"Land and Food Systems, Faculty of"@en . "DSpace"@en . "UBCV"@en . "Nye, Adrienne Juliana"@en . "2009-10-13T18:08:21Z"@en . "2009"@en . "Master of Science - MSc"@en . "University of British Columbia"@en . "Lignified plant cell walls represent an immense carbon sink to offset rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO\u00E2\u0082\u0082) due to the chemical stability and structural diversity of the bonds formed between lignin subunits, making it the slowest decomposing component of dead vegetation. This thesis explores the feasibility of increasing lignin deposition in roots through overexpression of SND1 (Secondary Wall Associated NAC Domain Protein 1), a key transcriptional activator involved in regulating secondary wall biosynthesis in fibres, under the control of two different putative root-specific promoters, 4-coumarate:CoA ligase 1 (4CL1) and glutathione S-transferase-tau class 19 (GSTU19). Transgenic plants were analyzed at: 1) the molecular level (transcription of lignin pathway genes and regulatory transcription factors (TFs) involved in cell wall biosynthesis), 2) the chemical level (lignin content) and 3) the plant growth and development level (phenotyping and microscopy). Results showed that: i) SND1 was overexpressed in a tissue-specific manner in roots, ii) SND1 overexpression caused an upregulation of its previously known direct downstream targets, iii) SND1 overexpression did not result in a modification of indicative lignin biosynthetic pathway genes in roots, iv) plants overexpressing SND1 in roots generally produced plants with decreased total lignin content, v) plants overexpressing SND1 in roots generally showed an increase in lateral root density, and vi) seed traits, plant growth and development, plant height and lignin deposition patterns in roots remained unaltered. Misregulation of SND1 in roots did not result in the predicted increase in lignin deposition patterns in this organ."@en . "https://circle.library.ubc.ca/rest/handle/2429/13909?expand=metadata"@en . "13769113 bytes"@en . "application/pdf"@en . " HYPER\u00E2\u0080\u0090LIGNIFIED\u00E2\u0080\u00A9ROOT\u00E2\u0080\u00A9SYSTEMS\u00E2\u0080\u00A9AS\u00E2\u0080\u00A9A\u00E2\u0080\u00A9CARBON\u00E2\u0080\u00A9SINK\u00E2\u0080\u00A9IN\u00E2\u0080\u00A9ARABIDOPSIS\u00E2\u0080\u00A9THALIANA\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 by ADRIENNE JULIANA NYE B. Sc., The University of Victoria, 2005 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES (Plant Science) \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 THE\u00E2\u0080\u00A9UNIVERSITY\u00E2\u0080\u00A9OF\u00E2\u0080\u00A9BRITISH\u00E2\u0080\u00A9COLUMBIA\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Vancouver)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9October\u00E2\u0080\u00A92009\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00C2\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Adrienne\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Juliana\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Nye,\u00E2\u0080\u00A92009\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 ii\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Abstract\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9Lignified\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cell\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 walls\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 represent\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 an\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 immense\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 carbon\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 sink\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 offset\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 rising\u00E2\u0080\u00A9atmospheric\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 carbon\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 dioxide\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (CO2)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 due\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 chemical\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 stability\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 structural\u00E2\u0080\u00A9diversity\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 bonds\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 formed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 between\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 subunits,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 making\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 it\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 slowest\u00E2\u0080\u00A9decomposing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 component\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9dead\u00E2\u0080\u00A9vegetation.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9This\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 thesis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 explores\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 feasibility\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9increasing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 deposition\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 roots\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 through\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 overexpression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Secondary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Wall\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Associated\u00E2\u0080\u00A9NAC\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Domain\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Protein\u00E2\u0080\u00A91),\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9key\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transcriptional\u00E2\u0080\u00A9activator\u00E2\u0080\u00A9involved\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9regulating\u00E2\u0080\u00A9secondary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9wall\u00E2\u0080\u00A9biosynthesis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9fibres,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9under\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9control\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9two\u00E2\u0080\u00A9different\u00E2\u0080\u00A9putative\u00E2\u0080\u00A9root\u00E2\u0080\u0090specific\u00E2\u0080\u00A9promoters,\u00E2\u0080\u00A94\u00E2\u0080\u0090coumarate:CoA\u00E2\u0080\u00A9ligase\u00E2\u0080\u00A91\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(4CL1)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9glutathione\u00E2\u0080\u00A9S\u00E2\u0080\u0090transferase\u00E2\u0080\u0090tau\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 class\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 19\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (GSTU19).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Transgenic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 plants\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 were\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 analyzed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 at:\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 1)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9molecular\u00E2\u0080\u00A9level\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(transcription\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9pathway\u00E2\u0080\u00A9genes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9regulatory\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transcription\u00E2\u0080\u00A9factors\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (TFs)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 involved\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cell\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 wall\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 biosynthesis),\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 chemical\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 level\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9content)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 3)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 growth\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 development\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 level\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (phenotyping\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9microscopy).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9Results\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 showed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 that:\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 i)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9overexpressed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 tissue\u00E2\u0080\u0090specific\u00E2\u0080\u00A9manner\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9roots,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 ii)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9overexpression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9caused\u00E2\u0080\u00A9an\u00E2\u0080\u00A9upregulation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 its\u00E2\u0080\u00A9previously\u00E2\u0080\u00A9known\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 direct\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 downstream\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 targets,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 iii)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 overexpression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 did\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 not\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 result\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9modification\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 indicative\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 biosynthetic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 pathway\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 genes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 roots,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 iv)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 plants\u00E2\u0080\u00A9overexpressing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9roots\u00E2\u0080\u00A9generally\u00E2\u0080\u00A9produced\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plants\u00E2\u0080\u00A9with\u00E2\u0080\u00A9decreased\u00E2\u0080\u00A9total\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9content,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 v)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 plants\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 overexpressing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 roots\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 generally\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 showed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 an\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 increase\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lateral\u00E2\u0080\u00A9root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9density,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9vi)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9seed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9traits,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9growth\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9development,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9height\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9deposition\u00E2\u0080\u00A9patterns\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9roots\u00E2\u0080\u00A9remained\u00E2\u0080\u00A9unaltered.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Misregulation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9roots\u00E2\u0080\u00A9did\u00E2\u0080\u00A9not\u00E2\u0080\u00A9result\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9predicted\u00E2\u0080\u00A9increase\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9deposition\u00E2\u0080\u00A9patterns\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9this\u00E2\u0080\u00A9organ.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 iii\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Table\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Contents\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Abstract.......................................................................................................................................ii\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Table\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Contents................................................................................................................... iii\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 List\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Tables ............................................................................................................................. v\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 List\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Figures...........................................................................................................................vi\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Abbreviations .........................................................................................................................vii\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Acknowledgements............................................................................................................. viii\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Research\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9material\u00E2\u0080\u00A9contributions.....................................................................................viii\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Support\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9guidance.....................................................................................................................ix\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 1.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Introduction ......................................................................................................................1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 1.1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Global\u00E2\u0080\u00A9climate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9change\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9mitigating\u00E2\u0080\u00A9global\u00E2\u0080\u00A9carbon\u00E2\u0080\u00A9emissions ............................1\u00E2\u0080\u00A91.1.1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9global\u00E2\u0080\u00A9carbon\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cycle\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9role\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plants\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9terrestrial\u00E2\u0080\u00A9carbon\u00E2\u0080\u00A9sinks ............3\u00E2\u0080\u00A91.1.2\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Increasing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9agricultural\u00E2\u0080\u00A9soil\u00E2\u0080\u00A9carbon\u00E2\u0080\u00A9stocks\u00E2\u0080\u00A9through\u00E2\u0080\u00A9carbon\u00E2\u0080\u00A9sequestration .............4\u00E2\u0080\u00A91.1.3\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Root\u00E2\u0080\u0090derived\u00E2\u0080\u00A9soil\u00E2\u0080\u00A9carbon ..............................................................................................................7\u00E2\u0080\u00A91.1.4\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Arabidopsis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9thaliana\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9model\u00E2\u0080\u00A9organism............................................................................8\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 1.2\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Secondary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cell\u00E2\u0080\u00A9walls\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9importance\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9vascular\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9biology...9\u00E2\u0080\u00A91.2.1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9biosynthesis ......................................................................................................................12\u00E2\u0080\u00A91.2.2\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9carbon\u00E2\u0080\u00A9sink ...............................................................................................................16\u00E2\u0080\u00A91.2.3\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9modification\u00E2\u0080\u00A9via\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9monolignol\u00E2\u0080\u00A9biosynthetic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9pathway ................................17\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 1.3\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Transcription\u00E2\u0080\u00A9factors\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9tools\u00E2\u0080\u00A9for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9metabolic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9engineering\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plants................... 17\u00E2\u0080\u00A91.3.1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9role\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transcription\u00E2\u0080\u00A9factors\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9regulation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9modification\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 biosynthesis.....................................................................................................................................18\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 1.4\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Root\u00C2\u00ADspecific\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9inducible\u00E2\u0080\u00A9gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9systems............................................ 23\u00E2\u0080\u00A91.4.1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Herbicidal\u00E2\u0080\u00A9safeners\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9inducers\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9root\u00E2\u0080\u0090specific\u00E2\u0080\u00A9gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression...........................26\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 1.5\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Project\u00E2\u0080\u00A9rationale\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9thesis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9objectives........................................................................ 27\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Materials\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Methods ............................................................................................... 30\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2.1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Organ\u00C2\u00ADspecific\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9candidate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9promoters.............................. 30\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2.2\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Cis\u00C2\u00ADelement\u00E2\u0080\u00A9analysis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9candidate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9promoters............................................................ 31\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2.3\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Preparation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A94CL1pro\u00C2\u00ADSND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9constructs\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transgenic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 plants ....................................................................................................................................... 31\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2.4\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Preparation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9GSTU19pro\u00C2\u00ADSND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9constructs\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 transgenic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plants ................................................................................................................. 35\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2.5\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Molecular\u00E2\u0080\u00A9analysis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transgenic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plants ...................................................................... 38\u00E2\u0080\u00A92.5.1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Reverse\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transcription\u00E2\u0080\u0090PCR\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9direct\u00E2\u0080\u00A9downstream\u00E2\u0080\u00A9targets\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9SND1 ........................38\u00E2\u0080\u00A92.5.2\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Reverse\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transcription\u00E2\u0080\u0090PCR\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9biosynthetic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9pathway\u00E2\u0080\u00A9enzymes ....................39\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2.6\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Determination\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9content\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transgenic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plants\u00E2\u0080\u00A9overexpressing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9SND1 . 40\u00E2\u0080\u00A92.6.1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9growth\u00E2\u0080\u00A9conditions.............................................................................................................40\u00E2\u0080\u00A92.6.2\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Rapid,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9micro\u00E2\u0080\u00A9scale,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9acetyl\u00E2\u0080\u00A9bromide\u00E2\u0080\u0090based\u00E2\u0080\u00A9method\u00E2\u0080\u00A9for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9content\u00E2\u0080\u00A9analysis..41\u00E2\u0080\u00A92.6.3\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Klason\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9or\u00E2\u0080\u00A972%\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(v/v)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9H2SO4\u00E2\u0080\u00A9acid\u00E2\u0080\u00A9procedure\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9carbohydrate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9analysis .42\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2.7\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Starch\u00E2\u0080\u00A9analysis...................................................................................................................... 43\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2.8\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Phenotypic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9analysis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transgenic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plants.................................................................... 44\u00E2\u0080\u00A92.8.1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Seed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9phenotyping..........................................................................................................................44\u00E2\u0080\u00A92.8.2\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9growth\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lateral\u00E2\u0080\u00A9root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9density ...................................................................................44\u00E2\u0080\u00A92.8.3\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9growth\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9height.............................................................................................................45\u00E2\u0080\u00A92.8.4\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Microscopy.......................................................................................................................................45\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 iv\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 3.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Results .............................................................................................................................. 47\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 3.1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Organ\u00C2\u00ADspecific\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9candidate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9promoters.............................. 47\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 3.2\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Cis\u00C2\u00ADregulatory\u00E2\u0080\u00A9element\u00E2\u0080\u00A9analysis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9candidate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9promoters...................................... 51\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 3.3\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9overexpression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transgenic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plants ................................................................. 55\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 3.4\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Molecular\u00E2\u0080\u00A9analysis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transgenic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plants\u00E2\u0080\u00A9overexpressing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9SND1 ........................... 56\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 3.5\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Determination\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9content\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transgenic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plants\u00E2\u0080\u00A9overexpressing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9SND1 59\u00E2\u0080\u00A93.5.1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Determination\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9content\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transgenic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plants\u00E2\u0080\u00A9overexpressing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9by\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 rapid\u00E2\u0080\u00A9micro\u00E2\u0080\u0090scale\u00E2\u0080\u00A9acetyl\u00E2\u0080\u00A9bromide\u00E2\u0080\u00A9method .........................................................................59\u00E2\u0080\u00A93.5.2\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Cellulose,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9starch\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Klason\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9analysis ......................................................................60\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 3.6\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Phenotypic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9analysis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transgenic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plants\u00E2\u0080\u00A9overexpressing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9SND1 ......................... 63\u00E2\u0080\u00A93.6.1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Seed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9phenotyping..........................................................................................................................63\u00E2\u0080\u00A93.6.2\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9growth\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lateral\u00E2\u0080\u00A9root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9density ...................................................................................64\u00E2\u0080\u00A93.6.3\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9growth\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9height.............................................................................................................66\u00E2\u0080\u00A93.6.4\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Microscopy.......................................................................................................................................68\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 4.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Discussion ....................................................................................................................... 71\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 5.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Conclusions\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Future\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Directions ........................................................................ 98\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Bibliography.........................................................................................................................103\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Appendices ...........................................................................................................................112\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Appendix\u00E2\u0080\u00A9A.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Primary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9sequences\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9constructs ..............................112\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Appendix\u00E2\u0080\u00A9B.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Cis\u00C2\u00ADacting\u00E2\u0080\u00A9DNA\u00E2\u0080\u00A9regulatory\u00E2\u0080\u00A9element\u00E2\u0080\u00A9analysis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9At4CL1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9AtGSTU19\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 promoters...........................................................................................................116\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Appendix\u00E2\u0080\u00A9C.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Primer\u00E2\u0080\u00A9sequences ............................................................................................119\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Appendix\u00E2\u0080\u00A9D.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Media,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Buffers\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Reagent\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Stocks............................................................121\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Appendix\u00E2\u0080\u00A9E.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 One\u00C2\u00ADway\u00E2\u0080\u00A9analysis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9variance\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(ANOVA)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9average\u00E2\u0080\u00A9seed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9weight\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lateral\u00E2\u0080\u00A9root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9density..........................................................................................123\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 v\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 List\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Tables\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Table\u00E2\u0080\u00A91.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Candidate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9genes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9whose\u00E2\u0080\u00A9promoters\u00E2\u0080\u00A9have\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9potential\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9drive\u00E2\u0080\u00A9root\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 specific\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transgene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression.............................................................................48\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Table\u00E2\u0080\u00A92.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Cis\u00C2\u00ADacting\u00E2\u0080\u00A9DNA\u00E2\u0080\u00A9regulatory\u00E2\u0080\u00A9elements\u00E2\u0080\u00A9located\u00E2\u0080\u00A92000\u00E2\u0080\u00A9bp\u00E2\u0080\u00A9upstream\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 transcription\u00E2\u0080\u00A9start\u00E2\u0080\u00A9site\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9At4CL1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(At1g51680).............................................53\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Table\u00E2\u0080\u00A93.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Cis\u00C2\u00ADacting\u00E2\u0080\u00A9DNA\u00E2\u0080\u00A9regulatory\u00E2\u0080\u00A9elements\u00E2\u0080\u00A9located\u00E2\u0080\u00A92000\u00E2\u0080\u00A9bp\u00E2\u0080\u00A9upstream\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 transcription\u00E2\u0080\u00A9start\u00E2\u0080\u00A9site\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9AtGSTU19\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(At1g78380).......................................54\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Table\u00E2\u0080\u00A94.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Cell\u00E2\u0080\u00A9wall\u00E2\u0080\u00A9composition\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9roots\u00E2\u0080\u00A9from\u00E2\u0080\u00A9empty\u00E2\u0080\u00A9vector\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transgenic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lines\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 overexpressing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9SND1.............................................................................................62\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Table\u00E2\u0080\u00A95.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Summary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cis\u00C2\u00ADacting\u00E2\u0080\u00A9regulatory\u00E2\u0080\u00A9DNA\u00E2\u0080\u00A9elements\u00E2\u0080\u00A9associated\u00E2\u0080\u00A9with\u00E2\u0080\u00A9root\u00C2\u00AD\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 specific\u00E2\u0080\u00A9gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression.......................................................................................78\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Table\u00E2\u0080\u00A96.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Cis\u00C2\u00ADacting\u00E2\u0080\u00A9DNA\u00E2\u0080\u00A9regulatory\u00E2\u0080\u00A9element\u00E2\u0080\u00A9analysis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9At4CL1,\u00E2\u0080\u00A92000bp\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 upstream\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transcription\u00E2\u0080\u00A9start\u00E2\u0080\u00A9site........................................................116\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Table\u00E2\u0080\u00A97.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Cis\u00C2\u00ADacting\u00E2\u0080\u00A9DNA\u00E2\u0080\u00A9regulatory\u00E2\u0080\u00A9element\u00E2\u0080\u00A9analysis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9AtGSTU19,\u00E2\u0080\u00A92000bp\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 upstream\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transcription\u00E2\u0080\u00A9start\u00E2\u0080\u00A9site........................................................117\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Table\u00E2\u0080\u00A98.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 List\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9all\u00E2\u0080\u00A9primer\u00E2\u0080\u00A9sequences\u00E2\u0080\u00A9used\u00E2\u0080\u00A9for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9PCR,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9reverse\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transcription\u00C2\u00ADPCR\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9sequencing......................................................................................................119\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 vi\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 List\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Figures\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Figure\u00E2\u0080\u00A91.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Monolignols\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Lignin.........................................................................................13\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Figure\u00E2\u0080\u00A92.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Phenylpropanoid\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Pathway..........................................................................15\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Figure\u00E2\u0080\u00A93.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Phylogenetic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9tree\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9five\u00E2\u0080\u00A9closely\u00E2\u0080\u00A9related\u00E2\u0080\u00A9NAC\u00E2\u0080\u00A9domain\u00E2\u0080\u00A9proteins...............19\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Figure\u00E2\u0080\u00A94.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Schematic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9diagram\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9overexpression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9constructs\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 pPZP211......................................................................................................................33\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Figure\u00E2\u0080\u00A95.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Genevestigator\u00E2\u0080\u00A9heat\u00E2\u0080\u00A9map\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9candidate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9genes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9whose\u00E2\u0080\u00A9promoters\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 have\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9potential\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9drive\u00E2\u0080\u00A9root\u00C2\u00ADspecific\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transgene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression..............49\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Figure\u00E2\u0080\u00A96.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Organ\u00C2\u00ADspecific\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9candidate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9promoters\u00E2\u0080\u00A9from\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 four\u00C2\u00ADweek\u00C2\u00ADold\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Arabidopsis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plants......................................................................51\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Figure\u00E2\u0080\u00A97.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Transcriptional\u00E2\u0080\u00A9analysis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9T2\u00E2\u0080\u00A9generation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plants\u00E2\u0080\u00A9overexpressing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9using\u00E2\u0080\u00A9RTPCR...................................................................................................55\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Figure\u00E2\u0080\u00A98.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Transcriptional\u00E2\u0080\u00A9analysis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transcription\u00E2\u0080\u00A9factors\u00E2\u0080\u00A9known\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9be\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 direct\u00E2\u0080\u00A9targets\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9SND1.............................................................................................57\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Figure\u00E2\u0080\u00A99.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Reverse\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transcription\u00C2\u00ADPCR\u00E2\u0080\u00A9analysis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9genes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9involved\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 biosynthesis...............................................................................................................58\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Figure\u00E2\u0080\u00A910.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9content\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transgenic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Arabidopsis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plants\u00E2\u0080\u00A9overexpressing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 SND1.............................................................................................................................60\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Figure\u00E2\u0080\u00A911.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Seed\u00C2\u00ADrelated\u00E2\u0080\u00A9phenotypes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9T3\u00E2\u0080\u00A9generation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9seeds\u00E2\u0080\u00A9from\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transgenic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9empty\u00E2\u0080\u00A9vector\u00E2\u0080\u00A9constructs...............................................................................64\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Figure\u00E2\u0080\u00A912.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Primary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9extension,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lateral\u00E2\u0080\u00A9root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9formation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9number\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lateral\u00E2\u0080\u00A9roots\u00E2\u0080\u00A9per\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cm\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(lateral\u00E2\u0080\u00A9root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9density)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A914\u00C2\u00ADday\u00C2\u00ADold\u00E2\u0080\u00A9seedlings.......66\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Figure\u00E2\u0080\u00A913.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9growth\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9height\u00E2\u0080\u00A9time\u00C2\u00ADcourse\u00E2\u0080\u00A9experiment\u00E2\u0080\u00A9for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transgenic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Plants\u00E2\u0080\u00A9overexpressing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9empty\u00E2\u0080\u00A9vector\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lines..................................67\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Figure\u00E2\u0080\u00A914.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Wax\u00C2\u00ADembedded\u00E2\u0080\u00A9root\u00C2\u00ADhypocotyl\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cross\u00E2\u0080\u00A9sections\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9overexpressors\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9empty\u00E2\u0080\u00A9vector\u00E2\u0080\u00A9control\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lines...........................................................................69\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Figure\u00E2\u0080\u00A915.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Auto\u00C2\u00ADfluorescence\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9root\u00C2\u00ADhypocotyl\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cross\u00C2\u00ADsections..................70\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Figure\u00E2\u0080\u00A916.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 One\u00C2\u00ADway\u00E2\u0080\u00A9ANOVA\u00E2\u0080\u00A9statistical\u00E2\u0080\u00A9analysis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9determine\u00E2\u0080\u00A9differences\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 average\u00E2\u0080\u00A9seed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9weight\u00E2\u0080\u00A9between\u00E2\u0080\u00A9genotypes......................................................123\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Figure\u00E2\u0080\u00A917.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 One\u00C2\u00ADway\u00E2\u0080\u00A9ANOVA\u00E2\u0080\u00A9statistical\u00E2\u0080\u00A9analysis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9determine\u00E2\u0080\u00A9differences\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 average\u00E2\u0080\u00A9number\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lateral\u00E2\u0080\u00A9roots\u00E2\u0080\u00A9between\u00E2\u0080\u00A9genotypes...............................124\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 vii\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Abbreviations\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 4CL\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 4\u00E2\u0080\u0090coumarate:CoA\u00E2\u0080\u00A9ligase\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 HCT\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 p\u00E2\u0080\u0090hydroxycinnamoyl\u00E2\u0080\u0090CoA:\u00E2\u0080\u00A9quinate/shikimate\u00E2\u0080\u00A94\u00E2\u0080\u0090hydroxycinnamoyltransferase\u00E2\u0080\u00A94CL1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 4\u00E2\u0080\u0090coumarate:CoA\u00E2\u0080\u00A9ligase\u00E2\u0080\u00A91\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 KNAT\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Knotted1\u00E2\u0080\u0090like\u00E2\u0080\u00A9TALE\u00E2\u0080\u00A9homeodomain\u00E2\u0080\u00A9protein\u00E2\u0080\u00A96xHis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 hexameric\u00E2\u0080\u00A9histidine\u00E2\u0080\u00A9tag\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 LB\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Luria\u00E2\u0080\u0090Bertani\u00E2\u0080\u00A9ANACO12\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Arabidopsis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9NAC\u00E2\u0080\u00A9domain\u00E2\u0080\u00A9containing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9protein\u00E2\u0080\u00A912\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 LRD\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lateral\u00E2\u0080\u00A9root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9density\u00E2\u0080\u00A9ARF\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 auxin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9response\u00E2\u0080\u00A9factor\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 LRP\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lateral root primordium \u00E2\u0080\u00A9ASF\u00E2\u0080\u00901\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 nuclear\u00E2\u0080\u00A9activating\u00E2\u0080\u00A9sequence\u00E2\u0080\u00901\u00E2\u0080\u0090binding\u00E2\u0080\u00A9factor\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Mya\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 million\u00E2\u0080\u00A9years\u00E2\u0080\u00A9ago\u00E2\u0080\u00A9ATAF\u00E2\u0080\u00A91/2\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 arabidopsis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transcription\u00E2\u0080\u00A9activation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9factor\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 mRNA\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 messenger\u00E2\u0080\u00A9RNA\u00E2\u0080\u00A9bp\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 base\u00E2\u0080\u00A9pair\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 MS\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Murashige\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Skoog\u00E2\u0080\u00A9C\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 carbon\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 MYB\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 v\u00E2\u0080\u0090myb\u00E2\u0080\u00A9myeloblastosis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9viral\u00E2\u0080\u00A9oncogene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9homolog\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(avian)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9C3H\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 4\u00E2\u0080\u0090coumarate\u00E2\u0080\u00903\u00E2\u0080\u0090hydroxylase\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 NAC\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 NAM,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9ATAF1/2\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9CUC2\u00E2\u0080\u00A9C4H\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cinnamate\u00E2\u0080\u00904\u00E2\u0080\u0090hydroxylase\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 NAM\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 no\u00E2\u0080\u00A9apical\u00E2\u0080\u00A9meristem\u00E2\u0080\u00A9CAD\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cinnamyl\u00E2\u0080\u00A9alcohol\u00E2\u0080\u00A9dehydrogenase\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9CCR\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cinnamoyl\u00E2\u0080\u0090CoA\u00E2\u0080\u0090reductase\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 NST1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 NAC\u00E2\u0080\u00A9secondary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9wall\u00E2\u0080\u00A9thickening\u00E2\u0080\u00A9promoting\u00E2\u0080\u00A9factor\u00E2\u0080\u00A91\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9CCoAOMT\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 caffeoyl\u00E2\u0080\u0090CoA\u00E2\u0080\u00A93\u00E2\u0080\u0090O\u00E2\u0080\u0090methyltransferase\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 NST2\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 NAC\u00E2\u0080\u00A9secondary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9wall\u00E2\u0080\u00A9thickening\u00E2\u0080\u00A9promoting\u00E2\u0080\u00A9factor\u00E2\u0080\u00A92\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cDNA\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 complementary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9deoxyribonucleic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9acid\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 NST3\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 NAC\u00E2\u0080\u00A9secondary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9wall\u00E2\u0080\u00A9thickening\u00E2\u0080\u00A9promoting\u00E2\u0080\u00A9factor\u00E2\u0080\u00A93\u00E2\u0080\u00A9CDS\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 coding\u00E2\u0080\u00A9sequence\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 OD\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 optical\u00E2\u0080\u00A9density\u00E2\u0080\u00A9CO2\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 carbon\u00E2\u0080\u00A9dioxide\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 ORF\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 open\u00E2\u0080\u00A9reading\u00E2\u0080\u00A9frame\u00E2\u0080\u00A9CoA\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 coenzyme\u00E2\u0080\u00A9A\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 PAL\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 phenylalanine\u00E2\u0080\u00A9ammonia\u00E2\u0080\u0090lyase\u00E2\u0080\u00A9COMT\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 caffeic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9acid/5\u00E2\u0080\u0090hydroxyconiferaldehyde\u00E2\u0080\u00A9O\u00E2\u0080\u0090methyltransferase\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 PCR\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 polymerase\u00E2\u0080\u00A9chain\u00E2\u0080\u00A9reaction\u00E2\u0080\u00A9CUC2\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cup\u00E2\u0080\u0090shaped\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cotyledon\u00E2\u0080\u00A92\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 RNA\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 ribonucleic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9acid\u00E2\u0080\u00A9DNA\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 deoxyribonucleic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9acid\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 RT\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 reverse\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transcription\u00E2\u0080\u00A9F5H\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 ferulate\u00E2\u0080\u00905\u00E2\u0080\u0090hydroxylase\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 S\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 syringyl\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(lignin)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9G\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 guaiacyl\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(lignin)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Secondary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Wall\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Associated\u00E2\u0080\u00A9NAC\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Domain\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Protein\u00E2\u0080\u00A91\u00E2\u0080\u00A9GHGs\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 greenhouse\u00E2\u0080\u00A9gases\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 SOC\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 soil\u00E2\u0080\u00A9organic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9carbon\u00E2\u0080\u00A9GPI\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 glycosylphosphatidylinositol\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 SIC\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 soil\u00E2\u0080\u00A9inorganic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9carbon\u00E2\u0080\u00A9GSH\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 glutathione\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 SURE\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 sulfur\u00E2\u0080\u0090responsive\u00E2\u0080\u00A9element\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9GSTU19\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 glutathione\u00E2\u0080\u00A9S\u00E2\u0080\u0090transferase\u00E2\u0080\u0090tau\u00E2\u0080\u00A9class\u00E2\u0080\u00A919\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 TF\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 transcription\u00E2\u0080\u00A9factor\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Gt\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 gigatonnes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 UGT\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 UDP\u00E2\u0080\u0090glucosyltransferase\u00E2\u0080\u00A9GUS\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 beta\u00E2\u0080\u0090glucuronidase\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 VND6\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Vascular\u00E2\u0080\u0090related\u00E2\u0080\u00A9NAC\u00E2\u0080\u0090Domain\u00E2\u0080\u00A96\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9H\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 hydroxyphenyl\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(lignin)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 VND7\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Vascular\u00E2\u0080\u0090related\u00E2\u0080\u00A9NAC\u00E2\u0080\u0090Domain\u00E2\u0080\u00A97\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 viii\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Acknowledgements\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Research\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9material\u00E2\u0080\u00A9contributions\u00E2\u0080\u00A9I\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 would\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 like\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 begin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 by\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 expressing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9my\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 sincerest\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 gratitude\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9my\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 supervisor,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Dr.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Brian\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Ellis,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9who\u00E2\u0080\u00A9has\u00E2\u0080\u00A9proven\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9be\u00E2\u0080\u00A9an\u00E2\u0080\u00A9exceptional\u00E2\u0080\u00A9mentor\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9guiding\u00E2\u0080\u00A9me\u00E2\u0080\u00A9through\u00E2\u0080\u00A9my\u00E2\u0080\u00A9master\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 degree.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 His\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 warm\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 approachable\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 nature,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 along\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 with\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 his\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 exceedingly\u00E2\u0080\u00A9brilliant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 contributions,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 thoughtful\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 insights\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9endless\u00E2\u0080\u00A9encouragement\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 throughout\u00E2\u0080\u00A9my\u00E2\u0080\u00A9research,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9has\u00E2\u0080\u00A9inspired\u00E2\u0080\u00A9me\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9grow\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9develop\u00E2\u0080\u00A9on\u00E2\u0080\u00A9both\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9personal\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9academic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9level.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 This\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 work\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 would\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 not\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 have\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 been\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 possible\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 without\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 guidance,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 ideas,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9suggestions\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9support\u00E2\u0080\u00A9offered\u00E2\u0080\u00A9by\u00E2\u0080\u00A9my\u00E2\u0080\u00A9committee\u00E2\u0080\u00A9members,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Dr.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Leonard\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Foster\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Dr.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 James\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Kronstad,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 whose\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 time\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 energy\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 devoted\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 improving\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 my\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 research\u00E2\u0080\u00A9project\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9deeply\u00E2\u0080\u00A9appreciated.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 I\u00E2\u0080\u00A9acknowledge\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Dr.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Patrick\u00E2\u0080\u00A9von\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Aderkas\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 late\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Yousuf\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Ebrahim\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 recognizing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9my\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 potential\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 encouraging\u00E2\u0080\u00A9me\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 pursue\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 this\u00E2\u0080\u00A9master\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 degree.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 In\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 addition,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 I\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 would\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 like\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 thank\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Margaret\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Ellis,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 our\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lovely\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lab\u00E2\u0080\u00A9manager,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9her\u00E2\u0080\u00A9excellent\u00E2\u0080\u00A9ordering\u00E2\u0080\u00A9skills,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9organizational\u00E2\u0080\u00A9prowess\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9commitment\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 ensuring\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lab\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 affairs\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 run\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 smoothly.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 I\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 am\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 indebted\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 my\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 student\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lab\u00E2\u0080\u00A9colleagues,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Hardy\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Hall,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9QingNing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Zeng,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Apurva\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Bhargava,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Ankit\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Walia,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Doris\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Vong,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Jia\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Cheng,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 JinSuk\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Lee,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Earl\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Alikpala,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Dr.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Jun\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Chen\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 their\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 endless\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 patience,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9moral\u00E2\u0080\u00A9support\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9generous\u00E2\u0080\u00A9friendship\u00E2\u0080\u00A9offered\u00E2\u0080\u00A9while\u00E2\u0080\u00A9teaching\u00E2\u0080\u00A9me\u00E2\u0080\u00A9new\u00E2\u0080\u00A9techniques,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9answering\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 my\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 many\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 questions\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 allowing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 me\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 above\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 all\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 be\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 myself.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Their\u00E2\u0080\u00A9contribution\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 stimulating\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 conversations\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 over\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 coffee\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 shared\u00E2\u0080\u00A9meals,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 company\u00E2\u0080\u00A9during\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 long\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 hours\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 poured\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 over\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 gels\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 petri\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 dishes,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 priceless\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 involvement\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9several\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lab\u00E2\u0080\u00A9adventures\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9eventful\u00E2\u0080\u00A9musical\u00E2\u0080\u00A9collaborations,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9made\u00E2\u0080\u00A9my\u00E2\u0080\u00A9time\u00E2\u0080\u00A9pass\u00E2\u0080\u00A9by\u00E2\u0080\u00A9here\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9somewhat\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9bliss,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9providing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9me\u00E2\u0080\u00A9with\u00E2\u0080\u00A9memories\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9last\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lifetime.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9I\u00E2\u0080\u00A9would\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 ix\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 like\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9recognize\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 following\u00E2\u0080\u00A9people\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 their\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 invaluable\u00E2\u0080\u00A9contributions\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9helping\u00E2\u0080\u00A9me\u00E2\u0080\u00A9complete\u00E2\u0080\u00A9my\u00E2\u0080\u00A9thesis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9research:\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Jim\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Guo\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Chen\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Lab\u00E2\u0080\u00A9for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9devoting\u00E2\u0080\u00A9his\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 time\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9teach\u00E2\u0080\u00A9me\u00E2\u0080\u00A9how\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9use\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9microscope,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Zorica\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Kotur\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Glass\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Lab\u00E2\u0080\u00A9for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9her\u00E2\u0080\u00A9help\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9guidance\u00E2\u0080\u00A9with\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9hydroponics,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Julia\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Nowak\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Cronk\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Lab\u00E2\u0080\u00A9for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9aiding\u00E2\u0080\u00A9me\u00E2\u0080\u00A9with\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9hand\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 sectioning,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 staining\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 microscopy\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 my\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 transgenic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lines,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Dr.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Sarah\u00E2\u0080\u00A9McKim\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Haughn\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Lab\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 assistance\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 with\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 wax\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 embedding\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 protocol,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9microtome\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 sectioning\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 staining\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 my\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 transgenic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lines,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Lifang\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Zhao\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9providing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9me\u00E2\u0080\u00A9with\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9pPZP211\u00E2\u0080\u00A9empty\u00E2\u0080\u00A9vector\u00E2\u0080\u00A9seed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lines,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Xue\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Feng\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Chang\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Harry)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Beatson\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Lab\u00E2\u0080\u00A9at\u00E2\u0080\u00A9BCIT\u00E2\u0080\u00A9for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9his\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 immense\u00E2\u0080\u00A9involvement\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9acetyl\u00E2\u0080\u00A9bromide\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9analysis,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Vicki\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Maloney\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Mansfield\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Lab\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 her\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 amazing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 contribution\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Starch\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Klason\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9analyses,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Paul\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Lee\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(undergraduate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Ellis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Lab)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 his\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 enthusiasm\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 painstaking\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 commitment\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 helping\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 me\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 with\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 seed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9phenotyping,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9germination\u00E2\u0080\u00A9assays\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9RNA\u00E2\u0080\u00A9extractions\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9summer\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A92009.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Support\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9guidance\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9A\u00E2\u0080\u00A9very\u00E2\u0080\u00A9heartfelt\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 thanks\u00E2\u0080\u00A9goes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9out\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9my\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Mom\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Dad\u00E2\u0080\u00A9for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9their\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 immeasurable\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 love,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9generosity,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9encouragement\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9financial\u00E2\u0080\u00A9support\u00E2\u0080\u00A9throughout\u00E2\u0080\u00A9my\u00E2\u0080\u00A9life.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Their\u00E2\u0080\u00A9selfless\u00E2\u0080\u00A9acts\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9kindness\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9tireless\u00E2\u0080\u00A9ability\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9provide\u00E2\u0080\u00A9me\u00E2\u0080\u00A9with\u00E2\u0080\u00A9whatever\u00E2\u0080\u00A9I\u00E2\u0080\u00A9need,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9constantly\u00E2\u0080\u00A9remind\u00E2\u0080\u00A9me\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 remain\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 humble\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 be\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 grateful\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 everything\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 given\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9me.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Without\u00E2\u0080\u00A9providing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9me\u00E2\u0080\u00A9with\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9safe\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9loving\u00E2\u0080\u00A9environment\u00E2\u0080\u00A9needed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9growth\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9self\u00E2\u0080\u0090discovery\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9I\u00E2\u0080\u00A9was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9growing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9up\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9hour\u00E2\u0080\u0090long\u00E2\u0080\u00A9phone\u00E2\u0080\u00A9conversations\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9visits\u00E2\u0080\u00A9home\u00E2\u0080\u00A9throughout\u00E2\u0080\u00A9my\u00E2\u0080\u00A9degree,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9I\u00E2\u0080\u00A9would\u00E2\u0080\u00A9not\u00E2\u0080\u00A9be\u00E2\u0080\u00A9who\u00E2\u0080\u00A9I\u00E2\u0080\u00A9am\u00E2\u0080\u00A9today\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9am\u00E2\u0080\u00A9forever\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9their\u00E2\u0080\u00A9debt.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9I\u00E2\u0080\u00A9feel\u00E2\u0080\u00A9honoured\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9share\u00E2\u0080\u00A9my\u00E2\u0080\u00A9genes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9my\u00E2\u0080\u00A9birth\u00E2\u0080\u00A9date)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9with\u00E2\u0080\u00A9my\u00E2\u0080\u00A9sister,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Gabrielle,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9whose\u00E2\u0080\u00A9love\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9support\u00E2\u0080\u00A9always\u00E2\u0080\u00A9seem\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9show\u00E2\u0080\u00A9up\u00E2\u0080\u00A9at\u00E2\u0080\u00A9exactly\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9right\u00E2\u0080\u00A9time.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 x\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Her\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 belief\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9me\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9my\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 ability\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 succeed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 throughout\u00E2\u0080\u00A9my\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 graduate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 studies\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 have\u00E2\u0080\u00A9given\u00E2\u0080\u00A9me\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 strength\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 pull\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 through\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 end.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 I\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 would\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 like\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 convey\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 very\u00E2\u0080\u00A9special\u00E2\u0080\u00A9message\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 all\u00E2\u0080\u00A9my\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 friends,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9who\u00E2\u0080\u00A9have\u00E2\u0080\u00A9made\u00E2\u0080\u00A9my\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 time\u00E2\u0080\u00A9here\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 both\u00E2\u0080\u00A9memorable\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9delectably\u00E2\u0080\u00A9fun.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9To\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9ones\u00E2\u0080\u00A9who\u00E2\u0080\u00A9were\u00E2\u0080\u00A9there\u00E2\u0080\u00A9through\u00E2\u0080\u00A9all\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9ups\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9downs,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9ins\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9outs,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9who\u00E2\u0080\u00A9listened\u00E2\u0080\u00A9when\u00E2\u0080\u00A9I\u00E2\u0080\u00A9needed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9vent,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9who\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lifted\u00E2\u0080\u00A9me\u00E2\u0080\u00A9up\u00E2\u0080\u00A9when\u00E2\u0080\u00A9I\u00E2\u0080\u00A9was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9down\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9who\u00E2\u0080\u00A9provided\u00E2\u0080\u00A9me\u00E2\u0080\u00A9with\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9courage\u00E2\u0080\u00A9I\u00E2\u0080\u00A9needed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9deal\u00E2\u0080\u00A9with\u00E2\u0080\u00A9everyday\u00E2\u0080\u00A9life,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 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that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9I\u00E2\u0080\u00A9do,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9all\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9I\u00E2\u0080\u00A9am\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9ultimately\u00E2\u0080\u00A9what\u00E2\u0080\u00A9propels\u00E2\u0080\u00A9me\u00E2\u0080\u00A9forward\u00E2\u0080\u00A9into\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9future,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9with\u00E2\u0080\u00A9no\u00E2\u0080\u00A9regrets.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 1.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Introduction\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 1.1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Global\u00E2\u0080\u00A9climate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9change\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9mitigating\u00E2\u0080\u00A9global\u00E2\u0080\u00A9carbon\u00E2\u0080\u00A9emissions\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Our\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 planet\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 habitable\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 due\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 its\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 proximity\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 sun\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 layer\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 gases\u00E2\u0080\u00A9surrounding\u00E2\u0080\u00A9it,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9which\u00E2\u0080\u00A9we\u00E2\u0080\u00A9have\u00E2\u0080\u00A9come\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9know\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9our\u00E2\u0080\u00A9atmosphere\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Karl\u00E2\u0080\u00A9&\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Trenberth,\u00E2\u0080\u00A92003).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 This\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 natural\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 greenhouse\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 effect\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 results\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 from\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 presence\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 particular\u00E2\u0080\u00A9combination\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9atmospheric\u00E2\u0080\u00A9gases\u00E2\u0080\u00A9including\u00E2\u0080\u00A9nitrogen,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9oxygen,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9argon,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9carbon\u00E2\u0080\u00A9dioxide\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(CO2)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9other\u00E2\u0080\u00A9trace\u00E2\u0080\u00A9gases\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Karl\u00E2\u0080\u00A9&\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Trenberth\u00E2\u0080\u00A92003).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9These\u00E2\u0080\u00A9gases\u00E2\u0080\u00A9act\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9sort\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9insulating\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 blanket,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 trapping\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 solar\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 energy\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 heat\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 regulating\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 average\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 global\u00E2\u0080\u00A9surface\u00E2\u0080\u00A9temperatures\u00E2\u0080\u00A9within\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9range\u00E2\u0080\u00A9suitable\u00E2\u0080\u00A9for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9life\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9evolve\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Li\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92009).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Life\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 on\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Earth\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 we\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 know\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 it\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 relies\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 greatly\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 on\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 balance\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 these\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 important\u00E2\u0080\u00A9greenhouse\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 gases\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (GHGs).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Through\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 both\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 human\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 endeavors\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 natural\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 fluxes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9through\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Earth\u00E2\u0080\u00A9system,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9it\u00E2\u0080\u00A9is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9now\u00E2\u0080\u00A9acknowledged\u00E2\u0080\u00A9that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9atmospheric\u00E2\u0080\u00A9CO2\u00E2\u0080\u00A9levels\u00E2\u0080\u00A9have\u00E2\u0080\u00A9increased\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 about\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 35%\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 since\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 early\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 ages\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 industrialization\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Karl\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 &\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Trenberth\u00E2\u0080\u00A92003;\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Millard\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92007).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9What\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00E2\u0080\u00A9more,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 roughly\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 half\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 CO2\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 released\u00E2\u0080\u00A9since\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Industrial\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Revolution\u00E2\u0080\u00A9remains\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9atmosphere\u00E2\u0080\u00A9while\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9other\u00E2\u0080\u00A9half\u00E2\u0080\u00A9has\u00E2\u0080\u00A9been\u00E2\u0080\u00A9sequestered\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9ocean\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9well\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9terrestrial\u00E2\u0080\u00A9ecosystems\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Karl\u00E2\u0080\u00A9&\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Trenberth\u00E2\u0080\u00A92003;\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Millard\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92007;\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Raven\u00E2\u0080\u00A9&\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Karley\u00E2\u0080\u00A92006).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9It\u00E2\u0080\u00A9has\u00E2\u0080\u00A9been\u00E2\u0080\u00A9hypothesized\u00E2\u0080\u00A9that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9one\u00E2\u0080\u00A9result\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 this\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 increase\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9GHGs\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (atmospheric\u00E2\u0080\u00A9CO2,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9methane\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9nitrous\u00E2\u0080\u00A9oxide)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9pattern\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 climate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 change\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 phenomena\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 includes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 but\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 not\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 limited\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to:\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 rises\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9global\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 surface\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 temperatures,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 increased\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 occurrence\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 extreme\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 weather\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 events,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9increased\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 incidence\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 intensity\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 wild\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 fires,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 shifting\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 ecosystems,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 rising\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 sea\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 levels\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 changes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 disease\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 transmission\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 dynamics\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Lal\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2008).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 In\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 addition,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9anthropogenic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9activities\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 such\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9deforestation,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 fossil\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 fuel\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 combustion,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 altered\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 land\u00E2\u0080\u00A9use\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 through\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 urbanization,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 wetland\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 draining,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 soil\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cultivation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 biomass\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 burning\u00E2\u0080\u00A9have\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 also\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 had\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 large\u00E2\u0080\u0090scale\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 impact\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 on\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 terrestrial\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 surface\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 characteristics\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 by\u00E2\u0080\u00A9extension,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9on\u00E2\u0080\u00A9climate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9change\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Lal\u00E2\u0080\u00A92008;\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Karl\u00E2\u0080\u00A9&\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Trenberth,\u00E2\u0080\u00A92003).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9As\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9result,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9there\u00E2\u0080\u00A9is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9growing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 interest\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9stabilizing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 increases\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9GHGs\u00E2\u0080\u00A9with\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9goal\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9mitigating\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9risks\u00E2\u0080\u00A9associated\u00E2\u0080\u00A9with\u00E2\u0080\u00A9global\u00E2\u0080\u00A9climate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9change\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Lal\u00E2\u0080\u00A92008).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9An\u00E2\u0080\u00A9introduction\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9all\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9mitigation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9strategies\u00E2\u0080\u00A9proposed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lowering\u00E2\u0080\u00A9GHG\u00E2\u0080\u00A9emissions\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9beyond\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9scope\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9this\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 thesis;\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 therefore,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 only\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 those\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 related\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 carbon\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (CO2)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 emissions\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 will\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 be\u00E2\u0080\u00A9mentioned.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 reason\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 being\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 all\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 GHGs\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 contributing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 global\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 climate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9change,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9CO2,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9next\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9water\u00E2\u0080\u00A9vapour,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9considered\u00E2\u0080\u00A9one\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9most\u00E2\u0080\u00A9important\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Malhi\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92002).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9There\u00E2\u0080\u00A9are\u00E2\u0080\u00A9currently\u00E2\u0080\u00A9three\u00E2\u0080\u00A9broad\u00E2\u0080\u00A9categories\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9mitigation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9strategies\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9practices\u00E2\u0080\u00A9for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lowering\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 CO2\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 emissions:\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (i)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 reduce\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 global\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 energy\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 use,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (ii)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 reduce\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 emissions,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(iii)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9enhance\u00E2\u0080\u00A9removal\u00E2\u0080\u00A9via\u00E2\u0080\u00A9carbon\u00E2\u0080\u00A9sequestration\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Lal\u00E2\u0080\u00A92008;\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Smith\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92008).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 last\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 these\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 approaches\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 has\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 garnered\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 attention\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 both\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 scientists\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9politicians\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9an\u00E2\u0080\u00A9effective\u00E2\u0080\u00A9strategy\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9mitigating\u00E2\u0080\u00A9GHG\u00E2\u0080\u00A9emissions\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Mondini\u00E2\u0080\u00A9&\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Sequi\u00E2\u0080\u00A92008).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 As\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 result\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 this\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 interest,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 four\u00E2\u0080\u00A9main\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 types\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 carbon\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 sequestration\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 have\u00E2\u0080\u00A9been\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 proposed:\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 ocean\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 storage,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 geological\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 storage,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 biomass\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 storage\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 mineral\u00E2\u0080\u00A9carbonation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Oelkers\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 &\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Cole\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2008).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 In\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 conclusion,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 carbon\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 sequestration\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 by\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 no\u00E2\u0080\u00A9means\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 instantaneous\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 consideration\u00E2\u0080\u00A9must\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 be\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 given\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 fact\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 strategies,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9practices\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9techniques\u00E2\u0080\u00A9take\u00E2\u0080\u00A9time\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9develop\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9implement.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 3\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 1.1.1 The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9global\u00E2\u0080\u00A9carbon\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cycle\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9role\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plants\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9terrestrial\u00E2\u0080\u00A9carbon\u00E2\u0080\u00A9sinks\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9In\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 order\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 develop\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 workable\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 strategies\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 mitigating\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 global\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 climate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 change\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 we\u00E2\u0080\u00A9must\u00E2\u0080\u00A9first\u00E2\u0080\u00A9understand\u00E2\u0080\u00A9how\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9global\u00E2\u0080\u00A9carbon\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(C)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cycle\u00E2\u0080\u00A9works\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Lal\u00E2\u0080\u00A92008).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9global\u00E2\u0080\u00A9C\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cycle\u00E2\u0080\u00A9is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9typically\u00E2\u0080\u00A9thought\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9an\u00E2\u0080\u00A9interconnected\u00E2\u0080\u00A9flow\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9C\u00E2\u0080\u00A9through\u00E2\u0080\u00A9four\u00E2\u0080\u00A9principal\u00E2\u0080\u00A9reservoirs:\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9terrestrial\u00E2\u0080\u00A9biosphere,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9oceans,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9fossil\u00E2\u0080\u00A9carbon\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9atmosphere\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Schimel\u00E2\u0080\u00A91995;\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Oelkers\u00E2\u0080\u00A9&\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Cole,\u00E2\u0080\u00A92008).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 In\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 terrestrial\u00E2\u0080\u00A9biosphere,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9number\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9organisms\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (cyanobacteria,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 green\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 algae\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 land\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 plants)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 have\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 specialized\u00E2\u0080\u00A9mechanisms\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9allow\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9absorption\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9CO2\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 into\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 their\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cells.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9With\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9addition\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9water\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 energy\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 from\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 solar\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 radiation,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 they\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 use\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 photosynthesis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 chemically\u00E2\u0080\u00A9convert\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 CO2\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 carbohydrates\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Black\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 1973).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Conversely,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 CO2\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 energy\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 can\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 be\u00E2\u0080\u00A9released\u00E2\u0080\u00A9from\u00E2\u0080\u00A9terrestrial\u00E2\u0080\u00A9ecosystems\u00E2\u0080\u00A9by\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9process\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9respiration.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9This\u00E2\u0080\u00A9involves\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9metabolic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 breakdown\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 C\u00E2\u0080\u0090based\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 organic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 molecules\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 primarily\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 into\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 gaseous\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 CO2,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9among\u00E2\u0080\u00A9other\u00E2\u0080\u00A9byproducts.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Every\u00E2\u0080\u00A9year,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9respiration\u00E2\u0080\u00A9returns\u00E2\u0080\u00A9almost\u00E2\u0080\u00A9half\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9CO2\u00E2\u0080\u00A9that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 absorbed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 by\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 photosynthesis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 atmosphere\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Falkowski\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2000;\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Black\u00E2\u0080\u00A91973).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9movement\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 atmospheric\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 C\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 through\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 photosynthesis,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 respiration,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9back\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 atmosphere\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 considerable,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 this\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 flux\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 produces\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 notable\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 annual\u00E2\u0080\u00A9fluctuations\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9atmospheric\u00E2\u0080\u00A9CO2\u00E2\u0080\u00A9concentrations\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Falkowski\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92000).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Photosynthetic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9organisms\u00E2\u0080\u00A9play\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9significant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9role\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9global\u00E2\u0080\u00A9C\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cycle\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9over\u00E2\u0080\u00A9time,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9significant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9amounts\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9C\u00E2\u0080\u00A9can\u00E2\u0080\u00A9be\u00E2\u0080\u00A9stored\u00E2\u0080\u00A9or\u00E2\u0080\u00A9released\u00E2\u0080\u00A9from\u00E2\u0080\u00A9terrestrial\u00E2\u0080\u00A9biomes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Schimel\u00E2\u0080\u00A91995).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 For\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 example,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 changes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 land\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 use\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 can\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 greatly\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 contribute\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 carbon\u00E2\u0080\u00A9source/sink\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 dynamics,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 demonstrated\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 by\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 accumulation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 C\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 living\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 4\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 tissues\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9new\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9growth\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9within\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9soil\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9regenerating\u00E2\u0080\u00A9forests\u00E2\u0080\u00A9following\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9abandonment\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 agricultural\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lands,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 causing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 net\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 decrease\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 contributions\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9atmospheric\u00E2\u0080\u00A9CO2\u00E2\u0080\u00A9concentrations\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Schimel\u00E2\u0080\u00A91995).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 In\u00E2\u0080\u00A9other\u00E2\u0080\u00A9words,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9atmospheric\u00E2\u0080\u00A9CO2\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 increases,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 terrestrial\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 plants\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 can\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 become\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 potential\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 sink\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 anthropogenic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9carbon\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Falkowski\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2000).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 These\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 net\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 returns\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 losses\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (or\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 fluxes)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 C\u00E2\u0080\u00A9between\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 four\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 previously\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 mentioned\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 C\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 reservoirs\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 are\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 known\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 global\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 C\u00E2\u0080\u00A9budget\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Schimel\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 1995).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Although\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 terrestrial\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 ecosystems\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 have\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 potential\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9mitigate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 rising\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 atmospheric\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 CO2\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 levels\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 coming\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 decades,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 there\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 still\u00E2\u0080\u00A9considerable\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 uncertainty\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 surrounding\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 how\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 these\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 ecosystems\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 will\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 respond\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9combined\u00E2\u0080\u00A9effects\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9higher\u00E2\u0080\u00A9CO2\u00E2\u0080\u00A9concentrations,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9higher\u00E2\u0080\u00A9temperatures,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9changes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9soil\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 dynamics\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Falkowski\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2000).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 In\u00E2\u0080\u00A9order\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9predict\u00E2\u0080\u00A9how\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 these\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 sources\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9sinks\u00E2\u0080\u00A9will\u00E2\u0080\u00A9behave\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 future,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 it\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 crucial\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9we\u00E2\u0080\u00A9enhance\u00E2\u0080\u00A9our\u00E2\u0080\u00A9understanding\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9how\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 plants\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 will\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 respond\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 foreseeable\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 increases\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 human\u00E2\u0080\u0090derived\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 CO2\u00E2\u0080\u00A9emissions\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Lal\u00E2\u0080\u00A92008;\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Raven\u00E2\u0080\u00A9&\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Karley\u00E2\u0080\u00A92006).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 1.1.2\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Increasing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9agricultural\u00E2\u0080\u00A9soil\u00E2\u0080\u00A9carbon\u00E2\u0080\u00A9stocks\u00E2\u0080\u00A9through\u00E2\u0080\u00A9carbon\u00E2\u0080\u00A9sequestration\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Since\u00E2\u0080\u00A9ratification\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Kyoto\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Protocol,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9most\u00E2\u0080\u00A9C\u00E2\u0080\u00A9mitigation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9strategies\u00E2\u0080\u00A9have\u00E2\u0080\u00A9focused\u00E2\u0080\u00A9on\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9use\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9C\u00E2\u0080\u00A9sinks\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(natural\u00E2\u0080\u00A9or\u00E2\u0080\u00A9manmade\u00E2\u0080\u00A9carbon\u00E2\u0080\u00A9reservoirs)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9form\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9C\u00E2\u0080\u00A9offset,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9this\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 focus\u00E2\u0080\u00A9has\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 increased\u00E2\u0080\u00A9general\u00E2\u0080\u00A9awareness\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 carbon\u00E2\u0080\u00A9sink\u00E2\u0080\u00A9significance\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Lal\u00E2\u0080\u00A92008).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9In\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 attempting\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 balance\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 global\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 C\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 budget,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 future\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 economic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 growth\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 would\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 be\u00E2\u0080\u00A9based\u00E2\u0080\u00A9on\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u0098carbon\u00E2\u0080\u00A9neutral\u00E2\u0080\u0099\u00E2\u0080\u00A9strategy,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9or\u00E2\u0080\u00A9rather\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u0098no\u00E2\u0080\u00A9net\u00E2\u0080\u00A9increase\u00E2\u0080\u0099\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9atmospheric\u00E2\u0080\u00A9C\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Lal\u00E2\u0080\u00A92008).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9Therefore,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9interest\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9those\u00E2\u0080\u00A9involved\u00E2\u0080\u00A9with\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Kyoto\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Protocol\u00E2\u0080\u00A9is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9any\u00E2\u0080\u00A9mitigation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9practice\u00E2\u0080\u00A9that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9increases\u00E2\u0080\u00A9C\u00E2\u0080\u00A9input\u00E2\u0080\u00A9via\u00E2\u0080\u00A9photosynthesis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9or\u00E2\u0080\u00A9slows\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9return\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9stored\u00E2\u0080\u00A9C\u00E2\u0080\u00A9via\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 respiration\u00E2\u0080\u00A9or\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 fire\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Smith\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92008).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9These\u00E2\u0080\u00A9strategies\u00E2\u0080\u00A9consequently\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 5\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 offer\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9potential\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u0098sequester\u00E2\u0080\u0099\u00E2\u0080\u00A9C\u00E2\u0080\u00A9or\u00E2\u0080\u00A9build\u00E2\u0080\u00A9C\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u0098sinks\u00E2\u0080\u0099\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9will\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 likely\u00E2\u0080\u00A9be\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9focal\u00E2\u0080\u00A9point\u00E2\u0080\u00A9for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 future\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 approaches\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9mitigating\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 climate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 change\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Smith\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2008).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 In\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 short,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9carbon\u00E2\u0080\u00A9sequestration\u00E2\u0080\u00A9is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9process\u00E2\u0080\u00A9by\u00E2\u0080\u00A9which\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9terrestrial\u00E2\u0080\u00A9C\u00E2\u0080\u00A9sink\u00E2\u0080\u00A9generates\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9net\u00E2\u0080\u00A9removal\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9CO2\u00E2\u0080\u00A9from\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9atmosphere.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9capture,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transport\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9final\u00E2\u0080\u00A9deposition\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9carbon,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9via\u00E2\u0080\u00A9carbon\u00E2\u0080\u00A9sequestration,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9are\u00E2\u0080\u00A9largely\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 dependent\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 upon\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 complex\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 set\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 biochemical\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 chemical\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 processes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Oelkers\u00E2\u0080\u00A9&\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Cole\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2008).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9More\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 specifically,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 sequestering\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 C\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 represents\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9metabolic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9dead\u00E2\u0080\u00A9end,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9inhibiting\u00E2\u0080\u00A9its\u00E2\u0080\u00A9reusability\u00E2\u0080\u00A9by\u00E2\u0080\u00A9terminating\u00E2\u0080\u00A9its\u00E2\u0080\u00A9physiological\u00E2\u0080\u00A9activity\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Millard\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92007),\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9more\u00E2\u0080\u00A9securely\u00E2\u0080\u00A9storing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9it\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9other\u00E2\u0080\u00A9more\u00E2\u0080\u00A9long\u00E2\u0080\u0090lived\u00E2\u0080\u00A9C\u00E2\u0080\u00A9reservoirs\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Lal\u00E2\u0080\u00A92004).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9In\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 face\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 increasing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 carbon\u00E2\u0080\u00A9emissions,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9particular\u00E2\u0080\u00A9emphasis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9being\u00E2\u0080\u00A9placed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9on\u00E2\u0080\u00A9this\u00E2\u0080\u00A9process\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9carbon\u00E2\u0080\u00A9sequestration\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Lal\u00E2\u0080\u00A92008).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9For\u00E2\u0080\u00A9example,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9roughly\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9third\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9terrestrial\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 land\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 surface\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 dominated\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 by\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 agricultural\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lands\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (crops\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 or\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 planted\u00E2\u0080\u00A9pastures)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9whose\u00E2\u0080\u00A9soils\u00E2\u0080\u00A9are\u00E2\u0080\u00A9capable\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9acting\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9either\u00E2\u0080\u00A9carbon\u00E2\u0080\u00A9sources\u00E2\u0080\u00A9or\u00E2\u0080\u00A9sinks\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Smith\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92008).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9~2500\u00E2\u0080\u00A9gigatons\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Gt)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9worldwide\u00E2\u0080\u00A9soil\u00E2\u0080\u00A9C,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9there\u00E2\u0080\u00A9is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9roughly\u00E2\u0080\u00A91550\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Gt\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9soil\u00E2\u0080\u00A9organic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9carbon\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(SOC)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9950\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Gt\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9soil\u00E2\u0080\u00A9inorganic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9carbon\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(carbonates)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Lal\u00E2\u0080\u00A92004).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Furthermore,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 global\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 soil\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 C\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 pool\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 considerable\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 compared\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9atmospheric\u00E2\u0080\u00A9C\u00E2\u0080\u00A9pool\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9760\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Gt\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9biotic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9pool\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9560\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Gt,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Lal\u00E2\u0080\u00A92004).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9However,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9soil\u00E2\u0080\u00A9carbon\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 sequestration\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 trickier\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 long\u00E2\u0080\u0090term\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 strategy\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 climate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 mitigation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9opposed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 reducing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 carbon\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 emissions,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 given\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 it\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 could\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 be\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 difficult\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9measure\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9verify\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9amount\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9carbon\u00E2\u0080\u00A9sequestered\u00E2\u0080\u00A9below\u00E2\u0080\u00A9ground\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Mondini\u00E2\u0080\u00A9&\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Sequi\u00E2\u0080\u00A92008).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 6\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Nevertheless,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 strategies\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 improve\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 soil\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 carbon\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 stocks\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 are\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 appealing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 part\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 an\u00E2\u0080\u00A9integrated\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 sustainability\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 approach\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 since\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 enhanced\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 agricultural\u00E2\u0080\u00A9management\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 often\u00E2\u0080\u00A9brings\u00E2\u0080\u00A9with\u00E2\u0080\u00A9it\u00E2\u0080\u00A9an\u00E2\u0080\u00A9array\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9other\u00E2\u0080\u00A9desirable\u00E2\u0080\u00A9environmental\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9economic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9outcomes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9addition\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9mitigating\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 climate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 change\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Mondini\u00E2\u0080\u00A9&\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Sequi\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2008;\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Smith\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Falloon,\u00E2\u0080\u00A92005).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Lal\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (2008)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 summarizes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 these\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 soil\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 C\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 sequestration\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 benefits\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 including\u00E2\u0080\u00A9enhanced\u00E2\u0080\u00A9soil\u00E2\u0080\u00A9quality,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9improved\u00E2\u0080\u00A9soil\u00E2\u0080\u00A9productivity,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9decreased\u00E2\u0080\u00A9risk\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9soil\u00E2\u0080\u00A9erosion\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9sedimentation,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 reduced\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 water\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 contamination\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 eutrophication.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 These\u00E2\u0080\u00A9potential\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 outcomes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 also\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 demonstrate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 soil\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 C\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 sequestration\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 could\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 represent\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 an\u00E2\u0080\u00A9approach\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 attain\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 food\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 security\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Johnson\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2007).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 In\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 addition\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 both\u00E2\u0080\u00A9environmental\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9economic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9benefits,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9C\u00E2\u0080\u00A9sequestration\u00E2\u0080\u00A9is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9attractive\u00E2\u0080\u00A9for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9one\u00E2\u0080\u00A9another\u00E2\u0080\u00A9reason:\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 it\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 likely\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 be\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 most\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cost\u00E2\u0080\u0090effective\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 feasible\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 method\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lower\u00E2\u0080\u00A9atmospheric\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 CO2\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 levels\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 within\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 first\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 20\u00E2\u0080\u009330\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 years\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 it\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 implemented,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 thus\u00E2\u0080\u00A9effectively\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 buying\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 time\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 while\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 other\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 technologies\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 aimed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 directly\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 at\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 reducing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 GHG\u00E2\u0080\u00A9emissions\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 are\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 developed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Mondini\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 &\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Sequi\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2008).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 However,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 yearly\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 increases\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9SOC\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 can\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 only\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 be\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 sustained\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 perhaps\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 50\u00E2\u0080\u0093100\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 years,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 at\u00E2\u0080\u00A9which\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 point\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 increases\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9SOC\u00E2\u0080\u00A9are\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 likely\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 slow\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9ultimately\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cease\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 soil\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 reaches\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9new\u00E2\u0080\u00A9equilibrium.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9This\u00E2\u0080\u00A9emphasizes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9point\u00E2\u0080\u00A9that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9C\u00E2\u0080\u00A9sequestration\u00E2\u0080\u00A9may\u00E2\u0080\u00A9even\u00E2\u0080\u00A9be\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9reversible\u00E2\u0080\u00A9process\u00E2\u0080\u00A9if\u00E2\u0080\u00A9suitable\u00E2\u0080\u00A9soil\u00E2\u0080\u00A9management\u00E2\u0080\u00A9practices\u00E2\u0080\u00A9are\u00E2\u0080\u00A9not\u00E2\u0080\u00A9maintained\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Lal\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A92004;\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Mondini\u00E2\u0080\u00A9&\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Sequi\u00E2\u0080\u00A92008).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Given\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9sizeable\u00E2\u0080\u00A9amount\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9global\u00E2\u0080\u00A9carbon\u00E2\u0080\u00A9contained\u00E2\u0080\u00A9within\u00E2\u0080\u00A9agricultural\u00E2\u0080\u00A9soils,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9it\u00E2\u0080\u00A9is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9not\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 surprising\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 possibility\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 partially\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 offsetting\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 fossil\u00E2\u0080\u0090fuel\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 emissions\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 by\u00E2\u0080\u00A9sequestering\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 excess\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 atmospheric\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 C\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 within\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 these\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 soils\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 now\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 being\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 strongly\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 7\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 advocated\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (West\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 &\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Marland\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2002).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Unfortunately,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 fossil\u00E2\u0080\u0090fuel\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 emissions\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 over\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9next\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 100\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 years\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 are\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 anticipated\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 greatly\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 exceed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 even\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 maximum\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 amount\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9carbon\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 could\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 potentially\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 be\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 sequestered.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Therefore,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 carbon\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 sequestration\u00E2\u0080\u00A9should\u00E2\u0080\u00A9simply\u00E2\u0080\u00A9be\u00E2\u0080\u00A9seen\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9modest\u00E2\u0080\u00A9contribution\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9much\u00E2\u0080\u00A9larger\u00E2\u0080\u00A9mitigation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plan\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9not\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9replacement\u00E2\u0080\u00A9for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9development\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9new\u00E2\u0080\u00A9energy\u00E2\u0080\u00A9supplies,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9improved\u00E2\u0080\u00A9energy\u00E2\u0080\u00A9use\u00E2\u0080\u00A9strategies\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9technological\u00E2\u0080\u00A9innovations\u00E2\u0080\u00A9required\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9stabilize\u00E2\u0080\u00A9concentrations\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9atmospheric\u00E2\u0080\u00A9CO2\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Malhi\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92002).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 1.1.3\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Root\u00E2\u0080\u0090derived\u00E2\u0080\u00A9soil\u00E2\u0080\u00A9carbon\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9In\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 terrestrial\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 plants,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 rhizosphere\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 soil\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 immediately\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 surrounds\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9root)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 encompasses\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 complex\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 chemical,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 physical,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 biological\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 interactions\u00E2\u0080\u00A9between\u00E2\u0080\u00A9roots\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9their\u00E2\u0080\u00A9surrounding\u00E2\u0080\u00A9environment\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Bais\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92006).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9roots\u00E2\u0080\u00A9are\u00E2\u0080\u00A9actively\u00E2\u0080\u00A9involved\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in:\u00E2\u0080\u00A9soil\u00E2\u0080\u0090microbe\u00E2\u0080\u00A9interactions,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9secretion\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9compounds\u00E2\u0080\u00A9required\u00E2\u0080\u00A9for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 pathogen\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 defense\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 absorption\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 soil\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 nutrients.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Roots\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 also\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 play\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 role\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9protecting\u00E2\u0080\u00A9above\u00E2\u0080\u00A9ground\u00E2\u0080\u00A9tissues\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 from\u00E2\u0080\u00A9acidic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9conditions,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9heavy\u00E2\u0080\u00A9metals\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9drought\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Koyama\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92005).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Studies\u00E2\u0080\u00A9have\u00E2\u0080\u00A9shown\u00E2\u0080\u00A9that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9soil\u00E2\u0080\u00A9C\u00E2\u0080\u00A9is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9predominantly\u00E2\u0080\u00A9composed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 C\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 within\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 organic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 soil\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 horizons,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 root\u00E2\u0080\u0090derived\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 soil\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 organic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 C\u00E2\u0080\u00A9generally\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 decreases\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 with\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 depth\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Jobb\u00C3\u00A1gy\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 &\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Jackson\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2001;\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Rasse\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2005).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 In\u00E2\u0080\u00A9natural\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 ecosystems,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 root\u00E2\u0080\u0090derived\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 SOC\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 almost\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 entirely\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 result\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 materials\u00E2\u0080\u00A9released\u00E2\u0080\u00A9from\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9roots\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9natural\u00E2\u0080\u00A9vegetation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9or\u00E2\u0080\u00A9crops\u00E2\u0080\u00A9during\u00E2\u0080\u00A9growth,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9such\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9exudates,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 sloughed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9off\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 tips\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cells,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9mucilage\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9by\u00E2\u0080\u00A9decomposition\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9dead\u00E2\u0080\u00A9roots\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Subedi\u00E2\u0080\u00A9at\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2006).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 There\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 still\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 considerable\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 debate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 over\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 amount\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 C\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 contributes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 total\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 C\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 pool\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 terrestrial\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 biosphere.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9According\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Robinson\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (2007),\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 best\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 approximation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 carbon\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 pool\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 8\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 270\u00E2\u0080\u0093280\u00E2\u0080\u008APg\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 total\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 terrestrial\u00E2\u0080\u00A9biome\u00E2\u0080\u00A9C\u00E2\u0080\u00A9pool\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9650\u00E2\u0080\u008APg\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Subedi\u00E2\u0080\u00A9at\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2006).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9A\u00E2\u0080\u00A9global\u00E2\u0080\u00A9root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9C\u00E2\u0080\u00A9reservoir\u00E2\u0080\u00A9this\u00E2\u0080\u00A9large\u00E2\u0080\u00A9has\u00E2\u0080\u00A9implications\u00E2\u0080\u00A9for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9land\u00E2\u0080\u00A9C\u00E2\u0080\u00A9sinks\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9response\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9rise\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 atmospheric\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 CO2.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 For\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 instance,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 excess\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 levels\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 CO2\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 can\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 stimulate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9photosynthesis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9leading\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9an\u00E2\u0080\u00A9estimated\u00E2\u0080\u00A920%\u00E2\u0080\u00A9increase\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9production,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9which\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9turn\u00E2\u0080\u00A9could\u00E2\u0080\u00A9enhance\u00E2\u0080\u00A9soil\u00E2\u0080\u00A9C\u00E2\u0080\u00A9input\u00E2\u0080\u00A9thus\u00E2\u0080\u00A9increasing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9soil\u00E2\u0080\u00A9C\u00E2\u0080\u00A9sequestration\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(De\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Graaff\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92007).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Moreover,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 this\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 increase\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 SOC\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 could\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 thereby\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 counterbalance\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 rise\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9atmospheric\u00E2\u0080\u00A9CO2\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(De\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Graaff\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92007).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Conversely,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9an\u00E2\u0080\u00A9increase\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9input\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9SOC\u00E2\u0080\u00A9due\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9increased\u00E2\u0080\u00A9rhizodeposition\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9litter\u00E2\u0080\u00A9can\u00E2\u0080\u00A9have\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9profound\u00E2\u0080\u00A9influence\u00E2\u0080\u00A9on\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9productivity\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9growth\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Subedi\u00E2\u0080\u00A9at\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92006).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9It\u00E2\u0080\u00A9is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9worth\u00E2\u0080\u00A9noting\u00E2\u0080\u00A9that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9more\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u0090depth\u00E2\u0080\u00A9measurement\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 impacts\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 root\u00E2\u0080\u0090derived\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 SOC\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 from\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 crop\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 systems\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 could\u00E2\u0080\u00A9make\u00E2\u0080\u00A9invaluable\u00E2\u0080\u00A9contributions\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9our\u00E2\u0080\u00A9study\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9C\u00E2\u0080\u00A9dynamics,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9global\u00E2\u0080\u00A9C\u00E2\u0080\u00A9budget\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9C\u00E2\u0080\u00A9sequestration\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Subedi\u00E2\u0080\u00A9at\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92006).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 1.1.4\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Arabidopsis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9thaliana\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9model\u00E2\u0080\u00A9organism\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Arabidopsis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 thaliana,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 also\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 known\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 thale\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cress\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 or\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 mouse\u00E2\u0080\u0090ear\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cress,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 small\u00E2\u0080\u00A9flowering\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 widely\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 used\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 model\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 organism\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 biology\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 research.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Arabidopsis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9member\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9mustard\u00E2\u0080\u00A9family\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Brassicaceae),\u00E2\u0080\u00A9which\u00E2\u0080\u00A9includes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9many\u00E2\u0080\u00A9familiar\u00E2\u0080\u00A9agricultural\u00E2\u0080\u00A9species\u00E2\u0080\u00A9such\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9broccoli,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cabbage,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9turnip,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9rapeseed,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cauliflower,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9brussels\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 sprouts\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 radish.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Arabidopsis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 itself\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 not\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 any\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 major\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 agricultural\u00E2\u0080\u00A9importance,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 but\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 it\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 intensively\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 used\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9model\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 organism\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 studies\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 genetics\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9molecular\u00E2\u0080\u00A9biology\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9close\u00E2\u0080\u00A9relative\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 canola,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9major\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 transgenic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9crop\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Canadian\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 agriculture.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Arabidopsis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 can\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 produce\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 numerous\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 self\u00E2\u0080\u0090progeny\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9relatively\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 short\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 time\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 period,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 it\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 has\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 very\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 limited\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 growth\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 space\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 requirements,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9which\u00E2\u0080\u00A9means\u00E2\u0080\u00A9that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9large\u00E2\u0080\u00A9populations\u00E2\u0080\u00A9can\u00E2\u0080\u00A9be\u00E2\u0080\u00A9easily\u00E2\u0080\u00A9grown\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9greenhouse\u00E2\u0080\u00A9or\u00E2\u0080\u00A9indoor\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 growth\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 chamber.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 It\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 has\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 relatively\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 small,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 genetically\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 tractable\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 sequenced\u00E2\u0080\u00A9genome\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 can\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 be\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 manipulated\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 through\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 genetic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 engineering\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 more\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 rapidly\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9easily\u00E2\u0080\u00A9than\u00E2\u0080\u00A9any\u00E2\u0080\u00A9other\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9genome\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(About\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Arabidopsis\u00E2\u0080\u00A92008;\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Arabidopsis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9thaliana\u00E2\u0080\u00A92009).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 1.2\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Secondary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cell\u00E2\u0080\u00A9walls\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9importance\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9vascular\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 biology\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cell\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 walls\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 have\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 many\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 important\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 functions\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 such\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 as,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 providing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 mechanical\u00E2\u0080\u00A9strength,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 regulating\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cell\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 expansion\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cell\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cohesion,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 water\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 conduction\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9pathogen\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 defense\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Knox\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2008).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 carbon\u00E2\u0080\u0090based\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 polymers,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cellulose,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9hemicellulose,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 pectin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lignin,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 are\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 what\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 form\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 strong,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 but\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 flexible\u00E2\u0080\u00A9macromolecular\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 complexes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cell\u00E2\u0080\u00A9walls\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 higher\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 plants\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Weng\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2008).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Cellulose,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 hemicellulose\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 pectin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 are\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 main\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 carbohydrates\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 comprising\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9growing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9primary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cell\u00E2\u0080\u00A9wall,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9while\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cellulose,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9xylan,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9other\u00E2\u0080\u00A9hemicelluloses\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9are\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9major\u00E2\u0080\u00A9contributors\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9secondary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cell\u00E2\u0080\u00A9walls\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Weng\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92008).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9These\u00E2\u0080\u00A9major\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cell\u00E2\u0080\u00A9wall\u00E2\u0080\u00A9components\u00E2\u0080\u00A9are\u00E2\u0080\u00A9variable\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9their\u00E2\u0080\u00A9composition\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9relative\u00E2\u0080\u00A9abundance,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9final\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 combination\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 any\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 given\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 tissue\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 often\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 depends\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 on\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 species,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 growing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 site,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9climate,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9age\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9part\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Ko\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A92009).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9composition\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cell\u00E2\u0080\u00A9wall\u00E2\u0080\u00A9components\u00E2\u0080\u00A9can\u00E2\u0080\u00A9be\u00E2\u0080\u00A9distinguished\u00E2\u0080\u00A9based\u00E2\u0080\u00A9on\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9ground\u00E2\u0080\u00A9tissues\u00E2\u0080\u00A9that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9they\u00E2\u0080\u00A9are\u00E2\u0080\u00A9composed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of:\u00E2\u0080\u00A9i.e.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9parenchyma,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9collenchyma,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9sclerenchyma.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Parenchyma\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 collenchyma\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cells,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 which\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 possess\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 primary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cell\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 walls,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 provide\u00E2\u0080\u00A9structural\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 support\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 regions\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 body\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 are\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 still\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 growing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 whereas\u00E2\u0080\u00A9sclerenchyma\u00E2\u0080\u00A9tissue\u00E2\u0080\u00A9has\u00E2\u0080\u00A9both\u00E2\u0080\u00A9primary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cell\u00E2\u0080\u00A9walls\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9thickened\u00E2\u0080\u00A9secondary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cell\u00E2\u0080\u00A9walls.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 10\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 For\u00E2\u0080\u00A9example,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9specialized\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cells\u00E2\u0080\u00A9involved\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9structural\u00E2\u0080\u00A9support\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9water\u00E2\u0080\u00A9conduction,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9such\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9fibres,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9are\u00E2\u0080\u00A9composed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9primarily\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9sclerenchyma\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Zhong\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92006;\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Burk\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92001;\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Rogers\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92005;\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Boerjan\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92003).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9ability\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9resist\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9forces\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9gravity\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and/or\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 tension\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 associated\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 with\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 pull\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 water\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 column\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 due\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transpiration\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (involved\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 transporting\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 water\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 solutes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 over\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 long\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 distances)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9comes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 from\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 evolution\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 these\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 specialized\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cells,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 which\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 provide\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 mechanical\u00E2\u0080\u00A9support\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9regions\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9body\u00E2\u0080\u00A9that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9have\u00E2\u0080\u00A9ceased\u00E2\u0080\u00A9elongation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Rogers\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92005;\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Boerjan\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2003).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 A\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 defining\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 feature\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 these\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cells\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 secondary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cell\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 wall,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9which\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 formed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 highly\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 coordinated\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 manner\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 by\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 successive\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 encrustation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9deposition\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 various\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cell\u00E2\u0080\u00A9wall\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 constituents\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Ko\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2009).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 fills\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9spaces\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 between\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cellulose\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 hemicellulose,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 where\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 it\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 covalently\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 linked\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9hemicellulose\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 crosslinked\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 other\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 polysaccharides\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Weng\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2008).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 secondary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cell\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 wall\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 polysaccharides\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 are\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 highly\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 hydrophilic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 are\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 easily\u00E2\u0080\u00A9permeable\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 water\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 whereas\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 more\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 hydrophobic.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Lignification\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9secondary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cell\u00E2\u0080\u00A9wall\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 thus\u00E2\u0080\u00A9waterproofs\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cell\u00E2\u0080\u00A9wall\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 facilitates\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 transport\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9water\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9solutes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9through\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9vascular\u00E2\u0080\u00A9system\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Boerjan\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92003).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9In\u00E2\u0080\u00A9summary,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lignified\u00E2\u0080\u00A9secondary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cell\u00E2\u0080\u00A9walls\u00E2\u0080\u00A9are\u00E2\u0080\u00A9essential\u00E2\u0080\u00A9for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9function\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9structurally\u00E2\u0080\u00A9supportive\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9conductive\u00E2\u0080\u00A9xylem\u00E2\u0080\u00A9tissues.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Cell\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 wall\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lignification\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 emerged\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 kingdom\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 about\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 430\u00E2\u0080\u00A9million\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 years\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 ago\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Mya)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 considered\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 be\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 relatively\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 recent\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 process\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 evolution\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9photosynthetic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9organisms,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9which\u00E2\u0080\u00A9developed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9approximately\u00E2\u0080\u00A92000\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Mya\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Boerjan\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92003).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 ability\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 produce\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 thought\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 have\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 been\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 crucial\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 11\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 adaptation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9aquatic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plants\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9terrestrial\u00E2\u0080\u00A9environment\u00E2\u0080\u00A9where\u00E2\u0080\u00A9they\u00E2\u0080\u00A9were\u00E2\u0080\u00A9likely\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9face\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 critical\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 new\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 stresses\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 including\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 UV\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 radiation,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 desiccation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 attack\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 by\u00E2\u0080\u00A9established\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9diverse\u00E2\u0080\u00A9communities\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9soil\u00E2\u0080\u00A9microbes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Emiliani\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92009).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9In\u00E2\u0080\u00A9fact,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9deposition\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9or\u00E2\u0080\u00A9rather\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9synthesis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9monolignols,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9has\u00E2\u0080\u00A9been\u00E2\u0080\u00A9shown\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9play\u00E2\u0080\u00A9an\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 essential\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 role\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 assembly\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cell\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 wall\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 appositions\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (CWAs),\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 also\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 known\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9papillae,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 which\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 provide\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 primary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 means\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 defense\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 against\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 pathogens\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 are\u00E2\u0080\u00A9attempting\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9penetrate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cell\u00E2\u0080\u00A9wall\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Bhuiyan\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92009).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9study\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9phenylpropanoid\u00E2\u0080\u00A9metabolism\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9pathway\u00E2\u0080\u00A9responsible\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9biosynthesis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9well\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9some\u00E2\u0080\u00A9other\u00E2\u0080\u00A9important\u00E2\u0080\u00A9secondary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9metabolic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9compounds)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9has\u00E2\u0080\u00A9been\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 central\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 theme\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 biochemistry.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 In\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 addition\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 formation,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9contributions\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9fitness\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9many\u00E2\u0080\u00A9phenylpropanoid\u00E2\u0080\u00A9pathway\u00E2\u0080\u00A9intermediates\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9end\u00E2\u0080\u00A9products\u00E2\u0080\u00A9such\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9antioxidants,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9ultra\u00E2\u0080\u0090violet\u00E2\u0080\u00A9protectants,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9phytoalexins,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9pigments,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9aroma\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 compounds\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 antiherbivory\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 compounds,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 emphasizes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 importance\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9this\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 metabolic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 system\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Humphreys\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 &\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Chapple\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2002).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Moreover,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9phenylpropanoid\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 pathway\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 represents\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 an\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 essential\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 ubiquitous\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 metabolic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 trait\u00E2\u0080\u00A9amongst\u00E2\u0080\u00A9land\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plants,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9since\u00E2\u0080\u00A9it\u00E2\u0080\u00A9supplies\u00E2\u0080\u00A9vital\u00E2\u0080\u00A9compounds\u00E2\u0080\u00A9such\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(essential\u00E2\u0080\u00A9for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9vascularization\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9xylem\u00E2\u0080\u00A9formation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9well\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9structural\u00E2\u0080\u00A9support\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9stem\u00E2\u0080\u00A9rigidity\u00E2\u0080\u00A9out\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9water),\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9flavonoids\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(essential\u00E2\u0080\u00A9for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9reproductive\u00E2\u0080\u00A9biology\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9protection\u00E2\u0080\u00A9against\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 UV\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 via\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 pigment\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 accumulation,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 deterring\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 microbial\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 attack\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9modulating\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 symbiotic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 plant\u00E2\u0080\u0090microbe\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 interactions\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 by\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 production\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 anti\u00E2\u0080\u0090microbial\u00E2\u0080\u00A9compounds\u00E2\u0080\u00A9such\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9phytoalexins,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9signaling\u00E2\u0080\u00A9flavonoids)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Emiliani\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92009).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 12\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 1.2.1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9biosynthesis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 coordinated\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 numerous\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 genes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 required\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 biosynthesis,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9assembly\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 deposition\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 both\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 primary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 secondary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cell\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 wall\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 components,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9including\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9determining\u00E2\u0080\u00A9structural\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9chemical\u00E2\u0080\u00A9specificity\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lignified\u00E2\u0080\u00A9secondary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9walls\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Boudet\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92003).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9racemic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9aromatic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9polymer\u00E2\u0080\u00A9that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9results\u00E2\u0080\u00A9from\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9oxidative\u00E2\u0080\u00A9combination\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9three\u00E2\u0080\u00A9p\u00E2\u0080\u0090hydroxycinnamyl\u00E2\u0080\u00A9alcohol\u00E2\u0080\u00A9monomers\u00E2\u0080\u00A9known\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9monolignols\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (p\u00E2\u0080\u0090coumaryl,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 coniferyl\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 sinapyl\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 alcohols)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 whose\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 structure\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 differ\u00E2\u0080\u00A9only\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9number\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9methoxyl\u00E2\u0080\u00A9groups\u00E2\u0080\u00A9present\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9their\u00E2\u0080\u00A9aromatic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9rings\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Fig.\u00E2\u0080\u00A91\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(A))\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Goujon\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92003).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9While\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lignins\u00E2\u0080\u00A9tend\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9be\u00E2\u0080\u00A9dominated\u00E2\u0080\u00A9by\u00E2\u0080\u00A9these\u00E2\u0080\u00A9three\u00E2\u0080\u00A9monolignol\u00E2\u0080\u00A9components,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 there\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 are\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 several\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 additional\u00E2\u0080\u00A9monomers\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 are\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 sometimes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 found\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9polymers.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9Many\u00E2\u0080\u00A9naturally\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 occuring\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 species\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 contain\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lignins\u00E2\u0080\u00A9derived\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9part\u00E2\u0080\u00A9from\u00E2\u0080\u00A9these\u00E2\u0080\u00A9other\u00E2\u0080\u00A9monomers,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9addition\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9trace\u00E2\u0080\u00A9amounts\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9units\u00E2\u0080\u00A9formed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9from\u00E2\u0080\u00A9incomplete\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 or\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 secondary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 reactions\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 occur\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 during\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 monolignol\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 biosynthesis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Boerjan\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92003).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 13\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Figure\u00E2\u0080\u00A91.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Molecular\u00E2\u0080\u00A9structures\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9three\u00E2\u0080\u00A9main\u00E2\u0080\u00A9monolignols\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9putative\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 polymer.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (A)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Three\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 traditional\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 precursors\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (p\u00C2\u00ADcoumaryl\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 alcohol,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9coniferyl\u00E2\u0080\u00A9alcohol,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 sinapyl\u00E2\u0080\u00A9alcohol)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Monolignol\u00E2\u0080\u00A92008)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(B)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9hypothetical\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9polymer\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(What\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Wood?\u00E2\u0080\u00A92009)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Initially,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 carbon\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 flux\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 redirected\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 from\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 primary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 metabolism\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 phenylpropanoid\u00E2\u0080\u00A9biosynthesis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 through\u00E2\u0080\u00A9three\u00E2\u0080\u00A9enzyme\u00E2\u0080\u0090catalyzed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9reactions\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(PAL,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9C4H\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A94CL;\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Fig.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9which\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 transform\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 L\u00E2\u0080\u0090phenylalanine\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 into\u00E2\u0080\u00A9p\u00C2\u00ADcoumaroyl\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 CoA.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 latter\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 serves\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9entry\u00E2\u0080\u0090point\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 two\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 main\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 downstream\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 branch\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 pathways,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 monolignol\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9flavonoid\u00E2\u0080\u00A9biosynthesis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Ferrer\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92008).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9synthesis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9monolignols\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 involves\u00E2\u0080\u00A9consecutive\u00E2\u0080\u00A9hydroxylations\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9aromatic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9ring,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9phenolic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9O\u00E2\u0080\u0090methylation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9side\u00E2\u0080\u0090chain\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 carboxyl\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 conversion\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 an\u00E2\u0080\u00A9alcohol\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 group\u00E2\u0080\u00A9ultimately\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 forming\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9p\u00E2\u0080\u0090coumaryl,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9coniferyl\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 sinapyl\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 alcohols\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Boerjan\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2003;\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Boudet\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 A.\u00E2\u0080\u0090M.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2000).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 These\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 14\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 monolignols\u00E2\u0080\u00A9respectively\u00E2\u0080\u00A9give\u00E2\u0080\u00A9rise\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9p\u00C2\u00ADhydroxyphenyl\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(H),\u00E2\u0080\u00A9guaiacyl\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(G)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9syringyl\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(S)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 residues\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 within\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 polymer\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Fig.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Grima\u00E2\u0080\u0090Pettenati\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 &\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Goffner\u00E2\u0080\u00A91999;\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Vanholme\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2008).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 To\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 produce\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 final\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 intricate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 interconnected\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9complex\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Fig.\u00E2\u0080\u00A91\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(B)),\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9monomeric\u00E2\u0080\u00A9residues\u00E2\u0080\u00A9are\u00E2\u0080\u00A9exported\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9extracellular\u00E2\u0080\u00A9space\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (apoplast)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 where\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 oxidative\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 enzymes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 catalyze\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 formation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 free\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 radical\u00E2\u0080\u00A9derivativs\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9monomers.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 radicals\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 are\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 then\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 coupled\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 growing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9polymer\u00E2\u0080\u00A9forming\u00E2\u0080\u00A9either\u00E2\u0080\u00A9carbon\u00E2\u0080\u0093carbon\u00E2\u0080\u00A9or\u00E2\u0080\u00A9ether\u00E2\u0080\u00A9bonds\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Boudet\u00E2\u0080\u00A9A.\u00E2\u0080\u0090M.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92000;\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Grima\u00E2\u0080\u0090Pettenati\u00E2\u0080\u00A9&\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Goffner\u00E2\u0080\u00A91999;\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Vanholme\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92008).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 15\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Figure\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Phenylpropanoid\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Pathway.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 PAL,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 phenylalanine\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 ammonia\u00E2\u0080\u0090lyase;\u00E2\u0080\u00A9C4H,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cinnamate\u00E2\u0080\u00904\u00E2\u0080\u0090hydroxylase;\u00E2\u0080\u00A9C3H,\u00E2\u0080\u00A94\u00E2\u0080\u0090coumarate\u00E2\u0080\u00903\u00E2\u0080\u0090hydroxylase;\u00E2\u0080\u00A9COMT,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9caffeic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9acid\u00E2\u0080\u00A93\u00E2\u0080\u0090O\u00E2\u0080\u0090methyltransferase;\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 CCoAOMT,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 caffeic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 acid/5\u00E2\u0080\u0090hydroxyconiferaldehyde\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 O\u00E2\u0080\u0090methyltransferase;\u00E2\u0080\u00A9F5H,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9ferulate\u00E2\u0080\u00905\u00E2\u0080\u0090hydroxylase;\u00E2\u0080\u00A94CL,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9p\u00E2\u0080\u0090coumaroyl:CoA\u00E2\u0080\u00A9ligase;\u00E2\u0080\u00A9HCT,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9p\u00E2\u0080\u0090hydroxycinnamoyl\u00E2\u0080\u0090CoA:\u00E2\u0080\u00A9quinate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 shikimate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9p\u00E2\u0080\u0090hydroxycinnamoyltransferase;\u00E2\u0080\u00A9CCR,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cinnamoyl\u00E2\u0080\u0090CoA\u00E2\u0080\u0090reductase;\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 CAD,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cinnamyl\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 alcohol\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 dehydrogenase;\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 UGT,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 UDP\u00E2\u0080\u0090glucosyltransferase.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Besseau\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92007\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Figure);\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Vanholme\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92008\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Caption))\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 16\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 1.2.2\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9carbon\u00E2\u0080\u00A9sink\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9In\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 addition\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 their\u00E2\u0080\u00A9many\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 important\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 biological\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 functions,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lignified\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cell\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 walls\u00E2\u0080\u00A9represent\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9large\u00E2\u0080\u00A9proportion\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9biomass\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9terrestrial\u00E2\u0080\u00A9biosphere\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9thus\u00E2\u0080\u00A9an\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 immense\u00E2\u0080\u00A9carbon\u00E2\u0080\u00A9sink\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Boudet\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2003).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9Next\u00E2\u0080\u00A9only\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cellulose,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9second\u00E2\u0080\u00A9most\u00E2\u0080\u00A9abundant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9biopolymer\u00E2\u0080\u00A9on\u00E2\u0080\u00A9earth\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Boudet\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92003;\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Grima\u00E2\u0080\u0090Pettenati\u00E2\u0080\u00A9&\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Goffner\u00E2\u0080\u00A91999;\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Humphreys\u00E2\u0080\u00A9&\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Chapple\u00E2\u0080\u00A92002).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Over\u00E2\u0080\u00A91.4x1012\u00E2\u0080\u00A9kg\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9C\u00E2\u0080\u00A9is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9sequestered\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9terrestrial\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9material\u00E2\u0080\u00A9each\u00E2\u0080\u00A9year\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Battle\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92000)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9with\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9constituting\u00E2\u0080\u00A9about\u00E2\u0080\u00A930%\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 total\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Humphreys\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 &\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Chapple\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2002).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Research\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 interest\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9biosynthesis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9deposition\u00E2\u0080\u00A9has\u00E2\u0080\u00A9been\u00E2\u0080\u00A9motivated\u00E2\u0080\u00A9by\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9multiple\u00E2\u0080\u00A9roles\u00E2\u0080\u00A9played\u00E2\u0080\u00A9by\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9biology,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9including\u00E2\u0080\u00A9management\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9abiotic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9biotic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9stress,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9water\u00E2\u0080\u00A9conduction,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cell\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 differentiation,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 carbon\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 partitioning,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 all\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 which\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 have\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 both\u00E2\u0080\u00A9industrial\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9agricultural\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 importance\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Boudet\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92003;\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Humphreys\u00E2\u0080\u00A9&\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Chapple\u00E2\u0080\u00A92002).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 An\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 important\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 aspect\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 impacts\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lignocellulosic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 biomass\u00E2\u0080\u00A9utilization,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 both\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 industry\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 agriculture,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 stems\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 from\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 variable\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 stable\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cross\u00E2\u0080\u0090linking\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9various\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cell\u00E2\u0080\u00A9wall\u00E2\u0080\u00A9components,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9which\u00E2\u0080\u00A9minimizes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9accessibility\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cellulose\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9hemicellulose\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9degradative\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 enzymes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Bhuiyan\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2009).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9Not\u00E2\u0080\u00A9only\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 capacity\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 resist\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 degradation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 largely\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 due\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 its\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 unique\u00E2\u0080\u00A9polymeric\u00E2\u0080\u00A9structure,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9but\u00E2\u0080\u00A9this\u00E2\u0080\u00A9structure\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00E2\u0080\u00A9distinct\u00E2\u0080\u00A9arrangement\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9representation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9monomeric\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 units\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 varies\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 widely\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 among\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 species,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 individuals\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 even\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 within\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cell\u00E2\u0080\u00A9types\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9same\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Weng\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92008).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9In\u00E2\u0080\u00A9essence,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9combination\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9chemical\u00E2\u0080\u00A9stability\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 structural\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 diversity\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 bonds\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 formed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 between\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 subunits\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9sufficient\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 prevent\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 complete\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 degradation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 polymer\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 by\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 any\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 single\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 enzyme\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Weng\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92008).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9This\u00E2\u0080\u00A9stability\u00E2\u0080\u00A9highlights\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9potential\u00E2\u0080\u00A9for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9act\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9long\u00E2\u0080\u0090 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 17\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lived\u00E2\u0080\u00A9C\u00E2\u0080\u00A9reservoir,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9by\u00E2\u0080\u00A9extension,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9serve\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9vehicle\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 increased\u00E2\u0080\u00A9carbon\u00E2\u0080\u00A9storage\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9sequestration.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 1.2.3\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9modification\u00E2\u0080\u00A9via\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9monolignol\u00E2\u0080\u00A9biosynthetic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9pathway\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 past\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 twenty\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 years\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 research\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 has\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 led\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 significant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 insight\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 into\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9biosynthesis,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9particularly\u00E2\u0080\u00A9through\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9use\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9reverse\u00E2\u0080\u00A9genetics\u00E2\u0080\u00A9approaches\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9which\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9genes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9encoding\u00E2\u0080\u00A9individual\u00E2\u0080\u00A9monolignol\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9phenylpropanoid\u00E2\u0080\u00A9pathway\u00E2\u0080\u00A9enzymes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9has\u00E2\u0080\u00A9been\u00E2\u0080\u00A9altered\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Vanholme\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92008).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Generally\u00E2\u0080\u00A9speaking,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transgenic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plants,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 downregulation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 PAL,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 C4H,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 4CL,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9HCT,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 C3H,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 CCoAOMT,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 CCR,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9smaller\u00E2\u0080\u00A9degree,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9CAD,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9has\u00E2\u0080\u00A9been\u00E2\u0080\u00A9shown\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9have\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9major\u00E2\u0080\u00A9influence\u00E2\u0080\u00A9on\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9content\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9well\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 ratios\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 H,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 G\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 S\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lignin,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 although\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 these\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 outcomes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 are\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 often\u00E2\u0080\u00A9accompanied\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 by\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 other,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 undesirable\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 pleiotropic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 impacts\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 on\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 growth,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9morphology\u00E2\u0080\u00A9or\u00E2\u0080\u00A9chemistry\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Anterola\u00E2\u0080\u00A9&\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Lewis\u00E2\u0080\u00A92002;\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Vanholme\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92008).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 1.3\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Transcription\u00E2\u0080\u00A9factors\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9tools\u00E2\u0080\u00A9for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9metabolic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9engineering\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plants\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Transcriptional\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 regulation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 an\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 important\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 mechanism\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 by\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 which\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 metabolic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9pathways\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9assembly\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cell\u00E2\u0080\u00A9wall\u00E2\u0080\u00A9components\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plants\u00E2\u0080\u00A9is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9controlled\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Broun\u00E2\u0080\u00A92004;\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Zhong\u00E2\u0080\u00A9&\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Ye,\u00E2\u0080\u00A92007).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Transcription\u00E2\u0080\u00A9factors\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(TFs)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9are\u00E2\u0080\u00A9regulatory\u00E2\u0080\u00A9proteins\u00E2\u0080\u00A9that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9modify\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 specific\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 sets\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 genes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 by\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 interacting\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 with\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 transcriptional\u00E2\u0080\u00A9machinery,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 including\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 chromatin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 remodeling\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 proteins\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and/or\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 other\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 transcription\u00E2\u0080\u00A9factors\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 involved\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 transcription\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 through\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 sequence\u00E2\u0080\u0090specific\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 DNA\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 binding\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9protein\u00E2\u0080\u0093protein\u00E2\u0080\u00A9interactions\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Broun\u00E2\u0080\u00A92004).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9In\u00E2\u0080\u00A9other\u00E2\u0080\u00A9words,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9these\u00E2\u0080\u00A9proteins\u00E2\u0080\u00A9are\u00E2\u0080\u00A9able\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 recognize\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 bind\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 specific\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 sequences\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 promoter\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 regions\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 their\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 target\u00E2\u0080\u00A9genes,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 thereby\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 subsequently\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 activating\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 or\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 repressing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 entire\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 metabolic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 or\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 18\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 developmental\u00E2\u0080\u00A9processes.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9This\u00E2\u0080\u00A9often\u00E2\u0080\u00A9occurs\u00E2\u0080\u00A9by\u00E2\u0080\u00A9mediation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9either\u00E2\u0080\u00A9an\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 increase\u00E2\u0080\u00A9or\u00E2\u0080\u00A9decrease\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 encoded\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 mRNA\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 by\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 acting\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 activators\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 or\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 repressors\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Broun\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2004;\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Arce\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2008).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 role\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 transcription\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 factors\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9coordinated\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 metabolic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 regulation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 great\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 interest\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 metabolic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 engineering\u00E2\u0080\u00A9because\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 their\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 ability\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 control\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 both\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cellular\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 processes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 multiple\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 pathway\u00E2\u0080\u00A9steps\u00E2\u0080\u00A9necessary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9metabolite\u00E2\u0080\u00A9accumulation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Broun\u00E2\u0080\u00A92004;\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Petersen,\u00E2\u0080\u00A92007).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Unlike\u00E2\u0080\u00A9alterations\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 single\u00E2\u0080\u0090enzyme\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 expression,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 use\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 TFs\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9metabolic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 engineering\u00E2\u0080\u00A9has\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9potential\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 generate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9more\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 complex\u00E2\u0080\u00A9phenotypes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 transgenic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 plants,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9result\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 simultaneous\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 modification\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 different\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 transcriptionally\u00E2\u0080\u0090regulated\u00E2\u0080\u00A9pathways\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Tyo\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92007).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 1.3.1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9role\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transcription\u00E2\u0080\u00A9factors\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9regulation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9modification\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 biosynthesis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 synthesis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 deposition\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 requires\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 strict\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 spatial\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 temporal\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 regulation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9processes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9occurring\u00E2\u0080\u00A9during\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9growth\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9development\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Boudet\u00E2\u0080\u00A9A.\u00E2\u0080\u0090M.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92007).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9So\u00E2\u0080\u00A9far,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 numerous\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 studies\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 suggest\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 several\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 features\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cellular\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 structure\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9metabolism,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 such\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cytoskeleton,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 phosphoinositide\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 signaling,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9glycosylphosphatidylinositol\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(GPI)\u00E2\u0080\u0090anchored\u00E2\u0080\u00A9proteins,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9hormones,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9supply\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9sugar\u00E2\u0080\u00A9nucleotides,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9must\u00E2\u0080\u00A9all\u00E2\u0080\u00A9be\u00E2\u0080\u00A9integrated\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9part\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9regulation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9secondary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cell\u00E2\u0080\u00A9wall\u00E2\u0080\u00A9biosynthesis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9deposition\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Zhong\u00E2\u0080\u00A9&\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Ye\u00E2\u0080\u00A92007).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Although\u00E2\u0080\u00A9many\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9genes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9encoding\u00E2\u0080\u00A9enzymes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9involved\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9biosynthesis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9have\u00E2\u0080\u00A9been\u00E2\u0080\u00A9characterized,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9little\u00E2\u0080\u00A9is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9known\u00E2\u0080\u00A9about\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9molecular\u00E2\u0080\u00A9mechanisms\u00E2\u0080\u00A9underlying\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9coordinated\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 these\u00E2\u0080\u00A9genes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Weng\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2008).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9However,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 study\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 19\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 global\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 patterns\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 by\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 high\u00E2\u0080\u0090throughput\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 technologies\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 has\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 recently\u00E2\u0080\u00A9revealed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 some\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 additional\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 features\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 various\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 regulatory\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 networks\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 through\u00E2\u0080\u00A9which\u00E2\u0080\u00A9this\u00E2\u0080\u00A9metabolic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9pathway\u00E2\u0080\u00A9is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9controlled\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Broun\u00E2\u0080\u00A92004).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9For\u00E2\u0080\u00A9example,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9comparative\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transcriptome\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 analyses\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 xylem\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cells\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Arabidopsis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 plants\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 undergoing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 secondary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9growth\u00E2\u0080\u00A9have\u00E2\u0080\u00A9identified\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9range\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9upregulated\u00E2\u0080\u00A9genes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(specifically\u00E2\u0080\u00A9NAC\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9MYB\u00E2\u0080\u00A9TFs)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9involved\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 secondary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cell\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 wall\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 formation,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 these\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 have\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 provided\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 an\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 initial\u00E2\u0080\u00A9glimpse\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 complex\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 networks\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 TFs\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 controlling\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 this\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 process\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Ko\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2007;\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Weng\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92008;\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Zhong\u00E2\u0080\u00A9&\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Ye\u00E2\u0080\u00A92007;\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Zhong\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92008).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9A\u00E2\u0080\u00A9group\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9closely\u00E2\u0080\u00A9related\u00E2\u0080\u00A9NAC\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 domain\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 proteins\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Arabidopsis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 thaliana\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Fig.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 3),\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 including\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 ANAC043/NST1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(NAC\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Secondary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Wall\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Thickening\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Promoting\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Factor\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 1),\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 ANAC066/NST2,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9ANAC012/NST3/SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Secondary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Wall\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Associated\u00E2\u0080\u00A9NAC\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Domain\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Protein\u00E2\u0080\u00A91),\u00E2\u0080\u00A9VND6\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Vascular\u00E2\u0080\u0090related\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 NAC\u00E2\u0080\u0090Domain\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 6),\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 VND7\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 are\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 now\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 known\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 be\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 major\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transcriptional\u00E2\u0080\u00A9regulators\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9secondary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9wall\u00E2\u0080\u00A9biosynthesis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9various\u00E2\u0080\u00A9supporting\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cell\u00E2\u0080\u00A9types\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9tissues\u00E2\u0080\u00A9that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9have\u00E2\u0080\u00A9ceased\u00E2\u0080\u00A9elongation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Zhong\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92008).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Figure\u00E2\u0080\u00A93.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Phylogenetic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9analysis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9five\u00E2\u0080\u00A9closely\u00E2\u0080\u00A9related\u00E2\u0080\u00A9NAC\u00E2\u0080\u00A9domain\u00E2\u0080\u00A9proteins\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Arabidopsis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9thaliana\u00E2\u0080\u00A9involved\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9regulating\u00E2\u0080\u00A9secondary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cell\u00E2\u0080\u00A9wall\u00E2\u0080\u00A9biosynthesis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 various\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 supporting\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cell\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 types.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 full\u00E2\u0080\u0090length\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 coding\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 sequences\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (CDS)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 were\u00E2\u0080\u00A9aligned\u00E2\u0080\u00A9using\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9CLUSTAL\u00E2\u0080\u00A9W\u00E2\u0080\u00A9program\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9phylogenetic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 tree\u00E2\u0080\u00A9was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9constructed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9by\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 neighbor\u00E2\u0080\u0090joining\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 methods.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 GenBank\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 accession\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 numbers\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 used\u00E2\u0080\u00A9sequences\u00E2\u0080\u00A9are\u00E2\u0080\u00A9represented\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9follows:\u00E2\u0080\u00A9ANACO12/NST3/SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(NM_103011);\u00E2\u0080\u00A9NST1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(NM_130243);\u00E2\u0080\u00A9NST2\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (NM_116056);\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 VND6\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (NM_125632);\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 VND7\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(NM_105851)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9CUC3\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(NM_106292).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 20\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 NST1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 are\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 proposed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 function\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 redundant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 manner\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 control\u00E2\u0080\u00A9development\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 secondary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9walls\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 fibres\u00E2\u0080\u00A9while\u00E2\u0080\u00A9VND6\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9VND7,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 respectively,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9are\u00E2\u0080\u00A9proposed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9regulate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9metaxylem\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9protoxylem\u00E2\u0080\u00A9differentiation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9vessels\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Zhong\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92008;\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Mitsuda\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92007).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 In\u00E2\u0080\u00A9anther\u00E2\u0080\u00A9endothecium\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cells,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9NST1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9NST2\u00E2\u0080\u00A9were\u00E2\u0080\u00A9shown\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9function\u00E2\u0080\u00A9redundantly\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9regulating\u00E2\u0080\u00A9secondary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9wall\u00E2\u0080\u00A9thickening\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Mitsuda\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2005).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Overexpression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 these\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 NAC\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 genes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 results\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 ectopic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 deposition\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9secondary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9walls\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cells\u00E2\u0080\u00A9not\u00E2\u0080\u00A9normally\u00E2\u0080\u00A9reinforced\u00E2\u0080\u00A9with\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lignin,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9while\u00E2\u0080\u00A9inhibition\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9their\u00E2\u0080\u00A9functions\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 via\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 dominant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 repression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 or\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 knockout\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 results\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 secondary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 walls\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 with\u00E2\u0080\u00A9reduced\u00E2\u0080\u00A9thickening\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9mutant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plants\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Zhong\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92008).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9These\u00E2\u0080\u00A9secondary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9wall\u00E2\u0080\u00A9NACs\u00E2\u0080\u00A9are\u00E2\u0080\u00A9proposed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9act\u00E2\u0080\u00A9through\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cascade\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9downstream\u00E2\u0080\u00A9TFs,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9which\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9turn\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lead\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 activation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 secondary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 wall\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 biosynthetic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 genes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 including\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 SND2,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 SND3,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9MYB20,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9MYB42,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9MYB43,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9MYB46,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9MYB52,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9MYB54,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9MYB58,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9MYB63,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9MYB69,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9MYB85,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9MYB103,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 KNAT7\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Knotted1\u00E2\u0080\u0090like\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 homeodomain\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 protein),\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 are\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 regulated\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 by\u00E2\u0080\u00A9SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Zhong\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92006;\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Zhong\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92008;\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Zhong\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92007a;\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Zhong\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92007b;\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Zhou\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92009;\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Zhong\u00E2\u0080\u00A9&\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Ye\u00E2\u0080\u00A92007).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Previous\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 studies\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 by\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Zhong\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (2006)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 have\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 shown\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 expressed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9specifically\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 interfascicular\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 fibres\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 xylary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 fibres\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 stems.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Constitutive\u00E2\u0080\u00A9overexpression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 resulted\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9activation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 secondary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9wall\u00E2\u0080\u00A9biosynthetic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9genes,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9leading\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9massive\u00E2\u0080\u00A9deposition\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9secondary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9walls\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cells\u00E2\u0080\u00A9that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9are\u00E2\u0080\u00A9normally\u00E2\u0080\u00A9not\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lignified\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Zhong\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92006).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9An\u00E2\u0080\u00A9activator\u00E2\u0080\u00A9is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9defined\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9literature\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9DNA\u00E2\u0080\u0090binding\u00E2\u0080\u00A9protein\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 regulates\u00E2\u0080\u00A9one\u00E2\u0080\u00A9or\u00E2\u0080\u00A9more\u00E2\u0080\u00A9genes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9by\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 increasing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 rate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transcription.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9Ko\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(2007)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9showed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9localized\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 21\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 procambium\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 region\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 inflorescence\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 stems\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 roots.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 They\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 confirmed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9function\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 transcriptional\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 activator\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 but\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 also\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 found\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 ectopic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9overexpression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 35S::SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 plants\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Arabidopsis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 noticeably\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 suppressed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9secondary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 wall\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 deposition\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 xylary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 fibre.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Moreover,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 they\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 observed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 slight\u00E2\u0080\u00A9increase\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cell\u00E2\u0080\u0090wall\u00E2\u0080\u00A9thickness\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9xylem\u00E2\u0080\u00A9vessels\u00E2\u0080\u00A9which\u00E2\u0080\u00A9suggested\u00E2\u0080\u00A9that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9might\u00E2\u0080\u00A9act\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9negative\u00E2\u0080\u00A9regulator\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9secondary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9wall\u00E2\u0080\u00A9thickening\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9xylary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9fibres.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9In\u00E2\u0080\u00A9contrast\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9activators,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9negative\u00E2\u0080\u00A9regulator\u00E2\u0080\u00A9is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9defined\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9literature\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9any\u00E2\u0080\u00A9regulator\u00E2\u0080\u00A9that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9acts\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9prevent\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 transcription\u00E2\u0080\u00A9or\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 translation.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 In\u00E2\u0080\u00A9addition\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9elucidation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9major\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transcriptional\u00E2\u0080\u00A9activator\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9secondary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9wall\u00E2\u0080\u00A9biosynthesis,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Zhong\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(2007b)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9demonstrated\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Arabidopsis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 thaliana\u00E2\u0080\u00A9MYB46\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 transcription\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 factor\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 direct\u00E2\u0080\u00A9target\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9SND1.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9They\u00E2\u0080\u00A9showed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9dominant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9repression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9MYB46\u00E2\u0080\u00A9caused\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9severe\u00E2\u0080\u00A9decrease\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9secondary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9wall\u00E2\u0080\u00A9thickening\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9fibres\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9vessels\u00E2\u0080\u00A9while\u00E2\u0080\u00A9overexpression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9this\u00E2\u0080\u00A9gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9resulted\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9activation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cellulose,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9xylan,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9biosynthetic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9pathways,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9which\u00E2\u0080\u00A9concurrently\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 led\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9ectopic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9deposition\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 secondary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9walls\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cells\u00E2\u0080\u00A9not\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 normally\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lignified.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Overexpression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9MYB46\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 caused\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 an\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 upregulation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 among\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 particular\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 genes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 involved\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 synthesis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 all\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 three\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 major\u00E2\u0080\u00A9secondary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cell\u00E2\u0080\u00A9wall\u00E2\u0080\u00A9components\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Weng\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92008;\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Zhong\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92007b;\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Zhong\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92008).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Furthermore,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9two\u00E2\u0080\u00A9secondary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9wall\u00E2\u0080\u0093associated\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transcription\u00E2\u0080\u00A9factors,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 MYB85\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 KNAT7,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 highly\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 upregulated\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 by\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 MYB46\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 overexpression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9demonstrating\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9MYB46\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9possibly\u00E2\u0080\u00A9another\u00E2\u0080\u00A9major\u00E2\u0080\u00A9player\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 transcriptional\u00E2\u0080\u00A9network\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 involved\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9regulating\u00E2\u0080\u00A9secondary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9wall\u00E2\u0080\u00A9biosynthesis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Arabidopsis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Zhong\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92007b).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9In\u00E2\u0080\u00A9addition,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Zhou\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(2009)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9demonstrated\u00E2\u0080\u00A9that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9overexpression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9MYB58\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9MYB63\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 resulted\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 specific\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 activation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 biosynthetic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 genes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 22\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 simultaneous\u00E2\u0080\u00A9ectopic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9deposition\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cells\u00E2\u0080\u00A9not\u00E2\u0080\u00A9normally\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lignified.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9MYB58\u00E2\u0080\u00A9was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9able\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9directly\u00E2\u0080\u00A9activate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9biosynthetic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9genes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9secondary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9wall\u00E2\u0080\u0093associated\u00E2\u0080\u00A9laccase\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(LAC4)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9gene.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Furthermore,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9homologs\u00E2\u0080\u00A9NST1,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9NST2,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9VND6,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9VND7\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9well\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9downstream\u00E2\u0080\u00A9target,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9MYB46,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9were\u00E2\u0080\u00A9also\u00E2\u0080\u00A9shown\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9regulate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9MYB58\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9MYB63.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Their\u00E2\u0080\u00A9results\u00E2\u0080\u00A9suggest\u00E2\u0080\u00A9that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9MYB58\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9MYB63\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 are\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 transcriptional\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 activators\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 biosynthesis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 specifically\u00E2\u0080\u00A9within\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 SND1\u00E2\u0080\u0090mediated\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 transcriptional\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 network\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 regulating\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 secondary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cell\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 wall\u00E2\u0080\u00A9formation.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Lastly,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 recent\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 high\u00E2\u0080\u0090throughput\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 study\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 using\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 whole\u00E2\u0080\u0090transcriptome\u00E2\u0080\u00A9analyses\u00E2\u0080\u00A9by\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Ko\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (2009)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9provided\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 insight\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 into\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 regulatory\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 relationship\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9group\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 transcription\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 factors\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 upregulated\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 by\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 MYB46,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 uncovering\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 speculative\u00E2\u0080\u00A9regulatory\u00E2\u0080\u00A9network\u00E2\u0080\u00A9with\u00E2\u0080\u00A9intricate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cross\u00E2\u0080\u00A9communication.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Recently,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9another\u00E2\u0080\u00A9study\u00E2\u0080\u00A9identified\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9novel\u00E2\u0080\u00A9CCCH\u00E2\u0080\u0090type\u00E2\u0080\u00A9zinc\u00E2\u0080\u00A9finger\u00E2\u0080\u00A9protein,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9AtC3H14,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 potential\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 master\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 regulator\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 secondary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 wall\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 biosynthesis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 operating\u00E2\u0080\u00A9downstream\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9MYB46\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Ko\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92009).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9These\u00E2\u0080\u00A9studies\u00E2\u0080\u00A9suggest\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9SND1,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9MYB46\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 C3H14,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 act\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 key\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 regulators\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 secondary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cell\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 wall\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 deposition\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 through\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 their\u00E2\u0080\u00A9demonstrated\u00E2\u0080\u00A9ability\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 turn\u00E2\u0080\u00A9on\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9entire\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cellulose,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 xylan,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9biosynthetic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9pathways\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transgenic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plants\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Zhong\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92008).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9In\u00E2\u0080\u00A9conclusion,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9this\u00E2\u0080\u00A9model\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9over\u00E2\u0080\u0090arching\u00E2\u0080\u00A9regulation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9secondary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cell\u00E2\u0080\u00A9wall\u00E2\u0080\u00A9biosynthesis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9by\u00E2\u0080\u00A9SND1,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9MYB46\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9C3H14,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9along\u00E2\u0080\u00A9with\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9discovery\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9other\u00E2\u0080\u00A9TFs\u00E2\u0080\u00A9upregulated\u00E2\u0080\u00A9by\u00E2\u0080\u00A9these\u00E2\u0080\u00A9master\u00E2\u0080\u00A9regulator\u00E2\u0080\u00A9genes,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9has\u00E2\u0080\u00A9provided\u00E2\u0080\u00A9an\u00E2\u0080\u00A9initial\u00E2\u0080\u00A9glimpse\u00E2\u0080\u00A9into\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9regulatory\u00E2\u0080\u00A9networks\u00E2\u0080\u00A9controlling\u00E2\u0080\u00A9secondary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cell\u00E2\u0080\u00A9wall\u00E2\u0080\u00A9formation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Zhong\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92007a;\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Zhong\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92007b;\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Zhou\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92009).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 23\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 As\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 mentioned\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 earlier,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 amount\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 global\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 carbon\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 contained\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 within\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 agricultural\u00E2\u0080\u00A9soils,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 offers\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 potential\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 partially\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 offset\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 fossil\u00E2\u0080\u0090fuel\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 emissions\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 by\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 sequestering\u00E2\u0080\u00A9excess\u00E2\u0080\u00A9atmospheric\u00E2\u0080\u00A9C\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9roots\u00E2\u0080\u00A9within\u00E2\u0080\u00A9these\u00E2\u0080\u00A9soils\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(West\u00E2\u0080\u00A9&\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Marland\u00E2\u0080\u00A92002;\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Subedi\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92006).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Given\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9potential\u00E2\u0080\u00A9for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9act\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9C\u00E2\u0080\u00A9sink\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9below\u00E2\u0080\u0090ground\u00E2\u0080\u00A9tissues,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9recent\u00E2\u0080\u00A9identification\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9specific\u00E2\u0080\u00A9TFs\u00E2\u0080\u00A9involved\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9regulating\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9deposition\u00E2\u0080\u00A9is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9an\u00E2\u0080\u00A9important\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 discovery.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Single\u00E2\u0080\u0090enzyme\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 modifications\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 have\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 led\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 changes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 content\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and/or\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 ratios\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 H,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 G\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 S\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Anterola\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 &\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Lewis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2002;\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Vanholme\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2008)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 are\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 generally\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 unsuitable\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9metabolic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 engineering\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9current\u00E2\u0080\u00A9crop\u00E2\u0080\u00A9systems,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9due\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9their\u00E2\u0080\u00A9severe\u00E2\u0080\u00A9pleiotropic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9phenotypes.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9However,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9specific\u00E2\u0080\u00A9TFs\u00E2\u0080\u00A9that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9are\u00E2\u0080\u00A9involved\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9regulation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9biosynthetic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9pathway\u00E2\u0080\u00A9genes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9may\u00E2\u0080\u00A9be\u00E2\u0080\u00A9important\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 candidates\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 developing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 transgenic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 plants\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 with\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 enhanced\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 levels\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 their\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 roots\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 purpose\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 improved\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 soil\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 carbon\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 sequestration\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Vijaybhaskar\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92008).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 1.4\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Root\u00E2\u0080\u0090specific\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9inducible\u00E2\u0080\u00A9gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9systems\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Identification\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 suitable\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 tissue\u00E2\u0080\u0090specific\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 inducible\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 promoter\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 systems\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 drive\u00E2\u0080\u00A9target\u00E2\u0080\u00A9gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9another\u00E2\u0080\u00A9important\u00E2\u0080\u00A9step\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9developing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plants\u00E2\u0080\u00A9that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9have\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9potential\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 increase\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 below\u00E2\u0080\u0090ground\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 carbon\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 sticks.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Normally,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 ectopic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plants\u00E2\u0080\u00A9is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9achieved\u00E2\u0080\u00A9by\u00E2\u0080\u00A9using\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9broadly\u00E2\u0080\u00A9active\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9constitutive\u00E2\u0080\u00A9promoter\u00E2\u0080\u00A9such\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Cauliflower\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Mosaic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Virus\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (CaMV)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 35S\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 promoter\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Brand\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2006).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9However,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9ubiquitous\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9constitutive\u00E2\u0080\u00A9gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9can\u00E2\u0080\u00A9often\u00E2\u0080\u00A9be\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lethal\u00E2\u0080\u00A9or\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lead\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9severe\u00E2\u0080\u00A9defects\u00E2\u0080\u00A9if\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9being\u00E2\u0080\u00A9overexpressed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9vital\u00E2\u0080\u00A9importance\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9normal\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9development.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9Therefore,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 choice\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9promoter\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 inducible\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 system\u00E2\u0080\u00A9often\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 determines\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 both\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 range\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 tissues\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 organs\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 which\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 can\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 be\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 24\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 expressed,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9addition\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9specific\u00E2\u0080\u00A9developmental\u00E2\u0080\u00A9stage\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9which\u00E2\u0080\u00A9gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9can\u00E2\u0080\u00A9be\u00E2\u0080\u00A9induced\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Moore\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92006;\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Brand\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92006).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Root\u00E2\u0080\u0090specific\u00E2\u0080\u00A9promoters,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9example,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 would\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 be\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 particular\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 interest\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 biotechnology\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 genetically\u00E2\u0080\u00A9engineering\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 improved\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 tolerance\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 salt\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 water\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 stress,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 resistance\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 against\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9pathogens,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9improved\u00E2\u0080\u00A9uptake\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9nutrients\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9carbon\u00E2\u0080\u00A9sequestration\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Vijaybhaskar\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92008;\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Maizel\u00E2\u0080\u00A9&\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Weigel\u00E2\u0080\u00A92004).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 organ\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 tissue\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 types\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 higher\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 plants,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 are\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 both\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 temporally\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 spatially\u00E2\u0080\u00A9controlled\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 through\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 selective\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 specific\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 parts\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 genome,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9different\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cells,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 over\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 organisms\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 entire\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 life\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cycle\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Ma\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2005).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 With\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9development\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9high\u00E2\u0080\u00A9throughput\u00E2\u0080\u00A9technologies,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9such\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9DNA\u00E2\u0080\u00A9microarrays,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 there\u00E2\u0080\u00A9has\u00E2\u0080\u00A9been\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9substantial\u00E2\u0080\u00A9effort\u00E2\u0080\u00A9made\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9recent\u00E2\u0080\u00A9years\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9identify\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9determine\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9relative\u00E2\u0080\u00A9abundance\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 transcripts\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 expressed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 within\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 each\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 organ\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 or\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 tissue\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 type\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Ma\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92005).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9ability\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9microarrays\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9measure\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9individual\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transcript\u00E2\u0080\u00A9level,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9tens\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9thousands\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9genes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9parallel,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9provides\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9way\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9analyze\u00E2\u0080\u00A9gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9levels\u00E2\u0080\u00A9among\u00E2\u0080\u00A9different\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cell\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 types,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 tissues\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9even\u00E2\u0080\u00A9along\u00E2\u0080\u00A9developmental\u00E2\u0080\u00A9gradients\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Ma\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2005;\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Birnbaum\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2003).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Furthermore,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 global\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 map\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9patterns\u00E2\u0080\u00A9within\u00E2\u0080\u00A9an\u00E2\u0080\u00A9organ,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9such\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9root,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9can\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 identify\u00E2\u0080\u00A9genes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9whose\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9localized\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 particular\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 areas,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 thus\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 relating\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 activity\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 individual\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 genes,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 or\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 co\u00E2\u0080\u0090regulated\u00E2\u0080\u00A9sets\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9genes,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 tissue\u00E2\u0080\u00A9specialization\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9even\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cell\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 fate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Birnbaum\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92003).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Birnbaum\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(2003)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9mapped\u00E2\u0080\u00A9global\u00E2\u0080\u00A9gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A915\u00E2\u0080\u00A9different\u00E2\u0080\u00A9zones\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9developing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9corresponding\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9both\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cell\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 types\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 tissues\u00E2\u0080\u00A9at\u00E2\u0080\u00A9progressive\u00E2\u0080\u00A9developmental\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 stages.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Their\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 data,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 well\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 additional\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 publicly\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 available\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 25\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 microarray\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 data\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 from\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 experiments\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 conducted\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 other\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 organs,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 allow\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 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both\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 spatially\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 temporally\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 offers\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9ability\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 fine\u00E2\u0080\u0090tune\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 ectopic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9without\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 compromising\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 viability\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9organism\u00E2\u0080\u00A9or\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9function\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9organ\u00E2\u0080\u00A9being\u00E2\u0080\u00A9altered.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9However,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9since\u00E2\u0080\u00A9it\u00E2\u0080\u00A9may\u00E2\u0080\u00A9not\u00E2\u0080\u00A9be\u00E2\u0080\u00A9possible\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9easily\u00E2\u0080\u00A9identify\u00E2\u0080\u00A9genes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9whose\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9truly\u00E2\u0080\u00A9restricted\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9time\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9place\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9interest,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9researchers\u00E2\u0080\u00A9have\u00E2\u0080\u00A9also\u00E2\u0080\u00A9sought\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u009Cinducible\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00E2\u0080\u00A9gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9promoters;\u00E2\u0080\u00A9i.e.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9promoter\u00E2\u0080\u00A9whose\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transcriptional\u00E2\u0080\u00A9activity\u00E2\u0080\u00A9is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9determined\u00E2\u0080\u00A9by\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9presence\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(or\u00E2\u0080\u00A9absence)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 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al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(2006).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9In\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9most\u00E2\u0080\u00A9popular\u00E2\u0080\u00A9hormone\u00E2\u0080\u0090inducible\u00E2\u0080\u00A9systems,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9regulatory\u00E2\u0080\u00A9domains\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9rat\u00E2\u0080\u00A9glucocorticoid\u00E2\u0080\u00A9receptor,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9human\u00E2\u0080\u00A9estrogen\u00E2\u0080\u00A9receptor\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9an\u00E2\u0080\u00A9insect\u00E2\u0080\u00A9ecdysone\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 26\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 receptor\u00E2\u0080\u00A9have\u00E2\u0080\u00A9been\u00E2\u0080\u00A9used\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9construct\u00E2\u0080\u00A9chimeric\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transactivation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9systems\u00E2\u0080\u00A9whose\u00E2\u0080\u00A9gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 activities\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 are\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 controlled\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 by\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 use\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 specific\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 hormones\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 or\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 chemically\u00E2\u0080\u00A9similar\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 compounds\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Zuo\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2001;\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Moore\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2006).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Alternatively,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9molecular\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 responses\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 environmental\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 temperature\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 changes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 have\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 evolved\u00E2\u0080\u00A9throughout\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 living\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 systems\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 has\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 led\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cold\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 tolerance\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 heat\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 shock\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 phenomena.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9These\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 phenomena\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 have\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 turn\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 contributed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 development\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 temperature\u00E2\u0080\u0090inducible\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 regulation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (TIGR)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 systems\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Weber\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2003).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Lastly,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 further\u00E2\u0080\u00A9development\u00E2\u0080\u00A9towards\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9more\u00E2\u0080\u00A9stringent\u00E2\u0080\u00A9control\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transgene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9use\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9inducible\u00E2\u0080\u00A9promoters,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9which\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 are\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 activated\u00E2\u0080\u00A9by\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 application\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 specific\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 chemical\u00E2\u0080\u00A9stimulus\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Tang\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92004).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Chemical\u00E2\u0080\u0090inducible\u00E2\u0080\u00A9systems\u00E2\u0080\u00A9are\u00E2\u0080\u00A9appealing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9compared\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9alternatives\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 because\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 they\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 are\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 generally\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 dormant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 absence\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 inducer,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9allowing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 greater\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 level\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 flexibility.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 This\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 combination\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 with\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 an\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 appropriate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9tissue\u00E2\u0080\u0090specific\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 promoter\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 control\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 chemically\u00E2\u0080\u0090responsive\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 product\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 can\u00E2\u0080\u00A9increase\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 specificity\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 target\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 by\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 restricting\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 it\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 particular\u00E2\u0080\u00A9organs,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9tissues\u00E2\u0080\u00A9or\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cell\u00E2\u0080\u00A9types\u00E2\u0080\u00A9at\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9desired\u00E2\u0080\u00A9point\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9time\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Tang\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92004).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Chemicals\u00E2\u0080\u00A9that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 have\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 been\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 used\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 regulate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 transgene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 include\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 antibiotic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9tetracycline,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 steroids\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 dexamethasone\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (dex)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 estradiol,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 copper,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 ethanol,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9benzothiadiazol\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 inducer\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 pathogen\u00E2\u0080\u0090related\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 proteins),\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 insecticide\u00E2\u0080\u00A9methoxyfenozide\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9herbicide\u00E2\u0080\u00A9safeners\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Tang\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92004).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 1.4.1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Herbicidal\u00E2\u0080\u00A9safeners\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9inducers\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9root\u00E2\u0080\u0090specific\u00E2\u0080\u00A9gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Herbicidal\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 safeners\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 are\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 chemicals\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 increase\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 herbicide\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 tolerance\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 protect\u00E2\u0080\u00A9monocot\u00E2\u0080\u00A9crops\u00E2\u0080\u00A9from\u00E2\u0080\u00A9herbicide\u00E2\u0080\u00A9burn\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(DeRidder\u00E2\u0080\u00A9&\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Goldsbrough\u00E2\u0080\u00A92006;\u00E2\u0080\u00A9De\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Veylder\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 1997;\u00E2\u0080\u00A9DeRidder\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92002).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Detoxification\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 these\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 xenobiotics\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 plants\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 an\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 27\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 important\u00E2\u0080\u00A9process\u00E2\u0080\u00A9involving\u00E2\u0080\u00A9three\u00E2\u0080\u00A9enzyme\u00E2\u0080\u0090catalyzed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9phases.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Phase\u00E2\u0080\u00A9one\u00E2\u0080\u00A9begins\u00E2\u0080\u00A9with\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 oxidation,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 reduction,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 or\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 hydrolysis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 reactions\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 catalyzed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 by\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cytochrome\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 P450\u00E2\u0080\u0090dependent\u00E2\u0080\u00A9monooxygenases\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(De\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Veylder\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A91997;\u00E2\u0080\u00A9DeRidder\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92002).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9Phase\u00E2\u0080\u00A9two\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 involves\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 conjugation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 newly\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 formed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 functional\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 group\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 with\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9hydrophilic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9substance\u00E2\u0080\u00A9such\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9sugars\u00E2\u0080\u00A9or\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9tripeptide\u00E2\u0080\u00A9glutathione\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(GSH).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9GSH\u00E2\u0080\u00A9conjugation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 reaction\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 catalyzed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 by\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 class\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 enzymes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 known\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 glutathione\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 S\u00E2\u0080\u0090transferases\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(GSTs),\u00E2\u0080\u00A9which\u00E2\u0080\u00A9essentially\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u009Ctag\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00E2\u0080\u00A9these\u00E2\u0080\u00A9molecules\u00E2\u0080\u00A9for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9excretion\u00E2\u0080\u00A9or\u00E2\u0080\u00A9storage.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9In\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 final\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 phase,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 these\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 conjugates\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 are\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 recognized\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 by\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 appropriate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 transporters\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(such\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9ATP\u00E2\u0080\u0090binding\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cassette\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 transporters)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 are\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 then\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 either\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 excreted\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 into\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9apoplast\u00E2\u0080\u00A9or\u00E2\u0080\u00A9sequestered\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9vacuole\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(DeRidder\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92002).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9In\u00E2\u0080\u00A9monocots,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9it\u00E2\u0080\u00A9was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9found\u00E2\u0080\u00A9that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9herbicide\u00E2\u0080\u00A9tolerance\u00E2\u0080\u00A9can\u00E2\u0080\u00A9be\u00E2\u0080\u00A9markedly\u00E2\u0080\u00A9enhanced\u00E2\u0080\u00A9using\u00E2\u0080\u00A9herbicide\u00E2\u0080\u00A9safeners,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9although\u00E2\u0080\u00A9this\u00E2\u0080\u00A9phenomenon\u00E2\u0080\u00A9is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9less\u00E2\u0080\u00A9effective\u00E2\u0080\u00A9dicotyledenous\u00E2\u0080\u00A9crops\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(DeRidder\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92002).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Nevertheless,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Arabidopsis,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 tau\u00E2\u0080\u0090class\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 GST\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (AtGSTU19)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9shown\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9respond\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9safeners\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9manner\u00E2\u0080\u00A9similar\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9observed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9monocot\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plants,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 do\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 so\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 tissue\u00E2\u0080\u0090specific\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 manner.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 In\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 response\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 safener\u00E2\u0080\u00A9benoxacor\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lesser\u00E2\u0080\u00A9extent\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 fenclorim)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9GSTU19\u00E2\u0080\u00A9mRNA\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 levels\u00E2\u0080\u00A9were\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 increased\u00E2\u0080\u00A930\u00E2\u0080\u0090fold\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 roots\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 compared\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 relatively\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 negligable\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 4\u00E2\u0080\u0090fold\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 increase\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 shoots\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(DeRidder\u00E2\u0080\u00A9&\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Goldsbrough\u00E2\u0080\u00A92006).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 1.5\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Project\u00E2\u0080\u00A9rationale\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9thesis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9objectives\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9It\u00E2\u0080\u00A9is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9important\u00E2\u0080\u00A9that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9we\u00E2\u0080\u00A9learn\u00E2\u0080\u00A9how\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plants\u00E2\u0080\u00A9will\u00E2\u0080\u00A9respond\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9anticipated\u00E2\u0080\u00A9increases\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9anthropogenic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 carbon\u00E2\u0080\u00A9emissions\u00E2\u0080\u00A9over\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 coming\u00E2\u0080\u00A9decades\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 given\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 their\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 vital\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 role\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9global\u00E2\u0080\u00A9carbon\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cycle\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Lal\u00E2\u0080\u00A92008).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9This\u00E2\u0080\u00A9information\u00E2\u0080\u00A9is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9critical\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9understanding\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 28\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 effects\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9global\u00E2\u0080\u00A9climate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9change\u00E2\u0080\u00A9on\u00E2\u0080\u00A9our\u00E2\u0080\u00A9ecosystems\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9required\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9assess\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9role\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 life\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 carbon\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 sequestration\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Raven\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 &\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Karley\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2006).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Plants\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 offer\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 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transgenic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Arabidopsis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plants\u00E2\u0080\u00A9with\u00E2\u0080\u00A9enhanced\u00E2\u0080\u00A9levels\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9their\u00E2\u0080\u00A9roots.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9If\u00E2\u0080\u00A9successful,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9these\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plants\u00E2\u0080\u00A9could\u00E2\u0080\u00A9then\u00E2\u0080\u00A9offer\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9potential\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9increase\u00E2\u0080\u00A9soil\u00E2\u0080\u00A9carbon\u00E2\u0080\u00A9stocks\u00E2\u0080\u00A9if\u00E2\u0080\u00A9implemented\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9crop\u00E2\u0080\u00A9systems\u00E2\u0080\u00A9such\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9canola\u00E2\u0080\u00A9or\u00E2\u0080\u00A9soybean.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9is,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9after\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cellulose,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9second\u00E2\u0080\u00A9most\u00E2\u0080\u00A9abundant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9terrestrial\u00E2\u0080\u00A9biopolymer\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9offers\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9potential\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 increase\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 soil\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 carbon\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 stocks\u00E2\u0080\u00A9due\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 its\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 ability\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 resist\u00E2\u0080\u00A9degradation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Humphreys\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 &\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Chapple\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2002;\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Weng\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2008).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 biosynthesis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9accumulation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9highly\u00E2\u0080\u00A9localized\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9regulated\u00E2\u0080\u00A9process\u00E2\u0080\u00A9that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9requires\u00E2\u0080\u00A9strict\u00E2\u0080\u00A9spatial\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 temporal\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 control\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 processes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 occurring\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 during\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 normal\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 growth\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9development.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9past\u00E2\u0080\u00A9twenty\u00E2\u0080\u00A9years\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9research\u00E2\u0080\u00A9have\u00E2\u0080\u00A9led\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9identification\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9characterization\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9many\u00E2\u0080\u00A9different\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9biosynthetic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9regulatory\u00E2\u0080\u00A9genes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9involved\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9biosynthesis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9monolignols,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9control\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9many\u00E2\u0080\u00A9genes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9involved\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9catalyzing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9reactions\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9biosynthetic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9pathway,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9ultimately\u00E2\u0080\u00A9leading\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9secondary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cell\u00E2\u0080\u00A9wall\u00E2\u0080\u00A9deposition\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Anterola\u00E2\u0080\u00A9&\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Lewis\u00E2\u0080\u00A92002;\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Vanholme\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92008).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Specifically,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9objectives\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9my\u00E2\u0080\u00A9project\u00E2\u0080\u00A9were:\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 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cDNA\u00E2\u0080\u00A9SuperMix\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Quanta\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Biosciences),\u00E2\u0080\u00A9according\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9specifications\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9manufacturer.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9PCR\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(polymerase\u00E2\u0080\u00A9chain\u00E2\u0080\u00A9reaction)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9performed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A925\u00C2\u00B5l\u00E2\u0080\u00A9reaction\u00E2\u0080\u00A9containing\u00E2\u0080\u00A910x\u00E2\u0080\u00A9PCR\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Buffer,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2mM\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 MgCl2,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 0.2mM\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 dNTPs,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 0.1\u00C2\u00B5l\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Taq\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 DNA\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 polymerase,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 0.5\u00C2\u00B5l\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cDNA\u00E2\u0080\u00A9template\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 0.5\u00C2\u00B5l\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 each\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 forward\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 reverse\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 primers.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 following\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 program\u00E2\u0080\u00A9was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9used:\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Step\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Temperature\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Time\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Cycle\u00E2\u0080\u00A91\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 94\u00C2\u00B0C\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 3\u00E2\u0080\u00A9minutes\u00E2\u0080\u00A92\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 94\u00C2\u00B0C\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 30\u00E2\u0080\u00A9seconds\u00E2\u0080\u00A93\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 54\u00C2\u00B0C\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 30\u00E2\u0080\u00A9seconds\u00E2\u0080\u00A94\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 72\u00C2\u00B0C\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9minute\u00E2\u0080\u00A95\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 72\u00C2\u00B0C\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 10\u00E2\u0080\u00A9minutes\u00E2\u0080\u00A96\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 4\u00C2\u00B0C\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 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(1.42)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(ImageJ:\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Image\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Processing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Analysis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Java)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9program\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9compare\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9levels\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 each\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 transcript.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Image\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 J\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 program\u00E2\u0080\u00A9calculates\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 area\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9pixel\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 value\u00E2\u0080\u00A9statistics\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9user\u00E2\u0080\u0090defined\u00E2\u0080\u00A9selections.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2.2\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Cis\u00E2\u0080\u0090element\u00E2\u0080\u00A9analysis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9candidate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9promoters\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9In\u00E2\u0080\u00A9order\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9investigate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9promoter\u00E2\u0080\u00A9regions\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A94CL1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(At1g51680)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9GSTU19\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(At1g78380)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9genes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9common\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cis\u00E2\u0080\u0090acting\u00E2\u0080\u00A9root\u00E2\u0080\u0090specific\u00E2\u0080\u00A9regulatory\u00E2\u0080\u00A9elements,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9500bp,\u00E2\u0080\u00A91000bp,\u00E2\u0080\u00A92000bp\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A93000bp\u00E2\u0080\u00A9regions\u00E2\u0080\u00A9upstream\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transcription\u00E2\u0080\u00A9start\u00E2\u0080\u00A9sites\u00E2\u0080\u00A9were\u00E2\u0080\u00A9analyzed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 using\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 PLACE\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Cis\u00E2\u0080\u0090acting\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Regulatory\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 DNA\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Elements)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 database\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Higo\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 1999).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Putative\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 regulatory\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 elements\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 could\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 contribute\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 root\u00E2\u0080\u0090specific\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 were\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 identified\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 from\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 previously\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 published\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 literature\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Vijaybhaskar\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92008)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9results\u00E2\u0080\u00A9for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A92000bp\u00E2\u0080\u00A9analysis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9listed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Appendix\u00E2\u0080\u00A9B\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Tables\u00E2\u0080\u00A96\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A97).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2.3\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Preparation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A94CL1pro\u00E2\u0080\u0090SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9constructs\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 transgenic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plants\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9A\u00E2\u0080\u00A91224bp\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 fragment\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 containing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A94CL1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (At1g51680)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9promoter\u00E2\u0080\u00A9was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 amplified\u00E2\u0080\u00A9via\u00E2\u0080\u00A9tailed\u00E2\u0080\u0090PCR\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 from\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Arabidopsis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Columbia\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 ecotype)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 wild\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 type\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 genomic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 DNA.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9reaction\u00E2\u0080\u00A9was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 carried\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 out\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 25\u00C2\u00B5l\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 reaction\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 containing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 10x\u00E2\u0080\u00A9HiFi\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 PCR\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Buffer,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2mM\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 32\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 MgCl2,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 0.2mM\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 dNTPs,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 0.1\u00C2\u00B5l\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 HiFi\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Taq\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 polymerase,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 1.0\u00C2\u00B5l\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 wild\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 type\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 genomic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 DNA\u00E2\u0080\u00A9template\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A90.5\u00C2\u00B5l\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 each\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 forward\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9reverse\u00E2\u0080\u00A9primers\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Table\u00E2\u0080\u00A98\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Appendix\u00E2\u0080\u00A9C);\u00E2\u0080\u00A95\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A96)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9according\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9following\u00E2\u0080\u00A9program:\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Step\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Temperature\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Time\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Cycle\u00E2\u0080\u00A91\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 94\u00C2\u00B0C\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 5\u00E2\u0080\u00A9minutes\u00E2\u0080\u00A92\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 94\u00C2\u00B0C\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 30\u00E2\u0080\u00A9seconds\u00E2\u0080\u00A93\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 54\u00C2\u00B0C\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 30\u00E2\u0080\u00A9seconds\u00E2\u0080\u00A94\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 72\u00C2\u00B0C\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9minute\u00E2\u0080\u00A920\u00E2\u0080\u00A9seconds\u00E2\u0080\u00A95\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 72\u00C2\u00B0C\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 10\u00E2\u0080\u00A9minutes\u00E2\u0080\u00A96\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 4\u00C2\u00B0C\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Pause\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Step\u00E2\u0080\u00A94\u00E2\u0086\u00922\u00E2\u0080\u00A9x\u00E2\u0080\u00A935\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cycles\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 forward\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 primer\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (5'\u00E2\u0080\u0090GGGCACG\u00CB\u0087AATTCTTTTCGGTCTCTAATACCTCC\u00E2\u0080\u00903')\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 contained\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 an\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 EcoRI\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 site\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (underlined\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 bolded)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 reverse\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 primer\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (5'\u00E2\u0080\u0090 CACGAGG\u00CB\u0087GATCCG\u00CB\u0087GTNACCCCGC\u00CB\u0087GGCTGAAGGAAACAGGAGTTGTATC\u00E2\u0080\u00903')\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 contained\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 restriction\u00E2\u0080\u00A9sites\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 BamHI\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (G\u00CB\u0087GATCC),\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 BstEII\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (G\u00CB\u0087GTNACC)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 SacII\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (CCGC\u00CB\u0087GG)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (underlined\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9bolded)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 respectively.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Following\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 enzyme\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 digestion\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 with\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 EcoRI\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 BamHI\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9promoter\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 fragment\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (4CL1pro)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 ligated\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 into\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9pPZP211\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Agrobacterium\u00E2\u0080\u00A9binary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9vector\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Hajdukiewicz\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 1994).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (At1g32770)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 open\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 reading\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 frame\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(ORF)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 amplified\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 from\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9pDG2\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plasmid\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (obtained\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 from\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Apurva\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Bhargava,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Ellis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lab)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 containing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cDNA\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 using\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 forward\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 primer\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (5\u00E2\u0080\u0099\u00E2\u0080\u0090 GAGCTCCCGC\u00CB\u0087GGATGGCTGATAATAAGGTCAATCTTTCG\u00E2\u0080\u00903\u00E2\u0080\u0099)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 containing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 SacII\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 restriction\u00E2\u0080\u00A9enzyme\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 site\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (underlined\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 bolded)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 reverse\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 primer\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (5\u00E2\u0080\u0099\u00E2\u0080\u0090 GGGTGTG\u00CB\u0087GATCCATGATGATGATGATGATGTCATACAGATAAATGAAGAAGTGGGTC\u00E2\u0080\u00903\u00E2\u0080\u0099)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 containing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9BamHI\u00E2\u0080\u00A9site\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(underlined\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9bolded)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9HIS\u00E2\u0080\u00A9x6\u00E2\u0080\u00A9tag\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(bolded).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9PCR\u00E2\u0080\u00A9was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9carried\u00E2\u0080\u00A9out\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A925\u00C2\u00B5l\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 reaction\u00E2\u0080\u00A9containing\u00E2\u0080\u00A910x\u00E2\u0080\u00A9HiFi\u00E2\u0080\u00A9PCR\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Buffer,\u00E2\u0080\u00A92mM\u00E2\u0080\u00A9MgCl2,\u00E2\u0080\u00A90.2mM\u00E2\u0080\u00A9dNTPs,\u00E2\u0080\u00A90.1\u00C2\u00B5l\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 HiFi\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Taq\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 polymerase,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 0.5\u00C2\u00B5l\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cDNA\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 template\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 0.5\u00C2\u00B5l\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 each\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 forward\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9reverse\u00E2\u0080\u00A9primers.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Conditions\u00E2\u0080\u00A9for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9amplification\u00E2\u0080\u00A9were\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9follows:\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 33\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Step\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Temperature\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Time\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Cycle\u00E2\u0080\u00A91\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 94\u00C2\u00B0C\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 5\u00E2\u0080\u00A9minutes\u00E2\u0080\u00A92\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 94\u00C2\u00B0C\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 30\u00E2\u0080\u00A9seconds\u00E2\u0080\u00A93\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 58\u00C2\u00B0C\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 30\u00E2\u0080\u00A9seconds\u00E2\u0080\u00A94\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 72\u00C2\u00B0C\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9minute\u00E2\u0080\u00A918\u00E2\u0080\u00A9seconds\u00E2\u0080\u00A95\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 72\u00C2\u00B0C\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 10\u00E2\u0080\u00A9minutes\u00E2\u0080\u00A96\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 4\u00C2\u00B0C\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Pause\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Step\u00E2\u0080\u00A94\u00E2\u0086\u00922\u00E2\u0080\u00A9x\u00E2\u0080\u00A935\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cycles\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9After\u00E2\u0080\u00A9digestion\u00E2\u0080\u00A9with\u00E2\u0080\u00A9BamHI\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9SacII\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9ORF\u00E2\u0080\u00A9fragment\u00E2\u0080\u00A9was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9inserted\u00E2\u0080\u00A9into\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9pPZP211\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 vector\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Hajdukiewicz\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 1994)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 already\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 containing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 4CL1pro\u00E2\u0080\u00A9fragment.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9recombinant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plasmid\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(4CL1pro\u00C2\u00ADSND1;\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Fig.\u00E2\u0080\u00A94)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9sequenced\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Applied\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Biosystems,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9NAPS\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Unit,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9UBC,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Vancouver,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Canada)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9using\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9standard\u00E2\u0080\u00A9M13\u00E2\u0080\u00A9primers,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transferred\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 into\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Agrobacterium\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 tumefaciens\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 strain\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 GV3101\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 by\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 heat\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 shock\u00E2\u0080\u00A9method\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9then\u00E2\u0080\u00A9used\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transform\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Arabidopsis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9wild\u00E2\u0080\u00A9type\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plants\u00E2\u0080\u00A9via\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9floral\u00E2\u0080\u00A9dip\u00E2\u0080\u00A9method.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9complete\u00E2\u0080\u00A9primary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9sequence\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A94CL1pro\u00C2\u00ADSND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9can\u00E2\u0080\u00A9be\u00E2\u0080\u00A9found\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Appendix\u00E2\u0080\u00A9A.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Figure\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 4.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Schematic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 diagram\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 overexpression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 constructs\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 pPZP211.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Separate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 overexpression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 constructs\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 are\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 driven\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 by\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 4CL1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9GSTU19\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 promoters,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 respectively\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (left\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 right\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 constructs\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 are\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 5\u00E2\u0080\u0099\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 3\u00E2\u0080\u0099).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Both\u00E2\u0080\u00A9constructs\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 contain\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 EcoRI,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 SacII\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 BamHI\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 restriction\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 enzyme\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 sites\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 well\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A96xHis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9tag\u00E2\u0080\u00A9at\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A93\u00E2\u0080\u0099\u00E2\u0080\u00A9end\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(complete\u00E2\u0080\u00A9primary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9sequences\u00E2\u0080\u00A9may\u00E2\u0080\u00A9be\u00E2\u0080\u00A9found\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Appendix\u00E2\u0080\u00A9A).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Genomic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 DNA\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 extracted\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 from\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 kanamycin\u00E2\u0080\u0090resistant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (50\u00C2\u00B5g/ml)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 T1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 generation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plants\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9PCR\u00E2\u0080\u00A9used\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9confirm\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9presence\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transgene.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9PCR\u00E2\u0080\u00A9was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9carried\u00E2\u0080\u00A9out\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 !\"#$%& '()#*& !\"#$%&'(')*&+ ,-.$+ +,-.*& /(,**& !\"#$%&'/,-.$+0+123$+4%++ 5,67$8%&'(')*&+ ,-.$+ +,-.*& /(,**& !\"#$%& '()#*& 5,67$8%&'/,-.$+0+1993+4%++ 0121344& 0121344& 56748&90:&& 56748&90:&& \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 34\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A925\u00C2\u00B5l\u00E2\u0080\u00A9reaction\u00E2\u0080\u00A9containing\u00E2\u0080\u00A910x\u00E2\u0080\u00A9PCR\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Buffer,\u00E2\u0080\u00A92mM\u00E2\u0080\u00A9MgCl2,\u00E2\u0080\u00A90.2mM\u00E2\u0080\u00A9dNTPs,\u00E2\u0080\u00A90.1\u00C2\u00B5l\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Taq\u00E2\u0080\u00A9DNA\u00E2\u0080\u00A9polymerase,\u00E2\u0080\u00A91.0\u00C2\u00B5l\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cDNA\u00E2\u0080\u00A9template\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A90.5\u00C2\u00B5l\u00E2\u0080\u00A9each\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A94CL1pro\u00E2\u0080\u00A9forward\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Table\u00E2\u0080\u00A98\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Appendix\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 C);\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 5)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 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25\u00C2\u00B5l\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 reaction\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 containing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 10x\u00E2\u0080\u00A9HiFi\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 PCR\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Buffer,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2mM\u00E2\u0080\u00A9MgCl2,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 0.2mM\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 dNTPs,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 0.1\u00C2\u00B5l\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 HiFi\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Taq\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 polymerase,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 1.0\u00C2\u00B5l\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 wild\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 type\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 genomic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 DNA\u00E2\u0080\u00A9template\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A90.5\u00C2\u00B5l\u00E2\u0080\u00A9each\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9forward\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9reverse\u00E2\u0080\u00A9primers\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9according\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9following\u00E2\u0080\u00A9program:\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Step\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Temperature\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Time\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Cycle\u00E2\u0080\u00A91\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 94\u00C2\u00B0C\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 5\u00E2\u0080\u00A9minutes\u00E2\u0080\u00A92\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 94\u00C2\u00B0C\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 30\u00E2\u0080\u00A9seconds\u00E2\u0080\u00A93\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 56\u00C2\u00B0C\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 30\u00E2\u0080\u00A9seconds\u00E2\u0080\u00A94\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 72\u00C2\u00B0C\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9minute\u00E2\u0080\u00A920\u00E2\u0080\u00A9seconds\u00E2\u0080\u00A95\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 72\u00C2\u00B0C\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 10\u00E2\u0080\u00A9minutes\u00E2\u0080\u00A96\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 4\u00C2\u00B0C\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Pause\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Step\u00E2\u0080\u00A94\u00E2\u0086\u00922\u00E2\u0080\u00A9x\u00E2\u0080\u00A935\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cycles\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 forward\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 primer\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (5'\u00E2\u0080\u0090GGGTCTG\u00CB\u0087AATTCGCTACGTGTCGTGAGATATCG\u00E2\u0080\u00903')\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 contained\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 an\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 EcoRI\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 site\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (underlined\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 bolded)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 reverse\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 primer\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (5'\u00E2\u0080\u0090 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 36\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 CACGAGG\u00CB\u0087GATCCG\u00CB\u0087GTNACCCCGC\u00CB\u0087GGTGTTACGATCGCTAAAGCTCAC\u00E2\u0080\u00903')\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 contained\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 restriction\u00E2\u0080\u00A9sites\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 BamHI\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (G\u00CB\u0087GATCC),\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 BstEII\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (G\u00CB\u0087GTNACC)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 SacII\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (CCGC\u00CB\u0087GG)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (underlined\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9bolded)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 respectively.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Following\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 enzyme\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 digestion\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 with\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 EcoRI\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 BamHI\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9promoter\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 fragment\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (GSTU19pro)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 ligated\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 into\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 pPZP211\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Agrobacterium\u00E2\u0080\u00A9binary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9vector\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Hajdukiewicz\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A91994).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9As\u00E2\u0080\u00A9previously\u00E2\u0080\u00A9described\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9section\u00E2\u0080\u00A92.3,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9amplicon\u00E2\u0080\u00A9was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9digested\u00E2\u0080\u00A9with\u00E2\u0080\u00A9BamHI\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 SacII\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 inserted\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 into\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 pPZP211\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 vector\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Hajdukiewicz\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 1994)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9containing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9GSTU19pro\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 fragment.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 recombinant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 plasmid\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (GSTU19pro\u00C2\u00ADSND1;\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Fig.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 4)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 sequenced\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Applied\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Biosystems,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 NAPS\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Unit,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 UBC)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 using\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 standard\u00E2\u0080\u00A9M13\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 primers,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 transferred\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 into\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Agrobacterium\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 tumefaciens\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 strain\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 GV3101\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 by\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 heat\u00E2\u0080\u00A9shock\u00E2\u0080\u00A9method\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9then\u00E2\u0080\u00A9used\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9produce\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transgenic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Arabidopsis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plants\u00E2\u0080\u00A9via\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9floral\u00E2\u0080\u00A9dip\u00E2\u0080\u00A9method.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 complete\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 primary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 sequence\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9GSTU19pro\u00C2\u00ADSND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 can\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 be\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 found\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Appendix\u00E2\u0080\u00A9A.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9Genomic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9DNA\u00E2\u0080\u00A9was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9extracted\u00E2\u0080\u00A9from\u00E2\u0080\u00A9kanamycin\u00E2\u0080\u0090resistant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(50\u00C2\u00B5g/ml)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9T1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9generation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plants\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9PCR\u00E2\u0080\u00A9used\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9confirm\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9presence\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transgene.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9PCR\u00E2\u0080\u00A9was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9carried\u00E2\u0080\u00A9out\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A925\u00C2\u00B5l\u00E2\u0080\u00A9reaction\u00E2\u0080\u00A9containing\u00E2\u0080\u00A910x\u00E2\u0080\u00A9PCR\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Buffer,\u00E2\u0080\u00A92mM\u00E2\u0080\u00A9MgCl2,\u00E2\u0080\u00A90.2mM\u00E2\u0080\u00A9dNTPs,\u00E2\u0080\u00A90.1\u00C2\u00B5l\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Taq\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 DNA\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 polymerase,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 1.0\u00C2\u00B5l\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cDNA\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 template\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 0.5\u00C2\u00B5l\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 each\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 GSTU19pro\u00E2\u0080\u00A9forward\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Table\u00E2\u0080\u00A98\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Appendix\u00E2\u0080\u00A9C);\u00E2\u0080\u00A97)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9reverse\u00E2\u0080\u00A9primers\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Table\u00E2\u0080\u00A98\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Appendix\u00E2\u0080\u00A9C);\u00E2\u0080\u00A910).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9PCR\u00E2\u0080\u00A9conditions\u00E2\u0080\u00A9were\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9follows:\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Step\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Temperature\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Time\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Cycle\u00E2\u0080\u00A91\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 94\u00C2\u00B0C\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 5\u00E2\u0080\u00A9minutes\u00E2\u0080\u00A92\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 94\u00C2\u00B0C\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 30\u00E2\u0080\u00A9seconds\u00E2\u0080\u00A93\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 58\u00C2\u00B0C\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 30\u00E2\u0080\u00A9seconds\u00E2\u0080\u00A94\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 72\u00C2\u00B0C\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2\u00E2\u0080\u00A9minute\u00E2\u0080\u00A930\u00E2\u0080\u00A9seconds\u00E2\u0080\u00A95\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 72\u00C2\u00B0C\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 10\u00E2\u0080\u00A9minutes\u00E2\u0080\u00A96\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 4\u00C2\u00B0C\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Pause\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Step\u00E2\u0080\u00A94\u00E2\u0086\u00922\u00E2\u0080\u00A9x\u00E2\u0080\u00A935\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cycles\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 37\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 T2\u00E2\u0080\u00A9generation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plants\u00E2\u0080\u00A9were\u00E2\u0080\u00A9screened\u00E2\u0080\u00A9on\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00C2\u00BD\u00E2\u0080\u00A9MS\u00E2\u0080\u00A9media\u00E2\u0080\u00A9containing\u00E2\u0080\u00A950\u00CE\u00BCg/ml\u00E2\u0080\u00A9kanamycin,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9treated\u00E2\u0080\u00A9with\u00E2\u0080\u00A9100\u00C2\u00B5M\u00E2\u0080\u00A9benoxacor\u00E2\u0080\u00A9for\u00E2\u0080\u00A924\u00E2\u0080\u00A9hours\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9checked\u00E2\u0080\u00A9for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9overexpression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9using\u00E2\u0080\u00A9RT\u00E2\u0080\u0090PCR.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 I\u00E2\u0080\u00A9planted\u00E2\u0080\u00A912\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plants/line,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9showing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A91:3\u00E2\u0080\u00A9segregation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9ratio\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 indicating\u00E2\u0080\u00A9one\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 insertion\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 event\u00E2\u0080\u00A9were\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 planted,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 soil\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Sunshine\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Mix\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 #5,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Sun\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Gro\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Horticulture\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Canada\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Ltd.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Seba\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Beach,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Alberta,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Canada)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9grew\u00E2\u0080\u00A9them\u00E2\u0080\u00A9under\u00E2\u0080\u00A916hr\u00E2\u0080\u00A9light/8hr\u00E2\u0080\u00A9dark\u00E2\u0080\u00A9photoperiod.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9I\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transferred\u00E2\u0080\u00A910\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plants\u00E2\u0080\u00A9per\u00E2\u0080\u00A9line\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00C2\u00BD\u00E2\u0080\u00A9MS\u00E2\u0080\u00A9media\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9roots\u00E2\u0080\u00A9harvested\u00E2\u0080\u00A9at\u00E2\u0080\u00A9three\u00E2\u0080\u00A9weeks\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 analysis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 overexpression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 using\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 RT\u00E2\u0080\u0090PCR.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Total\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 RNA\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (1\u00C2\u00B5g\u00E2\u0080\u00A9starting\u00E2\u0080\u00A9material)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9extracted\u00E2\u0080\u00A9from\u00E2\u0080\u00A9frozen\u00E2\u0080\u00A9tissue\u00E2\u0080\u00A9using\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9RNeasy\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Mini\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Kit\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Qiagen)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 purified\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 RNA\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 treated\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 with\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 DNase\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 I\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 remove\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 any\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 potential\u00E2\u0080\u00A9genomic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9DNA\u00E2\u0080\u00A9contamination\u00E2\u0080\u00A9before\u00E2\u0080\u00A9use\u00E2\u0080\u00A9for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cDNA\u00E2\u0080\u00A9synthesis.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9RNA\u00E2\u0080\u00A9concentration\u00E2\u0080\u00A9was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9measured\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 using\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 NanoDrop\u00EF\u00A3\u00A8\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 ND\u00E2\u0080\u00901000\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Spectrophotometer\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 at\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 an\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 OD\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 260nm.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cDNA\u00E2\u0080\u00A9was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9made\u00E2\u0080\u00A9via\u00E2\u0080\u00A9reverse\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transcription\u00E2\u0080\u00A9using\u00E2\u0080\u00A9SuperScript\u00E2\u0084\u00A2\u00E2\u0080\u00A9II\u00E2\u0080\u00A9RT\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Invitrogen)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9OligodT\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Invitrogen),\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 according\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9specifications\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9manufacturer.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9All\u00E2\u0080\u00A9PCR\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9RT\u00E2\u0080\u0090PCR\u00E2\u0080\u00A9reactions\u00E2\u0080\u00A9were\u00E2\u0080\u00A9visualized\u00E2\u0080\u00A9on\u00E2\u0080\u00A91%\u00E2\u0080\u00A9agarose\u00E2\u0080\u00A9gels\u00E2\u0080\u00A9stained\u00E2\u0080\u00A9with\u00E2\u0080\u00A9SYBR\u00EF\u00A3\u00A8\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Safe\u00E2\u0080\u00A9DNA\u00E2\u0080\u00A9gel\u00E2\u0080\u00A9stain\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Invitrogen).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Seeds\u00E2\u0080\u00A9from\u00E2\u0080\u00A9eight\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lines\u00E2\u0080\u00A9showing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9overexpression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9were\u00E2\u0080\u00A9harvested\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9screened\u00E2\u0080\u00A9for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9homozygosity\u00E2\u0080\u00A9on\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00C2\u00BD\u00E2\u0080\u00A9MS\u00E2\u0080\u00A9media\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plates\u00E2\u0080\u00A9containing\u00E2\u0080\u00A950\u00C2\u00B5g/ml\u00E2\u0080\u00A9kanamycin.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A922\u00E2\u0080\u00A9T3\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 homozygous\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 sub\u00E2\u0080\u0090lines\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 identified,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 eight\u00E2\u0080\u00A9were\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 planted\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 soil\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Sunshine\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Mix\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 #5,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Sun\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Gro\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Horticulture\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Canada\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Ltd.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Seba\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Beach,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Alberta,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Canada)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 grown\u00E2\u0080\u00A9under\u00E2\u0080\u00A916hr\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 light/8hr\u00E2\u0080\u00A9dark\u00E2\u0080\u00A9photoperiod\u00E2\u0080\u00A9at\u00E2\u0080\u00A922\u00C2\u00B0C.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9Seeds\u00E2\u0080\u00A9were\u00E2\u0080\u00A9harvested\u00E2\u0080\u00A9at\u00E2\u0080\u00A9approximately\u00E2\u0080\u00A9eight\u00E2\u0080\u00A9weeks\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9used\u00E2\u0080\u00A9for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9subsequent\u00E2\u0080\u00A9analyses.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 38\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2.5\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Molecular\u00E2\u0080\u00A9analysis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transgenic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plants\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2.5.1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Reverse\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transcription\u00E2\u0080\u0090PCR\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9direct\u00E2\u0080\u00A9downstream\u00E2\u0080\u00A9targets\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Roots\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9shoots\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(aerial\u00E2\u0080\u00A9tissue\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9seedlings\u00E2\u0080\u00A9that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9does\u00E2\u0080\u00A9not\u00E2\u0080\u00A9include\u00E2\u0080\u00A9stems)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9from\u00E2\u0080\u00A9two\u00E2\u0080\u0090week\u00E2\u0080\u0090old\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plants\u00E2\u0080\u00A9grown\u00E2\u0080\u00A9on\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00C2\u00BD\u00E2\u0080\u00A9MS\u00E2\u0080\u00A9media\u00E2\u0080\u00A9were\u00E2\u0080\u00A9harvested\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9frozen\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9liquid\u00E2\u0080\u00A9nitrogen\u00E2\u0080\u00A9from\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 three\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 different\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 T3\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lines\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 each\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 construct\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 well\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 two\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 different\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 empty\u00E2\u0080\u00A9vector\u00E2\u0080\u00A9control\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lines.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9Total\u00E2\u0080\u00A9RNA\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(1\u00C2\u00B5g\u00E2\u0080\u00A9starting\u00E2\u0080\u00A9material)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9extracted\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 from\u00E2\u0080\u00A9frozen\u00E2\u0080\u00A9tissue\u00E2\u0080\u00A9using\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9RNeasy\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Mini\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Kit\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Qiagen)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9purified\u00E2\u0080\u00A9RNA\u00E2\u0080\u00A9treated\u00E2\u0080\u00A9with\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Dnase\u00E2\u0080\u00A9I\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9remove\u00E2\u0080\u00A9any\u00E2\u0080\u00A9potential\u00E2\u0080\u00A9genomic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9DNA\u00E2\u0080\u00A9contamination\u00E2\u0080\u00A9before\u00E2\u0080\u00A9use\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cDNA\u00E2\u0080\u00A9synthesis.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 RNA\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 concentration\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 measured\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 using\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 NanoDrop\u00EF\u00A3\u00A8\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 ND\u00E2\u0080\u00901000\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Spectrophotometer\u00E2\u0080\u00A9at\u00E2\u0080\u00A9an\u00E2\u0080\u00A9OD\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9260nm.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9I\u00E2\u0080\u00A9made\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cDNA\u00E2\u0080\u00A9via\u00E2\u0080\u00A9reverse\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transcription\u00E2\u0080\u00A9using\u00E2\u0080\u00A9SuperScript\u00E2\u0084\u00A2\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 II\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 RT\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Invitrogen)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 OligodT\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Invitrogen),\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 according\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9specifications\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9manufacturer.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 PCR\u00E2\u0080\u00A9was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 performed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 order\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 amplify\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 four\u00E2\u0080\u00A9known\u00E2\u0080\u00A9downstream\u00E2\u0080\u00A9targets\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(SND3,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9MYB46,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9MYB103\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9KNAT7)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9well\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9itself.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Primers\u00E2\u0080\u00A9used\u00E2\u0080\u00A9can\u00E2\u0080\u00A9be\u00E2\u0080\u00A9found\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Table\u00E2\u0080\u00A98\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Appendix\u00E2\u0080\u00A9C\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(13,\u00E2\u0080\u00A914,\u00E2\u0080\u00A915,\u00E2\u0080\u00A916,\u00E2\u0080\u00A917,\u00E2\u0080\u00A918,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 19,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 20,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 21\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 22)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 PCR\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 reaction\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 carried\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 out\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Biometra\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Tpersonal\u00E2\u0080\u00A9thermocycler.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 reaction\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 25\u00C2\u00B5l\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 contained\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 10x\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 PCR\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Buffer,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2mM\u00E2\u0080\u00A9MgCl2,\u00E2\u0080\u00A90.2mM\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 dNTPs,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 0.1\u00C2\u00B5l\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Taq\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 polymerase,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 0.5\u00C2\u00B5l\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cDNA\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 template\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 0.5\u00C2\u00B5l\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 each\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9appropriate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9forward\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9reverse\u00E2\u0080\u00A9primers\u00E2\u0080\u00A9according\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9following\u00E2\u0080\u00A9program:\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Step\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Temperature\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Time\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Cycle\u00E2\u0080\u00A91\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 94\u00C2\u00B0C\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 5\u00E2\u0080\u00A9minutes\u00E2\u0080\u00A92\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 94\u00C2\u00B0C\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 30\u00E2\u0080\u00A9seconds\u00E2\u0080\u00A93\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 54\u00C2\u00B0C\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 30\u00E2\u0080\u00A9seconds\u00E2\u0080\u00A94\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 72\u00C2\u00B0C\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 50\u00E2\u0080\u00A9seconds\u00E2\u0080\u00A95\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 72\u00C2\u00B0C\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 10\u00E2\u0080\u00A9minutes\u00E2\u0080\u00A96\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 4\u00C2\u00B0C\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Pause\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Step\u00E2\u0080\u00A94\u00E2\u0086\u00922\u00E2\u0080\u00A9x\u00E2\u0080\u00A935\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cycles\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 39\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 All\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 PCR\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 RT\u00E2\u0080\u0090PCR\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 reactions\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 were\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 visualized\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 on\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 1%\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 agarose\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 gels\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 stained\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 with\u00E2\u0080\u00A9SYBR\u00EF\u00A3\u00A8\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Safe\u00E2\u0080\u00A9DNA\u00E2\u0080\u00A9gel\u00E2\u0080\u00A9stain\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Invitrogen).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9PCR\u00E2\u0080\u00A9reaction\u00E2\u0080\u00A9was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9repeated\u00E2\u0080\u00A9three\u00E2\u0080\u00A9times\u00E2\u0080\u00A9yielding\u00E2\u0080\u00A9similar\u00E2\u0080\u00A9results.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2.5.2\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Reverse\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transcription\u00E2\u0080\u0090PCR\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9biosynthetic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9pathway\u00E2\u0080\u00A9enzymes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Roots\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9shoots\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(aerial\u00E2\u0080\u00A9tissue\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9seedlings\u00E2\u0080\u00A9that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9does\u00E2\u0080\u00A9not\u00E2\u0080\u00A9include\u00E2\u0080\u00A9stems)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9from\u00E2\u0080\u00A9two\u00E2\u0080\u0090week\u00E2\u0080\u0090old\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plants\u00E2\u0080\u00A9were\u00E2\u0080\u00A9harvested\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 frozen\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 liquid\u00E2\u0080\u00A9nitrogen\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 from\u00E2\u0080\u00A9three\u00E2\u0080\u00A9different\u00E2\u0080\u00A9T3\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lines\u00E2\u0080\u00A9for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9each\u00E2\u0080\u00A9construct\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9well\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9two\u00E2\u0080\u00A9different\u00E2\u0080\u00A9empty\u00E2\u0080\u00A9vector\u00E2\u0080\u00A9control\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lines\u00E2\u0080\u00A9grown\u00E2\u0080\u00A9on\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00C2\u00BD\u00E2\u0080\u00A9MS\u00E2\u0080\u00A9media.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Total\u00E2\u0080\u00A9RNA\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(1\u00C2\u00B5g\u00E2\u0080\u00A9starting\u00E2\u0080\u00A9material)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9extracted\u00E2\u0080\u00A9from\u00E2\u0080\u00A9frozen\u00E2\u0080\u00A9tissue\u00E2\u0080\u00A9using\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Rneasy\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Mini\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Kit\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Qiagen)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9purified\u00E2\u0080\u00A9RNA\u00E2\u0080\u00A9treated\u00E2\u0080\u00A9with\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Dnase\u00E2\u0080\u00A9I\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9remove\u00E2\u0080\u00A9any\u00E2\u0080\u00A9potential\u00E2\u0080\u00A9genomic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9DNA\u00E2\u0080\u00A9contamination\u00E2\u0080\u00A9before\u00E2\u0080\u00A9use\u00E2\u0080\u00A9for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cDNA\u00E2\u0080\u00A9synthesis.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9RNA\u00E2\u0080\u00A9concentration\u00E2\u0080\u00A9was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9measured\u00E2\u0080\u00A9using\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9NanoDrop\u00EF\u00A3\u00A8\u00E2\u0080\u00A9ND\u00E2\u0080\u00901000\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Spectrophotometer\u00E2\u0080\u00A9at\u00E2\u0080\u00A9an\u00E2\u0080\u00A9OD\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9260nm.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9I\u00E2\u0080\u00A9made\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cDNA\u00E2\u0080\u00A9via\u00E2\u0080\u00A9reverse\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transcription\u00E2\u0080\u00A9using\u00E2\u0080\u00A9SuperScript\u00E2\u0084\u00A2\u00E2\u0080\u00A9II\u00E2\u0080\u00A9RT\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Invitrogen)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 OligodT\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Invitrogen),\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 according\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 specifications\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9manufacturer.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 PCR\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 performed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 amplify\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 4CL1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (At1g51680),\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 CCR1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(At1g15950)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 COMT1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (At5g54160);\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 specific\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 enzymes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 involved\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9biosynthetic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9pathway.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9primers\u00E2\u0080\u00A9for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9these\u00E2\u0080\u00A9enzymes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9along\u00E2\u0080\u00A9with\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Actin8\u00E2\u0080\u00A9control\u00E2\u0080\u00A9can\u00E2\u0080\u00A9be\u00E2\u0080\u00A9found\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Table\u00E2\u0080\u00A98\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Appendix\u00E2\u0080\u00A9C;\u00E2\u0080\u00A923\u00E2\u0080\u009030).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9PCR\u00E2\u0080\u00A9reaction\u00E2\u0080\u00A9was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9carried\u00E2\u0080\u00A9out\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Biometra\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Tpersonal\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 thermocycler.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 reaction\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 20\u00C2\u00B5l\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 contained\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2x\u00E2\u0080\u00A9MangoMix\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Bioline),\u00E2\u0080\u00A90.5\u00C2\u00B5l\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cDNA\u00E2\u0080\u00A9template\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A90.5\u00C2\u00B5l\u00E2\u0080\u00A9each\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9appropriate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9forward\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9reverse\u00E2\u0080\u00A9primers\u00E2\u0080\u00A9according\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9following\u00E2\u0080\u00A9program:\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 40\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Step\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Temperature\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Time\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Cycle\u00E2\u0080\u00A91\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 94\u00C2\u00B0C\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 5\u00E2\u0080\u00A9minutes\u00E2\u0080\u00A92\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 94\u00C2\u00B0C\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 30\u00E2\u0080\u00A9seconds\u00E2\u0080\u00A93\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 54\u00C2\u00B0C\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 30\u00E2\u0080\u00A9seconds\u00E2\u0080\u00A94\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 72\u00C2\u00B0C\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 30\u00E2\u0080\u00A9seconds\u00E2\u0080\u00A95\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 72\u00C2\u00B0C\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 10\u00E2\u0080\u00A9minutes\u00E2\u0080\u00A96\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 4\u00C2\u00B0C\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Pause\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Step\u00E2\u0080\u00A94\u00E2\u0086\u00922\u00E2\u0080\u00A9x\u00E2\u0080\u00A935\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cycles\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9All\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 PCR\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 RT\u00E2\u0080\u0090PCR\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 reactions\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 were\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 visualized\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 on\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 1%\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 agarose\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 gels\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 stained\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 with\u00E2\u0080\u00A9SYBR\u00EF\u00A3\u00A8\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Safe\u00E2\u0080\u00A9DNA\u00E2\u0080\u00A9gel\u00E2\u0080\u00A9stain\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Invitrogen).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9PCR\u00E2\u0080\u00A9reaction\u00E2\u0080\u00A9was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9repeated\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9triplicate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9yielding\u00E2\u0080\u00A9similar\u00E2\u0080\u00A9results.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2.6\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Determination\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9content\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transgenic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plants\u00E2\u0080\u00A9overexpressing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2.6.1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9growth\u00E2\u0080\u00A9conditions\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9T3\u00E2\u0080\u00A9generation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transgenic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9empty\u00E2\u0080\u00A9vector\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lines\u00E2\u0080\u00A9were\u00E2\u0080\u00A9grown\u00E2\u0080\u00A9hydroponically\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9an\u00E2\u0080\u00A9open\u00E2\u0080\u0090top\u00E2\u0080\u00A9liquid\u00E2\u0080\u00A9culture\u00E2\u0080\u00A9system.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Plastic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cylinders\u00E2\u0080\u00A9that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9were\u00E2\u0080\u00A91.5\u00E2\u0080\u0090cm\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9diameter\u00E2\u0080\u00A9were\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cut\u00E2\u0080\u00A9from\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9tops\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9disposable\u00E2\u0080\u00A910mL\u00E2\u0080\u00A9pipette\u00E2\u0080\u00A9tips\u00E2\u0080\u00A9were\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lined\u00E2\u0080\u00A9with\u00E2\u0080\u00A9wire\u00E2\u0080\u00A9mesh,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9filled\u00E2\u0080\u00A9with\u00E2\u0080\u00A9coarse\u00E2\u0080\u00A9sand,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9topped\u00E2\u0080\u00A9off\u00E2\u0080\u00A9with\u00E2\u0080\u00A9fine\u00E2\u0080\u00A9sand\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9placed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A90.64\u00E2\u0080\u0090cm\u00E2\u0080\u0090thick\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Styrofoam\u00E2\u0080\u00A9platform\u00E2\u0080\u00A9specifically\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cut\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9fitted\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9float\u00E2\u0080\u00A9on\u00E2\u0080\u00A97L\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9hydroponic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9nutrient\u00E2\u0080\u00A9medium\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9an\u00E2\u0080\u00A98L\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plastic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9basin.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Each\u00E2\u0080\u00A9platform\u00E2\u0080\u00A9contained\u00E2\u0080\u00A925\u00E2\u0080\u00A9holes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(diameter\u00E2\u0080\u00A91.6\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cm),\u00E2\u0080\u00A9into\u00E2\u0080\u00A9which\u00E2\u0080\u00A9were\u00E2\u0080\u00A9fitted\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plastic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cylinders.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Two\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9four\u00E2\u0080\u00A9seeds\u00E2\u0080\u00A9were\u00E2\u0080\u00A9sown\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9each\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cylinder\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9germinated\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 dH2O\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 first\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 ten\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 days,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 then\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 transferred\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 aerated\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 complete\u00E2\u0080\u00A9nutrient\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 solution\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 at\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 pH\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 6.1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (1/10\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Johnson;\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 see\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Appendix\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 D).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Nutrient\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 solutions\u00E2\u0080\u00A9were\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 replaced\u00E2\u0080\u00A9weekly,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 light\u00E2\u0080\u00A9was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 provided\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 from\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 fluorescent\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 tubes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (150\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 E\u00E2\u0080\u00A9m\u00E2\u0080\u00932\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 s\u00E2\u0080\u00931)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 walk\u00E2\u0080\u0090in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 environment\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 chamber\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 maintained\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 under\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 following\u00E2\u0080\u00A9conditions:\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 light/dark,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 8/16\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 h;\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 24/20\u00C2\u00B0C;\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 relative\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 humidity\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 =\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 70%;\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 photon\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 flux\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9150\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9200\u00E2\u0080\u00A9uE\u00E2\u0080\u00A9m\u00E2\u0080\u00902\u00E2\u0080\u00A9s\u00E2\u0080\u00901.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9Roots\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 from\u00E2\u0080\u00A9both\u00E2\u0080\u00A9constructs\u00E2\u0080\u00A9were\u00E2\u0080\u00A9harvested\u00E2\u0080\u00A9at\u00E2\u0080\u00A9eight\u00E2\u0080\u00A9weeks,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 41\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 GSTU19pro\u00C2\u00ADSND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lines\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 treated\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 24hrs\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 with\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 100\u00C2\u00B5M\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Benoxacor\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 tissue\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9stored\u00E2\u0080\u00A9at\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u009080\u00C2\u00B0C\u00E2\u0080\u00A9for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9later\u00E2\u0080\u00A9use.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2.6.2\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Rapid,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9micro\u00E2\u0080\u00A9scale,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9acetyl\u00E2\u0080\u00A9bromide\u00E2\u0080\u0090based\u00E2\u0080\u00A9method\u00E2\u0080\u00A9for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9content\u00E2\u0080\u00A9analysis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9content\u00E2\u0080\u00A9was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9measured\u00E2\u0080\u00A9using\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9modified\u00E2\u0080\u00A9acetyl\u00E2\u0080\u00A9bromide\u00E2\u0080\u00A9method\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9enable\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9rapid\u00E2\u0080\u00A9microscale\u00E2\u0080\u00A9determination\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9content\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Arabidopsis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9outlined\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Chang\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (2008).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9Samples\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(roots\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 from\u00E2\u0080\u00A9~10\u00E2\u0080\u009020\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plants)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9were\u00E2\u0080\u00A9dried\u00E2\u0080\u00A9overnight\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A940\u00C2\u00B0C\u00E2\u0080\u00A9oven\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9ground\u00E2\u0080\u00A9using\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9microball\u00E2\u0080\u00A9mill\u00E2\u0080\u00A9at\u00E2\u0080\u00A980\u00E2\u0080\u0090mesh\u00E2\u0080\u00A9then\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transferred\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9vials,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9placed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9vacuum\u00E2\u0080\u00A9drying\u00E2\u0080\u00A9oven\u00E2\u0080\u00A9at\u00E2\u0080\u00A940\u00C2\u00B0C\u00E2\u0080\u00A9for\u00E2\u0080\u00A948hrs\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9then\u00E2\u0080\u00A9into\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9P2O5\u00E2\u0080\u00A9desiccator\u00E2\u0080\u00A9overnight.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Approximately\u00E2\u0080\u00A90.10g\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(\u00C2\u00B10.01g)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9oven\u00E2\u0080\u0090dried\u00E2\u0080\u00A9sample\u00E2\u0080\u00A9was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9weighed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transferred\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 large\u00E2\u0080\u00A9test\u00E2\u0080\u00A9tube\u00E2\u0080\u00A9by\u00E2\u0080\u00A9adding\u00E2\u0080\u00A9water.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9Tubes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(containing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9sample\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plus\u00E2\u0080\u00A9water)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9were\u00E2\u0080\u00A9then\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 placed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 65\u00C2\u00B0C\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 water\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 bath\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 30\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 minutes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 vortexed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 at\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 10\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 minute\u00E2\u0080\u00A9intervals.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9Samples\u00E2\u0080\u00A9were\u00E2\u0080\u00A9then\u00E2\u0080\u00A9hot\u00E2\u0080\u00A9filtrated\u00E2\u0080\u00A9using\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Millipore\u00E2\u0080\u00A9filter\u00E2\u0080\u00A9with\u00E2\u0080\u00A9preweighed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9D47mm\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(0.45\u00C2\u00B5m)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9nylon\u00E2\u0080\u00A9membrane.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9Samples\u00E2\u0080\u00A9were\u00E2\u0080\u00A9washed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9roughly\u00E2\u0080\u00A925\u00E2\u0080\u00A9times\u00E2\u0080\u00A9with\u00E2\u0080\u00A92mL\u00E2\u0080\u00A9dH2O\u00E2\u0080\u00A9using\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9glass\u00E2\u0080\u00A9pipette.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9Subsequent\u00E2\u0080\u00A9washes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9entailed:\u00E2\u0080\u00A925x1mL\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9ethanol,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A925x1mL\u00E2\u0080\u00A9acetone\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A925x1mL\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9diethyl\u00E2\u0080\u00A9ether.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Membranes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9were\u00E2\u0080\u00A9removed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9carefully\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 transferred\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 preweighed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 aluminum\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 pans\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 placed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 into\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 vacuum\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 drying\u00E2\u0080\u00A9oven\u00E2\u0080\u00A9at\u00E2\u0080\u00A940\u00C2\u00B0C\u00E2\u0080\u00A9for\u00E2\u0080\u00A948hrs\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9then\u00E2\u0080\u00A9into\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9P2O5\u00E2\u0080\u00A9desiccator\u00E2\u0080\u00A9overnight.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Weights\u00E2\u0080\u00A9were\u00E2\u0080\u00A9recorded\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 difference\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 extracted\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 weights\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 obtained.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Samples\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 were\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 then\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transferred\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9new\u00E2\u0080\u00A9vials.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Approximately\u00E2\u0080\u00A95.00mg\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(\u00C2\u00B11.00mg)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9oven\u00E2\u0080\u0090dried\u00E2\u0080\u00A9extracted\u00E2\u0080\u00A9sample\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(times\u00E2\u0080\u00A9three\u00E2\u0080\u00A9replicates\u00E2\u0080\u00A9per\u00E2\u0080\u00A9line)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9weighed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transferred\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9sealable\u00E2\u0080\u00A9glass\u00E2\u0080\u00A9test\u00E2\u0080\u00A9tube.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Samples\u00E2\u0080\u00A9were\u00E2\u0080\u00A9digested\u00E2\u0080\u00A9with\u00E2\u0080\u00A91.0mL\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A925%\u00E2\u0080\u00A9acetyl\u00E2\u0080\u00A9bromide\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9acetic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9acid.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Tubes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9were\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9capped\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9placed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A970\u00C2\u00B0C\u00E2\u0080\u00A9water\u00E2\u0080\u00A9bath\u00E2\u0080\u00A9for\u00E2\u0080\u00A930\u00E2\u0080\u00A9minutes,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9vortexing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 42\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 every\u00E2\u0080\u00A910\u00E2\u0080\u00A9minutes.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9Samples\u00E2\u0080\u00A9were\u00E2\u0080\u00A9then\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cooled\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9stored\u00E2\u0080\u00A9on\u00E2\u0080\u00A9ice\u00E2\u0080\u00A9for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9minimum\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9five\u00E2\u0080\u00A9minutes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9up\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9two\u00E2\u0080\u00A9hours.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Acetic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9acid\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(5mL)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9added\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9tubes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9containing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9samples,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9vortexed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9centrifuged\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9spin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9down\u00E2\u0080\u00A9any\u00E2\u0080\u00A9precipitate.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Subsequently,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9300\u00C2\u00B5L\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9sample\u00E2\u0080\u00A9mixture\u00E2\u0080\u00A9was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transferred\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9quartz\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cuvette\u00E2\u0080\u00A9followed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9by\u00E2\u0080\u00A9400\u00C2\u00B5L\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A91.5M\u00E2\u0080\u00A9NaOH,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9300\u00C2\u00B5L\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A90.5M\u00E2\u0080\u00A9H2NOH\u00E2\u008B\u0085HCL\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A91.5mL\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9acetic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9acid\u00E2\u0080\u00A9for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9total\u00E2\u0080\u00A9volume\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A92.5mL.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Absorbance\u00E2\u0080\u00A9was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9measured\u00E2\u0080\u00A9at\u00E2\u0080\u00A9280nm\u00E2\u0080\u00A9against\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9blank\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9recorded.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2.6.3\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Klason\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9or\u00E2\u0080\u00A972%\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(v/v)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9H2SO4\u00E2\u0080\u00A9acid\u00E2\u0080\u00A9procedure\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9carbohydrate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9analysis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Samples\u00E2\u0080\u00A9were\u00E2\u0080\u00A9dried\u00E2\u0080\u00A9at\u00E2\u0080\u00A940\u00C2\u00B0C\u00E2\u0080\u00A9overnight\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9ground\u00E2\u0080\u00A9using\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9microball\u00E2\u0080\u00A9mill\u00E2\u0080\u00A9at\u00E2\u0080\u00A980\u00E2\u0080\u0090mesh\u00E2\u0080\u00A9then\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transferred\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9vials\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9stored\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9desiccator\u00E2\u0080\u00A9until\u00E2\u0080\u00A9used.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Approximately\u00E2\u0080\u00A90.2g\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 sample\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 weighed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 into\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 test\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 tube\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 its\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 mass\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 recorded.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 separation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9reaction\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 carried\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 out\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 by\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 adding\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 3mL\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 72%\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (w/w)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 H2SO4\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 weighed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9samples\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9mixing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9with\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9glass\u00E2\u0080\u00A9rod\u00E2\u0080\u00A9every\u00E2\u0080\u00A910\u00E2\u0080\u00A9minutes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9two\u00E2\u0080\u00A9hours.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9Contents\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9tubes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9were\u00E2\u0080\u00A9completely\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transferred\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9serum\u00E2\u0080\u00A9bottles\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9sealed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9with\u00E2\u0080\u00A9septa.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Samples\u00E2\u0080\u00A9were\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 then\u00E2\u0080\u00A9autoclaved\u00E2\u0080\u00A9along\u00E2\u0080\u00A9with\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9sugar\u00E2\u0080\u00A9control\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Appendix\u00E2\u0080\u00A9D)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9one\u00E2\u0080\u00A9hour\u00E2\u0080\u00A9at\u00E2\u0080\u00A9121oC.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9For\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 insoluble\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 analysis,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 bottles\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 were\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 allowed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cool\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 before\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 filtering\u00E2\u0080\u00A9through\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 pre\u00E2\u0080\u0090weighed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Medium\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Coarseness\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (M)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 sintered\u00E2\u0080\u0090glass\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 crucible.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9crucible\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 solids\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 were\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 washed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 by\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 filtering\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 through\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 200mL\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 warm\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 deionized\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 water\u00E2\u0080\u00A9followed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 by\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 drying\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 overnight\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 at\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 105oC.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 To\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 complete\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 retentate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 analysis,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 after\u00E2\u0080\u00A9filtration,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9crucibles\u00E2\u0080\u00A9containing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 insoluble\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9were\u00E2\u0080\u00A9weighed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9recorded.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 In\u00E2\u0080\u00A9order\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 determine\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 final\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 weight\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (dry\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 mass)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 insoluble\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lignin,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 total\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 crucible\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 43\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 weight\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (crucible\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 insoluble\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lignin)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 subtracted\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 from\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9weight\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9pre\u00E2\u0080\u0090weighed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9empty\u00E2\u0080\u00A9crucible.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9For\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9acid\u00E2\u0080\u00A9soluble\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9filtrate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9analysis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9absorbance\u00E2\u0080\u00A9at\u00E2\u0080\u00A9205\u00E2\u0080\u00A9nm\u00E2\u0080\u00A9was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9determined\u00E2\u0080\u00A9using\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9quartz\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cuvette.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9For\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9carbohydrate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9analysis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9used\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9determine\u00E2\u0080\u00A9hemicellulose\u00E2\u0080\u00A9content,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9filtrate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9from\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 autoclaved\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 samples\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 retained.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 sugar\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 analysis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 filtrate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9required\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 preparation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 1mL\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 sample\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 HPLC\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 by\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 weight\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 using\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 ~950\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 mg\u00E2\u0080\u00A9hydrolysate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9+\u00E2\u0080\u00A950\u00E2\u0080\u00A9mg\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9fucose\u00E2\u0080\u00A9standard\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Appendix\u00E2\u0080\u00A9D).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2.7\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Starch\u00E2\u0080\u00A9analysis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Roughly\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 25\u00E2\u0080\u009050mg\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 dried\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 ground\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 tissue\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 per\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 sample\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 duplicate)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (see\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Klason\u00E2\u0080\u00A9analysis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9protocol\u00E2\u0080\u00A9for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9drying\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9grinding\u00E2\u0080\u00A9protocol)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9weighed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9into\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A910mL\u00E2\u0080\u00A9glass\u00E2\u0080\u00A9culture\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 tube.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Following\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 this,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 5mL\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 4%\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 H2SO4\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 added\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 each\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 tube,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 gently\u00E2\u0080\u00A9vortexed,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9then\u00E2\u0080\u00A9autoclaved\u00E2\u0080\u00A9for\u00E2\u0080\u00A93\u00C2\u00BD\u00E2\u0080\u00A9minutes.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Samples\u00E2\u0080\u00A9were\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cooled\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9gently\u00E2\u0080\u00A9spun\u00E2\u0080\u00A9for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9five\u00E2\u0080\u00A9minutes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9at\u00E2\u0080\u00A9500rpm\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9pellet\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9insoluble\u00E2\u0080\u00A9matter.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9supernatant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9containing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9glucose\u00E2\u0080\u00A9fraction\u00E2\u0080\u00A9was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9retained\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9pellet\u00E2\u0080\u00A9discarded.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Samples\u00E2\u0080\u00A9were\u00E2\u0080\u00A9prepared\u00E2\u0080\u00A9for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9HPLC\u00E2\u0080\u00A9by\u00E2\u0080\u00A9adding\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 fucose\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 filtered.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Using\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9glucose\u00E2\u0080\u00A9standards\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Appendix\u00E2\u0080\u00A9D)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9regression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9analysis,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9amount\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9glucose\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9HPLC\u00E2\u0080\u00A9vial\u00E2\u0080\u00A9was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9calculated\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9then\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 back\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 calculated\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 determine\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 how\u00E2\u0080\u00A9much\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 glucose\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 entire\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 sample\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 released.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9glucose\u00E2\u0080\u00A9content\u00E2\u0080\u00A9was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9used\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9determine\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9relative\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cellulose\u00E2\u0080\u00A9composition\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9samples\u00E2\u0080\u00A9analyzed.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 44\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2.8\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Phenotypic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9analysis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transgenic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plants\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2.8.1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Seed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9phenotyping\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9average\u00E2\u0080\u00A9weight\u00E2\u0080\u00A9per\u00E2\u0080\u00A9seed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9determined\u00E2\u0080\u00A9by\u00E2\u0080\u00A9weighing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9six\u00E2\u0080\u00A9samples\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9100\u00E2\u0080\u00A9seeds\u00E2\u0080\u00A9per\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 line\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 average\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 seed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 number\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 per\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 silique\u00E2\u0080\u00A9was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9measured\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 by\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 counting\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9number\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9seeds\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9each\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A930\u00E2\u0080\u00A9siliques.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Silique\u00E2\u0080\u00A9length\u00E2\u0080\u00A9was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9determined\u00E2\u0080\u00A9by\u00E2\u0080\u00A9measuring\u00E2\u0080\u00A930\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 siliques\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 each\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 transgenic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 line.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 For\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9germination\u00E2\u0080\u00A9assay,\u00E2\u0080\u00A928\u00E2\u0080\u009036\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 seeds\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 from\u00E2\u0080\u00A9two\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 transgenic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lines\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 per\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 construct\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 two\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 empty\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 vector\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 controls\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 were\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 surface\u00E2\u0080\u00A9sterilized\u00E2\u0080\u00A9using\u00E2\u0080\u00A970%\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A995%\u00E2\u0080\u00A9ethanol,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9dried\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9then\u00E2\u0080\u00A9sown\u00E2\u0080\u00A9on\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00C2\u00BD\u00E2\u0080\u00A9MS\u00E2\u0080\u00A9media.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Plates\u00E2\u0080\u00A9were\u00E2\u0080\u00A9kept\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9dark\u00E2\u0080\u00A9at\u00E2\u0080\u00A94\u00C2\u00B0C\u00E2\u0080\u00A9for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9four\u00E2\u0080\u00A9days\u00E2\u0080\u00A9then\u00E2\u0080\u00A9placed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9walk\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9growth\u00E2\u0080\u00A9chamber\u00E2\u0080\u00A9under\u00E2\u0080\u00A916hr\u00E2\u0080\u00A9light\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A98hr\u00E2\u0080\u00A9dark.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Germinants\u00E2\u0080\u00A9were\u00E2\u0080\u00A9counted\u00E2\u0080\u00A924\u00E2\u0080\u00A9hours\u00E2\u0080\u00A9later\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9every\u00E2\u0080\u00A912\u00E2\u0080\u00A9hours\u00E2\u0080\u00A9after\u00E2\u0080\u00A9that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9up\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A948\u00E2\u0080\u00A9hours.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9A\u00E2\u0080\u00A9one\u00E2\u0080\u0090way\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Analysis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Variance\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(ANOVA)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9performed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9statistical\u00E2\u0080\u00A9environment\u00E2\u0080\u00A9'R'\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(http://www.bioconductor.org/)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9using\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 function\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 'aov'**\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 with\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 balanced\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 linear\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 model\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 function\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 'lm',\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 contrasts\u00E2\u0080\u00A9made\u00E2\u0080\u00A9upon\u00E2\u0080\u00A98\u00E2\u0080\u00A9levels\u00E2\u0080\u00A9for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9seed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9weight\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(A\u00E2\u0080\u00907,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9B\u00E2\u0080\u00905,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9D\u00E2\u0080\u00902,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9F\u00E2\u0080\u00905,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9F\u00E2\u0080\u00907,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9G\u00E2\u0080\u00908,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9EV40,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9EV41)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A95\u00E2\u0080\u00A9levels\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lateral\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 density\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (A\u00E2\u0080\u00907,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 B\u00E2\u0080\u00905,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 F\u00E2\u0080\u00907,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 G\u00E2\u0080\u00907,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 EV40)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (see\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 section\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2.8.2\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 below)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Chambers\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92002).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2.8.2\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 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length\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 account\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 different\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 germination\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 times)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 per\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 genotype\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 45\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 recorded\u00E2\u0080\u00A9both\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 length\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9number\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lateral\u00E2\u0080\u00A9roots.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9GSTU19pro\u00C2\u00ADSND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lines\u00E2\u0080\u00A9were\u00E2\u0080\u00A9treated\u00E2\u0080\u00A9for\u00E2\u0080\u00A924hrs\u00E2\u0080\u00A9with\u00E2\u0080\u00A9100\u00C2\u00B5M\u00E2\u0080\u00A9benoxacor.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2.8.3\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9growth\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9height\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Transgenic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9empty\u00E2\u0080\u00A9vector\u00E2\u0080\u00A9control\u00E2\u0080\u00A9seeds\u00E2\u0080\u00A9were\u00E2\u0080\u00A9surface\u00E2\u0080\u00A9sterilized\u00E2\u0080\u00A9with\u00E2\u0080\u00A920%\u00E2\u0080\u00A9bleach\u00E2\u0080\u00A9solution\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 20\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 minutes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 rinsed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 several\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 times\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 with\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 distilled\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 water\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 then\u00E2\u0080\u00A9germinated\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 on\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00C2\u00BD\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 MS\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 plates\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 then\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 transferred\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 soil\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Sunshine\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Mix\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 #5,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 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Microscopy\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Fresh\u00E2\u0080\u00A9sections\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lower\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9mid\u00E2\u0080\u00A9part\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9stem\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9well\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A95mm\u00E2\u0080\u00A9section\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9root\u00E2\u0080\u0090hypocotyl\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (portion\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 hypocotyl\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 below\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 soil\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 surface),\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 from\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 both\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transgenic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9empty\u00E2\u0080\u00A9vector\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lines,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9grown\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9above,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9were\u00E2\u0080\u00A9obtained\u00E2\u0080\u00A9using\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9fine\u00E2\u0080\u00A9razor\u00E2\u0080\u00A9blade\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 stained\u00E2\u0080\u00A9with\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Phloroglucinol\u00E2\u0080\u0090HCl.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Sectioned\u00E2\u0080\u00A9were\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 placed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9water\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 on\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9slide\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9visualized\u00E2\u0080\u00A9using\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Leica\u00E2\u0080\u00A9DM\u00E2\u0080\u00A96000B\u00E2\u0080\u00A9fitted\u00E2\u0080\u00A9with\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Leica\u00E2\u0080\u00A9DFC350\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Fx\u00E2\u0080\u00A9camera.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9In\u00E2\u0080\u00A9addition,\u00E2\u0080\u00A95mm\u00E2\u0080\u00A9sections\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9root\u00E2\u0080\u0090hypocotyl\u00E2\u0080\u00A9from\u00E2\u0080\u00A9both\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transgenic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9empty\u00E2\u0080\u00A9vector\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lines\u00E2\u0080\u00A9were\u00E2\u0080\u00A9fixed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A920mL\u00E2\u0080\u00A9vials\u00E2\u0080\u00A9using\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9mix\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9ethanol,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9acetic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9acid,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9formaldehyde\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9water\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Appendix\u00E2\u0080\u00A9D)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 then\u00E2\u0080\u00A9dehydrated\u00E2\u0080\u00A9with\u00E2\u0080\u00A950%,\u00E2\u0080\u00A960%,\u00E2\u0080\u00A970%,\u00E2\u0080\u00A985%,\u00E2\u0080\u00A995%\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9100%\u00E2\u0080\u00A9ethanol.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Tissues\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 were\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 then\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cleared\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 allow\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 paraffin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 permeation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 with\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 100%\u00E2\u0080\u00A9ethanol\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 then\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 25%\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 xylene:75%\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 ethanol,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 50%\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 xylene:50%\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 ethanol,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 75%\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 46\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 xylene:25%\u00E2\u0080\u00A9ethanol\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9100%\u00E2\u0080\u00A9xylene.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Infiltration\u00E2\u0080\u00A9was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9achieved\u00E2\u0080\u00A9slowly\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9order\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9preserve\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9morphology\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 tissue\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 by\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 incubating\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 overnight\u00E2\u0080\u00A9with\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9mixture\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9100%\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 xylene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Paraplast\u00C2\u00AE\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 plus\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Sigma)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 embedding\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 chips.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 vials\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 were\u00E2\u0080\u00A9incubated\u00E2\u0080\u00A9at\u00E2\u0080\u00A942\u00C2\u00B0C\u00E2\u0080\u00A9for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9one\u00E2\u0080\u00A9hour\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9melt\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Paraplast\u00C2\u00AE\u00E2\u0080\u00A9chips\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9then\u00E2\u0080\u00A9incubated\u00E2\u0080\u00A9at\u00E2\u0080\u00A960\u00C2\u00B0C\u00E2\u0080\u00A9for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9at\u00E2\u0080\u00A9least\u00E2\u0080\u00A9four\u00E2\u0080\u00A9hours.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9xylene/wax\u00E2\u0080\u00A9mixture\u00E2\u0080\u00A9was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9then\u00E2\u0080\u00A9replaced\u00E2\u0080\u00A9with\u00E2\u0080\u00A9100%\u00E2\u0080\u00A9molten\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Paraplast\u00C2\u00AE\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 embedding\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 media\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 exchanged\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 twice\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 day\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 three\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 days\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(total\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 six\u00E2\u0080\u00A9wax\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 changes).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9Wax\u00E2\u0080\u00A9moulds\u00E2\u0080\u00A9were\u00E2\u0080\u00A9made\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 by\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 pouring\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 hot\u00E2\u0080\u00A9wax\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9tissue\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 into\u00E2\u0080\u00A9petri\u00E2\u0080\u00A9dishes,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9which\u00E2\u0080\u00A9were\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 then\u00E2\u0080\u00A9stored\u00E2\u0080\u00A9at\u00E2\u0080\u00A94\u00C2\u00B0C\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 later\u00E2\u0080\u00A9use.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9Paraffin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9wax\u00E2\u0080\u00A9embedded\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 tissues\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 were\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 individually\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 mounted\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 on\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 wooden\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 blocks\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 sectioned\u00E2\u0080\u00A9using\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9rotary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9microtome\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Microm\u00E2\u0080\u00A9HM\u00E2\u0080\u00A9325).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9The\u00E2\u0080\u00A910\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00C2\u00B5m\u00E2\u0080\u00A9sections\u00E2\u0080\u00A9were\u00E2\u0080\u00A9heat\u00E2\u0080\u00A9fixed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9glass\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 slides,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 used\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 phloroglucinol\u00E2\u0080\u0090HCl\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 staining\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 autofluorescence\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (UV\u00E2\u0080\u00A9360\u00C2\u00B140nm)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9visualized\u00E2\u0080\u00A9using\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Leica\u00E2\u0080\u00A9DM\u00E2\u0080\u00A96000B\u00E2\u0080\u00A9microscope\u00E2\u0080\u00A9fitted\u00E2\u0080\u00A9with\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Leica\u00E2\u0080\u00A9DFC350\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Fx\u00E2\u0080\u00A9camera.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 47\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 3.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Results\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 3.1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Organ\u00E2\u0080\u0090specific\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9candidate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9promoters\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Genes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9involved\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9regulating\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cell\u00E2\u0080\u00A9fate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9all\u00E2\u0080\u00A9major\u00E2\u0080\u00A9root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9tissues\u00E2\u0080\u00A9have\u00E2\u0080\u00A9been\u00E2\u0080\u00A9previously\u00E2\u0080\u00A9described\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Arabidopsis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Birnbaum\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 &\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Benfey,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2004).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Birnbaum\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (2003)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9developed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 method\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 measured\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 high\u00E2\u0080\u0090resolution\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 spatial\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 temporal\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 profiles\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 more\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 than\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 22,000\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 genes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 throughout\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Arabidopsis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 root.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Using\u00E2\u0080\u00A9an\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Affymetrix\u00E2\u0080\u00A9ATH1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9GeneChip,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 they\u00E2\u0080\u00A9mapped\u00E2\u0080\u00A9gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A915\u00E2\u0080\u00A9different\u00E2\u0080\u00A9root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9zones\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(endodermis,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9endodermis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cortex,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9epidermal\u00E2\u0080\u00A9atrichoblasts\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lateral\u00E2\u0080\u00A9root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cap)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 relate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cell\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 types\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 tissues\u00E2\u0080\u00A9at\u00E2\u0080\u00A9progressive\u00E2\u0080\u00A9developmental\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 stages\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(stage\u00E2\u0080\u00A91,\u00E2\u0080\u00A92\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A93)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Birnbaum\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92003).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9To\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 identify\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 candidate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 root\u00E2\u0080\u0090specific\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 genes,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 I\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 mined\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Birnbaum\u00E2\u0080\u00A9microarray\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 data\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 set\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 genes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 expressed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 either\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 stele\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 or\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 endo\u00E2\u0080\u0090cortex,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9whose\u00E2\u0080\u00A9relative\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 probe\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 intensity\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 values\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 were\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 between\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 1500\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 5000\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 those\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 two\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cell\u00E2\u0080\u00A9types.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9Based\u00E2\u0080\u00A9on\u00E2\u0080\u00A9this\u00E2\u0080\u00A9gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9data,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9suitable\u00E2\u0080\u00A9candidate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9genes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9were\u00E2\u0080\u00A9selected\u00E2\u0080\u00A9whose\u00E2\u0080\u00A9promoters\u00E2\u0080\u00A9had\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9potential\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9drive\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 root\u00E2\u0080\u0090specific\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 transgene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9summarized\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Table\u00E2\u0080\u00A91.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Genes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 found\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 within\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 these\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 specified\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 parameters\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 were\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 then\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 checked\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 via\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Genevestigator\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Genevestigator,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2008)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 their\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 relative\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9compared\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9other\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9organs\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9tissues\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Fig.\u00E2\u0080\u00A95).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 48\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Table\u00E2\u0080\u00A91.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9Candidate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9genes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9whose\u00E2\u0080\u00A9promoters\u00E2\u0080\u00A9have\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9potential\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9drive\u00E2\u0080\u00A9root\u00C2\u00AD specific\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 transgene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 expression.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 These\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 values\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 are\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 based\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 on\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 microarray\u00E2\u0080\u00A9hybridization\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 signals,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 which\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 have\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 no\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 units.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Values\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 each\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 40\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 candidate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9genes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 expressed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 two\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cell\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 types\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (stele\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 endo\u00E2\u0080\u0090cortex)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 along\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 three\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 stages\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9development\u00E2\u0080\u00A9are\u00E2\u0080\u00A9summarized.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Gene ID st el e st ag e1 st el e st ag e2 st el e st ag e3 co rte x- en do s ta ge 1 co rte x- en do s ta ge 2 co rte x- en do s ta ge 3 AT5G11740 2328.20 4072.65 4187.95 AT1G02500 1533.40 2485.74 3911.02 AT5G08690 2447.19 2722.15 2262.39 AT5G19760 2130.62 2934.41 1991.17 AT5G64350 2036.62 2192.35 1815.69 AT5G64400 1951.80 2439.48 1970.78 AT5G44340 1679.18 2069.35 1915.47 AT5G42980 2388.33 2173.63 2080.07 AT3G62290 2491.67 3133.28 2949.11 AT3G55440 3077.48 3992.49 3306.27 AT3G48140 2206.00 2961.10 2688.84 AT4G37830 1950.50 2691.84 1996.96 AT4G33865 4566.83 4278.17 1712.47 AT4G27960 2935.53 3639.66 2929.31 AT4G11150 2053.33 2758.95 2240.15 AT4G09000 2233.24 3067.99 2910.17 AT4G05320 3069.37 4034.32 3232.28 AT4G01850 2554.28 3461.86 2174.89 AT1G18080 3571.20 2940.98 1540.72 AT3G52300 1663.77 1834.42 1629.61 AT3G17390 2674.72 3894.37 2358.48 AT3G09820 1851.13 2265.78 1842.36 AT3G02230 2841.93 4425.77 3271.57 AT1G13440 3409.25 4162.22 4092.73 AT1G78380 3422.04 3875.63 3367.03 AT1G49140 2004.04 2631.03 2008.53 AT1G07890 2681.04 3714.33 3476.60 AT1G65930 2429.96 3191.61 2690.26 AT1G56075 4228.00 4219.88 2731.18 AT1G78040 2328.73 3661.73 2509.98 AT1G79550 1946.76 2503.74 1927.94 AT1G04410 3069.00 3539.86 3280.20 AT2G36530 3452.06 3965.86 2905.62 AT1G09640 2944.01 2990.13 1917.17 AT1G22840 2644.99 3147.32 2588.76 AT1G08830 2355.48 2318.31 2170.68 AT2G16850 3075.62 3860.32 3456.93 AT2G47110 3795.65 3816.35 2060.36 AT2G30870 2107.32 3218.08 4080.73 AT2G33040 2228.69 2377.96 2174.81 1985.63 3473.40 3571.74 1909.86 3096.00 4871.20 2381.70 2649.31 2201.85 2273.26 3130.84 2124.47 2179.20 2345.83 1942.81 1963.30 2453.85 1982.39 2039.91 2513.89 2326.97 1943.89 1769.15 1693.00 2569.18 3230.76 3040.86 2927.79 3798.29 3145.46 1991.44 2673.10 2427.32 1677.77 2315.44 1717.73 4659.56 4365.03 1747.24 3228.73 4003.20 3221.90 1862.41 2502.42 2031.87 2006.88 2757.02 2615.20 2209.25 2903.80 2326.51 2819.90 3821.87 2401.06 3955.22 3257.23 1706.39 1775.90 1958.06 1739.45 2787.03 4057.89 2457.51 1797.13 2199.68 1788.62 2374.53 3697.89 2733.51 4073.49 4973.17 4890.14 2955.32 3347.04 2907.81 2042.08 2680.97 2046.65 2993.99 4147.88 3882.40 2577.25 3385.06 2853.33 4343.62 4335.28 2805.87 2305.95 3625.91 2485.43 2496.27 3210.46 2472.13 2943.20 3394.76 3145.74 3172.00 3644.12 2669.89 3190.15 3240.13 2077.46 2461.02 2928.41 2408.70 2290.24 2254.10 2110.56 2804.01 3519.41 3151.65 4195.35 4218.23 2277.33 1603.56 2448.79 3105.22 2017.78 2152.92 1969.00 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 49\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Figure\u00E2\u0080\u00A95.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Genevestigator\u00E2\u0080\u00A9heat\u00E2\u0080\u00A9map\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9candidate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9genes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9whose\u00E2\u0080\u00A9promoters\u00E2\u0080\u00A9have\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 potential\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 drive\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 root\u00C2\u00ADspecific\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 transgene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 expression.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 diagram\u00E2\u0080\u00A9represents\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9global\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9map\u00E2\u0080\u00A9depicting\u00E2\u0080\u00A9major\u00E2\u0080\u00A9patterns\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9activity\u00E2\u0080\u00A9among\u00E2\u0080\u00A9candidate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 genes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 listed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Table\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 1,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 different\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 organs\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 tissues\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Genevestigator,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2009).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Columns\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 on\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 right\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 represent\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 two\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 candidate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 promoters\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(A=GSTU19\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9B=4CL1)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 one\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 candidate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (C=SND1)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 engineering\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9constructs\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9enhance\u00E2\u0080\u00A9levels\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9roots\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transgenic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plants.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 ABC \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 50\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Based\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 on\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 these\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 results,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 one\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 candidate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 gene,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 GSTU19,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 selected\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 further\u00E2\u0080\u00A9analysis.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9For\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9second\u00E2\u0080\u00A9candidate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9gene,\u00E2\u0080\u00A94CL1,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9previous\u00E2\u0080\u00A9studies\u00E2\u0080\u00A9have\u00E2\u0080\u00A9showed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9high\u00E2\u0080\u00A9levels\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 4CL1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 seedling\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 roots,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 demonstrated\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 by\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 analysis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transgenic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Arabidopsis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 plants\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 containing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 4CL1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 or\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 4CL2\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 promoter\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 fused\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 beta\u00E2\u0080\u0090glucuronidase\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (GUS)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 reporter\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 gene.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 These\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 GUS\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 reporter\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 plants\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 show\u00E2\u0080\u00A9developmentally\u00E2\u0080\u00A9regulated\u00E2\u0080\u00A9GUS\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9xylem\u00E2\u0080\u00A9tissues\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9both\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9shoot,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 although,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 At4CL1::GUS\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lines\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 showed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 root\u00E2\u0080\u0090specific\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 seedlings\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Soltani\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92006).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9In\u00E2\u0080\u00A9order\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9confirm\u00E2\u0080\u00A9these\u00E2\u0080\u00A9results\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9validate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9potential\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9these\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 candidates\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 drive\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 root\u00E2\u0080\u0090specific\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 expression,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 activity\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 both\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 candidate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9promoters\u00E2\u0080\u00A9were\u00E2\u0080\u00A9checked\u00E2\u0080\u00A9using\u00E2\u0080\u00A9semi\u00E2\u0080\u0090quantitative\u00E2\u0080\u00A9reverse\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transcription\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(RT)\u00E2\u0080\u0090PCR\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9flower,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9leaf,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9stem\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9roots\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9four\u00E2\u0080\u0090week\u00E2\u0080\u0090old\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plants\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Fig.\u00E2\u0080\u00A96).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Results\u00E2\u0080\u00A9confirmed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 GSTU19\u00E2\u0080\u00A9is,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9fact,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expressed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9at\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9noticeably\u00E2\u0080\u00A9higher\u00E2\u0080\u00A9level\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9roots\u00E2\u0080\u00A9compared\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9other\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9organs.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9However,\u00E2\u0080\u00A94CL1,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9showed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9only\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9negligible\u00E2\u0080\u00A9increase\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9roots\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9four\u00E2\u0080\u0090week\u00E2\u0080\u0090old\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plants\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9compared\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9other\u00E2\u0080\u00A9tissues.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Although\u00E2\u0080\u00A9these\u00E2\u0080\u00A9results\u00E2\u0080\u00A9showed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 4CL1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 be\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 less\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 promising\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 root\u00E2\u0080\u0090specific\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 transgene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 expression,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 it\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9retained\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 candidate,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 based\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 on\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 earlier\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 published\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 data.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 In\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 addition,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9showed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9stems\u00E2\u0080\u00A9but\u00E2\u0080\u00A9no\u00E2\u0080\u00A9detectable\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9other\u00E2\u0080\u00A9organs\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Figs.\u00E2\u0080\u00A95\u00E2\u0080\u00A9&\u00E2\u0080\u00A96).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Along\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 with\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 previous\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 publications\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 on\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 role\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 regulating\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9biosynthesis,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 combined\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 data\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 shown\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 supports\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 use\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 these\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 candidate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9promoters\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9producing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transgenic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plants\u00E2\u0080\u00A9with\u00E2\u0080\u00A9higher\u00E2\u0080\u00A9levels\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9their\u00E2\u0080\u00A9roots.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9In\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 addition\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 endogenous\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 root\u00E2\u0080\u0090specificity\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 GSTU19\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 gene,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 previous\u00E2\u0080\u00A9studies\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Arabidopsis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9showing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9increased\u00E2\u0080\u00A9root\u00E2\u0080\u0090specific\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9GSTU19\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9response\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 herbicide\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 safeners,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 benoxacor\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 fenclorim\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (DeRidder\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 &\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 51\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Goldsbrough\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2006),\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 suggested\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 GSTU19\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 promoter\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 could\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 be\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 useful\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9chemical\u00E2\u0080\u0090inducible\u00E2\u0080\u00A9root\u00E2\u0080\u0090specific\u00E2\u0080\u00A9gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9system.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Figure\u00E2\u0080\u00A96.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Organ\u00C2\u00ADspecific\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 candidate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 root\u00C2\u00ADspecific\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 promoters\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 from\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 four\u00C2\u00ADweek\u00C2\u00ADold\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Arabidopsis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 plants.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Semi\u00E2\u0080\u0090quantitative\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 reverse\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transcription\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (RT)\u00E2\u0080\u0090PCR\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 analysis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 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cis\u00E2\u0080\u0090acting\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 regulatory\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 elements\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 have\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 been\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 previously\u00E2\u0080\u00A9described;\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 ACGTROOT1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Salinas\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 1992),\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 ROOTMOTIFTAPOX1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Elmayan\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 &\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Tepfer\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 1995),\u00E2\u0080\u00A9WUSATAg\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Kamiya\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2003),\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 OSE1ROOTNODULE\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Vieweg\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 !\" #\" $\" %\" &\" '\" (\" )*+,#-./01234\" )*+,#-.5367\" )*+,#-.*839\" )*+,#-.:118\" ! \" #$ % & \" '( \" ) \" '* + , -\" .. /0 ) ' 12(34567'81269:;<;=>'' !\" #\" $\" %\" &\" '\" (\" ;\" <\" -\" #!\" &=5#./01234\" &=5#.5367\" &=5#.*839\" &=5#.:118\" ! \" #$ % & \" '( \" ) \" '* + , -\" .. /0 ) ' 12?@A6'81269B6C;=>'' !\" #\" $\" %\" &\" '\" (\" ;\" <\" -\" *>?#./01234\" *>?#.5367\" *>?#.*839\" *>?#.:118\" ! \" #$ % & \" '( \" ) \" '* + , -\" .. /0 ) ' 123DE6'81269' \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 52\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2004),\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 OSE2ROOTNODULE\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Vieweg\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2004),\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 RAV1AAT\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Kagaya\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 1999),\u00E2\u0080\u00A9ASF1MOTIFCAMV\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Klinedinst\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2000),\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 SURECOREATSULTR11\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Maruyama\u00E2\u0080\u0090Nakashita\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92005),\u00E2\u0080\u00A9SP8BFIBSP8BIB\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Ishiguro\u00E2\u0080\u00A9&\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Nakamura\u00E2\u0080\u00A91992),\u00E2\u0080\u00A9ARFAT\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Inukai\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2005),\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 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the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9PLACE\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Cis\u00E2\u0080\u0090acting\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Regulatory\u00E2\u0080\u00A9DNA\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Elements)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9database\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Higo\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A91999).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 In\u00E2\u0080\u00A9addition\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 TATA\u00E2\u0080\u0090box\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 CAAT\u00E2\u0080\u0090box\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (core\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 promoter\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 sequences\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 required\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9properly\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 initiate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 transcription),\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 this\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 analysis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 revealed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 presence\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 many\u00E2\u0080\u00A9elements\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 could\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 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nucleotide\u00E2\u0080\u00A9frequency\u00E2\u0080\u00A9that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9could\u00E2\u0080\u00A9occur\u00E2\u0080\u00A9within\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A92kb\u00E2\u0080\u00A9promoter\u00E2\u0080\u00A9region,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9assuming\u00E2\u0080\u00A9that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9nucleotides\u00E2\u0080\u00A9are\u00E2\u0080\u00A9arranged\u00E2\u0080\u00A9at\u00E2\u0080\u00A9random.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9elements\u00E2\u0080\u00A9that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9were\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9doubtful\u00E2\u0080\u00A9statistical\u00E2\u0080\u00A9significance\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9silico\u00E2\u0080\u00A9GSTU19\u00E2\u0080\u00A9promoter\u00E2\u0080\u00A9analysis,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9are\u00E2\u0080\u00A9demarcated\u00E2\u0080\u00A9by\u00E2\u0080\u00A9an\u00E2\u0080\u00A9asterisk\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Table\u00E2\u0080\u00A93).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9It\u00E2\u0080\u00A9is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9important\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9note\u00E2\u0080\u00A9that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9sizes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9promoter\u00E2\u0080\u00A9fragments\u00E2\u0080\u00A9that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9were\u00E2\u0080\u00A9amplified\u00E2\u0080\u00A9for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 transgenic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 constructs\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (4CL1pro\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (1224bp)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9GSTU19pro\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (1402bp)),\u00E2\u0080\u00A9were\u00E2\u0080\u00A9slightly\u00E2\u0080\u00A9less\u00E2\u0080\u00A9then\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A92kb\u00E2\u0080\u00A9regions\u00E2\u0080\u00A9analyzed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9PLACE\u00E2\u0080\u00A9but\u00E2\u0080\u00A9contained\u00E2\u0080\u00A9at\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9very\u00E2\u0080\u00A9least\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 53\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 one\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9each\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression\u00E2\u0080\u0090associated\u00E2\u0080\u00A9elements\u00E2\u0080\u00A9found\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A92kb\u00E2\u0080\u00A9fragments\u00E2\u0080\u00A9analyzed.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 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(\u00E2\u0080\u0090)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 strands\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (actual\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 frequency).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 third\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 column\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 represents\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9number\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 times\u00E2\u0080\u00A9that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9motif\u00E2\u0080\u00A9could\u00E2\u0080\u00A9occur\u00E2\u0080\u00A9at\u00E2\u0080\u00A9random\u00E2\u0080\u00A9assuming\u00E2\u0080\u00A9all\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 four\u00E2\u0080\u00A9nucleotides\u00E2\u0080\u00A9are\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 represented\u00E2\u0080\u00A9equally,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 given\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9number\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9base\u00E2\u0080\u00A9pairs\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9sequence\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (i.e.\u00E2\u0080\u00A91:4x,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9where\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 x\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 number\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 base\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 pairs\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9motif\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 sequence),\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2kb\u00E2\u0080\u00A9promoter\u00E2\u0080\u00A9region\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 analyzed.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 This\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 number\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 gives\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 an\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 indication\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 number\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 elements\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9would\u00E2\u0080\u00A9need\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 appear\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9promoter\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (on\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 single\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 strand)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 order\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9over\u00E2\u0080\u0090represented\u00E2\u0080\u00A9motif\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9be\u00E2\u0080\u00A9statistically\u00E2\u0080\u00A9significant,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9based\u00E2\u0080\u00A9on\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9statistical\u00E2\u0080\u00A9frequency\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9occurrence\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9sequence.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Putative\u00E2\u0080\u00A9root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9motif\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Sequence\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Statistical\u00E2\u0080\u00A9frequency\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9occurrence\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A92kb\u00E2\u0080\u00A9promoter\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 fragment\u00E2\u0080\u00A9analyzed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Actual\u00E2\u0080\u00A9frequency\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 ROOTMOTIFTAPOX1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 ATATT\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 1.95:2000\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 13+;\u00E2\u0080\u00A916\u00E2\u0080\u0090\u00E2\u0080\u00A9RAV1AAT\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 CAACA\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 1.95:2000\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 6+;\u00E2\u0080\u00A91\u00E2\u0080\u0090\u00E2\u0080\u00A9ASF1MOTIFCAMV*\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 TGACG\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 1.95:2000\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2+;\u00E2\u0080\u00A92\u00E2\u0080\u0090\u00E2\u0080\u00A9OSE2ROOTNODULE\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 CTCTT\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 1.95:2000\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 4+\u00E2\u0080\u00A9OSE1ROOTNODULE\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 AAAGAT\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 0.488:2000\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2+;\u00E2\u0080\u00A91\u00E2\u0080\u0090\u00E2\u0080\u00A9SURECOREATSULTR11\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 GAGAC\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 1.95:2000\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 3\u00E2\u0080\u0090\u00E2\u0080\u00A9SP8BFIBSP8BIB\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 TACTATT\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 0.122:2000\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2\u00E2\u0080\u0090\u00E2\u0080\u00A9ARFAT\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 TGTCTC\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 0.5:2000\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 1+\u00E2\u0080\u00A9WUSATAg\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 TTAATAG\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 0.122:2000\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 1\u00E2\u0080\u0090\u00E2\u0080\u00A9*Sequence\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9doubtful\u00E2\u0080\u00A9statistical\u00E2\u0080\u00A9significance\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 54\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Table\u00E2\u0080\u00A93.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Cis\u00C2\u00ADacting\u00E2\u0080\u00A9DNA\u00E2\u0080\u00A9regulatory\u00E2\u0080\u00A9elements\u00E2\u0080\u00A9located\u00E2\u0080\u00A92000\u00E2\u0080\u00A9bp\u00E2\u0080\u00A9upstream\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 transcription\u00E2\u0080\u00A9start\u00E2\u0080\u00A9site\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9AtGSTU19\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(At1g78380).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9high\u00E2\u0080\u00A9frequency\u00E2\u0080\u00A9regulatory\u00E2\u0080\u00A9elements\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 are\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 shown\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 first\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9well\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 number\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 times\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 element\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 appears\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 on\u00E2\u0080\u00A9both\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (+)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (\u00E2\u0080\u0090)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 strands\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (actual\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 frequency).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 third\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 column\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 represents\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9number\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 times\u00E2\u0080\u00A9that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9motif\u00E2\u0080\u00A9could\u00E2\u0080\u00A9occur\u00E2\u0080\u00A9at\u00E2\u0080\u00A9random\u00E2\u0080\u00A9assuming\u00E2\u0080\u00A9all\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 four\u00E2\u0080\u00A9nucleotides\u00E2\u0080\u00A9are\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 represented\u00E2\u0080\u00A9equally,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 given\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9number\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9base\u00E2\u0080\u00A9pairs\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 sequence\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (i.e.\u00E2\u0080\u00A91:4x,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9where\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 x\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 number\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 base\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 pairs\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9motif\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 sequence),\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2kb\u00E2\u0080\u00A9promoter\u00E2\u0080\u00A9region\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 analyzed.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 This\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 number\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 gives\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 an\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 indication\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 number\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 elements\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9would\u00E2\u0080\u00A9need\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 appear\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9promoter\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (on\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 single\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 strand)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 order\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 over\u00E2\u0080\u0090represented\u00E2\u0080\u00A9motif\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9be\u00E2\u0080\u00A9statistically\u00E2\u0080\u00A9significant,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9based\u00E2\u0080\u00A9on\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9statistical\u00E2\u0080\u00A9frequency\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9occurrence\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9sequence.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Putative\u00E2\u0080\u00A9root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9motif\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Sequence\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Statistical\u00E2\u0080\u00A9frequency\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9occurrence\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2kb\u00E2\u0080\u00A9promoter\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 fragment\u00E2\u0080\u00A9analyzed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Actual\u00E2\u0080\u00A9frequency\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 ROOTMOTIFTAPOX1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 ATATT\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 1.95:2000\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 6+;\u00E2\u0080\u00A98\u00E2\u0080\u0090\u00E2\u0080\u00A9OSE1ROOTNODULE\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 AAAGAT\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 0.488:2000\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 1+;\u00E2\u0080\u00A95\u00E2\u0080\u0090\u00E2\u0080\u00A9OSE2ROOTNODULE\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 CTCTT\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 1.95:2000\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 4+;\u00E2\u0080\u00A92\u00E2\u0080\u0090\u00E2\u0080\u00A9ASF1MOTIFCAMV\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 TGACG\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 1.95:2000\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 3+;\u00E2\u0080\u00A92\u00E2\u0080\u0090\u00E2\u0080\u00A9RAV1AAT*\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 CAACA\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 1.95:2000\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2+;\u00E2\u0080\u00A92\u00E2\u0080\u0090\u00E2\u0080\u00A9SORLIP1AT\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 GCCAC\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 1.95:2000\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 4+\u00E2\u0080\u00A9SURECOREATSULTR11*\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 GAGAC\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 1.95:2000\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 1+;\u00E2\u0080\u00A91\u00E2\u0080\u0090\u00E2\u0080\u00A9ARFAT\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 TGTCTC\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 0.488:2000\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 1+\u00E2\u0080\u00A9SP8BFIBSP8BIB\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 TACTATT\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 0.122:2000\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 1\u00E2\u0080\u0090\u00E2\u0080\u00A9WUSATAg\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 TTAATAG\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 0.122:2000\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 1+\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9*Sequence\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9doubtful\u00E2\u0080\u00A9statistical\u00E2\u0080\u00A9significance\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 55\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 3.3\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9overexpression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transgenic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plants\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Two\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 constructs\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (GSTU19pro\u00C2\u00ADSND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 4CL1pro\u00C2\u00ADSND1)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 were\u00E2\u0080\u00A9engineered\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 by\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 PCR\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 amplification\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 ligation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9GSTU19\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A94CL1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 promoters\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 ORF\u00E2\u0080\u00A9with\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 pPZP211\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Agrobacterium\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 binary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 vector.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 These\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 constructs\u00E2\u0080\u00A9were\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 then\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 introduced\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 into\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Arabidopsis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 plants\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 using\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Agrobacterium\u00E2\u0080\u0090mediated\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transformation.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 PCR\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 analysis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 genomic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 DNA\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 used\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 select\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 T1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 generation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9kanamycin\u00E2\u0080\u0090resistant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 transgenic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lines\u00E2\u0080\u00A9by\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 confirming\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9presence\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 transgene.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Roots\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 from\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 three\u00E2\u0080\u0090week\u00E2\u0080\u0090old\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 T2\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 generation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 kanamycin\u00E2\u0080\u0090resistant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 transgenic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lines\u00E2\u0080\u00A9were\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 subsequently\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 analyzed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 using\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 RT\u00E2\u0080\u0090PCR\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 determine\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 whether\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transgene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9being\u00E2\u0080\u00A9overexpressed.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9RT\u00E2\u0080\u0090PCR\u00E2\u0080\u00A9analysis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9detected\u00E2\u0080\u00A9overexpression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9SND1,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9compared\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9wild\u00E2\u0080\u00A9type,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9~90%\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lines\u00E2\u0080\u00A9analyzed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9both\u00E2\u0080\u00A9constructs,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9shown\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Figure\u00E2\u0080\u00A97.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Figure\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 7.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Transcriptional\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 analysis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 T2\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 generation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 plants\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 overexpressing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9using\u00E2\u0080\u00A9RT\u00C2\u00ADPCR.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Total\u00E2\u0080\u00A9RNAs\u00E2\u0080\u00A9were\u00E2\u0080\u00A9isolated\u00E2\u0080\u00A9from\u00E2\u0080\u00A9three\u00E2\u0080\u0090week\u00E2\u0080\u0093old\u00E2\u0080\u00A9root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9tissue\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A910\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 independent\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 transgenic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lines\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 from\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 each\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 construct\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 well\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 wild\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 type\u00E2\u0080\u00A9control\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 plants.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9GSTU19pro\u00C2\u00ADSND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lines\u00E2\u0080\u00A9were\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 induced\u00E2\u0080\u00A9with\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 100\u00C2\u00B5M\u00E2\u0080\u00A9benoxacor\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 on\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00C2\u00BD\u00E2\u0080\u00A9MS\u00E2\u0080\u00A9solid\u00E2\u0080\u00A9media\u00E2\u0080\u00A9for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9twenty\u00E2\u0080\u0090four\u00E2\u0080\u00A9hours\u00E2\u0080\u00A9prior\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9RNA\u00E2\u0080\u00A9extraction.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Actin8\u00E2\u0080\u00A9was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9used\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9an\u00E2\u0080\u00A9internal\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9loading\u00E2\u0080\u00A9control\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9shown\u00E2\u0080\u00A9by\u00E2\u0080\u00A9comparable\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9levels.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9These\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lines\u00E2\u0080\u00A9represent\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9mixture\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9both\u00E2\u0080\u00A9homozygous\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9heterozygous\u00E2\u0080\u00A9individuals;\u00E2\u0080\u00A9therefore,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 among\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 T2\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 generation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lines\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 showing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 overexpression,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 12\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 sub\u00E2\u0080\u0090lines\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 W .T .1 !\"#$%&'()*\"+,%- ./0%'()*\"+,%- A -1 A -7 C -5 W .T .2 B -8 D -2 D -7 W .T .2 E -2 E -4 E -3 F -3 F -4 F -5 F -7 F -8 G -8 H -3 B -5 C -2 D -1 D -6 SND1 Act8 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 56\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 were\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 screened\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 homozygosity.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Twenty\u00E2\u0080\u0090two\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 kanamycin\u00E2\u0080\u0090resistant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 homozygous\u00E2\u0080\u00A9sub\u00E2\u0080\u0090lines\u00E2\u0080\u00A9were\u00E2\u0080\u00A9identified\u00E2\u0080\u00A9for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9GSTU19pro\u00C2\u00ADSND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9twelve\u00E2\u0080\u00A9for\u00E2\u0080\u00A94CL1pro\u00C2\u00ADSND1.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9These\u00E2\u0080\u00A9T3\u00E2\u0080\u00A9generation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transgenic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lines,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9homozygous\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9single\u00E2\u0080\u00A9active\u00E2\u0080\u00A9T\u00E2\u0080\u0090DNA\u00E2\u0080\u00A9insert,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9were\u00E2\u0080\u00A9used\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 further\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 experiments\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 determine\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 possible\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 effects\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9overexpression.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 3.4\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Molecular\u00E2\u0080\u00A9analysis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transgenic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plants\u00E2\u0080\u00A9overexpressing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Given\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9recent\u00E2\u0080\u00A9identification\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9master\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transcriptional\u00E2\u0080\u00A9switch\u00E2\u0080\u00A9activating\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9developmental\u00E2\u0080\u00A9program\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9secondary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cell\u00E2\u0080\u00A9wall\u00E2\u0080\u00A9biosynthesis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9an\u00E2\u0080\u00A9activator\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9several\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transcription\u00E2\u0080\u00A9factors\u00E2\u0080\u00A9that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9are\u00E2\u0080\u00A9involved\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9process\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Zhong\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92006;\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Zhong\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92008),\u00E2\u0080\u00A9I\u00E2\u0080\u00A9predicted\u00E2\u0080\u00A9that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9overexpression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9would\u00E2\u0080\u00A9result\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9an\u00E2\u0080\u00A9increase\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9direct\u00E2\u0080\u00A9targets\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9SND1,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9such\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9MYB46,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9SND3,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9MYB103\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9KNAT7.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Reverse\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 transcription\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 PCR\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 analysis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 these\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 direct\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 targets\u00E2\u0080\u00A9was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 conducted\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 two\u00E2\u0080\u00A9reasons:\u00E2\u0080\u00A91)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9determine\u00E2\u0080\u00A9whether\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9secondary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cell\u00E2\u0080\u00A9wall\u00E2\u0080\u00A9gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9regulatory\u00E2\u0080\u00A9networks\u00E2\u0080\u00A9previously\u00E2\u0080\u00A9described\u00E2\u0080\u00A9were\u00E2\u0080\u00A9present\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9functional\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9roots,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A92)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9investigate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9root\u00E2\u0080\u0090specificity\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 constructs.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 As\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 shown\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Figure\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 8,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 found\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 be\u00E2\u0080\u00A9upregulated\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9both\u00E2\u0080\u00A9roots\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9shoots\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(aerial\u00E2\u0080\u00A9tissue\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9seedlings\u00E2\u0080\u00A9that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9does\u00E2\u0080\u00A9not\u00E2\u0080\u00A9include\u00E2\u0080\u00A9stems)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9compared\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9empty\u00E2\u0080\u00A9vector\u00E2\u0080\u00A9control\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lines.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9In\u00E2\u0080\u00A9contrast,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9other\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transcription\u00E2\u0080\u00A9factors\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(TFs)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9analyzed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9showed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9negligible\u00E2\u0080\u00A9changes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9shoots\u00E2\u0080\u00A9but\u00E2\u0080\u00A9showed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9more\u00E2\u0080\u00A9noticeable\u00E2\u0080\u00A9increase\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9roots.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Given\u00E2\u0080\u00A9that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9these\u00E2\u0080\u00A9TFs\u00E2\u0080\u00A9are\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 normally\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 preferentially\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 expressed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 stems\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Zhong\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2006;\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Zhong\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92008),\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 this\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 data\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 provides\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 evidence\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 overexpression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 constructs\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 are\u00E2\u0080\u00A9behaving\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9root\u00E2\u0080\u0090preferential\u00E2\u0080\u00A9manner\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9overexpression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9results\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9an\u00E2\u0080\u00A9increase\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9its\u00E2\u0080\u00A9direct\u00E2\u0080\u00A9targets.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 57\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Figure\u00E2\u0080\u00A98.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Transcriptional\u00E2\u0080\u00A9analysis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transcription\u00E2\u0080\u00A9factors\u00E2\u0080\u00A9known\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9be\u00E2\u0080\u00A9direct\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 targets\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9SND1.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Three\u00E2\u0080\u0090week\u00E2\u0080\u0090old\u00E2\u0080\u00A9T3\u00E2\u0080\u00A9generation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Arabidopsis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9seedlings\u00E2\u0080\u00A9grown\u00E2\u0080\u00A9on\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00C2\u00BD\u00E2\u0080\u00A9MS\u00E2\u0080\u00A9solid\u00E2\u0080\u00A9medium\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9GSTU19pro\u00C2\u00ADSND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lines\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 treated\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 for\u00E2\u0080\u00A924\u00E2\u0080\u00A9hours\u00E2\u0080\u00A9with\u00E2\u0080\u00A9benoxacor\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(100\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00C2\u00B5M).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Total\u00E2\u0080\u00A9RNA\u00E2\u0080\u00A9was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9extracted\u00E2\u0080\u00A9from\u00E2\u0080\u00A9roots\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(R)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9shoots\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(S)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transgenic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9empty\u00E2\u0080\u00A9vector\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lines.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Transcription\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 factors\u00E2\u0080\u00A9were\u00E2\u0080\u00A9analyzed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9using\u00E2\u0080\u00A9RT\u00E2\u0080\u0090PCR.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Actin8\u00E2\u0080\u00A9was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9used\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 an\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 internal\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 loading\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 control\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 shown\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 by\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 comparable\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 levels.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Differentially\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 expressed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 PCR\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 products\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 were\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 analyzed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 using\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Image\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 J\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (1.42)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(ImageJ:\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Image\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Processing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Analysis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Java)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9program\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9compare\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9levels\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 each\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 transcript\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 relative\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Actin8\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 control.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (At1g32770);\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 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yet\u00E2\u0080\u00A9sensitive\u00E2\u0080\u00A9method\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9determining\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9concentration,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9using\u00E2\u0080\u00A9small\u00E2\u0080\u00A9amounts\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9material.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 This\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 method\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 useful\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 small\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 samples\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 whose\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 size\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 unsuitable\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9procedures\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 rely\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 on\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 production\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 gravimetric\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 measurement\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 an\u00E2\u0080\u00A9insoluble\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9residue,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9such\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Klason\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9analysis.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Based\u00E2\u0080\u00A9on\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9previous\u00E2\u0080\u00A9studies\u00E2\u0080\u00A9that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9had\u00E2\u0080\u00A9shown\u00E2\u0080\u00A9SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9be\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9master\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transcriptional\u00E2\u0080\u00A9switch\u00E2\u0080\u00A9activating\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9developmental\u00E2\u0080\u00A9program\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9secondary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cell\u00E2\u0080\u00A9wall\u00E2\u0080\u00A9biosynthesis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9fibres,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 I\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 predicted\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 overexpression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 its\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 direct\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 target\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 genes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9roots\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 would\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cause\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 an\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 increase\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 total\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 content\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Zhong\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2006).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Unexpectedly,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 my\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 analysis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 roots\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 transgenic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 overexpression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lines,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9showed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A947%\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A940%\u00E2\u0080\u00A9decrease\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 total\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 content\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9both\u00E2\u0080\u00A9GSTU19pro\u00C2\u00ADSND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9overexpression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lines\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (A\u00E2\u0080\u00907\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 B\u00E2\u0080\u00905\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 respectively)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 46%\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 decrease\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 60\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 content\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 one\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 two\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 4CL1pro\u00C2\u00ADSND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 overexpression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lines\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (G\u00E2\u0080\u00908)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Fig.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 10),\u00E2\u0080\u00A9compared\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 roots\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 empty\u00E2\u0080\u00A9vector\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 control\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plants.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 second\u00E2\u0080\u00A94CL1pro\u00C2\u00ADSND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9overexpression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9line\u00E2\u0080\u00A9analyzed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(F\u00E2\u0080\u00905)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9showed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9no\u00E2\u0080\u00A9obvious\u00E2\u0080\u00A9change\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9content\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(1%\u00E2\u0080\u00A9decrease)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 compared\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 empty\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 vector\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 control.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 This\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 result\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 appears\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 be\u00E2\u0080\u00A9correlated\u00E2\u0080\u00A9with\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lack\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 altered\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 among\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 biosynthetic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9genes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9observed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9these\u00E2\u0080\u00A9same\u00E2\u0080\u00A9genotypes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Fig.\u00E2\u0080\u00A99).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Figure\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 10.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 content\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 transgenic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Arabidopsis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 plants\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 overexpressing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 SND1.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Percent\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 content\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (w/w),\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 determined\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 by\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 rapid\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 microscale\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 acetyl\u00E2\u0080\u00A9bromide\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 method,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 empty\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 vector\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 control\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 transgenic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Arabidopsis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 plants\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expressing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 4CL1pro\u00C2\u00ADSND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Grey)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 GSTU19pro\u00C2\u00ADSND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Red)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 constructs.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Control\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 plants\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 contain\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 pPZP211.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Error\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 bars\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 indicate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 standard\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 error\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 from\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 three\u00E2\u0080\u00A9technical\u00E2\u0080\u00A9replicates\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(control\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transgenic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lines\u00E2\u0080\u00A9are\u00E2\u0080\u00A9T3\u00E2\u0080\u00A9generation).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 3.5.2\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Cellulose,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9starch\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Klason\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9analysis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Because\u00E2\u0080\u00A9SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9has\u00E2\u0080\u00A9been\u00E2\u0080\u00A9shown\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9be\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9master\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transcriptional\u00E2\u0080\u00A9switch\u00E2\u0080\u00A9activating\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9developmental\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 program\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 overall\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 secondary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cell\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 wall\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 biosynthesis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 fibres,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9opposed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 just\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9biosynthesis,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 I\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 reasoned\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9decrease\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 content\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 !\"!# $\"!# %\"!# &\"!# '\"!# (\"!# )\"!# *\"!# +\"!# ,\"!# $!\"!# ! \"# $% & $& \"' ( & )* & )\" +, -, .\" /$%&$&\"0(&)*&)\" -.(# /.+# 01234# 567389# :.*# ;.(# 01234# 567389# <;6=8>?# \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 61\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lack\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 change\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 genes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 encoding\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 biosynthetic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 enzymes,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9could\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 be\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 result\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 carbon\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 being\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 reallocated\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 different\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 area\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 carbon\u00E2\u0080\u00A9metabolism.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Plants\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 use\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 photosynthesis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 chemically\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 convert\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 CO2\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 carbohydrates,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 such\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cellulose\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9starch.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Cellulose\u00E2\u0080\u00A9is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9an\u00E2\u0080\u00A9important\u00E2\u0080\u00A9component\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cell\u00E2\u0080\u00A9walls\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9higher\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plants\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9world's\u00E2\u0080\u00A9most\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 abundant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 organic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 polymer,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 serving\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 another\u00E2\u0080\u00A9major\u00E2\u0080\u00A9carbon\u00E2\u0080\u00A9sink\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plants\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(similar\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lignin)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Delmer\u00E2\u0080\u00A9&\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Haigler\u00E2\u0080\u00A92002).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9One\u00E2\u0080\u00A9other\u00E2\u0080\u00A9major\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 carbon\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 sink\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 other\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 major\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 glucan,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 starch\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (\u00CE\u00B1\u00E2\u0080\u00901,4\u00E2\u0080\u0090glucan\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 with\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00CE\u00B1\u00E2\u0080\u00901,6\u00E2\u0080\u00A9branches).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 As\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 leaves\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (sources\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 export\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 carbon)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 storage\u00E2\u0080\u00A9organs\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (sinks\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9import\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 carbon)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 expand,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 they\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 enlarge\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 deposit\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 their\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cellulose\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 their\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 primary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9walls\u00E2\u0080\u00A9before\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9developmental\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transition\u00E2\u0080\u00A9that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9leads\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9starch\u00E2\u0080\u00A9deposition\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Delmer\u00E2\u0080\u00A9&\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Haigler\u00E2\u0080\u00A92002).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9While\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9ratio\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cellulose\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9other\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cell\u00E2\u0080\u00A9wall\u00E2\u0080\u00A9polymers\u00E2\u0080\u00A9can\u00E2\u0080\u00A9change\u00E2\u0080\u00A9considerably,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 until\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 recently\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 it\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 not\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 clear\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 from\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 publicly\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 available\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 literature\u00E2\u0080\u00A9whether\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 carbon\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 flux\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 plants\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 with\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 altered\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 biosynthetic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 pathways\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 directly\u00E2\u0080\u00A9altered\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 other\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 carbon\u00E2\u0080\u0090polymer\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 synthetic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 pathways\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Delmer\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 &\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Haigler\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2002).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Studies\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 have\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 now\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 shown\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 alterations\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 deposition\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 can\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cause\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 relative\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cellulose\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 content\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 increase,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 result\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 these\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 perturbations\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Coleman\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92008).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9To\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 test\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 my\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 carbon\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 reallocation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 hypothesis,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 I\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 analyzed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 both\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cellulose\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 starch\u00E2\u0080\u00A9content\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 addition\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 insoluble\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 content).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 carbohydrate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 analysis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9provided\u00E2\u0080\u00A9an\u00E2\u0080\u00A9indirect\u00E2\u0080\u00A9measure\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cellulose\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(quantified\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9glucose\u00E2\u0080\u00A9monomers)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9other\u00E2\u0080\u00A9wall\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 pollysacharides\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (pectin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 hemicellulose),\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (quantified\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 other\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 sugars\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 62\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 such\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 rhamnose,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 fucose,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 arabinose,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 xylose,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 mannose\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 galactose\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 monomers)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9content\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transgenic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lines\u00E2\u0080\u00A9overexpressing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Table\u00E2\u0080\u00A94).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9These\u00E2\u0080\u00A9results\u00E2\u0080\u00A9showed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A929%\u00E2\u0080\u00A9decrease\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cellulose\u00E2\u0080\u00A9content\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A926%\u00E2\u0080\u00A9decrease\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9hemicellulose\u00E2\u0080\u00A9content\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 GSTU19pro\u00C2\u00ADSND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 line\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (D\u00E2\u0080\u00902)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 compared\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 empty\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 vector\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 control.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 The\u00E2\u0080\u00A94CL1pro\u00C2\u00AD SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 line\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (G\u00E2\u0080\u00908)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 showed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 slight\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 decrease\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 3.5%\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cellulose\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 content\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9negligible\u00E2\u0080\u00A91.5%\u00E2\u0080\u00A9decrease\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9hemicellulose\u00E2\u0080\u00A9content.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Furthermore,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Klason\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9analysis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 revealed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 23%\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 decrease\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 content\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 GSTU19pro\u00C2\u00ADSND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9overexpression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 line\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (D\u00E2\u0080\u00902)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9compared\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9control,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9which\u00E2\u0080\u00A9was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9consistent\u00E2\u0080\u00A9with\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9decrease\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9content\u00E2\u0080\u00A9found\u00E2\u0080\u00A9for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9GSTU19pro\u00C2\u00ADSND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lines\u00E2\u0080\u00A9analyzed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9using\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9acetyl\u00E2\u0080\u00A9bromide\u00E2\u0080\u0090based\u00E2\u0080\u00A9method.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Conversely,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A94CL1pro\u00C2\u00ADSND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9line\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(G\u00E2\u0080\u00908)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9showed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9less\u00E2\u0080\u00A9then\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A90.1%\u00E2\u0080\u00A9increase\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9content\u00E2\u0080\u00A9compared\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9empty\u00E2\u0080\u00A9vector\u00E2\u0080\u00A9control,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9nominal\u00E2\u0080\u00A9amount.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9This\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 line,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9when\u00E2\u0080\u00A9analyzed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9by\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9acetyl\u00E2\u0080\u00A9bromide\u00E2\u0080\u00A9based\u00E2\u0080\u00A9method,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9showed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A946%\u00E2\u0080\u00A9decrease\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9content\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9described\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9previous\u00E2\u0080\u00A9section.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9Although\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 4CL1pro\u00C2\u00ADSND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (G\u00E2\u0080\u00908)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 line\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 showed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 different\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 results\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 when\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 analyzed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 using\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 two\u00E2\u0080\u00A9different\u00E2\u0080\u00A9methods,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9results\u00E2\u0080\u00A9shown\u00E2\u0080\u00A9here\u00E2\u0080\u00A9using\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Klason\u00E2\u0080\u00A9procedure\u00E2\u0080\u00A9are\u00E2\u0080\u00A9similar\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9other\u00E2\u0080\u00A94CL1pro\u00C2\u00ADSND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9line\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(F\u00E2\u0080\u00905)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9analyzed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9using\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9acetyl\u00E2\u0080\u0090bromide\u00E2\u0080\u00A9based\u00E2\u0080\u00A9method.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Table\u00E2\u0080\u00A94.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Cell\u00E2\u0080\u00A9wall\u00E2\u0080\u00A9composition\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9roots\u00E2\u0080\u00A9from\u00E2\u0080\u00A9empty\u00E2\u0080\u00A9vector\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transgenic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lines\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 overexpressing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 SND1.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Numbers\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 represent\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 milligrams\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cellulose,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 hemicellulose\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9per\u00E2\u0080\u00A9100\u00E2\u0080\u00A9milligrams\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9initial\u00E2\u0080\u00A9dry\u00E2\u0080\u00A9weight.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Absolute\u00E2\u0080\u00A9values\u00E2\u0080\u00A9shown\u00E2\u0080\u00A9are\u00E2\u0080\u00A9from\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9single\u00E2\u0080\u00A9biological\u00E2\u0080\u00A9replicate.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 63\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 3.6\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Phenotypic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9analysis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transgenic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plants\u00E2\u0080\u00A9overexpressing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 3.6.1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Seed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9phenotyping\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9It\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 desirable\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 avoid\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 pleiotropic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 effects\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 might\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 result\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 from\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 constitutive\u00E2\u0080\u00A9overexpression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 target\u00E2\u0080\u00A9genes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9agricultural\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 systems,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9which\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9why\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9ability\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9drive\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 transgene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 location\u00E2\u0080\u0090specific\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 controlled\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 manner\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9important.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 I\u00E2\u0080\u00A9wished\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 determine\u00E2\u0080\u00A9whether\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 transgenic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 plants\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 overexpressing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 SND1,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 displayed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 any\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 phenotypes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 might\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 reflect\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 an\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 impact\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 transgene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 on\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 normal\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 growth\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9development.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 As\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 one\u00E2\u0080\u00A9measure\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 overall\u00E2\u0080\u00A9growth\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 productivity,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 I\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 decided\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 analyze\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 seed\u00E2\u0080\u0090related\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 traits.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 My\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 transgenic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plants\u00E2\u0080\u00A9overexpressing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9did\u00E2\u0080\u00A9not\u00E2\u0080\u00A9show\u00E2\u0080\u00A9significant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9deviations\u00E2\u0080\u00A9from\u00E2\u0080\u00A9control\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plants\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(empty\u00E2\u0080\u00A9vector\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lines)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 terms\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9average\u00E2\u0080\u00A9number\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 seeds\u00E2\u0080\u00A9per\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 silique,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 average\u00E2\u0080\u00A9silique\u00E2\u0080\u00A9length,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9or\u00E2\u0080\u00A9average\u00E2\u0080\u00A9germination\u00E2\u0080\u00A9rate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9when\u00E2\u0080\u00A9compared\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9empty\u00E2\u0080\u00A9vector\u00E2\u0080\u00A9control\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lines\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Fig.\u00E2\u0080\u00A911;\u00E2\u0080\u00A9A,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9B\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9D).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Average\u00E2\u0080\u00A9seed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9weights\u00E2\u0080\u00A9for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9all\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lines\u00E2\u0080\u00A9fell\u00E2\u0080\u00A9into\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9range\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A918\u00E2\u0080\u009025\u00C2\u00B5g\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 per\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 seed.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 results\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 average\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 weight\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 per\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 seed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 showed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 significant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9differences\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Fig.\u00E2\u0080\u00A911;\u00E2\u0080\u00A9C)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9represented\u00E2\u0080\u00A9by\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lack\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9overlap\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9error\u00E2\u0080\u00A9bars,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9but\u00E2\u0080\u00A9significant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9variation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9also\u00E2\u0080\u00A9seen\u00E2\u0080\u00A9for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9both\u00E2\u0080\u00A9control\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lines\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9well.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9A\u00E2\u0080\u00A9one\u00E2\u0080\u0090way\u00E2\u0080\u00A9ANOVA\u00E2\u0080\u00A9test\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 overall\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 model\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 done\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 determine\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 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this\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 case,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 p\u00E2\u0080\u0090value\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 small\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 P\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 =\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 0.000\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Appendix\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 E),\u00E2\u0080\u00A9therefore\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 there\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 statistically\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 significant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 difference\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lateral\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 density\u00E2\u0080\u00A9among\u00E2\u0080\u00A9genotypes.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 66\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Figure\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 12.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Primary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 extention,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lateral\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 formation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 number\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 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the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 control\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 more\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 root\u00E2\u0080\u0090specific\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 promoters,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 I\u00E2\u0080\u00A9conducted\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 histochemical\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 analysis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 root\u00E2\u0080\u0090hypocotyl\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 various\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 different\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transgenic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9genotypes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9I\u00E2\u0080\u00A9had\u00E2\u0080\u00A9developed.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Root\u00E2\u0080\u0090hypocotyls\u00E2\u0080\u00A9were\u00E2\u0080\u00A9fixed,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9embedded\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 paraffin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9wax\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 sectioned.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 For\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 visualization\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lignified\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 secondary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9walls,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9sections\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 were\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 stained\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 with\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 phloroglucinol\u00E2\u0080\u0090HCl\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 reagent\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Pomar\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2002).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Phloroglucinol\u00E2\u0080\u0093HCl\u00E2\u0080\u00A9staining\u00E2\u0080\u00A9should\u00E2\u0080\u00A9identify\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cell\u00E2\u0080\u00A9walls\u00E2\u0080\u00A9that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9have\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9deposition,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9by\u00E2\u0080\u00A9staining\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 them\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 red.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 However,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 my\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 transgenic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 plants\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 did\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 not\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 show\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 any\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 visible\u00E2\u0080\u00A9differences\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 deposition\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 when\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 compared\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 with\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 empty\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 vector\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 controls\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Fig.\u00E2\u0080\u00A914).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 There\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 notable\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 variation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 content\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 along\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 5mm\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 sections\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9hypocotyl\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 analyzed,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 however,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 which\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 made\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 it\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 difficult\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 establish\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 developmental\u00E2\u0080\u00A9equivalencies.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Nevertheless,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 histochemical\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 results\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 suggest\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9overexpression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 tissue\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 had\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 produced\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 no\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 observable\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 difference\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9deposition\u00E2\u0080\u00A9patterns\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9tissues\u00E2\u0080\u00A9analyzed.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 69\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Figure\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 14.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Wax\u00C2\u00ADembedded\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 root\u00C2\u00ADhypocotyl\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cross\u00C2\u00ADsections\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 overexpressors\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9empty\u00E2\u0080\u00A9vector\u00E2\u0080\u00A9control\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lines.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9The\u00E2\u0080\u00A910\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00C2\u00B5m\u00E2\u0080\u00A9sections\u00E2\u0080\u00A9were\u00E2\u0080\u00A9stained\u00E2\u0080\u00A9with\u00E2\u0080\u00A9phloroglucinol\u00E2\u0080\u0090HCl\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 show\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lignified\u00E2\u0080\u00A9walls.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9X=xylem,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9P=phloem\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9NV=non\u00E2\u0080\u0090vascular.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Scale\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 bars\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 represent\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 200\u00C2\u00B5m\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 at\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 5x\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 magnification.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 A=A\u00E2\u0080\u00907;\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 B=D\u00E2\u0080\u00906;\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 C=EV\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(safener\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 treated);\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 D=F\u00E2\u0080\u00907;\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 E=G\u00E2\u0080\u00908;\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 F=EV.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 A,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 B\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 C\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 were\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 treated\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 with\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 100\u00C2\u00B5M\u00E2\u0080\u00A9benoxacor\u00E2\u0080\u00A9for\u00E2\u0080\u00A924\u00E2\u0080\u00A9hours.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9To\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 further\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 analyze\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 deposition\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 patterns,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 autofluorescence\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9monitored\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 tissues\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 irradiated\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 with\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 UV\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 light\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 at\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 360\u00C2\u00B140nm\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Fig.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 15).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Autofluorescence\u00E2\u0080\u00A9at\u00E2\u0080\u00A9this\u00E2\u0080\u00A9irradiation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9wavelength\u00E2\u0080\u00A9allows\u00E2\u0080\u00A9an\u00E2\u0080\u00A9assessment\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9overall\u00E2\u0080\u00A9localization\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 tissues\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 are\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lignified\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Tao\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2009).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Observations\u00E2\u0080\u00A9from\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 low\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(5x)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9high\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (40x)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9magnification\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (data\u00E2\u0080\u00A9not\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 shown)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9revealed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9no\u00E2\u0080\u00A9apparent\u00E2\u0080\u00A9differences\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9location\u00E2\u0080\u00A9or\u00E2\u0080\u00A9architecture.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Again,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9there\u00E2\u0080\u00A9was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9some\u00E2\u0080\u00A9variation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9observed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9fluorescence\u00E2\u0080\u00A9along\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A95mm\u00E2\u0080\u00A9developmental\u00E2\u0080\u00A9gradient.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9However,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9seen\u00E2\u0080\u00A9at\u00E2\u0080\u00A920x\u00E2\u0080\u00A9magnification\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Fig.\u00E2\u0080\u00A915)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9there\u00E2\u0080\u00A9was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9no\u00E2\u0080\u00A9substantial\u00E2\u0080\u00A9difference\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cell\u00E2\u0080\u00A9wall\u00E2\u0080\u00A9thickness\u00E2\u0080\u00A9or\u00E2\u0080\u00A9organization\u00E2\u0080\u00A9among\u00E2\u0080\u00A9sections\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9tissues\u00E2\u0080\u00A9analyzed.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 GSTU19pro-SND1 Empty Vector Empty Vector 4CL1pro-SND1 B C D E F A NV P X \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 70\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Figure\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 15.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Auto\u00C2\u00ADfluorescence\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 root\u00C2\u00ADhypocotyl\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cross\u00C2\u00ADsections.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 UV\u00E2\u0080\u00A9fluorescence\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 microscopy\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (UV\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 360\u00C2\u00B140nm)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 10\u00C2\u00B5m\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 wax\u00E2\u0080\u0090embedded\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cross\u00E2\u0080\u0090sections\u00E2\u0080\u00A9visualized\u00E2\u0080\u00A9at\u00E2\u0080\u00A920x\u00E2\u0080\u00A9magnification.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Bars=50\u00C2\u00B5m.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9A=A\u00E2\u0080\u00907;\u00E2\u0080\u00A9B=D\u00E2\u0080\u00906;\u00E2\u0080\u00A9C=EV\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(safener\u00E2\u0080\u00A9treated);\u00E2\u0080\u00A9D=F\u00E2\u0080\u00907;\u00E2\u0080\u00A9E=G\u00E2\u0080\u00908;\u00E2\u0080\u00A9F=EV.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 A B C D E F GSTU19pro-SND1 Empty Vector 4CL1pro-SND1 Empty Vector \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 71\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 4.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Discussion\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Soils\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 represent\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9main\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 carbon\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 pool\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 global\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 carbon\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cycle.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Photosynthesis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9enables\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plants\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9convert\u00E2\u0080\u00A9atmospheric\u00E2\u0080\u00A9CO2\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 into\u00E2\u0080\u00A9carbohydrates\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(such\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9starch\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cellulose)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9or\u00E2\u0080\u00A9into\u00E2\u0080\u00A9other\u00E2\u0080\u00A9more\u00E2\u0080\u00A9stable\u00E2\u0080\u00A9organic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9carbon\u00E2\u0080\u00A9forms\u00E2\u0080\u00A9such\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Zibilske\u00E2\u0080\u00A9&\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Bradford\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2007).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Next\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cellulose,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 second\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 most\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 abundant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 carbon\u00E2\u0080\u00A9biopolymer\u00E2\u0080\u00A9on\u00E2\u0080\u00A9earth,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9accounting\u00E2\u0080\u00A9for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9an\u00E2\u0080\u00A9estimated\u00E2\u0080\u00A930%\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9organic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9carbon\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(C)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 biosphere\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Dungait\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2008).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 It\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 known\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 abundance,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 tissue\u00E2\u0080\u00A9distribution\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9composition\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9this\u00E2\u0080\u00A9important\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cell\u00E2\u0080\u00A9wall\u00E2\u0080\u00A9polymer\u00E2\u0080\u00A9can\u00E2\u0080\u00A9have\u00E2\u0080\u00A9an\u00E2\u0080\u00A9important\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 effect\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 on\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9health,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9well\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 agro\u00E2\u0080\u0090industrial\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 processing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 carbon\u00E2\u0080\u00A9sequestration\u00E2\u0080\u00A9potential\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Saballos\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92009).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9In\u00E2\u0080\u00A9fact,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9decomposition\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9roots\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9residues\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9soils\u00E2\u0080\u00A9used\u00E2\u0080\u00A9for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9agriculture,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9forestry\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9land\u00E2\u0080\u00A9reclamation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9has\u00E2\u0080\u00A9been\u00E2\u0080\u00A9recognized\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9potential\u00E2\u0080\u00A9option\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9sequester\u00E2\u0080\u00A9carbon\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9mitigate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9global\u00E2\u0080\u00A9change\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 by\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 trapping\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 carbon\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 into\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 longer\u00E2\u0080\u0090lived\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 pools\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Kumar\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2006).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Furthermore,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 high\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 content\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 polyphenolic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 compounds,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 such\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lignin,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9residues\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 can\u00E2\u0080\u00A9prolong\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 retention\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 C\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 soils\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Zibilske\u00E2\u0080\u00A9&\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Bradford\u00E2\u0080\u00A92007).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Soil\u00E2\u0080\u00A9organic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9carbon\u00E2\u0080\u00A9is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9an\u00E2\u0080\u00A9essential\u00E2\u0080\u00A9component\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9healthy\u00E2\u0080\u00A9soils\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9has\u00E2\u0080\u00A9been\u00E2\u0080\u00A9reported\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9increase\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9water\u00E2\u0080\u0090holding\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 capability\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 sandy\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 soil\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 improve\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 structural\u00E2\u0080\u00A9stability\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 clay\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 loam\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 soils\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 by\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 helping\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 form\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 particle\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 aggregates\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Zibilske\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 &\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Bradford\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2007).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Soil\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 organic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 carbon\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 an\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 effective\u00E2\u0080\u00A9medium\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 sequestration\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9inorganic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9nutrients;\u00E2\u0080\u00A9it\u00E2\u0080\u00A9can\u00E2\u0080\u00A9bind\u00E2\u0080\u00A9both\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cations\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9trace\u00E2\u0080\u00A9elements\u00E2\u0080\u00A9that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9can\u00E2\u0080\u00A9affect\u00E2\u0080\u00A9crop\u00E2\u0080\u00A9growth\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9yield.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9This\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 yield\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 enhancement\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 can\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 involve\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 either\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9direct\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 supply\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9nutrients\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9systems,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9or\u00E2\u0080\u00A9indirectly\u00E2\u0080\u00A9alter\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9physical\u00E2\u0080\u00A9properties\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9soil,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 72\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 thus\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 improving\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 environment\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 stimulating\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 growth\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Hati\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92007).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 sequestration\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 capacity\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 organic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 carbon\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 soils\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 advantageous\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plants\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 when\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 it\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 comes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 stress\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 because\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 roots\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 serve\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 proverbial\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 foot\u00E2\u0080\u00A9soldiers\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plant\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00E2\u0080\u00A9battle\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9survive\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9an\u00E2\u0080\u00A9often\u00E2\u0080\u00A9hostile\u00E2\u0080\u00A9environment.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9Roots\u00E2\u0080\u00A9are\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 first\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9most\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 critical\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 organ\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 experience\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 nutrient\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 deficiency,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 drought,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9osmotic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 ionic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9stress,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9soil\u00E2\u0080\u00A9salinization,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9heavy\u00E2\u0080\u00A9metal\u00E2\u0080\u00A9accumulation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9pathogen\u00E2\u0080\u00A9interactions.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 In\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 response\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 these\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 various\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 stresses,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 plants\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 undergo\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 physiological\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9metabolic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9changes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9underpinned\u00E2\u0080\u00A9by\u00E2\u0080\u00A9alterations\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9produce,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9among\u00E2\u0080\u00A9other\u00E2\u0080\u00A9things,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9complex\u00E2\u0080\u00A9mixtures\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9biologically\u00E2\u0080\u00A9active\u00E2\u0080\u00A9secondary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9metabolites\u00E2\u0080\u00A9involved\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 important\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 processes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 such\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cellular\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 protection\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 ion\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 homeostasis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Jones\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92008).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9For\u00E2\u0080\u00A9example,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9production\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 secondary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9metabolites\u00E2\u0080\u00A9via\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9phenylpropanoid\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 pathway\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 provides\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 intermediates\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 synthesis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 UV\u00E2\u0080\u00A9protectants\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (flavonols),\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 defense\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 compounds\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (isoflavonoids),\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 pigments\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(anthocyanins/flavonols),\u00E2\u0080\u00A9nodulation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9inducers\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(flavones)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lignins\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(monolignols)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Kumar\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92006;\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Nessler\u00E2\u0080\u00A91994).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9As\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 model\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 engineering\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 increases\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 soil\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 carbon\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 stocks\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (if\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 implemented\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9widely\u00E2\u0080\u00A9planted\u00E2\u0080\u00A9crop\u00E2\u0080\u00A9system),\u00E2\u0080\u00A9I\u00E2\u0080\u00A9proposed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9create\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transgenic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Arabidopsis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plants\u00E2\u0080\u00A9with\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 ability\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 produce\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 enhanced\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 levels\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 their\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 roots.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 To\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 engineer\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transgenic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plants\u00E2\u0080\u00A9with\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9desired\u00E2\u0080\u00A9phenotype,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9such\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9enhanced\u00E2\u0080\u00A9root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lignin,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9choice\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9promoter\u00E2\u0080\u00A9is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9crucial\u00E2\u0080\u00A9factor.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Strong\u00E2\u0080\u00A9promoters\u00E2\u0080\u00A9are\u00E2\u0080\u00A9needed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9effective\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transgene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cells,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9but\u00E2\u0080\u00A9regrettably,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9most\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9widely\u00E2\u0080\u00A9used\u00E2\u0080\u00A9constitutive\u00E2\u0080\u00A9gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 systems,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 like\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 35S\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 promoter\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 from\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Cauliflower\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Mosaic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Virus\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 73\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (CaMV35S),\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 can\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 produce\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 undesirable\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 pleiotropic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 effects\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 due\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 spatially\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and/or\u00E2\u0080\u00A9temporally\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 inappropriate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 ectopic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 patterns\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Yoshida\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 &\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Shinmyo\u00E2\u0080\u00A92000).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9For\u00E2\u0080\u00A9my\u00E2\u0080\u00A9project,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9it\u00E2\u0080\u00A9was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9desirable\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9restrict\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transgene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9exclusively\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 tissues.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 So\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 far,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 only\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 handful\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 root\u00E2\u0080\u0090specific\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 promoters\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 have\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 been\u00E2\u0080\u00A9identified\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9species\u00E2\u0080\u00A9such\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Arabidopsis,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9rice,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9tomato\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9tobacco.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9However,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9these\u00E2\u0080\u00A9promoters\u00E2\u0080\u00A9are\u00E2\u0080\u00A9often\u00E2\u0080\u00A9limited\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9their\u00E2\u0080\u00A9applicability\u00E2\u0080\u00A9due\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to:\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9restricted\u00E2\u0080\u00A9activity\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9specific\u00E2\u0080\u00A9developmental\u00E2\u0080\u00A9stages,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9regions\u00E2\u0080\u00A9or\u00E2\u0080\u00A9tissues\u00E2\u0080\u00A9within\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9structure,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9b)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9undesirable\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 effects\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 biotic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 abiotic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 factors\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 on\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 their\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 regulation,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 or\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 c)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9requirement\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 specific\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 growth\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 conditions\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Jones\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2008).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Genes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 controlling\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cell\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 fate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Arabidopsis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 15\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 different\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 zones\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (endodermis,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 endodermis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cortex,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 epidermal\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 atrichoblasts\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lateral\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cap)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 relate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cell\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 types\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9tissues\u00E2\u0080\u00A9at\u00E2\u0080\u00A9progressive\u00E2\u0080\u00A9developmental\u00E2\u0080\u00A9stages\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(stage\u00E2\u0080\u00A91,\u00E2\u0080\u00A92\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A93)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9have\u00E2\u0080\u00A9been\u00E2\u0080\u00A9previously\u00E2\u0080\u00A9described\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Birnbaum\u00E2\u0080\u00A9&\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Benfey,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2004).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Data\u00E2\u0080\u00A9mining\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 complete\u00E2\u0080\u00A9microarray\u00E2\u0080\u00A9gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9data\u00E2\u0080\u00A9set\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 from\u00E2\u0080\u00A9these\u00E2\u0080\u00A9studies\u00E2\u0080\u00A9enabled\u00E2\u0080\u00A9me\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9develop\u00E2\u0080\u00A9my\u00E2\u0080\u00A9own\u00E2\u0080\u00A9list\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9candidate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 genes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 whose\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 promoters\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 could\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 be\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 used\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 drive\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 expression.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9These\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 candidate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 genes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9were\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 then\u00E2\u0080\u00A9examined\u00E2\u0080\u00A9within\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Genevestigator\u00E2\u0080\u00A9microarray\u00E2\u0080\u00A9database\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Hruz\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2008,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 https://www.genevestigator.com)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 relative\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 roots\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 compared\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 other\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 organs\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 tissues.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Based\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 on\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 these\u00E2\u0080\u00A9results,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9one\u00E2\u0080\u00A9candidate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9gene,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9GSTU19,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9selected\u00E2\u0080\u00A9for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9further\u00E2\u0080\u00A9analysis.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 second\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 candidate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 gene,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 4CL1,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 selected\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 based\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 on\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 previous\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 studies\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9reported\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 high\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 levels\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 4CL1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 seedling\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 roots.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Specifically,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transgenic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Arabidopsis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 plants\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 containing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 4CL1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 or\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 4CL2\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 promoter\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 fused\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 74\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 beta\u00E2\u0080\u0090glucuronidase\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (GUS)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 reporter\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 showed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 developmentally\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 regulated\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 GUS\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9xylem\u00E2\u0080\u00A9tissues\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9both\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9shoot,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9with\u00E2\u0080\u00A9At4CL1::GUS\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lines\u00E2\u0080\u00A9showing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9its\u00E2\u0080\u00A9highest\u00E2\u0080\u00A9levels\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9seedling\u00E2\u0080\u00A9roots\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Soltani\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92006).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9In\u00E2\u0080\u00A9order\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9confirm\u00E2\u0080\u00A9these\u00E2\u0080\u00A94CL1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9results\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9validate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9potential\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9these\u00E2\u0080\u00A9candidate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9promoters\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 drive\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 transgene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 roots,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 both\u00E2\u0080\u00A9candidate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 genes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 checked\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 using\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 semi\u00E2\u0080\u0090quantitative\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 reverse\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 transcription\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (RT)\u00E2\u0080\u0090PCR\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 flower,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 leaf,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 stem\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 roots\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 four\u00E2\u0080\u0090week\u00E2\u0080\u0090oldplants.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 4CL1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 showed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 only\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9negligible\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 increase\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 roots\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 compared\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 other\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 tissues\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 but\u00E2\u0080\u00A9was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9retained\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9candidate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9based\u00E2\u0080\u00A9on\u00E2\u0080\u00A9earlier\u00E2\u0080\u00A9studies\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9organ\u00E2\u0080\u0090specific\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9pattern\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A94CL1,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9which\u00E2\u0080\u00A9detected\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9highest\u00E2\u0080\u00A94CL1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9mRNA\u00E2\u0080\u00A9levels\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A93\u00E2\u0080\u0090day\u00E2\u0080\u0090old\u00E2\u0080\u00A9seedling\u00E2\u0080\u00A9roots\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9bolting\u00E2\u0080\u00A9stems\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9mature\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plants\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Soltani\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92006;\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Ehlting\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92002).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9This\u00E2\u0080\u00A9difference\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9patterns\u00E2\u0080\u00A9among\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9organs,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9among\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 these\u00E2\u0080\u00A9organs\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 at\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 different\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 stages\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 development,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 suggests\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 4CL1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 may\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 exhibit\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 some\u00E2\u0080\u00A9root\u00E2\u0080\u0090specificity\u00E2\u0080\u00A9but\u00E2\u0080\u00A9only\u00E2\u0080\u00A9at\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9given\u00E2\u0080\u00A9point\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plant\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00E2\u0080\u00A9growth\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cycle.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9As\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9side\u00E2\u0080\u00A9note,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 4CL1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 promoter\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 an\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 attractive\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 candidate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 due\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 its\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 active\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 involvement\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9channeling\u00E2\u0080\u00A9carbon\u00E2\u0080\u00A9flow\u00E2\u0080\u00A9into\u00E2\u0080\u00A9branch\u00E2\u0080\u00A9pathways\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9phenylpropanoid\u00E2\u0080\u00A9metabolism.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9This\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 RT\u00E2\u0080\u0090PCR\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 analysis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 also\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 demonstrated\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 GSTU19\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 fact\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 expressed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 at\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9noticeably\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 higher\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 level\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 roots\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 compared\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 other\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 organs.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 These\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 results\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 were\u00E2\u0080\u00A9consistent\u00E2\u0080\u00A9with\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Genevestigator\u00E2\u0080\u00A9heat\u00E2\u0080\u00A9map\u00E2\u0080\u00A9profile\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9well\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9with\u00E2\u0080\u00A9previous\u00E2\u0080\u00A9studies\u00E2\u0080\u00A9showing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9that,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9under\u00E2\u0080\u00A9control\u00E2\u0080\u00A9conditions,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9GSTU19\u00E2\u0080\u00A9mRNA\u00E2\u0080\u00A9was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9higher\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9roots\u00E2\u0080\u00A9than\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9shoots\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(DeRidder\u00E2\u0080\u00A9&\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Goldsbrough\u00E2\u0080\u00A92006).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9In\u00E2\u0080\u00A9summary,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9data\u00E2\u0080\u00A9shown\u00E2\u0080\u00A9for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A94CL1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9GSTU19\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9different\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9organs\u00E2\u0080\u00A9along\u00E2\u0080\u00A9with\u00E2\u0080\u00A9evidence\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 75\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 from\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9previous\u00E2\u0080\u00A9studies\u00E2\u0080\u00A9mentioned,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9suggests\u00E2\u0080\u00A9that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9promoters\u00E2\u0080\u00A9from\u00E2\u0080\u00A9these\u00E2\u0080\u00A9genes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9could\u00E2\u0080\u00A9both\u00E2\u0080\u00A9be\u00E2\u0080\u00A9good\u00E2\u0080\u00A9candidates\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9drive\u00E2\u0080\u00A9SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transgene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9roots,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9but\u00E2\u0080\u00A9for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9different\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 reasons.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Based\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 on\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 my\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 results\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 from\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 RT\u00E2\u0080\u0090PCR\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 analysis,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 4CL1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9promoter\u00E2\u0080\u00A9does\u00E2\u0080\u00A9not\u00E2\u0080\u00A9seem\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9be\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9good\u00E2\u0080\u00A9candidate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9driving\u00E2\u0080\u00A9root\u00E2\u0080\u0090specific\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9but\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 conversely,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 GSTU19\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 does\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 seem\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 have\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 potential\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 drive\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 root\u00E2\u0080\u0090specific\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9which\u00E2\u0080\u00A9is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9further\u00E2\u0080\u00A9supported\u00E2\u0080\u00A9by\u00E2\u0080\u00A9this\u00E2\u0080\u00A9promoters\u00E2\u0080\u00A9ability\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9be\u00E2\u0080\u00A9induced\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9specific\u00E2\u0080\u00A9manner\u00E2\u0080\u00A9when\u00E2\u0080\u00A9treated\u00E2\u0080\u00A9with\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9herbicide\u00E2\u0080\u00A9safener\u00E2\u0080\u00A9benoxacor.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 ability\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 turn\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 on\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 both\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 spatially\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 temporally\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 offers\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9opportunity\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 fine\u00E2\u0080\u0090tune\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 ectopic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 without\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 compromising\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9viability\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9organism\u00E2\u0080\u00A9or\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9function\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9organ\u00E2\u0080\u00A9being\u00E2\u0080\u00A9altered,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9this\u00E2\u0080\u00A9case\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9roots.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 promoters\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 impart\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 root\u00E2\u0080\u0090specific\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 are\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 interest\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9improving\u00E2\u0080\u00A9tolerance\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9abiotic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9stresses\u00E2\u0080\u00A9such\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9drought\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9salinity,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9engineering\u00E2\u0080\u00A9pathogen\u00E2\u0080\u00A9resistance\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 improving\u00E2\u0080\u00A9nutrient\u00E2\u0080\u00A9uptake\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Vijaybhaskar\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92008),\u00E2\u0080\u00A9due\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9their\u00E2\u0080\u00A9potential\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9express\u00E2\u0080\u00A9recombinant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9proteins,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9such\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Cry\u00E2\u0080\u00A9toxins,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Nitz\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2001;\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Vijaybhaskar\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2008;\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Maizel\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 &\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Weigel\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2004).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Interestingly,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 considerable\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 number\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 root\u00E2\u0080\u0090specific\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 promoters\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 have\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 been\u00E2\u0080\u00A9characterized,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 including:\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Pyk10\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 from\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Arabidopsis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 thaliana\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Nitz\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2001),\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9glycosyltransferase\u00E2\u0080\u00A9gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(At1g73160)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9from\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Arabidopsis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9thaliana\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Vijaybhaskar\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92008),\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 PHT1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 from\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Arabidopsis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 thaliana\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Koyama\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2005),\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9mannopine\u00E2\u0080\u00A9synthase\u00E2\u0080\u00A92'\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(mas2')\u00E2\u0080\u00A9promoter\u00E2\u0080\u00A9from\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Agrobacterium\u00E2\u0080\u00A9tumefacians\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Ni\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A91996),\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 iron\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 deficiency\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 specific\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 clone\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 no.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (IDS2)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 promoter\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 from\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 barley\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Kobayashi\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92003),\u00E2\u0080\u00A9putrescine\u00E2\u0080\u00A9N\u00E2\u0080\u0090methyltransferase\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(PMT)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Mizusaki\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 76\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 1971)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9TobRB7\u00E2\u0080\u00A9promoter\u00E2\u0080\u00A9from\u00E2\u0080\u00A9tobacco\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Yamamoto\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A91991)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9SlREO\u00E2\u0080\u00A9gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9from\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Solanum\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lycopersicum.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Despite\u00E2\u0080\u00A9these\u00E2\u0080\u00A9examples,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9strong\u00E2\u0080\u00A9root\u00E2\u0080\u0090specific\u00E2\u0080\u00A9promoters\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(i.e.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9promoters\u00E2\u0080\u00A9that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9provide\u00E2\u0080\u00A9for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9high\u00E2\u0080\u00A9level\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9can\u00E2\u0080\u00A9be\u00E2\u0080\u00A9used\u00E2\u0080\u00A9for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9various\u00E2\u0080\u00A9crop\u00E2\u0080\u00A9improvements\u00E2\u0080\u00A9are\u00E2\u0080\u00A9still\u00E2\u0080\u00A9thought\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9be\u00E2\u0080\u00A9limited\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Cai\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92007).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Indeed,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9when\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 I\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 examined\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 level\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 so\u00E2\u0080\u0090called\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u009Croot\u00E2\u0080\u0090specific\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Arabidopsis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9promoters\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (mentioned\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 above)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9within\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Birnbaum\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (2003)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 data\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 set\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 used\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9identify\u00E2\u0080\u00A9GSTU19,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 I\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 found\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 their\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 relative\u00E2\u0080\u00A9probe\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 intensity\u00E2\u0080\u00A9values\u00E2\u0080\u00A9within\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 stele\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9endo\u00E2\u0080\u0090cortex,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 fell\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 below\u00E2\u0080\u00A9my\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 chosen\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cutoff\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 1500\u00E2\u0080\u00905000.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9They\u00E2\u0080\u00A9were\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 therefore\u00E2\u0080\u00A9excluded\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 from\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 this\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 project,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 but\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 does\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 not\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 mean\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 they\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 should\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 be\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 rejected\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9candidate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9promoters\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9drive\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 root\u00E2\u0080\u0090specific\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 transgenes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 general.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Further\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 studies\u00E2\u0080\u00A9could\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 test\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 strength\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 these\u00E2\u0080\u00A9promoters\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 experimentally\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 by\u00E2\u0080\u00A9quantifying\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9GUS\u00E2\u0080\u00A9activity\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expressed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9promoter::GUS\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transgenic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lines.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Moreover,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9when\u00E2\u0080\u00A9considering\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 use\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 these\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 promoters\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 genetic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 engineering,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 it\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 may\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 be\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 important\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9determine\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (via\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 data\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 set\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Birnbaum\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (2003)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 or\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 by\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 promoter::GUS\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 patterns)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 which\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 tissues\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 these\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 promoters\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 are\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 predominantly\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expressed,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9so\u00E2\u0080\u00A9that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9their\u00E2\u0080\u00A9usefulness\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9drive\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transgene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9can\u00E2\u0080\u00A9be\u00E2\u0080\u00A9assessed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9context\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9particular\u00E2\u0080\u00A9biological\u00E2\u0080\u00A9questions\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9objectives.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9identification\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9afore\u00E2\u0080\u0090mentioned\u00E2\u0080\u00A9root\u00E2\u0080\u0090specific\u00E2\u0080\u00A9promoters\u00E2\u0080\u00A9from\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9primary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9literature,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 along\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 with\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 various\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 other\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 candidates\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 I\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 screened,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 raises\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 an\u00E2\u0080\u00A9interesting\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 question:\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 What\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 makes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 promoter\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 root\u00E2\u0080\u0090specific?\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 answer\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 this\u00E2\u0080\u00A9question\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 remains\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 somewhat\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 inconclusive,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 but\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 there\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 some\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 evidence\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 suggesting\u00E2\u0080\u00A9that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9determined,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9at\u00E2\u0080\u00A9least\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9part,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9by\u00E2\u0080\u00A9motifs\u00E2\u0080\u00A9or\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cis\u00E2\u0080\u0090elements,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9within\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 77\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9promoter\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 sequence\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 regulated\u00E2\u0080\u00A9genes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Cai\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92007).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 In\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plants,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 distinct\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cis\u00E2\u0080\u0090regulatory\u00E2\u0080\u00A9elements\u00E2\u0080\u00A9have\u00E2\u0080\u00A9been\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 linked\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 specific\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 responses\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9various\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 treatments,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9analysis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9associated\u00E2\u0080\u00A9DNA\u00E2\u0080\u00A9sequence\u00E2\u0080\u00A9motifs\u00E2\u0080\u00A9has\u00E2\u0080\u00A9resulted\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9elucidation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 number\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 promoter\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 sequence\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 motifs\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 related\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 stress\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 responses,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9developmental\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 organ\u00E2\u0080\u0090specific\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 regulation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Ma\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 &\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Bohnert\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2007).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9characteristics\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9some\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9these\u00E2\u0080\u00A9root\u00E2\u0080\u0090specific\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cis\u00E2\u0080\u0090acting\u00E2\u0080\u00A9regulatory\u00E2\u0080\u00A9DNA\u00E2\u0080\u00A9elements\u00E2\u0080\u00A9are\u00E2\u0080\u00A9summarized\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Table\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 5.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 In\u00E2\u0080\u00A9my\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 silico\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 analysis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A94CL1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 promoter\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 using\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9PLACE\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Cis\u00E2\u0080\u0090acting\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Regulatory\u00E2\u0080\u00A9DNA\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Elements)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9database,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 almost\u00E2\u0080\u00A9all\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cis\u00E2\u0080\u0090regulatory\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 motifs\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 mentioned\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Table\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 5\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 were\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 present,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 with\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 exception\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9ACGTROOT1,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9TELO\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9SORLIP1AT\u00E2\u0080\u00A9elements.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Similarly,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9my\u00E2\u0080\u00A9analysis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9GSTU19\u00E2\u0080\u00A9promoter\u00E2\u0080\u00A9showed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 it\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 contained\u00E2\u0080\u00A9almost\u00E2\u0080\u00A9all\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9motifs\u00E2\u0080\u00A9with\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9exception\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9ACGTROOT1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9TELO\u00E2\u0080\u00A9elements.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9These\u00E2\u0080\u00A9findings\u00E2\u0080\u00A9suggest\u00E2\u0080\u00A9that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9these\u00E2\u0080\u00A9elements\u00E2\u0080\u00A9could\u00E2\u0080\u00A9play\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 role\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 conferring\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 root\u00E2\u0080\u0090specificity\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 previously\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 described\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 these\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 genes,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9albeit\u00E2\u0080\u00A9at\u00E2\u0080\u00A9different\u00E2\u0080\u00A9stages\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9growth\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9development.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9For\u00E2\u0080\u00A9this\u00E2\u0080\u00A9reason,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9I\u00E2\u0080\u00A9chose\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9largest\u00E2\u0080\u00A9possible\u00E2\u0080\u00A9promoter\u00E2\u0080\u00A9region\u00E2\u0080\u00A9sequences\u00E2\u0080\u00A9for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9my\u00E2\u0080\u00A9constructs\u00E2\u0080\u00A9that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9excluded\u00E2\u0080\u00A9any\u00E2\u0080\u00A9upstream\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 genes,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 yet\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 included\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 many\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 putative\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 root\u00E2\u0080\u0090specific\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 regulatory\u00E2\u0080\u00A9elements\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9possible.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 78\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Table\u00E2\u0080\u00A95.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Summary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cis\u00C2\u00ADacting\u00E2\u0080\u00A9regulatory\u00E2\u0080\u00A9DNA\u00E2\u0080\u00A9elements\u00E2\u0080\u00A9associated\u00E2\u0080\u00A9with\u00E2\u0080\u00A9root\u00C2\u00AD specific\u00E2\u0080\u00A9gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Putative\u00E2\u0080\u00A9root\u00C2\u00ADspecific\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 element\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Sequence\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Description\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Reference\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 ARFAT\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 TGTCTC\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 ARF\u00E2\u0080\u00A9binding\u00E2\u0080\u00A9site\u00E2\u0080\u00A9found\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9promoters\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9primary/early\u00E2\u0080\u00A9auxin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9response\u00E2\u0080\u00A9genes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Arabidopsis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9thaliana.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Inukai\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92005)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 ASF1MOTIFCAMV\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 TGACG\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 A\u00E2\u0080\u00A9xenobiotic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9stress\u00E2\u0080\u0090activated\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transcription\u00E2\u0080\u00A9factor\u00E2\u0080\u00A9that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9binds\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9TGACG\u00E2\u0080\u00A9motif\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expressed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9preferentially\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9apical\u00E2\u0080\u00A9meristems.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Klinedinst\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92000),\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 OSE1ROOTNODULE\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 AAAGAT\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 A\u00E2\u0080\u00A9consensus\u00E2\u0080\u00A9sequence\u00E2\u0080\u00A9motif\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9organ\u00E2\u0080\u0090specific\u00E2\u0080\u00A9elements\u00E2\u0080\u00A9characteristic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9activated\u00E2\u0080\u00A9promoters\u00E2\u0080\u00A9found\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9infected\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cells\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9nodules.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Vieweg\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92004)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 OSE2ROOTNODULE\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 CTCTT\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 A\u00E2\u0080\u00A9consensus\u00E2\u0080\u00A9sequence\u00E2\u0080\u00A9motif\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9organ\u00E2\u0080\u0090specific\u00E2\u0080\u00A9elements\u00E2\u0080\u00A9characteristic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9activated\u00E2\u0080\u00A9promoters\u00E2\u0080\u00A9found\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9infected\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cells\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9nodules.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Vieweg\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92004)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 RAV1AAT\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 CAACA\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Binds\u00E2\u0080\u00A9specifically\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9DNA\u00E2\u0080\u00A9with\u00E2\u0080\u00A9bipartite\u00E2\u0080\u00A9motifs\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9RAV1\u00E2\u0080\u0090A\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(CAACA)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9RAV1\u00E2\u0080\u0090B\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(CACCTG).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9levels\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9RAV1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9were\u00E2\u0080\u00A9reported\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9be\u00E2\u0080\u00A9high\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9rosette\u00E2\u0080\u00A9leaves\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9roots.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Kagaya\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A91999)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 ROOTMOTIFTAPOX1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 ATATT\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Motif\u00E2\u0080\u00A9found\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9rolD\u00E2\u0080\u00A9promoters.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9rol\u00E2\u0080\u00A9A,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9B,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9C\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9D\u00E2\u0080\u00A9genes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9have\u00E2\u0080\u00A9been\u00E2\u0080\u00A9identified\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9main\u00E2\u0080\u00A9determinants\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9hairy\u00E2\u0080\u00A9root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9disease\u00E2\u0080\u00A9caused\u00E2\u0080\u00A9on\u00E2\u0080\u00A9dicots\u00E2\u0080\u00A9by\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Agrobacterium\u00E2\u0080\u00A9rhizogenes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Bettini\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92003).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Elmayan\u00E2\u0080\u00A9&\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Tepfer\u00E2\u0080\u00A91995)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 SORLIP1AT\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 GCCAC\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Sequences\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Over\u00E2\u0080\u0090Represented\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Light\u00E2\u0080\u0090Induced\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Promoters\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(SORLIPs)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Arabidopsis.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Over\u00E2\u0080\u0090represented\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9light\u00E2\u0080\u0090induced\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cotyledon\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9common\u00E2\u0080\u00A9genes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9root\u00E2\u0080\u0090specific\u00E2\u0080\u00A9genes.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Jiao\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92005)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 SP8BFIBSP8BIB\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 TACTATT\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 A\u00E2\u0080\u00A9nuclear\u00E2\u0080\u00A9factor\u00E2\u0080\u00A9that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9binds\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A95\u00E2\u0080\u00B2\u00E2\u0080\u00A9upstream\u00E2\u0080\u00A9regions\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9three\u00E2\u0080\u00A9different\u00E2\u0080\u00A9genes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9coding\u00E2\u0080\u00A9for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9major\u00E2\u0080\u00A9proteins\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9sweet\u00E2\u0080\u00A9potato\u00E2\u0080\u00A9tuberous\u00E2\u0080\u00A9roots.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Ishiguro\u00E2\u0080\u00A9&\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Nakamura\u00E2\u0080\u00A91992)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 SURECOREATSULTR11\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 GAGAC\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Core\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9sulfur\u00E2\u0080\u0090responsive\u00E2\u0080\u00A9element\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(SURE)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9found\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9promoter\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9SULTR1;1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9high\u00E2\u0080\u0090affinity\u00E2\u0080\u00A9sulfate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transporter\u00E2\u0080\u00A9gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Arabidopsis.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9SURE\u00E2\u0080\u00A9contains\u00E2\u0080\u00A9auxin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9response\u00E2\u0080\u00A9factor\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(ARF)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9binding\u00E2\u0080\u00A9sequence\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(GAGACA)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Maruyama\u00E2\u0080\u0090Nakashita\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92005)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 TELO\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 AAACCCTAA\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Found\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Arabidopsis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9eEF1A\u00E2\u0080\u00A9A1gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9promoter\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9well\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A95\u00E2\u0080\u00B2\u00E2\u0080\u00A9region\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9genes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9encoding\u00E2\u0080\u00A9components\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9translational\u00E2\u0080\u00A9apparatus.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Implicated\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9activation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9primordia\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9meristems.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Tremousaygue\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A91999)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 WUSATAg\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 TTAATAG\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Target\u00E2\u0080\u00A9sequence\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9WUS\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9intron\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9AGAMOUS\u00E2\u0080\u00A9gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Arabidopsis.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9WUSCHEL\u00E2\u0080\u0090type\u00E2\u0080\u00A9homoebox\u00E2\u0080\u00A9gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9specifically\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expressed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9central\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cells\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9quiescent\u00E2\u0080\u00A9center\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9apical\u00E2\u0080\u00A9meristem.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Kamiya\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92003)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 79\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 I\u00E2\u0080\u00A9chose\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9use\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9chemical\u00E2\u0080\u0090inducible\u00E2\u0080\u00A9system\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9turn\u00E2\u0080\u00A9on\u00E2\u0080\u00A9gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9at\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9specific\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 time\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 point\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 order\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 avoid\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 possible\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 negative\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 effects\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 constitutive\u00E2\u0080\u00A9gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9benoxacor\u00E2\u0080\u0090inducible\u00E2\u0080\u00A9system\u00E2\u0080\u00A9used\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9induce\u00E2\u0080\u00A9SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9from\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 GSTU19pro\u00C2\u00ADSND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 construct,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 offers\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 an\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 advantage\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 over\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 other\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 available\u00E2\u0080\u00A9chemical\u00E2\u0080\u0090inducible\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 systems.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9My\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 results\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 showed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9GSTU19\u00E2\u0080\u00A9promoter\u00E2\u0080\u00A9was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9already\u00E2\u0080\u00A9root\u00E2\u0080\u0090specific\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9its\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9this\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9could\u00E2\u0080\u00A9be\u00E2\u0080\u00A9further\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 induced\u00E2\u0080\u00A9by\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9herbicide\u00E2\u0080\u00A9safener\u00E2\u0080\u00A9causing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9an\u00E2\u0080\u00A9additional\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 increase\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9within\u00E2\u0080\u00A9that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9organ.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9These\u00E2\u0080\u00A9results\u00E2\u0080\u00A9were\u00E2\u0080\u00A9confirmed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9by\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transcriptional\u00E2\u0080\u00A9analysis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 its\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 downstream\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 targets\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 T3\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 generation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 transgenic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 plants,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9which\u00E2\u0080\u00A9caused\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9marked\u00E2\u0080\u00A9increase\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9preferentially\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9roots.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9These\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 results\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 show\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9when\u00E2\u0080\u00A9driven\u00E2\u0080\u00A9by\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9GSTU19\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 promoter,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 benoxacor\u00E2\u0080\u00A9may\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9fact\u00E2\u0080\u00A9be\u00E2\u0080\u00A9an\u00E2\u0080\u00A9excellent\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 inducer\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transgene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9but\u00E2\u0080\u00A9there\u00E2\u0080\u00A9are\u00E2\u0080\u00A9some\u00E2\u0080\u00A9important\u00E2\u0080\u00A9points\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9consider\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(such\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9induction\u00E2\u0080\u00A9time,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9concentration\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9application\u00E2\u0080\u00A9methods)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9when\u00E2\u0080\u00A9examining\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9potential\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 this\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 safener\u00E2\u0080\u0090induction\u00E2\u0080\u00A9system\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9be\u00E2\u0080\u00A9used\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 root\u00E2\u0080\u0090specific\u00E2\u0080\u00A9crop\u00E2\u0080\u00A9biotechnology\u00E2\u0080\u00A9applications.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9use\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9herbicidal\u00E2\u0080\u00A9safeners\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9chemical\u00E2\u0080\u0090inducible\u00E2\u0080\u00A9gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9systems\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Arabidopsis,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9previously\u00E2\u0080\u00A9examined\u00E2\u0080\u00A9by\u00E2\u0080\u00A9De\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Veylder\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(1997)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9who\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expressed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9In2\u00C2\u00AD2\u00E2\u0080\u00A9promoter\u00E2\u0080\u00A9from\u00E2\u0080\u00A9maize\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Arabidopsis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 induced\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 its\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 by\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 treatment\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 with\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 benzenesulfonamide\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 herbicide\u00E2\u0080\u00A9safeners.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9Similar\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 later\u00E2\u0080\u00A9studies\u00E2\u0080\u00A9done\u00E2\u0080\u00A9on\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 induction\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9GSTs\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Arabidopsis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9by\u00E2\u0080\u00A9herbicide\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 safeners\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (DeRidder\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 &\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Goldsbrough\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2006;\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 DeRidder\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2002),\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 GUS\u00E2\u0080\u00A9staining\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9In2\u00C2\u00AD2\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transgenic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lines\u00E2\u0080\u00A9was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9visible\u00E2\u0080\u00A9exclusively\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9soon\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A924\u00E2\u0080\u00A9hours\u00E2\u0080\u00A9after\u00E2\u0080\u00A9induction.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9In\u00E2\u0080\u00A9addition,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9authors\u00E2\u0080\u00A9conducted\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9time\u00E2\u0080\u0090course\u00E2\u0080\u00A9experiment\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 80\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 on\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 two\u00E2\u0080\u0090week\u00E2\u0080\u0090old\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 In2\u00C2\u00AD2\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 transgenic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 plants\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 containing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 GUS\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 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safener\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(50mg/L).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9After\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transfer\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plants\u00E2\u0080\u00A9back\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9safener\u00E2\u0080\u0090free\u00E2\u0080\u00A9medium,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9they\u00E2\u0080\u00A9found\u00E2\u0080\u00A9that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9GUS\u00E2\u0080\u00A9staining\u00E2\u0080\u00A9disappeared\u00E2\u0080\u00A9within\u00E2\u0080\u00A9three\u00E2\u0080\u00A9days,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9indicating\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9strong\u00E2\u0080\u00A9correlation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9between\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9presence\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 safener\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 In2\u00E2\u0080\u00902\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9They\u00E2\u0080\u00A9also\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 found\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9prolonged\u00E2\u0080\u00A9induction\u00E2\u0080\u00A9by\u00E2\u0080\u00A9safeners\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(at\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9concentration\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A950mg/L)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9resulted\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9inhibition\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9growth,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9indicating\u00E2\u0080\u00A9that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9amount\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9time\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9exposed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9chemical\u00E2\u0080\u00A9at\u00E2\u0080\u00A9that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 concentration\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 critical.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Therefore,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 majority\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 studies\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 involving\u00E2\u0080\u00A9herbicide\u00E2\u0080\u00A9safeners\u00E2\u0080\u00A9use\u00E2\u0080\u00A9an\u00E2\u0080\u00A9induction\u00E2\u0080\u00A9time\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A924\u00E2\u0080\u00A9hours.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9It\u00E2\u0080\u00A9was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9not\u00E2\u0080\u00A9immediately\u00E2\u0080\u00A9clear\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 literature\u00E2\u0080\u00A9why\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 standard\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 induction\u00E2\u0080\u00A9concentration\u00E2\u0080\u00A9now\u00E2\u0080\u00A9used\u00E2\u0080\u00A9among\u00E2\u0080\u00A9most\u00E2\u0080\u00A9research\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 groups\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 herbicide\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 safeners\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 100\u00C2\u00B5M\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 but\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 it\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 appears\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 this\u00E2\u0080\u00A9concentration\u00E2\u0080\u00A9is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9thought\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9serve\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9an\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u009Cantidotally\u00E2\u0080\u00A9effective\u00E2\u0080\u00A9amount\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Mccutchen\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2008)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 amount\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 should\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 be\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 added\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 an\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 herbicide\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 formulation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9order\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9eliminate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9or\u00E2\u0080\u00A9reduce\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9phytotoxic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9effects\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9herbicide\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9certain\u00E2\u0080\u00A9crops.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Although\u00E2\u0080\u00A9studies\u00E2\u0080\u00A9have\u00E2\u0080\u00A9suggested\u00E2\u0080\u00A9that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9herbicide\u00E2\u0080\u00A9safeners\u00E2\u0080\u00A9could\u00E2\u0080\u00A9be\u00E2\u0080\u00A9potentially\u00E2\u0080\u00A9useful\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9tissue\u00E2\u0080\u0090specific\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transient\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9system\u00E2\u0080\u00A9where\u00E2\u0080\u00A9inducible\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transcription\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9required,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 there\u00E2\u0080\u00A9have\u00E2\u0080\u00A9been\u00E2\u0080\u00A9no\u00E2\u0080\u00A9studies\u00E2\u0080\u00A9reported\u00E2\u0080\u00A9where\u00E2\u0080\u00A9this\u00E2\u0080\u00A9system\u00E2\u0080\u00A9had\u00E2\u0080\u00A9been\u00E2\u0080\u00A9optimized\u00E2\u0080\u00A9with\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 respect\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 safener\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 concentration\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 time\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 induction\u00E2\u0080\u00A9within\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9context\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 driving\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 transgene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 expression.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 In\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 addition\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 time\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 induction\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9concentration\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 reagent,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 type\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 application\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 method\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 may\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 be\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 an\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 important\u00E2\u0080\u00A9component\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 safener\u00E2\u0080\u0090inducible\u00E2\u0080\u00A9gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 system.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 For\u00E2\u0080\u00A9example,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9previous\u00E2\u0080\u00A9studies\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 have\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 shown\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 adding\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 safeners\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 hydroponically\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 grown\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 plants\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 81\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 resulted\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9consistent\u00E2\u0080\u00A9induction\u00E2\u0080\u00A9patterns\u00E2\u0080\u00A9among\u00E2\u0080\u00A9all\u00E2\u0080\u00A9safeners\u00E2\u0080\u00A9tested,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9whereas,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9foliar\u00E2\u0080\u00A9application\u00E2\u0080\u00A9did\u00E2\u0080\u00A9not\u00E2\u0080\u00A9induce\u00E2\u0080\u00A9any\u00E2\u0080\u00A9GUS\u00E2\u0080\u00A9activity\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(De\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Veylder\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A91997).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9Later\u00E2\u0080\u00A9studies\u00E2\u0080\u00A9using\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 three\u00E2\u0080\u0090week\u00E2\u0080\u0090old\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Arabidopsis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 plants\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 treated\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 with\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 safeners\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (100\u00C2\u00B5M)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 by\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 foliar\u00E2\u0080\u00A9application\u00E2\u0080\u00A9required\u00E2\u0080\u00A9treatment\u00E2\u0080\u00A9once\u00E2\u0080\u00A9per\u00E2\u0080\u00A9day\u00E2\u0080\u00A9for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9four\u00E2\u0080\u00A9consecutive\u00E2\u0080\u00A9days\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9achieve\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9desired\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 level\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 induction\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (DeRidder\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 &\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Goldsbrough\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2006).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 These\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 results\u00E2\u0080\u00A9provide\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 some\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 insight\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 into\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 efficacy\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 particular\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 application\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 method\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 with\u00E2\u0080\u00A9respect\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 time\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 induction\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 inducible\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 promoter.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Absorption\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9safener\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 via\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 roots\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 seems\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 result\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9much\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 faster\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9more\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 direct\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 induction\u00E2\u0080\u00A9whereas\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 achieve\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 similar\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 results\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 via\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 foliar\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 application\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 longer\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 exposure\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9inducer\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 at\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 similar\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 concentrations\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 required.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Further\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 studies\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 are\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 needed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9optimize\u00E2\u0080\u00A9this\u00E2\u0080\u00A9system\u00E2\u0080\u00A9if\u00E2\u0080\u00A9safeners\u00E2\u0080\u00A9are\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9be\u00E2\u0080\u00A9more\u00E2\u0080\u00A9widely\u00E2\u0080\u00A9used\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9root\u00E2\u0080\u0090specific\u00E2\u0080\u00A9chemical\u00E2\u0080\u00A9induction\u00E2\u0080\u00A9systems.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9reverse\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transcription\u00E2\u0080\u00A9PCR\u00E2\u0080\u00A9analysis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9flower,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9leaf,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9stem\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9roots\u00E2\u0080\u00A9also\u00E2\u0080\u00A9detected\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 AtSND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 exclusively\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 stems\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 four\u00E2\u0080\u0090week\u00E2\u0080\u0090oldplants.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Given\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 biosynthetic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 pathway\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 seems\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 be\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 regulated\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 by\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 network\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 TFs,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 such\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 SND1,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 it\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 important\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9consider\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9implications\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 introducing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9regulatory\u00E2\u0080\u00A9gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9into\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 an\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 environment\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9which\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 it\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 usually\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 not\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 expressed.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Previous\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 studies\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 have\u00E2\u0080\u00A9shown\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 that,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 roots,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 level\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cohort\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 TF\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 genes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 working\u00E2\u0080\u00A9downstream\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 SND1,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 well\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 itself,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 largely\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 restricted\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9developing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9secondary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9xylem\u00E2\u0080\u00A9but\u00E2\u0080\u00A9this\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9at\u00E2\u0080\u00A9very\u00E2\u0080\u00A9low\u00E2\u0080\u00A9levels\u00E2\u0080\u00A9compared\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9their\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 stems\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Zhong\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2008).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 At\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 outset\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 this\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 project,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 it\u00E2\u0080\u00A9was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9not\u00E2\u0080\u00A9known\u00E2\u0080\u00A9how\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 root\u00E2\u0080\u0090specific\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 overexpression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9might\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 affect\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 secondary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cell\u00E2\u0080\u00A9wall\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 82\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 thickening\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9roots,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9or\u00E2\u0080\u00A9if\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9regulatory\u00E2\u0080\u00A9network\u00E2\u0080\u00A9activated\u00E2\u0080\u00A9by\u00E2\u0080\u00A9SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9would\u00E2\u0080\u00A9function\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9same\u00E2\u0080\u00A9way\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 this\u00E2\u0080\u00A9organ\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 it\u00E2\u0080\u00A9does\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9stems.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 It\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9possible\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 transcriptional\u00E2\u0080\u00A9activators,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 such\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 its\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 downstream\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 targets,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 might\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 be\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 able\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 regulate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9secondary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cell\u00E2\u0080\u00A9wall\u00E2\u0080\u00A9formation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9non\u00E2\u0080\u0090sclerenchymatous\u00E2\u0080\u00A9tissues\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9growing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9by\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 acting\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 repressors\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 order\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 prevent\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 any\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 pleiotropic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9effects\u00E2\u0080\u00A9associated\u00E2\u0080\u00A9with\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9ectopic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9genes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9controlling\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 involved\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9biosynthesis.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9However,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9only\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9limited\u00E2\u0080\u00A9number\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9repressors\u00E2\u0080\u00A9have\u00E2\u0080\u00A9been\u00E2\u0080\u00A9identified\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plants\u00E2\u0080\u00A9thus\u00E2\u0080\u00A9far.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Secondary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 wall\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 formation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 highly\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 coordinated\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 process\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 results\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 from\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9subsequent\u00E2\u0080\u00A9deposition\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cellulose,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9hemicelluloses\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9soon\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9primary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cell\u00E2\u0080\u00A9growth\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 has\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 ceased.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 proportion\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 each\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 these\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 major\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 components\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 highly\u00E2\u0080\u00A9variable\u00E2\u0080\u00A9depending\u00E2\u0080\u00A9on\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9climate,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9geographic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9location,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9species,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9age\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9part\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plant.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Knowledge\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9how\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9coordinated\u00E2\u0080\u00A9regulation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9genes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9leading\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9secondary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cell\u00E2\u0080\u00A9wall\u00E2\u0080\u00A9formation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9how\u00E2\u0080\u00A9this\u00E2\u0080\u00A9regulation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9leads\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9relative\u00E2\u0080\u00A9composition\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9main\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 constituents,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 still\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 growing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Ko\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92009).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9However,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 there\u00E2\u0080\u00A9are\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 still\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 some\u00E2\u0080\u00A9gaps\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 our\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 understanding\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 result,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 it\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 difficult\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 predict\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 how\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9overexpression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9would\u00E2\u0080\u00A9influence\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9deposition\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9roots,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9tissue\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9which\u00E2\u0080\u00A9only\u00E2\u0080\u00A9low\u00E2\u0080\u00A9levels\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 TFs\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 involved\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 regulating\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 secondary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cell\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 wall\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 formation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 have\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 been\u00E2\u0080\u00A9previously\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 described\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Zhong\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2008).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 I\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 created\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 two\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 different\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 root\u00E2\u0080\u0090specific\u00E2\u0080\u00A9overexpression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9constructs\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(4CL1pro\u00C2\u00ADSND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9GSTU19pro\u00C2\u00ADSND1)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Arabidopsis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9results\u00E2\u0080\u00A9from\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transcriptional\u00E2\u0080\u00A9analysis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9T2\u00E2\u0080\u00A9generation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plants\u00E2\u0080\u00A9confirmed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9indeed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9overexpressed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9roots\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9almost\u00E2\u0080\u00A9all\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 83\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lines\u00E2\u0080\u00A9analyzed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9within\u00E2\u0080\u00A9each\u00E2\u0080\u00A9overexpression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9construct.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Transcriptional\u00E2\u0080\u00A9analysis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9T3\u00E2\u0080\u00A9generation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 transgenic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lines,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9however,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 showed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9overexpression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9both\u00E2\u0080\u00A9roots\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9shoots\u00E2\u0080\u00A9compared\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9empty\u00E2\u0080\u00A9vector\u00E2\u0080\u00A9control\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lines,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9indicating\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transgene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9observed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9both\u00E2\u0080\u00A9tissues\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9roots\u00E2\u0080\u00A9was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9only\u00E2\u0080\u00A9slightly\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 higher\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 shoots.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 promoters\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 selected\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 drive\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 transgene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(4CL1pro\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9GSTU19pro)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9are\u00E2\u0080\u00A9not\u00E2\u0080\u00A9necessarily\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u009Croot\u00E2\u0080\u0090specific\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9sense\u00E2\u0080\u00A9that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9their\u00E2\u0080\u00A9native\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9pattern\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 indicate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 they\u00E2\u0080\u00A9are\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expressed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9elsewhere\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plant,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9which\u00E2\u0080\u00A9may\u00E2\u0080\u00A9be\u00E2\u0080\u00A9why\u00E2\u0080\u00A9SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9seen\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9be\u00E2\u0080\u00A9overexpressed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9shoots\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9well\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9roots\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transgenic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plants.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9On\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9other\u00E2\u0080\u00A9hand,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9given\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9native\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9analysis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9different\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9organs\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9addition\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9data\u00E2\u0080\u00A9obtained\u00E2\u0080\u00A9from\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Genevestigator,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9showed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 expressed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 somewhat\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 exclusively\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 stems,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 fact\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9overexpression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 seen\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 roots\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 transgenic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lines\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 indicates\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9promoters\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 are\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 functioning\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 their\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 ability\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 drive\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 transgene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9roots,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9albeit\u00E2\u0080\u00A9not\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9comparatively\u00E2\u0080\u00A9restricted\u00E2\u0080\u00A9manner.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 has\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 been\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 previously\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 shown\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 upregulate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 several\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transcription\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 factors\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9are\u00E2\u0080\u00A9highly\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expressed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 fibres\u00E2\u0080\u00A9during\u00E2\u0080\u00A9secondary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cell\u00E2\u0080\u00A9wall\u00E2\u0080\u00A9biosynthesis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Zhong\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92006).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9Therefore,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 it\u00E2\u0080\u00A9was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9not\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 surprising\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9my\u00E2\u0080\u00A9results\u00E2\u0080\u00A9indicated\u00E2\u0080\u00A9an\u00E2\u0080\u00A9increase\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(specifically\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9roots)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transcription\u00E2\u0080\u00A9factors\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 acting\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 downstream\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (MYB46,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 SND3,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9MYB103\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 KNAT7).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Given\u00E2\u0080\u00A9that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9these\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transcription\u00E2\u0080\u00A9factors\u00E2\u0080\u00A9have\u00E2\u0080\u00A9been\u00E2\u0080\u00A9previously\u00E2\u0080\u00A9shown\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9be\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expressed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9at\u00E2\u0080\u00A9very\u00E2\u0080\u00A9low\u00E2\u0080\u00A9levels\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9roots\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Zhong\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92006;\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Zhong\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92008),\u00E2\u0080\u00A9my\u00E2\u0080\u00A9data\u00E2\u0080\u00A9further\u00E2\u0080\u00A9confirms\u00E2\u0080\u00A9that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 4CL1pro\u00C2\u00ADSND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 GSTU19pro\u00C2\u00ADSND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 constructs\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 are\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 behaving\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 root\u00E2\u0080\u0090 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 84\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 specific\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 manner.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 These\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 results\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 correlate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 with\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 previously\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 characterized\u00E2\u0080\u00A9hierarchical\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 organization\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 these\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 transcription\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 factors\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 acting\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 direct\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 targets\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9SND1,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 therefore\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 it\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 seems\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 though\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 interactions\u00E2\u0080\u00A9previously\u00E2\u0080\u00A9described\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9aerial\u00E2\u0080\u00A9tissues,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9behave\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9similar\u00E2\u0080\u00A9fashion\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9tissues\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Ko\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92009;\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Zhong\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92008).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9However,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 there\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 still\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 much\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 we\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 do\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 not\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 know\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 about\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 organization,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9association\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 interrelation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 entire\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 regulatory\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cascade\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 involved\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9activation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 regulation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 biosynthetic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 genes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 during\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 secondary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cell\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 wall\u00E2\u0080\u00A9formation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9stems,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9let\u00E2\u0080\u00A9alone\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9roots.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9This\u00E2\u0080\u00A9could\u00E2\u0080\u00A9be\u00E2\u0080\u00A9problematic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9when\u00E2\u0080\u00A9trying\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9determine\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 interpret\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 what\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 happening\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 downstream\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 these\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 master\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transcriptional\u00E2\u0080\u00A9switches,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9such\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9MYB46,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9how\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9biosynthetic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9pathway\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9being\u00E2\u0080\u00A9specifically\u00E2\u0080\u00A9altered\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9roots\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 transgenic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plants,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9an\u00E2\u0080\u00A9environment\u00E2\u0080\u00A9within\u00E2\u0080\u00A9which\u00E2\u0080\u00A9these\u00E2\u0080\u00A9TFs\u00E2\u0080\u00A9do\u00E2\u0080\u00A9not\u00E2\u0080\u00A9normally\u00E2\u0080\u00A9operate.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9growing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9amount\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9data\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9many\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 different\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 interpretations\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 this\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 data)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 being\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 generated\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 subsequently\u00E2\u0080\u00A9presented\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9literature\u00E2\u0080\u00A9is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9usually\u00E2\u0080\u00A9studied\u00E2\u0080\u00A9within\u00E2\u0080\u00A9stems\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9leaf\u00E2\u0080\u00A9protoplast\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9often\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 confusing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 sometimes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 conflicting.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Further\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 studies\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 are\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 needed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9characterize\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 all\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 putative\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 TFs\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 involved\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 regulating\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 secondary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cell\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 wall\u00E2\u0080\u00A9formation,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9addition\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9studies\u00E2\u0080\u00A9aimed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9at\u00E2\u0080\u00A9determining\u00E2\u0080\u00A9associations\u00E2\u0080\u00A9between\u00E2\u0080\u00A9these\u00E2\u0080\u00A9factors\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 with\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 biosynthetic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 genes.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 These\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 studies\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 should\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 clarify\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 some\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9missing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9links\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9our\u00E2\u0080\u00A9current\u00E2\u0080\u00A9knowledge,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9at\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 least\u00E2\u0080\u00A9within\u00E2\u0080\u00A9aerial\u00E2\u0080\u00A9tissues.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9Significantly\u00E2\u0080\u00A9more\u00E2\u0080\u00A9work\u00E2\u0080\u00A9would\u00E2\u0080\u00A9be\u00E2\u0080\u00A9required\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Arabidopsis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9systems\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9order\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9determine\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9effects\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 overexpressing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 regulatory\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 factors\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 involved\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 secondary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cell\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 wall\u00E2\u0080\u00A9formation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 tissues\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 not\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 normally\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 heavily\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lignified.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 This\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 an\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 important\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 85\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 consideration\u00E2\u0080\u00A9for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9future\u00E2\u0080\u00A9attempts\u00E2\u0080\u00A9at\u00E2\u0080\u00A9inducing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9hyper\u00E2\u0080\u0090lignification\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Arabidopsis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9systems,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 before\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 attempts\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 can\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 be\u00E2\u0080\u00A9made\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 at\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 increasing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 soil\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 carbon\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 stocks\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 large\u00E2\u0080\u0090scale\u00E2\u0080\u00A9crop\u00E2\u0080\u00A9system\u00E2\u0080\u00A9through\u00E2\u0080\u00A9similar\u00E2\u0080\u00A9approaches\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9methods.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9genes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9involved\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cellulose,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9xylan,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9biosynthesis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9need\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9be\u00E2\u0080\u00A9turned\u00E2\u0080\u00A9on\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9order\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9make\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lignified\u00E2\u0080\u00A9secondary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cell\u00E2\u0080\u00A9walls\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Arabidopsis.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9RT\u00E2\u0080\u0090PCR\u00E2\u0080\u00A9analysis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 three\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 phenylpropanoid\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 pathway\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 enzymes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 leading\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 production\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9monolignols\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (4CL1,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 CCR\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 COMT)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 showed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 no\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 observable\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 difference\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9among\u00E2\u0080\u00A9these\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9biosynthetic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9genes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9or\u00E2\u0080\u00A9among\u00E2\u0080\u00A9tissue\u00E2\u0080\u00A9types\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9shoot).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9Several\u00E2\u0080\u00A9possibilities\u00E2\u0080\u00A9could\u00E2\u0080\u00A9explain\u00E2\u0080\u00A9this\u00E2\u0080\u00A9finding,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9despite\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9overexpression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9its\u00E2\u0080\u00A9direct\u00E2\u0080\u00A9targets:\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(i)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9they\u00E2\u0080\u00A9are\u00E2\u0080\u00A9not\u00E2\u0080\u00A9involved\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transcriptional\u00E2\u0080\u00A9control\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 these\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 particular\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 biosynthetic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 genes,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (ii)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 they\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 require\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 involvement\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9other\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 transcription\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 factor(s)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 function,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 or\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (iii)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 they\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 are\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 not\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 directly\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 involved\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9secondary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9wall\u00E2\u0080\u00A9formation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Ko\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92009).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9first\u00E2\u0080\u00A9explanation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9could\u00E2\u0080\u00A9certainly\u00E2\u0080\u00A9be\u00E2\u0080\u00A9true\u00E2\u0080\u00A9where\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 SND3\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9MYB103\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 are\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 concerned,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 since\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 they\u00E2\u0080\u00A9were\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 recently\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 shown\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9induce\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 GUS\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 reporter\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 driven\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 by\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 CesA8\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 promoter,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 from\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cellulose\u00E2\u0080\u00A9synthase\u00E2\u0080\u00A9gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9required\u00E2\u0080\u00A9for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cellulose\u00E2\u0080\u00A9synthesis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9during\u00E2\u0080\u00A9secondary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cell\u00E2\u0080\u00A9wall\u00E2\u0080\u00A9formation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Zhong\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2008).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 This\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 proves\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 involved\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 regulating\u00E2\u0080\u00A9certain\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 genes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 involved\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 other\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 aspects\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 secondary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cell\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 wall\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 biosynthetic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9program,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9addition\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lignin.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9On\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9other\u00E2\u0080\u00A9hand,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9MYB46\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transcription\u00E2\u0080\u00A9factor\u00E2\u0080\u00A9was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9shown\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9be\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9direct\u00E2\u0080\u00A9target\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9both\u00E2\u0080\u00A9TFs\u00E2\u0080\u00A9were\u00E2\u0080\u00A9previously\u00E2\u0080\u00A9shown\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9be\u00E2\u0080\u00A9capable\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9turning\u00E2\u0080\u00A9on\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9whole\u00E2\u0080\u00A9set\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9genes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9involved\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9secondary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9wall\u00E2\u0080\u00A9synthesis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 general\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Zhong\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2007b;\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Ko\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2009).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Therefore,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 it\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 puzzling\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9overexpression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 this\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 did\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 not\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 activate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 key\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 biosynthetic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 enzymes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 86\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 either\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 or\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 shoot,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 where\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 previous\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 studies\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 have\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 shown\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 this\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 occur.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 For\u00E2\u0080\u00A9example,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 MYB85\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 previously\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 shown\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 be\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 upregulated\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 by\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 MYB46\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 overexpression,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9MYB85\u00E2\u0080\u00A9was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9shown\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9be\u00E2\u0080\u00A9able\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 induce\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 GUS\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 reporter\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 gene,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 when\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 driven\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 by\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 4CL1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 promoter\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 leaf\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 protoplasts.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Studies\u00E2\u0080\u00A9have\u00E2\u0080\u00A9shown\u00E2\u0080\u00A9that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9overexpression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9MYB85\u00E2\u0080\u00A9led\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9ectopic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9deposition\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9epidermal\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cortical\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cells\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9stems\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Zhong\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al\u00E2\u0080\u00A92007a;\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Zhong\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92006;\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Zhong\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92008).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Therefore,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9since\u00E2\u0080\u00A9MYB46\u00E2\u0080\u00A9has\u00E2\u0080\u00A9been\u00E2\u0080\u00A9shown\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9be\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9direct\u00E2\u0080\u00A9target\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9SND1,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9I\u00E2\u0080\u00A9am\u00E2\u0080\u00A9unable\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9explain\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (within\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 current\u00E2\u0080\u00A9model\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 this\u00E2\u0080\u00A9SND1\u00E2\u0080\u0090mediated\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 regulatory\u00E2\u0080\u00A9network)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9why\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9overexpression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9MYB46\u00E2\u0080\u00A9did\u00E2\u0080\u00A9not\u00E2\u0080\u00A9specifically\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cause\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 4CL1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9be\u00E2\u0080\u00A9turned\u00E2\u0080\u00A9on\u00E2\u0080\u00A9through\u00E2\u0080\u00A9induction\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A94CL1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9promoter\u00E2\u0080\u00A9by\u00E2\u0080\u00A9MYB85.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 level\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9MYB85\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 not\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 examined\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 roots\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 my\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 transgenic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lines,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 therefore\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 transcriptional\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 analysis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 this\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 by\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 RT\u00E2\u0080\u0090PCR,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 could\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 provide\u00E2\u0080\u00A9further\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 information\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 into\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 determining\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 why\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 4CL1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 not\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 turned\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 on\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9response\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 overexpression.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Nevertheless,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 there\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 are\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 several\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 other\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transcription\u00E2\u0080\u00A9factors\u00E2\u0080\u00A9that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9have\u00E2\u0080\u00A9been\u00E2\u0080\u00A9previously\u00E2\u0080\u00A9reported\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9regulate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9secondary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9wall\u00E2\u0080\u00A9biosynthesis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 including,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 KNAT7,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9MYB52,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9MYB54,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9MYB58\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9MYB63.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 KNAT7,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9example,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9overexpressed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9roots\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9my\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transgenic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plants\u00E2\u0080\u00A9but\u00E2\u0080\u00A9did\u00E2\u0080\u00A9not\u00E2\u0080\u00A9seem\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9influence\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9secondary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9biosynthetic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9genes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9tested\u00E2\u0080\u00A9here.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9This\u00E2\u0080\u00A9could\u00E2\u0080\u00A9be\u00E2\u0080\u00A9because\u00E2\u0080\u00A9KNAT7\u00E2\u0080\u00A9is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9not\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 involved\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9activating\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9biosynthetic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9genes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9directly.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9To\u00E2\u0080\u00A9test\u00E2\u0080\u00A9this\u00E2\u0080\u00A9theory,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9characterization\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9KNAT7\u00E2\u0080\u00A9using\u00E2\u0080\u00A9reverse\u00E2\u0080\u00A9genetics\u00E2\u0080\u00A9approaches\u00E2\u0080\u00A9along\u00E2\u0080\u00A9with\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 yeast\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 two\u00E2\u0080\u0090hybrid\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 system\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 determining\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 protein\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 interactions,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 may\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 provide\u00E2\u0080\u00A9some\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 insight\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 into\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 its\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 specific\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 function\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 interacting\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 partners.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 In\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 short,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 TFs\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9general\u00E2\u0080\u00A9have\u00E2\u0080\u00A9diverse\u00E2\u0080\u00A9roles\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9regulating\u00E2\u0080\u00A9gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transcription.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9For\u00E2\u0080\u00A9instance,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9they\u00E2\u0080\u00A9may\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 87\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 act\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9part\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9complex\u00E2\u0080\u00A9with\u00E2\u0080\u00A9other\u00E2\u0080\u00A9TFs\u00E2\u0080\u00A9or\u00E2\u0080\u00A9regulatory\u00E2\u0080\u00A9proteins,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9which\u00E2\u0080\u00A9together\u00E2\u0080\u00A9might\u00E2\u0080\u00A9be\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 involved\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 directly\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 regulating\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 particular\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 biosynthetic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9pathway.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Others,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9however,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9might\u00E2\u0080\u00A9be\u00E2\u0080\u00A9involved\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9enhancing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9or\u00E2\u0080\u00A9fine\u00E2\u0080\u0090tuning\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9level\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9different\u00E2\u0080\u00A9metabolic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9pathway\u00E2\u0080\u00A9genes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Zhong\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92008).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Interest\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9biosynthesis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9deposition\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9mainly\u00E2\u0080\u00A9due\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9extensive\u00E2\u0080\u00A9involvement\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 biology\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Boudet\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92003;\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Humphreys\u00E2\u0080\u00A9&\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Chapple\u00E2\u0080\u00A92002).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9can\u00E2\u0080\u00A9be\u00E2\u0080\u00A9defined\u00E2\u0080\u00A9two\u00E2\u0080\u00A9ways:\u00E2\u0080\u00A91)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9from\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9chemical\u00E2\u0080\u00A9point\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9view\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(chemical\u00E2\u0080\u00A9composition\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9structure)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9or\u00E2\u0080\u00A92)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9from\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9functional\u00E2\u0080\u00A9point\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9view\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(what\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9does\u00E2\u0080\u00A9within\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plant)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Hatfield\u00E2\u0080\u00A9&\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Fukushima\u00E2\u0080\u00A92005).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Regardless\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9these\u00E2\u0080\u00A9definitions,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9it\u00E2\u0080\u00A9is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9important\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 be\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 able\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 determine\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 concentration\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 within\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 broad\u00E2\u0080\u00A9assortment\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cell\u00E2\u0080\u00A9wall\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 varieties.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 One\u00E2\u0080\u00A9would\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 think\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9would\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 be\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 relatively\u00E2\u0080\u00A9easy\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9measure,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9given\u00E2\u0080\u00A9that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9it\u00E2\u0080\u00A9is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9somewhat\u00E2\u0080\u00A9resistant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9both\u00E2\u0080\u00A9chemical\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9biological\u00E2\u0080\u00A9degradation.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9However,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9there\u00E2\u0080\u00A9have\u00E2\u0080\u00A9been\u00E2\u0080\u00A9several\u00E2\u0080\u00A9methods\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9techniques\u00E2\u0080\u00A9that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9have\u00E2\u0080\u00A9been\u00E2\u0080\u00A9developed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9adapted\u00E2\u0080\u00A9throughout\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9years\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9quantitatively\u00E2\u0080\u00A9determine\u00E2\u0080\u00A9total\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 content\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 composition\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 different\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 types\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 samples,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 yet\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 not\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 one\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9them\u00E2\u0080\u00A9has\u00E2\u0080\u00A9been\u00E2\u0080\u00A9deemed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 standard\u00E2\u0080\u00A9clear\u00E2\u0080\u0090cut\u00E2\u0080\u00A9method\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9all\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 samples\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Hatfield\u00E2\u0080\u00A9&\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Fukushima\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2005).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Worth\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 mentioning,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 however,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 determination\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9content\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 samples,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 are\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 non\u00E2\u0080\u0090invasive\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 approaches\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 such\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 as:\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 near\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 infrared\u00E2\u0080\u00A9spectroscopy\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (NIRS)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 nuclear\u00E2\u0080\u00A9magnetic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 resonance\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 spectroscopy\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (NMR).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 These\u00E2\u0080\u00A9methods\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 content\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 determination\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 offer\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 an\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 advantage\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 over\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 more\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 invasive\u00E2\u0080\u00A9methods\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9they\u00E2\u0080\u00A9ultimately\u00E2\u0080\u00A9leave\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9sample\u00E2\u0080\u00A9chemically\u00E2\u0080\u00A9unaltered\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Hatfield\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 &\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Fukushima\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2005).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Alternatively,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 two\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 procedures\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (thioglycolate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 88\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 acetyl\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 bromide)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 rely\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 on\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 solubilization\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 an\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 appropriate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 solvent\u00E2\u0080\u00A9whereby\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 solution\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 can\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 be\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 measured\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Hatfield\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 &\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Fukushima\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2005).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Lastly,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 various\u00E2\u0080\u00A9methods\u00E2\u0080\u00A9have\u00E2\u0080\u00A9been\u00E2\u0080\u00A9proposed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9using\u00E2\u0080\u00A9mineral\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 acids\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 solubilize\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9hydrolyze\u00E2\u0080\u00A9carbohydrates\u00E2\u0080\u00A9leaving\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9residue\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9be\u00E2\u0080\u00A9measured\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9determined\u00E2\u0080\u00A9gravimetrically,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9such\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Klason\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9method\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Hatfield\u00E2\u0080\u00A9&\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Fukushima\u00E2\u0080\u00A92005).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9Is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9seems\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9most\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 commonly\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 used\u00E2\u0080\u00A9method\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 determining\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Klason\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9or\u00E2\u0080\u00A972%\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(v/v)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9H2SO4\u00E2\u0080\u00A9acid\u00E2\u0080\u00A9procedure.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Given\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9relatively\u00E2\u0080\u00A9low\u00E2\u0080\u00A9amount\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9present\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9roots\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9begin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9with,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9well\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9limited\u00E2\u0080\u00A9amount\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9material\u00E2\u0080\u00A9available\u00E2\u0080\u00A9working\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Arabidopsis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9system,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9it\u00E2\u0080\u00A9was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 important\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 be\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 prudent\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 judicial\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 with\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 choice\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 content\u00E2\u0080\u00A9determination\u00E2\u0080\u00A9method.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9Results\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 from\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9acetyl\u00E2\u0080\u00A9bromide\u00E2\u0080\u00A9analysis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9soluble\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9content,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 showed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 marked\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 decrease\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 total\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 content\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (~40\u00E2\u0080\u009050%)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 both\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 GSTU19pro\u00C2\u00ADSND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lines\u00E2\u0080\u00A9but\u00E2\u0080\u00A9only\u00E2\u0080\u00A9one\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A94CL1pro\u00C2\u00ADSND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lines.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Klason\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9analysis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 supported\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 data\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 obtained\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 from\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 acetyl\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 bromide\u00E2\u0080\u0090based\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 method\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 by\u00E2\u0080\u00A9confirming\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 decrease\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 insoluble\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 content\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 GSTU19pro\u00C2\u00ADSND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9overexpression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9line.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9On\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9other\u00E2\u0080\u00A9hand,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9one\u00E2\u0080\u00A94CL1pro\u00C2\u00ADSND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9line\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9each\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9content\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 analyses\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 showed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 negligible\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 changes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 content.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Nevertheless,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 I\u00E2\u0080\u00A9reasoned\u00E2\u0080\u00A9that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9decreases\u00E2\u0080\u00A9seen\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9content\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9majority\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lines\u00E2\u0080\u00A9analyzed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 also\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lack\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 change\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 indicative\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 biosynthetic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9enzymes),\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 could\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 be\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 result\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 carbon\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 reallocation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 different\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 area\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 carbon\u00E2\u0080\u00A9metabolism\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(such\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9production\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cellulose\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9starch).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Results\u00E2\u0080\u00A9from\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cellulose\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9starch\u00E2\u0080\u00A9content\u00E2\u0080\u00A9analyses,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9disproved\u00E2\u0080\u00A9this\u00E2\u0080\u00A9theory\u00E2\u0080\u00A9by\u00E2\u0080\u00A9showing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9similar\u00E2\u0080\u00A9decrease\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 89\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cellulose\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9hemicellulose\u00E2\u0080\u00A9content\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9GSTU19pro\u00C2\u00ADSND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9line\u00E2\u0080\u00A9analyzed.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9I\u00E2\u0080\u00A9should\u00E2\u0080\u00A9note,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9results\u00E2\u0080\u00A9from\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cellulose,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9starch\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Klason\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9analyses\u00E2\u0080\u00A9were\u00E2\u0080\u00A9absolute\u00E2\u0080\u00A9values\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 from\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 single\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 biological\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 replicate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 making\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 data\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 somewhat\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 unreliable,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9however,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 given\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 they\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 correlate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 certain\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 degree\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 with\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 results\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 seen\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 using\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9acetyl\u00E2\u0080\u00A9bromide\u00E2\u0080\u0090based\u00E2\u0080\u00A9method,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9I\u00E2\u0080\u00A9have\u00E2\u0080\u00A9included\u00E2\u0080\u00A9them\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9this\u00E2\u0080\u00A9thesis.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9An\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 overall\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 trend\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 decreased\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cell\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 wall\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 composition\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (lignin,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cellulose\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9hemicellulose)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 seen\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 both\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 overexpression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 constructs\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 analyzed.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Previous\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 studies\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 have\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 shown\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 although\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 overexpression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 induces\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 ectopic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9secondary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 wall\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 deposition\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cells\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 are\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 normally\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 not\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lignified,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 excess\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9apparently\u00E2\u0080\u00A9inhibits\u00E2\u0080\u00A9normal\u00E2\u0080\u00A9secondary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9wall\u00E2\u0080\u00A9thickening\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9fibres\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Zhong\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92006).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9In\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 these\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 studies,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 overexpression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 seen\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 induce\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 secondary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cell\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 wall\u00E2\u0080\u00A9production\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 many\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 parenchyma\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cells\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 leaves\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 floral\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 organs\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 well\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9epidermal\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cells\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 stems;\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 however,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 ectopic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 secondary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9wall\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 deposition\u00E2\u0080\u00A9was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 seldom\u00E2\u0080\u00A9seen\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 parenchyma\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cells\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 other\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 organs.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Moreover,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 overexpressors\u00E2\u0080\u00A9showed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 ectopic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 secondary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 wall\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 thickening\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 rarely\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 observed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9epidermal\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cells\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9hypocotyls\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cortical\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cells\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 roots\u00E2\u0080\u00A9but\u00E2\u0080\u00A9was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9not\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 seen\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9other\u00E2\u0080\u00A9root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cell\u00E2\u0080\u00A9types\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Zhong\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92006).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9This\u00E2\u0080\u00A9finding\u00E2\u0080\u00A9suggests\u00E2\u0080\u00A9that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9different\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cell\u00E2\u0080\u00A9types\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9different\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 organs\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 might\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 exhibit\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 differential\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 competence\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 induction\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 secondary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9wall\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 thickening\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 by\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 SND1.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Equally,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 this\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 differential\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 induction\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 could\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 be\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 case\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9substrate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 availability,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 meaning\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 required\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 precursors\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 monolignol\u00E2\u0080\u00A9biosynthesis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9may\u00E2\u0080\u00A9be\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9short\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 supply\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9root,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9given\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Arabidopsis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 tissue\u00E2\u0080\u00A9does\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 not\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 normally\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 contain\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 high\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 levels\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lignin.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Either\u00E2\u0080\u00A9way,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 any\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 these\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 reasons\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 90\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 could\u00E2\u0080\u00A9account\u00E2\u0080\u00A9for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9fact\u00E2\u0080\u00A9that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9overexpression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9root\u00E2\u0080\u0090specific\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(4CL1pro\u00C2\u00AD SND1)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 inducible\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (GSTU19pro\u00C2\u00ADSND1)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 constructs\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 did\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 not\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 result\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 direct\u00E2\u0080\u00A9activation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9biosynthetic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9genes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9demonstrated\u00E2\u0080\u00A9using\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9RT\u00E2\u0080\u0090PCR\u00E2\u0080\u00A9analysis,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9which\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 should\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 have\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 resulted\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 an\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 increase\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 content\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 instead\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9observed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9decrease\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9content.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9As\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 other\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cell\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 wall\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 constituents\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 analyzed,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Ko\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (2007)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 reported\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cellulose\u00E2\u0080\u00A9compositions\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cell\u00E2\u0080\u00A9wall\u00E2\u0080\u00A9were\u00E2\u0080\u00A9decreased\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9inflorescent\u00E2\u0080\u00A9stems\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9roots\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plants\u00E2\u0080\u00A9overexpressing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9driven\u00E2\u0080\u00A9by\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9CaMV35S\u00E2\u0080\u00A9promoter,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9most\u00E2\u0080\u00A9likely\u00E2\u0080\u00A9resulting\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 from\u00E2\u0080\u00A9defects\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 xylary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 fibre\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 formation.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9However,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9my\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 results\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 showed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 an\u00E2\u0080\u00A9increase\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 relative\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 SND3\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 MYB103\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 seen\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transcriptional\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 analysis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 T3\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 generation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 transgenic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 plants,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 which\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 should\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 have\u00E2\u0080\u00A9resulted\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9an\u00E2\u0080\u00A9increase\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cellulose\u00E2\u0080\u00A9content\u00E2\u0080\u00A9given\u00E2\u0080\u00A9that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9these\u00E2\u0080\u00A9downstream\u00E2\u0080\u00A9targets\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9were\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 recently\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 shown\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 induce\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9GUS\u00E2\u0080\u00A9reporter\u00E2\u0080\u00A9gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9driven\u00E2\u0080\u00A9by\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9CesA8\u00E2\u0080\u00A9promoter\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Zhong\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92008).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Instead,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9I\u00E2\u0080\u00A9generally\u00E2\u0080\u00A9observed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9decrease\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cellulose\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9hemicellulose\u00E2\u0080\u00A9content,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9similar\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9observed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lignin.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Overexpression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9mRNA\u00E2\u0080\u00A9can\u00E2\u0080\u00A9sometimes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lead\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9drastic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9reduction\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 level\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9endogenous\u00E2\u0080\u00A9genes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9concerned,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9i.e.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9host\u00E2\u0080\u00A9genes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9can\u00E2\u0080\u00A9be\u00E2\u0080\u00A9silenced\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9consequence\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9presence\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9homologous\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transgene,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9thus\u00E2\u0080\u00A9limiting\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9potential\u00E2\u0080\u00A9application\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 genetic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 transformation;\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 phenomenon\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 called\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 co\u00E2\u0080\u0090suppression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Vaucheret\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92001).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9One\u00E2\u0080\u00A9way\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9understanding\u00E2\u0080\u00A9this\u00E2\u0080\u00A9phenomenon\u00E2\u0080\u00A9is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9when\u00E2\u0080\u00A9RNA\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 transcripts\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 accumulate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 beyond\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 critical\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 threshold,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 they\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 are\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 selectively\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 91\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 degraded\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 by\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 ribonucleases\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (RNases),\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 type\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 nuclease\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 catalyzes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9degradation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9RNA.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9An\u00E2\u0080\u00A9accumulation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9elevated\u00E2\u0080\u00A9levels\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9mRNAs\u00E2\u0080\u00A9might\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lead\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9production\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 abnormal\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 sense\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 RNA\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 transcripts\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 transgene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Vaucheret\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92001)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9accumulation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9these\u00E2\u0080\u00A9anomalous\u00E2\u0080\u00A9RNA\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transcripts\u00E2\u0080\u00A9is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9proposed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9activate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 RNA\u00E2\u0080\u0090dependent\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 RNA\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 polymerase,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 which\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 transcribes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 RNA\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 transcripts\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9produce\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 antisense\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 RNA.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 antisense\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 RNA\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 transcripts\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 then\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 bind\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9accumulated\u00E2\u0080\u00A9normal\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9abnormal\u00E2\u0080\u00A9RNA\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transcripts\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transgene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9well\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9endogenous\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 gene,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 producing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 RNA\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 duplexes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 are\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 then\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 targeted\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 by\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 double\u00E2\u0080\u0090stranded\u00E2\u0080\u00A9RNA\u00E2\u0080\u00A9specific\u00E2\u0080\u00A9RNases.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9This\u00E2\u0080\u00A9often\u00E2\u0080\u00A9leads\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9radical\u00E2\u0080\u00A9reduction\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9level\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transgene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 well\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 endogenous\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9sometimes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9homologous\u00E2\u0080\u00A9genes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9well.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9This\u00E2\u0080\u00A9series\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9events\u00E2\u0080\u00A9are\u00E2\u0080\u00A9collectively\u00E2\u0080\u00A9referred\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 silencing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 are\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 defined\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 by\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 predominantly\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 taking\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 place\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 at\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 post\u00E2\u0080\u0090transcriptional\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 level,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 where\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 RNA\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 does\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 not\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 accumulate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 even\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 though\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 transcription\u00E2\u0080\u00A9occurs\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Vaucheret\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92001).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9degradation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9RNA\u00E2\u0080\u00A9via\u00E2\u0080\u00A9gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9silencing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9may\u00E2\u0080\u00A9be\u00E2\u0080\u00A9why\u00E2\u0080\u00A9I\u00E2\u0080\u00A9observed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9decrease\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9total\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9content\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9my\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transgenic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plants\u00E2\u0080\u00A9but\u00E2\u0080\u00A9it\u00E2\u0080\u00A9does\u00E2\u0080\u00A9not\u00E2\u0080\u00A9explain\u00E2\u0080\u00A9why\u00E2\u0080\u00A9I\u00E2\u0080\u00A9observed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9an\u00E2\u0080\u00A9increase\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9mRNA\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transcripts\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9my\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transgenic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lines.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9One\u00E2\u0080\u00A9reason\u00E2\u0080\u00A9for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9this\u00E2\u0080\u00A9could\u00E2\u0080\u00A9be\u00E2\u0080\u00A9because\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transcriptional\u00E2\u0080\u00A9analysis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9performed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9on\u00E2\u0080\u00A9three\u00E2\u0080\u0090week\u00E2\u0080\u0090old\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plants\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9analysis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9performed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9on\u00E2\u0080\u00A9mature\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plants\u00E2\u0080\u00A9that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9were\u00E2\u0080\u00A9roughly\u00E2\u0080\u00A9eight\u00E2\u0080\u0090weeks\u00E2\u0080\u00A9old.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9It\u00E2\u0080\u00A9is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9possible\u00E2\u0080\u00A9that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9silencing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9occurring\u00E2\u0080\u00A9during\u00E2\u0080\u00A9secondary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cell\u00E2\u0080\u00A9wall\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 formation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plants\u00E2\u0080\u00A9that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9are\u00E2\u0080\u00A9older\u00E2\u0080\u00A9then\u00E2\u0080\u00A9three\u00E2\u0080\u0090weeks.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Using\u00E2\u0080\u00A9RT\u00E2\u0080\u0090PCR\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9analyze\u00E2\u0080\u00A9SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9its\u00E2\u0080\u00A9targeted\u00E2\u0080\u00A9TFs\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9tissue\u00E2\u0080\u00A9from\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transgenic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lines\u00E2\u0080\u00A9at\u00E2\u0080\u00A9different\u00E2\u0080\u00A9developmental\u00E2\u0080\u00A9stages\u00E2\u0080\u00A9could\u00E2\u0080\u00A9test\u00E2\u0080\u00A9this\u00E2\u0080\u00A9hypothesis.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 92\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 An\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 alternative\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 possibility\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 this\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 observed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 difference\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 increased\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 mRNA\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 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biosynthesis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 deposition.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 This\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 presents\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 significant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 challenge\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9overcome\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 when\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 designing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 engineering\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 genetic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 constructs\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 crop\u00E2\u0080\u00A9improvement.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 As\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 more\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 knowledge\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 gained\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 regarding\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 mechanisms\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9regulate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transcription\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9secondary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cell\u00E2\u0080\u00A9wall\u00E2\u0080\u00A9components\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9whole\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9well\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9coordinated\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cohort\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 transcription\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 factors\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 proteins\u00E2\u0080\u00A9regulating\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 biosynthetic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 pathway),\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 we\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 will\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 undoubtedly\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 be\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 able\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 gain\u00E2\u0080\u00A9new\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 insight\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 will\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 help\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 us\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 develop\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 more\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 complex\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 fine\u00E2\u0080\u0090tuned\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 systems\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 could\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 complement\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 or\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 counteract\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 any\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 other\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 regulatory\u00E2\u0080\u00A9mechanisms\u00E2\u0080\u00A9present\u00E2\u0080\u00A9that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9may\u00E2\u0080\u00A9prevent\u00E2\u0080\u00A9us\u00E2\u0080\u00A9from\u00E2\u0080\u00A9achieving\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9desired\u00E2\u0080\u00A9end\u00E2\u0080\u0090product\u00E2\u0080\u00A9or\u00E2\u0080\u00A9phenotype.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9It\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 imperative\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 process\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 genetic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 engineering\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 agricultural\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 purposes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9drive\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transgene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9manner\u00E2\u0080\u00A9that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9evades\u00E2\u0080\u00A9health\u00E2\u0080\u00A9costs\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9caused\u00E2\u0080\u00A9by\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9constitutive\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9target\u00E2\u0080\u00A9genes.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9It\u00E2\u0080\u00A9was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9therefore\u00E2\u0080\u00A9important\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9survey\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9variety\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9different\u00E2\u0080\u00A9key\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9physiological\u00E2\u0080\u00A9traits\u00E2\u0080\u00A9that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9could\u00E2\u0080\u00A9have\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9dire\u00E2\u0080\u00A9impact\u00E2\u0080\u00A9on\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 efficacy\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 crop\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 production.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Overexpression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 key\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 genes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 involved\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 normal\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 growth\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 development,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 such\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 secondary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cell\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 wall\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 pathways,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 could\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 be\u00E2\u0080\u00A9implicated\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9normal\u00E2\u0080\u00A9agricultural\u00E2\u0080\u00A9activities\u00E2\u0080\u00A9such\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9seed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9production\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9crop\u00E2\u0080\u00A9yield,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9thus\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 resulting\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 major\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 economic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 consequences\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 if\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 altered\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 inappropriately.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9phenotypic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9analysis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9seed\u00E2\u0080\u0090related\u00E2\u0080\u00A9traits\u00E2\u0080\u00A9revealed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9overexpression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9did\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 93\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 not\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cause\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 any\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 undesirable\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 pleiotropic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 effects\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 seed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 production\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and/or\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 viability\u00E2\u0080\u00A9among\u00E2\u0080\u00A9my\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 transgenic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 plants.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Given\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9GSTU19pro\u00C2\u00ADSND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lines\u00E2\u0080\u00A9were\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 induced\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 by\u00E2\u0080\u00A9herbicide\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 safener\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 at\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 four\u00E2\u0080\u0090weeks\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 post\u00E2\u0080\u0090flowering,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 it\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 expected\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 these\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lines\u00E2\u0080\u00A9would\u00E2\u0080\u00A9not\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 result\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9phenotype\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 involving\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 seed\u00E2\u0080\u0090related\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 traits.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 This\u00E2\u0080\u00A9data\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 supports\u00E2\u0080\u00A9my\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 previous\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 analyses\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 showing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 both\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 construct\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 promoters\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 were\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 shown\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 be\u00E2\u0080\u00A9root\u00E2\u0080\u0090specific,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 which\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 means\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 overexpression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 roots\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 should\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 not\u00E2\u0080\u00A9activate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9secondary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cell\u00E2\u0080\u00A9wall\u00E2\u0080\u00A9biosynthetic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9genes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9seeds.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9To\u00E2\u0080\u00A9determine\u00E2\u0080\u00A9whether\u00E2\u0080\u00A9overexpression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9roots\u00E2\u0080\u00A9caused\u00E2\u0080\u00A9any\u00E2\u0080\u00A9variation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9architecture,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lateral\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 density\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (LRD)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 analyzed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 two\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lines\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 each\u00E2\u0080\u00A9constructs\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9showed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9an\u00E2\u0080\u00A9increase\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9LRD\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9three\u00E2\u0080\u00A9out\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9four\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lines\u00E2\u0080\u00A9analyzed.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9It\u00E2\u0080\u00A9was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9interesting\u00E2\u0080\u00A9that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transgenic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lines\u00E2\u0080\u00A9showing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9an\u00E2\u0080\u00A9increase\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9LRD\u00E2\u0080\u00A9were\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9same\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transgenic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lines\u00E2\u0080\u00A9corresponding\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9decrease\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 total\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9content,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9seen\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9chemical\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9analysis.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9It has been previously shown, that SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9member\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9NAC\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 domain\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 protein\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 family,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 which\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 comprises\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 approximately\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 100\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 genes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Arabidopsis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9genome\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9function\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plant\u00E2\u0080\u0090specific\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transcriptional\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 factors.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9To\u00E2\u0080\u00A9date,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9only\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9small\u00E2\u0080\u00A9number\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9NAC\u00E2\u0080\u00A9domain\u00E2\u0080\u00A9genes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9have\u00E2\u0080\u00A9been\u00E2\u0080\u00A9characterized\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9NAC\u00E2\u0080\u00A9domain\u00E2\u0080\u00A9proteins\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 have\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 been\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 implicated\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 wide\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 variety\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 processes,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 including\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9establishment\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 shoot\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 apical\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 meristem,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 signaling\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 pathway\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 involved\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9abiotic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 stress,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 defense\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 responses\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lateral\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 formation.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Specifically,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9AtNAC1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(At1g56010)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9has\u00E2\u0080\u00A9been\u00E2\u0080\u00A9shown\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9mediate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9auxin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9signaling\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9promote\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lateral\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9formation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Xie\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92000).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9A\u00E2\u0080\u00A9multiple\u00E2\u0080\u00A9sequence\u00E2\u0080\u00A9alignment\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9various\u00E2\u0080\u00A9NAC\u00E2\u0080\u00A9domain\u00E2\u0080\u00A9genes,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 from\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9previous\u00E2\u0080\u00A9study,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9has\u00E2\u0080\u00A9shown\u00E2\u0080\u00A9that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9AtNAC1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9distant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9relative\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Zhong\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92006).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9roots\u00E2\u0080\u00A9have\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9distinct\u00E2\u0080\u00A9organization\u00E2\u0080\u00A9that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9fundamental\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 94\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 formation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lateral\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 roots.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 outer\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 tissues\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 dicot\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 roots\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (epidermis,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cortex,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9endodermis)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9are\u00E2\u0080\u00A9organized\u00E2\u0080\u00A9into\u00E2\u0080\u00A9separate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9concentric\u00E2\u0080\u00A9layers\u00E2\u0080\u00A9whereas\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9vascular\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 tissues\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9central\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 stele\u00E2\u0080\u00A9have\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9more\u00E2\u0080\u00A9bilateral\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 symmetry\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Parizot\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92008).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9outermost\u00E2\u0080\u00A9layer\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9stele,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9known\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9pericycle,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9composed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9two\u00E2\u0080\u00A9different\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cell\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 types:\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 one\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 subset\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 associated\u00E2\u0080\u00A9with\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 xylem,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9whereas\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 other\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9associated\u00E2\u0080\u00A9with\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 phloem.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 former\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 has\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 strong\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 capability\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 initiate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cell\u00E2\u0080\u00A9division\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 but\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 latter\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 appears\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 remain\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 inactive\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Parizot\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2008).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9formation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lateral\u00E2\u0080\u00A9roots\u00E2\u0080\u00A9is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9result\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9subset\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9pericycle\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cells\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(called\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9pericycle\u00E2\u0080\u00A9founder\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cells)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 are\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 positioned\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 at\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 xylem\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 poles\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 within\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 parent\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 tissues.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Subsequently,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 mature\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 pericycle\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cells\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 form\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lateral\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 primordium\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (LRP)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 via\u00E2\u0080\u00A9dedifferentiation,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9which\u00E2\u0080\u00A9then\u00E2\u0080\u00A9undergoes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9consistent\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cell\u00E2\u0080\u00A9divisions\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9generate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9well\u00E2\u0080\u0090organized\u00E2\u0080\u00A9LRP.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Cell\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expansion\u00E2\u0080\u00A9causes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9LRP\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9emerge\u00E2\u0080\u00A9from\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9parent\u00E2\u0080\u00A9root,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lateral\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9meristem\u00E2\u0080\u00A9becomes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 activated\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 resulting\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 continued\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 growth\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lateral\u00E2\u0080\u00A9root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Lee\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92009).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9positioning\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9pericycle\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 founder\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cells\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9xylem\u00E2\u0080\u00A9poles\u00E2\u0080\u00A9may\u00E2\u0080\u00A9provide\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9testable\u00E2\u0080\u00A9hypothesis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9regarding\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9decrease\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9increase\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9LRD\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transgenic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lines\u00E2\u0080\u00A9overexpressing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9its\u00E2\u0080\u00A9downstream\u00E2\u0080\u00A9target\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 MYB46.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9Previously,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9ectopic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9secondary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9wall\u00E2\u0080\u00A9thickening\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9parenchymatous\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cells\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9leaves,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9floral\u00E2\u0080\u00A9organs\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9inflorescence\u00E2\u0080\u00A9stems\u00E2\u0080\u00A9was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9seen\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9MYB46\u00E2\u0080\u00A9overexpressors\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Ko\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92009).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 In\u00E2\u0080\u00A9addition,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9overexpression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9showed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9small\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 increase\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9wall\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 thickness\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 vessels\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Zhong\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2006).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Although\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 I\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 did\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 not\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 specifically\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 look\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 at\u00E2\u0080\u00A9ectopic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9secondary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9wall\u00E2\u0080\u00A9thickening\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9my\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transgenic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lines,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9possible\u00E2\u0080\u00A9increase\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9wall\u00E2\u0080\u00A9thickening\u00E2\u0080\u00A9due\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9MYB46\u00E2\u0080\u00A9overexpression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9xylem\u00E2\u0080\u00A9vessels\u00E2\u0080\u00A9may\u00E2\u0080\u00A9have\u00E2\u0080\u00A9caused\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9movement\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 auxin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 pools\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 near\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 xylem\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 poles,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 causing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lateral\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 roots\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 95\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 form.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9One\u00E2\u0080\u00A9way\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9test\u00E2\u0080\u00A9this\u00E2\u0080\u00A9hypothesis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9would\u00E2\u0080\u00A9be\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to:\u00E2\u0080\u00A9i)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9confirm\u00E2\u0080\u00A9that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9secondary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9wall\u00E2\u0080\u00A9thickness\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 fact\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 perturbed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 ii)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 transform\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 root\u00E2\u0080\u0090specific\u00E2\u0080\u00A9overexpression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 constructs\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (GSTU19pro\u00C2\u00ADSND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 4CL1pro\u00C2\u00ADSND1)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 with\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9promoter\u00E2\u0080\u0090marker\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 fusion\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 DR5::GUS\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 activated\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 by\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 auxins\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 visualize\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 auxin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9response\u00E2\u0080\u00A9patterns\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9root.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Another\u00E2\u0080\u00A9possible\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 explanation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 this\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 increase\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lateral\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 density\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 found\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 GSTU19pro\u00C2\u00ADSND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 transgenic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lines\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 particular,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 could\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 be\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 due\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 fact\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 that,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9addition\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9high\u00E2\u0080\u00A9levels\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9stele\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9endo\u00E2\u0080\u0090cortex,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9GSTU19\u00E2\u0080\u00A9was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9found\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9have\u00E2\u0080\u00A9an\u00E2\u0080\u00A9even\u00E2\u0080\u00A9higher\u00E2\u0080\u00A9level\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lateral\u00E2\u0080\u00A9root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cap\u00E2\u0080\u00A9tissues\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9seen\u00E2\u0080\u00A9by\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Genevestigator\u00E2\u0080\u00A9heat\u00E2\u0080\u00A9map\u00E2\u0080\u00A9that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9I\u00E2\u0080\u00A9generated\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9relative\u00E2\u0080\u00A9probe\u00E2\u0080\u00A9intensities\u00E2\u0080\u00A9from\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Birnbaum\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Benfey\u00E2\u0080\u00A9dataset\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(2004).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cap\u00E2\u0080\u00A9has\u00E2\u0080\u00A9been\u00E2\u0080\u00A9shown\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9be\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9complex\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9dynamic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9organ.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9Root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 caps\u00E2\u0080\u00A9are\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 responsible\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 sensing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 transmitting\u00E2\u0080\u00A9environmental\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 signals,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 synthesizing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 secreting\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 small\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 molecules\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9macromolecules,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9some\u00E2\u0080\u00A9species\u00E2\u0080\u00A9shedding\u00E2\u0080\u00A9metabolically\u00E2\u0080\u00A9active\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cells\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Tsugeki\u00E2\u0080\u00A9&\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Federoff\u00E2\u0080\u00A91999).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9One\u00E2\u0080\u00A9study\u00E2\u0080\u00A9reported\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9identification\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9use\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cap\u00E2\u0080\u0090specific\u00E2\u0080\u00A9promoter\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9genetically\u00E2\u0080\u00A9destroy\u00E2\u0080\u00A9root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9caps\u00E2\u0080\u00A9by\u00E2\u0080\u00A9directing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cap\u00E2\u0080\u0090specific\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9diphtheria\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 toxin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9A\u00E2\u0080\u0090chain\u00E2\u0080\u00A9gene.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9roots\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 these\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transgenic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plants\u00E2\u0080\u00A9had\u00E2\u0080\u00A9more\u00E2\u0080\u00A9highly\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 branched\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lateral\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 roots\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 than\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 those\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 wild\u00E2\u0080\u0090type\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 control\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 plants.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cap\u00E2\u0080\u00A9ablation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (where\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 individual\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cells\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 are\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 destroyed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 experimental\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 purposes)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 this\u00E2\u0080\u00A9study\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 shown\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 alter\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 architecture\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 both\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 by\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 inhibiting\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 meristematic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9activity\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9by\u00E2\u0080\u00A9stimulating\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lateral\u00E2\u0080\u00A9root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 initiation.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9These\u00E2\u0080\u00A9observations\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 implied\u00E2\u0080\u00A9that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 96\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9caps\u00E2\u0080\u00A9contain\u00E2\u0080\u00A9essential\u00E2\u0080\u00A9components\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9signaling\u00E2\u0080\u00A9system\u00E2\u0080\u00A9that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9determines\u00E2\u0080\u00A9root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9architecture\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Tsugeki\u00E2\u0080\u00A9&\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Federoff\u00E2\u0080\u00A91999).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9If\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 overexpression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 GSTU19pro\u00C2\u00ADSND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lines\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 caused\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 similar\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 ablation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 or\u00E2\u0080\u00A9alteration\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lateral\u00E2\u0080\u00A9root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9caps\u00E2\u0080\u00A9this\u00E2\u0080\u00A9could\u00E2\u0080\u00A9certainly\u00E2\u0080\u00A9explain\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9observed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9increases\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9LRD\u00E2\u0080\u00A9seen\u00E2\u0080\u00A9among\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9two\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transgenic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lines\u00E2\u0080\u00A9analyzed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9this\u00E2\u0080\u00A9particular\u00E2\u0080\u00A9construct.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9One\u00E2\u0080\u00A9way\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 test\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 this\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 hypothesis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9would\u00E2\u0080\u00A9be\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 visualize\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 longitudinal\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 sections\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 primary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 tips\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 using\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 electon\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 or\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 confocal\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 microscopy\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 order\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 determine\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9differentiation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cells\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 my\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 transgenic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 empty\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 vector\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 control\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 plants.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Another\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 interesting\u00E2\u0080\u00A9observation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 from\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Tsugeki\u00E2\u0080\u00A9&\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Federoff\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (1999)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9despite\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9abnormal\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 structure\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 their\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 transgenic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lines,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9appearance\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9aerial\u00E2\u0080\u00A9parts\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transgenic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plants\u00E2\u0080\u00A9was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9normal\u00E2\u0080\u00A9on\u00E2\u0080\u00A9both\u00E2\u0080\u00A9MS\u00E2\u0080\u00A9agar\u00E2\u0080\u00A9medium\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9soil.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9normal\u00E2\u0080\u00A9aerial\u00E2\u0080\u00A9phenotype\u00E2\u0080\u00A9was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9also\u00E2\u0080\u00A9observed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9my\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transgenic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lines,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9including\u00E2\u0080\u00A9those\u00E2\u0080\u00A9showing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 increased\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lateral\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 formation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 decrease\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 total\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 content.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9According\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Tsugeki\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 &\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Federoff\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (1999),\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 these\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 results\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 could\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 indicate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9formation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9more\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lateral\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 roots\u00E2\u0080\u00A9might\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 compensate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 effect\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 short\u00E2\u0080\u0090root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9phenotype\u00E2\u0080\u00A9seen\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9previous\u00E2\u0080\u00A9studies\u00E2\u0080\u00A9involving\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9SHORT\u00C2\u00ADROOT\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(SHR)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9gene,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9which\u00E2\u0080\u00A9is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9typified\u00E2\u0080\u00A9by\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9absence\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9gravitropic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9response\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9shoots\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9exhibits\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9determinate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9growth\u00E2\u0080\u00A9pattern\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Benfey\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A91993).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Multiple\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 signaling\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 pathways\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 are\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 responsible\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 controlling\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 normal\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 growth\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 development.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 These\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 pathways\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 are\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 able\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 integrate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 information\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 from\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9environment\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 using\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 metabolic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 developmental\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 signals.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 If\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 these\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 normal\u00E2\u0080\u00A9developmental\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9signaling\u00E2\u0080\u00A9pathways,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9such\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9phenylpropanoid\u00E2\u0080\u00A9pathway,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9are\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 97\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 disrupted\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 or\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 altered,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 consequences\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 overall\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 growth\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 function\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 could\u00E2\u0080\u00A9result.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 In\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 order\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 determine\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 any\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 phenotypes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 involving\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 flowering\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 time,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 overall\u00E2\u0080\u00A9height\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 shape\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (leaf\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 plant),\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 growth\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 examined\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 over\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 six\u00E2\u0080\u0090week\u00E2\u0080\u00A9period.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 My\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 transgenic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 plants\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 overexpressing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 did\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 not\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 show\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 any\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 observable\u00E2\u0080\u00A9phenotype\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 among\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 aerial\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 tissues,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 which\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 could\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 mean\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 that:\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 my\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 transgenic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9constructs\u00E2\u0080\u00A9were\u00E2\u0080\u00A9sufficiently\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 root\u00E2\u0080\u0090specific\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9overexpression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 roots\u00E2\u0080\u00A9did\u00E2\u0080\u00A9not\u00E2\u0080\u00A9seem\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9interefere\u00E2\u0080\u00A9with\u00E2\u0080\u00A9normal\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9growth\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9development\u00E2\u0080\u00A9or\u00E2\u0080\u00A9b)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9there\u00E2\u0080\u00A9is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9no\u00E2\u0080\u00A9alteration\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 secondary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cell\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 wall\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 composition\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 could\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cause\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 an\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 observable\u00E2\u0080\u00A9phenotype\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 aerial\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 tissues.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Either\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 these\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 reasons\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 could\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 explain\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 why\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9pendulous\u00E2\u0080\u00A9phenotype\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9well\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 other\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 severe\u00E2\u0080\u00A9phenotypes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 flowers\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 leaves),\u00E2\u0080\u00A9previously\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 seen\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 overexpressors\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 under\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 control\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 constitutive\u00E2\u0080\u00A9CaMV35S\u00E2\u0080\u00A9promoter,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9not\u00E2\u0080\u00A9observed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9my\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transgenic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plants\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Zhong\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92006).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Histochemical\u00E2\u0080\u00A9staining\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9UV\u00E2\u0080\u00A9autofluorescence\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9root\u00E2\u0080\u0090hypocotyls\u00E2\u0080\u00A9did\u00E2\u0080\u00A9not\u00E2\u0080\u00A9show\u00E2\u0080\u00A9significant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9visible\u00E2\u0080\u00A9phenotypic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9changes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9even\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 though\u00E2\u0080\u00A9considerable\u00E2\u0080\u00A9variation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9content\u00E2\u0080\u00A9was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9seen\u00E2\u0080\u00A9along\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A95mm\u00E2\u0080\u00A9sections\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9hypocotyl\u00E2\u0080\u00A9analyzed,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9which\u00E2\u0080\u00A9could\u00E2\u0080\u00A9be\u00E2\u0080\u00A9due\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9differences\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9developmental\u00E2\u0080\u00A9equivalencies.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9It\u00E2\u0080\u00A9is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9possible\u00E2\u0080\u00A9that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9visualizing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9wall\u00E2\u0080\u00A9thickness\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9content\u00E2\u0080\u00A9at\u00E2\u0080\u00A9this\u00E2\u0080\u00A9magnification\u00E2\u0080\u00A9using\u00E2\u0080\u00A9this\u00E2\u0080\u00A9particular\u00E2\u0080\u00A9type\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9microscopy,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9not\u00E2\u0080\u00A9sufficient\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9observe\u00E2\u0080\u00A9any\u00E2\u0080\u00A9changes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cell\u00E2\u0080\u00A9wall\u00E2\u0080\u00A9thickness\u00E2\u0080\u00A9or\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9deposition\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 patterns\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 roots.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 A\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 more\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 sensitive\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 method\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 might\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 be\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 needed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9distinguish\u00E2\u0080\u00A9more\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 subtle\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 differences\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cell\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 wall\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 thickness\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 among\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 transgenic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lines,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9such\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transmission\u00E2\u0080\u00A9electron\u00E2\u0080\u00A9microscopy.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 98\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 5.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Conclusions\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Future\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Directions\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9To\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 my\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 knowledge,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 this\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 first\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 investigation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 into\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 manipulation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9deposition\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Arabidopsis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 roots\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 end\u00E2\u0080\u0090use\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 increasing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 carbon\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 stocks\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9agricultural\u00E2\u0080\u00A9root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9systems,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9such\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9canola\u00E2\u0080\u00A9or\u00E2\u0080\u00A9soybean.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Using\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9metabolic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9engineering\u00E2\u0080\u00A9approach,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 SND1,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 key\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 transcriptional\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 activator\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 controlling\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 secondary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cell\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 wall\u00E2\u0080\u00A9biosynthesis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 deposition\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Arabidopsis,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 was\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 identified\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 suitable\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 candidate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9alter\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9several\u00E2\u0080\u00A9endogenous\u00E2\u0080\u00A9genes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transcription\u00E2\u0080\u00A9factors\u00E2\u0080\u00A9involved\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 biosynthesis,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 through\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 overexpression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 tissues.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 In\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 my\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transgenic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lines\u00E2\u0080\u00A9overexpressing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9roots\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (driven\u00E2\u0080\u00A9by\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 two\u00E2\u0080\u00A9different\u00E2\u0080\u00A9root\u00E2\u0080\u0090specific\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 candidate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 promoters,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 4CL1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 SND1),\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 I\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 found\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9overexpression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9upregulated\u00E2\u0080\u00A9previously\u00E2\u0080\u00A9known\u00E2\u0080\u00A9downstream\u00E2\u0080\u00A9targets\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9SND1,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9did\u00E2\u0080\u00A9not\u00E2\u0080\u00A9result\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9modification\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 biosynthetic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 pathway\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 genes,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 generally\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 showed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9decrease\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9total\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9carbohydrate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9content,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9showed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9an\u00E2\u0080\u00A9increase\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lateral\u00E2\u0080\u00A9root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9density\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9did\u00E2\u0080\u00A9not\u00E2\u0080\u00A9exhibited\u00E2\u0080\u00A9any\u00E2\u0080\u00A9visible\u00E2\u0080\u00A9phenotypes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9regarding\u00E2\u0080\u00A9seed\u00E2\u0080\u0090related\u00E2\u0080\u00A9traits,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9growth\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9development,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9height\u00E2\u0080\u00A9or\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9deposition\u00E2\u0080\u00A9patterns\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9roots.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 did\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 not\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 behave\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 predictable\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 manner\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 when\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 overexpressed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 an\u00E2\u0080\u00A9environment\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 it\u00E2\u0080\u00A9does\u00E2\u0080\u00A9not\u00E2\u0080\u00A9normally\u00E2\u0080\u00A9operate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9There\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 still\u00E2\u0080\u00A9much\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9discover\u00E2\u0080\u00A9about\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 organization,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 association\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 interrelation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 entire\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 regulatory\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cascade\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 TFs\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (along\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 with\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 regulatory\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 proteins\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cofactors)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 involved\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9activation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 or\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 supression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 biosynthetic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 genes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 during\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 secondary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 wall\u00E2\u0080\u00A9formation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 shoots,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 let\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 alone\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 roots.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Further\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 studies\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 are\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 underway,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 99\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Arabidopsis,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 characterize\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 TFs\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 involved\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 SND1\u00E2\u0080\u0090mediated\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 regulation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9secondary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cell\u00E2\u0080\u00A9wall\u00E2\u0080\u00A9formation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(probably\u00E2\u0080\u00A9through\u00E2\u0080\u00A9reverse\u00E2\u0080\u00A9genetics\u00E2\u0080\u00A9approaches).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9mechanisms\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 place\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 control\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 maintain\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 normal\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 levels\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cell\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 wall\u00E2\u0080\u00A9biosynthesis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 deposition\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 present\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 significant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 challenge\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 overcome\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 when\u00E2\u0080\u00A9designing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 engineering\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 genetic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 constructs\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 ectopically\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 express\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 transcription\u00E2\u0080\u00A9factors\u00E2\u0080\u00A9that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9regulate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9secondary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cell\u00E2\u0080\u00A9wall\u00E2\u0080\u00A9metabolic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9pathways,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9organs\u00E2\u0080\u00A9where\u00E2\u0080\u00A9these\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 factors\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 do\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 not\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 normally\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 regulate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 this\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 process.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 TFs\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 general\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 have\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 very\u00E2\u0080\u00A9diverse\u00E2\u0080\u00A9roles\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9regulating\u00E2\u0080\u00A9gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transcription\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9may\u00E2\u0080\u00A9act\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9part\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9complex\u00E2\u0080\u00A9with\u00E2\u0080\u00A9other\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 TFs\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 or\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 regulatory\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 proteins,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 which\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 together\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 might\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 be\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 involved\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 directly\u00E2\u0080\u00A9regulating\u00E2\u0080\u00A9gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9particular\u00E2\u0080\u00A9biosynthetic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9pathway.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9Others\u00E2\u0080\u00A9might\u00E2\u0080\u00A9be\u00E2\u0080\u00A9involved\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9enhancing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9or\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 fine\u00E2\u0080\u0090tuning\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 level\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9different\u00E2\u0080\u00A9metabolic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9pathway\u00E2\u0080\u00A9genes.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Therefore,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9studies\u00E2\u0080\u00A9are\u00E2\u0080\u00A9needed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9determine\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9specific\u00E2\u0080\u00A9associations\u00E2\u0080\u00A9between\u00E2\u0080\u00A9these\u00E2\u0080\u00A9factors\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9with\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cell\u00E2\u0080\u00A9wall\u00E2\u0080\u00A9biosynthetic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9genes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9vivo,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9vitro\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 planta)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 could\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 also\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 provide\u00E2\u0080\u00A9more\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 insight\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 into\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 how\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 this\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 particular\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9metabolic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9pathway\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 controlled\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 well\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 possibly\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 present\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 new\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 candidate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 genes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 whose\u00E2\u0080\u00A9overexpression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9might\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 induce\u00E2\u0080\u00A9ectopic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lignification\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 tissues.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9All\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 these\u00E2\u0080\u00A9studies\u00E2\u0080\u00A9combined\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 should\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 clarify\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 some\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 missing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 links\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 our\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 current\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 knowledge\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9secondary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cell\u00E2\u0080\u00A9wall\u00E2\u0080\u00A9formation,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9within\u00E2\u0080\u00A9above\u00E2\u0080\u00A9ground\u00E2\u0080\u00A9tissues.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Significantly\u00E2\u0080\u00A9more\u00E2\u0080\u00A9work\u00E2\u0080\u00A9is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 required\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Arabidopsis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 systems\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 determine\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 how\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 even\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 which)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9secondary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cell\u00E2\u0080\u00A9wall\u00E2\u0080\u00A9regulatory\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 factors\u00E2\u0080\u00A9operate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 these\u00E2\u0080\u00A9tissues.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9These\u00E2\u0080\u00A9studies\u00E2\u0080\u00A9may\u00E2\u0080\u00A9even\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 elucidate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 new\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 candidate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 genes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 controlling\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 deposition\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 specifically\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9roots.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 100\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Suitable\u00E2\u0080\u00A9promoters\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9safener\u00E2\u0080\u0090inducible\u00E2\u0080\u00A9gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9system\u00E2\u0080\u00A9were\u00E2\u0080\u00A9identified\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 this\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 project\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 used\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 induce\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 root\u00E2\u0080\u0090specific\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 transgenic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 plants.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Experimentally\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 testing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 strength\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 tissue\u00E2\u0080\u0090specificity\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 all\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 other\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 putative\u00E2\u0080\u00A9root\u00E2\u0080\u0090specific\u00E2\u0080\u00A9promoters\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9have\u00E2\u0080\u00A9been\u00E2\u0080\u00A9previously\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 identified\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Arabidopsis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 can\u00E2\u0080\u00A9be\u00E2\u0080\u00A9used\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9assess\u00E2\u0080\u00A9their\u00E2\u0080\u00A9ability\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9drive\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transgene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9context\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9particular\u00E2\u0080\u00A9biological\u00E2\u0080\u00A9questions\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9objectives.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9Since\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9silico\u00E2\u0080\u00A9analysis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9regulatory\u00E2\u0080\u00A9motifs\u00E2\u0080\u00A9or\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cis\u00E2\u0080\u0090elements\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9promoter\u00E2\u0080\u00A9regions\u00E2\u0080\u00A9indicates\u00E2\u0080\u00A9that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9these\u00E2\u0080\u00A9binding\u00E2\u0080\u00A9sequences\u00E2\u0080\u00A9could\u00E2\u0080\u00A9play\u00E2\u0080\u00A9an\u00E2\u0080\u00A9important\u00E2\u0080\u00A9role\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9conferring\u00E2\u0080\u00A9root\u00E2\u0080\u0090specificity,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9previously\u00E2\u0080\u00A9described\u00E2\u0080\u00A9for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9these\u00E2\u0080\u00A9so\u00E2\u0080\u0090called\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u009Croot\u00E2\u0080\u0090specific\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00E2\u0080\u00A9genes,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9it\u00E2\u0080\u00A9may\u00E2\u0080\u00A9be\u00E2\u0080\u00A9valuable\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9determine\u00E2\u0080\u00A9which\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9these\u00E2\u0080\u00A9putative\u00E2\u0080\u00A9motifs\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 are\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 fact\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 directly\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 linked\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 root\u00E2\u0080\u0090specific\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 by\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 more\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 direct\u00E2\u0080\u00A9experimental\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 approaches.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 For\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 example,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 recapitulation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 studies\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 using\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 intact\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9mutated\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 versions\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 predicted\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cis\u00C2\u00ADelement\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 driving\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 reporter\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (such\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9luciferase)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transgenic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plants\u00E2\u0080\u00A9could\u00E2\u0080\u00A9be\u00E2\u0080\u00A9used\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9validate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9hypothesized\u00E2\u0080\u00A9function\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cis\u00C2\u00ADacting\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 regulatory\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 element\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 vivo.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 additional\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 information\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 gathered\u00E2\u0080\u00A9from\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 these\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 future\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 studies,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 could\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 provide\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 us\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 with\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 more\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 ways\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 fully\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 explore\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9various\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 resources\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 available\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9manipulating\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 deposition\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9roots,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9thereby\u00E2\u0080\u00A9enabling\u00E2\u0080\u00A9us\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9develop\u00E2\u0080\u00A9new\u00E2\u0080\u00A9highly\u00E2\u0080\u00A9specific\u00E2\u0080\u00A9gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9constructs\u00E2\u0080\u00A9for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 enhancing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 deposition\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 roots.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Furthermore,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 root\u00E2\u0080\u0090specific\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9induction\u00E2\u0080\u00A9system\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9dicots\u00E2\u0080\u00A9using\u00E2\u0080\u00A9benoxacor\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 fenclorim\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 chemical\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 inducers\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 GSTU19\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 promoter\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 used\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 drive\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 root\u00E2\u0080\u0090specific\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 transgene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 expression,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 showed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9some\u00E2\u0080\u00A9promise\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9conferring\u00E2\u0080\u00A9spatial\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9temporal\u00E2\u0080\u00A9control\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transgene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9roots\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 transgenic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plants\u00E2\u0080\u00A9analyzed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 this\u00E2\u0080\u00A9project\u00E2\u0080\u00A9but\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 this\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 system\u00E2\u0080\u00A9needs\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9be\u00E2\u0080\u00A9optimized\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 with\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 respect\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 safener\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 concentration,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 induction\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 time\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 application\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 101\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 method\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 if\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 it\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9be\u00E2\u0080\u00A9used\u00E2\u0080\u00A9widely\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9an\u00E2\u0080\u00A9acceptable\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 chemical\u00E2\u0080\u0090inducible\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 root\u00E2\u0080\u0090specific\u00E2\u0080\u00A9gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9various\u00E2\u0080\u00A9root\u00E2\u0080\u0090related\u00E2\u0080\u00A9biotechnology\u00E2\u0080\u00A9applications.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9For\u00E2\u0080\u00A9example,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9direct\u00E2\u0080\u00A9induction\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transgene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9hydroponically\u00E2\u0080\u00A9grown\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plants\u00E2\u0080\u00A9is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9most\u00E2\u0080\u00A9effective\u00E2\u0080\u00A9way\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 induce\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 transgene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 roots\u00E2\u0080\u00A9by\u00E2\u0080\u00A9allowing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9direct\u00E2\u0080\u00A9access\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 safener\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 by\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 systems,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9method\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9may\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 not\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 be\u00E2\u0080\u00A9well\u00E2\u0080\u0090suited\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 large\u00E2\u0080\u0090scale\u00E2\u0080\u00A9crop\u00E2\u0080\u00A9systems.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Studies\u00E2\u0080\u00A9with\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9overall\u00E2\u0080\u00A9aim\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9modifying\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9content\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9composition\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plants\u00E2\u0080\u00A9have\u00E2\u0080\u00A9many\u00E2\u0080\u00A9potential\u00E2\u0080\u00A9economic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9environmental\u00E2\u0080\u00A9benefits\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9humans.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9As\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9result\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9this\u00E2\u0080\u00A9importance,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9just\u00E2\u0080\u00A9over\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9decade,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9number\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9studies\u00E2\u0080\u00A9have\u00E2\u0080\u00A9been\u00E2\u0080\u00A9conducted\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9manipulate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 monolignol\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 pathway\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 within\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 phenylpropanoid\u00E2\u0080\u00A9metabolism.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 For\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 instance,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cheaper\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9more\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 easily\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 processed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 trees\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 pulp\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9paper\u00E2\u0080\u00A9manufacture\u00E2\u0080\u00A9that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9could\u00E2\u0080\u00A9decrease\u00E2\u0080\u00A9pollution,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9more\u00E2\u0080\u00A9readily\u00E2\u0080\u00A9digestible\u00E2\u0080\u00A9forage\u00E2\u0080\u00A9for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9livestock\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 improved\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 feedstock\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 fuel/chemical\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 production\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Anterola\u00E2\u0080\u00A9&\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Lewis\u00E2\u0080\u00A92002).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9These\u00E2\u0080\u00A9research\u00E2\u0080\u00A9endeavors,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9along\u00E2\u0080\u00A9with\u00E2\u0080\u00A9high\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 throughput\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 transcriptional\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9metabolic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9profiling\u00E2\u0080\u00A9studies,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9have\u00E2\u0080\u00A9produced\u00E2\u0080\u00A9an\u00E2\u0080\u00A9immense\u00E2\u0080\u00A9collection\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9scientific\u00E2\u0080\u00A9data.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9These\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 studies\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 are\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 important\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 gaining\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 significant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 insight\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 into:\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 1)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 overall\u00E2\u0080\u00A9dynamics\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 phenylpropanoid\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 metabolism\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (i.e.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 how\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 carbon\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 flux\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 through\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 various\u00E2\u0080\u00A9pathways\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 differentially\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 controlled)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 how\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 genetic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9manipulations\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 can\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 alter\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9disrupt\u00E2\u0080\u00A9programmed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9assembly\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9predictable\u00E2\u0080\u00A9manner\u00E2\u0080\u00A9without\u00E2\u0080\u00A9affecting\u00E2\u0080\u00A9overall\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 viability\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (Anterola\u00E2\u0080\u00A9&\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Lewis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2002).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 In\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 fact,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9metabolic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 engineering\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9general\u00E2\u0080\u00A9is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9now\u00E2\u0080\u00A9beginning\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9take\u00E2\u0080\u00A9over\u00E2\u0080\u00A9from\u00E2\u0080\u00A9single\u00E2\u0080\u0090gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9engineering\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9best\u00E2\u0080\u00A9way\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9manipulate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9metabolic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 flux\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 transgenic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 plants.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 ability\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 control\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 several\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 102\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 points\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 given\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 metabolic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 pathway\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 at\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 same\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 time\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 either\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 by\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 overexpressing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and/or\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 suppressing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9several\u00E2\u0080\u00A9enzymes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 through\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9use\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 transcriptional\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 regulators\u00E2\u0080\u00A9controlling\u00E2\u0080\u00A9endogenous\u00E2\u0080\u00A9genes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9powerful\u00E2\u0080\u00A9tool\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9developing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9complex\u00E2\u0080\u00A9phenotypes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9resulting\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 from\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 modifications\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 entire\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 pathways.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Our\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 knowledge\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 metabolic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9pathways\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 continues\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 expand\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 via\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 use\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 applied\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 genomics,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 proteomics\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9metabolomics,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9while\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 advances\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 systems\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 biology\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 help\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 us\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9model\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 impact\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9different\u00E2\u0080\u00A9modifications.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9In\u00E2\u0080\u00A9conclusion,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9these\u00E2\u0080\u00A9more\u00E2\u0080\u00A9recent\u00E2\u0080\u00A9biotechnological\u00E2\u0080\u00A9advances\u00E2\u0080\u00A9are\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 greatly\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 increasing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 our\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 understanding\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 regulatory\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 processes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 involved\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9controlling\u00E2\u0080\u00A9secondary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cell\u00E2\u0080\u00A9wall\u00E2\u0080\u00A9biosynthesis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9deposition.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 103\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Bibliography\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 About\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Arabidopsis.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (2008,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 August\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 5).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Retrieved\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 August\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 9,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2009,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 from\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Arabidopsis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Information\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Resource\u00E2\u0080\u00A9:\u00E2\u0080\u00A9http://www.arabidopsis.org\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Anterola,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 A.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 M.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 &\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Lewis,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 N.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 G.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (2002).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Trends\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 modification:\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 comprehensive\u00E2\u0080\u00A9analysis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9effects\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9genetic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9manipulations/mutations\u00E2\u0080\u00A9on\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lignification\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cascular\u00E2\u0080\u00A9integrity.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Phytochemistry,\u00E2\u0080\u00A961\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(3),\u00E2\u0080\u00A9221\u00E2\u0080\u0090294.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Arabidopsis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 thaliana.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (2009,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 July\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 28).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Retrieved\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 August\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 9,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2009,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 from\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Wikipedia:\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabidopsis_thaliana\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Arce,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9A.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9L.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Cabello,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9J.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9V.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9&\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Chan,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9R.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9L.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(2008).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Patents\u00E2\u0080\u00A9on\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transcription\u00E2\u0080\u00A9factors.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Recent\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Patents\u00E2\u0080\u00A9on\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Biotechnology,\u00E2\u0080\u00A92\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(3),\u00E2\u0080\u00A9209\u00E2\u0080\u0090217.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Baghdady,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9A.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Blervacq,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9A.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9S.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Jouanin,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9L.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Grima\u00E2\u0080\u0090Pettenati,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9J.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Sivadon,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9P.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9&\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Hawkins,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 S.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(2006).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Eucalyptus\u00E2\u0080\u00A9gunnii\u00E2\u0080\u00A9CCR\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9CAD2\u00E2\u0080\u00A9promoters\u00E2\u0080\u00A9are\u00E2\u0080\u00A9active\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lignifying\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cells\u00E2\u0080\u00A9during\u00E2\u0080\u00A9primary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9secondary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9xylem\u00E2\u0080\u00A9formation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Arabidopsis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9thaliana.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Physiology\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Biochemistry,\u00E2\u0080\u00A944\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(11\u00E2\u0080\u009012),\u00E2\u0080\u00A9674\u00E2\u0080\u0090683.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Bais,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9H.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9P.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Weir,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9T.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9L.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Perry,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9L.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9G.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Gilroy,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9S.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9&\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Vivanco,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9J.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9M.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(2006).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9role\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 exudates\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9rhizophere\u00E2\u0080\u00A9interactions\u00E2\u0080\u00A9with\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plants\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9other\u00E2\u0080\u00A9organisms.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Annual\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Review\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Biology,\u00E2\u0080\u00A957,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9233\u00E2\u0080\u0090266.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Battle,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9M.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Bender,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9M.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9L.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Tans,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9P.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9P.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9White,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9J.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9W.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9C.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Ellis,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9J.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9T.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Conway,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9T.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9&\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Francey,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9R.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 J.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Global\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Carbon\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Sinks\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Their\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Variability\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Inferred\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 from\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Atmospheric\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 O2\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00CE\u00B413C.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Science,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9287\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(5462),\u00E2\u0080\u00A92467\u00E2\u0080\u00902470.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Benfey,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9P.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9N.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Linstead,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9P.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9J.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Roberts,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9K.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9W.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9S.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9J.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Hauser,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9M.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9T.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9&\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Aeschbacher,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9R.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9A.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (1993).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 development\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Arabidopsis:\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 four\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 mutants\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 with\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 dramatically\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 altered\u00E2\u0080\u00A9root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9morphogenesis.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Development,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9119\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(1),\u00E2\u0080\u00A957\u00E2\u0080\u009070.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Besseau,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9S.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Hoffmann,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9L.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Geoffroy,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9P.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Lapierre,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9C.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Pollet,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9B.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9&\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Legrand,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9M.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(2007).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Flavonoid\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Accumulation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Arabidopsis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Repressed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Synthesis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Affects\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Auxin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Transport\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Growth.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Cell,\u00E2\u0080\u00A919,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9148\u00E2\u0080\u0090162.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Bettini,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 P.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Michelotti,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 S.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Bindi,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 D.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Giannini,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 R.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Capuana,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9M.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 &\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Buiatti,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 M.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (2003).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Pleiotropic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9effect\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9insertion\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Agrobacterium\u00E2\u0080\u00A9rhizogenes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9rolD\u00E2\u0080\u00A9gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 tomato\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Lycopersicon\u00E2\u0080\u00A9esculentum\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Mill.).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Theor.Appl.Genet.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9107\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (5),\u00E2\u0080\u00A9831\u00E2\u0080\u0090\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 836.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Bhuiyan,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 N.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Selvaraj,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 G.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Wei,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Y.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 &\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 King,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 J.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (2009).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Role\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lignification\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 defense.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Signaling\u00E2\u0080\u00A9&\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Behavior,\u00E2\u0080\u00A94\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(2),\u00E2\u0080\u00A9158\u00E2\u0080\u0090159.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Birnbaum,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9K.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9&\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Benfey,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 P.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9N.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (2004).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Network\u00E2\u0080\u00A9building:\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 transcriptional\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 circuits\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9root.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Current\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Opinion\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Biology\u00E2\u0080\u00A9,\u00E2\u0080\u00A97\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(5),\u00E2\u0080\u00A9582\u00E2\u0080\u0090588.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Birnbaum,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9K.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Sasha,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9D.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9E.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Wang,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9J.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Y.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Jung,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9J.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9W.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Lambert,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9G.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9M.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Galbraith,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9D.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9W.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (2003).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 A\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Map\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Arabidopsis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Root.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Science,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 302\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (5652),\u00E2\u0080\u00A91956\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u0090\u00E2\u0080\u00A91960.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Black,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 C.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 C.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (1973)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Photosunthetic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 carbon\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 fixation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 relation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 net\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 CO2\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 uptake.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Annual\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Review\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Physiology.\u00E2\u0080\u00A924,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9253\u00E2\u0080\u0090286.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Boerjan,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9W.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Ralph,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 J.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9&\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Baucher,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9M.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (2003).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Biosynthesis.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Annual\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Review\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Biology,\u00E2\u0080\u00A954,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9519\u00E2\u0080\u0090546.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Boudet,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 A.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Kajita,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 S.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Grima\u00E2\u0080\u0090Pettenati,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 J.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 &\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Goffner,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 D.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (2003).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Lignins\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lignocellulosics:\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 better\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 control\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 synthesis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 new\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 improved\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 uses.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Trends\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Science,\u00E2\u0080\u00A98\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(12),\u00E2\u0080\u00A9576\u00E2\u0080\u0090581\u00E2\u0080\u00A9.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 104\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Boudet,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 A.\u00E2\u0080\u0090M.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (2007).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Evolution\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 current\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 status\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 research\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 phenolic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 compounds.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Phytochemistry,\u00E2\u0080\u00A968\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(22\u00E2\u0080\u009024),\u00E2\u0080\u00A92722\u00E2\u0080\u00902735\u00E2\u0080\u00A9.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Boudet,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9A.\u00E2\u0080\u0090M.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(2000).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Lignins\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lignification:\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Selected\u00E2\u0080\u00A9issues.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Physiology\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Biochemistry,\u00E2\u0080\u00A938\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(1\u00E2\u0080\u00902),\u00E2\u0080\u00A981\u00E2\u0080\u009096\u00E2\u0080\u00A9.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Brand,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 L.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Horler,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 M.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Nuesch,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 E.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Vassalli,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 S.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Barrell,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 P.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Yang,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9W.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (2006).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 A\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Versatile\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Reliable\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Two\u00E2\u0080\u0090Component\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 System\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Tissue\u00E2\u0080\u0090Specific\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Induction\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Arabidopsis.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Physiology,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9141,\u00E2\u0080\u00A91194\u00E2\u0080\u00901204.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Broun,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9P.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(2004).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Transcription\u00E2\u0080\u00A9factors\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9tools\u00E2\u0080\u00A9for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9metabolic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9engineering\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plants\u00E2\u0080\u00A9.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Current\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Opinion\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Biology,\u00E2\u0080\u00A97\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(2),\u00E2\u0080\u00A9202\u00E2\u0080\u0090209\u00E2\u0080\u00A9.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Burk,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 D.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 H.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Liu,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 B.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Zhong,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 R.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Morrison,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9W.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 H.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 &\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Ye,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Z.\u00E2\u0080\u0090H.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (2001).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 A\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Katanin\u00E2\u0080\u0090like\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Protein\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Regulates\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Normal\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Cell\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Wall\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Biosynthesis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Cell\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Elongation.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Cell,\u00E2\u0080\u00A913,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9807\u00E2\u0080\u0090828.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Cai,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9M.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9C.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Wei,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 J.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Li,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9X.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Xu,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9C.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9&\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Wang,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9S.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (2007).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9A\u00E2\u0080\u00A9rice\u00E2\u0080\u00A9promoter\u00E2\u0080\u00A9containing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9both\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 novel\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 positive\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 negative\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cis\u00E2\u0080\u0090elements\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 regulation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 green\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 tissue\u00E2\u0080\u0090\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 specific\u00E2\u0080\u00A9gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transgenic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plants.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Biotechnology\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Journal,\u00E2\u0080\u00A95,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 664\u00E2\u0080\u0090674.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Chambers,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 J.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 M.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Freeny,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 A\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Heiberger,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 R.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 M.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (1992)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Analysis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 variance;\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 designed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9experiments.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Chapter\u00E2\u0080\u00A95\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Statistical\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Models\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9S\u00E2\u0080\u00A9eds\u00E2\u0080\u00A9J.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9M.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Chambers\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9T.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9J.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Hastie,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Wadsworth\u00E2\u0080\u00A9&\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Brooks/Cole.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Chang,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 X.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 F.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Chandra,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 R.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Berleth,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 T.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 &\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Beatson,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 R.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 P.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (2008).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Rapid,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Microscale,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Acetyl\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Bromide\u00E2\u0080\u0090Based\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Method\u00E2\u0080\u00A9for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9High\u00E2\u0080\u0090Throughput\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Determination\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Content\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Arabidopsis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 thaliana.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Journal\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Agricultural\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Food\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Chemistry,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 56\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(16),\u00E2\u0080\u00A96825\u00E2\u0080\u00906834.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Chapple,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 C.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 &\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Carpita,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 N.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (1998).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cell\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 walls\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 targets\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 biotechnology.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Current\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Opinion\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Biology,\u00E2\u0080\u00A91\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(2),\u00E2\u0080\u00A9179\u00E2\u0080\u0090185.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Coleman,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 H.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 D.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Park,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 J.\u00E2\u0080\u0090Y.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Nair,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 R.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Chapple,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 C.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 &\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Mansfield,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 S.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 D.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (2008)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 RNAi\u00E2\u0080\u0090\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 mediated\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 suppression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 p\u00E2\u0080\u0090coumaroyl\u00E2\u0080\u0090CoA\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 3\u00E2\u0080\u00B2\u00E2\u0080\u0090hydroxylase\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 hybrid\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 poplar\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 impacts\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9deposition\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9soluble\u00E2\u0080\u00A9secondary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9metabolism.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9PNAS,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9105\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(11),\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 4501\u00E2\u0080\u00904506.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9De\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Graaff,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 M.\u00E2\u0080\u0090A.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Six,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 J.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 &\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Van\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Kessel,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 C.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (2007).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Elevated\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 CO2\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 increases\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 nitrogen\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 rhizodeposition\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 microbial\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 immobilization\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 root\u00E2\u0080\u0090derived\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 nitrogen.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9New\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Phytologist,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9173\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(4),\u00E2\u0080\u00A9778\u00E2\u0080\u0090786.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9De\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Veylder,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9L.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Van\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Montagu,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9M.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9&\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Inze,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9D.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(1997).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Herbicide\u00E2\u0080\u00A9safener\u00E2\u0080\u0090inducible\u00E2\u0080\u00A9gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Arabidopsis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9thaliana.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Cell\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Physiology,\u00E2\u0080\u00A938\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(5),\u00E2\u0080\u00A9568\u00E2\u0080\u0090577.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Delmer,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9D.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9P.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9&\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Haigler,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9C.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9H.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(2002).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Regulation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Metabolic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Flux\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Cellulose,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Major\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Sink\u00E2\u0080\u00A9for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Carbon\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Plants.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Metabolic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Engineering,\u00E2\u0080\u00A94,\u00E2\u0080\u00A922\u00E2\u0080\u009028.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9DeRidder,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 B.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 P.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 &\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Goldsbrough,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 P.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 B.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (2006).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Organ\u00E2\u0080\u0090Specific\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Glutathione\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 S\u00E2\u0080\u0090Transferases\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Efficacy\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Herbicide\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Safeners\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Arabidopsis.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Physiology,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9140,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9167\u00E2\u0080\u0090175.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9DeRidder,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 B.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 P.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Dixon,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 D.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 P.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Beussman,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 D.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 J.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Edwards,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 R.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 &\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Goldsbrough,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 P.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 B.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (2002).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Induction\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Glutathione\u00E2\u0080\u00A9S\u00E2\u0080\u0090Transferases\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Arabidopsis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9by\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Herbicide\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Safeners.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Pltnat\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Physiology,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9130,\u00E2\u0080\u00A91497\u00E2\u0080\u00901505.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Dungait,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 J.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9A.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Stear,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9N.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9van\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Dongen,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9B.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9E.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Bol,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9R.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9&\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Evershed,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9R.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9P.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(2008).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Off\u00E2\u0080\u0090line\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 pyrolysis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 compound\u00E2\u0080\u0090specific\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 stable\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 carbon\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 isotope\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 analysis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 moieties:\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 new\u00E2\u0080\u00A9method\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 determining\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 fate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 residues\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 soil.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Rapid\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Communications\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Mass\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Spectrometry,\u00E2\u0080\u00A922\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(11),\u00E2\u0080\u00A91631\u00E2\u0080\u00901639.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 105\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Ehlting,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9J.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9B\u00C3\u00BCttner,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9D.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Wang,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Q.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Douglas,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9C.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9J.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Somssich,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9I.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9E.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9&\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Kombrink,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9E.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(2002).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Three\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 4\u00E2\u0080\u0090coumarate:coenzyme\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 A\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 ligases\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Arabidopsis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 thaliana\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 represent\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 two\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 evolutionarily\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 divergent\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 classes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 angiosperms\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 .\u00E2\u0080\u00A9The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Journal,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 19\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (1),\u00E2\u0080\u00A99\u00E2\u0080\u009020.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Elmayan,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9T.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9&\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Tepfer,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9M.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(1995).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Evaluation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9tobacco\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9organ\u00E2\u0080\u00A9specificity\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 strength\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9rolD\u00E2\u0080\u00A9promoter,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9domain\u00E2\u0080\u00A9A\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A935S\u00E2\u0080\u00A9promoter\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A935S2\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 promoter.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Transgenic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Res.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A94,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9388\u00E2\u0080\u0093396.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Emiliani,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9G.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Fondi,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9M.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Fani,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9R.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9&\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Gribaldo,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9S.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (2009).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9A\u00E2\u0080\u00A9horizontal\u00E2\u0080\u00A9gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transfer\u00E2\u0080\u00A9at\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9origin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9phenylpropanoid\u00E2\u0080\u00A9metabolism:\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9key\u00E2\u0080\u00A9adaptation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plants\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9land.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Biology\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Direct,\u00E2\u0080\u00A94\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(7).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Falkowski,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9P.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Scholes,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9R.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Boyle,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9E.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Canadell,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9J.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Canfield,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9D.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Elser,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9J.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(2000).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 global\u00E2\u0080\u00A9carbon\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cycle:\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9test\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9our\u00E2\u0080\u00A9knowledge\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9earth\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9system.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Science,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9290\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (5490),\u00E2\u0080\u00A9291\u00E2\u0080\u0090296.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Ferrer,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 J.\u00E2\u0080\u0090L.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Austin,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9M.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Stewart\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Jr.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 C.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9&\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Noel,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 J.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (2008).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Structure\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 function\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 enzymes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9involved\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9biosynthesis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9phenylpropanoids.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Physiology\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Biochemistry,\u00E2\u0080\u00A946\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(3),\u00E2\u0080\u00A9356\u00E2\u0080\u0090370.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Fukaki,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 H.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 &\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Tasaka,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 M.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (1999).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Gravity\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 perception\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 gravitropic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 response\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 inflorescence\u00E2\u0080\u00A9stems\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Arabidopsis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 thaliana.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Advances\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Space\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Research,\u00E2\u0080\u00A924\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (6),\u00E2\u0080\u00A9763\u00E2\u0080\u0090770.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Genevestigator\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (2009).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Retrieved\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 January\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2007\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 &\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 September\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2009,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 from\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Genevestigator:\u00E2\u0080\u00A9https://www.genevestigator.com\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Goujon,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9T.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Sibout,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9R.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Eudes,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9A.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9MacKay,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 J.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9&\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Jouanin,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9L.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (2003).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Genes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 involved\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9biosynthesis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9precursors\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Arabidopsis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9thaliana.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Physiology\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Biochemistry,\u00E2\u0080\u00A941,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9677\u00E2\u0080\u0090687.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Grima\u00E2\u0080\u0090Pettenati,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9J.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9&\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Goffner,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9D.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(1999).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9genetic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9engineering\u00E2\u0080\u00A9revisited\u00E2\u0080\u00A9.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Science,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9145\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(2),\u00E2\u0080\u00A951\u00E2\u0080\u009065\u00E2\u0080\u00A9.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Hajdukiewicz,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 P.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Svab,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Z.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9&\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Maliga,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 P.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (1994).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 small,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 versatile\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 pPZP\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 family\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Agrobacterium\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 binary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 vectors\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 transformation.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Molecular\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Biology,\u00E2\u0080\u00A925\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(6),\u00E2\u0080\u00A9989\u00E2\u0080\u0090994.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Hatfield,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 R.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 &\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Fukushima,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 R.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 S.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (2005).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Can\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Be\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Accurately\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Measured?\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Crop\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Science,\u00E2\u0080\u00A945,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9832\u00E2\u0080\u0090839.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Hati,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9K.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9M.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Swarup,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9A.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Dwivedi,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9A.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9K.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Misra,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9A.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9K.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9&\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Bandyopadhyay,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9K.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9K.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(2007).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Changes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9soil\u00E2\u0080\u00A9physical\u00E2\u0080\u00A9properties\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9organic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9carbon\u00E2\u0080\u00A9status\u00E2\u0080\u00A9at\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 topsoil\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 horizon\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9vertisol\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 central\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 India\u00E2\u0080\u00A9after\u00E2\u0080\u00A928\u00E2\u0080\u00A9years\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 continuous\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cropping,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 fertilization\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9manuring.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Agriculture,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Ecosystems\u00E2\u0080\u00A9&\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Environment,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9119\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(1\u00E2\u0080\u00902),\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 127\u00E2\u0080\u0090134.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Helariutta,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Y.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Fukaki,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 H.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Wysocka\u00E2\u0080\u0090Diller,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 J.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Nakajima,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 K.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Jung,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 J.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Sena,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 G.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (2000).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 SHORT\u00E2\u0080\u0090ROOT\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Controls\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Radial\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Patterning\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Arabidopsis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9through\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Radial\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Signaling.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Cell,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9101\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(5),\u00E2\u0080\u00A9555\u00E2\u0080\u0090567.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Higo,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9K.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Ugawa,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Y.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Iwamoto,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9M.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9&\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Korenaga,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9T.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(1999).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cis\u00E2\u0080\u0090acting\u00E2\u0080\u00A9regulatory\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 DNA\u00E2\u0080\u00A9elements\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(PLACE)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9database:\u00E2\u0080\u00A91999\u00E2\u0080\u00A9.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Nucleic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Acids\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Research\u00E2\u0080\u00A9,\u00E2\u0080\u00A927\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(1),\u00E2\u0080\u00A9297\u00E2\u0080\u0090\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 300.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Humphreys,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9J.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9&\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Chapple,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9C.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(2002).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Rewriting\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9roadmap\u00E2\u0080\u00A9.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Current\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Opinion\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Biology,\u00E2\u0080\u00A95\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(3),\u00E2\u0080\u00A9224\u00E2\u0080\u0090229.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 106\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 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ImageJ:\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Image\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Processing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Analysis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Java.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(n.d.).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Retrieved\u00E2\u0080\u00A9August\u00E2\u0080\u00A926,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2009,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 from\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 ImageJ:\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Image\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Processing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Analysis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Java:\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 http://rsb.info.nih.gov/ij/download.html.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Inukai,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Y.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Sakamoto,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9T.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Ueguchi\u00E2\u0080\u0090Tanaka,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9M.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Shibata,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Y.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Gomi,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9K.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Umemura,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 I.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (2005).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Crown\u00E2\u0080\u00A9rootless1,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9which\u00E2\u0080\u00A9is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9essential\u00E2\u0080\u00A9for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9crown\u00E2\u0080\u00A9root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9formation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 rice,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9target\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9an\u00E2\u0080\u00A9AUXIN\u00E2\u0080\u00A9RESPONSE\u00E2\u0080\u00A9FACTOR\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9auxin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9signaling.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Cell,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 17,\u00E2\u0080\u00A91387\u00E2\u0080\u00901396.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Ishiguro,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 S.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 &\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Nakamura,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 K.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (1992).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 nuclear\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 factor\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 SP8BF\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 binds\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 5'\u00E2\u0080\u0090\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 upstream\u00E2\u0080\u00A9regions\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9three\u00E2\u0080\u00A9different\u00E2\u0080\u00A9genes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9coding\u00E2\u0080\u00A9for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9major\u00E2\u0080\u00A9proteins\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9sweet\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 potato\u00E2\u0080\u00A9tuberous\u00E2\u0080\u00A9roots\u00E2\u0080\u00A9.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Mol.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Biol.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A918,\u00E2\u0080\u00A997\u00E2\u0080\u0090108.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Jiao,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Y.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Ma,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9L.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Strickland,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9E.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9&\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Deng,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9X.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9W.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(2005).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Conservation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Divergence\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Light\u00E2\u0080\u0090Regulated\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Genome\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Patterns\u00E2\u0080\u00A9during\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Seedling\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Development\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Rice\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Arabidopsis.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Cell,\u00E2\u0080\u00A917,\u00E2\u0080\u00A93239\u00E2\u0080\u00903256.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Jobb\u00C3\u00A1gy,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9E.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9G.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9&\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Jackson,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9R.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9B.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(2001).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9distribution\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9soil\u00E2\u0080\u00A9nutrients\u00E2\u0080\u00A9with\u00E2\u0080\u00A9depth:\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Global\u00E2\u0080\u00A9patterns\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9imprint\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plants.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Biogeochemistry,\u00E2\u0080\u00A953,\u00E2\u0080\u00A951\u00E2\u0080\u009077.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Johnson,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 J.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Franzluebbers,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 A.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Weyers,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 S.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 &\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Reicosky,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 D.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (2007).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Agricultural\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 opportunities\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9mitigate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9greenhouse\u00E2\u0080\u00A9gas\u00E2\u0080\u00A9emissions.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Environmental\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Pollution,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 150,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9107\u00E2\u0080\u0090124.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Jones,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 M.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 O.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Manning,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 K.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Andrews,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 J.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Wright,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 C.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Taylor,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 I.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 B.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 &\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Thompson,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 A.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 J.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (2008).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9promoter\u00E2\u0080\u00A9from\u00E2\u0080\u00A9SlREO,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9highly\u00E2\u0080\u0090expressed,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9root\u00E2\u0080\u0090specific\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Solanum\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lycopersicum\u00E2\u0080\u00A9gene,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9directs\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cortex\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9mature\u00E2\u0080\u00A9roots.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Functional\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Biology,\u00E2\u0080\u00A935\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(12),\u00E2\u0080\u00A91224\u00E2\u0080\u00931233\u00E2\u0080\u00A9.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Kagaya,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Y.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Ohmiya,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 K.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 &\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Hattori,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 T.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (1999).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 RAV1,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 novel\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 DNAbinding\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 protein,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 binds\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 bipartite\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 recognition\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 through\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 two\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 distinct\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 DNA\u00E2\u0080\u0090binding\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 domains\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 uniquely\u00E2\u0080\u00A9found\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9higher\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plants.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Nucleic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Acids\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Res.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A927,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9470\u00E2\u0080\u0090478.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Kamiya,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9N.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Nagasaki,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9H.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Morikami,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9A.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Sato,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Y.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9&\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Matsuoka,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9M.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(2003).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Isolation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 characterization\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9rice\u00E2\u0080\u00A9WUSCHEL\u00E2\u0080\u0090type\u00E2\u0080\u00A9homeo\u00E2\u0080\u00A9box\u00E2\u0080\u00A9gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9specifically\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 expressed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 central\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cells\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 quiescent\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 center\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 apical\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 meristem.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Journal,\u00E2\u0080\u00A935,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9429\u00E2\u0080\u0090441.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Karl,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9T.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9&\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Trenberth,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9K.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(2003).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Modern\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Global\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Climate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Change.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Science,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9302\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(5651),\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 1719\u00E2\u0080\u00901723.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Kim,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9T.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Balish,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9R.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9S.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Heaton,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9A.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9C.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9McKinney,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9E.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9C.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Dhankher,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9O.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9P.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9&\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Meagher,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9R.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9B.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (2005).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Engineering\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9root\u00E2\u0080\u0090specific,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 repressor\u00E2\u0080\u0090operator\u00E2\u0080\u00A9gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9complex.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Biotechnology\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Journal,\u00E2\u0080\u00A93\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(6),\u00E2\u0080\u00A9571\u00E2\u0080\u0090582.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Klinedinst,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 S.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Pascuzzi,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 P.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Redman,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 J.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Desai,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 M.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 &\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Arias,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 J.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (2000).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 A\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 xenobiotic\u00E2\u0080\u0090\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 stress\u00E2\u0080\u0090activated\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 transcription\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 factor\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 its\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cognate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 target\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 genes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 are\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 preferentially\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expressed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9tip\u00E2\u0080\u00A9meristems.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Mol.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Biol.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9,\u00E2\u0080\u00A942,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9679\u00E2\u0080\u0090688.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Knox,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9J.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(2008).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Revealing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9structural\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9functional\u00E2\u0080\u00A9diversity\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cell\u00E2\u0080\u00A9walls.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Current\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Opinion\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Biology,\u00E2\u0080\u00A911\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(3),\u00E2\u0080\u00A9308\u00E2\u0080\u0090313.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Ko,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9J.\u00E2\u0080\u0090H.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Kim,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9W.\u00E2\u0080\u0090C.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9&\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Han,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9K.\u00E2\u0080\u0090H.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(2009).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Ectopic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9MYB46\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9identifies\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 transcriptional\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 regulatory\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 genes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 involved\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 secondary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 wall\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 biosynthesis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Arabidopsis.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Journal,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9published\u00E2\u0080\u00A9online\u00E2\u0080\u00A9August\u00E2\u0080\u00A96.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 107\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Ko,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 J.\u00E2\u0080\u0090H.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Yang,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 S.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 H.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Park,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 A.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 H.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Lerouxel,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 O.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 &\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Han,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 K.\u00E2\u0080\u0090H.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (2007).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 ANAC012,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 member\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 plant\u00E2\u0080\u0090specific\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 NAC\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 transcription\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 factor\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 family,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 negatively\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 regulates\u00E2\u0080\u00A9xylary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9fiber\u00E2\u0080\u00A9development\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Arabidopsis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9thaliana.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Journal,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 50,\u00E2\u0080\u00A91035\u00E2\u0080\u00901048.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Kobayashi,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 T.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Nakayama,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Y.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Itai,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 R.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 N.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Nakanishi,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 H.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Yoshihara,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 T.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Mori,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 S.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (2003).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Identification\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 novel\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cis\u00E2\u0080\u0090acting\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 elements,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 IDE1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 IDE2,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 barley\u00E2\u0080\u00A9IDS2\u00E2\u0080\u00A9gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9promoter\u00E2\u0080\u00A9conferring\u00E2\u0080\u00A9iron\u00E2\u0080\u0090deficiency\u00E2\u0080\u0090inducible,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9root\u00E2\u0080\u0090specific\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9heterogeneous\u00E2\u0080\u00A9tobacco\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plants.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Journal\u00E2\u0080\u00A9,\u00E2\u0080\u00A936\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(6),\u00E2\u0080\u00A9780\u00E2\u0080\u0090793.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Koyama,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 T.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Ono,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 T.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Shimizu,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 M.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Jinbo,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 T.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Mizuno,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 R.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Tomita,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 K.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (2005).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Promoter\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Arabidopsis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 thaliana\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 phosphate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 transporter\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 drives\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 root\u00E2\u0080\u0090\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 specific\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 transgene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 rice.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Journal\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Bioscience\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Bioengineering,\u00E2\u0080\u00A999\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(1),\u00E2\u0080\u00A938\u00E2\u0080\u009042.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Kumar,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 R.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Pandey,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 S.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 &\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Pandey,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 A.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (2006).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 roots\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 carbon\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 sequestration.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Current\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Science,\u00E2\u0080\u00A991\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(7),\u00E2\u0080\u00A9885\u00E2\u0080\u0090890.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Lal,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9R.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (2008).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Carbon\u00E2\u0080\u00A9sequestration.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Philos.Trans.R.Soc.Lond.B.Biol.Sci.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9363\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (1492),\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 815\u00E2\u0080\u0090830.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Lal,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9R.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(2004).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Soil\u00E2\u0080\u00A9carbon\u00E2\u0080\u00A9sequestration\u00E2\u0080\u00A9impacts\u00E2\u0080\u00A9on\u00E2\u0080\u00A9global\u00E2\u0080\u00A9climate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9change\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9food\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 security.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Science\u00E2\u0080\u00A9,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9304\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(5677),\u00E2\u0080\u00A91623\u00E2\u0080\u00901627.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Lee,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9H.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9W.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Kim,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9N.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Y.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Lee,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9D.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9&\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Kim,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9J.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(2009,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9August\u00E2\u0080\u00A928).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9LBD18/ASL20\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Regulates\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Lateral\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Formation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Combination\u00E2\u0080\u00A9with\u00E2\u0080\u00A9LBD16/ASL18\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Downstream\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 ARF7\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9ARF19\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Arabidopsis.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Physiology,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9109.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Li,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9K.\u00E2\u0080\u0090F.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Pahlevan,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9K.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Kirschvink,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9J.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9L.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9&\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Yung,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Y.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9L.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(2009).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Atmospheric\u00E2\u0080\u00A9pressure\u00E2\u0080\u00A9as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 natural\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 climate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 regulator\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 terrestrial\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 planet\u00E2\u0080\u00A9with\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 biosphere.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9PNAS,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 106\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(24),\u00E2\u0080\u00A99576\u00E2\u0080\u00909579.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Ma,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 L.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Sun,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 N.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Liu,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 X.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Jiao,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Y.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Zhao,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 H.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 &\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Deng,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 X.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 W.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (2005).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Organ\u00E2\u0080\u0090Specific\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Arabidopsis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Genome\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 during\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Development.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Physiology,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 138,\u00E2\u0080\u00A980\u00E2\u0080\u009091.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Ma,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 S.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 &\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Bohnert,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 H.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 J.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (2007).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Integration\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Arabidopsis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 thaliana\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 stress\u00E2\u0080\u0090related\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 transcript\u00E2\u0080\u00A9profiles,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9promoter\u00E2\u0080\u00A9structures,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cell\u00E2\u0080\u0090specific\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Genome\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Biology,\u00E2\u0080\u00A98\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(4),\u00E2\u0080\u00A9R49.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Maizel,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 A.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 &\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Weigel,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 D.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (2004).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Temporally\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 spatially\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 controlled\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 induction\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Arabidopsis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9thaliana.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Journal,\u00E2\u0080\u00A938\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(1),\u00E2\u0080\u00A9164\u00E2\u0080\u0090171.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Malhi,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Y.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Meir,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 P.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 &\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Brown,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 S.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (2002).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Forests,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 carbon\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 global\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 climate.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Philos\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Transact\u00E2\u0080\u00A9A\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Math\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Phys\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Eng\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Sci.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9360\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(1797),\u00E2\u0080\u00A91567\u00E2\u0080\u00901591.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Maruyama\u00E2\u0080\u0090Nakashita,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9A.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Nakamura,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Y.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Watanabe\u00E2\u0080\u0090Takahashi,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9A.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Inoue,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9E.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Yamaya,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 T.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 &\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Takahashi,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 H.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (2005).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Identification\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 novel\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cis\u00E2\u0080\u0090acting\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 element\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 conferring\u00E2\u0080\u00A9sulfur\u00E2\u0080\u00A9defi\u00E2\u0080\u00A9ciency\u00E2\u0080\u00A9response\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Arabidopsis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9roots.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Journal,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 42,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9305\u00E2\u0080\u0090314.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Mccutchen,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9B.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9F.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Castle,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9L.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9A.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Chicoine,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9T.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9K.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Cho,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9H.\u00E2\u0080\u0090j.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Claus,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9J.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9S.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Green,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9J.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9M.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Guida,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 A.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9D.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Hazel,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9C.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9B.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Heckert,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9M.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9J.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Hegstad,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9J.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9M.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Hutchison,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9J.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9M.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Liu,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9D.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Lu,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9A.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 L.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Mehre,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9W.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9J.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Moy,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Y.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Olson,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9P.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9D.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Peeples,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9K.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9A.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Saunders,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9D.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9W.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Vogt,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9M.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 D.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Wilkinson,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 J.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Q.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 &\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Wong,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 J.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 F.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 H.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (2008)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Compositions\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 providing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 tolerance\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 multiple\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 herbicides\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 methods\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 use\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 thereof.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 US\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 patent\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2008023413.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 108\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Millard,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 P.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Sommerkorn,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 M.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 &\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Grelet,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 G.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 A.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (2007).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Environmental\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 change\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 carbon\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 limitation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 trees:\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 biochemical,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 ecophysiological\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 ecosystem\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 appraisal.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9New\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Phytologist\u00E2\u0080\u00A9,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9175\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(1),\u00E2\u0080\u00A911\u00E2\u0080\u009028.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Mitsuda,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9N.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Iwase,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9A.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Yamamoto,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9H.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Yoshida,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9M.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Seki,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9M.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Shinozaki,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9K.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(2007).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 NAC\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Transcription\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Factors,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 NST1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 NST3,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Are\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Key\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Regulators\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Formation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Secondary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Walls\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Woody\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Tissues\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Arabidopsis.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Cell,\u00E2\u0080\u00A919\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(1),\u00E2\u0080\u00A9270\u00E2\u0080\u0090280.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Mitsuda,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9N.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Seki,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9M.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Shinozaki,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9K.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9&\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Ohme\u00E2\u0080\u0090Takagi,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9M.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(2005).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9NAC\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transcription\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 factors\u00E2\u0080\u00A9NST1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9NST2\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Arabidopsis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 regulate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 secondary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9wall\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 thickenings\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9are\u00E2\u0080\u00A9required\u00E2\u0080\u00A9for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9anther\u00E2\u0080\u00A9dehiscence.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Cell\u00E2\u0080\u00A9,\u00E2\u0080\u00A917\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(11),\u00E2\u0080\u00A92993\u00E2\u0080\u00903006.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Mizusaki,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9S.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Tanabe,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Y.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Noguchi,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9M.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9&\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Tamaki,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9E.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(1971).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Phytochemical\u00E2\u0080\u00A9studies\u00E2\u0080\u00A9on\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 tobacco\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 alkaloids\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 XIV.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 occurrence\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 properties\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 putrescine\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 N\u00E2\u0080\u0090\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 methyltransferase\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 tobacco\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 roots\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 .\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Cell\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Physiology,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 12\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (4),\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 633\u00E2\u0080\u0090\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 640.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Mondini,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 C.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 &\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Sequi,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 P.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (2008).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Implication\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 soil\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 C\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 sequestration\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 on\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 sustainable\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 agriculture\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9environment.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Waste\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Management,\u00E2\u0080\u00A928\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(4),\u00E2\u0080\u00A9678\u00E2\u0080\u0090684.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Monolignol.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (2008,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 January\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 4).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Retrieved\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 September\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 8,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2009,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 from\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Wikipedia:\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monolignol\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Moore,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9I.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Samalova,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9M.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9&\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Kurup,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9S.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(2006).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Transactivated\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9chemically\u00E2\u0080\u00A9inducible\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plants.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Journal,\u00E2\u0080\u00A945\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(4),\u00E2\u0080\u00A9651\u00E2\u0080\u0090683.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Nessler,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9C.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9L.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(1994).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Metabolic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9engineering\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9secondary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9products.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Transgenic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Research,\u00E2\u0080\u00A93,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9109\u00E2\u0080\u0090115.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Ni,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 M.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Cui,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 D.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 &\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Gelvin,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 S.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 B.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (1996).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Sequence\u00E2\u0080\u0090specific\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 interactions\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 wound\u00E2\u0080\u0090\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 inducible\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 nuclear\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 factors\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 with\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 mannopine\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 synthase\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2'\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 promoter\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 wound\u00E2\u0080\u0090\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 responsive\u00E2\u0080\u00A9elements.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Molecular\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Biology,\u00E2\u0080\u00A930\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(1),\u00E2\u0080\u00A977\u00E2\u0080\u009096.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Nitz,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9I.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Berkefeld,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9H.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Puzio,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9P.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9S.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9&\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Grundler,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9F.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9M.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(2001).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Pyk10,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9seedling\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 specific\u00E2\u0080\u00A9gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9promoter\u00E2\u0080\u00A9from\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Arabidopsis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9thaliana.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Science,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9161\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(2),\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 337\u00E2\u0080\u0090346.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Oelkers,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 E.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 H.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 &\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Cole,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 D.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 R.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (2008).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Carbon\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Dioxide\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Sequestration\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 A\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Solution\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Global\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Problem.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Elements,\u00E2\u0080\u00A94\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(5),\u00E2\u0080\u00A9305\u00E2\u0080\u0090310.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Parizot,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9B.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Laplaze,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9L.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Ricaud,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9L.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Boucheron\u00E2\u0080\u0090Dubuisson,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9E.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Bayle,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9V.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Bonke,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9M.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (2008).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Diarch\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Symmetry\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Vascular\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Bundle\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Arabidopsis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Encompasses\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Pericycle\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Reflected\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Distich\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Lateral\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Initiation.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Physiology,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9146,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9140\u00E2\u0080\u0090148.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Petersen,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9M.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (2007).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Current\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 status\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9metabolic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 phytochemistry.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Phytochemistry\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 ,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 68\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(22\u00E2\u0080\u009024),\u00E2\u0080\u00A92847\u00E2\u0080\u00902860.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Pomar,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 F.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Merino,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 F.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 &\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Barcel\u00C3\u00B3,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 A.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 R.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (2002).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 O\u00E2\u0080\u00904\u00E2\u0080\u0090Linked\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 coniferyl\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 sinapyl\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 aldehydes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lignifying\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cell\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 walls\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 are\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 main\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 targets\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Wiesner\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (phloroglucinol\u00E2\u0080\u0090HCl)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9reaction.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Protoplasma,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9220,\u00E2\u0080\u00A917\u00E2\u0080\u009028.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Prestridge,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 D.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (1991).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 SIGNAL\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 SCAN:\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 A\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 computer\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 program\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 scans\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 DNA\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 sequences\u00E2\u0080\u00A9for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9eukaryotic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transcriptional\u00E2\u0080\u00A9elements.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9CABIOS,\u00E2\u0080\u00A97,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9203\u00E2\u0080\u0090206.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Rasse,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9D.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9P.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Rumpel,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9C.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9&\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Dignac,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9M.\u00E2\u0080\u0090F.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (2005).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9soil\u00E2\u0080\u00A9carbon\u00E2\u0080\u00A9mostly\u00E2\u0080\u00A9root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9carbon?\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Mechanisms\u00E2\u0080\u00A9for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9specific\u00E2\u0080\u00A9stabilisation.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Soil,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9269,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9341\u00E2\u0080\u0090356.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Raven,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 J.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 A.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 &\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Karley,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 A.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 J.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (2006).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Carbon\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 sequestration:\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 photosynthesis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 subsequent\u00E2\u0080\u00A9processes.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Current\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Biology,\u00E2\u0080\u00A916\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(5),\u00E2\u0080\u00A9R165\u00E2\u0080\u00907.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 109\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Robinson,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 D.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (2007).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Implications\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 large\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 global\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 biomass\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 carbon\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 sink\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 estimates\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 soil\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 carbon\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 dynamics.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Proc.Biol.Sci.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 274\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (1626),\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2753\u00E2\u0080\u0090\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2759.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Rogers,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 L.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Dubos,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 C.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Surman,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 C.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Willment,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 J.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Cullis,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 I.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Mansfield,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 S.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (2005).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Comparison\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9deposition\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 three\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 ectopic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lignification\u00E2\u0080\u00A9mutants.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9New\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Phytologist,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9168\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(1),\u00E2\u0080\u00A9123\u00E2\u0080\u0090140.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Saballos,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9A.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Ejeta,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9G.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Sanchez,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9E.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Kang,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9C.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9&\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Vermerris,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9W.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(2009).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9A\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Genomewide\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Analysis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Cinnamyl\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Alcohol\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Dehydrogenase\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Family\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Sorghum\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 [Sorghum\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 bicolor\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (L.)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Moench]\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Identifies\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 SbCAD2\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 as\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Brown\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 midrib6\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Gene.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Genetics,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9181,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9783\u00E2\u0080\u0090795.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Salinas,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 J.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Oeda,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 K.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 &\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Chua,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 N.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 H.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (1992).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Two\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 G\u00E2\u0080\u0090Box\u00E2\u0080\u0090Related\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Sequences\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Confer\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Different\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Patterns\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Transgenic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Tobacco.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Cell,\u00E2\u0080\u00A94\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (12),\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 1485\u00E2\u0080\u00901493.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Santos\u00E2\u0080\u0090Mendoza,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 M.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Dubreucq,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 B.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Baud,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 S.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Parcy,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 F.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Caboche,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 M.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 &\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Lepiniec,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 L.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (2008).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Deciphering\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 regulatory\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 networks\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 that\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 control\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 seed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 development\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9maturation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Arabidopsis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Journal,\u00E2\u0080\u00A954\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(4),\u00E2\u0080\u00A9608\u00E2\u0080\u0090\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 620.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Schimel,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 D.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (1995).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Terrestrial\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 ecosystems\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 carbon\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cycle.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Global\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Change\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Biology,\u00E2\u0080\u00A91,\u00E2\u0080\u00A977\u00E2\u0080\u009091.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Smith,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9P.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9&\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Falloon,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9P.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(2005).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Carbon\u00E2\u0080\u00A9sequestration\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9European\u00E2\u0080\u00A9croplands.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9SEB\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Exp\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Biol\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Ser,\u00E2\u0080\u00A947\u00E2\u0080\u009055.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Smith,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 P.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Martino,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 D.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Cai,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Z.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Gwary,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 D.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Janzen,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 H.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Kumar,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 P.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (2008).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Greenhouse\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 gas\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 mitigation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 agriculture.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Philos.Trans.R.Soc.Lond.B.Biol.Sci.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 363\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(1492),\u00E2\u0080\u00A9789\u00E2\u0080\u0090813.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Soltani,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 B.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Ehlting,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 J.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 &\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Douglas,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 C.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 J.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (2006).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Genetic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 analysis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 epigenetic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 silencing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 At4CL1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 At4CL2\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 transgenic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Arabidopsis.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Biotechnology\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Journal,\u00E2\u0080\u00A91\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(10),\u00E2\u0080\u00A91124\u00E2\u0080\u00901136.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Subedi,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9K.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Ma,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9B.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9&\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Liang,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9B.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(2006).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9New\u00E2\u0080\u00A9method\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9estimate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9biomass\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9soil\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 through\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 root\u00E2\u0080\u0090derived\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 carbon.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Soil\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Biology\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Biochemistry,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 38\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (8),\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2212\u00E2\u0080\u0090\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2218.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Tang,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9W.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Luo,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9X.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9&\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Samuels,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9V.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(2004).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Regulated\u00E2\u0080\u00A9gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9with\u00E2\u0080\u00A9promoters\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 responding\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9inducers.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Science,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9166,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9827\u00E2\u0080\u0090834.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Tao,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 S.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Khanizadeh,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 S.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Zhang,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9H.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9&\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Zhang,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 S.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (2009).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Anatomy,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9ultrastructure\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9distribution\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9stone\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cells\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9two\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Pyrus\u00E2\u0080\u00A9species\u00E2\u0080\u00A9.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Science,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9176\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(3),\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 413\u00E2\u0080\u0090419.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Tremousaygue,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9D.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Manevski,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9A.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Bardet,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9C.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Lescure,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9N.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9&\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Lescure,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9B.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (1999).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 interstitial\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 telomere\u00E2\u0080\u00A9motifs\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 participate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 control\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9meristems.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Journal,\u00E2\u0080\u00A920\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(5),\u00E2\u0080\u00A9553\u00E2\u0080\u0090561.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Tsugeki,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9R.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9&\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Federoff,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9N.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9V.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(1999).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Genetic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9ablation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cap\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cells\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Arabidopsis.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 PNAS,\u00E2\u0080\u00A996\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(22),\u00E2\u0080\u00A912941\u00E2\u0080\u009012946.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Tyo,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 K.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 E.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Alper,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 H.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 S.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 &\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Stephanopoulos,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 G.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 N.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (2007).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Expanding\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 metabolic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 engineering\u00E2\u0080\u00A9toolbox:\u00E2\u0080\u00A9more\u00E2\u0080\u00A9options\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9engineer\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cells.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Trends\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Biotechnology\u00E2\u0080\u00A9,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 25\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(3),\u00E2\u0080\u00A9132\u00E2\u0080\u0090137.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Vanholme,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 R.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Morreel,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 K.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Ralph,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 J.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 &\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Boerjan,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 W.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (2008).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 engineering.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Current\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Opinion\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Biology,\u00E2\u0080\u00A911\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(3),\u00E2\u0080\u00A9278\u00E2\u0080\u0090285\u00E2\u0080\u00A9.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 110\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Vaucheret,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 H.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 B\u00C3\u00A9clin,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 C.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Elmayan,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 T.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Feuerbach,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 F.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Godon,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 C.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Morel,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 J.\u00E2\u0080\u0090B.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (2001).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Transgene\u00E2\u0080\u0090induced\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 silencing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 plants.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Journal,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 16\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (6),\u00E2\u0080\u00A9651\u00E2\u0080\u0090659.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Vieweg,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 M.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 F.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Fruhling,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 M.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Quandt,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 H.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 J.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Heim,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 U.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Baumlein,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 H.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Puhler,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 A.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (2004).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 promoter\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Vicia\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 faba\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 L.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 leghemoglobin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 VfLb29\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 specifically\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 activated\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 infected\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cells\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 nodules\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 arbuscule\u00E2\u0080\u0090containing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cells\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 mycorrhizal\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 roots\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 from\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 different\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 legume\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 nonlegume\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plants.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Mol.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Plant\u00E2\u0080\u0093Microbe\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Interact.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A917,\u00E2\u0080\u00A962\u00E2\u0080\u009069.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Vijaybhaskar,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9V.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Subbiah,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9V.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Kaur,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 J.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Vijayakumari,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9P.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9&\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Siddiqi,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 I.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (2008).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Identifi\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 root\u00E2\u0080\u0090specifi\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 c\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 glycosyltransferase\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 from\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Arabidopsis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 characterization\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9its\u00E2\u0080\u00A9promoter.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Journal\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Biosciences,\u00E2\u0080\u00A933\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(2),\u00E2\u0080\u00A9185\u00E2\u0080\u0090193.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Weber,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9W.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Marty,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9R.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9R.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Ehrbar,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9M.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Keller,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9B.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Weber,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9C.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9C.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Zisch,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9A.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9H.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(2003).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Conditional\u00E2\u0080\u00A9human\u00E2\u0080\u00A9VEGF\u00E2\u0080\u0090mediated\u00E2\u0080\u00A9vascularization\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9chicken\u00E2\u0080\u00A9embryos\u00E2\u0080\u00A9using\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9novel\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 temperature\u00E2\u0080\u0090inducible\u00E2\u0080\u00A9gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9regulation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(TIGR)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9system.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Nucleic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Acids\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Research,\u00E2\u0080\u00A931\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(12),\u00E2\u0080\u00A9e69.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Weng,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 J.\u00E2\u0080\u0090K.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Li,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9X.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Bonawitz,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9N.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9&\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Chapple,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9C.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (2008).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Emerging\u00E2\u0080\u00A9strategies\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 engineering\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 degradation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cellulosic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 biofuel\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 production.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Current\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Opinion\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Biotechnology,\u00E2\u0080\u00A919\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(2),\u00E2\u0080\u00A9166\u00E2\u0080\u0090172.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9West,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 T.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 &\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Marland,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 G.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (2002).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 A\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 synthesis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 carbon\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 sequestration,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 carbon\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 emissions,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9net\u00E2\u0080\u00A9carbon\u00E2\u0080\u00A9flux\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9agriculture:\u00E2\u0080\u00A9comparing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9tillage\u00E2\u0080\u00A9practices\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9United\u00E2\u0080\u00A9States.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Agriculture,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Ecosystems\u00E2\u0080\u00A9&\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Environment\u00E2\u0080\u00A9,\u00E2\u0080\u00A991\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(1\u00E2\u0080\u00903),\u00E2\u0080\u00A9217\u00E2\u0080\u0090232.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 What\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Wood?\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(2009,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9April\u00E2\u0080\u00A914).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Retrieved\u00E2\u0080\u00A9September\u00E2\u0080\u00A98,\u00E2\u0080\u00A92009,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9from\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Department\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Chemistry;\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Index\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 CHY431:\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 http://chemistry.umeche.maine.edu/CHY431/Wood/Gosta\u00E2\u0080\u0090Lignin.gif\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Xie,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Q.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Frugis,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 G.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Colgan,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 D.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 &\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Chua,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 N.\u00E2\u0080\u0090H.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (2000).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Arabidopsis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 NAC1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 transduces\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 auxin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9signal\u00E2\u0080\u00A9downstream\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9TIR1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9promote\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lateral\u00E2\u0080\u00A9root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9development.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Genes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 &\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Development,\u00E2\u0080\u00A914,\u00E2\u0080\u00A93024\u00E2\u0080\u00903036\u00E2\u0080\u00A9.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Yamaguchi,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 M.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Kubo,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 M.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Fukuda,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 H.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 &\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Demura,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 T.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (2008).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 VASCULAR\u00E2\u0080\u0090RELATED\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 NAC\u00E2\u0080\u0090DOMAIN7\u00E2\u0080\u00A9is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9involved\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9differentiation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9all\u00E2\u0080\u00A9types\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9xylem\u00E2\u0080\u00A9vessels\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Arabidopsis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9roots\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9shoots.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Journal,\u00E2\u0080\u00A955\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(4),\u00E2\u0080\u00A9652\u00E2\u0080\u0090664.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Yamamoto,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Y.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 T.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Taylor,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 C.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9G.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Acedo,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9G.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9N.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Cheng,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 C.\u00E2\u0080\u0090L.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9&\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Conkling,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9M.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9A.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (1991).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Characterization\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 cis\u00E2\u0080\u0090acting\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 sequences\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 regulating\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 root\u00E2\u0080\u0090specific\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9tobacco.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Cell,\u00E2\u0080\u00A93\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(4),\u00E2\u0080\u00A9371\u00E2\u0080\u0090382.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Zhong,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9R.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9&\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Ye,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Z.\u00E2\u0080\u0090H.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(2007).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Regulation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cell\u00E2\u0080\u00A9wall\u00E2\u0080\u00A9biosynthesis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Current\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Opinion\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Biology,\u00E2\u0080\u00A910\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(6),\u00E2\u0080\u00A9564\u00E2\u0080\u0090572.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Zhong,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9R.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Demura,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9T.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9&\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Ye,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Z.\u00E2\u0080\u0090H.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(2006).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9SND1,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9NAC\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Domain\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Transcription\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Factor,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Key\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Regulator\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Secondary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Wall\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Synthesis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Fibers\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Arabidopsis.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Cell,\u00E2\u0080\u00A918,\u00E2\u0080\u00A93158\u00E2\u0080\u00903170.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Zhong,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 R.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Lee,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 C.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Zhou,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 J.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 McCarthy,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 R.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 L.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 &\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Ye,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Z.\u00E2\u0080\u0090H.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (2008).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 A\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Battery\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Transcription\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Factors\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Involved\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Regulation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Secondary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Cell\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Wall\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Biosynthesis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Arabidopsis.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Cell,\u00E2\u0080\u00A920,\u00E2\u0080\u00A92763\u00E2\u0080\u00902782.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Zhong,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 R.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Richardson,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 E.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 A.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 &\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Ye,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Z.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 H.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (2007a).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Two\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 NAC\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 domain\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 transcription\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 factors,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 NST1,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 function\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 redundantly\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 regulation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 secondary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 wall\u00E2\u0080\u00A9synthesis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9fibers\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Arabidopsis.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Planta,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9225\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(6),\u00E2\u0080\u00A91603\u00E2\u0080\u009011.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 111\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Zhong,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9R.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Richardson,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9E.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9A.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9&\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Ye,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Z.\u00E2\u0080\u0090H.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(2007b).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9MYB46\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Transcription\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Factor\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Direct\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Target\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Regulates\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Secondary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Wall\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Biosynthesis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Arabidopsis.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Cell,\u00E2\u0080\u00A919,\u00E2\u0080\u00A92776\u00E2\u0080\u00902792.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Zhou,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9J.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Lee,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9C.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Zhong,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9R.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9&\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Ye,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Z.\u00E2\u0080\u0090H.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(2009).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9MYB58\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9MYB63\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Are\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Transcriptional\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Activators\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Biosynthetic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Pathway\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 during\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Secondary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Cell\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Wall\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Formation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Arabidopsis.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Cell,\u00E2\u0080\u00A921,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9248\u00E2\u0080\u0090266.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Zibilske,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9L.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9M.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9&\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Bradford,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9J.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9M.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(2007).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Oxygen\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Effects\u00E2\u0080\u00A9on\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Carbon,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Polyphenols,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Nitrogen\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Mineralization\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Potential\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Soil.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Soil\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Biology\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 &\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Biochemistry,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 71,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 133\u00E2\u0080\u0090139.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Zuo,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9J.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Niu,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Q.\u00E2\u0080\u0090W.,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9&\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Chua,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9N.\u00E2\u0080\u0090H.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(2000).\u00E2\u0080\u00A9An\u00E2\u0080\u00A9estrogen\u00E2\u0080\u00A9receptor\u00E2\u0080\u0090based\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transactivator\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 XVE\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 mediates\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 highly\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 inducible\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 transgenic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 plants.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 The\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Plant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Journal,\u00E2\u0080\u00A924\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(2),\u00E2\u0080\u00A9265\u00E2\u0080\u0090273.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 112\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Appendices\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Appendix\u00E2\u0080\u00A9A.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Primary\u00E2\u0080\u00A9sequences\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9constructs\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 4CL1pro\u00C2\u00ADSND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(2381\u00E2\u0080\u00A9bp)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 EcoR IForward primer -1280 5\u00E2\u0080\u0099-GAATTCTTTTCGGTCTCTAA -1260 TACCTCCGGTTTTAAAAAAAAACATATCAGTTGAAGGATGAGTTTGGTGAAGGCTATATTGTC -1197 CATTGATTTTGGAGATATATGTATTATGGTCATGATTATTACGATTTTTATATAAAAGAATAT -1134 TAAAAATGGTGGGGTTGGTGAAGAAATGAAGATTTATCGTCAAATATTTCAATTTTTACTTGG -1071 ACTATTGCTTCGGTTATATCGTCAACATGGGCCCACTCTTCCACCAAAGCCCAATCAATATAT -1008 CTCTCGCTATCTTCACCAACCCACTCTTCTTCTCTTACCAAACCCATTTCCTTTATTTCCAAC -945 CCTACCCCTTTATTTCTCAAGCTTTACACTTTTAGCCCATAACTTTCTTTTTATCCAAATGGA -882 TTTGACTGGTCTCCAAAGTTGAATTAAATGGTTGTAGAAATAAAATAAAATTATACGGGTTCA -819 ATTGTTCAATTGTTCATATACCGTTGACGTTCAATTGTTCATATACGGGTTCCGTGGTCGTTG -756 GTAATATATATGTCTTTTATGGAACCAAAATAGACCAAATCAACAACAAATGAAGAAATTGTT -693 AGAGTATGATACACTCATATATACCCAAATATAGCATATATTTATAATATAACTTTTGGCTAT -630 GTCATTTTACATGATTTTTTTGGCTTATCTATTAAAAGTATCATACAAACTGTTTTTACTTCT -567 TTTTTTTCTTAGAATATATATGCCCAAAATGGAAAAGAACATATGCCAAGGTTGATTTTATCG -504 CTTATATGGTAAAAATTGGAAAAACATACAAATCATTACTTTATTTAATTAAATCATGTGAAG -441 AAACATATTCAATTACGGTAATACGTTATCAAAACATTTTTTTTTACATTAATTGTTACATTT -378 TTTTTTTTTGCAAATATTCTTAAATAACCATTCTTTTTTTATTTACTATAATTAACATAAAAA -315 TAAATAAAATATAACATTTCAACAAAGAAATTTGCTTATGAAAAATACAAAATCCAGTTAATT -252 TTTCAGAAAAATACAAATTTGCTTATAAATATATTACCACTAGTTTATGTGATTTTAAAAGAA -189 AGAAATGCAGCTTACCAAACGCAACGTGAAAATTTGAGAAACCCATACTCAAAAAAGATTAAA -126 TGACAAAATCACCCTCAGCAAAATCATGAAACAACAACACTAACATTTTCACCAACCCCACCG -63 TCTACTCCGGTGAATTGTCTATATGAACTCCTCCGATACAACTCCTGTTTCCTTCAGCCGCGG Reverse primer Sac II +1 MetAlaAspAsnLysValAsnLeuSerIleAsnGlyGlnSerLysValProProGlyPheArg ATGGCTGATAATAAGGTCAATCTTTCGATTAATGGACAATCAAAAGTGCCTCCAGGTTTCAGA 63 Forward Primer PheHisProThrGluGluGluLeuLeuHisTyrTyrLeuArgLysLysValAsnSerGlnLys TTCCATCCCACCGAAGAAGAACTTCTCCATTACTATCTCCGTAAGAAAGTTAACTCTCAAAAG 126 IleAspLeuAspValIleArgGluValAspLeuAsnLysLeuGluProTrpAspIleGlnGlu ATCGATCTTGATGTCATTCGTGAAGTTGATCTAAACAAGCTTGAGCCTTGGGATATTCAAGAG 189 GluCysArgIleGlySerThrProGlnAsnAspTrpTyrPhePheSerHisLysAspLysLys GAATGTAGAATCGGTTCAACGCCACAAAACGACTGGTACTTCTTCAGCCACAAGGACAAGAAG 252 TyrProThrGlyThrArgThrAsnArgAlaThrValAlaGlyPheTrpLysAlaThrGlyArg TATCCAACCGGGACCAGGACGAACCGGGCAACAGTCGCTGGATTCTGGAAAGCTACCGGACGT 315 AspLysIleIleCysSerCysValArgArgIleGlyLeuArgLysThrLeuValPheTyrLys GACAAAATCATCTGCAGTTGTGTCCGGAGAATTGGACTGAGGAAGACACTCGTGTTCTACAAA 378 GlyArgAlaProHisGlyGlnLysSerAspTrpIleMetHisGluTyrArgLeuAspAspThr GGAAGAGCTCCTCACGGTCAGAAATCCGACTGGATCATGCATGAGTATCGCCTCGACGATACT 441 ProMetSerAsnGlyTyrAlaAspValValThrGluAspProMetSerTyrAsnGluGluGly CCAATGTCTAATGGCTATGCTGATGTTGTTACAGAAGATCCAATGAGCTATAACGAAGAAGGT 504 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 113\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 TrpValValCysArgValPheArgLysLysAsnTyrGlnLysIleAspAspCysProLysIle TGGGTGGTATGTCGAGTGTTCAGGAAGAAGAACTATCAAAAGATTGACGATTGTCCTAAAATC 567 ThrLeuSerSerLeuProAspAspThrGluGluGluLysGlyProThrPheHisAsnThrGln ACTCTATCTTCTTTACCTGATGACACGGAGGAAGAGAAGGGGCCCACCTTTCACAACACTCAA 630 AsnValThrGlyLeuAspHisValLeuLeuTyrMetAspArgThrGlySerAsnIleCysMet AACGTTACCGGTTTAGACCATGTTCTTCTCTACATGGACCGTACCGGTTCTAACATTTGCATG 693 ProGluSerGlnThrThrThrGlnHisGlnAspAspValLeuPheMetGlnLeuProSerLeu CCCGAGAGCCAAACAACGACTCAACATCAAGATGATGTCTTATTCATGCAACTCCCAAGTCTT 756 GluThrProLysSerGluSerProValAspGlnSerPheLeuThrProSerLysLeuAspPhe GAGACACCTAAATCCGAGAGCCCGGTCGACCAAAGTTTCCTGACTCCAAGCAAACTCGATTTC 819 SerProValGlnGluLysIleThrGluArgProValCysSerAsnTrpAlaSerLeuAspArg TCTCCCGTTCAAGAGAAGATAACCGAAAGACCGGTTTGCAGCAACTGGGCTAGTCTTGACCGG 882 LeuValAlaTrpGlnLeuAsnAsnGlyHisHisAsnProCysHisArgLysSerPheAspGlu CTCGTAGCTTGGCAATTGAACAATGGTCATCATAATCCGTGTCATCGTAAGAGTTTTGATGAA 945 GluGluGluAsnGlyAspThrMetMetGlnArgTrpAspLeuHisTrpAsnAsnAspAspAsn GAAGAAGAAAATGGTGATACTATGATGCAGCGATGGGATCTTCATTGGAATAATGATGATAAT 1008 ValAspLeuTrpSerSerPheThrGluSerSerSerSerLeuAspProLeuLeuHisLeuSer GTTGATCTTTGGAGTAGTTTCACTGAGTCTTCTTCGTCTTTAGACCCACTTCTTCATTTATCT 1071 Reverse Primer Val HisHisHisHisHisHis \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 GTATGACATCATCATCATCATCATGGATCC-3\u00E2\u0080\u0099 1101 6xHis tag BamH I \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 114\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 GSTU19pro\u00C2\u00ADSND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(2558\u00E2\u0080\u00A9bp)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 EcoR I -1457 Forward primer 5\u00E2\u0080\u0099GAATTCGC -1449 TACGTGTCGTGAGATATCGAACCCAACGCAGATATGAGTATGTTGAGCTAGTTTCTTCTTATG -1386 AAACAATCATATATGTCTATAATGAATAGATCACATTATCTGCCTGAAAAAAATCCCGTATAT -1323 TACTCGACGAAATATAAATACCCAATGTAGCTGATTTTGCTTTCTCTGGTGACATATCCAATT -1260 TGGCTAAATTTGTTAACTAGTCTATTATAGGTTTATAATAGATCTAGCTATGTTAAAGATACT -1197 AAAGCATCAGTTACATAAATTTTTGGCGCGAGTTTATATCTTTTGGAATTAAAAATAAGAGAA -1134 TTTAAAAATAAGAAGATCATTTTGTTTGGCCACAGGAGTTCTGAAAGGTCAGGTATGATTTTT -1071 TTCTTGCTCGCTCTTATGATTTTGTTTTTATTAATGGGTTTTCAAATAAGAAAAACTGTTTTT -1008 CGAAGCCCGGTTCAGATCCATTGTTTTTTGTAAAATATAGGCCCAATTCACCATAAGTCCATG -945 ACCAAAACAAAAATAAGATAGAACCAATACTGAACCAGGATCTTCTCTCGCTTTCGTGATCAA -882 TGTCGCCAAGCTTCTCGAGATCATGTGGTCACGTCAATTGTATAAATACAATTATTGACGTAA -819 CACAATCTCTACAGTTCCATCGAAATATCTCGAAAATTTCCAGTTAATTCTGGTAACGTGAAC -756 GTATCTTCCACCTCTTCAACCTACACAGCTTTCTAGAAATTTGGCTCGCTTTTCTAAGTCCTC -693 TGTATTTTTTTGCACGTTTTTCAACTAAGTTTCAATATGAATCATTTCTTCTATAAATAAATG -630 ATATTTTCATCAGGTAATGATACATTGTGCCGAAATAAAACGTCAATACTCATTAGTCAAATT -567 AATTGTTCACATAATTTAAAACTGTGTTAATCCATCCAGTTATTTTCTTACAACAAAATAATC -504 TTTTCCATCAACTTTTAAAATAATTAAACGCAGTGCTAAGAAATCTAAAATCTTGATTTAGAA -441 ATCCATTATGGTTTCTGGTCAACTGAAATCCATAATTTCCTTTAACATCCAAAATCCAAATTT -378 GCTACTATGATAATAGATTTCAGACGATTTTTTTTCTTTTTTCAATCATAGAGTCCACACGAA -315 TATTTGCAAGTTACTATATAAAACACTATAATGGTCAACAGATAAAAAAAAGGCGAATGAAGA -252 TATGTTACGTAAAAAGAAAATACTGTAATTATAAATTATTACTTTAAAAAGCTTTAAAATCTG -189 GCCACATGTTTTTAAAGAGTGGTGTGACGTAACGACTAGAGTCAGCACAATCCATTATTGTAT -126 CATAAATATTCTCATCTATAAATTACCTAAACCCTTACAGGTAGTGTCCCAACCAAACAAATC -63 GAGAAAGACGAACACTTACAAAAAAAAATCTCTTTGTGAGCTTTAGCGATCGTAACACCGCGG Reverse primer SacII +1 MetAlaAspAsnLysValAsnLeuSerIleAsnGlyGlnSerLysValProProGlyPheArg ATGGCTGATAATAAGGTCAATCTTTCGATTAATGGACAATCAAAAGTGCCTCCAGGTTTCAGA 63 Forward Primer PheHisProThrGluGluGluLeuLeuHisTyrTyrLeuArgLysLysValAsnSerGlnLys TTCCATCCCACCGAAGAAGAACTTCTCCATTACTATCTCCGTAAGAAAGTTAACTCTCAAAAG 126 IleAspLeuAspValIleArgGluValAspLeuAsnLysLeuGluProTrpAspIleGlnGlu ATCGATCTTGATGTCATTCGTGAAGTTGATCTAAACAAGCTTGAGCCTTGGGATATTCAAGAG 189 GluCysArgIleGlySerThrProGlnAsnAspTrpTyrPhePheSerHisLysAspLysLys GAATGTAGAATCGGTTCAACGCCACAAAACGACTGGTACTTCTTCAGCCACAAGGACAAGAAG 252 TyrProThrGlyThrArgThrAsnArgAlaThrValAlaGlyPheTrpLysAlaThrGlyArg TATCCAACCGGGACCAGGACGAACCGGGCAACAGTCGCTGGATTCTGGAAAGCTACCGGACGT 315 AspLysIleIleCysSerCysValArgArgIleGlyLeuArgLysThrLeuValPheTyrLys GACAAAATCATCTGCAGTTGTGTCCGGAGAATTGGACTGAGGAAGACACTCGTGTTCTACAAA 378 GlyArgAlaProHisGlyGlnLysSerAspTrpIleMetHisGluTyrArgLeuAspAspThr GGAAGAGCTCCTCACGGTCAGAAATCCGACTGGATCATGCATGAGTATCGCCTCGACGATACT 441 ProMetSerAsnGlyTyrAlaAspValValThrGluAspProMetSerTyrAsnGluGluGly CCAATGTCTAATGGCTATGCTGATGTTGTTACAGAAGATCCAATGAGCTATAACGAAGAAGGT 504 TrpValValCysArgValPheArgLysLysAsnTyrGlnLysIleAspAspCysProLysIle TGGGTGGTATGTCGAGTGTTCAGGAAGAAGAACTATCAAAAGATTGACGATTGTCCTAAAATC 567 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 115\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 ThrLeuSerSerLeuProAspAspThrGluGluGluLysGlyProThrPheHisAsnThrGln ACTCTATCTTCTTTACCTGATGACACGGAGGAAGAGAAGGGGCCCACCTTTCACAACACTCAA 630 AsnValThrGlyLeuAspHisValLeuLeuTyrMetAspArgThrGlySerAsnIleCysMet AACGTTACCGGTTTAGACCATGTTCTTCTCTACATGGACCGTACCGGTTCTAACATTTGCATG 693 ProGluSerGlnThrThrThrGlnHisGlnAspAspValLeuPheMetGlnLeuProSerLeu CCCGAGAGCCAAACAACGACTCAACATCAAGATGATGTCTTATTCATGCAACTCCCAAGTCTT 756 GluThrProLysSerGluSerProValAspGlnSerPheLeuThrProSerLysLeuAspPhe GAGACACCTAAATCCGAGAGCCCGGTCGACCAAAGTTTCCTGACTCCAAGCAAACTCGATTTC 819 SerProValGlnGluLysIleThrGluArgProValCysSerAsnTrpAlaSerLeuAspArg TCTCCCGTTCAAGAGAAGATAACCGAAAGACCGGTTTGCAGCAACTGGGCTAGTCTTGACCGG 882 LeuValAlaTrpGlnLeuAsnAsnGlyHisHisAsnProCysHisArgLysSerPheAspGlu CTCGTAGCTTGGCAATTGAACAATGGTCATCATAATCCGTGTCATCGTAAGAGTTTTGATGAA 945 GluGluGluAsnGlyAspThrMetMetGlnArgTrpAspLeuHisTrpAsnAsnAspAspAsn GAAGAAGAAAATGGTGATACTATGATGCAGCGATGGGATCTTCATTGGAATAATGATGATAAT 1008 ValAspLeuTrpSerSerPheThrGluSerSerSerSerLeuAspProLeuLeuHisLeuSer GTTGATCTTTGGAGTAGTTTCACTGAGTCTTCTTCGTCTTTAGACCCACTTCTTCATTTATCT 1071 Reverse Primer Val HisHisHisHisHisHis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 GTATGACATCATCATCATCATCATGGATCC-3\u00E2\u0080\u0099 1101 6XHis tag BamH I \u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 116\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Appendix\u00E2\u0080\u00A9B.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Cis\u00E2\u0080\u0090acting\u00E2\u0080\u00A9DNA\u00E2\u0080\u00A9regulatory\u00E2\u0080\u00A9element\u00E2\u0080\u00A9analysis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9At4CL1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 AtGSTU19\u00E2\u0080\u00A9promoters\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Table\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 6.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Cis\u00C2\u00ADacting\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 DNA\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 regulatory\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 element\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 analysis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 At4CL1,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2000bp\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 upstream\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transcription\u00E2\u0080\u00A9start\u00E2\u0080\u00A9site.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Putative\u00E2\u0080\u00A9root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9motifs\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Vijaybhaskar\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A92008)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Location\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Strand\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Signal\u00E2\u0080\u00A9sequence\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Description\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Higo\u00E2\u0080\u00A9et\u00E2\u0080\u00A9al.\u00E2\u0080\u00A91999;\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Prestridge\u00E2\u0080\u00A91991)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9ARFAT\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u0090424\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (+)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 TGTCTC\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 ARF\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 binding\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 site\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 found\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 promoters\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9primary/early\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 auxin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 response\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 genes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Arabidopsis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9thaliana\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9ASF1MOTIFCAMV\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u0090341\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (+)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 TGACG\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 ASF\u00E2\u0080\u00901\u00E2\u0080\u00A9binding\u00E2\u0080\u00A9site\u00E2\u0080\u00A9involved\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transcriptional\u00E2\u0080\u00A9activation\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9several\u00E2\u0080\u00A9genes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9by\u00E2\u0080\u00A9auxin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and/or\u00E2\u0080\u00A9salicylic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9acid\u00E2\u0080\u00A9ASF1MOTIFCAMV\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00901214\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (+)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 TGACG\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 ASF\u00E2\u0080\u00901\u00E2\u0080\u00A9binding\u00E2\u0080\u00A9site\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9ASF1MOTIFCAMV\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u0090912\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (\u00E2\u0080\u0093)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 TGACG\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 ASF\u00E2\u0080\u00901\u00E2\u0080\u00A9binding\u00E2\u0080\u00A9site\u00E2\u0080\u00A9ASF1MOTIFCAMV\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u0090957\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (\u00E2\u0080\u0093)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 TGACG\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 ASF\u00E2\u0080\u00901\u00E2\u0080\u00A9binding\u00E2\u0080\u00A9site\u00E2\u0080\u00A9OSE1ROOTNODULE\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00902873\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (+)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 AAAGAT\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 A\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 consensus\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 sequence\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 motif\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 organ\u00E2\u0080\u0090specific\u00E2\u0080\u00A9elements\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 characteristic\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 activated\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 promoters\u00E2\u0080\u00A9found\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9infected\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cells\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9nodules\u00E2\u0080\u00A9OSE1ROOTNODULE\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00901873\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (+)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 AAAGAT\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 organ\u00E2\u0080\u0090specific\u00E2\u0080\u00A9elements\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9OSE1ROOTNODULE\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u0090494\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (\u00E2\u0080\u0093)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 AAAGAT\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 organ\u00E2\u0080\u0090specific\u00E2\u0080\u00A9elements\u00E2\u0080\u00A9OSE2ROOTNODULE\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u0090427\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (+)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 CTCTT\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 organ\u00E2\u0080\u0090specific\u00E2\u0080\u00A9elements\u00E2\u0080\u00A9OSE2ROOTNODULE\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u0090973\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (+)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 CTCTT\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 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Motif\u00E2\u0080\u00A9found\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9rolD\u00E2\u0080\u00A9promoters\u00E2\u0080\u00A9ROOTMOTIFTAPOX1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00901778\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (+)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 ATATT\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Motif\u00E2\u0080\u00A9found\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9rolD\u00E2\u0080\u00A9promoters\u00E2\u0080\u00A9ROOTMOTIFTAPOX1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00901973\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (+)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 ATATT\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Motif\u00E2\u0080\u00A9found\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9rolD\u00E2\u0080\u00A9promoters\u00E2\u0080\u00A9ROOTMOTIFTAPOX1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u0090267\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (\u00E2\u0080\u0093)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 ATATT\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Motif\u00E2\u0080\u00A9found\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9rolD\u00E2\u0080\u00A9promoters\u00E2\u0080\u00A9ROOTMOTIFTAPOX1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u0090391\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (\u00E2\u0080\u0093)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 ATATT\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Motif\u00E2\u0080\u00A9found\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9rolD\u00E2\u0080\u00A9promoters\u00E2\u0080\u00A9ROOTMOTIFTAPOX1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u0090781\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (\u00E2\u0080\u0093)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 ATATT\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Motif\u00E2\u0080\u00A9found\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9rolD\u00E2\u0080\u00A9promoters\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 118\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 ROOTMOTIFTAPOX1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00901119\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (\u00E2\u0080\u0093)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 ATATT\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Motif\u00E2\u0080\u00A9found\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9rolD\u00E2\u0080\u00A9promoters\u00E2\u0080\u00A9ROOTMOTIFTAPOX1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00901298\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (\u00E2\u0080\u0093)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 ATATT\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Motif\u00E2\u0080\u00A9found\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9rolD\u00E2\u0080\u00A9promoters\u00E2\u0080\u00A9ROOTMOTIFTAPOX1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00901434\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (\u00E2\u0080\u0093)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 ATATT\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Motif\u00E2\u0080\u00A9found\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9rolD\u00E2\u0080\u00A9promoters\u00E2\u0080\u00A9ROOTMOTIFTAPOX1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00901777\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (\u00E2\u0080\u0093)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 ATATT\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Motif\u00E2\u0080\u00A9found\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9rolD\u00E2\u0080\u00A9promoters\u00E2\u0080\u00A9ROOTMOTIFTAPOX1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00901972\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (\u00E2\u0080\u0093)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 ATATT\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Motif\u00E2\u0080\u00A9found\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9rolD\u00E2\u0080\u00A9promoters\u00E2\u0080\u00A9SORLIP1AT\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 154\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (+)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 GCCAC\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 One\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \"Sequences\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Over\u00E2\u0080\u0090Represented\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Light\u00E2\u0080\u0090Induced\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Promoters\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (SORLIPs)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Arabidopsis;\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Computationally\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 identified\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 phyA\u00E2\u0080\u0090induced\u00E2\u0080\u00A9motifs;\u00E2\u0080\u00A9SORLIP\u00E2\u0080\u00A91\u00E2\u0080\u00A9is\u00E2\u0080\u00A9most\u00E2\u0080\u00A9over\u00E2\u0080\u0090represented,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9most\u00E2\u0080\u00A9statistically\u00E2\u0080\u00A9significant\u00E2\u0080\u00A9SORLIP1AT\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 435\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (+)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 GCCAC\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 One\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\"Sequences\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Over\u00E2\u0080\u0090Represented\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Light\u00E2\u0080\u0090Induced\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Promoters\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(SORLIPs)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9SORLIP1AT\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 988\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (+)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 GCCAC\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 One\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\"Sequences\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Over\u00E2\u0080\u0090Represented\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Light\u00E2\u0080\u0090Induced\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Promoters\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(SORLIPs)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9SORLIP1AT\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 1905\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (+)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 GCCAC\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 One\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\"Sequences\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Over\u00E2\u0080\u0090Represented\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Light\u00E2\u0080\u0090Induced\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Promoters\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(SORLIPs)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9SP8BFIBSP8BIB\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u0090330\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (\u00E2\u0080\u0093)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 TACTATT\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 SPBF\u00E2\u0080\u00A9binding\u00E2\u0080\u00A9site\u00E2\u0080\u00A9SURECOREATSULTR11\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u0090496\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (+)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 GAGAC\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Core\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9SURE\u00E2\u0080\u00A9found\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9promoter\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9SULTR1;\u00E2\u0080\u00A9sulfate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9uptake\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transport\u00E2\u0080\u00A9SURECOREATSULTR11\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u0090360\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (\u00E2\u0080\u0093)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 GAGAC\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Core\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9SURE\u00E2\u0080\u00A9found\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9promoter\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9SULTR1;\u00E2\u0080\u00A9sulfate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9uptake\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transport\u00E2\u0080\u00A9WUSATAg\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00901053\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 (+)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 TTAATGG\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Target\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 sequence\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 WUS\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 intron\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9AGAMOUS\u00E2\u0080\u00A9gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Arabidopsis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 119\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Appendix\u00E2\u0080\u00A9C.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Primer\u00E2\u0080\u00A9sequences\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Table\u00E2\u0080\u00A98.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9List\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9all\u00E2\u0080\u00A9primer\u00E2\u0080\u00A9sequences\u00E2\u0080\u00A9used\u00E2\u0080\u00A9for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9PCR,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9reverse\u00E2\u0080\u00A9transcription\u00C2\u00ADPCR\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9sequencing.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 No.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Name\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Primer\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Sequence\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Comments\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 4CL1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Forward\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 5\u00E2\u0080\u0099-TCCAGAGGTGTAAAGTGACGGTGGC-3\u00E2\u0080\u0099 Native\u00E2\u0080\u00A9gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 4CL1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Reverse\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 5\u00E2\u0080\u0099-CCGTCATTCCGTATCCCTGACCGAG-3\u00E2\u0080\u0099 Native\u00E2\u0080\u00A9gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 3\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 GSTU19\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Forward\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 5\u00E2\u0080\u0099-AGGTGTGGGCGACAAAGGGTG-3\u00E2\u0080\u0099 Native\u00E2\u0080\u00A9gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 4\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 GSTU19\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Reverse\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 5\u00E2\u0080\u0099-CCACGCTCTCCCTCTGCAAACAC-3\u00E2\u0080\u0099 Native\u00E2\u0080\u00A9gene\u00E2\u0080\u00A9expression\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 5\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 4CL1pro\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Forward\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 5'-GGGCACG\u00CB\u0087AATTCTTTTCGGTCTCTAATACCTCC- 3\u00E2\u0080\u0099 EcoRI\u00E2\u0080\u00A9RE\u00E2\u0080\u00A9site\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 6\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 4CL1pro\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Reverse\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 5\u00E2\u0080\u0099CACGAGG\u00CB\u0087GATCCG\u00CB\u0087GTNACCCCGC\u00CB\u0087GGCTGAAGGA AACAGGAGTTGTATC-3\u00E2\u0080\u0099 BamHI,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9BstEII\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9SacII\u00E2\u0080\u00A9RE\u00E2\u0080\u00A9sites\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 7\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 GSTU19pro\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Forward\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 5\u00E2\u0080\u0099-GGGTCTG\u00CB\u0087AATTCGCTACGTGTCGTGAGATATCG- 3\u00E2\u0080\u0099 EcoRI\u00E2\u0080\u00A9RE\u00E2\u0080\u00A9site\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 8\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 GSTU19pro\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Reverse\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 5\u00E2\u0080\u0099- CACGAGG\u00CB\u0087GATCCG\u00CB\u0087GTNACCCCGC\u00CB\u0087GGTGTTACGAT CGCTAAAGCTCAC-3\u00E2\u0080\u0099 BamHI,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9BstEII\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9SacII\u00E2\u0080\u00A9RE\u00E2\u0080\u00A9sites\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Forward\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 5\u00E2\u0080\u0099GAGCTCCCGC\u00CB\u0087GGATGGCTGATAATAAGGTCAATCTTTCG-3\u00E2\u0080\u0099 SacII\u00E2\u0080\u00A9RE\u00E2\u0080\u00A9site\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 10\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Reverse\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 5\u00E2\u0080\u0099GGGTGTG\u00CB\u0087GATCCATGATGATGATGATGATGTCATACAGATAAATGAAGAAGTGGGTC-3\u00E2\u0080\u0099 BamHI\u00E2\u0080\u00A9RE\u00E2\u0080\u00A9site\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9HIS\u00E2\u0080\u00A9x6\u00E2\u0080\u00A9tag\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 11\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 4CL1pro\u00C2\u00ADSND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Rev\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(mid\u00E2\u0080\u0090insert)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 5\u00E2\u0080\u0099-GTCACGTCCGGTAGCTTTCC-3\u00E2\u0080\u0099 For\u00E2\u0080\u00A9sequencing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9from\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9middle\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9insert\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 12\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 GSTU19pro\u00C2\u00ADSND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Rev\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(mid\u00E2\u0080\u0090insert)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 5\u00E2\u0080\u0099-TCTCCGGACACAACTGCAGATG-3\u00E2\u0080\u0099 For\u00E2\u0080\u00A9sequencing\u00E2\u0080\u00A9from\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9middle\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9the\u00E2\u0080\u00A9insert\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 13\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 MYB46\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Forward\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 5\u00E2\u0080\u0099-CTGGTCGGACCGATAACGAG-3\u00E2\u0080\u0099 300bp\u00E2\u0080\u00A9fragment\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 14\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 MYB46\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Reverse\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 5\u00E2\u0080\u0099-GGTGGCTGATCATGTTTCCC-3\u00E2\u0080\u0099 300bp\u00E2\u0080\u00A9fragment\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 15\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 SND3\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Forward\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 5\u00E2\u0080\u0099-ACGCTTGAAGGAGAGAATGG-3\u00E2\u0080\u0099 300bp\u00E2\u0080\u00A9fragment\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 16\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 SND3\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Reverse\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 5\u00E2\u0080\u0099-CTGATGCATCACCCAATTCG-3\u00E2\u0080\u0099 300bp\u00E2\u0080\u00A9fragment\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 17\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 MYB103\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Forward\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 5\u00E2\u0080\u0099-AGGTGGGCTCATATAGCTAG-3\u00E2\u0080\u0099 400bp\u00E2\u0080\u00A9fragment\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 18\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 MYB103\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Reverse\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 5\u00E2\u0080\u0099-CTCTTCCTCCTCTTTGCGTG-3\u00E2\u0080\u0099 400bp\u00E2\u0080\u00A9fragment\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 19\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 KNAT7\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Forward\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 5\u00E2\u0080\u0099-CAGCACGTGAGGGTTCATGC-3\u00E2\u0080\u0099 300bp\u00E2\u0080\u00A9fragment\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 20\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 KNAT7\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Reverse\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 5\u00E2\u0080\u0099-CCCAGCCCTTCTCTTCCTCA-3\u00E2\u0080\u0099 300bp\u00E2\u0080\u00A9fragment\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 21\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Forward\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 5\u00E2\u0080\u0099-GATCATGCATGAGTATCGCC-3\u00E2\u0080\u0099 200bp\u00E2\u0080\u00A9fragment\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 22\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 SND1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Reverse\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 5\u00E2\u0080\u0099-CGGGCTCTCGGATTTAGGTG-3\u00E2\u0080\u0099 200bp\u00E2\u0080\u00A9fragment\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 120\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 23\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 4CL1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9L1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 5\u00E2\u0080\u0099-TCAACCCGGTGAGATTTGTA-3\u00E2\u0080\u0099 From\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Apurva\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Bhargava\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Ellis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Lab)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 24\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 4CL1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9R1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 5\u00E2\u0080\u0099-TCGTCATCGATCAATCCAAT-3\u00E2\u0080\u0099 From\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Apurva\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Bhargava\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Ellis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Lab)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 25\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 CCR1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9L1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 5\u00E2\u0080\u0099-GTGCAAAGCAGATCTTCAGG-3\u00E2\u0080\u0099 From\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Apurva\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Bhargava\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Ellis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Lab)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 26\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 CCR1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9R1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 5\u00E2\u0080\u0099-GCCGCAGCATTAATTACAAA-3\u00E2\u0080\u0099 From\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Apurva\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Bhargava\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Ellis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Lab)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 27\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 COMT1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9L1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 5\u00E2\u0080\u0099-GTGCAAAGCAGATCTTCAGG-3\u00E2\u0080\u0099 From\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Apurva\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Bhargava\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Ellis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Lab)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 28\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 COMT1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9R1\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 5\u00E2\u0080\u0099-CATGGTGATTGTGGAATGGT-3\u00E2\u0080\u0099 From\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Apurva\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Bhargava\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Ellis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Lab)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 29\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 ACT8F(QRT)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 5\u00E2\u0080\u0099-TCTAAGGAGGAGCAGGTTTGA-3\u00E2\u0080\u0099 From\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Apurva\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Bhargava\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Ellis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Lab)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 30\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 ACT8R(QRT)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 5\u00E2\u0080\u0099-TTATCCGAGTTTGAAGAGGCTAC-3\u00E2\u0080\u0099\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 From\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Apurva\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Bhargava\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(Ellis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Lab)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 121\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Appendix\u00E2\u0080\u00A9D.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Media,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Buffers\u00E2\u0080\u00A9and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Reagent\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Stocks\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 LB\u00E2\u0080\u00A9broth\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(1L)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Tryptone\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 10\u00E2\u0080\u00A9g\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Yeast\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Extract\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 5\u00E2\u0080\u00A9g\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 NaCl\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 10\u00E2\u0080\u00A9g\u00E2\u0080\u00A9*For\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plates\u00E2\u0080\u00A9add\u00E2\u0080\u00A915g\u00E2\u0080\u00A9agar\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00C2\u00BD\u00E2\u0080\u00A9MS\u00E2\u0080\u00A9media\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(1L)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 MS\u00E2\u0080\u00A9salt\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plus\u00E2\u0080\u00A9vitamin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 2.2\u00E2\u0080\u00A9g\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 MES\u00E2\u0080\u00A9hydrate\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 0.5\u00E2\u0080\u00A9g\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Sucrose\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 10\u00E2\u0080\u00A9g\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(phenotyping)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 20\u00E2\u0080\u00A9g\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(growth)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9*For\u00E2\u0080\u00A9plates\u00E2\u0080\u00A9add\u00E2\u0080\u00A97g\u00E2\u0080\u00A9agar\u00E2\u0080\u00A9*Adjust\u00E2\u0080\u00A9pH\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A95.7\u00E2\u0080\u00A9using\u00E2\u0080\u00A91M\u00E2\u0080\u00A9KOH\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 1/10\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Johnson\u00E2\u0080\u00A9solution\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(20L)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 20mM\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Fe\u00E2\u0080\u0090EDTA\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(use\u00E2\u0080\u00A93mL/20L\u00E2\u0080\u00A9solution)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 10mM\u00E2\u0080\u00A9CaSO4\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(use\u00E2\u0080\u00A9800mL/20L\u00E2\u0080\u00A9solution)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Macro\u00E2\u0080\u00A9stock\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(mix:\u00E2\u0080\u00A920mL/L\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A91M\u00E2\u0080\u00A9MgSO4,\u00E2\u0080\u00A940mL/L\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A91M\u00E2\u0080\u00A9KH2PO4,\u00E2\u0080\u00A980mL/L\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A90.5M\u00E2\u0080\u00A9K2SO4)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(use\u00E2\u0080\u00A9100mL/20L\u00E2\u0080\u00A9solution)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Micro\u00E2\u0080\u00A9stock\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(mix:\u00E2\u0080\u00A925mM\u00E2\u0080\u00A9H3BO3,\u00E2\u0080\u00A92mM\u00E2\u0080\u00A9MnSO4\u00E2\u0080\u00A9x\u00E2\u0080\u00A9H20,\u00E2\u0080\u00A92mM\u00E2\u0080\u00A9ZnSO4\u00E2\u0080\u00A9x\u00E2\u0080\u00A9H20,\u00E2\u0080\u00A90.5mM\u00E2\u0080\u00A9CuSO4\u00E2\u0080\u00A9x\u00E2\u0080\u00A95H2O,\u00E2\u0080\u00A90.5mM\u00E2\u0080\u00A9NaMoO4)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(use\u00E2\u0080\u00A93mL/20mL\u00E2\u0080\u00A9solution)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 2\u00E2\u0080\u00A9spoons\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9CaCO3\u00E2\u0080\u00A9powder\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Add\u00E2\u0080\u00A9NH2NO3\u00E2\u0080\u00A9directly\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9a\u00E2\u0080\u00A9final\u00E2\u0080\u00A9concentration\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A91mM\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Benoxacor\u00E2\u0080\u00A9100mM\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Stock\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Solution\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(1000x)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Benoxacor\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 125\u00E2\u0080\u00A9mg\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Acetone\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 4.81\u00E2\u0080\u00A9mL\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Fenclorim\u00E2\u0080\u00A9100mM\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Stock\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Solution\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(1000x)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Fenclorim\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 125\u00E2\u0080\u00A9mg\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Acetone\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 5.55\u00E2\u0080\u00A9mL\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 122\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Klason\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lignin\u00E2\u0080\u00A9procedure\u00E2\u0080\u00A9solutions\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 72%\u00E2\u0080\u00A9H2SO4\u00E2\u0080\u00A9665\u00E2\u0080\u00A9mL\u00E2\u0080\u00A9conc.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9H2SO4\u00E2\u0080\u00A9300\u00E2\u0080\u00A9mL\u00E2\u0080\u00A9DI\u00E2\u0080\u00A9H2O\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cool,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9bring\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A91L\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 4%\u00E2\u0080\u00A9H2SO4\u00E2\u0080\u00A937\u00E2\u0080\u00A9mL\u00E2\u0080\u00A9conc.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9H2SO4\u00E2\u0080\u00A9950\u00E2\u0080\u00A9mL\u00E2\u0080\u00A9DI\u00E2\u0080\u00A9H2O\u00E2\u0080\u00A9cool,\u00E2\u0080\u00A9bring\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A91L\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Sugar\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Control\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(in\u00E2\u0080\u00A950\u00E2\u0080\u00A9mL\u00E2\u0080\u00A9DI\u00E2\u0080\u00A9H2O)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9arabinose\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 10\u00E2\u0080\u00A9mg\u00E2\u0080\u00A9galactose\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 10\u00E2\u0080\u00A9mg\u00E2\u0080\u00A9glucose\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 200\u00E2\u0080\u00A9mg\u00E2\u0080\u00A9xylose\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 60\u00E2\u0080\u00A9mg\u00E2\u0080\u00A9mannose\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 60\u00E2\u0080\u00A9mg\u00E2\u0080\u00A9rhamnose\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 50\u00E2\u0080\u00A9mg\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9High\u00E2\u0080\u00A9standard:\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 sugar\u00E2\u0080\u00A9stock\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 30\u00E2\u0080\u00A9mL\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 DI\u00E2\u0080\u00A9H2O\u00E2\u0080\u00A982\u00E2\u0080\u00A9mL\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 72%\u00E2\u0080\u00A9H2SO4\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 3\u00E2\u0080\u00A9mL\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Medium\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Standard:\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 sugar\u00E2\u0080\u00A9stock\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 10\u00E2\u0080\u00A9mL\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 DI\u00E2\u0080\u00A9H2O\u00E2\u0080\u00A9102\u00E2\u0080\u00A9mL\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 72%\u00E2\u0080\u00A9H2SO4\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 3\u00E2\u0080\u00A9mL\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Low\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Standard:\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 sugar\u00E2\u0080\u00A9stock\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 5\u00E2\u0080\u00A9mL\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 DI\u00E2\u0080\u00A9H2O\u00E2\u0080\u00A9107\u00E2\u0080\u00A9mL\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 72%\u00E2\u0080\u00A9H2SO4\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 3\u00E2\u0080\u00A9mL\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Internal\u00E2\u0080\u00A9Standard\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9fucose\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 10\u00E2\u0080\u00A9mg/mL\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 123\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Appendix\u00E2\u0080\u00A9E.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 One\u00E2\u0080\u0090way\u00E2\u0080\u00A9analysis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9variance\u00E2\u0080\u00A9(ANOVA)\u00E2\u0080\u00A9for\u00E2\u0080\u00A9average\u00E2\u0080\u00A9seed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9weight\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 and\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lateral\u00E2\u0080\u00A9root\u00E2\u0080\u00A9density\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Figure\u00E2\u0080\u00A916.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 One\u00C2\u00ADway\u00E2\u0080\u00A9ANOVA\u00E2\u0080\u00A9statistical\u00E2\u0080\u00A9analysis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9determine\u00E2\u0080\u00A9differences\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 average\u00E2\u0080\u00A9seed\u00E2\u0080\u00A9weight\u00E2\u0080\u00A9between\u00E2\u0080\u00A9genotypes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 !\"# $%&#$'# ()*+#$'# ,#-*.%)# /012,3# -*.%)# $))4#5)6789# :# ;<=>;?@# A# A;@:# ABF# ! 40 41 A!7_5 B!5_6 D!2_6 F!5_10 F!7_4 G!8_4 1 .6 1 .8 2 .0 2 .2 2 .4 Seed Weight (ug) ANOVA Report list(Df = c(7, 40), \u00E2\u0080\u0098Sum Sq\u00E2\u0080\u0098 = c(1.53145833333333, 2.13166666666667), \u00E2\u0080\u0098Mean Sq\u00E2\u0080\u0098 = c(0.218779761904761, 0.0532916666666668), \u00E2\u0080\u0098F value\u00E2\u0080\u0098 = c(4.10532782307604, NA), \u00E2\u0080\u0098Pr(>F)\u00E2\u0080\u0098 = c(0.00175643763379917, NA)) Genotype L a te ra l R o o t D e n s it y ( # r o o ts /c m ) \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 124\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 Figure\u00E2\u0080\u00A917.\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 One\u00C2\u00ADway\u00E2\u0080\u00A9ANOVA\u00E2\u0080\u00A9statistical\u00E2\u0080\u00A9analysis\u00E2\u0080\u00A9to\u00E2\u0080\u00A9determine\u00E2\u0080\u00A9differences\u00E2\u0080\u00A9in\u00E2\u0080\u00A9\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A9 average\u00E2\u0080\u00A9number\u00E2\u0080\u00A9of\u00E2\u0080\u00A9lateral\u00E2\u0080\u00A9roots\u00E2\u0080\u00A9between\u00E2\u0080\u00A9genotypes\u00E2\u0080\u00A9 ! roots_cmA!75 roots_cmF!74 roots_cmEV40 0 .0 0 .2 0 .4 0 .6 0 .8 1 .0 1 .2 1 .4 Lateral Root Density (LRD) ANOVA Report list(Df = c(4, 95), \u00E2\u0080\u0098Sum Sq\u00E2\u0080\u0098 = c(3.70348645871960, 10.2922317372679), \u00E2\u0080\u0098Mean Sq\u00E2\u0080\u0098 = c(0.925871614679899, 0.108339281444925), \u00E2\u0080\u0098F value\u00E2\u0080\u0098 = c(8.54603798669804, NA), \u00E2\u0080\u0098Pr(>F)\u00E2\u0080\u0098 = c(6.19424094405413e!06, NA)) Genotype L a te ra l R o o t D e n s it y ( # r o o ts /c m ) A-7 B-5 F-7 G-8 EV40 !\"# $%&#$'# ()*+#$'# ,#-*.%)# /012,3# 45!# 6# 789:7;# :8<=;<# >8;6?# ?8@<6)A:?# 5)BCD%*.B# <;# @:8=<==# :8@:>7#"@en . "Thesis/Dissertation"@en . "2009-11"@en . "10.14288/1.0067782"@en . "eng"@en . "Plant Science"@en . "Vancouver : University of British Columbia Library"@en . "University of British Columbia"@en . "Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International"@en . "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/"@en . "Graduate"@en . "Hyper-lignified root systems as a carbon sink in Arabidopsis thaliana"@en . "Text"@en . "http://hdl.handle.net/2429/13909"@en .