"Science, Faculty of"@en . "Physics and Astronomy, Department of"@en . "DSpace"@en . "UBCV"@en . "Karimi, Hamed"@en . "2009-09-30T17:56:15Z"@en . "2009"@en . "Master of Science - MSc"@en . "University of British Columbia"@en . "In this work we study the proposed model for multi M2-Branes by ABJM( Aharony, Bergman, Jafferis, Maldacena). We take an specific limit in moduli space of vacua of this model, and we will show explicitly that, at this limit ABJM model becomes equivalent to maximally supersymmetric (2+1)-dimensional Yang-Mills model. Then we find the currents that are coupled to background fields of ABJM model and will try to show that these currents are some of the currents of the relevant Yang-Mills model at that limit. We also discuss a field theory approach to get these results."@en . "https://circle.library.ubc.ca/rest/handle/2429/13399?expand=metadata"@en . "501820 bytes"@en . "application/pdf"@en . "Couplings Between 11-Dimensional Supergravity Fields and The ABJM Multiple M2-Brane Theory by Hamed Karimi A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE in The Faculty of Graduate Studies (Physics) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (Vancouver) September, 2009 c\u00C2\u00A9 Hamed Karimi 2009 ii Abstract In this work we study the proposed model for multi M2-Branes by ABJM( Aharony, Bergman, Jafferis, Maldacena). We take an specific limit in mod- uli space of vacua of this model, and we will show explicitly that at this limit ABJM model becomes equivalent to maximally supersymmetric (2+1)- dimensional Yang-Mills model. Then we find the currents that are coupled to background fields of ABJM model and will try to show that these currents are some of the currents of the relevant Yang-Mills model at that limit. We also discuss a field theory approach to get these results. iii Table of Contents Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii List of Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi Dedication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1 Perturbative String Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1.1 Free Strings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1.2 Spectrum of Closed String . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.1.3 Superstring Theories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.2 Dualities and D-Branes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.2.1 T and S-Duality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.2.2 Dirichlet Branes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 1.3 M-Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 1.3.1 M2-Branes vs D2-Branes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 1.3.2 Dynamics of M2-Brane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 2 ABJM Proposal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 2.1 ABJM Lagrangian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 2.2 Multi D2-Branes Action From ABJM Action . . . . . . . . . 20 3 Supergravity Currents from ABJM Model . . . . . . . . . . 25 3.1 Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 3.2 Relation of ABJM Currents to D2-Brane Currents . . . . . . 30 3.3 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Table of Contents iv Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Appendices A Field Theory Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 vList of Figures 1.1 Propagation of Closed String . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.2 Open Strings End on D-Branes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 1.3 Web of Dualities and M-Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 1.4 Relation Between M-theory and Various Supergravity, Super- string Theories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 2.1 From M2-Brane Theory to D2-Brane Theory . . . . . . . . . . 20 vi Acknowledgements During my Master study, I was fortunate to get help, guidance and support from many people, and my acknowledgement reflects this. First, I like to thank my research supervisor, Dr. Mark Van Raamsdonk. Mark\u00E2\u0080\u0099s generous helps, guidances and supports inspired me to study physics. I also like to thank the second reader of my thesis Dr. Moshe Rozali and all the members of string theory group at the Physics Department. I specially like to thank my best friend MohammadSadegh Mashayekhi and all of my good friends, and thank them for all the good time that we have had during all these years. vii Dedication To my parents, my brothers and my sister 1Introduction String theory, since its inception, has changed our understanding of funda- mental physics. It began by unifying all different particles as distinct vibra- tional excitations of a fundamental one-dimensional object, named string. It is a quantum theory that has in itself gravity. And it is a promising candi- date to our final goal, the unification of all the forces. By discovery of different dualities in the 1980\u00E2\u0080\u0099s and 1990\u00E2\u0080\u0099s, and pioneering work of Witten, string theory opened new doors and steps forward to reach that goal, in the context of M-theory. In the late 1990\u00E2\u0080\u0099s by breakthrough work of Maldacena[5], the AdS/CFT or gauge/gravity duality, people could use string theory to obtain some phenomenological models of particle physics such as Sakai-Sugimoto model. And also for the first time since the discovery of string theory, it could be used to predict some results that can be com- pared with experiment in quark-gluon plasmas. Recently people have used the AdS/CFT correspondence to get remarkable results in different areas of physics, specially Condensed Matter physics. This lead us to a better under- standing of Strongly Correlated systems and High Tc superconductors. In this section I will briefly introduce basic ideas of string theory, dualities, D-brane and their dynamics and finally introduce M-theory and its relation to string theory. 1.1 Perturbative String Theory 1.1.1 Free Strings To study the behaviour of string we need the action that describes the dy- namics of string . The general action for interacting strings is a big goal and no one knows how to get that ; only some low energy effective actions around particular vacua have been found. The starting point to study strings and 1.1. Perturbative String Theory 2 their spectrum is to find the action for free strings[2],[3]. The action of free string is a simple generalization of free relativistic point like particle. We know that the action of free particle is, S = \u00E2\u0088\u0092m \u00E2\u0088\u00AB d\u00CF\u0084 The geometrical description of this action is straightforward and generaliz- able. This action gives the length of the world-line of the particle from a starting point to some final point. So by equation of motion, the stationary path would be an straight line. Figure 1.1: Propagation of Closed String Now suppose that string is propagating from point A to B,Fig[1.1] . As string is one-dimensional, it sweeps out a surface, this surface is called the world-sheet of the string. By analogy of point particle action we can simply find the action for a propagating string. The resulting action is called Nambu-Goto(N-G) action, and that is the area of swept surface, SNG = \u00E2\u0088\u0092T 2 \u00E2\u0088\u00AB d\u00CF\u0083d\u00CF\u0084 \u00E2\u0088\u009A det(\u00E2\u0088\u0082\u00CE\u00B1X\u00C2\u00B5\u00E2\u0088\u0082\u00CE\u00B2X\u00CE\u00BDG\u00C2\u00B5\u00CE\u00BD) (1.1) In above action (\u00CF\u0083, \u00CF\u0084) are world-sheet parameters, X\u00C2\u00B5\u00E2\u0080\u0099s are space time coor- dinates and G\u00C2\u00B5\u00CE\u00BD is the metric, T is the tension of the string. 1.1. Perturbative String Theory 3 As it can be easily seen this action is highly non-linear and it is very difficult to quantize, even for flat space time. There is an equivalent way to get this action by introducing an auxiliary world-sheet metric. The resulting action is the Polyakov action , SPolyakov = \u00E2\u0088\u0092T 2 \u00E2\u0088\u00AB d\u00CF\u0083d\u00CF\u0084 \u00E2\u0088\u009A hh\u00CE\u00B1\u00CE\u00B2\u00E2\u0088\u0082\u00CE\u00B1X \u00C2\u00B5\u00E2\u0088\u0082\u00CE\u00B2X \u00CE\u00BDG\u00C2\u00B5\u00CE\u00BD (1.2) And h = det(h\u00CE\u00B1\u00CE\u00B2). The Polyakov action and Nambu-Goto action are equiv- alent at least at the classical level. By finding the classical equation of motion of the world-sheet metric h\u00CE\u00B1\u00CE\u00B2, we find that T\u00CE\u00B1\u00CE\u00B2 = G\u00C2\u00B5\u00CE\u00BD\u00E2\u0088\u0082\u00CE\u00B1X \u00C2\u00B5\u00E2\u0088\u0082\u00CE\u00B2X \u00CE\u00BD \u00E2\u0088\u0092 1 2 h\u00CE\u00B1\u00CE\u00B2h \u00CE\u00B1\u00E2\u0080\u00B2\u00CE\u00B2\u00E2\u0080\u00B2\u00E2\u0088\u0082\u00CE\u00B1\u00E2\u0080\u00B2X \u00C2\u00B5\u00E2\u0088\u0082\u00CE\u00B2\u00E2\u0080\u00B2X \u00CE\u00BDG\u00C2\u00B5\u00CE\u00BD = 0 (1.3) By taking a determinant of right hand side of above equation it can be verified that \u00E2\u0088\u009A hh\u00CE\u00B1\u00CE\u00B2\u00E2\u0088\u0082\u00CE\u00B1X \u00C2\u00B5\u00E2\u0088\u0082\u00CE\u00B2X \u00CE\u00BDG\u00C2\u00B5\u00CE\u00BD = \u00E2\u0088\u009A det(\u00E2\u0088\u0082\u00CE\u00B1X\u00C2\u00B5\u00E2\u0088\u0082\u00CE\u00B2X\u00CE\u00BDG\u00C2\u00B5\u00CE\u00BD) This will return us back to N-G action. Both Polyakov and N-G actions have re-parametrization invariance. It means that by choosing different parametrization of world-sheet the action does not change. But Polyakov action is easier to dealt with. First, it is quadratic. And second, it mani- festly has world-sheet Weyl scaling symmetry, such that under transforma- tion h\u00CE\u00B1\u00CE\u00B2 \u00E2\u0086\u0092 e\u00CF\u0086h\u00CE\u00B1\u00CE\u00B2, the action is invariant. By using re-parametrization invariance we can fix two of three degrees of freedom of world-sheet metric. By help of Weyl invariance we can fix the last degree of freedom of metric, and choose the so called Conformal Gauge for the metric h\u00CE\u00B1\u00CE\u00B2 = \u00CE\u00B7\u00CE\u00B1\u00CE\u00B2 = ( \u00E2\u0088\u00921 0 0 1 ) (1.4) Then for a flat space time metric we will have S = \u00E2\u0088\u0092T 2 \u00E2\u0088\u00AB d\u00CF\u0084d\u00CF\u0083\u00CE\u00B7\u00CE\u00B1\u00CE\u00B2\u00E2\u0088\u0082\u00CE\u00B1X \u00C2\u00B5\u00E2\u0088\u0082\u00CE\u00B2X\u00C2\u00B5 With this action the equation of motion simply is the wave equation,( \u00E2\u0088\u00822\u00CF\u0083 \u00E2\u0088\u0092 \u00E2\u0088\u00822\u00CF\u0084 ) X\u00C2\u00B5 = 0 (1.5) 1.1. Perturbative String Theory 4 But to fully satisfy the invariance of the action, we need to also impose some boundary conditions. There are two type of boundary conditions, X\u00C2\u00B5(\u00CF\u0083, \u00CF\u0084) = X\u00C2\u00B5(\u00CF\u0083 + pi, \u00CF\u0084) or \u00E2\u0088\u0082\u00CF\u0084X \u00C2\u00B5(0, \u00CF\u0084) = \u00E2\u0088\u0082\u00CF\u0084X \u00C2\u00B5(pi, \u00CF\u0084) = 0 (1.6) These boundary conditions leads to two different type of strings, Closed and Open string, respectively. 1.1.2 Spectrum of Closed String It is very straightforward to quantize string by the regular canonical quan- tization method. Having done that it becomes evident that vibrational ex- citations of string are carried out by operation of some creation operators, \u00CE\u00B1\u00E2\u0080\u00A0\u00C2\u00B5 over the vacuum. By repeated operation of these operators we can build tower of all possible states known as Fock space. The mass spectrum of closed string is very interesting. First, the vacuum is Tachyonic, it means it has negative mass squared. Second, in mass-less sector , there are three kinds of excitations: 1- Scalar field, \u00CF\u0086. It is called Dilaton and its expectation value determines the string interaction coupling, gs = e <\u00CF\u0086>. 2-Mass-less spin=2 excitation. This is the graviton, the field responsible for gravity. So string theory manifestly has gravity in itself and it lives consis- tently in a quantum theory. 3-Anti-Symmetric rank-2 field, The Kalb-Ramond field. The quantization of string action has another remarkable consequence: And it becomes evident that to have self-consistent bosonic string theory space time dimension has to be 26!. Bosonic string theory has some problems such as \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 It only has bosons, but for ordinary matter we need fermions \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 D=26; space time dimension is 26, but we live in four dimensional world. 1.1. Perturbative String Theory 5 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Its vacuum is Tachyonic! Trying to solve these problems leads people to study string theories with fermionic degrees of freedom, or superstring theory that can address some of above questions. 1.1.3 Superstring Theories We know that the action for free fermion is the Dirac action LDirac = \u00E2\u0088\u0092i\u00CF\u0088\u00CC\u0084\u00CE\u00B3\u00C2\u00B5\u00E2\u0088\u0082\u00C2\u00B5\u00CF\u0088 We can simply generalize the bosonic string action to include fermionic de- grees of freedom[7]. We add two dimensional world-sheet fermions to the string action, to get the free superstring action. In conformal gauge we have Ssuperstring = \u00E2\u0088\u0092T 2 \u00E2\u0088\u00AB d\u00CF\u0084d\u00CF\u0083(\u00E2\u0088\u0082\u00CE\u00B1X \u00C2\u00B5\u00E2\u0088\u0082\u00CE\u00B1X\u00C2\u00B5 \u00E2\u0088\u0092 \u00CF\u0088\u00CC\u0084\u00C2\u00B5\u00CF\u0081\u00CE\u00B1\u00E2\u0088\u0082\u00CE\u00B1\u00CF\u0088\u00C2\u00B5) (1.7) Here \u00CF\u0081\u00CE\u00B1 are 2 \u00C3\u0097 2 Dirac matrices, and \u00CF\u0088\u00C2\u00B5 = ( \u00CF\u0088+\u00C2\u00B5 \u00CF\u0088\u00E2\u0088\u0092\u00C2\u00B5 ) is a two component Majorana spinor. The Majorana condition simply means that \u00CF\u0088+\u00C2\u00B5 and \u00CF\u0088 \u00E2\u0088\u0092 \u00C2\u00B5 are real in a suitable representation of the Dirac algebra. The above action is also globally supersymmetric, And it is important to mention that in contrast to bosonic string theory, superstring theory lives in space-time with dimension equal to 10. By the mid 1980\u00E2\u0080\u0099s it became evident that there are five distinct super- string theories, \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 N = 2, Non-Chiral type IIA superstring theory \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 N = 2, Chiral type IIB superstring theory \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 N = 1, E8 \u00C3\u0097 E8 heterotic superstring theory \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 N = 1, SO(32) heterotic superstring theory \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 N = 1, Type I superstring theory 1.2. Dualities and D-Branes 6 Having found these five superstring theories, some relations between them were found soon after their discovery. But a clear picture emerged only in the mid 1990\u00E2\u0080\u0099s by help of different dualities. This led to M-theory, such that dif- ferent superstring theories are different limits of M-theory on different vacua. We will back to these relations between M-theory and string theory later. The last problem with string theory that has to be solved is 6 extra dimen- sions in superstring theory. The solution to this question is Compactification. It means that extra dimensions are compactified on a small manifold, M, so snmall that the present day experiments cannot resolve that distance. Of course manifold M, cannot be any arbitrary manifold, it has to satisfy the symmetry and equation of motions of string theory. Despite the fact that these manifold are so small that they cannot be seen directly by today ex- periments, their topological properties have significant effect on the types of field theories and phenomenological models on remaining 4-Dimensional space time. 1.2 Dualities and D-Branes 1.2.1 T and S-Duality Even if we have not found a unique connection of different types of string theory to our 4-dimensional world, string theory greatly contributed to our understanding of physics by use of different dualities. Dualities are trans- formations that transforms the states and vacua of one theory to states and vacua of a distinct theory. There are many kinds of dualities in string the- ory, but in this section I will briefly introduce two of most important of them[6, 8, 9]. T-Duality T-duality was discovered in the late of 1980\u00E2\u0080\u0099s. It relates one string theory with a circular compactified dimension of radius R to a different string theory with compactified dimension of radius 1 R . To see how it could happen , let us consider a closed string theory with one compactified dimension. There are two kinds of excitations for string. First, we have Kaluza-Klein(K-K) excitations. These excitations are general for any quantum field theory with a compactified dimension. For any such quantum theory to have well defined 1.2. Dualities and D-Branes 7 and single-valued wave functions for free particles we need, \u00CF\u0088(x) = \u00CF\u0088(x + 2piR), with x is coordinate along compactified direction. So to satisfy this condition we need that momentum along that direction to be a multiple of 1 R p = n R so K-K excitations have contribution of ( n R )2 to energy squared. The second kind of excitations are peculiar to the character of closed strings as one-dimensional objects. For a closed string with tension T , that wind m-times around the compactifed direction there is another contribution of (2piRmT )2 in energy squared. So in units of 2piT = 1 we have, E2 = ( n R )2 + (mR)2 + ... (1.8) In the above equation ... means contributions from excitations of harmonic modes. From above equation it is obvious that if we do do the following transformations the energy does not change. m\u00E2\u0086\u0094 n R\u00E2\u0086\u0094 1 R It means that K-K excitations of one string theory on compactified dimension R, are winding modes of the other string theory with compactified dimension 1 R , and vice versa. The interesting point here is that from the viewpoint of closed strings there is no difference between a theory with compact dimension of R of 1 R ?! What about open strings? For open strings there is no winding modes so it seems there is a paradox, that the dimension of world looks different in the limit of R\u00E2\u0086\u0092\u00E2\u0088\u009E, for closed and open strings. This paradox can be easily resolved by introducing D-branes, higher dimensional extended objects to which the ends of open strings attach. S-Duality Another exciting duality that discovered in the mid 1990\u00E2\u0080\u0099s is S-duality. S- duality maps the states and vacua of one string theory with coupling constant g, to other states and vacua of the same or different theory with coupling 1 g . It is very interesting that the strong coupling regime of one theory is dual to the weak coupling regime of other theory. So by use of S-duality on can 1.2. Dualities and D-Branes 8 study a theory in the weak coupling regime by perturbative methods to learn about the strong coupling regime of the other theory. Web of Dualities Till now we have mentioned that there are five different consistent superstring theories in ten dimension. As we will see these theories are not exactly distinct, and are related to each other by different dualities. Here are few examples of different dual pairs in D = 10[9], \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Type IIA string theory is T-Dual to type IIB string theory \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 SO(32) and E8 \u00C3\u0097 E8 heterotic string theories are also T-dual to each other. \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Type I and SO(32) heterotic are S-dual to each other. \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Type IIB string theory is S-dual to itself. 1.2.2 Dirichlet Branes In string theory the strings are fundamental objects. There are also a variety of other objects like D-branes. As we saw, to minimize the action of strings we needed that strings have to satisfy some boundary conditions. There are two types of boundary conditions for open strings. One is that the ends have to be free. This is called the Neumann boundary condition. The other is that the ends of string have to be stationary. This is called the Dirichlet boundary condition. For Dirichlet boundary conditions it is needed some extended objects to restrict the ends of open string on them. These objects are called Dirichlet-branes or simply D-branes. D-branes can have any dimension between 0 to 9. D0-branes are like point particles and D9-branes are called worldvolume branes. Generally Dp-branes are D-branes that their spatial dimensions are p. Actually it is possible to extract D-branes from interacting string action, and D-branes are solitonic excitations of string field equations. Their tension is proportional to 1 gs , and exactly because of this they do not appear in perturbative study of string theory, as the perturbation is around gs = 0, so they are hidden in perturbation. 1.2. Dualities and D-Branes 9 Gauge Theories and D-Branes At the early stages of string theory, there was a way to introduce gauge symmetries to string theory. by use of non-dynamical Chan-Paton factors[6]. It is consistent with all symmetries of string theory, to add non-dynamical degrees of freedom to the ends of open string. By non-dynamical we mean that an end of open string prepared in one state will remain in that state or the hamiltonian of those degrees of freedom is zero. So in addition to the usual Fock space label there are other labels, i and j for each end of open string, so state of string is, |p, a\u00E3\u0080\u0089 = N\u00E2\u0088\u0091 i,j=1 |p, ij\u00E3\u0080\u0089\u00CE\u00BBaij (1.9) \u00CE\u00BBaij is an N \u00C3\u0097 N matrix and is called Chan-Paton(C-P) factor. The non- dynamical structure of C-P factors, forces them to appear as a trace in in- teractions. So any amplitude of string interaction is proportional to, \u00CE\u00BB1ij\u00CE\u00BB 2 jk...\u00CE\u00BB n ki = Tr(\u00CE\u00BB 1\u00CE\u00BB2...\u00CE\u00BBn) (1.10) As it is evident, such an amplitude is invariant under U(N) transformation as, \u00CE\u00BB\u00E2\u0086\u0094 U\u00CE\u00BBU\u00E2\u0088\u00921 An important thing about D-branes is that, they provide us a remarkable, geometrical picture of introducing non-Abelian gauge symmetries in string theory and understand the nature of Chan-Paton factors. For now suppose that we have two parallel D-branes, 1 and 2, and are separated by distance d,Fig-1.2. There are two kind of open strings, 1- Strings that both ends are on the same brane: the lowest excitations of these strings along D-brane are mass-less and represents U(1) symmetry. Then we have U(1)\u00C3\u0097 U(1) gauge symmetry. 2- Strings that the ends are on different branes, the lowest excitations of these strings have mass proportional to d \u00E2\u0088\u0097 T . Now if we take the limit d \u00E2\u0086\u0092 0, an interesting thing happens: the lowest excitations of the second kind of strings will also become massless and with the first kind of string will represents the U(2) gauge symmetry. It is easy to generalize this picture to an arbitrary number of D-branes. So by use of D-branes, the meaning of Chan-Paton factors is that each number, i, will be 1.2. Dualities and D-Branes 10 Figure 1.2: Open Strings End on D-Branes the label of each brane. And also the nice geometrical picture of symmetry breaking will emerge: symmetry breaking is nothing but making D-branes separate. D-Brane Dynamics As we saw open strings are attached to D-branes, so D-branes interact with strings. Also as they are massive they can propagate closed strings and in- teract with other D-branes. It is very important to understand the dynamics of D-branes as they are reason for gauge symmetries and building blocks of constructing phenomenological models. For a single Dp-brane, the low energy effective action is described by Dirac-Born-Infeld (DBI) action Sp = \u00E2\u0088\u0092Tp \u00E2\u0088\u00AB dp+1\u00CE\u00BEe\u00E2\u0088\u0092\u00CF\u0086 \u00E2\u0088\u009A det(Gab +Bab + 2pi\u00CE\u00B1\u00E2\u0080\u00B2Fab) (1.11) In the above action \u00CE\u00BEa are world volume coordinate of D-brane and Gab = \u00E2\u0088\u0082aX \u00C2\u00B5\u00E2\u0088\u0082bX \u00CE\u00BDG\u00C2\u00B5\u00CE\u00BD and Bab = \u00E2\u0088\u0082aX \u00C2\u00B5\u00E2\u0088\u0082bX \u00CE\u00BDB\u00C2\u00B5\u00CE\u00BD , are pull-back of space-time fields, metric and Kalb-Ramond field. In the above action the det(Gab), is giving the world-volume of the Dp-brane and is similar to string Nambu-Goto action. For N coincident D-branes the fields become N \u00C3\u0097 N matrices, so the 1.3. M-Theory 11 simple generalization of the DBI action is Sp = \u00E2\u0088\u0092Tp \u00E2\u0088\u00AB dp+1\u00CE\u00BEe\u00E2\u0088\u0092\u00CF\u0086Tr \u00E2\u0088\u009A det(Gab +Bab + 2pi\u00CE\u00B1\u00E2\u0080\u00B2Fab) +O([Xa, Xb]2) (1.12) The Xa fields are describing the transverse coordinates, or position, of D- branes and for a single D-brane the second part is obviously zero. 1.3 M-Theory Since the early stages of string theory, parallel to string theory, people studied various supergravity and supersymmetric theories[13]. One of them was the eleven dimensional supergravity(SUGRA) that was constructed at the late 1970\u00E2\u0080\u0099s. Based on supersymmetric arguments the largest possible spacetime dimension for a supersymmetric theory of gravity(spin < 2) is eleven. It has three kinds of fields, the graviton, gravitino(supersymmetric counterpart of graviton) and three-index anti-symmetric tensor gauge field C\u00C2\u00B5\u00CE\u00BD\u00CF\u0081. This D = 11 supergravity was thought to have major problems. First, it is non-renormalizable so it cannot be a fundamental theory. Second, it was impossible to do chiral compactification on it[8, 13]. Based on dimensional reduction and some other techniques people constructed other supergravity theories like i) Non-Chiral N = 2 supergravity (IIA) ii) Chiral N = 2 supergravity (IIB) iii) N = 1 supergravity/YM with E8 \u00C3\u0097 E8 gauge group iii) N = 1 supergravity/YM with SO(32) gauge group All of these SUGRAs are effective field theory of similar superstring theories in infinite tension limit, except D=11 supergravity that is not the effective field theory of any string theory. As we have seen, different string theories are related to each other by du- alities, and effective field theories of string theories are supergravity theories. All this evidence lead people to conjecture that all of these theories are dif- ferent limits of a unique, fundamental underlying theory that people called it M-Theory. And D=11 supergravity is low energy effective field theory of it, and also strong coupling limit of IIA string theory is M-theory. In IIA string theory there are non-perturbative point-like excitations, D0- branes. The mass of D0-branes is (lsgs) \u00E2\u0088\u00921. The claim is that D0-branes can 1.3. M-Theory 12 be interpreted as Kaluza-Klein excitations of M-theory on one circular com- pactified dimension. The mass of graviton in M-theory is zero so M211 = \u00E2\u0088\u0092PMPM = 0 M = 0, ..., 10 (1.13) then in 10-dimension \u00E2\u0088\u0092 P\u00C2\u00B5P \u00C2\u00B5 = P 211 \u00C2\u00B5 = 0, ..., 9 (1.14) as the momentum along the compactified dimension has to be multiple of 1 R11 then M2 = ( n R11 ) (1.15) so if the conjecture is true then R11 = lsgs. This is the relation between the string coupling and the radius of the compactified direction. It can be verified, if D=11 SUGRA as low energy limit of M-theory and compactified D=11 SUGRA on a circle be effective field theory of IIA string theory. And it is true because dimensional reduction of D=11 SUGRA is IIA supergravity Fig.1.4. From the relation R11 = lsgs, something very interesting happens if we take the limit of gs \u00E2\u0086\u0092 \u00E2\u0088\u009E. In this limit IIA string theory becomes eleven dimen- sional, How can it happen? The point is that we studied string theory by perturbation around gs = 0, so actually we studied string theory around R11 = 0 so by perturbation theory we cannot resolve the extra dimension. Now by all this we can complete the web that relates all the theories. In Fig.1.3 and Fig.1.4, the complete picture of dualities are depicted. 1.3.1 M2-Branes vs D2-Branes M-theory in not a string theory, because we know that a consistent super- string theory can live only in 10 dimensions but M-theory is 11-dimensional. So what are the fundamental objects in M-theory? To answer this question we need to look at the field content of M-theory. In low energy limit it becomes D=11 SUGRA and we know that it has a three-index gauge field C\u00C2\u00B5\u00CE\u00BD\u00CF\u0081, in addition to graviton. 1.3. M-Theory 13 Figure 1.3: Web of Dualities and M-Theory For a point particle, the one-form field is coupled to its world-line, and for the string, a two-form field B\u00C2\u00B5\u00CE\u00BD is coupled to string world-sheet. So we expect that this three-form gauge field has to be coupled to 3-dimensional world- volume of a 2-dimensional object, people called this 2-dimensional object, membrane or M2-brane. So the fundamental object of M-theory is M2-brane. What is the relation between strings in 10-dimensional string theories and M2-branes? The answer is very simple as we said IIA string theory is low energy limit of compactified M-theory, so if we wrap an M2-brane around compactified dimension in the other 10-dimensions it looks like an string. And if M2-brane is not wrapped then it becomes ordinary D2-brane in D=10, string theory. 1.3.2 Dynamics of M2-Brane Having known the fundamental object in M-theory, It is important to find the action that describes the dynamics of it. For a single M2-brane the action 1.3. M-Theory 14 Figure 1.4: Relation Between M-theory and Various Supergravity, Super- string Theories is a generalized version of Nambu-Goto action (only for bosonic part), SM2 = \u00E2\u0088\u0092T \u00E2\u0088\u00AB d3\u00CF\u0083( \u00E2\u0088\u009A \u00E2\u0088\u0092det(h\u00CE\u00B1\u00CE\u00B2) + \u000F\u00CE\u00B1\u00CE\u00B2\u00CE\u00B3\u00E2\u0088\u0082\u00CE\u00B1X\u00C2\u00B5\u00E2\u0088\u0082\u00CE\u00B2X\u00CE\u00BD\u00E2\u0088\u0082\u00CE\u00B3X\u00CF\u0081C\u00C2\u00B5\u00CE\u00BD\u00CF\u0081) (1.16) In above action T is the tension of M2-brane, C\u00C2\u00B5\u00CE\u00BD\u00CF\u0081 is the three-form back- ground field and h\u00CE\u00B1\u00CE\u00B2 = \u00E2\u0088\u0082\u00CE\u00B1X \u00C2\u00B5\u00E2\u0088\u0082\u00CE\u00B2X \u00CE\u00BDg\u00C2\u00B5\u00CE\u00BD , is the pull-back of metric to the world volume. With an auxiliary world-volume metric h\u00CE\u00B1\u00CE\u00B2, this action can be writ- ten as, SM2 = \u00E2\u0088\u0092T 2 \u00E2\u0088\u00AB d3\u00CF\u0083[ \u00E2\u0088\u009A\u00E2\u0088\u0092h(h\u00CE\u00B1\u00CE\u00B2\u00E2\u0088\u0082\u00CE\u00B1X\u00C2\u00B5\u00E2\u0088\u0082\u00CE\u00B2X\u00CE\u00BDg\u00C2\u00B5\u00CE\u00BD) + \u000F\u00CE\u00B1\u00CE\u00B2\u00CE\u00B3\u00E2\u0088\u0082\u00CE\u00B1X\u00C2\u00B5\u00E2\u0088\u0082\u00CE\u00B2X\u00CE\u00BD\u00E2\u0088\u0082\u00CE\u00B3X\u00CF\u0081C\u00C2\u00B5\u00CE\u00BD\u00CF\u0081)] (1.17) Finding the action that describes the world-volume of multiple M2-branes was a challenging work, it could not be simply generalized as we did for D2- branes. The reason is that the number of low energy degrees of freedom for N D2-branes is N2, this is reasonable as we are dealing with U(N) gauge symmetry that have N2 generators. But for stacks of N M2-branes, with many different methods, such as entropy calculations and supergravity methods, people found that the number of degrees of freedom is proportional to N 3 2 . So it was very difficult to find an 1.3. M-Theory 15 action that gives these results, until the recent pioneering work of Bagger and Lambert[11] and Gustavson. A few month later, ABJM(Aharony, Bergman, Jafferis and Maldacena)[14] conjectured that an U(N)\u00C3\u0097U(N), 3-dimensional superconformal Chern-Simons matter theory can describe the multiple M2- brane action. The rest of this work is as follows. In the next section we will describe, the ABJM proposal and we will show that in some particular limit it becomes the maximally supersymmetric 2 + 1-dimensional Yang-Mills theory. Then we will try to find coupling of supergravity fields, metric and three-form, to sources and compare them to results for the D2-brane theory. 16 Chapter 2 ABJM Proposal As we described in the introduction, from the results of supergravity, the number of degrees of freedom for N stacks of M2-branes, is proportional to N 3 2 [12]. This scaling, suggests that the underlying microscopic theory that describes the dynamics of M2-branes is not trivial generalization of action of single M2-brane. It was believed, from SUGRA, that world-volume theory of multi M2- branes is dual to M-theory on AdS4 \u00C3\u0097 S7, space time[15]. Since the late of 1990\u00E2\u0080\u0099s, people have tried to find the microscopic theory of multi M2-branes with different number of supersymmetry, but till recently that by pioneering work of Bagger and Lambert has resulted in the construction of three dimen- sional conformal field theory that describes low energy effective field theory of multi M2-branes, by ABJM, in different M-theory backgrounds. In this section we first describe the ABJM proposal, and then by taking certain limit, will derive the multi D2-brane action from ABJM action in specific limit. 2.1 ABJM Lagrangian The ABJM proposal is believed to describe dynamics of multi M2-branes in C4/Zk orbifold[14\u00E2\u0080\u009316]. It is a N = 6 superconformal gauge theory with gauge group G = U(N) \u00C3\u0097 U(N), with gauge fields A\u00C2\u00B5 and A\u00CC\u0083\u00C2\u00B5 that have Chern-Simons kinetic term of level (k,\u00E2\u0088\u0092k). Its matter contents are com- posed of four complex scalars ZA(A=1,2,3,4), this scalar fields are describing complexified eight coordinates transverse to M2-branes world-volume , and four 3-dimensional spinors \u00CE\u00A8A, and their adjoints Z\u00CC\u0084A and \u00CE\u00A8\u00CC\u0084A. Which both of them transforms as (N, N\u00CC\u0084) for ZA,\u00CE\u00A8 A, and (N\u00CC\u0084 ,N) for Z\u00CC\u0084A, \u00CE\u00A8\u00CC\u0084A, under the gauge group G. In addition to gauge symmetry, it also has global SU(4) R-symmetry, which fields(scalar and spinors) with lower index , labels the 4 representation of 2.1. ABJM Lagrangian 17 R-symmetry, and fields with upper index labels the complex-conjugate 4\u00CC\u0084 representation. The Lagrangian of ABJM model is L = LCS + Lkin + LYukawa + Lpotential (2.1) Where LCS + Lkin = k 4pi \u00CE\u00B5\u00C2\u00B5\u00CE\u00BD\u00CF\u0081tr ( A\u00C2\u00B5\u00E2\u0088\u0082\u00CE\u00BDA\u00CF\u0081 \u00E2\u0088\u0092 i2 3 A\u00C2\u00B5A\u00CE\u00BDA\u00CF\u0081 \u00E2\u0088\u0092 A\u00CC\u0083\u00C2\u00B5\u00E2\u0088\u0082\u00CE\u00BDA\u00CC\u0083\u00CF\u0081 + i2 3 A\u00CC\u0083\u00C2\u00B5A\u00CC\u0083\u00CE\u00BDA\u00CC\u0083\u00CF\u0081 ) \u00E2\u0088\u0092tr (D\u00C2\u00B5Z\u00CC\u0084AD\u00C2\u00B5ZA \u00E2\u0088\u0092 i\u00CE\u00A8\u00CC\u0084A\u00CE\u00B3\u00C2\u00B5D\u00C2\u00B5\u00CE\u00A8A) , LYukawa = \u00E2\u0088\u00922pii k tr ( Z\u00CC\u0084AZA\u00CE\u00A8\u00CC\u0084B\u00CE\u00A8 B \u00E2\u0088\u0092 ZAZ\u00CC\u0084A\u00CE\u00A8B\u00CE\u00A8\u00CC\u0084B ) \u00E2\u0088\u0092 2pii k tr ( 2Z\u00CC\u0084A\u00CE\u00A8B\u00CE\u00A8\u00CC\u0084AZB \u00E2\u0088\u0092 2ZA\u00CE\u00A8\u00CC\u0084B\u00CE\u00A8AZ\u00CC\u0084B ) \u00E2\u0088\u0092 2pii k \u000FABCDtr ( ZA\u00CE\u00A8\u00CC\u0084BZC\u00CE\u00A8\u00CC\u0084D ) + 2pii k \u000FABCDtr ( Z\u00CC\u0084A\u00CE\u00A8BZ\u00CC\u0084C\u00CE\u00A8D ) (2.2) and Lpotential = +4pi 2 3k2 tr ( ZAZ\u00CC\u0084 AZBZ\u00CC\u0084 BZCZ\u00CC\u0084 C + Z\u00CC\u0084AZAZ\u00CC\u0084 BZBZ\u00CC\u0084 CZC +4ZAZ\u00CC\u0084 CZBZ\u00CC\u0084 AZCZ\u00CC\u0084 B \u00E2\u0088\u0092 6ZAZ\u00CC\u0084AZBZ\u00CC\u0084CZCZ\u00CC\u0084B ) (2.3) We are basically using the convention of [15], and the covariant derivatives are D\u00C2\u00B5ZA = \u00E2\u0088\u0082\u00C2\u00B5ZA \u00E2\u0088\u0092 iA\u00C2\u00B5ZA + iZAA\u00CC\u0083\u00C2\u00B5 D\u00C2\u00B5Z\u00CC\u0084 A = \u00E2\u0088\u0082\u00C2\u00B5Z A \u00E2\u0088\u0092 iA\u00CC\u0083\u00C2\u00B5Z\u00CC\u0084A + iZ\u00CC\u0084AA\u00C2\u00B5 (2.4) As we said the ABJM model hasN = 6 supersymmetry, whose transformaton rules for gauge fields are \u00CE\u00B4A\u00C2\u00B5 = 2pii k ( \u00CE\u00B7AB\u00CE\u00B3\u00C2\u00B5ZA\u00CE\u00A8\u00CC\u0084B + \u00CE\u00B7AB\u00CE\u00B3\u00C2\u00B5\u00CE\u00A8 BZ\u00CC\u0084A ) \u00CE\u00B4A\u00CC\u0083\u00C2\u00B5 = 2pii k ( \u00CE\u00B7AB\u00CE\u00B3\u00C2\u00B5\u00CE\u00A8\u00CC\u0084BZA + \u00CE\u00B7AB\u00CE\u00B3\u00C2\u00B5Z\u00CC\u0084 A\u00CE\u00A8B ) (2.5) 2.1. ABJM Lagrangian 18 And for the matter fields \u00CE\u00B4ZA = \u00E2\u0088\u0092i\u00CE\u00B7AB\u00CE\u00A8B \u00CE\u00B4\u00CE\u00A8A = [ \u00CE\u00B3\u00C2\u00B5D\u00C2\u00B5ZB \u00E2\u0088\u0092 4pi 3k ( Z[CZ\u00CC\u0084 CZB] )] \u00CE\u00B7BA + 8pi 3k ( ZBZ\u00CC\u0084 AZC ) \u00CE\u00B7BC \u00E2\u0088\u0092 4pi 3k \u000FABCD ( ZBZ\u00CC\u0084 EZC ) \u00CE\u00B7DE (2.6) In above equation, \u00CE\u00B3\u00C2\u00B5 is two dimensional Dirac matrices and \u00CE\u00B7 AB is super- symmetry transformation parameter that has the following peoperties, \u00CE\u00B7AB = \u00E2\u0088\u0092\u00CE\u00B7BA \u00CE\u00B7AB = ( \u00CE\u00B7AB )\u00E2\u0088\u0097 = 1 2 \u000FABCD\u00CE\u00B7 CD (2.7) And finally the infinitesimal gauge transformations, by \u00CE\u009B and \u00CE\u009B\u00CC\u0083, are given by \u00CE\u00B4A\u00C2\u00B5 = D\u00C2\u00B5\u00CE\u009B = \u00E2\u0088\u0082\u00C2\u00B5\u00CE\u009B + i[A\u00C2\u00B5,\u00CE\u009B] \u00CE\u00B4A\u00CC\u0083\u00C2\u00B5 = D\u00C2\u00B5\u00CE\u009B\u00CC\u0083 = \u00E2\u0088\u0082\u00C2\u00B5\u00CE\u009B\u00CC\u0083 + i[A\u00CC\u0083\u00C2\u00B5, \u00CE\u009B\u00CC\u0083] \u00CE\u00B4ZA = \u00E2\u0088\u0092i\u00CE\u009BZA + iZA\u00CE\u009B\u00CC\u0083 (2.8) There are some interesting points about ABJM model. First, The Chern- Simons level k is quantized integer, and because of its quantized nature the conformal symmetry persists at the quantum level. In the large N limit, it is easier to introduce a \u00E2\u0080\u0099t Hooft like coupling \u00CE\u00BB = N k , so it is evident that for small k the model is strongly coupled and very hard to dealt with, but for large k it is weakly coupled. We will return to discuss this situation more. Finally it is constructive to study the vacuum moduli space of the model at classical level V (\u00CF\u0086) = 0. It is known that the potential part of Lagrangian can be written in quadratic form as V = 2pi2 3k2 Tr(WCABW\u00CC\u0084 AB C ) (2.9) with WCAB = ( 2ZAZ\u00CC\u0084 CZB \u00E2\u0088\u0092 \u00CE\u00B4CBZAZ\u00CC\u0084DZD \u00E2\u0088\u0092 \u00CE\u00B4CAZDZ\u00CC\u0084DZB )\u00E2\u0088\u0092 (A\u00E2\u0086\u0094 B) W\u00CC\u0084ABC = ( 2Z\u00CC\u0084AZCZ\u00CC\u0084 B \u00E2\u0088\u0092 \u00CE\u00B4BC Z\u00CC\u0084AZDZ\u00CC\u0084D \u00E2\u0088\u0092 \u00CE\u00B4AC Z\u00CC\u0084DZDZ\u00CC\u0084B )\u00E2\u0088\u0092 (A\u00E2\u0086\u0094 B) (2.10) 2.1. ABJM Lagrangian 19 to have V = 0, it leads to the equations of motion ZAZ\u00CC\u0084 CZB = ZBZ\u00CC\u0084 CZA Z\u00CC\u0084 AZCZ\u00CC\u0084 B = Z\u00CC\u0084BZCZ\u00CC\u0084 A (2.11) This implies that the hermitian matrices, ZAZ\u00CC\u0084 C , has to commute with each other. So up to some gauge, ZA can be written in diagonal form, ZA = diag(z 1 A, z 2 A, ..., z N A ) (2.12) It means in that point of vacuum moduli space the gauge group U(N)\u00C3\u0097U(N) is broken to U(N)N , by keeping also the diagonal elements of the gauge fields A\u00C2\u00B5 and A\u00CC\u0083\u00C2\u00B5, A\u00C2\u00B5 = diag(a 1 \u00C2\u00B5, a 2 \u00C2\u00B5, ..., a n \u00C2\u00B5) A\u00CC\u0083\u00C2\u00B5 = diag(a\u00CC\u0083 1 \u00C2\u00B5, a\u00CC\u0083 2 \u00C2\u00B5, ..., a\u00CC\u0083 n \u00C2\u00B5) The classical low energy, bosonic part of the Lagrangian becomes, L = \u00E2\u0088\u0092 \u00E2\u0088\u0091 i |D\u00C2\u00B5ziA|2 + k 4pi \u00E2\u0088\u0091 i \u000F\u00C2\u00B5\u00CE\u00BD\u00CF\u0081(ai\u00C2\u00B5 \u00E2\u0088\u0092 a\u00CC\u0083i\u00C2\u00B5)f i\u00C2\u00B5\u00CE\u00BD (2.13) Where D\u00C2\u00B5z i A = \u00E2\u0088\u0082\u00C2\u00B5z i A\u00E2\u0088\u0092 i(ai\u00C2\u00B5\u00E2\u0088\u0092 a\u00CC\u0083i\u00C2\u00B5), and f i = d(ai + a\u00CC\u0083i)/2. Now we add a total derivative term to above Lagrangian, that term is 1 4 \u000F\u00C2\u00B5\u00CE\u00BD\u00CF\u0081 \u00E2\u0088\u0091 \u00E2\u0088\u0082\u00C2\u00B5\u00CE\u00B8 if i\u00CE\u00BD\u00CF\u0081 and \u00CE\u00B8i is normalized to have 2pi period. Why this term is total derivative is because \u00E2\u0088\u0082\u00C2\u00B5 \u00E2\u0088\u0091 \u000F\u00C2\u00B5\u00CE\u00BD\u00CF\u0081\u00CE\u00B8if i\u00CE\u00BD\u00CF\u0081 = \u000F \u00C2\u00B5\u00CE\u00BD\u00CF\u0081 \u00E2\u0088\u0091 (\u00E2\u0088\u0082\u00C2\u00B5\u00CE\u00B8 if i\u00CE\u00BD\u00CF\u0081 + \u00CE\u00B8 i\u00E2\u0088\u0082\u00C2\u00B5f i \u00CE\u00BD\u00CF\u0081) (2.14) By use of Bianchi identity the last expression in right hand side of above equation is zero, so the added term to Lagrangian is total derivative. Now by integrating out the field f i\u00C2\u00B5\u00CE\u00BD we will have k(ai\u00C2\u00B5 \u00E2\u0088\u0092 a\u00CC\u0083i\u00C2\u00B5) = \u00E2\u0088\u0082\u00C2\u00B5\u00CE\u00B8i (2.15) Then the action simplifies to L = \u00E2\u0088\u0092 \u00E2\u0088\u0091 i |\u00E2\u0088\u0082\u00C2\u00B5z\u00CC\u0083iA| z\u00CC\u0083iA = e\u00E2\u0088\u0092i\u00CE\u00B8 i/kziA (2.16) So by use of 2pi periodicity of \u00CE\u00B8i, we will have the vacuum moduli space is( C4/Zk )N /SN (2.17) in here, (C4/Zk) N is because ziA(A=1,2,3,4) are complex fields and are im- portant up to a phase,e 2pii k , as \u00CE\u00B8i have periodicity of 2pi, and the power of N is because i is going from 1 to N . 2.2. Multi D2-Branes Action From ABJM Action 20 Figure 2.1: From M2-Brane Theory to D2-Brane Theory a) is multi M2-branes at distance r of orbifold origin with cone angle 2pi k b) by taking the limit of (r, k)\u00E2\u0086\u0092\u00E2\u0088\u009E and r k constant, the orbifold will become like a cylinder 2.2 Multi D2-Branes Action From ABJM Action In this section we want to derive the action of mltiple D2-branes from multi M2-brane action of ABJM model. For doing that we put N stacks of M2- branes at distance r, of the orbifold origin. This means we are probing the action, at specific point of vacuum moduli space, such that < ZA >= r\u00CE\u00B4 4 A. By doing this we explicitly are breaking the U(N)\u00C3\u0097 U(N) gauge symmetry to U(N). We expect that by taking the limit of (k, r)\u00E2\u0086\u0092\u00E2\u0088\u009E, we can get the low energy effective action of multi D2-branes of IIA string theory, and will show it explicitly in this section. But for now let us get some physics of behind the calculations. In Fig(2.1) we depicted the orbifold background at different limits, Fig.2.1(a) is N stacks of M2-branes at distance r of orbifold origin, < ZA >= r\u00CE\u00B4 4 A, with orbifold cone angle of 2pi k , and d = 2pir k . In the limit of 2.2. Multi D2-Branes Action From ABJM Action 21 (k, r) \u00E2\u0086\u0092 \u00E2\u0088\u009E by keeping r k as constant and finite, d will remain finite and we reach to Fig.2.1(b), and for M2-branes the geometry looks like one direction is compactified on circle. We said that M-theory compactified on circle is IIA superstring, so in this limit we expect to get multi D2-brane action with gYM coupling as gYM = 4pir k \u00E2\u0088\u009A 2N (2.18) To clarify the procedure, we choose ZA = r\u00CE\u00B4 4 A+ZA, such that ZA are fluctua- tions around vacuum. Then we will see that some fields will become massive with mass proportional to r, then by integrating out those fields we will find a low energy effective Lagrangian that is equivalent to, N = 4 Super Yang-Mills matrix model. LSYM = \u00E2\u0088\u00921 2g2YM Tr( 1 2 F\u00C2\u00B5\u00CE\u00BDF \u00C2\u00B5\u00CE\u00BD \u00E2\u0088\u0092D\u00C2\u00B5xiD\u00C2\u00B5xi \u00E2\u0088\u0092 i\u00CE\u00A8\u00CE\u0093\u00C2\u00B5D\u00C2\u00B5\u00CE\u00A8 + \u00E2\u0088\u0091 i,j [xi, xj] 2 + i\u00CE\u00A8\u00CC\u0084\u00CE\u0093i[xi,\u00CE\u00A8]) (2.19) First to see which fields become massive, let us assume that ZA = r\u00CE\u00B4 4 A, then from Eq.(2.4) we see that D\u00C2\u00B5ZA = \u00E2\u0088\u0092(A\u00C2\u00B5 \u00E2\u0088\u0092 A\u00CC\u0083\u00C2\u00B5)r\u00CE\u00B44A D\u00C2\u00B5Z\u00CC\u0084A = +(A\u00C2\u00B5 \u00E2\u0088\u0092 A\u00CC\u0083\u00C2\u00B5)r\u00CE\u00B44A Then by using above equation we have LABJM = LCS + r2Tr([A\u00C2\u00B5 \u00E2\u0088\u0092 A\u00CC\u0083\u00C2\u00B5]2) (2.20) So we see that A\u00C2\u00B5 \u00E2\u0088\u0092 A\u00CC\u0083\u00C2\u00B5 becomes massive. By use of this, we introduce new combinations of gauge fields as A+\u00C2\u00B5 = A\u00C2\u00B5 + A\u00CC\u0083\u00C2\u00B5 A \u00E2\u0088\u0092 \u00C2\u00B5 = A\u00C2\u00B5 \u00E2\u0088\u0092 A\u00CC\u0083\u00C2\u00B5 (2.21) as we have broken the U(N)\u00C3\u0097U(N) gauge symmetry to U(N), so in Eq.2.8 we have \u00CE\u009B = \u00CE\u009B\u00CC\u0083, then it is evident that A+\u00C2\u00B5 and A \u00E2\u0088\u0092 \u00C2\u00B5 are transforming as a gauge field under broken symmetry. By using this combinations, the kinetic part of gauge fields become Lgauge = k pi \u000F\u00C2\u00B5\u00CE\u00BD\u00CF\u0081Tr(A\u00E2\u0088\u0092\u00C2\u00B5 (\u00E2\u0088\u0082\u00CE\u00BDA + \u00CF\u0081 \u00E2\u0088\u0092 iA+\u00CE\u00BD A+\u00CF\u0081 )\u00E2\u0088\u0092 i 3 A\u00E2\u0088\u0092\u00C2\u00B5A \u00E2\u0088\u0092 \u00CE\u00BD A \u00E2\u0088\u0092 \u00CF\u0081 ) (2.22) 2.2. Multi D2-Branes Action From ABJM Action 22 for the rest of this section, I will take ZA = rA + ZA, but at the end will replace rA by r\u00CE\u00B4 4 A. For sake of simplicity, we will absorb a factor of k into the A\u00E2\u0088\u0092\u00C2\u00B5 . As we will integrate out this field, at the end, this does not affect anything. So by changing kA\u00E2\u0088\u0092\u00C2\u00B5 \u00E2\u0086\u0092 A\u00E2\u0088\u0092\u00C2\u00B5 the Eq.2.22 becomes Lgauge = 1 2pi \u000F\u00C2\u00B5\u00CE\u00BD\u00CF\u0081Tr(A\u00E2\u0088\u0092\u00C2\u00B5F\u00CE\u00BD\u00CF\u0081 \u00E2\u0088\u0092 2i 3k2 A\u00E2\u0088\u0092\u00C2\u00B5A \u00E2\u0088\u0092 \u00CE\u00BD A \u00E2\u0088\u0092 \u00CF\u0081 ) F\u00C2\u00B5\u00CE\u00BD = \u00E2\u0088\u0082\u00C2\u00B5A + \u00CE\u00BD \u00E2\u0088\u0092 \u00E2\u0088\u0082\u00CE\u00BDA+\u00C2\u00B5 \u00E2\u0088\u0092 i[A+\u00C2\u00B5 , A+\u00CE\u00BD ] (2.23) now by defining, eA = rA k , the kinetic part of scaling fields become D\u00C2\u00B5Z\u00CC\u0084 AD\u00C2\u00B5ZA = ( D\u00CC\u0083\u00C2\u00B5Z\u00CC\u0084 A + 2ie\u00CC\u0084AA \u00E2\u0088\u0092 \u00C2\u00B5 + i k (A\u00E2\u0088\u0092\u00C2\u00B5 Z\u00CC\u0084 A + Z\u00CC\u0084AA\u00E2\u0088\u0092\u00C2\u00B5 ) ) \u00E2\u0088\u0097 ( D\u00CC\u0083\u00C2\u00B5ZA \u00E2\u0088\u0092 2ie\u00CC\u0084AA\u00E2\u0088\u0092\u00C2\u00B5 \u00E2\u0088\u0092 i k (A\u00E2\u0088\u0092\u00C2\u00B5ZA + ZAA \u00E2\u0088\u0092 \u00C2\u00B5 ) ) D\u00CC\u0083\u00C2\u00B5ZA := \u00E2\u0088\u0082\u00C2\u00B5ZA \u00E2\u0088\u0092 iA+\u00C2\u00B5ZA + iZAA\u00CC\u0083+\u00C2\u00B5 (2.24) Now by taking the limit of (k, r)\u00E2\u0086\u0092\u00E2\u0088\u009E and keeping eA as finite, we see that terms proportional to 1 k and 1 k2 in Eqs 2.23 and 2.24, will disappear and Chern-Simons + kinetic part of scalar fields become, L = Tr ( 1 2pi \u000F\u00C2\u00B5\u00CE\u00BD\u00CF\u0081A\u00E2\u0088\u0092\u00C2\u00B5F\u00CE\u00BD\u00CF\u0081 \u00E2\u0088\u0092 ( D\u00CC\u0083\u00C2\u00B5Z\u00CC\u0084 A + 2ie\u00CC\u0084AA\u00E2\u0088\u0092\u00C2\u00B5 )( D\u00CC\u0083\u00C2\u00B5ZA \u00E2\u0088\u0092 2ieAA\u00E2\u0088\u0092\u00C2\u00B5 )) (2.25) As we said before, from above action it can be easily seen that A\u00E2\u0088\u0092\u00C2\u00B5 is massive and action is quadratic in terms of it. So by easily integrating it out we have L = \u00E2\u0088\u0092D\u00CC\u0083\u00C2\u00B5Z\u00CC\u0084AD\u00CC\u0083\u00C2\u00B5ZA \u00E2\u0088\u0092 1 16e2 (2iD\u00CC\u0083\u00C2\u00B5(Z\u00CC\u0084 \u00E2\u0088\u0092 Z) + 1 2pi \u000F\u00C2\u00B5\u00CE\u00BD\u00CF\u0081F\u00CE\u00BD\u00CF\u0081) 2 Z = e\u00CC\u0084AZA (2.26) As we said before ZA are complexified, eight coordinates transverse to world- volume of M2-branes and actually ZA = xA + ixA+4 Z\u00CC\u0084 A = xA \u00E2\u0088\u0092 ixA+4 (2.27) and xi(i=1,...,8) are transverse coordinates of world-volume. Now by taking e\u00CC\u0084A = eA = e\u00CE\u00B4 4 A, with e = r k we have L = \u00E2\u0088\u0092Tr [ (D\u00CC\u0083\u00C2\u00B5Z\u00CC\u0084 AD\u00CC\u0083\u00C2\u00B5ZA) + (D\u00CC\u0083 \u00C2\u00B5x8) 2 \u00E2\u0088\u0092 1 32pi2e2 F 2 \u00E2\u0088\u0092 1 4epi \u000F\u00C2\u00B5\u00CE\u00BD\u00CF\u0081D\u00CC\u0083\u00C2\u00B5x8F\u00CE\u00BD\u00CF\u0081 ] (2.28) 2.2. Multi D2-Branes Action From ABJM Action 23 It is obvious that in the first and second term, the kinetic part of x8 will cancel out. It only remains to show that the last term is zero or is a total derivative to get rid of x8. We need to only have seven scalar field, because D2-brane of IIA string theory has 7 coordinate transverse to itself, as superstring is 10-dimensional. The last term of Eq.2.28 is actually a total derivative, to see this let us take the following equation D\u00CC\u0083\u00C2\u00B5(\u000F \u00C2\u00B5\u00CE\u00BD\u00CF\u0081x8F\u00CE\u00BD\u00CF\u0081) = \u000F \u00C2\u00B5\u00CE\u00BD\u00CF\u0081D\u00CC\u0083\u00C2\u00B5x8F\u00CE\u00BD\u00CF\u0081 + x8\u000F \u00C2\u00B5\u00CE\u00BD\u00CF\u0081D\u00CC\u0083\u00C2\u00B5F\u00CE\u00BD\u00CF\u0081 The rhs of above equation is total derivative. By use of Bianchi identity we have Tr(\u000F\u00C2\u00B5\u00CE\u00BD\u00CF\u0081D\u00CC\u0083\u00C2\u00B5F\u00CE\u00BD\u00CF\u0081) finally by use of this and using xi in terms of ZA we reach to LCS+kinetic = \u00E2\u0088\u0092 7\u00E2\u0088\u0091 i=1 (D\u00CC\u0083\u00C2\u00B5xiD\u00CC\u0083 \u00C2\u00B5xi)\u00E2\u0088\u0092 1 32pi2e2 F\u00C2\u00B5\u00CE\u00BDF \u00C2\u00B5\u00CE\u00BD (2.29) Now we want to find the above limit for the other terms of ABJM action. First, for interaction part Eq.A.3. As the same as before by replacing ZA \u00E2\u0086\u0092 rA + ZA and doing tedious algebra we find that Lpotential \u00E2\u0088\u009D [ZA, Z4 + Z\u00CC\u00844][Z\u00CC\u0084A, Z4 + Z\u00CC\u00844]\u00E2\u0088\u0092 [Z4, Z4 + Z\u00CC\u00844][Z\u00CC\u00844, Z4 + Z\u00CC\u00844] + [Z\u00CC\u0084A \u00E2\u0080\u00B2 , Z\u00CC\u0084B \u00E2\u0080\u00B2 ][ZA\u00E2\u0080\u00B2 , ZB\u00E2\u0080\u00B2 ] + [Z\u00CC\u0084 A\u00E2\u0080\u00B2 , ZB\u00E2\u0080\u00B2 ][ZA\u00E2\u0080\u00B2 , Z\u00CC\u0084 B\u00E2\u0080\u00B2 ] (2.30) In above relation A = 1, 2, 3, 4 and A\u00E2\u0080\u00B2 = 1, 2, 3. It is easy to see that there is no term with x8 in above equation. Because if we take A = 4 then the first and second term will cancel each other. So finally by using xi as the same as before the above equation will simplifies a lot and Lpotential = \u00E2\u0088\u00928e2pi2 7\u00E2\u0088\u0091 i=1 [xi, xj][xi, xj] (2.31) It only remains to find kinetic part of spinors and Yukawa part of the action. For kinetic part we have D\u00C2\u00B5\u00CE\u00A8A = D\u00CC\u0083\u00C2\u00B5\u00CE\u00A8A \u00E2\u0088\u0092 i k (A\u00E2\u0088\u0092\u00C2\u00B5\u00CE\u00A8A + \u00CE\u00A8AA \u00E2\u0088\u0092 \u00C2\u00B5 ) D\u00CC\u0083\u00C2\u00B5\u00CE\u00A8A = \u00E2\u0088\u0082\u00C2\u00B5\u00CE\u00A8A \u00E2\u0088\u0092 iA+\u00C2\u00B5\u00CE\u00A8A + i\u00CE\u00A8AA+\u00C2\u00B5 2.2. Multi D2-Branes Action From ABJM Action 24 so in the limit of k \u00E2\u0086\u0092\u00E2\u0088\u009E we have D\u00C2\u00B5\u00CE\u00A8A = D\u00CC\u0083\u00C2\u00B5\u00CE\u00A8A. The only remaining part is Yukawa part by doing exactly the same as before, we get LY ukawa = 4pie[x8(\u00CF\u0088\u00CC\u0084A\u00CF\u0088A \u00E2\u0088\u0092 \u00CF\u0088A\u00CF\u0088\u00CC\u0084A) + \u00CF\u0088\u00CC\u00844(ZA\u00CF\u0088A \u00E2\u0088\u0092 \u00CF\u0088AZA) + \u00CF\u00884(\u00CF\u0088\u00CC\u0084AZ\u00CC\u0084 A \u00E2\u0088\u0092 Z\u00CC\u0084A\u00CF\u0088\u00CC\u0084A) + \u000FA\u00E2\u0080\u00B2B\u00E2\u0080\u00B2C\u00E2\u0080\u00B2(\u00CF\u0088\u00CC\u0084A\u00E2\u0080\u00B2ZB\u00E2\u0080\u00B2\u00CF\u0088\u00CC\u0084C\u00E2\u0080\u00B2 \u00E2\u0088\u0092 \u00CF\u0088A\u00E2\u0080\u00B2Z\u00CC\u0084B\u00E2\u0080\u00B2\u00CF\u0088C\u00E2\u0080\u00B2)] (2.32) As the same as ZA we can write \u00CE\u00A8A\u00E2\u0080\u0099s in term of SO(8) Majorana spinors \u00CF\u0088i such that \u00CE\u00A8A = i\u00CF\u0088A \u00E2\u0088\u0092 \u00CF\u0088A+4 \u00CE\u00A8\u00CC\u0084A = i\u00CF\u0088A + \u00CF\u0088A+4 (2.33) by using Majorana conditions on \u00CF\u0088i it can be easily shown that there is no term that contain x8 in Eq.2.32. It is also possible to write down the Yukawa term in a compact form [18, 19] as LY ukawa = \u00E2\u0088\u0092gYM 2 Tr(\u00CE\u00A8\u00CC\u0084\u00CE\u0093i[xi,\u00CE\u00A8]) (2.34) In above equation gYM is defined in Eq.2.18 and \u00CE\u00A8 is SO(2, 1)\u00C3\u0097SO(7) spinor \u00CE\u00A8 = ( \u00CF\u00881, \u00CF\u00882, \u00CF\u00883, \u00CF\u00884, \u00CF\u00885, \u00CF\u00886, \u00CF\u00887, \u00CF\u00888 )T which \u00CE\u0093i are defined in [18]. So finally we got all the terms of N = 4 SYM, and we explicitly showed that in the limit of weak coupling of ABJM model we will get the multi D2-branes action of IIA superstring theory as expected before. 25 Chapter 3 Supergravity Currents from ABJM Model As we described in previous chapter, ABJM proposal is believed to describe the low-energy physics of world-volume of multi M2-branes on R8/Zk. By complexifying the coordinates, we introduced zI such that there is an equiv- alence relation on zI zI \u00E2\u0089\u00A1 e2pii/kzI We also found that by probing the multi ABJM model at specific point in moduli space, we will get the action that describes the dynamics of multi D2-branes of IIA string theory. In this chapter we want to derive the coupling between M2-brane degrees of freedom (currents) with the bulk of eleven dimensional supergravity fields (sources). Then by taking the limit that we introduced in previous chapter, we expect that in that limit those currents of ABJM should reduce to the known the currents of D2-branes in IIA string Theory. 3.1 Setup As we have known the degrees of freedom, field content, in ABJM model are: hAB the metric that is the field of graviton, \u00CE\u00A8A the gravitino field and AABC the anti-symmetric gauge field. There is also a magnetic dual of gauge field which is five-index anti-symmetric tensor, and is supposed to couple to world-volume of some M5-brane, AA1...A5 . In general the coupling between above fields and background fields is S = \u00E2\u0088\u00AB d3xd4zd4z\u00CC\u0084 [ 1 2 hABT AB + 1 3! AABCJ ABC + 1 5! AA1...A5J A1...A5 + i\u00CF\u0088AS A ] (3.1) It is convenient to write above equation in terms of fields that only de- pends on coordinates along M2-brane. To do that we have to integrate out 3.1. Setup 26 the transverse coordinates of world-volume of M2-brane. For a field \u00CF\u0086 on R8/Zk, we can expand it as a Taylor expansion along coor- dinates transverse to M2-brane, \u00CF\u0086(z) = \u00E2\u0088\u009E\u00E2\u0088\u0091 k|(m\u00E2\u0088\u0092n) 1 m! 1 n! \u00CF\u0086I1\u00C2\u00B7\u00C2\u00B7\u00C2\u00B7Im J1\u00C2\u00B7\u00C2\u00B7\u00C2\u00B7JnzI1 \u00C2\u00B7 \u00C2\u00B7 \u00C2\u00B7 zIm z\u00CC\u0084J1 \u00C2\u00B7 \u00C2\u00B7 \u00C2\u00B7 z\u00CC\u0084Jn (3.2) In above equation we have to restrict the only values of k, such that k|(m\u00E2\u0088\u0092 n), because we assumed that our fields are invariant under transformation z \u00E2\u0086\u0092 \u00CF\u0089kz,such that \u00CF\u0089k is kth-root of unity. In equation (3.2) we have \u00CF\u0086I1\u00C2\u00B7\u00C2\u00B7\u00C2\u00B7In J1\u00C2\u00B7\u00C2\u00B7\u00C2\u00B7Jn \u00E2\u0089\u00A1 \u00E2\u0088\u0082I1 \u00C2\u00B7 \u00C2\u00B7 \u00C2\u00B7 \u00E2\u0088\u0082Im \u00E2\u0088\u0082\u00CC\u0084J1 \u00C2\u00B7 \u00C2\u00B7 \u00C2\u00B7 \u00E2\u0088\u0082\u00CC\u0084Jn\u00CF\u0086(0) (3.3) by pluging above equation into Eq(3.1) we have S = \u00E2\u0088\u00AB d3x \u00E2\u0088\u009E\u00E2\u0088\u0091 k|(m\u00E2\u0088\u0092n) 1 2 1 m! 1 n! \u00E2\u0088\u0082I1 \u00C2\u00B7 \u00C2\u00B7 \u00C2\u00B7 \u00E2\u0088\u0082Im \u00E2\u0088\u0082\u00CC\u0084J1 \u00C2\u00B7 \u00C2\u00B7 \u00C2\u00B7 \u00E2\u0088\u0082\u00CC\u0084JnhAB(x) \u00E2\u0088\u0097 TAB;I1\u00C2\u00B7\u00C2\u00B7\u00C2\u00B7ImJ1\u00C2\u00B7\u00C2\u00B7\u00C2\u00B7Jn(x) + \u00E2\u0088\u00AB d3x \u00E2\u0088\u009E\u00E2\u0088\u0091 k|(m\u00E2\u0088\u0092n) 1 3! 1 m! 1 n! \u00E2\u0088\u0082I1 \u00C2\u00B7 \u00C2\u00B7 \u00C2\u00B7 \u00E2\u0088\u0082Im \u00E2\u0088\u0082\u00CC\u0084J1 \u00C2\u00B7 \u00C2\u00B7 \u00C2\u00B7 \u00E2\u0088\u0082\u00CC\u0084JnAABC(x) \u00E2\u0088\u0097 JABC;I1\u00C2\u00B7\u00C2\u00B7\u00C2\u00B7ImJ1\u00C2\u00B7\u00C2\u00B7\u00C2\u00B7Jn(x) + \u00E2\u0088\u00AB d3x \u00E2\u0088\u009E\u00E2\u0088\u0091 k|(m\u00E2\u0088\u0092n) 1 6! 1 m! 1 n! \u00E2\u0088\u0082I1 \u00C2\u00B7 \u00C2\u00B7 \u00C2\u00B7 \u00E2\u0088\u0082Im \u00E2\u0088\u0082\u00CC\u0084J1 \u00C2\u00B7 \u00C2\u00B7 \u00C2\u00B7 \u00E2\u0088\u0082\u00CC\u0084JnADABCDEF (x) \u00E2\u0088\u0097 MABCDEF ;I1\u00C2\u00B7\u00C2\u00B7\u00C2\u00B7ImJ1\u00C2\u00B7\u00C2\u00B7\u00C2\u00B7Jn(x) + \u00E2\u0088\u00AB d3x \u00E2\u0088\u009E\u00E2\u0088\u0091 k|(m\u00E2\u0088\u0092n) i 1 m! 1 n! \u00E2\u0088\u0082I1 \u00C2\u00B7 \u00C2\u00B7 \u00C2\u00B7 \u00E2\u0088\u0082Im \u00E2\u0088\u0082\u00CC\u0084J1 \u00C2\u00B7 \u00C2\u00B7 \u00C2\u00B7 \u00E2\u0088\u0082\u00CC\u0084Jn\u00CF\u0088A(x) \u00E2\u0088\u0097 SA;I1\u00C2\u00B7\u00C2\u00B7\u00C2\u00B7ImJ1\u00C2\u00B7\u00C2\u00B7\u00C2\u00B7Jn(x) (3.4) In above equation the multipole moments are defined as TAB;I1\u00C2\u00B7\u00C2\u00B7\u00C2\u00B7ImJ1\u00C2\u00B7\u00C2\u00B7\u00C2\u00B7Jn(x \u00C2\u00B5) = \u00E2\u0088\u00AB d4zd4z\u00CC\u0084zI1 \u00C2\u00B7 \u00C2\u00B7 \u00C2\u00B7 zIm z\u00CC\u0084J1 \u00C2\u00B7 \u00C2\u00B7 \u00C2\u00B7 z\u00CC\u0084JnTAB(x, z) JABC;I1\u00C2\u00B7\u00C2\u00B7\u00C2\u00B7ImJ1\u00C2\u00B7\u00C2\u00B7\u00C2\u00B7Jn(x \u00C2\u00B5) = \u00E2\u0088\u00AB d4zd4z\u00CC\u0084zI1 \u00C2\u00B7 \u00C2\u00B7 \u00C2\u00B7 zIm z\u00CC\u0084J1 \u00C2\u00B7 \u00C2\u00B7 \u00C2\u00B7 z\u00CC\u0084JnJABC(x, z) 3.1. Setup 27 MABCDEF ;I1\u00C2\u00B7\u00C2\u00B7\u00C2\u00B7ImJ1\u00C2\u00B7\u00C2\u00B7\u00C2\u00B7Jn(x \u00C2\u00B5) = \u00E2\u0088\u00AB d4zd4z\u00CC\u0084zI1 \u00C2\u00B7 \u00C2\u00B7 \u00C2\u00B7 zIm z\u00CC\u0084J1 \u00C2\u00B7 \u00C2\u00B7 \u00C2\u00B7 z\u00CC\u0084JnMABCDEF (x, z) SA;I1\u00C2\u00B7\u00C2\u00B7\u00C2\u00B7ImJ1\u00C2\u00B7\u00C2\u00B7\u00C2\u00B7Jn(x \u00C2\u00B5) = \u00E2\u0088\u00AB d4zd4z\u00CC\u0084zI1 \u00C2\u00B7 \u00C2\u00B7 \u00C2\u00B7 zIm z\u00CC\u0084J1 \u00C2\u00B7 \u00C2\u00B7 \u00C2\u00B7 z\u00CC\u0084JnSA(x, z) (3.5) In these equations the indices A,B, ..., can be on M2-brane world-volume (\u00C2\u00B5, \u00CE\u00BD, ...) and also transverse coordinates (I, J, ...). Then it is convenient to write down above currents in SO(2, 1)\u00C3\u0097SU(4) representations. For example for TAB we have,T \u00C2\u00B5\u00CE\u00BD , T \u00C2\u00B5I , T \u00C2\u00B5J , T IJ , T IJ , TIJ in SO(2, 1)\u00C3\u0097SU(4) representa- tions. These are the fields that we are trying to find in this chapter. Before going to find the expressions for currents, It is useful to say gen- eral things about the currents. As these currents are responsible for some symmetries, these currents are conserved so we have \u00E2\u0088\u0082AJ \u00CE\u00B1A = 0 (3.6) in here \u00CE\u00B1 could be any index. Then \u00E2\u0088\u0082\u00C2\u00B5J \u00CE\u00B1\u00C2\u00B5 + \u00E2\u0088\u0082IJ \u00CE\u00B1I + \u00E2\u0088\u0082\u00CC\u0084IJ\u00CE\u00B1I = 0 by using the definition of multipole moments of currents, we have\u00E2\u0088\u00AB ( \u00E2\u0088\u0082\u00C2\u00B5J \u00CE\u00B1\u00C2\u00B5 + \u00E2\u0088\u0082IJ \u00CE\u00B1I + \u00E2\u0088\u0082\u00CC\u0084IJ\u00CE\u00B1I ) zI1 ...zIm z\u00CC\u0084J1 ...z\u00CC\u0084Jnd 4zd4z\u00CC\u0084 = 0 so by partial integration we \u00E2\u0088\u0082\u00C2\u00B5J \u00CE\u00B1\u00C2\u00B5;I1...Im J1...Jn = m\u00E2\u0088\u0091 i=1 J\u00CE\u00B1Ii;I1..I\u00CC\u0082i..ImJ1...Jn + n\u00E2\u0088\u0091 i=1 J\u00CE\u00B1Ji ;I1...In J1..J\u00CC\u0082i..Jm (3.7) In above equation the hatted indices means that those are omitted in multipole moments. This equation is very useful, as it gives a relation be- tween higher multipole moments and lower ones. In this work we will use these equations to find currents. Bosonic Currents for U(1)\u00C3\u0097 U(1) For N = 1, ABJM model describes the dynamics of single M2-brane. We know the action for one M2-brane is described by Eq(1.16) SM2 = \u00E2\u0088\u0092T \u00E2\u0088\u00AB d3\u00CF\u0083( \u00E2\u0088\u009A \u00E2\u0088\u0092det(hab) + \u000Fabc\u00E2\u0088\u0082aX\u00C2\u00B5\u00E2\u0088\u0082bX\u00CE\u00BD\u00E2\u0088\u0082cX\u00CF\u0081Cabc) (3.8) 3.1. Setup 28 In this equation hab = \u00E2\u0088\u0082aX \u00C2\u00B5\u00E2\u0088\u0082bX \u00CE\u00BDg\u00C2\u00B5\u00CE\u00BD . Now by assuming the background fields are weak, we can expand metric around flat spacetime so we have g\u00C2\u00B5\u00CE\u00BD = \u00CE\u00B7\u00C2\u00B5\u00CE\u00BD + l\u00C2\u00B5\u00CE\u00BD , then for the pull back of metric we have hab = \u00CE\u00B7ab + lab + \u00E2\u0088\u0082aX I\u00E2\u0088\u0082bXI + 2\u00E2\u0088\u0082aX I lbI + \u00E2\u0088\u0082aX I\u00E2\u0088\u0082bX J lIJ In above equation a, b, ... represents coordinates along M2-brane. To find above equation we have used the physical gauge along M2-branes such that Xa = \u00CE\u00BEa, such that \u00CE\u00BE\u00E2\u0080\u0099s are coordinates along M2-branes. Now by plug above equation into Eq(1.16) and comparing it with Eq(3.1), it is easy to see that J\u00C2\u00B5\u00CE\u00BD\u00CF\u0081;i1...in = \u000Fabc\u00E2\u0088\u0082aX \u00C2\u00B5\u00E2\u0088\u0082bX \u00CE\u00BD\u00E2\u0088\u0082cX \u00CF\u0081X i1 ...X in T ab;i1...in = \u00CE\u00B7abX i1 ...X in T ai;i1...in = \u00E2\u0088\u0082aX iX i1 ...X in T ij;i1...in = \u00E2\u0088\u0082aX i\u00E2\u0088\u0082aXjX i1 ...X in (3.9) in above equation a,b are along D2-brane coordinates, \u00C2\u00B5, \u00CE\u00BD, \u00CF\u0081 are all space time coordinates and finally i1, ..., in are coordinates transverse to D2-brane. Generalization to U(N)\u00C3\u0097 U(N) The generalization of above currents to U(N) \u00C3\u0097 U(N) case is not straight forward. The first subtlety is that, now we are dealing with matrices rather than functions. The second and more important one is that, The scalars Z and Z\u00CC\u0084 are transforming differently under U(N)\u00C3\u0097 U(N) gauge symmetry, Z \u00E2\u0086\u0092 UZV \u00E2\u0088\u00921 Z\u00CC\u0084 \u00E2\u0086\u0092 V Z\u00CC\u0084U\u00E2\u0088\u00921 and, as we want to our currents to be invariant under gauge symmetry so we have to put every Z adjacent to Z\u00CC\u0084, or if we want to put two Z or Z\u00CC\u0084 adjacent to each other we have to use an operator called \u00E2\u0080\u0099t Hooft disorder operator in between to respect the gauge symmetry, like (...ZZ...)\u00E2\u0086\u0092 (...ZTZ...) (...Z\u00CC\u0084Z\u00CC\u0084...)\u00E2\u0086\u0092 (...Z\u00CC\u0084T\u00CC\u0084 Z\u00CC\u0084...) such that T is \u00E2\u0080\u0099t Hooft disorder operator and T\u00CC\u0084 is conjugate of it. In this work we restrict ourself to the case that in multipole operator the number of Z and Z\u00CC\u0084 are equal. In this case we do not need to use \u00E2\u0080\u0099t Hooft operator to satisfy the gauge invariance. The problem with \u00E2\u0080\u0099t Hooft operator is that 3.1. Setup 29 does not have explicit local form so it is very difficult to use it. The last subtlety in our approach to find the curernts is that, the currents that we are trying to find them are not unique in the sense that these are defined up to terms that are coming from equations of motion. Now let us show with an example, to how find the currents. We are only interested to the case of m = n, because of two reason. First, in this case the number of Z and Z\u00CC\u0084 are equal and for generalization we do not need to use the t\u00E2\u0080\u0099 Hooft operator, Second, as we saw in Taylor expansion we have to restrict m,n such that k|(m \u00E2\u0088\u0092 n), so we see that the terms with m = n are the only terms that satisfies this condition for any value of k, so these terms are present for any k. From single M2-brane currents Eq(3.9) we have J\u00C2\u00B5\u00CE\u00BD\u00CF\u0081;i1...inj1...jn = \u000F \u00C2\u00B5\u00CE\u00BD\u00CF\u0081zi1 ...zin z\u00CC\u0084j1 ...z\u00CC\u0084jn a point about above current is that it is symmetric in i\u00E2\u0080\u0099s and j\u00E2\u0080\u0099s, as it coupled to a term like \u00E2\u0088\u0082i1 ...\u00E2\u0088\u0082in\u00CF\u0086(0). So the generalized current that is gauge invariant and is symmetric in higher moments is, J\u00C2\u00B5\u00CE\u00BD\u00CF\u0081;I1...InJ1...Jn = \u000F \u00C2\u00B5\u00CE\u00BD\u00CF\u0081STr(Zi1Z\u00CC\u0084j1 ...Z inZ\u00CC\u0084jn) (3.10) Now let us to use Eq(3.7) to find J along transverse directions. To do that we first have to take derivative of above equation so, \u00E2\u0088\u0082\u00CF\u0081J \u00C2\u00B5\u00CE\u00BD\u00CF\u0081;I1...In J1...Jn = \u000F \u00C2\u00B5\u00CE\u00BD\u00CF\u0081 \u00E2\u0088\u0091 i Tr[Z(I1Z\u00CC\u0084(J1 ..\u00E2\u0088\u0082\u00CF\u0081Z IiZ\u00CC\u0084Ji ..Z In)Z\u00CC\u0084Jn)] + \u000F\u00C2\u00B5\u00CE\u00BD\u00CF\u0081 \u00E2\u0088\u0091 i Tr[Z(I1Z\u00CC\u0084(J1 ..Z Ii\u00E2\u0088\u0082\u00CF\u0081Z\u00CC\u0084Ji ..Z In)Z\u00CC\u0084Jn)] (3.11) by use of Eq(3.7) we also have \u00E2\u0088\u0082\u00CF\u0081J \u00C2\u00B5\u00CE\u00BD\u00CF\u0081;I1...In J1...Jn = \u00E2\u0088\u0091 i J\u00C2\u00B5\u00CE\u00BDIi;I1..I\u00CC\u0082i..InJ1...Jn + \u00E2\u0088\u0091 i J\u00C2\u00B5\u00CE\u00BDJi ;I1...In J1..J\u00CC\u0082i..Jn (3.12) It is easy to see that above current also satisfies Eq(3.11) By use of above equations and comparing it with Eq(3.11) the naive guess says that the curent could be J\u00C2\u00B5\u00CE\u00BDI;I1...In\u00E2\u0088\u00921J1...Jn = Tr[\u00E2\u0088\u0082\u00CF\u0081Z (IZ\u00CC\u0084J1Z I1 \u00C2\u00B7 \u00C2\u00B7 \u00C2\u00B7ZIn\u00E2\u0088\u00921)Z\u00CC\u0084Jn)] but simple observation says that above current is not invariant under gauge transformation, unless we replace partial derivative by covariant derivative. So J\u00C2\u00B5\u00CE\u00BDI;I1...In\u00E2\u0088\u00921J1...Jn = Tr[D\u00CF\u0081Z (IZ\u00CC\u0084J1Z I1 \u00C2\u00B7 \u00C2\u00B7 \u00C2\u00B7ZIn\u00E2\u0088\u00921)Z\u00CC\u0084Jn)] (3.13) 3.2. Relation of ABJM Currents to D2-Brane Currents 30 By similar procedure we can find that J\u00CE\u00B1\u00CE\u00B2\u00CE\u00B3;I1\u00C2\u00B7\u00C2\u00B7\u00C2\u00B7InJ1\u00C2\u00B7\u00C2\u00B7\u00C2\u00B7Jn = \u000F \u00CE\u00B1\u00CE\u00B2\u00CE\u00B3Tr[Z(I1Z\u00CC\u0084(J1 \u00C2\u00B7 \u00C2\u00B7 \u00C2\u00B7ZIn)ZJn)] J\u00CE\u00B1\u00CE\u00B2I;I1\u00C2\u00B7\u00C2\u00B7\u00C2\u00B7In\u00E2\u0088\u00921J1\u00C2\u00B7\u00C2\u00B7\u00C2\u00B7Jn = \u000F \u00CE\u00B1\u00CE\u00B2\u00CE\u00B3Tr[D\u00CF\u0081Z (IZ\u00CC\u0084J1Z I1 \u00C2\u00B7 \u00C2\u00B7 \u00C2\u00B7ZIn\u00E2\u0088\u00921)Z\u00CC\u0084Jn)] J\u00CE\u00B1\u00CE\u00B2J ;I1\u00C2\u00B7\u00C2\u00B7\u00C2\u00B7In J1\u00C2\u00B7\u00C2\u00B7\u00C2\u00B7Jn\u00E2\u0088\u00921 = \u000F \u00CE\u00B1\u00CE\u00B2\u00CE\u00B3Tr[Z(I1D\u00CF\u0081Z\u00CC\u0084JZ I2 \u00C2\u00B7 \u00C2\u00B7 \u00C2\u00B7ZIn)Z\u00CC\u0084Jn\u00E2\u0088\u00921) ] J\u00CE\u00B1II \u00E2\u0080\u00B2;I1\u00C2\u00B7\u00C2\u00B7\u00C2\u00B7In\u00E2\u0088\u00922 J1\u00C2\u00B7\u00C2\u00B7\u00C2\u00B7Jn = \u000F \u00CE\u00B1\u00CE\u00B2\u00CE\u00B3Tr[D\u00CE\u00B3Z (IZ\u00CC\u0084J1D\u00CE\u00B2Z I\u00E2\u0080\u00B2Z\u00CC\u0084J2Z I1 \u00C2\u00B7 \u00C2\u00B7 \u00C2\u00B7ZIn\u00E2\u0088\u00922Z\u00CC\u0084Jn ] J\u00CE\u00B1J I;I1\u00C2\u00B7\u00C2\u00B7\u00C2\u00B7In\u00E2\u0088\u00921 J1\u00C2\u00B7\u00C2\u00B7\u00C2\u00B7Jn\u00E2\u0088\u00921 = \u000F \u00CE\u00B1\u00CE\u00B2\u00CE\u00B3Tr[D\u00CE\u00B3Z (ID\u00CE\u00B2Z\u00CC\u0084(JZ I1Z\u00CC\u0084J1 \u00C2\u00B7 \u00C2\u00B7 \u00C2\u00B7ZIn\u00E2\u0088\u00921)Z\u00CC\u0084Jn\u00E2\u0088\u00921) + 1 2n F\u00CE\u00B2\u00CE\u00B3Z IZ\u00CC\u0084JZ (I1Z\u00CC\u0084(J1 \u00C2\u00B7 \u00C2\u00B7 \u00C2\u00B7ZIn\u00E2\u0088\u00921)Z\u00CC\u0084Jn\u00E2\u0088\u00921) \u00E2\u0088\u0092 1 2n Z\u00CC\u0084JZ IF\u00CC\u0083\u00CE\u00B2\u00CE\u00B3Z\u00CC\u0084(J1Z (I1 \u00C2\u00B7 \u00C2\u00B7 \u00C2\u00B7 Z\u00CC\u0084Jn\u00E2\u0088\u00921)ZIn\u00E2\u0088\u00921) (3.14) J II \u00E2\u0080\u00B2I\u00E2\u0080\u00B2\u00E2\u0080\u00B2;I1\u00C2\u00B7\u00C2\u00B7\u00C2\u00B7In\u00E2\u0088\u00923 J1\u00C2\u00B7\u00C2\u00B7\u00C2\u00B7Jn = \u000F \u00CE\u00B1\u00CE\u00B2\u00CE\u00B3Tr[D\u00CE\u00B1Z (IZ\u00CC\u0084J1D\u00CE\u00B2Z I\u00E2\u0080\u00B2Z\u00CC\u0084J2D\u00CE\u00B3Z I\u00E2\u0080\u00B2\u00E2\u0080\u00B2Z\u00CC\u0084J3Z I1 \u00C2\u00B7 \u00C2\u00B7 \u00C2\u00B7ZIn\u00E2\u0088\u00923)Z\u00CC\u0084n)] JJ II\u00E2\u0080\u00B2;I1\u00C2\u00B7\u00C2\u00B7\u00C2\u00B7In\u00E2\u0088\u00922 J1\u00C2\u00B7\u00C2\u00B7\u00C2\u00B7Jn\u00E2\u0088\u00921 = \u000F \u00CE\u00B1\u00CE\u00B2\u00CE\u00B3Tr[D\u00CE\u00B1Z (ID\u00CE\u00B2Z\u00CC\u0084(JD\u00CE\u00B3Z I\u00E2\u0080\u00B2Z\u00CC\u0084J1Z I1 \u00C2\u00B7 \u00C2\u00B7 \u00C2\u00B7ZIn\u00E2\u0088\u00922)Z\u00CC\u0084Jn\u00E2\u0088\u00921) + 1 2n F\u00CE\u00B1\u00CE\u00B2Z I\u00E2\u0080\u00B2Z\u00CC\u0084JD\u00CE\u00B3Z (IZ\u00CC\u0084(J1Z I1 \u00C2\u00B7 \u00C2\u00B7 \u00C2\u00B7ZIn\u00E2\u0088\u00922)Z\u00CC\u0084Jn\u00E2\u0088\u00921) \u00E2\u0088\u0092 1 2n F\u00CE\u00B1\u00CE\u00B2Z IZ\u00CC\u0084JD\u00CE\u00B3Z (I\u00E2\u0080\u00B2Z\u00CC\u0084(J1Z I1 \u00C2\u00B7 \u00C2\u00B7 \u00C2\u00B7ZIn\u00E2\u0088\u00922)Z\u00CC\u0084Jn\u00E2\u0088\u00921) \u00E2\u0088\u0092 1 2n Z\u00CC\u0084JZ I\u00E2\u0080\u00B2F\u00CC\u0083\u00CE\u00B1\u00CE\u00B2Z\u00CC\u0084(J1D\u00CE\u00B3Z (IZ\u00CC\u0084J2 \u00C2\u00B7 \u00C2\u00B7 \u00C2\u00B7 Z\u00CC\u0084Jn\u00E2\u0088\u00921)ZIn\u00E2\u0088\u00922) + 1 2n Z\u00CC\u0084JZ IF\u00CC\u0083\u00CE\u00B1\u00CE\u00B2Z\u00CC\u0084(J1D\u00CE\u00B3Z (I\u00E2\u0080\u00B2Z\u00CC\u0084J2 \u00C2\u00B7 \u00C2\u00B7 \u00C2\u00B7 Z\u00CC\u0084Jn\u00E2\u0088\u00921)ZIn\u00E2\u0088\u00922) All of above equations are correct up to corrections from equations of motion, and also some commutator of fields that are definitely hidden in U(1)\u00C3\u0097U(1) case and are higher order corrections. 3.2 Relation of ABJM Currents to D2-Brane Currents Till now we have found the form of bosonic currents of ABJM model and also in chapter two we showed that in some specific limit in moduli space we will get the action of multi D2-branes. In this section we want to check that weather the ABJM current should also reduce to D2-brane currents in the limit that described before. 3.2. Relation of ABJM Currents to D2-Brane Currents 31 General Setup Suppose we have turned on some weak background SUGRA fields \u00CF\u0086\u00CE\u00B1 on R8/Zk, we assume that these fields does not depend on Z 4, as it will simplifies the calculations. In language of D2-brane, this means that fields does not depend on coordinate along compactified dimension. So we have S = SABJM + \u00E2\u0088\u00AB d3x 1 m!n! \u00E2\u0088\u0082a1 ...\u00E2\u0088\u0082an \u00E2\u0088\u0082\u00CC\u0084 b1 ....\u00E2\u0088\u0082\u00CC\u0084bn\u00CF\u0086\u00CE\u00B1(x, 0)J \u00CE\u00B1;a1...an b1...bn (3.15) here a,b are taking only values of 1,2,3. As we showed by taking the limit as described before and integrating out B\u00C2\u00B5 = A\u00C2\u00B5\u00E2\u0088\u0092A\u00CC\u0083\u00C2\u00B5, it leads to B\u00C2\u00B5 \u00E2\u0086\u0092 \u000F\u00C2\u00B5\u00CE\u00BD\u00CF\u0081F \u00CE\u00BD\u00CF\u0081, we reach to multi D2-brane action. On the other hand in IIA string theory for multi D2-branes in weak back- ground field we have S = SD2 + \u00E2\u0088\u00AB d3x 1 m!n! \u00E2\u0088\u0082a1 ...\u00E2\u0088\u0082an \u00E2\u0088\u0082\u00CC\u0084 b1 ....\u00E2\u0088\u0082\u00CC\u0084bn\u00CF\u0086IIA\u00CE\u00B1 (x, 0)J \u00CE\u00B1;a1...an D2,b1...bn (3.16) by comparing Eq(3.15) and Eq(3.16), we will be able to determine the ex- pressions for M2-brane currents in terms of D2-brane currents, or test that the determined M2-brane currents to reduce to D2-brane ones by taking the above limit. So the final expression for currents is{ J\u00CE\u00B1;a1\u00C2\u00B7\u00C2\u00B7\u00C2\u00B7amb1\u00C2\u00B7\u00C2\u00B7\u00C2\u00B7bn(x;Z 4 = \u00CE\u00B4I4r,B \u00E2\u0088\u00BC \u000FF ) } k\u00E2\u0086\u0092\u00E2\u0088\u009E r/k fixed = J \u00CE\u00B1;a1\u00C2\u00B7\u00C2\u00B7\u00C2\u00B7am D2 b1\u00C2\u00B7\u00C2\u00B7\u00C2\u00B7bn(x;X 7 = 0) (3.17) by using above equation, we expect that we could check that Eq(3.14) to reduce to D2-brane currents. But it does not happen. The reason that why it did not happen, is not clear to us. Some possibilities are, the currents that we have found are simple generalizations from U(1) \u00C3\u0097 U(1) case, and are defined up to some terms from equations of motions, may be these extra terms could change the results. To find currents explicitly there are other approaches to find them. One way is to do field theory calculations. To do that we need to turn on some weak background fields in ABJM action. Then by expanding the action in second order in terms of perturbations around the background, and using perturbative methods to find the effective action. We also tried to find the effective action, but we found that in U(N) \u00C3\u0097 U(N) case, the propagators and vertices become very complicated and very hard to deal with them, and 3.3. Summary 32 also to find the effective action by simple analysis we need to do perturbation to fifth order. Till now we only found the bosonic currents, What about fermionic cur- rents? The easiest way to find the fermionic currents is to use the invariance of the action under supersymmetric transformations. As we know SUSY transformations relates the variation of bosonic fields to fermionic ones and vice versa. So by restricting the action to be invariant under these transfor- mation we will get some relations between variation of bosonic currents and fermionic currents So by knowing the bosonic currents and using SUSY trans- formations we could find fermionic currents up to some terms from equations of motion. 3.3 Summary This work was mainly a review of ABJM model and relation of this candidate of multi M2-branes to type IIA superstring theory and multi D2-brane action. We also tried to find the multi M2-brane currents and check the relation between these currents and currents of D2-branes, but the results are in contrast with the results that we expected to find. Some possible work for future could be, to find the currents from field theory approach and check them with the currents that we have found and also check the limit that we tried to do in this case, to find out that, what was the problem with our approach. Definitely this approach is very cumbersome as we tried to do. With field theory approach it is also possible to find the fermionic currents directly but it will complicate the problem more. 33 Bibliography [1] M. E. Peskin, D. V. Schroeder, An Introduction to Quantum Field The- ory, USA, Addison-Wesley (1995). [2] K. Becker, M. Becker, J. H. Schwarz, String Theory and M-Theory, Cambridge University Press (2007). [3] J. Polchinski, String Theory. Vol. 1: An Introduction to Bosonic string, Cambridge University Press (1998). [4] J. Polchinski, String Theory. Vol. 2: Superstring Theory and beyond, Cambridge University Press (1998). [5] O. Aharony, S. S. Gubser, J. M. Maldacena, H. Ooguri, Y. Oz, Large N field theories, string theory and gravity, Phys.Rept. 323, 183(2000)[arXiv:hep-th/9905111]. [6] J. Polchinski, TASI Lectures on D-branes, arXiv:hep-th/9611050. [7] J. H. Schwarz, Introduction to Superstring Theory, arXiv:hep- ex/0008017. [8] J. H. Schwarz, Introduction to M Theory and AdS/CFT Duality, arXiv:hep-th/9812037. [9] A. Sen, An Introduction to Non-Perturbative string Theory, arXiv:hep- th/9802051. [10] W. Taylor, The M(atrix) Model of M-Theory, arXiv:hep-th/0002016. [11] J. Bagger and N. Lambert, Modeling multiple M2\u00E2\u0080\u0099s, Phys. Rev. D75 (2007) 045020, [hep-th/0611108]. [12] D. S. Berman, M-theory branes and their interactions, Phys. Rept. 456:89-126,2008 [arXiv:hep-th/07101707] [13] P. K. Townsend, Four Lectures on M-Theory, arXiv:hep-th/9612121v3. [14] O. Aharony, O. Bergman, D. L. Jafferis, J. M. Maldacena, N=6 super- conformal Chern-Simons-matter theories , M2-branes and their gravity duals, JHEP 0810:091,2008. [arXiv:hep-th/0806.1218] [15] K. Hosomichi, K-M. Lee, S. Lee, J. Park, P. Yi, A Non-Perturbative Test of M2-Brane Theory, arXiv:hep-th/0809.1771v2. [16] M. A. Bandres, A. E. Lipstein, J. H. Schwarz, Studies of ABJM The- ory in a Formulation with Manifest SU(4) R-Symmetry, arXiv:hep- th/0807.0880v2. [17] J. Gomis, D. Rodriguez-Gomez, M. Van Raamsdonk, H. Verlinde, A Massive Study of M2-brane Proposals, arXiv:hep-th/0807.1074v2. [18] Y. Pang, T. Wang, From N M2\u00E2\u0080\u0099s to N D2\u00E2\u0080\u0099s, arXiv:hep-th/0807.1444v3. [19] T. Li, Y. Liu, D. Xie, Multiple D2-Brane Action from M2-branes, arXiv:hep-th/0807.1183v1. [20] S. Mukhi, C. Papageorgakis, M2 to D2, arXiv:hep-th/0803.3218v2. [21] W. Taylor, M. Van Raamsdonk, Supergravity Currents and Linearized interaction for Matrix Theory Configurations with fermionic back- grounds, JHEP04 (1999) 013. [22] D. Kabat, W. Taylor, Spherical membranes in Matrix Theory, arXiv:hep-th/9711078. 35 Appendix A Field Theory Calculations In this appendix we want to derive the vertex coefficient that are required to do perturbative calculations in field theory approach to find the currents of ABJM model. We only assume that a weak scalar background is turned on and we do the perturbation around that background. The ABJM Lagrangian is L = LCS + Lkin + LYukawa + Lpotential (A.1) Where LCS + Lkin = k 4pi \u00CE\u00B5\u00C2\u00B5\u00CE\u00BD\u00CF\u0081tr ( A\u00C2\u00B5\u00E2\u0088\u0082\u00CE\u00BDA\u00CF\u0081 \u00E2\u0088\u0092 i2 3 A\u00C2\u00B5A\u00CE\u00BDA\u00CF\u0081 \u00E2\u0088\u0092 A\u00CC\u0083\u00C2\u00B5\u00E2\u0088\u0082\u00CE\u00BDA\u00CC\u0083\u00CF\u0081 + i2 3 A\u00CC\u0083\u00C2\u00B5A\u00CC\u0083\u00CE\u00BDA\u00CC\u0083\u00CF\u0081 ) \u00E2\u0088\u0092tr (D\u00C2\u00B5Z\u00CC\u0084AD\u00C2\u00B5ZA \u00E2\u0088\u0092 i\u00CE\u00A8\u00CC\u0084A\u00CE\u00B3\u00C2\u00B5D\u00C2\u00B5\u00CE\u00A8A) , LYukawa = \u00E2\u0088\u00922pii k tr ( Z\u00CC\u0084AZA\u00CE\u00A8\u00CC\u0084B\u00CE\u00A8 B \u00E2\u0088\u0092 ZAZ\u00CC\u0084A\u00CE\u00A8B\u00CE\u00A8\u00CC\u0084B ) \u00E2\u0088\u0092 2pii k tr ( 2Z\u00CC\u0084A\u00CE\u00A8B\u00CE\u00A8\u00CC\u0084AZB \u00E2\u0088\u0092 2ZA\u00CE\u00A8\u00CC\u0084B\u00CE\u00A8AZ\u00CC\u0084B ) \u00E2\u0088\u0092 2pii k \u000FABCDtr ( ZA\u00CE\u00A8\u00CC\u0084BZC\u00CE\u00A8\u00CC\u0084D ) + 2pii k \u000FABCDtr ( Z\u00CC\u0084A\u00CE\u00A8BZ\u00CC\u0084C\u00CE\u00A8D ) (A.2) and Lpotential = +4pi 2 3k2 tr ( ZAZ\u00CC\u0084 AZBZ\u00CC\u0084 BZCZ\u00CC\u0084 C + Z\u00CC\u0084AZAZ\u00CC\u0084 BZBZ\u00CC\u0084 CZC +4ZAZ\u00CC\u0084 CZBZ\u00CC\u0084 AZCZ\u00CC\u0084 B \u00E2\u0088\u0092 6ZAZ\u00CC\u0084AZBZ\u00CC\u0084CZCZ\u00CC\u0084B ) (A.3) The covariant derivative is defined D\u00C2\u00B5ZA = \u00E2\u0088\u0082\u00C2\u00B5ZA \u00E2\u0088\u0092 iA\u00C2\u00B5ZA + iZAA\u00CC\u0083\u00C2\u00B5 , (A.4) As I said we only turn on a scalar background field so the form of our fields become, ZA = ( XA YA Y\u00CC\u0082A X\u00CC\u0082A ) Z\u00CC\u0084A = ( X\u00CC\u0084A \u00C2\u00AF\u00CC\u0082 YA Y\u00CC\u0084A \u00C2\u00AF\u00CC\u0082 XA ) Appendix A. Field Theory Calculations 36 \u00CE\u00A8A = ( 0 \u00CF\u0088A \u00CF\u0088\u00CC\u0082A 0 ) \u00CE\u00A8\u00CC\u0084A = ( 0 \u00C2\u00AF\u00CC\u0082 \u00CF\u0088A \u00CF\u0088\u00CC\u0084A 0 ) A\u00C2\u00B5 = ( 0 a\u00C2\u00B5 a\u00CC\u0084\u00C2\u00B5 0 ) A\u00CC\u0083\u00C2\u00B5 = ( 0 a\u00CC\u0083\u00C2\u00B5 \u00C2\u00AF\u00CC\u0083a\u00C2\u00B5 0 ) In above relations as you can see we only consider the fluctuations that are off-diagonal part of our field matrices , X and X\u00CC\u0082 are background fields and the other are fluctuations. The reason for doing that is very simple, we only want to keep low energy fluctuations and integrate out the high-energy ones, from ABJM Lagrangian it is evident that all the diagonal fluctuation of the fields are massless and only the off-diagonal parts are massive with mass pro- portional to r k , despite the diagonal part of A\u00E2\u0088\u0092A\u00CC\u0083 that we have to integrate it out later. Now by plug in above relations into the Lagrangian and expanding it to quadratic order in terms of fluctuations we have: First for potential term \u00CE\u00B4Lpotential = 4pi 2 k2 ( \u00C2\u00AF\u00CC\u0082 YA YA ) MbAB ( Y\u00CC\u0082B Y\u00CC\u0084B ) the elements of matrix MbAB are Mb(11)AB = \u00CE\u00B4AB(KCK\u00CC\u0084CKDK\u00CC\u0084D + K\u00CC\u0082C \u00C2\u00AF\u00CC\u0082KCK\u00CC\u0082D \u00C2\u00AF\u00CC\u0082KD \u00E2\u0088\u0092 2K\u00CC\u0082C \u00C2\u00AF\u00CC\u0082KCKDK\u00CC\u0084D) \u00E2\u0088\u0092 2\u00CE\u00B4AB(KCK\u00CC\u0084DKDK\u00CC\u0084C + K\u00CC\u0082C \u00C2\u00AF\u00CC\u0082KDK\u00CC\u0082D \u00C2\u00AF\u00CC\u0082KC \u00E2\u0088\u0092 2K\u00CC\u0082C \u00C2\u00AF\u00CC\u0082KDKDK\u00CC\u0084C) + KAK\u00CC\u0084CKCK\u00CC\u0084B + K\u00CC\u0082A \u00C2\u00AF\u00CC\u0082 KCK\u00CC\u0082C \u00C2\u00AF\u00CC\u0082 KB +KCK\u00CC\u0084CK\u00CC\u0082A \u00C2\u00AF\u00CC\u0082 KB + K\u00CC\u0082C \u00C2\u00AF\u00CC\u0082 KCKAK\u00CC\u0084B + 4KCK\u00CC\u0084BKAK\u00CC\u0084C + 4K\u00CC\u0082C \u00C2\u00AF\u00CC\u0082 KBK\u00CC\u0082A \u00C2\u00AF\u00CC\u0082 KC \u00E2\u0088\u0092 2KAK\u00CC\u0084BKCK\u00CC\u0084C \u00E2\u0088\u0092 2KCK\u00CC\u0084CKAK\u00CC\u0084B \u00E2\u0088\u0092 2KAK\u00CC\u0084CK\u00CC\u0082C \u00C2\u00AF\u00CC\u0082KB \u00E2\u0088\u0092 2K\u00CC\u0082A \u00C2\u00AF\u00CC\u0082KCKCK\u00CC\u0084B \u00E2\u0088\u0092 2K\u00CC\u0082A \u00C2\u00AF\u00CC\u0082KBK\u00CC\u0082C \u00C2\u00AF\u00CC\u0082KC \u00E2\u0088\u0092 2K\u00CC\u0082C \u00C2\u00AF\u00CC\u0082KCK\u00CC\u0082A \u00C2\u00AF\u00CC\u0082KB (A.5) Mb(12)AB = KAK\u00CC\u0084CKCK\u00CC\u0082B + K\u00CC\u0082A \u00C2\u00AF\u00CC\u0082KCK\u00CC\u0082CKB +KCK\u00CC\u0084CKBK\u00CC\u0082A + K\u00CC\u0082C \u00C2\u00AF\u00CC\u0082 KCK\u00CC\u0082BKA + 4KBK\u00CC\u0084CKAK\u00CC\u0082C + 4K\u00CC\u0082B \u00C2\u00AF\u00CC\u0082 KCK\u00CC\u0082AKC \u00E2\u0088\u0092 2KAK\u00CC\u0084CKBK\u00CC\u0082C \u00E2\u0088\u0092 2K\u00CC\u0082A \u00C2\u00AF\u00CC\u0082KCK\u00CC\u0082BKC \u00E2\u0088\u0092 2KCK\u00CC\u0084CKAK\u00CC\u0082B \u00E2\u0088\u0092 2K\u00CC\u0082C \u00C2\u00AF\u00CC\u0082KCK\u00CC\u0082AKB \u00E2\u0088\u0092 2KBK\u00CC\u0084CKCK\u00CC\u0082A \u00E2\u0088\u0092 2K\u00CC\u0082B \u00C2\u00AF\u00CC\u0082KCK\u00CC\u0082CKA (A.6) Appendix A. Field Theory Calculations 37 In above and the rest of work the definition for K and K\u00CC\u0082 is K := 1 \u00E2\u008A\u0097X K\u00CC\u0082 := X\u00CC\u0082 \u00E2\u008A\u0097 1 for Mb(22)AB and Mb(21)AB we only need to do following replacements K \u00E2\u0086\u0090\u00E2\u0086\u0092 K\u00CC\u0084 K\u00CC\u0082 \u00E2\u0086\u0090\u00E2\u0086\u0092 \u00C2\u00AF\u00CC\u0082K There is also contribution to scalar part from gauge fixing function, this contribution has to be added to M, N bAB = ( \u00CE\u00BE+KAK\u00CC\u0084B + \u00CE\u00BE\u00E2\u0088\u0092K\u00CC\u0082A \u00C2\u00AF\u00CC\u0082 KB \u00E2\u0088\u0092(\u00CE\u00BE+KAK\u00CC\u0082B + \u00CE\u00BE\u00E2\u0088\u0092K\u00CC\u0082AKB) \u00E2\u0088\u0092(\u00CE\u00BE+ \u00C2\u00AF\u00CC\u0082KAK\u00CC\u0084B + \u00CE\u00BE\u00E2\u0088\u0092 \u00C2\u00AF\u00CC\u0082KBK\u00CC\u0084A) \u00CE\u00BE+ \u00C2\u00AF\u00CC\u0082KAK\u00CC\u0082B + \u00CE\u00BE\u00E2\u0088\u0092K\u00CC\u0084AKB ) (A.7) The gauge fixing function that I have used is: f = 1\u00E2\u0088\u009A \u00CE\u00BE+ [ \u00E2\u0088\u0082\u00C2\u00B5A \u00C2\u00B5 \u00E2\u0088\u0092 i\u00CE\u00BE+(XY\u00CC\u0084 \u00E2\u0088\u0092 YX\u00CC\u0084 ) ] f\u00CC\u0083 = 1\u00E2\u0088\u009A \u00CE\u00BE\u00E2\u0088\u0092 [ \u00E2\u0088\u0082\u00C2\u00B5A\u00CC\u0083 \u00C2\u00B5 \u00E2\u0088\u0092 i\u00CE\u00BE\u00E2\u0088\u0092(X\u00CC\u0084Y \u00E2\u0088\u0092 Y\u00CC\u0084X ) ] In above relation X and Y are diagonal and off-diagonal parts of Z, respec- tively. Actually X in above relation contains both X and X\u00CC\u0082, the same is true for Y . Second, for Yukawa potential term \u00CE\u00B4LYukawa = \u00E2\u0088\u00922pii k ( \u00C2\u00AF\u00CC\u0082 \u00CF\u0088A \u00CF\u0088 A ) MfAB ( \u00CF\u0088\u00CC\u0082B \u00CF\u0088\u00CC\u0084B ) The elements of matrix M fAB are M f(11) AB = \u00CE\u00B4AB(KCK\u00CC\u0084C \u00E2\u0088\u0092 K\u00CC\u0082C \u00C2\u00AF\u00CC\u0082KC) + 2(K\u00CC\u0082B \u00C2\u00AF\u00CC\u0082KA \u00E2\u0088\u0092KBK\u00CC\u0084A) M f(12) AB = \u00E2\u0088\u00922\u000FABCDK\u00CC\u0082CKD M f(21) AB = 2\u000F ABCD \u00C2\u00AF\u00CC\u0082KCK\u00CC\u0084D M f(22) AB = \u00E2\u0088\u0092\u00CE\u00B4AB(K\u00CC\u0084CKC \u00E2\u0088\u0092 \u00C2\u00AF\u00CC\u0082KCK\u00CC\u0082C)\u00E2\u0088\u0092 2( \u00C2\u00AF\u00CC\u0082KBK\u00CC\u0082A \u00E2\u0088\u0092 K\u00CC\u0084BKA) (A.8) Appendix A. Field Theory Calculations 38 Then for gauge field part we have \u00CE\u00B4Lgauge = ( a\u00CC\u0083\u00C2\u00B5 a\u00C2\u00B5 )Mg\u00C2\u00B5\u00CE\u00BD ( \u00C2\u00AF\u00CC\u0083a\u00CE\u00BDa\u00CC\u0084\u00CE\u00BD ) And elements of Mg are M g(11)\u00C2\u00B5\u00CE\u00BD = \u00E2\u0088\u0082\u00C2\u00B5\u00E2\u0088\u0082\u00CE\u00BD \u00CE\u00BE+ + k 2pi \u000F\u00C2\u00B5\u00CE\u00BD\u00CF\u0081\u00E2\u0088\u0082\u00CF\u0081 \u00E2\u0088\u0092 \u00CE\u00B7\u00C2\u00B5\u00CE\u00BD( \u00C2\u00AF\u00CC\u0082KCK\u00CC\u0082C +KCK\u00CC\u0084C) M g(12)\u00C2\u00B5\u00CE\u00BD = 2\u00CE\u00B7 \u00C2\u00B5\u00CE\u00BD \u00C2\u00AF\u00CC\u0082KCKC M g(21)\u00C2\u00B5\u00CE\u00BD = 2\u00CE\u00B7 \u00C2\u00B5\u00CE\u00BDK\u00CC\u0082CK\u00CC\u0084C M g(22)\u00C2\u00B5\u00CE\u00BD = \u00E2\u0088\u0082\u00C2\u00B5\u00E2\u0088\u0082\u00CE\u00BD \u00CE\u00BE\u00E2\u0088\u0092 \u00E2\u0088\u0092 k 2pi \u000F\u00C2\u00B5\u00CE\u00BD\u00CF\u0081\u00E2\u0088\u0082\u00CF\u0081 \u00E2\u0088\u0092 \u00CE\u00B7\u00C2\u00B5\u00CE\u00BD(K\u00CC\u0082C \u00C2\u00AF\u00CC\u0082KC + K\u00CC\u0084CKC) (A.9) there is also a gauge-scalar vertex that it comes as follow, \u00E2\u0088\u00922i ( a\u00CC\u0083\u00C2\u00B5 a\u00C2\u00B5 )Q\u00C2\u00B5,A1 ( Y\u00CC\u0082AY\u00CC\u0084A ) + 2i ( \u00C2\u00AF\u00CC\u0082 YA YA ) Q\u00C2\u00B5,A2 ( \u00C2\u00AF\u00CC\u0083a\u00C2\u00B5 a\u00C2\u00B5 ) And, Q\u00C2\u00B5,A1 = ( \u00E2\u0088\u0082\u00C2\u00B5 \u00C2\u00AF\u00CC\u0082 KA \u00E2\u0088\u0092\u00E2\u0088\u0082\u00C2\u00B5KA \u00E2\u0088\u0092\u00E2\u0088\u0082\u00C2\u00B5K\u00CC\u0084A \u00E2\u0088\u0082\u00C2\u00B5K\u00CC\u0082A ) Q\u00C2\u00B5,A2 = ( \u00E2\u0088\u0082\u00C2\u00B5K\u00CC\u0082A \u00E2\u0088\u0092\u00E2\u0088\u0082\u00C2\u00B5KA \u00E2\u0088\u0092\u00E2\u0088\u0082\u00C2\u00B5K\u00CC\u0084A \u00E2\u0088\u0082\u00C2\u00B5 \u00C2\u00AF\u00CC\u0082KA ) And Finally the Ghost part, I only write the the vertex of it G = \u00CE\u00B4AB ( \u00E2\u0088\u00822 \u00E2\u0088\u0092 \u00CE\u00BE+(K\u00CC\u0082C \u00C2\u00AF\u00CC\u0082KC +KCK\u00CC\u0084C) 0 0 \u00E2\u0088\u00822 \u00E2\u0088\u0092 \u00CE\u00BE\u00E2\u0088\u0092( \u00C2\u00AF\u00CC\u0082KCK\u00CC\u0082C + K\u00CC\u0084CKC) ) So if we have some stack of M2-branes at the origin ,say X, and some of them at distance r ,say X\u00CC\u0082. Then in All of above relations we have to replace X\u00CC\u0082A by rA + X\u00CC\u0082A. As you can see the form of the vertex coefficients are very complicated and very hard to deal with, only in the case of U(1) \u00C3\u0097 U(1) case the matrices becomes two by two matrices and the vertices can be simplified ,[19]"@en . "Thesis/Dissertation"@en . "2009-11"@en . "10.14288/1.0067726"@en . "eng"@en . "Physics"@en . "Vancouver : University of British Columbia Library"@en . "University of British Columbia"@en . "Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International"@en . "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/"@en . "Graduate"@en . "Couplings between 11-dimensional supergravity fields and the ABJM multiple m2-brane theory"@en . "Text"@en . "http://hdl.handle.net/2429/13399"@en .