00A0suggested\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0most\u00C2\u00A0juvenile\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0remain\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0near\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0continental\u00C2\u00A0shelf\u00C2\u00A0during\u00C2\u00A0their\u00C2\u00A0 northward\u00C2\u00A0migration.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Such\u00C2\u00A0information\u00C2\u00A0has\u00C2\u00A0been\u00C2\u00A0used\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0reconstruct\u00C2\u00A0migration\u00C2\u00A0routes\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 ocean\u00C2\u00A0distribution\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0juvenile\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0subsequent\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0their\u00C2\u00A0entry\u00C2\u00A0into\u00C2\u00A0seawater\u00C2\u00A0(French\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A0 1976;\u00C2\u00A0Groot\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Cooke\u00C2\u00A01987;\u00C2\u00A0Hartt\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Dell\u00C2\u00A01986;\u00C2\u00A0Walter\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A01997).\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Advances\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0tagging\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0telemetry\u00C2\u00A0technology\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0allowed\u00C2\u00A0direct\u00C2\u00A0observation\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0juvenile\u00C2\u00A0 salmon\u00C2\u00A0during\u00C2\u00A0their\u00C2\u00A0seaward\u00C2\u00A0migration.\u00C2\u00A0These\u00C2\u00A0observations\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0valuable\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0necessary,\u00C2\u00A0but\u00C2\u00A0 often\u00C2\u00A0stop\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0river\u00C2\u00A0mouth\u00C2\u00A0due\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0logistic\u00C2\u00A0constraints.\u00C2\u00A0For\u00C2\u00A0example,\u00C2\u00A0Schreck\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A0(2006)\u00C2\u00A0used\u00C2\u00A0 radio\u00C2\u00A0telemetry\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0estimate\u00C2\u00A0freshwater\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0estuarine\u00C2\u00A0components\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0juvenile\u00C2\u00A0 salmon\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0during\u00C2\u00A0their\u00C2\u00A0seaward\u00C2\u00A0migration;\u00C2\u00A0however;\u00C2\u00A0radio\u00C2\u00A0signals\u00C2\u00A0attenuate\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0deep\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0 higher\u00C2\u00A0saline\u00C2\u00A0waters,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0therefore\u00C2\u00A0radio\u00C2\u00A0tracking\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0open\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0possible.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A0 recent\u00C2\u00A0years\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0transmitters\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0become\u00C2\u00A0compact\u00C2\u00A0enough\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0enable\u00C2\u00A0tagging\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0small\u00C2\u00A0 marine\u00C2\u00A0animals\u00C2\u00A0(Voegeli\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A01998),\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0well\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0many\u00C2\u00A0juvenile\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0species\u00C2\u00A0including\u00C2\u00A0juvenile\u00C2\u00A0 4\u00C2\u00A0 salmonids,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0underwater\u00C2\u00A0automated\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0receivers\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0become\u00C2\u00A0commercial\u00C2\u00A0available.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 These\u00C2\u00A0advances\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0tracking\u00C2\u00A0make\u00C2\u00A0it\u00C2\u00A0potentially\u00C2\u00A0possible\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0partition\u00C2\u00A0marine\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0into\u00C2\u00A0 specific\u00C2\u00A0marine\u00C2\u00A0life\u00C2\u00A0history\u00C2\u00A0phases,\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0regions,\u00C2\u00A0after\u00C2\u00A0seaward\u00C2\u00A0migration\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0natal\u00C2\u00A0rivers.\u00C2\u00A0 Quantifying\u00C2\u00A0early\u00C2\u00A0marine\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0technology\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0just\u00C2\u00A0one\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0technological\u00C2\u00A0 methods\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0may\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0large\u00C2\u00A0implications\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0future\u00C2\u00A0sustainability\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Pacific\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0 (Knudsen\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Doyle\u00C2\u00A02006).\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 1.3 Threatened\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Pacific\u00C2\u00A0Northwest\u00C2\u00A0 Many\u00C2\u00A0populations\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Pacific\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0decline,\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0declined\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0extirpation,\u00C2\u00A0 particularly\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0southern\u00C2\u00A0regions\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0their\u00C2\u00A0range\u00C2\u00A0(Gresh\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A02000).\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0next\u00C2\u00A0two\u00C2\u00A0sections\u00C2\u00A0provide\u00C2\u00A0 a\u00C2\u00A0brief\u00C2\u00A0history\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0decline\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0two\u00C2\u00A0populations\u00C2\u00A0studied\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0thesis.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 1.4 Spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon,\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0basin,\u00C2\u00A0USA\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Hydropower\u00C2\u00A0development\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0began\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A01930s,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A01975\u00C2\u00A0eight\u00C2\u00A0 major\u00C2\u00A0dams\u00C2\u00A0extended\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0confluence\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Clearwater\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0rivers\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0lower\u00C2\u00A0 Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0(and\u00C2\u00A0many\u00C2\u00A0more\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0constructed\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0upper\u00C2\u00A0reaches\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 Columbia).\u00C2\u00A0Coincident\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0completion\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0dams,\u00C2\u00A0there\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0substantial\u00C2\u00A0loss\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0habitat,\u00C2\u00A0 increased\u00C2\u00A0hatchery\u00C2\u00A0production,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0period\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0poor\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0conditions.\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0mid\u00E2\u0080\u00901970s\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 number\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0adult\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0(who\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0progeny\u00C2\u00A0migrate\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0sea\u00C2\u00A0after\u00C2\u00A0rearing\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0more\u00C2\u00A0 than\u00C2\u00A0one\u00C2\u00A0year\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0freshwater)\u00C2\u00A0returning\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0decreased\u00C2\u00A0dramatically\u00C2\u00A0(Schaller\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A0 1999),\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A01992\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0spring/summer\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0evolutionarily\u00C2\u00A0significant\u00C2\u00A0 unit\u00C2\u00A0(ESU),\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0distinct\u00C2\u00A0population\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon,\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0listed\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009Cthreatened\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0under\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0U.S.\u00C2\u00A0 Endangered\u00C2\u00A0Species\u00C2\u00A0Act\u00C2\u00A0despite\u00C2\u00A0two\u00C2\u00A0decades\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0passage\u00C2\u00A0improvements\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0mitigation\u00C2\u00A0 programs\u00C2\u00A0intended\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0improve\u00C2\u00A0survival.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Although\u00C2\u00A0other\u00C2\u00A0factors\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0affected\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0survival,\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0level\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0impact\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0hydropower\u00C2\u00A0 development\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0juvenile\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0has\u00C2\u00A0been,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0remains,\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0contentious\u00C2\u00A0issue.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0To\u00C2\u00A0 assess\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0impact\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0dams\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0U.S.\u00C2\u00A0National\u00C2\u00A0Marine\u00C2\u00A0Fisheries\u00C2\u00A0Service\u00C2\u00A0(NMFS)\u00C2\u00A0created\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 Plan\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0Analyzing\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Testing\u00C2\u00A0Hypotheses\u00C2\u00A0(PATH)\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A01995,\u00C2\u00A0which\u00C2\u00A0recruited\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0multi\u00E2\u0080\u0090agency\u00C2\u00A0panel\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0approximately\u00C2\u00A030\u00C2\u00A0scientists\u00C2\u00A0intended\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0provide\u00C2\u00A0information\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0impact\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Federal\u00C2\u00A0 5\u00C2\u00A0 Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0Power\u00C2\u00A0System\u00C2\u00A0(FCRPS)\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0juvenile\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0survival.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Their\u00C2\u00A0findings\u00C2\u00A0however,\u00C2\u00A0 were\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0consistent\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0findings\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0NMFS\u00C2\u00A0biologists\u00C2\u00A0working\u00C2\u00A0independently\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0PATH.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Scientists\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0NMFS\u00C2\u00A0Northwest\u00C2\u00A0Fisheries\u00C2\u00A0Science\u00C2\u00A0Center\u00C2\u00A0concluded\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0variability\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0 ocean\u00C2\u00A0climate\u00C2\u00A0caused\u00C2\u00A0regional\u00C2\u00A0differences\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0productivity\u00C2\u00A0(Levin\u00C2\u00A02003)\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0even\u00C2\u00A0if\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0dams\u00C2\u00A0 were\u00C2\u00A0breached\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0100%\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0juvenile\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0survived\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0reproduce,\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0declining\u00C2\u00A0trend\u00C2\u00A0would\u00C2\u00A0 continue\u00C2\u00A0if\u00C2\u00A0restoration\u00C2\u00A0efforts\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0focused\u00C2\u00A0only\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0freshwater\u00C2\u00A0(Kareiva\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A02000).\u00C2\u00A0PATH\u00C2\u00A0 scientists\u00C2\u00A0such\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0Petrosky\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0(2001)\u00C2\u00A0ruled\u00C2\u00A0out\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0freshwater\u00C2\u00A0spawning\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0rearing\u00C2\u00A0stage\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0 a\u00C2\u00A0source\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0decreased\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Deriso\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A0(2001)\u00C2\u00A0found\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0recruitment\u00C2\u00A0decreased\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0 result\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0dam\u00C2\u00A0passage.\u00C2\u00A0Peters\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Marmorek\u00C2\u00A0(2001)\u00C2\u00A0reported\u00C2\u00A0modeling\u00C2\u00A0framework\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0decision\u00C2\u00A0 analysis\u00C2\u00A0models\u00C2\u00A0which\u00C2\u00A0showed\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0drawdown\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0four\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0dams\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0most\u00C2\u00A0 robust\u00C2\u00A0action\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0terms\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0recovery\u00C2\u00A0goals.\u00C2\u00A0Therefore,\u00C2\u00A0after\u00C2\u00A0five\u00C2\u00A0years\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0hypothesis\u00C2\u00A0testing,\u00C2\u00A0there\u00C2\u00A0 was\u00C2\u00A0still\u00C2\u00A0no\u00C2\u00A0consensus\u00C2\u00A0about\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0major\u00C2\u00A0causes\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0mortality,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0after\u00C2\u00A0several\u00C2\u00A0revisions\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 NMFS\u00C2\u00A0FCRPS\u00C2\u00A0Biological\u00C2\u00A0Opinion,\u00C2\u00A0litigation\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0still\u00C2\u00A0ongoing.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Research\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0passage\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0river\u00C2\u00A0continues\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0well.\u00C2\u00A0To\u00C2\u00A0estimate\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0seaward\u00C2\u00A0migrating\u00C2\u00A0salmonids\u00C2\u00A0through\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0hydrosystem\u00C2\u00A0(the\u00C2\u00A0series\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0eight\u00C2\u00A0 dams),\u00C2\u00A0passive\u00C2\u00A0integrated\u00C2\u00A0transponder\u00C2\u00A0(PIT)\u00C2\u00A0tags\u00C2\u00A0(Prentice\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A01990)\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0implanted\u00C2\u00A0into\u00C2\u00A0 millions\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0wild\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0hatchery\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0prior\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0during\u00C2\u00A0migration\u00C2\u00A0each\u00C2\u00A0year\u00C2\u00A0which\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0 subsequently\u00C2\u00A0detected\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0antennas\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0dam\u00C2\u00A0bypasses\u00C2\u00A0(Skalski\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A01998).\u00C2\u00A0Direct\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 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impounded\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0system.\u00C2\u00A0This\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0thought\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0occur\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0result\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0higher\u00C2\u00A0 accumulated\u00C2\u00A0stress\u00C2\u00A0resulting\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0passing\u00C2\u00A0through\u00C2\u00A0four\u00C2\u00A0dams\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0lower\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0well\u00C2\u00A0 as\u00C2\u00A0four\u00C2\u00A0dams\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0lower\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0(Budy\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A02002;\u00C2\u00A0Independent\u00C2\u00A0Scientific\u00C2\u00A0Advisory\u00C2\u00A0 Board\u00C2\u00A02007;\u00C2\u00A0Schaller\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A01999;\u00C2\u00A0Schaller\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Petrosky\u00C2\u00A02007;\u00C2\u00A0Wilson\u00C2\u00A02003).\u00C2\u00A0Delayed\u00C2\u00A0 6\u00C2\u00A0 hydrosystem\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0hypothesized\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0occur\u00C2\u00A0because\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0seaward\u00C2\u00A0migration\u00C2\u00A0 until\u00C2\u00A0adult\u00C2\u00A0return\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0substantially\u00C2\u00A0lower\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0relative\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0 mainstem\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0populations\u00C2\u00A0(Berggren\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A02006).\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 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2005)\u00C2\u00A0indicating\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0failure\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0transportation\u00C2\u00A0program\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0increase\u00C2\u00A0adult\u00C2\u00A0return\u00C2\u00A0rates\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0 sustainable\u00C2\u00A0level.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0failure\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0transported\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0return\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0higher\u00C2\u00A0rates\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0attributed\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0 transportation\u00E2\u0080\u0090induced\u00C2\u00A0differential\u00C2\u00A0delayed\u00C2\u00A0mortality.\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A0recent\u00C2\u00A0years\u00C2\u00A0however,\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 transportation\u00C2\u00A0program\u00C2\u00A0has\u00C2\u00A0shown\u00C2\u00A0improvements\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0relative\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0transported\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0 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research\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0awareness\u00C2\u00A0about\u00C2\u00A0climate\u00E2\u0080\u0090induced\u00C2\u00A0changes\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0physical\u00C2\u00A0 oceanographic\u00C2\u00A0conditions\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0affect\u00C2\u00A0population\u00C2\u00A0variations\u00C2\u00A0(such\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0Scheuerell\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Williams\u00C2\u00A0 (2005),\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Botsford\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Lawrence\u00C2\u00A0(2002)\u00C2\u00A0,\u00C2\u00A0respectively)\u00C2\u00A0has\u00C2\u00A0demonstrated\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0need\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0 incorporate\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0into\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0management\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Pacific\u00C2\u00A0salmon.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 1.5 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Committee\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Status\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Endangered\u00C2\u00A0Wildlife\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0Canada\u00C2\u00A0(COSEWIC)\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02002\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0found\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 population\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009Cendangered\u00E2\u0080\u009D.\u00C2\u00A0Predation\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0juveniles\u00C2\u00A0within\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0lake\u00C2\u00A0still\u00C2\u00A0remains\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0concern,\u00C2\u00A0 as\u00C2\u00A0well\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0invasive\u00C2\u00A0aquatic\u00C2\u00A0plants\u00C2\u00A0(which\u00C2\u00A0provide\u00C2\u00A0cover\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0predators),\u00C2\u00A0however,\u00C2\u00A0COSEWIC\u00C2\u00A0 (2003)\u00C2\u00A0listed\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0three\u00C2\u00A0primary\u00C2\u00A0causes\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0decline\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0overfishing\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0incidental\u00C2\u00A0harvest,\u00C2\u00A0high\u00C2\u00A0pre\u00E2\u0080\u0090 spawning\u00C2\u00A0mortality,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0low\u00C2\u00A0marine\u00C2\u00A0survival.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Cultus\u00C2\u00A0Lake\u00C2\u00A0sockeye\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0incidentally\u00C2\u00A0harvested\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0late\u00C2\u00A0run\u00C2\u00A0mixed\u00C2\u00A0stock\u00C2\u00A0Fraser\u00C2\u00A0 River\u00C2\u00A0sockeye\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0fishery,\u00C2\u00A0therefore\u00C2\u00A0it\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0possible\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0prevent\u00C2\u00A0capture\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Cultus\u00C2\u00A0Lake\u00C2\u00A0 sockeye\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0unless\u00C2\u00A0commercial,\u00C2\u00A0recreational,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0First\u00C2\u00A0Nations\u00C2\u00A0late\u00C2\u00A0run\u00C2\u00A0fisheries\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0closed.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Because\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0social\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0economic\u00C2\u00A0repercussions\u00C2\u00A0resulting\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0closure\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0fishery,\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0fishery\u00C2\u00A0 has\u00C2\u00A0remained\u00C2\u00A0open,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Cultus\u00C2\u00A0Lake\u00C2\u00A0sockeye\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0been\u00C2\u00A0listed\u00C2\u00A0under\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0federal\u00C2\u00A0Species\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0 Risk\u00C2\u00A0Act\u00C2\u00A0(SARA).\u00C2\u00A0Although\u00C2\u00A0since\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0assessment\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Cultus\u00C2\u00A0Lake\u00C2\u00A0sockeye\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0COSEWIC\u00C2\u00A0 there\u00C2\u00A0has\u00C2\u00A0been\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0renewed\u00C2\u00A0interest\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0Cultus\u00C2\u00A0Lake\u00C2\u00A0sockeye\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0research\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0identify\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 evaluate\u00C2\u00A0management\u00C2\u00A0options\u00C2\u00A0(Amos\u00C2\u00A02008;\u00C2\u00A0Bradford\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A02007;\u00C2\u00A0Pestes\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A02008;\u00C2\u00A0Shortreed\u00C2\u00A0 2007).\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 In\u00C2\u00A0addition\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0losses\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0mixed\u00C2\u00A0stock\u00C2\u00A0fishery,\u00C2\u00A0there\u00C2\u00A0has\u00C2\u00A0also\u00C2\u00A0been\u00C2\u00A0unusually\u00C2\u00A0high\u00C2\u00A0pre\u00E2\u0080\u0090 spawning\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0adult\u00C2\u00A0late\u00C2\u00A0run\u00C2\u00A0sockeye\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0prematurely\u00C2\u00A0migrating\u00C2\u00A0up\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 spawning\u00C2\u00A0grounds\u00C2\u00A0since\u00C2\u00A01995\u00C2\u00A0(Cooke\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A02004).\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0English\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A0(2005)\u00C2\u00A0also\u00C2\u00A0found\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0 survival\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0late\u00C2\u00A0run\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0radio\u00C2\u00A0tracked\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Fraser\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0significantly\u00C2\u00A0lower\u00C2\u00A0than\u00C2\u00A0summer\u00C2\u00A0 run\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0during\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0same\u00C2\u00A0year.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0As\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0result\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0incidental\u00C2\u00A0harvest\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0high\u00C2\u00A0pre\u00E2\u0080\u0090spawning\u00C2\u00A0 mortality,\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0number\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Cultus\u00C2\u00A0Lake\u00C2\u00A0sockeye\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0reaching\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0spawning\u00C2\u00A0grounds\u00C2\u00A0has\u00C2\u00A0been\u00C2\u00A0 severely\u00C2\u00A0depressed\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0recent\u00C2\u00A0years.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 The\u00C2\u00A0marine\u00C2\u00A0distribution\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Cultus\u00C2\u00A0Lake\u00C2\u00A0sockeye\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0listed\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0one\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 knowledge\u00C2\u00A0gaps\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Cultus\u00C2\u00A0Sockeye\u00C2\u00A0Recovery\u00C2\u00A0Team\u00C2\u00A0(2005):\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009Csurvival\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0distribution\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 Cultus\u00C2\u00A0sockeye\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Fraser\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0near\u00E2\u0080\u0090shore\u00C2\u00A0marine\u00C2\u00A0areas\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0been\u00C2\u00A0documented,\u00C2\u00A0nor\u00C2\u00A0 has\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0distribution\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0population\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0North\u00C2\u00A0Pacific\u00C2\u00A0Ocean\u00E2\u0080\u009D.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Groot\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Cooke\u00C2\u00A0(1987)\u00C2\u00A0 reconstructed\u00C2\u00A0migration\u00C2\u00A0routes\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Fraser\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0sockeye\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0which\u00C2\u00A0demonstrated\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0most\u00C2\u00A0 8\u00C2\u00A0 smolts\u00C2\u00A0concentrate\u00C2\u00A0around\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Gulf\u00C2\u00A0Islands\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0swim\u00C2\u00A0into\u00C2\u00A0Howe\u00C2\u00A0Sound\u00C2\u00A0before\u00C2\u00A0exiting\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 Georgia\u00C2\u00A0Basin\u00C2\u00A0through\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0northern\u00C2\u00A0route\u00C2\u00A0through\u00C2\u00A0Johnstone\u00C2\u00A0Strait\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0through\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Strait\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Juan\u00C2\u00A0 de\u00C2\u00A0Fuca\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0south.\u00C2\u00A0Peterman\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A0(1994)\u00C2\u00A0modelled\u00C2\u00A0sockeye\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0movement\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 Strait\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Georgia\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0found\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0most\u00C2\u00A0influential\u00C2\u00A0physical\u00C2\u00A0factor\u00C2\u00A0determining\u00C2\u00A0migratory\u00C2\u00A0 route\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0southern\u00C2\u00A0Strait\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Georgia\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0wind\u00E2\u0080\u0090generated\u00C2\u00A0surface\u00C2\u00A0currents.\u00C2\u00A0These\u00C2\u00A0studies\u00C2\u00A0 provided\u00C2\u00A0preliminary\u00C2\u00A0information\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0potential\u00C2\u00A0mechanism\u00C2\u00A0which\u00C2\u00A0may\u00C2\u00A0determine\u00C2\u00A0sockeye\u00C2\u00A0 salmon\u00C2\u00A0smolt\u00C2\u00A0movements;\u00C2\u00A0however\u00C2\u00A0marine\u00C2\u00A0distribution\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0preferred\u00C2\u00A0migratory\u00C2\u00A0route\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 Pacific\u00C2\u00A0Ocean\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0unknown\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Cultus\u00C2\u00A0Lake\u00C2\u00A0sockeye\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0population.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 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in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0juvenile\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0during\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0seaward\u00C2\u00A0migration\u00C2\u00A0(although\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0distance\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0Cultus\u00C2\u00A0Lake\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0mouth\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Fraser\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0only\u00C2\u00A0100\u00C2\u00A0km).\u00C2\u00A0If\u00C2\u00A0most\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0occurs\u00C2\u00A0within\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0first\u00C2\u00A0several\u00C2\u00A0 months\u00C2\u00A0after\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0leave\u00C2\u00A0their\u00C2\u00A0rearing\u00C2\u00A0grounds,\u00C2\u00A0then\u00C2\u00A0it\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0likely\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0much\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0 occurring\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Strait\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Georgia.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 1.6 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in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0early\u00C2\u00A0marine\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0describes\u00C2\u00A0migration\u00C2\u00A0characteristics\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0two\u00C2\u00A0populations\u00C2\u00A0 13\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0migrating\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0tracked\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006\u00E2\u0080\u00909,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0tests\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 hypothesis\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0there\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0delayed,\u00C2\u00A0hydrosystem\u00E2\u0080\u0090induced\u00C2\u00A0delayed\u00C2\u00A0mortality.\u00C2\u00A0Chapter\u00C2\u00A05\u00C2\u00A0tests\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 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mark\u00E2\u0080\u0090recapture\u00C2\u00A0(detection)\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0which\u00C2\u00A0can\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0used\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0estimate\u00C2\u00A0early\u00C2\u00A0marine\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 describes\u00C2\u00A0migratory\u00C2\u00A0behaviour\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0smolts.\u00C2\u00A0These\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0critical\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0directly\u00C2\u00A0testing\u00C2\u00A0 hypotheses\u00C2\u00A0related\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0short\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0medium\u00C2\u00A0term\u00C2\u00A0effects\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0hydropower\u00C2\u00A0operations\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 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Beamish,\u00C2\u00A0R.\u00C2\u00A0J.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0C.\u00C2\u00A0Mahnken.\u00C2\u00A02001.\u00C2\u00A0A\u00C2\u00A0critical\u00C2\u00A0size\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0period\u00C2\u00A0hypothesis\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0explain\u00C2\u00A0natural\u00C2\u00A0 regulation\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0abundance\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0linkage\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0climate\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0climate\u00C2\u00A0change.\u00C2\u00A0Progress\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0Oceanography\u00C2\u00A049(1\u00E2\u0080\u00904):423\u00E2\u0080\u0090437.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Beamish,\u00C2\u00A0R.\u00C2\u00A0J.,\u00C2\u00A0D.\u00C2\u00A0McCaughran,\u00C2\u00A0J.\u00C2\u00A0R.\u00C2\u00A0King,\u00C2\u00A0R.\u00C2\u00A0M.\u00C2\u00A0Sweeting,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0G.\u00C2\u00A0A.\u00C2\u00A0McFarlane.\u00C2\u00A02000.\u00C2\u00A0Estimating\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0abundance\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0juvenile\u00C2\u00A0coho\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Strait\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Georgia\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0means\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0surface\u00C2\u00A0 trawls.\u00C2\u00A0North\u00C2\u00A0American\u00C2\u00A0Journal\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Fisheries\u00C2\u00A0Management\u00C2\u00A020(2):369\u00E2\u0080\u0090375.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Berggren,\u00C2\u00A0T.,\u00C2\u00A0P.\u00C2\u00A0McHugh,\u00C2\u00A0P.\u00C2\u00A0H.\u00C2\u00A0Wilson,\u00C2\u00A0H.\u00C2\u00A0Schaller,\u00C2\u00A0C.\u00C2\u00A0E.\u00C2\u00A0Petrosky,\u00C2\u00A0E.\u00C2\u00A0Weber,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0R.\u00C2\u00A0Boyce.\u00C2\u00A02006.\u00C2\u00A0 Comparative\u00C2\u00A0Survival\u00C2\u00A0Study\u00C2\u00A0(CSS)\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0PIT\u00E2\u0080\u0090tagged\u00C2\u00A0Spring/Summer\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0PIT\u00E2\u0080\u0090 tagged\u00C2\u00A0Summer\u00C2\u00A0Steelhead,\u00C2\u00A02006\u00C2\u00A0Annual\u00C2\u00A0Report.\u00C2\u00A0Fish\u00C2\u00A0Passage\u00C2\u00A0Center,\u00C2\u00A0179\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Botsford,\u00C2\u00A0L.\u00C2\u00A0W.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0C.\u00C2\u00A0A.\u00C2\u00A0Lawrence.\u00C2\u00A02002.\u00C2\u00A0Patterns\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0co\u00E2\u0080\u0090variability\u00C2\u00A0among\u00C2\u00A0California\u00C2\u00A0Current,\u00C2\u00A0 Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon,\u00C2\u00A0coho\u00C2\u00A0salmon,\u00C2\u00A0Dungeness\u00C2\u00A0crab,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0physical\u00C2\u00A0oceanographic\u00C2\u00A0conditions.\u00C2\u00A0 Progress\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0Oceanography\u00C2\u00A053(2\u00E2\u0080\u00904):283\u00E2\u0080\u0090305.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Bradford,\u00C2\u00A0M.\u00C2\u00A0J.\u00C2\u00A01995.\u00C2\u00A0Comparative\u00C2\u00A0review\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Pacific\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0rates.\u00C2\u00A0Canadian\u00C2\u00A0Journal\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 Fisheries\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Aquatic\u00C2\u00A0sciences/Journal\u00C2\u00A0Canadien\u00C2\u00A0Des\u00C2\u00A0Sciences\u00C2\u00A0Halieutiques\u00C2\u00A0Et\u00C2\u00A0 Aquatiques\u00C2\u00A052(6):1327\u00E2\u0080\u00901338.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Bradford,\u00C2\u00A0M.\u00C2\u00A0J.,\u00C2\u00A0J.\u00C2\u00A0Amos,\u00C2\u00A0C.\u00C2\u00A0P.\u00C2\u00A0Tovey,\u00C2\u00A0J.\u00C2\u00A0M.\u00C2\u00A0B.\u00C2\u00A0Hume,\u00C2\u00A0S.\u00C2\u00A0Grant,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0B.\u00C2\u00A0Mossop.\u00C2\u00A02007.\u00C2\u00A0Abundance\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0Migratory\u00C2\u00A0Behaviour\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Northern\u00C2\u00A0Pikeminnow\u00C2\u00A0(Ptychocheilus\u00C2\u00A0Oregonenisis)\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0 Cultus\u00C2\u00A0Lake,\u00C2\u00A0British\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Implications\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0Predator\u00C2\u00A0Control.\u00C2\u00A0Tech.\u00C2\u00A0Can.\u00C2\u00A0Sci.\u00C2\u00A0 Halieut.\u00C2\u00A0Aquat.,\u00C2\u00A0Vol.\u00C2\u00A02723:v+54\u00C2\u00A0pp,\u00C2\u00A0.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Brodeur,\u00C2\u00A0R.\u00C2\u00A0D.,\u00C2\u00A0J.\u00C2\u00A0P.\u00C2\u00A0Fisher,\u00C2\u00A0D.\u00C2\u00A0J.\u00C2\u00A0Teel,\u00C2\u00A0R.\u00C2\u00A0L.\u00C2\u00A0Emmett,\u00C2\u00A0E.\u00C2\u00A0Casillas,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0T.\u00C2\u00A0W.\u00C2\u00A0Miller.\u00C2\u00A02004.\u00C2\u00A0Juvenile\u00C2\u00A0 salmonid\u00C2\u00A0distribution,\u00C2\u00A0growth,\u00C2\u00A0condition,\u00C2\u00A0origin,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0environmental\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0species\u00C2\u00A0 associations\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Northern\u00C2\u00A0California\u00C2\u00A0Current.\u00C2\u00A0Fishery\u00C2\u00A0Bulletin\u00C2\u00A0102(1):25\u00E2\u0080\u009046.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Buchanan,\u00C2\u00A0R.\u00C2\u00A0A.,\u00C2\u00A0J.\u00C2\u00A0R.\u00C2\u00A0Skalski,\u00C2\u00A0J.\u00C2\u00A0L.\u00C2\u00A0Lady,\u00C2\u00A0P.\u00C2\u00A0Westhagen,\u00C2\u00A0J.\u00C2\u00A0Griswold,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0S.\u00C2\u00A0G.\u00C2\u00A0Smith.\u00C2\u00A02007.\u00C2\u00A0 Survival\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Transportation\u00C2\u00A0Effects\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0Migrating\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0Hatchery\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0Salmon\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0Steelhead:\u00C2\u00A0Historical\u00C2\u00A0Estimates\u00C2\u00A0From\u00C2\u00A01996\u00E2\u0080\u00902003.\u00C2\u00A0Technical\u00C2\u00A0Report\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0BPA,\u00C2\u00A0Project\u00C2\u00A0 91\u00E2\u0080\u0090051\u00E2\u0080\u009000,\u00C2\u00A0Contract\u00C2\u00A029676,\u00C2\u00A0215\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Budy,\u00C2\u00A0P.,\u00C2\u00A0G.\u00C2\u00A0P.\u00C2\u00A0Thiede,\u00C2\u00A0N.\u00C2\u00A0Bouwes,\u00C2\u00A0C.\u00C2\u00A0E.\u00C2\u00A0Petrosky,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0H.\u00C2\u00A0Schaller.\u00C2\u00A02002.\u00C2\u00A0Evidence\u00C2\u00A0linking\u00C2\u00A0delayed\u00C2\u00A0 mortality\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0their\u00C2\u00A0earlier\u00C2\u00A0hydrosystem\u00C2\u00A0experience.\u00C2\u00A0North\u00C2\u00A0 American\u00C2\u00A0Journal\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Fisheries\u00C2\u00A0Management\u00C2\u00A022(1):35\u00E2\u0080\u009051.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 15\u00C2\u00A0 Burnham,\u00C2\u00A0K.\u00C2\u00A0P.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0D.\u00C2\u00A0R.\u00C2\u00A0Anderson.\u00C2\u00A02002.\u00C2\u00A0Model\u00C2\u00A0selection\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0multimodel\u00C2\u00A0inference:\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0 practical\u00C2\u00A0information\u00E2\u0080\u0090theoretic\u00C2\u00A0approach.\u00C2\u00A0,\u00C2\u00A02nd\u00C2\u00A0edition.\u00C2\u00A0Springer\u00E2\u0080\u0090Verlag,\u00C2\u00A0New\u00C2\u00A0York,\u00C2\u00A0New\u00C2\u00A0 York,\u00C2\u00A0USA.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Chittenden,\u00C2\u00A0C.\u00C2\u00A0M.,\u00C2\u00A0S.\u00C2\u00A0Sura,\u00C2\u00A0K.\u00C2\u00A0G.\u00C2\u00A0Butterworth,\u00C2\u00A0K.\u00C2\u00A0F.\u00C2\u00A0Cubitt,\u00C2\u00A0N.\u00C2\u00A0P.\u00C2\u00A0Manel\u00E2\u0080\u0090La,\u00C2\u00A0S.\u00C2\u00A0Balfry,\u00C2\u00A0F.\u00C2\u00A0Okland,\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0R.\u00C2\u00A0S.\u00C2\u00A0McKinley.\u00C2\u00A02008.\u00C2\u00A0Riverine,\u00C2\u00A0estuarine\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0marine\u00C2\u00A0migratory\u00C2\u00A0behaviour\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 physiology\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0wild\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0hatchery\u00E2\u0080\u0090reared\u00C2\u00A0coho\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0Oncorhynchus\u00C2\u00A0kisutch\u00C2\u00A0(Walbaum)\u00C2\u00A0 smolts\u00C2\u00A0descending\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Campbell\u00C2\u00A0River,\u00C2\u00A0BC,\u00C2\u00A0Canada.\u00C2\u00A0Journal\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Fish\u00C2\u00A0Biology\u00C2\u00A072(3):614\u00E2\u0080\u0090 628.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Cooke,\u00C2\u00A0S.,\u00C2\u00A0S.\u00C2\u00A0Hinch,\u00C2\u00A0A.\u00C2\u00A0Farrell,\u00C2\u00A0M.\u00C2\u00A0Lapointe,\u00C2\u00A0S.\u00C2\u00A0Jones,\u00C2\u00A0J.\u00C2\u00A0MacDonald,\u00C2\u00A0D.\u00C2\u00A0Patterson,\u00C2\u00A0M.\u00C2\u00A0Healey,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 G.\u00C2\u00A0Van\u00C2\u00A0Der\u00C2\u00A0Kraak.\u00C2\u00A02004.\u00C2\u00A0Abnormal\u00C2\u00A0migration\u00C2\u00A0timing\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0high\u00C2\u00A0en\u00C2\u00A0route\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 sockeye\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Fraser\u00C2\u00A0River,\u00C2\u00A0British\u00C2\u00A0Columbia.\u00C2\u00A0Fisheries\u00C2\u00A029(2):22\u00E2\u0080\u009033.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 COSEWIC.\u00C2\u00A02003.\u00C2\u00A0COSEWIC\u00C2\u00A0assessment\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0status\u00C2\u00A0report\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0sockeye\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0Oncorhynchus\u00C2\u00A0 nerka\u00C2\u00A0(Cultus\u00C2\u00A0population)\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0Canada.\u00C2\u00A0Committee\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Status\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Endangered\u00C2\u00A0Wildlife\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0 Canada,\u00C2\u00A0.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Cultus\u00C2\u00A0Sockeye\u00C2\u00A0Recovery\u00C2\u00A0Team.\u00C2\u00A02005.\u00C2\u00A0National\u00C2\u00A0conservation\u00C2\u00A0strategy\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0sockeye\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0 (Oncorhynchus\u00C2\u00A0nerka),\u00C2\u00A0Cultus\u00C2\u00A0Lake\u00C2\u00A0population,\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0British\u00C2\u00A0Columbia.\u00C2\u00A0Recovery\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 Nationally\u00C2\u00A0Endangered\u00C2\u00A0Wildlife\u00C2\u00A0(RENEW),\u00C2\u00A049\u00C2\u00A0pp.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Deriso,\u00C2\u00A0R.\u00C2\u00A0B.,\u00C2\u00A0D.\u00C2\u00A0R.\u00C2\u00A0Marmorek,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0I.\u00C2\u00A0J.\u00C2\u00A0Parnell.\u00C2\u00A02001.\u00C2\u00A0Retrospective\u00C2\u00A0patterns\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0differential\u00C2\u00A0 mortality\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0common\u00C2\u00A0year\u00E2\u0080\u0090effects\u00C2\u00A0experienced\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0summer\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0 (Oncorhynchus\u00C2\u00A0tshawytscha)\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River.\u00C2\u00A0Canadian\u00C2\u00A0Journal\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Fisheries\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 Aquatic\u00C2\u00A0Sciences/Journal\u00C2\u00A0Canadien\u00C2\u00A0Des\u00C2\u00A0Sciences\u00C2\u00A0Halieutiques\u00C2\u00A0Et\u00C2\u00A0Aquatiques.\u00C2\u00A0Ottawa\u00C2\u00A0 58(12):2419\u00E2\u0080\u00902430.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 English,\u00C2\u00A0K.\u00C2\u00A0K.,\u00C2\u00A0W.\u00C2\u00A0R.\u00C2\u00A0Koski,\u00C2\u00A0C.\u00C2\u00A0Sliwinski,\u00C2\u00A0A.\u00C2\u00A0Blakley,\u00C2\u00A0A.\u00C2\u00A0Cass,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0J.\u00C2\u00A0C.\u00C2\u00A0Woodey.\u00C2\u00A02005.\u00C2\u00A0Migration\u00C2\u00A0 timing\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0river\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0late\u00E2\u0080\u0090run\u00C2\u00A0Fraser\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0sockeye\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0estimated\u00C2\u00A0using\u00C2\u00A0 radiotelemetry\u00C2\u00A0techniques.\u00C2\u00A0Transactions\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0American\u00C2\u00A0Fisheries\u00C2\u00A0Society\u00C2\u00A0134(5):1342\u00E2\u0080\u0090 1365.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Ferguson,\u00C2\u00A0J.\u00C2\u00A0W.,\u00C2\u00A0B.\u00C2\u00A0P.\u00C2\u00A0Sandford,\u00C2\u00A0R.\u00C2\u00A0E.\u00C2\u00A0Reagan,\u00C2\u00A0L.\u00C2\u00A0G.\u00C2\u00A0Gilbreath,\u00C2\u00A0E.\u00C2\u00A0B.\u00C2\u00A0Meyer,\u00C2\u00A0R.\u00C2\u00A0D.\u00C2\u00A0Ledgerwood,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 N.\u00C2\u00A0S.\u00C2\u00A0Adams.\u00C2\u00A02007.\u00C2\u00A0Bypass\u00C2\u00A0system\u00C2\u00A0modification\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0Bonneville\u00C2\u00A0Dam\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0 improved\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0juvenile\u00C2\u00A0salmon.\u00C2\u00A0Transactions\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0American\u00C2\u00A0Fisheries\u00C2\u00A0Society\u00C2\u00A0 136(6):1487\u00E2\u0080\u00901510.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 French,\u00C2\u00A0R.,\u00C2\u00A0H.\u00C2\u00A0Bilton,\u00C2\u00A0M.\u00C2\u00A0Osako,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0A.\u00C2\u00A0Hartt.\u00C2\u00A01976.\u00C2\u00A0Distribution\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0origin\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0sockeye\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0 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in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0freshwater\u00C2\u00A0systems\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Pacific\u00C2\u00A0Northwest.\u00C2\u00A0Fisheries\u00C2\u00A025(1):15\u00E2\u0080\u009021.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Groot,\u00C2\u00A0C.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0K.\u00C2\u00A0Cooke.\u00C2\u00A01987.\u00C2\u00A0Are\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0migrations\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0juvenile\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0adult\u00C2\u00A0Fraser\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0sockeye\u00C2\u00A0 salmon\u00C2\u00A0(Oncorhynchus\u00C2\u00A0nerka\u00C2\u00A0)\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0near\u00E2\u0080\u0090shore\u00C2\u00A0waters\u00C2\u00A0related?\u00C2\u00A0Pages\u00C2\u00A053\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0H.\u00C2\u00A0D.\u00C2\u00A0Smith,\u00C2\u00A0L.\u00C2\u00A0 Margolis,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0C.\u00C2\u00A0C.\u00C2\u00A0Wood,\u00C2\u00A0editors.\u00C2\u00A0Sockeye\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0(Oncorhynchus\u00C2\u00A0nerka\u00C2\u00A0)\u00C2\u00A0population\u00C2\u00A0 16\u00C2\u00A0 biology\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0future\u00C2\u00A0management.\u00C2\u00A0Can.\u00C2\u00A0Spec.\u00C2\u00A0Publ.\u00C2\u00A0Fish.\u00C2\u00A0Aquat.\u00C2\u00A0Sci.\u00C2\u00A096,\u00C2\u00A0Ottawa,\u00C2\u00A0Ont.\u00C2\u00A0 (Canada).\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Hartt,\u00C2\u00A0A.\u00C2\u00A0C.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0M.\u00C2\u00A0B.\u00C2\u00A0Dell.\u00C2\u00A01986.\u00C2\u00A0Early\u00C2\u00A0oceanic\u00C2\u00A0migrations\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0growth\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0juvenile\u00C2\u00A0Pacific\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0steelhead\u00C2\u00A0trout.\u00C2\u00A0International\u00C2\u00A0North\u00C2\u00A0Pacific\u00C2\u00A0Fisheries\u00C2\u00A0Commission\u00C2\u00A0Bulletin\u00C2\u00A0No.\u00C2\u00A046,\u00C2\u00A0 105\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 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S.\u00C2\u00A0L.\u00C2\u00A0Duncan,\u00C2\u00A0editors.\u00C2\u00A0Salmon\u00C2\u00A02100:\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0Future\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Wild\u00C2\u00A0Pacific\u00C2\u00A0Salmon.\u00C2\u00A0American\u00C2\u00A0 Fisheries\u00C2\u00A0Society,\u00C2\u00A0Bethesda,\u00C2\u00A0Maryland.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Lacroix,\u00C2\u00A0G.\u00C2\u00A0L.,\u00C2\u00A0P.\u00C2\u00A0McCurdy,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0D.\u00C2\u00A0Knox.\u00C2\u00A02004.\u00C2\u00A0Migration\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Atlantic\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0postsmolts\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0 relation\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0habitat\u00C2\u00A0use\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0coastal\u00C2\u00A0system.\u00C2\u00A0Transactions\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0American\u00C2\u00A0Fisheries\u00C2\u00A0 Society\u00C2\u00A0133(6):1455\u00E2\u0080\u00901471.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 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Mallik,\u00C2\u00A0A.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0J.\u00C2\u00A0Richardson.\u00C2\u00A02009.\u00C2\u00A0Riparian\u00C2\u00A0vegetation\u00C2\u00A0change\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0upstream\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0downstream\u00C2\u00A0 reaches\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0three\u00C2\u00A0temperate\u00C2\u00A0rivers\u00C2\u00A0dammed\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0hydroelectric\u00C2\u00A0generation\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0British\u00C2\u00A0 Columbia,\u00C2\u00A0Canada.\u00C2\u00A0Ecological\u00C2\u00A0Engineering\u00C2\u00A035(5):810\u00E2\u0080\u0090819.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Mantua,\u00C2\u00A0N.\u00C2\u00A0J.,\u00C2\u00A0S.\u00C2\u00A0R.\u00C2\u00A0Hare,\u00C2\u00A0Y.\u00C2\u00A0Zhang,\u00C2\u00A0J.\u00C2\u00A0M.\u00C2\u00A0Wallace,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0R.\u00C2\u00A0C.\u00C2\u00A0Francis.\u00C2\u00A01997.\u00C2\u00A0A\u00C2\u00A0Pacific\u00C2\u00A0interdecadal\u00C2\u00A0 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Muir,\u00C2\u00A0W.\u00C2\u00A0D.,\u00C2\u00A0S.\u00C2\u00A0G.\u00C2\u00A0Smith,\u00C2\u00A0J.\u00C2\u00A0G.\u00C2\u00A0Williams,\u00C2\u00A0E.\u00C2\u00A0E.\u00C2\u00A0Hockersmith,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0J.\u00C2\u00A0R.\u00C2\u00A0Skalski.\u00C2\u00A02001.\u00C2\u00A0Survival\u00C2\u00A0 estimates\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0migrant\u00C2\u00A0yearling\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0steelhead\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0passive\u00C2\u00A0 integrated\u00C2\u00A0transponders\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0lower\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0lower\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0rivers,\u00C2\u00A01993\u00E2\u0080\u00901998.\u00C2\u00A0 North\u00C2\u00A0American\u00C2\u00A0Journal\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Fisheries\u00C2\u00A0Management\u00C2\u00A021(2):269\u00E2\u0080\u0090282.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 17\u00C2\u00A0 Pearcy,\u00C2\u00A0W.\u00C2\u00A0G.\u00C2\u00A01992.\u00C2\u00A0Ocean\u00C2\u00A0Ecology\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0North\u00C2\u00A0Pacific\u00C2\u00A0Salmonids.\u00C2\u00A0Washington\u00C2\u00A0Sea\u00C2\u00A0Grant\u00C2\u00A0Program,\u00C2\u00A0 University\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Washington,\u00C2\u00A0Seattle.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Pestes,\u00C2\u00A0L.\u00C2\u00A0R.,\u00C2\u00A0R.\u00C2\u00A0M.\u00C2\u00A0Peterman,\u00C2\u00A0M.\u00C2\u00A0J.\u00C2\u00A0Bradford,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0C.\u00C2\u00A0C.\u00C2\u00A0Wood.\u00C2\u00A02008.\u00C2\u00A0Bayesian\u00C2\u00A0Decision\u00C2\u00A0Analysis\u00C2\u00A0 for\u00C2\u00A0Evaluating\u00C2\u00A0Management\u00C2\u00A0Options\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Promote\u00C2\u00A0Recovery\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0Depleted\u00C2\u00A0Salmon\u00C2\u00A0 Population.\u00C2\u00A0Conservation\u00C2\u00A0Biology\u00C2\u00A022(2):351\u00E2\u0080\u0090361.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Peterman,\u00C2\u00A0R.\u00C2\u00A0M.,\u00C2\u00A0S.\u00C2\u00A0G.\u00C2\u00A0Marinone,\u00C2\u00A0K.\u00C2\u00A0A.\u00C2\u00A0Thomson,\u00C2\u00A0I.\u00C2\u00A0D.\u00C2\u00A0Jardine,\u00C2\u00A0R.\u00C2\u00A0N.\u00C2\u00A0Crittenden,\u00C2\u00A0P.\u00C2\u00A0H.\u00C2\u00A0Leblond,\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0C.\u00C2\u00A0J.\u00C2\u00A0Walters.\u00C2\u00A01994.\u00C2\u00A0Simulation\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0juvenile\u00C2\u00A0sockeye\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0(Oncorhynchus\u00C2\u00A0nerka)\u00C2\u00A0 migrations\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Strait\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Georgia,\u00C2\u00A0British\u00C2\u00A0Columbia.\u00C2\u00A0Fisheries\u00C2\u00A0Oceanography\u00C2\u00A03(4):221\u00E2\u0080\u0090 235.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Peters,\u00C2\u00A0C.\u00C2\u00A0N.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0D.\u00C2\u00A0R.\u00C2\u00A0Marmorek.\u00C2\u00A02001.\u00C2\u00A0Application\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0decision\u00C2\u00A0analysis\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0evaluate\u00C2\u00A0recovery\u00C2\u00A0 actions\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0threatened\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0summer\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0(Oncorhynchus\u00C2\u00A0 tshawytscha).\u00C2\u00A0Canadian\u00C2\u00A0Journal\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Fisheries\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Aquatic\u00C2\u00A0Sciences/Journal\u00C2\u00A0Canadien\u00C2\u00A0Des\u00C2\u00A0 Sciences\u00C2\u00A0Halieutiques\u00C2\u00A0Et\u00C2\u00A0Aquatiques\u00C2\u00A058(12):2431\u00E2\u0080\u00902446.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Petrosky,\u00C2\u00A0C.\u00C2\u00A0E.,\u00C2\u00A0H.\u00C2\u00A0A.\u00C2\u00A0Schaller,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0P.\u00C2\u00A0Budy.\u00C2\u00A02001.\u00C2\u00A0Productivity\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0rate\u00C2\u00A0trends\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 freshwater\u00C2\u00A0spawning\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0rearing\u00C2\u00A0stage\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0(Oncorhynchus\u00C2\u00A0 tshawytscha).\u00C2\u00A0Canadian\u00C2\u00A0Journal\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Fisheries\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Aquatic\u00C2\u00A0Sciences/Journal\u00C2\u00A0Canadien\u00C2\u00A0Des\u00C2\u00A0 Sciences\u00C2\u00A0Halieutiques\u00C2\u00A0Et\u00C2\u00A0Aquatiques\u00C2\u00A058(6):1196\u00E2\u0080\u00901207.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Prentice,\u00C2\u00A0E.\u00C2\u00A0F.,\u00C2\u00A0Flagg,\u00C2\u00A0T.\u00C2\u00A0A.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0McCutcheon,\u00C2\u00A0C.\u00C2\u00A0S.\u00C2\u00A01990.\u00C2\u00A0Feasibility\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0using\u00C2\u00A0implantable\u00C2\u00A0passive\u00C2\u00A0 integrated\u00C2\u00A0transponder\u00C2\u00A0(PIT)\u00C2\u00A0tags\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0salmonids.\u00C2\u00A0Proceedings\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Fish\u00E2\u0080\u0090Marking\u00C2\u00A0 Techniques.\u00C2\u00A0American\u00C2\u00A0Fisheries\u00C2\u00A0Society,\u00C2\u00A0Symposium\u00C2\u00A07\u00C2\u00A0:317\u00E2\u0080\u0093322.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Quinn,\u00C2\u00A0T.\u00C2\u00A0P.,\u00C2\u00A0J.\u00C2\u00A0A.\u00C2\u00A0Peterson,\u00C2\u00A0V.\u00C2\u00A0F.\u00C2\u00A0Gallucci,\u00C2\u00A0W.\u00C2\u00A0K.\u00C2\u00A0Hershberger,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0E.\u00C2\u00A0L.\u00C2\u00A0Brannon.\u00C2\u00A02002.\u00C2\u00A0Artificial\u00C2\u00A0 selection\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0environmental\u00C2\u00A0change:\u00C2\u00A0Countervailing\u00C2\u00A0factors\u00C2\u00A0affecting\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0timing\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 spawning\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0coho\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon.\u00C2\u00A0Transactions\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0American\u00C2\u00A0Fisheries\u00C2\u00A0Society\u00C2\u00A0 131(4):591\u00E2\u0080\u0090598.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 R\u00C2\u00A0Development\u00C2\u00A0Core\u00C2\u00A0Team.\u00C2\u00A02008.\u00C2\u00A0R:\u00C2\u00A0A\u00C2\u00A0language\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0environment\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0statistical\u00C2\u00A0computing.\u00C2\u00A0R\u00C2\u00A0 Foundation\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0Statistical\u00C2\u00A0Computing,\u00C2\u00A0Vienna,\u00C2\u00A0Austria.\u00C2\u00A0http://www.R\u00E2\u0080\u0090project.org.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Ruggerone,\u00C2\u00A0G.\u00C2\u00A0T.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0J.\u00C2\u00A0L.\u00C2\u00A0Nielsen.\u00C2\u00A02004.\u00C2\u00A0Evidence\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0competitive\u00C2\u00A0dominance\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Pink\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0 (Oncorhynchus\u00C2\u00A0gorbuscha)\u00C2\u00A0over\u00C2\u00A0other\u00C2\u00A0Salmonids\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0North\u00C2\u00A0Pacific\u00C2\u00A0Ocean.\u00C2\u00A0Reviews\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0 Fish\u00C2\u00A0Biology\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Fisheries\u00C2\u00A014(3):371\u00E2\u0080\u0090390.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Schaller,\u00C2\u00A0H.,\u00C2\u00A0P.\u00C2\u00A0Wilson,\u00C2\u00A0S.\u00C2\u00A0Haeseker,\u00C2\u00A0C.\u00C2\u00A0Petrosky,\u00C2\u00A0E.\u00C2\u00A0Tinus,\u00C2\u00A0T.\u00C2\u00A0Dalton,\u00C2\u00A0R.\u00C2\u00A0Woodin,\u00C2\u00A0E.\u00C2\u00A0Weber,\u00C2\u00A0N.\u00C2\u00A0 Bouwes,\u00C2\u00A0T.\u00C2\u00A0Berggren,\u00C2\u00A0J.\u00C2\u00A0McCann,\u00C2\u00A0S.\u00C2\u00A0Rassk,\u00C2\u00A0H.\u00C2\u00A0Franzoni,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0P.\u00C2\u00A0McHugh.\u00C2\u00A02007.\u00C2\u00A0 Comparative\u00C2\u00A0Survival\u00C2\u00A0Study\u00C2\u00A0(CSS)\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0PIT\u00E2\u0080\u0090Tagged\u00C2\u00A0Spring/Summer\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Steelhead\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0Basin\u00C2\u00A0Ten\u00E2\u0080\u0090year\u00C2\u00A0Retrospective\u00C2\u00A0Analyses\u00C2\u00A0Report.\u00C2\u00A0Northwest\u00C2\u00A0Power\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0Conservation\u00C2\u00A0Council,\u00C2\u00A02007\u00E2\u0080\u00901,\u00C2\u00A0675\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Schaller,\u00C2\u00A0H.\u00C2\u00A0A.,\u00C2\u00A0C.\u00C2\u00A0E.\u00C2\u00A0Petrosky,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0O.\u00C2\u00A0P.\u00C2\u00A0Langness.\u00C2\u00A01999.\u00C2\u00A0Contrasting\u00C2\u00A0patterns\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0productivity\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 survival\u00C2\u00A0rates\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0stream\u00E2\u0080\u0090type\u00C2\u00A0chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0(Oncorhynchus\u00C2\u00A0tshawytscha)\u00C2\u00A0populations\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0rivers.\u00C2\u00A0Canadian\u00C2\u00A0Journal\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Fisheries\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Aquatic\u00C2\u00A0 Sciences/Journal\u00C2\u00A0Canadien\u00C2\u00A0Des\u00C2\u00A0Sciences\u00C2\u00A0Halieutiques\u00C2\u00A0Et\u00C2\u00A0Aquatiques\u00C2\u00A056(6):1031\u00E2\u0080\u00901045.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 18\u00C2\u00A0 Schaller,\u00C2\u00A0H.\u00C2\u00A0A.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0C.\u00C2\u00A0E.\u00C2\u00A0Petrosky.\u00C2\u00A02007.\u00C2\u00A0Assessing\u00C2\u00A0hydrosystem\u00C2\u00A0influence\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0delayed\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0stream\u00E2\u0080\u0090type\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon.\u00C2\u00A0North\u00C2\u00A0American\u00C2\u00A0Journal\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Fisheries\u00C2\u00A0 Management\u00C2\u00A027(3):810\u00E2\u0080\u0090824.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Scheuerell,\u00C2\u00A0M.\u00C2\u00A0D.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0J.\u00C2\u00A0G.\u00C2\u00A0Williams.\u00C2\u00A02005.\u00C2\u00A0Forecasting\u00C2\u00A0climate\u00E2\u0080\u0090induced\u00C2\u00A0changes\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0spring/summer\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0(Oncorhynchus\u00C2\u00A0tshawytscha).\u00C2\u00A0Fisheries\u00C2\u00A0 Oceanography\u00C2\u00A014(6):448\u00E2\u0080\u0090457.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Schreck,\u00C2\u00A0C.\u00C2\u00A0B.,\u00C2\u00A0T.\u00C2\u00A0P.\u00C2\u00A0Stahl,\u00C2\u00A0L.\u00C2\u00A0E.\u00C2\u00A0Davis,\u00C2\u00A0D.\u00C2\u00A0D.\u00C2\u00A0Roby,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0B.\u00C2\u00A0J.\u00C2\u00A0Clemens.\u00C2\u00A02006.\u00C2\u00A0Mortality\u00C2\u00A0estimates\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 juvenile\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00E2\u0080\u0090summer\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0lower\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0estuary,\u00C2\u00A01992\u00E2\u0080\u0090 1998:\u00C2\u00A0Evidence\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0delayed\u00C2\u00A0mortality?\u00C2\u00A0Transactions\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0American\u00C2\u00A0Fisheries\u00C2\u00A0Society\u00C2\u00A0 135(2):457\u00E2\u0080\u0090475.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Shortreed,\u00C2\u00A0K.\u00C2\u00A0S.\u00C2\u00A02007.\u00C2\u00A0Limnology\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Cultus\u00C2\u00A0Lake,\u00C2\u00A0British\u00C2\u00A0Columbia.\u00C2\u00A0Canadian\u00C2\u00A0Technical\u00C2\u00A0Report\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 Fisheries\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Aquatic\u00C2\u00A0Sciences,\u00C2\u00A02753,\u00C2\u00A091\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Skalski,\u00C2\u00A0J.\u00C2\u00A0R.,\u00C2\u00A0S.\u00C2\u00A0G.\u00C2\u00A0Smith,\u00C2\u00A0R.\u00C2\u00A0N.\u00C2\u00A0Iwamoto,\u00C2\u00A0J.\u00C2\u00A0G.\u00C2\u00A0Williams,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0A.\u00C2\u00A0Hoffmann.\u00C2\u00A01998.\u00C2\u00A0Use\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0passive\u00C2\u00A0 integrated\u00C2\u00A0transponder\u00C2\u00A0tags\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0estimate\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0migrant\u00C2\u00A0juvenile\u00C2\u00A0salmonids\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 Snake\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0rivers.\u00C2\u00A0Canadian\u00C2\u00A0Journal\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Fisheries\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Aquatic\u00C2\u00A0Sciences/Journal\u00C2\u00A0 Canadien\u00C2\u00A0Des\u00C2\u00A0Sciences\u00C2\u00A0Halieutiques\u00C2\u00A0Et\u00C2\u00A0Aquatiques\u00C2\u00A055(6):1484\u00E2\u0080\u00901493.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Symons,\u00C2\u00A0P.\u00C2\u00A02003.\u00C2\u00A0A\u00C2\u00A0review\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0research\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0early\u00C2\u00A0marine\u00C2\u00A0period\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Pacific\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0 Canada,\u00C2\u00A0Japan,\u00C2\u00A0Russia\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0United\u00C2\u00A0States.\u00C2\u00A0North\u00C2\u00A0Pacific\u00C2\u00A0Anadromous\u00C2\u00A0Fish\u00C2\u00A0 Commission,\u00C2\u00A0Bulletin\u00C2\u00A0Number\u00C2\u00A03,\u00C2\u00A0152\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 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system\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0populations.\u00C2\u00A0U.S.\u00C2\u00A0Dept.\u00C2\u00A0Commer.,\u00C2\u00A0NOAA\u00C2\u00A0Tech.\u00C2\u00A0Memo.\u00C2\u00A0NMFS\u00E2\u0080\u0090NWFSC\u00E2\u0080\u0090 63,\u00C2\u00A0150\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Williams,\u00C2\u00A0J.\u00C2\u00A0G.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0G.\u00C2\u00A0M.\u00C2\u00A0Matthews.\u00C2\u00A01995.\u00C2\u00A0A\u00C2\u00A0review\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0flow\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0relationships\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0summer\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon,\u00C2\u00A0Oncorhynchus\u00E2\u0080\u0090tshawytscha,\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00E2\u0080\u0090River\u00C2\u00A0basin.\u00C2\u00A0 Fishery\u00C2\u00A0Bulletin\u00C2\u00A093(4):732\u00E2\u0080\u0090740.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 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(Chittenden\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A02008;\u00C2\u00A0Lacroix\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A02004a;\u00C2\u00A0Melnychuk\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A02007;\u00C2\u00A0Rechisky\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A02009;\u00C2\u00A0Welch\u00C2\u00A0 et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A02008)\u00C2\u00A0due\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0development\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0stationary\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0receivers\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0miniaturization\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 acoustic\u00C2\u00A0transmitters\u00C2\u00A0(see\u00C2\u00A0review\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0Heupel\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A02006;\u00C2\u00A0Voegeli\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A01998).\u00C2\u00A0Thus,\u00C2\u00A0it\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0possible\u00C2\u00A0 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use\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0informing\u00C2\u00A0technique\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0decision\u00C2\u00A0modalities:\u00C2\u00A0Pacific\u00C2\u00A0Northwest\u00C2\u00A0Aquatic\u00C2\u00A0Monitoring\u00C2\u00A0Partnership\u00C2\u00A0Special\u00C2\u00A0 Publication\u00C2\u00A02010\u00E2\u0080\u0090002,\u00C2\u00A0chap.\u00C2\u00A04,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A071\u00E2\u0080\u009096.\u00C2\u00A0 21\u00C2\u00A0 morphology\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0study\u00C2\u00A0species\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0well\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0study\u00C2\u00A0duration.\u00C2\u00A0For\u00C2\u00A0example,\u00C2\u00A0Lacroix\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A0 (2004b)\u00C2\u00A0specifically\u00C2\u00A0recommended\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0transmitter\u00C2\u00A0weight\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0exceed\u00C2\u00A08%\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0body\u00C2\u00A0weight\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0 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Panel/Independent\u00C2\u00A0Scientific\u00C2\u00A0Advisory\u00C2\u00A0Board\u00C2\u00A02009).\u00C2\u00A0Passive\u00C2\u00A0Integrated\u00C2\u00A0Transponder\u00C2\u00A0tags\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0primary\u00C2\u00A0method\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0measuring\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0Basin\u00C2\u00A0(Faulkner\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A02007)\u00C2\u00A0 because\u00C2\u00A0they\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0small,\u00C2\u00A0light,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0inexpensive,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0little\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0negligible\u00C2\u00A0effect\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0 (Prentice\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A01987);\u00C2\u00A0however,\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0use\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0radio\u00C2\u00A0transmitters\u00C2\u00A0(Adams\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A01998a;\u00C2\u00A0Adams\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A0 1998b;\u00C2\u00A0Hockersmith\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A02003;\u00C2\u00A0Martinelli\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A01998),\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0transmitters\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0become\u00C2\u00A0 more\u00C2\u00A0common\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0advent\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0smaller\u00C2\u00A0transmitters\u00C2\u00A0(Anglea\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A02004;\u00C2\u00A0Brown\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A02006).\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Tag\u00C2\u00A0effects\u00C2\u00A0studies\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0generally\u00C2\u00A0conducted\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0controlled\u00C2\u00A0environments\u00C2\u00A0where\u00C2\u00A0predation\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0 prey\u00C2\u00A0capture\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0factor\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0held\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0artificial\u00C2\u00A0conditions\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0fed\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0satiation\u00C2\u00A0every\u00C2\u00A0 day.\u00C2\u00A0While\u00C2\u00A0captive\u00C2\u00A0studies\u00C2\u00A0do\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0incorporate\u00C2\u00A0stresses\u00C2\u00A0encountered\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0wild,\u00C2\u00A0they\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0most\u00C2\u00A0practical\u00C2\u00A0method\u00C2\u00A0currently\u00C2\u00A0available\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0measuring\u00C2\u00A0changes\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0growth,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0 monitoring\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0retention.\u00C2\u00A0If\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0captive\u00C2\u00A0study\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0field\u00C2\u00A0study\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0conducted\u00C2\u00A0 concurrently\u00C2\u00A0(on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0same\u00C2\u00A0population\u00C2\u00A0within\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0same\u00C2\u00A0year)\u00C2\u00A0then\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0specific\u00C2\u00A0results\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 captive\u00C2\u00A0study\u00C2\u00A0can\u00C2\u00A0then\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0extrapolated\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0help\u00C2\u00A0assess\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0potential\u00C2\u00A0negative\u00C2\u00A0impact\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0 implantation\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0group\u00C2\u00A0used\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0field\u00C2\u00A0studies.\u00C2\u00A0If\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0captive\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0study\u00C2\u00A0yields\u00C2\u00A0no\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0 effects\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0loss,\u00C2\u00A0then\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0field\u00C2\u00A0study\u00C2\u00A0may\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0impacted\u00C2\u00A0minimally\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0implantation\u00C2\u00A0effects;\u00C2\u00A0 however,\u00C2\u00A0if\u00C2\u00A0captive\u00C2\u00A0studies\u00C2\u00A0reveal\u00C2\u00A0significant\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0loss,\u00C2\u00A0then\u00C2\u00A0field\u00C2\u00A0study\u00C2\u00A0results\u00C2\u00A0may\u00C2\u00A0 be\u00C2\u00A0severely\u00C2\u00A0compromised\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0minimum\u00C2\u00A0should\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0adjusted\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0negative\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0effects\u00C2\u00A0(e.g.,\u00C2\u00A0 field\u00C2\u00A0estimates\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0could\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0corrected\u00C2\u00A0upwards\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0compensate\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0loss).\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0 adjustments\u00C2\u00A0based\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0captive\u00C2\u00A0studies\u00C2\u00A0may,\u00C2\u00A0however,\u00C2\u00A0underestimate\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0loss\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0 22\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0wild,\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0migrating\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0must\u00C2\u00A0contend\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0predation,\u00C2\u00A0prey\u00C2\u00A0acquisition,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0other\u00C2\u00A0 stressors\u00C2\u00A0such\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0dam\u00C2\u00A0passage.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Short\u00E2\u0080\u0090term\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0effects\u00C2\u00A0may\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0measured\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0river\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0using\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0paired\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0strategy\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0 compare\u00C2\u00A0migration\u00C2\u00A0behavior\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0group\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0control\u00C2\u00A0group.\u00C2\u00A0Hockersmith\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A0 (2003)\u00C2\u00A0used\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0strategy\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0compare\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0migration\u00C2\u00A0rate\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0radio\u00C2\u00A0 transmitter\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0PIT\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0yearling\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0Oncorhynchus\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0tshawytscha\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 found\u00C2\u00A0no\u00C2\u00A0initial\u00C2\u00A0differences\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A0treatments,\u00C2\u00A0though\u00C2\u00A0they\u00C2\u00A0did\u00C2\u00A0detect\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0decrease\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0 for\u00C2\u00A0transmitter\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0tracked\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0more\u00C2\u00A0distant\u00C2\u00A0sites\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0river.\u00C2\u00A0This\u00C2\u00A0reduced\u00C2\u00A0survival,\u00C2\u00A0 however,\u00C2\u00A0may\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0been\u00C2\u00A0influenced\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0presence\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0radio\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0antenna\u00C2\u00A0trailing\u00C2\u00A0behind\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0which\u00C2\u00A0could\u00C2\u00A0become\u00C2\u00A0entangled,\u00C2\u00A0biofouled,\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0infected\u00C2\u00A0(Adams\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A01998b;\u00C2\u00A0Jepsen\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0 al.\u00C2\u00A02002).\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Martinelli\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A0(1998)\u00C2\u00A0compared\u00C2\u00A0different\u00C2\u00A0methods\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0implantation\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0radio\u00C2\u00A0 transmitters\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0subyearling\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0also\u00C2\u00A0found\u00C2\u00A0no\u00C2\u00A0difference\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0migration\u00C2\u00A0time\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0 fish\u00C2\u00A0tracked\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0fewer\u00C2\u00A0than\u00C2\u00A0five\u00C2\u00A0days.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 To\u00C2\u00A0date,\u00C2\u00A0medium\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0long\u00C2\u00A0term\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0effects\u00C2\u00A0studies\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0completely\u00C2\u00A0lacking\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0 phase\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0life\u00C2\u00A0history\u00C2\u00A0due\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0logistical\u00C2\u00A0difficulties.\u00C2\u00A0To\u00C2\u00A0address\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0issue\u00C2\u00A0we:\u00C2\u00A0(1)\u00C2\u00A0conducted\u00C2\u00A0 captive\u00C2\u00A0studies\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0quantify\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0effects\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0two\u00C2\u00A0populations\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0juvenile\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0 from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0Basin\u00C2\u00A0implanted\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0dummy\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0transmitters\u00C2\u00A0(DATs);\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0do\u00C2\u00A0so,\u00C2\u00A0 we\u00C2\u00A0measured\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0compared\u00C2\u00A0growth,\u00C2\u00A0survival,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0loss\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0DAT\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0control\u00C2\u00A0group\u00C2\u00A0 tagged\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0PIT\u00C2\u00A0tags\u00C2\u00A0(which\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0generally\u00C2\u00A0accepted\u00C2\u00A0method\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0analyzing\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 juvenile\u00C2\u00A0salmon);\u00C2\u00A0(2)\u00C2\u00A0concurrently,\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0released\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0these\u00C2\u00A0two\u00C2\u00A0 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In\u00C2\u00A02006\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A02008,\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0conducted\u00C2\u00A0captive\u00C2\u00A0tagging\u00C2\u00A0studies\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0two\u00C2\u00A0populations\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0hatchery\u00C2\u00A0 spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0quantify\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0retention\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0effect\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0transmitter\u00C2\u00A0 implantation\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0growth\u00C2\u00A0(Table\u00C2\u00A02.1).\u00C2\u00A0For\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0study,\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0used\u00C2\u00A0two\u00C2\u00A0different\u00C2\u00A0size\u00C2\u00A0 acoustic\u00C2\u00A0transmitters;\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A09\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0DATs,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02008\u00C2\u00A0smaller\u00C2\u00A07\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0 DATs\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0used.\u00C2\u00A0Additionally,\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0released\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0both\u00C2\u00A0populations\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0 both\u00C2\u00A0years\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0live\u00C2\u00A07\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A09\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0transmitters,\u00C2\u00A0respectively,\u00C2\u00A0(Table\u00C2\u00A02.2)\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0estimated\u00C2\u00A0river\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0early\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0using\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Pacific\u00C2\u00A0Ocean\u00C2\u00A0Shelf\u00C2\u00A0Tracking\u00C2\u00A0(POST)\u00C2\u00A0array\u00C2\u00A0(Welch\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A02002).\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Smolts\u00C2\u00A0used\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0our\u00C2\u00A0study\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0obtained\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0National\u00C2\u00A0Fish\u00C2\u00A0Hatchery\u00C2\u00A0(NFH;\u00C2\u00A0Ahsahka,\u00C2\u00A0 ID)\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Clearwater\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0(a\u00C2\u00A0tributary\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0River)\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Cle\u00C2\u00A0Elum\u00C2\u00A0Supplementation\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 Research\u00C2\u00A0Facility\u00C2\u00A0(CESRF;\u00C2\u00A0Cle\u00C2\u00A0Elum,\u00C2\u00A0WA)\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0(a\u00C2\u00A0tributary\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River).\u00C2\u00A0 2.2.1 Study/release\u00C2\u00A0sites\u00C2\u00A0 For\u00C2\u00A0logistical\u00C2\u00A0reasons,\u00C2\u00A0all\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0hatchery\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0Kooskia\u00C2\u00A0 NFH.\u00C2\u00A0Smolts\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0transferred\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0NFH\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Kooskia\u00C2\u00A0NFH\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0early\u00C2\u00A0March\u00C2\u00A02006\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0 February/March\u00C2\u00A02008.\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A02006\u00C2\u00A0captive\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0effects\u00C2\u00A0studies\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0conducted\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0Kooskia\u00C2\u00A0NFH;\u00C2\u00A0 however,\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02008\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0transferred\u00C2\u00A0back\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0NFH\u00C2\u00A0(one\u00C2\u00A0week\u00C2\u00A0after\u00C2\u00A0tagging)\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0 tag\u00C2\u00A0effect\u00C2\u00A0studies\u00C2\u00A0(the\u00C2\u00A0transfer\u00C2\u00A0back\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0NFH\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0necessary\u00C2\u00A0because\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0limited\u00C2\u00A0 availability\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0tanks\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0Kooskia\u00C2\u00A0NFH).\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A0both\u00C2\u00A0years\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0(IR)\u00C2\u00A0migrating\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0used\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0field\u00C2\u00A0 studies\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0released\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0Kooskia\u00C2\u00A0NFH\u00C2\u00A0(60\u00C2\u00A0km\u00C2\u00A0upstream\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0NFH;\u00C2\u00A0Figure\u00C2\u00A02.1).\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 In\u00C2\u00A02006\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A02008,\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0released\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0CESRF\u00C2\u00A0acclimation\u00C2\u00A0sites\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 upper\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0recaptured\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0lower\u00C2\u00A0river\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Chandler\u00C2\u00A0Juvenile\u00C2\u00A0Monitoring\u00C2\u00A0 Facility\u00C2\u00A0(CJMF)\u00C2\u00A0downstream\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Prosser\u00C2\u00A0Dam\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0used\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0our\u00C2\u00A0captive\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0field\u00C2\u00A0studies.\u00C2\u00A0We\u00C2\u00A0chose\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0recapture\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0downstream\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0CJMF\u00C2\u00A0because\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0acclimation\u00C2\u00A0sites\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0CJMF\u00C2\u00A0 (~200\u00C2\u00A0km)\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0high\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A080%\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0recent\u00C2\u00A0years\u00C2\u00A0(Yakama\u00C2\u00A0Nation\u00C2\u00A02008).\u00C2\u00A0All\u00C2\u00A0tagging\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0captive\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0 studies\u00C2\u00A0took\u00C2\u00A0place\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0Prosser\u00C2\u00A0Hatchery,\u00C2\u00A0Prosser,\u00C2\u00A0WA,\u00C2\u00A0which\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0directly\u00C2\u00A0adjacent\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0CJMF.\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A0both\u00C2\u00A0 years\u00C2\u00A0IR\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0used\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0field\u00C2\u00A0studies\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0released\u00C2\u00A0into\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0CJMF\u00C2\u00A0(Figure\u00C2\u00A0 2.1).\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 24\u00C2\u00A0 2.2.2 Tags\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0tagging\u00C2\u00A0 We\u00C2\u00A0used\u00C2\u00A0Vemco\u00C2\u00A0(Halifax,\u00C2\u00A0Nova\u00C2\u00A0Scotia)\u00C2\u00A0V9\u00E2\u0080\u00906L\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0transmitters\u00C2\u00A0(9\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0x\u00C2\u00A021\u00C2\u00A0mm,\u00C2\u00A03.1\u00C2\u00A0g\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0 air,\u00C2\u00A069\u00C2\u00A0kHz)\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0V7\u00E2\u0080\u00902L\u00C2\u00A0transmitters\u00C2\u00A0(7\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0x\u00C2\u00A020\u00C2\u00A0mm,\u00C2\u00A01.6\u00C2\u00A0g\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0air,\u00C2\u00A069\u00C2\u00A0kHz)\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0estimate\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 migrating\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A02008,\u00C2\u00A0respectively\u00C2\u00A0(Table\u00C2\u00A02.2).\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0larger,\u00C2\u00A0more\u00C2\u00A0powerful\u00C2\u00A0V9\u00C2\u00A0 transmitter\u00C2\u00A0has\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0detection\u00C2\u00A0radius\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0089\u00A4400\u00C2\u00A0m,\u00C2\u00A0while\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0smaller\u00C2\u00A0V7\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0has\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0detection\u00C2\u00A0radius\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0089\u00A4300\u00C2\u00A0 m;\u00C2\u00A0however,\u00C2\u00A0detection\u00C2\u00A0range\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0location\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0time\u00E2\u0080\u0090dependent,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0may\u00C2\u00A0vary\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0 freshwater/estuarine/ocean\u00C2\u00A0conditions,\u00C2\u00A0local\u00C2\u00A0topography,\u00C2\u00A0river\u00C2\u00A0flow,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0weather\u00C2\u00A0conditions.\u00C2\u00A0 Each\u00C2\u00A0transmitter\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0uniquely\u00C2\u00A0coded\u00C2\u00A0so\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0individual\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0identified\u00C2\u00A0when\u00C2\u00A0detected\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0 river\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0receivers\u00C2\u00A0along\u00C2\u00A0their\u00C2\u00A0migration\u00C2\u00A0route.\u00C2\u00A0For\u00C2\u00A0captive\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0effects\u00C2\u00A0studies,\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0used\u00C2\u00A0 DATs\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0identical\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0volume,\u00C2\u00A0weight,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0shape\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0live\u00C2\u00A0transmitters\u00C2\u00A0used\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0respective\u00C2\u00A0 years.\u00C2\u00A0Dummy\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0tags\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0also\u00C2\u00A0embedded\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0PIT\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0(12.5\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0x\u00C2\u00A02.07\u00C2\u00A0mm,\u00C2\u00A00.1\u00C2\u00A0g)\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0 our\u00C2\u00A0request\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0manufacturer,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0all\u00C2\u00A0control\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0implanted\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0PIT\u00C2\u00A0tag;\u00C2\u00A0therefore,\u00C2\u00A0 each\u00C2\u00A0individual\u00C2\u00A0could\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0identified\u00C2\u00A0throughout\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0effects\u00C2\u00A0study\u00C2\u00A0(unless\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0lost).\u00C2\u00A0DAT\u00C2\u00A0 tagged\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0control\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0held\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0same\u00C2\u00A0tank.\u00C2\u00A0We\u00C2\u00A0did\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0include\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0non\u00E2\u0080\u0090tagged\u00C2\u00A0group\u00C2\u00A0 because\u00C2\u00A0it\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0necessary\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0identify\u00C2\u00A0all\u00C2\u00A0individuals\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0growth\u00C2\u00A0analyses.\u00C2\u00A0 We\u00C2\u00A0specified\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0minimum\u00C2\u00A0size\u00C2\u00A0limit\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0140\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0fork\u00C2\u00A0length\u00C2\u00A0(FL)\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0implanted\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A09\u00C2\u00A0 mm\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0dummy\u00C2\u00A0tag,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0minimum\u00C2\u00A0size\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0130\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0FL\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A07\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0tag.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0mean\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0body\u00C2\u00A0weight\u00C2\u00A0ratio\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0implanted\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0live\u00C2\u00A09\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0transmitters\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0similar\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0ratio\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0implanted\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0DATs\u00C2\u00A0(7.4%\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A07.7%,\u00C2\u00A0respectively,\u00C2\u00A0Table\u00C2\u00A02.3);\u00C2\u00A0however,\u00C2\u00A0 Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0implanted\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0live\u00C2\u00A09\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0transmitters\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0released,\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0slightly\u00C2\u00A0smaller\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0 average\u00C2\u00A0than\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0hatchery\u00E2\u0080\u0090held\u00C2\u00A0DAT\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0smolts,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0mean\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0body\u00C2\u00A0weight\u00C2\u00A0ratio\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0 thus\u00C2\u00A0slightly\u00C2\u00A0higher\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0IR\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0(IR=9.3%,\u00C2\u00A0captive\u00C2\u00A0smolts=7.6%;\u00C2\u00A0Table\u00C2\u00A02.3).\u00C2\u00A0Although\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0mean\u00C2\u00A0 tag\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0body\u00C2\u00A0weight\u00C2\u00A0ratio\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0higher\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0IR\u00C2\u00A0smolts,\u00C2\u00A0there\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0DAT\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0representatives\u00C2\u00A0within\u00C2\u00A0 each\u00C2\u00A0size\u00C2\u00A0class\u00C2\u00A0(Figure\u00C2\u00A02.2).\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0mean\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0weight\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0body\u00C2\u00A0weight\u00C2\u00A0ratio\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0implanted\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0 live\u00C2\u00A07\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0transmitters\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0similar\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0ratio\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0implanted\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0DATs\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0both\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0 (5.8%\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A05.9%,\u00C2\u00A0respectively)\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0populations\u00C2\u00A0(4.5%\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A04.2%,\u00C2\u00A0respectively;\u00C2\u00A0Table\u00C2\u00A0 2.3).\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Surgical\u00C2\u00A0procedures\u00C2\u00A0used\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0implant\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0transmitters\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0reviewed\u00C2\u00A0annually\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0 institutional\u00C2\u00A0animal\u00C2\u00A0care\u00C2\u00A0committees\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0met\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0exceeded\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Canadian\u00C2\u00A0Council\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0Animal\u00C2\u00A0Care\u00C2\u00A0 25\u00C2\u00A0 standards\u00C2\u00A0(www.ccac.ca).\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0same\u00C2\u00A0surgical\u00C2\u00A0protocol\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0used\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A02008\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0 tagged\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0live\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0dummy\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0transmitters\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0PIT\u00C2\u00A0tags.\u00C2\u00A0Portable\u00C2\u00A0self\u00E2\u0080\u0090sustaining\u00C2\u00A0surgical\u00C2\u00A0 units\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0assembled\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0site,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0surgery\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0carried\u00C2\u00A0out\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0highly\u00C2\u00A0experienced,\u00C2\u00A0 veterinarian\u00E2\u0080\u0090trained\u00C2\u00A0staff.\u00C2\u00A0Fish\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0fed\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A024\u00C2\u00A0h\u00C2\u00A0prior\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0surgery.\u00C2\u00A0Fish\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0dip\u00C2\u00A0netted\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0 their\u00C2\u00A0holding\u00C2\u00A0tank\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0lightly\u00C2\u00A0anaesthetized,\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0sedated,\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0low\u00C2\u00A0dose\u00C2\u00A0(20\u00C2\u00A0ppm)\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Tricaine\u00C2\u00A0 Methane\u00C2\u00A0Sulphonate\u00C2\u00A0(MS\u00E2\u0080\u0090222)\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0reduce\u00C2\u00A0stress\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0handling.\u00C2\u00A0A\u00C2\u00A0mucous\u00C2\u00A0protectant\u00C2\u00A0(Vidalife)\u00C2\u00A0 was\u00C2\u00A0added\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0all\u00C2\u00A0water\u00C2\u00A0baths\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0contact\u00C2\u00A0surfaces,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0surgeons\u00C2\u00A0wore\u00C2\u00A0latex\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0nitril\u00C2\u00A0gloves\u00C2\u00A0 while\u00C2\u00A0handling\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0reduce\u00C2\u00A0scale\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0mucous\u00C2\u00A0loss.\u00C2\u00A0All\u00C2\u00A0water\u00C2\u00A0baths\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0aerated,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 dissolved\u00C2\u00A0oxygen\u00C2\u00A0(DO)\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0temperature\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0monitored\u00C2\u00A0approximately\u00C2\u00A0every\u00C2\u00A0three\u00C2\u00A0minutes.\u00C2\u00A0 Fish\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0taken\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0sedation\u00C2\u00A0bath\u00C2\u00A0once\u00C2\u00A0there\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0slight\u00C2\u00A0loss\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0equilibrium\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0 anesthetized\u00C2\u00A0one\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0time\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A070\u00C2\u00A0ppm\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0MS\u00E2\u0080\u0090222.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Induction\u00C2\u00A0time\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0total\u00C2\u00A0loss\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0equilibrium,\u00C2\u00A0 loss\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0reflex\u00C2\u00A0reactivity,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0slow\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0irregular\u00C2\u00A0opercular\u00C2\u00A0motion\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0<5\u00C2\u00A0min.\u00C2\u00A0Each\u00C2\u00A0individual\u00C2\u00A0 was\u00C2\u00A0removed\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0induction\u00C2\u00A0bath,\u00C2\u00A0fork\u00C2\u00A0length\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0measured\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0nearest\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0weight\u00C2\u00A0 was\u00C2\u00A0measured\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0nearest\u00C2\u00A0tenth\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0gram.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0then\u00C2\u00A0placed\u00C2\u00A0ventral\u00C2\u00A0side\u00C2\u00A0up\u00C2\u00A0into\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0v\u00E2\u0080\u0090 shaped\u00C2\u00A0trough\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0maintenance\u00C2\u00A0dose\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0anesthetic\u00C2\u00A0(50\u00C2\u00A0ppm)\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0pumped\u00C2\u00A0through\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0 mouth\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0over\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0gills.\u00C2\u00A0Tags\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0disinfected\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0iodine\u00C2\u00A0solution\u00C2\u00A0(Ovadine)\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0rinsed\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0 distilled\u00C2\u00A0water.\u00C2\u00A0An\u00C2\u00A0incision\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0made\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0ventral\u00C2\u00A0midline\u00C2\u00A0midway\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0pelvic\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 pectoral\u00C2\u00A0fins\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0#12\u00C2\u00A0curved\u00C2\u00A0blade\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0#3\u00C2\u00A0scalpel\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0gently\u00C2\u00A0inserted\u00C2\u00A0through\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 incision\u00C2\u00A0into\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0peritoneal\u00C2\u00A0cavity.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0transmitter\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0set\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0place\u00C2\u00A0directly\u00C2\u00A0below\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0incision\u00C2\u00A0 with\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0tip\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0scalpel\u00C2\u00A0blade.\u00C2\u00A0For\u00C2\u00A0IR\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0used\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0field\u00C2\u00A0studies,\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0PIT\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0inserted\u00C2\u00A0through\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0incision\u00C2\u00A0prior\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0transmitter\u00C2\u00A0insertion.\u00C2\u00A0This\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0ensure\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0IR\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0collected\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0 Snake\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0dams\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0transport\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0lower\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River.\u00C2\u00A0Two\u00C2\u00A0surgical\u00E2\u0080\u0090grade\u00C2\u00A0 stainless\u00C2\u00A0steel\u00C2\u00A0cutting\u00C2\u00A0needle\u00C2\u00A0drivers\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0sterile,\u00C2\u00A0absorbable\u00C2\u00A0Monocryl\u00C2\u00A04\u00E2\u0080\u00900\u00C2\u00A0violet\u00C2\u00A0sutures\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0 swaged\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0reverse\u00C2\u00A0cutting\u00C2\u00A0needle\u00C2\u00A0(14\u00C2\u00A0mm)\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0then\u00C2\u00A0used\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0set\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0tie\u00C2\u00A0sutures\u00C2\u00A0using\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0 surgeon\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0knot\u00C2\u00A0covered\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0square\u00C2\u00A0knot.\u00C2\u00A0Sutures\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0carefully\u00C2\u00A0tied\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0achieve\u00C2\u00A0edge\u00C2\u00A0apposition\u00C2\u00A0 (i.e.,\u00C2\u00A0no\u00C2\u00A0overlap\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0incision\u00C2\u00A0edges).\u00C2\u00A0For\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A09\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0live\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0dummy\u00C2\u00A0transmitter,\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0incision\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0 10\u00E2\u0080\u009012\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0length\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0closed\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0two\u00C2\u00A0interrupted\u00C2\u00A0sutures;\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A07\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0live\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0dummy\u00C2\u00A0 transmitter\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0incision\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A07\u00E2\u0080\u00908\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0closed\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0one\u00C2\u00A0suture;\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0PIT\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0control\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0captive,\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0effects\u00C2\u00A0study,\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A02mm\u00C2\u00A0incision\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0made\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0no\u00C2\u00A0sutures\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0used.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Two\u00C2\u00A0sets\u00C2\u00A0 26\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0instruments\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0rotated\u00C2\u00A0during\u00C2\u00A0surgeries\u00C2\u00A0so\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0one\u00C2\u00A0set\u00C2\u00A0soaked\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0disinfectant\u00C2\u00A0solution\u00C2\u00A0 (Ovadine\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0distilled\u00C2\u00A0water)\u00C2\u00A0during\u00C2\u00A0surgery.\u00C2\u00A0Instruments\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0rinsed\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0distilled\u00C2\u00A0water\u00C2\u00A0 before\u00C2\u00A0use.\u00C2\u00A0Surgery\u00C2\u00A0time\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0<2\u00C2\u00A0min\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A09\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0about\u00C2\u00A01\u00C2\u00A0min\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A07\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0tag.\u00C2\u00A0 Immediately\u00C2\u00A0following\u00C2\u00A0surgery,\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0placed\u00C2\u00A0into\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0recovery\u00C2\u00A0bath\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0monitored.\u00C2\u00A0Within\u00C2\u00A0 minutes\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0regained\u00C2\u00A0equilibrium\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0reactivity;\u00C2\u00A0after\u00C2\u00A0several\u00C2\u00A0more\u00C2\u00A0minutes\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0recovery,\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0 were\u00C2\u00A0transferred\u00C2\u00A0into\u00C2\u00A0either\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0captive\u00C2\u00A0study\u00C2\u00A0holding\u00C2\u00A0tank\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0one\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0field\u00C2\u00A0study\u00C2\u00A0tanks.\u00C2\u00A0At\u00C2\u00A0 both\u00C2\u00A0hatcheries,\u00C2\u00A0captive\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0held\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0partially\u00C2\u00A0shaded\u00C2\u00A0outdoor\u00C2\u00A0tanks.\u00C2\u00A0Well\u00C2\u00A0water\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0Prosser\u00C2\u00A0 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care\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0tagging\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0bound\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0tagging\u00C2\u00A0study)\u00C2\u00A0DAT\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0randomly\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0during\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0tagging\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0intended\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0release.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0surgeon\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0aware\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0fate\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0since\u00C2\u00A0transmitter\u00C2\u00A0identification\u00C2\u00A0must\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0verified\u00C2\u00A0before\u00C2\u00A0insertion\u00C2\u00A0(i.e.,\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0could\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0 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recorded\u00C2\u00A01\u00E2\u0080\u00903\u00C2\u00A0times\u00C2\u00A0post\u00E2\u0080\u0090surgery\u00C2\u00A0(depending\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0length\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0study).\u00C2\u00A0All\u00C2\u00A0weights\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0 adjusted\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0subtracting\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0average\u00C2\u00A0weight\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0dummy\u00C2\u00A0tags.\u00C2\u00A0Tag\u00C2\u00A0retention\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0calculated\u00C2\u00A0 each\u00C2\u00A0day\u00C2\u00A0as:\u00C2\u00A0 N\u00C2\u00A0tags\u00C2\u00A0intact N\u00C2\u00A0tags\u00C2\u00A0implanted \u00E0\u00B5\u0086 \u00C2\u00A0N\u00C2\u00A0mortalities\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0calculated\u00C2\u00A0as:\u00C2\u00A0 N\u00C2\u00A0live\u00C2\u00A0fish N\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0initially\u00C2\u00A0tagged.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 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September,\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0major\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0event\u00C2\u00A0occurred\u00C2\u00A0due\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0disease\u00C2\u00A0outbreak\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0hatchery\u00C2\u00A0which\u00C2\u00A0 killed\u00C2\u00A0approximately\u00C2\u00A060%\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0study\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0therefore\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0study\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0effectively\u00C2\u00A0 terminated\u00C2\u00A0after\u00C2\u00A0measurements\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0taken\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0Aug\u00C2\u00A021,\u00C2\u00A02006.\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A02008\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0study\u00C2\u00A0took\u00C2\u00A0place\u00C2\u00A0 from\u00C2\u00A0May\u00C2\u00A07\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0June\u00C2\u00A013\u00C2\u00A0(5\u00C2\u00A0weeks)\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0measured\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0week\u00C2\u00A05.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0study\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0 inadvertently\u00C2\u00A0terminated\u00C2\u00A0during\u00C2\u00A0week\u00C2\u00A05\u00C2\u00A0after\u00C2\u00A0nearly\u00C2\u00A0all\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0died\u00C2\u00A0(DAT\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0PIT\u00C2\u00A0tagged)\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 day\u00C2\u00A0after\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0obtained\u00C2\u00A0growth\u00C2\u00A0measurements.\u00C2\u00A0Several\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0died\u00C2\u00A0just\u00C2\u00A0prior\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0 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no\u00C2\u00A0indication\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0disease\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0stress,\u00C2\u00A0however,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0therefore\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0do\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0know\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0cause\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 mass\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0subsequently\u00C2\u00A0occurred\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0day\u00C2\u00A0after\u00C2\u00A0our\u00C2\u00A0growth\u00C2\u00A0measurements\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0 collected.\u00C2\u00A0 28\u00C2\u00A0 2.2.4 Field\u00C2\u00A0study\u00C2\u00A0 Sample\u00C2\u00A0size.\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A0each\u00C2\u00A0year,\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0each\u00C2\u00A0hatchery,\u00C2\u00A0~400\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0live\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0 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the\u00C2\u00A0mean\u00C2\u00A0FL\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A06\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0larger\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02008.\u00C2\u00A0 Release\u00C2\u00A0timing.\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0released\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0basin\u00C2\u00A0349\u00C2\u00A0km\u00C2\u00A0upstream\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0confluence\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0rivers\u00C2\u00A0(RKm\u00C2\u00A0522).\u00C2\u00A0We\u00C2\u00A0released\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0into\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0River,\u00C2\u00A076\u00C2\u00A0km\u00C2\u00A0upstream\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0confluence\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0(RKm\u00C2\u00A0539),\u00C2\u00A0several\u00C2\u00A0 weeks\u00C2\u00A0after\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0released\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0order\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0both\u00C2\u00A0populations\u00C2\u00A0arrive\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0mouth\u00C2\u00A0simultaneously\u00C2\u00A0so\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0they\u00C2\u00A0encountered\u00C2\u00A0similar\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0conditions.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Array\u00C2\u00A0Location.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0POST\u00C2\u00A0array\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0composed\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0individual\u00C2\u00A0Vemco\u00C2\u00A0omni\u00E2\u0080\u0090directional\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0 receivers\u00C2\u00A0(VR2s\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0VR3s)\u00C2\u00A0anchored\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0river\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0floor\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0form\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0component\u00C2\u00A0line\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u009Cacoustic\u00C2\u00A0curtain\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0each\u00C2\u00A0sub\u00E2\u0080\u0090array\u00C2\u00A0(Welch\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A02002)\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0extends\u00C2\u00A0~2,300\u00C2\u00A0km\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0 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ensure\u00C2\u00A0high\u00C2\u00A0transmitter\u00C2\u00A0detection\u00C2\u00A0rates\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0fast\u00C2\u00A0flowing\u00C2\u00A0rivers.\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A02007\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0additional\u00C2\u00A0line\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 29\u00C2\u00A0 receivers\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0deployed\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Astoria\u00C2\u00A0Bridge,\u00C2\u00A022\u00C2\u00A0km\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0mouth\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River.\u00C2\u00A0 Therefore\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0estimated\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0additional\u00C2\u00A0point\u00C2\u00A0near\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0river\u00C2\u00A0mouth\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02008,\u00C2\u00A0but\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0 2006.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 2.2.5 Data\u00C2\u00A0analyses\u00C2\u00A0 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likelihood\u00C2\u00A0framework.\u00C2\u00A0For\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0lines,\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0recognized\u00C2\u00A0basic\u00C2\u00A0CJS\u00C2\u00A0model\u00C2\u00A0assumptions\u00C2\u00A0(equal\u00C2\u00A0 survival\u00C2\u00A0probability,\u00C2\u00A0equal\u00C2\u00A0recapture\u00C2\u00A0probability,\u00C2\u00A0no\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0loss,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0instantaneous\u00C2\u00A0sampling);\u00C2\u00A0 however,\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0oceanic\u00C2\u00A0lines\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0bounded\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0offshore\u00C2\u00A0end\u00C2\u00A0(continental\u00C2\u00A0slope),\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0 required\u00C2\u00A0two\u00C2\u00A0additional\u00C2\u00A0assumptions:\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0(1)\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0migrate\u00C2\u00A0they\u00C2\u00A0cross\u00C2\u00A0over\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0detection\u00C2\u00A0 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estimate\u00C2\u00A0overdispersion\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0used\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0median\u00C2\u00A0\u00DC\u00BF\u00CC\u0082\u00C2\u00A0procedure\u00C2\u00A0(White\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Burnham\u00C2\u00A01999)\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0test\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0goodness\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0fit\u00C2\u00A0(GOF)\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0our\u00C2\u00A0global\u00C2\u00A0model\u00C2\u00A0(\u00CE\u00A6population*line\u00C2\u00A0ppopulation*line,\u00C2\u00A0where\u00C2\u00A0line\u00C2\u00A0 =acoustic\u00C2\u00A0detection\u00C2\u00A0site)\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0then\u00C2\u00A0corrected\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0overdispersion\u00C2\u00A0across\u00C2\u00A0all\u00C2\u00A0candidate\u00C2\u00A0models.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Survival\u00C2\u00A0probabilities\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0both\u00C2\u00A0years\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0estimated\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0detection\u00C2\u00A0sites\u00C2\u00A0within\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0detection\u00C2\u00A0site\u00C2\u00A0adjacent\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Willapa\u00C2\u00A0Bay.\u00C2\u00A0Smolts\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0detected\u00C2\u00A0 north\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Willapa\u00C2\u00A0Bay\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0Lippy\u00C2\u00A0Point\u00C2\u00A0(both\u00C2\u00A0populations)\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0Alaska\u00C2\u00A0(Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0only,\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0both\u00C2\u00A0 31\u00C2\u00A0 years);\u00C2\u00A0however,\u00C2\u00A0it\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0possible\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0estimate\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Lippy\u00C2\u00A0Point\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0CJS\u00C2\u00A0model\u00C2\u00A0due\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0small\u00C2\u00A0sample\u00C2\u00A0size\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Alaska\u00C2\u00A0detection\u00C2\u00A0line.\u00C2\u00A0Therefore,\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0order\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0examine\u00C2\u00A0medium\u00C2\u00A0term\u00C2\u00A0 tag\u00C2\u00A0effects,\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0present\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0percent\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0detected\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0Lippy\u00C2\u00A0Point,\u00C2\u00A0which\u00C2\u00A0represents\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 minimum\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0migrating\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0likely\u00C2\u00A0underestimates\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0site.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Because\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0low\u00C2\u00A0number\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0detected\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0Vancouver\u00C2\u00A0Island\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Alaska,\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0included\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0 our\u00C2\u00A0models\u00C2\u00A0two\u00C2\u00A0additional\u00C2\u00A0treatment\u00C2\u00A0groups\u00C2\u00A0(each\u00C2\u00A0N=100)\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0 from\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0NFH,\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0same\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0(V9\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006,\u00C2\u00A0V7\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02008),\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0 released\u00C2\u00A0below\u00C2\u00A0Bonneville\u00C2\u00A0Dam\u00C2\u00A0during\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0seaward\u00C2\u00A0migration,\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0order\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0better\u00C2\u00A0quantify\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0detection\u00C2\u00A0probability\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Willapa\u00C2\u00A0Bay\u00C2\u00A0detection\u00C2\u00A0line,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0thus,\u00C2\u00A0reduce\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0uncertainty\u00C2\u00A0 around\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0estimates.\u00C2\u00A0(These\u00C2\u00A0two\u00C2\u00A0additional\u00C2\u00A0treatment\u00C2\u00A0groups\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0used\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0our\u00C2\u00A0 transportation\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0study\u00C2\u00A0which\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0reported\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0Chapter\u00C2\u00A05.)\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0estimate\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 transported\u00C2\u00A0group\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0modeled\u00C2\u00A0independently\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0IR\u00C2\u00A0treatment\u00C2\u00A0groups.\u00C2\u00A0Recapture\u00C2\u00A0 parameters\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0modeled\u00C2\u00A0independently\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0each\u00C2\u00A0treatment\u00C2\u00A0group\u00C2\u00A0except\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0Willapa\u00C2\u00A0Bay\u00C2\u00A0 where\u00C2\u00A0all\u00C2\u00A0treatment\u00C2\u00A0groups\u00C2\u00A0(Yakima,\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0IR\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0transported\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0smolts)\u00C2\u00A0 were\u00C2\u00A0pooled.\u00C2\u00A0 To\u00C2\u00A0test\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0hypothesis\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0smaller\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0lower\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0due\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0burden,\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0followed\u00C2\u00A0 a\u00C2\u00A0similar\u00C2\u00A0procedure\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0described\u00C2\u00A0above,\u00C2\u00A0except\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0modeled\u00C2\u00A0each\u00C2\u00A0population\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0 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Criterion\u00C2\u00A0(AIC)\u00C2\u00A0values\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0rank\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0performance\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0models.\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A0general,\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0model\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 lowest\u00C2\u00A0AIC\u00C2\u00A0value\u00C2\u00A0(which\u00C2\u00A0accounts\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0number\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0model\u00C2\u00A0parameters,\u00C2\u00A0npars)\u00C2\u00A0has\u00C2\u00A0more\u00C2\u00A0support\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0data,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0if\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0\u00CE\u0094AIC\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0other\u00C2\u00A0candidate\u00C2\u00A0models\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0greater\u00C2\u00A0than\u00C2\u00A02,\u00C2\u00A0then\u00C2\u00A0these\u00C2\u00A0models\u00C2\u00A0 (i.e.,\u00C2\u00A0hypotheses)\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0little\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0no\u00C2\u00A0support.\u00C2\u00A0If\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0additive\u00C2\u00A0model\u00C2\u00A0has\u00C2\u00A0more\u00C2\u00A0support\u00C2\u00A0given\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 data\u00C2\u00A0(i.e.,\u00C2\u00A0\u00CE\u0094AIC\u00C2\u00A0<2)\u00C2\u00A0then\u00C2\u00A0there\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0evidence\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0FL\u00C2\u00A0had\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0constant\u00C2\u00A0additive\u00C2\u00A0effect\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0 each\u00C2\u00A0detection\u00C2\u00A0site.\u00C2\u00A0If\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0interaction\u00C2\u00A0model\u00C2\u00A0has\u00C2\u00A0more\u00C2\u00A0support\u00C2\u00A0then\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0effect\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0FL\u00C2\u00A0varies\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0 each\u00C2\u00A0detection\u00C2\u00A0site.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 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tags\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A02008,\u00C2\u00A0respectively.\u00C2\u00A0Passive\u00C2\u00A0integrated\u00C2\u00A0transponder\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0 were\u00C2\u00A0released\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0NFH\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0estimated\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0several\u00C2\u00A0dams\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0lower\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0rivers\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0far\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0Bonneville\u00C2\u00A0Dam\u00C2\u00A0(577\u00C2\u00A0km).\u00C2\u00A0Acoustic\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0released\u00C2\u00A0 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for\u00C2\u00A0both\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0(23\u00C2\u00A0weeks)\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0(5\u00C2\u00A0weeks;\u00C2\u00A0Figure\u00C2\u00A02.4).\u00C2\u00A0 2.3.1.2 Captive\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0 9\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0DATs.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Approximately\u00C2\u00A0one\u00C2\u00A0month\u00C2\u00A0into\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0study,\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0treated\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0 chloramine\u00E2\u0080\u0090T\u00C2\u00A0due\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0Ichthyophthirius\u00C2\u00A0spp.\u00C2\u00A0(\u00E2\u0080\u009Cich\u00E2\u0080\u009D)\u00C2\u00A0outbreak\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0Kooskia\u00C2\u00A0NFH.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0death\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A012\u00C2\u00A0 DAT\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0eight\u00C2\u00A0PIT\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0attributed\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0ich\u00C2\u00A0and/or\u00C2\u00A0treatment.\u00C2\u00A0Following\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 ich\u00C2\u00A0outbreak\u00C2\u00A0only\u00C2\u00A0one\u00C2\u00A0DAT\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0two\u00C2\u00A0PIT\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0died\u00C2\u00A0during\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0remainder\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 study\u00C2\u00A0(a\u00C2\u00A0total\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0170\u00C2\u00A0days).\u00C2\u00A0Total\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0DAT\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A087%,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0excluding\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 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greater\u00C2\u00A0than\u00C2\u00A0DAT\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0(Table\u00C2\u00A02.4b;\u00C2\u00A0Figure\u00C2\u00A02.3).\u00C2\u00A0As\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0limited\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0smaller\u00C2\u00A0 individuals,\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0function\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0initial\u00C2\u00A0FL\u00C2\u00A0(Wald\u00C2\u00A0X2=\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u00900.309,\u00C2\u00A0df\u00C2\u00A0=\u00C2\u00A099,\u00C2\u00A0p\u00C2\u00A0=\u00C2\u00A00.757,\u00C2\u00A0Figure\u00C2\u00A0 2.2).\u00C2\u00A0Mortality\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0some\u00C2\u00A0DAT\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0may\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0attributed\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0suture\u00C2\u00A0wound.\u00C2\u00A0 7\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0DATs.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Survival\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0PIT\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0DAT\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0100%\u00C2\u00A0up\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0day\u00C2\u00A0 108\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0study.\u00C2\u00A0On\u00C2\u00A0day\u00C2\u00A0108,\u00C2\u00A0one\u00C2\u00A0PIT\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0found\u00C2\u00A0dead\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0no\u00C2\u00A0obvious\u00C2\u00A0cause\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 mortality.\u00C2\u00A0On\u00C2\u00A0day\u00C2\u00A0159,\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0dead\u00C2\u00A0DAT\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0found\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0fresh\u00C2\u00A0water\u00C2\u00A0fungus\u00C2\u00A0Saprolignia\u00C2\u00A0spp.\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0following\u00C2\u00A0days,\u00C2\u00A0four\u00C2\u00A0PIT\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0four\u00C2\u00A0DAT\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0succumbed\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0fungus.\u00C2\u00A0At\u00C2\u00A0 that\u00C2\u00A0point\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0terminated\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0study\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0it\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0obvious\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0fungus\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0spreading\u00C2\u00A0 throughout\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0tank\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0study\u00C2\u00A0results\u00C2\u00A0would\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0compromised.\u00C2\u00A0Prior\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 35\u00C2\u00A0 occurrence\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0fungus\u00C2\u00A0(day\u00C2\u00A0159),\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0100%\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0DAT\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A099%\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0PIT\u00C2\u00A0 tagged\u00C2\u00A0fish.\u00C2\u00A0Had\u00C2\u00A0these\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0had\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0opportunity\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0migrate\u00C2\u00A0they\u00C2\u00A0would\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0reached\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0several\u00C2\u00A0weeks\u00C2\u00A0(median\u00C2\u00A0day\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0arrival\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0IR\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A035\u00C2\u00A0days),\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0thus\u00C2\u00A0would\u00C2\u00A0 likely\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0been\u00C2\u00A0affected\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0freshwater\u00C2\u00A0pathogen.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Survival\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0day\u00C2\u00A031\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A098%\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0DAT\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0100%\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0PIT\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0fish.\u00C2\u00A0 From\u00C2\u00A0day\u00C2\u00A032\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0day\u00C2\u00A037,\u00C2\u00A0nine\u00C2\u00A0DAT\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0four\u00C2\u00A0PIT\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0died.\u00C2\u00A0Although\u00C2\u00A0more\u00C2\u00A0DAT\u00C2\u00A0 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1.075,\u00C2\u00A0df\u00C2\u00A0=\u00C2\u00A099,\u00C2\u00A0p\u00C2\u00A0=\u00C2\u00A00.283;\u00C2\u00A0Figure\u00C2\u00A02.2),\u00C2\u00A0therefore\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0limited\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0smaller\u00C2\u00A0individuals.\u00C2\u00A0 2.3.1.3 Growth\u00C2\u00A0 9\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0DATs.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0initial\u00C2\u00A0mean\u00C2\u00A0fork\u00C2\u00A0length\u00C2\u00A0(mm)\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0weight\u00C2\u00A0(g)\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0PIT\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A09\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0DAT\u00C2\u00A0 tagged\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0significantly\u00C2\u00A0different\u00C2\u00A0(Table\u00C2\u00A02.4c,d,\u00C2\u00A0Figure\u00C2\u00A02.6).\u00C2\u00A0At\u00C2\u00A0five\u00C2\u00A0weeks\u00C2\u00A0 post\u00E2\u0080\u0090surgery\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0mean\u00C2\u00A0fork\u00C2\u00A0length\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0mean\u00C2\u00A0weight\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0PIT\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0significantly\u00C2\u00A0 greater\u00C2\u00A0than\u00C2\u00A0DAT\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0fish.\u00C2\u00A0At\u00C2\u00A011\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A024\u00C2\u00A0weeks\u00C2\u00A0post\u00E2\u0080\u0090surgery\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0mean\u00C2\u00A0fork\u00C2\u00A0length\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0weight\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0PIT\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0remained\u00C2\u00A0significantly\u00C2\u00A0greater\u00C2\u00A0than\u00C2\u00A0DAT\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0fish.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 The\u00C2\u00A0specific\u00C2\u00A0growth\u00C2\u00A0rates\u00C2\u00A0(%\u00C2\u00A0weight/week\u00C2\u00A0)\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0PIT\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0significantly\u00C2\u00A0greater\u00C2\u00A0 than\u00C2\u00A0DAT\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0week\u00C2\u00A00\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0week\u00C2\u00A05\u00C2\u00A0when\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0accounted\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0initial\u00C2\u00A0fork\u00C2\u00A0length\u00C2\u00A0(Table\u00C2\u00A0 2.4e).\u00C2\u00A0During\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0initial\u00C2\u00A0five\u00C2\u00A0week\u00C2\u00A0period\u00C2\u00A0PIT\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0grew\u00C2\u00A02.2%/week\u00C2\u00A0more\u00C2\u00A0than\u00C2\u00A0DAT\u00C2\u00A0 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back\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0growth\u00C2\u00A0(due\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0DAT\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0surgery,\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0cumulative\u00C2\u00A0effects\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0both)\u00C2\u00A0occurred\u00C2\u00A0 within\u00C2\u00A0five\u00C2\u00A0weeks\u00C2\u00A0post\u00E2\u0080\u0090surgery.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 The\u00C2\u00A0initial\u00C2\u00A0mean\u00C2\u00A0fork\u00C2\u00A0length\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0weight\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0PIT\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0DAT\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0 not\u00C2\u00A0significantly\u00C2\u00A0different;\u00C2\u00A0however,\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0week\u00C2\u00A06\u00C2\u00A0PIT\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0significantly\u00C2\u00A0larger\u00C2\u00A0than\u00C2\u00A0DAT\u00C2\u00A0 tagged\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0(Table\u00C2\u00A02.4c,\u00C2\u00A0d,\u00C2\u00A0Figure\u00C2\u00A02.6).\u00C2\u00A0At\u00C2\u00A0week\u00C2\u00A012\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0difference\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0still\u00C2\u00A0significant.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 The\u00C2\u00A0specific\u00C2\u00A0growth\u00C2\u00A0rates\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0PIT\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0significantly\u00C2\u00A0greater\u00C2\u00A0than\u00C2\u00A0DAT\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0 smolts\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0week\u00C2\u00A00\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0week\u00C2\u00A06\u00C2\u00A0when\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0accounted\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0initial\u00C2\u00A0fork\u00C2\u00A0length\u00C2\u00A0(Table\u00C2\u00A02.4e).\u00C2\u00A0During\u00C2\u00A0 36\u00C2\u00A0 this\u00C2\u00A0initial\u00C2\u00A0six\u00C2\u00A0week\u00C2\u00A0period,\u00C2\u00A0PIT\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0grew\u00C2\u00A01.3%/week\u00C2\u00A0more\u00C2\u00A0than\u00C2\u00A0DAT\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0fish.\u00C2\u00A0From\u00C2\u00A0 week\u00C2\u00A0six\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0final\u00C2\u00A0week\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0study\u00C2\u00A0(week\u00C2\u00A012),\u00C2\u00A0PIT\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0grew\u00C2\u00A00.58%/week\u00C2\u00A0more\u00C2\u00A0than\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0DAT\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0fish;\u00C2\u00A0however,\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0significant\u00C2\u00A0difference\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0two\u00C2\u00A0treatment\u00C2\u00A0 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7\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0DATs.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0initial\u00C2\u00A0mean\u00C2\u00A0fork\u00C2\u00A0length\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0weight\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0PIT\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A07\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0DAT\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0 Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0significantly\u00C2\u00A0different\u00C2\u00A0(Table\u00C2\u00A02.4c,\u00C2\u00A0d,\u00C2\u00A0Figure\u00C2\u00A02.7).\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0mean\u00C2\u00A0fork\u00C2\u00A0 length\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0weight\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0PIT\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0seven\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A023\u00C2\u00A0weeks\u00C2\u00A0post\u00E2\u0080\u0090surgery\u00C2\u00A0also\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0 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survivorship\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0parentheses\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0inform\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0interpretation.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0We\u00C2\u00A0found\u00C2\u00A0no\u00C2\u00A0difference\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0estimated\u00C2\u00A0 survival\u00C2\u00A0rate\u00C2\u00A0(p>0.05;\u00C2\u00A0Figure\u00C2\u00A02.8)\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A0acoustically\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Pacific\u00C2\u00A0Ocean\u00C2\u00A0 (survivorship\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Willapa\u00C2\u00A0Bay,\u00C2\u00A0911\u00C2\u00A0km\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0site,\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A027.5%,\u00C2\u00A0SE=6.9%)\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0PIT\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0 smolts\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Bonneville\u00C2\u00A0Dam\u00C2\u00A0(survivorship\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0release,\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0distance\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0577\u00C2\u00A0km,\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A040.8%,\u00C2\u00A0 SE=6.1%).\u00C2\u00A0Due\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0limitations\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0could\u00C2\u00A0only\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0>140\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0FL\u00C2\u00A0(i.e.,\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0could\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0entire\u00C2\u00A0size\u00C2\u00A0range)\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0our\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0dates\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0during\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0latter\u00C2\u00A0part\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0 salmon\u00C2\u00A0migration.\u00C2\u00A0Further,\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0released\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0Kooskia\u00C2\u00A0Hatchery\u00C2\u00A060\u00C2\u00A0km\u00C2\u00A0 upstream\u00C2\u00A0(purely\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0logistical\u00C2\u00A0reasons);\u00C2\u00A0however,\u00C2\u00A0comparing\u00C2\u00A0results\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0two\u00C2\u00A0studies\u00C2\u00A0 provided\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0second\u00C2\u00A0approach\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0assessing\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0reasonableness\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0our\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0estimates\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0 assessing\u00C2\u00A0whether\u00C2\u00A0our\u00C2\u00A0acoustically\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0had\u00C2\u00A0lower\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0than\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 PIT\u00C2\u00A0tags,\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0much\u00C2\u00A0smaller\u00C2\u00A0tag.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 PIT\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0estimates\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0released\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0Cle\u00C2\u00A0Elum\u00C2\u00A0 Hatchery\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0recaptured\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0CJFM\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0Prosser,\u00C2\u00A0WA,\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0available\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0McNary\u00C2\u00A0Dam\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0John\u00C2\u00A0Day\u00C2\u00A0 Dam\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0lower\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River.\u00C2\u00A0Although\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0PIT\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0could\u00C2\u00A0only\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0estimated\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0far\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0John\u00C2\u00A0Day\u00C2\u00A0Dam\u00C2\u00A0(survivorship\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0John\u00C2\u00A0Day,\u00C2\u00A0268\u00C2\u00A0km\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0site,\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A051.8%,\u00C2\u00A0 SE=\u00C2\u00A04.3%,)\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0estimated\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0rate\u00C2\u00A0calculated\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0estimates\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0entire\u00C2\u00A0 lower\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0into\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0(survivorship\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Willapa\u00C2\u00A0Bay,\u00C2\u00A0655\u00C2\u00A0km\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0release,\u00C2\u00A0 was\u00C2\u00A027.9%,\u00C2\u00A0SE=7.0%,)\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0consistent\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0estimated\u00C2\u00A0PIT\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0rate\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0John\u00C2\u00A0Day\u00C2\u00A0Dam\u00C2\u00A0 (p>0.05;\u00C2\u00A0Figure\u00C2\u00A02.8).\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 7\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0transmitter.\u00C2\u00A0We\u00C2\u00A0compared\u00C2\u00A0our\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0 estimates\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0river\u00C2\u00A0mouth\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Willapa\u00C2\u00A0Bay\u00C2\u00A0(survivorship\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Willapa\u00C2\u00A0Bay\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A011.8%,\u00C2\u00A0 SE=2.1%)\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0NOAA\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0PIT\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0estimates\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0river\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0far\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0Bonneville\u00C2\u00A0Dam\u00C2\u00A0 (survivorship\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Bonneville\u00C2\u00A0Dam\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A029.7%,\u00C2\u00A0SE=5.0%)\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02008\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0found\u00C2\u00A0no\u00C2\u00A0difference\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0 40\u00C2\u00A0 estimated\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0rate\u00C2\u00A0(p>0.05;\u00C2\u00A0Figure\u00C2\u00A02.8).\u00C2\u00A0Because\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0used\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0smaller\u00C2\u00A07\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0 able\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0small\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0130\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0FL,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0able\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0 approximately\u00C2\u00A0one\u00C2\u00A0week\u00C2\u00A0earlier\u00C2\u00A0than\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006.\u00C2\u00A0Therefore\u00C2\u00A0our\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0dates\u00C2\u00A0coincided\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 peak\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0run\u00C2\u00A0but\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0still\u00C2\u00A0several\u00C2\u00A0weeks\u00C2\u00A0after\u00C2\u00A0NOAA\u00C2\u00A0PIT\u00C2\u00A0 tagged\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0released\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0NFH.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 PIT\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0estimates\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0available\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0 McNary\u00C2\u00A0Dam\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0John\u00C2\u00A0Day\u00C2\u00A0Dam\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02008.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0estimated\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0rate\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0John\u00C2\u00A0Day\u00C2\u00A0 Dam\u00C2\u00A0(survivorship\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A066.7%,\u00C2\u00A0SE=5.5%)\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0significantly\u00C2\u00A0different\u00C2\u00A0than\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0estimated\u00C2\u00A0 survival\u00C2\u00A0rate\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0 Willapa\u00C2\u00A0Bay\u00C2\u00A0(survivorship\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Willapa\u00C2\u00A0Bay\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A017.3%,\u00C2\u00A0SE=\u00C2\u00A02.6%;\u00C2\u00A0 p>0.05;\u00C2\u00A0Figure\u00C2\u00A02.8).\u00C2\u00A0 2.3.2.4 Survival\u00C2\u00A0estimates\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0IR\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0corrected\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0loss\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0captive\u00C2\u00A0 studies\u00C2\u00A0 How\u00C2\u00A0much\u00C2\u00A0does\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0loss\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0due\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0surgical\u00C2\u00A0procedure\u00C2\u00A0affect\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0 estimates\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0IR\u00C2\u00A0smolts?\u00C2\u00A0All\u00C2\u00A0estimates\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0K\u00C2\u00A0(live,\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0animals\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0captive\u00C2\u00A0study)\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0>98%\u00C2\u00A0 at\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0time\u00C2\u00A0when\u00C2\u00A0migrating\u00C2\u00A0IR\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0would\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0passed\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Willapa\u00C2\u00A0Bay\u00C2\u00A0detection\u00C2\u00A0line.\u00C2\u00A0K\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0 greater\u00C2\u00A0than\u00C2\u00A0>97%\u00C2\u00A0when\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0migrated\u00C2\u00A0passed\u00C2\u00A0Lippy\u00C2\u00A0Point\u00C2\u00A0(in\u00C2\u00A02006\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A02008),\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 85%\u00C2\u00A0when\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0passed\u00C2\u00A0Lippy\u00C2\u00A0Point\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006\u00C2\u00A0(in\u00C2\u00A02008\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0study\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0only\u00C2\u00A0 held\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0five\u00C2\u00A0weeks\u00C2\u00A0which\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0insufficient\u00C2\u00A0time\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0estimates\u00C2\u00A0K\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Lippy\u00C2\u00A0Point).\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A0general,\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 difference\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A0adjusted\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0unadjusted\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0estimates\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0negligible\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0well\u00C2\u00A0within\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 95%\u00C2\u00A0confidence\u00C2\u00A0interval\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0unadjusted\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0estimates\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0both\u00C2\u00A0populations\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0both\u00C2\u00A0years\u00C2\u00A0 (Figure\u00C2\u00A02.11).\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0had\u00C2\u00A0zero\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0loss\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0captivity\u00C2\u00A0within\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0first\u00C2\u00A0 month\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A02008,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0thus\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0survivorship\u00C2\u00A0estimates\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Willapa\u00C2\u00A0Bay\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0altered\u00C2\u00A0 (28.5%\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006,\u00C2\u00A011.8%\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02008).\u00C2\u00A0Beyond\u00C2\u00A0one\u00C2\u00A0month\u00C2\u00A0there\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0minor\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0loss\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 captive\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0therefore\u00C2\u00A0minimum\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0migrating\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0would\u00C2\u00A0 increase\u00C2\u00A02%,\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A01.49\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A01.52%\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Lippy\u00C2\u00A0Point\u00C2\u00A0detections\u00C2\u00A0site.\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A02008\u00C2\u00A0there\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0no\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0loss\u00C2\u00A0 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Yakima\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006,\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0minimum\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0free\u00C2\u00A0ranging\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Lippy\u00C2\u00A0Point\u00C2\u00A0would\u00C2\u00A0only\u00C2\u00A0 increase\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A00.7%\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A00.8%\u00C2\u00A0(we\u00C2\u00A0could\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0assess\u00C2\u00A0medium\u00C2\u00A0term\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0loss\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0 2008).\u00C2\u00A0 2.4 Discussion\u00C2\u00A0 Overall,\u00C2\u00A0short\u00C2\u00A0term\u00C2\u00A0(<1\u00C2\u00A0month)\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0loss\u00C2\u00A0following\u00C2\u00A0surgical\u00C2\u00A0implantation\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0 minimal\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A09\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0dummy\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0transmitters\u00C2\u00A0implanted\u00C2\u00A0into\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0089\u00A5140\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0FL\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 weighing\u00C2\u00A05.2\u00E2\u0080\u009010.4%\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0body\u00C2\u00A0weight.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0short\u00C2\u00A0term\u00C2\u00A0effects\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0smaller\u00C2\u00A07\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0transmitter\u00C2\u00A0 on\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0retention\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0negligible\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0089\u00A5130\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0FL\u00C2\u00A0implanted\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A07\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0 dummy\u00C2\u00A0transmitters,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0weighing\u00C2\u00A02.8\u00E2\u0080\u00907.6%\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0weight\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0fish.\u00C2\u00A0Therefore,\u00C2\u00A0estimates\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 survival\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0migrating\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0over\u00C2\u00A0long\u00C2\u00A0distances\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0up\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0one\u00C2\u00A0month\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0reasonable\u00C2\u00A0within\u00C2\u00A0 these\u00C2\u00A0size\u00C2\u00A0limitations.\u00C2\u00A0 Medium\u00C2\u00A0term\u00C2\u00A0(30\u00E2\u0080\u009090\u00C2\u00A0d)\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0loss\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0minimal\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0 with\u00C2\u00A0both\u00C2\u00A0transmitter\u00C2\u00A0sizes.\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A09\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0transmitters\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0more\u00C2\u00A0 susceptible\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0medium\u00C2\u00A0term\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0loss,\u00C2\u00A0but\u00C2\u00A0nearly\u00C2\u00A0three\u00C2\u00A0months\u00C2\u00A0post\u00E2\u0080\u0090implantation\u00C2\u00A084%\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 tags\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0still\u00C2\u00A0retained.\u00C2\u00A0We\u00C2\u00A0believe\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A016%\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0loss\u00C2\u00A0may\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0been\u00C2\u00A0due\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0sutures\u00C2\u00A0 tearing\u00C2\u00A0through\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0skin,\u00C2\u00A0leaving\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0large\u00C2\u00A0open\u00C2\u00A0wound\u00C2\u00A0through\u00C2\u00A0which\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0transmitter\u00C2\u00A0could\u00C2\u00A0 escape.\u00C2\u00A0While\u00C2\u00A0conducting\u00C2\u00A0surgeries\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0noticed\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0skin\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0musculature\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0body\u00C2\u00A0wall\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0much\u00C2\u00A0thinner\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0more\u00C2\u00A0delicate\u00C2\u00A0than\u00C2\u00A0what\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0observed\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0more\u00C2\u00A0 robust\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0population,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0may\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0made\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0more\u00C2\u00A0susceptible\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0chafing\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 sutures.\u00C2\u00A0Further,\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0noted\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A060%\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0DAT\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0had\u00C2\u00A0one\u00C2\u00A0suture\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0had\u00C2\u00A0 either\u00C2\u00A0ripped\u00C2\u00A0out\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0visibly\u00C2\u00A0ripping\u00C2\u00A0through\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0skin\u00C2\u00A086\u00C2\u00A0days\u00C2\u00A0post\u00E2\u0080\u0090surgery.\u00C2\u00A0Tag\u00C2\u00A0loss\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 mortality,\u00C2\u00A0however,\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0function\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0size\u00C2\u00A0(i.e.,\u00C2\u00A0smaller\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0no\u00C2\u00A0more\u00C2\u00A0susceptible\u00C2\u00A0than\u00C2\u00A0 larger\u00C2\u00A0fish),\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0damage\u00C2\u00A0did\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0appear\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0caused\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0transmitter\u00C2\u00A0pushing\u00C2\u00A0against\u00C2\u00A0sutures\u00C2\u00A0 (see\u00C2\u00A0Figures\u00C2\u00A02.5\u00C2\u00A0b,\u00C2\u00A0c).\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 42\u00C2\u00A0 Water\u00C2\u00A0temperature\u00C2\u00A0may\u00C2\u00A0contribute\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0more\u00C2\u00A0fragile\u00C2\u00A0skin\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0smolts,\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0 Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0held\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0colder\u00C2\u00A0water\u00C2\u00A0than\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0showed\u00C2\u00A0only\u00C2\u00A0minor\u00C2\u00A0 medium\u00C2\u00A0term\u00C2\u00A0effects\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A09\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0tag.\u00C2\u00A0Both\u00C2\u00A0populations\u00C2\u00A0were,\u00C2\u00A0however,\u00C2\u00A0held\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0water\u00C2\u00A0 temperatures\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0comparable\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0their\u00C2\u00A0respective\u00C2\u00A0river\u00C2\u00A0temperatures;\u00C2\u00A0therefore\u00C2\u00A0it\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0 possible\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0population\u00C2\u00A0has\u00C2\u00A0inherently\u00C2\u00A0more\u00C2\u00A0delicate\u00C2\u00A0skin.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0It\u00C2\u00A0has\u00C2\u00A0been\u00C2\u00A0 demonstrated\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0implanted\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0transmitters\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0significantly\u00C2\u00A0higher\u00C2\u00A0occurrence\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0 loss\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0higher\u00C2\u00A0temperatures\u00C2\u00A0(Bunnell\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Isely\u00C2\u00A01999;\u00C2\u00A0Knights\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Lasee\u00C2\u00A01996).\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A0bluegills\u00C2\u00A0 Lepomis\u00C2\u00A0macrochirus,\u00C2\u00A0transmitters\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0expelled\u00C2\u00A0through\u00C2\u00A0necrotic\u00C2\u00A0muscle\u00C2\u00A0tissue\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0held\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0 20\u00C2\u00B0C\u00C2\u00A0(Knights\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Lasee\u00C2\u00A01996),\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0rainbow\u00C2\u00A0trout\u00C2\u00A0O.\u00C2\u00A0mykiss\u00C2\u00A0held\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0same\u00C2\u00A0temperature,\u00C2\u00A0 transmitters\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0expelled\u00C2\u00A0through\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0incision\u00C2\u00A0(Bunnell\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Isely\u00C2\u00A01999).\u00C2\u00A0There\u00C2\u00A0is,\u00C2\u00A0however,\u00C2\u00A0 contrasting\u00C2\u00A0evidence\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0held\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0warmer\u00C2\u00A0water\u00C2\u00A0heal\u00C2\u00A0faster\u00C2\u00A0after\u00C2\u00A0injury\u00C2\u00A0(Anderson\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 Roberts\u00C2\u00A01975).\u00C2\u00A0As\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0observed\u00C2\u00A0transmitter\u00C2\u00A0expulsion\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0torn\u00C2\u00A0suture\u00C2\u00A0site,\u00C2\u00A0it\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0difficult\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0 discern\u00C2\u00A0whether\u00C2\u00A0warmer\u00C2\u00A0temperatures\u00C2\u00A0caused\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0musculature\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0become\u00C2\u00A0more\u00C2\u00A0delicate\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 susceptible\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0chafing\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0sutures.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Ideally,\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0use\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0more\u00C2\u00A0rapidly\u00C2\u00A0dissolving\u00C2\u00A0suture\u00C2\u00A0would\u00C2\u00A0likely\u00C2\u00A0address\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0issue,\u00C2\u00A0but\u00C2\u00A0 commercially\u00C2\u00A0available\u00C2\u00A0absorbable\u00C2\u00A0sutures\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0designed\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0use\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0mammals.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A0mammals,\u00C2\u00A0 these\u00C2\u00A0sutures\u00C2\u00A0rapidly\u00C2\u00A0lose\u00C2\u00A0their\u00C2\u00A0strength;\u00C2\u00A0however,\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0sutures\u00C2\u00A0do\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0readily\u00C2\u00A0degrade\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0 held\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0cold\u00C2\u00A0water.\u00C2\u00A0Had\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0sutures\u00C2\u00A0degraded\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0desired,\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0tearing\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0observed\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0 River\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0would\u00C2\u00A0likely\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0occurred\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0loss\u00C2\u00A0would\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0been\u00C2\u00A0lower.\u00C2\u00A0This\u00C2\u00A0does\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0 appear\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0common\u00C2\u00A0problem\u00C2\u00A0among\u00C2\u00A0researchers\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0use\u00C2\u00A0surgical\u00C2\u00A0implantation\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0method\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0transmitter\u00C2\u00A0attachment\u00C2\u00A0(Wagner\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Cooke\u00C2\u00A02005).\u00C2\u00A0We\u00C2\u00A0suspect\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0wound\u00C2\u00A0caused\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0sutures\u00C2\u00A0may\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0also\u00C2\u00A0contributed\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0mortalities,\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0witnessed\u00C2\u00A0several\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 pyloric\u00C2\u00A0caeca\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0liver\u00C2\u00A0protruding\u00C2\u00A0through\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0wound.\u00C2\u00A0We\u00C2\u00A0also\u00C2\u00A0witnessed\u00C2\u00A0several\u00C2\u00A0live\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0 had\u00C2\u00A0lost\u00C2\u00A0transmitters\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0had\u00C2\u00A0well\u00C2\u00A0healed\u00C2\u00A0wounds\u00C2\u00A0where\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0transmitter\u00C2\u00A0exited;\u00C2\u00A0therefore,\u00C2\u00A0 transmitter\u00C2\u00A0expulsion\u00C2\u00A0did\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0always\u00C2\u00A0kill\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0fish.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 We\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0unable\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0assess\u00C2\u00A0medium\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0long\u00C2\u00A0term\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0effects\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A07\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0transmitter\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0 Yakima\u00C2\u00A0smolts,\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0study\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0inadvertently\u00C2\u00A0terminated\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0day\u00C2\u00A037.\u00C2\u00A0Although\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 tag\u00C2\u00A0retention\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0>98%\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0first\u00C2\u00A0month\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0study,\u00C2\u00A0nine\u00C2\u00A0DAT\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0four\u00C2\u00A0PIT\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0died\u00C2\u00A0 during\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0last\u00C2\u00A0week.\u00C2\u00A0Because\u00C2\u00A0PIT\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0also\u00C2\u00A0died\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0final\u00C2\u00A0days\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0study\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0hesitate\u00C2\u00A0 43\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0attribute\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0death\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0DAT\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0(in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0last\u00C2\u00A0five\u00C2\u00A0days)\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0transmitters\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 surgical\u00C2\u00A0procedure.\u00C2\u00A0On\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0final\u00C2\u00A0day\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0study,\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0also\u00C2\u00A0observed\u00C2\u00A0potential\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0expulsion.\u00C2\u00A0 Unlike\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A09\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0DAT,\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0expulsion\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A07\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0DAT\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0beginning\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0occur\u00C2\u00A0 at\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0location\u00C2\u00A0away\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0incision\u00C2\u00A0site\u00C2\u00A0(a\u00C2\u00A0pore\u00C2\u00A0had\u00C2\u00A0started\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0form\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0body\u00C2\u00A0wall).\u00C2\u00A0This\u00C2\u00A0 mechanism\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0expulsion\u00C2\u00A0has\u00C2\u00A0previously\u00C2\u00A0been\u00C2\u00A0reported\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0Lucas\u00C2\u00A0(1989),\u00C2\u00A0Moore\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A0(1990),\u00C2\u00A0 Welch\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A0(2007),\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0others\u00C2\u00A0(see\u00C2\u00A0Jepsen\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A02002).\u00C2\u00A0Unfortunately\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0unable\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0 quantify\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0loss\u00C2\u00A0through\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0body\u00C2\u00A0wall\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02008\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0compare\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A02006\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0study\u00C2\u00A0results.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Although\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0able\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0observe\u00C2\u00A0medium/long\u00C2\u00A0term\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0effects,\u00C2\u00A0there\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0support\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0 7\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0transmitters\u00C2\u00A0had\u00C2\u00A0less\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0effect\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0population\u00C2\u00A0than\u00C2\u00A09\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0 transmitters.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0For\u00C2\u00A0example,\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0mean\u00C2\u00A0FL\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0PIT\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A09\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0DAT\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0differed\u00C2\u00A0 significantly\u00C2\u00A0after\u00C2\u00A0six\u00C2\u00A0weeks,\u00C2\u00A0whereas\u00C2\u00A0mean\u00C2\u00A0FL\u00C2\u00A0five\u00C2\u00A0weeks\u00C2\u00A0post\u00E2\u0080\u0090implantation\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A07\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0 was\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0significantly\u00C2\u00A0different.\u00C2\u00A0Further\u00C2\u00A0evidence\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A07\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0transmitters\u00C2\u00A0had\u00C2\u00A0less\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0effect\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0 reflected\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0growth\u00C2\u00A0rates;\u00C2\u00A0during\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0first\u00C2\u00A0interval\u00C2\u00A0after\u00C2\u00A0tagging,\u00C2\u00A0PIT\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0grew\u00C2\u00A0 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rapidly\u00C2\u00A0down\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0river\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0across\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Willapa\u00C2\u00A0Bay\u00C2\u00A0line\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0day\u00C2\u00A030.\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0had\u00C2\u00A0farther\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0 travel\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0reach\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Willapa\u00C2\u00A0Bay\u00C2\u00A0line;\u00C2\u00A0however,\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0day\u00C2\u00A045\u00C2\u00A0most\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0had\u00C2\u00A0passed\u00C2\u00A0Willapa\u00C2\u00A0Bay\u00C2\u00A0(97%\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A02006\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A088%\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02008).\u00C2\u00A0 In\u00C2\u00A02006\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0day\u00C2\u00A060,\u00C2\u00A0all\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0had\u00C2\u00A0passed\u00C2\u00A0Lippy\u00C2\u00A0Point\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0northern\u00C2\u00A0Vancouver\u00C2\u00A0Island.\u00C2\u00A0 The\u00C2\u00A0proportion\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0live,\u00C2\u00A0tagged,\u00C2\u00A0captive\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A095%\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0day\u00C2\u00A045\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0day\u00C2\u00A060,\u00C2\u00A0indicating\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0only\u00C2\u00A0 5%\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0IR\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0may\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0been\u00C2\u00A0available\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0detection\u00C2\u00A0(combined\u00C2\u00A0smolt\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0loss)\u00C2\u00A0 45\u00C2\u00A0 at\u00C2\u00A0both\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0lines.\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A02008\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0day\u00C2\u00A070,\u00C2\u00A088%\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0had\u00C2\u00A0reached\u00C2\u00A0Lippy\u00C2\u00A0Point,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 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John\u00C2\u00A0Day\u00C2\u00A0Dam\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0smolts.\u00C2\u00A0Below\u00C2\u00A0Bonneville\u00C2\u00A0Dam,\u00C2\u00A0no\u00C2\u00A0comparison\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0PIT\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0 tagged\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0possible,\u00C2\u00A0but\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0smooth\u00C2\u00A0decline\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0obtained\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0tags\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0 46\u00C2\u00A0 distance\u00C2\u00A0downstream\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Bonneville\u00C2\u00A0Dam\u00C2\u00A0does\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0suggest\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0there\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0sudden\u00C2\u00A0decrease\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0 survival\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0acoustically\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0smolts.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Other\u00C2\u00A0means\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0quantifying\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0effects\u00C2\u00A0include\u00C2\u00A0measures\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0swimming\u00C2\u00A0performance,\u00C2\u00A0 predator\u00C2\u00A0avoidance,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0physiological\u00C2\u00A0indices.\u00C2\u00A0Swimming\u00C2\u00A0performance\u00C2\u00A0(critical\u00C2\u00A0swim\u00C2\u00A0speed,\u00C2\u00A0 Ucrit)\u00C2\u00A0has\u00C2\u00A0been\u00C2\u00A0tested\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0several\u00C2\u00A0species\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0salmonids\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0results\u00C2\u00A0indicate\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0juvenile\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0 tagged\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0transmitters\u00C2\u00A0(representing\u00C2\u00A0various\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0burdens)\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0capable\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0attaining\u00C2\u00A0 Ucrit\u00C2\u00A0values\u00C2\u00A0comparable\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0control\u00C2\u00A0groups\u00C2\u00A0(Moore\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A0(1990),\u00C2\u00A0species:\u00C2\u00A0Atlantic\u00C2\u00A0salmon,\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0 burden:\u00C2\u00A0~2.2%\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0weight;\u00C2\u00A0Brown\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A0(2006)\u00C2\u00A0fall\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon,\u00C2\u00A010.7%;\u00C2\u00A0Anglea\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A0 (2004)\u00C2\u00A0juvenile\u00C2\u00A0fall\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon,\u00C2\u00A06.7%;\u00C2\u00A0Chittenden\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A0(2009),\u00C2\u00A0coho\u00C2\u00A0O.\u00C2\u00A0kisutch,\u00C2\u00A08%).\u00C2\u00A0 Predator\u00C2\u00A0avoidance\u00C2\u00A0experiments\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0also\u00C2\u00A0conducted\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0Anglea\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A0(2004)\u00C2\u00A0which\u00C2\u00A0 demonstrated\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0juvenile\u00C2\u00A0fall\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0transmitters\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0exposed\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0adult\u00C2\u00A0rainbow\u00C2\u00A0trout\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0consumed\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0significantly\u00C2\u00A0higher\u00C2\u00A0proportions\u00C2\u00A0than\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 untagged\u00C2\u00A0control\u00C2\u00A0group.\u00C2\u00A0Adams\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A0(1998b),\u00C2\u00A0however,\u00C2\u00A0found\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0juvenile\u00C2\u00A0fall\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0similar\u00C2\u00A0size,\u00C2\u00A0implanted\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0radio\u00C2\u00A0transmitters\u00C2\u00A0resulting\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0similar\u00C2\u00A0body\u00C2\u00A0burden\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0weight,\u00C2\u00A0 were\u00C2\u00A0eaten\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0smallmouth\u00C2\u00A0bass\u00C2\u00A0Micropterus\u00C2\u00A0dolomieu\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0greater\u00C2\u00A0numbers.\u00C2\u00A0These\u00C2\u00A0contrasting\u00C2\u00A0 results\u00C2\u00A0could\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0due\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0different\u00C2\u00A0experimental\u00C2\u00A0design,\u00C2\u00A0different\u00C2\u00A0predators,\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0presence\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A031cm\u00C2\u00A0antenna\u00C2\u00A0trailing\u00C2\u00A0behind\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0radio\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0Adams\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A0(1998b),\u00C2\u00A0which\u00C2\u00A0may\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0 aided\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0prey\u00C2\u00A0detection\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0subsequent\u00C2\u00A0capture.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 To\u00C2\u00A0measure\u00C2\u00A0physiological\u00C2\u00A0response\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0surgery\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0presence,\u00C2\u00A0blood\u00C2\u00A0samples\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0control\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0often\u00C2\u00A0taken\u00C2\u00A0following\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0specified\u00C2\u00A0period\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0time\u00C2\u00A0(e.g.,\u00C2\u00A0soon\u00C2\u00A0after\u00C2\u00A0tagging\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0end\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0study)\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0post\u00E2\u0080\u0090exercise.\u00C2\u00A0Hematocrit\u00C2\u00A0level\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0common\u00C2\u00A0metric\u00C2\u00A0used\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0 evaluate\u00C2\u00A0stress\u00C2\u00A0response,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0several\u00C2\u00A0studies\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0shown\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0after\u00C2\u00A02\u00E2\u0080\u00903\u00C2\u00A0weeks\u00C2\u00A0hematocrit\u00C2\u00A0 levels\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0juvenile\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0within\u00C2\u00A0normal\u00C2\u00A0ranges\u00C2\u00A0found\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0salmonids\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0 comparable\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0control\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0(Chittenden\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A02009;\u00C2\u00A0Martinelli\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A01998;\u00C2\u00A0Moore\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A01990).\u00C2\u00A0As\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0these\u00C2\u00A0studies\u00C2\u00A0had\u00C2\u00A0similar\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0burdens\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0presented\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0study,\u00C2\u00A0 these\u00C2\u00A0earlier\u00C2\u00A0studies\u00C2\u00A0suggest\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0stress\u00C2\u00A0due\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0tagging\u00C2\u00A0may\u00C2\u00A0subside\u00C2\u00A0within\u00C2\u00A0several\u00C2\u00A0weeks\u00C2\u00A0after\u00C2\u00A0 surgery.\u00C2\u00A0 The\u00C2\u00A0use\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0different\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0tags\u00C2\u00A0represents\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0trade\u00E2\u0080\u0090off\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A0biological\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0technical\u00C2\u00A0 limitations\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0any\u00C2\u00A0telemetry\u00C2\u00A0system\u00C2\u00A0designed\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0study\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0movements\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0survival.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Generally\u00C2\u00A0 47\u00C2\u00A0 speaking,\u00C2\u00A0smaller\u00C2\u00A0tags\u00C2\u00A0impose\u00C2\u00A0less\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0burden\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0animal\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0they\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0implanted\u00C2\u00A0in,\u00C2\u00A0but\u00C2\u00A0 smaller\u00C2\u00A0tags\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0also\u00C2\u00A0harder\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0detect,\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0several\u00C2\u00A0reasons:\u00C2\u00A0(1)\u00C2\u00A0smaller\u00C2\u00A0transducers\u00C2\u00A0will\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0 efficiently\u00C2\u00A0convert\u00C2\u00A0electrical\u00C2\u00A0power\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0battery\u00C2\u00A0into\u00C2\u00A0sound\u00C2\u00A0waves\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0frequencies\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 primary\u00C2\u00A0interest\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0marine\u00C2\u00A0telemetry\u00C2\u00A0systems\u00C2\u00A0(as\u00C2\u00A0they\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0farther\u00C2\u00A0off\u00E2\u0080\u0090resonance),\u00C2\u00A0so\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 acoustic\u00C2\u00A0power\u00C2\u00A0output\u00C2\u00A0(loudness)\u00C2\u00A0will\u00C2\u00A0drop;\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0(2)\u00C2\u00A0smaller\u00C2\u00A0tags\u00C2\u00A0necessarily\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0smaller\u00C2\u00A0 batteries,\u00C2\u00A0which\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0means\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0lifespan\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0also\u00C2\u00A0reduced\u00C2\u00A0relative\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0what\u00C2\u00A0could\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0obtained\u00C2\u00A0 with\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0containing\u00C2\u00A0larger\u00C2\u00A0batteries,\u00C2\u00A0unless\u00C2\u00A0transmission\u00C2\u00A0frequency\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0reduced\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0compensate.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Reducing\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0size\u00C2\u00A0makes\u00C2\u00A0it\u00C2\u00A0harder\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0detect\u00C2\u00A0tags\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0also\u00C2\u00A0tags\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0detectable\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0 shorter\u00C2\u00A0period\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0time.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0To\u00C2\u00A0achieve\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0same\u00C2\u00A0probability\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0detecting\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0passage\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0 fish\u00C2\u00A0means\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0additional\u00C2\u00A0economic\u00C2\u00A0investments\u00C2\u00A0must\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0made\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0receivers\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0use\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0 constructing\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0individual\u00C2\u00A0sub\u00E2\u0080\u0090arrays\u00C2\u00A0forming\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0telemetry\u00C2\u00A0system\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0order\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0compensate\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0reduced\u00C2\u00A0signal\u00C2\u00A0strength\u00C2\u00A0(range)\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0tags.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Similarly,\u00C2\u00A0smaller\u00C2\u00A0tags\u00C2\u00A0place\u00C2\u00A0greater\u00C2\u00A0physical\u00C2\u00A0 limits\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0geographic\u00C2\u00A0range\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0migrating\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0can\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0successfully\u00C2\u00A0studied\u00C2\u00A0over.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Our\u00C2\u00A0current\u00C2\u00A0results\u00C2\u00A0indicate\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0dummy\u00C2\u00A0V7\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0V9\u00C2\u00A0Vemco\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0tags\u00C2\u00A0do\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0 substantial\u00C2\u00A0influence\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0rates\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0free\u00E2\u0080\u0090ranging\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0hatchery\u00E2\u0080\u0090reared\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0089\u00A5130\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0089\u00A5140\u00C2\u00A0mm,\u00C2\u00A0respectively,\u00C2\u00A0relative\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0other\u00C2\u00A0sources\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0mortality,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0these\u00C2\u00A0tags\u00C2\u00A0can\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0 used\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0studies\u00C2\u00A0potentially\u00C2\u00A0lasting\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0five\u00C2\u00A0months\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0more\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0duration.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Similar\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0trials\u00C2\u00A0 have\u00C2\u00A0shown\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0down\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0100\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0FL\u00C2\u00A0(Chittenden\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al\u00C2\u00A02008)\u00C2\u00A0can\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0 Vemco\u00C2\u00A0V6\u00E2\u0080\u0090sized\u00C2\u00A0tags;\u00C2\u00A0this,\u00C2\u00A0combined\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0our\u00C2\u00A0results,\u00C2\u00A0suggests\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0telemetry\u00C2\u00A0arrays\u00C2\u00A0capable\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 effectively\u00C2\u00A0measuring\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0now\u00C2\u00A0technically\u00C2\u00A0feasible\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0many\u00C2\u00A0stocks\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0species\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0wild\u00C2\u00A0Pacific\u00C2\u00A0salmon,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0just\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0hatchery\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0089\u00A5130\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0FL.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0However,\u00C2\u00A0consideration\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0increased\u00C2\u00A0cost\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0such\u00C2\u00A0systems\u00C2\u00A0means\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0researchers\u00C2\u00A0need\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0carefully\u00C2\u00A0design\u00C2\u00A0these\u00C2\u00A0 systems\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0order\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0make\u00C2\u00A0them\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0economical\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0possible.\u00C2\u00A0 In\u00C2\u00A0conclusion,\u00C2\u00A0tagging\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0measure\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0beyond\u00C2\u00A0rivers\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0into\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0 requires\u00C2\u00A0both\u00C2\u00A0successful\u00C2\u00A0surgical\u00C2\u00A0implantation\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0transmitters\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0medium\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0long\u00E2\u0080\u0090term\u00C2\u00A0(>1\u00C2\u00A0 month)\u00C2\u00A0retention\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0tags.\u00C2\u00A0A\u00C2\u00A0critical\u00C2\u00A0requirement\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0combined\u00C2\u00A0effect\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0surgery\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0 size\u00C2\u00A0does\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0affect\u00C2\u00A0growth\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0survival.\u00C2\u00A0We\u00C2\u00A0used\u00C2\u00A0multiple\u00C2\u00A0approaches\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0quantify\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0effect\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 tag\u00C2\u00A0implantation\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0smolts,\u00C2\u00A0including\u00C2\u00A0captive\u00C2\u00A0 smolt\u00C2\u00A0studies\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0hatcheries,\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0comparison\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0statistical\u00C2\u00A0fit\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0alternative\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0model\u00C2\u00A0 48\u00C2\u00A0 (FL\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0individual\u00C2\u00A0covariate)\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0free\u00E2\u0080\u0090ranging\u00C2\u00A0smolts,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0comparison\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0independent\u00C2\u00A0 survival\u00C2\u00A0estimates\u00C2\u00A0obtained\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0PIT\u00C2\u00A0tags.\u00C2\u00A0Overall,\u00C2\u00A0tagging\u00C2\u00A0effects\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0minimal\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0size\u00C2\u00A0 range\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0(7\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0tag:\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00EF\u0082\u00B3\u00C2\u00A0130\u00C2\u00A0mm;\u00C2\u00A09\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0tag:\u00C2\u00A0\u00EF\u0082\u00B3\u00C2\u00A0140\u00C2\u00A0mm).\u00C2\u00A0We\u00C2\u00A0also\u00C2\u00A0found\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0 different\u00C2\u00A0populations\u00C2\u00A0within\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0same\u00C2\u00A0river\u00C2\u00A0basin\u00C2\u00A0may\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0completely\u00C2\u00A0equal\u00C2\u00A0response\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0 tag\u00C2\u00A0implantation,\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0having\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0greater\u00C2\u00A0incidence\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0sutures\u00C2\u00A0tearing\u00C2\u00A0through\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0skin\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0subsequent\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0loss\u00C2\u00A0over\u00C2\u00A0time.\u00C2\u00A0Finally,\u00C2\u00A0adjusted\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0estimates\u00C2\u00A0(SK)\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0IR\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0reflect\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0loss\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0smolt\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0observed\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0captive\u00C2\u00A0populations\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0well\u00C2\u00A0within\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A095%\u00C2\u00A0 confidence\u00C2\u00A0intervals\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0unadjusted\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0estimates,\u00C2\u00A0indicating\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0these\u00C2\u00A0sources\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 uncertainty\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0likely\u00C2\u00A0very\u00C2\u00A0small\u00C2\u00A0relative\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0overall\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0measured.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Our\u00C2\u00A0results\u00C2\u00A0indicate\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0telemetry\u00C2\u00A0appears\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0reliable\u00C2\u00A0method\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0measuring\u00C2\u00A0 survival\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0free\u00E2\u0080\u0090ranging\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0testing\u00C2\u00A0alternative\u00C2\u00A0hypotheses\u00C2\u00A0concerning\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0cause\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 poor\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0some\u00C2\u00A0populations\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0originating\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0basin\u00C2\u00A0 (Schaller\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A01999).\u00C2\u00A0Measurement\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0smolt\u00C2\u00A0movement\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0over\u00C2\u00A0 periods\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0many\u00C2\u00A0months\u00C2\u00A0appears\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0quite\u00C2\u00A0feasible\u00C2\u00A0when\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0implanted\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A09\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0 transmitters\u00C2\u00A0<11.5%\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0body\u00C2\u00A0weight\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A07\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0transmitters\u00C2\u00A0<7.3%\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0body\u00C2\u00A0weight.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0While\u00C2\u00A0 movement\u00C2\u00A0measurements\u00C2\u00A0do\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0require\u00C2\u00A0precise\u00C2\u00A0estimation\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0proportion\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0 animals\u00C2\u00A0reaching\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0sub\u00E2\u0080\u0090array,\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0more\u00C2\u00A0demanding\u00C2\u00A0task\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0estimating\u00C2\u00A0smolt\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0over\u00C2\u00A0time\u00C2\u00A0 periods\u00C2\u00A0up\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0least\u00C2\u00A0three\u00C2\u00A0months\u00C2\u00A0post\u00E2\u0080\u0090surgery\u00C2\u00A0appears\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0feasible,\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0estimates\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 survival\u00C2\u00A0apparently\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0substantially\u00C2\u00A0compromised\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0tagging\u00E2\u0080\u0090induced\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0loss,\u00C2\u00A0 compared\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0smaller\u00C2\u00A0PIT\u00C2\u00A0tag.\u00C2\u00A0Future,\u00C2\u00A0long\u00E2\u0080\u0090term,\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0studies\u00C2\u00A0(>\u00C2\u00A0six\u00C2\u00A0months)\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0 intended\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0quantify\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0beyond\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0three\u00E2\u0080\u0090month\u00C2\u00A0time\u00C2\u00A0period\u00C2\u00A0should\u00C2\u00A0also\u00C2\u00A0include\u00C2\u00A0 long\u00E2\u0080\u0090term\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0retention\u00C2\u00A0studies\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0hatcheries\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0establish\u00C2\u00A0whether\u00C2\u00A0smolt\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0 retention\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0longer\u00C2\u00A0time\u00C2\u00A0scales\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0also\u00C2\u00A0feasible;\u00C2\u00A0recent\u00C2\u00A0work\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0coho\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0(Chittenden\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A0 2009)\u00C2\u00A0indicates\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0high\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0retention\u00C2\u00A0out\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0least\u00C2\u00A08\u00C2\u00A0months\u00C2\u00A0post\u00E2\u0080\u0090surgery\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0 feasible.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 49\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Figure\u00C2\u00A02.1.\u00C2\u00A0Pacific\u00C2\u00A0Ocean\u00C2\u00A0Shelf\u00C2\u00A0Tracking\u00C2\u00A0(POST)\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0array.\u00C2\u00A0Acoustic\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0 detected\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0Basin\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0sites\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0Willapa\u00C2\u00A0Bay,\u00C2\u00A0Lippy\u00C2\u00A0Point\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Graves\u00C2\u00A0 Harbor.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0inset\u00C2\u00A0shows\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0location\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0hatcheries\u00C2\u00A0(DNFH=Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0National\u00C2\u00A0Fish\u00C2\u00A0 Hatchery,\u00C2\u00A0CESRF=Cle\u00C2\u00A0Elum\u00C2\u00A0Supplementation\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Research\u00C2\u00A0Facility),\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0sites\u00C2\u00A0 (CJMF=Chandler\u00C2\u00A0Juvenile\u00C2\u00A0Monitoring\u00C2\u00A0Facility,\u00C2\u00A0KNFH=Kooskia\u00C2\u00A0National\u00C2\u00A0Fish\u00C2\u00A0Hatchery);\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0 detection\u00C2\u00A0sites\u00C2\u00A0(McG=McGowan\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0Channel\u00C2\u00A0(10\u00C2\u00A0km\u00C2\u00A0below\u00C2\u00A0Bonneville\u00C2\u00A0Dam),\u00C2\u00A0LaC=Lake\u00C2\u00A0Celilo\u00C2\u00A0(7\u00C2\u00A0 km\u00C2\u00A0below\u00C2\u00A0John\u00C2\u00A0Day\u00C2\u00A0Dam),\u00C2\u00A0LaW=Lake\u00C2\u00A0Wallula\u00C2\u00A0(10\u00C2\u00A0km\u00C2\u00A0below\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0confluence\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 Columbia\u00C2\u00A0rivers),\u00C2\u00A0LaB=Lake\u00C2\u00A0Bryan\u00C2\u00A0(14\u00C2\u00A0km\u00C2\u00A0below\u00C2\u00A0Lower\u00C2\u00A0Granite\u00C2\u00A0Dam);\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0dams\u00C2\u00A0 (BON=Bonneville,\u00C2\u00A0TDA=The\u00C2\u00A0Dalles,\u00C2\u00A0JDA=John\u00C2\u00A0Day,\u00C2\u00A0MCN=McNary,\u00C2\u00A0ICH=Ice\u00C2\u00A0Harbor,\u00C2\u00A0LMO=Lower\u00C2\u00A0 Monumental,\u00C2\u00A0LGO=Little\u00C2\u00A0Goose,\u00C2\u00A0LGR=Lower\u00C2\u00A0Granite)\u00C2\u00A0within\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Yakima,\u00C2\u00A0lower\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 Columbia\u00C2\u00A0rivers.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0continental\u00C2\u00A0shelf\u00C2\u00A0(depths\u00C2\u00A0<200\u00C2\u00A0m)\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0shaded.\u00C2\u00A0 50\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Figure\u00C2\u00A02.2.\u00C2\u00A0Size\u00C2\u00A0distribution\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0(red\u00C2\u00A0bars)\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0(blue\u00C2\u00A0bars)\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0 salmon\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A09\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A07\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0dummy\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0transmitters\u00C2\u00A0(2006\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A02008,\u00C2\u00A0 respectively),\u00C2\u00A0initial\u00C2\u00A0size\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0expelled\u00C2\u00A0tags\u00C2\u00A0(white\u00C2\u00A0bars),\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0initial\u00C2\u00A0size\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0 died\u00C2\u00A0during\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0study\u00C2\u00A0(black\u00C2\u00A0bars).\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0mortalities\u00C2\u00A0exclude\u00C2\u00A0deaths\u00C2\u00A0due\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009Cich\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0(a\u00C2\u00A0 freshwater\u00C2\u00A0parasite)\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0precocial\u00C2\u00A0male\u00C2\u00A0maturation\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02008.\u00C2\u00A0There\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0no\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0loss\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0 2008.\u00C2\u00A0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Fr eq ue nc y Fork length (mm) 9 mm 140- 144 145- 149 150- 154 154- 159 160- 164 165- 169 170- 174 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 7 mm Dworshak 130- 134 135- 139 140- 144 145- 149 150- 154 154- 159 Yakima 51\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Figure\u00C2\u00A02.3.\u00C2\u00A0Tag\u00C2\u00A0retention\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0 with\u00C2\u00A09\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0dummy\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0transmitters\u00C2\u00A0(solid\u00C2\u00A0lines)\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0passive\u00C2\u00A0integrated\u00C2\u00A0transponder\u00C2\u00A0tags\u00C2\u00A0 (dashed\u00C2\u00A0lines)\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0arrows\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0retention\u00C2\u00A0plots\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0reference\u00C2\u00A0points\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0indicate\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0mean\u00C2\u00A0day\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0arrival\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0migrants\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0each\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0detection\u00C2\u00A0lines.\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0 smolts\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0detected\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0Graves\u00C2\u00A0Harbor.\u00C2\u00A0Note\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0y\u00E2\u0080\u0090axis\u00C2\u00A0scale\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0plot\u00C2\u00A0does\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0 go\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0zero.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 60 80 100 Dworshak S ur vi va l ( % ) ich outbreak 0 20 40 60 80 100 0 40 80 120 160 Days in captivity Ta g re te nt io n (% ) M cG ow an 's C ha nn el W ill ap a Ba y Li pp y Po in t G ra ve s H ar bo r Yakima 9 mm 0 20 40 60 80 M cG ow an 's C ha nn el W ill ap a Ba y Li pp y Po in t 52\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Figure\u00C2\u00A02.4.\u00C2\u00A0Tag\u00C2\u00A0retention\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0 with\u00C2\u00A07\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0dummy\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0transmitters\u00C2\u00A0(solid\u00C2\u00A0lines)\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0passive\u00C2\u00A0integrated\u00C2\u00A0transponder\u00C2\u00A0tags\u00C2\u00A0 (dashed\u00C2\u00A0lines)\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02008.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0arrows\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0retention\u00C2\u00A0plots\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0reference\u00C2\u00A0points\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0indicate\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0mean\u00C2\u00A0day\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0arrival\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0migrants\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0each\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0detection\u00C2\u00A0lines.\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0 smolts\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0detected\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0Graves\u00C2\u00A0Harbor.\u00C2\u00A0Note\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0y\u00E2\u0080\u0090axis\u00C2\u00A0scale\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0plot\u00C2\u00A0does\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0 go\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0zero.\u00C2\u00A0 60 80 100 Dworshak S ur vi va l ( % ) 0 20 40 60 80 100 0 40 80 120 160 Days in captivity Ta g re te nt io n (% ) M cG ow an 's C ha nn el W ill ap a Ba y Li pp y Po in t G ra ve s H ar bo r Yakima 7 mm 0 10 20 30 40 50 M cG ow an 's C ha nn el W ill ap a Ba y Li pp y Po in t 53\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Figure\u00C2\u00A02.5.\u00C2\u00A0Post\u00E2\u0080\u0090surgery\u00C2\u00A0healing.\u00C2\u00A0a.\u00C2\u00A0Typical\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0smolt\u00C2\u00A011\u00C2\u00A0weeks\u00C2\u00A0 post\u00E2\u0080\u0090surgery\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0healed\u00C2\u00A0incision\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A09\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0dummy\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0transmitter\u00C2\u00A0(DAT)\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0sutures\u00C2\u00A0still\u00C2\u00A0 intact,\u00C2\u00A0b.\u00C2\u00A0After\u00C2\u00A012\u00C2\u00A0weeks\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0captivity,\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0implanted\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A09\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0DAT\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0 a\u00C2\u00A0completely\u00C2\u00A0healed\u00C2\u00A0incision,\u00C2\u00A0although\u00C2\u00A0sutures\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0dissolved\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0tearing\u00C2\u00A0through\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 skin\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0some\u00C2\u00A0fish,\u00C2\u00A0c.\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A012\u00C2\u00A0weeks\u00C2\u00A0post\u00E2\u0080\u0090surgery\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0sutures\u00C2\u00A0 torn\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0incision\u00C2\u00A0leaving\u00C2\u00A0wound\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A09\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0transmitter\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0exit.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0relatively\u00C2\u00A0delicate\u00C2\u00A0skin\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 Yakima\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0may\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0intrinsic\u00C2\u00A0trait;\u00C2\u00A0however,\u00C2\u00A0suture\u00C2\u00A0tearing\u00C2\u00A0may\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0attributed\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0 warmer\u00C2\u00A0water\u00C2\u00A0temperatures\u00C2\u00A0experienced\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0Prosser\u00C2\u00A0Hatchery.\u00C2\u00A0As\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0migrated\u00C2\u00A0into\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0only\u00C2\u00A0days\u00C2\u00A0after\u00C2\u00A0release,\u00C2\u00A0they\u00C2\u00A0would\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0experienced\u00C2\u00A0cooler\u00C2\u00A0water\u00C2\u00A0temperatures\u00C2\u00A0 within\u00C2\u00A0weeks\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0surgery.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0As\u00C2\u00A0well,\u00C2\u00A0it\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0likely\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0loss\u00C2\u00A0would\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0been\u00C2\u00A0minimal\u00C2\u00A0during\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 time\u00C2\u00A0when\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0migrated\u00C2\u00A0over\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0array\u00C2\u00A0(see\u00C2\u00A0Figure\u00C2\u00A03),\u00C2\u00A0d.\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0 implanted\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A07\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0DAT\u00C2\u00A0five\u00C2\u00A0weeks\u00C2\u00A0post\u00E2\u0080\u0090surgery;\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0forming\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0pore\u00C2\u00A0anterior\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 surgery\u00C2\u00A0site\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0which\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0potentially\u00C2\u00A0expel\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0transmitter.\u00C2\u00A0(Suture\u00C2\u00A0tearing\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0expulsion\u00C2\u00A0did\u00C2\u00A0 not\u00C2\u00A0occur\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0fish.)\u00C2\u00A0 a.\u00C2\u00A0 d.c.\u00C2\u00A0 b.\u00C2\u00A0 54\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Figure\u00C2\u00A02.6.\u00C2\u00A0Boxplots\u00C2\u00A0(median,\u00C2\u00A0quartiles,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A095%\u00C2\u00A0confidence\u00C2\u00A0interval)\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0fork\u00C2\u00A0length\u00C2\u00A0(FL)\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0 Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0(a)\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0(b)\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A09\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0dummy\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0 transmitters\u00C2\u00A0(DAT)\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0passive\u00C2\u00A0integrated\u00C2\u00A0transponder\u00C2\u00A0tags\u00C2\u00A0(Control)\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006.\u00C2\u00A0Asterisks\u00C2\u00A0indicate\u00C2\u00A0 a\u00C2\u00A0difference\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A00.05\u00C2\u00A0level\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0significance.\u00C2\u00A0Open\u00C2\u00A0circles\u00C2\u00A0represent\u00C2\u00A0precocious\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0 included\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0analysis.\u00C2\u00A0Boxplots\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0weight\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0shown,\u00C2\u00A0but\u00C2\u00A0see\u00C2\u00A0Table\u00C2\u00A02.4d.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Figure\u00C2\u00A02.7.\u00C2\u00A0Boxplots\u00C2\u00A0(median,\u00C2\u00A0quartiles,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A095%\u00C2\u00A0confidence\u00C2\u00A0interval)\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0fork\u00C2\u00A0length\u00C2\u00A0(FL)\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0 Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0(a)\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0(b)\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A07\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0dummy\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0 transmitters\u00C2\u00A0(DAT)\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0passive\u00C2\u00A0integrated\u00C2\u00A0transponder\u00C2\u00A0tags\u00C2\u00A0(Control)\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02008.\u00C2\u00A0There\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0no\u00C2\u00A0 significant\u00C2\u00A0difference\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0FL\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0DAT\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0control\u00C2\u00A0groups\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0either\u00C2\u00A0population\u00C2\u00A0during\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0study.\u00C2\u00A0 The\u00C2\u00A0circle\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0(a)\u00C2\u00A0shows\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0FL\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0precocial\u00C2\u00A0males\u00C2\u00A0which\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0excluded\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0significance\u00C2\u00A0 test.\u00C2\u00A0Open\u00C2\u00A0circles\u00C2\u00A0represent\u00C2\u00A0precocious\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0included\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0analysis.\u00C2\u00A0Boxplots\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 weight\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0shown,\u00C2\u00A0but\u00C2\u00A0see\u00C2\u00A0Table\u00C2\u00A02.4d.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 FL (m m ) 140 170 200 230 260 * * * DAT Control a 0 5 11 24 Time post-surgery (weeks) FL (m m ) 140 160 180 200 220 * * DAT Control b 0 6 12 Time post-surgery (weeks) FL (m m ) 120 155 190 225 260 DAT Control a 0 7 23 Time post-surgery (weeks) FL (m m ) 120 135 150 165 180 DAT Control b 0 5 Time post-surgery (weeks) 55\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Figure\u00C2\u00A02.8.\u00C2\u00A0Survivorship\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A02008.\u00C2\u00A0 Survivorship\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0(grey\u00C2\u00A0circles,\u00C2\u00A0dashed\u00C2\u00A0line)\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0estimated\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0coastal\u00C2\u00A0 Washington\u00C2\u00A0(Willapa\u00C2\u00A0Bay).\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Survivorship\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0passive\u00C2\u00A0integrated\u00C2\u00A0transponder\u00C2\u00A0(PIT)\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0 (black\u00C2\u00A0squares,\u00C2\u00A0solid\u00C2\u00A0line)\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0estimated\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Bonneville\u00C2\u00A0Dam\u00C2\u00A0(Bon)\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0John\u00C2\u00A0Day\u00C2\u00A0(JD)\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0 Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0smolts,\u00C2\u00A0respectively.\u00C2\u00A0Survivorship\u00C2\u00A0curves\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0calculated\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0fitting\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0log\u00E2\u0080\u0090 transformed\u00C2\u00A0regression\u00C2\u00A0S(x)=e\u00E2\u0080\u0090bx,\u00C2\u00A0where\u00C2\u00A0x\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0distance\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0site.\u00C2\u00A0(PIT\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0 estimates\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0Steve\u00C2\u00A0Smith\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0NOAA/National\u00C2\u00A0Marine\u00C2\u00A0Fisheries\u00C2\u00A0 Service/Northwest\u00C2\u00A0Fisheries\u00C2\u00A0Science\u00C2\u00A0Center\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Faulkner\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A02008,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0PIT\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0 estimates\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0David\u00C2\u00A0Lind\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0Yakama\u00C2\u00A0Fisheries).\u00C2\u00A0IR\u00C2\u00A0=in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0treatment\u00C2\u00A0groups\u00C2\u00A0presented\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0 this\u00C2\u00A0study,\u00C2\u00A0McG=McGowan\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0Channel\u00C2\u00A0(10\u00C2\u00A0km\u00C2\u00A0downstream\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Bon),\u00C2\u00A0LaC=Lake\u00C2\u00A0Celilo\u00C2\u00A0(7\u00C2\u00A0km\u00C2\u00A0 downstream\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0JD).\u00C2\u00A0Error\u00C2\u00A0bars\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A095%\u00C2\u00A0confidence\u00C2\u00A0intervals.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 Dworshak SIR \u00EF\u0080\u00BD e\u00EF\u0080\u00A8\u00EF\u0080\u00AD0.0014x\u00EF\u0080\u00A9 SPIT \u00EF\u0080\u00BD e\u00EF\u0080\u00A8\u00EF\u0080\u00AD0.0016x\u00EF\u0080\u00A9 McG Bon Yakima 2006 SIR \u00EF\u0080\u00BD e\u00EF\u0080\u00A8\u00EF\u0080\u00AD0.0022x\u00EF\u0080\u00A9 SPIT \u00EF\u0080\u00BD e\u00EF\u0080\u00A8\u00EF\u0080\u00AD0.0024x\u00EF\u0080\u00A9 LaCJD 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0 200 400 600 800 1000 SIR \u00EF\u0080\u00BD e\u00EF\u0080\u00A8\u00EF\u0080\u00AD0.0019x\u00EF\u0080\u00A9 SPIT \u00EF\u0080\u00BD e\u00EF\u0080\u00A8\u00EF\u0080\u00AD0.0018x\u00EF\u0080\u00A9 McG Bon 0 200 400 600 800 1000 2008 SIR \u00EF\u0080\u00BD e\u00EF\u0080\u00A8\u00EF\u0080\u00AD0.002x\u00EF\u0080\u00A9 SPIT \u00EF\u0080\u00BD e\u00EF\u0080\u00A8\u00EF\u0080\u00AD0.0018x\u00EF\u0080\u00A9 LaCJD Distance from release site (km) S ur vi vo rs hi p 56\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Figure\u00C2\u00A02.9.\u00C2\u00A0Survival\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0size\u00C2\u00A0class\u00C2\u00A0(fork\u00C2\u00A0length)\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0migrating\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0(red)\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0 (blue)\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A09\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0transmitters.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0numbers\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0 above\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0bars\u00C2\u00A0indicate\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0estimated\u00C2\u00A0number\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0detected\u00C2\u00A0within\u00C2\u00A0each\u00C2\u00A0size\u00C2\u00A0class\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0each\u00C2\u00A0 detection\u00C2\u00A0site.\u00C2\u00A0LaB=Lake\u00C2\u00A0Bryan,\u00C2\u00A0LaW=Lake\u00C2\u00A0Wallula,\u00C2\u00A0LaC=Lake\u00C2\u00A0Celilo,\u00C2\u00A0McG=McGowan\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0Channel,\u00C2\u00A0 Wil=Willapa\u00C2\u00A0Bay.\u00C2\u00A0Error\u00C2\u00A0bars\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A095%\u00C2\u00A0confidence\u00C2\u00A0intervals.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 156 103 18 17 Size at Tagging (mm) Dworshak Yakima 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 117 80 16 15 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 75 55 12 13 S ur vi va l 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 66 46 10 10 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 44 24 7 5 140- 144 145- 149 150- 154 155+ LaB NA 6 39 102 84 41 LaW 5 29 74 53 22 LaC 1 22 54 42 17 McG 0 12 32 26 10 Wil 140- 144 145- 149 150- 154 155- 159 160+ 57\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Figure\u00C2\u00A02.10.\u00C2\u00A0Survival\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02008\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0size\u00C2\u00A0class\u00C2\u00A0(fork\u00C2\u00A0length)\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0migrating\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0(red)\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0 (blue)\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A07\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0transmitters.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0numbers\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0 above\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0bars\u00C2\u00A0indicate\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0estimated\u00C2\u00A0number\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0detected\u00C2\u00A0within\u00C2\u00A0each\u00C2\u00A0size\u00C2\u00A0class\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0each\u00C2\u00A0 detection\u00C2\u00A0site.\u00C2\u00A0LaB=Lake\u00C2\u00A0Bryan,\u00C2\u00A0LaW=Lake\u00C2\u00A0Wallula,\u00C2\u00A0LaC=Lake\u00C2\u00A0Celilo,\u00C2\u00A0McG=McGowan\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0Channel,\u00C2\u00A0 Ast=Astoria\u00C2\u00A0Bridge,\u00C2\u00A0Wil=Willapa\u00C2\u00A0Bay.\u00C2\u00A0Error\u00C2\u00A0bars\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A095%\u00C2\u00A0confidence\u00C2\u00A0intervals.\u00C2\u00A0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 25 44 45 49 55 62 S ur vi va l Size at Tagging (mm) Dworshak Yakima 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 16 27 31 35 36 48 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 10 15 23 23 22 32 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 9 13 21 18 15 29 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 8 13 21 18 15 29 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 2 4 7 9 4 11 130- 134 135- 139 140- 144 145- 149 150- 154 155- 159 LaB NA 49 77 75 59 16 LaW 32 53 45 43 6 LaC 26 47 35 36 3 McG 26 46 35 35 3 Ast 7 14 12 17 2 Wil 130- 134 135- 139 140- 144 145- 149 150- 154 58\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Figure\u00C2\u00A02.11.\u00C2\u00A0Proportion\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0animals\u00C2\u00A0available\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0detection\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0captive\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0study\u00C2\u00A0(K;\u00C2\u00A0 black\u00C2\u00A0circles),\u00C2\u00A0estimated\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0river\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A095%\u00C2\u00A0confidence\u00C2\u00A0intervals\u00C2\u00A0(red\u00C2\u00A0symbols),\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 estimated\u00C2\u00A0IR\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0corrected\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0effects\u00C2\u00A0(SK,\u00C2\u00A0larger,\u00C2\u00A0grey\u00C2\u00A0symbols).\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0correction\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0 potential\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0loss\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0result\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0surgical\u00C2\u00A0implantation\u00C2\u00A0had\u00C2\u00A0no\u00C2\u00A0material\u00C2\u00A0effect\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 measured\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0free\u00E2\u0080\u0090ranging\u00C2\u00A0smolts.\u00C2\u00A0Note\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0corrected\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0falls\u00C2\u00A0almost\u00C2\u00A0perfectly\u00C2\u00A0 on\u00C2\u00A0top\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0estimates.\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0097\u008B=Lake\u00C2\u00A0Bryan,\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0096\u00A1=Lake\u00C2\u00A0Wallula,\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0=Lake\u00C2\u00A0Celilo,\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0=\u00C2\u00A0McGowan\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0 Channel,\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0=Astoria\u00C2\u00A0Bridge,\u00C2\u00A0*\u00C2\u00A0=Willapa\u00C2\u00A0Bay,\u00C2\u00A0+\u00C2\u00A0=Lippy\u00C2\u00A0Point.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 * + * 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Dworshak * + * 0 10 20 30 40 50 Yakima 2006 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 * +* 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 ** + 0 10 20 30 40 50 2008 Median days from release site/days post surgery S ur vi va l 59\u00C2\u00A0 Table\u00C2\u00A02.1.\u00C2\u00A0Tagging\u00C2\u00A0summary\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0captive\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A09\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0 dummy\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0transmitters\u00C2\u00A0(DATs)\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A07\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0DATs\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02008.\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0 transferred\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0Kooskia\u00C2\u00A0National\u00C2\u00A0Fish\u00C2\u00A0Hatchery\u00C2\u00A0(NFH).\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A02006\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0study\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0 conducted\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0Kooskia\u00C2\u00A0NFH;\u00C2\u00A0however,\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02008\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0transferred\u00C2\u00A0back\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0 NFH\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0remainder\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0study.\u00C2\u00A0Cle\u00C2\u00A0Elum\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0captured\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Chandler\u00C2\u00A0Juvenile\u00C2\u00A0 Monitoring\u00C2\u00A0Facility\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0held\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0Prosser\u00C2\u00A0Hatchery.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0(FL=\u00C2\u00A0fork\u00C2\u00A0length,\u00C2\u00A0g=grams)\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 9\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0 Tributary\u00C2\u00A0 (Hatchery)\u00C2\u00A0 Study\u00C2\u00A0Site\u00C2\u00A0 Tag\u00C2\u00A0 Type\u00C2\u00A0 #\u00C2\u00A0 Tagged\u00C2\u00A0 Mean\u00C2\u00A0size\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0tagging\u00C2\u00A0 (mm\u00C2\u00A0FL;\u00C2\u00A0range)\u00C2\u00A0 Mean\u00C2\u00A0weight\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0 tagging\u00C2\u00A0(g;\u00C2\u00A0range)\u00C2\u00A0 Snake\u00C2\u00A0 (Dworshak)\u00C2\u00A0 Kooskia\u00C2\u00A0 NFH\u00C2\u00A0 DAT\u00C2\u00A0 100\u00C2\u00A0 154.5\u00C2\u00A0(142\u00E2\u0080\u0090169)\u00C2\u00A0 41.7\u00C2\u00A0(31.0\u00E2\u0080\u009057.5)\u00C2\u00A0 Snake\u00C2\u00A0 (Dworshak)\u00C2\u00A0 Kooskia\u00C2\u00A0 NFH\u00C2\u00A0 PIT\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0 100\u00C2\u00A0 154.8\u00C2\u00A0(140\u00E2\u0080\u0090168)\u00C2\u00A0 41.9\u00C2\u00A0(28.4\u00E2\u0080\u009060.2)\u00C2\u00A0 Yakima\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0(Cle\u00C2\u00A0Elum)\u00C2\u00A0 Prosser\u00C2\u00A0 Hatchery\u00C2\u00A0 DAT\u00C2\u00A0 100\u00C2\u00A0 154.8\u00C2\u00A0(143\u00E2\u0080\u0090174)\u00C2\u00A0 41.4\u00C2\u00A0(29.9\u00E2\u0080\u009059.6)\u00C2\u00A0 Yakima\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 (Cle\u00C2\u00A0Elum)\u00C2\u00A0 Prosser\u00C2\u00A0 Hatchery\u00C2\u00A0 PIT\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0 92\u00C2\u00A0 154.4\u00C2\u00A0(139\u00E2\u0080\u0090170)\u00C2\u00A0 40.7\u00C2\u00A0(23.7\u00E2\u0080\u009060.4)\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 7\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0 Tributary\u00C2\u00A0 (Hatchery)\u00C2\u00A0 Study\u00C2\u00A0Site\u00C2\u00A0 Tag\u00C2\u00A0 Type\u00C2\u00A0 #\u00C2\u00A0 Tagged\u00C2\u00A0 Mean\u00C2\u00A0size\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0tagging\u00C2\u00A0 (mm\u00C2\u00A0FL;\u00C2\u00A0range)\u00C2\u00A0 Mean\u00C2\u00A0weight\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0 tagging\u00C2\u00A0(g;\u00C2\u00A0range)\u00C2\u00A0 Snake\u00C2\u00A0 (Dworshak)\u00C2\u00A0 Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0 NFH\u00C2\u00A0 DAT\u00C2\u00A0 100\u00C2\u00A0 148.2\u00C2\u00A0(135\u00E2\u0080\u0090159)\u00C2\u00A0 39.1\u00C2\u00A0(25.8\u00E2\u0080\u009057.1)\u00C2\u00A0 Snake\u00C2\u00A0 (Dworshak)\u00C2\u00A0 Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0 NFH\u00C2\u00A0 PIT\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0 100\u00C2\u00A0 148.1\u00C2\u00A0(135\u00E2\u0080\u0090159)\u00C2\u00A0 38.2\u00C2\u00A0(25.5\u00E2\u0080\u009058.0)\u00C2\u00A0 Yakima\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 (Cle\u00C2\u00A0Elum)\u00C2\u00A0 Prosser\u00C2\u00A0 Hatchery\u00C2\u00A0 DAT\u00C2\u00A0 97\u00C2\u00A0 139.9\u00C2\u00A0(132\u00E2\u0080\u0090149)\u00C2\u00A0 27.3\u00C2\u00A0(21.1\u00E2\u0080\u009034.4)\u00C2\u00A0 Yakima\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 (Cle\u00C2\u00A0Elum)\u00C2\u00A0 Prosser\u00C2\u00A0 Hatchery\u00C2\u00A0 PIT\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0 100\u00C2\u00A0 140.2\u00C2\u00A0(131\u00E2\u0080\u0090154)\u00C2\u00A0 27.3\u00C2\u00A0(20.5\u00E2\u0080\u009035.4)\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 60\u00C2\u00A0 Table\u00C2\u00A02.2.\u00C2\u00A0Tagging\u00C2\u00A0summary\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0seaward\u00C2\u00A0migrating\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A09\u00C2\u00A0 mm\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0transmitters\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A07\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0transmitters\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02008.\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0 transferred\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0then\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0released\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0Kooskia\u00C2\u00A0National\u00C2\u00A0Fish\u00C2\u00A0Hatchery\u00C2\u00A0(NFH)\u00C2\u00A0(60\u00C2\u00A0km\u00C2\u00A0 upstream\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0NFH).\u00C2\u00A0Cle\u00C2\u00A0Elum\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0captured\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0released\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0Chandler\u00C2\u00A0Juvenile\u00C2\u00A0 Monitoring\u00C2\u00A0Facility\u00C2\u00A0(CJMF).\u00C2\u00A0(FL=\u00C2\u00A0fork\u00C2\u00A0length,\u00C2\u00A0g=grams)\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 9\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0 Tributary\u00C2\u00A0 (Hatchery)\u00C2\u00A0 Release\u00C2\u00A0 Date\u00C2\u00A0 #\u00C2\u00A0 Tagged\u00C2\u00A0 Mean\u00C2\u00A0size\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0tagging\u00C2\u00A0 (mm\u00C2\u00A0FL;\u00C2\u00A0range)\u00C2\u00A0 Mean\u00C2\u00A0weight\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0 tagging\u00C2\u00A0(g;\u00C2\u00A0range)\u00C2\u00A0 Release\u00C2\u00A0 Site\u00C2\u00A0 Snake\u00C2\u00A0 (Dworshak)\u00C2\u00A0 1\u00E2\u0080\u0090May\u00C2\u00A0 198\u00C2\u00A0 146.9\u00C2\u00A0(140\u00E2\u0080\u0090208)\u00C2\u00A0 35.2\u00C2\u00A0(26.9\u00E2\u0080\u0090117.5)\u00C2\u00A0 Kooskia\u00C2\u00A0 NFH\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Snake\u00C2\u00A0 (Dworshak)\u00C2\u00A0 8\u00E2\u0080\u0090May\u00C2\u00A0 198\u00C2\u00A0 145.6\u00C2\u00A0(140\u00E2\u0080\u0090192)\u00C2\u00A0 34.0\u00C2\u00A0(27.4\u00E2\u0080\u009083.7)\u00C2\u00A0 Kooskia\u00C2\u00A0 NFH\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Yakima\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 (Cle\u00C2\u00A0Elum)\u00C2\u00A0 30\u00E2\u0080\u0090May\u00C2\u00A0 199\u00C2\u00A0 154.5\u00C2\u00A0(140\u00E2\u0080\u0090173)\u00C2\u00A0 43.2\u00C2\u00A0(30.0\u00E2\u0080\u009064.2)\u00C2\u00A0 CJMF\u00C2\u00A0 Yakima\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 (Cle\u00C2\u00A0Elum)\u00C2\u00A0 6\u00E2\u0080\u0090Jun\u00C2\u00A0 199\u00C2\u00A0 154.5\u00C2\u00A0(140\u00E2\u0080\u0090168)\u00C2\u00A0 41.9(28.8\u00E2\u0080\u009059.2)\u00C2\u00A0 CJMF\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 7\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0 Tributary\u00C2\u00A0 (Hatchery)\u00C2\u00A0 Release\u00C2\u00A0 Date\u00C2\u00A0 #\u00C2\u00A0 Tagged\u00C2\u00A0 Mean\u00C2\u00A0size\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0tagging\u00C2\u00A0 (mm\u00C2\u00A0FL;\u00C2\u00A0range)\u00C2\u00A0 Mean\u00C2\u00A0weight\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0 tagging\u00C2\u00A0(g;\u00C2\u00A0range)\u00C2\u00A0 Release\u00C2\u00A0 Site\u00C2\u00A0 Snake\u00C2\u00A0 (Dworshak)\u00C2\u00A0 25\u00E2\u0080\u0090Apr\u00C2\u00A0 197\u00C2\u00A0 146.2\u00C2\u00A0(130\u00E2\u0080\u0090159)\u00C2\u00A0 37.5\u00C2\u00A0(23.3\u00E2\u0080\u009055.5)\u00C2\u00A0 Kooskia\u00C2\u00A0 NFH\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Snake\u00C2\u00A0 (Dworshak)\u00C2\u00A0 2\u00E2\u0080\u0090May\u00C2\u00A0 198\u00C2\u00A0 146.3\u00C2\u00A0(131\u00E2\u0080\u0090159)\u00C2\u00A0 37.3\u00C2\u00A0(23.9\u00E2\u0080\u009052.7)\u00C2\u00A0 Kooskia\u00C2\u00A0 NFH\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Yakima\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 (Cle\u00C2\u00A0Elum)\u00C2\u00A0 15\u00E2\u0080\u0090May\u00C2\u00A0 189\u00C2\u00A0 140.3\u00C2\u00A0(129\u00E2\u0080\u0090158)\u00C2\u00A0 28.1\u00C2\u00A0(22.0\u00E2\u0080\u009010.9)\u00C2\u00A0 CJMF\u00C2\u00A0 Yakima\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 (Cle\u00C2\u00A0Elum)\u00C2\u00A0 21\u00E2\u0080\u0090May\u00C2\u00A0 189\u00C2\u00A0 140.4\u00C2\u00A0(131\u00E2\u0080\u0090157)\u00C2\u00A0 28.1\u00C2\u00A0(22.1\u00E2\u0080\u009037.2)\u00C2\u00A0 CJMF\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 61\u00C2\u00A0 Table\u00C2\u00A02.3.\u00C2\u00A0Tag\u00C2\u00A0burden\u00C2\u00A0(%)\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0implanted\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A09\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A07\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0 dummy\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0transmitters\u00C2\u00A0(DAT)\u00C2\u00A0used\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0captive\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0effects\u00C2\u00A0studies,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A09\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A07\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0live\u00C2\u00A0 transmitters\u00C2\u00A0used\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0estimate\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0(IR)\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0estimates;\u00C2\u00A0mean\u00C2\u00A0(range).\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 9\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 7\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0 Tag\u00C2\u00A0Group\u00C2\u00A0 Tag\u00C2\u00A0weight\u00C2\u00A0:\u00C2\u00A0 Body\u00C2\u00A0weight\u00C2\u00A0 Tag\u00C2\u00A0length\u00C2\u00A0:\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Fork\u00C2\u00A0length\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Tag\u00C2\u00A0weight\u00C2\u00A0:\u00C2\u00A0 Body\u00C2\u00A0weight\u00C2\u00A0 Tag\u00C2\u00A0length\u00C2\u00A0:\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Fork\u00C2\u00A0length\u00C2\u00A0 Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0DAT\u00C2\u00A0 7.6\u00C2\u00A0(5.4\u00E2\u0080\u009010.0)\u00C2\u00A0 13.6\u00C2\u00A0(12.4\u00E2\u0080\u009014.8)\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 4.2\u00C2\u00A0(2.8\u00E2\u0080\u00906.2)\u00C2\u00A0 13.5\u00C2\u00A0(12.6\u00E2\u0080\u009014.8)\u00C2\u00A0 Yakima\u00C2\u00A0DAT\u00C2\u00A0 7.7\u00C2\u00A0(5.2\u00E2\u0080\u009010.4)\u00C2\u00A0 13.6\u00C2\u00A0(12.1\u00E2\u0080\u009014.7)\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 5.9\u00C2\u00A0(4.7\u00E2\u0080\u00907.6)\u00C2\u00A0 14.3\u00C2\u00A0(13.4\u00E2\u0080\u009015.2)\u00C2\u00A0 Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0IR\u00C2\u00A0 9.3\u00C2\u00A0(2.6\u00E2\u0080\u009011.5)\u00C2\u00A0 14.4\u00C2\u00A0(10.1\u00E2\u0080\u009015.0)\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 4.5\u00C2\u00A0(2.9\u00E2\u0080\u00906.9)\u00C2\u00A0 13.7\u00C2\u00A0(12.6\u00E2\u0080\u009015.4)\u00C2\u00A0 Yakima\u00C2\u00A0IR\u00C2\u00A0 7.4\u00C2\u00A0(4.8\u00E2\u0080\u009010.8)\u00C2\u00A0 13.6\u00C2\u00A0(12.1\u00E2\u0080\u009015.0)\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 5.8\u00C2\u00A0(3.9\u00E2\u0080\u00907.3)\u00C2\u00A0 14.3\u00C2\u00A0(12.7\u00E2\u0080\u009015.5)\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 62\u00C2\u00A0 Table\u00C2\u00A02.4.\u00C2\u00A0Summary\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0statistical\u00C2\u00A0analyses\u00C2\u00A0used\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0captive\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0study.\u00C2\u00A0Significant\u00C2\u00A0p\u00E2\u0080\u0090values\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0represented\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0bold\u00C2\u00A0type.\u00C2\u00A0Degrees\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 freedom\u00C2\u00A0(d.f.)\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0X2\u00C2\u00A0tests\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0retention\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0available\u00C2\u00A0(NA)\u00C2\u00A0because\u00C2\u00A0p\u00E2\u0080\u0090values\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0estimated\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0Monte\u00C2\u00A0 Carlo\u00C2\u00A0simulation\u00C2\u00A0when\u00C2\u00A0some\u00C2\u00A0cells\u00C2\u00A0contained\u00C2\u00A0fewer\u00C2\u00A0than\u00C2\u00A0five\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0points.\u00C2\u00A0DAT=dummy\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0tag,\u00C2\u00A0PIT=passive\u00C2\u00A0integrated\u00C2\u00A0 transponder\u00C2\u00A0tag.\u00C2\u00A0(*\u00C2\u00A0excludes\u00C2\u00A0precocial\u00C2\u00A0males)\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 a.\u00C2\u00A0Tag\u00C2\u00A0Retention\u00C2\u00A0 Tag\u00C2\u00A0Size\u00C2\u00A0 Population\u00C2\u00A0 Time\u00C2\u00A0since\u00C2\u00A0 Tagging\u00C2\u00A0 DAT\u00C2\u00A0 PIT\u00C2\u00A0 X 2\u00C2\u00A0 d.f.\u00C2\u00A0 p\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 9\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0 Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0 week\u00C2\u00A05\u00C2\u00A0 0.98\u00C2\u00A0 1\u00C2\u00A0 2.1\u00C2\u00A0 NA\u00C2\u00A0 0.25\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 week\u00C2\u00A011\u00C2\u00A0 0.97\u00C2\u00A0 1\u00C2\u00A0 3.2\u00C2\u00A0 NA\u00C2\u00A0 0.13\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 week\u00C2\u00A024\u00C2\u00A0 0.95\u00C2\u00A0 1\u00C2\u00A0 5.3\u00C2\u00A0 NA\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Yakima\u00C2\u00A0 week\u00C2\u00A06\u00C2\u00A0 0.91\u00C2\u00A0 1\u00C2\u00A0 7.5\u00C2\u00A0 NA\u00C2\u00A0 0.007\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 week\u00C2\u00A012\u00C2\u00A0 0.83\u00C2\u00A0 1\u00C2\u00A0 9\u00C2\u00A0 NA\u00C2\u00A0 0.002\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 7\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0 Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0 week\u00C2\u00A07\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0loss\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 week\u00C2\u00A023\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0loss\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Yakima\u00C2\u00A0 week\u00C2\u00A05\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0loss\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 b.\u00C2\u00A0Survival\u00C2\u00A0 Tag\u00C2\u00A0Size\u00C2\u00A0 Population\u00C2\u00A0 Time\u00C2\u00A0since\u00C2\u00A0 Tagging\u00C2\u00A0 DAT\u00C2\u00A0 PIT\u00C2\u00A0 X 2\u00C2\u00A0 d.f.\u00C2\u00A0 p\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 9\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0 Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0 week\u00C2\u00A05\u00C2\u00A0 0.88\u00C2\u00A0 0.93\u00C2\u00A0 1.5\u00C2\u00A0 NA\u00C2\u00A0 0.35\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 week\u00C2\u00A011\u00C2\u00A0 0.88\u00C2\u00A0 0.91\u00C2\u00A0 0.48\u00C2\u00A0 NA\u00C2\u00A0 0.64\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 week\u00C2\u00A024\u00C2\u00A0 0.87\u00C2\u00A0 0.90\u00C2\u00A0 0.44\u00C2\u00A0 NA\u00C2\u00A0 0.65\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Yakima\u00C2\u00A0 week\u00C2\u00A06\u00C2\u00A0 0.93\u00C2\u00A0 0.99\u00C2\u00A0 4.2\u00C2\u00A0 NA\u00C2\u00A0 0.07\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 week\u00C2\u00A012\u00C2\u00A0 0.84\u00C2\u00A0 0.96\u00C2\u00A0 8.8\u00C2\u00A0 NA\u00C2\u00A0 0.005\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 7\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0 Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0 week\u00C2\u00A07\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 week\u00C2\u00A023\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Yakima\u00C2\u00A0 week\u00C2\u00A05\u00C2\u00A0 0.89\u00C2\u00A0 0.96\u00C2\u00A0 3.8\u00C2\u00A0 NA\u00C2\u00A0 0.06\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 63\u00C2\u00A0 Table\u00C2\u00A02.4\u00C2\u00A0cont.\u00C2\u00A0Summary\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0statistical\u00C2\u00A0analyses\u00C2\u00A0used\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0captive\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0study.\u00C2\u00A0Significant\u00C2\u00A0p\u00E2\u0080\u0090values\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0represented\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0bold\u00C2\u00A0type.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 c.\u00C2\u00A0Fork\u00C2\u00A0Length\u00C2\u00A0(mm)\u00C2\u00A0 Tag\u00C2\u00A0Size\u00C2\u00A0 Population\u00C2\u00A0 Time\u00C2\u00A0since\u00C2\u00A0 Tagging\u00C2\u00A0 DAT\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 mean\u00C2\u00A0(SD)\u00C2\u00A0 PIT\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 mean\u00C2\u00A0(SD)\u00C2\u00A0 t\u00C2\u00A0 d.f.\u00C2\u00A0 p\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 9\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0 Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0 week\u00C2\u00A00\u00C2\u00A0 155.3\u00C2\u00A0(6.5)\u00C2\u00A0 155.2\u00C2\u00A0(5.6)\u00C2\u00A0 0.07\u00C2\u00A0 158\u00C2\u00A0 0.94\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 week\u00C2\u00A05\u00C2\u00A0 167.6\u00C2\u00A0(8.8)\u00C2\u00A0 173.8\u00C2\u00A0(7.8)\u00C2\u00A0 4.8\u00C2\u00A0 159\u00C2\u00A0 <0.001\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 week\u00C2\u00A011\u00C2\u00A0 182.1\u00C2\u00A0(11.4)\u00C2\u00A0 189.6\u00C2\u00A0(9.9)\u00C2\u00A0 4.6\u00C2\u00A0 157\u00C2\u00A0 <0.001\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 week\u00C2\u00A024\u00C2\u00A0 202.8\u00C2\u00A0(17.9)\u00C2\u00A0 212.9\u00C2\u00A0(14.7)\u00C2\u00A0 3.9\u00C2\u00A0 153\u00C2\u00A0 <0.001\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Yakima\u00C2\u00A0 week\u00C2\u00A00\u00C2\u00A0 154.6\u00C2\u00A0(5.9)\u00C2\u00A0 154.2\u00C2\u00A0(5.9)\u00C2\u00A0 0.41\u00C2\u00A0 147\u00C2\u00A0 0.68\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 week\u00C2\u00A06\u00C2\u00A0 163.5\u00C2\u00A0(7.5)\u00C2\u00A0 166\u00C2\u00A0(7.6)\u00C2\u00A0 2.2\u00C2\u00A0 148\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 week\u00C2\u00A012\u00C2\u00A0 174.2\u00C2\u00A0(7.8)\u00C2\u00A0 178.8\u00C2\u00A0(7.7)\u00C2\u00A0 3.7\u00C2\u00A0 148\u00C2\u00A0 <0.001\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 7\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0 Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0 week\u00C2\u00A00\u00C2\u00A0 148.3\u00C2\u00A0(5.8)\u00C2\u00A0 147.9\u00C2\u00A0(6.9)\u00C2\u00A0 0.33\u00C2\u00A0 195\u00C2\u00A0 0.74\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 week\u00C2\u00A07\u00C2\u00A0 165.1\u00C2\u00A0(6.3)\u00C2\u00A0 166.6\u00C2\u00A0(5.6)\u00C2\u00A0 1.7\u00C2\u00A0 192\u00C2\u00A0 0.08\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 week\u00C2\u00A023*\u00C2\u00A0 215.9\u00C2\u00A0(9.5)\u00C2\u00A0 217.3\u00C2\u00A0(8.9)\u00C2\u00A0 0.9\u00C2\u00A0 165\u00C2\u00A0 0.35\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 week\u00C2\u00A00\u00C2\u00A0 139.9\u00C2\u00A0(4.5)\u00C2\u00A0 139.9\u00C2\u00A0(4.7)\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 177\u00C2\u00A0 0.98\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Yakima\u00C2\u00A0 week\u00C2\u00A05\u00C2\u00A0 150.5\u00C2\u00A0(5.1)\u00C2\u00A0 151.2\u00C2\u00A0(5.3)\u00C2\u00A0 0.9\u00C2\u00A0 177\u00C2\u00A0 0.36\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 64\u00C2\u00A0 Table\u00C2\u00A02.4\u00C2\u00A0cont.\u00C2\u00A0Summary\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0statistical\u00C2\u00A0analyses\u00C2\u00A0used\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0captive\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0study.\u00C2\u00A0Significant\u00C2\u00A0p\u00E2\u0080\u0090values\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0represented\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0bold\u00C2\u00A0type.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 d.\u00C2\u00A0Weight\u00C2\u00A0(g)\u00C2\u00A0 Tag\u00C2\u00A0Size\u00C2\u00A0 Population\u00C2\u00A0 Time\u00C2\u00A0since\u00C2\u00A0 Tagging\u00C2\u00A0 DAT\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 mean\u00C2\u00A0(SD)\u00C2\u00A0 PIT\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 mean\u00C2\u00A0(SD)\u00C2\u00A0 t\u00C2\u00A0 d.f.\u00C2\u00A0 p\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 9\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0 Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0 week\u00C2\u00A00\u00C2\u00A0 42.2\u00C2\u00A0(6.4)\u00C2\u00A0 42.3\u00C2\u00A0(5.8)\u00C2\u00A0 0.1\u00C2\u00A0 161\u00C2\u00A0 0.91\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 week\u00C2\u00A05\u00C2\u00A0 59.7\u00C2\u00A0(13.2)\u00C2\u00A0 67.6\u00C2\u00A0(12.1)\u00C2\u00A0 4.1\u00C2\u00A0 161\u00C2\u00A0 <0.001\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 week\u00C2\u00A011\u00C2\u00A0 72.6\u00C2\u00A0(15.4)\u00C2\u00A0 81.2\u00C2\u00A0(14.2)\u00C2\u00A0 3.7\u00C2\u00A0 161\u00C2\u00A0 <0.001\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 week\u00C2\u00A024\u00C2\u00A0 93.6\u00C2\u00A0(23.9)\u00C2\u00A0 107.2\u00C2\u00A0(21.4) 3.8\u00C2\u00A0 160\u00C2\u00A0 <0.001\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Yakima\u00C2\u00A0 week\u00C2\u00A00\u00C2\u00A0 41.2\u00C2\u00A0(6.1)\u00C2\u00A0 40.5\u00C2\u00A0(5.9)\u00C2\u00A0 0.72\u00C2\u00A0 140\u00C2\u00A0 0.47\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 week\u00C2\u00A06\u00C2\u00A0 51.1\u00C2\u00A0(8.8)\u00C2\u00A0 54.4\u00C2\u00A0(8.0)\u00C2\u00A0 2.3\u00C2\u00A0 137\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 week\u00C2\u00A012\u00C2\u00A0 68.7\u00C2\u00A0(11.8)\u00C2\u00A0 75.2\u00C2\u00A0(11.1)\u00C2\u00A0 3.4\u00C2\u00A0 139\u00C2\u00A0 <0.001\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 7\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0 Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0 week\u00C2\u00A00\u00C2\u00A0 39.2\u00C2\u00A0(6.6)\u00C2\u00A0 38.1\u00C2\u00A0(6.8)\u00C2\u00A0 1.15\u00C2\u00A0 195\u00C2\u00A0 0.25\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 week\u00C2\u00A07\u00C2\u00A0 55.1\u00C2\u00A0(8.2)\u00C2\u00A0 55.6\u00C2\u00A0(8.3)\u00C2\u00A0 0.48\u00C2\u00A0 195\u00C2\u00A0 0.63\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 week\u00C2\u00A023*\u00C2\u00A0 114\u00C2\u00A0(18.4)\u00C2\u00A0 115.3\u00C2\u00A0(16.2) 0.53\u00C2\u00A0 165\u00C2\u00A0 0.59\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Yakima\u00C2\u00A0 week\u00C2\u00A00\u00C2\u00A0 27.4\u00C2\u00A0(2.9)\u00C2\u00A0 27.2\u00C2\u00A0(3.3)\u00C2\u00A0 0.52\u00C2\u00A0 178\u00C2\u00A0 0.60\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 week\u00C2\u00A05\u00C2\u00A0 37.6\u00C2\u00A0(4.6)\u00C2\u00A0 38.2\u00C2\u00A0(5.2)\u00C2\u00A0 0.84\u00C2\u00A0 178\u00C2\u00A0 0.40\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 65\u00C2\u00A0 Table\u00C2\u00A02.4\u00C2\u00A0cont.\u00C2\u00A0Summary\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0statistical\u00C2\u00A0analyses\u00C2\u00A0used\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0captive\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0study.\u00C2\u00A0Significant\u00C2\u00A0p\u00E2\u0080\u0090values\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0represented\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0bold\u00C2\u00A0type.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 e.\u00C2\u00A0Specific\u00C2\u00A0Growth\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Rate\u00C2\u00A0 (%\u00C2\u00A0g/week)\u00C2\u00A0 Tag\u00C2\u00A0Size\u00C2\u00A0 Population\u00C2\u00A0 Time\u00C2\u00A0 DAT\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 mean\u00C2\u00A0(SD)\u00C2\u00A0 PIT\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 mean\u00C2\u00A0(SD)\u00C2\u00A0 F\u00C2\u00A0 d.f.\u00C2\u00A0 p\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 9\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0 Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0 week\u00C2\u00A00\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0week\u00C2\u00A05\u00C2\u00A0 5.84\u00C2\u00A0(2.6)\u00C2\u00A0 8.12\u00C2\u00A0(2.2)\u00C2\u00A0 37.5\u00C2\u00A0 165\u00C2\u00A0 <0.001\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 week\u00C2\u00A05\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0week\u00C2\u00A0 11\u00C2\u00A0 3.28\u00C2\u00A0(1.7)\u00C2\u00A0 3.09\u00C2\u00A0(1.7)\u00C2\u00A0 0.19\u00C2\u00A0 165\u00C2\u00A0 0.65\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 week\u00C2\u00A011\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0week\u00C2\u00A0 24\u00C2\u00A0 1.85\u00C2\u00A0(1.2)\u00C2\u00A0 2.13\u00C2\u00A0(0.74)\u00C2\u00A0 0.028\u00C2\u00A0 165\u00C2\u00A0 0.86\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Yakima\u00C2\u00A0 week\u00C2\u00A00\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0week\u00C2\u00A06\u00C2\u00A0 3.33\u00C2\u00A0(0.91)\u00C2\u00A0 4.61\u00C2\u00A0(1.06)\u00C2\u00A0 62.3\u00C2\u00A0 144\u00C2\u00A0 <0.001\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 week\u00C2\u00A06\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0week\u00C2\u00A0 12\u00C2\u00A0 4.99\u00C2\u00A0(2.02)\u00C2\u00A0 5.48\u00C2\u00A0(1.62)\u00C2\u00A0 3.73\u00C2\u00A0 144\u00C2\u00A0 0.055\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 7\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0 Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0 week\u00C2\u00A00\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0week\u00C2\u00A07\u00C2\u00A0 4.87\u00C2\u00A0(1.2)\u00C2\u00A0 5.45\u00C2\u00A0(1.2)\u00C2\u00A0 13.19\u00C2\u00A0 169\u00C2\u00A0 <0.001\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 week\u00C2\u00A07\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0week\u00C2\u00A0 23*\u00C2\u00A0 4.59\u00C2\u00A0(0.91)\u00C2\u00A0 4.57\u00C2\u00A0(0.88)\u00C2\u00A0 0.16\u00C2\u00A0 169\u00C2\u00A0 0.69\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Yakima\u00C2\u00A0 week\u00C2\u00A00\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0week\u00C2\u00A05\u00C2\u00A0 6.16\u00C2\u00A0(1.3)\u00C2\u00A0 6.65\u00C2\u00A0(1.6)\u00C2\u00A0 4.81\u00C2\u00A0 178\u00C2\u00A0 0.029\u00C2\u00A0 66\u00C2\u00A0 Table\u00C2\u00A02.5.\u00C2\u00A0Model\u00C2\u00A0selection\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0fork\u00C2\u00A0length\u00C2\u00A0(FL)\u00C2\u00A0analyses\u00C2\u00A0using\u00C2\u00A0Akaike\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0Information\u00C2\u00A0Criterion\u00C2\u00A0 (AIC).\u00C2\u00A0QAICc=quasi\u00E2\u0080\u0090AIC\u00C2\u00A0corrected\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0overdispersion\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0effective\u00C2\u00A0sample\u00C2\u00A0size.\u00C2\u00A0\u00CE\u00A6=survival\u00C2\u00A0 probability,\u00C2\u00A0line=acoustic\u00C2\u00A0detection\u00C2\u00A0site.\u00C2\u00A0Recapture\u00C2\u00A0parameters\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0held\u00C2\u00A0constant\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0all\u00C2\u00A0 models\u00C2\u00A0(ppopulation*line).\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 2006\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Model\u00C2\u00A0 QAICc\u00C2\u00A0 \u00CE\u0094QAICc\u00C2\u00A0 Num.\u00C2\u00A0Par\u00C2\u00A0 QDeviance\u00C2\u00A0 Snake\u00C2\u00A0 \u00CE\u00A6line\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 592.37\u00C2\u00A0 0\u00C2\u00A0 11\u00C2\u00A0 570.14\u00C2\u00A0 \u00CE\u00A6line\u00C2\u00A0+\u00C2\u00A0FL\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 594.35\u00C2\u00A0 1.98\u00C2\u00A0 12\u00C2\u00A0 570.08\u00C2\u00A0 \u00CE\u00A6line\u00C2\u00A0*\u00C2\u00A0FL\u00C2\u00A0 600.97\u00C2\u00A0 6.62\u00C2\u00A0 17\u00C2\u00A0 566.44\u00C2\u00A0 Yakima\u00C2\u00A0 \u00CE\u00A6line\u00C2\u00A0 1281.24\u00C2\u00A0 0\u00C2\u00A0 9\u00C2\u00A0 1263.06\u00C2\u00A0 \u00CE\u00A6line\u00C2\u00A0+\u00C2\u00A0FL\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 1282.07\u00C2\u00A0 0.83\u00C2\u00A0 10\u00C2\u00A0 1261.85\u00C2\u00A0 \u00CE\u00A6line\u00C2\u00A0*\u00C2\u00A0FL\u00C2\u00A0 1282.71\u00C2\u00A0 0.65\u00C2\u00A0 14\u00C2\u00A0 1254.30\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 2008\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Model\u00C2\u00A0 AICc\u00C2\u00A0 \u00CE\u0094AICc\u00C2\u00A0 Num.\u00C2\u00A0Par\u00C2\u00A0 Deviance\u00C2\u00A0 Snake\u00C2\u00A0 \u00CE\u00A6line\u00C2\u00A0+\u00C2\u00A0FL\u00C2\u00A0 1765.71\u00C2\u00A0 0\u00C2\u00A0 14\u00C2\u00A0 1737.31\u00C2\u00A0 \u00CE\u00A6line\u00C2\u00A0 1769.53\u00C2\u00A0 3.82\u00C2\u00A0 13\u00C2\u00A0 1743.18\u00C2\u00A0 \u00CE\u00A6line\u00C2\u00A0*\u00C2\u00A0FL\u00C2\u00A0 1775.38\u00C2\u00A0 5.86\u00C2\u00A0 20\u00C2\u00A0 1734.59\u00C2\u00A0 Snake\u00C2\u00A0 (FL=130\u00E2\u0080\u0090 154)\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00CE\u00A6line\u00C2\u00A0 1381.77\u00C2\u00A0 0\u00C2\u00A0 13\u00C2\u00A0 1355.32\u00C2\u00A0 \u00CE\u00A6line\u00C2\u00A0+\u00C2\u00A0FL\u00C2\u00A0 1383.56\u00C2\u00A0 1.79\u00C2\u00A0 14\u00C2\u00A0 1355.05\u00C2\u00A0 \u00CE\u00A6line\u00C2\u00A0*\u00C2\u00A0FL\u00C2\u00A0 1388.66\u00C2\u00A0 5.10\u00C2\u00A0 20\u00C2\u00A0 1347.62\u00C2\u00A0 Yakima\u00C2\u00A0 \u00CE\u00A6line\u00C2\u00A0 1683.99\u00C2\u00A0 0\u00C2\u00A0 11\u00C2\u00A0 1661.70\u00C2\u00A0 \u00CE\u00A6line\u00C2\u00A0+\u00C2\u00A0FL\u00C2\u00A0 1685.12\u00C2\u00A0 1.13\u00C2\u00A0 12\u00C2\u00A0 1660.78\u00C2\u00A0 \u00CE\u00A6line\u00C2\u00A0*\u00C2\u00A0FL\u00C2\u00A0 1687.51\u00C2\u00A0 2.39\u00C2\u00A0 17\u00C2\u00A0 1652.84\u00C2\u00A0 67\u00C2\u00A0 2.5 References\u00C2\u00A0 Adams,\u00C2\u00A0N.S.,\u00C2\u00A0Rondorf,\u00C2\u00A0D.W.,\u00C2\u00A0Evans,\u00C2\u00A0S.D.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Kelly,\u00C2\u00A0J.E.\u00C2\u00A01998a.\u00C2\u00A0Effects\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0surgically\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 gastrically\u00C2\u00A0implanted\u00C2\u00A0radio\u00C2\u00A0transmitters\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0growth\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0feeding\u00C2\u00A0behavior\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0juvenile\u00C2\u00A0 Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon.\u00C2\u00A0Trans.\u00C2\u00A0Am.\u00C2\u00A0Fish.\u00C2\u00A0Soc.\u00C2\u00A0127(1):\u00C2\u00A0128\u00E2\u0080\u0090136.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Adams,\u00C2\u00A0N.S.,\u00C2\u00A0Rondorf,\u00C2\u00A0D.W.,\u00C2\u00A0Evans,\u00C2\u00A0S.D.,\u00C2\u00A0Kelly,\u00C2\u00A0J.E.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Perry,\u00C2\u00A0R.W.\u00C2\u00A01998b.\u00C2\u00A0Effects\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0surgically\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0gastrically\u00C2\u00A0implanted\u00C2\u00A0radio\u00C2\u00A0transmitters\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0swimming\u00C2\u00A0performance\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0predator\u00C2\u00A0 avoidance\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0juvenile\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0(Oncorhynchus\u00C2\u00A0tshawytscha).\u00C2\u00A0Can.\u00C2\u00A0J.\u00C2\u00A0Fish.\u00C2\u00A0Aquat.\u00C2\u00A0 Sci.\u00C2\u00A0/J.\u00C2\u00A0can.\u00C2\u00A0Sci.\u00C2\u00A0Halieut.\u00C2\u00A0Aquat.\u00C2\u00A055(4):\u00C2\u00A0781\u00E2\u0080\u0090787.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Anderson,\u00C2\u00A0C.D.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Roberts,\u00C2\u00A0R.J.\u00C2\u00A01975.\u00C2\u00A0Comparison\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Effects\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Temperature\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0Wound\u00E2\u0080\u0090 Healing\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0Tropical\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0Temperate\u00C2\u00A0Teleost.\u00C2\u00A0J.\u00C2\u00A0Fish\u00C2\u00A0Biol.\u00C2\u00A07(2):\u00C2\u00A0173\u00E2\u0080\u0090&.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Anglea,\u00C2\u00A0S.M.,\u00C2\u00A0Geist,\u00C2\u00A0D.R.,\u00C2\u00A0Brown,\u00C2\u00A0R.S.,\u00C2\u00A0Deters,\u00C2\u00A0K.A.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0McDonald,\u00C2\u00A0R.D.\u00C2\u00A02004.\u00C2\u00A0Effects\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0 transmitters\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0swimming\u00C2\u00A0performance\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0predator\u00C2\u00A0avoidance\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0juvenile\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0 salmon.\u00C2\u00A0N.\u00C2\u00A0Am.\u00C2\u00A0J.\u00C2\u00A0Fish.\u00C2\u00A0Manage.\u00C2\u00A024(1):\u00C2\u00A0162\u00E2\u0080\u0090170.\u00C2\u00A0doi:\u00C2\u00A010.1577/M03\u00E2\u0080\u0090065.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Bi,\u00C2\u00A0H.S.,\u00C2\u00A0Ruppel,\u00C2\u00A0R.E.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Peterson,\u00C2\u00A0W.T.\u00C2\u00A02007.\u00C2\u00A0Modeling\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0pelagic\u00C2\u00A0habitat\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0off\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 Pacific\u00C2\u00A0Northwest\u00C2\u00A0(USA)\u00C2\u00A0coast\u00C2\u00A0using\u00C2\u00A0logistic\u00C2\u00A0regression.\u00C2\u00A0Mar.\u00C2\u00A0Ecol.\u00C2\u00A0Prog.\u00C2\u00A0Ser.\u00C2\u00A0336:\u00C2\u00A0249\u00E2\u0080\u0090 265.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Brodeur,\u00C2\u00A0R.D.,\u00C2\u00A0Fisher,\u00C2\u00A0J.P.,\u00C2\u00A0Teel,\u00C2\u00A0D.J.,\u00C2\u00A0Emmett,\u00C2\u00A0R.L.,\u00C2\u00A0Casillas,\u00C2\u00A0E.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Miller,\u00C2\u00A0T.W.\u00C2\u00A02004.\u00C2\u00A0Juvenile\u00C2\u00A0 salmonid\u00C2\u00A0distribution,\u00C2\u00A0growth,\u00C2\u00A0condition,\u00C2\u00A0origin,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0environmental\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0species\u00C2\u00A0 associations\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Northern\u00C2\u00A0California\u00C2\u00A0Current.\u00C2\u00A0Fish.\u00C2\u00A0Bull.\u00C2\u00A0102(1):\u00C2\u00A025\u00E2\u0080\u009046.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Brown,\u00C2\u00A0R.S.,\u00C2\u00A0Geist,\u00C2\u00A0D.R.,\u00C2\u00A0Deters,\u00C2\u00A0K.A.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Grassell,\u00C2\u00A0A.\u00C2\u00A02006.\u00C2\u00A0Effects\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0surgically\u00C2\u00A0implanted\u00C2\u00A0 acoustic\u00C2\u00A0transmitters\u00C2\u00A0>2%\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0body\u00C2\u00A0mass\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0swimming\u00C2\u00A0performance,\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 growth\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0juvenile\u00C2\u00A0sockeye\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon.\u00C2\u00A0J.\u00C2\u00A0Fish\u00C2\u00A0Biol.\u00C2\u00A069(6):\u00C2\u00A01626\u00E2\u0080\u00901638.\u00C2\u00A0doi:\u00C2\u00A0 10.1111/j.1095\u00E2\u0080\u00908649.2006.01227.x.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Bunnell,\u00C2\u00A0D.B.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Isely,\u00C2\u00A0J.J.\u00C2\u00A01999.\u00C2\u00A0Influence\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0temperature\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0retention\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 simulated\u00C2\u00A0transmitters\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0rainbow\u00C2\u00A0trout.\u00C2\u00A0N.\u00C2\u00A0Am.\u00C2\u00A0J.\u00C2\u00A0Fish.\u00C2\u00A0Manage.\u00C2\u00A019(1):\u00C2\u00A0152\u00E2\u0080\u0090154.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Chittenden,\u00C2\u00A0C.M.,\u00C2\u00A0Sura,\u00C2\u00A0S.,\u00C2\u00A0Butterworth,\u00C2\u00A0K.G.,\u00C2\u00A0Cubitt,\u00C2\u00A0K.F.,\u00C2\u00A0Manel\u00E2\u0080\u0090La,\u00C2\u00A0N.P.,\u00C2\u00A0Balfry,\u00C2\u00A0S.,\u00C2\u00A0Okland,\u00C2\u00A0F.,\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0McKinley,\u00C2\u00A0R.S.\u00C2\u00A02008.\u00C2\u00A0Riverine,\u00C2\u00A0estuarine\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0marine\u00C2\u00A0migratory\u00C2\u00A0behaviour\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 physiology\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0wild\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0hatchery\u00E2\u0080\u0090reared\u00C2\u00A0coho\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0Oncorhynchus\u00C2\u00A0kisutch\u00C2\u00A0(Walbaum)\u00C2\u00A0 smolts\u00C2\u00A0descending\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Campbell\u00C2\u00A0River,\u00C2\u00A0BC,\u00C2\u00A0Canada.\u00C2\u00A0J.\u00C2\u00A0Fish\u00C2\u00A0Biol.\u00C2\u00A072(3):\u00C2\u00A0614\u00E2\u0080\u0090628.\u00C2\u00A0doi:\u00C2\u00A0 10.1111/j.1095\u00E2\u0080\u00908649.2007.01729.x.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Chittenden,\u00C2\u00A0C.M.,\u00C2\u00A0Butterworth,\u00C2\u00A0K.G.,\u00C2\u00A0Cubitt,\u00C2\u00A0K.F.,\u00C2\u00A0Jacobs,\u00C2\u00A0M.C.,\u00C2\u00A0Ladouceur,\u00C2\u00A0A.,\u00C2\u00A0Welch,\u00C2\u00A0D.W.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 McKinley,\u00C2\u00A0R.S.\u00C2\u00A02009.\u00C2\u00A0Maximum\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0body\u00C2\u00A0size\u00C2\u00A0ratios\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0endangered\u00C2\u00A0coho\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0 (O\u00E2\u0080\u0090kisutch)\u00C2\u00A0stock\u00C2\u00A0based\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0physiology\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0performance.\u00C2\u00A0Environ.\u00C2\u00A0Biol.\u00C2\u00A0Fishes.\u00C2\u00A084(1):\u00C2\u00A0 129\u00E2\u0080\u0090140.\u00C2\u00A0doi:\u00C2\u00A010.1007/s10641\u00E2\u0080\u0090008\u00E2\u0080\u00909396\u00E2\u0080\u00909.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Faulkner,\u00C2\u00A0J.R.,\u00C2\u00A0Smith,\u00C2\u00A0S.G.,\u00C2\u00A0Muir,\u00C2\u00A0W.D.,\u00C2\u00A0Marsh,\u00C2\u00A0D.M.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Williams,\u00C2\u00A0J.G.\u00C2\u00A02008.\u00C2\u00A0Survival\u00C2\u00A0Estimates\u00C2\u00A0 for\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Passage\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Spring\u00E2\u0080\u0090Migrating\u00C2\u00A0Juvenile\u00C2\u00A0Salmonids\u00C2\u00A0through\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0 River\u00C2\u00A0Dams\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Reservoirs,\u00C2\u00A02007.\u00C2\u00A0Contract\u00C2\u00A000036723\u00C2\u00A0Project\u00C2\u00A0199302900,\u00C2\u00A0.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 68\u00C2\u00A0 Faulkner,\u00C2\u00A0J.R.,\u00C2\u00A0Smith,\u00C2\u00A0S.G.,\u00C2\u00A0Muir,\u00C2\u00A0W.D.,\u00C2\u00A0Marsh,\u00C2\u00A0D.M.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Williams,\u00C2\u00A0J.G.\u00C2\u00A02007.\u00C2\u00A0Survival\u00C2\u00A0Estimates\u00C2\u00A0 for\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Passage\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Spring\u00E2\u0080\u0090Migrating\u00C2\u00A0Juvenile\u00C2\u00A0Salmonids\u00C2\u00A0through\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0 River\u00C2\u00A0Dams\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Reservoirs,\u00C2\u00A02006.\u00C2\u00A0Contract\u00C2\u00A000026472\u00C2\u00A0Project\u00C2\u00A0199302900,\u00C2\u00A0.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Fisher,\u00C2\u00A0J.P.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Pearcy,\u00C2\u00A0W.G.\u00C2\u00A01995.\u00C2\u00A0Distribution,\u00C2\u00A0migration,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0growth\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0juvenile\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0 salmon,\u00C2\u00A0Oncorhynchus\u00C2\u00A0tshawytscha,\u00C2\u00A0off\u00C2\u00A0Oregon\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Washington.\u00C2\u00A0Fish.\u00C2\u00A0Bull.\u00C2\u00A093(2):\u00C2\u00A0274\u00E2\u0080\u0090 289.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Heupel,\u00C2\u00A0M.R.,\u00C2\u00A0Semmens,\u00C2\u00A0J.M.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Hobday,\u00C2\u00A0A.J.\u00C2\u00A02006.\u00C2\u00A0Automated\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0tracking\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0aquatic\u00C2\u00A0 animals:\u00C2\u00A0scales,\u00C2\u00A0design\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0deployment\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0listening\u00C2\u00A0station\u00C2\u00A0arrays.\u00C2\u00A0Mar.\u00C2\u00A0Freshw.\u00C2\u00A0Res.\u00C2\u00A0 57(1):\u00C2\u00A01\u00E2\u0080\u009013.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Hockersmith,\u00C2\u00A0E.E.,\u00C2\u00A0Muir,\u00C2\u00A0W.D.,\u00C2\u00A0Smith,\u00C2\u00A0S.G.,\u00C2\u00A0Sandford,\u00C2\u00A0B.P.,\u00C2\u00A0Perry,\u00C2\u00A0R.W.,\u00C2\u00A0Adams,\u00C2\u00A0N.S.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 Rondorf,\u00C2\u00A0D.W.\u00C2\u00A02003.\u00C2\u00A0Comparison\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0migration\u00C2\u00A0rate\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A0radio\u00E2\u0080\u0090tagged\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0PIT\u00E2\u0080\u0090tagged\u00C2\u00A0migrant\u00C2\u00A0yearling\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0rivers.\u00C2\u00A0N.\u00C2\u00A0 Am.\u00C2\u00A0J.\u00C2\u00A0Fish.\u00C2\u00A0Manage.\u00C2\u00A023(2):\u00C2\u00A0404\u00E2\u0080\u0090413.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Independent\u00C2\u00A0Scientific\u00C2\u00A0Review\u00C2\u00A0Panel/Independent\u00C2\u00A0Scientific\u00C2\u00A0Advisory\u00C2\u00A0Board.\u00C2\u00A02009.\u00C2\u00A0Tagging\u00C2\u00A0 Report:\u00C2\u00A0A\u00C2\u00A0comprehensive\u00C2\u00A0review\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0Basin\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0tagging\u00C2\u00A0technologies\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 programs.\u00C2\u00A0ISRP/ISAB\u00C2\u00A02009\u00E2\u0080\u00901,\u00C2\u00A0Northwest\u00C2\u00A0Power\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Conservation\u00C2\u00A0Council,\u00C2\u00A0Portland,\u00C2\u00A0 Oregon,\u00C2\u00A0http://www.nwcouncil.org/library/isab/isabisrp2009\u00E2\u0080\u00901.htm.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Jepsen,\u00C2\u00A0N.,\u00C2\u00A0Koed,\u00C2\u00A0A.,\u00C2\u00A0Thorstad,\u00C2\u00A0E.B.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Baras,\u00C2\u00A0E.\u00C2\u00A02002.\u00C2\u00A0Surgical\u00C2\u00A0implantation\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0telemetry\u00C2\u00A0 transmitters\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0fish:\u00C2\u00A0how\u00C2\u00A0much\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0learned?\u00C2\u00A0Hydrobiologia.\u00C2\u00A0483(1\u00E2\u0080\u00903):\u00C2\u00A0239\u00E2\u0080\u0090248.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Knights,\u00C2\u00A0B.C.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Lasee,\u00C2\u00A0B.A.\u00C2\u00A01996.\u00C2\u00A0Effects\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0implanted\u00C2\u00A0transmitters\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0adult\u00C2\u00A0bluegills\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0two\u00C2\u00A0 temperatures.\u00C2\u00A0Trans.\u00C2\u00A0Am.\u00C2\u00A0Fish.\u00C2\u00A0Soc.\u00C2\u00A0125(3):\u00C2\u00A0440\u00E2\u0080\u0090449.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Lacroix,\u00C2\u00A0G.L.,\u00C2\u00A0McCurdy,\u00C2\u00A0P.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Knox,\u00C2\u00A0D.\u00C2\u00A02004a.\u00C2\u00A0Migration\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Atlantic\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0postsmolts\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0 relation\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0habitat\u00C2\u00A0use\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0coastal\u00C2\u00A0system.\u00C2\u00A0Trans.\u00C2\u00A0Am.\u00C2\u00A0Fish.\u00C2\u00A0Soc.\u00C2\u00A0133(6):\u00C2\u00A01455\u00E2\u0080\u00901471.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Lacroix,\u00C2\u00A0G.L.,\u00C2\u00A0Knox,\u00C2\u00A0D.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0McCurdy,\u00C2\u00A0P.\u00C2\u00A02004b.\u00C2\u00A0Effects\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0implanted\u00C2\u00A0dummy\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0 transmitters\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0juvenile\u00C2\u00A0Atlantic\u00C2\u00A0salmon.\u00C2\u00A0Trans.\u00C2\u00A0Am.\u00C2\u00A0Fish.\u00C2\u00A0Soc.\u00C2\u00A0133(1):\u00C2\u00A0211\u00E2\u0080\u0090220.\u00C2\u00A0doi:\u00C2\u00A0 10.1577/T03\u00E2\u0080\u0090071.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Lucas,\u00C2\u00A0M.C.\u00C2\u00A01989.\u00C2\u00A0Effects\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0implanted\u00C2\u00A0dummy\u00C2\u00A0transmitters\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0mortality,\u00C2\u00A0growth\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0tissue\u00C2\u00A0 reaction\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0rainbow\u00C2\u00A0trout,\u00C2\u00A0Salmo\u00C2\u00A0gairdneri\u00C2\u00A0Richardson.\u00C2\u00A0J.\u00C2\u00A0Fish\u00C2\u00A0Biol.\u00C2\u00A035(4):\u00C2\u00A0577\u00E2\u0080\u0090587.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Martinelli,\u00C2\u00A0T.L.,\u00C2\u00A0Hansel,\u00C2\u00A0H.C.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Shively,\u00C2\u00A0R.S.\u00C2\u00A01998.\u00C2\u00A0Growth\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0physiological\u00C2\u00A0responses\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0 surgical\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0gastric\u00C2\u00A0radio\u00C2\u00A0transmitter\u00C2\u00A0implantation\u00C2\u00A0techniques\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0subyearling\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0 salmon\u00C2\u00A0(Oncorhynchus\u00C2\u00A0tshawytscha).\u00C2\u00A0Hydrobiologia.\u00C2\u00A0372:\u00C2\u00A079\u00E2\u0080\u009087.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Melnychuk,\u00C2\u00A0M.C.,\u00C2\u00A0Welch,\u00C2\u00A0D.W.,\u00C2\u00A0Walters,\u00C2\u00A0C.J.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Christensen,\u00C2\u00A0V.\u00C2\u00A02007.\u00C2\u00A0Riverine\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0early\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0 migration\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0patterns\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0juvenile\u00C2\u00A0steelhead\u00C2\u00A0trout\u00C2\u00A0(Oncorhynchus\u00C2\u00A0mykiss)\u00C2\u00A0 from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Cheakamus\u00C2\u00A0River,\u00C2\u00A0British\u00C2\u00A0Columbia.\u00C2\u00A0Hydrobiologia.\u00C2\u00A0582:\u00C2\u00A055\u00E2\u0080\u009065.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Moore,\u00C2\u00A0A.,\u00C2\u00A0Russell,\u00C2\u00A0I.C.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Potter,\u00C2\u00A0E.C.E.\u00C2\u00A01990.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0effects\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0intraperitoneally\u00C2\u00A0implanted\u00C2\u00A0 dummy\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0transmitters\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0behaviour\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0physiology\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0juvenile\u00C2\u00A0Atlantic\u00C2\u00A0 salmon,\u00C2\u00A0Salmo\u00C2\u00A0salar\u00C2\u00A0L.\u00C2\u00A0J.\u00C2\u00A0Fish\u00C2\u00A0Biol.\u00C2\u00A037(5):\u00C2\u00A0713\u00E2\u0080\u0090721.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 69\u00C2\u00A0 Prentice,\u00C2\u00A0E.,\u00C2\u00A0McCutcheon,\u00C2\u00A0C.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Flagg,\u00C2\u00A0T.\u00C2\u00A01987.\u00C2\u00A0Study\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Determine\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Biological\u00C2\u00A0Feasibility\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 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Welch,\u00C2\u00A0D.W.,\u00C2\u00A0Rechisky,\u00C2\u00A0E.L.,\u00C2\u00A0Melnychuk,\u00C2\u00A0M.C.,\u00C2\u00A0Porter,\u00C2\u00A0A.D.,\u00C2\u00A0Walters,\u00C2\u00A0C.J.,\u00C2\u00A0Clements,\u00C2\u00A0S.,\u00C2\u00A0Clemens,\u00C2\u00A0 B.J.,\u00C2\u00A0McKinley,\u00C2\u00A0R.S.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Schreck,\u00C2\u00A0C.\u00C2\u00A02008.\u00C2\u00A0Survival\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0migrating\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0large\u00C2\u00A0 rivers\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0without\u00C2\u00A0dams.\u00C2\u00A0PLoS\u00C2\u00A0Biol.\u00C2\u00A06(10):\u00C2\u00A0e265.\u00C2\u00A0doi:\u00C2\u00A0 10.1371/journal.pbio.0060265.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Welch,\u00C2\u00A0D.W.,\u00C2\u00A0Batten,\u00C2\u00A0S.D.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Ward,\u00C2\u00A0B.R.\u00C2\u00A02007.\u00C2\u00A0Growth,\u00C2\u00A0survival,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0retention\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 steelhead\u00C2\u00A0trout\u00C2\u00A0(O\u00E2\u0080\u0090mykiss)\u00C2\u00A0surgically\u00C2\u00A0implanted\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0dummy\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0tags.\u00C2\u00A0 Hydrobiologia.\u00C2\u00A0582:\u00C2\u00A0289\u00E2\u0080\u0090299.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Welch,\u00C2\u00A0D.W.,\u00C2\u00A0Boehlert,\u00C2\u00A0G.W.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Ward,\u00C2\u00A0B.R.\u00C2\u00A02002.\u00C2\u00A0POST\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u0090\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Pacific\u00C2\u00A0Ocean\u00C2\u00A0Salmon\u00C2\u00A0Tracking\u00C2\u00A0 project.\u00C2\u00A0Oceanol.\u00C2\u00A0Acta.\u00C2\u00A025(5):\u00C2\u00A0243\u00E2\u0080\u0090253.\u00C2\u00A0doi:\u00C2\u00A010.1016/S0399\u00E2\u0080\u00901784(02)01206\u00E2\u0080\u00909.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 White,\u00C2\u00A0G.C.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Burnham,\u00C2\u00A0K.P.\u00C2\u00A01999.\u00C2\u00A0Program\u00C2\u00A0MARK:\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0estimation\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0populations\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 marked\u00C2\u00A0animals.\u00C2\u00A0Bird\u00C2\u00A0Study.\u00C2\u00A046:\u00C2\u00A0120\u00E2\u0080\u0090139.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Yakama\u00C2\u00A0Nation.\u00C2\u00A02008.\u00C2\u00A0Yakima/Klickitat\u00C2\u00A0Fisheries\u00C2\u00A0Project\u00C2\u00A0Monitoring\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Evaluation\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 Performance\u00C2\u00A0Period\u00C2\u00A0May\u00C2\u00A01,\u00C2\u00A02007\u00C2\u00A0through\u00C2\u00A0April\u00C2\u00A030,\u00C2\u00A02008.\u00C2\u00A0Document\u00C2\u00A0ID#P107550,\u00C2\u00A0 Environment,\u00C2\u00A0Fish\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Wildlife,\u00C2\u00A0Bonneville\u00C2\u00A0Power\u00C2\u00A0Administration,\u00C2\u00A0Portland,\u00C2\u00A0OR.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 70\u00C2\u00A0 3 Experimental\u00C2\u00A0Measurement\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Hydrosystem\u00C2\u00ADinduced\u00C2\u00A0 Delayed\u00C2\u00A0Mortality\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0Juvenile\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0Spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0 Salmon\u00C2\u00A0Using\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0Large\u00C2\u00ADscale\u00C2\u00A0Acoustic\u00C2\u00A0Array2\u00C2\u00A0 3.1 Introduction\u00C2\u00A0 Out\u00E2\u0080\u0090migrating\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0(Oncorhynchus\u00C2\u00A0tshawytscha)\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0must\u00C2\u00A0pass\u00C2\u00A0 four\u00C2\u00A0major\u00C2\u00A0hydro\u00C2\u00A0dams\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0four\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0lower\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0before\u00C2\u00A0reaching\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0Pacific\u00C2\u00A0Ocean.\u00C2\u00A0Although\u00C2\u00A0direct\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0dams\u00C2\u00A0has\u00C2\u00A0decreased\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0recent\u00C2\u00A0years\u00C2\u00A0(Muir\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0 al.\u00C2\u00A02001),\u00C2\u00A0subsequent\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0seaward\u00C2\u00A0migration\u00C2\u00A0until\u00C2\u00A0adult\u00C2\u00A0return\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0substantially\u00C2\u00A0lower\u00C2\u00A0 for\u00C2\u00A0wild\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0hatchery\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0relative\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0some\u00C2\u00A0mainstem\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0 River\u00C2\u00A0populations\u00C2\u00A0(Berggren\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A02008;\u00C2\u00A0Yakama\u00C2\u00A0Nation\u00C2\u00A02008).\u00C2\u00A0It\u00C2\u00A0has\u00C2\u00A0thus\u00C2\u00A0been\u00C2\u00A0hypothesized\u00C2\u00A0 that\u00C2\u00A0delayed\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0may\u00C2\u00A0occur\u00C2\u00A0after\u00C2\u00A0passage\u00C2\u00A0out\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0hydropower\u00C2\u00A0system\u00C2\u00A0(i.e.\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 impounded\u00C2\u00A0section\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0rivers)\u00C2\u00A0due\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0cumulative\u00C2\u00A0stress\u00C2\u00A0caused\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0dam\u00C2\u00A0passage.\u00C2\u00A0(e.g.,\u00C2\u00A0 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population\u00C2\u00A0(Berggren\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A02008)\u00C2\u00A0averaged\u00C2\u00A0only\u00C2\u00A0one\u00E2\u0080\u0090fifth\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0population\u00C2\u00A0 (Yakama\u00C2\u00A0Nation\u00C2\u00A02008)\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0released\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A01999\u00E2\u0080\u00902005\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0preliminary\u00C2\u00A0adult\u00C2\u00A0returns\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A02006\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0year\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0consistent\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0prior\u00C2\u00A0years\u00C2\u00A0(SARYakima=2.7%,\u00C2\u00A0B.\u00C2\u00A0Bosch,\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00E2\u0080\u0090 Klickitat\u00C2\u00A0Fisheries\u00C2\u00A0Project,\u00C2\u00A0Yakima,\u00C2\u00A0WA,\u00C2\u00A0personal\u00C2\u00A0communication,\u00C2\u00A02008;\u00C2\u00A0SARSnake=0.38%,\u00C2\u00A0 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history\u00C2\u00A0during\u00C2\u00A0which\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0it\u00C2\u00A0possible\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0test\u00C2\u00A0whether\u00C2\u00A0delayed\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0occurs\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0juvenile\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0 (Figure\u00C2\u00A03.1).\u00C2\u00A0 3.2 Methods\u00C2\u00A0 3.2.1 Populations\u00C2\u00A0used\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0study\u00C2\u00A0 The\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0population\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0used\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0study\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0reared\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0National\u00C2\u00A0Fish\u00C2\u00A0Hatchery\u00C2\u00A0(DNFH),\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Clearwater\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0(a\u00C2\u00A0tributary\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0 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The\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0population\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0reared\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Cle\u00C2\u00A0Elum\u00C2\u00A0Supplementation\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Research\u00C2\u00A0 Facility\u00C2\u00A0(CESRF)\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0River.\u00C2\u00A0Migrating\u00C2\u00A0hatchery\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0released\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0 CESRF\u00C2\u00A0acclimation\u00C2\u00A0sites\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0collected\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0lower\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Chandler\u00C2\u00A0Juvenile\u00C2\u00A0 Monitoring\u00C2\u00A0Facility\u00C2\u00A0(CJMF;\u00C2\u00A0194\u00E2\u0080\u0090249\u00C2\u00A0km\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0acclimation\u00C2\u00A0sites)\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0held\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0tagging.\u00C2\u00A0We\u00C2\u00A0 72\u00C2\u00A0 collected\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0CJMF\u00C2\u00A0because\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0has\u00C2\u00A0been\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0high\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A080%\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0recent\u00C2\u00A0 years\u00C2\u00A0(Yakama\u00C2\u00A0Nation\u00C2\u00A02008).\u00C2\u00A0Fish\u00C2\u00A0released\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0CJMF\u00C2\u00A0migrated\u00C2\u00A076\u00C2\u00A0km\u00C2\u00A0down\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0enter\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0just\u00C2\u00A0upstream\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00E2\u0080\u0090Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0confluence;\u00C2\u00A0distance\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0mouth\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0615\u00C2\u00A0km.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Thus,\u00C2\u00A0both\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0populations\u00C2\u00A0 shared\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0common\u00C2\u00A0migration\u00C2\u00A0path\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0passed\u00C2\u00A0through\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0four\u00C2\u00A0lower\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0dams\u00C2\u00A0 before\u00C2\u00A0reaching\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0listening\u00C2\u00A0line\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0Willapa\u00C2\u00A0Bay,\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0total\u00C2\u00A0distance\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0910\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0655\u00C2\u00A0km,\u00C2\u00A0 respectively.\u00C2\u00A0 3.2.2 Tagging\u00C2\u00A0 We\u00C2\u00A0surgically\u00C2\u00A0implanted\u00C2\u00A0794\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0(two\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0groups\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0approximately\u00C2\u00A0200\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0each\u00C2\u00A0 hatchery)\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0individually\u00C2\u00A0identifiable\u00C2\u00A0Vemco\u00C2\u00A0V9\u00E2\u0080\u00906L\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0transmitters\u00C2\u00A0(9\u00C2\u00A0x\u00C2\u00A020\u00C2\u00A0mm,\u00C2\u00A03.1\u00C2\u00A0g\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0 air,\u00C2\u00A02\u00C2\u00A0g\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0water;\u00C2\u00A0Shad\u00C2\u00A0Bay,\u00C2\u00A0Nova\u00C2\u00A0Scotia,\u00C2\u00A0Canada).\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0tags\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0programmed\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0transmit\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0 unique\u00C2\u00A0code\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0mean\u00C2\u00A0interval\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A060\u00C2\u00A0seconds\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0rated\u00C2\u00A0battery\u00C2\u00A0life\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0(4\u00C2\u00A0months)\u00C2\u00A0 was\u00C2\u00A0intended\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0exceed\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0likely\u00C2\u00A0migration\u00C2\u00A0time\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0POST\u00C2\u00A0sub\u00E2\u0080\u0090array\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0Alaska.\u00C2\u00A0A\u00C2\u00A0passive\u00C2\u00A0 integrated\u00C2\u00A0transponder\u00C2\u00A0(PIT)\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0placed\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0body\u00C2\u00A0cavity\u00C2\u00A0(through\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0incision)\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0ensure\u00C2\u00A0 that\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0diverted\u00C2\u00A0back\u00C2\u00A0into\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0river\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0dam\u00C2\u00A0bypass\u00C2\u00A0facilities.\u00C2\u00A0We\u00C2\u00A0set\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0 minimum\u00C2\u00A0body\u00C2\u00A0size\u00C2\u00A0requirement\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0140\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0fork\u00C2\u00A0length\u00C2\u00A0(FL)\u00C2\u00A0which\u00C2\u00A0meant\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0only\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0upper\u00C2\u00A0 portion\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0smolt\u00C2\u00A0size\u00C2\u00A0distribution\u00C2\u00A0could\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0tagged.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0mean\u00C2\u00A0percent\u00C2\u00A0body\u00C2\u00A0weight\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 transmitters\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A08.3%\u00C2\u00A0(range=2.6\u00E2\u0080\u009011.5%).\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0surgical\u00C2\u00A0procedure\u00C2\u00A0used\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0implant\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0 transmitters\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0approved\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Vancouver\u00C2\u00A0Island\u00C2\u00A0University\u00C2\u00A0Animal\u00C2\u00A0Care\u00C2\u00A0Committee.\u00C2\u00A0 3.2.3 Array\u00C2\u00A0location\u00C2\u00A0 Component\u00C2\u00A0sub\u00E2\u0080\u0090arrays\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0deployed\u00C2\u00A0within\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0McGowan\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0Channel\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0 river\u00C2\u00A0kilometer\u00C2\u00A0(rkm)\u00C2\u00A0224\u00C2\u00A0(10\u00C2\u00A0km\u00C2\u00A0below\u00C2\u00A0Bonneville\u00C2\u00A0Dam),\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0Lake\u00C2\u00A0Celilo\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0rkm\u00C2\u00A0340\u00C2\u00A0(7\u00C2\u00A0km\u00C2\u00A0below\u00C2\u00A0 John\u00C2\u00A0Day\u00C2\u00A0Dam),\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0Lake\u00C2\u00A0Wallula\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0rkm\u00C2\u00A0502\u00C2\u00A0(21\u00C2\u00A0km\u00C2\u00A0below\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0confluence\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0upper\u00C2\u00A0 Columbia\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0rivers;\u00C2\u00A0Figure\u00C2\u00A03.1).\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0River,\u00C2\u00A0receivers\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0installed\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0Lake\u00C2\u00A0 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Estimates\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0smolt\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0(\u00CE\u00A6)\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0detection\u00C2\u00A0probability\u00C2\u00A0(p)\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0each\u00C2\u00A0detection\u00C2\u00A0site\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0 calculated\u00C2\u00A0using\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Cormack\u00E2\u0080\u0090Jolly\u00E2\u0080\u0090Seber\u00C2\u00A0(CJS)\u00C2\u00A0model\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0live\u00C2\u00A0recaptured\u00C2\u00A0animals\u00C2\u00A0implemented\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0Program\u00C2\u00A0MARK\u00C2\u00A0(White\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Burnham\u00C2\u00A01999).\u00C2\u00A0This\u00C2\u00A0model\u00C2\u00A0jointly\u00C2\u00A0estimates\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 detection\u00C2\u00A0within\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0likelihood\u00C2\u00A0framework.\u00C2\u00A0Because\u00C2\u00A0sample\u00C2\u00A0size\u00C2\u00A0beyond\u00C2\u00A0Willapa\u00C2\u00A0Bay\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0low\u00C2\u00A0it\u00C2\u00A0 was\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0possible\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0reliably\u00C2\u00A0estimate\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0British\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0Alaska.\u00C2\u00A0Therefore,\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0 mainly\u00C2\u00A0focus\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0estimates\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0detection\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0line\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0Willapa\u00C2\u00A0Bay.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 For\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0lines,\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0recognized\u00C2\u00A0basic\u00C2\u00A0CJS\u00C2\u00A0model\u00C2\u00A0assumptions\u00C2\u00A0(equal\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0probability,\u00C2\u00A0 equal\u00C2\u00A0recapture\u00C2\u00A0probability,\u00C2\u00A0no\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0loss,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0instantaneous\u00C2\u00A0sampling);\u00C2\u00A0however,\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0oceanic\u00C2\u00A0 lines\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0bounded\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0offshore\u00C2\u00A0end\u00C2\u00A0(continental\u00C2\u00A0slope),\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0required\u00C2\u00A0two\u00C2\u00A0additional\u00C2\u00A0 assumptions;\u00C2\u00A01)\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0migrate\u00C2\u00A0they\u00C2\u00A0cross\u00C2\u00A0over\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0detection\u00C2\u00A0lines\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0span\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0length\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0continental\u00C2\u00A0shelf\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A02)\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0majority\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0departing\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0swim\u00C2\u00A0north.\u00C2\u00A0 These\u00C2\u00A0assumptions\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0supported\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0evidence\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0numerous\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0sampling\u00C2\u00A0programs\u00C2\u00A0(Bi\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0 al.\u00C2\u00A02007;\u00C2\u00A0Brodeur\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A02004;\u00C2\u00A0e.g.,\u00C2\u00A0Fisher\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Pearcy\u00C2\u00A01995).\u00C2\u00A0 To\u00C2\u00A0estimate\u00C2\u00A0overdispersion\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0used\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0median\u00C2\u00A0\u00DC\u00BF\u00CC\u0082\u00C2\u00A0procedure\u00C2\u00A0(White\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Burnham\u00C2\u00A0 1999)\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0test\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0goodness\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0fit\u00C2\u00A0(GOF)\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0our\u00C2\u00A0global\u00C2\u00A0model\u00C2\u00A0(\u00CE\u00A6population*line\u00C2\u00A0ppopulation*line)\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0then\u00C2\u00A0 corrected\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0overdispersion\u00C2\u00A0(\u00DC\u00BF\u00CC\u0082=2.1)\u00C2\u00A0across\u00C2\u00A0all\u00C2\u00A0candidate\u00C2\u00A0models.\u00C2\u00A0We\u00C2\u00A0hypothesized\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0 distance\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0number\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0dams\u00C2\u00A0within\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0migration\u00C2\u00A0segment\u00C2\u00A0(Table\u00C2\u00A03.1)\u00C2\u00A0may\u00C2\u00A0affect\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0so\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0 modeled\u00C2\u00A0multiplicative\u00C2\u00A0effects\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0each\u00C2\u00A0external\u00C2\u00A0covariate\u00C2\u00A0(\u00CE\u00A6population\u00C2\u00A0*\u00C2\u00A0distance;\u00C2\u00A0\u00CE\u00A6population*\u00C2\u00A0dam\u00C2\u00A0number),\u00C2\u00A0 as\u00C2\u00A0well\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0their\u00C2\u00A0interaction\u00C2\u00A0(\u00CE\u00A6population\u00C2\u00A0*\u00C2\u00A0distance\u00C2\u00A0*\u00C2\u00A0dam\u00C2\u00A0number)\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0addition\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0fully\u00C2\u00A0varying\u00C2\u00A0CJS\u00C2\u00A0global\u00C2\u00A0 model.\u00C2\u00A0Because\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0low\u00C2\u00A0number\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0detected\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0Vancouver\u00C2\u00A0Island\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Alaska,\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0 included\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0our\u00C2\u00A0models\u00C2\u00A0two\u00C2\u00A0additional\u00C2\u00A0treatment\u00C2\u00A0groups\u00C2\u00A0(each\u00C2\u00A0N=100)\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0 smolts\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0NFH,\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0same\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0tag,\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0released\u00C2\u00A0below\u00C2\u00A0 Bonneville\u00C2\u00A0Dam\u00C2\u00A0during\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0seaward\u00C2\u00A0migration\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0order\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0better\u00C2\u00A0quantify\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0detection\u00C2\u00A0 probability\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Willapa\u00C2\u00A0Bay\u00C2\u00A0detection\u00C2\u00A0line.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0estimate\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0group\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0modeled\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0 74\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0same\u00C2\u00A0way\u00C2\u00A0across\u00C2\u00A0models\u00C2\u00A0(\u00CE\u00A6group\u00C2\u00A0*line)\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0did\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0influence\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0estimates\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0run\u00E2\u0080\u0090of\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0 smolts.\u00C2\u00A0Recapture\u00C2\u00A0parameters\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0modeled\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0vary\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0population\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0line\u00C2\u00A0except\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0Willapa\u00C2\u00A0 Bay\u00C2\u00A0where\u00C2\u00A0all\u00C2\u00A0populations\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0pooled.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 We\u00C2\u00A0used\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0information\u00C2\u00A0theoretic\u00C2\u00A0approach,\u00C2\u00A0i.e.\u00C2\u00A0Akaike\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0Information\u00C2\u00A0Criterion\u00C2\u00A0(AIC),\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0 select\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0most\u00C2\u00A0parsimonious\u00C2\u00A0model.\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A0general,\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0model\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0lowest\u00C2\u00A0AIC\u00C2\u00A0value\u00C2\u00A0(which\u00C2\u00A0 accounts\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0number\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0model\u00C2\u00A0parameters,\u00C2\u00A0npars)\u00C2\u00A0has\u00C2\u00A0more\u00C2\u00A0support\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0data,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0if\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 \u00CE\u0094AIC\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0other\u00C2\u00A0candidate\u00C2\u00A0models\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0greater\u00C2\u00A0than\u00C2\u00A02,\u00C2\u00A0then\u00C2\u00A0these\u00C2\u00A0models\u00C2\u00A0(i.e.\u00C2\u00A0hypotheses)\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0 little\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0no\u00C2\u00A0support.\u00C2\u00A0We\u00C2\u00A0report\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0estimates\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0model\u00C2\u00A0which\u00C2\u00A0had\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0most\u00C2\u00A0support.\u00C2\u00A0 3.2.5 Cross\u00C2\u00ADshelf\u00C2\u00A0distribution\u00C2\u00A0 For\u00C2\u00A0each\u00C2\u00A0population\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0used\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0X2\u00C2\u00A0goodness\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0fit\u00C2\u00A0test\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0determine\u00C2\u00A0if\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0cross\u00E2\u0080\u0090shelf\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0 distribution\u00C2\u00A0adjacent\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Willapa\u00C2\u00A0Bay\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0significantly\u00C2\u00A0different\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0null\u00C2\u00A0hypothesis\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0 uniform\u00C2\u00A0distribution.\u00C2\u00A0To\u00C2\u00A0perform\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0tests\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0counted\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0number\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0unique\u00C2\u00A0ID\u00C2\u00A0codes\u00C2\u00A0detected\u00C2\u00A0 at\u00C2\u00A0each\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A040\u00C2\u00A0receivers\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0each\u00C2\u00A0population.\u00C2\u00A0If\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0detected\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0more\u00C2\u00A0than\u00C2\u00A0one\u00C2\u00A0receiver\u00C2\u00A0 a\u00C2\u00A0proportion\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0allocated\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0receiver,\u00C2\u00A0e.g.\u00C2\u00A0if\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0ID\u00C2\u00A0code\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0detected\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0two\u00C2\u00A0receivers,\u00C2\u00A0 each\u00C2\u00A0receiver\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0assigned\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0value\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A00.5.\u00C2\u00A0If\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0receiver\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0displaced\u00C2\u00A0during\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0migration\u00C2\u00A0(e.g.\u00C2\u00A0 by\u00C2\u00A0fishing\u00C2\u00A0activity)\u00C2\u00A0then\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0receiver\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0omitted\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0set\u00C2\u00A0(30\u00C2\u00A0active\u00C2\u00A0receivers\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0 used\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0final\u00C2\u00A0analysis).\u00C2\u00A0To\u00C2\u00A0meet\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0requirements\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0X2\u00C2\u00A0test\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0pooled\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0into\u00C2\u00A015\u00C2\u00A0 groups.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 3.3 Results\u00C2\u00A0 3.3.1 Survival\u00C2\u00A0 The\u00C2\u00A0most\u00C2\u00A0parsimonious\u00C2\u00A0model\u00C2\u00A0based\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0information\u00C2\u00A0theoretic\u00C2\u00A0approach\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0model\u00C2\u00A0 which\u00C2\u00A0constrained\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0solely\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0function\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0distance\u00C2\u00A0travelled\u00C2\u00A0(\u00CE\u00A6population\u00C2\u00A0*\u00C2\u00A0distance,\u00C2\u00A0 AIC=1677.0,\u00C2\u00A0npars=14).\u00C2\u00A0Although\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0model\u00C2\u00A0had\u00C2\u00A0considerably\u00C2\u00A0more\u00C2\u00A0support\u00C2\u00A0than\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0global\u00C2\u00A0 model\u00C2\u00A0(\u00CE\u00A6population\u00C2\u00A0*\u00C2\u00A0line,\u00C2\u00A0AIC=1687.7,\u00C2\u00A0\u00CE\u0094AIC=10.7,\u00C2\u00A0npars=21),\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0added\u00C2\u00A0effect\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0distance\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0 was\u00C2\u00A0negative\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0(\u00CE\u00A6/km=0.9993)\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0expected,\u00C2\u00A0but\u00C2\u00A0positive\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0 River\u00C2\u00A0population\u00C2\u00A0(\u00CE\u00A6/km=1.0007).\u00C2\u00A0This\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0surprising\u00C2\u00A0result\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0population\u00C2\u00A0 but\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0likely\u00C2\u00A0caused\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0low\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0lower\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0(the\u00C2\u00A0shortest\u00C2\u00A0migration\u00C2\u00A0segment\u00C2\u00A0 which\u00C2\u00A0also\u00C2\u00A0lacked\u00C2\u00A0dams),\u00C2\u00A0combined\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0higher\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0lower\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0 75\u00C2\u00A0 (the\u00C2\u00A0longest\u00C2\u00A0segment).\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0model\u00C2\u00A0which\u00C2\u00A0constrained\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0function\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0dam\u00C2\u00A0number\u00C2\u00A0also\u00C2\u00A0 had\u00C2\u00A0support\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0(\u00CE\u00A6population*\u00C2\u00A0dam\u00C2\u00A0number,\u00C2\u00A0AIC=1677.2,\u00C2\u00A0\u00CE\u0094AIC=0.2,\u00C2\u00A0npars=14);\u00C2\u00A0however,\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0rate\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0per\u00C2\u00A0dam\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0slightly\u00C2\u00A0>1\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0both\u00C2\u00A0populations\u00C2\u00A0indicating\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0there\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0no\u00C2\u00A0negative\u00C2\u00A0 survival\u00C2\u00A0effect\u00C2\u00A0due\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0number\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0dams\u00C2\u00A0passed\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0migration\u00C2\u00A0segment.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0lack\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0effect\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0number\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0dams\u00C2\u00A0passed\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0direct\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0may\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0reflection\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0improvements\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0passage\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0hydrosystem\u00C2\u00A0(Muir\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A02001),\u00C2\u00A0so\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0any\u00C2\u00A0remaining\u00C2\u00A0negative\u00C2\u00A0effect\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0dams\u00C2\u00A0may\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0too\u00C2\u00A0small\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0measurable\u00C2\u00A0once\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0effect\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0distance\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0accounted\u00C2\u00A0for.\u00C2\u00A0There\u00C2\u00A0 was\u00C2\u00A0little\u00C2\u00A0support\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0model\u00C2\u00A0including\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0interaction\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A0number\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0dams\u00C2\u00A0within\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0 migration\u00C2\u00A0segment\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0distance\u00C2\u00A0travelled\u00C2\u00A0(\u00CE\u00A6population\u00C2\u00A0*\u00C2\u00A0distance\u00C2\u00A0*\u00C2\u00A0dam\u00C2\u00A0number,\u00C2\u00A0AIC=1680.5,\u00C2\u00A0\u00CE\u0094AIC=3.5,\u00C2\u00A0 npars=16).\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Survival\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0ranged\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A074\u00E2\u0080\u009082%\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0individual\u00C2\u00A0river\u00C2\u00A0segments\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 between\u00C2\u00A070\u00E2\u0080\u009078%\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0(Table\u00C2\u00A03.1).\u00C2\u00A0Survivorship\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0 McGowan\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0Channel,\u00C2\u00A0located\u00C2\u00A0just\u00C2\u00A0below\u00C2\u00A0Bonneville\u00C2\u00A0Dam\u00C2\u00A0(the\u00C2\u00A0final\u00C2\u00A0dam)\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A040%\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A036%,\u00C2\u00A0 respectively.\u00C2\u00A0There\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0no\u00C2\u00A0detectable\u00C2\u00A0difference\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0survivorship\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Willapa\u00C2\u00A0Bay\u00C2\u00A0 between\u00C2\u00A0populations\u00C2\u00A0(SSnake=29%,\u00C2\u00A0SYakima=28%,\u00C2\u00A0Table\u00C2\u00A03.1),\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0mean\u00C2\u00A0time\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0 reach\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0line\u00C2\u00A0after\u00C2\u00A0passing\u00C2\u00A0Bonneville\u00C2\u00A0Dam\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0~five\u00C2\u00A0days\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0both.\u00C2\u00A0Therefore\u00C2\u00A0delayed\u00C2\u00A0 mortality\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0evident\u00C2\u00A0after\u00C2\u00A0several\u00C2\u00A0days\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0coastal\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0point\u00C2\u00A0located\u00C2\u00A0274\u00C2\u00A0km\u00C2\u00A0 beyond\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0hydrosystem.\u00C2\u00A0Although\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0only\u00C2\u00A0larger\u00C2\u00A0individuals,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0migration\u00C2\u00A0time\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0 delayed\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0several\u00C2\u00A0weeks\u00C2\u00A0relative\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0untagged\u00C2\u00A0runs,\u00C2\u00A0these\u00C2\u00A0survivorship\u00C2\u00A0estimates\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0very\u00C2\u00A0 similar\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0independent\u00C2\u00A0PIT\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0estimates\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0(see\u00C2\u00A0Welch\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A02008)\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 Yakima\u00C2\u00A0(D.\u00C2\u00A0Lind,\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00E2\u0080\u0090Klickitat\u00C2\u00A0Fisheries\u00C2\u00A0Project,\u00C2\u00A0Yakima,\u00C2\u00A0WA,\u00C2\u00A0personal\u00C2\u00A0communication,\u00C2\u00A02007)\u00C2\u00A0 spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Tagged\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0also\u00C2\u00A0detected\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0lines\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0west\u00C2\u00A0coast\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 Vancouver\u00C2\u00A0Island\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Alaska.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0large\u00C2\u00A0distance\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0detection\u00C2\u00A0sites\u00C2\u00A0(~500\u00C2\u00A0km\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 1000\u00C2\u00A0km,\u00C2\u00A0respectively),\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0relatively\u00C2\u00A0low\u00C2\u00A0numbers\u00C2\u00A0detected\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0these\u00C2\u00A0lines,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0fact\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0detected\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0arrived\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0both\u00C2\u00A0locations\u00C2\u00A0within\u00C2\u00A0two\u00C2\u00A0days\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0line\u00C2\u00A0deployment\u00C2\u00A0prevented\u00C2\u00A0us\u00C2\u00A0 from\u00C2\u00A0reliably\u00C2\u00A0estimating\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0these\u00C2\u00A0locations.\u00C2\u00A0However,\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0detection\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0four\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 two\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Vancouver\u00C2\u00A0Island\u00C2\u00A0line,\u00C2\u00A0some\u00C2\u00A01,500\u00C2\u00A0km\u00C2\u00A0distant\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0site\u00C2\u00A0 (30\u00C2\u00A0days\u00C2\u00A0travel\u00C2\u00A0time\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0Willapa\u00C2\u00A0Bay\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0both\u00C2\u00A0populations),\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0detection\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0two\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0 76\u00C2\u00A0 River\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Alaska\u00C2\u00A0line\u00C2\u00A0(and\u00C2\u00A0none\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0population),\u00C2\u00A0some\u00C2\u00A02,500\u00C2\u00A0km\u00C2\u00A0 from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0site\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0inconsistent\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0delayed\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0hypothesis.\u00C2\u00A0 3.3.2 Coastal\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0distribution\u00C2\u00A0 The\u00C2\u00A0cross\u00E2\u0080\u0090shelf\u00C2\u00A0distribution\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0population\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0significantly\u00C2\u00A0different\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0null\u00C2\u00A0hypothesis\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0uniform\u00C2\u00A0distribution\u00C2\u00A0(X2\u00C2\u00A0Goodness\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0fit\u00C2\u00A0test;\u00C2\u00A0p<\u00C2\u00A00.01),\u00C2\u00A0while\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0 River\u00C2\u00A0population\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0(p=0.57;\u00C2\u00A0Figure\u00C2\u00A03.1a,\u00C2\u00A0b)\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0population\u00C2\u00A0more\u00C2\u00A0 concentrated\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0offshore\u00C2\u00A0portion\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0line.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 3.4 Discussion\u00C2\u00A0 3.4.1 Study\u00C2\u00A0limitations\u00C2\u00A0 1)\u00C2\u00A0We\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0limited\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0tagging\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0>\u00C2\u00A0140\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0FL,\u00C2\u00A02)\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0released\u00C2\u00A02\u00E2\u0080\u00904\u00C2\u00A0weeks\u00C2\u00A0 after\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0main\u00C2\u00A0hatchery\u00C2\u00A0releases,\u00C2\u00A03)\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0detected\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0outermost\u00C2\u00A0receiver\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0 Willapa\u00C2\u00A0Bay,\u00C2\u00A0suggesting\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0some\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0may\u00C2\u00A0migrate\u00C2\u00A0beyond\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0offshore\u00C2\u00A0extent\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0sub\u00E2\u0080\u0090 array,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A04)\u00C2\u00A0arrival\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0first\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0line\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0simultaneous\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0two\u00C2\u00A0populations\u00C2\u00A0 despite\u00C2\u00A0our\u00C2\u00A0attempts\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0do\u00C2\u00A0so.\u00C2\u00A0Future\u00C2\u00A0work\u00C2\u00A0should\u00C2\u00A0address\u00C2\u00A0these\u00C2\u00A0limitations\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0using\u00C2\u00A0smaller\u00C2\u00A0 tags,\u00C2\u00A0extending\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0marine\u00C2\u00A0components\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0array\u00C2\u00A0farther\u00C2\u00A0offshore\u00C2\u00A0(to\u00C2\u00A0depths\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0089\u00A5200\u00C2\u00A0m),\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 by\u00C2\u00A0modifying\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0strategies\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0better\u00C2\u00A0synchronize\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0dates\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0arrival\u00C2\u00A0times\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 ocean.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 3.4.2 Conclusions\u00C2\u00A0 Lower\u00C2\u00A0river\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0early\u00C2\u00A0marine\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0basin\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0 essential\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0assessing\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0hypothesized\u00C2\u00A0delayed\u00C2\u00A0effects\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0dam\u00C2\u00A0passage\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0smolt\u00C2\u00A0survival.\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A0 this\u00C2\u00A0study\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0found\u00C2\u00A0no\u00C2\u00A0evidence\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0delayed\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0expressed\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0 (>140\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0FL)\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0time\u00C2\u00A0they\u00C2\u00A0had\u00C2\u00A0reached\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0first\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0sub\u00E2\u0080\u0090array,\u00C2\u00A0some\u00C2\u00A0274\u00C2\u00A0km\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0 Bonneville\u00C2\u00A0dam,\u00C2\u00A0when\u00C2\u00A0compared\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0size\u00E2\u0080\u0090matched\u00C2\u00A0group\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0population.\u00C2\u00A0 This\u00C2\u00A0result\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0based\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0assumption\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0turn\u00C2\u00A0north\u00C2\u00A0after\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0entry,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0 supported\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0high\u00C2\u00A0proportion\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0detected\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Willapa\u00C2\u00A0Bay\u00C2\u00A0line\u00C2\u00A0subsequent\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0 passing\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0detection\u00C2\u00A0line\u00C2\u00A0below\u00C2\u00A0Bonneville\u00C2\u00A0Dam.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0mean\u00C2\u00A0time\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0arrival\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0below\u00C2\u00A0 Bonneville\u00C2\u00A0Dam\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Willapa\u00C2\u00A0Bay\u00C2\u00A0(five\u00C2\u00A0days)\u00C2\u00A0puts\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0initial\u00C2\u00A0lower\u00C2\u00A0limit\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0period\u00C2\u00A0when\u00C2\u00A0 77\u00C2\u00A0 differential\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0may\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0expressed\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0these\u00C2\u00A0populations.\u00C2\u00A0Our\u00C2\u00A0results\u00C2\u00A0imply\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0if\u00C2\u00A0delayed\u00C2\u00A0 mortality\u00C2\u00A0causes\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0disparity\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0adult\u00C2\u00A0return\u00C2\u00A0rates\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0hatchery\u00E2\u0080\u0090origin\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0 Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon,\u00C2\u00A0it\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0time\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0place\u00C2\u00A0more\u00C2\u00A0distant\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River;\u00C2\u00A0however,\u00C2\u00A0it\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0 plausible\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0delayed\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0may\u00C2\u00A0operate\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0smaller\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0(<140\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0FL)\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0tested\u00C2\u00A0 here.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Our\u00C2\u00A0result\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0number\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0dams\u00C2\u00A0passed\u00C2\u00A0within\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0migration\u00C2\u00A0segment\u00C2\u00A0did\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0affect\u00C2\u00A0 survival\u00C2\u00A0also\u00C2\u00A0supports\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0findings\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0direct\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0has\u00C2\u00A0decreased\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0recent\u00C2\u00A0decades\u00C2\u00A0(Muir\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A02001),\u00C2\u00A0possibly\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0level\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0undammed\u00C2\u00A0river\u00C2\u00A0(Welch\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A0 2008).\u00C2\u00A0We\u00C2\u00A0note\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0our\u00C2\u00A0study\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0designed\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0measure\u00C2\u00A0very\u00C2\u00A0small\u00C2\u00A0effects\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0mortality,\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0 it\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0focused\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0making\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0first\u00C2\u00A0large\u00E2\u0080\u0090scale\u00C2\u00A0measurements\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0migratory\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0salmon.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 It\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0correct\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0conclude\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0dams\u00C2\u00A0play\u00C2\u00A0no\u00C2\u00A0role\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0affecting\u00C2\u00A0survival,\u00C2\u00A0simply\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0any\u00C2\u00A0 contributory\u00C2\u00A0effect\u00C2\u00A0appears\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0small.\u00C2\u00A0 The\u00C2\u00A0differing\u00C2\u00A0marine\u00C2\u00A0distributions\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0two\u00C2\u00A0populations\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0Willapa\u00C2\u00A0Bay\u00C2\u00A0provides\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0 potential\u00C2\u00A0mechanism\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0support\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0alternative\u00C2\u00A0hypothesis\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0populations\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0same\u00C2\u00A0 river\u00C2\u00A0basin\u00C2\u00A0can\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0different\u00C2\u00A0responses\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0conditions\u00C2\u00A0(e.g.,\u00C2\u00A0Levin\u00C2\u00A02003).\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0It\u00C2\u00A0remains\u00C2\u00A0 unclear\u00C2\u00A0whether\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0entire\u00C2\u00A0size\u00C2\u00A0range\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0these\u00C2\u00A0two\u00C2\u00A0populations,\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0well\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0wild\u00C2\u00A0smolts,\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0 similar\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0behavior\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0reported\u00C2\u00A0here.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0technical\u00C2\u00A0development\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 POST\u00C2\u00A0array\u00C2\u00A0allowed\u00C2\u00A0us\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0make\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0direct\u00C2\u00A0scientific\u00C2\u00A0test\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0key\u00C2\u00A0hypothesis\u00C2\u00A0concerning\u00C2\u00A0delayed\u00C2\u00A0 mortality\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0population\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0ocean.\u00C2\u00A0As\u00C2\u00A0such,\u00C2\u00A0it\u00C2\u00A0marks\u00C2\u00A0 an\u00C2\u00A0important\u00C2\u00A0scientific\u00C2\u00A0milestone.\u00C2\u00A0Advances\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0array\u00C2\u00A0design,\u00C2\u00A0however,\u00C2\u00A0will\u00C2\u00A0allow\u00C2\u00A0us\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0study\u00C2\u00A0 marine\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0over\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0complete\u00C2\u00A0size\u00C2\u00A0range\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0naturally\u00C2\u00A0occurring\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0smolts,\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0 well\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0other\u00C2\u00A0endangered\u00C2\u00A0populations\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0originating\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0basin.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 78\u00C2\u00A0 Figure\u00C2\u00A03.1.\u00C2\u00A0Map\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Pacific\u00C2\u00A0Ocean\u00C2\u00A0Shelf\u00C2\u00A0Tracking\u00C2\u00A0(POST)\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0array\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0distribution\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 continental\u00C2\u00A0shelf.\u00C2\u00A0Panel\u00C2\u00A0(a)\u00C2\u00A0shows\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A02006\u00C2\u00A0POST\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0array\u00C2\u00A0(black\u00C2\u00A0dots\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0thick\u00C2\u00A0black\u00C2\u00A0lines).\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0continental\u00C2\u00A0shelf\u00C2\u00A0(depths\u00C2\u00A0 <200m)\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0shaded.\u00C2\u00A0Panel\u00C2\u00A0(b)\u00C2\u00A0shows\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0location\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0sites\u00C2\u00A0(CJMF=Chandler\u00C2\u00A0Juvenile\u00C2\u00A0Monitoring\u00C2\u00A0Facility,\u00C2\u00A0KNFH=Kooskia\u00C2\u00A0 National\u00C2\u00A0Fish\u00C2\u00A0Hatchery),\u00C2\u00A0detection\u00C2\u00A0sites\u00C2\u00A0(McG=McGowan\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0Channel,\u00C2\u00A0LaC=Lake\u00C2\u00A0Celilo,\u00C2\u00A0LaW=Lake\u00C2\u00A0Wallula,\u00C2\u00A0LaB=Lake\u00C2\u00A0Bryan);\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0dams\u00C2\u00A0 (BON=Bonneville,\u00C2\u00A0TDA=The\u00C2\u00A0Dalles,\u00C2\u00A0JDA=John\u00C2\u00A0Day,\u00C2\u00A0MCN=McNary,\u00C2\u00A0ICH=Ice\u00C2\u00A0Harbor,\u00C2\u00A0LMO=Lower\u00C2\u00A0Monumental,\u00C2\u00A0LGO=Little\u00C2\u00A0Goose,\u00C2\u00A0 LGR=Lower\u00C2\u00A0Granite)\u00C2\u00A0within\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Yakima,\u00C2\u00A0lower\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0rivers.\u00C2\u00A0Pie\u00C2\u00A0shapes\u00C2\u00A0represent\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0proportion\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0surviving\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0 each\u00C2\u00A0detection\u00C2\u00A0site\u00C2\u00A0(Dworshak=black,\u00C2\u00A0Yakima=grey).\u00C2\u00A0Panel\u00C2\u00A0(c)\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0(d)\u00C2\u00A0show\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0cross\u00C2\u00A0shelf\u00C2\u00A0distribution\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0 River\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Willapa\u00C2\u00A0Bay\u00C2\u00A0line,\u00C2\u00A0respectively.\u00C2\u00A0Numbers\u00C2\u00A0above\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0bars\u00C2\u00A0represent\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0percentage\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0time\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0receiver\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0oper\u00C2\u00A0 operational\u00C2\u00A0during\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0migration.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 79\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 80\u00C2\u00A0 Table\u00C2\u00A03.1.\u00C2\u00A0Mean\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0(Dworshak)\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0(CESRF)\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0implanted\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0V9\u00E2\u0080\u00906L\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0 transmitters\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0PIT\u00C2\u00A0tags\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006.\u00C2\u00A0Segment\u00C2\u00A0distance\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0first\u00C2\u00A0detection\u00C2\u00A0site\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0measured\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0location;\u00C2\u00A0all\u00C2\u00A0others\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0 measured\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0previous\u00C2\u00A0detection\u00C2\u00A0site\u00C2\u00A0(LaB=Lake\u00C2\u00A0Bryan,\u00C2\u00A0LaW=Lake\u00C2\u00A0Wallula,\u00C2\u00A0LaC=Lake\u00C2\u00A0Celilo,\u00C2\u00A0McG=McGowan\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0Channel,\u00C2\u00A0 WiB=Willapa\u00C2\u00A0Bay;\u00C2\u00A0see\u00C2\u00A0Methods\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0site\u00C2\u00A0details).\u00C2\u00A0Survival\u00C2\u00A0estimates\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00B1\u00C2\u00A0SE;\u00C2\u00A0NA=\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0applicable.\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0released\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0 May\u00C2\u00A01\u00C2\u00A0(N=198;\u00C2\u00A0mean\u00C2\u00A0FL=146.9\u00C2\u00A0mm,\u00C2\u00A0range=140\u00E2\u0080\u0090208\u00C2\u00A0mm),\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0May\u00C2\u00A08\u00C2\u00A0(N=198;\u00C2\u00A0145.6\u00C2\u00A0140\u00E2\u0080\u0090192);\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0released\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0May\u00C2\u00A0 30\u00C2\u00A0(N=199;\u00C2\u00A0154.5,\u00C2\u00A0140\u00E2\u0080\u0090173)\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0June\u00C2\u00A06\u00C2\u00A0(N=199;\u00C2\u00A0154.5,\u00C2\u00A0140\u00E2\u0080\u0090168).\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0two\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0dates\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0chosen\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0attempt\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0their\u00C2\u00A0arrival\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0Bonneville\u00C2\u00A0Dam\u00C2\u00A0coincide\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0groups.\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0entered\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0 upstream\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0confluence\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0therefore\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0detected\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Lake\u00C2\u00A0Bryan\u00C2\u00A0line\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0River.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Snake\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Yakima\u00C2\u00A0 Detection\u00C2\u00A0 site\u00C2\u00A0 Segment\u00C2\u00A0 distance\u00C2\u00A0 (km)\u00C2\u00A0 Dams\u00C2\u00A0 passed/\u00C2\u00A0 segment\u00C2\u00A0 Est.\u00C2\u00A0 n\u00C2\u00A0 Survival\u00C2\u00A0 probability\u00C2\u00A0 Cumulative\u00C2\u00A0 survival\u00C2\u00A0 Detection\u00C2\u00A0 probability\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Segment\u00C2\u00A0 distance\u00C2\u00A0 (km)\u00C2\u00A0 Dams\u00C2\u00A0 passed/\u00C2\u00A0 segment\u00C2\u00A0 Est.\u00C2\u00A0 n\u00C2\u00A0 Survival\u00C2\u00A0 probability\u00C2\u00A0 Cumulative\u00C2\u00A0 survival\u00C2\u00A0 Detection\u00C2\u00A0 probability\u00C2\u00A0 LaB\u00C2\u00A0 189\u00C2\u00A0 1\u00C2\u00A0 308\u00C2\u00A0 0.78\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00B1\u00C2\u00A00.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.78\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00B1\u00C2\u00A00.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.97\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00B1\u00C2\u00A00.02\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 NA\u00C2\u00A0 NA\u00C2\u00A0 NA\u00C2\u00A0 NA\u00C2\u00A0 NA\u00C2\u00A0 NA\u00C2\u00A0 LaW\u00C2\u00A0 179\u00C2\u00A0 3\u00C2\u00A0 245\u00C2\u00A0 0.78\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00B1\u00C2\u00A00.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.61\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00B1\u00C2\u00A00.03\u00C2\u00A0 0.92\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00B1\u00C2\u00A00.03\u00C2\u00A0 113\u00C2\u00A0 0\u00C2\u00A0 258\u00C2\u00A0 0.70\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00B1\u00C2\u00A00.03\u00C2\u00A0 0.70\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00B1\u00C2\u00A00.03\u00C2\u00A0 1.00\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00B1\u00C2\u00A00\u00C2\u00A0 LaC\u00C2\u00A0 162\u00C2\u00A0 2\u00C2\u00A0 176\u00C2\u00A0 0.79\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00B1\u00C2\u00A00.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.48\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00B1\u00C2\u00A00.04\u00C2\u00A0 0.56\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00B1\u00C2\u00A00.06\u00C2\u00A0 162\u00C2\u00A0 2\u00C2\u00A0 186\u00C2\u00A0 0.72\u00C2\u00B1\u00C2\u00A00.03\u00C2\u00A0 0.51\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00B1\u00C2\u00A00.03\u00C2\u00A0 0.77\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00B1\u00C2\u00A00.05\u00C2\u00A0 McG\u00C2\u00A0 116\u00C2\u00A0 2\u00C2\u00A0 162\u00C2\u00A0 0.82\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00B1\u00C2\u00A00.06\u00C2\u00A0 0.40\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00B1\u00C2\u00A00.05\u00C2\u00A0 0.72\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00B1\u00C2\u00A00.07\u00C2\u00A0 116\u00C2\u00A0 2\u00C2\u00A0 139\u00C2\u00A0 0.70\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00B1\u00C2\u00A00.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.36\u00C2\u00B1\u00C2\u00A00.04\u00C2\u00A0 0.86\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00B1\u00C2\u00A00.05\u00C2\u00A0 WiB\u00C2\u00A0 263\u00C2\u00A0 0\u00C2\u00A0 109\u00C2\u00A0 0.74\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00B1\u00C2\u00A00.08\u00C2\u00A0 0.29\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00B1\u00C2\u00A00.04\u00C2\u00A0 0.69\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00B1\u00C2\u00A00.08\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 263\u00C2\u00A0 0\u00C2\u00A0 106\u00C2\u00A0 0.78\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00B1\u00C2\u00A00.10\u00C2\u00A0 0.28\u00C2\u00B1\u00C2\u00A00.05\u00C2\u00A0 0.69\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00B1\u00C2\u00A00.08\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 81\u00C2\u00A0 3.5 References\u00C2\u00A0 Berggren,\u00C2\u00A0T.,\u00C2\u00A0Tuomikoski,\u00C2\u00A0J.,\u00C2\u00A0Rassk,\u00C2\u00A0S.,\u00C2\u00A0Schaller,\u00C2\u00A0H.,\u00C2\u00A0Wilson,\u00C2\u00A0P.,\u00C2\u00A0Haeseker,\u00C2\u00A0S.,\u00C2\u00A0Weber,\u00C2\u00A0E.,\u00C2\u00A0Petrosky,\u00C2\u00A0 C.,\u00C2\u00A0Tinus,\u00C2\u00A0E.,\u00C2\u00A0Dalton,\u00C2\u00A0T.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Ehlke,\u00C2\u00A0R.\u00C2\u00A02008.\u00C2\u00A0Comparative\u00C2\u00A0Survival\u00C2\u00A0Study\u00C2\u00A0(CSS)\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0PIT\u00E2\u0080\u0090 tagged\u00C2\u00A0Spring/Summer\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0PIT\u00E2\u0080\u0090tagged\u00C2\u00A0Summer\u00C2\u00A0Steelhead,\u00C2\u00A02008\u00C2\u00A0Annual\u00C2\u00A0 Report.\u00C2\u00A0Environment,\u00C2\u00A0Fish\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Wildlife,\u00C2\u00A0Bonneville\u00C2\u00A0Power\u00C2\u00A0Administration,\u00C2\u00A0Portland,\u00C2\u00A0OR.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Bi,\u00C2\u00A0H.S.,\u00C2\u00A0Ruppel,\u00C2\u00A0R.E.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Peterson,\u00C2\u00A0W.T.\u00C2\u00A02007.\u00C2\u00A0Modeling\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0pelagic\u00C2\u00A0habitat\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0off\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 Pacific\u00C2\u00A0Northwest\u00C2\u00A0(USA)\u00C2\u00A0coast\u00C2\u00A0using\u00C2\u00A0logistic\u00C2\u00A0regression.\u00C2\u00A0Mar.\u00C2\u00A0Ecol.\u00C2\u00A0Prog.\u00C2\u00A0Ser.\u00C2\u00A0336:\u00C2\u00A0249\u00E2\u0080\u0090 265.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Brodeur,\u00C2\u00A0R.D.,\u00C2\u00A0Fisher,\u00C2\u00A0J.P.,\u00C2\u00A0Teel,\u00C2\u00A0D.J.,\u00C2\u00A0Emmett,\u00C2\u00A0R.L.,\u00C2\u00A0Casillas,\u00C2\u00A0E.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Miller,\u00C2\u00A0T.W.\u00C2\u00A02004.\u00C2\u00A0Juvenile\u00C2\u00A0 salmonid\u00C2\u00A0distribution,\u00C2\u00A0growth,\u00C2\u00A0condition,\u00C2\u00A0origin,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0environmental\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0species\u00C2\u00A0 associations\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Northern\u00C2\u00A0California\u00C2\u00A0Current.\u00C2\u00A0Fish.\u00C2\u00A0Bull.\u00C2\u00A0102(1):\u00C2\u00A025\u00E2\u0080\u009046.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Budy,\u00C2\u00A0P.,\u00C2\u00A0Thiede,\u00C2\u00A0G.P.,\u00C2\u00A0Bouwes,\u00C2\u00A0N.,\u00C2\u00A0Petrosky,\u00C2\u00A0C.E.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Schaller,\u00C2\u00A0H.\u00C2\u00A02002.\u00C2\u00A0Evidence\u00C2\u00A0linking\u00C2\u00A0 delayed\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0their\u00C2\u00A0earlier\u00C2\u00A0hydrosystem\u00C2\u00A0experience.\u00C2\u00A0N.\u00C2\u00A0Am.\u00C2\u00A0 J.\u00C2\u00A0Fish.\u00C2\u00A0Manage.\u00C2\u00A022(1):\u00C2\u00A035\u00E2\u0080\u009051.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Fisher,\u00C2\u00A0J.P.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Pearcy,\u00C2\u00A0W.G.\u00C2\u00A01995.\u00C2\u00A0Distribution,\u00C2\u00A0migration,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0growth\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0juvenile\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0 salmon,\u00C2\u00A0Oncorhynchus\u00C2\u00A0tshawytscha,\u00C2\u00A0off\u00C2\u00A0Oregon\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Washington.\u00C2\u00A0Fish.\u00C2\u00A0Bull.\u00C2\u00A093(2):\u00C2\u00A0274\u00E2\u0080\u0090 289.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Levin,\u00C2\u00A0P.S.\u00C2\u00A02003.\u00C2\u00A0Regional\u00C2\u00A0differences\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0responses\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0populations\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0large\u00E2\u0080\u0090scale\u00C2\u00A0 climatic\u00C2\u00A0patterns.\u00C2\u00A0J.\u00C2\u00A0Biogeogr.\u00C2\u00A030(5):\u00C2\u00A0711\u00E2\u0080\u0090717.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Muir,\u00C2\u00A0W.D.,\u00C2\u00A0Smith,\u00C2\u00A0S.G.,\u00C2\u00A0Williams,\u00C2\u00A0J.G.,\u00C2\u00A0Hockersmith,\u00C2\u00A0E.E.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Skalski,\u00C2\u00A0J.R.\u00C2\u00A02001.\u00C2\u00A0Survival\u00C2\u00A0 estimates\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0migrant\u00C2\u00A0yearling\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0steelhead\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0passive\u00C2\u00A0 integrated\u00C2\u00A0transponders\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0lower\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0lower\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0rivers,\u00C2\u00A01993\u00E2\u0080\u00901998.\u00C2\u00A0N.\u00C2\u00A0 Am.\u00C2\u00A0J.\u00C2\u00A0Fish.\u00C2\u00A0Manage.\u00C2\u00A021(2):\u00C2\u00A0269\u00E2\u0080\u0090282.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Schaller,\u00C2\u00A0H.A.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Petrosky,\u00C2\u00A0C.E.\u00C2\u00A02007.\u00C2\u00A0Assessing\u00C2\u00A0hydrosystem\u00C2\u00A0influence\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0delayed\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 Snake\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0stream\u00E2\u0080\u0090type\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon.\u00C2\u00A0N.\u00C2\u00A0Am.\u00C2\u00A0J.\u00C2\u00A0Fish.\u00C2\u00A0Manage.\u00C2\u00A027(3):\u00C2\u00A0810\u00E2\u0080\u0090824.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Welch,\u00C2\u00A0D.W.,\u00C2\u00A0Rechisky,\u00C2\u00A0E.L.,\u00C2\u00A0Melnychuk,\u00C2\u00A0M.C.,\u00C2\u00A0Porter,\u00C2\u00A0A.D.,\u00C2\u00A0Walters,\u00C2\u00A0C.J.,\u00C2\u00A0Clements,\u00C2\u00A0S.,\u00C2\u00A0Clemens,\u00C2\u00A0 B.J.,\u00C2\u00A0McKinley,\u00C2\u00A0R.S.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Schreck,\u00C2\u00A0C.\u00C2\u00A02008.\u00C2\u00A0Survival\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0migrating\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0large\u00C2\u00A0 rivers\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0without\u00C2\u00A0dams.\u00C2\u00A0PLoS\u00C2\u00A0Biol.\u00C2\u00A06(10):\u00C2\u00A0e265.\u00C2\u00A0doi:\u00C2\u00A0 10.1371/journal.pbio.0060265.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Welch,\u00C2\u00A0D.W.,\u00C2\u00A0Boehlert,\u00C2\u00A0G.W.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Ward,\u00C2\u00A0B.R.\u00C2\u00A02002.\u00C2\u00A0POST\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u0090\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Pacific\u00C2\u00A0Ocean\u00C2\u00A0Salmon\u00C2\u00A0Tracking\u00C2\u00A0 project.\u00C2\u00A0Oceanol.\u00C2\u00A0Acta.\u00C2\u00A025(5):\u00C2\u00A0243\u00E2\u0080\u0090253.\u00C2\u00A0doi:\u00C2\u00A010.1016/S0399\u00E2\u0080\u00901784(02)01206\u00E2\u0080\u00909.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 White,\u00C2\u00A0G.C.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Burnham,\u00C2\u00A0K.P.\u00C2\u00A01999.\u00C2\u00A0Program\u00C2\u00A0MARK:\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0estimation\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0populations\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 marked\u00C2\u00A0animals.\u00C2\u00A0Bird\u00C2\u00A0Study.\u00C2\u00A046:\u00C2\u00A0120\u00E2\u0080\u0090139.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Yakama\u00C2\u00A0Nation.\u00C2\u00A02008.\u00C2\u00A0Yakima/Klickitat\u00C2\u00A0Fisheries\u00C2\u00A0Project\u00C2\u00A0Monitoring\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Evaluation\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 Performance\u00C2\u00A0Period\u00C2\u00A0May\u00C2\u00A01,\u00C2\u00A02007\u00C2\u00A0through\u00C2\u00A0April\u00C2\u00A030,\u00C2\u00A02008.\u00C2\u00A0Document\u00C2\u00A0ID\u00C2\u00A0#P107550,\u00C2\u00A0 Environment,\u00C2\u00A0Fish\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Wildlife,\u00C2\u00A0Bonneville\u00C2\u00A0Power\u00C2\u00A0Administration,\u00C2\u00A0Portland,\u00C2\u00A0OR.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 82\u00C2\u00A0 4 Comparative\u00C2\u00A0Early\u00C2\u00A0Ocean\u00C2\u00A0Survival\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Migration\u00C2\u00A0Behaviour\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0Juvenile\u00C2\u00A0Spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0Salmon\u00C2\u00A0Migrating\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0Two\u00C2\u00A0 Tributaries\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River3\u00C2\u00A0 4.1 Introduction\u00C2\u00A0 Little\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0known\u00C2\u00A0about\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0fate\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Pacific\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0immediately\u00C2\u00A0following\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0entry.\u00C2\u00A0 Mortality\u00C2\u00A0rate\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0highest\u00C2\u00A0during\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0life\u00C2\u00A0history\u00C2\u00A0phase\u00C2\u00A0(Beamish\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A02004;\u00C2\u00A0Buchanan\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A0 2007;\u00C2\u00A0Quinn\u00C2\u00A02005),\u00C2\u00A0however\u00C2\u00A0it\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0unclear\u00C2\u00A0precisely\u00C2\u00A0when\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0where\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0most\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0 mortality\u00C2\u00A0occurs\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0what\u00C2\u00A0extent\u00C2\u00A0migration\u00C2\u00A0behaviour\u00C2\u00A0may\u00C2\u00A0influence\u00C2\u00A0survival.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0For\u00C2\u00A0seaward\u00C2\u00A0 migrating\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0River,\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0tributary\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River,\u00C2\u00A0extra\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0latent\u00C2\u00A0 mortality\u00C2\u00A0after\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0entry\u00C2\u00A0may\u00C2\u00A0occur\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0result\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0migrating\u00C2\u00A0through\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0heavily\u00C2\u00A0impounded\u00C2\u00A0 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hydrosystem.\u00C2\u00A0Our\u00C2\u00A0results\u00C2\u00A0substantially\u00C2\u00A0extend\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0period\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0life\u00C2\u00A0history\u00C2\u00A0during\u00C2\u00A0which\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0it\u00C2\u00A0 possible\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0address\u00C2\u00A0whether\u00C2\u00A0delayed\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0occurs\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0juvenile\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0 River\u00C2\u00A0basin\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0first\u00C2\u00A0study\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0describe\u00C2\u00A0migration\u00C2\u00A0behavior\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0ocean.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 4.2 Methods\u00C2\u00A0 4.2.1 Populations\u00C2\u00A0studied\u00C2\u00A0 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To\u00C2\u00A0test\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0delayed\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0hypothesis\u00C2\u00A0it\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0necessary\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0select\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0hatchery\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0 salmon\u00C2\u00A0population\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0mid/lower\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0has\u00C2\u00A0demonstrated\u00C2\u00A0higher\u00C2\u00A0adult\u00C2\u00A0 return\u00C2\u00A0rates\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0navigates\u00C2\u00A0fewer\u00C2\u00A0dams\u00C2\u00A0than\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0stock.\u00C2\u00A0If\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0population\u00C2\u00A0 had\u00C2\u00A0significantly\u00C2\u00A0lower\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0below\u00C2\u00A0Bonneville\u00C2\u00A0Dam,\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0difference\u00C2\u00A0could\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0attributed\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0 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Program\u00C2\u00A0established\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0CESRF\u00C2\u00A0facility\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A01997\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0enhance\u00C2\u00A0production\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0 85\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0basin\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0order\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0increase\u00C2\u00A0harvest\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0augment\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0natural\u00C2\u00A0population.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0 research\u00C2\u00A0facility\u00C2\u00A0(also\u00C2\u00A0referred\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0Cle\u00C2\u00A0Elum\u00C2\u00A0hatchery)\u00C2\u00A0spawns\u00C2\u00A0returning\u00C2\u00A0wild\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0 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Distance\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0mouth\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0870\u00C2\u00A0km.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Yakima\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0hatchery\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0volitionally\u00C2\u00A0released\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0CESRF\u00C2\u00A0 acclimation\u00C2\u00A0sites\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0March\u00C2\u00A015\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0May\u00C2\u00A031.\u00C2\u00A0Migrating\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0then\u00C2\u00A0collected\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 lower\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Chandler\u00C2\u00A0Juvenile\u00C2\u00A0Monitoring\u00C2\u00A0Facility\u00C2\u00A0(CJMF;\u00C2\u00A0194\u00E2\u0080\u0090249\u00C2\u00A0km\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 acclimation\u00C2\u00A0sites)\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0held\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0tagging.\u00C2\u00A0We\u00C2\u00A0collected\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0CJMF\u00C2\u00A0because\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 Yakima\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0has\u00C2\u00A0been\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0high\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A080%\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0recent\u00C2\u00A0years\u00C2\u00A0(Yakama\u00C2\u00A0Nation\u00C2\u00A02008).\u00C2\u00A0Fish\u00C2\u00A0released\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0 CJMF\u00C2\u00A0migrated\u00C2\u00A076\u00C2\u00A0km\u00C2\u00A0down\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0enter\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0just\u00C2\u00A0upstream\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0 86\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00E2\u0080\u0090Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0confluence;\u00C2\u00A0distance\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0mouth\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0615\u00C2\u00A0km.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Thus,\u00C2\u00A0 both\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0populations\u00C2\u00A0shared\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0common\u00C2\u00A0migration\u00C2\u00A0path\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0passed\u00C2\u00A0 through\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0four\u00C2\u00A0lower\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0dams\u00C2\u00A0before\u00C2\u00A0reaching\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0listening\u00C2\u00A0line\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0Willapa\u00C2\u00A0 Bay,\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0total\u00C2\u00A0distance\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0910\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0655\u00C2\u00A0km,\u00C2\u00A0respectively.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Within\u00C2\u00A0each\u00C2\u00A0population\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0two\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0groups\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0released\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0their\u00C2\u00A0hatchery\u00C2\u00A0one\u00C2\u00A0 week\u00C2\u00A0apart\u00C2\u00A0(Table\u00C2\u00A04.1).\u00C2\u00A0As\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0migrated\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0additional\u00C2\u00A0250\u00C2\u00A0km,\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0times\u00C2\u00A0 for\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0scheduled\u00C2\u00A0such\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0both\u00C2\u00A0populations\u00C2\u00A0would\u00C2\u00A0arrive\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 area\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0common\u00C2\u00A0migration\u00C2\u00A0(at\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0confluence\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0rivers)\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0 approximately\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0same\u00C2\u00A0date,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0therefore\u00C2\u00A0timing\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0entry\u00C2\u00A0(and\u00C2\u00A0presumably\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0 conditions)\u00C2\u00A0would\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0similar.\u00C2\u00A0Therefore,\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0released\u00C2\u00A03\u00E2\u0080\u00904\u00C2\u00A0weeks\u00C2\u00A0 earlier\u00C2\u00A0than\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0allow\u00C2\u00A0time\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0migrate\u00C2\u00A0down\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0lower\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0River.\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A0general,\u00C2\u00A0 Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0released\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0late\u00C2\u00A0April\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0early\u00C2\u00A0May,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0released\u00C2\u00A0 mid\u00E2\u0080\u0090late\u00C2\u00A0May\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0early\u00C2\u00A0June\u00C2\u00A0(Table\u00C2\u00A04.1).\u00C2\u00A0 The\u00C2\u00A0spill\u00C2\u00A0management\u00C2\u00A0program\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0Basin\u00C2\u00A0regulates\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0volume\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0water\u00C2\u00A0 that\u00C2\u00A0flows\u00C2\u00A0over\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0spillways\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0lower\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0dams\u00C2\u00A0during\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 summer,\u00C2\u00A0providing\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0alternate\u00C2\u00A0route\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0seaward\u00C2\u00A0migrating\u00C2\u00A0ESA\u00C2\u00A0listed\u00C2\u00A0salmonids\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0might\u00C2\u00A0 otherwise\u00C2\u00A0migrate\u00C2\u00A0through\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0turbines.\u00C2\u00A0Migration\u00C2\u00A0over\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0dams\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0spill\u00C2\u00A0also\u00C2\u00A0permits\u00C2\u00A0more\u00C2\u00A0 fish\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0migrate\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0river\u00C2\u00A0thereby\u00C2\u00A0decreasing\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0proportion\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0collected\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 transported\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0dams.\u00C2\u00A0As\u00C2\u00A0transportation\u00C2\u00A0studies\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0conclusively\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0 consistently\u00C2\u00A0resulted\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0higher\u00C2\u00A0adult\u00C2\u00A0returns\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0ESA\u00C2\u00A0listed\u00C2\u00A0salmonids\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0(see\u00C2\u00A0 Chapter\u00C2\u00A05),\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0spill\u00C2\u00A0program\u00C2\u00A0aims\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0keep\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0river\u00C2\u00A0while\u00C2\u00A0maintaining\u00C2\u00A0safe\u00C2\u00A0levels\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0total\u00C2\u00A0 dissolved\u00C2\u00A0gas\u00C2\u00A0caused\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0spill.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Therefore,\u00C2\u00A0spill\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0occurring\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0four\u00C2\u00A0lower\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0dams\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0four\u00C2\u00A0lower\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0dams\u00C2\u00A0throughout\u00C2\u00A0our\u00C2\u00A0study\u00C2\u00A0periods\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0summer\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 2006\u00E2\u0080\u00908.\u00C2\u00A0 4.2.3 Tag\u00C2\u00A0specs\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0surgical\u00C2\u00A0protocol\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 In\u00C2\u00A0each\u00C2\u00A0year\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0study\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0surgically\u00C2\u00A0implanted\u00C2\u00A0704\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0794\u00C2\u00A0yearling\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0 smolts\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0individually\u00C2\u00A0identifiable\u00C2\u00A069\u00C2\u00A0kHz\u00C2\u00A0Vemco\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0transmitters\u00C2\u00A0(Shad\u00C2\u00A0Bay,\u00C2\u00A0Nova\u00C2\u00A0Scotia,\u00C2\u00A0 Canada).\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0At\u00C2\u00A0each\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0two\u00C2\u00A0hatcheries\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0two\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0groups\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0approximately\u00C2\u00A0175\u00E2\u0080\u0090 200\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0(Table\u00C2\u00A04.1).\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A02006\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A02007,\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0implanted\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0V9\u00E2\u0080\u00906L\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0transmitters\u00C2\u00A0 87\u00C2\u00A0 (9\u00C2\u00A0x\u00C2\u00A020\u00C2\u00A0mm,\u00C2\u00A03.1\u00C2\u00A0g\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0air,\u00C2\u00A02\u00C2\u00A0g\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0water)\u00C2\u00A0which\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0programmed\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0transmit\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0unique\u00C2\u00A0code\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0 mean\u00C2\u00A0interval\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A090\u00C2\u00A0seconds.\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A02008,\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0implanted\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0slightly\u00C2\u00A0smaller\u00C2\u00A0transmitter,\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0V7\u00E2\u0080\u00902L\u00C2\u00A0(7\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0x\u00C2\u00A020\u00C2\u00A0mm,\u00C2\u00A01.6\u00C2\u00A0g\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0air,\u00C2\u00A00.75\u00C2\u00A0g\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0water),\u00C2\u00A0which\u00C2\u00A0transmitted\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0unique\u00C2\u00A0code\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0 mean\u00C2\u00A0interval\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A060\u00C2\u00A0seconds.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0rated\u00C2\u00A0battery\u00C2\u00A0life\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0both\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0types\u00C2\u00A0tags\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0intended\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0 exceed\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0migration\u00C2\u00A0time\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0POST\u00C2\u00A0sub\u00E2\u0080\u0090array\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0Alaska\u00C2\u00A0(>90\u00C2\u00A0days).\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A0general,\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0larger,\u00C2\u00A0 more\u00C2\u00A0powerful\u00C2\u00A0V9\u00E2\u0080\u00906L\u00C2\u00A0transmitter\u00C2\u00A0has\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0detection\u00C2\u00A0radius\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0089\u00A4400\u00C2\u00A0m,\u00C2\u00A0while\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0smaller\u00C2\u00A0V7\u00E2\u0080\u00902L\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0 has\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0detection\u00C2\u00A0radius\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0089\u00A4300\u00C2\u00A0m.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0transmission\u00C2\u00A0interval\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0V7\u00E2\u0080\u00902L\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0faster\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0more\u00C2\u00A0 frequent\u00C2\u00A0than\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0programming\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0previous\u00C2\u00A0years\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0compensate\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0reduced\u00C2\u00A0detection\u00C2\u00A0 radius\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0prevent\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0significant\u00C2\u00A0decrease\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0detection\u00C2\u00A0probability.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Therefore\u00C2\u00A0although\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0output\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0V7\u00E2\u0080\u00902L\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0weaker\u00C2\u00A0than\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0V9\u00E2\u0080\u00906L,\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 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Chapter\u00C2\u00A02\u00C2\u00A0demonstrated\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0retention\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0captivity\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0high\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0both\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0types;\u00C2\u00A0 however,\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0minimum\u00C2\u00A0size\u00C2\u00A0threshold\u00C2\u00A0prevented\u00C2\u00A0us\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0tagging\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0entire\u00C2\u00A0size\u00C2\u00A0distribution.\u00C2\u00A0 We\u00C2\u00A0estimate\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0upper\u00C2\u00A018%\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0size\u00C2\u00A0distribution\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0passing\u00C2\u00A0 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institutional\u00C2\u00A0animal\u00C2\u00A0care\u00C2\u00A0committees\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0met\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0exceeded\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Canadian\u00C2\u00A0Council\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0Animal\u00C2\u00A0Care\u00C2\u00A0 standards\u00C2\u00A0(www.ccac.ca).\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0same\u00C2\u00A0surgical\u00C2\u00A0protocol\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0used\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0all\u00C2\u00A0years\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0both\u00C2\u00A0treatment\u00C2\u00A0 types;\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0detailed\u00C2\u00A0description\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0given\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0Chapter\u00C2\u00A02\u00C2\u00A0(Rechisky\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Welch\u00C2\u00A0(2009)).\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A0general,\u00C2\u00A0 portable\u00C2\u00A0self\u00E2\u0080\u0090sustaining\u00C2\u00A0surgical\u00C2\u00A0units\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0assembled\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0site,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0surgery\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0carried\u00C2\u00A0out\u00C2\u00A0 by\u00C2\u00A0highly\u00C2\u00A0experienced,\u00C2\u00A0veterinarian\u00E2\u0080\u0090trained\u00C2\u00A0staff.\u00C2\u00A0Fish\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0anesthetised\u00C2\u00A0one\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0time\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A070\u00C2\u00A0 ppm\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Tricaine\u00C2\u00A0Methane\u00C2\u00A0Sulphonate\u00C2\u00A0(MS\u00E2\u0080\u0090222).\u00C2\u00A0Fork\u00C2\u00A0length\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0measured\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0nearest\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0 88\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0weight\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0measured\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0nearest\u00C2\u00A0tenth\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0gram.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0then\u00C2\u00A0placed\u00C2\u00A0ventral\u00C2\u00A0side\u00C2\u00A0 up\u00C2\u00A0into\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0v\u00E2\u0080\u0090shaped\u00C2\u00A0trough\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0maintenance\u00C2\u00A0dose\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0anaesthetic\u00C2\u00A0(50\u00C2\u00A0ppm)\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0pumped\u00C2\u00A0 through\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0mouth\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0over\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0gills.\u00C2\u00A0An\u00C2\u00A0incision\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0made\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0ventral\u00C2\u00A0midline\u00C2\u00A0midway\u00C2\u00A0 between\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0pelvic\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0pectoral\u00C2\u00A0fins\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0gently\u00C2\u00A0inserted\u00C2\u00A0through\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0incision\u00C2\u00A0into\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0peritoneal\u00C2\u00A0cavity.\u00C2\u00A0For\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A09\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0transmitter,\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0incision\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A010\u00E2\u0080\u009012\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0length\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0 closed\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0two\u00C2\u00A0interrupted\u00C2\u00A0sutures;\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A07\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0transmitter\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0incision\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A07\u00E2\u0080\u00908\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0 closed\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0one\u00C2\u00A0suture.\u00C2\u00A0Surgery\u00C2\u00A0time\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0<2\u00C2\u00A0min\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A09\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0about\u00C2\u00A01\u00C2\u00A0min\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A07\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0 tag.\u00C2\u00A0Immediately\u00C2\u00A0following\u00C2\u00A0surgery,\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0placed\u00C2\u00A0into\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0recovery\u00C2\u00A0bath\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0monitored.\u00C2\u00A0 Within\u00C2\u00A0minutes\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0regained\u00C2\u00A0equilibrium\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0reactivity.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 In\u00C2\u00A0addition\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0transmitter,\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0passive\u00C2\u00A0integrated\u00C2\u00A0transponder\u00C2\u00A0(PIT)\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0 placed\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0body\u00C2\u00A0cavity\u00C2\u00A0(through\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0incision)\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0all\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0smolts.\u00C2\u00A0Juvenile\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0 Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0collected\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0dam\u00C2\u00A0bypass\u00C2\u00A0facilities\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0transported\u00C2\u00A0via\u00C2\u00A0truck\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0 barge\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0below\u00C2\u00A0Bonneville\u00C2\u00A0Dam\u00C2\u00A0during\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0seaward\u00C2\u00A0migration.\u00C2\u00A0By\u00C2\u00A0default,\u00C2\u00A0non\u00E2\u0080\u0090PIT\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0 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of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0PIT\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0ensure\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0IR\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0diverted\u00C2\u00A0back\u00C2\u00A0into\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0river\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0dam\u00C2\u00A0 bypass\u00C2\u00A0facilities\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0collected\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0transport\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0below\u00C2\u00A0Bonneville\u00C2\u00A0Dam,\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0last\u00C2\u00A0dam\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 system.\u00C2\u00A0All\u00C2\u00A0POST\u00C2\u00A0PIT\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0codes\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0information\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0uploaded\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0PIT\u00C2\u00A0Tag\u00C2\u00A0 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(northwest\u00C2\u00A0Vancouver\u00C2\u00A0Island,\u00C2\u00A0BC),\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Graves\u00C2\u00A0Harbor\u00C2\u00A0(southeast\u00C2\u00A0AK)\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0deployed\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0single\u00C2\u00A0 lines\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0extended\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0near\u00E2\u0080\u0090shore\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0edge\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0continental\u00C2\u00A0shelf\u00C2\u00A0(200\u00C2\u00A0m\u00C2\u00A0depth),\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0 distance\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0up\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A030\u00C2\u00A0km\u00C2\u00A0(Figure\u00C2\u00A04.1).\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0Willapa\u00C2\u00A0Bay\u00C2\u00A0detection\u00C2\u00A0site\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0located\u00C2\u00A040\u00C2\u00A0km\u00C2\u00A0north\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 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time\u00C2\u00A0(days)\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0each\u00C2\u00A0detection\u00C2\u00A0site,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0cumulative\u00C2\u00A0mean\u00C2\u00A0travel\u00C2\u00A0time\u00C2\u00A0(days)\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0all\u00C2\u00A0 subsequent\u00C2\u00A0detection\u00C2\u00A0sites.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Additionally,\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0calculated\u00C2\u00A0segment\u00C2\u00A0specific\u00C2\u00A0mean\u00C2\u00A0migration\u00C2\u00A0rate\u00C2\u00A0 over\u00C2\u00A0ground\u00C2\u00A0(km/day)\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0each\u00C2\u00A0detection\u00C2\u00A0site,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0cumulative\u00C2\u00A0mean\u00C2\u00A0migration\u00C2\u00A0rate\u00C2\u00A0over\u00C2\u00A0ground\u00C2\u00A0 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smolts\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0(130\u00E2\u0080\u0090208\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0FL),\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0might\u00C2\u00A0expect\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0find\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0larger\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0swim\u00C2\u00A0 faster\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0coastal\u00C2\u00A0ocean.\u00C2\u00A0We\u00C2\u00A0performed\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0analysis\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0covariance\u00C2\u00A0(ANCOVA)\u00C2\u00A0using\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0linear\u00C2\u00A0 model\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0programming\u00C2\u00A0language\u00C2\u00A0R\u00C2\u00A0(R\u00C2\u00A0Development\u00C2\u00A0Core\u00C2\u00A0Team\u00C2\u00A02008)\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0test\u00C2\u00A0whether\u00C2\u00A0 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from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0basin\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0detected\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0sub\u00E2\u0080\u0090array\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0below\u00C2\u00A0Lower\u00C2\u00A0 Granite\u00C2\u00A0dam,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0all\u00C2\u00A0sub\u00E2\u0080\u0090arrays\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0lower\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River.\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A02007\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A02008\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0 also\u00C2\u00A0detected\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0newly\u00C2\u00A0deployed\u00C2\u00A0sub\u00E2\u0080\u0090array\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0estuary\u00C2\u00A0near\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0river\u00C2\u00A0 mouth\u00C2\u00A0(Astoria\u00C2\u00A0Bridge).\u00C2\u00A0Upon\u00C2\u00A0entry\u00C2\u00A0into\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Pacific\u00C2\u00A0Ocean,\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0detected\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0 sub\u00E2\u0080\u0090array\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0Willapa\u00C2\u00A0Bay,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A02008\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0detected\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0Lippy\u00C2\u00A0Point\u00C2\u00A0 (NW\u00C2\u00A0Vancouver\u00C2\u00A0Island)\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0Graves\u00C2\u00A0Harbor\u00C2\u00A0(SE\u00C2\u00A0Alaska;\u00C2\u00A0one\u00C2\u00A0smolt\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0detected\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 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Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0detection\u00C2\u00A0sites\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0two\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0sub\u00E2\u0080\u0090arrays\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0Willapa\u00C2\u00A0Bay\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Lippy\u00C2\u00A0 Point,\u00C2\u00A0except\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02007\u00C2\u00A0when\u00C2\u00A0no\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0detected\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0Lippy\u00C2\u00A0Point.\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0 detected\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Alaska\u00C2\u00A0sub\u00E2\u0080\u0090array.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0total\u00C2\u00A0tracking\u00C2\u00A0distance\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Lippy\u00C2\u00A0Point\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0 1140\u00C2\u00A0km.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 In\u00C2\u00A02007\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0relatively\u00C2\u00A0low\u00C2\u00A0proportion\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0detected\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0POST\u00C2\u00A0array\u00C2\u00A0when\u00C2\u00A0 compared\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0other\u00C2\u00A0years\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0study\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0when\u00C2\u00A0compared\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0independent\u00C2\u00A0estimates\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0 from\u00C2\u00A0other\u00C2\u00A0studies\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0same\u00C2\u00A0year.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0low\u00C2\u00A0apparent\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0non\u00E2\u0080\u0090detection\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0 both\u00C2\u00A0populations\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0possibly\u00C2\u00A0associated\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0over\u00C2\u00A0handling\u00C2\u00A0during\u00C2\u00A0tagging\u00C2\u00A0resulting\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0 unusually\u00C2\u00A0high\u00C2\u00A0post\u00E2\u0080\u0090release\u00C2\u00A0mortality.\u00C2\u00A0We\u00C2\u00A0present\u00C2\u00A0results\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A02007\u00C2\u00A0study,\u00C2\u00A0however,\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0 make\u00C2\u00A0no\u00C2\u00A0attempt\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0draw\u00C2\u00A0conclusions\u00C2\u00A0regarding\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0during\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0year.\u00C2\u00A0Distribution\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0rate\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0movement\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0presented,\u00C2\u00A0but\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0limited\u00C2\u00A0due\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0low\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02007.\u00C2\u00A0 4.3.1 Model\u00C2\u00A0selection\u00C2\u00A0 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information\u00C2\u00A0theoretic\u00C2\u00A0approach\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0our\u00C2\u00A0set\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0candidate\u00C2\u00A0models\u00C2\u00A0constrained\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0 function\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0mean\u00C2\u00A0travel\u00C2\u00A0time\u00C2\u00A0(\u00CF\u0086TT\u00C2\u00A0pt).\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0slope\u00C2\u00A0parameters\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0travel\u00C2\u00A0time\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0significantly\u00C2\u00A0 less\u00C2\u00A0than\u00C2\u00A00\u00C2\u00A0(on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0logit\u00C2\u00A0scale)\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0both\u00C2\u00A0populations\u00C2\u00A0indicating\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0survivorship\u00C2\u00A0decreased\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0 98\u00C2\u00A0 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parameters\u00C2\u00A0too\u00C2\u00A0much\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0represent\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0poor\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0immediately\u00C2\u00A0after\u00C2\u00A0release.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 In\u00C2\u00A02008,\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0most\u00C2\u00A0parsimonious\u00C2\u00A0model\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0time\u00C2\u00A0varying\u00C2\u00A0model\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0additive\u00C2\u00A0effect\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0FL\u00C2\u00A0(\u00CF\u0086t+FL\u00C2\u00A0pt;\u00C2\u00A0Table\u00C2\u00A04.2c).\u00C2\u00A0Although\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0model\u00C2\u00A0had\u00C2\u00A0most\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0AICc\u00C2\u00A0weight\u00C2\u00A0(0.77),\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0slope\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 FL\u00C2\u00A0parameter\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0only\u00C2\u00A0significantly\u00C2\u00A0different\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0zero\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0population.\u00C2\u00A0As\u00C2\u00A0 discussed\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0Chapter\u00C2\u00A02,\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0model\u00C2\u00A0had\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0most\u00C2\u00A0support\u00C2\u00A0when\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0included\u00C2\u00A0all\u00C2\u00A0sizes;\u00C2\u00A0however,\u00C2\u00A0 when\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0removed\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0largest\u00C2\u00A0size\u00C2\u00A0class\u00C2\u00A0(155\u00E2\u0080\u0090159\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0FL)\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0slope\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0FL\u00C2\u00A0parameter\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0 Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0no\u00C2\u00A0longer\u00C2\u00A0significant\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0thus,\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0FL\u00C2\u00A0model\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0no\u00C2\u00A0longer\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0highest\u00C2\u00A0 ranking\u00C2\u00A0model.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0fully\u00C2\u00A0time\u00C2\u00A0varying\u00C2\u00A0CJS\u00C2\u00A0model\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0competing\u00C2\u00A0model\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0also\u00C2\u00A0had\u00C2\u00A0weight\u00C2\u00A0 (AICc\u00C2\u00A0weight=\u00C2\u00A00.23),\u00C2\u00A0however\u00C2\u00A0including\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0effect\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0FL\u00C2\u00A0marginally\u00C2\u00A0improved\u00C2\u00A0fit\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0model.\u00C2\u00A0All\u00C2\u00A0 other\u00C2\u00A0models\u00C2\u00A0had\u00C2\u00A0zero\u00C2\u00A0weight\u00C2\u00A0indicating\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0travel\u00C2\u00A0time,\u00C2\u00A0distance,\u00C2\u00A0dams\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0useful\u00C2\u00A0 predictors\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02008.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 4.3.2 Estimates\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0 Estimated\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0probabilities\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0Kooskia\u00C2\u00A0hatchery\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0first\u00C2\u00A0detection\u00C2\u00A0site\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0Lake\u00C2\u00A0Bryan\u00C2\u00A0(below\u00C2\u00A0Lower\u00C2\u00A0Granite\u00C2\u00A0Dam)\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A00.75\u00C2\u00A0(SE=0.02)\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006,\u00C2\u00A0 0.19\u00C2\u00A0(SE=0.03)\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02007,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A00.71\u00C2\u00A0(SE=0.02)\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02008\u00C2\u00A0(Table\u00C2\u00A04.3).\u00C2\u00A0Survivorship\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0 McGowan\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0Channel\u00C2\u00A0(the\u00C2\u00A0hydrosystem)\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A00.4\u00C2\u00A0(SE=0.04)\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006,\u00C2\u00A00.08\u00C2\u00A0(SE=0.02)\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02007,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 0.28\u00C2\u00A0(SE=0.03)\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02008.\u00C2\u00A0Survivorship\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Lippy\u00C2\u00A0Point\u00C2\u00A0(assuming\u00C2\u00A0detection\u00C2\u00A0probability\u00C2\u00A0 was\u00C2\u00A0similar\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Willapa\u00C2\u00A0Bay)\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A00.03\u00C2\u00A0(SE=0.01)\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02008\u00C2\u00A0(Table\u00C2\u00A04.4,\u00C2\u00A0Figure\u00C2\u00A04.2).\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A0 2007\u00C2\u00A0no\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0detected\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0Lippy\u00C2\u00A0Point.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 99\u00C2\u00A0 Estimated\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0probabilities\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0Chandler\u00C2\u00A0Juvenile\u00C2\u00A0 Monitoring\u00C2\u00A0Facility\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0first\u00C2\u00A0detection\u00C2\u00A0site\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0Lake\u00C2\u00A0Wallula\u00C2\u00A0(below\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0confluence\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0 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Shydro=\u00C2\u00A00.37;\u00C2\u00A0SE=0.03;\u00C2\u00A0Figure\u00C2\u00A04.3,\u00C2\u00A0Tables\u00C2\u00A04.3\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A04.4).\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A02008,\u00C2\u00A0estimated\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0estuary\u00C2\u00A0 was\u00C2\u00A01.0\u00C2\u00A0(for\u00C2\u00A0both\u00C2\u00A0populations)\u00C2\u00A0which\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0much\u00C2\u00A0higher\u00C2\u00A0than\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0any\u00C2\u00A0other\u00C2\u00A0zone.\u00C2\u00A0Survival\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0hydrosystem,\u00C2\u00A0plume\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0similar\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0population\u00C2\u00A0(Shydro=0.28,\u00C2\u00A0 SE=0.03;\u00C2\u00A0Splume=0.38,\u00C2\u00A0SE=0.07;\u00C2\u00A0Socean=0.24,\u00C2\u00A0SE=0.08);\u00C2\u00A0however\u00C2\u00A0hydrosystem\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0 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that\u00C2\u00A0may\u00C2\u00A0translate\u00C2\u00A0into\u00C2\u00A0substantial\u00C2\u00A0changes\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0during\u00C2\u00A0early\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0migration.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 4.3.3 Survival\u00C2\u00A0ratios\u00C2\u00A0 To\u00C2\u00A0assess\u00C2\u00A0whether\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0poorer\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0due\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0delayed\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0 dam\u00C2\u00A0passage\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0compared\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0common\u00C2\u00A0area\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 migration\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0calculating\u00C2\u00A0survivorship\u00C2\u00A0ratios\u00C2\u00A0(SDworshak/SYakima)\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0Lake\u00C2\u00A0Wallula\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0McGowan\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0 Channel\u00C2\u00A0(Bonneville\u00C2\u00A0Dam;\u00C2\u00A0SRhydro)\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0McGowan\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0Channel\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0three\u00C2\u00A0subsequent\u00C2\u00A0detection\u00C2\u00A0 sites:\u00C2\u00A01)\u00C2\u00A0Astoria\u00C2\u00A0(SRAst;\u00C2\u00A02007\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A02008),\u00C2\u00A02)\u00C2\u00A0Willapa\u00C2\u00A0Bay\u00C2\u00A0(SRWiB),\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A03)\u00C2\u00A0northwestern\u00C2\u00A0Vancouver\u00C2\u00A0 Island\u00C2\u00A0(SRLIP).\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A02006,\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0ratios\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0significantly\u00C2\u00A0greater\u00C2\u00A0than\u00C2\u00A01\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A05%\u00C2\u00A0significance\u00C2\u00A0 level\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0hydrosystem\u00C2\u00A0(SRhydro\u00C2\u00A0=1.41,\u00C2\u00A0SE=0.11,\u00C2\u00A0z=4.34,\u00C2\u00A0p<0.001),\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0McGowan\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0 Channel\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Willapa\u00C2\u00A0Bay\u00C2\u00A0(SRWiB\u00C2\u00A0=1.24,\u00C2\u00A0SE=0.07,\u00C2\u00A0z=4.07,\u00C2\u00A0p<0.001),\u00C2\u00A0indicating\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0 actually\u00C2\u00A0had\u00C2\u00A0higher\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0hydrosystem\u00C2\u00A0after\u00C2\u00A0passing\u00C2\u00A0four\u00C2\u00A0dams,\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0well\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0higher\u00C2\u00A0 survival\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0estuary\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0plume,\u00C2\u00A0after\u00C2\u00A0passing\u00C2\u00A0eight\u00C2\u00A0dams\u00C2\u00A0(Table\u00C2\u00A04.7).\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0ratio\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0 Lippy\u00C2\u00A0Point\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0significantly\u00C2\u00A0different\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A01\u00C2\u00A0(SRLIP\u00C2\u00A0=2.17,\u00C2\u00A0SE=2.07,\u00C2\u00A0z=0.809,\u00C2\u00A0p=0.209),\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 this\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0due\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0high\u00C2\u00A0variance\u00C2\u00A0around\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0estimates\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0distant\u00C2\u00A0location.\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A02008,\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 survival\u00C2\u00A0ratio\u00C2\u00A0estimated\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0hydrosystem\u00C2\u00A0did\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0exceed\u00C2\u00A01\u00C2\u00A0but\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0significantly\u00C2\u00A0less\u00C2\u00A0 than\u00C2\u00A01\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A05%\u00C2\u00A0significance\u00C2\u00A0level\u00C2\u00A0(SRhydro=0.93,\u00C2\u00A0SE=0.11,\u00C2\u00A0z=\u00E2\u0080\u00900.603,\u00C2\u00A0p=0.274),\u00C2\u00A0nor\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0it\u00C2\u00A0 significantly\u00C2\u00A0lower\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0McGowan\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0Channel\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Astoria\u00C2\u00A0Bridge\u00C2\u00A0(SRAst\u00C2\u00A0=1.0,\u00C2\u00A0SE=0,\u00C2\u00A0z=0.005,\u00C2\u00A0 p=0.5),\u00C2\u00A0Willapa\u00C2\u00A0Bay\u00C2\u00A0(SRWiB\u00C2\u00A0=0.99,\u00C2\u00A0SE=0.23,\u00C2\u00A0z=\u00E2\u0080\u00900.021,\u00C2\u00A0p=0.492),\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0Lippy\u00C2\u00A0Point\u00C2\u00A0(SRLIP\u00C2\u00A0=0.88,\u00C2\u00A0 SE=0.4,\u00C2\u00A0z=\u00E2\u0080\u00900.268,\u00C2\u00A0p=0.397).\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Therefore,\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0did\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0suffer\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0delayed\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0 when\u00C2\u00A0compared\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0population\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0mid\u00E2\u0080\u0090Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 101\u00C2\u00A0 4.3.4 Survival\u00C2\u00A0rate\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Appendix\u00C2\u00A0C\u00C2\u00A0shows\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0distribution\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0per\u00C2\u00A0km\u00C2\u00A0instantaneous\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0rates\u00C2\u00A0(b)\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 seaward\u00C2\u00A0migrating\u00C2\u00A0juvenile\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006,\u00C2\u00A02007,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A02008.\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A0general,\u00C2\u00A0 Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0had\u00C2\u00A0lower\u00C2\u00A0post\u00E2\u0080\u0090release\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0than\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0smolts;\u00C2\u00A0however\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0only\u00C2\u00A0 significant\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006.\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A02007\u00C2\u00A0post\u00E2\u0080\u0090release\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0high\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0both\u00C2\u00A0populations,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0thus\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 difference\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0significant\u00C2\u00A0when\u00C2\u00A0comparing\u00C2\u00A0populations.\u00C2\u00A0Not\u00C2\u00A0surprisingly,\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0per\u00C2\u00A0km\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A02007\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0significantly\u00C2\u00A0higher\u00C2\u00A0than\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0rates\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A02008.\u00C2\u00A0There\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0no\u00C2\u00A0significant\u00C2\u00A0 difference\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0rates\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0all\u00C2\u00A0other\u00C2\u00A0migration\u00C2\u00A0segments\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0all\u00C2\u00A0years.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 4.3.5 Detection\u00C2\u00A0probability,\u00C2\u00A0p\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 In\u00C2\u00A02006\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A02007\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A09\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0transmitters;\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02008\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0 tagged\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0smaller\u00C2\u00A07\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0transmitter\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0lower\u00C2\u00A0output,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0therefore\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0anticipated\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0 detection\u00C2\u00A0probabilities\u00C2\u00A0would\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0affected\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0decrease\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0detection\u00C2\u00A0radius.\u00C2\u00A0(The\u00C2\u00A0tradeoff\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0 that\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0able\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0smaller\u00C2\u00A0smolts.)\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0estimated\u00C2\u00A0detection\u00C2\u00A0probability\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0 smolts\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0below\u00C2\u00A0Lower\u00C2\u00A0Granite\u00C2\u00A0Dam\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0>0.96\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0all\u00C2\u00A0years\u00C2\u00A0(Table\u00C2\u00A04.8).\u00C2\u00A0Below\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 confluence\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0rivers\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0detection\u00C2\u00A0probability\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0 Lake\u00C2\u00A0Wallula\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0>0.93\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0all\u00C2\u00A0years,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0>0.96\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0smolts.\u00C2\u00A0At\u00C2\u00A0these\u00C2\u00A0sites,\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0river\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0 broader,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0river\u00C2\u00A0velocity\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0slower\u00C2\u00A0relative\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0sites\u00C2\u00A0further\u00C2\u00A0downstream,\u00C2\u00A0which\u00C2\u00A0facilitated\u00C2\u00A0 higher\u00C2\u00A0detection\u00C2\u00A0probabilities.\u00C2\u00A0Further\u00C2\u00A0downstream,\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0Lake\u00C2\u00A0Celilo\u00C2\u00A0(LaC)\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0McGowan\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0 Channel\u00C2\u00A0(McG),\u00C2\u00A0detection\u00C2\u00A0probabilities\u00C2\u00A0varied;\u00C2\u00A0they\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0highest\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02007\u00C2\u00A0(Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0pLaC\u00C2\u00A0=0.92,\u00C2\u00A0 pMcG=0.79;\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0pLaC=0.97,\u00C2\u00A0pMcG=0.97),\u00C2\u00A0intermediate\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006\u00C2\u00A0(Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0pLaC\u00C2\u00A0=0.56,\u00C2\u00A0pMcG=0.70;\u00C2\u00A0 Yakima\u00C2\u00A0pLaC=0.78,\u00C2\u00A0pMcG=0.84),\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0lowest\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02008\u00C2\u00A0(Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0pLaC\u00C2\u00A0=0.51,\u00C2\u00A0pMcG=0.15;\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0 pLaC=0.33,\u00C2\u00A0pMcG=0.10)\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0both\u00C2\u00A0populations.\u00C2\u00A0Although\u00C2\u00A0relatively\u00C2\u00A0few\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0detected\u00C2\u00A0overall\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0 2007,\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0detection\u00C2\u00A0probability\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0likely\u00C2\u00A0highest\u00C2\u00A0due\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0lower\u00C2\u00A0river\u00C2\u00A0flows\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0year.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0poor\u00C2\u00A0 detection\u00C2\u00A0probabilities\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02008\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0likely\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0function\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0above\u00C2\u00A0average\u00C2\u00A0river\u00C2\u00A0flow\u00C2\u00A0(DeHart\u00C2\u00A02009)\u00C2\u00A0 combined\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0decreased\u00C2\u00A0detection\u00C2\u00A0range\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A07\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0transmitters.\u00C2\u00A0At\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Astoria\u00C2\u00A0Bridge\u00C2\u00A0sub\u00E2\u0080\u0090 array\u00C2\u00A0(2007\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A02008),\u00C2\u00A0200\u00C2\u00A0km\u00C2\u00A0downstream\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0McGowan\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0Channel,\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0spacing\u00C2\u00A0interval\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 acoustic\u00C2\u00A0receivers\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0greatly\u00C2\u00A0reduced\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0ensure\u00C2\u00A0high\u00C2\u00A0detection\u00C2\u00A0rates.\u00C2\u00A0As\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0result,\u00C2\u00A0detection\u00C2\u00A0 probabilities\u00C2\u00A0remained\u00C2\u00A0high\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02007\u00C2\u00A0(>0.83),\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02008\u00C2\u00A0there\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0marked\u00C2\u00A0improvement\u00C2\u00A0over\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0Lake\u00C2\u00A0Celilo\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0McGowan\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0Channel\u00C2\u00A0detection\u00C2\u00A0sites,\u00C2\u00A0(>0.75;\u00C2\u00A0Table\u00C2\u00A04.8).\u00C2\u00A0As\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0detection\u00C2\u00A0site\u00C2\u00A0 102\u00C2\u00A0 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in\u00C2\u00A02006.\u00C2\u00A0That\u00C2\u00A0is,\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006,\u00C2\u00A025%\u00C2\u00A0(10\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A040)\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0receivers\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0removed\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0shifted\u00C2\u00A0out\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0place\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0commercial\u00C2\u00A0fishing\u00C2\u00A0gear,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0result\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0detection\u00C2\u00A0probability\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A00.69\u00C2\u00A0 (Table\u00C2\u00A04.8).\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A02008,\u00C2\u00A098%\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0receivers\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0retained\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A034\u00C2\u00A0km\u00C2\u00A0long\u00C2\u00A0sub\u00E2\u0080\u0090array;\u00C2\u00A0however\u00C2\u00A0 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so\u00C2\u00A0it\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0possible\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0estimate\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0detection\u00C2\u00A0probability\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0Willapa\u00C2\u00A0Bay.\u00C2\u00A0Therefore\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0 assumed\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0probability\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0same\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006\u00C2\u00A0when\u00C2\u00A0gear\u00C2\u00A0loss\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0comparable.\u00C2\u00A0 4.3.6 Cross\u00C2\u00ADshelf\u00C2\u00A0distribution\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 In\u00C2\u00A0each\u00C2\u00A0year\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0used\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0X2\u00C2\u00A0test\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0homogeneity\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0test\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0null\u00C2\u00A0hypothesis\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 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Figure\u00C2\u00A04.4,\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0distributed\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0outer\u00C2\u00A0half\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0continental\u00C2\u00A0shelf,\u00C2\u00A0while\u00C2\u00A0 Yakima\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0distributed\u00C2\u00A0across\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0entire\u00C2\u00A0array\u00C2\u00A0but\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0concentration\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0inner\u00C2\u00A0 portion\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0sub\u00E2\u0080\u0090array.\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A02007,\u00C2\u00A0fewer\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0detected\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0sub\u00E2\u0080\u0090array\u00C2\u00A0but\u00C2\u00A0both\u00C2\u00A0 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were\u00C2\u00A0distributed\u00C2\u00A0towards\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0outer\u00C2\u00A0half\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0continental\u00C2\u00A0shelf,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0their\u00C2\u00A0distributions\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0 not\u00C2\u00A0significantly\u00C2\u00A0different\u00C2\u00A0(X2=5.48,\u00C2\u00A0d.f.=8\u00C2\u00A0,\u00C2\u00A0p=0.706,\u00C2\u00A0Figure\u00C2\u00A04.4).\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 The\u00C2\u00A0distribution\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Lippy\u00C2\u00A0Point\u00C2\u00A0sub\u00E2\u0080\u0090array\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0confined\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0inner\u00C2\u00A0section\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A02006,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0more\u00C2\u00A0widely\u00C2\u00A0distributed\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02008\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0both\u00C2\u00A0populations.\u00C2\u00A0Too\u00C2\u00A0few\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0survived\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0 Lippy\u00C2\u00A0Point\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0perform\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0statistical\u00C2\u00A0test\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0distribution,\u00C2\u00A0but\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0illustrative\u00C2\u00A0purposes\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0 present\u00C2\u00A0histograms\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0Figure\u00C2\u00A04.5.\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A02007,\u00C2\u00A0no\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0detected\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0sub\u00E2\u0080\u0090array.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 4.3.7 Travel\u00C2\u00A0time\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0migration\u00C2\u00A0rate\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Segment\u00C2\u00A0specific\u00C2\u00A0mean\u00C2\u00A0travel\u00C2\u00A0time,\u00C2\u00A0cumulative\u00C2\u00A0mean\u00C2\u00A0travel\u00C2\u00A0time,\u00C2\u00A0segment\u00C2\u00A0specific\u00C2\u00A0mean\u00C2\u00A0 migration\u00C2\u00A0rate,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0cumulative\u00C2\u00A0mean\u00C2\u00A0migration\u00C2\u00A0rate\u00C2\u00A0tables\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0presented\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0Appendices\u00C2\u00A01\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 2.\u00C2\u00A0Segment\u00C2\u00A0specific\u00C2\u00A0mean\u00C2\u00A0travel\u00C2\u00A0time\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0river\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0also\u00C2\u00A0shown\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0Figure\u00C2\u00A04.7.\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A0 general,\u00C2\u00A0travel\u00C2\u00A0time\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A0successive\u00C2\u00A0detection\u00C2\u00A0sites\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0less\u00C2\u00A0than\u00C2\u00A0five\u00C2\u00A0 days\u00C2\u00A0(Figure\u00C2\u00A04.7).\u00C2\u00A0Travel\u00C2\u00A0time\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0McGowan\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0Channel\u00C2\u00A0(647\u00C2\u00A0km)\u00C2\u00A0 ranged\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A017.1\u00E2\u0080\u009022.8\u00C2\u00A0days.\u00C2\u00A0Travel\u00C2\u00A0time\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0McGowan\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0Channel\u00C2\u00A0 (391\u00C2\u00A0km)\u00C2\u00A0ranged\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A05.3\u00E2\u0080\u00907.7\u00C2\u00A0days.\u00C2\u00A0Travel\u00C2\u00A0times\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0both\u00C2\u00A0populations\u00C2\u00A0decreased\u00C2\u00A0when\u00C2\u00A0river\u00C2\u00A0flow\u00C2\u00A0 was\u00C2\u00A0fastest\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006.\u00C2\u00A0Travel\u00C2\u00A0time\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0Willapa\u00C2\u00A0Bay\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Lippy\u00C2\u00A0Point\u00C2\u00A0(485\u00C2\u00A0km)\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0 approximately\u00C2\u00A0one\u00C2\u00A0month\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0both\u00C2\u00A0populations\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A02008.\u00C2\u00A0Segment\u00C2\u00A0specific\u00C2\u00A0travel\u00C2\u00A0time\u00C2\u00A0 from\u00C2\u00A0Lippy\u00C2\u00A0Point\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Graves\u00C2\u00A0Harbor\u00C2\u00A0(1105\u00C2\u00A0km)\u00C2\u00A0could\u00C2\u00A0only\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0calculated\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0one\u00C2\u00A0individual\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0 2006;\u00C2\u00A0travel\u00C2\u00A0time\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A038.4\u00C2\u00A0days.\u00C2\u00A0Across\u00C2\u00A0all\u00C2\u00A0years,\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0total\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0three\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0 was\u00C2\u00A0detected\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Graves\u00C2\u00A0Harbor\u00C2\u00A0sub\u00E2\u0080\u0090array;\u00C2\u00A0travel\u00C2\u00A0time\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0approximately\u00C2\u00A0 three\u00C2\u00A0months\u00C2\u00A0(90.2,\u00C2\u00A093.9,\u00C2\u00A094.5\u00C2\u00A0days).\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 There\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0tendency\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0larger\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0travel\u00C2\u00A0faster\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0Willapa\u00C2\u00A0Bay\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Lippy\u00C2\u00A0 Point\u00C2\u00A0(485\u00C2\u00A0km)\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02008\u00C2\u00A0(7\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0transmitters),\u00C2\u00A0contrary\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A02006\u00C2\u00A0(9\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0transmitters)\u00C2\u00A0when\u00C2\u00A0there\u00C2\u00A0 was\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0tendency\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0smaller\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0migrate\u00C2\u00A0faster\u00C2\u00A0(Figure\u00C2\u00A04.6).\u00C2\u00A0Thus,\u00C2\u00A0there\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0significant\u00C2\u00A0 interaction\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A0FL\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0year\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0our\u00C2\u00A0ANCOVA\u00C2\u00A0model\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0included\u00C2\u00A0both\u00C2\u00A0years\u00C2\u00A0(t=2.71,\u00C2\u00A0 p=0.015)\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0therefore\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0analyzed\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0effect\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0FL\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0each\u00C2\u00A0year\u00C2\u00A0separately.\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A02006,\u00C2\u00A0however,\u00C2\u00A0 there\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0only\u00C2\u00A0four\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0(two\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak,\u00C2\u00A0two\u00C2\u00A0Yakima)\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0detected\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0both\u00C2\u00A0Willapa\u00C2\u00A0Bay\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0Lippy\u00C2\u00A0Point.\u00C2\u00A0Although\u00C2\u00A0several\u00C2\u00A0more\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0detected\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Lippy\u00C2\u00A0Point\u00C2\u00A0sub\u00E2\u0080\u0090array\u00C2\u00A0(but\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0 104\u00C2\u00A0 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good\u00C2\u00A0predictor\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0migration\u00C2\u00A0rate\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0year.\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A02008,\u00C2\u00A0FL\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0significant\u00C2\u00A0variable\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0predicting\u00C2\u00A0 rate\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0movement\u00C2\u00A0(p=0.002).\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0coefficient\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0FL\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A00.408\u00C2\u00A0(SE=0.108)\u00C2\u00A0indicating\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0 every\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0length\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0migration\u00C2\u00A0rate\u00C2\u00A0increased\u00C2\u00A00.408\u00C2\u00A0km/d,\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0every\u00C2\u00A0cm\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0length\u00C2\u00A0 migration\u00C2\u00A0rate\u00C2\u00A0increased\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A04.1\u00C2\u00A0km/day\u00C2\u00A0(Figure\u00C2\u00A04.6).\u00C2\u00A0 4.4 Discussion\u00C2\u00A0 Riverine\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0early\u00C2\u00A0marine\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0basin\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0 essential\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0delineating\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0assessing\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0effects\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0impounded\u00C2\u00A0rivers\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0impact\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 marine\u00C2\u00A0environment\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0survival.\u00C2\u00A0Early\u00C2\u00A0marine\u00C2\u00A0migration\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0also\u00C2\u00A0valuable\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0 we\u00C2\u00A0can\u00C2\u00A0test\u00C2\u00A0hypotheses\u00C2\u00A0regarding\u00C2\u00A0smolt\u00C2\u00A0behavior\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0ocean,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0compare\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0 with\u00C2\u00A0varying\u00C2\u00A0freshwater\u00C2\u00A0migration\u00C2\u00A0histories.\u00C2\u00A0As\u00C2\u00A0well,\u00C2\u00A0these\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0can\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0useful\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0examining\u00C2\u00A0 survival\u00C2\u00A0model\u00C2\u00A0assumptions.\u00C2\u00A0We\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0released\u00C2\u00A0>2200\u00C2\u00A0yearling\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0 estimate\u00C2\u00A0juvenile\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0river\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0ocean.\u00C2\u00A0Additionally,\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0documented\u00C2\u00A0some\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0most\u00C2\u00A0extensive\u00C2\u00A0observations\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0marine\u00C2\u00A0migration\u00C2\u00A0patterns\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0behavior\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0open\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0using\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0large\u00C2\u00A0scale\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0telemetry\u00C2\u00A0array.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 4.4.1 Model\u00C2\u00A0selection\u00C2\u00A0 We\u00C2\u00A0tested\u00C2\u00A0several\u00C2\u00A0hypotheses\u00C2\u00A0regarding\u00C2\u00A0smolt\u00C2\u00A0survival,\u00C2\u00A0including\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0effect\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0distance\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 dam\u00C2\u00A0number\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0relation\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0migration\u00C2\u00A0segment,\u00C2\u00A0travel\u00C2\u00A0time,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0body\u00C2\u00A0size\u00C2\u00A0(FL).\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A02006,\u00C2\u00A0travel\u00C2\u00A0 time\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0best\u00C2\u00A0predictor\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0survival.\u00C2\u00A0Smith\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A0(2003)\u00C2\u00A0found\u00C2\u00A0some\u00C2\u00A0evidence\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0reduced\u00C2\u00A0 river\u00C2\u00A0flow\u00C2\u00A0increases\u00C2\u00A0travel\u00C2\u00A0time\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0subyearling\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0smolts,\u00C2\u00A0however\u00C2\u00A0water\u00C2\u00A0velocity\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0turbulence\u00C2\u00A0provide\u00C2\u00A0cues\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0migrating\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0which\u00C2\u00A0may\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0most\u00C2\u00A0influence\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0travel\u00C2\u00A0 time\u00C2\u00A0while\u00C2\u00A0migrating\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0river\u00C2\u00A0(Tiffan\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A02009).\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A02007,\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0declined\u00C2\u00A0dramatically\u00C2\u00A0after\u00C2\u00A0 release,\u00C2\u00A0therefore\u00C2\u00A0when\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0constrained\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0include\u00C2\u00A0effects\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0distance,\u00C2\u00A0dams,\u00C2\u00A0etc,\u00C2\u00A0such\u00C2\u00A0 simple\u00C2\u00A0models\u00C2\u00A0did\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0perform\u00C2\u00A0well.\u00C2\u00A0As\u00C2\u00A0expected,\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0most\u00C2\u00A0parsimonious\u00C2\u00A0model\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02007\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0fully\u00C2\u00A0time\u00C2\u00A0varying\u00C2\u00A0CJS\u00C2\u00A0model,\u00C2\u00A0which\u00C2\u00A0did\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0constrain\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0any\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0factors\u00C2\u00A0above.\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A0 general,\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0reported\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A02007\u00C2\u00A0seaward\u00C2\u00A0migration\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0representative\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 105\u00C2\u00A0 population\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0should\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0treated\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0such.\u00C2\u00A0We\u00C2\u00A0reported\u00C2\u00A02007\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0demonstrate\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 contrasting\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0estimates\u00C2\u00A0compared\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0other\u00C2\u00A0years;\u00C2\u00A0however\u00C2\u00A0migration\u00C2\u00A0behavior\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 (migration\u00C2\u00A0rate,\u00C2\u00A0cross\u00E2\u0080\u0090shelf\u00C2\u00A0distribution)\u00C2\u00A0may\u00C2\u00A0still\u00C2\u00A0provide\u00C2\u00A0insight\u00C2\u00A0into\u00C2\u00A0smolt\u00C2\u00A0behavior.\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A02008,\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0model\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0constrained\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0function\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0FL\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0most\u00C2\u00A0parsimonious\u00C2\u00A0model,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 indicated\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0larger\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0had\u00C2\u00A0higher\u00C2\u00A0survival.\u00C2\u00A0This\u00C2\u00A0result\u00C2\u00A0however,\u00C2\u00A0only\u00C2\u00A0applied\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0 smolts;\u00C2\u00A0it\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0observed\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0smolts.\u00C2\u00A0Further,\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0apparent\u00C2\u00A0effect\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0FL\u00C2\u00A0did\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0apply\u00C2\u00A0 when\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0removed\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0largest\u00C2\u00A0size\u00C2\u00A0group\u00C2\u00A0(155\u00E2\u0080\u0090159\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0FL)\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0model\u00C2\u00A0(see\u00C2\u00A0Chapter\u00C2\u00A02),\u00C2\u00A0 therefore\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0largest\u00C2\u00A0size\u00C2\u00A0group\u00C2\u00A0survived\u00C2\u00A0better\u00C2\u00A0than\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0ranged\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A0130\u00E2\u0080\u0090154\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0 FL,\u00C2\u00A0however\u00C2\u00A0within\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0latter\u00C2\u00A0size\u00C2\u00A0group\u00C2\u00A0there\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0no\u00C2\u00A0significant\u00C2\u00A0positive\u00C2\u00A0correlation\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A0 body\u00C2\u00A0size\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0survival.\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A02006\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A02008\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0full\u00C2\u00A0CJS\u00C2\u00A0model\u00C2\u00A0(\u00CF\u0086t\u00C2\u00A0pt)\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0competing\u00C2\u00A0candidate\u00C2\u00A0 model\u00C2\u00A0within\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0set\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0hypotheses\u00C2\u00A0tested\u00C2\u00A0indicating\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0travel\u00C2\u00A0time\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0FL\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0dominant\u00C2\u00A0 predictors\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0survival.\u00C2\u00A0Models\u00C2\u00A0which\u00C2\u00A0included\u00C2\u00A0distance\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0number\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0dams\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0migration\u00C2\u00A0 segment\u00C2\u00A0resulted\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0little\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0no\u00C2\u00A0support\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0data.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0lack\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0estimated\u00C2\u00A0effect\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0number\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0dams\u00C2\u00A0passed\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0direct\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0may\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0reflection\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0improvements\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0 passage\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0hydrosystem\u00C2\u00A0(Ferguson\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A02007;\u00C2\u00A0Muir\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A02001;\u00C2\u00A0Williams\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Matthews\u00C2\u00A0 1995).\u00C2\u00A0Any\u00C2\u00A0remaining\u00C2\u00A0negative\u00C2\u00A0effect\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0dams\u00C2\u00A0may\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0too\u00C2\u00A0small\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0measurable\u00C2\u00A0once\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 effect\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0travel\u00C2\u00A0time\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0body\u00C2\u00A0size\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0accounted\u00C2\u00A0for.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 4.4.2 Survival\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0hydrosystem\u00C2\u00A0 Additionally,\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0compared\u00C2\u00A0our\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0estimates\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0independent\u00C2\u00A0PIT\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0estimates\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 survival\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0same\u00C2\u00A0populations\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0same\u00C2\u00A0years\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0order\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0verify\u00C2\u00A0our\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0estimates.\u00C2\u00A0 Typically,\u00C2\u00A0our\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0dates\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0two\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0four\u00C2\u00A0weeks\u00C2\u00A0after\u00C2\u00A0PIT\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0released,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 our\u00C2\u00A0minimum\u00C2\u00A0size\u00C2\u00A0requirement\u00C2\u00A0prevented\u00C2\u00A0us\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0tagging\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0smaller\u00C2\u00A0individuals;\u00C2\u00A0however\u00C2\u00A0 comparing\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0underwent\u00C2\u00A0surgery\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0group\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0 smaller\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0using\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0less\u00C2\u00A0invasive\u00C2\u00A0procedure\u00C2\u00A0allowed\u00C2\u00A0us\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0ground\u00C2\u00A0truth\u00C2\u00A0our\u00C2\u00A0estimates.\u00C2\u00A0As\u00C2\u00A0 our\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0estimates\u00C2\u00A0extended\u00C2\u00A0into\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0ocean,\u00C2\u00A0it\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0only\u00C2\u00A0possible\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0compare\u00C2\u00A0PIT\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0 estimates\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0just\u00C2\u00A0below\u00C2\u00A0Bonneville\u00C2\u00A0Dam\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0McGowan\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0Channel\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0 John\u00C2\u00A0Day\u00C2\u00A0Dam\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0smolts.\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A02006\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0PIT\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0estimate\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0 smolts\u00C2\u00A0released\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0NFH\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Bonneville\u00C2\u00A0Dam\u00C2\u00A0(hydrosystem\u00C2\u00A0survival)\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A00.408\u00C2\u00A0 (SE=0.061;\u00C2\u00A0S.\u00C2\u00A0Smith,\u00C2\u00A0NOAA,\u00C2\u00A0pers.\u00C2\u00A0comm.),\u00C2\u00A0which\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0similar\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0our\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0estimate\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A00.40\u00C2\u00A0 106\u00C2\u00A0 (SE=0.04)\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0McGowan\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0Channel.\u00C2\u00A0Similarly\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02008,\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0PIT\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0 0.297\u00C2\u00A0(SE=0.059;\u00C2\u00A0S.\u00C2\u00A0Smith,\u00C2\u00A0NOAA,\u00C2\u00A0personal\u00C2\u00A0comm.)\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0 0.28\u00C2\u00A0(SE=0.03).\u00C2\u00A0Survival\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0PIT\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0released\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0Chandler\u00C2\u00A0Juvenile\u00C2\u00A0 Monitoring\u00C2\u00A0Facility\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0John\u00C2\u00A0Day\u00C2\u00A0Dam\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A00.519\u00C2\u00A0(SE=0.043;\u00C2\u00A0D.\u00C2\u00A0Lind,\u00C2\u00A0Yakama\u00C2\u00A0Fisheries,\u00C2\u00A0personal\u00C2\u00A0 comm.)\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006,\u00C2\u00A0which\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0similar\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0estimate\u00C2\u00A00.51\u00C2\u00A0(SE=0.03)\u00C2\u00A0estimated\u00C2\u00A0 from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0same\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0site\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Lake\u00C2\u00A0Celilo\u00C2\u00A0just\u00C2\u00A0below\u00C2\u00A0John\u00C2\u00A0Day\u00C2\u00A0Dam.\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A02008,\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0PIT\u00C2\u00A0 tagged\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A00.674\u00C2\u00A0(SE=0.055),\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A00.66\u00C2\u00A0 (SE=0.05).\u00C2\u00A0Therefore\u00C2\u00A0our\u00C2\u00A0estimates\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0hydrosystem\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0remarkably\u00C2\u00A0similar\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0PIT\u00C2\u00A0 tag\u00C2\u00A0estimates\u00C2\u00A0despite\u00C2\u00A0differences\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0dates,\u00C2\u00A0body\u00C2\u00A0size\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0location\u00C2\u00A0(Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0 only).\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 4.4.3 Survival\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0estuary\u00C2\u00A0 Downstream\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0hydrosystem,\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0estuary\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0McGowan\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0Channel\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 Astoria\u00C2\u00A0Bridge\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0100%\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0both\u00C2\u00A0populations\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02008,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0despite\u00C2\u00A0initial\u00C2\u00A0losses\u00C2\u00A0following\u00C2\u00A0 release,\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0estuary\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0>89%\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02007.\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A02006,\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0could\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0delineate\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A0 survival\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0estuary\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0plume,\u00C2\u00A0however\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0McGowan\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0Channel\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Willapa\u00C2\u00A0 Bay\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0relatively\u00C2\u00A0high.\u00C2\u00A0High\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0estimates\u00C2\u00A0below\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0hydrosystem\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0upper\u00C2\u00A0 estuary\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0consistent\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0estimates\u00C2\u00A0reported\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0other\u00C2\u00A0 telemetry\u00C2\u00A0studies.\u00C2\u00A0Schreck\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A0(2006)\u00C2\u00A0conducted\u00C2\u00A0radiotelemetry\u00C2\u00A0studies\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A01995\u00E2\u0080\u009098\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 found\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0overall\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0transported\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0into\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 bypass\u00C2\u00A0system\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Bonneville\u00C2\u00A0Dam\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0downstream\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Bonneville\u00C2\u00A0Dam,\u00C2\u00A0respectively,\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0low\u00C2\u00A0 (11\u00E2\u0080\u009017%)\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0most\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0due\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0avian\u00C2\u00A0predation\u00C2\u00A0which\u00C2\u00A0occurred\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 lower\u00C2\u00A0estuary\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A0rkm\u00C2\u00A00\u00E2\u0080\u009046.\u00C2\u00A0More\u00C2\u00A0recently,\u00C2\u00A0Eder\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A0(Eder\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A02009)\u00C2\u00A0used\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0 transmitters\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0estimate\u00C2\u00A0river\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0estuary\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0released\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0Lower\u00C2\u00A0 Granite\u00C2\u00A0Dam.\u00C2\u00A0Survival\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02008\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0lower\u00C2\u00A0river\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0estuary,\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0rkm\u00C2\u00A0202\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A035.6,\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A00.969\u00C2\u00A0 (SE=0.016).\u00C2\u00A0Therefore,\u00C2\u00A0our\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0estimates\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0100%\u00C2\u00A0downstream\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Bonneville\u00C2\u00A0Dam\u00C2\u00A0appear\u00C2\u00A0 reasonable.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 107\u00C2\u00A0 4.4.4 Early\u00C2\u00A0marine\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0 Survival\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0plume\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02008\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0relatively\u00C2\u00A0low\u00C2\u00A0(~38%\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0both\u00C2\u00A0populations)\u00C2\u00A0compared\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0 combined\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0estuary\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0plume\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006\u00C2\u00A0(73\u00E2\u0080\u009078%).\u00C2\u00A0Early\u00C2\u00A0marine\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0however,\u00C2\u00A0 was\u00C2\u00A0low\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006\u00C2\u00A0(5\u00E2\u0080\u00908%)\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0high\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02008\u00C2\u00A0(24\u00E2\u0080\u009027%).\u00C2\u00A0Survival\u00C2\u00A0estimates\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0(Willapa\u00C2\u00A0Bay\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0Lippy\u00C2\u00A0Point)\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0based\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0assumption\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0detection\u00C2\u00A0probability\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Lippy\u00C2\u00A0Point\u00C2\u00A0 sub\u00E2\u0080\u0090array\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0similar\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Willapa\u00C2\u00A0Bay.\u00C2\u00A0As\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0first\u00C2\u00A0study\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0assess\u00C2\u00A0early\u00C2\u00A0marine\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0open\u00C2\u00A0ocean,\u00C2\u00A0there\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0no\u00C2\u00A0studies\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0which\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0compare\u00C2\u00A0 our\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0estimates.\u00C2\u00A0There\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0however,\u00C2\u00A0annual\u00C2\u00A0estimates\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0ecosystem\u00C2\u00A0indicators\u00C2\u00A0 produced\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0NOAA\u00C2\u00A0intended\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0predict\u00C2\u00A0conditions\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0survival.\u00C2\u00A0These\u00C2\u00A0indicators\u00C2\u00A0range\u00C2\u00A0 from\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009Cgood\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009Cintermediate\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009Cpoor\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0include\u00C2\u00A0local\u00C2\u00A0biological\u00C2\u00A0indicators,\u00C2\u00A0local\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 regional\u00C2\u00A0physical\u00C2\u00A0indicators,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0large\u00C2\u00A0scale\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0atmospheric\u00C2\u00A0indicators\u00C2\u00A0 (http://www.nwfsc.noaa.gov/research/divisions/fed/oeip/g\u00E2\u0080\u0090forecast.cfm#Table1).\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A02006,\u00C2\u00A0 ocean\u00C2\u00A0conditions\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0deemed\u00C2\u00A0intermediate\u00E2\u0080\u0090poor\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0juvenile\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0entering\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0ocean.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0 period\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0poor\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0conditions\u00C2\u00A0ended\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02007,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02008\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0conditions\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0deemed\u00C2\u00A0 good\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0juvenile\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0survival.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0rating\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0indicators\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0consistent\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0our\u00C2\u00A0preliminary\u00C2\u00A0 early\u00C2\u00A0marine\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0estimates;\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0poor\u00C2\u00A0compared\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0good\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02008.\u00C2\u00A0 Thus,\u00C2\u00A0our\u00C2\u00A0early\u00C2\u00A0marine\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0estimates\u00C2\u00A0may\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0useful\u00C2\u00A0method\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0ground\u00C2\u00A0truthing\u00C2\u00A0predicted\u00C2\u00A0 ocean\u00C2\u00A0conditions\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0juvenile\u00C2\u00A0salmon.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 4.4.5 Delayed\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0 In\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0study\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0found\u00C2\u00A0no\u00C2\u00A0evidence\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0delayed\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0expressed\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0 smolts\u00C2\u00A0(>130\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0FL)\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0time\u00C2\u00A0they\u00C2\u00A0had\u00C2\u00A0reached\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0sub\u00E2\u0080\u0090arrays\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Washington\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 Vancouver\u00C2\u00A0Island\u00C2\u00A0coasts,\u00C2\u00A0some\u00C2\u00A0274\u00C2\u00A0km\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0749\u00C2\u00A0km\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0Bonneville\u00C2\u00A0dam,\u00C2\u00A0when\u00C2\u00A0compared\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0 a\u00C2\u00A0size\u00E2\u0080\u0090matched\u00C2\u00A0group\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0population.\u00C2\u00A0Survival\u00C2\u00A0ratios\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006\u00C2\u00A0indicated\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0 Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0actually\u00C2\u00A0had\u00C2\u00A0significantly\u00C2\u00A0higher\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0than\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0McGowan\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0 Channel\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Willapa\u00C2\u00A0Bay,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02008\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0ratio\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0migration\u00C2\u00A0segment\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0 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and\u00C2\u00A039%\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0Yakima,\u00C2\u00A0however\u00C2\u00A0subsequent\u00C2\u00A0high\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Lippy\u00C2\u00A0Point\u00C2\u00A0provides\u00C2\u00A0 evidence\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0migrated\u00C2\u00A0north\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0remained\u00C2\u00A0primarily\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0shelf.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 4.4.7 Survival\u00C2\u00A0rate\u00C2\u00A0 Although\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0travelled\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0shorter\u00C2\u00A0distance\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0(and\u00C2\u00A0thus\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0exposed\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0agents\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0shorter\u00C2\u00A0period\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0time),\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0McGowan\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0Channel\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 Willapa\u00C2\u00A0Bay\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0similar\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0both\u00C2\u00A0populations\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006.\u00C2\u00A0Thus,\u00C2\u00A0when\u00C2\u00A0scaled\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0distance\u00C2\u00A0traveled,\u00C2\u00A0 overall\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0rate\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0lower\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0(Figure\u00C2\u00A04.2).\u00C2\u00A0When\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0partitioned\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 migration\u00C2\u00A0route\u00C2\u00A0however,\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0found\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0increased\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0 salmon\u00C2\u00A0occurs\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0113\u00C2\u00A0km\u00C2\u00A0undammed\u00C2\u00A0stretch\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0site\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0first\u00C2\u00A0 detection\u00C2\u00A0site\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0Lake\u00C2\u00A0Wallula\u00C2\u00A0(Appendix\u00C2\u00A0Figure\u00C2\u00A0C.1).\u00C2\u00A0Below\u00C2\u00A0Lake\u00C2\u00A0Wallula,\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0region\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 common\u00C2\u00A0migration,\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0rates\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0significantly\u00C2\u00A0different\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0two\u00C2\u00A0populations\u00C2\u00A0 (Appendix\u00C2\u00A0Figure\u00C2\u00A0C.1,\u00C2\u00A0C.2,\u00C2\u00A0C.3).\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A02008,\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0rate\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0first\u00C2\u00A0detection\u00C2\u00A0site\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0once\u00C2\u00A0again\u00C2\u00A0 greater\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0smolts,\u00C2\u00A0although\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0difference\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0significant\u00C2\u00A0(Appendix\u00C2\u00A0Figure\u00C2\u00A0C.3),\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0rates\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0region\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0common\u00C2\u00A0migration\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0similar\u00C2\u00A0beyond\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0 point.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 High\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0measured\u00C2\u00A0during\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0first\u00C2\u00A0migration\u00C2\u00A0segment\u00C2\u00A0may\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0 caused\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0thriving\u00C2\u00A0small\u00C2\u00A0mouth\u00C2\u00A0bass\u00C2\u00A0population\u00C2\u00A0introduced\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0(Fritts\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 Pearsons\u00C2\u00A02004);\u00C2\u00A0however,\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0generally\u00C2\u00A0large\u00C2\u00A0enough\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0escape\u00C2\u00A0 predation\u00C2\u00A0risk\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0these\u00C2\u00A0predators\u00C2\u00A0(Fritts\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Pearsons\u00C2\u00A02006).\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0occurrence\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0non\u00E2\u0080\u0090 anadromous\u00C2\u00A0precocious\u00C2\u00A0males\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009Cminijacks\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0may\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0responsible\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0initial\u00C2\u00A0low\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0 110\u00C2\u00A0 estimate\u00C2\u00A0(Larsen\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A02004);\u00C2\u00A0however\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0saw\u00C2\u00A0no\u00C2\u00A0evidence\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0repeated\u00C2\u00A0downstream\u00E2\u0080\u0090upstream\u00C2\u00A0 migrations\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0months\u00C2\u00A0following\u00C2\u00A0release.\u00C2\u00A0It\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0possible\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0avian\u00C2\u00A0predation\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0mid\u00E2\u0080\u0090Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0contributed\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0post\u00E2\u0080\u0090release\u00C2\u00A0mortality.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0area\u00C2\u00A0near\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Chandler\u00C2\u00A0 Juvenile\u00C2\u00A0Monitoring\u00C2\u00A0Facility\u00C2\u00A0(where\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0released)\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0considered\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009Chotspot\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0predatory\u00C2\u00A0 birds\u00C2\u00A0(Bosch\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Fast\u00C2\u00A02006).\u00C2\u00A0We\u00C2\u00A0also\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0evidence\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Caspian\u00C2\u00A0tern\u00C2\u00A0predation\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0mid\u00E2\u0080\u0090 Columbia,\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A015\u00C2\u00A0POST\u00C2\u00A0tags\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0recovered\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0tern\u00C2\u00A0colony\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0Crescent\u00C2\u00A0Island\u00C2\u00A0(17\u00C2\u00A0km\u00C2\u00A0 upstream\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Lake\u00C2\u00A0Wallula\u00C2\u00A0detection\u00C2\u00A0site,\u00C2\u00A0but\u00C2\u00A0below\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0confluence\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 Columbia\u00C2\u00A0rivers)\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006,\u00C2\u00A012\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0which\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0identified\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0tags\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0smolts.\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A0contrast,\u00C2\u00A0 only\u00C2\u00A0two\u00C2\u00A0tags\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0found\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0bird\u00C2\u00A0colony\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02008\u00C2\u00A0(but\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0tags\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0identifiable).\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 4.4.8 Marine\u00C2\u00A0migration\u00C2\u00A0characteristics\u00C2\u00A0 Larger\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0migrated\u00C2\u00A0significantly\u00C2\u00A0faster\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0Willapa\u00C2\u00A0Bay\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Lippy\u00C2\u00A0Point\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02008;\u00C2\u00A0 however,\u00C2\u00A0FL\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0good\u00C2\u00A0predictor\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0migration\u00C2\u00A0rate\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0difference\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A0years\u00C2\u00A0 may\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0related\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0size\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0tag,\u00C2\u00A0which\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0larger\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006;\u00C2\u00A0however\u00C2\u00A0sample\u00C2\u00A0size\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0very\u00C2\u00A0 low\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0therefore\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0compare\u00C2\u00A0across\u00C2\u00A0years\u00C2\u00A0may\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0futile.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 The\u00C2\u00A0cross\u00E2\u0080\u0090shelf\u00C2\u00A0distribution\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0population\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0significantly\u00C2\u00A0different\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0population\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0population\u00C2\u00A0more\u00C2\u00A0concentrated\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 offshore\u00C2\u00A0portion\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0line.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0differing\u00C2\u00A0marine\u00C2\u00A0distributions\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0two\u00C2\u00A0populations\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0Willapa\u00C2\u00A0 Bay\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006\u00C2\u00A0provides\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0potential\u00C2\u00A0mechanism\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0support\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0hypothesis\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0populations\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0same\u00C2\u00A0river\u00C2\u00A0basin\u00C2\u00A0can\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0different\u00C2\u00A0responses\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0conditions\u00C2\u00A0(e.g.,\u00C2\u00A0Levin\u00C2\u00A02003).\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A0 2006,\u00C2\u00A0however,\u00C2\u00A0our\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0dates\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0synchronous\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0intended.\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0 migrated\u00C2\u00A0more\u00C2\u00A0rapidly\u00C2\u00A0than\u00C2\u00A0down\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0rivers\u00C2\u00A0(this\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0attributed\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0above\u00C2\u00A0 average\u00C2\u00A0river\u00C2\u00A0flows),\u00C2\u00A0passing\u00C2\u00A0through\u00C2\u00A0Lake\u00C2\u00A0Wallula\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0mid\u00E2\u0080\u0090May\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0reaching\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Washington\u00C2\u00A0 coast\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0end\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0month.\u00C2\u00A0Most\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0migrated\u00C2\u00A0through\u00C2\u00A0Lake\u00C2\u00A0Wallula\u00C2\u00A0during\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 first\u00C2\u00A0week\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0June\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0entered\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0during\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0second\u00C2\u00A0week\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0June.\u00C2\u00A0Consequently,\u00C2\u00A0 Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0entered\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0approximately\u00C2\u00A0two\u00C2\u00A0weeks\u00C2\u00A0earlier\u00C2\u00A0than\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0smolts,\u00C2\u00A0 which\u00C2\u00A0may\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0exposed\u00C2\u00A0them\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0different\u00C2\u00A0plume\u00C2\u00A0conditions\u00C2\u00A0caused\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0changes\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0direction\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0local\u00C2\u00A0winds\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0alter\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0distribution\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0plume\u00C2\u00A0within\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0few\u00C2\u00A0days\u00C2\u00A0time\u00C2\u00A0(Garcia\u00C2\u00A0Berdeal\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0 al.\u00C2\u00A02000).\u00C2\u00A0Thus,\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0distribution\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006\u00C2\u00A0may\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0been\u00C2\u00A0attributed\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0timing\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0entry\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0plume\u00C2\u00A0dynamics\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0ushered\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0farther\u00C2\u00A0offshore.\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A02008,\u00C2\u00A0both\u00C2\u00A0 111\u00C2\u00A0 populations\u00C2\u00A0entered\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0early\u00C2\u00A0June\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0their\u00C2\u00A0distributions\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0significantly\u00C2\u00A0 different.\u00C2\u00A0This\u00C2\u00A0supports\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0suggestion\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0plume\u00C2\u00A0condition\u00C2\u00A0may\u00C2\u00A0affect\u00C2\u00A0distribution\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0 on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0shelf\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0Willapa\u00C2\u00A0Bay;\u00C2\u00A0however\u00C2\u00A0more\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0necessary\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0evaluate\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0hypothesis.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 4.4.9 Study\u00C2\u00A0limitations\u00C2\u00A0 1)\u00C2\u00A0We\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0limited\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0tagging\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0089\u00A5140\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0FL\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0089\u00A5130\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0FL\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02008,\u00C2\u00A02)\u00C2\u00A0 tagged\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0released\u00C2\u00A02\u00E2\u0080\u00904\u00C2\u00A0weeks\u00C2\u00A0after\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0main\u00C2\u00A0hatchery\u00C2\u00A0releases,\u00C2\u00A03)\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0 detected\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0outermost\u00C2\u00A0receiver\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0Willapa\u00C2\u00A0Bay,\u00C2\u00A0suggesting\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0some\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0may\u00C2\u00A0migrate\u00C2\u00A0 beyond\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0offshore\u00C2\u00A0extent\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0sub\u00E2\u0080\u0090array,\u00C2\u00A0possible\u00C2\u00A0due\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0varying\u00C2\u00A0plume\u00C2\u00A0conditions.\u00C2\u00A0Future\u00C2\u00A0 work\u00C2\u00A0should\u00C2\u00A0address\u00C2\u00A0these\u00C2\u00A0limitations\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0using\u00C2\u00A0smaller\u00C2\u00A0tags\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0further\u00C2\u00A0extending\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0marine\u00C2\u00A0 components\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0array\u00C2\u00A0farther\u00C2\u00A0offshore.\u00C2\u00A0Advances\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0array\u00C2\u00A0design,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0smaller\u00C2\u00A0tags,\u00C2\u00A0will\u00C2\u00A0 allow\u00C2\u00A0us\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0study\u00C2\u00A0marine\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0over\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0complete\u00C2\u00A0size\u00C2\u00A0range\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0naturally\u00C2\u00A0occurring\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0 Chinook\u00C2\u00A0smolts,\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0well\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0other\u00C2\u00A0endangered\u00C2\u00A0populations\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0originating\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0basin.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 4.4.10 Conclusions\u00C2\u00A0 Data\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0early\u00C2\u00A0marine\u00C2\u00A0migration\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0basin\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0essential\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0 assessing\u00C2\u00A0marine\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0behavior,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0effects\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0hydrosystem\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0smolt\u00C2\u00A0survival.\u00C2\u00A0 Determining\u00C2\u00A0when\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0where\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0occurs\u00C2\u00A0during\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0early\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0migration\u00C2\u00A0may\u00C2\u00A0reveal\u00C2\u00A0 how\u00C2\u00A0populations\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0same\u00C2\u00A0river\u00C2\u00A0basin\u00C2\u00A0can\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0different\u00C2\u00A0responses\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0conditions\u00C2\u00A0 (Levin\u00C2\u00A02003).\u00C2\u00A0Despite\u00C2\u00A0significant\u00C2\u00A0increases\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0direct\u00C2\u00A0hydrosystem\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0recent\u00C2\u00A0years\u00C2\u00A0(Muir\u00C2\u00A0 et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A02001;\u00C2\u00A0Williams\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A02001),\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0average\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0hatchery\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0 salmon\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0smolt\u00C2\u00A0seaward\u00C2\u00A0migration\u00C2\u00A0until\u00C2\u00A0adult\u00C2\u00A0return\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0consistently\u00C2\u00A0 greater\u00C2\u00A0than\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0(Snake\u00C2\u00A0River)\u00C2\u00A0hatchery\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0over\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0past\u00C2\u00A0 several\u00C2\u00A0years\u00C2\u00A0(Berggren\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A02006;\u00C2\u00A0Bosch\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Fast\u00C2\u00A02006).\u00C2\u00A0Using\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0POST\u00C2\u00A0array,\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0estimated\u00C2\u00A0 freshwater\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0early\u00C2\u00A0marine\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0 location\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0continental\u00C2\u00A0shelf\u00C2\u00A0749\u00C2\u00A0km\u00C2\u00A0beyond\u00C2\u00A0Bonneville\u00C2\u00A0Dam,\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0final\u00C2\u00A0dam\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0 River,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0tracked\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0far\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0Alaska.\u00C2\u00A0Travel\u00C2\u00A0times\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0rate\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0movement\u00C2\u00A0through\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0rapid\u00C2\u00A0(relative\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0rates\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0Willapa\u00C2\u00A0Bay\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Lippy\u00C2\u00A0Point)\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0 attributed\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0water\u00C2\u00A0velocity.\u00C2\u00A0There\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0some\u00C2\u00A0evidence\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0delayed\u00C2\u00A0migration\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Willapa\u00C2\u00A0Bay\u00C2\u00A0 112\u00C2\u00A0 line\u00C2\u00A0area,\u00C2\u00A0however\u00C2\u00A0travel\u00C2\u00A0times\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0line\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0within\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0river\u00C2\u00A0indicate\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0most\u00C2\u00A0 smolts\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0both\u00C2\u00A0populations\u00C2\u00A0migrated\u00C2\u00A0north,\u00C2\u00A0consistent\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0evidence\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0marine\u00C2\u00A0surveys\u00C2\u00A0(Bi\u00C2\u00A0 et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A02007;\u00C2\u00A0Emmett\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Brodeur\u00C2\u00A02000;\u00C2\u00A0Fisher\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Pearcy\u00C2\u00A01995),\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0similar\u00C2\u00A0speeds.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Our\u00C2\u00A0results\u00C2\u00A0imply\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0if\u00C2\u00A0delayed\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0causes\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0disparity\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0adult\u00C2\u00A0return\u00C2\u00A0rates\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 hatchery\u00E2\u0080\u0090origin\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon,\u00C2\u00A0it\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0time\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0place\u00C2\u00A0more\u00C2\u00A0distant\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River;\u00C2\u00A0however,\u00C2\u00A0it\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0plausible\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0delayed\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0may\u00C2\u00A0operate\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0smaller\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0 (<130\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0FL)\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0tested\u00C2\u00A0here.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0It\u00C2\u00A0remains\u00C2\u00A0unclear\u00C2\u00A0whether\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0entire\u00C2\u00A0size\u00C2\u00A0ranges\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 these\u00C2\u00A0two\u00C2\u00A0populations,\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0well\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0wild\u00C2\u00A0smolts,\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0similar\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0behavior\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0 reported\u00C2\u00A0here.\u00C2\u00A0 Exploring\u00C2\u00A0recovery\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0management\u00C2\u00A0options\u00C2\u00A0including\u00C2\u00A0dam\u00C2\u00A0breaching,\u00C2\u00A0transportation\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 smolts\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0bypass\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0hydrosystem,\u00C2\u00A0habitat\u00C2\u00A0restoration,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0potentially\u00C2\u00A0estuary\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0early\u00C2\u00A0marine\u00C2\u00A0 enhancement\u00C2\u00A0also\u00C2\u00A0requires\u00C2\u00A0comparative\u00C2\u00A0early\u00C2\u00A0marine\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0information\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0guide\u00C2\u00A0policy\u00C2\u00A0 decisions.\u00C2\u00A0Our\u00C2\u00A0use\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0POST\u00C2\u00A0array\u00C2\u00A0allows\u00C2\u00A0us\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0extend\u00C2\u00A0research\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0ESA\u00C2\u00A0listed\u00C2\u00A0species\u00C2\u00A0into\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 ocean,\u00C2\u00A0where\u00C2\u00A0much\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0may\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0expressed.\u00C2\u00A0Our\u00C2\u00A0results\u00C2\u00A0suggest\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0 plays\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0critical\u00C2\u00A0role\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0early\u00C2\u00A0life\u00C2\u00A0history\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0migrating\u00C2\u00A0juvenile\u00C2\u00A0salmon.\u00C2\u00A0Greater\u00C2\u00A0consideration\u00C2\u00A0 should\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0given\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0marine\u00C2\u00A0portion\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0smolt\u00C2\u00A0migration\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0management\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0conservation\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0stocks.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 113\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Figure\u00C2\u00A04.1.\u00C2\u00A0Map\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Pacific\u00C2\u00A0Ocean\u00C2\u00A0Shelf\u00C2\u00A0Tracking\u00C2\u00A0(POST)\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0array.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0inset\u00C2\u00A0shows\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 location\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0hatchery\u00C2\u00A0sites\u00C2\u00A0(CESRF=Cle\u00C2\u00A0Elum\u00C2\u00A0Supplementation\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Research\u00C2\u00A0Facility;\u00C2\u00A0 DNFH=Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0National\u00C2\u00A0Fish\u00C2\u00A0Hatchery),\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0sites\u00C2\u00A0(CJMF=Chandler\u00C2\u00A0Juvenile\u00C2\u00A0Monitoring\u00C2\u00A0 Facility,\u00C2\u00A0KNFH=Kooskia\u00C2\u00A0National\u00C2\u00A0Fish\u00C2\u00A0Hatchery);\u00C2\u00A0detection\u00C2\u00A0sites\u00C2\u00A0(LaB=Lake\u00C2\u00A0Bryan,\u00C2\u00A0LaW=Lake\u00C2\u00A0 Wallula,\u00C2\u00A0La=Lake\u00C2\u00A0Celilo,\u00C2\u00A0McG=\u00C2\u00A0McGowan\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0Channel);\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0dams\u00C2\u00A0(BON=Bonneville,\u00C2\u00A0TDA=The\u00C2\u00A0 Dalles,\u00C2\u00A0JDA=John\u00C2\u00A0Day,\u00C2\u00A0MCN=McNary,\u00C2\u00A0ICH=Ice\u00C2\u00A0Harbor,\u00C2\u00A0LMO=Lower\u00C2\u00A0Monumental,\u00C2\u00A0LGO=Little\u00C2\u00A0 Goose,\u00C2\u00A0LGR=Lower\u00C2\u00A0Granite)\u00C2\u00A0within\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Yakima,\u00C2\u00A0lower\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0rivers.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0 continental\u00C2\u00A0shelf\u00C2\u00A0(depths\u00C2\u00A0<200m)\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0shaded.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 114\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Figure\u00C2\u00A04.2.\u00C2\u00A0Survivorship\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Lippy\u00C2\u00A0Point\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0northwestern\u00C2\u00A0 end\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Vancouver\u00C2\u00A0Island\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006,\u00C2\u00A02007\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A02008.\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0(red,\u00C2\u00A0solid\u00C2\u00A0line)\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0 released\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0Kooskia\u00C2\u00A0National\u00C2\u00A0Fish\u00C2\u00A0Hatchery\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0basin.\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0 (blue,\u00C2\u00A0dashed\u00C2\u00A0line)\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0released\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Chandler\u00C2\u00A0Juvenile\u00C2\u00A0Monitoring\u00C2\u00A0Facility\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0 River\u00C2\u00A0basin.\u00C2\u00A0(Rel=release,\u00C2\u00A0LaB\u00E2\u0080\u0090Lake\u00C2\u00A0Bryan,\u00C2\u00A0LaW=Lake\u00C2\u00A0Wallula,\u00C2\u00A0LaC=Lake\u00C2\u00A0Celilo,\u00C2\u00A0McG=McGowan\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0 Channel,\u00C2\u00A0Ast=Astoria\u00C2\u00A0Bridge,\u00C2\u00A0WiB=Willapa\u00C2\u00A0Bay,\u00C2\u00A0Lipp=Lippy\u00C2\u00A0Point).\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0Astoria\u00C2\u00A0Bridge\u00C2\u00A0receivers\u00C2\u00A0 were\u00C2\u00A0deployed\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02007\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A02008.\u00C2\u00A0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 2006 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 2007 0 500 1000 1500 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 Rel LaB LaW LaC McG Ast WiB Lipp S ur vi va l Distance from Release Site (km) 2008 115\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Figure\u00C2\u00A04.3.\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0(red)\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0(blue)\u00C2\u00A0Spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0estimates\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0four\u00C2\u00A0 migration\u00C2\u00A0zones\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A02008.\u00C2\u00A0Numbers\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0parentheses\u00C2\u00A0above\u00C2\u00A0bars\u00C2\u00A0indicate\u00C2\u00A0mean\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0 per\u00C2\u00A0day.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 hydrosystem estuary and plume ocean S ur vi va l P ro ba bi lit y 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 Snake Yakima 2006 (0.948) (0.953) (0.924) (0.830) (0.912) (0.909) hydrosystem estuary plume ocean S ur vi va l P ro ba bi lit y 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 2008 (0.929) (1) (0.887) (0.951) (0.891) (1) (0.919) (0.964) 116\u00C2\u00A0 Figure\u00C2\u00A04.4.\u00C2\u00A0Cross\u00E2\u0080\u0090shelf\u00C2\u00A0distribution\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0off\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 southern\u00C2\u00A0Washington\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0Willapa\u00C2\u00A0Bay\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006,\u00C2\u00A02007,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A02008.\u00C2\u00A0Two\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0groups\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0each\u00C2\u00A0 population\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0released\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0(IR)\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0freely\u00C2\u00A0migrate\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0ocean.\u00C2\u00A0Position\u00C2\u00A01\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0x\u00E2\u0080\u0090axis\u00C2\u00A0 represents\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0eastern\u00E2\u0080\u0090most\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0receiver\u00C2\u00A0nearest\u00C2\u00A0shore.\u00C2\u00A0A\u00C2\u00A0total\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A040\u00C2\u00A0receivers\u00C2\u00A0(VR2\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 VR3\u00E2\u0080\u0099s)\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0deployed\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006.\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A02007,\u00C2\u00A0five\u00C2\u00A0receivers\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0added\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0offshore\u00C2\u00A0portion\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 sub\u00E2\u0080\u0090array.\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A02008,\u00C2\u00A0receiver\u00C2\u00A045\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0operational;\u00C2\u00A0therefore\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0sub\u00E2\u0080\u0090array\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0effectively\u00C2\u00A044\u00C2\u00A0 receivers\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0length.\u00C2\u00A0If\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0detected\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0more\u00C2\u00A0than\u00C2\u00A0one\u00C2\u00A0receiver\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0proportion\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0allocated\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0receiver,\u00C2\u00A0e.g.\u00C2\u00A0if\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0ID\u00C2\u00A0code\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0detected\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0two\u00C2\u00A0receivers,\u00C2\u00A0each\u00C2\u00A0receiver\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0assigned\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0 value\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A00.5.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0values\u00C2\u00A0above\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0bars\u00C2\u00A0indicate\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0proportion\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0time\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0receiver\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0 operation\u00C2\u00A0during\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0migration.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 117\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 40 38 36 34 32 30 28 26 24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8 Dworshak IR 1 IR 2 2006 10 0 0 0 0 79 10 0 79 0 10 0 0 53 7 10 0 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 0 10 0 10 0 53 10 0 10 0 29 10 0 63 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 44 42 51 35 0 0 40 38 36 34 32 30 28 26 24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8 Yakima IR 1 IR 2 Position on Willapa Bay Sub-array N um be r o f F is h 45 42 39 36 33 30 27 24 21 18 15 12 9 7 5 3 1 0 1 2 3 Dworshak IR 1 IR 2 2007 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 0 0 35 10 0 10 0 10 0 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 0 10 0 0 10 0 10 0 0 0 45 42 39 36 33 30 27 24 21 18 15 12 9 7 5 3 1 0 1 2 3 Yakima IR 1 IR 2 Position on Willapa Bay Sub-array N um be r o f F is h 118\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 45 42 39 36 33 30 27 24 21 18 15 12 9 7 5 3 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 Dworshak IR 1 IR 2 2008 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 0 0 0 45 42 39 36 33 30 27 24 21 18 15 12 9 7 5 3 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 Yakima IR 1 IR 2 Position on Willapa Bay Sub-array N um be r o f F is h 119\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Figure\u00C2\u00A04.5.\u00C2\u00A0Cross\u00E2\u0080\u0090shelf\u00C2\u00A0distribution\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0 Lippy\u00C2\u00A0Point\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0northwestern\u00C2\u00A0Vancouver\u00C2\u00A0Island\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A02008.\u00C2\u00A0Two\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0groups\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0each\u00C2\u00A0 population\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0released\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0(IR)\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0freely\u00C2\u00A0migrate\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0ocean.\u00C2\u00A0No\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0detected\u00C2\u00A0 at\u00C2\u00A0Lippy\u00C2\u00A0Point\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02007.\u00C2\u00A0Position\u00C2\u00A01\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0x\u00E2\u0080\u0090axis\u00C2\u00A0represents\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0eastern\u00E2\u0080\u0090most\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0receiver\u00C2\u00A0 nearest\u00C2\u00A0shore.\u00C2\u00A0A\u00C2\u00A0total\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A024\u00C2\u00A0receivers\u00C2\u00A0(VR2\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0VR3\u00E2\u0080\u0099s)\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0deployed\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006.\u00C2\u00A0If\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0 detected\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0more\u00C2\u00A0than\u00C2\u00A0one\u00C2\u00A0receiver\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0proportion\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0allocated\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0receiver,\u00C2\u00A0e.g.\u00C2\u00A0if\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0ID\u00C2\u00A0code\u00C2\u00A0 was\u00C2\u00A0detected\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0two\u00C2\u00A0receivers,\u00C2\u00A0each\u00C2\u00A0receiver\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0assigned\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0value\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A00.5.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0values\u00C2\u00A0above\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 bars\u00C2\u00A0indicate\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0proportion\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0time\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0receiver\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0operation\u00C2\u00A0during\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0migration.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 120\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 1 2 Dworshak IR 1 IR 2 2006 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 1 2 Yakima IR 1 IR 2 Position on Lippy Point Sub-array N um be r o f F is h 24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 1 2 3 Dworshak IR 1 IR 2 2008 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 1 2 3 Yakima IR 1 IR 2 Position on Lippy Point Sub-array N um be r o f F is h 121\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Figure\u00C2\u00A04.6.\u00C2\u00A0Migration\u00C2\u00A0rate\u00C2\u00A0vs.\u00C2\u00A0fork\u00C2\u00A0length\u00C2\u00A0(FL)\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0(Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 Yakima\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0combined).\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A02006\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A09\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0transmitters.\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A02008\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0 were\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A07\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0transmitters.\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A02008\u00C2\u00A0increasing\u00C2\u00A0FL\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0significant\u00C2\u00A0predictor\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 migration\u00C2\u00A0rate.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 5 10 15 20 25 FL M ig ra tio n ra te (k m /d ) 2006 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 5 10 15 20 25 FL M ig ra tio n ra te (k m /d ) 2008 122\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Figure\u00C2\u00A04.7.\u00C2\u00A0Segment\u00C2\u00A0specific\u00C2\u00A0travel\u00C2\u00A0time\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0hydrosystem\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Pacific\u00C2\u00A0Ocean\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006,\u00C2\u00A02007\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A02008.\u00C2\u00A0Error\u00C2\u00A0bars\u00C2\u00A0 represent\u00C2\u00A0standard\u00C2\u00A0deviation.\u00C2\u00A0Note\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0different\u00C2\u00A0scale\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0y\u00E2\u0080\u0090axes\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0river\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0travel\u00C2\u00A0 times.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 0 5 10 15 20 25 N A N A Rel-LaB LaB- LaW Rel- LaW LaW-LaC LaC-McG Snake 1 Snake 2 Yakima 1 Yakima 2 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 2006 no d at a no d at a no d at a no d at a no d at a McG-WiB WiB-LiP Lip-GrH 0 5 10 15 20 25 Tr av el ti m e (d ay s) N A N A Rel-LaB LaB- LaW Rel- LaW LaW-LaC LaC-McG McG-Ast 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 2007 no d at a no d at a no d at a no d at a no d at a no d at a no d at a no d at a Ast-WiB WiB-LiP Lip-GrH 0 5 10 15 20 25 Migration segment (river) N A N A Rel-LaB LaB- LaW Rel- LaW LaW-LaC LaC-McG McG-Ast 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Migration segment (ocean) 2008 no d at a no d at a no d at a no d at a Ast-WiB WiB-LiP Lip-GrH 123\u00C2\u00A0 Table\u00C2\u00A04.1.\u00C2\u00A0Tagging\u00C2\u00A0summary\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0seaward\u00C2\u00A0migrating\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A09mm\u00C2\u00A0(3.1\u00C2\u00A0 grams\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0air)\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0transmitters\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A02007,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A07mm\u00C2\u00A0(1.6\u00C2\u00A0grams\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0air)\u00C2\u00A0transmitters\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0 2008.\u00C2\u00A0(FL=\u00C2\u00A0fork\u00C2\u00A0length,\u00C2\u00A0g=grams,\u00C2\u00A0IR=in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river).\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Treatment\u00C2\u00A0 Group\u00C2\u00A0 Release\u00C2\u00A0 Date\u00C2\u00A0 #\u00C2\u00A0 Tagged\u00C2\u00A0 Mean\u00C2\u00A0size\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0 tagging\u00C2\u00A0(mm\u00C2\u00A0FL;\u00C2\u00A0 range)\u00C2\u00A0 Mean\u00C2\u00A0weight\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0 tagging\u00C2\u00A0(g;\u00C2\u00A0range)\u00C2\u00A0 2006\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Snake\u00C2\u00A0IR\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 1\u00E2\u0080\u0090May\u00C2\u00A0 198\u00C2\u00A0 146.9\u00C2\u00A0(140\u00E2\u0080\u0090208)\u00C2\u00A0 35.2\u00C2\u00A0(26.9\u00E2\u0080\u0090117.5)\u00C2\u00A0 8\u00E2\u0080\u0090May\u00C2\u00A0 198\u00C2\u00A0 145.6\u00C2\u00A0(140\u00E2\u0080\u0090192)\u00C2\u00A0 34.0\u00C2\u00A0(27.4\u00E2\u0080\u009083.7)\u00C2\u00A0 Yakima\u00C2\u00A0IR\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 30\u00E2\u0080\u0090May\u00C2\u00A0 199\u00C2\u00A0 154.5\u00C2\u00A0(140\u00E2\u0080\u0090173)\u00C2\u00A0 43.2\u00C2\u00A0(30.0\u00E2\u0080\u009064.2)\u00C2\u00A0 6\u00E2\u0080\u0090Jun\u00C2\u00A0 199\u00C2\u00A0 154.5\u00C2\u00A0(140\u00E2\u0080\u0090168)\u00C2\u00A0 41.9(28.8\u00E2\u0080\u009059.2)\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 2007\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Snake\u00C2\u00A0IR\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 7\u00E2\u0080\u0090May\u00C2\u00A0 175\u00C2\u00A0 149.1\u00C2\u00A0(141\u00E2\u0080\u0090173)\u00C2\u00A0 39.7\u00C2\u00A0(30.1\u00E2\u0080\u009060.6)\u00C2\u00A0 14\u00E2\u0080\u0090May\u00C2\u00A0 174\u00C2\u00A0 149.0\u00C2\u00A0(140\u00E2\u0080\u0090166)\u00C2\u00A0 39.5\u00C2\u00A0(32.2\u00E2\u0080\u009055.4)\u00C2\u00A0 Yakima\u00C2\u00A0IR\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 28\u00E2\u0080\u0090May\u00C2\u00A0 188\u00C2\u00A0 155.1\u00C2\u00A0(141\u00E2\u0080\u0090195)\u00C2\u00A0 46.3\u00C2\u00A0(31.4\u00E2\u0080\u009097.7)\u00C2\u00A0 3\u00E2\u0080\u0090Jun\u00C2\u00A0 167\u00C2\u00A0 153.6\u00C2\u00A0(140\u00E2\u0080\u0090180)\u00C2\u00A0 44.6\u00C2\u00A0(32.2\u00E2\u0080\u009079.4)\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 2008\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Snake\u00C2\u00A0IR\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 25\u00E2\u0080\u0090Apr\u00C2\u00A0 197\u00C2\u00A0 146.2\u00C2\u00A0(130\u00E2\u0080\u0090159)\u00C2\u00A0 37.5\u00C2\u00A0(23.3\u00E2\u0080\u009055.5)\u00C2\u00A0 2\u00E2\u0080\u0090May\u00C2\u00A0 198\u00C2\u00A0 146.3\u00C2\u00A0(131\u00E2\u0080\u0090159)\u00C2\u00A0 37.3\u00C2\u00A0(23.9\u00E2\u0080\u009052.7)\u00C2\u00A0 Yakima\u00C2\u00A0IR\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 15\u00E2\u0080\u0090May\u00C2\u00A0 189\u00C2\u00A0 140.3\u00C2\u00A0(129\u00E2\u0080\u0090158)\u00C2\u00A0 28.1\u00C2\u00A0(22.0\u00E2\u0080\u009010.9)\u00C2\u00A0 21\u00E2\u0080\u0090May\u00C2\u00A0 189\u00C2\u00A0 140.4\u00C2\u00A0(131\u00E2\u0080\u0090157)\u00C2\u00A0 28.1\u00C2\u00A0(22.1\u00E2\u0080\u009037.2)\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 124\u00C2\u00A0 Table\u00C2\u00A04.2.\u00C2\u00A0Model\u00C2\u00A0selection\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0analyses\u00C2\u00A0using\u00C2\u00A0 Akaike\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0Information\u00C2\u00A0Criterion\u00C2\u00A0(AIC).\u00C2\u00A0\u00CE\u00A6=survival\u00C2\u00A0probability,\u00C2\u00A0p=recapture\u00C2\u00A0probability,\u00C2\u00A0TT=travel\u00C2\u00A0 time,\u00C2\u00A0t=time\u00E2\u0080\u0090varying\u00C2\u00A0(or\u00C2\u00A0detection\u00C2\u00A0line\u00E2\u0080\u0090varying),\u00C2\u00A0FL=fork\u00C2\u00A0length,\u00C2\u00A0dist=distance\u00C2\u00A0within\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0migration\u00C2\u00A0 segment,\u00C2\u00A0QAICc=quasi\u00E2\u0080\u0090AIC\u00C2\u00A0corrected\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0overdispersion\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0effective\u00C2\u00A0sample\u00C2\u00A0size.\u00C2\u00A0Recapture\u00C2\u00A0 parameters\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0held\u00C2\u00A0constant\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0all\u00C2\u00A0models.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 2006\u00C2\u00A0 Model\u00C2\u00A0 QAICc\u00C2\u00A0 \u00CE\u0094QAICc\u00C2\u00A0 QAICc\u00C2\u00A0 Weights Model\u00C2\u00A0 Likelihood Num.\u00C2\u00A0 Par\u00C2\u00A0 QDeviance\u00C2\u00A0 \u00CF\u0086TT\u00C2\u00A0pt\u00C2\u00A0 1686.2\u00C2\u00A0 0\u00C2\u00A0 0.607\u00C2\u00A0 1\u00C2\u00A0 14\u00C2\u00A0 1658.0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00CF\u0086t\u00C2\u00A0pt\u00C2\u00A0 1687.7\u00C2\u00A0 1.5\u00C2\u00A0 0.288\u00C2\u00A0 0.474\u00C2\u00A0 21\u00C2\u00A0 1645.3\u00C2\u00A0 \u00CF\u0086t+FL\u00C2\u00A0pt\u00C2\u00A0 1691.0\u00C2\u00A0 4.8\u00C2\u00A0 0.054\u00C2\u00A0 0.089\u00C2\u00A0 23\u00C2\u00A0 1644.6\u00C2\u00A0 \u00CF\u0086dist\u00C2\u00A0pt\u00C2\u00A0 1692.5\u00C2\u00A0 6.3\u00C2\u00A0 0.026\u00C2\u00A0 0.043\u00C2\u00A0 14\u00C2\u00A0 1664.3\u00C2\u00A0 \u00CF\u0086dist+dam\u00C2\u00A0pt\u00C2\u00A0 1693.0\u00C2\u00A0 6.9\u00C2\u00A0 0.020\u00C2\u00A0 0.032\u00C2\u00A0 16\u00C2\u00A0 1660.8\u00C2\u00A0 \u00CF\u0086dist*dam\u00C2\u00A0pt\u00C2\u00A0 1695.8\u00C2\u00A0 9.6\u00C2\u00A0 0.005\u00C2\u00A0 0.008\u00C2\u00A0 18\u00C2\u00A0 1659.5\u00C2\u00A0 \u00CF\u0086FL\u00C2\u00A0pt\u00C2\u00A0 1763.3\u00C2\u00A0 77.1\u00C2\u00A0 0\u00C2\u00A0 0\u00C2\u00A0 14\u00C2\u00A0 1735.1\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 2007\u00C2\u00A0 Model\u00C2\u00A0 QAICc\u00C2\u00A0 Delta\u00C2\u00A0 QAICc\u00C2\u00A0 QAICc\u00C2\u00A0 Weights Model\u00C2\u00A0 Likelihood Num.\u00C2\u00A0 Par\u00C2\u00A0 QDeviance\u00C2\u00A0 \u00CF\u0086t\u00C2\u00A0pt\u00C2\u00A0 1269.5\u00C2\u00A0 0.0\u00C2\u00A0 0.876\u00C2\u00A0 1\u00C2\u00A0 22\u00C2\u00A0 1224.8\u00C2\u00A0 \u00CF\u0086t+FL\u00C2\u00A0pt\u00C2\u00A0 1273.4\u00C2\u00A0 3.9\u00C2\u00A0 0.124\u00C2\u00A0 0.141\u00C2\u00A0 24\u00C2\u00A0 1224.6\u00C2\u00A0 \u00CF\u0086dist+dam\u00C2\u00A0pt\u00C2\u00A0 1343.7\u00C2\u00A0 74.2\u00C2\u00A0 0\u00C2\u00A0 0\u00C2\u00A0 19\u00C2\u00A0 1305.2\u00C2\u00A0 \u00CF\u0086TT\u00C2\u00A0pt\u00C2\u00A0 1374.0\u00C2\u00A0 104.5\u00C2\u00A0 0\u00C2\u00A0 0\u00C2\u00A0 15\u00C2\u00A0 1343.7\u00C2\u00A0 \u00CF\u0086dist*dam\u00C2\u00A0pt\u00C2\u00A0 1377.8\u00C2\u00A0 108.3\u00C2\u00A0 0\u00C2\u00A0 0\u00C2\u00A0 17\u00C2\u00A0 1343.4\u00C2\u00A0 \u00CF\u0086dist\u00C2\u00A0pt\u00C2\u00A0 1390.6\u00C2\u00A0 121.1\u00C2\u00A0 0\u00C2\u00A0 0\u00C2\u00A0 15\u00C2\u00A0 1360.3\u00C2\u00A0 \u00CF\u0086FL\u00C2\u00A0pt\u00C2\u00A0 1416.1\u00C2\u00A0 146.6\u00C2\u00A0 0\u00C2\u00A0 0\u00C2\u00A0 15\u00C2\u00A0 1385.8\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 2008\u00C2\u00A0 Model\u00C2\u00A0 AICc\u00C2\u00A0 Delta\u00C2\u00A0 AICc\u00C2\u00A0 AICc\u00C2\u00A0 Weights\u00C2\u00A0 Model\u00C2\u00A0 Likelihood Num.\u00C2\u00A0 Par\u00C2\u00A0 Deviance\u00C2\u00A0 \u00CF\u0086t+FL\u00C2\u00A0pt\u00C2\u00A0 4030.5\u00C2\u00A0 0.0\u00C2\u00A0 0.768\u00C2\u00A0 1\u00C2\u00A0 26\u00C2\u00A0 3977.9\u00C2\u00A0 \u00CF\u0086t\u00C2\u00A0pt\u00C2\u00A0 4032.9\u00C2\u00A0 2.4\u00C2\u00A0 0.232\u00C2\u00A0 0.302\u00C2\u00A0 24\u00C2\u00A0 3984.4\u00C2\u00A0 \u00CF\u0086TT\u00C2\u00A0pt\u00C2\u00A0 4059.4\u00C2\u00A0 28.9\u00C2\u00A0 0\u00C2\u00A0 0\u00C2\u00A0 17\u00C2\u00A0 4025.1\u00C2\u00A0 \u00CF\u0086dist*dam\u00C2\u00A0pt\u00C2\u00A0 4064.6\u00C2\u00A0 34.1\u00C2\u00A0 0\u00C2\u00A0 0\u00C2\u00A0 21\u00C2\u00A0 4022.2\u00C2\u00A0 \u00CF\u0086dist+dam\u00C2\u00A0pt\u00C2\u00A0 4066.6\u00C2\u00A0 36.1\u00C2\u00A0 0\u00C2\u00A0 0\u00C2\u00A0 19\u00C2\u00A0 4028.3\u00C2\u00A0 \u00CF\u0086dist\u00C2\u00A0pt\u00C2\u00A0 4088.7\u00C2\u00A0 58.2\u00C2\u00A0 0\u00C2\u00A0 0\u00C2\u00A0 17\u00C2\u00A0 4054.5\u00C2\u00A0 \u00CF\u0086FL\u00C2\u00A0pt\u00C2\u00A0 4108.6\u00C2\u00A0 78.1\u00C2\u00A0 0\u00C2\u00A0 0\u00C2\u00A0 17\u00C2\u00A0 4074.3\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 125\u00C2\u00A0 Table\u00C2\u00A04.3.\u00C2\u00A0Segment\u00C2\u00A0specific\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0probabilities\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0yearling\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0released\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0Kooskia\u00C2\u00A0National\u00C2\u00A0 Fish\u00C2\u00A0Hatchery,\u00C2\u00A0Kooskia,\u00C2\u00A0ID,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Chandler\u00C2\u00A0Juvenile\u00C2\u00A0Monitoring\u00C2\u00A0Facility,\u00C2\u00A0Prosser,\u00C2\u00A0WA,\u00C2\u00A0respectively.\u00C2\u00A0Standard\u00C2\u00A0errors\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0parentheses.\u00C2\u00A0 Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Yakima\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Segment\u00C2\u00A0 distance\u00C2\u00A0 (km)\u00C2\u00A0 Dams\u00C2\u00A0 passed/\u00C2\u00A0 segment\u00C2\u00A0 Survival\u00C2\u00A0Probability\u00C2\u00A0 Segment\u00C2\u00A0 distance\u00C2\u00A0 (km)\u00C2\u00A0 Dams\u00C2\u00A0 passed/\u00C2\u00A0 segment\u00C2\u00A0 Survival\u00C2\u00A0Probability\u00C2\u00A0 Detection\u00C2\u00A0 site\u00C2\u00A0 2006\u00C2\u00A0 2007\u00C2\u00A0 2008\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 2006\u00C2\u00A0 2007\u00C2\u00A0 2008\u00C2\u00A0 LaB\u00C2\u00A0 189\u00C2\u00A0 1\u00C2\u00A0 0.75\u00C2\u00A0(0.02)\u00C2\u00A0 0.19\u00C2\u00A0(0.03)\u00C2\u00A0 0.71\u00C2\u00A0(0.02)\u00C2\u00A0 NA\u00C2\u00A0 NA\u00C2\u00A0 NA\u00C2\u00A0 NA\u00C2\u00A0 NA\u00C2\u00A0 LaW\u00C2\u00A0 179\u00C2\u00A0 3\u00C2\u00A0 0.75\u00C2\u00A0(0.02)\u00C2\u00A0 0.72\u00C2\u00A0(0.07)\u00C2\u00A0 0.68\u00C2\u00A0(0.03)\u00C2\u00A0 113\u00C2\u00A0 0\u00C2\u00A0 0.73\u00C2\u00A0(0.02)\u00C2\u00A0 0.32\u00C2\u00A0(0.03)\u00C2\u00A0 0.76\u00C2\u00A0(0.03)\u00C2\u00A0 LaC\u00C2\u00A0 162\u00C2\u00A0 2\u00C2\u00A0 0.83\u00C2\u00A0(0.02)\u00C2\u00A0 0.71\u00C2\u00A0(0.09)\u00C2\u00A0 0.73\u00C2\u00A0(0.05)\u00C2\u00A0 162\u00C2\u00A0 2\u00C2\u00A0 0.69\u00C2\u00A0(0.02)\u00C2\u00A0 0.46\u00C2\u00A0(0.06)\u00C2\u00A0 0.87\u00C2\u00A0(0.07)\u00C2\u00A0 McG\u00C2\u00A0 116\u00C2\u00A0 2\u00C2\u00A0 0.86\u00C2\u00A0(0.02)\u00C2\u00A0 0.77\u00C2\u00A0(0.1)\u00C2\u00A0 0.81\u00C2\u00A0(0.07)\u00C2\u00A0 116\u00C2\u00A0 2\u00C2\u00A0 0.74\u00C2\u00A0(0.02)\u00C2\u00A0 0.75\u00C2\u00A0(0.08)\u00C2\u00A0 0.73\u00C2\u00A0(0.07)\u00C2\u00A0 Ast\u00C2\u00A0 201\u00C2\u00A0 0\u00C2\u00A0 (a)\u00C2\u00A0 1\u00C2\u00A0(0)\u00C2\u00A0 1\u00C2\u00A0(0)\u00C2\u00A0 201\u00C2\u00A0 0\u00C2\u00A0 (a)\u00C2\u00A0 0.89\u00C2\u00A0(0.08)\u00C2\u00A0 1\u00C2\u00A0(0)\u00C2\u00A0 WiB\u00C2\u00A0 63\u00C2\u00A0 0\u00C2\u00A0 0.78\u00C2\u00A0(0.02)\u00C2\u00A0 0.48\u00C2\u00A0(0.16)\u00C2\u00A0 0.38\u00C2\u00A0(0.07)\u00C2\u00A0 63\u00C2\u00A0 0\u00C2\u00A0 0.63\u00C2\u00A0(0.03)\u00C2\u00A0 0.73\u00C2\u00A0(0.15)\u00C2\u00A0 0.39\u00C2\u00A0(0.06)\u00C2\u00A0 Lip\u00C2\u00A0 485\u00C2\u00A0 0\u00C2\u00A0 0.08\u00C2\u00A0(0.04)\u00C2\u00A0 0\u00C2\u00A0(0)\u00C2\u00A0 0.24\u00C2\u00A0(0.08)\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 485\u00C2\u00A0 0\u00C2\u00A0 0.05\u00C2\u00A0(0.04)\u00C2\u00A0 0\u00C2\u00A0(0)\u00C2\u00A0 0.27\u00C2\u00A0(0.07)\u00C2\u00A0 (a)\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0sub\u00E2\u0080\u0090array\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Astoria\u00C2\u00A0Bridge\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0deployed\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 126\u00C2\u00A0 Table\u00C2\u00A04.4.\u00C2\u00A0Survivorship\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0yearling\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0released\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0Kooskia\u00C2\u00A0National\u00C2\u00A0Fish\u00C2\u00A0 Hatchery,\u00C2\u00A0Kooskia,\u00C2\u00A0ID,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Chandler\u00C2\u00A0Juvenile\u00C2\u00A0Monitoring\u00C2\u00A0Facility,\u00C2\u00A0Prosser,\u00C2\u00A0WA,\u00C2\u00A0respectively.\u00C2\u00A0Standard\u00C2\u00A0errors\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0parentheses.\u00C2\u00A0 Distance\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0cumulative\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0site.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0 Yakima\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Distance\u00C2\u00A0 (km)\u00C2\u00A0 Survivorship\u00C2\u00A0 Distance\u00C2\u00A0 (km)\u00C2\u00A0 Survivorship\u00C2\u00A0 Detection\u00C2\u00A0site\u00C2\u00A0 2006\u00C2\u00A0 2007\u00C2\u00A0 2008\u00C2\u00A0 2006\u00C2\u00A0 2007\u00C2\u00A0 2008\u00C2\u00A0 LaB\u00C2\u00A0 190\u00C2\u00A0 0.75\u00C2\u00A0(0.02)\u00C2\u00A0 0.19\u00C2\u00A0(0.03)\u00C2\u00A0 0.71\u00C2\u00A0(0.02)\u00C2\u00A0 NA\u00C2\u00A0 NA\u00C2\u00A0 NA\u00C2\u00A0 NA\u00C2\u00A0 LaW\u00C2\u00A0 369\u00C2\u00A0 0.56\u00C2\u00A0(0.03)\u00C2\u00A0 0.14\u00C2\u00A0(0.02)\u00C2\u00A0 0.48\u00C2\u00A0(0.03)\u00C2\u00A0 113\u00C2\u00A0 0.73\u00C2\u00A0(0.02)\u00C2\u00A0 0.32\u00C2\u00A0(0.03)\u00C2\u00A0 0.76\u00C2\u00A0(0.03)\u00C2\u00A0 LaC\u00C2\u00A0 531\u00C2\u00A0 0.47\u00C2\u00A0(0.04)\u00C2\u00A0 0.1\u00C2\u00A0(0.02)\u00C2\u00A0 0.35\u00C2\u00A0(0.03)\u00C2\u00A0 275\u00C2\u00A0 0.51\u00C2\u00A0(0.03)\u00C2\u00A0 0.15\u00C2\u00A0(0.02)\u00C2\u00A0 0.66\u00C2\u00A0(0.05)\u00C2\u00A0 McG\u00C2\u00A0 647\u00C2\u00A0 0.4\u00C2\u00A0(0.04)\u00C2\u00A0 0.08\u00C2\u00A0(0.02)\u00C2\u00A0 0.28\u00C2\u00A0(0.03)\u00C2\u00A0 391\u00C2\u00A0 0.37\u00C2\u00A0(0.03)\u00C2\u00A0 0.11\u00C2\u00A0(0.02)\u00C2\u00A0 0.48\u00C2\u00A0(0.04)\u00C2\u00A0 Ast\u00C2\u00A0 848\u00C2\u00A0 (a)\u00C2\u00A0 0.08\u00C2\u00A0(0.02)\u00C2\u00A0 0.28\u00C2\u00A0(0.03)\u00C2\u00A0 592\u00C2\u00A0 (a)\u00C2\u00A0 0.1\u00C2\u00A0(0.02)\u00C2\u00A0 0.48\u00C2\u00A0(0.04)\u00C2\u00A0 WiB\u00C2\u00A0 911\u00C2\u00A0 0.32\u00C2\u00A0(0.04)\u00C2\u00A0 0.04\u00C2\u00A0(0.01)\u00C2\u00A0 0.11\u00C2\u00A0(0.02)\u00C2\u00A0 655\u00C2\u00A0 0.23\u00C2\u00A0(0.03)\u00C2\u00A0 0.07\u00C2\u00A0(0.02)\u00C2\u00A0 0.18\u00C2\u00A0(0.03)\u00C2\u00A0 Lip\u00C2\u00A0 1396\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0(0.01)\u00C2\u00A0 0\u00C2\u00A0(0)\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0(0.01)\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 1140\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0(0.01)\u00C2\u00A0 0\u00C2\u00A0(0)\u00C2\u00A0 0.05\u00C2\u00A0(0.02)\u00C2\u00A0 (a)\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0sub\u00E2\u0080\u0090array\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Astoria\u00C2\u00A0Bridge\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0deployed\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 127\u00C2\u00A0 Table\u00C2\u00A04.5.\u00C2\u00A0Estimated\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0ratios.\u00C2\u00A0Survival\u00C2\u00A0ratios\u00C2\u00A0 are\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0Lake\u00C2\u00A0Wallula\u00C2\u00A0(LaW)\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0McGowan\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0Channel\u00C2\u00A0(McG)\u00C2\u00A010\u00C2\u00A0km\u00C2\u00A0below\u00C2\u00A0Bonneville\u00C2\u00A0Dam\u00C2\u00A0 (hydro),\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0McG\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Astoria\u00C2\u00A0(Ast),\u00C2\u00A0McG\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Willapa\u00C2\u00A0Bay\u00C2\u00A0(WiB),\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0McG\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0north\u00C2\u00A0western\u00C2\u00A0 Vancouver\u00C2\u00A0Island\u00C2\u00A0(LIP).\u00C2\u00A0Values\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0parentheses\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0standard\u00C2\u00A0errors.\u00C2\u00A0NA=not\u00C2\u00A0applicable.\u00C2\u00A0 Significant\u00C2\u00A0values\u00C2\u00A0less\u00C2\u00A0than\u00C2\u00A01\u00C2\u00A0would\u00C2\u00A0support\u00C2\u00A0delayed\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0relative\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0 Yakima\u00C2\u00A0smolts,\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0however\u00C2\u00A0one\u00C2\u00A0sided\u00C2\u00A0z\u00E2\u0080\u0090tests\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A05%\u00C2\u00A0significance\u00C2\u00A0level\u00C2\u00A0(in\u00C2\u00A0bold)\u00C2\u00A0indicate\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0 Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0had\u00C2\u00A0higher\u00C2\u00A0survival.\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A02007,\u00C2\u00A0post\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0anomalously\u00C2\u00A0high,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 subsequent\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0LIP\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A00.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 2006\u00C2\u00A0 Migration\u00C2\u00A0segment\u00C2\u00A0 Surv\u00C2\u00A0ratio\u00C2\u00A0 SE\u00C2\u00A0 Z\u00E2\u0080\u0090statistic\u00C2\u00A0 p\u00E2\u0080\u0090value\u00C2\u00A0 Hydro\u00C2\u00A0 1.41\u00C2\u00A0 0.11\u00C2\u00A0 4.35\u00C2\u00A0 <0.0001\u00C2\u00A0 Ast\u00C2\u00A0 NA\u00C2\u00A0 NA\u00C2\u00A0 NA\u00C2\u00A0 NA\u00C2\u00A0 WiB\u00C2\u00A0 1.24\u00C2\u00A0 0.07\u00C2\u00A0 4.07\u00C2\u00A0 <0.0001\u00C2\u00A0 LiP\u00C2\u00A0 2.17\u00C2\u00A0 2.07\u00C2\u00A0 0.81\u00C2\u00A0 0.209\u00C2\u00A0 2007\u00C2\u00A0 Migration\u00C2\u00A0segment\u00C2\u00A0 Surv\u00C2\u00A0ratio\u00C2\u00A0 SE\u00C2\u00A0 Z\u00E2\u0080\u0090statistic\u00C2\u00A0 p\u00E2\u0080\u0090value\u00C2\u00A0 Hydro\u00C2\u00A0 1.57\u00C2\u00A0 0.36\u00C2\u00A0 1.94\u00C2\u00A0 0.026\u00C2\u00A0 Ast\u00C2\u00A0 1.12\u00C2\u00A0 0.09\u00C2\u00A0 1.34\u00C2\u00A0 0.090\u00C2\u00A0 WiB\u00C2\u00A0 0.74\u00C2\u00A0 0.29\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u00900.77\u00C2\u00A0 0.221\u00C2\u00A0 LiP\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 2008\u00C2\u00A0 Migration\u00C2\u00A0segment\u00C2\u00A0 Surv\u00C2\u00A0ratio\u00C2\u00A0 SE\u00C2\u00A0 Z\u00E2\u0080\u0090statistic\u00C2\u00A0 p\u00E2\u0080\u0090value\u00C2\u00A0 Hydro\u00C2\u00A0 0.93\u00C2\u00A0 0.11\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u00900.60\u00C2\u00A0 0.274\u00C2\u00A0 Ast\u00C2\u00A0 1.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.500\u00C2\u00A0 WiB\u00C2\u00A0 1.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.23\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u00900.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.492\u00C2\u00A0 LiP\u00C2\u00A0 0.88\u00C2\u00A0 0.40\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u00900.27\u00C2\u00A0 0.397\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 128\u00C2\u00A0 Table\u00C2\u00A04.6.\u00C2\u00A0Detection\u00C2\u00A0probability\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0POST\u00C2\u00A0 sub\u00E2\u0080\u0090arrays\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0basin\u00C2\u00A0(LaB\u00E2\u0080\u0090Lake\u00C2\u00A0Bryan,\u00C2\u00A0LaW=Lake\u00C2\u00A0Wallula,\u00C2\u00A0LaC=Lake\u00C2\u00A0Celilo,\u00C2\u00A0 McG=McGowan\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0Channel,\u00C2\u00A0Ast=Astoria\u00C2\u00A0Bridge)\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Pacific\u00C2\u00A0Ocean\u00C2\u00A0(WiB=Willapa\u00C2\u00A0Bay,\u00C2\u00A0Lip=Lippy\u00C2\u00A0 Point).\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0 Detection\u00C2\u00A0 Site\u00C2\u00A0 2006\u00C2\u00A0 2007\u00C2\u00A0 2008\u00C2\u00A0 2006\u00C2\u00A0 2007\u00C2\u00A0 2008\u00C2\u00A0 LaB\u00C2\u00A0 0.97\u00C2\u00A0(0.02) 0.96\u00C2\u00A0(0.04) 0.96\u00C2\u00A0(0.01) NA\u00C2\u00A0 NA\u00C2\u00A0 NA\u00C2\u00A0 LaW\u00C2\u00A0 0.93\u00C2\u00A0(0.03) 0.94\u00C2\u00A0(0.05) 0.98\u00C2\u00A0(0.01) 1.0\u00C2\u00A0(0)\u00C2\u00A0 1.0\u00C2\u00A0(0)\u00C2\u00A0 0.96\u00C2\u00A0(0.02) LaC\u00C2\u00A0 0.56\u00C2\u00A0(0.06) 0.92\u00C2\u00A0(0.06) 0.51\u00C2\u00A0(0.05) 0.78\u00C2\u00A0(0.05)\u00C2\u00A0 0.97\u00C2\u00A0(0.03)\u00C2\u00A0 0.33\u00C2\u00A0(0.04) McG\u00C2\u00A0 0.70\u00C2\u00A0(0.07) 0.79\u00C2\u00A0(0.1)\u00C2\u00A0 0.15\u00C2\u00A0(0.03) 0.84\u00C2\u00A0(0.06)\u00C2\u00A0 0.97\u00C2\u00A0(0.04)\u00C2\u00A0 0.1\u00C2\u00A0(0.02)\u00C2\u00A0 Ast\u00C2\u00A0 (a)\u00C2\u00A0 0.83\u00C2\u00A0(0.1)\u00C2\u00A0 0.81\u00C2\u00A0(0.06) (a)\u00C2\u00A0 0.94\u00C2\u00A0(0.07)\u00C2\u00A0 0.75\u00C2\u00A0(0.05) WiB\u00C2\u00A0(d)\u00C2\u00A0 0.69\u00C2\u00A0(0.07) 0.74\u00C2\u00A0(0.07) 0.69\u00C2\u00A0(0.07)\u00C2\u00A0 0.74\u00C2\u00A0(0.07) Lip\u00C2\u00A0 (b)\u00C2\u00A0 (c)\u00C2\u00A0 (b)\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 (b)\u00C2\u00A0 (c)\u00C2\u00A0 (b)\u00C2\u00A0 (a)\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0sub\u00E2\u0080\u0090array\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Astoria\u00C2\u00A0Bridge\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0deployed\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006\u00C2\u00A0 (b)\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0detection\u00C2\u00A0probability\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0Lippy\u00C2\u00A0Point\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0assumed\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0equivalent\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0WiB\u00C2\u00A0 (c)\u00C2\u00A0No\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0detected;\u00C2\u00A0detection\u00C2\u00A0probability\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0estimable\u00C2\u00A0 (d)\u00C2\u00A0Populations\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0pooled\u00C2\u00A0during\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0estimation\u00C2\u00A0process\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 129\u00C2\u00A0 4.5 \u00C2\u00A0References\u00C2\u00A0 Beamish,\u00C2\u00A0R.\u00C2\u00A0J.,\u00C2\u00A0C.\u00C2\u00A0Mahnken,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0C.\u00C2\u00A0M.\u00C2\u00A0Neville.\u00C2\u00A02004.\u00C2\u00A0Evidence\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0reduced\u00C2\u00A0early\u00C2\u00A0marine\u00C2\u00A0growth\u00C2\u00A0 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Bi,\u00C2\u00A0H.\u00C2\u00A0S.,\u00C2\u00A0R.\u00C2\u00A0E.\u00C2\u00A0Ruppel,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0W.\u00C2\u00A0T.\u00C2\u00A0Peterson.\u00C2\u00A02007.\u00C2\u00A0Modeling\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0pelagic\u00C2\u00A0habitat\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0off\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 Pacific\u00C2\u00A0Northwest\u00C2\u00A0(USA)\u00C2\u00A0coast\u00C2\u00A0using\u00C2\u00A0logistic\u00C2\u00A0regression.\u00C2\u00A0Marine\u00C2\u00A0Ecology\u00E2\u0080\u0090Progress\u00C2\u00A0Series\u00C2\u00A0 336:249\u00E2\u0080\u0090265.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Bosch,\u00C2\u00A0B.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0D.\u00C2\u00A0Fast.\u00C2\u00A02006.\u00C2\u00A0Yakima/Klickitat\u00C2\u00A0Fisheries\u00C2\u00A0Project;\u00C2\u00A0Monitoring\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Evaluation,\u00C2\u00A0 2005\u00E2\u0080\u00902006\u00C2\u00A0Annual\u00C2\u00A0Report,\u00C2\u00A0Project\u00C2\u00A0No.\u00C2\u00A0199506325,\u00C2\u00A0222\u00C2\u00A0electronic\u00C2\u00A0pages,\u00C2\u00A0(BPA\u00C2\u00A0Report\u00C2\u00A0 DOE/BP\u00E2\u0080\u009000022449\u00E2\u0080\u00901).\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Brodeur,\u00C2\u00A0R.\u00C2\u00A0D.,\u00C2\u00A0G.\u00C2\u00A0W.\u00C2\u00A0Boehlert,\u00C2\u00A0E.\u00C2\u00A0Casillas,\u00C2\u00A0M.\u00C2\u00A0B.\u00C2\u00A0Eldridge,\u00C2\u00A0J.\u00C2\u00A0H.\u00C2\u00A0Helle,\u00C2\u00A0W.\u00C2\u00A0T.\u00C2\u00A0Peterson,\u00C2\u00A0W.\u00C2\u00A0R.\u00C2\u00A0 Heard,\u00C2\u00A0S.\u00C2\u00A0T.\u00C2\u00A0Lindley,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0M.\u00C2\u00A0H.\u00C2\u00A0Schiewe.\u00C2\u00A02000.\u00C2\u00A0A\u00C2\u00A0coordinated\u00C2\u00A0research\u00C2\u00A0plan\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0estuarine\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0research\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0Pacific\u00C2\u00A0salmon.\u00C2\u00A0Fisheries\u00C2\u00A025(6):7\u00E2\u0080\u009016.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Brodeur,\u00C2\u00A0R.\u00C2\u00A0D.,\u00C2\u00A0J.\u00C2\u00A0P.\u00C2\u00A0Fisher,\u00C2\u00A0D.\u00C2\u00A0J.\u00C2\u00A0Teel,\u00C2\u00A0R.\u00C2\u00A0L.\u00C2\u00A0Emmett,\u00C2\u00A0E.\u00C2\u00A0Casillas,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0T.\u00C2\u00A0W.\u00C2\u00A0Miller.\u00C2\u00A02004.\u00C2\u00A0Juvenile\u00C2\u00A0 salmonid\u00C2\u00A0distribution,\u00C2\u00A0growth,\u00C2\u00A0condition,\u00C2\u00A0origin,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0environmental\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0species\u00C2\u00A0 associations\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Northern\u00C2\u00A0California\u00C2\u00A0Current.\u00C2\u00A0Fishery\u00C2\u00A0Bulletin\u00C2\u00A0102(1):25\u00E2\u0080\u009046.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 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Budy,\u00C2\u00A0P.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0H.\u00C2\u00A0Schaller.\u00C2\u00A02007.\u00C2\u00A0Evaluating\u00C2\u00A0tributary\u00C2\u00A0restoration\u00C2\u00A0potential\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0pacific\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0 recovery.\u00C2\u00A0Ecological\u00C2\u00A0Applications\u00C2\u00A017(4):1068\u00E2\u0080\u00901086.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Budy,\u00C2\u00A0P.,\u00C2\u00A0G.\u00C2\u00A0P.\u00C2\u00A0Thiede,\u00C2\u00A0N.\u00C2\u00A0Bouwes,\u00C2\u00A0C.\u00C2\u00A0E.\u00C2\u00A0Petrosky,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0H.\u00C2\u00A0Schaller.\u00C2\u00A02002.\u00C2\u00A0Evidence\u00C2\u00A0linking\u00C2\u00A0delayed\u00C2\u00A0 mortality\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0their\u00C2\u00A0earlier\u00C2\u00A0hydrosystem\u00C2\u00A0experience.\u00C2\u00A0North\u00C2\u00A0 American\u00C2\u00A0Journal\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Fisheries\u00C2\u00A0Management\u00C2\u00A022(1):35\u00E2\u0080\u009051.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 DeHart,\u00C2\u00A0M.\u00C2\u00A02009.\u00C2\u00A0Fish\u00C2\u00A0Passage\u00C2\u00A0Center\u00C2\u00A02008\u00C2\u00A0Annual\u00C2\u00A0Report.\u00C2\u00A0Fish\u00C2\u00A0Passage\u00C2\u00A0Center,\u00C2\u00A0.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 130\u00C2\u00A0 Deriso,\u00C2\u00A0R.\u00C2\u00A0B.,\u00C2\u00A0D.\u00C2\u00A0R.\u00C2\u00A0Marmorek,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0I.\u00C2\u00A0J.\u00C2\u00A0Parnell.\u00C2\u00A02001.\u00C2\u00A0Retrospective\u00C2\u00A0patterns\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0differential\u00C2\u00A0 mortality\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0common\u00C2\u00A0year\u00E2\u0080\u0090effects\u00C2\u00A0experienced\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0summer\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0 (Oncorhynchus\u00C2\u00A0tshawytscha)\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River.\u00C2\u00A0Canadian\u00C2\u00A0Journal\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Fisheries\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 Aquatic\u00C2\u00A0Sciences/Journal\u00C2\u00A0Canadien\u00C2\u00A0Des\u00C2\u00A0Sciences\u00C2\u00A0Halieutiques\u00C2\u00A0Et\u00C2\u00A0Aquatiques.\u00C2\u00A0Ottawa\u00C2\u00A0 58(12):2419\u00E2\u0080\u00902430.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Eder,\u00C2\u00A0K.,\u00C2\u00A0D.\u00C2\u00A0Thompson,\u00C2\u00A0R.\u00C2\u00A0A.\u00C2\u00A0Buchanan,\u00C2\u00A0J.\u00C2\u00A0Heublein,\u00C2\u00A0J.\u00C2\u00A0Groff,\u00C2\u00A0J.\u00C2\u00A0Dietrich,\u00C2\u00A0J.\u00C2\u00A0Skalski,\u00C2\u00A0C.\u00C2\u00A0Peery,\u00C2\u00A0M.\u00C2\u00A0 Arkoosh,\u00C2\u00A0T.\u00C2\u00A0Collier,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0F.\u00C2\u00A0J.\u00C2\u00A0Loge.\u00C2\u00A02009.\u00C2\u00A0Survival\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0travel\u00C2\u00A0times\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 transported\u00C2\u00A0yearling\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0lower\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0estuary\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0 investigation\u00C2\u00A0into\u00C2\u00A0causes\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0differential\u00C2\u00A0mortality.\u00C2\u00A0Army\u00C2\u00A0Corps\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Engineers,\u00C2\u00A0.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Emmett,\u00C2\u00A0R.\u00C2\u00A0L.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0R.\u00C2\u00A0D.\u00C2\u00A0Brodeur.\u00C2\u00A02000.\u00C2\u00A0Recent\u00C2\u00A0changes\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0pelagic\u00C2\u00A0nekton\u00C2\u00A0community\u00C2\u00A0off\u00C2\u00A0 Oregon\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Washington\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0relation\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0some\u00C2\u00A0physical\u00C2\u00A0oceanographic\u00C2\u00A0conditions.\u00C2\u00A0North\u00C2\u00A0 Pacific\u00C2\u00A0Anadromous\u00C2\u00A0Fish\u00C2\u00A0Commission\u00C2\u00A0Bulletin\u00C2\u00A02:11\u00E2\u0080\u009020.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Ferguson,\u00C2\u00A0J.\u00C2\u00A0W.,\u00C2\u00A0B.\u00C2\u00A0P.\u00C2\u00A0Sandford,\u00C2\u00A0R.\u00C2\u00A0E.\u00C2\u00A0Reagan,\u00C2\u00A0L.\u00C2\u00A0G.\u00C2\u00A0Gilbreath,\u00C2\u00A0E.\u00C2\u00A0B.\u00C2\u00A0Meyer,\u00C2\u00A0R.\u00C2\u00A0D.\u00C2\u00A0Ledgerwood,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 N.\u00C2\u00A0S.\u00C2\u00A0Adams.\u00C2\u00A02007.\u00C2\u00A0Bypass\u00C2\u00A0system\u00C2\u00A0modification\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0Bonneville\u00C2\u00A0Dam\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0 improved\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0juvenile\u00C2\u00A0salmon.\u00C2\u00A0Transactions\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0American\u00C2\u00A0Fisheries\u00C2\u00A0Society\u00C2\u00A0 136(6):1487\u00E2\u0080\u00901510.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Fisher,\u00C2\u00A0J.\u00C2\u00A0P.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0W.\u00C2\u00A0G.\u00C2\u00A0Pearcy.\u00C2\u00A01995.\u00C2\u00A0Distribution,\u00C2\u00A0migration,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0growth\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0juvenile\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0 salmon,\u00C2\u00A0Oncorhynchus\u00C2\u00A0tshawytscha,\u00C2\u00A0off\u00C2\u00A0Oregon\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Washington.\u00C2\u00A0Fishery\u00C2\u00A0Bulletin\u00C2\u00A0 93(2):274\u00E2\u0080\u0090289.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Fritts,\u00C2\u00A0A.\u00C2\u00A0L.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0T.\u00C2\u00A0N.\u00C2\u00A0Pearsons.\u00C2\u00A02006.\u00C2\u00A0Effects\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0predation\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0nonnative\u00C2\u00A0smallmouth\u00C2\u00A0bass\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0 native\u00C2\u00A0salmonid\u00C2\u00A0prey:\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0role\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0predator\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0prey\u00C2\u00A0size.\u00C2\u00A0Transactions\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0American\u00C2\u00A0 Fisheries\u00C2\u00A0Society\u00C2\u00A0135(4):853\u00E2\u0080\u0090860.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Fritts,\u00C2\u00A0A.\u00C2\u00A0L.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0T.\u00C2\u00A0N.\u00C2\u00A0Pearsons.\u00C2\u00A02004.\u00C2\u00A0Smallmouth\u00C2\u00A0bass\u00C2\u00A0predation\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0hatchery\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0wild\u00C2\u00A0 salmonids\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0River,\u00C2\u00A0Washington.\u00C2\u00A0Transactions\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0American\u00C2\u00A0Fisheries\u00C2\u00A0 Society\u00C2\u00A0133(4):880\u00E2\u0080\u0090895.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Garcia\u00C2\u00A0Berdeal,\u00C2\u00A0I.,\u00C2\u00A0B.\u00C2\u00A0M.\u00C2\u00A0Hickey,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0M.\u00C2\u00A0Kawase.\u00C2\u00A02000.\u00C2\u00A0Factors\u00C2\u00A0Controlling\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Orientation\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0Plume:\u00C2\u00A0A\u00C2\u00A0Numerical\u00C2\u00A0Model\u00C2\u00A0Study.\u00C2\u00A0American\u00C2\u00A0Geophysical\u00C2\u00A0Union,\u00C2\u00A0 Washington,\u00C2\u00A0DC.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Independent\u00C2\u00A0Scientific\u00C2\u00A0Advisory\u00C2\u00A0Board.\u00C2\u00A02007.\u00C2\u00A0I.\u00C2\u00A0S.\u00C2\u00A0A.\u00C2\u00A0B.\u00C2\u00A0Latent\u00C2\u00A0Mortality\u00C2\u00A0Report.\u00C2\u00A0Review\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 Hypotheses\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Causative\u00C2\u00A0Factors\u00C2\u00A0Contributing\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Latent\u00C2\u00A0Mortality\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0their\u00C2\u00A0Likely\u00C2\u00A0 Relevance\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009CBelow\u00C2\u00A0Bonneville\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0Component\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0COMPASS\u00C2\u00A0Model.\u00C2\u00A0Northwest\u00C2\u00A0 Power\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Conservation\u00C2\u00A0Council,\u00C2\u00A028.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Kareiva,\u00C2\u00A0P.,\u00C2\u00A0M.\u00C2\u00A0Marvier,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0M.\u00C2\u00A0McClure.\u00C2\u00A02000.\u00C2\u00A0Recovery\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0management\u00C2\u00A0options\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0 spring/summer\u00C2\u00A0chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0Basin.\u00C2\u00A0Science\u00C2\u00A0290(5493):977\u00E2\u0080\u0090979.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Larsen,\u00C2\u00A0D.\u00C2\u00A0A.,\u00C2\u00A0B.\u00C2\u00A0R.\u00C2\u00A0Beckman,\u00C2\u00A0K.\u00C2\u00A0A.\u00C2\u00A0Cooper,\u00C2\u00A0D.\u00C2\u00A0Barrett,\u00C2\u00A0M.\u00C2\u00A0Johnston,\u00C2\u00A0P.\u00C2\u00A0Swanson,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0W.\u00C2\u00A0W.\u00C2\u00A0 Dickhoff.\u00C2\u00A02004.\u00C2\u00A0Assessment\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0high\u00C2\u00A0rates\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0precocious\u00C2\u00A0male\u00C2\u00A0maturation\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0 Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0supplementation\u00C2\u00A0hatchery\u00C2\u00A0program.\u00C2\u00A0Transactions\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0American\u00C2\u00A0 Fisheries\u00C2\u00A0Society\u00C2\u00A0133(1):98\u00E2\u0080\u0090120.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 131\u00C2\u00A0 Levin,\u00C2\u00A0P.\u00C2\u00A0S.\u00C2\u00A02003.\u00C2\u00A0Regional\u00C2\u00A0differences\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0responses\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0populations\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0large\u00E2\u0080\u0090 scale\u00C2\u00A0climatic\u00C2\u00A0patterns.\u00C2\u00A0Journal\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Biogeography\u00C2\u00A030(5):711\u00E2\u0080\u0090717.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Muir,\u00C2\u00A0W.\u00C2\u00A0D.,\u00C2\u00A0S.\u00C2\u00A0G.\u00C2\u00A0Smith,\u00C2\u00A0J.\u00C2\u00A0G.\u00C2\u00A0Williams,\u00C2\u00A0E.\u00C2\u00A0E.\u00C2\u00A0Hockersmith,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0J.\u00C2\u00A0R.\u00C2\u00A0Skalski.\u00C2\u00A02001.\u00C2\u00A0Survival\u00C2\u00A0 estimates\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0migrant\u00C2\u00A0yearling\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0steelhead\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0passive\u00C2\u00A0 integrated\u00C2\u00A0transponders\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0lower\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0lower\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0rivers,\u00C2\u00A01993\u00E2\u0080\u00901998.\u00C2\u00A0 North\u00C2\u00A0American\u00C2\u00A0Journal\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Fisheries\u00C2\u00A0Management\u00C2\u00A021(2):269\u00E2\u0080\u0090282.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Peters,\u00C2\u00A0C.\u00C2\u00A0N.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0D.\u00C2\u00A0R.\u00C2\u00A0Marmorek.\u00C2\u00A02001.\u00C2\u00A0Application\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0decision\u00C2\u00A0analysis\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0evaluate\u00C2\u00A0recovery\u00C2\u00A0 actions\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0threatened\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0summer\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0(Oncorhynchus\u00C2\u00A0 tshawytscha).\u00C2\u00A0Canadian\u00C2\u00A0Journal\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Fisheries\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Aquatic\u00C2\u00A0Sciences/Journal\u00C2\u00A0Canadien\u00C2\u00A0Des\u00C2\u00A0 Sciences\u00C2\u00A0Halieutiques\u00C2\u00A0Et\u00C2\u00A0Aquatiques\u00C2\u00A058(12):2431\u00E2\u0080\u00902446.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Petrosky,\u00C2\u00A0C.\u00C2\u00A0E.,\u00C2\u00A0H.\u00C2\u00A0A.\u00C2\u00A0Schaller,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0P.\u00C2\u00A0Budy.\u00C2\u00A02001.\u00C2\u00A0Productivity\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0rate\u00C2\u00A0trends\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 freshwater\u00C2\u00A0spawning\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0rearing\u00C2\u00A0stage\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0(Oncorhynchus\u00C2\u00A0 tshawytscha).\u00C2\u00A0Canadian\u00C2\u00A0Journal\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Fisheries\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Aquatic\u00C2\u00A0Sciences/Journal\u00C2\u00A0Canadien\u00C2\u00A0Des\u00C2\u00A0 Sciences\u00C2\u00A0Halieutiques\u00C2\u00A0Et\u00C2\u00A0Aquatiques\u00C2\u00A058(6):1196\u00E2\u0080\u00901207.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Quinn,\u00C2\u00A0T.\u00C2\u00A0P.\u00C2\u00A02005.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0Behavior\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Ecology\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Pacific\u00C2\u00A0Salmon\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Trout.\u00C2\u00A0University\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 Washington\u00C2\u00A0Press,\u00C2\u00A0Seattle.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 R\u00C2\u00A0Development\u00C2\u00A0Core\u00C2\u00A0Team.\u00C2\u00A02008.\u00C2\u00A0R:\u00C2\u00A0A\u00C2\u00A0language\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0environment\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0statistical\u00C2\u00A0computing.\u00C2\u00A0R\u00C2\u00A0 Foundation\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0Statistical\u00C2\u00A0Computing,\u00C2\u00A0Vienna,\u00C2\u00A0Austria.\u00C2\u00A0http://www.R\u00E2\u0080\u0090project.org.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Rechisky,\u00C2\u00A0E.\u00C2\u00A0L.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0D.\u00C2\u00A0W.\u00C2\u00A0Welch.\u00C2\u00A02009.\u00C2\u00A0Surgical\u00C2\u00A0implantation\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0tags:\u00C2\u00A0Influence\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0 loss\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00E2\u0080\u0090induced\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0free\u00E2\u0080\u0090ranging\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0hatchery\u00E2\u0080\u0090held\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0(O.\u00C2\u00A0 tschawytscha)\u00C2\u00A0smolts.\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0K.\u00C2\u00A0S.\u00C2\u00A0Wolf,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0J.\u00C2\u00A0S.\u00C2\u00A0O\u00E2\u0080\u0099Neal,\u00C2\u00A0editors.\u00C2\u00A0PNAMP\u00C2\u00A0Special\u00C2\u00A0Publication:\u00C2\u00A0 Tagging,\u00C2\u00A0Telemetry\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Marking\u00C2\u00A0Measures\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0Monitoring\u00C2\u00A0Fish\u00C2\u00A0Populations.\u00C2\u00A0A\u00C2\u00A0 Compendium\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0New\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Recent\u00C2\u00A0Science\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0Use\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0Informing\u00C2\u00A0Technique\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Decision\u00C2\u00A0 Modalities,\u00C2\u00A0USGS\u00C2\u00A0Special\u00C2\u00A0Report\u00C2\u00A0No.\u00C2\u00A0xxxxxxxx.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0Pacific\u00C2\u00A0Northwest\u00C2\u00A0Aquatic\u00C2\u00A0Monitoring\u00C2\u00A0 Partnership\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0KWA\u00C2\u00A0Ecological\u00C2\u00A0Sciences,\u00C2\u00A0Inc.,\u00C2\u00A0Duvall,\u00C2\u00A0WA.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Schaller,\u00C2\u00A0H.\u00C2\u00A0A.,\u00C2\u00A0C.\u00C2\u00A0E.\u00C2\u00A0Petrosky,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0O.\u00C2\u00A0P.\u00C2\u00A0Langness.\u00C2\u00A01999.\u00C2\u00A0Contrasting\u00C2\u00A0patterns\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0productivity\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 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of\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0stream\u00E2\u0080\u0090type\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon.\u00C2\u00A0North\u00C2\u00A0American\u00C2\u00A0Journal\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Fisheries\u00C2\u00A0 Management\u00C2\u00A027(3):810\u00E2\u0080\u0090824.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Scheuerell,\u00C2\u00A0M.\u00C2\u00A0D.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0J.\u00C2\u00A0G.\u00C2\u00A0Williams.\u00C2\u00A02005.\u00C2\u00A0Forecasting\u00C2\u00A0climate\u00E2\u0080\u0090induced\u00C2\u00A0changes\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0spring/summer\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0(Oncorhynchus\u00C2\u00A0tshawytscha).\u00C2\u00A0Fisheries\u00C2\u00A0 Oceanography\u00C2\u00A014(6):448\u00E2\u0080\u0090457.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 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last\u00C2\u00A0century\u00C2\u00A0due\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0over\u00E2\u0080\u0090harvesting\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0hydroelectric\u00C2\u00A0dam\u00C2\u00A0construction\u00C2\u00A0(Raymond\u00C2\u00A01988).\u00C2\u00A0One\u00C2\u00A0 management\u00C2\u00A0strategy\u00C2\u00A0employed\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0basin\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0mitigate\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0losses\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0(a\u00C2\u00A0 tributary\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River)\u00C2\u00A0dams\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0transportation\u00C2\u00A0program,\u00C2\u00A0which\u00C2\u00A0transports\u00C2\u00A0 migrating\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0bypass\u00C2\u00A0collectors\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0dams\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0McNary\u00C2\u00A0Dam\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0lower\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0transports\u00C2\u00A0them\u00C2\u00A0via\u00C2\u00A0barge\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0site\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0lower\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0 River\u00C2\u00A0below\u00C2\u00A0Bonneville\u00C2\u00A0Dam,\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0final\u00C2\u00A0dam\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0must\u00C2\u00A0pass\u00C2\u00A0during\u00C2\u00A0their\u00C2\u00A0seaward\u00C2\u00A0 migration\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0ocean.\u00C2\u00A0Direct\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0dams\u00C2\u00A0has\u00C2\u00A0been\u00C2\u00A0reduced\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0recent\u00C2\u00A0years\u00C2\u00A0 (Ferguson\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A02007;\u00C2\u00A0Muir\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A02001).\u00C2\u00A0As\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0result,\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0(also\u00C2\u00A0called\u00C2\u00A0yearling\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0 stream\u00E2\u0080\u0090type)\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0Oncorhynchus\u00C2\u00A0tshawytscha\u00C2\u00A0migrating\u00C2\u00A0through\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 hydrosystem,\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0Lower\u00C2\u00A0Granite\u00C2\u00A0Dam\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Bonneville\u00C2\u00A0Dam,\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0typically\u00C2\u00A0~50%\u00C2\u00A0(Faulkner\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A0 2009,\u00C2\u00A0Table\u00C2\u00A043).\u00C2\u00A0Survival\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0transportation\u00C2\u00A0barge\u00C2\u00A0during\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0~36\u00C2\u00A0hour,\u00C2\u00A0460\u00C2\u00A0km\u00C2\u00A0ride\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0below\u00C2\u00A0 Bonneville\u00C2\u00A0Dam\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0near\u00C2\u00A0100%.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Despite\u00C2\u00A0two\u00E2\u0080\u0090fold\u00C2\u00A0greater\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0during\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0seaward\u00C2\u00A0migration,\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0transportation\u00C2\u00A0 program\u00C2\u00A0has\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0consistently\u00C2\u00A0resulted\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0larger\u00C2\u00A0proportion\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0transported\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0returning\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0adults\u00C2\u00A0when\u00C2\u00A0compared\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0migrated\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0length\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0river\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 through\u00C2\u00A0eight\u00C2\u00A0dams\u00C2\u00A0(Ward\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A01997;\u00C2\u00A0Williams\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A02005).\u00C2\u00A0Although\u00C2\u00A0transportation\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0 already\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0effect\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0over\u00C2\u00A0two\u00C2\u00A0decades,\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0nevertheless\u00C2\u00A0 listed\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0threatened\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0U.S.\u00C2\u00A0endangered\u00C2\u00A0species\u00C2\u00A0list\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A01992,\u00C2\u00A0indicating\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0failure\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 transportation\u00C2\u00A0program\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0increase\u00C2\u00A0adult\u00C2\u00A0return\u00C2\u00A0rates\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0sustainable\u00C2\u00A0level.\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A0recent\u00C2\u00A0years\u00C2\u00A0 however,\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0transportation\u00C2\u00A0program\u00C2\u00A0has\u00C2\u00A0shown\u00C2\u00A0improvements\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0relative\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 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Survival\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Transported\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0In\u00E2\u0080\u0090River\u00C2\u00A0Migrant\u00C2\u00A0Hatchery\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0Spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0Salmon\u00C2\u00A0Smolts:\u00C2\u00A0Does\u00C2\u00A0 Transportation\u00C2\u00A0Reduce\u00C2\u00A0Survival?\u00C2\u00A0 134\u00C2\u00A0 transported\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0(Buchanan\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A02007,\u00C2\u00A0Table\u00C2\u00A0G.15;\u00C2\u00A0Schaller\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A02007,\u00C2\u00A0 Table\u00C2\u00A03.2).\u00C2\u00A0Nevertheless,\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0threatened\u00C2\u00A0status\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0reaffirmed\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02005\u00C2\u00A0 (http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/species/esa/).\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Transportation\u00C2\u00A0studies\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0been\u00C2\u00A0ongoing\u00C2\u00A0since\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A01970s,\u00C2\u00A0shortly\u00C2\u00A0after\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0transportation\u00C2\u00A0 program\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0established\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0U.S.\u00C2\u00A0National\u00C2\u00A0Marine\u00C2\u00A0Fisheries\u00C2\u00A0Service\u00C2\u00A0(NMFS)\u00C2\u00A0(e.g.,\u00C2\u00A0Ebel\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A0 1973;\u00C2\u00A0Ebel\u00C2\u00A01970;\u00C2\u00A0McCabe\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A01979;\u00C2\u00A0Trefethen\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Ebel\u00C2\u00A01973).\u00C2\u00A0Prior\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0ESA\u00C2\u00A0listing\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0 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transponder\u00C2\u00A0(PIT)\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0early\u00C2\u00A01990\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0(Prentice\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A01990)\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0growing\u00C2\u00A0use\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0small\u00C2\u00A0 radio\u00C2\u00A0tags\u00C2\u00A0(e.g.,\u00C2\u00A0Schreck\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A02006),\u00C2\u00A0biologists\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0able\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0more\u00C2\u00A0accurately\u00C2\u00A0estimate\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0seaward\u00C2\u00A0migrating\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0river\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0adults\u00C2\u00A0back\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0River.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Recent\u00C2\u00A0studies\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0found\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0differential\u00C2\u00A0delayed\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0 could\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0related\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0stress\u00C2\u00A0associated\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0transportation\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0steelhead\u00C2\u00A0O.\u00C2\u00A0mykiss\u00C2\u00A0(Congleton\u00C2\u00A0 et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A02000),\u00C2\u00A0differential\u00C2\u00A0size\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0timing\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0entry\u00C2\u00A0(Muir\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A02006)\u00C2\u00A0,\u00C2\u00A0impaired\u00C2\u00A0 homing\u00C2\u00A0abilities\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0straying\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0other\u00C2\u00A0spawning\u00C2\u00A0rivers\u00C2\u00A0within\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0basin\u00C2\u00A0(Keefer\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A02008),\u00C2\u00A0 and/or\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0increased\u00C2\u00A0susceptibility\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0disease\u00C2\u00A0transmission\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0transportation\u00C2\u00A0barge\u00C2\u00A0(Eder\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A0 2009).\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Other\u00C2\u00A0studies\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0found\u00C2\u00A0contrary\u00C2\u00A0evidence\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0transportation\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0 smolts\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0increasing\u00C2\u00A0densities\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0juvenile\u00C2\u00A0steelhead\u00C2\u00A0did\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0result\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0lower\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0adult\u00C2\u00A0 return\u00C2\u00A0(SAR)\u00C2\u00A0rates\u00C2\u00A0(Wagner\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A02004),\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0transported\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0may\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0less\u00C2\u00A0susceptible\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0 pathogens\u00C2\u00A0(Arkoosh\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A02006),\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0transportation\u00C2\u00A0had\u00C2\u00A0little\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0no\u00C2\u00A0effects\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0auditory\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 olfactory\u00C2\u00A0systems\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0smolts,\u00C2\u00A0respectively\u00C2\u00A0(Halvorsen\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A02009),\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0SAR\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 transported\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0higher\u00C2\u00A0than\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0migrating\u00C2\u00A0seaward\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0river\u00C2\u00A0through\u00C2\u00A0dam\u00C2\u00A0 bypasses\u00C2\u00A0(Sandford\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Smith\u00C2\u00A02002).\u00C2\u00A0Therefore\u00C2\u00A0various\u00C2\u00A0studies\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0investigated\u00C2\u00A0potential\u00C2\u00A0 mechanisms\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0may\u00C2\u00A0lead\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0differential\u00C2\u00A0mortality,\u00C2\u00A0while\u00C2\u00A0others\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0attempted\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0estimate\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0magnitude\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0differential\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0using\u00C2\u00A0smolt\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0adult\u00C2\u00A0return\u00C2\u00A0rates\u00C2\u00A0(SAR).\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 135\u00C2\u00A0 Two\u00C2\u00A0metrics\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0typically\u00C2\u00A0used\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0evaluate\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0success\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0transportation\u00C2\u00A0program:\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 transport\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0(T/I)\u00C2\u00A0ratio,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0post\u00E2\u0080\u0090Bonneville\u00C2\u00A0differential\u00C2\u00A0delayed\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0ratio,\u00C2\u00A0(D).\u00C2\u00A0T/I\u00C2\u00A0 compares\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0ratio\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0SAR\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Lower\u00C2\u00A0Granite\u00C2\u00A0Dam\u00C2\u00A0(LGR)\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0transported\u00C2\u00A0smolts,\u00C2\u00A0SARTR,\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 SAR\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0migrants,\u00C2\u00A0SARIR,\u00C2\u00A0migrating\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0LGR\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0returning\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0adults\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0LGR\u00C2\u00A0 (Figure\u00C2\u00A05.1).\u00C2\u00A0If\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0T/I\u00C2\u00A0ratio\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0>\u00C2\u00A01\u00C2\u00A0then\u00C2\u00A0transportation\u00C2\u00A0provides\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0benefit\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0increasing\u00C2\u00A0adult\u00C2\u00A0 returns\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0greater\u00C2\u00A0proportion\u00C2\u00A0than\u00C2\u00A0if\u00C2\u00A0they\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0left\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0volitionally\u00C2\u00A0migrate\u00C2\u00A0downstream.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0D\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 ratio\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0SAR\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0transported\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0released\u00C2\u00A0below\u00C2\u00A0Bonneville\u00C2\u00A0Dam\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0returning\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0LGR\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0SAR\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0migrants\u00C2\u00A0estimated\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0Bonneville\u00C2\u00A0Dam\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0adult\u00C2\u00A0return\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0LGR\u00C2\u00A0(Buchanan\u00C2\u00A0 et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A02007;\u00C2\u00A0Schaller\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A02007;\u00C2\u00A0Figure\u00C2\u00A05.1).\u00C2\u00A0If\u00C2\u00A0D\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0>1\u00C2\u00A0then\u00C2\u00A0transported\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0returned\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0 higher\u00C2\u00A0proportion\u00C2\u00A0than\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0river\u00C2\u00A0migrants.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Excluding\u00C2\u00A02001,\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0geometric\u00C2\u00A0mean\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0system\u00E2\u0080\u0090wide\u00C2\u00A0T/I\u00C2\u00A0estimates\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0hatchery\u00E2\u0080\u0090reared\u00C2\u00A0 spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0Basin\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A01.15\u00C2\u00A0(SE=0.03)\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0years\u00C2\u00A01997\u00C2\u00A0 through\u00C2\u00A02003\u00C2\u00A0(Buchanan\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A02007)\u00C2\u00A0indicating\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0benefit\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0transported\u00C2\u00A0smolts.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0geometric\u00C2\u00A0 mean\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0D\u00C2\u00A0estimates\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0hatchery\u00E2\u0080\u0090reared\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0Basin\u00C2\u00A0 for\u00C2\u00A0these\u00C2\u00A0years\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A01.00\u00C2\u00A0(SE=0.09)\u00C2\u00A0indicating\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0differential\u00C2\u00A0delayed\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0did\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0occur\u00C2\u00A0 (Buchanan\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A02007).\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0hatchery\u00E2\u0080\u0090specific\u00C2\u00A0estimates\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0T/I\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0similar\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A01997\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0 2004,\u00C2\u00A0excluding\u00C2\u00A02001\u00C2\u00A0(geometric\u00C2\u00A0mean\u00C2\u00A0T/I=1.08,\u00C2\u00A090%\u00C2\u00A0CI=0.63\u00E2\u0080\u00901.85),\u00C2\u00A0however\u00C2\u00A0D\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0lower\u00C2\u00A0 (geometric\u00C2\u00A0mean=0.62,\u00C2\u00A090%\u00C2\u00A0CI=0.33\u00E2\u0080\u00901.20)\u00C2\u00A0than\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0aggregate\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0estimate\u00C2\u00A0indicating\u00C2\u00A0 delayed\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0transported\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0(Schaller\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A02007).\u00C2\u00A0Both\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0these\u00C2\u00A0indirect\u00C2\u00A0 estimations,\u00C2\u00A0however,\u00C2\u00A0rely\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0adult\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0returning\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0spawn\u00C2\u00A02\u00E2\u0080\u00903\u00C2\u00A0years\u00C2\u00A0after\u00C2\u00A0migrating\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 river\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0smolts,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0any\u00C2\u00A0difference\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A0groups\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0attributed\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0their\u00C2\u00A0treatment\u00C2\u00A0 as\u00C2\u00A0smolts.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 The\u00C2\u00A0recent\u00C2\u00A0development\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0tags\u00C2\u00A0small\u00C2\u00A0enough\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0implant\u00C2\u00A0into\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0 provides\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0technique\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0estimating\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0during\u00C2\u00A0their\u00C2\u00A0seaward\u00C2\u00A0migration\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0river\u00C2\u00A0 below\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0hydrosystem\u00C2\u00A0(Clemens\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A02009;\u00C2\u00A0McMichael\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A02010;\u00C2\u00A0Rechisky\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A02009),\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0 well\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0(Chittenden\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A02008;\u00C2\u00A0Melnychuk\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A02007;\u00C2\u00A0Rechisky\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A02009).\u00C2\u00A0Like\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0development\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0PIT\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0system,\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0tags\u00C2\u00A0can\u00C2\u00A0further\u00C2\u00A0aid\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0determination\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 whether\u00C2\u00A0differential\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0occurs\u00C2\u00A0soon\u00C2\u00A0after\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0barge,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0if\u00C2\u00A0so,\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0what\u00C2\u00A0 extent.\u00C2\u00A0PIT\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0studies\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0demonstrated\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0transported\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0 136\u00C2\u00A0 may\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0may\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0return\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0higher\u00C2\u00A0proportions\u00C2\u00A0compared\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0non\u00E2\u0080\u0090transported\u00C2\u00A0smolts;\u00C2\u00A0however,\u00C2\u00A0 early\u00C2\u00A0maring\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0adult\u00C2\u00A0marine\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0confounded\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0estimates\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0SAR\u00C2\u00A0because\u00C2\u00A0 SARs\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0estimated\u00C2\u00A02\u00E2\u0080\u00903\u00C2\u00A0year\u00C2\u00A0after\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0migrate\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0ocean.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0advantage\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0using\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0 tags\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0can\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0measured\u00C2\u00A0during\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0seaward\u00C2\u00A0migration\u00C2\u00A0below\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0hydrosystem\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 during\u00C2\u00A0early\u00C2\u00A0marine\u00C2\u00A0life.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 No\u00C2\u00A0direct\u00C2\u00A0comparison\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0early\u00C2\u00A0marine\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0transported\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0non\u00E2\u0080\u0090transported\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0 smolts\u00C2\u00A0has\u00C2\u00A0previously\u00C2\u00A0been\u00C2\u00A0possible\u00C2\u00A0because\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0technology\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0do\u00C2\u00A0so\u00C2\u00A0did\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0exist\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0it\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0 considered\u00C2\u00A0logistically\u00C2\u00A0infeasible\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0track\u00C2\u00A0small\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0vast\u00C2\u00A0expanse\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Pacific\u00C2\u00A0 continental\u00C2\u00A0shelf.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Partly\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0address\u00C2\u00A0these\u00C2\u00A0critical\u00C2\u00A0conservation\u00C2\u00A0questions,\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0prototype\u00C2\u00A0 continental\u00E2\u0080\u0090scale\u00C2\u00A0telemetry\u00C2\u00A0array,\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Pacific\u00C2\u00A0Ocean\u00C2\u00A0Shelf\u00C2\u00A0Tracking\u00C2\u00A0array\u00C2\u00A0(POST;\u00C2\u00A0Welch\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A0 2002)\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0designed\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0deployed\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0address\u00C2\u00A0these\u00C2\u00A0issues.\u00C2\u00A0 Using\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0array,\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0estimated\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0early\u00C2\u00A0marine\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0yearling\u00C2\u00A0 Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0released\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0hatchery\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0basin\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0compared\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0group\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0same\u00C2\u00A0hatchery\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0transported\u00C2\u00A0650\u00C2\u00A0km\u00C2\u00A0downstream\u00C2\u00A0via\u00C2\u00A0 barge\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0released\u00C2\u00A0approximately\u00C2\u00A0~10\u00C2\u00A0km\u00C2\u00A0downstream\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Bonneville\u00C2\u00A0Dam.\u00C2\u00A0We\u00C2\u00A0present\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0first\u00C2\u00A0 estimates\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0estuary,\u00C2\u00A0plume,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0along\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0continental\u00C2\u00A0shelf\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0 migrating\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River.\u00C2\u00A0Additionally\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0calculated\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0T/I\u00C2\u00A0ratio\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Willapa\u00C2\u00A0Bay,\u00C2\u00A0WA,\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0Lippy\u00C2\u00A0Point\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0Vancouver\u00C2\u00A0Island,\u00C2\u00A0BC,\u00C2\u00A0(T/IWIB\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0T/ILIP,\u00C2\u00A0respectively).\u00C2\u00A0For\u00C2\u00A0our\u00C2\u00A0study,\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0T/I\u00C2\u00A0 ratio\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0ratio\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0transported\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0(STR)\u00C2\u00A0released\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0lower\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0 at\u00C2\u00A0McGowan\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0Channel\u00C2\u00A0(MCG,\u00C2\u00A010\u00C2\u00A0km\u00C2\u00A0below\u00C2\u00A0Bonneville\u00C2\u00A0Dam)\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0coastal\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0detection\u00C2\u00A0sites\u00C2\u00A0 located\u00C2\u00A040\u00C2\u00A0km\u00C2\u00A0(WIB)\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0525\u00C2\u00A0km\u00C2\u00A0(LIP)\u00C2\u00A0north\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0mouth\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0juvenile\u00C2\u00A0 survival\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0migrants\u00C2\u00A0(SIR)\u00C2\u00A0released\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0Kooskia\u00C2\u00A0National\u00C2\u00A0Fish\u00C2\u00A0Hatchery\u00C2\u00A0(NFH)\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0WIB\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 LIP.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0D\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Willapa\u00C2\u00A0Bay\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Lippy\u00C2\u00A0Point\u00C2\u00A0(DWIL\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0DLIP,\u00C2\u00A0respectively)\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0ratio\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0juvenile\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0transported\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0MCG\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0WIL,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0MCG\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0LIP\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0juvenile\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0 migrants\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0below\u00C2\u00A0Bonneville\u00C2\u00A0Dam\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0WIL\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0LIP.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 In\u00C2\u00A0addition\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0estimating\u00C2\u00A0early\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0transported\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0also\u00C2\u00A0 report\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0first\u00C2\u00A0direct\u00C2\u00A0measurements\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0coastal\u00C2\u00A0migration\u00C2\u00A0characteristics\u00C2\u00A0(rate\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 movement,\u00C2\u00A0travel\u00C2\u00A0time\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0cross\u00E2\u0080\u0090shelf\u00C2\u00A0distribution)\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0 during\u00C2\u00A0their\u00C2\u00A0migration\u00C2\u00A0north\u00C2\u00A0along\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0continental\u00C2\u00A0shelf.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 137\u00C2\u00A0 5.2 Methods\u00C2\u00A0 5.2.1 Smolt\u00C2\u00A0acquisition\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0tagging\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 We\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0reared\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0National\u00C2\u00A0Fish\u00C2\u00A0Hatchery\u00C2\u00A0 (NFH),\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Clearwater\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0(a\u00C2\u00A0tributary\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0River).\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0NFH\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0located\u00C2\u00A0above\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0four\u00C2\u00A0lower\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0dams\u00C2\u00A0(as\u00C2\u00A0well\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0four\u00C2\u00A0lower\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0dams)\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0thus,\u00C2\u00A0 Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0potential\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0diverted\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0barges\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0transported\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0below\u00C2\u00A0 Bonneville\u00C2\u00A0Dam\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0three\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0dams\u00C2\u00A0where\u00C2\u00A0transportation\u00C2\u00A0occurs,\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0well\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0 McNary\u00C2\u00A0Dam\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0lower\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River.\u00C2\u00A0Annual\u00C2\u00A0PIT\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0estimates\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0(in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0juvenile\u00C2\u00A0 survival\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0SARs)\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0estimated\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0National\u00C2\u00A0Oceanographic\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Atmospheric\u00C2\u00A0 Administration\u00C2\u00A0(NOAA;\u00C2\u00A0Seattle,\u00C2\u00A0WA),\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0well\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Fish\u00C2\u00A0Passage\u00C2\u00A0Centre\u00C2\u00A0(Portland,\u00C2\u00A0OR);\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0 River\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0smolt\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0adult\u00C2\u00A0return\u00C2\u00A0rates\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0low\u00C2\u00A0[<1%\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0recent\u00C2\u00A0years;\u00C2\u00A0(Berggren\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A0 2006)].\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Because\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0tank\u00C2\u00A0limitations\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0Hatchery,\u00C2\u00A0each\u00C2\u00A0year\u00C2\u00A0approximately\u00C2\u00A01,500\u00C2\u00A0Spring\u00C2\u00A0 Chinook\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0NFH\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0transferred\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Kooskia\u00C2\u00A0NFH\u00C2\u00A0(60\u00C2\u00A0km\u00C2\u00A0upstream\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0NFH)\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0three\u00C2\u00A0months\u00C2\u00A0prior\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0tagging.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Additionally,\u00C2\u00A0river\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0hatchery\u00C2\u00A0water\u00C2\u00A0 temperatures\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0NFH\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0winter\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0early\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0low,\u00C2\u00A0generally\u00C2\u00A0ranging\u00C2\u00A0 between\u00C2\u00A04\u00E2\u0080\u009010\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00B0C,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0therefore\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0growth\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0minimal.\u00C2\u00A0Water\u00C2\u00A0temperature\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0Kooskia\u00C2\u00A0NFH\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0 several\u00C2\u00A0degrees\u00C2\u00A0warmer\u00C2\u00A0(12\u00E2\u0080\u009013\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00B0C),\u00C2\u00A0which\u00C2\u00A0facilitated\u00C2\u00A0more\u00C2\u00A0rapid\u00C2\u00A0growth\u00C2\u00A0necessary\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0attain\u00C2\u00A0 minimum\u00C2\u00A0body\u00C2\u00A0size\u00C2\u00A0requirements\u00C2\u00A0necessary\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0tagging\u00C2\u00A0(see\u00C2\u00A0below).\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Although\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0 reared\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0slightly\u00C2\u00A0warmer\u00C2\u00A0water\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0up\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0several\u00C2\u00A0months\u00C2\u00A0before\u00C2\u00A0tagging,\u00C2\u00A0it\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0necessary\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0 retain\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0several\u00C2\u00A0weeks\u00C2\u00A0beyond\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0typical\u00C2\u00A0hatchery\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0date\u00C2\u00A0(April\u00C2\u00A01)\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0ensure\u00C2\u00A0 that\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0sufficient\u00C2\u00A0number\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0exceeded\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0minimum\u00C2\u00A0size\u00C2\u00A0requirements\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0set\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0 tagging.\u00C2\u00A0As\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0result\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0transfer\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0holding\u00C2\u00A0time,\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0migrated\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0additional\u00C2\u00A060\u00C2\u00A0 km\u00C2\u00A0down\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Clearwater\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0three\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0six\u00C2\u00A0weeks\u00C2\u00A0later\u00C2\u00A0than\u00C2\u00A0conventionally\u00C2\u00A0released\u00C2\u00A0 Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Kooskia\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0smolts.\u00C2\u00A0Nevertheless,\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A02008\u00C2\u00A0>99%\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0 tagged\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0passed\u00C2\u00A0Lower\u00C2\u00A0Granite\u00C2\u00A0Dam\u00C2\u00A0(the\u00C2\u00A0first\u00C2\u00A0dam\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0encounter\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0River)\u00C2\u00A0 during\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0latter\u00C2\u00A0part\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0peak\u00C2\u00A0passage\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0all\u00C2\u00A0migrating\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 Snake\u00C2\u00A0River.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A02007\u00C2\u00A099%\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0first\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0group\u00C2\u00A0passed\u00C2\u00A0during\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0peak\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0migration;\u00C2\u00A0 however\u00C2\u00A0river\u00C2\u00A0flows\u00C2\u00A0decreased\u00C2\u00A0thereafter,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0second\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0group\u00C2\u00A0passed\u00C2\u00A0Lower\u00C2\u00A0Granite\u00C2\u00A0 138\u00C2\u00A0 Dam\u00C2\u00A0during\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0extreme\u00C2\u00A0tail\u00C2\u00A0end\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0distribution\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0Spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0 passage\u00C2\u00A0times\u00C2\u00A0(www.fpc.org;\u00C2\u00A0Faulkner\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A02009).\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 In\u00C2\u00A02006\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A02007\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0used\u00C2\u00A0individually\u00C2\u00A0identifiable\u00C2\u00A0Vemco\u00C2\u00A0(Shad\u00C2\u00A0Bay,\u00C2\u00A0Nova\u00C2\u00A0Scotia,\u00C2\u00A0Canada)\u00C2\u00A0 V9\u00E2\u0080\u00906L\u00C2\u00A0coded\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0transmitters\u00C2\u00A0(9\u00C2\u00A0x\u00C2\u00A021\u00C2\u00A0mm,\u00C2\u00A03.1\u00C2\u00A0g\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0air,\u00C2\u00A02\u00C2\u00A0g\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0water)\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02008\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0used\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0 smaller\u00C2\u00A0V7\u00E2\u0080\u00902L\u00C2\u00A0transmitter\u00C2\u00A0(7\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0x\u00C2\u00A020\u00C2\u00A0mm,\u00C2\u00A01.6\u00C2\u00A0g\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0air,\u00C2\u00A00.75\u00C2\u00A0g\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0water).\u00C2\u00A0We\u00C2\u00A0set\u00C2\u00A0minimum\u00C2\u00A0body\u00C2\u00A0 size\u00C2\u00A0requirements\u00C2\u00A0based\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0our\u00C2\u00A0previous\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0effect\u00C2\u00A0studies\u00C2\u00A0(Welch\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A02007)\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0140\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0fork\u00C2\u00A0 length\u00C2\u00A0(FL)\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0V9\u00E2\u0080\u00906L\u00C2\u00A0tag,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0130\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0FL\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0V7\u00E2\u0080\u00902L\u00C2\u00A0tag.\u00C2\u00A0Assessments\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0effects\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0 smolts\u00C2\u00A0held\u00C2\u00A0over\u00C2\u00A0several\u00C2\u00A0months\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0hatcheries\u00C2\u00A0demonstrated\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0retention\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0 captivity\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0high\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0both\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0types\u00C2\u00A0(Chapter\u00C2\u00A02\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0thesis);\u00C2\u00A0however,\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0size\u00C2\u00A0threshold\u00C2\u00A0 meant\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0could\u00C2\u00A0only\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0upper\u00C2\u00A0size\u00C2\u00A0distribution.\u00C2\u00A0Based\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0FL\u00C2\u00A0samples\u00C2\u00A0taken\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 hatchery,\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0estimate\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0upper\u00C2\u00A010%\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0smolt\u00C2\u00A0size\u00C2\u00A0distribution\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02008.\u00C2\u00A0Size\u00C2\u00A0 at\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0released\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0hatchery\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0unavailable\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006,\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0hatchery\u00C2\u00A0did\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0measure\u00C2\u00A0individual\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0lengths\u00C2\u00A0prior\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0release.\u00C2\u00A0Therefore\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006,\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0can\u00C2\u00A0 deduce\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0less\u00C2\u00A0than\u00C2\u00A010%\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0size\u00C2\u00A0distribution\u00C2\u00A0since\u00C2\u00A0our\u00C2\u00A0minimum\u00C2\u00A0size\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0tagging\u00C2\u00A0 was\u00C2\u00A0larger.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 We\u00C2\u00A0attempted\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0size\u00C2\u00A0match\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0within\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A0treatment\u00C2\u00A0groups\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0each\u00C2\u00A0 year.\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A02007\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A02008,\u00C2\u00A0mean\u00C2\u00A0FL\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0range\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0similar\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0both\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0groups,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090 river\u00C2\u00A0groups\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0similar\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0both\u00C2\u00A0transported\u00C2\u00A0groups;\u00C2\u00A0however\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0had\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0insufficient\u00C2\u00A0 number\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0larger\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0(150\u00E2\u0080\u0090159\u00C2\u00A0mm)\u00C2\u00A0available\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0tagging\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0groups\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0therefore\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0transported\u00C2\u00A0groups\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A09\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0larger\u00C2\u00A0than\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0groups\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0average\u00C2\u00A0(Table\u00C2\u00A05.1).\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A02006\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0transmitters\u00C2\u00A0weighed\u00C2\u00A05.6\u00E2\u0080\u009010.9%\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0body\u00C2\u00A0weight\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0air\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0transported\u00C2\u00A0fish,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A02.6\u00E2\u0080\u0090 11.5%\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0fish.\u00C2\u00A0Body\u00C2\u00A0burden\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0similar\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02007;\u00C2\u00A0tags\u00C2\u00A0weighed\u00C2\u00A05.5\u00E2\u0080\u009010.5%\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0transported\u00C2\u00A0 smolt\u00C2\u00A0weight\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A05.1\u00E2\u0080\u009010.3%\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0smolt\u00C2\u00A0weight\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02007.\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A02008\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0smaller\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0used\u00C2\u00A0(as\u00C2\u00A0 well\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0smaller\u00C2\u00A0fish)\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0body\u00C2\u00A0burden\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A03.1\u00E2\u0080\u00906.1%\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0transported\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A02.9\u00E2\u0080\u00906.9%\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090 river\u00C2\u00A0fish.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Tags\u00C2\u00A0used\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0study\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0programmed\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0transmit\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0unique\u00C2\u00A0code\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A069\u00C2\u00A0kHz\u00C2\u00A0using\u00C2\u00A0several\u00C2\u00A0 different\u00C2\u00A0mean\u00C2\u00A0transmission\u00C2\u00A0intervals,\u00C2\u00A0all\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0which\u00C2\u00A0provided\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0operational\u00C2\u00A0lifespan\u00C2\u00A0long\u00C2\u00A0 enough\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0cover\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0observed\u00C2\u00A0duration\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0migration\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Alaska\u00C2\u00A0sub\u00E2\u0080\u0090array\u00C2\u00A0(three\u00C2\u00A0months)\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0prevent\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0transmission\u00C2\u00A0collisions.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0(Multiple\u00C2\u00A0code\u00C2\u00A0transmission\u00C2\u00A0intervals\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0used\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0 139\u00C2\u00A0 provide\u00C2\u00A0calibration\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0relative\u00C2\u00A0performance\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0first\u00C2\u00A0generation\u00C2\u00A0array,\u00C2\u00A0but\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0irrelevant\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0study\u00C2\u00A0because\u00C2\u00A0equal\u00C2\u00A0proportions\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0these\u00C2\u00A0tags\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0used\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0each\u00C2\u00A0experimental\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0 group).\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0larger,\u00C2\u00A0more\u00C2\u00A0powerful\u00C2\u00A0V9\u00E2\u0080\u00906L\u00C2\u00A0transmitter\u00C2\u00A0used\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006\u00E2\u0080\u009007\u00C2\u00A0had\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0greater\u00C2\u00A0detection\u00C2\u00A0 radius\u00C2\u00A0(\u00E2\u0089\u00A4400\u00C2\u00A0m)\u00C2\u00A0than\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0smaller\u00C2\u00A0V7\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0used\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02008\u00C2\u00A0(\u00E2\u0089\u00A4300\u00C2\u00A0m);\u00C2\u00A0however,\u00C2\u00A0our\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0indicate\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0detection\u00C2\u00A0range\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0location\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0time\u00E2\u0080\u0090dependent,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0varies\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0freshwater,\u00C2\u00A0estuarine,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 ocean\u00C2\u00A0conditions,\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0well\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0local\u00C2\u00A0topography,\u00C2\u00A0river\u00C2\u00A0flow,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0weather\u00C2\u00A0conditions.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Surgical\u00C2\u00A0procedures\u00C2\u00A0used\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0implant\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0transmitters\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0reviewed\u00C2\u00A0annually\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0 institutional\u00C2\u00A0animal\u00C2\u00A0care\u00C2\u00A0committees\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0met\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0exceeded\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Canadian\u00C2\u00A0Council\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0Animal\u00C2\u00A0Care\u00C2\u00A0 standards\u00C2\u00A0(www.ccac.ca).\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0same\u00C2\u00A0surgical\u00C2\u00A0protocol\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0used\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0all\u00C2\u00A0years\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0both\u00C2\u00A0treatment\u00C2\u00A0 types;\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0detailed\u00C2\u00A0description\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0provided\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0Chapter\u00C2\u00A02\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0thesis.\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A0brief,\u00C2\u00A0portable\u00C2\u00A0surgical\u00C2\u00A0 units\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0assembled\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0site,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0surgery\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0carried\u00C2\u00A0out\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0experienced,\u00C2\u00A0veterinarian\u00E2\u0080\u0090 trained\u00C2\u00A0staff.\u00C2\u00A0Fish\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0anaesthetised\u00C2\u00A0individually\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A070\u00C2\u00A0ppm\u00C2\u00A0Tricaine\u00C2\u00A0Methane\u00C2\u00A0Sulphonate\u00C2\u00A0(MS\u00E2\u0080\u0090 222)\u00C2\u00A0buffered\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0140\u00C2\u00A0ppm\u00C2\u00A0NaHCO3).\u00C2\u00A0Fork\u00C2\u00A0length\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0measured\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0nearest\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0weight\u00C2\u00A0 was\u00C2\u00A0measured\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0nearest\u00C2\u00A0tenth\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0gram.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0then\u00C2\u00A0placed\u00C2\u00A0ventral\u00C2\u00A0side\u00C2\u00A0up\u00C2\u00A0into\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0v\u00E2\u0080\u0090 shaped\u00C2\u00A0trough\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0maintenance\u00C2\u00A0dose\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0buffered\u00C2\u00A0anaesthetic\u00C2\u00A0(50\u00C2\u00A0ppm)\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0pumped\u00C2\u00A0through\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0mouth\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0over\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0gills.\u00C2\u00A0An\u00C2\u00A0incision\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0made\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0ventral\u00C2\u00A0midline\u00C2\u00A0midway\u00C2\u00A0 between\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0pelvic\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0pectoral\u00C2\u00A0fins\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0each\u00C2\u00A0smolt\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0double\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0placing\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0PIT\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 acoustic\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0through\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0incision\u00C2\u00A0into\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0peritoneal\u00C2\u00A0cavity.\u00C2\u00A0For\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A09\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0transmitter,\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0incision\u00C2\u00A0 was\u00C2\u00A010\u00E2\u0080\u009012\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0length\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0closed\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0two\u00C2\u00A0interrupted\u00C2\u00A0sutures;\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A07\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0transmitter\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0incision\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A07\u00E2\u0080\u00908\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0typically\u00C2\u00A0closed\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0one\u00C2\u00A0suture.\u00C2\u00A0Surgery\u00C2\u00A0time\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0<2\u00C2\u00A0min\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0 a\u00C2\u00A09\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0about\u00C2\u00A01\u00C2\u00A0min\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A07\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0tag.\u00C2\u00A0Immediately\u00C2\u00A0following\u00C2\u00A0surgery,\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0placed\u00C2\u00A0 into\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0recovery\u00C2\u00A0bath\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0monitored.\u00C2\u00A0Within\u00C2\u00A0minutes\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0regained\u00C2\u00A0equilibrium\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0reactivity.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Hatchery\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0wild\u00C2\u00A0juvenile\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0collected\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0dam\u00C2\u00A0bypass\u00C2\u00A0 facilities\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0transported\u00C2\u00A0via\u00C2\u00A0barge\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0below\u00C2\u00A0Bonneville\u00C2\u00A0Dam\u00C2\u00A0during\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0seaward\u00C2\u00A0 migration\u00C2\u00A0if\u00C2\u00A0they\u00C2\u00A0do\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0migrate\u00C2\u00A0over\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0dam\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0spill\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0through\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0turbines.\u00C2\u00A0By\u00C2\u00A0default,\u00C2\u00A0 non\u00E2\u0080\u0090PIT\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0pass\u00C2\u00A0through\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0bypass\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0transported;\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0implanted\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0PIT\u00C2\u00A0 tags\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0returned\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0river\u00C2\u00A0unless\u00C2\u00A0selected\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0transportation\u00C2\u00A0via\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0separation\u00E2\u0080\u0090by\u00E2\u0080\u0090code\u00C2\u00A0 procedure.\u00C2\u00A0We\u00C2\u00A0PIT\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0all\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0provided\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0PIT\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0PIT\u00C2\u00A0 Tag\u00C2\u00A0Information\u00C2\u00A0System\u00C2\u00A0(PTAGIS)\u00C2\u00A0database\u00C2\u00A0maintained\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Pacific\u00C2\u00A0States\u00C2\u00A0Marine\u00C2\u00A0Fisheries\u00C2\u00A0 140\u00C2\u00A0 Commission\u00C2\u00A0(PSMFC,\u00C2\u00A0Portland,\u00C2\u00A0Oregon;\u00C2\u00A0http://www.ptagis.org)\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0ensure\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0 smolts\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0diverted\u00C2\u00A0back\u00C2\u00A0into\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0river\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0dam\u00C2\u00A0bypass\u00C2\u00A0facilities\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0collected\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0 transportation.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 In\u00C2\u00A02006\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A02007\u00C2\u00A0tagging\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0took\u00C2\u00A0place\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0April\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0early\u00C2\u00A0May.\u00C2\u00A0In\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0 smolts\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0released\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0May\u00C2\u00A01\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A08\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0May\u00C2\u00A07\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A014\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02007\u00C2\u00A0(Table\u00C2\u00A05.1).\u00C2\u00A0 Transported\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0May\u00C2\u00A030\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0June\u00C2\u00A01\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0May\u00C2\u00A031\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0June\u00C2\u00A01\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0 2007.\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A02006\u00C2\u00A0they\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0transported\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0June\u00C2\u00A06\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A014,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02007\u00C2\u00A0they\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0transported\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0 June\u00C2\u00A05\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A011.\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A02008\u00C2\u00A0all\u00C2\u00A0tagging\u00C2\u00A0took\u00C2\u00A0place\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0April\u00C2\u00A019\u00E2\u0080\u009024.\u00C2\u00A0Because\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0used\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0smaller\u00C2\u00A0 transmitter\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0able\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0smaller\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0thus,\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0holding\u00C2\u00A0period\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0shorter\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 release\u00C2\u00A0dates\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0earlier\u00C2\u00A0than\u00C2\u00A0previous\u00C2\u00A0years.\u00C2\u00A0Hence,\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0released\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0April\u00C2\u00A025\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0May\u00C2\u00A02,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0transported\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0May\u00C2\u00A017\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A023.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0These\u00C2\u00A0holding\u00C2\u00A0periods\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 transported\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0consistent\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0conventional\u00C2\u00A0practice\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0transporting\u00C2\u00A0 migrating\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0immediately\u00C2\u00A0upon\u00C2\u00A0arrival\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0dams.\u00C2\u00A0Our\u00C2\u00A0extended\u00C2\u00A0holding\u00C2\u00A0period\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0hatchery\u00C2\u00A0(3\u00E2\u0080\u00905\u00C2\u00A0weeks)\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0instituted\u00C2\u00A0so\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0transported\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0would\u00C2\u00A0 coincide\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0time\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0arrival\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0migrants\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0migrated\u00C2\u00A0650\u00C2\u00A0km\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0below\u00C2\u00A0 Bonneville\u00C2\u00A0Dam,\u00C2\u00A0so\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0both\u00C2\u00A0groups\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0exposed\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0common\u00C2\u00A0environmental\u00C2\u00A0effects\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 ocean.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 In\u00C2\u00A0each\u00C2\u00A0year\u00C2\u00A0approximately\u00C2\u00A0600\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0implanted\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0transmitters,\u00C2\u00A0however\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A02007\u00C2\u00A0sample\u00C2\u00A0sizes\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0slightly\u00C2\u00A0smaller\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0groups\u00C2\u00A0(Table\u00C2\u00A05.1).\u00C2\u00A0Approximately\u00C2\u00A0400\u00C2\u00A0 were\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0(two\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0groups\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0~200)\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0approximately\u00C2\u00A0200\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0transported\u00C2\u00A0 (two\u00C2\u00A0transported\u00C2\u00A0groups\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0~100).\u00C2\u00A0We\u00C2\u00A0released\u00C2\u00A0twice\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0many\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0because\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0yearling\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0Trap\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Bonneville\u00C2\u00A0Dam\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A01999\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A02005\u00C2\u00A0(excluding\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0drought\u00C2\u00A0year\u00C2\u00A02001)\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A049%\u00C2\u00A0(Faulkner\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A02009).\u00C2\u00A0Therefore,\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0 expected\u00C2\u00A0approximately\u00C2\u00A0100\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0each\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0group\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0survive\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0below\u00C2\u00A0 Bonneville\u00C2\u00A0Dam,\u00C2\u00A0where\u00C2\u00A0groups\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0100\u00C2\u00A0transported\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0released\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0barges,\u00C2\u00A0thus\u00C2\u00A0 approximately\u00C2\u00A0balancing\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0study\u00C2\u00A0design.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0groups\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0released\u00C2\u00A0into\u00C2\u00A0Clear\u00C2\u00A0Creek\u00C2\u00A0 which\u00C2\u00A0flows\u00C2\u00A0successively\u00C2\u00A0into\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Clearwater,\u00C2\u00A0Snake,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0rivers\u00C2\u00A0(Figure\u00C2\u00A05.1).\u00C2\u00A0Distance\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0mouth\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0870\u00C2\u00A0km.\u00C2\u00A0 141\u00C2\u00A0 Tagged\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0apparently\u00C2\u00A0overhandled\u00C2\u00A0prior\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0surgery\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02007\u00C2\u00A0due\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0exceptionally\u00C2\u00A0 small\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0sizes\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0time\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0tagging,\u00C2\u00A0associated\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0poor\u00C2\u00A0growth\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0previous\u00C2\u00A0winter.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Although\u00C2\u00A0it\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0unclear\u00C2\u00A0whether\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0stress\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0repeated\u00C2\u00A0handling\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0exposure\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0MS\u00E2\u0080\u0090222\u00C2\u00A0caused\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0problem\u00C2\u00A0(Porter\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al;\u00C2\u00A02007\u00C2\u00A0BPA\u00C2\u00A0Report),\u00C2\u00A0poor\u00C2\u00A0initial\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0shortly\u00C2\u00A0after\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0precludes\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0use\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0these\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0most\u00C2\u00A0practical\u00C2\u00A0purposes.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0We\u00C2\u00A0report\u00C2\u00A0them\u00C2\u00A0here\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0completeness\u00C2\u00A0 because\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0importance\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0our\u00C2\u00A0general\u00C2\u00A0findings\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0addressing\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0policy\u00C2\u00A0questions\u00C2\u00A0 concerning\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0role\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0transport\u00C2\u00A0program\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0improving\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0conservation.\u00C2\u00A0 5.2.2 Transportation\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0 Fish\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0held\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0Kooskia\u00C2\u00A0NFH\u00C2\u00A0until\u00C2\u00A0run\u00E2\u0080\u0090of\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0groups\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0estimated\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0reached\u00C2\u00A0 Bonneville\u00C2\u00A0Dam;\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0done\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0insure\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0timing\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0entry,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0thus\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0conditions,\u00C2\u00A0 were\u00C2\u00A0similar\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0both\u00C2\u00A0transported\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0migrant\u00C2\u00A0smolts.\u00C2\u00A0Transported\u00C2\u00A0groups\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0 transferred\u00C2\u00A0directly\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0Kooskia\u00C2\u00A0NFH\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Army\u00C2\u00A0Corp\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Engineers\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0transportation\u00C2\u00A0barge\u00C2\u00A0 at\u00C2\u00A0Lower\u00C2\u00A0Granite\u00C2\u00A0Dam\u00C2\u00A0via\u00C2\u00A0truck.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0transport\u00C2\u00A0truck\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0equipped\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A01,200\u00C2\u00A0l\u00C2\u00A0capacity\u00C2\u00A0tank,\u00C2\u00A0 which\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0aerated\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0oxygen.\u00C2\u00A0Temperature\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0dissolved\u00C2\u00A0oxygen\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0monitored\u00C2\u00A0during\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 three\u00C2\u00A0hour\u00C2\u00A0ride\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0Kooskia,\u00C2\u00A0ID\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Lower\u00C2\u00A0Granite\u00C2\u00A0Dam.\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A0all\u00C2\u00A0years\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0loaded\u00C2\u00A0onto\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0barge\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A011:00,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0barge\u00C2\u00A0departed\u00C2\u00A0shortly\u00C2\u00A0thereafter.\u00C2\u00A0If\u00C2\u00A0necessary,\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0 acclimatized\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0water\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0barge\u00C2\u00A0if\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0water\u00C2\u00A0temperature\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0barge\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0>2\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00B0C\u00C2\u00A0different\u00C2\u00A0 from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0water\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0truck\u00C2\u00A0tank.\u00C2\u00A0Barge\u00C2\u00A0transport\u00C2\u00A0time\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0below\u00C2\u00A0Bonneville\u00C2\u00A0Dam\u00C2\u00A0(a\u00C2\u00A0distance\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 470\u00C2\u00A0km)\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0approximately\u00C2\u00A034\u00C2\u00A0hours.\u00C2\u00A0Smolts\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0released\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0barge\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0evenings\u00C2\u00A0 between\u00C2\u00A019:20\u00E2\u0080\u009022:30.\u00C2\u00A0Distance\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0mouth\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0222\u00E2\u0080\u0090227\u00C2\u00A0km,\u00C2\u00A0depending\u00C2\u00A0upon\u00C2\u00A0 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the\u00C2\u00A0offshore\u00C2\u00A0end\u00C2\u00A0(continental\u00C2\u00A0slope),\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0required\u00C2\u00A0two\u00C2\u00A0additional\u00C2\u00A0assumptions;\u00C2\u00A01)\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0migrate\u00C2\u00A0 along\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0coast\u00C2\u00A0they\u00C2\u00A0cross\u00C2\u00A0over\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0detection\u00C2\u00A0lines\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0span\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0length\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 continental\u00C2\u00A0shelf\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0200m,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A02)\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0majority\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0departing\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0swim\u00C2\u00A0 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MARK.\u00C2\u00A0If\u00C2\u00A0there\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0overdispersion\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0it\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0corrected\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0dividing\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0model\u00C2\u00A0deviance\u00C2\u00A0 by\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0mean\u00C2\u00A0expected\u00C2\u00A0deviance\u00C2\u00A0(from\u00C2\u00A01000\u00C2\u00A0bootstrapped\u00C2\u00A0simulations)\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0yield\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0 overdispersion\u00C2\u00A0factor,\u00C2\u00A0\u00DC\u00BF\u00CC\u0082.\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A0general,\u00C2\u00A0if\u00C2\u00A0\u00DC\u00BF\u00CC\u0082\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0greater\u00C2\u00A0than\u00C2\u00A01\u00C2\u00A0then\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0resulting\u00C2\u00A0standard\u00C2\u00A0errors\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0estimates\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0inflated\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0\u00DC\u00BF\u00CC\u0082\u00C2\u00A0value.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A02006\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0\u00DC\u00BF\u00CC\u0082\u00C2\u00A0overdispersion\u00C2\u00A0factor\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A01.74\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0thus\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0model\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0corrected\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0overdispersion.\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A02007\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A02008\u00C2\u00A0there\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0no\u00C2\u00A0 overdispersion\u00C2\u00A0(\u00DC\u00BF\u00CC\u0082=1).\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0To\u00C2\u00A0produce\u00C2\u00A0estimates\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0reduced\u00C2\u00A0(pooled)\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0groups\u00C2\u00A0 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at\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A05%\u00C2\u00A0significance\u00C2\u00A0level\u00C2\u00A0using\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0same\u00C2\u00A0test\u00C2\u00A0statistic\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0Buchanan\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A0(2007):\u00C2\u00A0 147\u00C2\u00A0 \u00DD\u0096 \u00E0\u00B5\u008C ln\u00C2\u00A0\u00E1\u0088\u00BA \u00E0\u00B7\u00A0\u00DC\u00B4\u00E1\u0088\u00BB\u00DC\u00B5\u00DC\u00A7\u00E0\u00B7\u00A2 \u00C2\u00A0\u00E0\u00B5\u00AB \u00E0\u00B7\u00A0\u00DC\u00B4\u00E0\u00B5\u00AF/ \u00E0\u00B7\u00A0\u00DC\u00B4\u00C2\u00A0 where\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E0\u00B7\u00A0\u00DC\u00B4\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0maximum\u00C2\u00A0likelihood\u00C2\u00A0estimate\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0T/IWIB\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0T/ILIP,\u00C2\u00A0where\u00C2\u00A0appropriate.\u00C2\u00A0To\u00C2\u00A0 compute\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E0\u00B7\u00A0\u00DC\u00B4\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0\u00DC\u00B5\u00DC\u00A7\u00E0\u00B7\u00A2 \u00C2\u00A0\u00E0\u00B5\u00AB 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in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0(i.e.,\u00C2\u00A0T/I>1)\u00C2\u00A0given\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0must\u00C2\u00A0travel\u00C2\u00A03.5x\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0distance\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0require\u00C2\u00A0 several\u00C2\u00A0additional\u00C2\u00A0weeks\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0travel\u00C2\u00A0compared\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0their\u00C2\u00A0counterparts\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0barge.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0distance\u00C2\u00A0 from\u00C2\u00A0McGowan\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0Channel\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Lippy\u00C2\u00A0Point\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0additional\u00C2\u00A0525\u00C2\u00A0km\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0coastal\u00C2\u00A0ocean;\u00C2\u00A0therefore,\u00C2\u00A0 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reported\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0NOAA\u00C2\u00A0PIT\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0studies\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02007\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0~0.49%.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0It\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0unclear\u00C2\u00A0why\u00C2\u00A0post\u00E2\u0080\u0090release\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0 was\u00C2\u00A0low\u00C2\u00A0following\u00C2\u00A0release;\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0speculate\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0overhandling\u00C2\u00A0prior\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0surgery\u00C2\u00A0may\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0reduced\u00C2\u00A0 survival\u00C2\u00A0(see\u00C2\u00A0Methods).\u00C2\u00A0We\u00C2\u00A0present\u00C2\u00A02007\u00C2\u00A0results\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0completeness,\u00C2\u00A0but\u00C2\u00A0caution\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0these\u00C2\u00A0 results\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0representative\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0survival.\u00C2\u00A0 5.3.2 Estuary\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0plume\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0 In\u00C2\u00A02006\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0estimated\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0migrating\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0below\u00C2\u00A0Bonneville\u00C2\u00A0Dam\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0coastal\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0(Willapa\u00C2\u00A0Bay)\u00C2\u00A0sub\u00E2\u0080\u0090array,\u00C2\u00A0therefore\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0estuary\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0plume\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0 not\u00C2\u00A0separately\u00C2\u00A0estimable.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0addition\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Astoria\u00C2\u00A0sub\u00E2\u0080\u0090array\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02007\u00C2\u00A0enabled\u00C2\u00A0us\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0partition\u00C2\u00A0 survival\u00C2\u00A0into\u00C2\u00A0two\u00C2\u00A0distinct\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0critical\u00C2\u00A0segments:\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0estuary\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0plume.\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A02007\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0 2008\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0below\u00C2\u00A0Bonneville\u00C2\u00A0Dam\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Astoria\u00C2\u00A0Bridge\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0migrants\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A01.0\u00C2\u00A0 (SE=0),\u00C2\u00A0indicating\u00C2\u00A0very\u00C2\u00A0high\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0200\u00C2\u00A0km\u00C2\u00A0stretch\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0estuary\u00C2\u00A0below\u00C2\u00A0Bonneville\u00C2\u00A0Dam.\u00C2\u00A0 Subsequent\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0Astoria\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Willapa\u00C2\u00A0Bay\u00C2\u00A0(through\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0plume),\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0distance\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0only\u00C2\u00A063\u00C2\u00A0km,\u00C2\u00A0 was\u00C2\u00A00.50\u00C2\u00A0(SE=0.14)\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02007,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A00.39\u00C2\u00A0(SE=0.07)\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02008\u00C2\u00A0indicating\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0more\u00C2\u00A0than\u00C2\u00A0half\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 smolts\u00C2\u00A0died\u00C2\u00A0once\u00C2\u00A0they\u00C2\u00A0reached\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0(Table\u00C2\u00A05.3).\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A02006\u00C2\u00A0combined\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0through\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 estuary\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0plume\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0migrants\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A00.67\u00C2\u00A0(SE=0.17)\u00C2\u00A0which\u00C2\u00A0implies\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0upon\u00C2\u00A0 ocean\u00C2\u00A0entry\u00C2\u00A0may\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0been\u00C2\u00A0higher.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Transported\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0released\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0barge\u00C2\u00A0into\u00C2\u00A0McGowan\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0 Channel\u00C2\u00A08\u00E2\u0080\u009012\u00C2\u00A0km\u00C2\u00A0below\u00C2\u00A0Bonneville\u00C2\u00A0Dam.\u00C2\u00A0Survival\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0estuary\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A00.69\u00C2\u00A0(SE=0.04)\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02007\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 0.77\u00C2\u00A0(SE=0.05)\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02008.\u00C2\u00A0Similar\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0smolts,\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0transported\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0plume\u00C2\u00A0 was\u00C2\u00A0relatively\u00C2\u00A0low;\u00C2\u00A00.34\u00C2\u00A0(SE=\u00C2\u00A00.05)\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02007,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A00.51\u00C2\u00A0(SE=0.07)\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02008.\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A02006\u00C2\u00A0combined\u00C2\u00A0 survival\u00C2\u00A0through\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0estuary\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0plume\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A00.54\u00C2\u00A0(SE=0.12).\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 5.3.3 Coastal\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0 Estimated\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0along\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0continental\u00C2\u00A0shelf\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0Willapa\u00C2\u00A0Bay\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Lippy\u00C2\u00A0Point,\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0distance\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 485\u00C2\u00A0km,\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0low\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0all\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0(Table\u00C2\u00A05.4).\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A02006\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0transported\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0 0.14\u00C2\u00A0(SE=\u00C2\u00A00.06),\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0migrant\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0only\u00C2\u00A00.05\u00C2\u00A0(SE=\u00C2\u00A00.04).\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A02008\u00C2\u00A0 151\u00C2\u00A0 survival\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0higher\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0both\u00C2\u00A0groups\u00C2\u00A0but\u00C2\u00A0markedly\u00C2\u00A0better\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0compared\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A02006\u00C2\u00A0 (in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river=\u00C2\u00A00.26,\u00C2\u00A0SE=\u00C2\u00A00.08;\u00C2\u00A0transported=\u00C2\u00A00.23,\u00C2\u00A0SE=\u00C2\u00A00.06),\u00C2\u00A0consistent\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0substantially\u00C2\u00A0better\u00C2\u00A0 coastal\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0conditions\u00C2\u00A0measured\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02008\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 (http://www.nwfsc.noaa.gov/research/divisions/fed\u00C2\u00A0 /oeip/g\u00E2\u0080\u0090forecast.cfm#Table1).\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 5.3.4 Survivorship\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Willapa\u00C2\u00A0Bay\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Lippy\u00C2\u00A0Point\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 When\u00C2\u00A0cumulative\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0considered,\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0transported\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0089\u00A52x\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0IR\u00C2\u00A0smolts,\u00C2\u00A0simply\u00C2\u00A0because\u00C2\u00A0IR\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0travelled\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0additional\u00C2\u00A0647\u00C2\u00A0km\u00C2\u00A0through\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0rivers\u00C2\u00A0before\u00C2\u00A0reaching\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0lower\u00C2\u00A0river\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0coastal\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0sub\u00E2\u0080\u0090arrays.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 5.3.4.1 Transportation\u00C2\u00ADin\u00C2\u00A0river\u00C2\u00A0(T/I)\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0ratio\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 As\u00C2\u00A0expected,\u00C2\u00A0results\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0z\u00E2\u0080\u0090tests\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0transportation\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0ratio\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0 Willapa\u00C2\u00A0Bay\u00C2\u00A0(T/IWIB)\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Lippy\u00C2\u00A0Point\u00C2\u00A0(T/ILIP)\u00C2\u00A0indicate\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0transported\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0had\u00C2\u00A0statistically\u00C2\u00A0 higher\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0both\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0locations\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0all\u00C2\u00A0years\u00C2\u00A0(Table\u00C2\u00A05.5).\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0T/IWIB\u00C2\u00A0ratios\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A02006\u00E2\u0080\u00908\u00C2\u00A0 ranged\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A01.95\u00E2\u0080\u00906.44\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0all\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0significantly\u00C2\u00A0greater\u00C2\u00A0than\u00C2\u00A01\u00C2\u00A0indicating\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0transported\u00C2\u00A0 smolts\u00C2\u00A0had\u00C2\u00A02\u00E2\u0080\u00906.4\u00C2\u00A0times\u00C2\u00A0higher\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Willapa\u00C2\u00A0Bay\u00C2\u00A0(Table\u00C2\u00A05.5).\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0T/IWIB\u00C2\u00A0ratio\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A06.4\u00C2\u00A0 (SE=2.35)\u00C2\u00A0however,\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0due\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0particularly\u00C2\u00A0high\u00C2\u00A0post\u00E2\u0080\u0090release\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0 2007,\u00C2\u00A0therefore\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0transported\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0essentially\u00C2\u00A02\u00E2\u0080\u00903.3\u00C2\u00A0times\u00C2\u00A0higher\u00C2\u00A0than\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0 smolts\u00C2\u00A0if\u00C2\u00A02007\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0excluded.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 As\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0migrated\u00C2\u00A0north\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0difference\u00C2\u00A0persisted;\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0T/ILIP\u00C2\u00A0ratios\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A05.15\u00C2\u00A0 (SE=3.91)\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A02.87\u00C2\u00A0(SE=1.22)\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02008\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0thus\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0transported\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A02.9\u00E2\u0080\u0090 5.2\u00C2\u00A0x\u00C2\u00A0higher\u00C2\u00A0than\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0smolts.\u00C2\u00A0These\u00C2\u00A0results\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0surprising\u00C2\u00A0since\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0 travelled\u00C2\u00A0farther\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0longer\u00C2\u00A0period\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0time\u00C2\u00A0(2\u00E2\u0080\u00903\u00C2\u00A0weeks\u00C2\u00A0more);\u00C2\u00A0however,\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0disparity\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0 ocean\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0estimates\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0thus\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0very\u00C2\u00A0high\u00C2\u00A0T/ILIP\u00C2\u00A0ratio,\u00C2\u00A0many\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0attributed\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0 differences\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0timing\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0entry.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 5.3.5 Post\u00C2\u00A0Bonneville\u00C2\u00A0survivorship\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Willapa\u00C2\u00A0Bay\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Lippy\u00C2\u00A0Point\u00C2\u00A0 Pooled\u00C2\u00A0survivorship\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0below\u00C2\u00A0Bonneville\u00C2\u00A0Dam\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Willapa\u00C2\u00A0Bay\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A00.67\u00C2\u00A0 (SE=0.17)\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A00.48\u00C2\u00A0(SE=0.13)\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02007\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A00.40\u00C2\u00A0(0.07)\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02008.\u00C2\u00A0Post\u00E2\u0080\u0090Bonneville\u00C2\u00A0 152\u00C2\u00A0 survivorship\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Lippy\u00C2\u00A0Point\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A00.04\u00C2\u00A0(SE=0.03)\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A00.10\u00C2\u00A0(SE=0.03)\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02008.\u00C2\u00A0(Survivorship\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0Lippy\u00C2\u00A0Point\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0estimable\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02007.)\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Pooled\u00C2\u00A0survivorship\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0transported\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0below\u00C2\u00A0Bonneville\u00C2\u00A0Dam\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Willapa\u00C2\u00A0Bay\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0 0.54\u00C2\u00A0(SE=0.12)\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A00.23\u00C2\u00A0(SE=0.04)\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02007\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A00.39\u00C2\u00A0(SE=0.05)\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02008\u00C2\u00A0(Table\u00C2\u00A05.4).\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0 2007\u00C2\u00A0estimate\u00C2\u00A0reflects\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0high\u00C2\u00A0post\u00E2\u0080\u0090release\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0also\u00C2\u00A0observed\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0smolts,\u00C2\u00A0 therefore\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0migration\u00C2\u00A0segment\u00C2\u00A0may\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0representative\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0population\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0 year.\u00C2\u00A0Post\u00E2\u0080\u0090Bonneville\u00C2\u00A0survivorship\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Lippy\u00C2\u00A0Point\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A00.08\u00C2\u00A0(SE=0.03)\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A00.09\u00C2\u00A0(SE=0.03)\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A02008.\u00C2\u00A0(Survivorship\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Lippy\u00C2\u00A0Point\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0estimable\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02007.)\u00C2\u00A0As\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0distance\u00C2\u00A0travelled\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0same\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0both\u00C2\u00A0treatment\u00C2\u00A0types\u00C2\u00A0it\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0possible\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0directly\u00C2\u00A0compare\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0 detection\u00C2\u00A0sub\u00E2\u0080\u0090arrays,\u00C2\u00A0264\u00C2\u00A0km\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0787\u00C2\u00A0km\u00C2\u00A0beyond\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0hydrosystem,\u00C2\u00A0respectively.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 5.3.5.1 Differential\u00C2\u00A0post\u00C2\u00ADBonneville\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0(D)\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0ratio\u00C2\u00A0 In\u00C2\u00A02006\u00C2\u00A0Z\u00E2\u0080\u0090tests\u00C2\u00A0indicated\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0transported\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0did\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0significantly\u00C2\u00A0lower\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0 from\u00C2\u00A0below\u00C2\u00A0Bonneville\u00C2\u00A0Dam\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Willapa\u00C2\u00A0Bay\u00C2\u00A0than\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0(DWIB=0.8,\u00C2\u00A0SE=0.14;\u00C2\u00A0Table\u00C2\u00A05.5).\u00C2\u00A0 In\u00C2\u00A02008\u00C2\u00A0transported\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0had\u00C2\u00A0slightly\u00C2\u00A0lower\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0than\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Willapa\u00C2\u00A0Bay,\u00C2\u00A0 although\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0difference\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0significant\u00C2\u00A0(DWIB=0.91,\u00C2\u00A0SE=0.17).\u00C2\u00A0DLIP\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A02.1\u00C2\u00A0(SE=1.6)\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006\u00C2\u00A0 indicating\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0transported\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0had\u00C2\u00A0higher\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Lippy\u00C2\u00A0Point,\u00C2\u00A0however\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0difference\u00C2\u00A0 was\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0significant.\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A02008\u00C2\u00A0transported\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0had\u00C2\u00A0lower\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0than\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Lippy\u00C2\u00A0 Point\u00C2\u00A0(DLIP\u00C2\u00A0=0.79,\u00C2\u00A0SE=0.33),\u00C2\u00A0but\u00C2\u00A0again\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0difference\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0significant.\u00C2\u00A0Because\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0high,\u00C2\u00A0sample\u00C2\u00A0size\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0small\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0more\u00C2\u00A0distant\u00C2\u00A0sub\u00E2\u0080\u0090array,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0therefore\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0did\u00C2\u00A0 not\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0statistical\u00C2\u00A0power\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0find\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0difference.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0point\u00C2\u00A0estimates,\u00C2\u00A0however,\u00C2\u00A0demonstrate\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0variability\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0survival.\u00C2\u00A0No\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0detected\u00C2\u00A0entering\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Strait\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Juan\u00C2\u00A0de\u00C2\u00A0Fuca.\u00C2\u00A0 5.3.6 Post\u00C2\u00ADrelease\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 We\u00C2\u00A0calculated\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0rate\u00C2\u00A0per\u00C2\u00A0km\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0first\u00C2\u00A0migration\u00C2\u00A0segment\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 transported\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0order\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0compare\u00C2\u00A0post\u00E2\u0080\u0090release\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0released\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 hatchery\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0released\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0transportation\u00C2\u00A0barge\u00C2\u00A0below\u00C2\u00A0Bonneville\u00C2\u00A0Dam.\u00C2\u00A0We\u00C2\u00A0used\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0 Monte\u00C2\u00A0Carlo\u00C2\u00A0procedure\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0statistically\u00C2\u00A0compare\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0rates\u00C2\u00A0since\u00C2\u00A0distance\u00C2\u00A0travelled\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0 different\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0each\u00C2\u00A0treatment\u00C2\u00A0type.\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A02006\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A02008\u00C2\u00A0there\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0no\u00C2\u00A0statistical\u00C2\u00A0difference\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0post\u00C2\u00A0 release\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0(Appendix\u00C2\u00A0C,\u00C2\u00A0Figure\u00C2\u00A0C.4;\u00C2\u00A0p>0.05),\u00C2\u00A0indicating\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0both\u00C2\u00A0treatment\u00C2\u00A0 153\u00C2\u00A0 types\u00C2\u00A0suffer\u00C2\u00A0losses\u00C2\u00A0following\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0but\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0degree\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0similar\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0 released\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0different\u00C2\u00A0environments.\u00C2\u00A0We\u00C2\u00A0did\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0conduct\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0analysis\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A02007\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0because\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 unusually\u00C2\u00A0high\u00C2\u00A0post\u00E2\u0080\u0090release\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0smolts.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 5.3.7 Timing\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0entry\u00C2\u00A0 In\u00C2\u00A0all\u00C2\u00A0years\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0attempt\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0made\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0transported\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0below\u00C2\u00A0Bonneville\u00C2\u00A0Dam\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0 approximately\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0time\u00C2\u00A0when\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0passing\u00C2\u00A0Bonneville\u00C2\u00A0Dam.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0assumption\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0 that\u00C2\u00A0if\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0rate\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0movement\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0Bonneville\u00C2\u00A0Dam\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0similar\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0both\u00C2\u00A0treatments,\u00C2\u00A0 then\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0would\u00C2\u00A0enter\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0approximately\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0same\u00C2\u00A0date,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0would\u00C2\u00A0therefore\u00C2\u00A0 experience\u00C2\u00A0similar\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0conditions.\u00C2\u00A0We\u00C2\u00A0did\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0attempt\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0transport\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0during\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0time\u00C2\u00A0when\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0typically\u00C2\u00A0transported\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0released\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0barges,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 therefore\u00C2\u00A0our\u00C2\u00A0transportation\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0dates\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0generally\u00C2\u00A0later\u00C2\u00A0than\u00C2\u00A0what\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0typically\u00C2\u00A0observed\u00C2\u00A0 for\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 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inner\u00C2\u00A025%\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0sub\u00E2\u0080\u0090array).\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0group,\u00C2\u00A0however,\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0likely\u00C2\u00A0underrepresented\u00C2\u00A0because\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0high\u00C2\u00A0post\u00E2\u0080\u0090release\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0subsequent\u00C2\u00A0low\u00C2\u00A0number\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0surviving\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0ocean.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 5.3.9 Travel\u00C2\u00A0time\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0rate\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0movement\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Cumulative\u00C2\u00A0travel\u00C2\u00A0time\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0segment\u00C2\u00A0specific\u00C2\u00A0travel\u00C2\u00A0time\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0estuary\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0 presented\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0Tables\u00C2\u00A05.6\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A05.7,\u00C2\u00A0respectively.\u00C2\u00A0For\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0smolts,\u00C2\u00A0cumulative\u00C2\u00A0travel\u00C2\u00A0time\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0 release\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0McGowan\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0Channel\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0fastest\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006\u00C2\u00A0(mean=17.1\u00C2\u00A0days,\u00C2\u00A0s.d.=4.7)\u00C2\u00A0when\u00C2\u00A0river\u00C2\u00A0flows\u00C2\u00A0 were\u00C2\u00A0highest.\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A02006\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A02008\u00C2\u00A0it\u00C2\u00A0took\u00C2\u00A0approximately\u00C2\u00A0two\u00C2\u00A0months\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0reach\u00C2\u00A0Lippy\u00C2\u00A0 Point\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0basin,\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0distance\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0almost\u00C2\u00A01400\u00C2\u00A0km.\u00C2\u00A0Transported\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0took\u00C2\u00A0almost\u00C2\u00A0 40\u00C2\u00A0days\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0reach\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0site\u00C2\u00A0(from\u00C2\u00A0release),\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0both\u00C2\u00A0treatment\u00C2\u00A0groups\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0all\u00C2\u00A0years\u00C2\u00A0segment\u00C2\u00A0 specific\u00C2\u00A0travel\u00C2\u00A0time\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0Willapa\u00C2\u00A0Bay\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Lippy\u00C2\u00A0point\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0remarkably\u00C2\u00A0consistent\u00E2\u0080\u0090approximately\u00C2\u00A0 one\u00C2\u00A0month.\u00C2\u00A0Also\u00C2\u00A0notable,\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0travel\u00C2\u00A0time\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Graves\u00C2\u00A0Harbor\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0AK.\u00C2\u00A0Although\u00C2\u00A0 155\u00C2\u00A0 only\u00C2\u00A0three\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0been\u00C2\u00A0detected\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0sub\u00E2\u0080\u0090array\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0date,\u00C2\u00A0travel\u00C2\u00A0times\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0detection\u00C2\u00A0site,\u00C2\u00A0 2501\u00C2\u00A0km\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0release,\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A090.2,\u00C2\u00A093.9,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A094.5\u00C2\u00A0days,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0all\u00C2\u00A0originated\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0different\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0 release\u00C2\u00A0groups.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Segment\u00C2\u00A0specific\u00C2\u00A0rate\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0movement\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0estuary\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0presented\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0Table\u00C2\u00A0 5.8.\u00C2\u00A0Rate\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0movement\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0transported\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0rapid\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0estuary\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02007\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 2008\u00C2\u00A0(McGowan\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0Channel\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Astoria)\u00C2\u00A0particularly\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02008\u00C2\u00A0when\u00C2\u00A0mean\u00C2\u00A0rates\u00C2\u00A0reached\u00C2\u00A080.7\u00C2\u00A0 km/day\u00C2\u00A0(SD=12.4)\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A087.7\u00C2\u00A0km/day\u00C2\u00A0(SD\u00C2\u00A0=21.3)\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0transported\u00C2\u00A0smolts.\u00C2\u00A0Once\u00C2\u00A0 smolts\u00C2\u00A0entered\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0no\u00C2\u00A0longer\u00C2\u00A0under\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0influence\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0river\u00C2\u00A0flow,\u00C2\u00A0rate\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 movement\u00C2\u00A0slowed\u00C2\u00A0considerably\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0movement\u00C2\u00A0rates\u00C2\u00A0became\u00C2\u00A0more\u00C2\u00A0consistent\u00C2\u00A0across\u00C2\u00A0groups.\u00C2\u00A0 Rate\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0movement\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0ranged\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A016.5\u00C2\u00A0km/day\u00C2\u00A0(SD=2.2)\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A022.8\u00C2\u00A0km/day\u00C2\u00A0(SD=1.7)\u00C2\u00A0 for\u00C2\u00A0all\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0groups\u00C2\u00A0(excluding\u00C2\u00A02007).\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 There\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0tendency\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0larger\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0travel\u00C2\u00A0faster\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0Willapa\u00C2\u00A0Bay\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Lippy\u00C2\u00A0Point\u00C2\u00A0(485\u00C2\u00A0 km;\u00C2\u00A0Figure\u00C2\u00A05.8),\u00C2\u00A0however\u00C2\u00A0FL\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0significant\u00C2\u00A0predictor\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0migration\u00C2\u00A0rate\u00C2\u00A0(p=0.113).\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 5.4 \u00C2\u00A0 Discussion\u00C2\u00A0 Consistent\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0hypotheses\u00C2\u00A0regarding\u00C2\u00A0high\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0within\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0first\u00C2\u00A0several\u00C2\u00A0months\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0sea\u00C2\u00A0 (see\u00C2\u00A0Quinn\u00C2\u00A02005),\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0found\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0migrating\u00C2\u00A0yearling\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0 acoustic\u00C2\u00A0transmitters\u00C2\u00A0had\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0lowest\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0during\u00C2\u00A0their\u00C2\u00A0first\u00C2\u00A0month\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0relative\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0 their\u00C2\u00A0migration\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0river\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0estuary.\u00C2\u00A0Survival\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0impounded\u00C2\u00A0section\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0river\u00C2\u00A0basin\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0 30\u00E2\u0080\u009040%\u00C2\u00A0(excluding\u00C2\u00A02007,\u00C2\u00A0see\u00C2\u00A0Results),\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0subsequent\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0through\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0estuary\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0near\u00C2\u00A0 100%;\u00C2\u00A0however,\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0surviving\u00C2\u00A0fish,\u00C2\u00A0most\u00C2\u00A0died\u00C2\u00A0before\u00C2\u00A0reaching\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0detection\u00C2\u00A0sub\u00E2\u0080\u0090array\u00C2\u00A0off\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 northwestern\u00C2\u00A0coast\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Vancouver\u00C2\u00A0Island.\u00C2\u00A0Transported\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0released\u00C2\u00A0below\u00C2\u00A0 Bonneville\u00C2\u00A0Dam\u00C2\u00A0into\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0upper\u00C2\u00A0reaches\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0estuary\u00C2\u00A0suffered\u00C2\u00A0losses\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0up\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A031%\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0same\u00C2\u00A0 area\u00C2\u00A0where\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0had\u00C2\u00A0very\u00C2\u00A0little\u00C2\u00A0mortality.\u00C2\u00A0This\u00C2\u00A0initial\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0however,\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0 comparable\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0experienced\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0our\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0group\u00C2\u00A0after\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0 from\u00C2\u00A0Kooskia\u00C2\u00A0hatchery\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0below\u00C2\u00A0Lower\u00C2\u00A0granite\u00C2\u00A0Dam\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006\u00C2\u00A0(0.75,\u00C2\u00A0SE=0.02)\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A02008\u00C2\u00A0(0.71,\u00C2\u00A0 SE=0.02),\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0well\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0production\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0released\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0Kooskia\u00C2\u00A0hatchery\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0detected\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0Lower\u00C2\u00A0Granite\u00C2\u00A0Dam\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006\u00C2\u00A0(0.716,\u00C2\u00A0SE=0.041)\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A02008\u00C2\u00A0(0.624,\u00C2\u00A0SE=0.020),\u00C2\u00A0 demonstrating\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0there\u00C2\u00A0may\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0initial\u00C2\u00A0period\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0high\u00C2\u00A0post\u00E2\u0080\u0090release\u00C2\u00A0predation\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0hatchery\u00C2\u00A0 156\u00C2\u00A0 smolts,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0less\u00C2\u00A0fit\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0less\u00C2\u00A0predator\u00C2\u00A0wary\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0culled\u00C2\u00A0upon\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0into\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0unfamiliar\u00C2\u00A0 environment.\u00C2\u00A0Once\u00C2\u00A0transported\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0migrated\u00C2\u00A0through\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0upper\u00C2\u00A0estuary\u00C2\u00A0(2\u00E2\u0080\u00903\u00C2\u00A0days)\u00C2\u00A0they\u00C2\u00A0 were\u00C2\u00A0exposed\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0increased\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0river\u00C2\u00A0mouth\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0plume\u00C2\u00A0(where\u00C2\u00A0more\u00C2\u00A0than\u00C2\u00A050%\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0perished),\u00C2\u00A0which\u00C2\u00A0may\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0partly\u00C2\u00A0due\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0avian\u00C2\u00A0predators\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0colonies\u00C2\u00A0located\u00C2\u00A0just\u00C2\u00A0inside\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0river\u00C2\u00A0mouth\u00C2\u00A0(Collis\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A02002;\u00C2\u00A0Roby\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A02002;\u00C2\u00A0Schreck\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A02006).\u00C2\u00A0Along\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0shelf,\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0south\u00C2\u00A0coast\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Washington\u00C2\u00A0(Willapa\u00C2\u00A0Bay)\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0north\u00C2\u00A0coast\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Vancouver\u00C2\u00A0Island\u00C2\u00A0(Lippy\u00C2\u00A0 Point),\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0ranged\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A086\u00E2\u0080\u009095%\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A074\u00E2\u0080\u009077%\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02008.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Early\u00C2\u00A0marine\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0estimates\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0both\u00C2\u00A0treatment\u00C2\u00A0types\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0poor\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0improved\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A02008.\u00C2\u00A0These\u00C2\u00A0results\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0consistent\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0annual\u00C2\u00A0estimates\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0ecosystem\u00C2\u00A0indicators\u00C2\u00A0 produced\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0NOAA\u00C2\u00A0intended\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0predict\u00C2\u00A0conditions\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0survival.\u00C2\u00A0These\u00C2\u00A0indicators\u00C2\u00A0range\u00C2\u00A0 from\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009Cgood\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009Cintermediate\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009Cpoor\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0include\u00C2\u00A0local\u00C2\u00A0biological\u00C2\u00A0indicators,\u00C2\u00A0local\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 regional\u00C2\u00A0physical\u00C2\u00A0indicators,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0large\u00C2\u00A0scale\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0atmospheric\u00C2\u00A0indicators\u00C2\u00A0 (http://www.nwfsc.noaa.gov/research/divisions/fed/oeip/g\u00E2\u0080\u0090forecast.cfm#Table1).\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A02006,\u00C2\u00A0 ocean\u00C2\u00A0conditions\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0deemed\u00C2\u00A0intermediate\u00E2\u0080\u0090poor\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0juvenile\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0entering\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0ocean.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0 period\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0poor\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0conditions\u00C2\u00A0ended\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02007,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02008\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0conditions\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0deemed\u00C2\u00A0 good\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0juvenile\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0survival.\u00C2\u00A0Thus,\u00C2\u00A0our\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0support\u00C2\u00A0oceanographic\u00C2\u00A0indicators\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0relative\u00C2\u00A0 salmon\u00C2\u00A0survival,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0estimates\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0early\u00C2\u00A0marine\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0may\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0used\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0corroborate\u00C2\u00A0future\u00C2\u00A0 indicator\u00C2\u00A0predictions.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 If\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0consider\u00C2\u00A0T/I\u00C2\u00A0values\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Lippy\u00C2\u00A0Point,\u00C2\u00A0transported\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0had\u00C2\u00A03\u00E2\u0080\u00905x\u00C2\u00A0higher\u00C2\u00A0survival;\u00C2\u00A0 however,\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0had\u00C2\u00A0been\u00C2\u00A0migrating\u00C2\u00A0several\u00C2\u00A0weeks\u00C2\u00A0longer\u00C2\u00A0than\u00C2\u00A0transported\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0so\u00C2\u00A0 one\u00C2\u00A0would\u00C2\u00A0expect\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0transported\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0higher\u00C2\u00A0cumulative\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Lippy\u00C2\u00A0Point.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 To\u00C2\u00A0test\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0hypothesis\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0transported\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0suffer\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0differential\u00C2\u00A0delayed\u00C2\u00A0mortality,\u00C2\u00A0 we\u00C2\u00A0compared\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0transported\u00C2\u00A0groups\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0below\u00C2\u00A0Bonneville\u00C2\u00A0Dam\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0two\u00C2\u00A0 ocean\u00C2\u00A0detection\u00C2\u00A0sub\u00E2\u0080\u0090arrays.\u00C2\u00A0Relative\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0transported\u00C2\u00A0smolts,\u00C2\u00A0DWIL,\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0lower\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 detection\u00C2\u00A0site\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0Willapa\u00C2\u00A0Bay\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006\u00C2\u00A0(264\u00C2\u00A0km),\u00C2\u00A0but\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0finding\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0significant.\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A0addition\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0possible\u00C2\u00A0stress\u00C2\u00A0related\u00C2\u00A0effects\u00C2\u00A0(e.g.,\u00C2\u00A0Congleton\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A02000;\u00C2\u00A0Eder\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A02009)\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0difference\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0 survival\u00C2\u00A0could\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0attributed\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A01)\u00C2\u00A0expected\u00C2\u00A0post\u00E2\u0080\u0090release\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0transported\u00C2\u00A0group\u00C2\u00A0 below\u00C2\u00A0Bonneville\u00C2\u00A0Dam,\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A02)\u00C2\u00A0timing\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0entry.\u00C2\u00A0We\u00C2\u00A0transported\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0directly\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 hatchery\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0transportation\u00C2\u00A0barge;\u00C2\u00A0therefore\u00C2\u00A0it\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0feasible\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0post\u00E2\u0080\u0090release\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0 157\u00C2\u00A0 elevated\u00C2\u00A0because\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0did\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0migrate\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0river\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0experience\u00C2\u00A0culling\u00C2\u00A0upon\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 hatchery.\u00C2\u00A0Although\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0attempted\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0artificially\u00C2\u00A0induce\u00C2\u00A0simultaneous\u00C2\u00A0arrival\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0ocean,\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090 river\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0entered\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A02\u00E2\u0080\u00903\u00C2\u00A0weeks\u00C2\u00A0prior\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0transported\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0which\u00C2\u00A0may\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0exposed\u00C2\u00A0 them\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0different\u00C2\u00A0plume\u00C2\u00A0conditions\u00C2\u00A0which\u00C2\u00A0can\u00C2\u00A0change\u00C2\u00A0within\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0few\u00C2\u00A0days\u00C2\u00A0(Garcia\u00C2\u00A0Berdeal\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A0 2000);\u00C2\u00A0therefore\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0difference\u00C2\u00A0may\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0confounded\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0differential\u00C2\u00A0migration\u00C2\u00A0timing\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0variable\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0conditions.\u00C2\u00A0As\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Astoria\u00C2\u00A0Bridge\u00C2\u00A0sub\u00E2\u0080\u0090array\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0deployed\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006,\u00C2\u00A0it\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0 not\u00C2\u00A0possible\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0partition\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0estuary\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0plume.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 In\u00C2\u00A02008\u00C2\u00A0relative\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0transported\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Willapa\u00C2\u00A0Bay\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0similar.\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A0 2008\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0distribution\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0arrival\u00C2\u00A0times\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0migrant\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Willapa\u00C2\u00A0Bay\u00C2\u00A0sub\u00E2\u0080\u0090array\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0 greatly\u00C2\u00A0protracted,\u00C2\u00A0while\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0majority\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0transported\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0migrated\u00C2\u00A0across\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Willapa\u00C2\u00A0Bay\u00C2\u00A0 sub\u00E2\u0080\u0090array\u00C2\u00A0within\u00C2\u00A0several\u00C2\u00A0days.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0migration\u00C2\u00A0timing\u00C2\u00A0overlapped,\u00C2\u00A0however,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0therefore\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0 likely\u00C2\u00A0encountered\u00C2\u00A0similar\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0conditions.\u00C2\u00A0There\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0evidence\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0post\u00E2\u0080\u0090release\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 transported\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Astoria\u00C2\u00A0sub\u00E2\u0080\u0090array,\u00C2\u00A0but\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0lower\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 plume\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0therefore\u00C2\u00A0cumulative\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Willapa\u00C2\u00A0Bay\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0similar\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0both\u00C2\u00A0treatment\u00C2\u00A0types.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Estimates\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0DLIP,\u00C2\u00A0750\u00C2\u00A0km\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0detection\u00C2\u00A0site\u00C2\u00A0below\u00C2\u00A0Bonneville\u00C2\u00A0Dam,\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0variable\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 transported\u00C2\u00A0smolt\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0did\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0differ\u00C2\u00A0significantly\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A01\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A02008.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Therefore\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0did\u00C2\u00A0 not\u00C2\u00A0see\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0delayed\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0effect\u00C2\u00A0one\u00C2\u00A0month\u00C2\u00A0after\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0entered\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0ocean.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0number\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0surviving\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0detection\u00C2\u00A0site\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0low\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0variance\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0these\u00C2\u00A0estimated\u00C2\u00A0ratios\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0Lippy\u00C2\u00A0 Point\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0high,\u00C2\u00A0so\u00C2\u00A0there\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0little\u00C2\u00A0power\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0detect\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0significant\u00C2\u00A0difference.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Transported\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0experienced\u00C2\u00A0more\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0Bonneville\u00C2\u00A0Dam\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Willapa\u00C2\u00A0Bay\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 Astoria\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A02008,\u00C2\u00A0respectively,\u00C2\u00A0than\u00C2\u00A0did\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0migrants.\u00C2\u00A0This\u00C2\u00A0initial\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0 experienced\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0transported\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0after\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0barge\u00C2\u00A0may\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0typical\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0post\u00E2\u0080\u0090 release\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0experienced\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0many\u00C2\u00A0hatchery\u00C2\u00A0reared\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0upon\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0directly\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0 hatchery\u00C2\u00A0(Brown\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Day\u00C2\u00A02002).\u00C2\u00A0This\u00C2\u00A0difference\u00C2\u00A0may\u00C2\u00A0partially\u00C2\u00A0explain\u00C2\u00A0differential\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0 is\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0related\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0transportation.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Subsequent\u00C2\u00A0early\u00C2\u00A0marine\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0low\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0both\u00C2\u00A0groups\u00C2\u00A0regardless\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0site\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 river;\u00C2\u00A0however\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006\u00C2\u00A0early\u00C2\u00A0marine\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0transported\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0double\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0 smolts,\u00C2\u00A0but\u00C2\u00A0comparable\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02008.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0estimated\u00C2\u00A0D\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0hatchery\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0 seaward\u00C2\u00A0migrating\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0returning\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02008\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A02009\u00C2\u00A0estimated\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Comparative\u00C2\u00A0 158\u00C2\u00A0 Survival\u00C2\u00A0Study\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A00.57\u00C2\u00A0(upper\u00C2\u00A0limit\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A090%\u00C2\u00A0confidence\u00C2\u00A0interval=.81)\u00C2\u00A0indicating\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0transported\u00C2\u00A0 smolts\u00C2\u00A0had\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0significantly\u00C2\u00A0lower\u00C2\u00A0smolt\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0adult\u00C2\u00A0return\u00C2\u00A0rate\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0Bonneville\u00C2\u00A0Dam\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0adult\u00C2\u00A0return\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0Lower\u00C2\u00A0Granite\u00C2\u00A0Dam\u00C2\u00A0(Tuomikoski\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A02009).\u00C2\u00A0Although\u00C2\u00A0there\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0several\u00C2\u00A0caveats\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0our\u00C2\u00A0study,\u00C2\u00A0 including\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0size,\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0date\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0location,\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0discrepancy\u00C2\u00A0could\u00C2\u00A0also\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0due\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0 differences\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0marine\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0beyond\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Lippy\u00C2\u00A0Point\u00C2\u00A0sub\u00E2\u0080\u0090array.\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A02006\u00C2\u00A0two\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0had\u00C2\u00A0 previously\u00C2\u00A0migrated\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0river\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0zero\u00C2\u00A0transported\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0detected\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Alaska\u00C2\u00A0array\u00C2\u00A0 at\u00C2\u00A0Graves\u00C2\u00A0Harbor.\u00C2\u00A0While\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0recognize\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0can\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0draw\u00C2\u00A0conclusions\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0such\u00C2\u00A0scare\u00C2\u00A0data,\u00C2\u00A0 detecting\u00C2\u00A0only\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0could\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0preliminary\u00C2\u00A0indication\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0better\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0fish,\u00C2\u00A0 or\u00C2\u00A0it\u00C2\u00A0could\u00C2\u00A0indicate\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0transported\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0did\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0migrated\u00C2\u00A0past\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0AK\u00C2\u00A0sub\u00E2\u0080\u0090array\u00C2\u00A0but\u00C2\u00A0took\u00C2\u00A0up\u00C2\u00A0 residence\u00C2\u00A0somewhere\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A0Vancouver\u00C2\u00A0Island\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0southeast\u00C2\u00A0AK.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Another\u00C2\u00A0potential\u00C2\u00A0factor\u00C2\u00A0 that\u00C2\u00A0may\u00C2\u00A0contribute\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0low\u00C2\u00A0D\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0straying\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0transported\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0returning\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0adults\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0 River.\u00C2\u00A0Earlier\u00C2\u00A0studies\u00C2\u00A0reported\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0straying\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0factor\u00C2\u00A0(e.g.,\u00C2\u00A0Ebel\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A01973;\u00C2\u00A0Slatick\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A0 1975)\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0however\u00C2\u00A0more\u00C2\u00A0recent\u00C2\u00A0studies\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0found\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0straying\u00C2\u00A0can\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0up\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A010%\u00C2\u00A0greater\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0 transported\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0than\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0(Bugert\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Mendel\u00C2\u00A01997;\u00C2\u00A0Keefer\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A02008).\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Horizontal\u00C2\u00A0distributions\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0Willapa\u00C2\u00A0Bay\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0NW\u00C2\u00A0Vancouver\u00C2\u00A0Island\u00C2\u00A0 were\u00C2\u00A0very\u00C2\u00A0similar\u00C2\u00A0despite\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0difference\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0migration\u00C2\u00A0history.\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A02006\u00C2\u00A0there\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0evidence\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0 smolts\u00C2\u00A0may\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0migrated\u00C2\u00A0along\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0outer\u00C2\u00A0edge\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0shelf\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0may\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0gone\u00C2\u00A0undetected;\u00C2\u00A0 therefore\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0sub\u00E2\u0080\u0090array\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0extended\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0additional\u00C2\u00A05\u00C2\u00A0km\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02007.\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A02007\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A02008\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0 were\u00C2\u00A0detected\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0outermost\u00C2\u00A0receiver\u00C2\u00A0once\u00C2\u00A0again\u00C2\u00A0(34\u00C2\u00A0km\u00C2\u00A0offshore),\u00C2\u00A0however\u00C2\u00A0it\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0clear\u00C2\u00A0 that\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0majority\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0migrating\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A020\u00E2\u0080\u009030\u00C2\u00A0km\u00C2\u00A0offshore\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0within\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 boundaries\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0receivers.\u00C2\u00A0At\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Lippy\u00C2\u00A0Point\u00C2\u00A0sub\u00E2\u0080\u0090array,\u00C2\u00A0they\u00C2\u00A0showed\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0similar\u00C2\u00A0pattern\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006\u00C2\u00A0 slightly\u00C2\u00A0inshore,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02008\u00C2\u00A0both\u00C2\u00A0groups\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0more\u00C2\u00A0centrally\u00C2\u00A0located\u00C2\u00A0across\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0shelf.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0As\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 shelf\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0narrower\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0array\u00C2\u00A0contains\u00C2\u00A0fewer\u00C2\u00A0receivers,\u00C2\u00A0it\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0obvious\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0horizontal\u00C2\u00A0 distribution\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0remain\u00C2\u00A0closer\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Vancouver\u00C2\u00A0Island\u00C2\u00A0shore.\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A0 2006\u00C2\u00A0all\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0remained\u00C2\u00A0within\u00C2\u00A015\u00C2\u00A0km\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0shore,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02008\u00C2\u00A0all\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0detected\u00C2\u00A0within\u00C2\u00A020\u00C2\u00A0 km\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0shore.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Travel\u00C2\u00A0time\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0rate\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0movement\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0river\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0likely\u00C2\u00A0regulated\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0river\u00C2\u00A0flow.\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A02006\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0transported\u00C2\u00A0groups\u00C2\u00A0migrated\u00C2\u00A0slightly\u00C2\u00A0slower\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0below\u00C2\u00A0Bonneville\u00C2\u00A0Dam\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 this\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0likely\u00C2\u00A0because\u00C2\u00A0transported\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0released\u00C2\u00A0later\u00C2\u00A0than\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0when\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0river\u00C2\u00A0 159\u00C2\u00A0 flows\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0lower\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0river\u00C2\u00A0velocities\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0correspondingly\u00C2\u00A0lower.\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A02008\u00C2\u00A0migration\u00C2\u00A0timing\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0 more\u00C2\u00A0similar\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0likewise,\u00C2\u00A0travel\u00C2\u00A0time\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0transported\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0groups\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0same\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0 Bonneville\u00C2\u00A0Dam\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Astoria\u00C2\u00A0(2.6\u00C2\u00A0days).\u00C2\u00A0Travel\u00C2\u00A0time\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0Willapa\u00C2\u00A0Bay\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Lippy\u00C2\u00A0Point\u00C2\u00A0 was\u00C2\u00A0remarkably\u00C2\u00A0stable\u00C2\u00A0across\u00C2\u00A0years,\u00C2\u00A0treatment\u00C2\u00A0types\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0groups.\u00C2\u00A0Interestingly,\u00C2\u00A0 cumulative\u00C2\u00A0travel\u00C2\u00A0time\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02007\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A02008\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0similar\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0McGowan\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0Channel,\u00C2\u00A0 Astoria,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Willapa\u00C2\u00A0Bay\u00C2\u00A0despite\u00C2\u00A0high\u00C2\u00A0post\u00E2\u0080\u0090release\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02007.\u00C2\u00A0Even\u00C2\u00A0more\u00C2\u00A0surprising\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0 that\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0three\u00C2\u00A0separate\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0groups\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0detected\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0Alaska\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A090.2\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 94.5\u00C2\u00A0days.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 In\u00C2\u00A0conclusion,\u00C2\u00A0because\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0technology\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0estimate\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0juvenile\u00C2\u00A0salmonids\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 ocean\u00C2\u00A0did\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0exist\u00C2\u00A0until\u00C2\u00A0recently,\u00C2\u00A0it\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0necessary\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0estimate\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0ratio\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0PIT\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0smolt\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0 adult\u00C2\u00A0survival,\u00C2\u00A0which\u00C2\u00A0compares\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0after\u00C2\u00A02\u00E2\u0080\u00903\u00C2\u00A0years\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0sea\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0may\u00C2\u00A0mask\u00C2\u00A0differential\u00C2\u00A0 mortality\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0may\u00C2\u00A0occur\u00C2\u00A0after\u00C2\u00A0release.\u00C2\u00A0By\u00C2\u00A0evaluating\u00C2\u00A0juvenile\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0soon\u00C2\u00A0after\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0entry\u00C2\u00A0it\u00C2\u00A0 is\u00C2\u00A0possible\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0examine\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0magnitude\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0D\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0first\u00C2\u00A0month\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0life,\u00C2\u00A0when\u00C2\u00A0differential\u00C2\u00A0 effects\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0transport\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0more\u00C2\u00A0likely\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0expressed,\u00C2\u00A0rather\u00C2\u00A0than\u00C2\u00A0examining\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0over\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0full\u00C2\u00A0 2\u00E2\u0080\u00903\u00C2\u00A0year\u00C2\u00A0period\u00C2\u00A0before\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0return\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0adults.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0This\u00C2\u00A0approach\u00C2\u00A0also\u00C2\u00A0potentially\u00C2\u00A0reduces\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 time\u00C2\u00A0needed\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0test\u00C2\u00A0transportation\u00C2\u00A0strategies,\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0it\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0possible\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0establish\u00C2\u00A0early\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0 rates\u00C2\u00A0within\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0few\u00C2\u00A0weeks\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0smolt\u00C2\u00A0passage,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0these\u00C2\u00A0measurements\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0confounded\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0 survival\u00C2\u00A0variations\u00C2\u00A0later\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0life\u00C2\u00A0history.\u00C2\u00A0As\u00C2\u00A0survivorship\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0below\u00C2\u00A0Bonneville\u00C2\u00A0Dam\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0 Lippy\u00C2\u00A0Point\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0both\u00C2\u00A0treatment\u00C2\u00A0types\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0all\u00C2\u00A0years\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0less\u00C2\u00A0than\u00C2\u00A010%,\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0highest\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0 occurring\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0ocean,\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0should\u00C2\u00A0further\u00C2\u00A0raise\u00C2\u00A0concerns\u00C2\u00A0about\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0effect\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0early\u00C2\u00A0marine\u00C2\u00A0 survival\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0rebuilding\u00C2\u00A0populations\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0yearling\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0which\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0emphasized\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0Kareiva\u00C2\u00A0 et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A0(2000),\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0well\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0implementing\u00C2\u00A0management\u00C2\u00A0plans\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0consider\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0marine\u00C2\u00A0ecosystem\u00C2\u00A0 (Bisbal\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Mcconnaha\u00C2\u00A01998).\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 160\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Figure\u00C2\u00A05.1.\u00C2\u00A0Schematic\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0components\u00C2\u00A0used\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0transportation\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0ratios\u00C2\u00A0(T/I)\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 post\u00E2\u0080\u0090Bonneville\u00C2\u00A0differential\u00C2\u00A0delayed\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0ratios\u00C2\u00A0(D).\u00C2\u00A0A)\u00C2\u00A0T/I\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0D\u00C2\u00A0estimated\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0PIT\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0 data.\u00C2\u00A0T/I\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0ratio\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0smolt\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0adult\u00C2\u00A0return\u00C2\u00A0rate\u00C2\u00A0(SAR)\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Lower\u00C2\u00A0Granite\u00C2\u00A0Dam\u00C2\u00A0(LGR)\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 transported\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0(SARTR,\u00C2\u00A0assumes\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0barge\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0LGR\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0below\u00C2\u00A0Bonneville\u00C2\u00A0 Dam\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0100%)\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0SAR\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0migrants\u00C2\u00A0(SARIR)\u00C2\u00A0migrating\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0LGR\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0returning\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0 adults\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0LGR.\u00C2\u00A0D\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0ratio\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0SAR\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0transported\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0released\u00C2\u00A0below\u00C2\u00A0Bonneville\u00C2\u00A0Dam\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0returning\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0LGR\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0SAR\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0migrants\u00C2\u00A0estimated\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0Bonneville\u00C2\u00A0Dam\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0adult\u00C2\u00A0 return\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0LGR.\u00C2\u00A0B.\u00C2\u00A0T/I\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Willapa\u00C2\u00A0Bay\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Lippy\u00C2\u00A0Point\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0Vancouver\u00C2\u00A0Island\u00C2\u00A0(TIRWIB\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0TIRLIP,\u00C2\u00A0 respectively),\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0ratios\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0juvenile\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0transported\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0(STR)\u00C2\u00A0released\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Lower\u00C2\u00A0 Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0(McGowan\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0Channel,\u00C2\u00A0MCG,\u00C2\u00A010\u00C2\u00A0km\u00C2\u00A0below\u00C2\u00A0Bonneville\u00C2\u00A0Dam;\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0during\u00C2\u00A0 transport\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A01)\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0marine\u00C2\u00A0detection\u00C2\u00A0sites\u00C2\u00A040\u00C2\u00A0km\u00C2\u00A0(WIB\u00C2\u00A0)\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0525\u00C2\u00A0km\u00C2\u00A0(LIP)\u00C2\u00A0north\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0mouth\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0juvenile\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0migrants\u00C2\u00A0(SIR)\u00C2\u00A0released\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0Kooskia\u00C2\u00A0National\u00C2\u00A0 Fish\u00C2\u00A0Hatchery\u00C2\u00A0(NFH)\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0WIB\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0LIP.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0D\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Willapa\u00C2\u00A0Bay\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Lippy\u00C2\u00A0Point\u00C2\u00A0(DWIL\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0DLIP,\u00C2\u00A0 respectively)\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0ratio\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0juvenile\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0transported\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0MCG\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0WIL\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0LIP\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0juvenile\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0migrants\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0below\u00C2\u00A0Bonneville\u00C2\u00A0Dam\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0same\u00C2\u00A0sites.\u00C2\u00A0Bold\u00C2\u00A0 lines\u00C2\u00A0indicate\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0portion\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0life\u00C2\u00A0cycle\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0included\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0T/I\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0D\u00C2\u00A0estimates.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 161\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 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Monumental,\u00C2\u00A0LGO=Little\u00C2\u00A0Goose,\u00C2\u00A0LGR=Lower\u00C2\u00A0Granite)\u00C2\u00A0within\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0lower\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0 rivers.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0continental\u00C2\u00A0shelf\u00C2\u00A0(depths\u00C2\u00A0<200m)\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0shaded.\u00C2\u00A0Transported\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0McG.\u00C2\u00A0 162\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Figure\u00C2\u00A05.3.\u00C2\u00A0Survivorship\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0(IR)\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0transported\u00C2\u00A0(TR)\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0 smolts\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006,\u00C2\u00A02007\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A02008.\u00C2\u00A0IR\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0released\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0Kooskia\u00C2\u00A0Hatchery\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0basin.\u00C2\u00A0TR\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0released\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0McGowan\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0Channel\u00C2\u00A0detection\u00C2\u00A0site\u00C2\u00A0below\u00C2\u00A0 Bonneville\u00C2\u00A0Dam.\u00C2\u00A0Error\u00C2\u00A0bars\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A095%\u00C2\u00A0CIs.\u00C2\u00A0To\u00C2\u00A0calculate\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Lippy\u00C2\u00A0Point\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0assumed\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 detection\u00C2\u00A0probability\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Lippy\u00C2\u00A0Point\u00C2\u00A0sub\u00E2\u0080\u0090array\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0equal\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0more\u00C2\u00A0southerly\u00C2\u00A0Willap\u00C2\u00A0Bay\u00C2\u00A0 sub\u00E2\u0080\u0090array.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0This\u00C2\u00A0likely\u00C2\u00A0overestimates\u00C2\u00A0coastal\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0survival,\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0smaller\u00C2\u00A0proportion\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0receivers\u00C2\u00A0 was\u00C2\u00A0typically\u00C2\u00A0lost\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0fishing\u00C2\u00A0activity\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Lippy\u00C2\u00A0Point\u00C2\u00A0sub\u00E2\u0080\u0090array.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 Re lea se La ke B rya n La ke W all ula La ke C eli lo Mc Go wa n's C h Wi lla pa Ba y Lip py Po int 2006 IR TR S ur vi vo rs hi p Detection Site river ocean 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 2007 0.0 0.2 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probability\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0line\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0equal\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0estimated\u00C2\u00A0detection\u00C2\u00A0probability\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006.\u00C2\u00A0Only\u00C2\u00A0one\u00C2\u00A0 transported\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0detected\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Lippy\u00C2\u00A0Point\u00C2\u00A0line\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02007.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0 264 750 Willapa Bay Lippy Point 2006 IR TR S ur vi vo rs hi p Distance to Detection Site (km) river ocean 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 2007 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0 201 750 Astoria Br Willapa Bay Lippy Point 264 2008 164\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 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River\u00C2\u00A0mouth)\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Astoria\u00C2\u00A0Bridge\u00C2\u00A02007\u00E2\u0080\u009008\u00C2\u00A0(23\u00C2\u00A0km\u00C2\u00A0up\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River).\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 0 5 10 15 20 May 19 May 26 Jun 02 Jun 09 Jun 16 Jun 23 Jun 30 Jul 07 Jul 14 IR1 IR2 TR1 TR2 2006 0 10 20 30 40 50 May 22 May 27 Jun 01 Jun 06 Jun 11 Jun 16 Jun 21 2007 N um be r o f F is h D et ec te d 0 10 20 30 40 50 Date of Ocean Entry May 16 May 21 May 26 May 31 Jun 05 Jun 10 Jun 15 2008 165\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Figure\u00C2\u00A05.6.\u00C2\u00A0Cross\u00E2\u0080\u0090shelf\u00C2\u00A0distribution\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0(IR)\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0transported\u00C2\u00A0(TR)\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0 salmon\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0off\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0southern\u00C2\u00A0Washington\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0Willapa\u00C2\u00A0Bay\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006,\u00C2\u00A02007,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A02008.\u00C2\u00A0If\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0 detected\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0more\u00C2\u00A0than\u00C2\u00A0one\u00C2\u00A0receiver\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0proportion\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0allocated\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0receiver,\u00C2\u00A0e.g.\u00C2\u00A0if\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0ID\u00C2\u00A0code\u00C2\u00A0 was\u00C2\u00A0detected\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0two\u00C2\u00A0receivers,\u00C2\u00A0each\u00C2\u00A0receiver\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0assigned\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0value\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A00.5.\u00C2\u00A0Position\u00C2\u00A01\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0x\u00E2\u0080\u0090 axis\u00C2\u00A0represents\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0eastern\u00E2\u0080\u0090most\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0receiver\u00C2\u00A0nearest\u00C2\u00A0shore.\u00C2\u00A0A\u00C2\u00A0total\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A040\u00C2\u00A0receivers\u00C2\u00A0(VR2\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0VR3\u00E2\u0080\u0099s)\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0deployed\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006.\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A02007,\u00C2\u00A0five\u00C2\u00A0receivers\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0added\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0offshore\u00C2\u00A0portion\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0sub\u00E2\u0080\u0090array.\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A02008,\u00C2\u00A0receiver\u00C2\u00A045\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0operational;\u00C2\u00A0therefore\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0sub\u00E2\u0080\u0090array\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0effectively\u00C2\u00A0 44\u00C2\u00A0receivers\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0length.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0values\u00C2\u00A0above\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0bars\u00C2\u00A0indicate\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0proportion\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0time\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 receiver\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0operation\u00C2\u00A0during\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0migration.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 40 38 36 34 32 30 28 26 24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 IR TR 2006 10 0 0 0 0 79 10 0 79 0 10 0 0 53 7 10 0 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 0 10 0 10 0 53 10 0 10 0 29 10 0 63 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 44 42 51 35 0 0 45 42 39 36 33 30 27 24 21 18 15 12 9 7 5 3 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 N um be r o f F is h 2007 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 0 0 35 10 0 10 0 10 0 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 0 10 0 0 10 0 10 0 0 0 45 42 39 36 33 30 27 24 21 18 15 12 9 7 5 3 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Position on Willapa Bay Sub-array 2008 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 0 0 0 166\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Figure\u00C2\u00A05.7.\u00C2\u00A0Cross\u00E2\u0080\u0090shelf\u00C2\u00A0distribution\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0(IR)\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0transported\u00C2\u00A0(TR)\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0 salmon\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0Lippy\u00C2\u00A0Point\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0northwestern\u00C2\u00A0Vancouver\u00C2\u00A0Island\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A02008.\u00C2\u00A0Position\u00C2\u00A01\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0x\u00E2\u0080\u0090axis\u00C2\u00A0represents\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0eastern\u00E2\u0080\u0090most\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0receiver\u00C2\u00A0nearest\u00C2\u00A0shore.\u00C2\u00A0A\u00C2\u00A0total\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A024\u00C2\u00A0receivers\u00C2\u00A0 (VR2\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0VR3\u00E2\u0080\u0099s)\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0deployed\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006.\u00C2\u00A0No\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0detected\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0Lippy\u00C2\u00A0Point\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02007.\u00C2\u00A0If\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0 fish\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0detected\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0more\u00C2\u00A0than\u00C2\u00A0one\u00C2\u00A0receiver\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0proportion\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0allocated\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0receiver,\u00C2\u00A0e.g.,\u00C2\u00A0if\u00C2\u00A0 an\u00C2\u00A0ID\u00C2\u00A0code\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0detected\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0two\u00C2\u00A0receivers,\u00C2\u00A0each\u00C2\u00A0receiver\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0assigned\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0value\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A00.5.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0values\u00C2\u00A0 above\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0bars\u00C2\u00A0indicate\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0proportion\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0time\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0receiver\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0operation\u00C2\u00A0during\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 migration.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 1 2 3 IR TR of F is h 2006 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 1 2 3 4 5 Position on Lippy Point Sub-array 2008 N um be r 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 167\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Figure\u00C2\u00A05.8.\u00C2\u00A0Migration\u00C2\u00A0rate\u00C2\u00A0vs.\u00C2\u00A0FL\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A02008\u00C2\u00A0 (in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0transported\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0combined).\u00C2\u00A0Although\u00C2\u00A0there\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0tendency\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0larger\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0 travel\u00C2\u00A0faster\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0Willapa\u00C2\u00A0Bay\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Lippy\u00C2\u00A0Point\u00C2\u00A0(485\u00C2\u00A0km),\u00C2\u00A0FL\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0significant\u00C2\u00A0predictor\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 migration\u00C2\u00A0rate\u00C2\u00A0(p=0.113).\u00C2\u00A0Only\u00C2\u00A0one\u00C2\u00A0smolt\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0detected\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0Lippy\u00C2\u00A0Point\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02007\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0 included\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0analysis.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 10 15 20 25 30 FL M ig ra tio n ra te (k m /d ) 2006 2008 168\u00C2\u00A0 Table\u00C2\u00A05.1.\u00C2\u00A0Summary\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00E2\u0080\u0090origin\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0tagging.\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A02006\u00E2\u0080\u0090 07\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0implanted\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A09\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0transmitters;\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02008\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0 were\u00C2\u00A0implanted\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A07\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0transmitters.\u00C2\u00A0All\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0also\u00C2\u00A0PIT\u00C2\u00A0tagged.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0IR\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0 were\u00C2\u00A0released\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0Kooskia\u00C2\u00A0NFH;\u00C2\u00A0transported\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0released\u00C2\u00A0below\u00C2\u00A0Bonneville\u00C2\u00A0 Dam.\u00C2\u00A0(IR=in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river,\u00C2\u00A0TR=transported,\u00C2\u00A0FL=\u00C2\u00A0fork\u00C2\u00A0length,\u00C2\u00A0g=grams)\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Release\u00C2\u00A0Group\u00C2\u00A0 Release\u00C2\u00A0 Date\u00C2\u00A0 #\u00C2\u00A0Tagged Mean\u00C2\u00A0size\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0 tagging\u00C2\u00A0(mm\u00C2\u00A0FL;\u00C2\u00A0 range)\u00C2\u00A0 Mean\u00C2\u00A0weight\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0 tagging\u00C2\u00A0(g;\u00C2\u00A0 range)\u00C2\u00A0 2006\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 IR\u00C2\u00A01\u00C2\u00A0 1\u00E2\u0080\u0090May\u00C2\u00A0 198\u00C2\u00A0 146.9\u00C2\u00A0(140\u00E2\u0080\u0090208)\u00C2\u00A0 35.2\u00C2\u00A0(26.9\u00E2\u0080\u0090117.5)\u00C2\u00A0 IR\u00C2\u00A02\u00C2\u00A0 8\u00E2\u0080\u0090May\u00C2\u00A0 198\u00C2\u00A0 145.6\u00C2\u00A0(140\u00E2\u0080\u0090192)\u00C2\u00A0 34.0\u00C2\u00A0(27.4\u00E2\u0080\u009083.7)\u00C2\u00A0 TR\u00C2\u00A01\u00C2\u00A0 6\u00E2\u0080\u0090Jun\u00C2\u00A0 102\u00C2\u00A0 154.5\u00C2\u00A0(141\u00E2\u0080\u0090168)\u00C2\u00A0 42.5\u00C2\u00A0(30.8\u00E2\u0080\u009055.3)\u00C2\u00A0 TR\u00C2\u00A02\u00C2\u00A0 14\u00E2\u0080\u0090Jun\u00C2\u00A0 101\u00C2\u00A0 154.6\u00C2\u00A0(140\u00E2\u0080\u0090168)\u00C2\u00A0 41.9\u00C2\u00A0(28.5\u00E2\u0080\u009055.5)\u00C2\u00A0 2007\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 IR\u00C2\u00A01\u00C2\u00A0 7\u00E2\u0080\u0090May\u00C2\u00A0 175\u00C2\u00A0 149.1\u00C2\u00A0(141\u00E2\u0080\u0090173)\u00C2\u00A0 39.7\u00C2\u00A0(30.1\u00E2\u0080\u009060.6)\u00C2\u00A0 IR\u00C2\u00A02\u00C2\u00A0 14\u00E2\u0080\u0090May\u00C2\u00A0 174\u00C2\u00A0 149.0\u00C2\u00A0(140\u00E2\u0080\u0090166)\u00C2\u00A0 39.5\u00C2\u00A0(32.2\u00E2\u0080\u009055.4)\u00C2\u00A0 TR\u00C2\u00A01\u00C2\u00A0 5\u00E2\u0080\u0090Jun\u00C2\u00A0 99\u00C2\u00A0 148.8\u00C2\u00A0(140\u00E2\u0080\u0090166)\u00C2\u00A0 37.3\u00C2\u00A0(30.9\u00E2\u0080\u009056.6)\u00C2\u00A0 TR\u00C2\u00A02\u00C2\u00A0 11\u00E2\u0080\u0090Jun\u00C2\u00A0 99\u00C2\u00A0 148.4\u00C2\u00A0(141\u00E2\u0080\u0090163)\u00C2\u00A0 36.5\u00C2\u00A0(29.5\u00E2\u0080\u009054)\u00C2\u00A0 2008\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 IR\u00C2\u00A01\u00C2\u00A0 25\u00E2\u0080\u0090Apr\u00C2\u00A0 197\u00C2\u00A0 146.2\u00C2\u00A0(130\u00E2\u0080\u0090159)\u00C2\u00A0 37.5\u00C2\u00A0(23.3\u00E2\u0080\u009055.5)\u00C2\u00A0 IR\u00C2\u00A02\u00C2\u00A0 2\u00E2\u0080\u0090May\u00C2\u00A0 198\u00C2\u00A0 146.3\u00C2\u00A0(131\u00E2\u0080\u0090159)\u00C2\u00A0 37.3\u00C2\u00A0(23.9\u00E2\u0080\u009052.7)\u00C2\u00A0 TR\u00C2\u00A01\u00C2\u00A0 17\u00E2\u0080\u0090May\u00C2\u00A0 100\u00C2\u00A0 149.4\u00C2\u00A0(135\u00E2\u0080\u0090159)\u00C2\u00A0 39.9\u00C2\u00A0(26.5\u00E2\u0080\u009052.3)\u00C2\u00A0 TR\u00C2\u00A02\u00C2\u00A0 23\u00E2\u0080\u0090May\u00C2\u00A0 99\u00C2\u00A0 148.3\u00C2\u00A0(131\u00E2\u0080\u0090158)\u00C2\u00A0 39.3\u00C2\u00A0(26.2\u00E2\u0080\u009051.8)\u00C2\u00A0 169\u00C2\u00A0 Table\u00C2\u00A05.2.\u00C2\u00A0Survivorship\u00C2\u00A0(SE)\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0(IR)\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0transported\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0 Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0smolts.\u00C2\u00A0IR\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0released\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0Kooskia\u00C2\u00A0NFH;\u00C2\u00A0transported\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0released\u00C2\u00A0 below\u00C2\u00A0Bonneville\u00C2\u00A0Dam.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Year\u00C2\u00A0 Treatment\u00C2\u00A0 Detection\u00C2\u00A0Site\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 McGowan's\u00C2\u00A0 Channel\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 (647/NA)\u00C2\u00A0 Astoria\u00C2\u00A0 Bridge\u00C2\u00A0 (848/201)\u00C2\u00A0 Willapa\u00C2\u00A0 Bay\u00C2\u00A0 (911/264)\u00C2\u00A0 Lippy\u00C2\u00A0Point\u00C2\u00A0 (1396/749)\u00C2\u00A0 2006\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 IR\u00C2\u00A0 0.41\u00C2\u00A0(0.05)\u00C2\u00A0 (b)\u00C2\u00A0 0.28\u00C2\u00A0(0.07)\u00C2\u00A0 0.015\u00C2\u00A0(0.01)\u00C2\u00A0 Transported\u00C2\u00A0 1.0\u00C2\u00A0(a)\u00C2\u00A0 (b)\u00C2\u00A0 0.54\u00C2\u00A0(0.23)\u00C2\u00A0 0.077\u00C2\u00A0(0.034)\u00C2\u00A0 2007\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 IR\u00C2\u00A0 0.08\u00C2\u00A0(0.02)\u00C2\u00A0 0.07\u00C2\u00A0(0.01)\u00C2\u00A0 0.04\u00C2\u00A0(0.01)\u00C2\u00A0 (c)\u00C2\u00A0 Transported\u00C2\u00A0 1.0\u00C2\u00A0(a)\u00C2\u00A0 0.69\u00C2\u00A0(0.04)\u00C2\u00A0 0.23\u00C2\u00A0(0.04)\u00C2\u00A0 (c)\u00C2\u00A0 2008\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 IR\u00C2\u00A0 0.3\u00C2\u00A0(0.03)\u00C2\u00A0 0.3\u00C2\u00A0(0.03)\u00C2\u00A0 0.12\u00C2\u00A0(0.02)\u00C2\u00A0 0.031\u00C2\u00A0(0.01)\u00C2\u00A0 Transported\u00C2\u00A0 1.0\u00C2\u00A0(a)\u00C2\u00A0 0.77\u00C2\u00A0(0.05)\u00C2\u00A0 0.39\u00C2\u00A0(0.5)\u00C2\u00A0 0.088\u00C2\u00A0(0.03)\u00C2\u00A0 (a)\u00C2\u00A0No\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0observed\u00C2\u00A0during\u00C2\u00A0transportation,\u00C2\u00A0therefore\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0assumed\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0 1.\u00C2\u00A0 (b)\u00C2\u00A0Astoria\u00C2\u00A0Bridge\u00C2\u00A0sub\u00E2\u0080\u0090array\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0deployed\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 (c)\u00C2\u00A0Survival\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0estimable.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Table\u00C2\u00A05.3.\u00C2\u00A0Survivorship\u00C2\u00A0(SE)\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0(IR)\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0transported\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0 McGowan's\u00C2\u00A0Channel\u00C2\u00A0(below\u00C2\u00A0Bonneville\u00C2\u00A0Dam).\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Year\u00C2\u00A0 Treatment\u00C2\u00A0 Detection\u00C2\u00A0Site\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Astoria\u00C2\u00A0Bridge\u00C2\u00A0 (201)\u00C2\u00A0 Willapa\u00C2\u00A0Bay\u00C2\u00A0 (264)\u00C2\u00A0 Lippy\u00C2\u00A0Point\u00C2\u00A0(749)\u00C2\u00A0 2006\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 IR\u00C2\u00A0 (a)\u00C2\u00A0 0.67\u00C2\u00A0(0.17)\u00C2\u00A0 0.036\u00C2\u00A0(0.025)\u00C2\u00A0 Transported\u00C2\u00A0 (a)\u00C2\u00A0 0.54\u00C2\u00A0(0.12)\u00C2\u00A0 0.077\u00C2\u00A0(0.034)\u00C2\u00A0 2007\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 IR\u00C2\u00A0 1.0\u00C2\u00A0(0)\u00C2\u00A0 0.48\u00C2\u00A0(0.13)\u00C2\u00A0 (b)\u00C2\u00A0 Transported\u00C2\u00A0 0.69\u00C2\u00A0(0.04)\u00C2\u00A0 0.23\u00C2\u00A0(0.04)\u00C2\u00A0 (b)\u00C2\u00A0 2008\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 IR\u00C2\u00A0 1.0\u00C2\u00A0(0)\u00C2\u00A0 0.4\u00C2\u00A0(0.07)\u00C2\u00A0 0.1\u00C2\u00A0(0.03)\u00C2\u00A0 Transported\u00C2\u00A0 0.77\u00C2\u00A0(0.05)\u00C2\u00A0 0.39\u00C2\u00A0(0.05)\u00C2\u00A0 0.088\u00C2\u00A0(0.03)\u00C2\u00A0 (a)\u00C2\u00A0Not\u00C2\u00A0deployed\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006\u00C2\u00A0 (b)\u00C2\u00A0Survival\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0estimable\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02007\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 170\u00C2\u00A0 Table\u00C2\u00A05.4.\u00C2\u00A0Segment\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0(SE)\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0(IR)\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0transported\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0 salmon\u00C2\u00A0smolts.\u00C2\u00A0IR\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0released\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0Kooskia\u00C2\u00A0NFH;\u00C2\u00A0transported\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0released\u00C2\u00A0below\u00C2\u00A0 Bonneville\u00C2\u00A0Dam.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Year\u00C2\u00A0 Treatment\u00C2\u00A0 Migration\u00C2\u00A0Segment\u00C2\u00A0(km)\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Estuary\u00C2\u00A0 (201)\u00C2\u00A0 Plume\u00C2\u00A0(63)\u00C2\u00A0 Estuary\u00C2\u00A0+\u00C2\u00A0 Plume\u00C2\u00A0 (264)\u00C2\u00A0 Ocean\u00C2\u00A0 (485)\u00C2\u00A0 2006\u00C2\u00A0 IR\u00C2\u00A0 (a)\u00C2\u00A0 (a)\u00C2\u00A0 0.67\u00C2\u00A0(0.17)\u00C2\u00A0 0.05\u00C2\u00A0(0.04)\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Transported\u00C2\u00A0 (a)\u00C2\u00A0 (a)\u00C2\u00A0 0.54\u00C2\u00A0(0.12)\u00C2\u00A0 0.14\u00C2\u00A0(0.06)\u00C2\u00A0 2007\u00C2\u00A0 IR\u00C2\u00A0 1\u00C2\u00A0(0)\u00C2\u00A0 0.5\u00C2\u00A0(0.14)\u00C2\u00A0 0.48\u00C2\u00A0(0.26)\u00C2\u00A0 (b)\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Transported\u00C2\u00A0 0.69\u00C2\u00A0(0.04)\u00C2\u00A0 0.34\u00C2\u00A0(0.05)\u00C2\u00A0 0.23\u00C2\u00A0(0.04)\u00C2\u00A0 (b)\u00C2\u00A0 2008\u00C2\u00A0 IR\u00C2\u00A0 1\u00C2\u00A0(0)\u00C2\u00A0 0.39\u00C2\u00A0(0.07)\u00C2\u00A0 0.40\u00C2\u00A0(0.13)\u00C2\u00A0 0.26\u00C2\u00A0(0.08)\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Transported\u00C2\u00A0 0.77\u00C2\u00A0(0.05)\u00C2\u00A0 0.51\u00C2\u00A0(0.07)\u00C2\u00A0 0.39\u00C2\u00A0(0.11)\u00C2\u00A0 0.23\u00C2\u00A0(0.06)\u00C2\u00A0 (a)\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Astoria\u00C2\u00A0Bridge\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0detection\u00C2\u00A0line\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0deployed\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006\u00C2\u00A0 (b)\u00C2\u00A0Survival\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0estimable\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0site\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02007\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 171\u00C2\u00A0 Table\u00C2\u00A05.5.\u00C2\u00A0Transport\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0(T/I)\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0differential\u00C2\u00A0delayed\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0(D)\u00C2\u00A0ratios.\u00C2\u00A0T/I\u00C2\u00A0ratios\u00C2\u00A0(SE)\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0Willapa\u00C2\u00A0Bay\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Lippy\u00C2\u00A0Point\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0Vancouver\u00C2\u00A0Island\u00C2\u00A0(TIRWIB\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0TIRLIP,\u00C2\u00A0respectively),\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 ratios\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0juvenile\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0transported\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0(STR)\u00C2\u00A0released\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Lower\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0 (McGowan\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0Channel,\u00C2\u00A0MCG,\u00C2\u00A010\u00C2\u00A0km\u00C2\u00A0below\u00C2\u00A0Bonneville\u00C2\u00A0Dam;\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0during\u00C2\u00A0transport\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A01)\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0 marine\u00C2\u00A0detection\u00C2\u00A0sites\u00C2\u00A040\u00C2\u00A0km\u00C2\u00A0(WIB\u00C2\u00A0)\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0525\u00C2\u00A0km\u00C2\u00A0(LIP)\u00C2\u00A0north\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0mouth\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0juvenile\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0migrants\u00C2\u00A0(SIR)\u00C2\u00A0released\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0Kooskia\u00C2\u00A0National\u00C2\u00A0Fish\u00C2\u00A0Hatchery\u00C2\u00A0 (NFH)\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0WIB\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0LIP.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0D\u00C2\u00A0(SE)\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Willapa\u00C2\u00A0Bay\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Lippy\u00C2\u00A0Point\u00C2\u00A0(DWIL\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0DLIP,\u00C2\u00A0respectively)\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 ratio\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0juvenile\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0transported\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0MCG\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0WIL\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0LIP\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0juvenile\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0migrants\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0below\u00C2\u00A0Bonneville\u00C2\u00A0Dam\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0same\u00C2\u00A0sites.\u00C2\u00A0Bold\u00C2\u00A0indicates\u00C2\u00A0ratios\u00C2\u00A0 significantly\u00C2\u00A0different\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A01.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 TIRWIL\u00C2\u00A0 Z\u00C2\u00A0statistic\u00C2\u00A0 p\u00E2\u0080\u0090value\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 TIRLIP\u00C2\u00A0 Z\u00C2\u00A0statistic\u00C2\u00A0 p\u00E2\u0080\u0090value\u00C2\u00A0 2006\u00C2\u00A0 1.95\u00C2\u00A0(0.35)\u00C2\u00A0 3.716\u00C2\u00A0 <0.0001\u00C2\u00A0 5.15\u00C2\u00A0(3.91)\u00C2\u00A0 2.158\u00C2\u00A0 0.015\u00C2\u00A0 2007\u00C2\u00A0 6.44\u00C2\u00A0(2.35)\u00C2\u00A0 5.100\u00C2\u00A0 <0.0001\u00C2\u00A0 NA\u00C2\u00A0 NA\u00C2\u00A0 NA\u00C2\u00A0 2008\u00C2\u00A0 3.30\u00C2\u00A0(0.63)\u00C2\u00A0 6.253\u00C2\u00A0 <0.0001\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 2.87\u00C2\u00A0(1.22)\u00C2\u00A0 2.480\u00C2\u00A0 0.007\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 DWIL\u00C2\u00A0 Z\u00C2\u00A0statistic\u00C2\u00A0 p\u00E2\u0080\u0090value\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 DLIP Z\u00C2\u00A0statistic\u00C2\u00A0 p\u00E2\u0080\u0090value\u00C2\u00A0 2006\u00C2\u00A0 0.80\u00C2\u00A0(0.14)\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u00901.285\u00C2\u00A0 0.099\u00C2\u00A0 2.11\u00C2\u00A0(1.60)\u00C2\u00A0 0.984\u00C2\u00A0 0.164\u00C2\u00A0 2007\u00C2\u00A0 0.49\u00C2\u00A0(0.16)\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u00902.251\u00C2\u00A0 0.012\u00C2\u00A0 NA\u00C2\u00A0 NA\u00C2\u00A0 NA\u00C2\u00A0 2008\u00C2\u00A0 0.91\u00C2\u00A0(0.17)\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u00900.495\u00C2\u00A0 0.312\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 0.79\u00C2\u00A0(0.33)\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u00900.547\u00C2\u00A0 0.291\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 172\u00C2\u00A0 Table\u00C2\u00A05.6.\u00C2\u00A0Mean\u00C2\u00A0Travel\u00C2\u00A0time\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0sub\u00E2\u0080\u0090arrays\u00C2\u00A0(days,\u00C2\u00A0st.\u00C2\u00A0dev.).\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0(IR)\u00C2\u00A0 smolts\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0released\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0Kooskia\u00C2\u00A0Hatchery\u00C2\u00A0(870\u00C2\u00A0km\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0mouth).\u00C2\u00A0Transported\u00C2\u00A0 Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0(TR)\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0released\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0barge\u00C2\u00A0below\u00C2\u00A0Bonneville\u00C2\u00A0Dam\u00C2\u00A0near\u00C2\u00A0McGowan's\u00C2\u00A0 Channel\u00C2\u00A0(at\u00C2\u00A0river\u00C2\u00A0km\u00C2\u00A0224\u00E2\u0080\u0090228).\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0Astoria\u00C2\u00A0Bridge\u00C2\u00A0detection\u00C2\u00A0site\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0first\u00C2\u00A0deployed\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02007.\u00C2\u00A0 Parentheses\u00C2\u00A0below\u00C2\u00A0detection\u00C2\u00A0sites\u00C2\u00A0indicate\u00C2\u00A0cumulative\u00C2\u00A0distance\u00C2\u00A0(km)\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0site\u00C2\u00A0 (IR/transported).\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Detection\u00C2\u00A0Sub\u00E2\u0080\u0090array\u00C2\u00A0 Year\u00C2\u00A0 Release\u00C2\u00A0 Group\u00C2\u00A0 McGowan's\u00C2\u00A0 Channel\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 (647/0)\u00C2\u00A0 Astoria\u00C2\u00A0 Bridge\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 (848/201)\u00C2\u00A0 Willapa\u00C2\u00A0 Bay,\u00C2\u00A0WA\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 (911/264)\u00C2\u00A0 Lippy\u00C2\u00A0Point,\u00C2\u00A0 BC\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 (1396/749)\u00C2\u00A0 Grave's\u00C2\u00A0 Harbor,\u00C2\u00A0AK\u00C2\u00A0 (2501/1854)\u00C2\u00A0 2006\u00C2\u00A0 IR\u00C2\u00A01\u00C2\u00A0 19.6\u00C2\u00A0(4.4)\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 26.2\u00C2\u00A0(4.8)\u00C2\u00A0 57.9\u00C2\u00A0(a)\u00C2\u00A0 94.5\u00C2\u00A0(a)\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 IR\u00C2\u00A02\u00C2\u00A0 14.1\u00C2\u00A0(3.0)\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 19.0\u00C2\u00A0(4.2)\u00C2\u00A0 52.9\u00C2\u00A0(1.8)\u00C2\u00A0 90.2\u00C2\u00A0(a)\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Pooled\u00C2\u00A0Mean\u00C2\u00A0 17.1\u00C2\u00A0(4.7)\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 22.4\u00C2\u00A0(5.8)\u00C2\u00A0 54.2\u00C2\u00A0(2.9)\u00C2\u00A0 92.3\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00B1\u00C2\u00A03\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 TR\u00C2\u00A01\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 4.8\u00C2\u00A0(2.7)\u00C2\u00A0 30.7\u00C2\u00A0(7.9)\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 TR\u00C2\u00A02\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 8.0\u00C2\u00A0(7.3)\u00C2\u00A0 64.0\u00C2\u00A0(6.0)\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Pooled\u00C2\u00A0Mean\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 6.0\u00C2\u00A0(5.2)\u00C2\u00A0 39.8\u00C2\u00A0(17.1)\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 2007\u00C2\u00A0 IR\u00C2\u00A01\u00C2\u00A0 22.1\u00C2\u00A0(5.5)\u00C2\u00A0 25.5\u00C2\u00A0(6.6)\u00C2\u00A0 38.1\u00C2\u00A0(9.4)\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 IR\u00C2\u00A02\u00C2\u00A0 22.3\u00C2\u00A0(5.9)\u00C2\u00A0 24.4\u00C2\u00A0(6.0)\u00C2\u00A0 34.3\u00C2\u00A0(10.4)\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Pooled\u00C2\u00A0Mean\u00C2\u00A0 22.2\u00C2\u00A0(5.6)\u00C2\u00A0 24.9\u00C2\u00A0(6.2)\u00C2\u00A0 36.2\u00C2\u00A0(9.6)\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 TR\u00C2\u00A01\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 3.5\u00C2\u00A0(1.1)\u00C2\u00A0 6.2\u00C2\u00A0(2.6)\u00C2\u00A0 38.7\u00C2\u00A0(a)\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 TR\u00C2\u00A02\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 3.2\u00C2\u00A0(0.8)\u00C2\u00A0 11.5\u00C2\u00A0(5.7)\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Pooled\u00C2\u00A0Mean\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 3.3\u00C2\u00A0(1.0)\u00C2\u00A0 8.4\u00C2\u00A0(4.9)\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 2008\u00C2\u00A0 IR\u00C2\u00A01\u00C2\u00A0 25.2\u00C2\u00A0(4.5)\u00C2\u00A0 31.8\u00C2\u00A0(5.9)\u00C2\u00A0 39.4\u00C2\u00A0(6.8)\u00C2\u00A0 66.0\u00C2\u00A0(9.2)\u00C2\u00A0 93.9(a)\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 IR\u00C2\u00A02\u00C2\u00A0 20.8\u00C2\u00A0(8.6)\u00C2\u00A0 26.1\u00C2\u00A0(5.6)\u00C2\u00A0 32.3\u00C2\u00A0(5.6)\u00C2\u00A0 54.7\u00C2\u00A0(0.3)\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Pooled\u00C2\u00A0Mean\u00C2\u00A0 22.8\u00C2\u00A0(7.1)\u00C2\u00A0 29.3\u00C2\u00A0(6.4)\u00C2\u00A0 36.7\u00C2\u00A0(7.2)\u00C2\u00A0 63.5\u00C2\u00A0(9.4)\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 TR\u00C2\u00A01\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 2.8\u00C2\u00A0(1.8)\u00C2\u00A0 12.0\u00C2\u00A0(5.2)\u00C2\u00A0 41.1\u00C2\u00A0(4.5)\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 TR\u00C2\u00A02\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 2.3\u00C2\u00A0(0.6)\u00C2\u00A0 11.5\u00C2\u00A0(3.5)\u00C2\u00A0 36.3\u00C2\u00A0(4.2)\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Pooled\u00C2\u00A0Mean\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 2.6\u00C2\u00A0(1.3)\u00C2\u00A0 11.8\u00C2\u00A0(4.4)\u00C2\u00A0 38.5\u00C2\u00A0(4.8)\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 (a)\u00C2\u00A0calculated\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0only\u00C2\u00A0one\u00C2\u00A0individual.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 173\u00C2\u00A0 Table\u00C2\u00A05.7.\u00C2\u00A0Segment\u00C2\u00A0specific\u00C2\u00A0travel\u00C2\u00A0times\u00C2\u00A0(days;\u00C2\u00A0st.\u00C2\u00A0dev.)\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0(IR)\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0transported\u00C2\u00A0(TR)\u00C2\u00A0 Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0smolts.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Parentheses\u00C2\u00A0below\u00C2\u00A0segments\u00C2\u00A0indicate\u00C2\u00A0segment\u00C2\u00A0 distances\u00C2\u00A0(km).\u00C2\u00A0See\u00C2\u00A0Table\u00C2\u00A05.6\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0details.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Migration\u00C2\u00A0Segment\u00C2\u00A0 Year\u00C2\u00A0 Release\u00C2\u00A0Group\u00C2\u00A0 McGowan's\u00C2\u00A0 Channel\u00E2\u0080\u0090\u00C2\u00A0 Willapa\u00C2\u00A0Bay\u00C2\u00A0 (264)\u00C2\u00A0 McGowan's\u00C2\u00A0 Channel\u00E2\u0080\u0090 Astoria\u00C2\u00A0 Bridge\u00C2\u00A0 (201)\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Astoria\u00C2\u00A0 Bridge\u00E2\u0080\u0090 Willapa\u00C2\u00A0 Bay\u00C2\u00A0 (63)\u00C2\u00A0 Willapa\u00C2\u00A0 Bay\u00E2\u0080\u0090Lippy\u00C2\u00A0 Point\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 (485)\u00C2\u00A0 Lippy\u00C2\u00A0 Point\u00E2\u0080\u0090 Graves\u00C2\u00A0 Harbor\u00C2\u00A0 (1105)\u00C2\u00A0 2006\u00C2\u00A0 IR\u00C2\u00A01\u00C2\u00A0 5.3\u00C2\u00A0(3.1)\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 (b)\u00C2\u00A0 (b)\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 IR\u00C2\u00A02\u00C2\u00A0 4.8\u00C2\u00A0(3.2)\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 29.6\u00C2\u00A0(3.9)\u00C2\u00A0 38.4\u00C2\u00A0(a)\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Pooled\u00C2\u00A0Mean\u00C2\u00A0 5.1\u00C2\u00A0(3.1)\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 TR\u00C2\u00A01\u00C2\u00A0 5.9\u00C2\u00A0(5.2)\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 23.6\u00C2\u00A0(2.3)\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 TR\u00C2\u00A02\u00C2\u00A0 6.2\u00C2\u00A0(5.4)\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 42.3(a)\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Pooled\u00C2\u00A0Mean\u00C2\u00A0 6.0\u00C2\u00A0(5.2)\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 26.3\u00C2\u00A0(7.4)\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 2007\u00C2\u00A0 IR\u00C2\u00A01\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 2.4\u00C2\u00A0(0.3)\u00C2\u00A0 16.2\u00C2\u00A0 (12.2)\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 IR\u00C2\u00A02\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 2.6\u00C2\u00A0(0.4)\u00C2\u00A0 12.3\u00C2\u00A0(7.0)\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Pooled\u00C2\u00A0Mean\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 2.5\u00C2\u00A0(0.4)\u00C2\u00A0 14.3\u00C2\u00A0(9.5)\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 TR\u00C2\u00A01\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 3.5\u00C2\u00A0(1.1)\u00C2\u00A0 2.8\u00C2\u00A0(2.4)\u00C2\u00A0 33.9(a)\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 TR\u00C2\u00A02\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 3.2\u00C2\u00A0(0.8)\u00C2\u00A0 8.5\u00C2\u00A0(5.6)\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Pooled\u00C2\u00A0Mean\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 3.3\u00C2\u00A0(1.0)\u00C2\u00A0 5.3\u00C2\u00A0(5.0)\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 2008\u00C2\u00A0 IR\u00C2\u00A01\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 2.5\u00C2\u00A0(0.4)\u00C2\u00A0 8.7\u00C2\u00A0(6.1)\u00C2\u00A0 31.6\u00C2\u00A0(5.0)\u00C2\u00A0 (b)\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 IR\u00C2\u00A02\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 2.7\u00C2\u00A0(0.5)\u00C2\u00A0 6.5\u00C2\u00A0(3.8)\u00C2\u00A0 21.7\u00C2\u00A0(0.3)\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Pooled\u00C2\u00A0Mean\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 2.6\u00C2\u00A0(0.4)\u00C2\u00A0 8.0\u00C2\u00A0(5.5)\u00C2\u00A0 28.3\u00C2\u00A0(6.4)\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 TR\u00C2\u00A01\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 2.8\u00C2\u00A0(1.8)\u00C2\u00A0 8.9\u00C2\u00A0(5.5)\u00C2\u00A0 26.9\u00C2\u00A0(3.6)\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 TR\u00C2\u00A02\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 2.3\u00C2\u00A0(0.6)\u00C2\u00A0 9.2\u00C2\u00A0(3.9)\u00C2\u00A0 23.2\u00C2\u00A0(1.9)\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Pooled\u00C2\u00A0Mean\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 2.6\u00C2\u00A0(1.3)\u00C2\u00A0 9.0\u00C2\u00A0(4.8)\u00C2\u00A0 25.0\u00C2\u00A0(3.3)\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 (a)\u00C2\u00A0calculated\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0only\u00C2\u00A0one\u00C2\u00A0individual.\u00C2\u00A0 (b)\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0detected\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0previous\u00C2\u00A0detection\u00C2\u00A0site,\u00C2\u00A0therefore\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0calculable.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 174\u00C2\u00A0 Table\u00C2\u00A05.8.\u00C2\u00A0Segment\u00E2\u0080\u0090specific\u00C2\u00A0rate\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0movement\u00C2\u00A0(km/day;\u00C2\u00A0st.\u00C2\u00A0dev.)\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0(IR)\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0transported\u00C2\u00A0 (TR)\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006,\u00C2\u00A02007\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A02008.\u00C2\u00A0See\u00C2\u00A0Table\u00C2\u00A05.6\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0details.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Parentheses\u00C2\u00A0below\u00C2\u00A0detection\u00C2\u00A0sites\u00C2\u00A0indicate\u00C2\u00A0segment\u00C2\u00A0distances\u00C2\u00A0(km).\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Migration\u00C2\u00A0Segment\u00C2\u00A0 Year\u00C2\u00A0 Release\u00C2\u00A0Group\u00C2\u00A0 McGowan's\u00C2\u00A0 Channel\u00E2\u0080\u0090 Willapa\u00C2\u00A0Bay\u00C2\u00A0 (264)\u00C2\u00A0 McGowan's\u00C2\u00A0 Channel\u00E2\u0080\u0090 Astoria\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 (201)\u00C2\u00A0 Astoria\u00E2\u0080\u0090 Willapa\u00C2\u00A0 Bay\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0(63)\u00C2\u00A0 Willapa\u00C2\u00A0 Bay\u00E2\u0080\u0090Lippy\u00C2\u00A0 Point\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 (485)\u00C2\u00A0 Lippy\u00C2\u00A0Point\u00E2\u0080\u0090 Graves\u00C2\u00A0 Harbor\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 (1105)\u00C2\u00A0 2006\u00C2\u00A0 IR\u00C2\u00A01\u00C2\u00A0 62.3\u00C2\u00A0(24.6)\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 (b)\u00C2\u00A0 (b)\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 IR\u00C2\u00A02\u00C2\u00A0 67.1\u00C2\u00A0(23.2)\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 16.5\u00C2\u00A0(2.2)\u00C2\u00A0 28.8\u00C2\u00A0(a)\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Pooled\u00C2\u00A0Mean\u00C2\u00A0 64.7\u00C2\u00A0(23.8)\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 TR\u00C2\u00A01\u00C2\u00A0 57.8\u00C2\u00A0(19.4)\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 22.4\u00C2\u00A0(2.2)\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 TR\u00C2\u00A02\u00C2\u00A0 55.4\u00C2\u00A0(19.4)\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 12.4(a)\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Pooled\u00C2\u00A0Mean\u00C2\u00A0 56.9\u00C2\u00A0(19.3)\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 21.0\u00C2\u00A0(4.3)\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 2007\u00C2\u00A0 IR\u00C2\u00A01\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 84.5\u00C2\u00A0(10.4)\u00C2\u00A0 6.6\u00C2\u00A0(5.4)\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 IR\u00C2\u00A02\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 77.8\u00C2\u00A0(11.2)\u00C2\u00A0 6.4\u00C2\u00A0(3.2)\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Pooled\u00C2\u00A0Mean\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 80.8\u00C2\u00A0(11.1)\u00C2\u00A0 6.5\u00C2\u00A0(4.1)\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 TR\u00C2\u00A01\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 62.7\u00C2\u00A0(17.0)\u00C2\u00A0 33.9\u00C2\u00A0(19.7) 7.8(a)\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 TR\u00C2\u00A02\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 64.9\u00C2\u00A0(11.2)\u00C2\u00A0 12.5\u00C2\u00A0(9.2)\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Pooled\u00C2\u00A0Mean\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 63.8\u00C2\u00A0(14.5)\u00C2\u00A0 24.7\u00C2\u00A0(19.1)\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 2008\u00C2\u00A0 IR\u00C2\u00A01\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 83.9\u00C2\u00A0(12.2)\u00C2\u00A0 10.7\u00C2\u00A0(6.9)\u00C2\u00A0 15.6\u00C2\u00A0(2.1)\u00C2\u00A0 (b)\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 IR\u00C2\u00A02\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 77.0\u00C2\u00A0(12.4)\u00C2\u00A0 12.6\u00C2\u00A0(6.7)\u00C2\u00A0 22.3\u00C2\u00A0(0.3)\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Pooled\u00C2\u00A0Mean\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 80.7\u00C2\u00A0(12.4)\u00C2\u00A0 11.4\u00C2\u00A0(6.8)\u00C2\u00A0 17.8\u00C2\u00A0(3.8)\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 TR\u00C2\u00A01\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 84.5\u00C2\u00A0(24.3)\u00C2\u00A0 10.9\u00C2\u00A0(7.6)\u00C2\u00A0 19.8\u00C2\u00A0(2.6)\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 TR\u00C2\u00A02\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 90.9\u00C2\u00A0(17.3)\u00C2\u00A0 8.7\u00C2\u00A0(5.8)\u00C2\u00A0 22.8\u00C2\u00A0(1.7)\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Pooled\u00C2\u00A0Mean\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 87.7\u00C2\u00A0(21.3)\u00C2\u00A0 9.9\u00C2\u00A0(6.9)\u00C2\u00A0 21.3\u00C2\u00A0(2.6)\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 (a)\u00C2\u00A0Calculated\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0only\u00C2\u00A0one\u00C2\u00A0individual.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 (b)\u00C2\u00A0Not\u00C2\u00A0detected\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0previous\u00C2\u00A0detection\u00C2\u00A0site,\u00C2\u00A0therefore\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0calculable.\u00C2\u00A0 175\u00C2\u00A0 5.5 References\u00C2\u00A0 Arkoosh,\u00C2\u00A0M.\u00C2\u00A0R.,\u00C2\u00A0A.\u00C2\u00A0N.\u00C2\u00A0Kagley,\u00C2\u00A0B.\u00C2\u00A0F.\u00C2\u00A0Anulacion,\u00C2\u00A0D.\u00C2\u00A0A.\u00C2\u00A0Boylen,\u00C2\u00A0B.\u00C2\u00A0P.\u00C2\u00A0Sandford,\u00C2\u00A0F.\u00C2\u00A0J.\u00C2\u00A0Loge,\u00C2\u00A0L.\u00C2\u00A0L.\u00C2\u00A0 Johnson,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0T.\u00C2\u00A0K.\u00C2\u00A0Collier.\u00C2\u00A02006.\u00C2\u00A0Disease\u00C2\u00A0susceptibility\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0hatchery\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00E2\u0080\u0090 summer\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0different\u00C2\u00A0juvenile\u00C2\u00A0migration\u00C2\u00A0histories\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0 River.\u00C2\u00A0Journal\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Aquatic\u00C2\u00A0Animal\u00C2\u00A0Health\u00C2\u00A018(4):223\u00E2\u0080\u0090231.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Beamish,\u00C2\u00A0R.\u00C2\u00A0J.,\u00C2\u00A0G.\u00C2\u00A0A.\u00C2\u00A0McFarlane,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0J.\u00C2\u00A0R.\u00C2\u00A0King.\u00C2\u00A02005.\u00C2\u00A0Migratory\u00C2\u00A0patterns\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0pelagic\u00C2\u00A0fishes\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 possible\u00C2\u00A0linkages\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A0open\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0coastal\u00C2\u00A0ecosystems\u00C2\u00A0off\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Pacific\u00C2\u00A0coast\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 North\u00C2\u00A0America.\u00C2\u00A0Deep\u00C2\u00A0Sea\u00C2\u00A0Research\u00C2\u00A0(Part\u00C2\u00A0II,\u00C2\u00A0Topical\u00C2\u00A0Studies\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0Oceanography)\u00C2\u00A052(5\u00E2\u0080\u0090 6):739\u00E2\u0080\u0090755.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Berggren,\u00C2\u00A0T.,\u00C2\u00A0P.\u00C2\u00A0McHugh,\u00C2\u00A0P.\u00C2\u00A0H.\u00C2\u00A0Wilson,\u00C2\u00A0H.\u00C2\u00A0Schaller,\u00C2\u00A0C.\u00C2\u00A0E.\u00C2\u00A0Petrosky,\u00C2\u00A0E.\u00C2\u00A0Weber,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0R.\u00C2\u00A0Boyce.\u00C2\u00A02006.\u00C2\u00A0 Comparative\u00C2\u00A0Survival\u00C2\u00A0Study\u00C2\u00A0(CSS)\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0PIT\u00E2\u0080\u0090tagged\u00C2\u00A0Spring/Summer\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0PIT\u00E2\u0080\u0090tagged\u00C2\u00A0 Summer\u00C2\u00A0Steelhead,\u00C2\u00A02006\u00C2\u00A0Annual\u00C2\u00A0Report.\u00C2\u00A0Fish\u00C2\u00A0Passage\u00C2\u00A0Center,\u00C2\u00A0179\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Bi,\u00C2\u00A0H.\u00C2\u00A0S.,\u00C2\u00A0R.\u00C2\u00A0E.\u00C2\u00A0Ruppel,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0W.\u00C2\u00A0T.\u00C2\u00A0Peterson.\u00C2\u00A02007.\u00C2\u00A0Modeling\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0pelagic\u00C2\u00A0habitat\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0off\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 Pacific\u00C2\u00A0Northwest\u00C2\u00A0(USA)\u00C2\u00A0coast\u00C2\u00A0using\u00C2\u00A0logistic\u00C2\u00A0regression.\u00C2\u00A0Marine\u00C2\u00A0Ecology\u00E2\u0080\u0090Progress\u00C2\u00A0Series\u00C2\u00A0 336:249\u00E2\u0080\u0090265.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Bisbal,\u00C2\u00A0G.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0W.\u00C2\u00A0Mcconnaha.\u00C2\u00A01998.\u00C2\u00A0Consideration\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0conditions\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0management\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 salmon.\u00C2\u00A0Can.J.Fish.Aquat.Sci./J.can.Sci.Halieut.Aquat\u00C2\u00A055(9):2178\u00E2\u0080\u00902186.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Brodeur,\u00C2\u00A0R.\u00C2\u00A0D.,\u00C2\u00A0J.\u00C2\u00A0P.\u00C2\u00A0Fisher,\u00C2\u00A0D.\u00C2\u00A0J.\u00C2\u00A0Teel,\u00C2\u00A0R.\u00C2\u00A0L.\u00C2\u00A0Emmett,\u00C2\u00A0E.\u00C2\u00A0Casillas,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0T.\u00C2\u00A0W.\u00C2\u00A0Miller.\u00C2\u00A02004.\u00C2\u00A0Juvenile\u00C2\u00A0 salmonid\u00C2\u00A0distribution,\u00C2\u00A0growth,\u00C2\u00A0condition,\u00C2\u00A0origin,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0environmental\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0species\u00C2\u00A0 associations\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Northern\u00C2\u00A0California\u00C2\u00A0Current.\u00C2\u00A0Fishery\u00C2\u00A0Bulletin\u00C2\u00A0102(1):25\u00E2\u0080\u009046.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Brown,\u00C2\u00A0C.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0R.\u00C2\u00A0L.\u00C2\u00A0Day.\u00C2\u00A02002.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0future\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0stock\u00C2\u00A0enhancements:\u00C2\u00A0lessons\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0hatchery\u00C2\u00A0practice\u00C2\u00A0 from\u00C2\u00A0conservation\u00C2\u00A0biology.\u00C2\u00A0Fish\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Fisheries\u00C2\u00A03(2):79\u00E2\u0080\u009094.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Buchanan,\u00C2\u00A0R.\u00C2\u00A0A.,\u00C2\u00A0J.\u00C2\u00A0R.\u00C2\u00A0Skalski,\u00C2\u00A0J.\u00C2\u00A0L.\u00C2\u00A0Lady,\u00C2\u00A0P.\u00C2\u00A0Westhagen,\u00C2\u00A0J.\u00C2\u00A0Griswold,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0S.\u00C2\u00A0G.\u00C2\u00A0Smith.\u00C2\u00A02007.\u00C2\u00A0 Survival\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Transportation\u00C2\u00A0Effects\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0Migrating\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0Hatchery\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0Salmon\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0Steelhead:\u00C2\u00A0Historical\u00C2\u00A0Estimates\u00C2\u00A0From\u00C2\u00A01996\u00E2\u0080\u00902003.\u00C2\u00A0Technical\u00C2\u00A0Report\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0BPA,\u00C2\u00A0Project\u00C2\u00A0 91\u00E2\u0080\u0090051\u00E2\u0080\u009000,\u00C2\u00A0Contract\u00C2\u00A029676,\u00C2\u00A0215\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Bugert,\u00C2\u00A0R.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0G.\u00C2\u00A0Mendel.\u00C2\u00A01997.\u00C2\u00A0Adult\u00C2\u00A0returns\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0subyearling\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0yearling\u00C2\u00A0fall\u00C2\u00A0chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0 released\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0hatchery\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0transported\u00C2\u00A0downstream.\u00C2\u00A0North\u00C2\u00A0American\u00C2\u00A0 Journal\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Fisheries\u00C2\u00A0Management\u00C2\u00A017(3):638\u00E2\u0080\u0090651.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Chapman,\u00C2\u00A0D.,\u00C2\u00A0C.\u00C2\u00A0Carlson,\u00C2\u00A0D.\u00C2\u00A0Weitkamp,\u00C2\u00A0G.\u00C2\u00A0Matthews,\u00C2\u00A0J.\u00C2\u00A0Stevenson,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0M.\u00C2\u00A0Miller.\u00C2\u00A01997.\u00C2\u00A0Homing\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0sockeye\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0transported\u00C2\u00A0around\u00C2\u00A0part\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0their\u00C2\u00A0smolt\u00C2\u00A0migration\u00C2\u00A0route\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River.\u00C2\u00A0North\u00C2\u00A0American\u00C2\u00A0Journal\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Fisheries\u00C2\u00A0Management\u00C2\u00A017(1):101\u00E2\u0080\u0090113.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Chittenden,\u00C2\u00A0C.\u00C2\u00A0M.,\u00C2\u00A0S.\u00C2\u00A0Sura,\u00C2\u00A0K.\u00C2\u00A0G.\u00C2\u00A0Butterworth,\u00C2\u00A0K.\u00C2\u00A0F.\u00C2\u00A0Cubitt,\u00C2\u00A0N.\u00C2\u00A0P.\u00C2\u00A0Manel\u00E2\u0080\u0090La,\u00C2\u00A0S.\u00C2\u00A0Balfry,\u00C2\u00A0F.\u00C2\u00A0Okland,\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0R.\u00C2\u00A0S.\u00C2\u00A0McKinley.\u00C2\u00A02008.\u00C2\u00A0Riverine,\u00C2\u00A0estuarine\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0marine\u00C2\u00A0migratory\u00C2\u00A0behaviour\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 physiology\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0wild\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0hatchery\u00E2\u0080\u0090reared\u00C2\u00A0coho\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0Oncorhynchus\u00C2\u00A0kisutch\u00C2\u00A0(Walbaum)\u00C2\u00A0 smolts\u00C2\u00A0descending\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Campbell\u00C2\u00A0River,\u00C2\u00A0BC,\u00C2\u00A0Canada.\u00C2\u00A0Journal\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Fish\u00C2\u00A0Biology\u00C2\u00A072(3):614\u00E2\u0080\u0090 628.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 176\u00C2\u00A0 Clemens,\u00C2\u00A0B.\u00C2\u00A0J.,\u00C2\u00A0S.\u00C2\u00A0P.\u00C2\u00A0Clements,\u00C2\u00A0M.\u00C2\u00A0D.\u00C2\u00A0Karnowski,\u00C2\u00A0D.\u00C2\u00A0B.\u00C2\u00A0Jepsen,\u00C2\u00A0A.\u00C2\u00A0I.\u00C2\u00A0Gitelman,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0C.\u00C2\u00A0B.\u00C2\u00A0Schreck.\u00C2\u00A0 2009.\u00C2\u00A0Effects\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0transportation\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0other\u00C2\u00A0factors\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0estimates\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0juvenile\u00C2\u00A0 salmonids\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0unimpounded\u00C2\u00A0lower\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River.\u00C2\u00A0Transactions\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0American\u00C2\u00A0 Fisheries\u00C2\u00A0Society\u00C2\u00A0138(1):169\u00E2\u0080\u0090188.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Collis,\u00C2\u00A0K.,\u00C2\u00A0D.\u00C2\u00A0D.\u00C2\u00A0Roby,\u00C2\u00A0D.\u00C2\u00A0P.\u00C2\u00A0Craig,\u00C2\u00A0S.\u00C2\u00A0Adamany,\u00C2\u00A0J.\u00C2\u00A0Y.\u00C2\u00A0Adkins,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0D.\u00C2\u00A0E.\u00C2\u00A0Lyons.\u00C2\u00A02002.\u00C2\u00A0Colony\u00C2\u00A0size\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 diet\u00C2\u00A0composition\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0piscivorous\u00C2\u00A0waterbirds\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0lower\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River:\u00C2\u00A0Implications\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0 losses\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0juvenile\u00C2\u00A0salmonids\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0avian\u00C2\u00A0predation.\u00C2\u00A0Transactions\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0American\u00C2\u00A0Fisheries\u00C2\u00A0 Society\u00C2\u00A0131(3):537\u00E2\u0080\u0090550.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Congleton,\u00C2\u00A0J.\u00C2\u00A0L.,\u00C2\u00A0W.\u00C2\u00A0J.\u00C2\u00A0LaVoie,\u00C2\u00A0C.\u00C2\u00A0B.\u00C2\u00A0Schreck,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0L.\u00C2\u00A0E.\u00C2\u00A0Davis.\u00C2\u00A02000.\u00C2\u00A0Stress\u00C2\u00A0indices\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0migrating\u00C2\u00A0 juvenile\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0steelhead\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0wild\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0hatchery\u00C2\u00A0origin\u00C2\u00A0before\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0after\u00C2\u00A0 barge\u00C2\u00A0transportation.\u00C2\u00A0Transactions\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0American\u00C2\u00A0Fisheries\u00C2\u00A0Society\u00C2\u00A0129(4):946\u00E2\u0080\u0090961.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Ebel,\u00C2\u00A0W.\u00C2\u00A0J.\u00C2\u00A01980.\u00C2\u00A0Transportation\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon,\u00C2\u00A0Oncorhynchus\u00C2\u00A0tshawytscha,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0steelhead,\u00C2\u00A0 Salmo\u00C2\u00A0gairdneri,\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0effects\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0adult\u00C2\u00A0returns.\u00C2\u00A0Fishery\u00C2\u00A0 Bulletin\u00C2\u00A078(2):491\u00E2\u0080\u0090505.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Ebel,\u00C2\u00A0W.\u00C2\u00A0J.,\u00C2\u00A0D.\u00C2\u00A0L.\u00C2\u00A0Park,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0R.\u00C2\u00A0C.\u00C2\u00A0Johnsen.\u00C2\u00A01973.\u00C2\u00A0Effects\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0transportation\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0homing\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0steelhead\u00C2\u00A0trout.\u00C2\u00A0Fishery\u00C2\u00A0Bulletin\u00C2\u00A071(2):549\u00E2\u0080\u0090563.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Ebel,\u00C2\u00A0W.\u00C2\u00A0J.\u00C2\u00A01970.\u00C2\u00A0Effect\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0location\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0juvenile\u00C2\u00A0fall\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon,\u00C2\u00A0 Oncorhynchus\u00C2\u00A0tshawytscha.\u00C2\u00A0Transactions\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0American\u00C2\u00A0Fisheries\u00C2\u00A0Society\u00C2\u00A099(4):672\u00E2\u0080\u0090 676.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Eder,\u00C2\u00A0K.,\u00C2\u00A0D.\u00C2\u00A0Thompson,\u00C2\u00A0R.\u00C2\u00A0A.\u00C2\u00A0Buchanan,\u00C2\u00A0J.\u00C2\u00A0Heublein,\u00C2\u00A0J.\u00C2\u00A0Groff,\u00C2\u00A0J.\u00C2\u00A0Dietrich,\u00C2\u00A0J.\u00C2\u00A0Skalski,\u00C2\u00A0C.\u00C2\u00A0Peery,\u00C2\u00A0M.\u00C2\u00A0 Arkoosh,\u00C2\u00A0T.\u00C2\u00A0Collier,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0F.\u00C2\u00A0J.\u00C2\u00A0Loge.\u00C2\u00A02009.\u00C2\u00A0Survival\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0travel\u00C2\u00A0times\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 transported\u00C2\u00A0yearling\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0lower\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0estuary\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0 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Faulkner,\u00C2\u00A0J.\u00C2\u00A0R.,\u00C2\u00A0S.\u00C2\u00A0G.\u00C2\u00A0Smith,\u00C2\u00A0W.\u00C2\u00A0D.\u00C2\u00A0Muir,\u00C2\u00A0D.\u00C2\u00A0M.\u00C2\u00A0Marsh,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0J.\u00C2\u00A0G.\u00C2\u00A0Williams.\u00C2\u00A02009.\u00C2\u00A0Survival\u00C2\u00A0Estimates\u00C2\u00A0 for\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Passage\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Spring\u00E2\u0080\u0090Migrating\u00C2\u00A0Juvenile\u00C2\u00A0Salmonids\u00C2\u00A0through\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0 River\u00C2\u00A0Dams\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Reservoirs,\u00C2\u00A02008.\u00C2\u00A0Bonneville\u00C2\u00A0Power\u00C2\u00A0Administration\u00C2\u00A0Division\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Fish\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 Wildlife,\u00C2\u00A0Contract\u00C2\u00A040735\u00C2\u00A0Project\u00C2\u00A0199302900,\u00C2\u00A0.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 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Washington,\u00C2\u00A0DC.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Halvorsen,\u00C2\u00A0M.\u00C2\u00A0B.,\u00C2\u00A0L.\u00C2\u00A0E.\u00C2\u00A0Wysocki,\u00C2\u00A0C.\u00C2\u00A0M.\u00C2\u00A0Stehr,\u00C2\u00A0D.\u00C2\u00A0H.\u00C2\u00A0Balwin,\u00C2\u00A0D.\u00C2\u00A0R.\u00C2\u00A0Chicoine,\u00C2\u00A0N.\u00C2\u00A0L.\u00C2\u00A0Scholz,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0A.\u00C2\u00A0N.\u00C2\u00A0 Popper.\u00C2\u00A02009.\u00C2\u00A0Barging\u00C2\u00A0effects\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0sensory\u00C2\u00A0systems\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0smolts.\u00C2\u00A0 Transactions\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0American\u00C2\u00A0Fisheries\u00C2\u00A0Society\u00C2\u00A0138:777\u00E2\u0080\u0093789.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Kareiva,\u00C2\u00A0P.,\u00C2\u00A0M.\u00C2\u00A0Marvier,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0M.\u00C2\u00A0McClure.\u00C2\u00A02000.\u00C2\u00A0Recovery\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0management\u00C2\u00A0options\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0 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system\u00C2\u00A0delayed\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0transported\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0stream\u00E2\u0080\u0090type\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon:\u00C2\u00A0 Unraveling\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0mystery.\u00C2\u00A0Transactions\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0American\u00C2\u00A0Fisheries\u00C2\u00A0Society\u00C2\u00A0135:1523\u00E2\u0080\u00901534.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Prentice,\u00C2\u00A0E.\u00C2\u00A0F.,\u00C2\u00A0Flagg,\u00C2\u00A0T.\u00C2\u00A0A.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0McCutcheon,\u00C2\u00A0C.\u00C2\u00A0S.\u00C2\u00A01990.\u00C2\u00A0Feasibility\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0using\u00C2\u00A0implantable\u00C2\u00A0passive\u00C2\u00A0 integrated\u00C2\u00A0transponder\u00C2\u00A0(PIT)\u00C2\u00A0tags\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0salmonids.\u00C2\u00A0Proceedings\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Fish\u00E2\u0080\u0090Marking\u00C2\u00A0 Techniques.\u00C2\u00A0American\u00C2\u00A0Fisheries\u00C2\u00A0Society,\u00C2\u00A0Symposium\u00C2\u00A07\u00C2\u00A0:317\u00E2\u0080\u0093322.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Quinn,\u00C2\u00A0T.\u00C2\u00A0P.\u00C2\u00A02005.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0Behavior\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Ecology\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Pacific\u00C2\u00A0Salmon\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Trout.\u00C2\u00A0University\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 Washington\u00C2\u00A0Press,\u00C2\u00A0Seattle.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 R\u00C2\u00A0Development\u00C2\u00A0Core\u00C2\u00A0Team.\u00C2\u00A02008.\u00C2\u00A0R:\u00C2\u00A0A\u00C2\u00A0language\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0environment\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0statistical\u00C2\u00A0computing.\u00C2\u00A0R\u00C2\u00A0 Foundation\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0Statistical\u00C2\u00A0Computing,\u00C2\u00A0Vienna,\u00C2\u00A0Austria.\u00C2\u00A0http://www.R\u00E2\u0080\u0090project.org.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 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a\u00C2\u00A0nearly\u00C2\u00A0complete\u00C2\u00A0census\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0acoustically\u00E2\u0080\u0090tagged\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0they\u00C2\u00A0cross\u00C2\u00A0each\u00C2\u00A0successive\u00C2\u00A0curtain.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Although\u00C2\u00A0centered\u00C2\u00A0along\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0shelf\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0southern\u00C2\u00A0British\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0waters,\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0array\u00C2\u00A0currently\u00C2\u00A0 extends\u00C2\u00A0almost\u00C2\u00A0900\u00C2\u00A0km\u00C2\u00A0up\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00E2\u0080\u0090Snake\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0United\u00C2\u00A0States,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0spans\u00C2\u00A0over\u00C2\u00A02,500\u00C2\u00A0 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harvest,\u00C2\u00A0high\u00C2\u00A0pre\u00E2\u0080\u0090spawning\u00C2\u00A0mortality,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0low\u00C2\u00A0marine\u00C2\u00A0survival.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Poor\u00C2\u00A0marine\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0seems\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0 be\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0feature\u00C2\u00A0shared\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0number\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0salmonid\u00C2\u00A0stocks\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0other\u00C2\u00A0species\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0south\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0central\u00C2\u00A0 coast\u00C2\u00A0BC\u00C2\u00A0waters\u00C2\u00A0(English\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A02008)\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0cause\u00C2\u00A0clearly\u00C2\u00A0warrants\u00C2\u00A0further\u00C2\u00A0investigation.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0 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Lake\u00C2\u00A0sockeye\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0within\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Fraser\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0along\u00C2\u00A0their\u00C2\u00A0initial\u00C2\u00A0coastal\u00C2\u00A0migration.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 This\u00C2\u00A0work\u00C2\u00A0builds\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0our\u00C2\u00A0existing\u00C2\u00A0understanding\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0earlier\u00C2\u00A0investigations\u00C2\u00A0into\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0migration\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 Fraser\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0sockeye\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0(Groot\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Cooke\u00C2\u00A01987;\u00C2\u00A0Groot\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Quinn\u00C2\u00A01987;\u00C2\u00A0Groot\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A01989).\u00C2\u00A0 6.2 Methods\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 6.2.1 Study\u00C2\u00A0site\u00C2\u00A0 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of\u00C2\u00A0Georgia,\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A03,600\u00C2\u00A0m3\u00E2\u0080\u00A2s\u00E2\u0080\u00901,\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0highest\u00C2\u00A0flows\u00C2\u00A0peaking\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0late\u00C2\u00A0June.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Exit\u00C2\u00A0routes\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Pacific\u00C2\u00A0 Ocean\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Strait\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Georgia\u00C2\u00A0include\u00C2\u00A0Johnstone\u00C2\u00A0Strait\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Queen\u00C2\u00A0Charlotte\u00C2\u00A0Strait\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 north,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Strait\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Juan\u00C2\u00A0de\u00C2\u00A0Fuca\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0south\u00C2\u00A0(Fig.\u00C2\u00A01).\u00C2\u00A0 6.2.2 Smolt\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0groups\u00C2\u00A0 Hatchery\u00E2\u0080\u0090reared\u00C2\u00A01\u00C2\u00BD\u00E2\u0080\u0090yr\u00C2\u00A0old\u00C2\u00A0sockeye\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0surgically\u00C2\u00A0implanted\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0 transmitters\u00C2\u00A0prior\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02004\u00E2\u0080\u00902007.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0All\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0Cultus\u00C2\u00A0Lake\u00C2\u00A0stock.\u00C2\u00A0Those\u00C2\u00A0 tagged\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02004,\u00C2\u00A02005,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A02007\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0reared\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0wild\u00C2\u00A0adult\u00C2\u00A0returns.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006\u00C2\u00A0 were\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0more\u00C2\u00A0complex\u00C2\u00A0origins\u00C2\u00A0because\u00C2\u00A0only\u00C2\u00A010\u00C2\u00A0females\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0available\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0broodstock,\u00C2\u00A0which\u00C2\u00A0 were\u00C2\u00A0taken\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0total\u00C2\u00A0return\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0only\u00C2\u00A060\u00C2\u00A0adults\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A02004\u00C2\u00A0brood\u00C2\u00A0year.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0These\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0 produced\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0wild\u00C2\u00A0x\u00C2\u00A0wild\u00C2\u00A0parents\u00C2\u00A0(85%)\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0mixture\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0hatchery\u00E2\u0080\u0090produced,\u00C2\u00A0naturally\u00E2\u0080\u0090returning\u00C2\u00A0 parents\u00C2\u00A0(one\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0both\u00C2\u00A0parents;\u00C2\u00A015%).\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Some\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A02006\u00C2\u00A0matings\u00C2\u00A0also\u00C2\u00A0used\u00C2\u00A0cryo\u00E2\u0080\u0090preserved\u00C2\u00A0sperm\u00C2\u00A0 taken\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0wild\u00C2\u00A0adult\u00C2\u00A0males\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02002.\u00C2\u00A0 In\u00C2\u00A02004\u00C2\u00A0(n=100),\u00C2\u00A0sockeye\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0reared\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0Rosewall\u00C2\u00A0Creek\u00C2\u00A0Hatchery\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0Vancouver\u00C2\u00A0 Island,\u00C2\u00A0tagged,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0then\u00C2\u00A0transported\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0helicopter\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Cultus\u00C2\u00A0Lake\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0release.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A02005\u00C2\u00A0(n=376),\u00C2\u00A0 2006\u00C2\u00A0(n=200),\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A02007\u00C2\u00A0(n=200),\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0Inch\u00C2\u00A0Creek\u00C2\u00A0Hatchery\u00C2\u00A0(located\u00C2\u00A0near\u00C2\u00A0 183\u00C2\u00A0 Cultus\u00C2\u00A0Lake)\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0then\u00C2\u00A0transported\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0truck\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Cultus\u00C2\u00A0Lake\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0release.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A0all\u00C2\u00A0years\u00C2\u00A0but\u00C2\u00A02005,\u00C2\u00A0 tagged\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0released\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0Sweltzer\u00C2\u00A0Creek\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0outflow\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0Cultus\u00C2\u00A0Lake.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0A\u00C2\u00A0fence\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0 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acoustic\u00C2\u00A0tags\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0too\u00C2\u00A0large\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0use\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0wild\u00C2\u00A0sockeye\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0smolts.\u00C2\u00A0 6.2.3 Tag\u00C2\u00A0characteristics\u00C2\u00A0 Tags\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0programmed\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0transmit\u00C2\u00A0their\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0codes\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A069\u00C2\u00A0KHz\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A030\u00E2\u0080\u009090\u00C2\u00A0sec\u00C2\u00A0random\u00C2\u00A0 time\u00C2\u00A0interval\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A0successive\u00C2\u00A0transmissions\u00C2\u00A0(average\u00C2\u00A060\u00C2\u00A0sec).\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A02004,\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0implanted\u00C2\u00A0Vemco\u00C2\u00A0 V9\u00E2\u0080\u00906L\u00C2\u00A0tags\u00C2\u00A0which\u00C2\u00A0had\u00C2\u00A0projected\u00C2\u00A0life\u00C2\u00A0spans\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0>4\u00C2\u00A0months.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A02005,\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0used\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0combination\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0V9\u00E2\u0080\u0090 6L,\u00C2\u00A0V9\u00E2\u0080\u00901L,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0V9\u00E2\u0080\u00902L\u00C2\u00A0tags\u00C2\u00A0(Table\u00C2\u00A06.1).\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0latter\u00C2\u00A0two\u00C2\u00A0models\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0extended\u00C2\u00A0battery\u00C2\u00A0life\u00C2\u00A0 owing\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0their\u00C2\u00A0larger\u00C2\u00A0size.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0We\u00C2\u00A0programmed\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009Csleep\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0period\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0began\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0July\u00C2\u00A022\u00C2\u00A0(V9\u00E2\u0080\u00901L)\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0 Dec.\u00C2\u00A01,\u00C2\u00A02005\u00C2\u00A0(V9\u00E2\u0080\u00902L);\u00C2\u00A0during\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0time\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0transmission\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0terminated\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0order\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0reserve\u00C2\u00A0 power\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A02007\u00C2\u00A0return\u00C2\u00A0migration\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0any\u00C2\u00A0surviving\u00C2\u00A0adults.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0These\u00C2\u00A0tags\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0programmed\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0 re\u00E2\u0080\u0090activate\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0begin\u00C2\u00A0transmission\u00C2\u00A0again\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A030\u00C2\u00A0June\u00C2\u00A02007,\u00C2\u00A0prior\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0historic\u00C2\u00A0arrival\u00C2\u00A0time\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0Strait\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Georgia.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0tags\u00C2\u00A0had\u00C2\u00A0sufficient\u00C2\u00A0projected\u00C2\u00A0reserve\u00C2\u00A0battery\u00C2\u00A0power\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0allow\u00C2\u00A0 transmission\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0continue\u00C2\u00A0until\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0least\u00C2\u00A0September\u00C2\u00A015,\u00C2\u00A02007,\u00C2\u00A0after\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0time\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0expected\u00C2\u00A0adult\u00C2\u00A0 entry\u00C2\u00A0into\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Fraser\u00C2\u00A0River.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0larger\u00C2\u00A0tags\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0implanted\u00C2\u00A0into\u00C2\u00A0larger\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0(see\u00C2\u00A0Table\u00C2\u00A06.1).\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A0 2006\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A02007,\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0used\u00C2\u00A0all\u00C2\u00A0V9\u00E2\u0080\u00901L\u00C2\u00A0tags\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A041\u00E2\u0080\u009045\u00C2\u00A0days\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0active\u00C2\u00A0transmission\u00C2\u00A0after\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0until\u00C2\u00A0 their\u00C2\u00A0programmed\u00C2\u00A0sleep\u00C2\u00A0periods\u00C2\u00A0began\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0June\u00C2\u00A01\u00E2\u0080\u00904\u00C2\u00A02006\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0June\u00C2\u00A027\u00E2\u0080\u009028\u00C2\u00A02007.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A02006\u00C2\u00A0tags\u00C2\u00A0 were\u00C2\u00A0programmed\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0reactivate\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A0April\u00C2\u00A018\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0July\u00C2\u00A04,\u00C2\u00A02008\u00C2\u00A0while\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A02007\u00C2\u00A0tags\u00C2\u00A0should\u00C2\u00A0 reactivate\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0July\u00C2\u00A026,\u00C2\u00A02009.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Tag\u00C2\u00A0lengths\u00C2\u00A0ranged\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A010.0\u00E2\u0080\u009016.7%\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0body\u00C2\u00A0length\u00C2\u00A0(mean\u00C2\u00A0ratios:\u00C2\u00A0V9\u00E2\u0080\u00906L,\u00C2\u00A012.5%;\u00C2\u00A0V9\u00E2\u0080\u00901L,\u00C2\u00A0 13.3%;\u00C2\u00A0V9\u00E2\u0080\u00902L,\u00C2\u00A015.5%)\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0mass\u00C2\u00A0ranged\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A02.4\u00E2\u0080\u00909.6%\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0body\u00C2\u00A0mass\u00C2\u00A0(mean\u00C2\u00A0ratios:\u00C2\u00A0V9\u00E2\u0080\u00906L,\u00C2\u00A0 5.5%;\u00C2\u00A0V9\u00E2\u0080\u00901L,\u00C2\u00A05.1%;\u00C2\u00A0V9\u00E2\u0080\u00902L,\u00C2\u00A05.9%).\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Tag:body\u00C2\u00A0size\u00C2\u00A0ratios\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0nearly\u00C2\u00A0all\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0below\u00C2\u00A0 184\u00C2\u00A0 recommended\u00C2\u00A0limits\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0juvenile\u00C2\u00A0salmonids\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A016%\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0length\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A08%\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0weight\u00C2\u00A0(Lacroix\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A0 2004).\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 6.2.4 Surgical\u00C2\u00A0techniques\u00C2\u00A0 Acoustic\u00C2\u00A0tags\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0surgically\u00C2\u00A0implanted\u00C2\u00A0into\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0following\u00C2\u00A0standard\u00C2\u00A0protocols\u00C2\u00A0(Welch\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0 al.\u00C2\u00A02007).\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Smolts\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0sedated\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A01\u00C2\u00A0ppm\u00C2\u00A0metomidate\u00C2\u00A0HCl\u00C2\u00A0(Aquacalm\u00E2\u0084\u00A2)\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0minimum\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A010\u00C2\u00A0 minutes,\u00C2\u00A0then\u00C2\u00A03\u00E2\u0080\u00904\u00C2\u00A0minutes\u00C2\u00A0prior\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0surgery\u00C2\u00A0they\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0brought\u00C2\u00A0under\u00C2\u00A0full\u00C2\u00A0anaesthesia\u00C2\u00A0using\u00C2\u00A070\u00C2\u00A0 ppm\u00C2\u00A0Tricaine\u00C2\u00A0methane\u00C2\u00A0Sulphonate\u00C2\u00A0(MS\u00E2\u0080\u0090222)\u00C2\u00A0mixed\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0140\u00C2\u00A0ppm\u00C2\u00A0NaHCO3\u00C2\u00A0buffer.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Gills\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0 continuously\u00C2\u00A0irrigated\u00C2\u00A0during\u00C2\u00A0surgery\u00C2\u00A0using\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0purpose\u00E2\u0080\u0090built\u00C2\u00A0surgical\u00C2\u00A0table\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0re\u00E2\u0080\u0090circulating\u00C2\u00A0 water\u00C2\u00A0bath\u00C2\u00A0containing\u00C2\u00A050\u00C2\u00A0ppm\u00C2\u00A0MS\u00E2\u0080\u0090222\u00C2\u00A0(100\u00C2\u00A0ppm\u00C2\u00A0NaHCO3)\u00C2\u00A0flowing\u00C2\u00A0into\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0mouth.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0A\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0 inserted\u00C2\u00A0into\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0abdominal\u00C2\u00A0cavity\u00C2\u00A0through\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0mid\u00E2\u0080\u0090ventral\u00C2\u00A0line\u00C2\u00A0incision,\u00C2\u00A0which\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0closed\u00C2\u00A0using\u00C2\u00A0 2\u00E2\u0080\u00903\u00C2\u00A0polydioxanone\u00C2\u00A0monofilament\u00C2\u00A0sutures.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Fish\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0then\u00C2\u00A0transferred\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0recovery\u00C2\u00A0tank.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Water\u00C2\u00A0baths\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0continually\u00C2\u00A0monitored\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0temperature\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0dissolved\u00C2\u00A0oxygen.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0All\u00C2\u00A0water\u00C2\u00A0 baths\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0changed\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0needed\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0maintain\u00C2\u00A0dissolved\u00C2\u00A0oxygen\u00C2\u00A0levels\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A08\u00E2\u0080\u009011\u00C2\u00A0ppm\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0 maintain\u00C2\u00A0water\u00C2\u00A0temperatures\u00C2\u00A0within\u00C2\u00A02\u00C2\u00B0C\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0ambient\u00C2\u00A0hatchery\u00C2\u00A0tank\u00C2\u00A0water.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0A\u00C2\u00A0water\u00C2\u00A0conditioner\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0mucous\u00E2\u0080\u0090protectant\u00C2\u00A0(Vidalife\u00E2\u0084\u00A2)\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0used\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0all\u00C2\u00A0water\u00C2\u00A0baths.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Animal\u00C2\u00A0care\u00C2\u00A0protocols\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0reviewed\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0approved\u00C2\u00A0annually\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0institutional\u00C2\u00A0animal\u00C2\u00A0care\u00C2\u00A0 committees\u00C2\u00A0prior\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0all\u00C2\u00A0field\u00C2\u00A0work.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Sockeye\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0used\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0study\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0surgically\u00C2\u00A0 implanted\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0least\u00C2\u00A0two\u00C2\u00A0days\u00C2\u00A0prior\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0allow\u00C2\u00A0time\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0recovery\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0anaesthetic\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0monitor\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0signs\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0mortality,\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0shedding,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0abnormal\u00C2\u00A0swimming\u00C2\u00A0behaviour.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0No\u00C2\u00A0 mortalities\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0observed.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A02005\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0several\u00C2\u00A0weeks\u00C2\u00A0later\u00C2\u00A0than\u00C2\u00A0 other\u00C2\u00A0years\u00C2\u00A0(Table\u00C2\u00A06.1)\u00C2\u00A0because\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0electrical\u00C2\u00A0failure\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0hatchery\u00C2\u00A0resulted\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0death\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 almost\u00C2\u00A0all\u00C2\u00A0surgically\u00C2\u00A0implanted\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0prior\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0their\u00C2\u00A0release.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Logistical\u00C2\u00A0constraints\u00C2\u00A0resulted\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0subsequent\u00C2\u00A0surgery\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0different\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0much\u00C2\u00A0later\u00C2\u00A0(early\u00C2\u00A0June,\u00C2\u00A02005)\u00C2\u00A0than\u00C2\u00A0 originally\u00C2\u00A0planned\u00C2\u00A0(Kintama\u00C2\u00A0Research\u00C2\u00A02005).\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 6.2.5 Hydrophone\u00C2\u00A0receiver\u00C2\u00A0deployments\u00C2\u00A0 Acoustic\u00C2\u00A0receivers\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0installed\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0single\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0paired\u00C2\u00A0units\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0lower\u00C2\u00A0Fraser\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0 several\u00C2\u00A0locations\u00C2\u00A0downstream\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Sumas\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0confluence.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Locations\u00C2\u00A0varied\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A0years,\u00C2\u00A0 with\u00C2\u00A0three\u00C2\u00A0lines\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0six\u00C2\u00A0receivers\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02004,\u00C2\u00A0two\u00C2\u00A0lines\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0four\u00C2\u00A0receivers\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02005,\u00C2\u00A0three\u00C2\u00A0lines\u00C2\u00A0(six\u00C2\u00A0 185\u00C2\u00A0 sub\u00E2\u0080\u0090lines)\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A012\u00C2\u00A0receivers\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0four\u00C2\u00A0lines\u00C2\u00A0(7\u00C2\u00A0sub\u00E2\u0080\u0090lines)\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A014\u00C2\u00A0receivers\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02007\u00C2\u00A0(Fig.\u00C2\u00A01).\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 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deployed\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0Howe\u00C2\u00A0Sound\u00C2\u00A0(HS),\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0coastal\u00C2\u00A0fjord\u00C2\u00A030\u00C2\u00A0km\u00C2\u00A0north\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Fraser\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0mouth.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A02004\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A02005,\u00C2\u00A0Vemco\u00C2\u00A0VR2\u00C2\u00A0receivers\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0used\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0construct\u00C2\u00A0all\u00C2\u00A0listening\u00C2\u00A0lines\u00C2\u00A0using\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0receiver\u00C2\u00A0 geometry\u00C2\u00A0calculated\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0provide\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0high\u00C2\u00A0probability\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0detection\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0any\u00C2\u00A0passing\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0smolts.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 These\u00C2\u00A0units\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0deployed\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0recovered\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0fall\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0least\u00C2\u00A0110\u00C2\u00A0days\u00C2\u00A0after\u00C2\u00A0Cultus\u00C2\u00A0 Lake\u00C2\u00A0sockeye\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0released,\u00C2\u00A0well\u00C2\u00A0after\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0time\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0detected\u00C2\u00A0 crossing\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0lines\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0receivers.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A02006,\u00C2\u00A0VR2\u00C2\u00A0units\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0NSOG,\u00C2\u00A0QCS\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0JDF\u00C2\u00A0lines\u00C2\u00A0initially\u00C2\u00A0 deployed\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0replaced\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0permanent,\u00C2\u00A0year\u00E2\u0080\u0090round\u00C2\u00A0VR3\u00C2\u00A0receiver\u00C2\u00A0lines\u00C2\u00A0during\u00C2\u00A0 summer\u00C2\u00A02006.\u00C2\u00A0They\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0uploaded\u00C2\u00A0twice\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02007,\u00C2\u00A0once\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0once\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0fall\u00C2\u00A0after\u00C2\u00A0 outmigration.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0NSOG\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0QCS\u00C2\u00A0lines\u00C2\u00A0remained\u00C2\u00A0relatively\u00C2\u00A0intact\u00C2\u00A0over\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0course\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0study\u00C2\u00A0 with\u00C2\u00A0<10%\u00C2\u00A0loss\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0receivers\u00C2\u00A0per\u00C2\u00A0year,\u00C2\u00A0even\u00C2\u00A0when\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0more\u00C2\u00A0fragile\u00C2\u00A0VR2\u00C2\u00A0deployment\u00C2\u00A0methodology\u00C2\u00A0 was\u00C2\u00A0used.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0However,\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0JDF\u00C2\u00A0line\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0subjected\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0extensive\u00C2\u00A0shrimp\u00C2\u00A0bottom\u00C2\u00A0trawling\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 subsequent\u00C2\u00A0gear\u00C2\u00A0loss\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02004,\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0one\u00C2\u00A0third\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0receivers\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0recovered.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A0other\u00C2\u00A0years\u00C2\u00A0receiver\u00C2\u00A0 loss\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0<10%\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0JDF\u00C2\u00A0line.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 6.2.6 Freshwater\u00C2\u00A0mobile\u00C2\u00A0tracking\u00C2\u00A0 To\u00C2\u00A0assess\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0potential\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0residualize\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0freshwater\u00C2\u00A0rather\u00C2\u00A0than\u00C2\u00A0migrate\u00C2\u00A0out\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0 sea,\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0surveyed\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0number\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0location\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0V9\u00E2\u0080\u00902L\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0V9\u00E2\u0080\u00906L\u00C2\u00A0tags\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0Cultus\u00C2\u00A0 Lake,\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Vedder\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Sumas\u00C2\u00A0rivers,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Sweltzer\u00C2\u00A0Creek\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0two\u00C2\u00A0days\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0late\u00C2\u00A0July\u00C2\u00A02005\u00C2\u00A0(Kintama\u00C2\u00A0 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600\u00C2\u00A0m\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Sweltzer\u00C2\u00A0Creek\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Vedder\u00C2\u00A0confluence\u00C2\u00A0upstream\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0also\u00C2\u00A0sampled.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0lower\u00C2\u00A0 Vedder\u00C2\u00A0Canal,\u00C2\u00A0Sumas\u00C2\u00A0River,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0approximately\u00C2\u00A02\u00C2\u00A0km\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Fraser\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0downstream\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 Sumas\u00C2\u00A0confluence,\u00C2\u00A0deeper\u00C2\u00A0water\u00C2\u00A0permitted\u00C2\u00A0tracking\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0boat.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A02005,\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0towed\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0VR\u00E2\u0080\u00902\u00C2\u00A0 receiver\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0drifted\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0trolled\u00C2\u00A0across\u00C2\u00A0these\u00C2\u00A0areas,\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0single\u00C2\u00A0pass\u00C2\u00A0sufficient\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0narrow\u00C2\u00A0 Vedder\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Sumas\u00C2\u00A0rivers\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0making\u00C2\u00A0three\u00C2\u00A0transects\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0wider\u00C2\u00A0Fraser\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0section.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A02007,\u00C2\u00A0 15\u00C2\u00A0fixed\u00C2\u00A0stations\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Vedder\u00C2\u00A0Canal\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Sumas\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0each\u00C2\u00A0sampled\u00C2\u00A0twice,\u00C2\u00A0one\u00C2\u00A0week\u00C2\u00A0 apart.\u00C2\u00A0 6.2.7 \u00C2\u00A0Data\u00C2\u00A0analysis\u00C2\u00A0 We\u00C2\u00A0compiled\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0database\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0detections\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0stationary\u00C2\u00A0receivers\u00C2\u00A0consisting\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 dates,\u00C2\u00A0times\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0geographical\u00C2\u00A0locations\u00C2\u00A0where\u00C2\u00A0each\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0detected.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0First,\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0identified\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 excluded\u00C2\u00A0any\u00C2\u00A0detections\u00C2\u00A0likely\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0false\u00C2\u00A0(due\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0aliasing\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0collisions).\u00C2\u00A0Detections\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0 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defined\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0temporally\u00C2\u00A0consistent\u00C2\u00A0sequence\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0detections\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0along\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0migration\u00C2\u00A0 path.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0This\u00C2\u00A0screening\u00C2\u00A0excluded\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0small\u00C2\u00A0number\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0sporadic\u00C2\u00A0detections\u00C2\u00A0(0.03%)\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0vast\u00C2\u00A0 majority\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0retained\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0consisted\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0multiple\u00C2\u00A0detections\u00C2\u00A0closely\u00C2\u00A0spaced\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0time\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0given\u00C2\u00A0 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software\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0shortest\u00E2\u0080\u0090route\u00C2\u00A0distances\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A0lines\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0receivers\u00C2\u00A0excluding\u00C2\u00A0land\u00C2\u00A0masses.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 6.2.8 Survival\u00C2\u00A0rate\u00C2\u00A0estimation\u00C2\u00A0 We\u00C2\u00A0used\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0fully\u00C2\u00A0time\u00C2\u00A0varying\u00C2\u00A0Cormack\u00E2\u0080\u0090Jolly\u00E2\u0080\u0090Seber\u00C2\u00A0model\u00C2\u00A0(CJS)\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0live\u00C2\u00A0recaptures\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 variants\u00C2\u00A0thereof\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0simultaneously\u00C2\u00A0estimate\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0(\u00EF\u0081\u00A6)\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0detection\u00C2\u00A0(p)\u00C2\u00A0probabilities\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0each\u00C2\u00A0 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the\u00C2\u00A0larger\u00C2\u00A0model\u00C2\u00A0overall.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0However,\u00C2\u00A0when\u00C2\u00A0analyzed\u00C2\u00A0separately\u00C2\u00A02004\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A02006\u00C2\u00A0had\u00C2\u00A0somewhat\u00C2\u00A0 191\u00C2\u00A0 more\u00C2\u00A0support\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0model\u00C2\u00A0incorporating\u00C2\u00A0body\u00C2\u00A0size\u00C2\u00A0(\u00E2\u0088\u0086QAICc\u00C2\u00A0>\u00C2\u00A03),\u00C2\u00A0so\u00C2\u00A0these\u00C2\u00A0models\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0both\u00C2\u00A0 used\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0averaging\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0year\u00E2\u0080\u0090specific\u00C2\u00A0estimates.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0six\u00C2\u00A0models\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0migration\u00C2\u00A0distance\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0 average\u00C2\u00A0travel\u00C2\u00A0time\u00C2\u00A0constraints\u00C2\u00A0had\u00C2\u00A0fewer\u00C2\u00A0parameters\u00C2\u00A0but\u00C2\u00A0had\u00C2\u00A0much\u00C2\u00A0poorer\u00C2\u00A0fits\u00C2\u00A0(as\u00C2\u00A0measured\u00C2\u00A0 by\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0overall\u00C2\u00A0likelihood\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0each\u00C2\u00A0model),\u00C2\u00A0so\u00C2\u00A0had\u00C2\u00A0little\u00C2\u00A0support\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0within\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0model\u00C2\u00A0 set.\u00C2\u00A0 6.3.1.2 Survival\u00C2\u00A0probability\u00C2\u00A0estimates\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 With\u00C2\u00A0each\u00C2\u00A0year\u00C2\u00A0analyzed\u00C2\u00A0separately,\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0model\u00E2\u0080\u0090averaged\u00C2\u00A0estimates\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0top\u00C2\u00A0two\u00C2\u00A0models\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0Table\u00C2\u00A06.2\u00C2\u00A0show\u00C2\u00A0decreasing\u00C2\u00A0survivorship\u00C2\u00A0over\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0first\u00C2\u00A0500\u00C2\u00A0km\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0juvenile\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0migration\u00C2\u00A0 (Fig.\u00C2\u00A03).\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009Clow\u00C2\u00A0p\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0(or\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009Chigh\u00C2\u00A0p\u00E2\u0080\u009D)\u00C2\u00A0estimates\u00C2\u00A0reported\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0Fig.\u00C2\u00A02\u00C2\u00A0show\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0estimated\u00C2\u00A0survivorship\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0exit\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Strait\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Georgia\u00C2\u00A0system\u00C2\u00A0assuming\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0value\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0pQCS\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0set\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0lower\u00C2\u00A0(or\u00C2\u00A0 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The\u00C2\u00A02005\u00C2\u00A0cohort\u00C2\u00A0stands\u00C2\u00A0out\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0markedly\u00C2\u00A0lower\u00C2\u00A0mean\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0(0.12)\u00C2\u00A0compared\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 other\u00C2\u00A0years,\u00C2\u00A0especially\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0freshwater\u00C2\u00A0component\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0migration\u00C2\u00A0where\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0less\u00C2\u00A0 than\u00C2\u00A0one\u00E2\u0080\u0090third\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0other\u00C2\u00A0years\u00C2\u00A0(0.5\u00E2\u0080\u00900.7).\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Taken\u00C2\u00A0across\u00C2\u00A0all\u00C2\u00A0years,\u00C2\u00A0mean\u00C2\u00A0survivorship\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0northern\u00C2\u00A0Strait\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Georgia\u00C2\u00A0ranged\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A00.1\u00E2\u0080\u00900.5,\u00C2\u00A0while\u00C2\u00A0survivorship\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0final\u00C2\u00A0line\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0Queen\u00C2\u00A0 Charlotte\u00C2\u00A0Strait\u00C2\u00A0ranged\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A00.07\u00E2\u0080\u00900.28\u00C2\u00A0(Fig.\u00C2\u00A03).\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Survivorship\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0outer\u00C2\u00A0lines\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0probably\u00C2\u00A0underestimated\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0possibly\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02007.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 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shut\u00E2\u0080\u0090down\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0active\u00C2\u00A0transmission\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0likely\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0little\u00C2\u00A0effect\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0overall\u00C2\u00A0estimate\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0QCS,\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0majority\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0detected\u00C2\u00A0animals\u00C2\u00A0reached\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0QCS\u00C2\u00A0line\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0least\u00C2\u00A0two\u00C2\u00A0days\u00C2\u00A0prior\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0 shut\u00E2\u0080\u0090down\u00C2\u00A0(27\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A030\u00C2\u00A0detected\u00C2\u00A0survivors\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006;\u00C2\u00A043\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A044\u00C2\u00A0detected\u00C2\u00A0survivors\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02007).\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Segment\u00E2\u0080\u0090specific\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0estimates\u00C2\u00A0(Fig.\u00C2\u00A04)\u00C2\u00A0provide\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0way\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0directly\u00C2\u00A0assess\u00C2\u00A0Cultus\u00C2\u00A0Lake\u00C2\u00A0 smolt\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0various\u00C2\u00A0segments\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0their\u00C2\u00A0migration\u00C2\u00A0path.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0markedly\u00C2\u00A0lower\u00C2\u00A0freshwater\u00C2\u00A0 survival\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02005\u00C2\u00A0stands\u00C2\u00A0out.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0However,\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A02005\u00C2\u00A0cohort\u00C2\u00A0had\u00C2\u00A0relatively\u00C2\u00A0high\u00C2\u00A0marine\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0 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no\u00C2\u00A0marked\u00C2\u00A0trends\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0marine\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0within\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0NSOG\u00E2\u0080\u0090to\u00E2\u0080\u0090QCS\u00C2\u00A0segment\u00C2\u00A0other\u00C2\u00A0than\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0slightly\u00C2\u00A0 lower\u00C2\u00A0(and\u00C2\u00A0more\u00C2\u00A0uncertain)\u00C2\u00A0value\u00C2\u00A0measured\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02004,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0there\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0considerable\u00C2\u00A0overlap\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0all\u00C2\u00A0 95%\u00C2\u00A0confidence\u00C2\u00A0intervals.\u00C2\u00A0 Our\u00C2\u00A0reported\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0estimates\u00C2\u00A0depend\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0simultaneously\u00C2\u00A0estimated\u00C2\u00A0detection\u00C2\u00A0 probabilities\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0various\u00C2\u00A0sub\u00E2\u0080\u0090arrays\u00C2\u00A0(or\u00C2\u00A0listening\u00C2\u00A0lines)\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0deployed.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Detection\u00C2\u00A0 probabilities\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0individual\u00C2\u00A0receiver\u00C2\u00A0lines\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Fraser\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0(pi)\u00C2\u00A0ranged\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A014\u00E2\u0080\u009098%\u00C2\u00A0across\u00C2\u00A0all\u00C2\u00A0 years\u00C2\u00A0(average\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A064%).\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Taking\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0product\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0(1\u00E2\u0080\u0090pi)\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0all\u00C2\u00A0Fraser\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0lines\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0each\u00C2\u00A0year\u00C2\u00A0results\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0probability\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0smolt\u00C2\u00A0crossing\u00C2\u00A0all\u00C2\u00A0Fraser\u00C2\u00A0lines\u00C2\u00A0without\u00C2\u00A0being\u00C2\u00A0detected\u00C2\u00A0(Melnychuk\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A0 2007).\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0This\u00C2\u00A0value\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0non\u00E2\u0080\u0090detection\u00C2\u00A0rate\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Fraser\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0sub\u00E2\u0080\u0090array\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0whole,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 ranged\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A00.7%,\u00C2\u00A023%,\u00C2\u00A00.03%\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A07.8%\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02004\u00E2\u0080\u00902007,\u00C2\u00A0respectively;\u00C2\u00A0thus,\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0most\u00C2\u00A0years,\u00C2\u00A0 aggregated\u00C2\u00A0detection\u00C2\u00A0probabilities\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0lower\u00C2\u00A0Fraser\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0sub\u00E2\u0080\u0090array\u00C2\u00A0exceeded\u00C2\u00A090%.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Detection\u00C2\u00A0probabilities\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0NSOG\u00C2\u00A0line\u00C2\u00A0averaged\u00C2\u00A090%\u00C2\u00A0(range\u00C2\u00A085%\u00E2\u0080\u009093%).\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0As\u00C2\u00A0discussed\u00C2\u00A0earlier,\u00C2\u00A0 this\u00C2\u00A0value\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0assumed\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0QCS/JDF\u00C2\u00A0lines\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0geometry\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0these\u00C2\u00A0sub\u00E2\u0080\u0090arrays\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0very\u00C2\u00A0 similar.\u00C2\u00A0 6.3.2 Migration\u00C2\u00A0behaviour\u00C2\u00A0 Cultus\u00C2\u00A0Lake\u00C2\u00A0sockeye\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0displayed\u00C2\u00A0four\u00C2\u00A0predominant\u00C2\u00A0migratory\u00C2\u00A0behaviours\u00C2\u00A0(Table\u00C2\u00A06.3).\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Northward\u00C2\u00A0migration\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0most\u00C2\u00A0common\u00C2\u00A0behaviour\u00C2\u00A0observed,\u00C2\u00A0which\u00C2\u00A0 193\u00C2\u00A0 accounted\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A09.8\u00E2\u0080\u009034.5%\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0all\u00C2\u00A0released\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0each\u00C2\u00A0year.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0These\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0migrated\u00C2\u00A0quickly\u00C2\u00A0out\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 Fraser\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0then\u00C2\u00A0had\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0directed\u00C2\u00A0migration\u00C2\u00A0crossing\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0NSOG\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0QCS\u00C2\u00A0lines.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Migration\u00C2\u00A0 north\u00C2\u00A0but\u00C2\u00A0first\u00C2\u00A0entering\u00C2\u00A0Howe\u00C2\u00A0Sound\u00C2\u00A0prior\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0heading\u00C2\u00A0across\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0two\u00C2\u00A0northern\u00C2\u00A0lines\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0NSOG\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0QCS\u00C2\u00A0occurred\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A01.6\u00E2\u0080\u00909%\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0all\u00C2\u00A0released\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0each\u00C2\u00A0year.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Only\u00C2\u00A0eight\u00C2\u00A0fish,\u00C2\u00A0two\u00C2\u00A0(0.5%\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0released\u00C2\u00A0 fish)\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02005\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0six\u00C2\u00A0(3%\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0released\u00C2\u00A0fish)\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02007\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0ever\u00C2\u00A0detected\u00C2\u00A0swimming\u00C2\u00A0south\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 Fraser\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0(Table\u00C2\u00A06.3).\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0However,\u00C2\u00A0it\u00C2\u00A0should\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0noted\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0one\u00E2\u0080\u0090third\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0receivers\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0JDF\u00C2\u00A0 line\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0lost\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02004\u00C2\u00A0so\u00C2\u00A0it\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0possible\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0some\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0migrated\u00C2\u00A0south\u00C2\u00A0through\u00C2\u00A0these\u00C2\u00A0gaps\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 were\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0detected\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02004.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Two\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0six\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0crossing\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0JDF\u00C2\u00A0line\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02007\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0also\u00C2\u00A0detected\u00C2\u00A0 later\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Lippy\u00C2\u00A0Point\u00C2\u00A0line\u00C2\u00A0(Figure\u00C2\u00A06.1).\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0There\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0some\u00C2\u00A0evidence\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0milling\u00C2\u00A0within\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 Fraser\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0vicinity\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0lines\u00C2\u00A0(Table\u00C2\u00A06.3).\u00C2\u00A0 Some\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0moved\u00C2\u00A0upstream\u00C2\u00A0after\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0Sweltzer\u00C2\u00A0Creek\u00C2\u00A0into\u00C2\u00A0Cultus\u00C2\u00A0Lake\u00C2\u00A0(Tables\u00C2\u00A0 3,\u00C2\u00A04)\u00C2\u00A0during\u00C2\u00A0both\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0years\u00C2\u00A0where\u00C2\u00A0freshwater\u00C2\u00A0surveys\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0conducted\u00C2\u00A0(4.5%\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02005\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 6.0%\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02007).\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0After\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0initial\u00C2\u00A0upstream\u00C2\u00A0movement,\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0could\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0remained\u00C2\u00A0within\u00C2\u00A0Cultus\u00C2\u00A0 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tags\u00C2\u00A0only\u00C2\u00A0detected\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0single\u00C2\u00A0survey\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0present\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0moving\u00C2\u00A0(and\u00C2\u00A0therefore\u00C2\u00A0surviving)\u00C2\u00A0sockeye,\u00C2\u00A0 but\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0seems\u00C2\u00A0likely\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0least\u00C2\u00A0some\u00C2\u00A0tags.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 6.3.2.1 Distribution\u00C2\u00A0across\u00C2\u00A0receiver\u00C2\u00A0curtains\u00C2\u00A0 Because\u00C2\u00A0POST\u00C2\u00A0lines\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Strait\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Georgia\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0bordered\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0land\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0both\u00C2\u00A0sides\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0because\u00C2\u00A0 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Texada\u00C2\u00A0Island\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02004\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A02006\u00C2\u00A0(p<0.001)\u00C2\u00A0when\u00C2\u00A0compared\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0uniform\u00C2\u00A0distribution\u00C2\u00A0across\u00C2\u00A0all\u00C2\u00A0 receivers\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0line\u00C2\u00A0(i.e.\u00C2\u00A0each\u00C2\u00A0receiver\u00C2\u00A0treated\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0separate\u00C2\u00A0category\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0\u00CF\u00872\u00C2\u00A0analysis).\u00C2\u00A0This\u00C2\u00A0 preference\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0evident\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02005\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A02007\u00C2\u00A0(p>0.37).\u00C2\u00A0When\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0grouped\u00C2\u00A0according\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0 whether\u00C2\u00A0they\u00C2\u00A0migrated\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0east\u00C2\u00A0versus\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0west\u00C2\u00A0side\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Texada\u00C2\u00A0Island\u00C2\u00A0(two\u00C2\u00A0categories;\u00C2\u00A0 Texada\u00C2\u00A0Island\u00C2\u00A0splits\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0NSOG\u00C2\u00A0line\u00C2\u00A0into\u00C2\u00A0two\u00C2\u00A0sections),\u00C2\u00A0they\u00C2\u00A0showed\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0significant\u00C2\u00A0preference\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0eastern\u00C2\u00A0channel\u00C2\u00A0(all\u00C2\u00A0years\u00C2\u00A0analyzed\u00C2\u00A0separately\u00C2\u00A0p\u00EF\u0082\u00A30.001).\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 194\u00C2\u00A0 The\u00C2\u00A0distribution\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0crossing\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0QCS\u00C2\u00A0line\u00C2\u00A0(Fig.\u00C2\u00A06)\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0significantly\u00C2\u00A0different\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0 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line\u00C2\u00A0(estimated\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0average\u00C2\u00A0distance\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0B.C.\u00C2\u00A0mainland)\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0where\u00C2\u00A0they\u00C2\u00A0crossed\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 QCS\u00C2\u00A0line\u00C2\u00A0240\u00C2\u00A0km\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0north\u00C2\u00A0(r2=0.04\u00E2\u0080\u00900.2;\u00C2\u00A02004\u00E2\u0080\u00902007).\u00C2\u00A0 6.3.2.2 Travel\u00C2\u00A0rate\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0swimming\u00C2\u00A0speeds\u00C2\u00A0 Cultus\u00C2\u00A0Lake\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0exited\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Fraser\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0<6\u00C2\u00A0days.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0later\u00E2\u0080\u0090released\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02005\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 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mean\u00C2\u00A0values\u00C2\u00A0ranging\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A05\u00E2\u0080\u009030\u00C2\u00A0km\u00E2\u0080\u00A2d\u00E2\u0080\u00901\u00C2\u00A0(Fig.\u00C2\u00A08;\u00C2\u00A00.46\u00E2\u0080\u00901.8\u00C2\u00A0body\u00C2\u00A0lengths\u00C2\u00A0per\u00C2\u00A0second\u00C2\u00A0(BL\u00E2\u0080\u00A2s\u00E2\u0080\u00901)).\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Fish\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02004\u00C2\u00A0had\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0slowest\u00C2\u00A0migration\u00C2\u00A0rate\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Fraser\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0mean\u00C2\u00A0speed\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 15.5\u00C2\u00A0km\u00E2\u0080\u00A2d\u00E2\u0080\u00901.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0However,\u00C2\u00A0these\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0had\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0fastest\u00C2\u00A0mean\u00C2\u00A0swimming\u00C2\u00A0rate\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0marine\u00C2\u00A0sections\u00C2\u00A0 when\u00C2\u00A0swimming\u00C2\u00A0directly\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0both\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0NSOG\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0QCS\u00C2\u00A0lines.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A02007\u00C2\u00A0cohort\u00C2\u00A0had\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0fastest\u00C2\u00A0rate\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0movement\u00C2\u00A0out\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Fraser\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0(25.8\u00C2\u00A0km\u00E2\u0080\u00A2d\u00E2\u0080\u00901)\u00C2\u00A0but\u00C2\u00A0relatively\u00C2\u00A0slow\u00C2\u00A0rates\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0 segment\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0river\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0mouth\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0either\u00C2\u00A0HS\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0NSOG.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A0most\u00C2\u00A0years,\u00C2\u00A0travel\u00C2\u00A0rates\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0NSOG\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0QSC\u00C2\u00A0segment\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0faster\u00C2\u00A0than\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0other\u00C2\u00A0segments,\u00C2\u00A0around\u00C2\u00A026\u00C2\u00A0km\u00E2\u0080\u00A2d\u00E2\u0080\u00901.\u00C2\u00A0 195\u00C2\u00A0 6.4 Discussion\u00C2\u00A0 6.4.1 Survival\u00C2\u00A0 A\u00C2\u00A0significant\u00C2\u00A0constraint\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0conservation\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0management\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0our\u00C2\u00A0poor\u00C2\u00A0 understanding\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0during\u00C2\u00A0different\u00C2\u00A0life\u00C2\u00A0history\u00C2\u00A0stages\u00C2\u00A0after\u00C2\u00A0leaving\u00C2\u00A0freshwater.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Poor\u00C2\u00A0 marine\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0has\u00C2\u00A0been\u00C2\u00A0implicated\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0drastic\u00C2\u00A0decline\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0many\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0(Beamish\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A0 2004;\u00C2\u00A0English\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A02008;\u00C2\u00A0McKinnell\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A02001)\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0steelhead\u00C2\u00A0(Ward\u00C2\u00A02000;\u00C2\u00A0Welch\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A02000)\u00C2\u00A0 stocks\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0southern\u00C2\u00A0BC.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0This\u00C2\u00A0study\u00C2\u00A0presents\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0first\u00C2\u00A0step\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0monitoring\u00C2\u00A0both\u00C2\u00A0freshwater\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0early\u00C2\u00A0 marine\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0endangered\u00C2\u00A0Cultus\u00C2\u00A0Lake\u00C2\u00A0sockeye\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0during\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0initial\u00C2\u00A0stages\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 migration.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 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these\u00C2\u00A0hatchery\u00E2\u0080\u0090reared\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0released\u00C2\u00A0much\u00C2\u00A0later\u00C2\u00A0than\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0other\u00C2\u00A0years\u00C2\u00A0because\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0power\u00C2\u00A0 failure\u00C2\u00A0killed\u00C2\u00A0almost\u00C2\u00A0all\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0originally\u00C2\u00A0implanted\u00C2\u00A0(Kintama\u00C2\u00A0Research\u00C2\u00A02005).\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Later\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0times\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0been\u00C2\u00A0associated\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0poorer\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0other\u00C2\u00A0studies\u00C2\u00A0(Bilton\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A0 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difference\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A0years\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0early\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Strait\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Georgia\u00C2\u00A0(SOG),\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0which\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0 consistent\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0independent\u00C2\u00A0information\u00C2\u00A0provided\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0DFO\u00C2\u00A0SOG\u00C2\u00A0trawl\u00C2\u00A0survey\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0juvenile\u00C2\u00A0 salmon\u00C2\u00A0(DFO\u00C2\u00A02008;\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A013).\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0This\u00C2\u00A0could\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0explained\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0several\u00C2\u00A0possibilities:\u00C2\u00A0first,\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0SOG\u00C2\u00A0may\u00C2\u00A0 have\u00C2\u00A0been\u00C2\u00A0insulated\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0events\u00C2\u00A0occurring\u00C2\u00A0more\u00C2\u00A0broadly\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0west\u00C2\u00A0coast\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0thus\u00C2\u00A0higher\u00C2\u00A0 mortality\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0sea\u00C2\u00A0could\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0occurred\u00C2\u00A0later,\u00C2\u00A0beyond\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0SOG.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Second,\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0low\u00C2\u00A0abundances\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 salmon\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0these\u00C2\u00A0other\u00C2\u00A0regions\u00C2\u00A0could\u00C2\u00A0also\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0been\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0result\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0poor\u00C2\u00A0 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Overall,\u00C2\u00A0survivals\u00C2\u00A0showed\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0relatively\u00C2\u00A0steady\u00C2\u00A0attrition\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0distance\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0do\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0indicate\u00C2\u00A0 particular\u00C2\u00A0areas\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0higher\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0spatial\u00C2\u00A0resolution\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0study.\u00C2\u00A0Unfortunately,\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0 have\u00C2\u00A0no\u00C2\u00A0comparable\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0baseline\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0rates\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0earlier\u00C2\u00A0period\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0much\u00C2\u00A0better\u00C2\u00A0adult\u00C2\u00A0 returns\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0occurred\u00C2\u00A0prior\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0deployment\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0POST\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02004.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 It\u00C2\u00A0should\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0noted\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0estimates\u00C2\u00A0presented\u00C2\u00A0here\u00C2\u00A0using\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0pilot\u00C2\u00A0phase\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 POST\u00C2\u00A0array\u00C2\u00A0may\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0accurately\u00C2\u00A0represent\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0overall\u00C2\u00A0Cultus\u00C2\u00A0Lake\u00C2\u00A0sockeye\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0 population.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0We\u00C2\u00A0sampled\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0about\u00C2\u00A050%\u00C2\u00A0longer\u00C2\u00A0than\u00C2\u00A0wild\u00C2\u00A0free\u00E2\u0080\u0090ranging\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0 order\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0accommodate\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0V9\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0tags\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009C1st\u00C2\u00A0generation\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0POST\u00C2\u00A0array\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0originally\u00C2\u00A0 designed\u00C2\u00A0around\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02003.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0As\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0scales\u00C2\u00A0positively\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0size\u00C2\u00A0when\u00C2\u00A0considered\u00C2\u00A0over\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0 wide\u00C2\u00A0range\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0sizes\u00C2\u00A0(McGurk\u00C2\u00A01996,\u00C2\u00A01999),\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0would\u00C2\u00A0expect\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0wild\u00C2\u00A0 (smaller)\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0potentially\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0lower\u00C2\u00A0than\u00C2\u00A0what\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0measured\u00C2\u00A0here.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 197\u00C2\u00A0 The\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0estimates\u00C2\u00A0presented\u00C2\u00A0here\u00C2\u00A0may\u00C2\u00A0also\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0biased\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0result\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0two\u00C2\u00A0confounding\u00C2\u00A0 factors.\u00C2\u00A0First,\u00C2\u00A0total\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0estimates\u00C2\u00A0reported\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A02005\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A02007\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0biased\u00C2\u00A0high\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0result\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 overestimating\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0segment\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0river\u00C2\u00A0mouth\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0NSOG,\u00C2\u00A0due\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0confounding\u00C2\u00A0 factor\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0small\u00C2\u00A0numbers\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0swimming\u00C2\u00A0south\u00C2\u00A0after\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0entry\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0those\u00C2\u00A0years.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0However,\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0 noted\u00C2\u00A0earlier,\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0bias\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0expected\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0minor\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0only\u00C2\u00A0two\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0detected\u00C2\u00A0migrating\u00C2\u00A0south\u00C2\u00A0 through\u00C2\u00A0Juan\u00C2\u00A0de\u00C2\u00A0Fuca\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02005\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0only\u00C2\u00A0six\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0detected\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02007\u00C2\u00A0(Table\u00C2\u00A06.3).\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Second,\u00C2\u00A0 survival\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0actually\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0joint\u00C2\u00A0estimate\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0probability\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0migration\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0survival.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Residualization\u00C2\u00A0 (non\u00E2\u0080\u0090migration)\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0freshwater\u00C2\u00A0(either\u00C2\u00A0Cultus\u00C2\u00A0Lake\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0streams\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0rivers\u00C2\u00A0leading\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Fraser\u00C2\u00A0 R\u00C2\u00A0mouth)\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0confounded\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0during\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0downstream\u00C2\u00A0migration,\u00C2\u00A0so\u00C2\u00A0our\u00C2\u00A0reported\u00C2\u00A0 survival\u00C2\u00A0estimates\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0biased\u00C2\u00A0low\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0some\u00C2\u00A0degree.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0However,\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0surveys\u00C2\u00A0carried\u00C2\u00A0out\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02005\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A02007\u00C2\u00A0suggested\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0relatively\u00C2\u00A0low\u00C2\u00A0minimum\u00C2\u00A0residualization\u00C2\u00A0rate\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A05\u00E2\u0080\u00906%\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0all\u00C2\u00A0 tagged\u00C2\u00A0fish.\u00C2\u00A0 6.4.2 Migration\u00C2\u00A0highways\u00C2\u00A0 The\u00C2\u00A0POST\u00C2\u00A0lines\u00C2\u00A0(particularly\u00C2\u00A0those\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0mainland\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Vancouver\u00C2\u00A0Island)\u00C2\u00A0provide\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0 unique\u00C2\u00A0means\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0identify\u00C2\u00A0whether\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0preferred\u00C2\u00A0migration\u00C2\u00A0routes\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009Chighways\u00E2\u0080\u009D.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Limited\u00C2\u00A0evidence\u00C2\u00A0suggests\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0specific\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009Cmarine\u00C2\u00A0highways\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0may\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0common\u00C2\u00A0under\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0 (e.g.,\u00C2\u00A0Atlantic\u00C2\u00A0cod\u00C2\u00A0off\u00C2\u00A0Newfoundland;\u00C2\u00A0Rose\u00C2\u00A01993)\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0they\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0observed\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0land\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0 mammals\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0birds.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Our\u00C2\u00A0results\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0Cultus\u00C2\u00A0Lake\u00C2\u00A0sockeye\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0confirm\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0importance\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 Johnstone\u00C2\u00A0Strait\u00C2\u00A0migration\u00C2\u00A0pathway\u00C2\u00A0proposed\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0migrating\u00C2\u00A0juvenile\u00C2\u00A0Fraser\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0sockeye\u00C2\u00A0 salmon\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0Groot\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Cooke\u00C2\u00A0(1987).\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0These\u00C2\u00A0authors\u00C2\u00A0found\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0predominantly\u00C2\u00A0move\u00C2\u00A0 north\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0directed\u00C2\u00A0migration\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0preference\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0staying\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0east\u00C2\u00A0side\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Strait\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 Georgia\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Johnson\u00C2\u00A0Strait.\u00C2\u00A0Our\u00C2\u00A0results\u00C2\u00A0further\u00C2\u00A0extend\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0persistence\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0migratory\u00C2\u00A0 preference\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Queen\u00C2\u00A0Charlotte\u00C2\u00A0Strait,\u00C2\u00A0some\u00C2\u00A0500\u00C2\u00A0km\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0site.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0As\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0our\u00C2\u00A0study,\u00C2\u00A0 Groot\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Cooke\u00C2\u00A0(1987)\u00C2\u00A0also\u00C2\u00A0found\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0Fraser\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0sockeye\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0enter\u00C2\u00A0Howe\u00C2\u00A0Sound.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0 ecological\u00C2\u00A0reason\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0these\u00C2\u00A0migration\u00C2\u00A0routes\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0some\u00C2\u00A0years\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0unclear,\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0reasons\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 inter\u00E2\u0080\u0090annual\u00C2\u00A0variation\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0saltwater\u00C2\u00A0distribution\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0documented\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0array.\u00C2\u00A0 Cultus\u00C2\u00A0Lake\u00C2\u00A0sockeye\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0displayed\u00C2\u00A0relatively\u00C2\u00A0rapid,\u00C2\u00A0directed\u00C2\u00A0movement\u00C2\u00A0once\u00C2\u00A0they\u00C2\u00A0 commenced\u00C2\u00A0their\u00C2\u00A0downstream\u00C2\u00A0migration\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0little\u00C2\u00A0evidence\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0milling.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Earlier\u00C2\u00A0work\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0 sockeye\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0calculated\u00C2\u00A0average\u00C2\u00A0freshwater\u00C2\u00A0migration\u00C2\u00A0speeds\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A05.1\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A07.8\u00C2\u00A0km\u00C2\u00A0per\u00C2\u00A0 198\u00C2\u00A0 day\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0lakes\u00C2\u00A0but\u00C2\u00A0up\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A040\u00C2\u00A0km\u00C2\u00A0per\u00C2\u00A0day\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0(Burgner\u00C2\u00A01991).\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Our\u00C2\u00A0results\u00C2\u00A0 indicated\u00C2\u00A0travel\u00C2\u00A0rates\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A015\u00E2\u0080\u009025\u00C2\u00A0km\u00C2\u00A0per\u00C2\u00A0day\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0Cultus\u00C2\u00A0Lake\u00C2\u00A0sockeye.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Obviously\u00C2\u00A0river\u00C2\u00A0 flow\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0important\u00C2\u00A0influence\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0travel\u00C2\u00A0rate,\u00C2\u00A0although\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0results\u00C2\u00A0show\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0sustained\u00C2\u00A0travel\u00C2\u00A0 rates\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A010\u00E2\u0080\u009030\u00C2\u00A0km\u00C2\u00A0per\u00C2\u00A0day\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0also\u00C2\u00A0achieved\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0marine\u00C2\u00A0inshore\u00C2\u00A0environment.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Thus\u00C2\u00A0 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locations\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Fraser\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0differed\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A0years\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0identified\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0symbols\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0letters.\u00C2\u00A0 Squares\u00C2\u00A0(A,B,D)\u00C2\u00A0=\u00C2\u00A02004,\u00C2\u00A0diamonds\u00C2\u00A0(C,E)\u00C2\u00A0=\u00C2\u00A02005,\u00C2\u00A0triangles\u00C2\u00A0(C,F,G)\u00C2\u00A0=\u00C2\u00A02006,\u00C2\u00A0inverted\u00C2\u00A0triangles\u00C2\u00A0 (A,C,F,G)\u00C2\u00A0=\u00C2\u00A02007.\u00C2\u00A0 201\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Figure\u00C2\u00A06.2.\u00C2\u00A0Survivorship\u00C2\u00A0estimates\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0exit\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Strait\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Georgia\u00C2\u00A0system\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0 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Figure\u00C2\u00A06.8.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Average\u00C2\u00A0travel\u00C2\u00A0rates\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0different\u00C2\u00A0sections\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0migration\u00C2\u00A0route.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Vertical\u00C2\u00A0bars\u00C2\u00A0 represent\u00C2\u00A095%\u00C2\u00A0confidence\u00C2\u00A0intervals.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0(2004:\u00C2\u00A0\u00EF\u0081\u00AE;\u00C2\u00A02005:\u00C2\u00A0\u00EF\u0081\u00B5;\u00C2\u00A02006:\u00C2\u00A0\u00EF\u0081\u00B0,\u00C2\u00A02007:\u00C2\u00A0\u00EF\u0081\u00B1).\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 208\u00C2\u00A0 Table\u00C2\u00A06.1.\u00C2\u00A0Summary\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Cultus\u00C2\u00A0Lake\u00C2\u00A0sockeye\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0released\u00C2\u00A01.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Year\u00C2\u00A0 Tag\u00C2\u00A0Type2\u00C2\u00A0 Release\u00C2\u00A0Date\u00C2\u00A0(UTC)\u00C2\u00A0 Number\u00C2\u00A0 Fork\u00C2\u00A0Length\u00C2\u00A0(mm)\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Average\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 SD\u00C2\u00A0 2004\u00C2\u00A0 V9\u00E2\u0080\u00906L\u00C2\u00A0 04/May/2004\u00C2\u00A003:30\u00C2\u00A0 100\u00C2\u00A0 178\u00C2\u00A0 13\u00C2\u00A0 2005\u00C2\u00A0 V9\u00E2\u0080\u00901L\u00C2\u00A0 09/Jun/2005\u00C2\u00A003:00\u00C2\u00A0 92\u00C2\u00A0 172\u00C2\u00A0 5\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 V9\u00E2\u0080\u00902L\u00C2\u00A0 09/Jun/2005\u00C2\u00A003:00\u00C2\u00A0 188\u00C2\u00A0 188\u00C2\u00A0 8\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 V9\u00E2\u0080\u00906L\u00C2\u00A0 09/Jun/2005\u00C2\u00A003:00\u00C2\u00A0 96\u00C2\u00A0 159\u00C2\u00A0 5\u00C2\u00A0 2006\u00C2\u00A0 V9\u00E2\u0080\u00901L\u00C2\u00A0 21/Apr/2006\u00C2\u00A001:00\u00C2\u00A0 200\u00C2\u00A0 178\u00C2\u00A0 9\u00C2\u00A0 2007\u00C2\u00A0 V9\u00E2\u0080\u00901L\u00C2\u00A0 16/May/2007\u00C2\u00A022:00\u00C2\u00A0 200\u00C2\u00A0 189\u00C2\u00A0 8\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 1Detailed\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0available\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0POST\u00C2\u00A0database\u00C2\u00A0(POST\u00C2\u00A02008).\u00C2\u00A0 2Tag\u00C2\u00A0dimensions:\u00C2\u00A0V9\u00E2\u0080\u00906L\u00C2\u00A0tags\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A021\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0x\u00C2\u00A09\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0diameter\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0weigh\u00C2\u00A02.9\u00C2\u00A0g\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0air;,\u00C2\u00A0V9\u00E2\u0080\u00901L\u00C2\u00A0tags\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0 24\u00C2\u00A0x\u00C2\u00A09\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0diameter\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0weigh\u00C2\u00A03.6\u00C2\u00A0g\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0air;\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0V9\u00E2\u0080\u00902L\u00C2\u00A0tags\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A029\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0x\u00C2\u00A09\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0diameter\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 weigh\u00C2\u00A04.7\u00C2\u00A0g\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0air.\u00C2\u00A0 209\u00C2\u00A0 Table\u00C2\u00A06.2.\u00C2\u00A0Model\u00C2\u00A0selection\u00C2\u00A0results\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0recaptures\u00E2\u0080\u0090only\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0probability\u00C2\u00A0estimates1.\u00C2\u00A0 Model\u00C2\u00A0 Number\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 parameters\u00C2\u00A0 QAICc\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0088\u0086QAICc\u00C2\u00A0 Akaike\u00C2\u00A0 weight\u00C2\u00A0 \u00CF\u0086(time*year+body)p(time*year)2\u00C2\u00A0 43\u00C2\u00A0 2284.5\u00C2\u00A0 0.0\u00C2\u00A0 0.52\u00C2\u00A0 \u00CF\u0086(time*year)p(time*year)\u00C2\u00A0 42\u00C2\u00A0 2284.6\u00C2\u00A0 0.1\u00C2\u00A0 0.48\u00C2\u00A0 \u00CF\u0086(TravTime+habitat*year+body)p(time*year)2,3\u00C2\u00A0 28\u00C2\u00A0 2309.1\u00C2\u00A0 24.6\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 \u00CF\u0086(TravTime+habitat*year)p(time*year)\u00C2\u00A0 29\u00C2\u00A0 2309.3\u00C2\u00A0 24.8\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 \u00CF\u0086(distance+habitat*year+body)p(time*year)\u00C2\u00A0 28\u00C2\u00A0 2394.2\u00C2\u00A0 109.8\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 \u00CF\u0086(distance+habitat*year)p(time*year)\u00C2\u00A0 29\u00C2\u00A0 2394.2\u00C2\u00A0 109.8\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 \u00CF\u0086(TravTime+year)p(time*year)\u00C2\u00A0 24\u00C2\u00A0 2441.7\u00C2\u00A0 157.2\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 \u00CF\u0086(distance+year)p(time*year)\u00C2\u00A0 24\u00C2\u00A0 2465.1\u00C2\u00A0 180.6\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 1\u00C2\u00A0AIC\u00C2\u00A0values\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0adjusted\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0small\u00C2\u00A0sample\u00C2\u00A0sizes\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0extra\u00E2\u0080\u0090binomial\u00C2\u00A0variation\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0 c\u00CC\u0082 =1.3325.\u00C2\u00A0 2\u00C2\u00A0\"time\"\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0models\u00C2\u00A0refers\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0segment\u00E2\u0080\u0090\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0line\u00E2\u0080\u0090\u00C2\u00A0specific\u00C2\u00A0probabilities,\u00C2\u00A0whereas\u00C2\u00A0TravTime\u00C2\u00A0 is\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0group\u00C2\u00A0covariate\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0refers\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0average\u00C2\u00A0travel\u00C2\u00A0time\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0population\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0particular\u00C2\u00A0 segment\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0migration.\u00C2\u00A0 3\u00C2\u00A0\"habitat\"\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0models\u00C2\u00A0means\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0intercept\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0either\u00C2\u00A0distance\u00C2\u00A0 or\u00C2\u00A0travel\u00C2\u00A0time\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0allowed\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0differ\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0river\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0segments.\u00C2\u00A0Models\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0 interaction\u00C2\u00A0term\u00C2\u00A0added\u00C2\u00A0so\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0slope\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0also\u00C2\u00A0allowed\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0differ\u00C2\u00A0(TravTime*habitat\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 distance*habitat)\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0also\u00C2\u00A0tested,\u00C2\u00A0but\u00C2\u00A0these\u00C2\u00A0reduced\u00C2\u00A0AIC\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0less\u00C2\u00A0than\u00C2\u00A02,\u00C2\u00A0so\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 incorporation\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0extra\u00C2\u00A0parameter\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0supported.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 210\u00C2\u00A0 Table\u00C2\u00A06.3.\u00C2\u00A0Migratory\u00C2\u00A0behaviour\u00C2\u00A0categories\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0Cultus\u00C2\u00A0Lake\u00C2\u00A0sockeye\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02004\u00E2\u0080\u00902007.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0 first\u00C2\u00A0number\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0each\u00C2\u00A0column\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0number\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0detected.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0number\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0parentheses\u00C2\u00A0 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40\u00C2\u00A0(20)\u00C2\u00A0 69\u00C2\u00A0(34.5)\u00C2\u00A0 North\u00C2\u00A0through\u00C2\u00A0HSD\u00C2\u00A0 9\u00C2\u00A0(9.0)\u00C2\u00A0 6\u00C2\u00A0(1.6)\u00C2\u00A0 13\u00C2\u00A0(6.5)\u00C2\u00A0 8\u00C2\u00A0(4.0)\u00C2\u00A0 South\u00C2\u00A0 0\u00C2\u00A0 2\u00C2\u00A0(0.5)\u00C2\u00A0 0\u00C2\u00A0 6\u00C2\u00A0(3.0)\u00C2\u00A0 Milling\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0NSOG\u00C2\u00A0 0\u00C2\u00A0 5\u00C2\u00A0(1.3)\u00C2\u00A0 5\u00C2\u00A0(2.5)\u00C2\u00A0 5\u00C2\u00A0(2.5)\u00C2\u00A0 Milling\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0QCS\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 1\u00C2\u00A0(0.5)\u00C2\u00A0 Milling\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0JDF\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 1\u00C2\u00A0(0.27)\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 1\u00C2\u00A0(0.5)\u00C2\u00A0 Milling\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0Fraser\u00C2\u00A0 0\u00C2\u00A0 0\u00C2\u00A0 10\u00C2\u00A0(5.0)*\u00C2\u00A0 1\u00C2\u00A0(0.5)\u00C2\u00A0 Residualization\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0Cultus\u00C2\u00A0Lake\u00C2\u00A0 Not\u00C2\u00A0surveyed 17\u00C2\u00A0(4.5)\u00C2\u00A0 Not\u00C2\u00A0surveyed\u00C2\u00A0 12\u00C2\u00A0(6.0)\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 *\u00C2\u00A0Five\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0these\u00C2\u00A010\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0detected\u00C2\u00A0downstream,\u00C2\u00A0upstream\u00C2\u00A0then\u00C2\u00A0downstream\u00C2\u00A0again.\u00C2\u00A0Three\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 these\u00C2\u00A0five\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0subsequently\u00C2\u00A0heard\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0lines\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0two\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0not;\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0suspect\u00C2\u00A0these\u00C2\u00A0two\u00C2\u00A0 tags\u00C2\u00A0may\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0been\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0seals.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0remaining\u00C2\u00A0five\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0heard\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0Fraser\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0line\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0>24\u00C2\u00A0h\u00C2\u00A0 (3\u00C2\u00A0fish)\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0moved\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A0sub\u00E2\u0080\u0090arrays\u00C2\u00A0within\u00C2\u00A0stations\u00C2\u00A0F\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0G\u00C2\u00A0(Fig.\u00C2\u00A01),\u00C2\u00A0thereby\u00C2\u00A0requiring\u00C2\u00A0upstream\u00C2\u00A0 travel\u00C2\u00A0(2\u00C2\u00A0fish).\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 211\u00C2\u00A0 Table\u00C2\u00A06.4.\u00C2\u00A0Residualization\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0initial\u00C2\u00A0downstream\u00C2\u00A0migration\u00C2\u00A0surveys\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Cultus\u00C2\u00A0Lake\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 rivers\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0connect\u00C2\u00A0it\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Fraser\u00C2\u00A0River.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Sweltzer\u00C2\u00A0Creek\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0surveyed\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02005\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 Fraser\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0surveyed\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02007\u00C2\u00A0(see\u00C2\u00A0methods).\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Detection\u00C2\u00A0 Year\u00C2\u00A0 Tag\u00C2\u00A0 Year\u00C2\u00A0 Cultus\u00C2\u00A0 Lake\u00C2\u00A0 Sweltzer\u00C2\u00A0 Creek\u00C2\u00A0 Vedder\u00C2\u00A0 River\u00C2\u00A0 Lower\u00C2\u00A0 Vedder\u00C2\u00A0 Canal\u00C2\u00A0 Lower\u00C2\u00A0 Sumas\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0 Fraser\u00C2\u00A0 River\u00C2\u00A0 Mobile\u00C2\u00A0surveys\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 2005\u00C2\u00A0 2005\u00C2\u00A0 13\u00C2\u00A0 NA\u00C2\u00A0 0\u00C2\u00A0 0\u00C2\u00A0 2\u00C2\u00A0 0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 2007\u00C2\u00A0 2005\u00C2\u00A0 6\u00C2\u00A0 0\u00C2\u00A0 0\u00C2\u00A0 0\u00C2\u00A0 0\u00C2\u00A0 NA\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 2007\u00C2\u00A0 NA\u00C2\u00A0 NA\u00C2\u00A0 NA\u00C2\u00A0 NA\u00C2\u00A0 NA\u00C2\u00A0 NA\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Number\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A02005\u00C2\u00A0tags\u00C2\u00A0heard\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0both\u00C2\u00A0years\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 NA\u00C2\u00A0 5\u00C2\u00A0 NA\u00C2\u00A0 0\u00C2\u00A0 0\u00C2\u00A0 0\u00C2\u00A0 NA\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Additional\u00C2\u00A0tags\u00C2\u00A0heard\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0DFO\u00C2\u00A0survey\u00C2\u00A0(not\u00C2\u00A0heard\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0either\u00C2\u00A0mobile\u00C2\u00A0survey)\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 2007\u00C2\u00A0 2005\u00C2\u00A0 7\u00C2\u00A0 NA\u00C2\u00A0 NA\u00C2\u00A0 NA\u00C2\u00A0 NA\u00C2\u00A0 NA\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 2007\u00C2\u00A0 12\u00C2\u00A0 NA\u00C2\u00A0 NA\u00C2\u00A0 NA\u00C2\u00A0 NA\u00C2\u00A0 NA\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0NA\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u0093\u00C2\u00A0Not\u00C2\u00A0applicable.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 212\u00C2\u00A0 6.5 References\u00C2\u00A0 Beamish,\u00C2\u00A0R.J.,\u00C2\u00A0Mahnken,\u00C2\u00A0C.\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Neville,\u00C2\u00A0C.M.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A02004.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Evidence\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0reduced\u00C2\u00A0early\u00C2\u00A0marine\u00C2\u00A0growth\u00C2\u00A0 is\u00C2\u00A0associated\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0lower\u00C2\u00A0marine\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Coho\u00C2\u00A0salmon.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Trans\u00C2\u00A0Am\u00C2\u00A0Fish\u00C2\u00A0Soc.\u00C2\u00A0133:\u00C2\u00A026\u00E2\u0080\u009033.\u00C2\u00A0 Bilton,\u00C2\u00A0H.T.,\u00C2\u00A0Alderdice,\u00C2\u00A0D.F.\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Schnute,\u00C2\u00A0J.T.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A01982.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Influence\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0time\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0size\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 juvenile\u00C2\u00A0coho\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0(Oncorhynchus\u00C2\u00A0kisutch)\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0returns\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0maturity.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Can.\u00C2\u00A0J.\u00C2\u00A0Fish.\u00C2\u00A0 Aquat.\u00C2\u00A0Sci.\u00C2\u00A039(3):\u00C2\u00A0426\u00E2\u0080\u0090447.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Burgner,\u00C2\u00A0R.L.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A01991.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Life\u00C2\u00A0history\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0sockeye\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0(Oncorhynchus\u00C2\u00A0nerka).\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0In:\u00C2\u00A0Pacific\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0life\u00C2\u00A0 histories.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Edited\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0C.\u00C2\u00A0Groot\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0L.\u00C2\u00A0Margolis.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0University\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0British\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0Press,\u00C2\u00A0 Vancouver,\u00C2\u00A0B.C.\u00C2\u00A0pp.\u00C2\u00A01\u00E2\u0080\u0090118.\u00C2\u00A0 Burnham,\u00C2\u00A0K.P.,\u00C2\u00A0Anderson,\u00C2\u00A0D.R.,\u00C2\u00A0White,\u00C2\u00A0G.C.,\u00C2\u00A0Brownie,\u00C2\u00A0C.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Pollock,\u00C2\u00A0K.H.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A01987.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Design\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 analysis\u00C2\u00A0methods\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0experiments\u00C2\u00A0based\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0release\u00E2\u0080\u0090recapture.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Am.\u00C2\u00A0Fish.\u00C2\u00A0 Soc.\u00C2\u00A0Monogr.\u00C2\u00A0No.\u00C2\u00A05.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Bethesda,\u00C2\u00A0MD.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0437p.\u00C2\u00A0 Committee\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Status\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Endangered\u00C2\u00A0Wildlife\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0Canada\u00C2\u00A0(COSEWIC).\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A02003.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0COSEWIC\u00C2\u00A0 assessment\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0status\u00C2\u00A0report\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0sockeye\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0Oncorhynchus\u00C2\u00A0nerka\u00C2\u00A0(Cultus\u00C2\u00A0 population)\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0Canada.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Committee\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Status\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Endangered\u00C2\u00A0Wildlife\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0Canada.\u00C2\u00A0 Ottawa,\u00C2\u00A0Canada.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A057\u00C2\u00A0pp.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Available\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0 http://www.sararegistry.gc.ca/virtual_sara/files/cosewic/sr_cultus_sockeye_salmo n_e.pdf\u00C2\u00A0[Accessed\u00C2\u00A003\u00C2\u00A0June\u00C2\u00A02008].\u00C2\u00A0 Cooch,\u00C2\u00A0E.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0White,\u00C2\u00A0G.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0(Editors).\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A02007.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Program\u00C2\u00A0MARK:\u00C2\u00A0A\u00C2\u00A0gentle\u00C2\u00A0introduction.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A06th\u00C2\u00A0Edition.\u00C2\u00A0 [online].\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Available\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0http://www.phidot.org/software/mark/docs/book/\u00C2\u00A0 [Accessed\u00C2\u00A004\u00C2\u00A0June\u00C2\u00A02008].\u00C2\u00A0 Cooke,\u00C2\u00A0S.J.,\u00C2\u00A0Hinch,\u00C2\u00A0S.G.,\u00C2\u00A0Farrell,\u00C2\u00A0A.P.,\u00C2\u00A0Patterson,\u00C2\u00A0D.A.,\u00C2\u00A0Miller\u00E2\u0080\u0090Saunders,\u00C2\u00A0K.,\u00C2\u00A0Welch,\u00C2\u00A0D.W.,\u00C2\u00A0 Donaldson,\u00C2\u00A0M.R.,\u00C2\u00A0Hanson,\u00C2\u00A0K.C.,\u00C2\u00A0Crossin,\u00C2\u00A0G.T.,\u00C2\u00A0Mathes,\u00C2\u00A0M.T.,\u00C2\u00A0Lotto,\u00C2\u00A0A.G.,\u00C2\u00A0Hruska,\u00C2\u00A0K.A.,\u00C2\u00A0 Olsson,\u00C2\u00A0I.C.,\u00C2\u00A0Wagner,\u00C2\u00A0G.N.,\u00C2\u00A0Thomson,\u00C2\u00A0R.,\u00C2\u00A0Hourston,\u00C2\u00A0R.,\u00C2\u00A0English,\u00C2\u00A0K.K.,\u00C2\u00A0Larsson,\u00C2\u00A0S.,\u00C2\u00A0 Shrimpton,\u00C2\u00A0J.M.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0van\u00C2\u00A0der\u00C2\u00A0Kraak,\u00C2\u00A0G.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A02008.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Developing\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0mechanistic\u00C2\u00A0understanding\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0migrations\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0linking\u00C2\u00A0telemetry\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0physiology,\u00C2\u00A0behavior,\u00C2\u00A0genomics\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 experimental\u00C2\u00A0biology:\u00C2\u00A0An\u00C2\u00A0interdisciplinary\u00C2\u00A0case\u00C2\u00A0study\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0adult\u00C2\u00A0Fraser\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0sockeye\u00C2\u00A0 salmon.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Fisheries\u00C2\u00A033\u00C2\u00A0(7):\u00C2\u00A0321\u00E2\u0080\u0090338.\u00C2\u00A0 Cultus\u00C2\u00A0Sockeye\u00C2\u00A0Recovery\u00C2\u00A0Team.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A02005.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0National\u00C2\u00A0conservation\u00C2\u00A0strategy\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0sockeye\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0 (Oncorhynchus\u00C2\u00A0nerka),\u00C2\u00A0Cultus\u00C2\u00A0Lake\u00C2\u00A0population,\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0British\u00C2\u00A0Columbia.\u00C2\u00A0Recovery\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 Nationally\u00C2\u00A0Endangered\u00C2\u00A0Wildlife\u00C2\u00A0(RENEW).\u00C2\u00A0Ottawa,\u00C2\u00A0Ontario,\u00C2\u00A049\u00C2\u00A0pp.\u00C2\u00A0 Department\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Fisheries\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Oceans\u00C2\u00A0(DFO).\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A02008.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0State\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Pacific\u00C2\u00A0Ocean\u00C2\u00A02007.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Department\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Fisheries\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Oceans\u00C2\u00A0Canada.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Sci.\u00C2\u00A0Advis.\u00C2\u00A0Rep.\u00C2\u00A02008/028.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A018\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 http://www.dfo\u00E2\u0080\u0090mpo.gc.ca/CSAS/Csas/Publications/SAR\u00E2\u0080\u0090AS/2008/SAR\u00E2\u0080\u0090 AS2008_028_E.pdf\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0[Accessed\u00C2\u00A030\u00C2\u00A0November\u00C2\u00A02008].\u00C2\u00A0 English,\u00C2\u00A0K.K.,\u00C2\u00A0Glova,\u00C2\u00A0G.J.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Blakley,\u00C2\u00A0A.C.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A02008.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0An\u00C2\u00A0upstream\u00C2\u00A0battle:\u00C2\u00A0Declines\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A010\u00C2\u00A0Pacific\u00C2\u00A0 salmon\u00C2\u00A0stocks\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0solutions\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0their\u00C2\u00A0survival.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0David\u00C2\u00A0Suzuki\u00C2\u00A0Foundation,\u00C2\u00A0Vancouver,\u00C2\u00A0B.C.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 49pp.\u00C2\u00A0 213\u00C2\u00A0 Government\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Canada.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A02005.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Species\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0Risk\u00C2\u00A0Act.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Order\u00C2\u00A0giving\u00C2\u00A0notice\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0decisions\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0add\u00C2\u00A0 certain\u00C2\u00A0species\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0list\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0endangered\u00C2\u00A0species.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Canada\u00C2\u00A0Gazette.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Vol.\u00C2\u00A0139:\u00C2\u00A0January\u00C2\u00A026,\u00C2\u00A0 2005.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Available\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0 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Heupel,\u00C2\u00A0M.R.,\u00C2\u00A0Semmens,\u00C2\u00A0J.M.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Hobday,\u00C2\u00A0A.J.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A02006.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Automated\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0tracking\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0aquatic\u00C2\u00A0 animals:\u00C2\u00A0scales,\u00C2\u00A0design\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0deployment\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0listening\u00C2\u00A0station\u00C2\u00A0arrays.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Mar.\u00C2\u00A0Freshwat.\u00C2\u00A0Res.\u00C2\u00A0 57:1\u00E2\u0080\u009313.\u00C2\u00A0 Kintama\u00C2\u00A0Research\u00C2\u00A0Corp.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A02005.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Determination\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Cultus\u00C2\u00A0Lake\u00C2\u00A0sockeye\u00C2\u00A0run\u00C2\u00A0timing\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0survival:\u00C2\u00A0 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for\u00C2\u00A0out\u00E2\u0080\u0090migrating\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0returning\u00C2\u00A0adults\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02007.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Final\u00C2\u00A0Report\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Pacific\u00C2\u00A0 Salmon\u00C2\u00A0Foundation,\u00C2\u00A0Vancouver,\u00C2\u00A0B.C.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Project\u00C2\u00A0No.\u00C2\u00A007350\u00E2\u0080\u009035/FSWP\u00C2\u00A007\u00C2\u00A0H\u00C2\u00A019.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0March\u00C2\u00A014,\u00C2\u00A0 2008.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A024p.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Laake,\u00C2\u00A0J.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Rexstad,\u00C2\u00A0E.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A02007.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0RMark\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u0093\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0alternative\u00C2\u00A0approach\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0building\u00C2\u00A0linear\u00C2\u00A0models\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0 MARK.\u00C2\u00A0(Appendix\u00C2\u00A0C).\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0In:\u00C2\u00A0Program\u00C2\u00A0MARK:\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0gentle\u00C2\u00A0introduction,\u00C2\u00A06th\u00C2\u00A0ed.\u00C2\u00A0Edited\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0E.\u00C2\u00A0 Cooch\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0G.\u00C2\u00A0White.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0[Online].\u00C2\u00A0Ver.\u00C2\u00A01.6.7.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Available\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0 http://www.phidot.org/software/mark/docs/book/.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0[Accessed\u00C2\u00A004\u00C2\u00A0June\u00C2\u00A02008].\u00C2\u00A0 Lacroix,\u00C2\u00A0G.L.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A02008.\u00C2\u00A0Influence\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0origin\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0migration\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Atlantic\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0(Salmo\u00C2\u00A0salar)\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Bay\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Fundy,\u00C2\u00A0Canada.\u00C2\u00A0Can.\u00C2\u00A0J.\u00C2\u00A0Fish.\u00C2\u00A0Aquat.\u00C2\u00A0Sci\u00C2\u00A065:\u00C2\u00A02063\u00E2\u0080\u00932079.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0doi:10.1139/F08\u00E2\u0080\u0090 119.\u00C2\u00A0 Lacroix,\u00C2\u00A0G.L.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Voegeli,\u00C2\u00A0F.A.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A02000.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Development\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0automated\u00C2\u00A0monitoring\u00C2\u00A0systems\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0 ultrasonic\u00C2\u00A0transmitters.\u00C2\u00A0In:\u00C2\u00A0Fish\u00C2\u00A0telemetry:\u00C2\u00A0Proceedings\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A03rd\u00C2\u00A0conference\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0 214\u00C2\u00A0 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Lacroix,\u00C2\u00A0G.L.,\u00C2\u00A0Knox,\u00C2\u00A0D.K.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Stokesbury\u00C2\u00A0M.J.W.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A02005.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Survival\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0behaviour\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0post\u00E2\u0080\u0090smolt\u00C2\u00A0 Atlantic\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0coastal\u00C2\u00A0habitat\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0extreme\u00C2\u00A0tides.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0J.\u00C2\u00A0Fish.\u00C2\u00A0Biol.\u00C2\u00A066:485\u00E2\u0080\u0090498.\u00C2\u00A0 Lindley,\u00C2\u00A0S.T.,\u00C2\u00A0Moser,\u00C2\u00A0M.L.,\u00C2\u00A0Erickson,\u00C2\u00A0D.L.,\u00C2\u00A0Belchik,\u00C2\u00A0M.,\u00C2\u00A0Welch,\u00C2\u00A0D.W.,\u00C2\u00A0Rechisky,\u00C2\u00A0E.L.,\u00C2\u00A0Kelly,\u00C2\u00A0J.T.,\u00C2\u00A0 Heublein,\u00C2\u00A0J.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Klimley,\u00C2\u00A0A.P.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A02008.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Marine\u00C2\u00A0migration\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0North\u00C2\u00A0American\u00C2\u00A0green\u00C2\u00A0 sturgeon.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Trans.\u00C2\u00A0Am.\u00C2\u00A0Fish.\u00C2\u00A0Soc.\u00C2\u00A0137:182\u00E2\u0080\u0090194.\u00C2\u00A0 McGurk,\u00C2\u00A0M.D.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A01996.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Allometry\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0marine\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Pacific\u00C2\u00A0salmon.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Fishery\u00C2\u00A0Bulletin\u00C2\u00A094:\u00C2\u00A077\u00E2\u0080\u0090 88.\u00C2\u00A0 McGurk,\u00C2\u00A0M.D.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A01999.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Size\u00C2\u00A0dependence\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0natural\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0rate\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0sockeye\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0kokanee\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0freshwater.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0N.\u00C2\u00A0Am.\u00C2\u00A0J.\u00C2\u00A0Fish.\u00C2\u00A0Manag.\u00C2\u00A019:\u00C2\u00A0376\u00E2\u0080\u0090396.\u00C2\u00A0 McKinnell,\u00C2\u00A0S.M.,\u00C2\u00A0Wood,\u00C2\u00A0C.C.,\u00C2\u00A0Rutherford,\u00C2\u00A0D.T.,\u00C2\u00A0Hyatt,\u00C2\u00A0K.D.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Welch,\u00C2\u00A0D.W.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A02001.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0demise\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0Owikeno\u00C2\u00A0Lake\u00C2\u00A0sockeye\u00C2\u00A0salmon.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0N.\u00C2\u00A0Am.\u00C2\u00A0J.\u00C2\u00A0Fish.\u00C2\u00A0Manag.\u00C2\u00A021:\u00C2\u00A0774\u00E2\u0080\u0090791.\u00C2\u00A0 Melnychuk,\u00C2\u00A0M.C.,\u00C2\u00A0Welch,\u00C2\u00A0D.W.,\u00C2\u00A0Walters,\u00C2\u00A0D.J.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Christensen,\u00C2\u00A0V.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A02007.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Riverine\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0early\u00C2\u00A0 ocean\u00C2\u00A0migration\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0patterns\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0juvenile\u00C2\u00A0steelhead\u00C2\u00A0trout\u00C2\u00A0(Oncorhynchus\u00C2\u00A0 mykiss)\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Cheakamus\u00C2\u00A0River,\u00C2\u00A0British\u00C2\u00A0Columbia.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Hydrobiologia\u00C2\u00A0582:55\u00E2\u0080\u009065.\u00C2\u00A0 O\u00E2\u0080\u0099Dor,\u00C2\u00A0R.K.,\u00C2\u00A0Stokesbury,\u00C2\u00A0M.J.W.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Jackson,\u00C2\u00A0G.D.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A02007.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Tracking\u00C2\u00A0marine\u00C2\u00A0species\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u0093\u00C2\u00A0Taking\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 next\u00C2\u00A0steps.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0In:\u00C2\u00A0Cutting\u00E2\u0080\u0090edge\u00C2\u00A0technologies\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0fisheries\u00C2\u00A0science.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Edited\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0J.M.\u00C2\u00A0 Lyle,\u00C2\u00A0D.M.\u00C2\u00A0Furlani,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0C.D.\u00C2\u00A0Buxton.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Australian\u00C2\u00A0Society\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0Fish\u00C2\u00A0Biology\u00C2\u00A0Workshop\u00C2\u00A0 Proceedings,\u00C2\u00A0Hobart,\u00C2\u00A0Tasmania,\u00C2\u00A0August\u00C2\u00A02006.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Australian\u00C2\u00A0Society\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0Fish\u00C2\u00A0Biology,\u00C2\u00A0Hobart\u00C2\u00A0 Tasmania.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Pp.\u00C2\u00A06\u00E2\u0080\u009012.\u00C2\u00A0 Pacific\u00C2\u00A0Ocean\u00C2\u00A0Shelf\u00C2\u00A0Tracking\u00C2\u00A0(POST).\u00C2\u00A02008.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0POST\u00C2\u00A0database.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Available\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0 http://www.postcoml.org/page.php?section=database.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0[Accessed\u00C2\u00A004\u00C2\u00A0June\u00C2\u00A02008].\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Ricker,\u00C2\u00A0K.E.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A02006.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Bibliography\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0W.E.\u00C2\u00A0Ricker,\u00C2\u00A0B.A.,\u00C2\u00A0M.A.,\u00C2\u00A0Ph.D.,\u00C2\u00A0O.C.,\u00C2\u00A0F.R.S.C.,\u00C2\u00A0LLD,\u00C2\u00A0D.Sc.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 March\u00C2\u00A01998.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Env.\u00C2\u00A0Biol.\u00C2\u00A0Fish.\u00C2\u00A075:131\u00E2\u0080\u0090151.\u00C2\u00A0 Rose,\u00C2\u00A0G.A.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A01993.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Cod\u00C2\u00A0spawning\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0migration\u00C2\u00A0highway\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0north\u00E2\u0080\u0090west\u00C2\u00A0Atlantic.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Nature\u00C2\u00A0366:\u00C2\u00A0 458\u00E2\u0080\u0090461.\u00C2\u00A0 Thorstad,\u00C2\u00A0E.B.,\u00C2\u00A0Okland,\u00C2\u00A0F.,\u00C2\u00A0Finstad,\u00C2\u00A0B.,\u00C2\u00A0Sivertsgard,\u00C2\u00A0R.,\u00C2\u00A0Plantalech,\u00C2\u00A0N.,\u00C2\u00A0Bjorn,\u00C2\u00A0P.A.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0McKinley,\u00C2\u00A0 R.S.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A02007.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Fjord\u00C2\u00A0migration\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0wild\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0hatchery\u00E2\u0080\u0090reared\u00C2\u00A0Atlantic\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 wild\u00C2\u00A0brown\u00C2\u00A0trout\u00C2\u00A0post\u00E2\u0080\u0090smolts.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Hydrobiologia\u00C2\u00A0582:99\u00E2\u0080\u0090107.\u00C2\u00A0 Voegeli,\u00C2\u00A0F.A.,\u00C2\u00A0Lacroix,\u00C2\u00A0G.L.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Anderson,\u00C2\u00A0J.M.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A01998.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Development\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0miniature\u00C2\u00A0pingers\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0 tracking\u00C2\u00A0Atlantic\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0sea.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Hydrobiologia\u00C2\u00A0371\u00E2\u0080\u0090372:35\u00E2\u0080\u009046.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Voegeli,\u00C2\u00A0F.A.,\u00C2\u00A0Smale,\u00C2\u00A0M.J.,\u00C2\u00A0Webber,\u00C2\u00A0D.M.,\u00C2\u00A0Andrade,\u00C2\u00A0Y.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0O\u00E2\u0080\u0099Dor,\u00C2\u00A0R.K.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A02001.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Ultrasonic\u00C2\u00A0 telemetry,\u00C2\u00A0tracking\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0automated\u00C2\u00A0monitoring\u00C2\u00A0technology\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0sharks.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Env.\u00C2\u00A0Biol.\u00C2\u00A0Fish.\u00C2\u00A0 60:267\u00E2\u0080\u0090281.\u00C2\u00A0 215\u00C2\u00A0 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Fish.\u00C2\u00A0Oceanogr.\u00C2\u00A09(1):17\u00E2\u0080\u009032.\u00C2\u00A0 Welch,\u00C2\u00A0D.W.,\u00C2\u00A0Boehlert,\u00C2\u00A0G.W.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Ward,\u00C2\u00A0B.R.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A02003.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0POST\u00E2\u0080\u0093the\u00C2\u00A0Pacific\u00C2\u00A0Ocean\u00C2\u00A0Salmon\u00C2\u00A0Tracking\u00C2\u00A0 project.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Oceanol.\u00C2\u00A0Acta\u00C2\u00A025:243\u00E2\u0080\u0090253.\u00C2\u00A0 Welch,\u00C2\u00A0D.W.,\u00C2\u00A0Ward,\u00C2\u00A0B.R.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Batten,\u00C2\u00A0S.D.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A02004.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Early\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0marine\u00C2\u00A0movements\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 hatchery\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0wild\u00C2\u00A0steelhead\u00C2\u00A0trout\u00C2\u00A0(O.\u00C2\u00A0mykiss)\u00C2\u00A0determined\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0array:\u00C2\u00A0Queen\u00C2\u00A0 Charlotte\u00C2\u00A0Strait,\u00C2\u00A0British\u00C2\u00A0Columbia.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Deep\u00C2\u00A0Sea\u00C2\u00A0Res\u00C2\u00A051(6\u00E2\u0080\u00909):897\u00E2\u0080\u0090909.\u00C2\u00A0 Welch,\u00C2\u00A0D.W.,\u00C2\u00A0Turo,\u00C2\u00A0S.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Batten,\u00C2\u00A0S.D.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A02006.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Large\u00E2\u0080\u0090scale\u00C2\u00A0marine\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0freshwater\u00C2\u00A0movements\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 white\u00C2\u00A0sturgeon.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Trans.\u00C2\u00A0Am.\u00C2\u00A0Fish.\u00C2\u00A0Soc.\u00C2\u00A0135:\u00C2\u00A0140\u00E2\u0080\u0090143.\u00C2\u00A0 Welch,\u00C2\u00A0D.W.,\u00C2\u00A0Batten,\u00C2\u00A0S.D.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Ward,\u00C2\u00A0B.R.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A02007.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Growth,\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0retention\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 steelhead\u00C2\u00A0trout\u00C2\u00A0(O.\u00C2\u00A0mykiss)\u00C2\u00A0surgically\u00C2\u00A0implanted\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0dummy\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0tags.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Hydrobiologia\u00C2\u00A0582:289\u00E2\u0080\u0090299.\u00C2\u00A0 Welch,\u00C2\u00A0D.W.,\u00C2\u00A0Rechisky,\u00C2\u00A0E.L.,\u00C2\u00A0Melnychuk,\u00C2\u00A0M.C.,\u00C2\u00A0Porter,\u00C2\u00A0A.D.,\u00C2\u00A0Walters,\u00C2\u00A0C.J.,\u00C2\u00A0Clements,\u00C2\u00A0S.,\u00C2\u00A0Clemens,\u00C2\u00A0 B.J.,\u00C2\u00A0McKinley,\u00C2\u00A0R.S.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Schreck,\u00C2\u00A0C.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A02008.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Survival\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0migrating\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0large\u00C2\u00A0 rivers\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0without\u00C2\u00A0dams.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0PLoS\u00C2\u00A0Biology\u00C2\u00A06(10):e265.\u00C2\u00A0 http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0060265.\u00C2\u00A0 White,\u00C2\u00A0G.C.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Burnham,\u00C2\u00A0K.P.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A01999.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Program\u00C2\u00A0MARK:\u00C2\u00A0Survival\u00C2\u00A0estimation\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0populations\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 marked\u00C2\u00A0animals.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Bird\u00C2\u00A0Study\u00C2\u00A046\u00C2\u00A0Supplement,\u00C2\u00A0120\u00E2\u0080\u0090138.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 216\u00C2\u00A0 7 General\u00C2\u00A0Conclusions\u00C2\u00A0 Early\u00C2\u00A0marine\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0essential\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0assessing\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0population\u00C2\u00A0dynamics\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 threatened\u00C2\u00A0salmonids\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0evaluating\u00C2\u00A0recovery\u00C2\u00A0strategies.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0This\u00C2\u00A0thesis\u00C2\u00A0presents\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 early\u00C2\u00A0marine\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0estimates\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0seaward\u00C2\u00A0migrating\u00C2\u00A0hatchery\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 Fraser\u00C2\u00A0rivers,\u00C2\u00A0obtained\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0implanting\u00C2\u00A0transmitters\u00C2\u00A0into\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0tracking\u00C2\u00A0their\u00C2\u00A0movements\u00C2\u00A0 with\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0large\u00C2\u00A0scale\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0telemetry\u00C2\u00A0array.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 7.1 Transmitters\u00C2\u00A0had\u00C2\u00A0little\u00C2\u00A0effect\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0migrating\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 For\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0estimates\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0representative\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0population\u00C2\u00A0under\u00C2\u00A0study,\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0effects\u00C2\u00A0must\u00C2\u00A0 be\u00C2\u00A0minimal.\u00C2\u00A0I\u00C2\u00A0conducted\u00C2\u00A0captive\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0effects\u00C2\u00A0studies\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0quantify\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00E2\u0080\u0090induced\u00C2\u00A0mortality,\u00C2\u00A0growth,\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0loss\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0implanted\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A09\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A07\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0tags.\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A0general,\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0 effects\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0minimal\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0implanted\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A07\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0transmitters,\u00C2\u00A0but\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A09\u00C2\u00A0 mm\u00C2\u00A0transmitters\u00C2\u00A0showed\u00C2\u00A0effects\u00C2\u00A0over\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0longer\u00C2\u00A0term.\u00C2\u00A0For\u00C2\u00A0both\u00C2\u00A0transmitter\u00C2\u00A0types,\u00C2\u00A0short\u00C2\u00A0term\u00C2\u00A0 (<30\u00C2\u00A0d)\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0retention\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0high\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0did\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0differ\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0control\u00C2\u00A0group.\u00C2\u00A0Medium\u00C2\u00A0 term\u00C2\u00A0(30\u00E2\u0080\u009090\u00C2\u00A0d)\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0retention\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0high\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0implanted\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A07\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0tag,\u00C2\u00A0but\u00C2\u00A0 smolts\u00C2\u00A0implanted\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A09mm\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0began\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0show\u00C2\u00A0signs\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0effects.\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A0particular,\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0 population\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0used\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0study\u00C2\u00A0began\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0lose\u00C2\u00A0transmitters\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0higher\u00C2\u00A0 rate\u00C2\u00A0towards\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0end\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0study;\u00C2\u00A0it\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0unclear\u00C2\u00A0whether\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0attributable\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0ca.\u00C2\u00A04\u00C2\u00B0C\u00C2\u00A0 temperature\u00C2\u00A0difference\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0two\u00C2\u00A0holding\u00C2\u00A0sites\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0innate\u00C2\u00A0differences\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0 River\u00C2\u00A0stock.\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0exhibited\u00C2\u00A0noticeably\u00C2\u00A0thinner,\u00C2\u00A0softer\u00C2\u00A0skin\u00C2\u00A0during\u00C2\u00A0tagging\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0when\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0 were\u00C2\u00A0inspected\u00C2\u00A0six\u00C2\u00A0weeks\u00C2\u00A0later,\u00C2\u00A0it\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0noted\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0sutures\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0tearing\u00C2\u00A0through\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0thin\u00C2\u00A0skin\u00C2\u00A0 allowing\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0transmitter\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0potentially\u00C2\u00A0exit\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0wound.\u00C2\u00A0Growth\u00C2\u00A0rates\u00C2\u00A0following\u00C2\u00A0surgery\u00C2\u00A0 were\u00C2\u00A0depressed\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0both\u00C2\u00A0transmitter\u00C2\u00A0types\u00C2\u00A0compared\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0control\u00C2\u00A0group,\u00C2\u00A0 which\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0likely\u00C2\u00A0due\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0cumulative\u00C2\u00A0effect\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0surgery\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0tag.\u00C2\u00A0There\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0evidence\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0 growth\u00C2\u00A0rates\u00C2\u00A0returned\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0control\u00C2\u00A0group\u00C2\u00A0during\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0second\u00C2\u00A0month\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0study.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Similar\u00C2\u00A0results\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0been\u00C2\u00A0obtained\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0other\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0effects\u00C2\u00A0studies\u00C2\u00A0involving\u00C2\u00A0Pacific\u00C2\u00A0 salmon.\u00C2\u00A0Chittenden\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A0(2009)\u00C2\u00A0implanted\u00C2\u00A0coho\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0>125\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0FL\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0same\u00C2\u00A07\u00C2\u00A0 mm\u00C2\u00A0tags\u00C2\u00A0used\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0Chapter\u00C2\u00A02\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0thesis\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0found\u00C2\u00A0100%\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0retention\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0tags\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 217\u00C2\u00A0 duration\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0study\u00C2\u00A0(300\u00C2\u00A0days).\u00C2\u00A0Welch\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A0(2007)\u00C2\u00A0found\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0steelhead\u00C2\u00A0trout\u00C2\u00A0>130\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0FL\u00C2\u00A0 tagged\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A01.4\u00C2\u00A0g\u00C2\u00A0dummy\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0retained\u00C2\u00A0their\u00C2\u00A0tags\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A039\u00C2\u00A0days\u00C2\u00A0before\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0first\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0 extruded\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0group\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A090%\u00C2\u00A0after\u00C2\u00A029\u00C2\u00A0weeks;\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0retention\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 140\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0FL\u00C2\u00A0steelhead\u00C2\u00A0trout\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0higher.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0effect\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0tags\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0growth\u00C2\u00A0rate\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0similar\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0fall\u00C2\u00A0 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migrating\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0river,\u00C2\u00A0I\u00C2\u00A0did\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0simple\u00C2\u00A0calculation\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0correct\u00C2\u00A0estimated\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0combined\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0 loss\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0observed\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0captivity.\u00C2\u00A0Since\u00C2\u00A0short\u00C2\u00A0term\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0loss\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0minimal,\u00C2\u00A0 correction\u00C2\u00A0had\u00C2\u00A0little\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0no\u00C2\u00A0impact\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0estimates\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0migrating\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0 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upper\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0concluded\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0significantly\u00C2\u00A0different\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0yearling\u00C2\u00A0 Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0(Steig\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A02005),\u00C2\u00A0which\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0consistent\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0short\u00C2\u00A0term\u00C2\u00A0captive\u00C2\u00A0results\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009Ccorrected\u00E2\u0080\u0099\u00C2\u00A0field\u00E2\u0080\u0090based\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0estimates\u00C2\u00A0reported\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0thesis\u00C2\u00A0(i.e.,\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0tags\u00C2\u00A0did\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0 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Although\u00C2\u00A0captive\u00C2\u00A0studies\u00C2\u00A0do\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0simulate\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0natural\u00C2\u00A0environment,\u00C2\u00A0they\u00C2\u00A0apparently\u00C2\u00A0provide\u00C2\u00A0 a\u00C2\u00A0reasonable\u00C2\u00A0assessment\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0effects\u00C2\u00A0when\u00C2\u00A0those\u00C2\u00A0effects\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0too\u00C2\u00A0large.\u00C2\u00A0Further,\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0 survival\u00C2\u00A0estimates\u00C2\u00A0presented\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0thesis\u00C2\u00A0(for\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0salmon)\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0consistent\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090 river\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0estimates\u00C2\u00A0reported\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0literature\u00C2\u00A0based\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0less\u00C2\u00A0intrusive\u00C2\u00A0marking\u00C2\u00A0methods\u00C2\u00A0 (CWT\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0PIT\u00C2\u00A0tags),\u00C2\u00A0except\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02007\u00C2\u00A0(as\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0result\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0interpreted\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0year).\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 218\u00C2\u00A0 7.2 Marine\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0co\u00C2\u00ADvaried\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0predicted\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0conditions\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 For\u00C2\u00A0both\u00C2\u00A0species\u00C2\u00A0studied\u00C2\u00A0there\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0improvement\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0marine\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0 corresponded\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0predicted\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0conditions\u00C2\u00A0based\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0indicators.\u00C2\u00A0Early\u00C2\u00A0marine\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0 (Willapa\u00C2\u00A0Bay\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Lippy\u00C2\u00A0Point)\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0migrating\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A03\u00E2\u0080\u00905\u00C2\u00A0 times\u00C2\u00A0higher\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02008\u00C2\u00A0when\u00C2\u00A0compared\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0early\u00C2\u00A0marine\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0U.S.\u00C2\u00A0National\u00C2\u00A0 Oceanographic\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Atmospheric\u00C2\u00A0Administration\u00C2\u00A0(NOAA)\u00C2\u00A0forecasts\u00C2\u00A0general\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0conditions\u00C2\u00A0 for\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0coho\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0entering\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0(good,\u00C2\u00A0intermediate,\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0poor)\u00C2\u00A0each\u00C2\u00A0year.\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A0 2006,\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0conditions\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0predicted\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0poor\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0intermediate\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0survival,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0 2008\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0indicators\u00C2\u00A0improved\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0intermediate\u00C2\u00A0but\u00C2\u00A0mostly\u00C2\u00A0good\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Cultus\u00C2\u00A0Lake\u00C2\u00A0sockeye\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0studied\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A02004\u00E2\u0080\u00907.\u00C2\u00A0Early\u00C2\u00A0marine\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0through\u00C2\u00A0 Johnstone\u00C2\u00A0Strait\u00C2\u00A0(from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Northern\u00C2\u00A0Strait\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Georgia\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Queen\u00C2\u00A0Charlotte\u00C2\u00A0Strait)\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0 consistently\u00C2\u00A0high\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02005\u00E2\u0080\u00907,\u00C2\u00A0ranging\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A057\u00E2\u0080\u009060%.\u00C2\u00A0This\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A01.5\u00E2\u0080\u00901.6\u00C2\u00A0times\u00C2\u00A0higher\u00C2\u00A0than\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0 observed\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02004.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0Canadian\u00C2\u00A0Department\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Fisheries\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Ocean\u00C2\u00A0(DFO)\u00C2\u00A0uses\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0same\u00C2\u00A0 methodology\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0NOAA\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0predicting\u00C2\u00A0Fraser\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0sockeye\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0survival.\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A02004\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A02005\u00C2\u00A0 ocean\u00C2\u00A0conditions\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0poor,\u00C2\u00A0but\u00C2\u00A0there\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0marked\u00C2\u00A0improvement\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A02007.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0These\u00C2\u00A0 predictions\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0consistent\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0estimates,\u00C2\u00A0except\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A02005\u00C2\u00A0when\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0conditions\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0 predicted\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0poor\u00C2\u00A0but\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Cultus\u00C2\u00A0Lake\u00C2\u00A0sockeye\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0high.\u00C2\u00A0(In\u00C2\u00A02005,\u00C2\u00A0more\u00C2\u00A0than\u00C2\u00A0 80%\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0died\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Fraser\u00C2\u00A0River,\u00C2\u00A0possibly\u00C2\u00A0due\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0late\u00C2\u00A0release,\u00C2\u00A0therefore\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0 estimate\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0based\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0few\u00C2\u00A0fish.)\u00C2\u00A0 7.3 Delayed\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0hypotheses\u00C2\u00A0challenged\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0early\u00C2\u00A0marine\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 Two\u00C2\u00A0important\u00C2\u00A0hypotheses\u00C2\u00A0regarding\u00C2\u00A0delayed\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0 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Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0(e.g.,\u00C2\u00A0Scheuerell\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Williams\u00C2\u00A02005),\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0sockeye\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Fraser\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0has\u00C2\u00A0become\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0major\u00C2\u00A0concern\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0recent\u00C2\u00A0years\u00C2\u00A0(Cooke\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A02004).\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0 disastrous\u00C2\u00A0decline\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0returning\u00C2\u00A0late\u00C2\u00A0run\u00C2\u00A0sockeye\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0witnessed\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02009\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0particularly\u00C2\u00A0 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explored,\u00C2\u00A0poor\u00C2\u00A0marine\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0has\u00C2\u00A0been\u00C2\u00A0implicated\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0one\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0main\u00C2\u00A0causes\u00C2\u00A0(McKinnell\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A0 2001).\u00C2\u00A0Early\u00C2\u00A0marine\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0Fraser\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0sockeye\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0may\u00C2\u00A0aid\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0determining\u00C2\u00A0 factors\u00C2\u00A0causing\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0decline.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 7.5 Tag\u00C2\u00A0size\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0other\u00C2\u00A0study\u00C2\u00A0limitations\u00C2\u00A0 There\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0several\u00C2\u00A0limitations\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0studies\u00C2\u00A0presented\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0thesis,\u00C2\u00A0most\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0which\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0 related\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0size.\u00C2\u00A0While\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0size\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0tags\u00C2\u00A0has\u00C2\u00A0decreased\u00C2\u00A0significantly\u00C2\u00A0over\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0last\u00C2\u00A0 decade,\u00C2\u00A0it\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0still\u00C2\u00A0necessary\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0only\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0larger\u00C2\u00A0individuals.\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0 were\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A09\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0tags\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006\u00C2\u00A0which\u00C2\u00A0meant\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0had\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0larger\u00C2\u00A0than\u00C2\u00A0140\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0FL.\u00C2\u00A0 In\u00C2\u00A02008\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0smaller\u00C2\u00A0(7\u00C2\u00A0mm),\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0thus\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0lower\u00C2\u00A0limit\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0130\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0FL.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0fork\u00C2\u00A0length\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 221\u00C2\u00A0 spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0typically\u00C2\u00A0ranges\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A0100\u00E2\u0080\u0090160\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0FL,\u00C2\u00A0therefore\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0limited\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0 tagging\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0upper\u00C2\u00A0end\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0size\u00C2\u00A0distribution,\u00C2\u00A0particularly\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 To\u00C2\u00A0assure\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0there\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0ample\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0appropriate\u00C2\u00A0size\u00C2\u00A0it\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0necessary\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0transfer\u00C2\u00A0 smolts\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0hatchery\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Kooskia\u00C2\u00A0hatchery\u00C2\u00A0where\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0water\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0warmer\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0smolt\u00C2\u00A0 growth\u00C2\u00A0rate\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0higher.\u00C2\u00A0Therefore,\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0consequence\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0transferring\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0hatchery\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0 warmer\u00C2\u00A0water\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0released\u00C2\u00A0~60\u00C2\u00A0km\u00C2\u00A0upstream\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0hatchery.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Also,\u00C2\u00A0 smolts\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0held\u00C2\u00A0until\u00C2\u00A0they\u00C2\u00A0had\u00C2\u00A0reached\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0taggable\u00C2\u00A0size,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0thus\u00C2\u00A0they\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0released\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0other\u00C2\u00A0hatchery\u00C2\u00A0fish.\u00C2\u00A0Another\u00C2\u00A0consequence\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0size\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0timing\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0several\u00C2\u00A0 weeks\u00C2\u00A0later\u00C2\u00A0than\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0typical\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0date.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 The\u00C2\u00A0situation\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0similar\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0Cultus\u00C2\u00A0Lake\u00C2\u00A0sockeye\u00C2\u00A0salmon.\u00C2\u00A0Tagged\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0ranged\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0159\u00E2\u0080\u0090 189\u00C2\u00A0mm\u00C2\u00A0FL\u00C2\u00A0which\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0significantly\u00C2\u00A0larger\u00C2\u00A0than\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0typical\u00C2\u00A0hatchery\u00C2\u00A0reared\u00C2\u00A0sockeye\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0smolt.\u00C2\u00A0 Tagged\u00C2\u00A0sockeye\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0however\u00C2\u00A0released\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0same\u00C2\u00A0location\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0same\u00C2\u00A0 time\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0other\u00C2\u00A0hatchery\u00C2\u00A0smolts,\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0exception\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A02005\u00C2\u00A0when\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0released\u00C2\u00A0~1\u00C2\u00A0 month\u00C2\u00A0later\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0500\u00C2\u00A0m\u00C2\u00A0downstream\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0typical\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0site.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 For\u00C2\u00A0each\u00C2\u00A0species\u00C2\u00A0studied\u00C2\u00A0there\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0one\u00C2\u00A0year\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0essentially\u00C2\u00A0inconclusive\u00C2\u00A0due\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0unusually\u00C2\u00A0high\u00C2\u00A0post\u00E2\u0080\u0090release\u00C2\u00A0mortality.\u00C2\u00A0This\u00C2\u00A0elevated\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0consequence\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0tagging\u00C2\u00A0 logistics\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0all\u00C2\u00A0hatcheries\u00C2\u00A0during\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0year\u00C2\u00A0when\u00C2\u00A0high\u00C2\u00A0post\u00E2\u0080\u0090release\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0occurred.\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A02005,\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0 unfortunate\u00C2\u00A0power\u00C2\u00A0outage\u00C2\u00A0killed\u00C2\u00A0nearly\u00C2\u00A0all\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0tagged\u00C2\u00A0Cultus\u00C2\u00A0Lake\u00C2\u00A0sockeye\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0 prior\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0(and\u00C2\u00A0those\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0survived\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0almost\u00C2\u00A0certainly\u00C2\u00A0oxygen\u00C2\u00A0deprived).\u00C2\u00A0Fortunately,\u00C2\u00A0 other\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0available\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0tagging;\u00C2\u00A0however\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0late\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0group\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0associated\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0 an\u00C2\u00A085%\u00C2\u00A0loss\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Fraser\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0mouth\u00C2\u00A0(but\u00C2\u00A0subsequently\u00C2\u00A0similar\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0survival);\u00C2\u00A0it\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0 possible\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0available\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0determine\u00C2\u00A0whether\u00C2\u00A0it\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0anomalously\u00C2\u00A0late\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0 caused\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0mortality,\u00C2\u00A0but\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0certainly\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0credible\u00C2\u00A0possibility.\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A02007,\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0both\u00C2\u00A0Prosser\u00C2\u00A0 hatchery\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Kooskia\u00C2\u00A0hatchery,\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0transferred\u00C2\u00A0several\u00C2\u00A0times\u00C2\u00A0into\u00C2\u00A0different\u00C2\u00A0tanks\u00C2\u00A0prior\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0during\u00C2\u00A0tagging,\u00C2\u00A0due\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0lack\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0tank\u00C2\u00A0availability\u00C2\u00A0and/or\u00C2\u00A0size\u00C2\u00A0grading\u00C2\u00A0(size\u00C2\u00A0sorting\u00C2\u00A0into\u00C2\u00A0 release\u00C2\u00A0groups\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0study\u00C2\u00A0groups\u00C2\u00A0required\u00C2\u00A0>6\u00C2\u00A0tanks).\u00C2\u00A0Size\u00C2\u00A0grading\u00C2\u00A0also\u00C2\u00A0required\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0 be\u00C2\u00A0sedated,\u00C2\u00A0therefore\u00C2\u00A0some\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0lightly\u00C2\u00A0anesthetised\u00C2\u00A0several\u00C2\u00A0times\u00C2\u00A0prior\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0surgery.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Likely\u00C2\u00A0 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this\u00C2\u00A0thesis.\u00C2\u00A0As\u00C2\u00A0outlined\u00C2\u00A0above,\u00C2\u00A0transmitter\u00C2\u00A0size\u00C2\u00A0creates\u00C2\u00A0limitations.\u00C2\u00A0With\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0smaller\u00C2\u00A0transmitter,\u00C2\u00A0 future\u00C2\u00A0research\u00C2\u00A0will\u00C2\u00A0focus\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0tagging\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0complete\u00C2\u00A0size\u00C2\u00A0distribution\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0 from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River,\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0well\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0tagging\u00C2\u00A0additional\u00C2\u00A0hatchery\u00C2\u00A0populations\u00C2\u00A0(both\u00C2\u00A0upstream\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 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survival\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0may\u00C2\u00A0help\u00C2\u00A0resolve\u00C2\u00A0disagreements\u00C2\u00A0over\u00C2\u00A0causes\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0 Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0(Kareiva\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A02000),\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0only\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0comparing\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0estimates\u00C2\u00A0after\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0 entry,\u00C2\u00A0but\u00C2\u00A0also\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0incorporating\u00C2\u00A0these\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0into\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0population\u00C2\u00A0dynamics\u00C2\u00A0models\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0 previously\u00C2\u00A0assumed\u00C2\u00A0there\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0common\u00C2\u00A0year\u00C2\u00A0effect\u00C2\u00A0regarding\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0mortality.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 224\u00C2\u00A0 7.8 References\u00C2\u00A0 Adams,\u00C2\u00A0N.\u00C2\u00A0S.,\u00C2\u00A0D.\u00C2\u00A0W.\u00C2\u00A0Rondorf,\u00C2\u00A0S.\u00C2\u00A0D.\u00C2\u00A0Evans,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0J.\u00C2\u00A0E.\u00C2\u00A0Kelly.\u00C2\u00A01998.\u00C2\u00A0Effects\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0surgically\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0gastrically\u00C2\u00A0 implanted\u00C2\u00A0radio\u00C2\u00A0transmitters\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0growth\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0feeding\u00C2\u00A0behavior\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0juvenile\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0 salmon.\u00C2\u00A0Transactions\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0American\u00C2\u00A0Fisheries\u00C2\u00A0Society\u00C2\u00A0127(1):128\u00E2\u0080\u0090136.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 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regime\u00C2\u00A0concept\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0natural\u00C2\u00A0trends\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0production\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Pacific\u00C2\u00A0salmon.\u00C2\u00A0Canadian\u00C2\u00A0Journal\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0Fisheries\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Aquatic\u00C2\u00A0Sciences\u00C2\u00A056(3):516\u00E2\u0080\u0090526.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Bisbal,\u00C2\u00A0G.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0W.\u00C2\u00A0Mcconnaha.\u00C2\u00A01998.\u00C2\u00A0Consideration\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0conditions\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0management\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 salmon.\u00C2\u00A0Can.J.Fish.Aquat.Sci./J.can.Sci.Halieut.Aquat\u00C2\u00A055(9):2178\u00E2\u0080\u00902186.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Botsford,\u00C2\u00A0L.\u00C2\u00A01997.\u00C2\u00A0Human\u00C2\u00A0activities,\u00C2\u00A0climate\u00C2\u00A0changes\u00C2\u00A0affect\u00C2\u00A0marine\u00C2\u00A0populations.\u00C2\u00A0Calif.Agric\u00C2\u00A0 51(4):36\u00E2\u0080\u009040.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Buchanan,\u00C2\u00A0R.\u00C2\u00A0A.,\u00C2\u00A0J.\u00C2\u00A0R.\u00C2\u00A0Skalski,\u00C2\u00A0J.\u00C2\u00A0L.\u00C2\u00A0Lady,\u00C2\u00A0P.\u00C2\u00A0Westhagen,\u00C2\u00A0J.\u00C2\u00A0Griswold,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0S.\u00C2\u00A0G.\u00C2\u00A0Smith.\u00C2\u00A02007.\u00C2\u00A0 Survival\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Transportation\u00C2\u00A0Effects\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0Migrating\u00C2\u00A0Snake\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0Hatchery\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0Salmon\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0Steelhead:\u00C2\u00A0Historical\u00C2\u00A0Estimates\u00C2\u00A0From\u00C2\u00A01996\u00E2\u0080\u00902003.\u00C2\u00A0Technical\u00C2\u00A0Report\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0BPA,\u00C2\u00A0Project\u00C2\u00A0 91\u00E2\u0080\u0090051\u00E2\u0080\u009000,\u00C2\u00A0Contract\u00C2\u00A029676,\u00C2\u00A0215\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Chittenden,\u00C2\u00A0C.\u00C2\u00A0M.,\u00C2\u00A0K.\u00C2\u00A0G.\u00C2\u00A0Butterworth,\u00C2\u00A0K.\u00C2\u00A0F.\u00C2\u00A0Cubitt,\u00C2\u00A0M.\u00C2\u00A0C.\u00C2\u00A0Jacobs,\u00C2\u00A0A.\u00C2\u00A0Ladouceur,\u00C2\u00A0D.\u00C2\u00A0W.\u00C2\u00A0Welch,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 R.\u00C2\u00A0S.\u00C2\u00A0McKinley.\u00C2\u00A02009.\u00C2\u00A0Maximum\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0body\u00C2\u00A0size\u00C2\u00A0ratios\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0endangered\u00C2\u00A0coho\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0 (O\u00E2\u0080\u0090kisutch)\u00C2\u00A0stock\u00C2\u00A0based\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0physiology\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0performance.\u00C2\u00A0Environmental\u00C2\u00A0Biology\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Fishes\u00C2\u00A0 84(1):129\u00E2\u0080\u0090140.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Cooke,\u00C2\u00A0S.,\u00C2\u00A0S.\u00C2\u00A0Hinch,\u00C2\u00A0A.\u00C2\u00A0Farrell,\u00C2\u00A0M.\u00C2\u00A0Lapointe,\u00C2\u00A0S.\u00C2\u00A0Jones,\u00C2\u00A0J.\u00C2\u00A0MacDonald,\u00C2\u00A0D.\u00C2\u00A0Patterson,\u00C2\u00A0M.\u00C2\u00A0Healey,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 G.\u00C2\u00A0Van\u00C2\u00A0Der\u00C2\u00A0Kraak.\u00C2\u00A02004.\u00C2\u00A0Abnormal\u00C2\u00A0migration\u00C2\u00A0timing\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0high\u00C2\u00A0en\u00C2\u00A0route\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 sockeye\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Fraser\u00C2\u00A0River,\u00C2\u00A0British\u00C2\u00A0Columbia.\u00C2\u00A0Fisheries\u00C2\u00A029(2):22\u00E2\u0080\u009033.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Farley,\u00C2\u00A0E.\u00C2\u00A0V.,\u00C2\u00A0J.\u00C2\u00A0M.\u00C2\u00A0Murphy,\u00C2\u00A0M.\u00C2\u00A0D.\u00C2\u00A0Adkison,\u00C2\u00A0L.\u00C2\u00A0B.\u00C2\u00A0Eisner,\u00C2\u00A0J.\u00C2\u00A0H.\u00C2\u00A0Helle,\u00C2\u00A0J.\u00C2\u00A0H.\u00C2\u00A0Moss,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0J.\u00C2\u00A0Nielsen.\u00C2\u00A0 2007.\u00C2\u00A0Early\u00C2\u00A0marine\u00C2\u00A0growth\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0relation\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0marine\u00E2\u0080\u0090stage\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0rates\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0Alaska\u00C2\u00A0sockeye\u00C2\u00A0 salmon\u00C2\u00A0(Oncorhynchus\u00C2\u00A0nerka).\u00C2\u00A0Fishery\u00C2\u00A0Bulletin\u00C2\u00A0105(1):121\u00E2\u0080\u0090130.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Groot,\u00C2\u00A0C.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0L.\u00C2\u00A0Margolis\u00C2\u00A0editors.\u00C2\u00A01991.\u00C2\u00A0Pacific\u00C2\u00A0Salmon\u00C2\u00A0Life\u00C2\u00A0Histories.\u00C2\u00A0UBC\u00C2\u00A0Press,\u00C2\u00A0Vancouver.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Kallio\u00E2\u0080\u0090Nyberg,\u00C2\u00A0I.,\u00C2\u00A0M.\u00C2\u00A0Salminen,\u00C2\u00A0I.\u00C2\u00A0Saloniemi,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0L.\u00C2\u00A0Kannala\u00E2\u0080\u0090Fisk.\u00C2\u00A02009.\u00C2\u00A0Marine\u00C2\u00A0survival\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0reared\u00C2\u00A0 Atlantic\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Baltic\u00C2\u00A0Sea:\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0effect\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0smolt\u00C2\u00A0traits\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0annual\u00C2\u00A0factors.\u00C2\u00A0Fisheries\u00C2\u00A0 Research\u00C2\u00A096(2\u00E2\u0080\u00903):289\u00E2\u0080\u0090295.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Kareiva,\u00C2\u00A0P.,\u00C2\u00A0M.\u00C2\u00A0Marvier,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0M.\u00C2\u00A0McClure.\u00C2\u00A02000.\u00C2\u00A0Recovery\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0management\u00C2\u00A0options\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0 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juvenile\u00C2\u00A0chinook,\u00C2\u00A0steelhead\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0sockeye\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0(oncorhynchus,\u00C2\u00A0spp.)\u00C2\u00A0passing\u00C2\u00A0dams\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0columbia\u00C2\u00A0river,\u00C2\u00A0USA.\u00C2\u00A0Proceedings\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Aquatic\u00C2\u00A0Telemetry:\u00C2\u00A0Advances\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 Applications,\u00C2\u00A0Proceedings\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Fifth\u00C2\u00A0Conference\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0Fish\u00C2\u00A0Telemetry\u00C2\u00A0Held\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0Europe,\u00C2\u00A0 Ustica\u00C2\u00A0(Italy),\u00C2\u00A09\u00E2\u0080\u009013\u00C2\u00A0Jun\u00C2\u00A02003\u00C2\u00A0:275\u00E2\u0080\u0090286.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Tovey,\u00C2\u00A0C.,\u00C2\u00A0J.\u00C2\u00A0Hume,\u00C2\u00A0K.\u00C2\u00A0Connolly,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0S.\u00C2\u00A0McKamey.\u00C2\u00A02007.\u00C2\u00A02007\u00C2\u00A0Predator\u00C2\u00A0Control\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Enhance\u00C2\u00A0 Sockeye\u00C2\u00A0Salmon\u00C2\u00A0Freshwater\u00C2\u00A0Survival\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0Cultus\u00C2\u00A0Lake.\u00C2\u00A0Pacific\u00C2\u00A0Salmon\u00C2\u00A0Commission,\u00C2\u00A0.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Walters,\u00C2\u00A0C.,\u00C2\u00A0R.\u00C2\u00A0D.\u00C2\u00A0Goruk,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0D.\u00C2\u00A0Radford.\u00C2\u00A01993.\u00C2\u00A0Rivers\u00C2\u00A0Inlet\u00C2\u00A0sockeye\u00C2\u00A0salmon:\u00C2\u00A0An\u00C2\u00A0experiment\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0 adaptive\u00C2\u00A0management.\u00C2\u00A0North\u00C2\u00A0American\u00C2\u00A0Journal\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Fisheries\u00C2\u00A0Management\u00C2\u00A013(2):253\u00E2\u0080\u0090 262.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Welch,\u00C2\u00A0D.\u00C2\u00A0W.,\u00C2\u00A0S.\u00C2\u00A0D.\u00C2\u00A0Batten,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0B.\u00C2\u00A0R.\u00C2\u00A0Ward.\u00C2\u00A02007.\u00C2\u00A0Growth,\u00C2\u00A0survival,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0tag\u00C2\u00A0retention\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 steelhead\u00C2\u00A0trout\u00C2\u00A0(O\u00E2\u0080\u0090mykiss)\u00C2\u00A0surgically\u00C2\u00A0implanted\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0dummy\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0tags.\u00C2\u00A0 Hydrobiologia\u00C2\u00A0582:289\u00E2\u0080\u0090299.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Welch,\u00C2\u00A0D.\u00C2\u00A0W.,\u00C2\u00A0B.\u00C2\u00A0R.\u00C2\u00A0Ward,\u00C2\u00A0B.\u00C2\u00A0D.\u00C2\u00A0Smith,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0J.\u00C2\u00A0P.\u00C2\u00A0Eveson.\u00C2\u00A01998.\u00C2\u00A0Influence\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A01990\u00C2\u00A0ocean\u00C2\u00A0 climate\u00C2\u00A0shift\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0British\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0steelhead\u00C2\u00A0(Oncorhynchus\u00C2\u00A0mykiss)\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0coho\u00C2\u00A0(O.\u00C2\u00A0kisutch)\u00C2\u00A0 populations.\u00C2\u00A0North\u00C2\u00A0Pacific\u00C2\u00A0Anadromous\u00C2\u00A0Fish\u00C2\u00A0Commission,\u00C2\u00A0Technical\u00C2\u00A0Report\u00C2\u00A0#1,\u00C2\u00A03\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 226\u00C2\u00A0 Appendix\u00C2\u00A0A.\u00C2\u00A0Travel\u00C2\u00A0Time\u00C2\u00A0Tables\u00C2\u00A0 Table\u00C2\u00A0A.1.\u00C2\u00A0Segment\u00C2\u00A0specific\u00C2\u00A0travel\u00C2\u00A0time\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0(mean\u00C2\u00A0days\u00C2\u00A0(st.\u00C2\u00A0dev.)).\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0 were\u00C2\u00A0released\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0Kooskia\u00C2\u00A0Hatchery\u00C2\u00A0(870\u00C2\u00A0km\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0mouth);\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0released\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Chandler\u00C2\u00A0Juvenile\u00C2\u00A0 Monitoring\u00C2\u00A0Facility\u00C2\u00A0(615\u00C2\u00A0km\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0mouth).\u00C2\u00A0NA\u00E2\u0080\u0090\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0applicable.\u00C2\u00A0Parentheses\u00C2\u00A0below\u00C2\u00A0detection\u00C2\u00A0sites\u00C2\u00A0indicate\u00C2\u00A0segment\u00C2\u00A0 distance\u00C2\u00A0(km).\u00C2\u00A0(a)\u00C2\u00A0calculated\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0only\u00C2\u00A0one\u00C2\u00A0individual;\u00C2\u00A0*applicable\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0smolts;\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u00A1\u00C2\u00A0applicable\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0smolts.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 2006\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Snake\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Lower\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Pacific\u00C2\u00A0Ocean\u00C2\u00A0 Release\u00C2\u00A0 Date\u00C2\u00A0 Population\u00C2\u00A0 Release\u00E2\u0080\u0090\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Lake\u00C2\u00A0Bryan\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 (190)\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Lake\u00C2\u00A0Bryan*\u00C2\u00A0 /Release\u00E2\u0080\u00A1\u00E2\u0080\u0090 Lake\u00C2\u00A0Wallula\u00C2\u00A0 (179*/113\u00E2\u0080\u00A1)\u00C2\u00A0 Lake\u00C2\u00A0 Wallula\u00E2\u0080\u0090 Lake\u00C2\u00A0Celilo\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 (162)\u00C2\u00A0 Lake\u00C2\u00A0Celilo\u00E2\u0080\u0090 McGowan's\u00C2\u00A0 Channel\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 (116)\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 McGowan's\u00C2\u00A0 Channel\u00E2\u0080\u0090 Willapa\u00C2\u00A0Bay\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 (264)\u00C2\u00A0 Willapa\u00C2\u00A0Bay\u00E2\u0080\u0090 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Lippy\u00C2\u00A0Point\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 (485)\u00C2\u00A0 Lippy\u00C2\u00A0Point\u00E2\u0080\u0090 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Grave's\u00C2\u00A0 Harbor\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 (1105)\u00C2\u00A0 1\u00E2\u0080\u0090May\u00C2\u00A0 Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0 8.0\u00C2\u00A0(4.0)\u00C2\u00A0 6.9\u00C2\u00A0(2)\u00C2\u00A0 3.4\u00C2\u00A0(1.3)\u00C2\u00A0 1.4\u00C2\u00A0(0.3)\u00C2\u00A0 5.3\u00C2\u00A0(3.1)\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 8\u00E2\u0080\u0090May\u00C2\u00A0 Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0 4.9\u00C2\u00A0(1.7)\u00C2\u00A0 5.9\u00C2\u00A0(1.5)\u00C2\u00A0 2.8\u00C2\u00A0(0.5)\u00C2\u00A0 1.5\u00C2\u00A0(0.5)\u00C2\u00A0 4.8\u00C2\u00A0(3.2)\u00C2\u00A0 29.6\u00C2\u00A0(3.9)\u00C2\u00A0 38.4\u00C2\u00A0(a)\u00C2\u00A0 Pooled\u00C2\u00A0Mean\u00C2\u00A0 6.4\u00C2\u00A0(3.4)\u00C2\u00A0 6.4\u00C2\u00A0(1.8)\u00C2\u00A0 3.2\u00C2\u00A0(1.1)\u00C2\u00A0 1.4\u00C2\u00A0(0.4)\u00C2\u00A0 5.1\u00C2\u00A0(3.1)\u00C2\u00A0 29.6\u00C2\u00A0(3.9)\u00C2\u00A0 38.4\u00C2\u00A0(a)\u00C2\u00A0 30\u00E2\u0080\u0090May\u00C2\u00A0 Yakima\u00C2\u00A0 NA\u00C2\u00A0 1.4\u00C2\u00A0(1.0)\u00C2\u00A0 3.4\u00C2\u00A0(1.3)\u00C2\u00A0 1.4\u00C2\u00A0(0.2)\u00C2\u00A0 6.0\u00C2\u00A0(1.7)\u00C2\u00A0 32.1\u00C2\u00A0(1.6)\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 6\u00E2\u0080\u0090Jun\u00C2\u00A0 Yakima\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 NA\u00C2\u00A0 1.6\u00C2\u00A0(3.5)\u00C2\u00A0 2.4\u00C2\u00A0(0.7)\u00C2\u00A0 1.2\u00C2\u00A0(0.2)\u00C2\u00A0 4.6\u00C2\u00A0(7.1)\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Pooled\u00C2\u00A0Mean\u00C2\u00A0 NA\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 1.5\u00C2\u00A0(2.6)\u00C2\u00A0 2.9\u00C2\u00A0(1.1)\u00C2\u00A0 1.3\u00C2\u00A0(0.2)\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 5.0\u00C2\u00A0(6.3)\u00C2\u00A0 32.1\u00C2\u00A0(1.6)\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 227\u00C2\u00A0 Table\u00C2\u00A0A.1\u00C2\u00A0cont.\u00C2\u00A0Segment\u00C2\u00A0specific\u00C2\u00A0travel\u00C2\u00A0time\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0(mean\u00C2\u00A0days\u00C2\u00A0(st.\u00C2\u00A0dev.)).\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 2007\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Snake\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Lower\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Pacific\u00C2\u00A0Ocean\u00C2\u00A0 Release\u00C2\u00A0 Date\u00C2\u00A0 Population\u00C2\u00A0 Release\u00E2\u0080\u0090\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Lake\u00C2\u00A0Bryan\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 (190)\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Lake\u00C2\u00A0Bryan*\u00C2\u00A0 /Release\u00E2\u0080\u00A1\u00E2\u0080\u0090 Lake\u00C2\u00A0Wallula\u00C2\u00A0 (179*/113\u00E2\u0080\u00A1)\u00C2\u00A0 Lake\u00C2\u00A0 Wallula\u00E2\u0080\u0090 Lake\u00C2\u00A0Celilo\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 (162)\u00C2\u00A0 Lake\u00C2\u00A0Celilo\u00E2\u0080\u0090 McGowan's\u00C2\u00A0 Channel\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 (116)\u00C2\u00A0 McGowan's\u00C2\u00A0 Channel\u00E2\u0080\u0090 Astoria\u00C2\u00A0 Bridge\u00C2\u00A0 (201)\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Astoria\u00C2\u00A0 Bridge\u00E2\u0080\u0090\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Willapa\u00C2\u00A0Bay\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 (63)\u00C2\u00A0 Willapa\u00C2\u00A0Bay\u00E2\u0080\u0090 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Lippy\u00C2\u00A0Point\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 (485)\u00C2\u00A0 Lippy\u00C2\u00A0Point\u00E2\u0080\u0090 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Grave's\u00C2\u00A0 Harbor\u00C2\u00A0 (1105)\u00C2\u00A0 1\u00E2\u0080\u0090May\u00C2\u00A0 Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0 9.8\u00C2\u00A0(5.1)\u00C2\u00A0 8.9\u00C2\u00A0(3.2)\u00C2\u00A0 3.6\u00C2\u00A0(1.1)\u00C2\u00A0 1.6\u00C2\u00A0(0.3)\u00C2\u00A0 2.4\u00C2\u00A0(0.3)\u00C2\u00A0 16.2\u00C2\u00A0(12.2)\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 14\u00E2\u0080\u0090May\u00C2\u00A0 Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0 7.6\u00C2\u00A0(3.6)\u00C2\u00A0 10.3\u00C2\u00A0(3.8)\u00C2\u00A0 4.0\u00C2\u00A0(1.9)\u00C2\u00A0 1.6\u00C2\u00A0(0.2)\u00C2\u00A0 2.6\u00C2\u00A0(0.4)\u00C2\u00A0 12.3\u00C2\u00A0(7.0)\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 Pooled\u00C2\u00A0Mean\u00C2\u00A0 8.6\u00C2\u00A0(4.4)\u00C2\u00A0 9.6\u00C2\u00A0(3.6)\u00C2\u00A0 3.8\u00C2\u00A0(1.6)\u00C2\u00A0 1.6\u00C2\u00A0(0.2)\u00C2\u00A0 2.5\u00C2\u00A0(0.4)\u00C2\u00A0 14.3\u00C2\u00A0(9.5)\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 28\u00E2\u0080\u0090May\u00C2\u00A0 Yakima\u00C2\u00A0 NA\u00C2\u00A0 1.3\u00C2\u00A0(0.2)\u00C2\u00A0 4.3\u00C2\u00A0(2.0)\u00C2\u00A0 1.7\u00C2\u00A0(1.0)\u00C2\u00A0 2.5\u00C2\u00A0(0.3)\u00C2\u00A0 3.4\u00C2\u00A0(1.3)\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 3\u00E2\u0080\u0090Jun\u00C2\u00A0 Yakima\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 NA\u00C2\u00A0 1.5\u00C2\u00A0(0.8)\u00C2\u00A0 4.9\u00C2\u00A0(1.7)\u00C2\u00A0 1.6\u00C2\u00A0(0.3)\u00C2\u00A0 2.7\u00C2\u00A0(0.7)\u00C2\u00A0 8.3\u00C2\u00A0(6.0)\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Pooled\u00C2\u00A0Mean\u00C2\u00A0 NA\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 1.4\u00C2\u00A0(0.5)\u00C2\u00A0 4.5\u00C2\u00A0(1.9)\u00C2\u00A0 1.7\u00C2\u00A0(0.9)\u00C2\u00A0 2.5\u00C2\u00A0(0.4)\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 4.8\u00C2\u00A0(3.9)\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 2008\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Snake\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Lower\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Pacific\u00C2\u00A0Ocean\u00C2\u00A0 Release\u00C2\u00A0 Date\u00C2\u00A0 Population\u00C2\u00A0 Release\u00E2\u0080\u0090\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Lake\u00C2\u00A0Bryan\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 (190)\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Lake\u00C2\u00A0 Bryan*\u00C2\u00A0 /Release\u00E2\u0080\u00A1\u00E2\u0080\u0090 Lake\u00C2\u00A0 Wallula\u00C2\u00A0 (179*/113\u00E2\u0080\u00A1)\u00C2\u00A0 Lake\u00C2\u00A0 Wallula\u00E2\u0080\u0090 Lake\u00C2\u00A0Celilo\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 (162)\u00C2\u00A0 Lake\u00C2\u00A0Celilo\u00E2\u0080\u0090 McGowan's\u00C2\u00A0 Channel\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 (116)\u00C2\u00A0 McGowan's\u00C2\u00A0 Channel\u00E2\u0080\u0090 Astoria\u00C2\u00A0 Bridge\u00C2\u00A0 (201)\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Astoria\u00C2\u00A0 Bridge\u00E2\u0080\u0090\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Willapa\u00C2\u00A0Bay\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 (63)\u00C2\u00A0 Willapa\u00C2\u00A0Bay\u00E2\u0080\u0090 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Lippy\u00C2\u00A0Point\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 (485)\u00C2\u00A0 Lippy\u00C2\u00A0Point\u00E2\u0080\u0090\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Grave's\u00C2\u00A0 Harbor\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 (1105)\u00C2\u00A0 25\u00E2\u0080\u0090Apr\u00C2\u00A0 Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0 12.4\u00C2\u00A0(6.7)\u00C2\u00A0 10.2\u00C2\u00A0(4.7)\u00C2\u00A0 3.2\u00C2\u00A0(0.9)\u00C2\u00A0 1.7\u00C2\u00A0(0.2)\u00C2\u00A0 2.5\u00C2\u00A0(0.4)\u00C2\u00A0 8.7\u00C2\u00A0(6.1)\u00C2\u00A0 31.6\u00C2\u00A0(5.0)\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 2\u00E2\u0080\u0090May\u00C2\u00A0 Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0 11.5\u00C2\u00A0(6.4)\u00C2\u00A0 8.4\u00C2\u00A0(3.4)\u00C2\u00A0 2.8\u00C2\u00A0(0.8)\u00C2\u00A0 1.6\u00C2\u00A0(0.2)\u00C2\u00A0 2.7\u00C2\u00A0(0.5)\u00C2\u00A0 6.5\u00C2\u00A0(3.8)\u00C2\u00A0 21.7\u00C2\u00A0(0.3)\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 Pooled\u00C2\u00A0Mean\u00C2\u00A0 11.9\u00C2\u00A0(6.5)\u00C2\u00A0 9.3\u00C2\u00A0(4.2)\u00C2\u00A0 3.0\u00C2\u00A0(0.9)\u00C2\u00A0 1.7\u00C2\u00A0(0.2)\u00C2\u00A0 2.6\u00C2\u00A0(0.4)\u00C2\u00A0 8.0\u00C2\u00A0(5.5)\u00C2\u00A0 28.3\u00C2\u00A0(6.4)\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 15\u00E2\u0080\u0090May\u00C2\u00A0 Yakima\u00C2\u00A0 NA\u00C2\u00A0 1.5\u00C2\u00A0(0.3)\u00C2\u00A0 3.6\u00C2\u00A0(1.1)\u00C2\u00A0 3.6\u00C2\u00A0(2.1)\u00C2\u00A0 2.5\u00C2\u00A0(0.3)\u00C2\u00A0 10.1\u00C2\u00A0(10.8)\u00C2\u00A0 29.5\u00C2\u00A0(6.1)\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 21\u00E2\u0080\u0090May\u00C2\u00A0 Yakima\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 NA\u00C2\u00A0 1.5\u00C2\u00A0(0.7)\u00C2\u00A0 2.7\u00C2\u00A0(1.5)\u00C2\u00A0 1.8\u00C2\u00A0(0.2)\u00C2\u00A0 2.4\u00C2\u00A0(0.2)\u00C2\u00A0 12.4\u00C2\u00A0(15.6)\u00C2\u00A0 42.9\u00C2\u00A0(12.0)\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Pooled\u00C2\u00A0Mean\u00C2\u00A0 NA\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 1.5\u00C2\u00A0(0.6)\u00C2\u00A0 3.0\u00C2\u00A0(1.4)\u00C2\u00A0 2.2\u00C2\u00A0(1.1)\u00C2\u00A0 2.5\u00C2\u00A0(0.2)\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 11.3\u00C2\u00A0(13.3)\u00C2\u00A0 34.9\u00C2\u00A0(10.8)\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 228\u00C2\u00A0 Table\u00C2\u00A0A.2.\u00C2\u00A0Cumulative\u00C2\u00A0travel\u00C2\u00A0time\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0detection\u00C2\u00A0sites\u00C2\u00A0(mean\u00C2\u00A0days\u00C2\u00A0(st.\u00C2\u00A0dev.)).\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0released\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0Kooskia\u00C2\u00A0Hatchery\u00C2\u00A0(870\u00C2\u00A0km\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0mouth);\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0released\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Chandler\u00C2\u00A0 Juvenile\u00C2\u00A0Monitoring\u00C2\u00A0Facility\u00C2\u00A0(615\u00C2\u00A0km\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0mouth).\u00C2\u00A0NA\u00E2\u0080\u0090\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0applicable.\u00C2\u00A0Parentheses\u00C2\u00A0below\u00C2\u00A0detection\u00C2\u00A0sites\u00C2\u00A0indicated\u00C2\u00A0 cumulative\u00C2\u00A0distance\u00C2\u00A0(km)\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0sites,\u00C2\u00A0respectively.\u00C2\u00A0(a)\u00C2\u00A0Only\u00C2\u00A0one\u00C2\u00A0ID\u00C2\u00A0code\u00C2\u00A0detected.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 2006\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Snake\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Lower\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Pacific\u00C2\u00A0Ocean\u00C2\u00A0 Release\u00C2\u00A0 Date\u00C2\u00A0 Population\u00C2\u00A0 Lake\u00C2\u00A0Bryan\u00C2\u00A0 (190/NA)\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Lake\u00C2\u00A0 Wallula\u00C2\u00A0 (369/113)\u00C2\u00A0 Lake\u00C2\u00A0 Celilo\u00C2\u00A0 (531/275)\u00C2\u00A0 McGowan's\u00C2\u00A0 Channel\u00C2\u00A0 (647/391)\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Willapa\u00C2\u00A0Bay\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 (911/655)\u00C2\u00A0 Lippy\u00C2\u00A0Point\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 (1395/1140)\u00C2\u00A0 Grave's\u00C2\u00A0 Harbor\u00C2\u00A0 (2501/2245)\u00C2\u00A0 1\u00E2\u0080\u0090May\u00C2\u00A0 Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0 8.0\u00C2\u00A0(4.0)\u00C2\u00A0 15.5\u00C2\u00A0(3.8)\u00C2\u00A0 18.2\u00C2\u00A0(3.6)\u00C2\u00A0 19.6\u00C2\u00A0(4.4)\u00C2\u00A0 26.2\u00C2\u00A0(4.8)\u00C2\u00A0 57.9\u00C2\u00A0(a)\u00C2\u00A0 94.5\u00C2\u00A0(a)\u00C2\u00A0 8\u00E2\u0080\u0090May\u00C2\u00A0 Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0 4.9\u00C2\u00A0(1.6)\u00C2\u00A0 11.0\u00C2\u00A0(2.3)\u00C2\u00A0 13.5\u00C2\u00A0(2.3)\u00C2\u00A0 14.1\u00C2\u00A0(3.0)\u00C2\u00A0 19.0\u00C2\u00A0(4.2)\u00C2\u00A0 52.9\u00C2\u00A0(1.8)\u00C2\u00A0 90.2\u00C2\u00A0(a)\u00C2\u00A0 Pooled\u00C2\u00A0Mean\u00C2\u00A0 6.4\u00C2\u00A0(3.4)\u00C2\u00A0 13.1\u00C2\u00A0(3.8)\u00C2\u00A0 16.0\u00C2\u00A0(3.8)\u00C2\u00A0 17.1\u00C2\u00A0(4.7)\u00C2\u00A0 22.4\u00C2\u00A0(5.8)\u00C2\u00A0 54.2\u00C2\u00A0(2.9)\u00C2\u00A0 92.3\u00C2\u00A0(3.0)\u00C2\u00A0 30\u00E2\u0080\u0090May\u00C2\u00A0 Yakima\u00C2\u00A0 NA\u00C2\u00A0 1.4\u00C2\u00A0(1.0)\u00C2\u00A0 5.0\u00C2\u00A0(1.9)\u00C2\u00A0 6.0\u00C2\u00A0(1.1)\u00C2\u00A0 12.6\u00C2\u00A0(2.6)\u00C2\u00A0 42.8\u00C2\u00A0(2.9)\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 6\u00E2\u0080\u0090Jun\u00C2\u00A0 Yakima\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 NA\u00C2\u00A0 1.6\u00C2\u00A0(3.5)\u00C2\u00A0 3.9\u00C2\u00A0(2.1)\u00C2\u00A0 4.8\u00C2\u00A0(0.8)\u00C2\u00A0 9.4\u00C2\u00A0(6.6)\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Pooled\u00C2\u00A0Mean\u00C2\u00A0 NA\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 1.5\u00C2\u00A0(2.6)\u00C2\u00A0 4.5\u00C2\u00A0(2.1)\u00C2\u00A0 5.3\u00C2\u00A0(1.1)\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 10.1\u00C2\u00A0(6.0)\u00C2\u00A0 42.8\u00C2\u00A0(2.9)\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 2007\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Snake\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Lower\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Pacific\u00C2\u00A0Ocean\u00C2\u00A0 Release\u00C2\u00A0 Date\u00C2\u00A0 Population\u00C2\u00A0 Lake\u00C2\u00A0Bryan\u00C2\u00A0 (190/NA)\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Lake\u00C2\u00A0 Wallula\u00C2\u00A0 (369/113)\u00C2\u00A0 Lake\u00C2\u00A0 Celilo\u00C2\u00A0 (531/275)\u00C2\u00A0 McGowan's\u00C2\u00A0 Channel\u00C2\u00A0 (647/391)\u00C2\u00A0 Astoria\u00C2\u00A0 Bridge\u00C2\u00A0 (848/592)\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Willapa\u00C2\u00A0Bay\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 (911/655)\u00C2\u00A0 Lippy\u00C2\u00A0Point\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 (1395/1140)\u00C2\u00A0 Grave's\u00C2\u00A0 Harbor\u00C2\u00A0 (2501/2245)\u00C2\u00A0 1\u00E2\u0080\u0090May\u00C2\u00A0 Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0 9.8\u00C2\u00A0(5.1)\u00C2\u00A0 22.0\u00C2\u00A0(5.5)\u00C2\u00A0 22.1\u00C2\u00A0(5.5)\u00C2\u00A0 25.5\u00C2\u00A0(6.6)\u00C2\u00A0 38.1\u00C2\u00A0(9.4)\u00C2\u00A0 38.1\u00C2\u00A0(9.4)\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 14\u00E2\u0080\u0090May\u00C2\u00A0 Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0 7.6\u00C2\u00A0(3.6)\u00C2\u00A0 22.8\u00C2\u00A0(5.1)\u00C2\u00A0 22.3\u00C2\u00A0(5.9)\u00C2\u00A0 24.4\u00C2\u00A0(6.0)\u00C2\u00A0 34.3\u00C2\u00A0(10.4)\u00C2\u00A0 34.3\u00C2\u00A0(10.4)\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 Pooled\u00C2\u00A0Mean\u00C2\u00A0 8.6\u00C2\u00A0(4.4)\u00C2\u00A0 22.4\u00C2\u00A0(5.2)\u00C2\u00A0 22.2\u00C2\u00A0(5.6)\u00C2\u00A0 24.9\u00C2\u00A0(6.2)\u00C2\u00A0 36.2\u00C2\u00A0(9.6)\u00C2\u00A0 36.2\u00C2\u00A0(9.6)\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 28\u00E2\u0080\u0090May\u00C2\u00A0 Yakima\u00C2\u00A0 NA\u00C2\u00A0 5.7\u00C2\u00A0(2.0)\u00C2\u00A0 7.6\u00C2\u00A0(2.5)\u00C2\u00A0 10.2\u00C2\u00A0(2.8)\u00C2\u00A0 13.1\u00C2\u00A0(2.7)\u00C2\u00A0 13.1\u00C2\u00A0(2.7)\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 3\u00E2\u0080\u0090Jun\u00C2\u00A0 Yakima\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 NA\u00C2\u00A0 6.3\u00C2\u00A0(1.9)\u00C2\u00A0 8.2\u00C2\u00A0(2.1)\u00C2\u00A0 10.6\u00C2\u00A0(2.7)\u00C2\u00A0 20.1\u00C2\u00A0(4.8)\u00C2\u00A0 20.1\u00C2\u00A0(4.8)\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Pooled\u00C2\u00A0Mean\u00C2\u00A0 NA\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 5.9\u00C2\u00A0(2.0)\u00C2\u00A0 7.7\u00C2\u00A0(2.4)\u00C2\u00A0 10.3\u00C2\u00A0(2.8)\u00C2\u00A0 15.0\u00C2\u00A0(4.6)\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 15.0\u00C2\u00A0(4.6)\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 229\u00C2\u00A0 Table\u00C2\u00A0A.2\u00C2\u00A0cont.\u00C2\u00A0Cumulative\u00C2\u00A0travel\u00C2\u00A0time\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0detection\u00C2\u00A0sites\u00C2\u00A0(mean\u00C2\u00A0days\u00C2\u00A0(st.\u00C2\u00A0 dev.)).\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 2008\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Snake\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Lower\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Pacific\u00C2\u00A0Ocean\u00C2\u00A0 Release\u00C2\u00A0 Date\u00C2\u00A0 Population\u00C2\u00A0 Lake\u00C2\u00A0Bryan\u00C2\u00A0 (190/NA)\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Lake\u00C2\u00A0 Wallula\u00C2\u00A0 (369/113)\u00C2\u00A0 Lake\u00C2\u00A0 Celilo\u00C2\u00A0 (531/275)\u00C2\u00A0 McGowan's\u00C2\u00A0 Channel\u00C2\u00A0 (647/391)\u00C2\u00A0 Astoria\u00C2\u00A0 Bridge\u00C2\u00A0 (848/592)\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Willapa\u00C2\u00A0 Bay\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 (911/655)\u00C2\u00A0 Lippy\u00C2\u00A0Point\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 (1395/1140)\u00C2\u00A0 Grave's\u00C2\u00A0 Harbor\u00C2\u00A0 (2501/2245)\u00C2\u00A0 25\u00E2\u0080\u0090Apr\u00C2\u00A0 Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0 12.4\u00C2\u00A0(6.7)\u00C2\u00A0 23.7\u00C2\u00A0(6.7)\u00C2\u00A0 26.9\u00C2\u00A0(6.7)\u00C2\u00A0 25.2\u00C2\u00A0(4.5)\u00C2\u00A0 31.8\u00C2\u00A0(5.9)\u00C2\u00A0 39.4\u00C2\u00A0(6.8)\u00C2\u00A0 66.0\u00C2\u00A0(9.2)\u00C2\u00A0 93.9\u00C2\u00A0(a)\u00C2\u00A0 2\u00E2\u0080\u0090May\u00C2\u00A0 Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0 11.5\u00C2\u00A0(6.4)\u00C2\u00A0 20.2\u00C2\u00A0(6.7)\u00C2\u00A0 23.0\u00C2\u00A0(7.6)\u00C2\u00A0 20.8\u00C2\u00A0(8.6)\u00C2\u00A0 26.1\u00C2\u00A0(5.6)\u00C2\u00A0 32.3\u00C2\u00A0(5.6)\u00C2\u00A0 54.7\u00C2\u00A0(0.3)\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 Pooled\u00C2\u00A0Mean\u00C2\u00A0 11.9\u00C2\u00A0(6.5)\u00C2\u00A0 21.9\u00C2\u00A0(6.9)\u00C2\u00A0 25.2\u00C2\u00A0(7.3)\u00C2\u00A0 22.8\u00C2\u00A0(7.1)\u00C2\u00A0 29.3\u00C2\u00A0(6.4)\u00C2\u00A0 36.7\u00C2\u00A0(7.2)\u00C2\u00A0 63.5\u00C2\u00A0(9.4)\u00C2\u00A0 93.9\u00C2\u00A0(a)\u00C2\u00A0 15\u00E2\u0080\u0090May\u00C2\u00A0 Yakima\u00C2\u00A0 NA\u00C2\u00A0 1.5\u00C2\u00A0(0.3)\u00C2\u00A0 5.3\u00C2\u00A0(1.1)\u00C2\u00A0 7.2\u00C2\u00A0(2.3)\u00C2\u00A0 9.6\u00C2\u00A0(2.0)\u00C2\u00A0 18.2\u00C2\u00A0(10.2)\u00C2\u00A0 48.6\u00C2\u00A0(7.1)\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 21\u00E2\u0080\u0090May\u00C2\u00A0 Yakima\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 NA\u00C2\u00A0 1.5\u00C2\u00A0(0.7)\u00C2\u00A0 4.3\u00C2\u00A0(1.8)\u00C2\u00A0 5.7\u00C2\u00A0(0.9)\u00C2\u00A0 8.4\u00C2\u00A0(1.7)\u00C2\u00A0 21.0\u00C2\u00A0(16.5)\u00C2\u00A0 65.5\u00C2\u00A0(24.9)\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Pooled\u00C2\u00A0Mean\u00C2\u00A0 NA\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 1.5\u00C2\u00A0(0.6)\u00C2\u00A0 4.6\u00C2\u00A0(1.7)\u00C2\u00A0 6.4\u00C2\u00A0(1.8)\u00C2\u00A0 9.0\u00C2\u00A0(1.9)\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 19.6\u00C2\u00A0(13.7)\u00C2\u00A0 56.4\u00C2\u00A0(19)\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 230\u00C2\u00A0 Appendix\u00C2\u00A0B.\u00C2\u00A0Migration\u00C2\u00A0Rate\u00C2\u00A0Tables\u00C2\u00A0 Table\u00C2\u00A0B.1.\u00C2\u00A0Segment\u00C2\u00A0specific\u00C2\u00A0rate\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0movement\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0(mean\u00C2\u00A0km/day\u00C2\u00A0(st.\u00C2\u00A0dev)).\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0released\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0Kooskia\u00C2\u00A0Hatchery\u00C2\u00A0(870\u00C2\u00A0km\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0mouth);\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0released\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Chandler\u00C2\u00A0 Juvenile\u00C2\u00A0Monitoring\u00C2\u00A0Facility\u00C2\u00A0(615\u00C2\u00A0km\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0mouth).\u00C2\u00A0NA\u00E2\u0080\u0090\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0applicable.\u00C2\u00A0Parentheses\u00C2\u00A0below\u00C2\u00A0detection\u00C2\u00A0sites\u00C2\u00A0indicate\u00C2\u00A0 segment\u00C2\u00A0distance\u00C2\u00A0(km).\u00C2\u00A0(a)\u00C2\u00A0calculated\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0only\u00C2\u00A0one\u00C2\u00A0individual;\u00C2\u00A0*\u00C2\u00A0applicable\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0smolts;\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u00A1\u00C2\u00A0applicable\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0smolts.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 2006\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Snake\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Lower\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Pacific\u00C2\u00A0Ocean\u00C2\u00A0 Release\u00C2\u00A0 Date\u00C2\u00A0 Population\u00C2\u00A0 Release\u00E2\u0080\u0090\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Lake\u00C2\u00A0Bryan\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 (190)\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Lake\u00C2\u00A0Bryan*\u00C2\u00A0 /Release\u00E2\u0080\u00A1\u00E2\u0080\u0090 Lake\u00C2\u00A0Wallula\u00C2\u00A0 (179*/113\u00E2\u0080\u00A1)\u00C2\u00A0 Lake\u00C2\u00A0 Wallula\u00E2\u0080\u0090 Lake\u00C2\u00A0Celilo\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 (162)\u00C2\u00A0 Lake\u00C2\u00A0Celilo\u00E2\u0080\u0090 McGowan's\u00C2\u00A0 Channel\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 (116)\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 McGowan's\u00C2\u00A0 Channel\u00E2\u0080\u0090 Willapa\u00C2\u00A0Bay\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 (264)\u00C2\u00A0 Willapa\u00C2\u00A0 Bay\u00E2\u0080\u0090Lippy\u00C2\u00A0 Point\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 (485)\u00C2\u00A0 Lippy\u00C2\u00A0 Point\u00E2\u0080\u0090 Grave's\u00C2\u00A0 Harbor\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 (1105)\u00C2\u00A0 1\u00E2\u0080\u0090May\u00C2\u00A0 Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0 31.8\u00C2\u00A0(18.4)\u00C2\u00A0 28.4\u00C2\u00A0(9.3)\u00C2\u00A0 52.0\u00C2\u00A0(13.5)\u00C2\u00A0 84.0\u00C2\u00A0(13.0)\u00C2\u00A0 62.3\u00C2\u00A0(24.6)\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 8\u00E2\u0080\u0090May\u00C2\u00A0 Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0 43.6\u00C2\u00A0(14.9)\u00C2\u00A0 32.4\u00C2\u00A0(8.6)\u00C2\u00A0 58.9\u00C2\u00A0(10.4)\u00C2\u00A0 82.6\u00C2\u00A0(14.5)\u00C2\u00A0 67.1\u00C2\u00A0(23.2)\u00C2\u00A0 16.5\u00C2\u00A0(2.2)\u00C2\u00A0 28.8\u00C2\u00A0(a)\u00C2\u00A0 Pooled\u00C2\u00A0Mean\u00C2\u00A0 37.8\u00C2\u00A0(17.7)\u00C2\u00A0 30.5\u00C2\u00A0(9.1)\u00C2\u00A0 55.2\u00C2\u00A0(12.6)\u00C2\u00A0 83.4\u00C2\u00A0(13.6)\u00C2\u00A0 64.7\u00C2\u00A0(23.8)\u00C2\u00A0 16.5\u00C2\u00A0(2.2)\u00C2\u00A0 28.8\u00C2\u00A0(a)\u00C2\u00A0 30\u00E2\u0080\u0090May\u00C2\u00A0 Yakima\u00C2\u00A0 NA\u00C2\u00A0 91.8\u00C2\u00A0(17.7)\u00C2\u00A0 53.1\u00C2\u00A0(16.2)\u00C2\u00A0 85.8\u00C2\u00A0(9.5)\u00C2\u00A0 48.2\u00C2\u00A0(15.4)\u00C2\u00A0 15.1\u00C2\u00A0(0.8)\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 6\u00E2\u0080\u0090Jun\u00C2\u00A0 Yakima\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 NA\u00C2\u00A0 97.8\u00C2\u00A0(19.9)\u00C2\u00A0 72.1\u00C2\u00A0(15.6)\u00C2\u00A0 99.2\u00C2\u00A0(11.4)\u00C2\u00A0 76.4\u00C2\u00A0(17.4)\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Pooled\u00C2\u00A0Mean\u00C2\u00A0 NA\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 95.0\u00C2\u00A0(19.1)\u00C2\u00A0 62.9\u00C2\u00A0(18.5)\u00C2\u00A0 93.7\u00C2\u00A0(12.5)\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 69.8\u00C2\u00A0(20.7)\u00C2\u00A0 15.1\u00C2\u00A0(0.8)\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Table\u00C2\u00A0B.1\u00C2\u00A0cont.\u00C2\u00A0Segment\u00C2\u00A0specific\u00C2\u00A0rate\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0movement\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0(mean\u00C2\u00A0km/day\u00C2\u00A0(st.\u00C2\u00A0dev)).\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 231\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 2007\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Snake\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Lower\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Pacific\u00C2\u00A0Ocean\u00C2\u00A0 Release\u00C2\u00A0 Date\u00C2\u00A0 Population\u00C2\u00A0 Release\u00E2\u0080\u0090\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Lake\u00C2\u00A0Bryan\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 (190)\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Lake\u00C2\u00A0Bryan*\u00C2\u00A0 /Release\u00E2\u0080\u00A1\u00E2\u0080\u0090 Lake\u00C2\u00A0Wallula\u00C2\u00A0 (179*/113\u00E2\u0080\u00A1)\u00C2\u00A0 Lake\u00C2\u00A0 Wallula\u00E2\u0080\u0090 Lake\u00C2\u00A0Celilo\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 (162)\u00C2\u00A0 Lake\u00C2\u00A0Celilo\u00E2\u0080\u0090 McGowan's\u00C2\u00A0 Channel\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 (116)\u00C2\u00A0 McGowan's\u00C2\u00A0 Channel\u00E2\u0080\u0090 Astoria\u00C2\u00A0 Bridge\u00C2\u00A0(201)\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Astoria\u00C2\u00A0 Bridge\u00E2\u0080\u0090\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Willapa\u00C2\u00A0Bay \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 (63)\u00C2\u00A0 Willapa\u00C2\u00A0 Bay\u00E2\u0080\u0090Lippy\u00C2\u00A0 Point\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 (485)\u00C2\u00A0 Lippy\u00C2\u00A0 Point\u00E2\u0080\u0090 Grave's\u00C2\u00A0 Harbor\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 (1105)\u00C2\u00A0 1\u00E2\u0080\u0090May\u00C2\u00A0 Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0 23.8\u00C2\u00A0(9.7)\u00C2\u00A0 22.6\u00C2\u00A0(8.2)\u00C2\u00A0 49.0\u00C2\u00A0(14.7)\u00C2\u00A0 75.7\u00C2\u00A0(12.6)\u00C2\u00A0 84.5\u00C2\u00A0(10.4)\u00C2\u00A0 6.6\u00C2\u00A0(5.4)\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 14\u00E2\u0080\u0090May\u00C2\u00A0 Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0 28.9\u00C2\u00A0(10.2)\u00C2\u00A0 20.1\u00C2\u00A0(7.9)\u00C2\u00A0 45.8\u00C2\u00A0(12.5)\u00C2\u00A0 75.4\u00C2\u00A0(6.7)\u00C2\u00A0 77.8\u00C2\u00A0(11.2)\u00C2\u00A0 6.4\u00C2\u00A0(3.2)\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 Pooled\u00C2\u00A0Mean\u00C2\u00A0 26.6\u00C2\u00A0(10.3)\u00C2\u00A0 21.2\u00C2\u00A0(8.1)\u00C2\u00A0 47.2\u00C2\u00A0(13.3)\u00C2\u00A0 75.5\u00C2\u00A0(9.4)\u00C2\u00A0 80.8\u00C2\u00A0(11.1)\u00C2\u00A0 6.5\u00C2\u00A0(4.1)\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 28\u00E2\u0080\u0090May\u00C2\u00A0 Yakima\u00C2\u00A0 NA\u00C2\u00A0 88.4\u00C2\u00A0(11.0)\u00C2\u00A0 42.6\u00C2\u00A0(13.7)\u00C2\u00A0 76.6\u00C2\u00A0(15.8)\u00C2\u00A0 82.1\u00C2\u00A0(8.6)\u00C2\u00A0 23.8\u00C2\u00A0(16.6)\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 3\u00E2\u0080\u0090Jun\u00C2\u00A0 Yakima\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 NA\u00C2\u00A0 84.6\u00C2\u00A0(17.8)\u00C2\u00A0 37.3\u00C2\u00A0(15.0)\u00C2\u00A0 76.7\u00C2\u00A0(12.8)\u00C2\u00A0 79.0\u00C2\u00A0(14.4)\u00C2\u00A0 22.3\u00C2\u00A0(32.5)\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Pooled\u00C2\u00A0Mean\u00C2\u00A0 NA\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 87.0\u00C2\u00A0(14.0)\u00C2\u00A0 41.3\u00C2\u00A0(14.0)\u00C2\u00A0 76.6\u00C2\u00A0(14.9)\u00C2\u00A0 81.3\u00C2\u00A0(10.4)\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 23.4\u00C2\u00A0(21.3)\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 2008\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Snake\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Lower\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Pacific\u00C2\u00A0Ocean\u00C2\u00A0 Release\u00C2\u00A0 Date\u00C2\u00A0 Population\u00C2\u00A0 Release\u00E2\u0080\u0090\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Lake\u00C2\u00A0Bryan\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 (190)\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Lake\u00C2\u00A0Bryan*\u00C2\u00A0 /Release\u00E2\u0080\u00A1\u00E2\u0080\u0090 Lake\u00C2\u00A0Wallula\u00C2\u00A0 (179*/113\u00E2\u0080\u00A1)\u00C2\u00A0 Lake\u00C2\u00A0 Wallula\u00E2\u0080\u0090 Lake\u00C2\u00A0Celilo\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 (162)\u00C2\u00A0 Lake\u00C2\u00A0Celilo\u00E2\u0080\u0090 McGowan's\u00C2\u00A0 Channel\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 (116)\u00C2\u00A0 McGowan's\u00C2\u00A0 Channel\u00E2\u0080\u0090 Astoria\u00C2\u00A0 Bridge\u00C2\u00A0 (201)\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Astoria\u00C2\u00A0 Bridge\u00E2\u0080\u0090\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Willapa\u00C2\u00A0Bay\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 (63)\u00C2\u00A0 Willapa\u00C2\u00A0Bay\u00E2\u0080\u0090 Lippy\u00C2\u00A0Point\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 (485)\u00C2\u00A0 Lippy\u00C2\u00A0Point\u00E2\u0080\u0090 Grave's\u00C2\u00A0 Harbor\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 (1105)\u00C2\u00A0 25\u00E2\u0080\u0090Apr\u00C2\u00A0 Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0 19.3\u00C2\u00A0(8.4)\u00C2\u00A0 21.8\u00C2\u00A0(10.8)\u00C2\u00A0 55.0\u00C2\u00A0(15.3)\u00C2\u00A0 68.6\u00C2\u00A0(7.8)\u00C2\u00A0 83.9\u00C2\u00A0(12.2)\u00C2\u00A0 10.7\u00C2\u00A0(6.9)\u00C2\u00A0 15.6\u00C2\u00A0(2.1)\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 2\u00E2\u0080\u0090May\u00C2\u00A0 Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0 21.4\u00C2\u00A0(11.1)\u00C2\u00A0 25.7\u00C2\u00A0(12.3)\u00C2\u00A0 61.3\u00C2\u00A0(14.3)\u00C2\u00A0 72.9\u00C2\u00A0(7.7)\u00C2\u00A0 77.0\u00C2\u00A0(12.4)\u00C2\u00A0 12.6\u00C2\u00A0(6.7)\u00C2\u00A0 22.3\u00C2\u00A0(0.3)\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 Pooled\u00C2\u00A0Mean\u00C2\u00A0 20.4\u00C2\u00A0(9.9)\u00C2\u00A0 23.7\u00C2\u00A0(11.7)\u00C2\u00A0 57.6\u00C2\u00A0(15.1)\u00C2\u00A0 70.0\u00C2\u00A0(7.6)\u00C2\u00A0 80.7\u00C2\u00A0(12.4)\u00C2\u00A0 11.4\u00C2\u00A0(6.8)\u00C2\u00A0 17.8\u00C2\u00A0(3.8)\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 15\u00E2\u0080\u0090May\u00C2\u00A0 Yakima\u00C2\u00A0 NA\u00C2\u00A0 76.1\u00C2\u00A0(9.4)\u00C2\u00A0 48.0\u00C2\u00A0(10.5)\u00C2\u00A0 39.2\u00C2\u00A0(23)\u00C2\u00A0 80.2\u00C2\u00A0(8.9)\u00C2\u00A0 14.5\u00C2\u00A0(17.6)\u00C2\u00A0 17.0\u00C2\u00A0(3.7)\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 21\u00E2\u0080\u0090May\u00C2\u00A0 Yakima\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 NA\u00C2\u00A0 85.5\u00C2\u00A0(21.7)\u00C2\u00A0 66.6\u00C2\u00A0(14.6)\u00C2\u00A0 65.6\u00C2\u00A0(7.6)\u00C2\u00A0 82.8\u00C2\u00A0(6.3)\u00C2\u00A0 8.1\u00C2\u00A0(3.6)\u00C2\u00A0 12.2\u00C2\u00A0(4.3)\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Pooled\u00C2\u00A0Mean\u00C2\u00A0 NA\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 81.2\u00C2\u00A0(17.8)\u00C2\u00A0 60.0\u00C2\u00A0(16.0)\u00C2\u00A0 59.8\u00C2\u00A0(15.7)\u00C2\u00A0 81.8\u00C2\u00A0(7.3)\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 11.2\u00C2\u00A0(12.8)\u00C2\u00A0 15.1\u00C2\u00A0(4.5)\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 232\u00C2\u00A0 Table\u00C2\u00A0B.2.\u00C2\u00A0Cumulative\u00C2\u00A0migration\u00C2\u00A0rate\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0detection\u00C2\u00A0sites\u00C2\u00A0(mean\u00C2\u00A0km/day\u00C2\u00A0(st.\u00C2\u00A0 dev.)).\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0released\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0Kooskia\u00C2\u00A0Hatchery\u00C2\u00A0(870\u00C2\u00A0km\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0mouth);\u00C2\u00A0Cle\u00C2\u00A0Elum\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0released\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 Chandler\u00C2\u00A0Juvenile\u00C2\u00A0Monitoring\u00C2\u00A0Facility\u00C2\u00A0(615\u00C2\u00A0km\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0mouth).\u00C2\u00A0NA\u00E2\u0080\u0090\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0applicable.\u00C2\u00A0Parentheses\u00C2\u00A0below\u00C2\u00A0detection\u00C2\u00A0sites\u00C2\u00A0 indicated\u00C2\u00A0cumulative\u00C2\u00A0distance\u00C2\u00A0(km)\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0sites,\u00C2\u00A0respectively.\u00C2\u00A0(a)\u00C2\u00A0Only\u00C2\u00A0one\u00C2\u00A0ID\u00C2\u00A0code\u00C2\u00A0detected.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 2006\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Snake\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Lower\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Pacific\u00C2\u00A0Ocean\u00C2\u00A0 Release\u00C2\u00A0 Date\u00C2\u00A0 Population\u00C2\u00A0 Lake\u00C2\u00A0Bryan\u00C2\u00A0 (190/NA)\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Lake\u00C2\u00A0 Wallula\u00C2\u00A0 (369/113)\u00C2\u00A0 Lake\u00C2\u00A0Celilo\u00C2\u00A0 (531/275)\u00C2\u00A0 McGowan's\u00C2\u00A0 Channel\u00C2\u00A0 (647/391)\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Willapa\u00C2\u00A0 Bay\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 (911/655)\u00C2\u00A0 Lippy\u00C2\u00A0Point\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 (1395/1140)\u00C2\u00A0 Grave's\u00C2\u00A0 Harbor\u00C2\u00A0 (2501/2245)\u00C2\u00A0 1\u00E2\u0080\u0090May\u00C2\u00A0 Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0 31.8\u00C2\u00A0(18.4)\u00C2\u00A0 25.7\u00C2\u00A0(8.4)\u00C2\u00A0 30.6\u00C2\u00A0(7.3)\u00C2\u00A0 35.7\u00C2\u00A0(14)\u00C2\u00A0 35.6\u00C2\u00A0(4.8)\u00C2\u00A0 24.1\u00C2\u00A0(a)\u00C2\u00A0 26.5\u00C2\u00A0(a)\u00C2\u00A0 8\u00E2\u0080\u0090May\u00C2\u00A0 Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0 43.6\u00C2\u00A0(14.8)\u00C2\u00A0 35.2\u00C2\u00A0(7.9)\u00C2\u00A0 40.6\u00C2\u00A0(7.5)\u00C2\u00A0 48.7\u00C2\u00A0(15.3)\u00C2\u00A0 49.7\u00C2\u00A0(8.1)\u00C2\u00A0 26.4\u00C2\u00A0(0.9)\u00C2\u00A0 27.7\u00C2\u00A0(a)\u00C2\u00A0 Pooled\u00C2\u00A0Mean\u00C2\u00A0 37.8\u00C2\u00A0(17.6)\u00C2\u00A0 30.7\u00C2\u00A0(9.4)\u00C2\u00A0 35.2\u00C2\u00A0(8.9)\u00C2\u00A0 41.6\u00C2\u00A0(16)\u00C2\u00A0 42.9\u00C2\u00A0(9.7)\u00C2\u00A0 25.8\u00C2\u00A0(1.3)\u00C2\u00A0 27.1\u00C2\u00A0(0.9)\u00C2\u00A0 30\u00E2\u0080\u0090May\u00C2\u00A0 Yakima\u00C2\u00A0 NA\u00C2\u00A0 91.8\u00C2\u00A0(17.7)\u00C2\u00A0 59.9\u00C2\u00A0(16.3)\u00C2\u00A0 66.8\u00C2\u00A0(10.9)\u00C2\u00A0 53.7\u00C2\u00A0(8.7)\u00C2\u00A0 26.7\u00C2\u00A0(1.8)\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 6\u00E2\u0080\u0090Jun\u00C2\u00A0 Yakima\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 NA\u00C2\u00A0 97.8\u00C2\u00A0(19.9)\u00C2\u00A0 76.9\u00C2\u00A0(15.5)\u00C2\u00A0 82.8\u00C2\u00A0(11.6)\u00C2\u00A0 77.6\u00C2\u00A0(14.3)\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Pooled\u00C2\u00A0Mean\u00C2\u00A0 NA\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 95.0\u00C2\u00A0(19.1)\u00C2\u00A0 68.7\u00C2\u00A0(18)\u00C2\u00A0 76.5\u00C2\u00A0(13.7)\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 72\u00C2\u00A0(16.7)\u00C2\u00A0 26.7\u00C2\u00A0(1.8)\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 2007\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Snake\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Lower\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Pacific\u00C2\u00A0Ocean\u00C2\u00A0 Release\u00C2\u00A0 Date\u00C2\u00A0 Population\u00C2\u00A0 Lake\u00C2\u00A0Bryan\u00C2\u00A0 (190/NA)\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Lake\u00C2\u00A0 Wallula\u00C2\u00A0 (369/113)\u00C2\u00A0 Lake\u00C2\u00A0Celilo\u00C2\u00A0 (531/275)\u00C2\u00A0 McGowan's\u00C2\u00A0 Channel\u00C2\u00A0 (647/391)\u00C2\u00A0 Astoria\u00C2\u00A0 Bridge\u00C2\u00A0 (848/592)\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Willapa\u00C2\u00A0 Bay\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 (911/655)\u00C2\u00A0 Lippy\u00C2\u00A0Point\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 (1395/1140)\u00C2\u00A0 Grave's\u00C2\u00A0 Harbor\u00C2\u00A0 (2501/2245)\u00C2\u00A0 1\u00E2\u0080\u0090May\u00C2\u00A0 Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0 23.8\u00C2\u00A0(9.7)\u00C2\u00A0 21.1\u00C2\u00A0(7.6)\u00C2\u00A0 25.8\u00C2\u00A0(7.6)\u00C2\u00A0 31.2\u00C2\u00A0(8.7)\u00C2\u00A0 35.3\u00C2\u00A0(9.1)\u00C2\u00A0 25.1\u00C2\u00A0(6.1)\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 14\u00E2\u0080\u0090May\u00C2\u00A0 Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0 28.9\u00C2\u00A0(10.2)\u00C2\u00A0 22.0\u00C2\u00A0(6.4)\u00C2\u00A0 24.6\u00C2\u00A0(6.1)\u00C2\u00A0 31.2\u00C2\u00A0(9.1)\u00C2\u00A0 36.7\u00C2\u00A0(8.9)\u00C2\u00A0 28.6\u00C2\u00A0(8.7)\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 Pooled\u00C2\u00A0Mean\u00C2\u00A0 26.6\u00C2\u00A0(10.3)\u00C2\u00A0 21.6\u00C2\u00A0(6.9)\u00C2\u00A0 25.1\u00C2\u00A0(6.7)\u00C2\u00A0 31.2\u00C2\u00A0(8.7)\u00C2\u00A0 36.0\u00C2\u00A0(8.8)\u00C2\u00A0 26.9\u00C2\u00A0(7.3)\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 28\u00E2\u0080\u0090May\u00C2\u00A0 Yakima\u00C2\u00A0 NA\u00C2\u00A0 88.4\u00C2\u00A0(11.0)\u00C2\u00A0 51.9\u00C2\u00A0(12.7)\u00C2\u00A0 55.8\u00C2\u00A0(13.2)\u00C2\u00A0 61.4\u00C2\u00A0(12.8)\u00C2\u00A0 51.5\u00C2\u00A0(7.9)\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 3\u00E2\u0080\u0090Jun\u00C2\u00A0 Yakima\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 NA\u00C2\u00A0 84.6\u00C2\u00A0(17.8)\u00C2\u00A0 47.3\u00C2\u00A0(14.8)\u00C2\u00A0 50.9\u00C2\u00A0(13.9)\u00C2\u00A0 58.6\u00C2\u00A0(13.4)\u00C2\u00A0 34.1\u00C2\u00A0(8.4)\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Pooled\u00C2\u00A0Mean\u00C2\u00A0 NA\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 87.0\u00C2\u00A0(14.0)\u00C2\u00A0 50.7\u00C2\u00A0(13.3)\u00C2\u00A0 54.5\u00C2\u00A0(13.4)\u00C2\u00A0 60.7\u00C2\u00A0(12.8)\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 46.7\u00C2\u00A0(11.2)\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 233\u00C2\u00A0 Table\u00C2\u00A0B.2\u00C2\u00A0cont.\u00C2\u00A0Cumulative\u00C2\u00A0migration\u00C2\u00A0rate\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0detection\u00C2\u00A0sites\u00C2\u00A0(mean\u00C2\u00A0km/day\u00C2\u00A0 (st.\u00C2\u00A0dev.)).\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 2008\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Snake\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Lower\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0River\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Pacific\u00C2\u00A0Ocean\u00C2\u00A0 Release\u00C2\u00A0 Date\u00C2\u00A0 Population\u00C2\u00A0 Lake\u00C2\u00A0Bryan\u00C2\u00A0 (190/NA)\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Lake\u00C2\u00A0 Wallula\u00C2\u00A0 (369/113)\u00C2\u00A0 Lake\u00C2\u00A0Celilo\u00C2\u00A0 (531/275)\u00C2\u00A0 McGowan's\u00C2\u00A0 Channel\u00C2\u00A0 (647/391)\u00C2\u00A0 Astoria\u00C2\u00A0 Bridge\u00C2\u00A0 (848/592)\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Willapa\u00C2\u00A0Bay\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 (911/655)\u00C2\u00A0 Lippy\u00C2\u00A0Point\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 (1395/1140)\u00C2\u00A0 Grave's\u00C2\u00A0 Harbor\u00C2\u00A0 (2501/2245)\u00C2\u00A0 25\u00E2\u0080\u0090Apr\u00C2\u00A0 Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0 19.3\u00C2\u00A0(8.4)\u00C2\u00A0 17.0\u00C2\u00A0(5.3)\u00C2\u00A0 20.9\u00C2\u00A0(5.4)\u00C2\u00A0 26.4\u00C2\u00A0(4.8)\u00C2\u00A0 27.5\u00C2\u00A0(4.8)\u00C2\u00A0 23.7\u00C2\u00A0(3.9)\u00C2\u00A0 21.4\u00C2\u00A0(2.5)\u00C2\u00A0 26.6\u00C2\u00A0(a)\u00C2\u00A0 2\u00E2\u0080\u0090May\u00C2\u00A0 Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0 21.4\u00C2\u00A0(11.1)\u00C2\u00A0 20.6\u00C2\u00A0(8.5)\u00C2\u00A0 26.0\u00C2\u00A0(10.6)\u00C2\u00A0 36.6\u00C2\u00A0(15.7)\u00C2\u00A0 34.2\u00C2\u00A0(8.5)\u00C2\u00A0 29.0\u00C2\u00A0(5.1)\u00C2\u00A0 25.5\u00C2\u00A0(0.1)\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 Pooled\u00C2\u00A0Mean\u00C2\u00A0 20.4\u00C2\u00A0(9.9)\u00C2\u00A0 18.8\u00C2\u00A0(7.3)\u00C2\u00A0 23.1\u00C2\u00A0(8.3)\u00C2\u00A0 31.8\u00C2\u00A0(12.7)\u00C2\u00A0 30.4\u00C2\u00A0(7.4)\u00C2\u00A0 25.7\u00C2\u00A0(5.0)\u00C2\u00A0 22.3\u00C2\u00A0(2.8)\u00C2\u00A0 26.6\u00C2\u00A0(a)\u00C2\u00A0 15\u00E2\u0080\u0090May\u00C2\u00A0 Yakima\u00C2\u00A0 NA\u00C2\u00A0 76.1\u00C2\u00A0(9.4)\u00C2\u00A0 54.1\u00C2\u00A0(8.8)\u00C2\u00A0 58.3\u00C2\u00A0(15.7)\u00C2\u00A0 63.5\u00C2\u00A0(10.1)\u00C2\u00A0 42.6\u00C2\u00A0(15.9)\u00C2\u00A0 23.9\u00C2\u00A0(3.3)\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 21\u00E2\u0080\u0090May\u00C2\u00A0 Yakima\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 NA\u00C2\u00A0 85.5\u00C2\u00A0(21.7)\u00C2\u00A0 70.5\u00C2\u00A0(15.6)\u00C2\u00A0 70.1\u00C2\u00A0(8.9)\u00C2\u00A0 73.2\u00C2\u00A0(12.6)\u00C2\u00A0 39.5\u00C2\u00A0(12.2)\u00C2\u00A0 19.3\u00C2\u00A0(6.5)\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Pooled\u00C2\u00A0Mean\u00C2\u00A0 NA\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 81.2\u00C2\u00A0(17.8)\u00C2\u00A0 64.8\u00C2\u00A0(15.7)\u00C2\u00A0 64.8\u00C2\u00A0(13.4)\u00C2\u00A0 68.5\u00C2\u00A0(12.4)\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 41.0\u00C2\u00A0(14.0)\u00C2\u00A0 21.8\u00C2\u00A0(5.3)\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 234\u00C2\u00A0 Appendix\u00C2\u00A0C.\u00C2\u00A0Distribution\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Mortality\u00C2\u00A0Rates\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Figure\u00C2\u00A0C.1.\u00C2\u00A0Bootstrapped\u00C2\u00A0distribution\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0rates\u00C2\u00A0per\u00C2\u00A0km\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0travel\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0seaward\u00C2\u00A0migrating\u00C2\u00A0 Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006\u00C2\u00A0(higher\u00C2\u00A0positive\u00C2\u00A0values\u00C2\u00A0represent\u00C2\u00A0 greater\u00C2\u00A0mortality).\u00C2\u00A0Dashed\u00C2\u00A0lines\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0dotted\u00C2\u00A0lines\u00C2\u00A0represent\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A095%\u00C2\u00A0confidence\u00C2\u00A0interval\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0 Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0populations,\u00C2\u00A0respectively.\u00C2\u00A0Mortality\u00C2\u00A0rate\u00C2\u00A0per\u00C2\u00A0km\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0significantly\u00C2\u00A0greater\u00C2\u00A0 for\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0first\u00C2\u00A0detection\u00C2\u00A0site.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0first\u00C2\u00A0detection\u00C2\u00A0site\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0 smolts\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0Lake\u00C2\u00A0Bryan,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Lake\u00C2\u00A0Wallula\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0smolts.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0 500 1000 1500 2000 Release to first detection site Pr ob ab ili ty D en si ty Snake Yakima 0.000 0.002 0.004 0 200 400 600 Lake Wallula to Lake Celilo -0.004 0.000 0.004 0 100 200 300 400 Lake Celio to McGowan's Channel Distribution of mortality rate per km Pr ob ab ili ty D en si ty -0.002 0.002 0.006 0 100 200 300 400 McGowan's Channel to Willapa Bay Distribution of mortality rate per km 235\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Figure\u00C2\u00A0C.2.\u00C2\u00A0Bootstrapped\u00C2\u00A0distribution\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0rates\u00C2\u00A0per\u00C2\u00A0km\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0travel\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0seaward\u00C2\u00A0migrating\u00C2\u00A0 Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02007\u00C2\u00A0(higher\u00C2\u00A0positive\u00C2\u00A0values\u00C2\u00A0represent\u00C2\u00A0 greater\u00C2\u00A0mortality).\u00C2\u00A0Dashed\u00C2\u00A0lines\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0dotted\u00C2\u00A0lines\u00C2\u00A0represent\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A095%\u00C2\u00A0confidence\u00C2\u00A0interval\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0 Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0populations,\u00C2\u00A0respectively.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0first\u00C2\u00A0detection\u00C2\u00A0site\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0 was\u00C2\u00A0Lake\u00C2\u00A0Bryan,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Lake\u00C2\u00A0Wallula\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0smolts.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 0.006 0.008 0.010 0.012 0.014 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 Release to first detection site Pr ob ab ili ty D en si ty Snake Yakima -0.004 0.000 0.004 0.008 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 Lake Wallula to Lake Celilo -0.010 0.000 0.010 0 50 100 150 Lake Celio to McGowan's Channel Distribution of mortality rate per km Pr ob ab ili ty D en si ty -0.005 0.000 0.005 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 McGowan's Channel to Astoria Bridge Distribution of mortality rate per km 236\u00C2\u00A0 Figure\u00C2\u00A0C.3.\u00C2\u00A0Bootstrapped\u00C2\u00A0distribution\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0rates\u00C2\u00A0per\u00C2\u00A0km\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0travel\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0seaward\u00C2\u00A0migrating\u00C2\u00A0 Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02008\u00C2\u00A0(higher\u00C2\u00A0positive\u00C2\u00A0values\u00C2\u00A0represent\u00C2\u00A0 greater\u00C2\u00A0mortality).\u00C2\u00A0Dashed\u00C2\u00A0lines\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0dotted\u00C2\u00A0lines\u00C2\u00A0represent\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A095%\u00C2\u00A0confidence\u00C2\u00A0interval\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0 Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0populations,\u00C2\u00A0respectively.\u00C2\u00A0Mortality\u00C2\u00A0rate\u00C2\u00A0per\u00C2\u00A0km\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0significantly\u00C2\u00A0greater\u00C2\u00A0 for\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0first\u00C2\u00A0detection\u00C2\u00A0site.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0first\u00C2\u00A0detection\u00C2\u00A0site\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0 smolts\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0Lake\u00C2\u00A0Bryan,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Lake\u00C2\u00A0Wallula\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0Yakima\u00C2\u00A0smolts.\u00C2\u00A0 237\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 0.0015 0.0025 0.0035 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 Release to first detection site Pr ob ab ili ty D en si ty Snake Yakima 0.000 0.002 0.004 0 200 400 600 Lake Wallula to Lake Celilo -0.002 0.000 0.002 0.004 0.006 0 100 200 300 400 Lake Celio to McGowan's Channel Pr ob ab ili ty D en si ty -0.002 0.000 0.002 0 200 400 600 800 McGowan's Channel to Astoria Bridge Distribution of mortality rate per km 0.005 0.015 0.025 0 50 100 150 Astoria Bridge to Willapa Bay Distribution of mortality rate per km Pr ob ab ili ty D en si ty 238\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Figure\u00C2\u00A0C.4.\u00C2\u00A0Bootstrapped\u00C2\u00A0distribution\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0post\u00E2\u0080\u0090release\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0rates\u00C2\u00A0per\u00C2\u00A0km\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0travel\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0seaward\u00C2\u00A0migrating\u00C2\u00A0juvenile\u00C2\u00A0Dworshak\u00C2\u00A0spring\u00C2\u00A0 Chinook\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0migrating\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0(IR)\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0transported\u00C2\u00A0(TR)\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006\u00E2\u0080\u00908\u00C2\u00A0(higher\u00C2\u00A0positive\u00C2\u00A0values\u00C2\u00A0represent\u00C2\u00A0greater\u00C2\u00A0mortality).\u00C2\u00A0Mortality\u00C2\u00A0 rate\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090river\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0estimated\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0Kooskia\u00C2\u00A0hatchery\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0first\u00C2\u00A0detection\u00C2\u00A0site\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0Lake\u00C2\u00A0Bryan\u00C2\u00A0(below\u00C2\u00A0Lower\u00C2\u00A0Granite\u00C2\u00A0 Dam).\u00C2\u00A0Mortality\u00C2\u00A0rate\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0transported\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0estimated\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0McGowan\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0Channel\u00C2\u00A0(below\u00C2\u00A0Bonneville\u00C2\u00A0Dam)\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Willapa\u00C2\u00A0 Bay\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02006\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Astoria\u00C2\u00A0Bridge\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02007\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A02008.\u00C2\u00A0Dashed\u00C2\u00A0lines\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0dotted\u00C2\u00A0lines\u00C2\u00A0represent\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A095%\u00C2\u00A0confidence\u00C2\u00A0interval\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0in\u00E2\u0080\u0090 river\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0transported\u00C2\u00A0groups,\u00C2\u00A0respectively.\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A02006\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A02008\u00C2\u00A0post\u00E2\u0080\u0090release\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0rates\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0significantly\u00C2\u00A0different\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0IR\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 TR\u00C2\u00A0smolts.\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A02007,\u00C2\u00A0post\u00E2\u0080\u0090release\u00C2\u00A0mortality\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0unusually\u00C2\u00A0high\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0IR\u00C2\u00A0smolts.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 0.000 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2006 P r o b a b i l i t y D e n s i t y IR TR 0.002 0.006 0.010 0 200 400 600 800 1000 2007 Distribution of mortality rate per km 0.0005 0.0015 0.0025 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 2008 239\u00C2\u00A0 Appendix\u00C2\u00A0D.\u00C2\u00A0Additional\u00C2\u00A0Peer\u00C2\u00ADreviewed\u00C2\u00A0Thesis\u00C2\u00A0Related\u00C2\u00A0 Publications\u00C2\u00A0 D.1\u00C2\u00A0Published\u00C2\u00A0papers\u00C2\u00A0 Welch,\u00C2\u00A0D.W.,\u00C2\u00A0Rechisky,\u00C2\u00A0E.L.,\u00C2\u00A0Melnychuk,\u00C2\u00A0M.C.,\u00C2\u00A0Porter,\u00C2\u00A0A.D.,\u00C2\u00A0Walters,\u00C2\u00A0C.J.,\u00C2\u00A0Clements,\u00C2\u00A0S.,\u00C2\u00A0Clemens,\u00C2\u00A0 B.J.,\u00C2\u00A0McKinley,\u00C2\u00A0R.S.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Schreck,\u00C2\u00A0C.\u00C2\u00A02008.\u00C2\u00A0Survival\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0migrating\u00C2\u00A0salmon\u00C2\u00A0smolts\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0large\u00C2\u00A0 rivers\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0without\u00C2\u00A0dams.\u00C2\u00A0PLoS\u00C2\u00A0Biol.\u00C2\u00A06:\u00C2\u00A02101\u00E2\u0080\u00902108.\u00C2\u00A0 Greene,\u00C2\u00A0C.H.,\u00C2\u00A0B.A.\u00C2\u00A0Block,\u00C2\u00A0D.\u00C2\u00A0Welch,\u00C2\u00A0G.\u00C2\u00A0Jackson,\u00C2\u00A0G.L.\u00C2\u00A0Lawson,\u00C2\u00A0E.L.\u00C2\u00A0Rechisky.\u00C2\u00A02009.\u00C2\u00A0Advances\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0 conservation\u00C2\u00A0oceanography:\u00C2\u00A0New\u00C2\u00A0tagging\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0tracking\u00C2\u00A0technologies\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0their\u00C2\u00A0potential\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0 transforming\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0science\u00C2\u00A0underlying\u00C2\u00A0fisheries\u00C2\u00A0management.\u00C2\u00A0Oceanography.\u00C2\u00A0Vol.\u00C2\u00A022,\u00C2\u00A0no.\u00C2\u00A01,\u00C2\u00A0pp\u00C2\u00A0 210\u00E2\u0080\u0090223.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Lindley,\u00C2\u00A0S.\u00C2\u00A0T.,\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0M.\u00C2\u00A0L.\u00C2\u00A0Moser,\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0D.\u00C2\u00A0L.\u00C2\u00A0Erickson,\u00C2\u00A0M.\u00C2\u00A0Belchik,\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0D.\u00C2\u00A0W.\u00C2\u00A0Welch,\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0E.\u00C2\u00A0L.\u00C2\u00A0Rechisky,\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0J.\u00C2\u00A0T.\u00C2\u00A0Kelly,\u00C2\u00A0J.\u00C2\u00A0 Heublein,\u00C2\u00A0A.\u00C2\u00A0P.\u00C2\u00A0Klimley.\u00C2\u00A02008.\u00C2\u00A0Marine\u00C2\u00A0migration\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0North\u00C2\u00A0American\u00C2\u00A0green\u00C2\u00A0sturgeon.\u00C2\u00A0Transactions\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0American\u00C2\u00A0Fisheries\u00C2\u00A0Society.\u00C2\u00A0Vol.\u00C2\u00A0137,\u00C2\u00A0no.\u00C2\u00A01,\u00C2\u00A0pp.\u00C2\u00A0182\u00E2\u0080\u0090194.\u00C2\u00A0 D.2\u00C2\u00A0Papers\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0review\u00C2\u00A0 Welch,\u00C2\u00A0D.W.,\u00C2\u00A0Jackson,\u00C2\u00A0G.D.,\u00C2\u00A0Melnychuk,\u00C2\u00A0M.C.,\u00C2\u00A0Rechisky,\u00C2\u00A0E.,\u00C2\u00A0Porter,\u00C2\u00A0A.,\u00C2\u00A0Neaga,\u00C2\u00A0L.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0O\u00E2\u0080\u0099Dor,\u00C2\u00A0R.\u00C2\u00A0 Applications\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Pacific\u00C2\u00A0Ocean\u00C2\u00A0Shelf\u00C2\u00A0Tracking\u00C2\u00A0System\u00C2\u00A0(POST):\u00C2\u00A0A\u00C2\u00A0permanent\u00C2\u00A0 continental\u00E2\u0080\u0090scale\u00C2\u00A0acoustic\u00C2\u00A0tracking\u00C2\u00A0array\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0marine\u00C2\u00A0management,\u00C2\u00A0conservation\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 ocean\u00C2\u00A0observing.\u00C2\u00A0 D.3\u00C2\u00A0Non\u00C2\u00ADpeer\u00C2\u00ADreviewed\u00C2\u00A0book\u00C2\u00A0chapters\u00C2\u00A0submitted\u00C2\u00A0 Payne,\u00C2\u00A0J.,\u00C2\u00A0Andrews,\u00C2\u00A0K.,\u00C2\u00A0Chittenden,\u00C2\u00A0C.,\u00C2\u00A0Crossin,\u00C2\u00A0G.,\u00C2\u00A0Goetz,\u00C2\u00A0F.,\u00C2\u00A0Hinch,\u00C2\u00A0S.,\u00C2\u00A0Levin,\u00C2\u00A0P.,\u00C2\u00A0Lindley,\u00C2\u00A0S.,\u00C2\u00A0 Melnychuk,\u00C2\u00A0M.,\u00C2\u00A0Nelson,\u00C2\u00A0T.,\u00C2\u00A0Rechisky,\u00C2\u00A0E.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Welch,\u00C2\u00A0D.\u00C2\u00A0Tracking\u00C2\u00A0fish\u00C2\u00A0movements\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 northeast\u00C2\u00A0Pacific\u00C2\u00A0shelf.\u00C2\u00A0Ch.\u00C2\u00A014\u00C2\u00A0in:\u00C2\u00A0Marine\u00C2\u00A0Life:\u00C2\u00A0Diversity,\u00C2\u00A0Distribution\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Abundance.\u00C2\u00A0 Wiley\u00E2\u0080\u0090Blackwell,\u00C2\u00A0Census\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Marine\u00C2\u00A0Life\u00C2\u00A0Special\u00C2\u00A0Publication.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 240\u00C2\u00A0 Appendix\u00C2\u00A0E.\u00C2\u00A0Animal\u00C2\u00A0Care\u00C2\u00A0Certification\u00C2\u00A0 241 Date: 23 March, 2006 Dr. David Welch Kintama Research Dear Dr. Welch, Your protocol application, POST \u00E2\u0080\u0093 Pacific Ocean Shelf Tracking Project, has been approved by the Animal Care Committee and assigned the protocol number 2006-08 R. This protocol will be valid for one year, from 2006-04-01 to 2007-03-31. It may then be renewed, with minor revisions as applicable, via submission of a Request to Renew- Amend an Approved Project form, in each of the second and third years. At the end of the third year, a full protocol application must be submitted once again. Yours truly, Dr. David Drakeford, Chair Animal Care Committee Malaspina University-College Local: 6360 Email: drakefordd@mala.bc.ca For information contact: Patricia Stuart ACC Administrative Assistant Local: 6361 Email: stuartp@mala.bc.ca 242 Melinda Jacobs From: Patricia Stuart [stuartp@MALA.BC.CA] Sent: 10 Apr 2007 09:28 To: David Welch Cc: Melinda Jacobs Subject: Welch Renewal Revisions Approved 2007.doc Page 1 of 1Dear xxx, 03-Feb-10 Date: 10 April, 2007 Dr. David Welch Kintama Research Dear Dr. Welch, Your protocol renewal application, 2006-08 R, has been approved by the Animal Care Committee and assigned the protocol number 2006-08 R-1. This protocol will be valid for one year, from 2007-04-01 to 2008-03-31. It may then be renewed, with minor revisions as applicable, via submission of a Request to Renew-Amend an Approved Project form, in each of the second and third years. At the end of the third year, a full protocol application must be submitted once again. Yours truly, David Drakeford, Ph.D. Chair, Animal Care Committee Dean, Science and Technology Local: 6360 Email: drakeford@mala.bc.ca 243 Date: April 1, 2008 Dr. David Welch Dear Dr. Welch, Congratulations! Your request for renewal of protocol application, 2006-08R-1, has been approved by the Animal Care Committee and assigned the protocol number 2006-08R-2. This protocol will be valid for one year, from APRIL 1, 2008 to MARCH 31, 2009. This protocol will be at the end of its third and final year to renew as of March 31, 2009 therefore; a new protocol application must be submitted. Yours truly, Dr. Andy Spencer, Vice-Chair Animal Care Committee Email: spencera@mala.ca For information contact: Rae-Anne Savard Administrative Assistant, ACC Phone: (250) 740-6361 Email: savard@mala.ca 244 June 11, 2009 Dr. David Welch Kintama Research Dear Dr. Welch, Your protocol application, Kintama Research - POST, has been approved by the VIU Animal Care Committee and assigned the protocol number 2009-11 R. This protocol will be valid for one year, from June 11, 2009 to June 10, 2010. It may then be renewed, with minor revisions as applicable, via submission of a Request to Renew-Amend an Approved Project form, in each of the second and third years. At the end of the third year, a full protocol application must be submitted once again. Yours truly, Dr. Andy Spencer, Chair Animal Care Committee Vancouver Island University Local: 6517 Email: andy.spencer@viu.ca For information contact: Rae-Anne Savard ACC Administrative Assistant Local: 6361 Email: rae-anne.savard@viu.ca 245 Date: 07 December, 2009 Dr. David Welch Kintama Research Dear David, Your protocol renewal application, Kintama Research - POST Tagging, has been approved by the Animal Care Committee and assigned the protocol number 2009-11 R-1. This protocol will be valid for one year, from 2010-01-01 to 2010-12-31. It may then be renewed once again, with minor revisions as applicable, via submission of a Request to Renew-Amend an Approved Project form. At the end of the third year, a full protocol application must be submitted once again. Yours truly, Dr. Andy Spencer, Chair Animal Care Committee Vancouver Island University Local: 6517 Email: andy.spencer@viu.ca For information contact: Rae-Anne Savard ACC Administrative Assistant Local: 6361 Email: rae-anne.savard@viu.ca 246"@en . "Thesis/Dissertation"@en . "2010-05"@en . "10.14288/1.0069587"@en . "eng"@en . "Zoology"@en . "Vancouver : University of British Columbia Library"@en . "University of British Columbia"@en . "Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported"@en . "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/"@en . "Graduate"@en . "Migration and survival of juvenile spring Chinook salmon and sockeye salmon determined by a large-scale telemetry array"@en . "Text"@en . "http://hdl.handle.net/2429/23349"@en .