"Science, Faculty of"@en . "Physics and Astronomy, Department of"@en . "DSpace"@en . "UBCV"@en . "McGregor, Grant D."@en . "2008-09-02T17:49:02Z"@en . "2008"@en . "Master of Science - MSc"@en . "University of British Columbia"@en . "In this thesis we examine the method of counting BB events produced in the BaBar experiment. The original method was proposed in 2000, but improvements to track reconstruction and our understanding of the detector since that date make it appropriate to revisit the B Counting method.\n\nWe propose a new set of cuts designed to minimize the sensitivity to time-varying backgrounds. We find the new method counts BB events with an associated systematic uncertainty of \u00B10.6%."@en . "https://circle.library.ubc.ca/rest/handle/2429/1611?expand=metadata"@en . "3014509 bytes"@en . "application/pdf"@en . "B Counting at BABAR by Grant D. McGregor B.Sc. (hons), University of Canterbury, 2005 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE in The Faculty of Graduate Studies (Physics) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (Vancouver) August 2008 c\u00C2\u00A9 Grant D. McGregor, 2008 ii Abstract In this thesis we examine the method of counting BB events produced in the BABAR experiment. The original method was proposed in 2000, but improve- ments to track reconstruction and our understanding of the detector since that date make it appropriate to revisit the B Counting method. We propose a new set of cuts designed to minimize the sensitivity to time-varying backgrounds. We find the new method counts BB events with an associated systematic un- certainty of \u00C2\u00B10.6%. iii Contents Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii List of Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v List of Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viii 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1 CP Violation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.2 Other Physics at BABAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2 The BABAR Detector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2.1 The Silicon Vertex Tracker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2.2 The Drift Chamber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2.3 The DIRC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2.4 The Electromagnetic Calorimeter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 2.5 The Muon Detection System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 3 Particle Lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 3.1 Lists Used in B Counting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 3.2 Charged Candidates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 3.3 Neutral Candidates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 4 B Counting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 4.1 Method for B Counting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 4.2 Derivation of the B Counting Formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 4.3 B Counting Goals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 4.4 TrkFixup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 4.5 Original B Counting Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 5 Muon Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 5.1 Monte Carlo Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 5.2 Cut on Muon Pair Invariant Mass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 5.3 Minimum EMC Energy Requirement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 5.4 Optimization of Cuts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Contents iv 5.5 Estimating Systematic Uncertainty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 5.6 Variation in \u00CE\u00BA\u00C2\u00B5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 6 Hadronic Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 6.1 Monte Carlo Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 6.2 Cut on Total Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 6.3 Cut on Highest-Momentum Track . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 6.4 Optimization of Cuts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 6.5 Estimating Systematic Uncertainty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 6.6 Variation in \u00CE\u00BAX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 7 Cutset Optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 7.1 B Counting Uncertainty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 7.2 Optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 7.3 Choice of Muon-Pair Selection Cutset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 7.4 Choice of Hadronic Selection Cutset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 7.4.1 ISR Production and Two-Photon Events . . . . . . . . . . 62 7.5 B Counting Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 8 Sources of Contamination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 8.1 Bhabha Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 8.2 Continuum Fake-Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 8.3 Tau Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 9 Systematic Uncertainty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 9.1 BGFMultiHadron and Tracking Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 9.2 Comparison of Data and MC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 9.3 Summary of Systematic Uncertainties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 10 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 A Uncertainties of a Multi-Variable Function . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 B \u00CE\u00A5 (3S) Counting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 vList of Tables 3.1 Criteria of some existing particle lists used in B Counting. . . . . 15 3.2 Criteria of the lists used in this thesis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 4.1 Criteria of isBCMuMu and isBCMultiHadron. . . . . . . . . . . . 25 5.1 Effect of maxpEmcCandEnergy (Runs 1\u00E2\u0080\u00933) . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 5.2 Effect of maxpEmcCandEnergy (Runs 4\u00E2\u0080\u00936) . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 5.3 Cut optimization of isBCMuMu. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 6.1 Continuum MC cross-sections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 6.2 Cut optimization of isBCMultiHadron. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 7.1 Properties of the proposed and existing muon-pair selectors. . . . 58 7.2 Properties of the proposed and existing hadronic selectors. . . . . 71 7.3 Uncertainty and number of B meson events in Runs 1\u00E2\u0080\u00936. . . . . 72 8.1 Fake-rates for Bhabha MC events. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 8.2 Fake-rates for hadronic continuum MC events. . . . . . . . . . . 75 8.3 Fake-rates for muon-pair MC events. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 8.4 Fake-rates for \u00CF\u0084+\u00CF\u0084\u00E2\u0088\u0092 MC events. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 9.1 Revised efficiencies for hadronic cut quantities. . . . . . . . . . . 82 9.2 Summary of B Counting statistical and systematic uncertainties. 88 9.3 Number of B meson events in Runs 1\u00E2\u0080\u00936 with revised uncertainty. 89 vi List of Figures 1.1 Diagram of PEP-II linac and storage-rings. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2 The spectrum of hadron production near 10.58 GeV. . . . . . . . 2 2.1 Cross-section of the BABAR detector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2.2 A schematic drawing of DCH drift cells. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2.3 Drift Chamber dE/dx as a function of particle momentum. . . . 9 2.4 A schematic drawing of the DIRC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 2.5 A cross-section of the EMC (top half). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2.6 The IFR barrel and forward and backward endcaps. . . . . . . . 12 3.1 High and low theta regions the GoodTracksLoose list. . . . . . . 16 3.2 High and low theta regions for the CalorNeutral list. . . . . . . . 17 3.3 BB data and MC for high and low neutral angles. . . . . . . . . 18 3.4 Neutral backgrounds in back-to-back mu-pair events. . . . . . . . 19 4.1 ETotal/eCM for events passing hadronic cuts. . . . . . . . . . . . 23 4.2 ETotal/eCM on- and off-peak subtraction, overlaid with MC. . . 23 5.1 Distribution of maxpEmcCandEnergy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 5.2 Angular distribution of muons with maxpEmcCandEnergy = 0. . 30 5.3 On-peak mu-pair MC efficiency variation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 5.4 Off-peak mu-pair MC efficiency variation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 5.5 Distribution of \u00CF\u00872 statistic (on-peak). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 5.6 Distribution of \u00CF\u00872 statistic (off-peak). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 5.7 Time-variation of \u00CE\u00BA\u00C2\u00B5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 5.8 Distribution of \u00CF\u00872 statistic (\u00CE\u00BA\u00C2\u00B5). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 6.1 Distribution of p1Mag for a sample of BB Monte Carlo. . . . . . 43 6.2 PrimVtxdr for a data sample from Run 6, overlaid with MC. . . 44 6.3 PrimVtxdz for a data sample from Run 6, overlaid with MC. . . 44 6.4 Time-variation of on-peak uds MC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 6.5 Time-variation of off-peak uds MC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 6.6 Time-variation of on-peak cc MC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 6.7 Time-variation of off-peak cc MC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 6.8 Distribution of \u00CF\u00872 statistic for uds MC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 6.9 Distribution of \u00CF\u00872 statistic for cc MC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 6.10 Time-variation of \u00CE\u00BAX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 List of Figures vii 6.11 Distribution of \u00CF\u00872 statistic (\u00CE\u00BAX). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 6.12 Distribution of \u00CE\u00BAX d0 values. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 7.1 On-peak muon-pair MC efficiency variation for the new cuts. . . 59 7.2 Off-peak muon-pair MC efficiency variation for the new cuts. . . 59 7.3 On-peak muon-pair MC efficiency variation for isBCMuMu. . . . 60 7.4 Off-peak muon-pair MC efficiency variation for isBCMuMu. . . . 60 7.5 Time-variation of \u00CE\u00BA\u00C2\u00B5 for the new cuts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 7.6 Time-variation of \u00CE\u00BA\u00C2\u00B5 for isBCMuMu. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 7.7 Comparison of ETotal for known MC types to off-peak data. . . 64 7.8 Difference between known MC types and off-peak data. . . . . . 65 7.9 Time-variation of on-peak uds MC for the new cuts. . . . . . . . 66 7.10 Time-variation of off-peak uds MC for the new cuts. . . . . . . . 66 7.11 Time-variation of on-peak uds MC for isBCMultiHadron. . . . . 67 7.12 Time-variation of off-peak uds MC for isBCMultiHadron. . . . . 67 7.13 Time-variation of on-peak cc MC for the new cuts. . . . . . . . . 68 7.14 Time-variation of off-peak cc MC for the new cuts. . . . . . . . . 68 7.15 Time-variation of on-peak cc MC for isBCMultiHadron. . . . . . 69 7.16 Time-variation of off-peak cc MC for isBCMultiHadron. . . . . . 69 7.17 Time-variation of \u00CE\u00BAX for the new cuts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 7.18 Time-variation of \u00CE\u00BAX for isBCMultiHadron. . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 8.1 On-peak tau lepton MC efficiency variation for the new cuts. . . 77 8.2 Off-peak tau lepton MC efficiency variation for the new cuts. . . 77 9.1 Distribution of nTracks for BB data and MC. . . . . . . . . . . . 79 9.2 Distribution of nTracks for BB data and MC without \u00E2\u0080\u0098obvious\u00E2\u0080\u0099 Bhabhas. 80 9.3 ETotal/eCM for BB data overlaid with original MC. . . . . . . . 83 9.4 Difference between data and MC of Fig. 9.3. . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 9.5 ETotal/eCM for BB data overlaid with revised MC. . . . . . . . 84 9.6 Difference between data and MC of Fig. 9.5. . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 9.7 R2 for BB data overlaid with revised MC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 9.8 nTracks for BB data overlaid with revised MC. . . . . . . . . . . 85 9.9 p1Mag for BB data overlaid with revised MC. . . . . . . . . . . 86 9.10 PrimVtxdr for BB data overlaid with revised MC. . . . . . . . . 86 9.11 PrimVtxdz for BB data overlaid with revised MC. . . . . . . . . 87 viii Acknowledgements This work was only possible thanks to the guidance of my supervisor, Chris Hearty. Thanks also to the other members of the UBC BABAR group \u00E2\u0080\u0094 David Asgeirsson, Bryan Fulsom, Janis McKenna and Tom Mattison \u00E2\u0080\u0094 and to the Trigger/Filter/Luminosity Analysis Working Group, especially Al Eisner and Rainer Bartoldus. Finally, thanks to the the Canadian Commonwealth Scholar- ship scheme and the Canadian Bureau of International Education (CBIE) whose funding made this work possible. 1Chapter 1 Introduction The BABAR experiment is located at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC). Data from e+e\u00E2\u0088\u0092 annihilations at a centre-of-mass (CM) energy \u00E2\u0088\u009A s \u00E2\u0089\u0088 10.58 GeV are taken at the SLAC PEP-II storage-rings with the BABAR detector. This chapter provides a brief introduction to the experiment. PEP-II is a \u00E2\u0080\u0098B-Factory\u00E2\u0080\u0099 \u00E2\u0080\u0094 it is designed to produce a high number of B mesons. This is achieved through the process e+e\u00E2\u0088\u0092 \u00E2\u0086\u0092 \u00CE\u00A5 (4S) \u00E2\u0086\u0092 BB. Beams of 9.0 GeV electrons and 3.1 GeV positrons collide with a CM energy of 10.58 GeV, which is the peak of the \u00CE\u00A5 (4S) resonance. Running at this energy is desirable because the \u00CE\u00A5 (4S) meson (a bound bb state) decays more than 96% of the time to a BB state. The design luminosity of PEP-II (3\u00C3\u00971033 cm2s\u00E2\u0088\u00921) was exceeded in 2001 and by 2006, peak luminosities above 12\u00C3\u0097 1033 cm2s\u00E2\u0088\u00921 were recorded. Figure 1.1: Diagram of PEP-II linac and storage-rings. Asymmetric beam energies cause the decay products to have a Lorentz boost of \u00CE\u00B2\u00CE\u00B3 = 0.56 relative to the laboratory. This is one of the most important design features of the BABAR experiment. In the rest frame of each \u00CE\u00A5 (4S) particle, the B mesons are created almost at rest. By boosting along the z axis, the B mesons travel a measurable distance inside the detector before decaying. The mean lifetime of a B meson is very short (around 1.5 ps), but by reconstructing the decay vertices of each B it possible to calculate how far each travelled and hence the lifetimes. For some analyses (such as studies of CP violation in the BB system) the relative difference in decay times is especially important. The BABAR detector is specifically designed to enable precise measurements of this quantity. Chapter 1. Introduction 2 PEP-II is run at the \u00CE\u00A5 (4S) resonance most of the time, but it is important to occasionally run \u00E2\u0080\u0098off-peak\u00E2\u0080\u0099. Typically just over 10% of the time, PEP-II is run around 40 MeV below the resonance peak. This is achieved by lowering the energy of the electron beam, which reduces the boost by less than one percent. Figure 1.2: The spectrum of hadron production near PEP-II\u00E2\u0080\u0099s operational CM energy. The curve shows the cross-section for inclusive production of hadrons (vertical axis) as a function of CM energy. The peak at the \u00CE\u00A5 (4S) resonance is clearly visible. The plot is originally from Upsilon Spectroscopy by Besson and Skwarnicki [1]. Continuum is the name used to describe all non-BB events produced in the detector. The continuum contains many types of events, by far the most common of which is e+e\u00E2\u0088\u0092 \u00E2\u0086\u0092 e+e\u00E2\u0088\u0092 (Bhabha events) which have a cross-section close to 40 nb. For each type of quark q (apart from t), events of the type e+e\u00E2\u0088\u0092 \u00E2\u0086\u0092 qq have a cross-section of order 1 nb. The other leptons (\u00C2\u00B5+\u00C2\u00B5\u00E2\u0088\u0092 or \u00CF\u0084+\u00CF\u0084\u00E2\u0088\u0092) are produced with cross-sections also close to 1 nb. These cross-sections all scale in a known way when PEP-II runs at the de- creased off-peak energy, while \u00CE\u00A5 (4S) (and hence BB) production is \u00E2\u0080\u0098switched off\u00E2\u0080\u0099. The off-peak data can then be used to understand on-peak backgrounds and when scaled in the correct way can be used to count B events in on-peak data. Any B physics analysis at BABAR will make use of the off-peak data, and it is an integral part of B Counting. Chapter 1. Introduction 3 1.1 CP Violation The BABAR experiment was designed to achieve a number of physics goals. The primary motivation for the experiment was to study CP violation in the decays of B mesons [2]. A significant result [3] demonstrating the existence of CP violation in this sector was published in 2001, two years after running began. CP is the product of two quantum mechanical operators. Charge conjuga- tion (C) interchanges particles with their anti-particles and parity (P ) changes the \u00E2\u0080\u0098handedness\u00E2\u0080\u0099 of a co-ordinate system, i.e. P sends (t,x) \u00E2\u0086\u0092 (t,\u00E2\u0088\u0092x). Independently, C and P are not symmetries of nature and in particular, neither is a symmetry of the weak nuclear force. For example, left-handed neutrinos are transformed to right-handed neutrinos by the operation of P , and to left-handed anti-neutrinos by C. Neither of these states is observed to participate in the weak interaction. Cronin and Fitch were awarded the 1980 Nobel Prize in Physics for demon- strating the combination CP was also not a symmetry of nature [4]. They observed this in the decay of neutral kaons, specifically through the mode K0 L \u00E2\u0086\u0092 pi+pi\u00E2\u0088\u0092 which would not occur if CP were conserved. Following this, CP violation was also anticipated in B meson decays, and was expected to be larger and more varied than in the kaon system. Investigating this was one of the main reasons for running the BABAR experiment. There are several reasons for studying CP violation with an experiment like BABAR. Measurements of CP violation are important to test the Standard Model (SM) of particle physics. Any results outside SM predictions by defi- nition indicate new physics. A second reason relates to the matter-antimatter asymmetry of the universe. CP violation is one of the conditions proposed by Sakharov [5] to explain how the observed asymmetry could occur. In the Standard Model, CP violation is governed by the weak quark mixing matrix, known as the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa (CKM) matrix [6, 7]. This takes the form: V = \u00EF\u00A3\u00AB \u00EF\u00A3\u00AD Vud Vus VubVcd Vcs Vcb Vtd Vts Vtb \u00EF\u00A3\u00B6 \u00EF\u00A3\u00B8 (1.1) where each Vij is complex, and the probability of a transition between two types of quark i and j is proportional to |Vij |2. Here u, d, s, c, t and b represent up, down, strange, charm, top and bottom quarks respectively. By studying a variety of different decay channels, BABAR can be used to measure or put limits on several components of the CKM matrix. In particular, many channels seen at BABAR allow the parameter \u00CE\u00B2 = Arg ( \u00E2\u0088\u0092VcdV \u00E2\u0088\u0097 cb VtdV \u00E2\u0088\u0097tb ) (1.2) to be measured. Other searches for CP-violation, such as in gluonic penguin de- cays allow the measurement of different CKM matrix elements (see for example Chapter 1. Introduction 4 [8]) including: \u00CE\u00B3 = Arg ( \u00E2\u0088\u0092VudV \u00E2\u0088\u0097 ub VcdV \u00E2\u0088\u0097cb ) . (1.3) 1.2 Other Physics at BABAR The BABAR experiment has multiple uses apart from searching for CP violation in B decays. It is a high luminosity experiment, and as well as producing many B mesons (enabling study of rare B processes), collisions create many other species including charmonium states (such as J/\u00CF\u0088 ), other charmed mesons (such as D), \u00CF\u0084 leptons and two-photon states. Data from BABAR are used to study each of these to refine and test the Standard Model. The cross-section for cc production in the BABAR detector is slightly larger than for bb, while the \u00CF\u0084+\u00CF\u0084\u00E2\u0088\u0092 cross-section is slightly smaller. The charm physics research at BABAR includes measuring D meson and charm baryon lifetimes, rare D meson decay and D mixing. An important result demonstrating evidence for D0D0 mixing observed in D0 \u00E2\u0086\u0092 Kpi decays was published in 2007 [9]. An analysis group is specifically devoted to studying charmonium (cc) states. This group studies several types of physics. This includes initial state radiation (ISR) production (such as e+e\u00E2\u0088\u0092 \u00E2\u0086\u0092 \u00CE\u00B3ISRpi+pi\u00E2\u0088\u0092J/\u00CF\u0088 ), fully reconstructed B events with charmonium final states (for example B \u00E2\u0086\u0092 J/\u00CF\u0088X or B \u00E2\u0086\u0092 \u00CF\u0088(2S)X whereX represents other unspecified particles) and studies of exotic states like Y(4260). Other groups study charmless hadronic decays of B mesons (e.g. B \u00E2\u0086\u0092 pipi), leptonic c and b decays (e.g. D,B \u00E2\u0086\u0092 `\u00CE\u00BD`, where ` = e, \u00C2\u00B5 or \u00CF\u0084) and radiative penguins. The last of these describes processes involving radiative loops such as b \u00E2\u0086\u0092 s\u00CE\u00B3. Radiative penguin events provide one way to test theories beyond the Standard Model because new virtual particles could appear in the loop with detectable effects. Also, research at BABAR includes measurements of the properties of the \u00CF\u0084 lepton produced through e+e\u00E2\u0088\u0092 \u00E2\u0086\u0092 \u00CF\u0084+\u00CF\u0084\u00E2\u0088\u0092. An important area of research in the \u00CF\u0084 sector is the search for lepton flavour violation through decays such as \u00CF\u0084+ \u00E2\u0086\u0092 \u00C2\u00B5+\u00CE\u00B3 or \u00CF\u0084+ \u00E2\u0086\u0092 e+e\u00E2\u0088\u0092e+. 5Chapter 2 The BABAR Detector This chapter provides a brief introduction to the hardware of the BABAR de- tector. Detailed descriptions of the detector [12] and also of PEP-II [13] are available elsewhere. It will be useful to briefly explain the (right-handed) co-ordinate system used in the BABAR experiment. \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 The +z axis is the direction of the high-energy (electron) beam. \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 The +y axis is vertically upwards. \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 The azimuthal angle \u00CF\u0086 lies in the xy plane. It is zero on the +x axis, and increases towards the +y axis. \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 The polar angle \u00CE\u00B8 is measured from the z axis. It is zero on the +z axis and pi on the \u00E2\u0088\u0092z axis. The beam energy asymmetry of PEP-II means the optimal detector shape is also asymmetric. A schematic of the detector is shown in Fig. 2.1. Full details of the detector and its sub-systems can be found in [14] and [12]. The detector was designed to meet a large number of requirements which include: \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 performing tracking on particles with transverse momentum (pt) between \u00E2\u0088\u00BC 60 MeV/c and \u00E2\u0088\u00BC 4 GeV/c; \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 detecting photons and neutral pions with energies between \u00E2\u0088\u00BC 20 MeV and \u00E2\u0088\u00BC 5 GeV, and; \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 distinguishing electrons, muons, pions, kaons and protons over a wide range of momenta. To meet these requirements, the detector was constructed with five major subsystems. The innermost components are a five-layer double-sided silicon vertex tracker (SVT), which provides precision tracking information and a 40- layer drift chamber (DCH), which provides momentum information for charged tracks. Outside these is a particle identification system, a detector of internally- reflected C\u00CC\u008Cerenkov light (DIRC). Surrounding all these is an electromagnetic calorimeter (EMC) built from more than six thousand CsI(Tl) crystals. The EMC records energy deposited by electrically charged particles and photons and also has some sensitivity to neutral hadrons such as neutrons and K0 L . The EMC is able to detect neutral pions by recording the photons from pi0 \u00E2\u0086\u0092 \u00CE\u00B3\u00CE\u00B3. Chapter 2. The BABAR Detector 6 Finally, outside the superconducting coil is the muon detection system, called the Instrumented Flux Return (IFR) consisting mostly of Limited Streamer Tube (LST) modules. Figure 2.1: Cross-section of the BABAR detector. 2.1 The Silicon Vertex Tracker The silicon vertex tracker (SVT) is the component of the BABAR detector closest to the interaction point (IP). It provides the most precise angular measurements of tracks because further from the IP, track precision is limited by multiple scattering. The SVT consists of five cylindrical layers of double-sided silicon- strip detectors. In total, there are 340 silicon detectors within the SVT, with around 150,000 readout channels. The individual silicon detectors vary in size between 43\u00C3\u0097 42 mm2 (z \u00C3\u0097 \u00CF\u0086) and 43 \u00C3\u0097 42 mm2. Each detector is double-sided, with strips to measure \u00CF\u0086 running parallel to the beam axis (\u00CF\u0086 strips) and strips to measure z (z strips) running orthogonally on the opposite side. The total area covered by the five layers of silicon detectors is around one square metre. The ends of each strip are held at a potential difference of around 35\u00E2\u0080\u009345 V. When a charged particle passes through the silicon, it creates free electrons and electron-hole pairs. This charge is collected by the applied voltage, and after Chapter 2. The BABAR Detector 7 being amplified can be read out as a \u00E2\u0080\u0098hit\u00E2\u0080\u0099 signal. The track position is calculated by combining all the hits from individual silicon detectors. The resolution of the SVT depends on track angle and varies between layers. For tracks at normal incidence, the resolution of inner layers is approximately 15 \u00C2\u00B5m in z and 10 \u00C2\u00B5m in \u00CF\u0086. For outer layers the resolutions are approximately 35 \u00C2\u00B5m and 20 \u00C2\u00B5m respectively. Some very low momentum particles such as slow pions in D\u00E2\u0088\u0097 decay have in- sufficient energy to reach outer components of the detector. For these particles, the SVT provides the only tracking information. 2.2 The Drift Chamber The multi-wire drift chamber (DCH) provides precise tracking information and to a lesser extent is used to perform some particle identification (PID). It was constructed on the campus of the University of British Columbia at TRIUMF. The DCH is cylindrical and surrounds the SVT. It is filled with a gas mixture of helium and isobutane, which is kept 4 mb above atmospheric pressure. The DCH is strung with nearly thirty thousand wires arranged into 40 layers (and ten \u00E2\u0080\u0098superlayers\u00E2\u0080\u0099) of hexagonal cells. The layout of these cells for 16 layers is shown in Fig. 2.2. A tungsten-rhenium \u00E2\u0080\u0098sense\u00E2\u0080\u0099 wire in the centre of each cell is held at a positive high voltage, of around 1960 V. The surrounding gold- coated aluminium \u00E2\u0080\u0098field\u00E2\u0080\u0099 wires are at ground potential. Cells on the boundary of a superlayer have two gold-coated aluminium \u00E2\u0080\u0098guard\u00E2\u0080\u0099 wires. These are held at 340 V and improve the performance of the cells and ensure the gain of boundary cells is the same as that of inner ones. Of the ten superlayers, four are \u00E2\u0080\u0098stereo\u00E2\u0080\u0099. The wires of these layers are strung at a slight angle (between \u00C2\u00B145 and \u00C2\u00B176 mrad) relative to the z axis. This is important for tracking as it enables \u00CE\u00B8 co-ordinates to be measured. A charged particle moving through the drift chamber ionizes the gas. The ionized gas molecules within a cell move towards a ground wire and the electrons released from these molecules are accelerated towards the sense wire. In turn these electrons collide with and ionize other gas molecules. This causes an \u00E2\u0080\u0098avalanche\u00E2\u0080\u0099 of negative charge (up to a gain of 50,000) to arrive at the sense wire. For a particle energetic enough to exit the drift chamber, up to 40 DCH \u00E2\u0080\u0098hits\u00E2\u0080\u0099 of this sort (one per cell) can be recorded. The drift chamber is contained within the 1.5 T field of the super-conducting coil. Measurements of track curvature in the drift chamber allow momenta to be determined. The momentum resolution of the drift chamber for a particle of transverse momentum pt (i.e. the component of momentum perpendicular to the z axis) in units of GeV/c is: \u00CF\u0083pt = (0.13\u00C2\u00B1 0.01)% \u00C2\u00B7 pt + (0.45\u00C2\u00B1 0.03)%. (2.1) To be measured in the drift chamber (i.e. to travel past the inner radius of the DCH and trigger enough wires to provide a good measurement), a track must have transverse momenta of at least 100 MeV/c. Chapter 2. The BABAR Detector 8 0 Stereo 1 Layer 0 2 0 3 0 4 45 5 47 6 48 7 50 8 -52 9 -5410 -5511 -5712 013 014 015 016 4 cm Sense Field Guard Clearing 1-2001 8583A14 Figure 2.2: A schematic drawing of 16 layers of DCH drift cells. The lines con- necting wires are included for visualisation purposes only. Numbers in the \u00E2\u0080\u0098Stereo\u00E2\u0080\u0099 column indicate the angle in mrad of the stereo layers. Different species of particles have a characteristic rate of energy loss with distance (dE/dx), and the drift chamber can provide PID for low-momentum tracks by measuring this as a particle moves through the chamber. The dE/dx distributions for different particles as a function of momentum are shown in Fig. 2.3. Particle ID is achieved by recording the total charge deposited in each cell. Corrections are made to account for several sources of bias including signal saturation, variations in gas pressure and differences in cell geometry. For low-momentum tracks (i.e. those below 1 GeV/c), the overall dE/dx resolution is around 7%. The final PID combines this information with that gathered from the DIRC and other subsystems. Chapter 2. The BABAR Detector 9 10 3 10 4 10 -1 1 10 Track momentum (GeV/c) 80 % tr un ca te d m ea n (ar bit ra ry un its ) e \u00C2\u00B5 pi K p d Figure 2.3: Drift Chamber dE/dx as a function of particle momentum. The scatter points are from beam scan data and the curves are appro- priately parameterized Bethe-Bloch curves. The letters have their usual meanings, labelling the curves muon, electron, pion, kaon, proton and deuteron respectively. 2.3 The DIRC The function of the detector of internally-reflected C\u00CC\u008Cerenkov light (DIRC) is to perform particle identification. In particular, it especially separates kaons and pions of momenta between 2.0 and 4.0 GeV/c. It records the C\u00CC\u008Cerenkov radiation of charged particles passing through a ring of fused-silica bars located outside the drift chamber. This type of light is emitted whenever a charged particle passes through a medium with a velocity greater than the speed of light in that medium. For a medium of refractive index n (for fused-silica, n \u00E2\u0089\u0088 1.47), a particle moving with velocity v = \u00CE\u00B2c (where c denotes the speed of light in a vacuum) emits a characteristic cone of C\u00CC\u008Cerenkov light at an angle cos(\u00CE\u00B8c) = 1/(\u00CE\u00B2n). When the C\u00CC\u008Cerenkov angle \u00CE\u00B8c of a particle is measured in the DIRC, momentum information from the drift chamber allows the mass (and hence type) of the particle to be determined. Ring-imaging C\u00CC\u008Cerenkov counters have commonly been used in particle de- tectors since the 1980s, but the BABAR DIRC differs from all previous ones by utilising total internal reflection. The DIRC radiator comprises 144 synthetic Chapter 2. The BABAR Detector 10 Mirror 4.9 m 4 x 1.225m Bars glued end-to-end Purified Water Wedge Track Trajectory 17.25 mm Thickness (35.00 mm Width) Bar Box PMT + Base 10,752 PMT's Light Catcher PMT Surface Window Standoff Box Bar { { 1.17 m 8-2000 8524A6 Figure 2.4: A schematic drawing of a DIRC radiator bar (left) and imaging region. quartz bars of length 4.9m which function both as light guides and as a medium for C\u00CC\u008Cerenkov radiation. As shown in Fig. 2.4, light is carried towards DIRC electronics in the imaging region \u00E2\u0080\u0094 located at the backward-end of the detec- tor \u00E2\u0080\u0094 by successive internal reflections. A mirror is placed at the forward-end of the radiator bars to ensure forward-travelling photons are reflected back to arrive at the DIRC electronics. At the DIRC imaging region, the light expands into the \u00E2\u0080\u0098Standoff Box\u00E2\u0080\u0099 which is filled with six cubic metres of purified water of a similar refractive index to the quartz. The photons are detected at the rear of this by almost 11,000 photomultiplier tubes (PMTs), each of diameter 2.82 cm. The position and arrival-time of PMT signals are then used to calculate the C\u00CC\u008Cerenkov angle of particles passing through the DIRC radiator. At the high-momentum end of the DIRC\u00E2\u0080\u0099s functional window (around 4.0 GeV/c), the difference in the C\u00CC\u008Cerenkov angle of pions and kaons is 3.5 mr. At this momentum, the DIRC is able to separate the two species to around 3\u00CF\u0083. This increases for lower momenta, up to a separation of as much as 10\u00CF\u0083 at 2.0 GeV/c. 2.4 The Electromagnetic Calorimeter The Electromagnetic Calorimeter (EMC) measures electromagnetic showers in the energy range 20 MeV to 9 GeV. It comprises 6580 thallium-doped caesium iodide (CsI(Tl)) crystals which sit in 56 rings in a cylindrical barrel and forward end-cap which together cover a solid angle of \u00E2\u0088\u00920.775 \u00E2\u0089\u00A4 cos \u00CE\u00B8 \u00E2\u0089\u00A4 0.962 in the laboratory frame. This coverage region was chosen because few photons travel in the extreme backward direction. The barrel part of the EMC is located Chapter 2. The BABAR Detector 11 between the DCH and the magnet cryostat. Thallium-doped CsI is used because of its favourable properties. It has a high light yield, a small Molie\u00CC\u0080re radius and a short radiation length. These allow excellent resolution of both energy and angle within the compact design of the detector. 11271375 920 1555 2295 2359 1801 558 1979 22.7\u00CB\u009A 26.8\u00CB\u009A 15.8\u00CB\u009A Interaction Point 1-2001 8572A03 38.2\u00CB\u009A External Support Figure 2.5: A cross-section of the EMC (top half). The EMC is symmetric in \u00CF\u0086. Dimensions are given in mm. Altogether, the EMC weighs more than 26 tonnes. The crystals are held from the rear by an aluminium support system. Similarly, cooling equipment and cables are also located at the rear. This configuration minimises the amount of material between the interaction point (IP) and the crystals. The support structure is in turn attached to the coil cryostat. The layout of the aluminium support and the 56 crystal rings can be seen in Fig. 2.5. High-energy electrons and photons create electromagnetic showers when travelling through the EMC crystals. The shower size depends on the prop- erties of the particle. The crystal absorbs the shower photons, and re-emits them as visible scintillation light. When tested with a source of 1.836 MeV photons, the average light yield per crystal is 7300 emitted photons per MeV of energy. The scintillation photons are read out with a package consisting of two silicon photodiodes and two preamplifiers mounted on each crystal. There is a degradation in time due to radiation damage inside the EMC, and the crystals are constantly monitored to gauge their individual performance. This is achieved by recording the EMC response both to known radioactive sources and to real events (i.e. from colliding beams). The latter involves cali- brating the system by measuring particles of a known type, energy and position with the EMC. A variety of events are used for this calibration, including e+e\u00E2\u0088\u0092 (Bhabhas), \u00CE\u00B3\u00CE\u00B3 and \u00C2\u00B5+\u00C2\u00B5\u00E2\u0088\u0092. Chapter 2. The BABAR Detector 12 2.5 The Muon Detection System The IFR consists of three sections \u00E2\u0080\u0094 a central cylindrical barrel and two end caps. When BABAR was commissioned, the IFR was filled with Resistive Plate Counters (RPCs). Due to degradation and diminishing efficiency over the course of running, it became necessary to replace the barrel RPCs between 2004 and 2006 with a different technology (LSTs). RPCs are still used in the end caps. The IFR is designed to detect deeply penetrating particles such as muons and neutral hadrons (mostly K0 L and neutrons). The system covers a large solid angle and was designed to have high efficiency and high background rejection. The IFR structure, shown in Fig. 2.6, is made from large quantities of iron, segmented into 18 plates of thickness varying between 2cm (nearest the beam) and 10cm (the outermost layer). The total thickness of the barrel is 65 cm, and the end caps 60 cm. The iron (which also functions as the superconducting magnet\u00E2\u0080\u0099s flux return) is optimized to be a muon filter and neutral hadron ab- sorber allowing the best identification of muons and K0 L s. The iron layers are separated by a 3.2 cm gap where up to 19 RPCs, LSTs, or layers of brass can be housed. Figure 2.6: The IFR barrel and forward (FW) and backward (BW) endcaps. RPCs and LSTs are different designs which achieve the same goal \u00E2\u0080\u0094 to provide accurately timed, precise two-dimensional positions of charges passing through. An RPC is filled with a gas mixture of argon, Freon and isobutane. Two graphite-coated surfaces located on either side of the gas are held at a potential difference of 6700-7600 V. Ionising particles create a streamer between these two surfaces and their presence is read-out by pairs of capacitive strips running parallel and perpendicular to the beam. Linseed oil was used to coat inner surfaces, and degradation of this and the Chapter 2. The BABAR Detector 13 graphite surfaces contributed to efficiency losses as the experiment progressed. By 2002, the muon identification efficiency had dropped from 87% (at the start of running) to 78% at a pion misidentification rate of 4%. For this reason, LSTs were installed to replace all RPCs in the barrel. Two sextants were fully replaced in summer 2004, and the remaining four sextants in summer 2006. The RPCs in the forward end cap were replaced with new, more robust RPCs in fall 2000 [16]. LSTs function slightly differently from RPCs. An LST consists of either seven or eight gas-filled cells. Through the length of each cell runs a wire held at high voltage (HV) of around 5500 V. To stop the wire sagging, several wire- holders are fitted along the cell\u00E2\u0080\u0099s length. The gas mixture in the LST cells is predominantly carbon dioxide, and also contains smaller amounts of isobutane and argon. A charged particle passing through the cell ionizes the gas and creates a streamer which can be read out from the wire. This provides the \u00CF\u0086 co-ordinate. The streamer also induces a charge on a plane below the wire. Running parallel to the wires are a series of conducting strips (z-planes) which detect this charge and provide the z co-ordinate. For the upgrades in 2004 and 2005, the nineteen layers of RPCs in each barrel sextant were replaced by twelve layers of LSTs and six of brass. The outermost layer of RPCs was inaccessible, so no LSTs could be installed there. The brass was installed in every second layer starting with the fifth both to compensate for the loss of absorption between the two outer layers and to increase the total absorption length. 14 Chapter 3 Particle Lists The BABAR database of events (including more than 400 million BB events) is very large and several stages of processing exist to reduce the time and storage requirements of analysts. The final selected data are stored in ntuples, and analysts must make a number of decisions regarding the types of information that should be stored. For example, it is often desirable to store only events of a certain type, and necessary to define what properties a track candidate should have before it is considered relevant. As well as containing well-measured particles (charged tracks and neutrals) from genuine physics events, raw data includes a lot of other (\u00E2\u0080\u0098junk\u00E2\u0080\u0099) informa- tion which must be filtered as much as possible. This includes particles from cosmic rays, and beam-gas and beam-wall interactions. The software used by the BABAR Collaboration is flexible enough to give analysts control over this filtering. The term particle list means a list of all charged or neutral candidates in a particular event which pass certain criteria. These criteria are varied and depending on the type of list can include limits on track angle, momentum, distance of the track from the interaction point and many other quantities. A candidate is a collection of hits within the detector (for neutral particles this takes the form of energy deposits in certain detector components) which after reconstruction have been identified as a likely particle. Candidates can be either charged or neutral, and there is no guarantee a candidate is in fact anything other than background noise \u00E2\u0080\u0094 it only has to appear to be a genuine particle. A charged candidate is a track associated with a particle moving inside the detector which (because of its charge) curves in the magnetic field. A neutral candidate is any EMC cluster which has no matching track. 3.1 Lists Used in B Counting The most basic lists, on which others are based are ChargedTracks and CalorNeu- tral. These contain every charged and neutral candidate after event reconstruc- tion. The lists used in the past for B Counting are ChargedTracksAcc (for charged candidates) and GoodNeutralLooseAcc (neutrals). There is also an additional requirement based on the number of charged candidates on the GoodTracksAc- cLoose list. The lists used in this analysis are slightly different to these and are in- Chapter 3. Particle Lists 15 stead based on the established lists GoodTracksLoose (for charged candidates) and CalorNeutral with some customized additions. The requirements for Good- TracksLoose, ChargedTracksAcc and GoodNeutralLooseAcc are shown in Table 3.1. Table 3.1: Criteria of some existing particle lists used in B Counting. GoodTracksLoose ChargedTracksAcc GoodNeutralLooseAcc pT > 0.05 GeV/c 0.41 < \u00CE\u00B8 < 2.54 Raw energy > 0.03 GeV DOCA in xy < 1.5 cm 0.41 < \u00CE\u00B8 < 2.409 DOCA along z < 2.5 cm |p| < 10 GeV/c V0 daughters excluded The addition of \u00E2\u0080\u0098Acc\u00E2\u0080\u0099 (within acceptance region) to a list name denotes angu- lar requirements which keep the track within the detector. The list GoodTrack- sAccLoose is the same as GoodTracksLoose with the additional requirement 0.41 < \u00CE\u00B8 < 2.54 for each track. DOCA stands for the Distance of Closest Approach of the track to the interaction point. By rejecting tracks which do not closely approach the IP, a large number of background tracks can be removed from the event. Tracks clearly identified as V0 daughters are removed from the GoodTrack- sLoose list. These are tracks which originate at a vertex far from the IP, and are obviously secondary decay products. 3.2 Charged Candidates The list of charged candidates used in this thesis is based on the standard Good- TracksLoose with V0 daughters included. For many analyses it is convenient not to include them in the main charged list so they can later be identified and added only if desired. For example, it is beneficial for some analyses to reconstruct pi0 mesons in this way. For B Counting, this sort of flexibility is not necessary. The quantities of importance for labelling events hadronic or mu-like mostly rely on information from the entire event such as the total event energy, the to- tal number of tracks, or the sphericity of the event. The sphericity is measured by a quantity called R2, which is the ratio of the event\u00E2\u0080\u0099s second and zeroth Fox-Wolfram moments [15]. In addition to this, some angular requirements are imposed to keep tracks within the detector\u00E2\u0080\u0099s acceptance region. These are determined by comparing data and Monte-Carlo simulated data. At very high or very low angles, MC is less able to simulate tracks, so the maximum and minimum angular values are chosen to ensure data and MC agree closely in the selected region. At very high or very low angles there are fewer layers of the detector (espe- cially the drift chamber) which particles can traverse. Tracks passing near the edges of detector will be more difficult to reconstruct than other tracks, and Chapter 3. Particle Lists 16 some may be lost. This is difficult to simulate accurately with Monte Carlo. The angular cuts chosen are almost identical to those used in \u00E2\u0080\u0099Acc\u00E2\u0080\u0099 charged lists. Theta of Each Charged Candidate 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 Tr ac ks p er 0 .0 03 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 Theta of Each Charged Candidate 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 Tr ac ks p er 0 .0 03 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 Figure 3.1: High and low theta regions for tracks on the GoodTracksLoose list. The solid line represents on-peak data, and the points (+) off-peak data. Figure 3.1 shows the high and low \u00CE\u00B8 regions for tracks on the GoodTrack- sLoose list. The solid curve represents on-peak data, and the dotted curve off-peak data. In both regions the agreement between MC and data is good even beyond the cuts, but sharp drop in data events at just below 0.4 and above 2.6 indicate the regions where the effects of reaching the detector\u00E2\u0080\u0099s edges become apparent. The cuts are chosen on either side of these drops to ensure the selected region is both modelled well by MC and doesn\u00E2\u0080\u0099t include regions where edge effects appear. For later convenience, this new list is given the name ChargedTracksBC. 3.3 Neutral Candidates The list of neutral candidates used in this analysis is based on the standard CalorNeutral list. It has additional angular requirements (again to ensure the region studied is well-described by Monte Carlo), and a minimum energy re- quirement of 100 MeV. The reasoning behind choosing these particular angular cuts (0.42 < \u00CE\u00B8 < 2.40) is similar to that of the charged tracks list. The high and low theta regions Chapter 3. Particle Lists 17 are shown in Fig. 3.2. The acceptance region for neutral particles depends on the angular range of the EMC (see Fig. 2.5), so is different than for charged tracks. The shape of Fig. 3.2 clearly shows the EMC construction \u00E2\u0080\u0094 the highest peaks are at the centre of EMC crystals. Theta of Each Neutral Candidate 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 Tr ac ks p er 0 .0 03 0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000 80000 90000 Theta of Each Neutral Candidate 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 Tr ac ks p er 0 .0 03 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 Figure 3.2: High and low theta regions for candidates on the CalorNeutral list. The solid line represents on-peak data, and the points (+) off-peak data. The angular cut for high theta values is made to exclude the two most extreme crystals, ensuring neutrals are well within the detector. For the low theta region, the cut is based on the agreement between MC and data. Although EMC crystals are in place for theta values as low as 0.3, the best agreement between MC and data occurs above 0.42. Within reasonable limits, the exact choice of angular cut is arbitrary, but the range 0.42 < \u00CE\u00B8 < 2.40 is made for the neutral list for the above reasons. To reduce backgrounds, a minimum energy requirement of 100 MeV per cluster is also imposed on the neutral list. Erroneous neutral clusters due to beam gas or electronic noise have a random distribution throughout any event. The level of this background can be determined by examining muon-pair events where the muons are back-to-back. These e+e\u00E2\u0088\u0092 \u00E2\u0086\u0092 \u00C2\u00B5+\u00C2\u00B5\u00E2\u0088\u0092 events are very clean \u00E2\u0080\u0094 the back-to-back requirement implies the muons have not radiated photons, so within certain limits the muons are the only genuine physics tracks in the event. Figure 3.4 shows the distribution of energy per neutral cluster for such back-to-back muon events (solid curve) and compares this to mu-pair Monte Chapter 3. Particle Lists 18 Theta of Each Neutral Candidate 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 Tr ac ks p er 0 .0 03 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 Theta of Each Neutral Candidate 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 Tr ac ks p er 0 .0 03 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 Figure 3.3: BB data and MC for high and low neutral angles. Candidates are on the CalorNeutral list. The solid line represents BB data the points (+) BB MC. Carlo. The events plotted pass isBCMuMu and additionally the two highest- momentum tracks are within 0.02 radians (1.1\u00E2\u0097\u00A6) of back-to-back. A cut at 0.1 GeV removes the vast majority of neutral energy from this event at the expense of little physics, so this requirement is included in the B Counting neutral list. This new list is given the name NeutralsBC. Table 3.2: Criteria of the lists used in this thesis. ChargedTracksBC NeutralsBC On ChargedTracks list On CalorNeutral list pT > 0.05 GeV/c Cluster energy > 0.1 GeV DOCA in xy < 1.5 cm 0.42 < \u00CE\u00B8 < 2.40 DOCA along z < 2.5 cm |p| < 10 GeV/c 0.42 < \u00CE\u00B8 < 2.53 Chapter 3. Particle Lists 19 Energy of Each Neutral Candidate (Data)0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 Cl us te rs p er 0 .0 05 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 310\u00C3\u0097 Figure 3.4: Neutral backgrounds in Run 6 back-to-back mu-pair events. The solid curve represents data, and the points (+) mu-pair MC. The energy of each neutral cluster in an event is plotted for mu-like events where the muons are within 0.02 radians of back-to-back. 20 Chapter 4 B Counting As its name suggests, B Counting involves determining the number of BB events in a particular data sample. It is necessary to know this to measure any B meson branching ratio for a particular final state. For example, B(B0 \u00E2\u0086\u0092 D\u00E2\u0088\u0092pi+) is approximately 0.3%. This value is equal to the number of B0 \u00E2\u0086\u0092 D\u00E2\u0088\u0092pi+ decays in a particular sample divided by the total number of B0 events in the sample. 4.1 Method for B Counting The B mesons produced at BABAR are from the decay of the \u00CE\u00A5 (4S) meson (a bb state). Due to inefficiencies, the ratio of B0B0 production to B+B\u00E2\u0088\u0092 production from \u00CE\u00A5 (4S) decay is difficult to measure, but the currently accepted value is consistent with 1. The BABAR Collaboration has published the result [10]: R+/0 = B(\u00CE\u00A5 (4S) \u00E2\u0086\u0092 B+B\u00E2\u0088\u0092)/B(\u00CE\u00A5 (4S) \u00E2\u0086\u0092 B0B0) = 1.006\u00C2\u00B1 0.036 (stat.)\u00C2\u00B1 0.031 (syst.). (4.1) It is common to assume this number is exactly unity. Hence, to calculate a particular B branching ratio in a sample, it is only necessary to count the total number of BB events in the sample, regardless of charge. The current method used to count B mesons by the BABAR Collaboration has been in place since 2000 [11]. In a sample of on-peak data, the number of BB events is equal to the total number of hadronic events (N 0H) less the number of non-BB hadronic events (N 0X). N0B = N 0 H \u00E2\u0088\u0092N0X (4.2) In this sense, hadronic means events which look like e+e\u00E2\u0088\u0092 \u00E2\u0086\u0092 hadrons. The superscript \u00E2\u0080\u009C0\u00E2\u0080\u009D in each case indicates these quantities are the actual numbers produced of each event type. In reality, every quantity has an associated effi- ciency since nothing can be counted perfectly. In the B Counting code, we can only use the number of each quantity counted, and the number of B mesons produced is calculated from the number of B mesons counted by dividing by the BB efficiency \u00CE\u00B5B . The number of on-peak continuum events can be found by scaling (by lu- minosity) an off-peak sample where, without \u00CE\u00A5 (4S) production, all events are non-BB. The small decrease in energy from on-peak to off-peak data-taking Chapter 4. B Counting 21 changes all continuum production rates slightly, but almost all of these events scale in the same way as muon-pair events (i.e. e+e\u00E2\u0088\u0092 \u00E2\u0086\u0092 \u00C2\u00B5+\u00C2\u00B5\u00E2\u0088\u0092). Hence, the ratio of muon-pairs in the on- and off-peak samples is approximately equal to the ratio of the luminosities of the two samples. B Counting relies on the fact that the ratio of muon-pair to continuum (i.e. non-BB) events in a sample is the same (to an excellent approximation) regardless of the CM energy: N0X N0\u00C2\u00B5 \u00E2\u0089\u0088 N \u00E2\u0080\u00B20 X N \u00E2\u0080\u00B20\u00C2\u00B5 . (4.3) In this thesis, unless stated otherwise, primed symbols represent off-peak values. 4.2 Derivation of the B Counting Formula Suppose we wish to calculate the number of B mesons in a sample of on-peak data of luminosity L, using an off-peak data sample of luminosity L\u00E2\u0080\u00B2. For sim- plicity, off-peak quantities are primed, and hadronic, mu-pair, BB and contin- uum quantities have the subscripts H , \u00C2\u00B5, B and X respectively. The numbers produced of each quantity (as opposed to those counted by the B Counting selectors) have the superscript \u00E2\u0080\u009C0\u00E2\u0080\u009D. In a sample of on-peak data, the number of BB events is equal to the total number of hadronic events (N0H) less the number of non-BB hadronic events (N0X). N0B = N 0 H \u00E2\u0088\u0092N0X (4.4) The number of on-peak continuum events can be found by scaling (by lu- minosity) an off-peak sample (in which all events are non-BB). The small decrease in energy from on-peak to off-peak data-taking changes all continuum production rates slightly, but almost all of these events scale in similar ways with luminosity. For any particular type of event, the number counted is equal to the number produced multiplied by the efficiency (\u00CE\u00B5). So for example, N\u00C2\u00B5 = \u00CE\u00B5\u00C2\u00B5N 0 \u00C2\u00B5 = \u00CE\u00B5\u00C2\u00B5\u00CF\u0083\u00C2\u00B5L (4.5) and N \u00E2\u0080\u00B2\u00C2\u00B5 = \u00CE\u00B5 \u00E2\u0080\u00B2 \u00C2\u00B5N \u00E2\u0080\u00B20 \u00C2\u00B5 = \u00CE\u00B5 \u00E2\u0080\u00B2 \u00C2\u00B5\u00CF\u0083 \u00E2\u0080\u00B2 \u00C2\u00B5L\u00E2\u0080\u00B2. (4.6) For off-peak data, there is no \u00CE\u00A5 (4S) production, so we can assume that all hadrons are from continuum events (and hence the symbols N \u00E2\u0080\u00B2H and N \u00E2\u0080\u00B2 X are equivalent): N \u00E2\u0080\u00B2H = N \u00E2\u0080\u00B2 X = \u00CE\u00B5 \u00E2\u0080\u00B2 XN \u00E2\u0080\u00B20 X = \u00CE\u00B5 \u00E2\u0080\u00B2 X\u00CF\u0083 \u00E2\u0080\u00B2 XL\u00E2\u0080\u00B2. (4.7) We define: \u00CE\u00BA \u00E2\u0089\u00A1 \u00CE\u00B5 \u00E2\u0080\u00B2 \u00C2\u00B5\u00CF\u0083 \u00E2\u0080\u00B2 \u00C2\u00B5 \u00CE\u00B5\u00C2\u00B5\u00CF\u0083\u00C2\u00B5 \u00C2\u00B7 \u00CE\u00B5X\u00CF\u0083X \u00CE\u00B5\u00E2\u0080\u00B2X\u00CF\u0083 \u00E2\u0080\u00B2 X (4.8) \u00E2\u0089\u00A1 \u00CE\u00BA\u00C2\u00B5 \u00C2\u00B7 \u00CE\u00BAX . (4.9) Chapter 4. B Counting 22 We combine (4.6), (4.7) and (4.8) to give: N \u00E2\u0080\u00B2X N \u00E2\u0080\u00B2\u00C2\u00B5 \u00CE\u00BA = \u00CE\u00B5\u00E2\u0080\u00B2X\u00CF\u0083 \u00E2\u0080\u00B2 XL\u00E2\u0080\u00B2 \u00CE\u00B5\u00E2\u0080\u00B2\u00C2\u00B5\u00CF\u0083 \u00E2\u0080\u00B2 \u00C2\u00B5L\u00E2\u0080\u00B2 \u00CE\u00BA = \u00CE\u00B5X\u00CF\u0083X \u00CE\u00B5\u00C2\u00B5\u00CF\u0083\u00C2\u00B5 . (4.10) The hadronic events in the on-peak sample consist of continuum and BB events: N0H = N 0 X +N 0 B (4.11) and the number of counted hadronic events is NH = \u00CE\u00B5XN 0 X + \u00CE\u00B5BN 0 B . (4.12) Hence from (4.10), we can write \u00CE\u00B5BN 0 B = NH \u00E2\u0088\u0092 \u00CE\u00B5XN0X (4.13) = NH \u00E2\u0088\u0092 \u00CE\u00B5X\u00CF\u0083XL (4.14) = NH \u00E2\u0088\u0092 N \u00E2\u0080\u00B2 H N \u00E2\u0080\u00B2\u00C2\u00B5 \u00C2\u00B7 \u00CE\u00BA \u00C2\u00B7 \u00CE\u00B5\u00C2\u00B5\u00CF\u0083\u00C2\u00B5 \u00C2\u00B7 N\u00C2\u00B5 \u00CE\u00B5\u00C2\u00B5\u00CF\u0083\u00C2\u00B5 (4.15) = NH \u00E2\u0088\u0092N\u00C2\u00B5 \u00C2\u00B7 N \u00E2\u0080\u00B2 H N \u00E2\u0080\u00B2\u00C2\u00B5 \u00C2\u00B7 \u00CE\u00BA. (4.16) Hence, the number of BB mesons produced in the on-peak sample is given by: N0B = 1 \u00CE\u00B5B (NH \u00E2\u0088\u0092N\u00C2\u00B5 \u00C2\u00B7 Roff \u00C2\u00B7 \u00CE\u00BA), (4.17) where Roff \u00E2\u0089\u00A1 N \u00E2\u0080\u00B2 X N \u00E2\u0080\u00B2\u00C2\u00B5 . (4.18) In general, \u00CE\u00BA is close to unity. The exact values and uncertainties of \u00CE\u00BA\u00C2\u00B5 and \u00CE\u00BAX are discussed in detail later. 4.3 B Counting Goals Figure 4.1 demonstrates the scaling of on- and off-peak data by the number of muon-pairs in each sample. The figure is a plot of total energy for events passing all hadronic cuts, except for one on ETotal itself (the existing B Counting cut is set at 4.5 GeV). Samples of on- and off-peak data from the same time period are plotted \u00E2\u0080\u0094 in this case from \u00E2\u0080\u0098Run 4\u00E2\u0080\u0099, which took place between September 2003 and July 2004. The off-peak data is luminosity-scaled (by the ratio of muon pairs in each sample) to match the on-peak data. When correctly-scaled off-peak data is subtracted from on-peak data, the remaining events are those from \u00CE\u00A5 (4S) decay, the vast majority of which are BB events. This BB data is shown in Fig. 4.1 and again in Fig. 4.2 where it is overlaid with BB Monte Carlo (MC) generated events. The agreement between data and MC is generally very good. Ideally the B Counting hadronic selection efficiency should be: Chapter 4. B Counting 23 Total Event Energy Divided by CM Energy 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 Ev en ts p er 0 .0 07 U ni ts 0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000 80000 90000 Figure 4.1: Total energy divided by CM energy (ETotal/eCM) for events passing all B Counting hadronic cuts apart from one on ETotal for a sample of data from Runs 5 and 6. The bin width is 0.007. The solid (+) histogram represents on-peak (off-peak) data. The off-peak data is scaled by luminosity to the on-peak data, and the dotted histogram is the difference between the two. Total Event Energy Divided by CM Energy 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 Ev en ts p er 0 .0 07 U ni ts 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000 Figure 4.2: ETotal/eCM on- and off-peak subtraction, overlaid with BB Monte Carlo. The solid histogram represents data (off-peak subtracted from on-peak in Fig. 4.1) and the dotted histogram is from MC. The histograms are normalised to have the same area from 0.0\u00E2\u0080\u00931.0. Chapter 4. B Counting 24 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 high for B meson events, \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 insensitive to changing background conditions (i.e. stable in time), and \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 in good agreement with simulation BB Monte Carlo. Similarly the B Counting muon selection should also be insensitive to back- grounds and be in good agreement with MC. The specific selection requirements are described in later chapters. More than 400 million BB pairs have been created in BABAR during its running, so B Counting is a very high statistics task and uncertainties are predominantly systematic. The main aim of the work described in this thesis is to find selection criteria optimising these requirements and minimising the final systematic error in the number of B pairs counted. 4.4 TrkFixup This thesis proposes the first major update to B Counting since the original method was devised in 2000. Since then, many improvements have been made to both hardware and software within BABAR which have improved the precision of many analyses. One of the most significant for B Counting, named TrkFixup was proposed in 2005 and fully implemented by mid-2007. A systematic uncertainty present in any BABAR analysis comes from the tracking precision. There are many reasons the tracking information of charged particles passing through the detector can be incorrect. For example, a collection of drift chamber and SVT hits due to noise could be incorrectly reconstructed as a charged track. Similarly low-momentum particles which loop around within the detector can be misidentified as more than one track. TrkFixup improves the tracking precision through several methods. Firstly, it improves track resolution by modifying pattern recognition algorithms. It also increases the track finding probability and removes unwanted (\u00E2\u0080\u0098junk\u00E2\u0080\u0099) tracks such as duplicate (e.g. looping) tracks and backgrounds. This is achieved by re-examining \u00E2\u0080\u0098questionable\u00E2\u0080\u0099 tracks with more sophisticated algorithms than pre- viously used. These improvements are important to B Counting for several reasons. Re- ducing sensitivity to beam backgrounds is a key part of this thesis and the addition of TrkFixup to track reconstruction improves this even before any ad- justment to the B Counting cuts is made. Some other improvements are obvious, such as increased precision in measurements of track momentum and position. This is important for border-line events which narrowly pass or fail a particular cut. When counting muon-like events, a requirement of the B Counting code is that the event have at least two \u00E2\u0080\u0098good\u00E2\u0080\u0099 tracks. TrkFixup affects B Counting directly through this cut, as events previously with only one good track could now be found to have two or more. Similarly, an event previously labelled as mu-like could be found after TrkFixup to have fewer than two good tracks and thus fail the selection. Chapter 4. B Counting 25 4.5 Original B Counting Requirements The original requirements (i.e. those in place before the research described herein) for an event to be labelled as mu-like or hadronic for B Counting purposes were proposed in 2000 [11]. An event passing these criteria during processing receives a label (known as a \u00E2\u0080\u0098tag\u00E2\u0080\u0099) isBCMuMu or isBCMultiHadron respectively. The criteria are summarized in Table 4.1. During reconstruction, events can receive one or more BGF tag. They have very simple criteria and are designed to quickly accept all possibly useful physics events. The BGF tags enable some time to be saved during reconstruction, as an event must have at least one of them to be fully processed. BGFMultiHadron and BGFMuMu are two of these which are used in B Counting. BGFMultiHadron has the very simple selection requirements of at least three charged tracks, and R2 of less than 0.98 in the CM frame. R2 is the second Fox-Wolfram Moment divided by the zeroth Fox-Wolfram Moment and is a measure of the event\u00E2\u0080\u0099s sphericity [15]. A pair of back-to-back particles have R2 approaching one, while very spherical events (i.e. ones with many tracks distributed evenly around the event) have R2 approaching zero. Thus the events which do not receive the BGFMultiHadron tag are mostly e+e\u00E2\u0088\u0092 \u00E2\u0086\u0092 `+`\u00E2\u0088\u0092. The three track requirement also filters out several types of two-photon and Initial State Radiation (ISR) events. Table 4.1: Criteria of the isBCMuMu and isBCMultiHadron B Counting tags. The definitions of each quantity are given in the text. isBCMuMu Tag isBCMultiHadron Tag BGFMuMu BGFMultiHadron masspair > 7.5 GeV/c2 R2All \u00E2\u0089\u00A4 0.5 acolincm < 0.17453 (10\u00E2\u0097\u00A6) nGTL \u00E2\u0089\u00A5 3 nTracks \u00E2\u0089\u00A5 2 ETotal \u00E2\u0089\u00A5 4.5 GeV maxpCosTheta < 0.7485 PrimVtxdr < 0.5 cm maxpEmcCandEnergy > 0 GeV |PrimVtxdz| < 6.0 cm maxpEmcLab < 1 GeV The criteria of BGFMuMu are also very broad, and are designed to quickly reject events which cannot be mu-pair events. To be labelled BGFMuMu, the two tracks of highest momenta must have momenta above 4 GeV/c and 2 GeV/c respectively and be approximately back-to-back (2.8 < \u00CE\u00B81 +\u00CE\u00B82 < 3.5). Also, the energy deposited in the EMC by the two highest-momentum tracks must add to less than 2 GeV. The isBCMuMu tag has many criteria which depend on the properties of the two highest-momenta tracks \u00E2\u0080\u0094 if the event is a genuine mu-pair event, these will almost certainly be the two muons. The quantity masspair is the invariant mass Chapter 4. B Counting 26 of the pair and acolincm is the acolinearity (the angular departure from back- to-back) of the pair in the centre-of-mass (CM) frame. Also in the CM frame, both tracks must have | cos(\u00CE\u00B8)| < 0.7485. The maximum energy deposited in the EMC by one of these tracks must be less than 1 GeV in the laboratory frame, and at least one must leave some energy in the EMC. The former condition rejects approximately 99.7% of all Bhabha events, which on average deposit just over 5 GeV of energy per electron track. The final isBCMuMu quantity is nTracks, the number of reconstructed charged tracks on the TaggingList list. The criteria of isBCMultiHadron mostly involve quantities related to the entire event. R2All is R2 calculated only using charged and neutral candidates from within the detector acceptance region (i.e. from the ChargedTracksAcc and GoodNeutralLooseAcc lists). There are also requirements on the number of tracks on the GoodTracksLoose list (nGTL) and the total event energy recorded in the laboratory frame (ETotal). A possible source of background events is beam-wall interactions. These are showers caused by a particle from the beam interacting with the walls of the beam pipe and can resemble genuine physics events. The primary vertex is the point calculated after reconstruction to be the most likely vertex for all tracks in the event. To reject beam-gas interactions, isBCMultiHadron has requirements on the distance between the primary vertex and the beamspot in the xy plane (PrimVtxdr) and in z (PrimVtxdz ). The number of B mesons in a particular on-peak sample can be calculated using these tags and (4.17) by equating the number of isBCMuMu events with N\u00C2\u00B5 and the number of isBCMultiHadron events with NH . The value of Roff depends on beam conditions and backgrounds and so changes with time. Off-peak running occurs only for short periods around larger blocks of on-peak running, so when calculating the number of B mesons in any particular on-peak sample, the value of Roff is based on the closest blocks of off-peak running. Many effects including changing background conditions cause long-term time- variations in selector (hadronic and muon-pair) efficiencies and this is discussed in the following chapters. The association of on-peak data with only the most recent off-peak running period ensures this variation has a minimal effect on B Counting. 27 Chapter 5 Muon Selection The motivation for the work in this thesis is to improve the understanding of B Counting at BABAR and if possible to modify the method to reduce overall uncertainty. With more than 400 million BB pairs recorded, statistical effects are often negligible, so improvements must come through reducing systematic uncertainty. This chapter describes proposed modifications to the mu-pair part of the B Counting code. 5.1 Monte Carlo Simulation Muon-pair events are simulated with the KK2F MC generator [17]. Before any detector simulation is applied, the physics cross-sections for the process e+e\u00E2\u0088\u0092 \u00E2\u0086\u0092 \u00C2\u00B5+\u00C2\u00B5\u00E2\u0088\u0092 within the detector can be calculated using a BABAR application called GeneratorsQAApp. Based on 10 million generated on- and off-peak events, the cross-sections are (1.11853\u00C2\u00B10.00011) nb and (1.12647\u00C2\u00B10.00011) nb respectively. For detector simulation of all MC events, the BABAR Collaboration uses GEANT 4 [18]. After GEANT has been applied to the simulated events, they are made to correspond to a particular time by adding background frames from data. These frames are random \u00E2\u0080\u0098snapshots\u00E2\u0080\u0099 of detector occupancy and are recorded at a rate of 1 Hz. The events are then reconstructed in the same way as data. This background mixing increases the realism of the Monte Carlo simulation by more accurately reflecting the processes occurring simultaneously within the detector. The detector conditions (such as the number of non-functioning EMC crys- tals), the levels of beam-background, luminosity and other effects vary with time and cause a time-dependence in the efficiency of the mu-pair selector. The efficiency of isBCMuMu (and almost any other quantity) for a sample of MC depends on the time at which it was \u00E2\u0080\u0098taken\u00E2\u0080\u0099, i.e. on the time of the mixed-in backgrounds. Here, efficiency means the proportion of generated mu-pair events which pass the mu-pair B Counting selector. In this way MC simulates the same effect in data. The efficiency of isBCMuMu for simulated mu-pair MC is approximately 43%. As described in Chapter 4, the number of mu-pair events in a data sample is used to scale the sample by luminosity. In modifying the muon selection, the goal is to reduce the total uncertainty when counting B mesons, so the absolute value of the efficiency is not as important its variation in time. Chapter 5. Muon Selection 28 5.2 Cut on Muon Pair Invariant Mass Ideally the muon selection will function identically on both on- and off-peak data. The total change in energy between the two is small (around 40 MeV), but any cut which varies depending on CM energy should be altered to minimize the effect. Of the isBCMuMu cuts listed in Table 4.1, the one altered the most by this effect is masspair \u00E2\u0080\u0094 the invariant mass of the two highest momentum tracks. This cut is designed to reject tau pairs but accept almost all genuine muon events. The tau pairs are very short-lived and decay into multiple particles before reaching the beam-pipe walls. These events fail because the two highest- momentum tracks do not carry the majority of the energy and their invariant mass is comparatively low. For muon-pair events, masspair peaks near the beam energy. A simple method of removing sensitivity to CM energy (eCM) is to define a new quantity, masspair scaled by the total energy \u00E2\u0080\u0094 masspair/eCM \u00E2\u0080\u0094 and cut instead on this. If the cut value in Table 4.1 is scaled by the on-peak beam energy of 10.58 GeV, the revised cut is: masspair eCM > 7.5 GeV/c2 10.58 GeV \u00E2\u0089\u0088 0.709. (5.1) In this thesis, we set c = 1 for convenience unless otherwise stated. 5.3 Minimum EMC Energy Requirement As described in Chapter 4, to receive the isBCMuMu tag an event must meet certain EMC requirements. Of the two highest-momenta tracks, the maximum energy deposited in the EMC by either one must be non-zero and less than 1 GeV. It was found during this research that depending on the time-of-running, up to 2% of events failed muon selection because both tracks deposited no energy in the EMC, i.e. events which would otherwise pass the selection were rejected because the quantity maxpEmcCandEnergy was zero. In the original B Counting code, the maximum EMC energy cut was calcu- lated in the lab frame, while the minimum was calculated in the CM. However, any zero measurement in the EMC is equivalent regardless of frame, so for sim- plicity in this thesis, the minimum and maximum allowed EMC deposits are both calculated in the lab frame. This effect was studied in samples of at least a million on-peak data events with the BGFMuMu tag from each of the six major running periods (Runs 1\u00E2\u0080\u0093 6). Some of the quantities of interest for events passing all other muon selection requirements are shown in Tables 5.1 and 5.2. The value of p1EmcCandEnergy is the amount of energy left in the EMC by the highest momentum track, and p2EmcCandEnergy the amount for the second highest momentum track. The maximum of the two is named maxpEmcCandEnergy. The distribution of this Chapter 5. Muon Selection 29 maxpEmcCandEnergy (GeV)0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 Ev en ts p er 1 2 M eV 0 100 200 300 400 500 310\u00C3\u0097 Figure 5.1: Distribution of maxpEmcCandEnergy for on-peak Run 6 data pass- ing all other muon-pair selection cuts. quantity for a sample of Run 6 on-peak data passing all other muon-selection cuts is shown in Fig. 5.1. Any track has a non-zero chance of leaving no energy in the EMC. This could be due to any of several reasons including reconstruction errors or the particle hitting a gap between two EMC crystals. Assuming the individual probabilities are independent, the probability of both of the two highest momentum tracks leaving no EMC energy should be approximately the square of this number. However, as can be seen in Tables 5.1 and 5.2, the number of events with both EMC clusters equal to zero (i.e. where maxpEmcCandEnergy=0) is much higher than would be expected. This effect does not appear to be due to EMC failures in a particular region. Figure 5.2 shows the angular distribution in cos(\u00CE\u00B8) and \u00CF\u0086 of the muons in a sample of Run 6 data events which pass all other muon-selection cuts, but which have maxpEmcCandEnergy of zero. Note that the distribution is fairly randomly spread in \u00CE\u00B8 and \u00CF\u0086, although some broad bands are visible at constant \u00CF\u0086 due to detector geometry. The high proportion of events with maxpEmcCandEnergy of zero indicates some other effect is present \u00E2\u0080\u0094 it is especially noticeable in Runs 2 and 3 where the probability of both tracks leaving nothing in the EMC is greater than the probability that the highest momentum track alone deposits nothing. This was examined by Rainer Bartoldus and the BABAR Trigger, Filter and Luminosity Analysis Working Group (AWG). The predominant cause was found in events where the DCH and EMC event times differed. The Drift Chamber and EMC have different timing systems, so can occa- Chapter 5. Muon Selection 30 cos(theta) of track-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 Ph i c o- or di na te o f t ra ck -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 Figure 5.2: Angular distribution of muons from Run 6 data with maxpEmc- CandEnergy of zero. The value of \u00CF\u0086 and cos(\u00CE\u00B8) in the CM frame are plotted for the two highest-momentum tracks in events which pass all other muon-selection requirements. The number of events in each bin of this 100\u00C3\u0097 100 grid is proportional to the area of the box at the bin-centre. sionally disagree on the event time (t0). The EMC t0 is calculated in two stages. First, the average arrival-time of energy in a wide time-window around the event is found. The window is then narrowed around this average to select the EMC hits to be reconstructed. This method is susceptible to calculating incorrect t0 if background events such as stale Bhabhas arrive at an inopportune time. Stale Bhabhas are unwanted Bhabha events which happen to occur at almost the same time as another physics event. Such an event passing through the EMC at either end of the event window could cause the average arrival time of energy to shift to a time when no energy is in the EMC. Through this process events that would otherwise pass muon selection can have no energy visible in the EMC and be rejected. The proportion of events with EMC information lost in this way is complicated to simulate, but Tables 5.1 and 5.2 show reasonable agreement (usually within a factor of 2) between data and Monte Carlo. The majority of these events can be regained by changing the minimum maxpEmcCandEnergy to: \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Either maxpEmcCandEnergy > 0, \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 or at least one of the two highest momentum tracks is identified as a muon in the IFR. C h a p ter 5 . M u o n S electio n 3 1 Table 5.1: Effect of the minimum maxpEmcCandEnergy requirement on samples from Runs 1\u00E2\u0080\u00933. Run 1 Run 2 Run 3 Data MC Data MC Data MC # BGFMuMu Events 1.001\u00C3\u0097 106 0.807\u00C3\u0097 106 1.542\u00C3\u0097 106 2.580\u00C3\u0097 106 4.622\u00C3\u0097 106 1.718\u00C3\u0097 106 Pass all cuts but minimum 0.681\u00C3\u0097 106 0.576\u00C3\u0097 106 1.055\u00C3\u0097 106 1.837\u00C3\u0097 106 3.155\u00C3\u0097 106 1.223\u00C3\u0097 106 EMC energy (\u00E2\u0080\u00A0) % of \u00E2\u0080\u00A0 with 0.52 0.32 1.34 0.41 1.09 0.38 p1EmcCandEnergy=0 and p2EmcCandEnergy 6= 0 % of \u00E2\u0080\u00A0 with 0.91 0.70 1.71 0.83 1.44 0.79 p2EmcCandEnergy=0 and p1EmcCandEnergy 6= 0 % of \u00E2\u0080\u00A0 with 0.04 0.14 1.70 1.91 1.37 1.66 maxpEmcCandEnergy=0 (\u00E2\u0080\u00A1) % of \u00E2\u0080\u00A1 with at 23.3 85.4 83.3 93.4 80.6 91.3 least one track identified as a muon in IFR C h a p ter 5 . M u o n S electio n 3 2 Table 5.2: Effect of the minimum maxpEmcCandEnergy requirement on samples from Runs 4\u00E2\u0080\u00936. Run 4 Run 5 Run 6 Data MC Data MC Data MC # BGFMuMu Events 2.516\u00C3\u0097 106 3.556\u00C3\u0097 106 2.694\u00C3\u0097 106 3.045\u00C3\u0097 106 3.151\u00C3\u0097 106 1.003\u00C3\u0097 106 Pass all cuts but minimum 1.724\u00C3\u0097 106 2.542\u00C3\u0097 106 1.874\u00C3\u0097 106 2.186\u00C3\u0097 106 2.154\u00C3\u0097 106 0.711\u00C3\u0097 106 EMC energy (\u00E2\u0080\u00A0) % of \u00E2\u0080\u00A0 with 0.66 0.45 0.65 0.43 0.63 0.36 p1EmcCandEnergy=0 and p2EmcCandEnergy 6= 0 % of \u00E2\u0080\u00A0 with 1.07 0.84 1.08 0.83 1.04 0.76 p2EmcCandEnergy=0 and p1EmcCandEnergy 6= 0 % of \u00E2\u0080\u00A0 with 0.19 0.27 0.16 0.31 0.21 0.42 maxpEmcCandEnergy=0 (\u00E2\u0080\u00A1) % of \u00E2\u0080\u00A1 with at 65.1 93.4 89.8 97.9 87.6 93.5 least one track identified as a muon in IFR Chapter 5. Muon Selection 33 A requirement on the IFR has not been used previously in B Counting. This is because in general its muon identification efficiency is too low and variability with time too large to provide stable identification. However, in this case the IFR is used only to recover genuine muon-pair events that would otherwise be lost, so enables a net efficiency gain and improved stability in time. Muons are identified in the IFR by a Neutral Net muon selector [19], specifi- cally by muNNVeryLoose. The efficiency of this selector varies with time, but in muon-pair MC the probability that at least one of the two highest-momentum tracks passes is typically over 90%. The final row of Tables 5.1 and 5.2 shows the percentage of events recovered by adding this IFR requirement. In Run 6 data for example, 87.6% of events which pass all other isBCMuMu requirements but which have maxpEmcCan- dEnergy of zero are recovered. 5.4 Optimization of Cuts The muons counted by isBCMuMu selection are used to measure the luminosity of a sample of events. Since on- and off-peak data are taken at different times, the two have different background conditions. Hence, to correctly perform the B Counting background subtraction it is important the muon-pair selection be as insensitive as possible to changing backgrounds. The variation is reduced to some extent by changing to the particle lists described in Chapter 3 and by altering the masspair and maxpEmcCandEnergy cuts as described above. This sensitivity can be measured by the changes in muon-pair MC efficiency with time. Ideally the efficiency should be identical regardless of run number \u00E2\u0080\u0094 a sample of generated mu-pair events with Run 1 backgrounds should have the same efficiency as the same events with Run 6 backgrounds. In practice this is not the case, but by choosing different cut values for the requirements outlined in Table 4.1 it can be reduced. The requirement of BGFMuMu is essential as it quickly filters out large amounts of events which cannot be muon-pairs. Likewise there is little flexibility in the requirement of at least two well-identified charged tracks. The selector should identify events with well-tracked muons, and all events of this type will have at least two tracks on the charged list. The modification of the minimum maxpEmcCandEnergy requirement described above helps veto Bhabha events and is not further adjusted. The four remaining isBCMuMu requirements have slightly more flexibility in their cut values. The justification for the current cuts is given in [11], but the addition of TrkFixup and the different particle lists (ChargedTracksBC and Neu- tralsBC) used in this thesis are reason enough that they should be re-evaluated at this stage. Additionally, the method used in this thesis to find an optimal cut-set is improved and more robust. To optimise the isBCMuMu cutset, the month-by-month efficiency for muon- pair MC in both on- and off-peak running was calculated for different cutset choices. Up to and including Run 6, there are 63 months with on-peak muon- Chapter 5. Muon Selection 34 pair MC and 27 months with off-peak MC. For convenience, each month from the time of running is given an integer label \u00E2\u0080\u0094 from January 1999 (month 0) to December 2007 (month 107). The total number of cutsets trialled in the optimization procedure was 13\u00C3\u0097 17\u00C3\u009720\u00C3\u009714 = 61880. The weighted mean efficiencies of these cutsets are between 0.262 and 0.450. Table 5.3: Cut optimization of isBCMuMu. Quantity No. of increments Range masspair/eCM 13 (6.0 \u00E2\u0080\u0093 9.0)/10.58 maxpCosTheta 17 0.650 \u00E2\u0080\u0093 0.765 acolincm 20 0.01 \u00E2\u0080\u0093 0.20 maxpEmcLab 14 0.7 \u00E2\u0080\u0093 2.0 GeV The forward and backward ends of the detector have different acceptance regions, and the different angular cuts on ChargedTracksBC and NeutralsBC reflect this. When varying maxpCosTheta (the maximum value of | cos \u00CE\u00B8CM | for the two highest momentum tracks), some care must be taken to ensure the cut is not varied into a region excluded by the list\u00E2\u0080\u0099s own angular cuts. To find the \u00CE\u00B8CM angles corresponding to the angular cuts of ChargedTracksBC for a typical muon we boost into the laboratory frame from the CM by \u00CE\u00B2\u00CE\u00B3 = \u00E2\u0088\u00920.56 along z. The method for calculating the transformation of the angles of a velocity can be found in many relativistic kinematics texts, for example [20]. We find: tan \u00CE\u00B8CM = v sin \u00CE\u00B8 \u00CE\u00B3(v cos \u00CE\u00B8 + \u00CE\u00B2c) (5.2) where v is the velocity of a particle travelling at angle \u00CE\u00B8 relative to the z axis in the laboratory frame. Practically all muons from e+e\u00E2\u0088\u0092 \u00E2\u0086\u0092 \u00C2\u00B5+\u00C2\u00B5\u00E2\u0088\u0092 have CM momenta between 5.0 and 5.5 GeV/c, which corresponds to having velocities of 0.9999c in the laboratory frame (the two are identical to four significant figures). Using (5.2) and this velocity, the minimum and maximum angles of ChargedTracksBC (0.42 and 2.53) boost to 0.698 (cos \u00CE\u00B8CM = 0.766) and 2.776 (cos \u00CE\u00B8CM = 0.934) in the laboratory frame respectively. Hence, when varying maxpCosTheta, values above 0.766 should be ignored to agree with the angular requirements of the charged list. In practice, cut values up to and including 0.765 are trialled. The on- and off-peak muon-pair MC efficiency variation is shown in Fig. 5.3 and 5.4. The cutset shown has fairly typical time-variation. It has an acolincm cut of 0.07, masspair/eCM of (8.00/10.58), maxpCosTheta of 0.765 and a maximum maxpEmcCandEnergy cut of 1.0 GeV. In each month i, the statistical error \u00E2\u0088\u0086(\u00CE\u00B5i) is assumed to be binomial with \u00E2\u0088\u0086(\u00CE\u00B5i) = \u00E2\u0088\u009A \u00CE\u00B5i(1\u00E2\u0088\u0092 \u00CE\u00B5i)/Ni (5.3) Chapter 5. Muon Selection 35 Month number 20 40 60 80 100 Ef fic ie nc y 0.41 0.412 0.414 0.416 0.418 0.42 0.422 Figure 5.3: On-peak mu-pair MC efficiency variation. Details of cutset choice and error bars are in text. The \u00CF\u00872 value is 124.04 and M (the number of degrees of freedom) is 63. The dashed lines show \u00C2\u00B10.5% from the mean. Month number 20 40 60 80 100 Ef fic ie nc y 0.41 0.412 0.414 0.416 0.418 0.42 0.422 Figure 5.4: Off-peak mu-pair MC efficiency variation for the same cutset choice as on-peak distribution. The \u00CF\u00872 value is 47.94 and M (the number of degrees of freedom) is 27. The dashed lines show \u00C2\u00B10.5% from the mean. Chapter 5. Muon Selection 36 where \u00CE\u00B5i is the efficiency and Ni the total number of generated events for that month. If we assume the efficiencies come from a statistical distribution which is constant in time, the weighted mean \u00CE\u00B5\u00CC\u0082 (the solid horizontal line on the plots) is given by \u00CE\u00B5\u00CC\u0082 = 1 w M\u00E2\u0088\u0091 i=1 wi\u00CE\u00B5i (5.4) where M is the number of months with MC events, wi = 1/(\u00E2\u0088\u0086(\u00CE\u00B5i)) 2 and w =\u00E2\u0088\u0091 wi. The statistical standard deviation (shown by dashed horizontal lines) of \u00CE\u00B5\u00CC\u0082 is 1/ \u00E2\u0088\u009A w [21]. The variation around the weighted mean is obviously not random, and this shows the presence of some non-statistical systematic effects. The amount of systematic variation present can be measured by calculating the \u00CF\u00872 statistic \u00CF\u00872 = M\u00E2\u0088\u0091 i=1 (\u00CE\u00B5i \u00E2\u0088\u0092 \u00CE\u00B5\u00CC\u0082)2 (\u00E2\u0088\u0086(\u00CE\u00B5i))2 (5.5) for each cutset. If the variation was entirely statistical, an average \u00CF\u00872 value of M \u00E2\u0088\u0092 1 would be expected. The value of M \u00E2\u0088\u0092 1 is 62 for on-peak MC and 26 for off-peak MC. For the cutsets trialled, \u00CF\u00872 is much higher than this: for example 124.04 and 47.94 in Fig. 5.3 and 5.4. The on- and off-peak distributions of \u00CF\u00872 values for the 61880 cutsets are shown in Fig. 5.5 and 5.6. All cutsets trialled have a lower \u00CF\u00872 statistic than the existing B Counting muon-pair selection. For the same samples of on- and off-peak MC, the \u00CF\u00872 statistics of the isBCMuMu tag were 1016.5 and 402.25 respectively. 5.5 Estimating Systematic Uncertainty From Fig. 5.5 and 5.6 it is clear that all cutsets have \u00CF\u00872 values indicating vari- ation beyond statistical fluctuations. There is however, a broad range of \u00CF\u00872 values \u00E2\u0080\u0094 this indicates that some choices of cutset are objectively better (i.e. less sensitive to systematic effects) than others. To gauge the size of the systematic uncertainty we look for d0 in a modified \u00CF\u00872 statistic \u00CF\u0087\u00E2\u0080\u00B22(d) = M\u00E2\u0088\u0091 i=1 (\u00CE\u00B5i \u00E2\u0088\u0092 \u00CE\u00B5\u00CC\u0082)2 (\u00E2\u0088\u0086(\u00CE\u00B5i))2 + d2 (d \u00E2\u0089\u00A5 0) (5.6) such that \u00CF\u0087\u00E2\u0080\u00B22(d0) = M \u00E2\u0088\u0092 1. (5.7) Equation (5.6) is equivalent to a polynomial of order 2M in d. Clearly for d = 0, \u00CF\u0087\u00E2\u0080\u00B22(0) = \u00CF\u00872 > M \u00E2\u0088\u0092 1 and for large d, \u00CF\u0087\u00E2\u0080\u00B22(d) \u00E2\u0086\u0092 0. So, since (5.6) is continuous, by the Intermediate Value Theorem there is at least one real d0 satisfying (5.7). In practice, d0 is found numerically by incrementing d from zero in steps of 1\u00C3\u0097 10\u00E2\u0088\u00926 until \u00CF\u0087\u00E2\u0080\u00B22(d) < M \u00E2\u0088\u0092 1. The value of d at this point is taken to be equal Chapter 5. Muon Selection 37 Chi-squared statistic 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 Cu ts et s pe r 0 .4 5 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 Figure 5.5: Distribution of \u00CF\u00872 statistic for trialled cutsets with on-peak mu-pair MC. M (the number of degrees of freedom) is 63. Chi-squared statistic 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 Cu ts et s pe r 0 .4 5 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 Figure 5.6: Distribution of \u00CF\u00872 statistic for trialled cutsets with off-peak mu-pair MC. M (the number of degrees of freedom) is 27. Chapter 5. Muon Selection 38 to d0. The ranges of d0 values for different cutsets are (5.57 \u00E2\u0080\u0093 9.27)\u00C3\u0097 10\u00E2\u0088\u00924 in on-peak MC and (2.93 \u00E2\u0080\u0093 7.89)\u00C3\u0097 10\u00E2\u0088\u00924 in off-peak MC. The total uncertainty for a particular cut-set is then the sum in quadrature of statistical uncertainty (1/ \u00E2\u0088\u009A w) and systematic uncertainty (d0). The \u00E2\u0080\u0098optimal\u00E2\u0080\u0099 set of cuts is the one which causes the lowest uncertainty in the total number of B mesons. It is important to note the difference between the uncertainty used for the purposes of optimization and the value of the systematic uncertainty in data. The optimization procedure seeks to find the cutsets (muon-pair and hadronic) which cause the lowest uncertainty in B Counting due to time-variation of MC. This amounts to finding the cutsets which are most stable in time. The systematic uncertainty for MC does not correspond directly to the same uncertainty in data. Steps are taken in data to reduce the effect of varying effi- ciencies, and the association of on-peak data with only the most recent Roff value reduces this effect to a large degree. The estimation of systematic uncertainties in data is discussed in Chapter 9. 5.6 Variation in \u00CE\u00BA\u00C2\u00B5 The results above can be used to evaluate the value of \u00CE\u00BA\u00C2\u00B5 as defined in (4.8). In past B Counting code, \u00CE\u00BA, the product of \u00CE\u00BA\u00C2\u00B5 and \u00CE\u00BAX has been set equal to unity. \u00CE\u00BA\u00C2\u00B5 is equal to the ratio of off- to on-peak muon-pair cross-sections, multiplied by the respective efficiencies. The theoretical cross-section for electron annihilation to a muon-pair e+e\u00E2\u0088\u0092 \u00E2\u0086\u0092 \u00C2\u00B5+\u00C2\u00B5\u00E2\u0088\u0092 at CM energy squared of s is approximately [22]: \u00CF\u0083\u00C2\u00B5 = 4pi\u00CE\u00B12 3s \u00E2\u0089\u0088 86.8 nb s (in GeV2) . (5.8) So, since the muon-pair cross-section scales inversely with s, the expected value of \u00CE\u00BA\u00C2\u00B5 is approximately: \u00CE\u00BA\u00C2\u00B5 = \u000F\u00E2\u0080\u00B2\u00C2\u00B5\u00CF\u0083 \u00E2\u0080\u00B2 \u00C2\u00B5 \u000F\u00C2\u00B5\u00CF\u0083\u00C2\u00B5 \u00E2\u0089\u0088 10.58 2 10.542 \u00E2\u0089\u0088 1.0076. (5.9) To find the time-variation in \u00CE\u00BA\u00C2\u00B5 some care needs to be taken when choosing time bins. On- and off-peak running occur at different times, and often the gap between off-peak running periods is quite large. To manage this, the running time is divided into 24 unequal bins such that each contains periods of both off- and on-peak running. This makes it possible to calculate a value for \u00CE\u00BA\u00C2\u00B5 in each time bin. Variation in \u00CE\u00BA\u00C2\u00B5 is calculated using the same method used to calculate varia- tions in mu-pair efficiency. The statistical uncertainty in \u00CE\u00BA\u00C2\u00B5 includes the effects of the independent statistical uncertainties of on- and off-peak mu-pair MC ef- ficiencies which are given by (5.3). There is also a small contribution from the uncertainty in the MC cross-sections, \u00E2\u0088\u0086(\u00CF\u0083\u00C2\u00B5) and \u00E2\u0088\u0086(\u00CF\u0083 \u00E2\u0080\u00B2 \u00C2\u00B5). Chapter 5. Muon Selection 39 Time bin number 0 5 10 15 20 25 K v al ue p er ti m e bi n 1 1.005 1.01 1.015 1.02 Figure 5.7: Time-variation of \u00CE\u00BA\u00C2\u00B5 for the cutset shown in Fig. 5.3 and 5.4. The \u00CF\u00872 value is 21.01, M is 24 and the weighted average is 1.00854. The dashed lines show \u00C2\u00B10.5% from the mean. \u00E2\u0088\u0086(\u00CE\u00B5i\u00CF\u0083\u00C2\u00B5) = [(\u00E2\u0088\u0086(\u00CE\u00B5i)\u00CF\u0083\u00C2\u00B5) 2 + (\u00CE\u00B5i\u00E2\u0088\u0086(\u00CF\u0083\u00C2\u00B5)) 2] 1 2 (5.10) and similarly for off-peak MC. The method used for calculating propagation of uncertainties is given in Appendix A. The statistical uncertainty in \u00CE\u00BA\u00C2\u00B5 for time-period i is then given by (A.4): \u00E2\u0088\u0086(\u00CE\u00BA\u00C2\u00B5,i) = [( \u00E2\u0088\u0086(\u00CE\u00B5\u00E2\u0080\u00B2i\u00CF\u0083 \u00E2\u0080\u00B2 \u00C2\u00B5) \u00CE\u00B5i\u00CF\u0083\u00C2\u00B5 )2 + ( \u00CE\u00B5\u00E2\u0080\u00B2i\u00CF\u0083 \u00E2\u0080\u00B2 \u00C2\u00B5 \u00C2\u00B7\u00E2\u0088\u0086(\u00CE\u00B5i\u00CF\u0083\u00C2\u00B5) (\u00CE\u00B5i\u00CF\u0083\u00C2\u00B5)2 )2 ] 12 . (5.11) The shape of the time distribution for the same cutset considered in Section 5.4 is shown in Fig. 5.7. It is much closer to a constant than for either the on- or off-peak efficiencies, and the variation in time seems to be mostly consistent with only statistical variation. This is an indication that much of the variation in mu-pair MC is due to systematic effects which affect on-peak and off-peak MC similarly. With 24 periods of time considered, the value of M \u00E2\u0088\u0092 1 for \u00CE\u00BA\u00C2\u00B5 is 23. The \u00CF\u00872 statistic can again be calculated, and for the pictured cutset it has a value of 21.01. The weighted mean value of \u00CE\u00BA\u00C2\u00B5 for this cutset is \u00CE\u00BA\u00CC\u0082\u00C2\u00B5 = 1.00854\u00C2\u00B1 0.00044 (5.12) Chapter 5. Muon Selection 40 which within two (statistical) standard deviations of the theoretical expectation. The distribution of \u00CF\u00872 values for all cutsets is shown in Fig. 5.8. Across all cutsets, the mean value of \u00CF\u00872 is 24.88. Chi-squared statistic 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 Cu ts et s pe r 0 .4 5 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 Figure 5.8: Distribution of \u00CE\u00BA\u00C2\u00B5 \u00CF\u0087 2 statistic for all trialled cutsets. M (the number of degrees of freedom) is 24. As before, the amount of systematic uncertainty present in each cutset\u00E2\u0080\u0099s \u00CE\u00BA\u00C2\u00B5 variation can be estimated by finding d0 satisfying a modified (5.7). We do not allow d2 to be negative, so for cutsets with \u00CF\u00872 less than 23, d0 is set to zero. Following the same method as above, the range of d0 values is between zero and 0.00172. This is added in quadrature with the statistical uncertainty to give the total uncertainty on each cutset\u00E2\u0080\u0099s \u00CE\u00BA\u00C2\u00B5 value. 41 Chapter 6 Hadronic Selection The criteria for good hadronic selection requirements were mentioned in Section 4.1. This chapter describes proposed modifications to the hadronic part of the B Counting code. The change to the NeutralsBC list with a minimum neutral energy require- ment reduces the sensitivity to backgrounds before any optimization is per- formed on the hadronic selection. Several of the other cut quantities are changed to match the new lists. Instead of requiring at least three tracks on the Good- TracksLoose list, the cut is instead based on ChargedTracksBC. Previously, the values of ETotal and R2All were based on the the GoodNeutralLooseAcc and ChargedTracksAcc lists. Now, they are calculated by combining all candidates on the ChargedTracksBC and NeutralsBC lists. Similarly, PrimVtxdr and PrimVtxdz (the distance of the event\u00E2\u0080\u0099s primary vertex from the beamspot in r and z) were formerly calculated by finding the vertex of all tracks on ChargedTracksAcc. In this thesis, these quantities are calculated from tracks on an intermediate charged list, which is equivalent to ChargedTracksBC before any cuts on DOCA (in either xy or z) are made. 6.1 Monte Carlo Simulation The method for optimizing hadronic selection is similar to the mu-pair selection optimization discussed in the previous chapter. Hadronic continuum events are simulated with e+e\u00E2\u0088\u0092 \u00E2\u0086\u0092 uu/dd/ss and e+e\u00E2\u0088\u0092 \u00E2\u0086\u0092 cc on-peak and off-peak MC using the JETSET MC generator [23]. As with muon-pair MC, once the MC events are generated, detector response is simulated with GEANT 4 and background frames are added. In data, there are additional sources of hadronic continuum events \u00E2\u0080\u0094 Initial State Radiation (ISR) and two-photon events. These are small in comparison to the other continuum events and their effects are discussed in later chapters. The present optimization procedure seeks to minimize the time-sensitivity of hadronic selection for uds and cc Monte Carlo only. The production cross-sections for the continuum MC used in the optimiza- tion procedure are given in Table 6.1. These values are based on 1 million on- and off-peak events of each type simulated by the KK2F generator. BB events are simulated in a similar way to continuum MC, but with the EvtGen MC generator [24]. The efficiency of the isBCMultiHadron tag for BB MC is approximately 96%. Chapter 6. Hadronic Selection 42 Table 6.1: Continuum MC cross-sections used in optimization. Continuum On-Peak \u00CF\u0083 Off-Peak \u00CF\u0083 MC Type uu 1.5735\u00C2\u00B1 0.0013 nb 1.5847\u00C2\u00B1 0.0013 nb dd 0.3931\u00C2\u00B1 0.0003 nb 0.3959\u00C2\u00B1 0.0003 nb ss 0.3751\u00C2\u00B1 0.0003 nb 0.3778\u00C2\u00B1 0.0003 nb cc 1.2929\u00C2\u00B1 0.0004 nb 1.3021\u00C2\u00B1 0.0004 nb 6.2 Cut on Total Energy As in Section 5.2, hadronic selection should function in the same way, regardless of CM energy. Of the isBCMultiHadron cuts listed in Table 4.1, the one affected by this is the cut on total event energy in the laboratory frame. This dependence is removed by scaling by eCM. If the cut value is scaled by the on-peak beam energy, the adjusted requirement is: ETotal eCM > 4.5 GeV 10.58 GeV \u00E2\u0089\u0088 0.4253. (6.1) The cut on total lab energy is primarily in place to reject beam-gas and two-photon events. The adjusted cut slightly increases the isBCMultiHadron efficiency for off-peak continuum events. 6.3 Cut on Highest-Momentum Track Events of the type e+e\u00E2\u0088\u0092 \u00E2\u0086\u0092 `+`\u00E2\u0088\u0092 where ` is either e or \u00C2\u00B5 typically have at least one track with approximately half the beam energy in the CM frame. This does not happen for B decays, as the B mesons very quickly decay into other particles well within the detector. Typically each B meson decays into two tracks, each with approximately a quarter of the beam energy. One possible way to increase the Bhabha and mu-pair rejection in the hadronic selection without affecting BB efficiency is to reject events where the highest momentum track has close to half the beam energy. Some poorly-tracked particles have an artificially high momentum (for ex- ample a momentum of 4\u00C2\u00B1 2 GeV/c), and SVT-only tracks are especially prone to this. At short distances chord and arc length are very similar, so to precisely measure a track\u00E2\u0080\u0099s curvature (and thus momentum) it is usually necessary to make measurements outside the SVT, some distance from the beamspot. A minimum requirement for this is at least one hit in the drift chamber. In hadronic selection optimization, one variable is a new proposed cut on p1Mag, the CM momentum of the highest-momentum track. If the highest- momentum track has at least one hit in the drift chamber and its momentum is greater than the cut value, the event is rejected. Figure 6.1 shows the distribution of p1Mag for BB MC events where the highest-momentum track has at least one drift chamber hit. The sample contains Chapter 6. Hadronic Selection 43 1.8 million Run 6 MC events. Clearly, above 3.0 GeV/c the number of events is negligible. p1Mag (GeV/c) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Ev en ts p er 0 .0 5 G eV /c 1 10 210 310 410 510 Figure 6.1: Distribution of p1Mag for a sample of BB Monte Carlo events where the highest-momentum track has at least one DCH hit. In the optimization procedure, the cut on p1Mag (with the requirement on DCH hits) is varied between 3.0 and 5.0 GeV/c or is turned off altogether. 6.4 Optimization of Cuts Similarly to mu-pair selection, there are certain cuts necessary for isBCMul- tiHadron which allow little flexibility. These include the cuts on PrimVtxdr and PrimVtxdz. The reasons for the current cut values on these quantities are given in [11]. Both cuts are designed to reject backgrounds, while maintaining high BB efficiency. They especially reject events which have a vertex at the beam-wall. Figures 6.2 and 6.3 show the distributions of these two quantities for a sample of BB data (i.e. off-peak subtracted from on-peak) from Run 6 overlaid with BB MC. The data sample contains the BB events from a sample of 2.81 million on- peak events which pass all isBCMultiHadron requirements apart from those on PrimVtxdr and PrimVtxdz. The cuts used in hadronic selection (PrimVtxdr < 0.5 cm, |PrimVtxdz| < 6.0 cm) are far from the sharp peaks of these distributions and movements around these cut values have an almost negligible effect on the MC time-variation or BB efficiency. To ensure the selected events are hadronic, the requirements of BGFMul- tiHadron and having at least three good tracks are necessary. There are two Chapter 6. Hadronic Selection 44 PrimVtxdr (cm)0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 Ev en ts p er 0 .0 2 cm -110 1 10 210 310 410 510 Figure 6.2: PrimVtxdr for a data sample from Run 6 (solid line), overlaid with BB MC. PrimVtxdz (cm)-20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 Ev en ts p er 0 .2 c m 1 10 210 310 410 510 Figure 6.3: PrimVtxdz for a data sample from Run 6 (solid line), overlaid with BB MC. Chapter 6. Hadronic Selection 45 remaining cut quantities (in addition to p1Mag) which can be optimized: R2All and ETotal. The total number of cutsets trialled during the optimization pro- cedure is 36\u00C3\u0097 26\u00C3\u0097 12 = 11232. Table 6.2: Cut optimization of isBCMultiHadron. Quantity No. of increments Range R2All 36 0.45 \u00E2\u0080\u0093 0.80 ETotal/eCM 26 ( (2.5 \u00E2\u0080\u0093 5.0)/10.58 ) p1Mag (\u00E2\u0089\u00A5 1 DCH hit) 12 3.0 \u00E2\u0080\u0093 5.0 GeV/c, or no cut The optimization procedure is very similar to the mu-pair optimization. There are 66 months of uds and cc on-peak MC, 27 of uds off-peak MC and 26 of cc off-peak MC. The statistical uncertainties are again treated binomially and are given by (5.3). The weighted mean efficiency and \u00CF\u00872 statistic are given by (5.4) and (5.5) respectively. The time variations of these four types of MC are shown in Fig. 6.4 \u00E2\u0080\u0093 6.7. The cutset pictured has fairly typical time-variation: R2All < 0.50, (ETotal/eCM) > 0.42533 and p1Mag < 3.8 GeV/c. These plots all display obvious systematic time-variation. The shapes of the distributions are reasonably similar across all four plots and they also resemble the muon-pair efficiency variation of Fig. 5.3 and 5.4. The distributions of \u00CF\u00872 for all 11232 cutsets are shown in Fig. 6.8 and 6.9. These are all clearly well above the M \u00E2\u0088\u0092 1 values for each type of MC. A comparison between the new cutsets and the existing B Counting selector, isBCMultiHadron can be made. The on-peak (off-peak) \u00CF\u00872 statistic for this tag is 1081.82 (527.27) for uds MC and 2669.32 (1304.13) for cc MC. Almost all cutsets for each MC type have \u00CF\u00872 values below these which indicates an improvement on average. 6.5 Estimating Systematic Uncertainty To estimate the systematic uncertainties in continuum MC time-variation, we use the procedure outlined in Section 5.5. We look for d0 in the modified \u00CF\u0087 2 statistic of (5.6) such that \u00CF\u0087\u00E2\u0080\u00B22(d0) = M \u00E2\u0088\u0092 1. (6.2) Again, d0 is found numerically by incrementing d from zero in steps of 10 \u00E2\u0088\u00926 until \u00CF\u0087\u00E2\u0080\u00B22(d) < M \u00E2\u0088\u0092 1. The ranges of d0 values for different cutsets are (1.07 \u00E2\u0080\u0093 1.69)\u00C3\u009710\u00E2\u0088\u00923 in on-peak uds MC, (0.67 \u00E2\u0080\u0093 1.59)\u00C3\u009710\u00E2\u0088\u00923 in off-peak uds MC, (1.60 \u00E2\u0080\u0093 2.13)\u00C3\u0097 10\u00E2\u0088\u00923 in on-peak cc MC and (1.29 \u00E2\u0080\u0093 2.16)\u00C3\u0097 10\u00E2\u0088\u00923 in off-peak cc MC. As with muon-pairs, the total uncertainty for a particular cutset is then the sum in quadrature of statistical uncertainty (1/ \u00E2\u0088\u009A w) and systematic uncertainty (d0). The \u00E2\u0080\u0098optimal\u00E2\u0080\u0099 set of hadronic cuts is determined at the same time as the \u00E2\u0080\u0098optimal\u00E2\u0080\u0099 set of muon-pair cuts by finding the combination which causes the lowest uncertainty in the total number of B mesons. Chapter 6. Hadronic Selection 46 Month number 20 40 60 80 100 Ef fic ie nc y 0.518 0.52 0.522 0.524 0.526 0.528 0.53 Figure 6.4: Time-variation of on-peak uds MC efficiency. Details of cutset choice are in text. The \u00CF\u00872 value is 372.46 and M (the num- ber of degrees of freedom) is 66. The weighted mean efficiency is 0.52376\u00C2\u00B1 0.00008. The dashed lines show \u00C2\u00B10.5% from the mean. Month number 20 40 60 80 100 Ef fic ie nc y 0.518 0.52 0.522 0.524 0.526 0.528 0.53 Figure 6.5: Time-variation of off-peak uds MC efficiency. Details of cutset choice are in text. The \u00CF\u00872 value is 160.71 and M (the num- ber of degrees of freedom) is 27. The weighted mean efficiency is 0.52557\u00C2\u00B1 0.00010. The dashed lines show \u00C2\u00B10.5% from the mean. Chapter 6. Hadronic Selection 47 Month number 20 40 60 80 100 Ef fic ie nc y 0.622 0.624 0.626 0.628 0.63 0.632 0.634 Figure 6.6: Time-variation of on-peak cc MC efficiency. Details of cutset choice are in text. The \u00CF\u00872 value is 842.20 and M (the number of degrees of freedom) is 66. The weighted mean efficiency is 0.62686\u00C2\u00B1 0.00007. The dashed lines show \u00C2\u00B10.5% from the mean. Month number 20 40 60 80 100 Ef fic ie nc y 0.622 0.624 0.626 0.628 0.63 0.632 0.634 Figure 6.7: Time-variation of off-peak cc MC efficiency. Details of cutset choice are in text. The \u00CF\u00872 value is 319.67 and M (the number of degrees of freedom) is 26. The weighted mean efficiency is 0.62941\u00C2\u00B1 0.000010. The dashed lines show \u00C2\u00B10.5% from the mean. Chapter 6. Hadronic Selection 48 6.6 Variation in \u00CE\u00BAX Using the efficiencies and cross-sections found above, we can evaluate the con- tinuum part of \u00CE\u00BA, defined in (4.8). The cross-sections of e+e\u00E2\u0088\u0092 \u00E2\u0086\u0092 uu/dd/ss/cc all scale inversely with s (the CM energy squared): \u00CE\u00BAX = \u00CE\u00B5X\u00CF\u0083X \u00CE\u00B5\u00E2\u0080\u00B2X\u00CF\u0083 \u00E2\u0080\u00B2 X \u00E2\u0089\u0088 10.54 2 10.582 \u00E2\u0089\u0088 0.9925. (6.3) Note that in this approximation, the product of \u00CE\u00BAX and \u00CE\u00BA\u00C2\u00B5 (defined in (5.9)) is exactly unity. There are other processes in data which can pass the hadronic selection and can affect \u00CE\u00BAX but are not included in this approximation. These include two photon events, Initial State Radiation, cosmic rays, Bhabhas and beam gas events. The hadronic selection is designed to minimize many of these (especially cosmic rays and beam gas events) and the effects of these sorts of contamination are discussed in Chapter 8. To ensure there is on- and off-peak uds and cc MC in every time bin, the time-variation of \u00CE\u00BAX is divided into 23 unequal time periods. As with \u00CE\u00BA\u00C2\u00B5, the statistical uncertainty of \u00CE\u00BAX in each time bin includes the statistical uncertain- ties of each type of MC given by (5.3) (e.g. \u00E2\u0088\u0086(\u00CE\u00B5uds,i)) and a contribution from the uncertainty in the MC cross-sections (e.g. \u00E2\u0088\u0086(\u00CF\u0083uds)). To an excellent approximation, \u00CE\u00BAX = \u00CE\u00B5uds\u00CF\u0083uds + \u00CE\u00B5cc\u00CF\u0083cc \u00CE\u00B5\u00E2\u0080\u00B2uds\u00CF\u0083 \u00E2\u0080\u00B2 uds + \u00CE\u00B5 \u00E2\u0080\u00B2 cc\u00CF\u0083 \u00E2\u0080\u00B2 cc (6.4) and the statistical uncertainty in \u00CE\u00BAX for each time period is given by (A.6): \u00E2\u0088\u0086(\u00CE\u00BAX,i) = [( \u00E2\u0088\u0086(\u00CE\u00B5uds,i\u00CF\u0083uds) \u00CE\u00B5\u00E2\u0080\u00B2uds,i\u00CF\u0083 \u00E2\u0080\u00B2 uds + \u00CE\u00B5 \u00E2\u0080\u00B2 cc,i\u00CF\u0083 \u00E2\u0080\u00B2 cc )2 + ( \u00E2\u0088\u0086(\u00CE\u00B5cc,i\u00CF\u0083cc) \u00CE\u00B5\u00E2\u0080\u00B2uds,i\u00CF\u0083 \u00E2\u0080\u00B2 uds + \u00CE\u00B5 \u00E2\u0080\u00B2 cc,i\u00CF\u0083 \u00E2\u0080\u00B2 cc )2 + + ( \u00E2\u0088\u0086(\u00CE\u00B5\u00E2\u0080\u00B2uds,i\u00CF\u0083 \u00E2\u0080\u00B2 uds) \u00C2\u00B7 (\u00CE\u00B5uds,i\u00CF\u0083uds + \u00CE\u00B5cc,i\u00CF\u0083cc) (\u00CE\u00B5\u00E2\u0080\u00B2uds,i\u00CF\u0083 \u00E2\u0080\u00B2 uds + \u00CE\u00B5 \u00E2\u0080\u00B2 cc,i\u00CF\u0083 \u00E2\u0080\u00B2 cc)) 2 )2 + + ( \u00E2\u0088\u0086(\u00CE\u00B5\u00E2\u0080\u00B2cc,i\u00CF\u0083 \u00E2\u0080\u00B2 cc) \u00C2\u00B7 (\u00CE\u00B5uds,i\u00CF\u0083uds + \u00CE\u00B5cc,i\u00CF\u0083cc) (\u00CE\u00B5\u00E2\u0080\u00B2uds,i\u00CF\u0083 \u00E2\u0080\u00B2 uds + \u00CE\u00B5 \u00E2\u0080\u00B2 cc,i\u00CF\u0083 \u00E2\u0080\u00B2 cc)) 2 )2 ] 1 2 (6.5) where, following (5.10), \u00E2\u0088\u0086(\u00CE\u00B5uds,i\u00CF\u0083uds) = [(\u00E2\u0088\u0086(\u00CE\u00B5uds,i)\u00CF\u0083uds) 2 + (\u00CE\u00B5uds,i\u00E2\u0088\u0086(\u00CF\u0083uds)) 2] 1 2 (6.6) and similarly for other MC types. The time-variation of \u00CE\u00BAX for the same cutset shown in Fig. 6.4 \u00E2\u0080\u0093 6.7 is shown in Fig. 6.10. The variation appears to be largely (though not entirely) statistical and systematic effects are not as obviously apparent as they are in the individual Chapter 6. Hadronic Selection 49 MC efficiencies. The \u00CF\u00872 statistic of \u00CE\u00BAX can be calculated, and for every cutset trialled it is aboveM\u00E2\u0088\u00921, so there is a small amount of variation which cannot be explained by statistical uncertainties alone. For the cutset pictured in Fig. 6.10, the \u00CF\u00872 statistic is 93.82, and the weighted mean value of \u00CE\u00BAX is \u00CE\u00BA\u00CC\u0082X = 0.98909\u00C2\u00B1 0.00019, (6.7) where the uncertainty quoted is statistical only. The distribution of \u00CF\u00872 values for all cutsets is shown in Fig. 6.11. Across all cutsets, the mean value of \u00CF\u00872 is 86.53. The weighted mean values of \u00CE\u00BAX are in the range (0.98751 \u00E2\u0080\u0093 0.99238) with a typical statistical uncertainty of 0.00020 or less. To estimate the systematic uncertainty in each cutset\u00E2\u0080\u0099s \u00CE\u00BAX , again we find d0 satisfying \u00CF\u0087\u00E2\u0080\u00B22(d0) = M \u00E2\u0088\u0092 1, (6.8) where \u00CF\u0087\u00E2\u0080\u00B22(d) = M\u00E2\u0088\u0091 i=1 (\u00CE\u00BAX,i \u00E2\u0088\u0092 \u00CE\u00BA\u00CC\u0082X)2 (\u00E2\u0088\u0086(\u00CE\u00BAX,i))2 + d2 . (6.9) In this case, M \u00E2\u0088\u0092 1 = 22. The d0 values found are between 0.00066 and 0.00144 and the distribution of these values is shown in Fig. 6.12. The systematic uncertainty in each cutset is added in quadrature with the statistical uncertainty to give the total uncertainty on each cutset\u00E2\u0080\u0099s \u00CE\u00BAX value. Chapter 6. Hadronic Selection 50 Chi-squared statistic 300 400 500 600 700 800 Cu ts et s pe r 6 .0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 Chi-squared statistic 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 Cu ts et s pe r 6 .0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 Figure 6.8: Distribution of \u00CF\u00872 statistic for trialled cutsets (left) for uds on-peak MC and (right) for uds off-peak MC. The mean values of these distributions are 479.86 and 232.47 respectively. M is 66 and 27 respectively. Chapter 6. Hadronic Selection 51 Chi-squared statistic 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600 Cu ts et s pe r 1 6. 5 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 Chi-squared statistic 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 Cu ts et s pe r 1 6. 5 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 Figure 6.9: Distribution of \u00CF\u00872 statistic for trialled cutsets (left) for cc on-peak MC and (right) for cc off-peak (right) MC. The mean values of these distributions are 1292.82 and 441.28 respectively. M is 66 and 26 respectively. Time bin number 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 Va lu e pe r t im e bi n 0.984 0.986 0.988 0.99 0.992 0.994 0.996 Figure 6.10: Time-variation of \u00CE\u00BAX for the cutset shown in Fig. 6.4 \u00E2\u0080\u0093 6.7. The \u00CF\u0087 2 value is 93.82, M is 23 and the weighted average is 0.98909. The dashed lines show \u00C2\u00B10.5% from the mean. Chapter 6. Hadronic Selection 52 Chi-squared statistic 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 Cu ts et s pe r 1 .2 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 Figure 6.11: Distribution of \u00CE\u00BAX \u00CF\u0087 2 statistic for all trialled cutsets. M is 23. Value of d0 0 0.0002 0.0004 0.0006 0.0008 0.001 0.0012 0.0014 0.0016 0.0018 0.002 Cu ts et s pe r 2 E- 5 0 100 200 300 400 500 Figure 6.12: Distribution of \u00CE\u00BAX d0 values for all trialled cutsets. 53 Chapter 7 Cutset Optimization The main purpose of the research described in this thesis is to recommend an optimal set of cuts which count B meson events with a minimal systematic uncertainty. This uncertainty has contributions from the uncertainties in the counting of both muon-pairs and hadronic events. The number of B meson events counted with the optimal cutsets should also agree with the original B Counting code, which has been in place since 2000 and has a total uncertainty of \u00C2\u00B11.1%. As was mentioned in Chapter 5, the B Counting uncertainty for optimization purposes found in this chapter is different to the final estimate of systematic uncertainty in data (given in Chapter 9). In this chapter we find the B Counting cutsets which give the lowest sensitivity to the time-variation of uds, cc and mu- pair Monte Carlo efficiencies. We also include the statistical uncertainty of the MC cross-sections (included in \u00CE\u00BA uncertainties), The method used to calculate the propagation of uncertainties is outlined in Appendix A. 7.1 B Counting Uncertainty The B Counting formula of (4.17) is: N0B = 1 \u00CE\u00B5B (NH \u00E2\u0088\u0092N\u00C2\u00B5 \u00C2\u00B7 Roff \u00C2\u00B7 \u00CE\u00BA) (7.1) = 1 \u00CE\u00B5B (NH \u00E2\u0088\u0092 \u00CE\u00BA\u00C2\u00B5 \u00C2\u00B7 \u00CE\u00BAX \u00C2\u00B7 R\u00C2\u00B5 \u00C2\u00B7N \u00E2\u0080\u00B2H) (7.2) where R\u00C2\u00B5 \u00E2\u0089\u00A1 N\u00C2\u00B5 N \u00E2\u0080\u00B2\u00C2\u00B5 , (7.3) N \u00E2\u0080\u00B2H is the number of off-peak hadronic events counted and \u00CE\u00BA\u00C2\u00B5 and \u00CE\u00BAX are defined in (4.8). The subscripts \u00E2\u0080\u009CH\u00E2\u0080\u009D and \u00E2\u0080\u009CX\u00E2\u0080\u009D in an off-peak sample are interchangeable since the off-peak hadronic data contains no BB events from \u00CE\u00A5 (4S) decays. The uncertainty in the number of B meson events, \u00E2\u0088\u0086(N 0B) is given by: \u00E2\u0088\u0086(N0B) 2 = \u00E2\u0088\u0091 i ( \u00E2\u0088\u0082N0B \u00E2\u0088\u0082xi \u00E2\u0088\u0086xi )2 . (7.4) Here, xi represents each quantity with associated uncertainty (such as \u00CE\u00B5uds or \u00CE\u00BA\u00C2\u00B5). To estimate the uncertainty in the number of B meson events in a sample of Chapter 7. Cutset Optimization 54 on-peak data of luminosity L with continuum subtracted by an off-peak sample of luminosity L\u00E2\u0080\u00B2, we can rewrite (7.1) as: N0B = 1 \u00CE\u00B5B [ (H +HO)\u00E2\u0088\u0092 \u00CE\u00BA\u00C2\u00B5\u00CE\u00BAXR\u00C2\u00B5 (H \u00E2\u0080\u00B2 +H \u00E2\u0080\u00B2O) ] (7.5) where H \u00E2\u0089\u00A1 L(\u00CE\u00B5uds\u00CF\u0083uds + \u00CE\u00B5cc\u00CF\u0083cc + \u00CE\u00B5B\u00CF\u0083B) (7.6) and H \u00E2\u0080\u00B2 \u00E2\u0089\u00A1 L\u00E2\u0080\u00B2(\u00CE\u00B5\u00E2\u0080\u00B2uds\u00CF\u0083\u00E2\u0080\u00B2uds + \u00CE\u00B5\u00E2\u0080\u00B2cc\u00CF\u0083\u00E2\u0080\u00B2cc). (7.7) HO and H \u00E2\u0080\u00B2 O (the subscript \u00E2\u0080\u009CO\u00E2\u0080\u009D represents \u00E2\u0080\u009Cother\u00E2\u0080\u009D event-types) are the numbers of on- and off-peak events which are not BB, uds or cc but pass the hadronic cuts. These terms are discussed in detail in Chapter 8, but are neglected during this optimization procedure. We can also write R\u00C2\u00B5 \u00E2\u0089\u00A1 N\u00C2\u00B5 N \u00E2\u0080\u00B2\u00C2\u00B5 = L\u00CE\u00B5\u00C2\u00B5\u00CF\u0083\u00C2\u00B5 +MO L\u00E2\u0080\u00B2\u00CE\u00B5\u00E2\u0080\u00B2\u00C2\u00B5\u00CF\u0083\u00E2\u0080\u00B2\u00C2\u00B5 +M \u00E2\u0080\u00B2O (7.8) where MO (M \u00E2\u0080\u00B2 O) is the number of on-peak (off-peak) events which are not e+e\u00E2\u0088\u0092 \u00E2\u0086\u0092 \u00C2\u00B5+\u00C2\u00B5\u00E2\u0088\u0092 but still pass the muon-pair cuts. We again neglect these during the optimization. In calculating the uncertainty in the number of B mesons, we omit the uncertainties in efficiency of off-peak MC. The time-variations of on- and off- peak MC are correlated, and it is important not to double-count the uncertainty. Off-peak data (and hence also MC) is taken only for short periods of time around longer periods of on-peak running. For this reason, off-peak running can be viewed as a \u00E2\u0080\u0098snapshot\u00E2\u0080\u0099 of the non-BB continuum at a particular time. It is clear the two are not independent, since \u00CE\u00BA\u00C2\u00B5 and \u00CE\u00BAX both have \u00CF\u0087 2 statistics much lower than any MC type has alone. The time-variation visible in off-peak MC is to a large degree the same as that displayed in on-peak MC. For these reasons, the off-peak MC efficiencies are treated as constants in (7.4). Hence, we have: \u00E2\u0088\u0086(N0B) 2 = ( \u00E2\u0088\u0082N0B \u00E2\u0088\u0082\u00CE\u00B5uds \u00E2\u0088\u0086\u00CE\u00B5uds )2 + ( \u00E2\u0088\u0082N0B \u00E2\u0088\u0082\u00CE\u00B5cc \u00E2\u0088\u0086\u00CE\u00B5cc )2 + + ( \u00E2\u0088\u0082N0B \u00E2\u0088\u0082\u00CE\u00B5B \u00E2\u0088\u0086\u00CE\u00B5B )2 + ( \u00E2\u0088\u0082N0B \u00E2\u0088\u0082\u00CE\u00B5\u00C2\u00B5 \u00E2\u0088\u0086\u00CE\u00B5\u00C2\u00B5 )2 + + ( \u00E2\u0088\u0082N0B \u00E2\u0088\u0082\u00CE\u00BAX \u00E2\u0088\u0086\u00CE\u00BAX )2 + ( \u00E2\u0088\u0082N0B \u00E2\u0088\u0082\u00CE\u00BA\u00C2\u00B5 \u00E2\u0088\u0086\u00CE\u00BA\u00C2\u00B5 )2 (7.9) where (\u00E2\u0088\u0086\u00CE\u00B5uds) 2 = (\u00E2\u0088\u0086(\u00CE\u00B5uds)stat) 2 + (d0,uds) 2 (7.10) and similarly for \u00CE\u00B5cc, \u00CE\u00B5\u00C2\u00B5, \u00CE\u00BAX and \u00CE\u00BA\u00C2\u00B5. Equation (7.10) gives the combined sta- tistical and systematic uncertainty found during the previous optimization pro- cedure and has the same form as the denominator of the \u00CF\u0087\u00E2\u0080\u00B22 statistic in (5.6). Chapter 7. Cutset Optimization 55 Once an optimal cutset is found, a value for \u00E2\u0088\u0086\u00CE\u00B5B can be estimated by com- paring BB MC to data. During the optimization procedure, we estimate its value by setting: \u00E2\u0088\u0086\u00CE\u00B5B = 0.2(1\u00E2\u0088\u0092 \u00CE\u00B5\u00CC\u0082B). (7.11) This is chosen to favour cutsets with higher BB efficiency. For a cutset with \u00CE\u00B5\u00CC\u0082B of 0.96, (7.11) gives an uncertainty in \u00CE\u00B5\u00CC\u0082B of around 0.83%. The differential quantities of (7.9) are: \u00E2\u0088\u0082N0B \u00E2\u0088\u0082\u00CE\u00B5uds = 1 \u00CE\u00B5B L\u00CF\u0083uds (7.12) \u00E2\u0088\u0082N0B \u00E2\u0088\u0082\u00CE\u00B5cc = 1 \u00CE\u00B5B L\u00CF\u0083cc (7.13) \u00E2\u0088\u0082N0B \u00E2\u0088\u0082\u00CE\u00B5\u00C2\u00B5 = \u00E2\u0088\u0092 1 \u00CE\u00B5B \u00CE\u00BA\u00C2\u00B5\u00CE\u00BAX L\u00CF\u0083\u00C2\u00B5 L\u00E2\u0080\u00B2\u00CE\u00B5\u00E2\u0080\u00B2\u00C2\u00B5\u00CF\u0083\u00E2\u0080\u00B2\u00C2\u00B5 H \u00E2\u0080\u00B2 (7.14) \u00E2\u0088\u0082N0B \u00E2\u0088\u0082\u00CE\u00BAX = \u00E2\u0088\u0092 1 \u00CE\u00B5B \u00CE\u00BA\u00C2\u00B5R\u00C2\u00B5H \u00E2\u0080\u00B2 (7.15) \u00E2\u0088\u0082N0B \u00E2\u0088\u0082\u00CE\u00BA\u00C2\u00B5 = \u00E2\u0088\u0092 1 \u00CE\u00B5B \u00CE\u00BAXR\u00C2\u00B5H \u00E2\u0080\u00B2 (7.16) and \u00E2\u0088\u0082N0B \u00E2\u0088\u0082\u00CE\u00B5B = \u00E2\u0088\u0092 1 \u00CE\u00B52B (L (\u00CE\u00B5uds\u00CF\u0083uds + \u00CE\u00B5cc\u00CF\u0083cc)\u00E2\u0088\u0092 \u00CE\u00BAR\u00C2\u00B5L\u00E2\u0080\u00B2 (\u00CE\u00B5\u00E2\u0080\u00B2uds\u00CF\u0083\u00E2\u0080\u00B2uds + \u00CE\u00B5\u00E2\u0080\u00B2cc\u00CF\u0083\u00E2\u0080\u00B2cc) ) . (7.17) This last term is very small (and would be exactly zero if B Counting were perfect) so is negligible in comparison to the other terms. As was mentioned above, the expression (7.9) is useful for finding an optimal set of B Counting cuts, but it will not be used to estimate the systematic uncertainty of data. 7.2 Optimization The optimal mu-pair and hadronic B Counting cutsets are those which minimize (\u00E2\u0088\u0086N0B)/N 0 B (the relative uncertainty in N 0 B) while meeting the selection goals outlined in Section 4.1. As a cross-check, the number of B mesons counted in a sample by any pair of cutsets can be compared to that given by the existing B Counting code. The total uncertainty of (7.10) can be divided into two parts: one depen- dent only on uncertainties related to muon-pair selection and the other only on hadronic uncertainties. The muon-pair part \u00E2\u0088\u0086(N0B) 2 \u00C2\u00B5 = ( \u00E2\u0088\u0082N0B \u00E2\u0088\u0082\u00CE\u00B5\u00C2\u00B5 \u00E2\u0088\u0086\u00CE\u00B5\u00C2\u00B5 )2 + ( \u00E2\u0088\u0082N0B \u00E2\u0088\u0082\u00CE\u00BA\u00C2\u00B5 \u00E2\u0088\u0086\u00CE\u00BA\u00C2\u00B5 )2 (7.18) Chapter 7. Cutset Optimization 56 includes terms dependent on \u00E2\u0088\u0086\u00CE\u00B5\u00C2\u00B5 and \u00E2\u0088\u0086\u00CE\u00BA\u00C2\u00B5. The hadronic part \u00E2\u0088\u0086(N 0 B) 2 H con- tains all other terms. The two are not entirely independent \u00E2\u0080\u0094 for example the \u00E2\u0088\u0086\u00CE\u00BA\u00C2\u00B5 term, (7.16) depends specifically on the number of off-peak hadronic events counted by a chosen set of hadronic cuts. The only quantities in (7.9) which are constant independent of cutset choice are L, L\u00E2\u0080\u00B2 and the cross-sections. The variable quantities of (7.12 \u00E2\u0080\u0093 7.16) \u00E2\u0080\u0094 the number of hadronic and muon-pair data events, efficiencies, \u00CE\u00BAX and \u00CE\u00BA\u00C2\u00B5 \u00E2\u0080\u0094 are specific to each cutset trialled during the procedure. The first stage of the optimization procedure calculates the number of B mesons in a sample of on-peak data and the value of \u00E2\u0088\u0086(N 0B) 2 \u00C2\u00B5 for each muon- pair cutset. Continuum subtraction is provided by a corresponding off-peak data sample. To calculate these values, the number of hadronic events in the two samples must be input. Initially these are taken to be the number of isBCMultiHadron events in each sample, i.e. the number counted by the existing B Counting code. It is also necessary to input the value of \u00CE\u00B5B for isBCMultiHadron (approximately 0.96) and a value of \u00CE\u00BAX , which is initially taken to be the theoretical estimate of (6.3). The 61880 muon-pair cutsets are then sorted by \u00E2\u0088\u0086(N 0B)\u00C2\u00B5/N 0 B. Assuming it meets the B Counting selection goals, the \u00E2\u0080\u0098optimal\u00E2\u0080\u0099 muon-pair cutset is the one with the lowest relative uncertainty in N 0B . The numbers of muon-pair on- and off-peak data events counted by this cutset, along with the value of \u00CE\u00BA\u00C2\u00B5 are then used as inputs to optimize the hadronic selection. Following the same procedure, the values of N 0B and \u00E2\u0088\u0086(N 0 B) 2 H are calculated for the 11232 hadronic cutsets, which are then sorted by \u00E2\u0088\u0086(N 0B) 2 H/N 0 B . The values of \u00CE\u00B5B , \u00CE\u00BAX and the number of on- and off-peak hadronic events counted by the optimal hadronic cutset are used as inputs to re-optimize the muon-pair cutsets. This procedure continues until the optimal cutset choice stabilizes. This procedure was performed on each major running period (Runs 1\u00E2\u0080\u00936). There is typically less than 5% variation in the value of \u00E2\u0088\u0086(N 0B)\u00C2\u00B5/N 0 B across the first five hundred muon-pair cutsets (this number is around 10% for the same number of hadronic cutsets). With so many nearly-identical cutsets, the optimal choice for each Run varies and statistical fluctuations can change each cutset\u00E2\u0080\u0099s rank. Due mainly to these statistical fluctuations, no single cutset is consistently the optimal choice, but some trends emerge. Muon-pair selection cutsets tend to have a low values of \u00E2\u0088\u0086(N 0B)\u00C2\u00B5/N 0 B if: \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 the masspair/eCM cut is high, typically in the range (0.756 \u00E2\u0080\u0093 0.827), \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 the maxpCosTheta cut is high, typically above 0.735, \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 the acolincm cut is high, typically above 0.11. No trend is obvious for the maxpEmcLab cut. For the hadronic selection, cutsets tend to have low values of \u00E2\u0088\u0086(N 0B)H/N 0 B if: \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 the ETotal/eCM cut is high, typically above 0.378, Chapter 7. Cutset Optimization 57 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 the p1Mag cut is low, typically less than 4 GeV/c. No trend is obvious for the R2 cut, and cutsets without a p1Mag cut do not generally perform near the top. 7.3 Choice of Muon-Pair Selection Cutset As mentioned above, many cutsets have almost identical values of \u00E2\u0088\u0086(N 0B)\u00C2\u00B5/N 0 B or \u00E2\u0088\u0086(N0B)H/N 0 B . The change to the new B Counting particle lists (Charged- TracksBC and NeutralsBC) has increased stability (in comparison to isBC- MuMu and isBCMultiHadron) even before any cuts were varied. Deciding on one cutset to recommend for B Counting is to some degree an arbitrary choice. The cutset we recommend to select muon-pairs is: \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 BGFMuMu, \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 masspair/eCM > 8.25/10.58, \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 acolincm < 0.13, \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 nTracks \u00E2\u0089\u00A5 2, \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 maxpCosTheta < 0.745, \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 either maxpEmcCandEnergy > 0 GeV, or at least one of the two highest- momentum tracks is identified as a muon in the IFR, \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 maxpEmcLab < 1.1 GeV. This can be compared to the isBCMuMu requirements listed in Table 4.1. Note that the meaning of nTracks is slightly changed, as it now refers to the number of tracks on the ChargedTracksBC list. Some properties of this cutset and isBCMuMu for muon-pair MC are given in Table 7.1. This new cutset clearly displays less systematic variation than isBCMuMu. For example, the difference in d\u00CE\u00BA0 values shows an order of magnitude stability improvement in \u00CE\u00BA\u00C2\u00B5. The time-variation of on- and off-peak MC for these new cuts is shown in Fig. 7.1 and 7.2. The equivalent plot for the isBCMuMu tag (with a vertical axis of the same scale) is shown in Fig. 7.3 and 7.4 and the time variations of \u00CE\u00BA\u00C2\u00B5 are shown in Fig. 7.5 and 7.6. We use one other method to estimate the systematic uncertainty on \u00CE\u00BA\u00C2\u00B5 \u00E2\u0080\u0094 we vary the mu-pair selection cuts on maxpCosTheta and measure how the change affects the quantity \u00CE\u00BA\u00C2\u00B5 \u00C2\u00B7 N\u00C2\u00B5 N \u00E2\u0080\u00B2\u00C2\u00B5 = \u00CE\u00BA\u00C2\u00B5R\u00C2\u00B5. (7.19) This quantity appears explicitly in the B Counting formula (4.17). Any changes to it as the selection cuts vary show the combined effects of the altered cuts on both data and MC. This allows us to estimate the systematic uncertainty on \u00CE\u00BA\u00C2\u00B5 Chapter 7. Cutset Optimization 58 as the number of mu-pair events counted should be almost constant regardless of the arbitrary choice of mu-pair selection cuts. Specifically we allow the cuts on maxpCosTheta to vary between 0.60 and 0.77 (in increments of 0.005) while the value of \u00CE\u00BA\u00C2\u00B5R\u00C2\u00B5 is recalculated for each cut choice. The value of \u00CE\u00BA\u00C2\u00B5R\u00C2\u00B5 for the original cuts is 9.7126. The largest (positive or negative) variation from the original value occurs when maxpCosTheta is equal to 0.635 \u00E2\u0080\u0094 this causes a decrease in \u00CE\u00BA\u00C2\u00B5R\u00C2\u00B5 of 0.047%. We attribute this percentage difference to an additional systematic uncertainty in \u00CE\u00BA\u00C2\u00B5 as an estimate. Table 7.1: Properties of the recommended muon-pair cutset and isBCMuMu. Cutset property New Cutset isBCMuMu On-peak: \u00CE\u00B5\u00CC\u0082\u00C2\u00B5 0.41558 0.42566 Stat. uncert. in \u00CE\u00B5\u00CC\u0082\u00C2\u00B5 0.00010 0.00010 \u00CF\u00872 statistic of \u00CE\u00B5\u00C2\u00B5 118.11 1016.58 Syst. uncert. in \u00CE\u00B5\u00CC\u0082\u00C2\u00B5 (d0,\u00C2\u00B5) 0.00082 0.00311 Off-peak: \u00CE\u00B5\u00CC\u0082\u00E2\u0080\u00B2\u00C2\u00B5 0.41598 0.42627 Stat. uncert. in \u00CE\u00B5\u00CC\u0082\u00E2\u0080\u00B2\u00C2\u00B5 0.00014 0.00014 \u00CF\u00872 statistic of \u00CE\u00B5\u00E2\u0080\u00B2\u00C2\u00B5 51.71 402.25 Syst. uncert. in \u00CE\u00B5\u00CC\u0082\u00E2\u0080\u00B2\u00C2\u00B5 (d \u00E2\u0080\u00B2 0,\u00C2\u00B5) 0.00060 0.00353 \u00CE\u00BA\u00C2\u00B5: \u00CE\u00BA\u00CC\u0082\u00C2\u00B5 1.00791 1.00769 Stat. uncert. in \u00CE\u00BA\u00CC\u0082\u00C2\u00B5 0.00044 0.00043 \u00CF\u00872 statistic of \u00CE\u00BA\u00C2\u00B5 23.82 62.11 Syst. uncert. in \u00CE\u00BA\u00CC\u0082\u00C2\u00B5 (d \u00CE\u00BA 0,\u00C2\u00B5) 0.00032 0.00306 Syst. uncert. in \u00CE\u00BA\u00CC\u0082\u00C2\u00B5 (\u00CE\u00BA\u00C2\u00B5R\u00C2\u00B5) 0.00047 N.A. 7.4 Choice of Hadronic Selection Cutset The cutset we recommend to select hadronic events is: \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 BGFMultiHadron, \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 R2All \u00E2\u0089\u00A4 0.65, \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 nTracks \u00E2\u0089\u00A5 3, \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 ETotal/eCM \u00E2\u0089\u00A5 4.60/10.58, \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 PrimVtxdr < 0.5 cm, \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 |PrimVtxdz| < 6.0 cm, \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 p1Mag < 3.0 GeV/c (\u00E2\u0089\u00A5 1 DCH hit). Chapter 7. Cutset Optimization 59 Month number 20 40 60 80 100 Ef fic ie nc y 0.406 0.408 0.41 0.412 0.414 0.416 0.418 0.42 0.422 0.424 Figure 7.1: On-peak muon-pair MC efficiency variation for the new proposed muon-selection cuts. The dashed lines show \u00C2\u00B10.5% from the mean. Month number 20 40 60 80 100 Ef fic ie nc y 0.406 0.408 0.41 0.412 0.414 0.416 0.418 0.42 0.422 0.424 Figure 7.2: Off-peak muon-pair MC efficiency variation for the new proposed muon-selection cuts. The dashed lines show \u00C2\u00B10.5% from the mean. Chapter 7. Cutset Optimization 60 Month number 20 40 60 80 100 Ef fic ie nc y 0.416 0.418 0.42 0.422 0.424 0.426 0.428 0.43 0.432 0.434 Figure 7.3: On-peak muon-pair MC efficiency variation for isBCMuMu. The dashed lines show \u00C2\u00B10.5% from the mean. Month number 20 40 60 80 100 Ef fic ie nc y 0.416 0.418 0.42 0.422 0.424 0.426 0.428 0.43 0.432 0.434 Figure 7.4: Off-peak muon-pair MC efficiency variation for isBCMuMu. The dashed lines show \u00C2\u00B10.5% from the mean. Chapter 7. Cutset Optimization 61 Time bin number 0 5 10 15 20 25 K v al ue p er ti m e bi n 1 1.005 1.01 1.015 1.02 Figure 7.5: Time-variation of \u00CE\u00BA\u00C2\u00B5 for the new cutset. The dashed lines show \u00C2\u00B10.5% from the mean. Time bin number 0 5 10 15 20 25 K v al ue p er ti m e bi n 1 1.005 1.01 1.015 1.02 Figure 7.6: Time-variation of \u00CE\u00BA\u00C2\u00B5 for isBCMuMu. The dashed lines show \u00C2\u00B10.5% from the mean. Chapter 7. Cutset Optimization 62 Some properties of this cutset and isBCMultiHadron are shown in Table 7.2. The proposed cutset is more stable in time than isBCMultiHadron, but the improvement from the existing tag is not as large as it was for the muon- pair selector. Nevertheless the new hadronic cutset has a lower \u00CF\u00872 statistic for all types of MC, and consequently the estimated systematic uncertainty (d0) is lower in each case. The \u00CF\u00872 statistics of each MC type decrease to between 26% and 36% of their isBCMultiHadron values. The time-variation of \u00CE\u00BAX and the efficiency of each type of continuum MC for the proposed cutset and isBCMultiHadron are shown in Fig. 7.9 \u00E2\u0080\u0093 7.18. The time-variation of uds MC efficiency for the new cuts and isBCMultiHadron are shown in Fig. 7.9 \u00E2\u0080\u0093 7.12. The equivalent plots for cc MC efficiency (with vertical axes of the same scale) are shown in Fig. 7.13 \u00E2\u0080\u0093 7.16. Finally, \u00CE\u00BAX for the new cutset and isBCMultiHadron is shown in Fig. 7.17 \u00E2\u0080\u0093 7.18. The weighted mean BB efficiency (\u00CE\u00B5\u00CC\u0082B) for this cutset is 0.94046\u00C2\u00B1 0.00003 (where the uncertainty is statistical only), which is slightly lower than the is- BCMultiHadron value of 0.9613. The main reasons for this decrease are the addition of a p1Mag cut and the slightly higher cut on ETotal. 7.4.1 ISR Production and Two-Photon Events We have not yet considered the effect on \u00CE\u00BAX from events which are difficult to simulate with Monte Carlo; in particular Initial State Radiation (ISR) and two- photon events. Our limited knowledge of these events introduces an additional systematic uncertainty to the value of \u00CE\u00BAX . ISR events are those in which one of the incoming beam particles emits a photon before interacting. The theoretical ISR cross-section used in this analysis is based on that described by Benayoun et al. [25]. For ISR production of any state (labelled \u00E2\u0080\u009CV\u00E2\u0080\u009D), the ISR cross-section is taken to be: \u00CF\u0083VISR \u00E2\u0089\u0088 12pi2\u00CE\u0093ee mV \u00C2\u00B7 s \u00C2\u00B7W (s, 1\u00E2\u0088\u0092 m2V s ), (7.20) where W is a function defined in [25], and mV and \u00CE\u0093ee are the resonance mass and partial width of V \u00E2\u0086\u0092 e+e\u00E2\u0088\u0092 respectively. The total cross-section is estimated to be the sum of each possible JPC = 1\u00E2\u0088\u0092\u00E2\u0088\u0092 resonance. The dominant terms in this sum are to the \u00CF\u00810 (by an order-of-magnitude), J/\u00CF\u0088 and \u00CE\u00A5 (3S) resonances. Two-photon events are those where the two colliding particles emit virtual photons which in turn interact to produce some system of particles. A review of two-photon particle production can be read in [26]. For high energies (such as those provided by PEP-II), the cross-section for two-photon production of a lepton pair is given approximately by: \u00CF\u0083e+e\u00E2\u0088\u0092\u00E2\u0086\u0092e+e\u00E2\u0088\u0092`+`\u00E2\u0088\u0092 = 28\u00CE\u00B14 27pim2l ( ln s m2e )2 ln 2 m2l , (7.21) where l can be either e or \u00C2\u00B5 and \u00E2\u0088\u009A s is the CM energy. Chapter 7. Cutset Optimization 63 The (high-energy limit) cross-section for hadron production (h) is given ap- proximately by: \u00CF\u0083e+e\u00E2\u0088\u0092\u00E2\u0086\u0092e+e\u00E2\u0088\u0092h = \u00CE\u00B14 18pi2m2pi ln sm2\u00CF\u0081 m2em 2 pi ln sm6\u00CF\u0081 m6em 2 pi ( ln s m2pi )2 , (7.22) where m\u00CF\u0081 and mpi are the masses of the \u00CF\u0081 and pi mesons. Since these two processes are not known especially well, we attempt to quan- tify their effect on systematic uncertainty. We do this by using cc, uds, \u00CF\u0084+\u00CF\u0084\u00E2\u0088\u0092 and high-angle Bhabha MC to estimate the effective cross-section for other (i.e. not of these four types) events in off-peak data of passing the hadronic selection, and the corresponding systematic uncertainty on \u00CE\u00BA. The hadronic part of \u00CE\u00BA takes the form: \u00CE\u00BAX = \u00CE\u00B5X\u00CF\u0083X \u00CE\u00B5\u00E2\u0080\u00B2X\u00CF\u0083 \u00E2\u0080\u00B2 X (7.23) = \u00E2\u0088\u0091known \u00CE\u00B5i\u00CF\u0083i + \u00E2\u0088\u0091unknown \u00CE\u00B5j\u00CF\u0083j\u00E2\u0088\u0091known \u00CE\u00B5\u00E2\u0080\u00B2i\u00CF\u0083 \u00E2\u0080\u00B2 i + \u00E2\u0088\u0091unknown \u00CE\u00B5\u00E2\u0080\u00B2j\u00CF\u0083 \u00E2\u0080\u00B2 j . (7.24) Here, by known we mean events for which BABAR has a reliable MC model and well-known cross-sections. The effects of the unknown types can be esti- mated by comparing off-peak data and the known MC. We assume that the un- known component is comprised solely of two-photon, ISR and low-angle Bhabha events. We compare the known MC types to off-peak data. The cross-sections for each MC type are used to combine them in the correct proportions to model data as accurately as possible. Normalization is achieved by forcing the MC to have the same value as data at 0.9 on the plot of total event energy. The MC distributions of total energy are shown in the left plot of Fig. 7.7 and the sum overlaid with data on the right. The excess in data over the cut range (above 0.4348 on the ETotal/ \u00E2\u0088\u009A (s) plot) is found to be equivalent to an effective cross-section of approximately 0.10 nb. The value of \u00CE\u00BAX for the optimal cuts for only the known types of MC has the value 0.98979\u00C2\u00B1 0.00016 (where the uncertainty is statistical only). To estimate \u00CE\u00BAX including two-photon and ISR events we estimate the effec- tive on-peak cross-sections by scaling by the theoretical cross-sections. These considerations increase the value of \u00CE\u00BAX and introduce an additional systematic uncertainty on its value. We combine this new uncertainty in quadrature with that due to MC time-variation. Note that we do not use the (fairly old) theoretical models to predict the absolute cross-section, but use the ratio of theoretical on- and off-peak cross- sections for the processes to estimate the total effective on-peak cross-section. The proportions of two-photon and ISR events in the data are unknown, so for a range of \u00CE\u00B1 values from 0.01 to 0.99 we let unknown\u00E2\u0088\u0091 \u00CE\u00B5\u00E2\u0080\u00B2j\u00CF\u0083 \u00E2\u0080\u00B2 j = \u00CE\u00B1 \u00C2\u00B7 \u00CE\u00B5\u00E2\u0080\u00B2ISR\u00CF\u0083\u00E2\u0080\u00B2ISR + (1\u00E2\u0088\u0092 \u00CE\u00B1) \u00C2\u00B7 \u00CE\u00B5\u00E2\u0080\u00B22\u00CE\u00B3\u00CF\u0083\u00E2\u0080\u00B22\u00CE\u00B3 . (7.25) Chapter 7. Cutset Optimization 64 and use the ratios of \u00CF\u0083ISR/\u00CF\u0083 \u00E2\u0080\u00B2 ISR and \u00CF\u00832\u00CE\u00B3/\u00CF\u0083 \u00E2\u0080\u00B2 2\u00CE\u00B3 from theory to estimate the on- peak unknown effective cross-section (assuming the on- and off-peak efficiencies are identical). The value of \u00CE\u00BAX including the unknown component can be estimated. We take its value to be the \u00CE\u00B1 = 0.5 value, and equate the difference as \u00CE\u00B1 varies to be systematic uncertainty. Performing the identical analysis for the theoretical Bhabha cross-section does not change the solution \u00E2\u0080\u0094 for 100% Bhabhas or a 1:1:1 mixture of two-photon, ISR and Bhabha events, the value of \u00CE\u00BAX stays within the range found using two-photon and ISR events alone. Total Event Energy/sqrt(s) 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 310\u00C3\u0097 Total Event Energy/sqrt(s) 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 310\u00C3\u0097 Figure 7.7: Comparison of ETotal/ \u00E2\u0088\u009A s for known MC types to off-peak data for events passing all other hadronic selection cuts: (left) in decreasing order distributions of sum of all MC types, uds, cc, \u00CF\u0084+\u00CF\u0084\u00E2\u0088\u0092, low-angle Bhabha MC; (right) the sum (points) is shown overlaid with data \u00E2\u0080\u0093 the plots are normalized to have the same value at 0.9. Fig. 7.8 shows the ETotal/eCM distribution of the \u00E2\u0080\u009Cunknown\u00E2\u0080\u009D events (i.e. the difference between the MC and off-peak data distributions). The result is: \u00CE\u00BAX = 0.9901\u00C2\u00B1 0.0002. Note that the addition of two-photon and ISR events give a central value of \u00CE\u00BAX higher than that calculated for the known types only (although they agree within uncertainties). We assume this uncertainty is independent of that calculated in Section 6.6. Combining the two uncertainties (from the MC time-variation and this two- photon, ISR and low-angle Bhabha analysis) in quadrature, the value for the optimal cutset is: \u00CE\u00BAX = 0.9901\u00C2\u00B1 0.0010. Chapter 7. Cutset Optimization 65 Total Event Energy/sqrt(s) 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000 80000 90000 Figure 7.8: Difference in ETotal between known MC types and off-peak data. The cut at 0.4348 is marked with a dashed line. 7.5 B Counting Results The numbers of B meson events counted in data by this pair of new proposed cutsets for each major running period are given in Table 7.3. The two uncer- tainty terms, \u00E2\u0088\u0086(N0B)\u00C2\u00B5/N 0 B and \u00E2\u0088\u0086(N 0 B)H/N 0 B are added in quadrature to give the total uncertainty in the number of B mesons. For comparison, the number counted by the existing code (with a total uncertainty of 1.1% in each case) is also provided. For every Run, the number of B meson events counted by the new cutsets agrees with the existing value within uncertainty. The total uncertainty ranges between 0.615% and 0.634%. Note that these values are calculated only to find the optimal pair of cutsets. The final estimate of systematic uncertainty in data using the optimal cutset is discussed in Chapter 9. Chapter 7. Cutset Optimization 66 Month number 20 40 60 80 100 Ef fic ie nc y 0.624 0.626 0.628 0.63 0.632 0.634 0.636 0.638 0.64 Figure 7.9: On-peak uds MC efficiency time-variation for the new proposed hadronic cuts. The dashed lines show \u00C2\u00B10.5% from the mean. Month number 20 40 60 80 100 Ef fic ie nc y 0.624 0.626 0.628 0.63 0.632 0.634 0.636 0.638 0.64 Figure 7.10: Off-peak uds MC efficiency time-variation for the new proposed hadronic cuts. The dashed lines show \u00C2\u00B10.5% from the mean. Chapter 7. Cutset Optimization 67 Month number 20 40 60 80 100 Ef fic ie nc y 0.61 0.612 0.614 0.616 0.618 0.62 0.622 0.624 0.626 Figure 7.11: On-peak uds MC efficiency time-variation for isBCMultiHadron. The dashed lines show \u00C2\u00B10.5% from the mean. Month number 20 40 60 80 100 Ef fic ie nc y 0.61 0.612 0.614 0.616 0.618 0.62 0.622 0.624 0.626 Figure 7.12: Off-peak uds MC efficiency time-variation for isBCMultiHadron. The dashed lines show \u00C2\u00B10.5% from the mean. Chapter 7. Cutset Optimization 68 Month number 20 40 60 80 100 Ef fic ie nc y 0.748 0.75 0.752 0.754 0.756 0.758 0.76 0.762 Figure 7.13: On-peak cc MC efficiency time-variation for the new proposed hadronic cuts. The dashed lines show \u00C2\u00B10.5% from the mean. Month number 20 40 60 80 100 Ef fic ie nc y 0.748 0.75 0.752 0.754 0.756 0.758 0.76 0.762 Figure 7.14: Off-peak cc MC efficiency time-variation for the new proposed hadronic cuts. The dashed lines show \u00C2\u00B10.5% from the mean. Chapter 7. Cutset Optimization 69 Month number 20 40 60 80 100 Ef fic ie nc y 0.728 0.73 0.732 0.734 0.736 0.738 0.74 0.742 0.744 Figure 7.15: On-peak cc MC efficiency time-variation for isBCMultiHadron. The dashed lines show \u00C2\u00B10.5% from the mean. Month number 20 40 60 80 100 Ef fic ie nc y 0.728 0.73 0.732 0.734 0.736 0.738 0.74 0.742 0.744 Figure 7.16: Off-peak cc MC efficiency time-variation for isBCMultiHadron. The dashed lines show \u00C2\u00B10.5% from the mean. Chapter 7. Cutset Optimization 70 Time bin number 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 Va lu e pe r t im e bi n 0.984 0.986 0.988 0.99 0.992 0.994 0.996 Figure 7.17: Time-variation of \u00CE\u00BAX for the new cutset. The dashed lines show \u00C2\u00B10.5% from the mean. Time bin number 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 Va lu e pe r t im e bi n 0.986 0.988 0.99 0.992 0.994 0.996 0.998 Figure 7.18: Time-variation of \u00CE\u00BAX for isBCMultiHadron. The dashed lines show \u00C2\u00B10.5% from the mean. Chapter 7. Cutset Optimization 71 Table 7.2: Properties of the recommended hadronic cutset and isBCMulti- Hadron. Cutset property New Cutset isBC- MultiHadron On-peak: \u00CE\u00B5\u00CC\u0082uds 0.62998 0.61708 Stat. uncert. in \u00CE\u00B5\u00CC\u0082uds 0.00007 0.00007 \u00CF\u00872 statistic of \u00CE\u00B5uds 344.93 1081.82 Syst. uncert. in \u00CE\u00B5\u00CC\u0082uds (d0,uds) 0.00121 0.00227 \u00CE\u00B5\u00CC\u0082cc 0.75364 0.73431 Stat. uncert. in \u00CE\u00B5\u00CC\u0082cc 0.00006 0.00006 \u00CF\u00872 statistic of \u00CE\u00B5cc 939.95 2669.32 Syst. uncert. in \u00CE\u00B5\u00CC\u0082cc (d0,cc) 0.00175 0.00278 Off-peak: \u00CE\u00B5\u00CC\u0082\u00E2\u0080\u00B2uds 0.63200 0.61752 Stat. uncert. in \u00CE\u00B5\u00CC\u0082\u00E2\u0080\u00B2uds 0.00009 0.00009 \u00CF\u00872 statistic of \u00CE\u00B5\u00E2\u0080\u00B2uds 164.46 527.27 Syst. uncert. in \u00CE\u00B5\u00CC\u0082\u00E2\u0080\u00B2uds (d \u00E2\u0080\u00B2 0,uds) 0.00094 0.00216 \u00CE\u00B5\u00CC\u0082\u00E2\u0080\u00B2cc 0.75568 0.73580 Stat. uncert. in \u00CE\u00B5\u00CC\u0082\u00E2\u0080\u00B2cc 0.00009 0.00009 \u00CF\u00872 statistic of \u00CE\u00B5\u00E2\u0080\u00B2cc 349.56 1304.13 Syst. uncert. in \u00CE\u00B5\u00CC\u0082\u00E2\u0080\u00B2cc (d \u00E2\u0080\u00B2 0,cc) 0.00167 0.00274 \u00CE\u00BAX : \u00CE\u00BA\u00CC\u0082X (known MC only) 0.98979 0.99198 Stat. uncert. in \u00CE\u00BA\u00CC\u0082X 0.00016 0.00017 \u00CF\u00872 statistic of \u00CE\u00BAX 80.19 101.19 Syst. uncert. in \u00CE\u00BA\u00CC\u0082X (d \u00CE\u00BA 0,cont) 0.00095 0.00122 Syst. uncert. in \u00CE\u00BA\u00CC\u0082X (ISR/2\u00CE\u00B3) 0.0002 0.0002 \u00CE\u00BA\u00CC\u0082X (incl. ISR/2\u00CE\u00B3) 0.9901 0.9918 Combined uncert. in \u00CE\u00BA\u00CC\u0082X 0.0010 0.0012 Chapter 7. Cutset Optimization 72 Table 7.3: Uncertainty terms and number of B meson events with overall un- certainty found during optimization procedure in Runs 1\u00E2\u0080\u00936. Run 1 Run 2 \u00E2\u0088\u0086(N0B)\u00C2\u00B5/N 0 B 0.461% 0.456% \u00E2\u0088\u0086(N0B)H/N 0 B 0.416% 0.412% N0B (new cutsets) (22.39\u00C2\u00B1 0.14)\u00C3\u0097 106 (67.61\u00C2\u00B1 0.42)\u00C3\u0097 106 N0B (existing code) (22.40\u00C2\u00B1 0.26)\u00C3\u0097 106 (67.39\u00C2\u00B1 0.74)\u00C3\u0097 106 Run 3 Run 4 \u00E2\u0088\u0086(N0B)\u00C2\u00B5/N 0 B 0.463% 0.460% \u00E2\u0088\u0086(N0B)H/N 0 B 0.417% 0.414% N0B (new cutsets) (35.75\u00C2\u00B1 0.22)\u00C3\u0097 106 (110.70\u00C2\u00B1 0.69)\u00C3\u0097 106 N0B (existing code) (35.57\u00C2\u00B1 0.39)\u00C3\u0097 106 (110.45\u00C2\u00B1 1.21)\u00C3\u0097 106 Run 5 Run 6 \u00E2\u0088\u0086(N0B)\u00C2\u00B5/N 0 B 0.462% 0.471% \u00E2\u0088\u0086(N0B)H/N 0 B 0.416% 0.424% N0B (new cutsets) (146.19\u00C2\u00B1 0.91)\u00C3\u0097 106 (82.19\u00C2\u00B1 0.52)\u00C3\u0097 106 N0B (existing code) (147.19\u00C2\u00B1 1.62)\u00C3\u0097 106 (82.04\u00C2\u00B1 0.90)\u00C3\u0097 106 73 Chapter 8 Sources of Contamination As mentioned in previous Chapters, there are several possible contamination effects which are considered negligible for B Counting. This includes e+e\u00E2\u0088\u0092 \u00E2\u0086\u0092 \u00CF\u0084+\u00CF\u0084\u00E2\u0088\u0092 decays incorrectly passing hadronic selection and Bhabha events incor- rectly passing muon-pair selection among others. In this Chapter we quantify these effects. 8.1 Bhabha Events The process with by far the highest cross-section in PEP-II is Bhabha scattering. Most processes, like e+e\u00E2\u0088\u0092 \u00E2\u0086\u0092 \u00C2\u00B5+\u00C2\u00B5\u00E2\u0088\u0092 or e+e\u00E2\u0088\u0092 \u00E2\u0086\u0092 qq have cross-sections propor- tional to 1/E2CM , where ECM is the event\u00E2\u0080\u0099s CM energy. The cross-section for Bhabha scattering is more complicated, and at PEP-II\u00E2\u0080\u0099s on-peak CM energy of 10.58 GeV is around 40 times larger than most other processes. The differential cross-section takes the form: d\u00CF\u0083 d cos \u00CE\u00B8 = pi\u00CE\u00B12 s [ u2 ( 1 s + 1 t )2 + ( t s )2 + ( s t )2] (8.1) where s, t and u are the Mandelstam variables, which relate the four-momenta of the incoming and outgoing particles [22]. The majority of Bhabha events scatter at low angles (i.e. continue down the beam-pipe), but the cross-section for large-angle Bhabha scattering (i.e. within the angular limits of ChargedTracksBC) is still substantial. Based on samples of one million generated Monte Carlo Bhabha scattering events, the values for on- and off-peak running are (13.8910\u00C2\u00B1 0.0040) nb and (14.0918\u00C2\u00B1 0.0041) nb respectively. These are more than ten times the BB cross-section of 1.1 nb. Ideally, the B Counting muon-pair and hadronic selectors should reject all Bhabha events, but due to many imperfections a small number incorrectly pass. To estimate the size of this effect, we apply the selectors to 7.725 million high- angle Bhabha MC events. The numbers of Bhabha MC events passing the selectors are given in Table 8.1. For the new cuts, the Bhabha hadronic fake-rate is approximately 0.006%, and the Bhabha muon-pair fake-rate is approximately 0.002%. We can estimate the ratio of Bhabha events to B meson events passing the hadronic cuts in an on-peak sample of luminosity L: NBha (pass had. cuts) NB (pass had. cuts) = \u00CE\u00B5had.Bha\u00CF\u0083BhaL \u00CE\u00B5had.B \u00CF\u0083BL (8.2) Chapter 8. Sources of Contamination 74 Table 8.1: Fake-rates for Bhabha MC events passing hadronic and mu-pair selectors. The sample contained 7.725 million large-angle on-peak Bhabha MC events. Number passing selector Percent of total New hadronic selector 449 0.0058% isBCMultiHadron 1559 0.0202% New mu-pair selector 149 0.0019% isBCMuMu 22 0.0003% NBha (pass had. cuts) NB (pass had. cuts) \u00E2\u0089\u0088 0.00006\u00C3\u0097 13.9 nb 0.941\u00C3\u0097 1.1 nb (8.3) \u00E2\u0089\u0088 0.08%. (8.4) Thus, even though the cross-section for high-angle Bhabha events is more than ten times the other continuum cross-sections, the Bhabha hadronic fake-rate is very much smaller than the selector\u00E2\u0080\u0099s systematic uncertainty. The equivalent number for the muon selector (of fake Bhabhas to genuine muon-pairs) is factor of three smaller. The final possible source of Bhabha contamination relates to the energy- dependence of the Bhabha cross-section. One of the most important assump- tions for B Counting is that background events scale in the same way with CM energy as muon-pair events. This assumption enables backgrounds to be sub- tracted by using the ratio of on-peak to off-peak muon-pair events. For Bhabha events however, this assumption is not true. The ratio of on-peak to off-peak muon-pair MC events from Section 5.1 is: \u00CF\u0083\u00C2\u00B5 \u00CF\u0083\u00E2\u0080\u00B2\u00C2\u00B5 = 1.11853 nb 1.12647 nb = 0.99295 (5 sig. fig.) (8.5) and for Bhabhas, this ratio is \u00CF\u0083Bha \u00CF\u0083\u00E2\u0080\u00B2Bha = 13.8910 nb 14.0918 nb = 0.98575 (5 sig. fig.). (8.6) This difference means that when subtracting continuum events, the number of on-peak Bhabha events passing the hadronic cuts will be over-estimated by a factor of approximately 0.7%. The total effect is 0.7% of the 0.006% of Bhabha events passing hadronic selection. Since this number is negligibly small it can be ignored safely. 8.2 Continuum Fake-Rates There is a small probability of hadronic continuum events passing muon-pair selection. These events scale with energy in the same way as muon-pairs. When Chapter 8. Sources of Contamination 75 counting B meson events, the ratio of muon-pairs (R\u00C2\u00B5) is used, so if the per- centage of on- and off-peak fake muons from hadronic continuum events are the same, any hadronic continuum fakes will have no effect on B Counting. Table 8.2 shows the percentage of hadronic continuum MC events which pass the new muon-pair selector and isBCMuMu. Clearly uds events have a higher fake-rate, but the overall effect is too small (in both the number of fakes and on-/off-peak difference) to have any consequences for B Counting. Table 8.2: Fake-rates for hadronic continuum MC events passing the mu-pair selector. The sample contained 5.20 million on-peak cc, 4.20 million off-peak cc, 6.40 million on-peak uds and 4.20 million off-peak uds MC events. % passing new muon-pair selector % passing isBCMuMu cc (on-peak) 0.00014% 0.00036% cc (off-peak) 0.00002% 0.00021% uds (on-peak) 0.009% 0.024% uds (off-peak) 0.010% 0.026% There is also a small chance that muon-pair events can pass the hadronic selector. The probabilities for this are shown in Table 8.3. The effect is negligibly small. Table 8.3: Fake-rates for muon-pair MC events passing the hadronic selector. The sample contained 4.05 million on-peak and 4.08 million off-peak \u00C2\u00B5+\u00C2\u00B5\u00E2\u0088\u0092 MC events. % passing new % passing isBCMulti- hadronic selector Hadron \u00C2\u00B5+\u00C2\u00B5\u00E2\u0088\u0092 (on-peak) 0.0078% 0.0359% \u00C2\u00B5+\u00C2\u00B5\u00E2\u0088\u0092 (off-peak) 0.0082% 0.0377% 8.3 Tau Production Another process with a cross-section close to 1 nb is e+e\u00E2\u0088\u0092 \u00E2\u0086\u0092 \u00CF\u0084+\u00CF\u0084\u00E2\u0088\u0092. The \u00CF\u0084 leptons are short-lived and decay within the beam pipe. These events have only a small probability of passing the muon-pair selector, but the probability of passing the hadronic selector is much larger. Similarly to mu-pair events, tau-pair events are simulated with the KK2F MC generator, GEANT 4 and background addition. The production cross- sections for the process e+e\u00E2\u0088\u0092 \u00E2\u0086\u0092 \u00CF\u0084+\u00CF\u0084\u00E2\u0088\u0092 based on 10 million generated on- and off-peak events are (0.918797\u00C2\u00B1 0.000066) nb and (0.925180\u00C2\u00B1 0.000066) nb re- spectively. The hadronic and mu-pair selector efficiencies are shown in Table 8.4. The hadronic efficiency for \u00CF\u0084 pairs is approximately 4% of the uds and cc hadronic Chapter 8. Sources of Contamination 76 efficiencies. Table 8.4: Fake-rates for \u00CF\u0084+\u00CF\u0084\u00E2\u0088\u0092 MC events passing hadronic and mu-pair se- lectors. The sample contained 4.55 million on-peak and 4.26 million off-peak e+e\u00E2\u0088\u0092 \u00E2\u0086\u0092 \u00CF\u0084+\u00CF\u0084\u00E2\u0088\u0092 MC events. % passing new % passing isBCMulti- hadronic selector Hadron \u00CF\u0084+\u00CF\u0084\u00E2\u0088\u0092 (on-peak) 2.67% 1.37% \u00CF\u0084+\u00CF\u0084\u00E2\u0088\u0092 (off-peak) 2.68% 1.37% % passing new % passing isBCMuMu muon-pair selector \u00CF\u0084+\u00CF\u0084\u00E2\u0088\u0092 (on-peak) 0.052% 0.126% \u00CF\u0084+\u00CF\u0084\u00E2\u0088\u0092 (off-peak) 0.051% 0.117% The rate at which \u00CF\u0084 leptons pass the hadronic cuts is a factor of two higher than for isBCMultiHadron, but this largely does not affect B Counting. The increase in efficiency is mainly due to the increased R2 cut (which changed from 0.5 to 0.65). The cross-section for \u00CF\u0084 production changes with energy identi- cally to muon-pairs, and since the on-peak and off-peak efficiencies are almost identical, the overall effect on B Counting is small. As for other MC types, we can calculate the \u00CF\u00872 statistic for the time-variation of \u00CF\u0084+\u00CF\u0084\u00E2\u0088\u0092 MC. Again, we find the d0 value of (5.6) such that \u00CF\u0087\u00E2\u0080\u00B22(d0) = M \u00E2\u0088\u0092 1. (8.7) This value provides an estimate of the systematic uncertainty in the \u00CF\u0084 lepton efficiency. The time-variation of on- and off-peak \u00CF\u0084+\u00CF\u0084\u00E2\u0088\u0092 MC is shown are Fig. 8.1 and 8.2. The overall uncertainties (combining systematic and statistical uncertain- ties in quadrature) are \u00C2\u00B11.5% for on-peak and \u00C2\u00B10.99% for off-peak \u00CF\u0084 lepton MC. When combined with the efficiency for passing the hadronic cuts of around 2.7%, the contribution to B Counting uncertainty from variations in \u00CF\u0084 lepton efficiency is an order of magnitude lower than the uds and cc contribution. Chapter 8. Sources of Contamination 77 Month number 20 40 60 80 100 Ef fic ie nc y 0.0235 0.024 0.0245 0.025 0.0255 0.026 0.0265 0.027 0.0275 0.028 0.0285 Figure 8.1: On-peak tau lepton MC efficiency variation for the new proposed hadronic cuts. The dashed lines show \u00C2\u00B10.5% from the mean. Month number 20 40 60 80 100 Ef fic ie nc y 0.0235 0.024 0.0245 0.025 0.0255 0.026 0.0265 0.027 0.0275 0.028 0.0285 Figure 8.2: Off-peak tau lepton MC efficiency variation for the new proposed hadronic cuts. The dashed lines show \u00C2\u00B10.5% from the mean. 78 Chapter 9 Systematic Uncertainty In this chapter we estimate the total systematic uncertainty on B Counting. We consider the uncertainties on BB efficiency, \u00CE\u00BAX and \u00CE\u00BA\u00C2\u00B5 and estimate the combined uncertainty. 9.1 BGFMultiHadron and Tracking Efficiency One contributor to systematic uncertainty in \u00CE\u00B5B is the efficiency of the BGFMul- tiHadron tag. To examine this, we studied samples of random on- and off-peak events which pass the Level Three trigger (the stage at which BGF tags are assigned). This dataset has the name DigiFL3Open and consists of 0.5% of all Level Three events. The samples contained 17.57 million on-peak and 1.67 million off-peak data events from Run 4. BGFMultiHadron requires at least three charged tracks and R2 of less than 0.98 in the CM frame. For events with a low number of charged tracks, the quantities BGFMultiHadron and nTracks are closely correlated. Events which fail hadronic selection because nTracks is too low (less than three) also usually fail because they do not have the BGFMultiHadron tag. In the on-peak sample, 1.89 million events passed all hadronic cuts except those on BGFMultiHadron and nTracks. The combination of BGFMultiHadron and nTracks cuts rejected a further 0.19 million events; of these, 86% failed both cuts. This number was 87% in the off-peak data. To find the component of systematic uncertainty due to the combination of the BGFMultiHadron and nTracks cuts in hadronic selection, we compare the low-end tail of the nTracks distribution in BB data and MC for events passing all hadronic cuts except those two. The distribution for data (luminosity-scaled off-peak subtracted from on-peak) overlaid with BB MC is shown in Fig. 9.1. The BB MC sample contained 12.43 million events. After scaling, the off-peak data has more zero- and one-track events than the on-peak data. This causes the equivalent data bins in Fig. 9.1 to be negative. This is due in a large part to contamination by Bhabha events. The proportion of on-peak (off-peak) data events in this plot with exactly one charged track, where that track is identified as an electron is 83.7% (83.8%). This compares to 12.1% for BB MC. Similarly the proportion of two-track events where both are identified as electrons is significantly higher in data (26.2% and 28.3% in on-peak and off-peak respectively) than in MC (3.6%). Events with one or two charged tracks where the number of charged tracks Chapter 9. Systematic Uncertainty 79 Number of Charged Tracks in Event 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Ev en ts 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 310\u00C3\u0097 Figure 9.1: Distribution of nTracks for BB data (solid) and MC (points). All hadronic cuts except those on BGFMultiHadron and nTracks are applied. The two are normalized to have the same area from 3\u00E2\u0080\u009320. is equal to the number of electrons in the event are likely to be Bhabhas. When tracks of this type are removed, the agreement between data and MC improves, especially in the bin of data events with exactly one track. The revised distri- bution is shown in Fig. 9.2. The MC distribution is largely unchanged. To estimate the contribution to systematic uncertainty by these two cuts we can compare the proportion of events in Fig. 9.2 with nTracks less than three for BB data and MC. For data we sum the absolute value of the bin contents (since they are negative for the first two bins) and find 0.56% of all events in the plot are in the first three bins. For BB MC, this number is 0.20%. The difference (0.36%) is attributed to systematic uncertainty in \u00CE\u00B5B from the BGFMultiHadron and nTracks cuts. 9.2 Comparison of Data and MC Next we estimate the systematic uncertainty in \u00CE\u00B5B for the optimal cutset choice due to the difference between BB MC and data. We assumed in Chapter 4 that the proportions of charged and neutral BB decays of the \u00CE\u00A5 (4S) are the same, i.e. that R+/0 = B(\u00CE\u00A5 (4S) \u00E2\u0086\u0092 B+B\u00E2\u0088\u0092) B(\u00CE\u00A5 (4S) \u00E2\u0086\u0092 B0B0) = 1. (9.1) Since the decays of charged B mesons are slightly different to those of neutral ones, a source of uncertainty arises if this assumption is false. Chapter 9. Systematic Uncertainty 80 Number of Charged Tracks in Event 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Ev en ts 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 310\u00C3\u0097 Figure 9.2: Distribution of nTracks for BB data (solid) and MC (points) with \u00E2\u0080\u0098obvious\u00E2\u0080\u0099 Bhabha events removed. All hadronic cuts except those on BGFMultiHadron and nTracks are applied. In addition events are not plotted if the number of electrons is non-zero and equal to the number of charged tracks. The two are normalized to have the same area from 3\u00E2\u0080\u009320. Two of the most precise measurements of f00 \u00E2\u0089\u00A1 B(\u00CE\u00A5 (4S) \u00E2\u0086\u0092 B0B0) and f+\u00E2\u0088\u0092 \u00E2\u0089\u00A1 B(\u00CE\u00A5 (4S) \u00E2\u0086\u0092 B+B\u00E2\u0088\u0092) are described in [27]. That analysis uses a partial reconstruction of the decay B0 \u00E2\u0086\u0092 D\u00E2\u0088\u0097+`\u00E2\u0088\u0092\u00CE\u00BD to obtain: f00 = 0.487\u00C2\u00B1 0.010(stat)\u00C2\u00B1 0.008(syst) (9.2) and infer: f+\u00E2\u0088\u0092 = 0.490\u00C2\u00B1 0.023. (9.3) Since f00 and f+\u00E2\u0088\u0092 agree within experimental uncertainty, in this thesis we as- sume that they are equal and that the effects of any variation from (9.1) are negligibly small. To finally estimate \u00E2\u0088\u0086\u00CE\u00B5B , we compare the cut-quantity distributions of BB data and MC. We shift the MC distributions by small increments (the nature of which depend on the original distributions) to determine whether any variation from the original value improves the agreement between data and MC. To pro- vide maximum statistics, we examine all Runs simultaneously (approximately 464 million BB events). If a better agreement is found, the BB efficiency of the shifted MC is cal- culated and the difference between this and the original value is attributed to Chapter 9. Systematic Uncertainty 81 systematic uncertainty. To measure goodness-of-fit between data and MC his- tograms of n bins, we use again use a \u00CF\u00872 statistic of the form: \u00CF\u00872 = n\u00E2\u0088\u0091 i=1 ( Ndatai \u00E2\u0088\u0092NMCi )2( \u00CF\u0083datai )2 + ( \u00CF\u0083MCi )2 (9.4) where Ndatai (N MC i ) is the number of data (MC) events in bin i, and for esti- mation purposes we make the approximations \u00CF\u0083datai = 1\u00E2\u0088\u009A Ndatai and \u00CF\u0083MCi = 1\u00E2\u0088\u009A NMCi . (9.5) The increments made to each relevant quantity are listed below. Here, \u00CE\u00B4 is an integer, varied between 0 and 200. \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 ETotal is shifted by an increment, up to 0.2 GeV: \u00E2\u0080\u0093 ETotal/eCM \u00E2\u0086\u0092 (ETotal + 0.001\u00CE\u00B4)/eCM. \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 R2 is multiplied by a constant between 0.96 and 1.04: \u00E2\u0080\u0093 R2 \u00E2\u0086\u0092 (0.96 + 0.0004\u00CE\u00B4)\u00C3\u0097R2. \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 To simulate the effect of tracks being lost due to tracking inefficiencies (when a genuine track is not correctly reconstructed as such), the tracking efficiency of each track (ptrack) is varied between 90% and 100%. Each track is given a random number between 0 and 1, and it is kept if the value is less than (0.9 + 0.0005\u00CE\u00B4). Any rejected track reduces the value of nTracks for the event: \u00E2\u0080\u0093 ptrack = (0.9 + 0.0005\u00CE\u00B4). \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 The value of p1Mag is shifted by an increment, positive if p1Mag is below the peak of the distribution and negative if it is above the peak. This has the effect of narrowing the distribution: \u00E2\u0080\u0093 p1Mag \u00E2\u0086\u0092 (1.0 + 0.0005\u00CE\u00B4)\u00C3\u0097p1Mag if p1Mag < 0.97 GeV/c, \u00E2\u0080\u0093 p1Mag \u00E2\u0086\u0092 (1.0\u00E2\u0088\u0092 0.0005\u00CE\u00B4)\u00C3\u0097p1Mag if p1Mag > 0.97 GeV/c. \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 PrimVtxdr is multiplied by a constant between 0.8 and 1.0: \u00E2\u0080\u0093 PrimVtxdr \u00E2\u0086\u0092 (1.0\u00E2\u0088\u0092 0.001\u00CE\u00B4)\u00C3\u0097PrimVtxdr. \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 PrimVtxdz is multiplied by a constant between 0.6 and 1.0: \u00E2\u0080\u0093 PrimVtxdz \u00E2\u0086\u0092 (1.0\u00E2\u0088\u0092 0.002\u00CE\u00B4)\u00C3\u0097PrimVtxdz. Chapter 9. Systematic Uncertainty 82 In each case, once the value of \u00CE\u00B4 resulting in the lowest \u00CF\u00872 is found (\u00CE\u00B4opt.), the BB MC efficiency is recalculated for the new quantity while all other cuts remain unchanged (\u00CE\u00B5\u00CC\u00821B). For some quantities like PrimVtxdz, even though the initial MC and BB distributions do not agree perfectly, the revised efficiency is almost identical to the original. This is because the cut value is so far from the distribution\u00E2\u0080\u0099s peak that only a small number of events in the tail move from failing to passing the cut. The results are shown in Table 9.1. Before any increments are made, the original value of \u00CE\u00B5\u00CC\u0082B is \u00CE\u00B5\u00CC\u0082B = 0.940456\u00C2\u00B1 0.000033 (9.6) where the uncertainty stated is statistical only. Table 9.1: Revised efficiencies for hadronic cut quantities after shifting BB MC. The statistical uncertainty on each \u00CE\u00B51B value is \u00C2\u00B10.000033 (or \u00C2\u00B10.003%) Quantity \u00CE\u00B4opt. \u00CE\u00B5\u00CC\u0082 1 B \u00CE\u00B5\u00CC\u00821 B \u00E2\u0088\u0092\u00CE\u00B5\u00CC\u0082B \u00CE\u00B5\u00CC\u0082B ETotal 87 0.944242 +0.403% R2 110 0.940378 \u00E2\u0088\u00920.008% ptrack 191 0.940308 \u00E2\u0088\u00920.016% p1Mag 8 0.940408 \u00E2\u0088\u00920.005% PrimVtxdr 105 0.940644 +0.020% PrimVtxdz 59 0.940408 \u00E2\u0088\u00920.005% The quantity with the largest change in efficiency is ETotal. The value of \u00CE\u00B4opt. in this case implies that adding 87 MeV to each MC event improves the fit to data the most. The efficiency increases by 0.403% because events up to 87 MeV below the cut now pass selection. The original and revised distributions are shown in Fig. 9.3 and 9.5, and the differences between data and MC for the two plots are shown in Fig. 9.4 and 9.6. The change in R2, p1Mag and PrimVtxdz are negligible in comparison to ETotal, and the variation is comparable to the statistical uncertainty. The plots of data and revised MC for these variables are shown in Fig. 9.7 \u00E2\u0080\u0093 9.11. To estimate \u00E2\u0088\u0086\u00CE\u00B5B we treat each efficiency difference as an independent sys- tematic uncertainty and add them in quadrature. The result is: \u00E2\u0088\u0086\u00CE\u00B5B = 0.404%. (9.7) 9.3 Summary of Systematic Uncertainties We can now summarize by estimating the total B Counting systematic uncer- tainty for the new proposed cuts by combining the independent uncertainties Chapter 9. Systematic Uncertainty 83 Total Event Energy Divided by CM Energy 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 Ev en ts p er 0 .0 07 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 310\u00C3\u0097 Figure 9.3: ETotal/eCM for BB data overlaid with BB Monte Carlo for the original MC ETotal cut. The solid histogram represents data (off- peak subtracted from on-peak) and the dotted (+) histogram is from MC. The histograms are normalised to have the same area from 0.45\u00E2\u0080\u00931.0. Total Event Energy Divided by CM Energy 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 Ev en ts p er 0 .0 07 -30000 -20000 -10000 0 10000 20000 30000 40000 Figure 9.4: The difference between the data and MC histograms of Fig. 9.3. Chapter 9. Systematic Uncertainty 84 Total Event Energy Divided by CM Energy 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 Ev en ts p er 0 .0 07 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 310\u00C3\u0097 Figure 9.5: ETotal/eCM for BB data overlaid with BB Monte Carlo for the revised MC ETotal cut. The solid histogram represents data (off- peak subtracted from on-peak) and the dotted (+) histogram is from MC. The histograms are normalised to have the same area from 0.45\u00E2\u0080\u00931.0. Total Event Energy Divided by CM Energy 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 Ev en ts p er 0 .0 07 -20000 -10000 0 10000 20000 30000 40000 Figure 9.6: The difference between the data and MC histograms of Fig. 9.5. Chapter 9. Systematic Uncertainty 85 Total Event R2 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 Ev en ts p er 0 .0 05 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 310\u00C3\u0097 Figure 9.7: R2 for BB data overlaid with BB Monte Carlo for the revised MC R2 cut. The solid histogram represents data (off-peak subtracted from on-peak) and the dotted (+) histogram is from MC. The his- tograms are normalised to have the same area from 0.0\u00E2\u0080\u00930.5. Number of Charged Tracks in Event 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Ev en ts 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 310\u00C3\u0097 Figure 9.8: nTracks for BB data overlaid with BB Monte Carlo for the MC with revised tracking probability. The solid histogram represents data (off-peak subtracted from on-peak) and the dotted (+) histogram is from MC. The histograms are normalised to have the same area. Chapter 9. Systematic Uncertainty 86 p1Mag (GeV/c) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Ev en ts p er 0 .0 5 G eV /c 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 310\u00C3\u0097 Figure 9.9: p1Mag for BB data overlaid with BB Monte Carlo for the revised MC p1Mag cut. The solid histogram represents data (off-peak sub- tracted from on-peak) and the dotted (+) histogram is from MC. The histograms are normalised to have the same area from 0.0\u00E2\u0080\u00935.0. PrimVtxdr (cm) 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 Ev en ts p er 0 .0 02 5 cm 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 310\u00C3\u0097 Figure 9.10: PrimVtxdr for BB data overlaid with BB Monte Carlo for the revised MC PrimVtxdr cut. The solid histogram represents data (off-peak subtracted from on-peak) and the dotted (+) histogram is from MC. The histograms are normalised to have the same area. Chapter 9. Systematic Uncertainty 87 PrimVtxdz (cm) -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 Ev en ts p er 0 .0 8 cm 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 310\u00C3\u0097 Figure 9.11: PrimVtxdz for BB data overlaid with BB Monte Carlo for the revised MC PrimVtxdz cut. The solid histogram represents data (off-peak subtracted from on-peak) and the dotted (+) histogram is from MC. The histograms are normalised to have the same area. in \u00CE\u00B5B and \u00CE\u00BA. Note that in Chapter 7 an optimal cutset was found by minimiz- ing the time-variation, measured by the expression (7.9). This cannot be used when estimating the actual systematic uncertainty in the number of B mesons, since by treating all MC variation as independent, it double-counts much of the time-variation. For the true estimate of the systematic uncertainty, we instead only consider the uncertainties of those quantities explicitly appearing in the B Counting formula, i.e. \u00CE\u00BA and \u00CE\u00B5B . The statistical and systematic uncertainties on these quantities are summarized in Table 9.2. Combining the uncertainties (systematic and statistical) on \u00CE\u00B5B in quadra- ture, we have: \u00CE\u00B5B = 0.9405 \u00C2\u00B1 0.0051. Similarly, we have the value of \u00CE\u00BA = 0.9979\u00C2\u00B1 0.0012. The total uncertainty on the number of B mesons in a sample can now be found by the standard method of error propagation. From the B Counting formula (4.17) we can write: ( \u00E2\u0088\u0086N0B )2 = ( \u00E2\u0088\u0082N0B \u00E2\u0088\u0082\u00CE\u00BA )2 (\u00E2\u0088\u0086\u00CE\u00BA)2 + ( \u00E2\u0088\u0082N0B \u00E2\u0088\u0082\u00CE\u00B5B )2 (\u00E2\u0088\u0086\u00CE\u00B5B) 2 . (9.8) We have \u00E2\u0088\u0082N0B \u00E2\u0088\u0082\u00CE\u00BA = \u00E2\u0088\u00921 \u00CE\u00B5B (N\u00C2\u00B5 \u00C2\u00B7 Roff ), (9.9) and \u00E2\u0088\u0082N0B \u00E2\u0088\u0082\u00CE\u00B5B = \u00E2\u0088\u00921 \u00CE\u00B5B N0B . (9.10) With this, we are able to make an estimate on the total systematic uncer- tainty on the number of BB events, \u00E2\u0088\u0086N 0B . By considering the two terms of Chapter 9. Systematic Uncertainty 88 Table 9.2: Summary of B Counting statistical and systematic uncertainty com- ponents of \u00CE\u00BA\u00C2\u00B5, \u00CE\u00BAX and \u00CE\u00B5B . Uncert. Value Contrib. to \u00E2\u0088\u0086N0B \u00E2\u0088\u0086\u00CE\u00BA\u00C2\u00B5 Statistical 0.044% 0.10% Time var. of mu-pair eff. 0.032% 0.07% Var. of \u00CE\u00BA\u00C2\u00B5R\u00C2\u00B5 0.047% 0.11% Total 0.07% 0.16% \u00E2\u0088\u0086\u00CE\u00BAX Statistical 0.016% 0.04% Time var. of continuum eff. 0.096% 0.21% ISR/2\u00CE\u00B3 contribution 0.020% 0.04% Total 0.10% 0.22% \u00E2\u0088\u0086\u00CE\u00B5B Statistical 0.004% 0.004% Low track-multiplicity events 0.360% 0.36% BB data/MC comparison 0.404% 0.40% Total 0.54% 0.54% \u00E2\u0088\u0086N0B Total 0.6% (9.8) separately we can determine how the uncertainties on \u00CE\u00BA and \u00CE\u00B5B propagate into uncertainties on N0B . The uncertainties on \u00CE\u00BA\u00C2\u00B5 and \u00CE\u00BAX combined in quadrature lead to a \u00E2\u0088\u0086\u00CE\u00BA value of \u00C2\u00B10.12%. This corresponds to a \u00C2\u00B10.27% uncertainty in N 0B while the \u00E2\u0088\u0086\u00CE\u00B5B value of \u00C2\u00B10.54% corresponds to an uncertainty of \u00C2\u00B10.54% in N 0B . These, added in quadrature via (9.8) give the total uncertainty of 0.6% on the number of B mesons. The number of BB events counted in the BABAR dataset is (464.8\u00C2\u00B12.8)\u00C3\u0097106. The equivalent number given by the existing B Counting code is (465.0\u00C2\u00B15.1)\u00C3\u0097 106. The number counted in each Run is shown in Table 9.3. Chapter 9. Systematic Uncertainty 89 Table 9.3: Number of B mesons events with revised overall uncertainty in Runs 1\u00E2\u0080\u00936. Run 1 Run 2 N0B (new cutsets) (22.4\u00C2\u00B1 0.1)\u00C3\u0097 106 (67.6\u00C2\u00B1 0.4)\u00C3\u0097 106 N0B (existing code) (22.4\u00C2\u00B1 0.3)\u00C3\u0097 106 (67.4\u00C2\u00B1 0.7)\u00C3\u0097 106 Run 3 Run 4 N0B (new cutsets) (35.7\u00C2\u00B1 0.2)\u00C3\u0097 106 (110.7\u00C2\u00B1 0.7)\u00C3\u0097 106 N0B (existing code) (35.6\u00C2\u00B1 0.4)\u00C3\u0097 106 (110.5\u00C2\u00B1 1.2)\u00C3\u0097 106 Run 5 Run 6 N0B (new cutsets) (146.2\u00C2\u00B1 0.9)\u00C3\u0097 106 (82.2\u00C2\u00B1 0.5)\u00C3\u0097 106 N0B (existing code) (147.2\u00C2\u00B1 1.6)\u00C3\u0097 106 (82.0\u00C2\u00B1 0.9)\u00C3\u0097 106 Total N0B (new cutsets) (464.8\u00C2\u00B1 2.8)\u00C3\u0097 106 N0B (existing code) (465.0\u00C2\u00B1 5.1)\u00C3\u0097 106 90 Chapter 10 Summary We have presented a new proposed set of cuts designed to improve the precision of B Counting at the BABAR Experiment. The overall uncertainty in the number of B mesons counted has been reduced from 1.1% to approximately 0.6%. The largest contributors to uncertainty are from BGFMultiHadron and nTracks due to inaccuracies in simulating low track-multiplicity events (\u00E2\u0089\u0088 0.36%) and from the differences between the ETotal distributions of BB data and MC (\u00E2\u0089\u0088 0.40%) . Algorithms implementing these new B Counting selection criteria are being run in the Release 24 reprocessing of the BABAR dataset. This ensures analysts running on the most recent version of the data will be able to count B mesons with this improved method. To allow cross-checking, the old tagbits isBCMuMu and isBCMultiHadron are also recalculated during reprocessing. 91 Appendix A Uncertainties of a Multi-Variable Function Let f(x1, \u00C2\u00B7 \u00C2\u00B7 \u00C2\u00B7 , xm) be an infinitely differentiable function of m variables (xi), each with an uncertainty \u00E2\u0088\u0086xi. The Taylor series of f expanded around the point (a1, \u00C2\u00B7 \u00C2\u00B7 \u00C2\u00B7 , am) is: T (x1, \u00C2\u00B7 \u00C2\u00B7 \u00C2\u00B7 , xm) = \u00E2\u0088\u009E\u00E2\u0088\u0091 n1=0 \u00C2\u00B7 \u00C2\u00B7 \u00C2\u00B7 \u00E2\u0088\u009E\u00E2\u0088\u0091 nm=0 \u00E2\u0088\u0082n1 \u00E2\u0088\u0082xn11 \u00C2\u00B7 \u00C2\u00B7 \u00C2\u00B7 \u00E2\u0088\u0082 nm \u00E2\u0088\u0082xnmm f(a1, \u00C2\u00B7 \u00C2\u00B7 \u00C2\u00B7 , am) n1! \u00C2\u00B7 \u00C2\u00B7 \u00C2\u00B7nm! \u00C2\u00B7 \u00C2\u00B7(x1 \u00E2\u0088\u0092 a1)n1 \u00C2\u00B7 \u00C2\u00B7 \u00C2\u00B7 (xm \u00E2\u0088\u0092 am)nm . (A.1) Assume each xi comes from an independent statistical distribution with mean x\u00CC\u0082i and standard deviation \u00E2\u0088\u0086xi. If the standard deviations are sufficiently small, we can approximate f by evaluating the series to first order around (x\u00CC\u00821, \u00C2\u00B7 \u00C2\u00B7 \u00C2\u00B7 , x\u00CC\u0082m). The uncertainty of the function can then be estimated by the equation: [\u00E2\u0088\u0086f(x1, \u00C2\u00B7 \u00C2\u00B7 \u00C2\u00B7 , xm)]2 = m\u00E2\u0088\u0091 i=1 ( \u00E2\u0088\u0082f \u00E2\u0088\u0082xi \u00E2\u0088\u0086xi )2 , (A.2) where the differential is evaluated at (x\u00CC\u00821, \u00C2\u00B7 \u00C2\u00B7 \u00C2\u00B7 , x\u00CC\u0082m). The zeroth order terms are constant and do not affect the uncertainty. The expression for \u00CE\u00BA\u00C2\u00B5\u00C2\u00B5 has the same form as f(x1, x2) = x1 x2 , (A.3) so in this case: (\u00E2\u0088\u0086f)2 = ( \u00E2\u0088\u0086x1 x\u00CC\u00822 )2 + (\u00E2\u0088\u0092x\u00CC\u00821\u00E2\u0088\u0086x2 x22 )2 . (A.4) Similarly, \u00CE\u00BAcont. has the form g(x1, x2, x3, x4) = x1 + x2 x3 + x4 (A.5) and (\u00E2\u0088\u0086g)2 = ( \u00E2\u0088\u0086x1 x\u00CC\u00823 + x\u00CC\u00824 )2 + ( \u00E2\u0088\u0086x2 x\u00CC\u00823 + x\u00CC\u00824 )2 + (\u00E2\u0088\u0092(x\u00CC\u00821 + x\u00CC\u00822)\u00E2\u0088\u0086x3 (x\u00CC\u00823 + x\u00CC\u00824)2 )2 + + (\u00E2\u0088\u0092(x\u00CC\u00821 + x\u00CC\u00822)\u00E2\u0088\u0086x4 (x\u00CC\u00823 + x\u00CC\u00824)2 )2 . (A.6) 92 Appendix B \u00CE\u00A5 (3S) Counting Between 22 December 2007 and 29 February 2008 (Run 7), the BABAR detector recorded events provided by PEP-II at the \u00CE\u00A5 (3S) resonance. Data was provided at the resonance peak with a CM energy of 10.35 GeV (on-peak data) and also at approximately 30 MeV below this (off-peak data). The author and Chris Hearty performed an analysis of \u00CE\u00A5 (3S) Counting on this dataset. 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A 14, 2605, (1999) [arXiv:hep-ph/9910523]. [26] V. M. Budnev, I. F. Ginzburg, G. V. Meledin and V. G. Serbo, Phys. Rept. 15, 181 (1974). [27] B. Aubert et al. [BABAR Collaboration], Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 042001 (2005). [28] G. McGregor and C. Hearty, \u00E2\u0080\u009CHadronic and \u00CE\u00B3\u00CE\u00B3 Event Selection for \u00CE\u00A5 (3S) Counting,\u00E2\u0080\u009D BABAR Analysis Document #2069 (2008). [29] B. Aubert et al. [BABAR Collaboration], \u00E2\u0080\u009CObservation of the bottomonium ground state in the decay \u00CE\u00A5 (3S) \u00E2\u0086\u0092 \u00CE\u00B3\u00CE\u00B7b\u00E2\u0080\u009D [arXiv:hep-ex/0807.1086v2]."@en . "Thesis/Dissertation"@en . "2008-11"@en . "10.14288/1.0066578"@en . "eng"@en . "Physics"@en . "Vancouver : University of British Columbia Library"@en . "University of British Columbia"@en . "Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International"@en . "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/"@en . "Graduate"@en . "B counting at BABAR"@en . "Text"@en . "http://hdl.handle.net/2429/1611"@en .