"Science, Faculty of"@en . "Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of"@en . "DSpace"@en . "UBCV"@en . "Ahmed, Ayesha Doris"@en . "2010-10-21T16:09:31Z"@en . "2010"@en . "Master of Science - MSc"@en . "University of British Columbia"@en . "Multiple analytical techniques were employed to investigate distal patterns in low temperature hydrothermal fluid flow into and out of Carlin-type gold deposits in two study areas: the Leeville deposit and the Shoshone range including the Pipeline, Gold Acres and Elder Creek deposits. Previous studies indicate that gold is hosted in lower Paleozoic carbonate rocks overlain by thick sequences of similarly aged siliciclastic rocks. Patterns in \u00CE\u00B4\u00C2\u00B9\u00E2\u0081\u00B8O depletion (<20\u00E2\u0080\u00B0VSMOW), and Au, As, Sb, Hg, Tl, and Te concentrations in lower Paleozoic carbonate rock identified three disconnected lateral fluid pathways into the Pipeline deposit: a main conduit providing gold-bearing fluid to the main ore body, the Abyss fault located ~300m below the main ore zone, and the RMT located underneath the Abyss fault. Following gold precipitation in the Pipeline deposit, gold-depleted fluids were likely exhausted laterally, at least initially, along the same structures as those that allowed fluid to enter the deposit. Upon intersecting the RMT fault, fluid either exploited the fault to reach surface, or transgressed overlying siliciclastic rocks via small scale faults and fractures. \u00CE\u00B4\u00C2\u00B9\u00E2\u0081\u00B8O and \u00CE\u00B4D values of H\u00E2\u0082\u0082O in equilibrium clay minerals, and the concentration and crystallinity of illite outlined multiple zones of hydrothermal alteration in surface rocks from both the Shoshone Range and Leeville study areas, however no genetic link was established to Carlin-type gold mineralization at depth. Similarities in trace element geochemistry, ore assemblage, and alteration assemblages however, suggest that the Elder Creek deposit may represent low temperature (200\u00C2\u00B0C) gold mineralization resulting from the exhaust of Carlin-type ore forming fluid. The region above the surface projection of the Leeville deposit exhibits multiple zones of hydrothermal fluid upflow resulting in pervasive illitization of surface siliciclastic rocks. The Pipeline/ Gold Acres also contain abundant crystalline illite. The presence of highly crystalline illite highlights zones of focused fluid upflow, typically along faults and other secondary permeability structures such as breccias."@en . "https://circle.library.ubc.ca/rest/handle/2429/29423?expand=metadata"@en . "\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Beyond\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Confines\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Ore\u00C2\u00A0Deposit:\u00C2\u00A0Mapping\u00C2\u00A0Low\u00C2\u00A0Temperature\u00C2\u00A0 Hydrothermal\u00C2\u00A0Alteration\u00C2\u00A0Above,\u00C2\u00A0Within,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Beneath\u00C2\u00A0Carlin\u00E2\u0080\u0090type\u00C2\u00A0Gold\u00C2\u00A0 Deposits\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 by\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Ayesha\u00C2\u00A0Doris\u00C2\u00A0Ahmed\u00C2\u00A0 B.Sc.,\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0University\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0British\u00C2\u00A0Columbia,\u00C2\u00A02008\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 A\u00C2\u00A0THESIS\u00C2\u00A0SUBMITTED\u00C2\u00A0IN\u00C2\u00A0PARTIAL\u00C2\u00A0FULFILLMENT\u00C2\u00A0OF\u00C2\u00A0THE\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 REQUIREMENTS\u00C2\u00A0FOR\u00C2\u00A0THE\u00C2\u00A0DEGREE\u00C2\u00A0OF\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 MASTER\u00C2\u00A0OF\u00C2\u00A0SCIENCE\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 The\u00C2\u00A0Faculty\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Graduate\u00C2\u00A0Studies\u00C2\u00A0 (Geological\u00C2\u00A0Sciences)\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 THE\u00C2\u00A0UNIVERSITY\u00C2\u00A0OF\u00C2\u00A0BRITISH\u00C2\u00A0COLUMBIA\u00C2\u00A0 (Vancouver)\u00C2\u00A0 October\u00C2\u00A02010\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A9Ayesha\u00C2\u00A0Doris\u00C2\u00A0Ahmed\u00C2\u00A02010\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 ii\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 ABSTRACT\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Multiple\u00C2\u00A0 analytical\u00C2\u00A0 techniques\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0 employed\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0 investigate\u00C2\u00A0 distal\u00C2\u00A0 patterns\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 low\u00C2\u00A0 temperature\u00C2\u00A0 hydrothermal\u00C2\u00A0fluid\u00C2\u00A0flow\u00C2\u00A0into\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0out\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Carlin\u00E2\u0080\u0090type\u00C2\u00A0gold\u00C2\u00A0deposits\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0two\u00C2\u00A0study\u00C2\u00A0areas:\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Leeville\u00C2\u00A0deposit\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0Shoshone\u00C2\u00A0 range\u00C2\u00A0 including\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0Pipeline,\u00C2\u00A0Gold\u00C2\u00A0Acres\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Elder\u00C2\u00A0Creek\u00C2\u00A0deposits.\u00C2\u00A0Previous\u00C2\u00A0studies\u00C2\u00A0 indicate\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0gold\u00C2\u00A0 is\u00C2\u00A0hosted\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 lower\u00C2\u00A0Paleozoic\u00C2\u00A0carbonate\u00C2\u00A0rocks\u00C2\u00A0overlain\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0thick\u00C2\u00A0sequences\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0similarly\u00C2\u00A0 aged\u00C2\u00A0 siliciclastic\u00C2\u00A0 rocks.\u00C2\u00A0 Patterns\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 \u00CE\u00B418O\u00C2\u00A0 depletion\u00C2\u00A0 (<20\u00E2\u0080\u00B0VSMOW),\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 Au,\u00C2\u00A0 As,\u00C2\u00A0 Sb,\u00C2\u00A0 Hg,\u00C2\u00A0 Tl,\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 Te\u00C2\u00A0 concentrations\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 lower\u00C2\u00A0Paleozoic\u00C2\u00A0carbonate\u00C2\u00A0 rock\u00C2\u00A0 identified\u00C2\u00A0 three\u00C2\u00A0disconnected\u00C2\u00A0 lateral\u00C2\u00A0 fluid\u00C2\u00A0pathways\u00C2\u00A0 into\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Pipeline\u00C2\u00A0deposit:\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0main\u00C2\u00A0conduit\u00C2\u00A0providing\u00C2\u00A0gold\u00E2\u0080\u0090bearing\u00C2\u00A0 fluid\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0main\u00C2\u00A0ore\u00C2\u00A0body,\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Abyss\u00C2\u00A0 fault\u00C2\u00A0 located\u00C2\u00A0 ~300m\u00C2\u00A0 below\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0main\u00C2\u00A0 ore\u00C2\u00A0 zone,\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 RMT\u00C2\u00A0 located\u00C2\u00A0 underneath\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 Abyss\u00C2\u00A0 fault.\u00C2\u00A0 Following\u00C2\u00A0gold\u00C2\u00A0precipitation\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Pipeline\u00C2\u00A0deposit,\u00C2\u00A0gold\u00E2\u0080\u0090depleted\u00C2\u00A0fluids\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0likely\u00C2\u00A0exhausted\u00C2\u00A0laterally,\u00C2\u00A0 at\u00C2\u00A0 least\u00C2\u00A0 initially,\u00C2\u00A0 along\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 same\u00C2\u00A0 structures\u00C2\u00A0 as\u00C2\u00A0 those\u00C2\u00A0 that\u00C2\u00A0 allowed\u00C2\u00A0 fluid\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0 enter\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 deposit.\u00C2\u00A0 Upon\u00C2\u00A0 intersecting\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0RMT\u00C2\u00A0 fault,\u00C2\u00A0 fluid\u00C2\u00A0either\u00C2\u00A0exploited\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 fault\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0 reach\u00C2\u00A0 surface,\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0 transgressed\u00C2\u00A0overlying\u00C2\u00A0 siliciclastic\u00C2\u00A0 rocks\u00C2\u00A0 via\u00C2\u00A0 small\u00C2\u00A0 scale\u00C2\u00A0 faults\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 fractures.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00CE\u00B418O\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 \u00CE\u00B4D\u00C2\u00A0 values\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 H2O\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 equilibrium\u00C2\u00A0 clay\u00C2\u00A0 minerals,\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 concentration\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 crystallinity\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 illite\u00C2\u00A0 outlined\u00C2\u00A0 multiple\u00C2\u00A0 zones\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 hydrothermal\u00C2\u00A0 alteration\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0surface\u00C2\u00A0rocks\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0both\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Shoshone\u00C2\u00A0Range\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Leeville\u00C2\u00A0study\u00C2\u00A0areas,\u00C2\u00A0however\u00C2\u00A0no\u00C2\u00A0genetic\u00C2\u00A0 link\u00C2\u00A0 was\u00C2\u00A0 established\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0 Carlin\u00E2\u0080\u0090type\u00C2\u00A0 gold\u00C2\u00A0 mineralization\u00C2\u00A0 at\u00C2\u00A0 depth.\u00C2\u00A0 Similarities\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 trace\u00C2\u00A0 element\u00C2\u00A0 geochemistry,\u00C2\u00A0 ore\u00C2\u00A0 assemblage,\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 alteration\u00C2\u00A0 assemblages\u00C2\u00A0 however,\u00C2\u00A0 suggest\u00C2\u00A0 that\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 Elder\u00C2\u00A0 Creek\u00C2\u00A0 deposit\u00C2\u00A0may\u00C2\u00A0represent\u00C2\u00A0low\u00C2\u00A0temperature\u00C2\u00A0(200\u00C2\u00B0C)\u00C2\u00A0gold\u00C2\u00A0mineralization\u00C2\u00A0resulting\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0exhaust\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Carlin\u00E2\u0080\u0090 type\u00C2\u00A0ore\u00C2\u00A0forming\u00C2\u00A0fluid.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0region\u00C2\u00A0above\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0surface\u00C2\u00A0projection\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Leeville\u00C2\u00A0deposit\u00C2\u00A0exhibits\u00C2\u00A0multiple\u00C2\u00A0 zones\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 hydrothermal\u00C2\u00A0 fluid\u00C2\u00A0 upflow\u00C2\u00A0 resulting\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 pervasive\u00C2\u00A0 illitization\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 surface\u00C2\u00A0 siliciclastic\u00C2\u00A0 rocks.\u00C2\u00A0 The\u00C2\u00A0 Pipeline/\u00C2\u00A0 Gold\u00C2\u00A0 Acres\u00C2\u00A0 also\u00C2\u00A0 contain\u00C2\u00A0 abundant\u00C2\u00A0 crystalline\u00C2\u00A0 illite.\u00C2\u00A0 The\u00C2\u00A0 presence\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 highly\u00C2\u00A0 crystalline\u00C2\u00A0 illite\u00C2\u00A0 highlights\u00C2\u00A0 zones\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 focused\u00C2\u00A0 fluid\u00C2\u00A0 upflow,\u00C2\u00A0 typically\u00C2\u00A0 along\u00C2\u00A0 faults\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 other\u00C2\u00A0 secondary\u00C2\u00A0 permeability\u00C2\u00A0 structures\u00C2\u00A0such\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0breccias.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 iii\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 PREFACE\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Dr.\u00C2\u00A0K.H.\u00C2\u00A0Hickey\u00C2\u00A0identified\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0designed\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0research\u00C2\u00A0program.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0research,\u00C2\u00A0sampling,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 accumulation\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0performed\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0A.\u00C2\u00A0Ahmed\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0consultation\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0K.H.\u00C2\u00A0Hickey,\u00C2\u00A0S.L.\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Barker.\u00C2\u00A0Chapters\u00C2\u00A03\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 4\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 thesis\u00C2\u00A0 are\u00C2\u00A0 intended\u00C2\u00A0 for\u00C2\u00A0 publication\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 a\u00C2\u00A0 scientific\u00C2\u00A0 journal\u00C2\u00A0 under\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 same\u00C2\u00A0 title\u00C2\u00A0 as\u00C2\u00A0 each\u00C2\u00A0 chapter\u00C2\u00A0respectively.\u00C2\u00A0A.\u00C2\u00A0Ahmed\u00C2\u00A0will\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0first\u00C2\u00A0author,\u00C2\u00A0K.A.\u00C2\u00A0Hickey\u00C2\u00A0will\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0second\u00C2\u00A0author,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0S.L.\u00C2\u00A0Barker\u00C2\u00A0will\u00C2\u00A0 be\u00C2\u00A0third\u00C2\u00A0author.\u00C2\u00A0Appendix\u00C2\u00A0A\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0thesis\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0currently\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0press\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Geological\u00C2\u00A0Society\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Nevada\u00C2\u00A02010\u00C2\u00A0 symposium\u00C2\u00A0proceedings,\u00C2\u00A0due\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0published\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0November,\u00C2\u00A02010.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 iv\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 TABLE\u00C2\u00A0OF\u00C2\u00A0CONTENTS \u00C2\u00A0 ABSTRACT\u00C2\u00A0......................................................................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A0ii\u00C2\u00A0 PREFACE\u00C2\u00A0........................................................................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A0iii\u00C2\u00A0 TABLE\u00C2\u00A0OF\u00C2\u00A0CONTENTS\u00C2\u00A0....................................................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A0iv\u00C2\u00A0 LIST\u00C2\u00A0OF\u00C2\u00A0TABLES\u00C2\u00A0...........................................................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A0viii\u00C2\u00A0 LIST\u00C2\u00A0OF\u00C2\u00A0FIGURES\u00C2\u00A0.............................................................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A0i\u00C2\u00A0 LIST\u00C2\u00A0OF\u00C2\u00A0TERMS/\u00C2\u00A0ABBREVIATIONS\u00C2\u00A0.................................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A0iii\u00C2\u00A0 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS\u00C2\u00A0................................................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A0iv\u00C2\u00A0 DEDICATION\u00C2\u00A0..................................................................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A0v\u00C2\u00A0 CHAPTER\u00C2\u00A01\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u0093\u00C2\u00A0PROJECT\u00C2\u00A0OVERVIEW\u00C2\u00A0...............................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A01\u00C2\u00A0 1.1\u00C2\u00A0RATIONALE\u00C2\u00A0FOR\u00C2\u00A0STUDY\u00C2\u00A0......................................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A01\u00C2\u00A0 1.2\u00C2\u00A0OVERVIEW\u00C2\u00A0OF\u00C2\u00A0CARLIN\u00C2\u00A0TYPE\u00C2\u00A0GOLD\u00C2\u00A0SYSTEMS\u00C2\u00A0.....................................................................................\u00C2\u00A02\u00C2\u00A0 1.2.1\u00C2\u00A0Carlin\u00E2\u0080\u0090type\u00C2\u00A0gold\u00C2\u00A0deposits\u00C2\u00A0.............................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A02\u00C2\u00A0 1.2.2\u00C2\u00A0Tectonic\u00C2\u00A0framework\u00C2\u00A0....................................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A04\u00C2\u00A0 1.3\u00C2\u00A0THESIS\u00C2\u00A0OBJECTIVE\u00C2\u00A0...............................................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A07\u00C2\u00A0 1.4\u00C2\u00A0THESIS\u00C2\u00A0ORGANIZATION.......................................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A07\u00C2\u00A0 1.5\u00C2\u00A0SUMMARY\u00C2\u00A0..........................................................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A09\u00C2\u00A0 1.5\u00C2\u00A0REFERENCES......................................................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A010\u00C2\u00A0 CHAPTER\u00C2\u00A02\u00E2\u0080\u0090\u00C2\u00A0CLAY\u00C2\u00A0MINERALS\u00C2\u00A0AND\u00C2\u00A0LOW\u00C2\u00A0TEMPERATURE\u00C2\u00A0PROCESSES\u00C2\u00A0........................................................\u00C2\u00A014\u00C2\u00A0 2.1\u00C2\u00A0INTRODUCTION\u00C2\u00A0................................................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A014\u00C2\u00A0 2.2\u00C2\u00A0CLAY\u00C2\u00A0EQUILIBRIA...............................................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A014\u00C2\u00A0 2.3\u00C2\u00A0ILLITE\u00C2\u00A0THERMOMETRY\u00C2\u00A0......................................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A017\u00C2\u00A0 2.4\u00C2\u00A0ILLITE\u00C2\u00A0POLYTYPISM\u00C2\u00A0...........................................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A018\u00C2\u00A0 2.5\u00C2\u00A0ILLITE\u00C2\u00A0CRYSTALLINITY\u00C2\u00A0........................................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A018\u00C2\u00A0 2.6\u00C2\u00A0CLAY\u00C2\u00A0TEXTURES\u00C2\u00A0AND\u00C2\u00A0CLAY\u00C2\u00A0MORPHOLOGY\u00C2\u00A0......................................................................................\u00C2\u00A020\u00C2\u00A0 2.7\u00C2\u00A0CHEMICAL\u00C2\u00A0COMPOSITION\u00C2\u00A0OF\u00C2\u00A0ILLITE\u00C2\u00A0.................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A020\u00C2\u00A0 2.8\u00C2\u00A0SUMMARY\u00C2\u00A0........................................................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A024\u00C2\u00A0 2.9\u00C2\u00A0REFERENCES......................................................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A025\u00C2\u00A0 CHAPTER\u00C2\u00A03\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u0093\u00C2\u00A0BEYOND\u00C2\u00A0THE\u00C2\u00A0CONFINES\u00C2\u00A0OF\u00C2\u00A0THE\u00C2\u00A0ORE\u00C2\u00A0BODY:\u00C2\u00A0SURFACE\u00C2\u00A0MAPPING\u00C2\u00A0OF\u00C2\u00A0LOW\u00C2\u00A0TEMPERATURE\u00C2\u00A0 HYDROTHERMAL\u00C2\u00A0FLUID\u00C2\u00A0ABOVE\u00C2\u00A0MAJOR\u00C2\u00A0ORE\u00C2\u00A0BODIES\u00C2\u00A0USING\u00C2\u00A0CLAY\u00C2\u00A0ALTERATION\u00C2\u00A0.......................................\u00C2\u00A028\u00C2\u00A0 3.1\u00C2\u00A0INTRODUCTION\u00C2\u00A0................................................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A028\u00C2\u00A0 v\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 3.2\u00C2\u00A0GEOLOGICAL\u00C2\u00A0SETTING\u00C2\u00A0OF\u00C2\u00A0CARLIN\u00E2\u0080\u0090GOLD\u00C2\u00A0DEPOSITS\u00C2\u00A0.........................................................................\u00C2\u00A032\u00C2\u00A0 3.3\u00C2\u00A0CHARACTERISTICS\u00C2\u00A0OF\u00C2\u00A0CARLIN\u00C2\u00A0GOLD\u00C2\u00A0DEPOSITS\u00C2\u00A0................................................................................\u00C2\u00A036\u00C2\u00A0 3.3.1\u00C2\u00A0Clay\u00C2\u00A0alteration\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0Carlin\u00E2\u0080\u0090type\u00C2\u00A0systems\u00C2\u00A0.......................................................................................\u00C2\u00A037\u00C2\u00A0 3.4\u00C2\u00A0THERMAL\u00C2\u00A0SIGNATURE\u00C2\u00A0OF\u00C2\u00A0HYDROTHERMAL\u00C2\u00A0FLUID\u00C2\u00A0FLOW\u00C2\u00A0...............................................................\u00C2\u00A037\u00C2\u00A0 3.5\u00C2\u00A0ANALYTICAL\u00C2\u00A0TECHNIQUES\u00C2\u00A0................................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A042\u00C2\u00A0 3.5.1\u00C2\u00A0Near\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Short\u00C2\u00A0Wave\u00C2\u00A0Infrared\u00C2\u00A0Analysis\u00C2\u00A0(Terraspec\u00C2\u00A9)\u00C2\u00A0..............................................................\u00C2\u00A042\u00C2\u00A0 3.5.2\u00C2\u00A0X\u00E2\u0080\u0090ray\u00C2\u00A0diffraction\u00C2\u00A0.........................................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A043\u00C2\u00A0 3.5.3\u00C2\u00A0Scanning\u00C2\u00A0Electron\u00C2\u00A0Microscope\u00C2\u00A0(SEM)\u00C2\u00A0........................................................................................\u00C2\u00A044\u00C2\u00A0 3.5.4\u00C2\u00A0Electron\u00C2\u00A0Microprobe\u00C2\u00A0Analysis\u00C2\u00A0...................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A044\u00C2\u00A0 3.5.5\u00C2\u00A0Stable\u00C2\u00A0Isotope\u00C2\u00A0Analysis\u00C2\u00A0..............................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A045\u00C2\u00A0 3.6\u00C2\u00A0SAMPLES\u00C2\u00A0...........................................................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A045\u00C2\u00A0 3.7\u00C2\u00A0RESULTS\u00C2\u00A0............................................................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A046\u00C2\u00A0 3.7.1\u00C2\u00A0Morphology\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0textural\u00C2\u00A0relationships\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0clays\u00C2\u00A0........................................................................\u00C2\u00A046\u00C2\u00A0 3.7.2\u00C2\u00A0Spatial\u00C2\u00A0distribution\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0clays\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u0090Leeville\u00C2\u00A0.........................................................................................\u00C2\u00A050\u00C2\u00A0 3.7.3\u00C2\u00A0Distribution\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0clays\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u0090\u00C2\u00A0Shoshone\u00C2\u00A0Range\u00C2\u00A0Field\u00C2\u00A0Area\u00C2\u00A0....................................................................\u00C2\u00A056\u00C2\u00A0 3.7.4\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Comparing\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0use\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0XRD\u00C2\u00A0vs.\u00C2\u00A0Terraspec\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0identification\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0clay\u00C2\u00A0minerals\u00C2\u00A0.......................\u00C2\u00A060\u00C2\u00A0 3.7.5.\u00C2\u00A0Calculated\u00C2\u00A0temperature\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0illite\u00C2\u00A0formation\u00C2\u00A0..............................................................................\u00C2\u00A063\u00C2\u00A0 3.7.6.\u00C2\u00A0Oxygen\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Hydrogen\u00C2\u00A0Stable\u00C2\u00A0Isotope\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0..............................................................................\u00C2\u00A064\u00C2\u00A0 3.8\u00C2\u00A0INTERPRETATIONS/\u00C2\u00A0DISCUSSION\u00C2\u00A0......................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A068\u00C2\u00A0 3.8.1\u00C2\u00A0Clay\u00C2\u00A0mineral\u00C2\u00A0zonation\u00C2\u00A0patterns\u00C2\u00A0around\u00C2\u00A0hydrothermal\u00C2\u00A0fluid\u00C2\u00A0conduits\u00C2\u00A0.......................................\u00C2\u00A068\u00C2\u00A0 3.8.2\u00C2\u00A0Illite\u00C2\u00A0crystallinity\u00C2\u00A0halos\u00C2\u00A0...............................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A070\u00C2\u00A0 3.8.3\u00C2\u00A0Crystal\u00C2\u00A0morphology\u00C2\u00A0...................................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A071\u00C2\u00A0 3.8.4\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0Origin\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Clay\u00C2\u00A0Minerals\u00C2\u00A0.......................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A071\u00C2\u00A0 3.8.5\u00C2\u00A0Challenges\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0using\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0K\u00C2\u00A0+\u00C2\u00A0\u00E0\u00A1\u00B2\u00E0\u00A2\u008B \u00E0\u00B5\u0086 \u00E0\u00A1\u00B9\u00E0\u00A2\u008D\u00C2\u00A0thermometer\u00C2\u00A0................................................................\u00C2\u00A072\u00C2\u00A0 3.8.6\u00C2\u00A0Clay\u00C2\u00A0morphology,\u00C2\u00A0crystallinity\u00C2\u00A0,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0composition\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0function\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0reaction\u00C2\u00A0progress\u00C2\u00A0..............\u00C2\u00A073\u00C2\u00A0 3.9\u00C2\u00A0IMPLICATIONS\u00C2\u00A0..................................................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A075\u00C2\u00A0 3.9.1\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0ability\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0analytical\u00C2\u00A0tools\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0identify\u00C2\u00A0alteration\u00C2\u00A0related\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Carlin\u00E2\u0080\u0090Au\u00C2\u00A0mineralization..........\u00C2\u00A075\u00C2\u00A0 3.9.2\u00C2\u00A0Hydrothermal\u00C2\u00A0flow\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0regional\u00C2\u00A0scale\u00C2\u00A0.....................................................................................\u00C2\u00A077\u00C2\u00A0 3.9.3\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0pathway\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0exhausted\u00C2\u00A0fluids\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0Carlin\u00E2\u0080\u0090type\u00C2\u00A0systems\u00C2\u00A0..........................................................\u00C2\u00A078\u00C2\u00A0 3.10\u00C2\u00A0CONCLUSIONS\u00C2\u00A0................................................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A078\u00C2\u00A0 3.11\u00C2\u00A0REFERENCES\u00C2\u00A0...................................................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A080\u00C2\u00A0 CHAPTER\u00C2\u00A04\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u0093\u00C2\u00A0SHEDDING\u00C2\u00A0LIGHT\u00C2\u00A0ON\u00C2\u00A0THE\u00C2\u00A0ABYSS:\u00C2\u00A0LATERAL\u00C2\u00A0FLUID\u00C2\u00A0FLOW\u00C2\u00A0UNDERNEATH\u00C2\u00A0AND\u00C2\u00A0INTO\u00C2\u00A0CARLIN\u00E2\u0080\u0090 TYPE\u00C2\u00A0GOLD\u00C2\u00A0DEPOSITS\u00C2\u00A0.................................................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A089\u00C2\u00A0 vi\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 4.1\u00C2\u00A0INTRODUCTION\u00C2\u00A0................................................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A089\u00C2\u00A0 4.2\u00C2\u00A0GEOLOGICAL\u00C2\u00A0SETTING\u00C2\u00A0OF\u00C2\u00A0THE\u00C2\u00A0PIPELINE\u00C2\u00A0DEPOSIT\u00C2\u00A0............................................................................\u00C2\u00A090\u00C2\u00A0 4.2.1\u00C2\u00A0Carlin\u00E2\u0080\u0090type\u00C2\u00A0Au\u00E2\u0080\u0090Mineralization\u00C2\u00A0...................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A092\u00C2\u00A0 4.2.2\u00C2\u00A0Previous\u00C2\u00A0isotope\u00C2\u00A0studies\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Pipeline\u00C2\u00A0Deposit\u00C2\u00A0......................................................................\u00C2\u00A093\u00C2\u00A0 4.3\u00C2\u00A0FAULT\u00C2\u00A0RELATED\u00C2\u00A0FLUID\u00C2\u00A0FLOW\u00C2\u00A0IN\u00C2\u00A0CARLIN\u00C2\u00A0SYSTEMS\u00C2\u00A0AND\u00C2\u00A0THE\u00C2\u00A0ABYSS\u00C2\u00A0FAULT\u00C2\u00A0.....................................\u00C2\u00A093\u00C2\u00A0 4.4\u00C2\u00A0METHODS\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0ANALYTICAL\u00C2\u00A0TECHNIQUES\u00C2\u00A0........................................................................................\u00C2\u00A097\u00C2\u00A0 4.4.1\u00C2\u00A0Background\u00C2\u00A0\u00EF\u0081\u00A418O,\u00C2\u00A0\u00EF\u0081\u00A413C,\u00C2\u00A0Au\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0trace\u00C2\u00A0element\u00C2\u00A0values\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0marine\u00C2\u00A0carbonate\u00C2\u00A0rocks\u00C2\u00A0..................\u00C2\u00A099\u00C2\u00A0 4.5\u00C2\u00A0RESULTS\u00C2\u00A0..........................................................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A0101\u00C2\u00A0 4.5.1\u00C2\u00A0\u00EF\u0081\u00A418O\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0\u00EF\u0081\u00A413C\u00C2\u00A0values\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0rocks\u00C2\u00A0..................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A0101\u00C2\u00A0 4.5.2\u00C2\u00A0\u00EF\u0081\u00A418O\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0\u00EF\u0081\u00A413C\u00C2\u00A0values\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0veins\u00C2\u00A0...................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A0110\u00C2\u00A0 4.5.3\u00C2\u00A0Gold\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0trace\u00C2\u00A0element\u00C2\u00A0concentrations\u00C2\u00A0near\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Abyss\u00C2\u00A0fault\u00C2\u00A0................................................\u00C2\u00A0114\u00C2\u00A0 4.6\u00C2\u00A0DISCUSSION\u00C2\u00A0....................................................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A0117\u00C2\u00A0 4.6.1\u00C2\u00A0Origin\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0\u00EF\u0081\u00A418O\u00C2\u00A0depletion\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0veins\u00C2\u00A0.......................................................................................\u00C2\u00A0120\u00C2\u00A0 4.7\u00C2\u00A0IMPLICATIONS\u00C2\u00A0................................................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A0122\u00C2\u00A0 4.8\u00C2\u00A0CONCLUSION\u00C2\u00A0..................................................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A0124\u00C2\u00A0 4.9\u00C2\u00A0REFERENCES....................................................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A0125\u00C2\u00A0 CHAPTER\u00C2\u00A05\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u0093CONCLUSIONS......................................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A0130\u00C2\u00A0 5.1\u00C2\u00A0FLUID\u00C2\u00A0FLOW\u00C2\u00A0INTO\u00C2\u00A0CARLIN\u00E2\u0080\u0090TYPE\u00C2\u00A0GOLD\u00C2\u00A0DEPOSITS\u00C2\u00A0..........................................................................\u00C2\u00A0130\u00C2\u00A0 5.2\u00C2\u00A0FLUID\u00C2\u00A0PATHWAYS\u00C2\u00A0OUT\u00C2\u00A0OF\u00C2\u00A0CARLIN\u00E2\u0080\u0090TYPE\u00C2\u00A0GOLD\u00C2\u00A0DEPOSITS\u00C2\u00A0.............................................................\u00C2\u00A0130\u00C2\u00A0 5.3\u00C2\u00A0ESTABLISHING\u00C2\u00A0VECTORS\u00C2\u00A0TOWARD\u00C2\u00A0CARLIN\u00E2\u0080\u0090TYPE\u00C2\u00A0ORE\u00C2\u00A0...................................................................\u00C2\u00A0133\u00C2\u00A0 5.4\u00C2\u00A0RECOMMENDATIONS\u00C2\u00A0FOR\u00C2\u00A0FUTURE\u00C2\u00A0WORK\u00C2\u00A0....................................................................................\u00C2\u00A0133\u00C2\u00A0 5.5\u00C2\u00A0REFERENCES....................................................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A0135\u00C2\u00A0 APPENDIX\u00C2\u00A0A:\u00C2\u00A0THE\u00C2\u00A0ELDER\u00C2\u00A0CREEK\u00C2\u00A0DEPOSIT:\u00C2\u00A0An\u00C2\u00A0Upper\u00C2\u00A0Plate\u00C2\u00A0Expression\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0Auriferous\u00C2\u00A0Carlin\u00E2\u0080\u0090type\u00C2\u00A0 hydrothermal\u00C2\u00A0system\u00C2\u00A0...............................................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A0136\u00C2\u00A0 INTRODUCTION\u00C2\u00A0....................................................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A0136\u00C2\u00A0 REGIONAL\u00C2\u00A0GEOLOGICAL\u00C2\u00A0SETTING.........................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A0136\u00C2\u00A0 GEOLOGICAL\u00C2\u00A0SETTING\u00C2\u00A0OF\u00C2\u00A0THE\u00C2\u00A0ELDER\u00C2\u00A0CREEK\u00C2\u00A0MINE\u00C2\u00A0..........................................................................\u00C2\u00A0140\u00C2\u00A0 Clay\u00C2\u00A0mineralogy\u00C2\u00A0................................................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A0144\u00C2\u00A0 Lithogeochemistry\u00C2\u00A0............................................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A0147\u00C2\u00A0 METHODOLOGY\u00C2\u00A0....................................................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A0147\u00C2\u00A0 RESULTS\u00C2\u00A0................................................................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A0149\u00C2\u00A0 Clay\u00C2\u00A0mineralogy\u00C2\u00A0................................................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A0149\u00C2\u00A0 Lithogeochemistry\u00C2\u00A0............................................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A0155\u00C2\u00A0 vii\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 INTERPRETATIONS\u00C2\u00A0................................................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A0157\u00C2\u00A0 Physiochemical\u00C2\u00A0nature\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0fluid\u00C2\u00A0.........................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A0157\u00C2\u00A0 Fluid\u00C2\u00A0flow\u00C2\u00A0pathways\u00C2\u00A0..........................................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A0157\u00C2\u00A0 DISCUSSION\u00C2\u00A0..........................................................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A0161\u00C2\u00A0 Deposit\u00C2\u00A0classification\u00C2\u00A0........................................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A0163\u00C2\u00A0 CONCLUSIONS\u00C2\u00A0......................................................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A0164\u00C2\u00A0 REFERENCES\u00C2\u00A0.........................................................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A0165\u00C2\u00A0 APPENDIX\u00C2\u00A0B\u00E2\u0080\u0093\u00C2\u00A0APATITE\u00C2\u00A0FISSION\u00C2\u00A0TRACK\u00C2\u00A0THERMOCHRONOLOGY\u00C2\u00A0DATA\u00C2\u00A0....................................................\u00C2\u00A0168\u00C2\u00A0 APPENDIX\u00C2\u00A0C\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u0093\u00C2\u00A0SAMPLE\u00C2\u00A0INFORMATION\u00C2\u00A0....................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A0173\u00C2\u00A0 APPENDIX\u00C2\u00A0D\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u0093\u00C2\u00A0X\u00E2\u0080\u0090RAY\u00C2\u00A0DIFFRACTION\u00C2\u00A0PATTERNS\u00C2\u00A0........................................................................................\u00C2\u00A0181\u00C2\u00A0 APPENDIX\u00C2\u00A0E\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u0093\u00C2\u00A0MICROPROBE\u00C2\u00A0DATA\u00C2\u00A0...........................................................................................................\u00C2\u00A0187\u00C2\u00A0 APPENDIX\u00C2\u00A0F\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u0090\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0ISOTOPIC\u00C2\u00A0VARIATION\u00C2\u00A0BETWEEN\u00C2\u00A0LITHOLOGICAL\u00C2\u00A0FORMATIONS\u00C2\u00A0........................................\u00C2\u00A0197\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 viii\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 LIST\u00C2\u00A0OF\u00C2\u00A0TABLES\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Table\u00C2\u00A02.1\u00C2\u00A0 Calibration\u00C2\u00A0chart\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0FWHM\u00C2\u00A0values\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00C2\u00A0 19\u00C2\u00A0 Table\u00C2\u00A02.2\u00C2\u00A0 Regression\u00C2\u00A0line\u00C2\u00A0equations\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0correlation\u00C2\u00A0factors\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0K+[Fe\u00E2\u0080\u0090Mg]\u00C2\u00A0thermometer\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6.\u00C2\u00A0 22\u00C2\u00A0 Table\u00C2\u00A03.1\u00C2\u00A0 XRD\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Leeville\u00C2\u00A0study\u00C2\u00A0area\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6.\u00C2\u00A0 53\u00C2\u00A0 Table\u00C2\u00A03.2\u00C2\u00A0 Calibrated\u00C2\u00A0FWHM\u00C2\u00A0values\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Leeville\u00C2\u00A0study\u00C2\u00A0area\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6.\u00C2\u00A0 55\u00C2\u00A0 Table\u00C2\u00A03.3\u00C2\u00A0 XRD\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Shoshone\u00C2\u00A0Range\u00C2\u00A0study\u00C2\u00A0area\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00C2\u00A0 57\u00C2\u00A0 Table\u00C2\u00A03.4\u00C2\u00A0 Calibrated\u00C2\u00A0FWHM\u00C2\u00A0values\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Shoshone\u00C2\u00A0Range\u00C2\u00A0study\u00C2\u00A0area\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00C2\u00A0 59\u00C2\u00A0 Table\u00C2\u00A03.5\u00C2\u00A0 XRD\u00C2\u00A0vs.\u00C2\u00A0Terraspec\u00C2\u00A0accuracy\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6.\u00C2\u00A0 61\u00C2\u00A0 Table\u00C2\u00A03.6\u00C2\u00A0 Averaged\u00C2\u00A0illite\u00C2\u00A0formation\u00C2\u00A0temperatures\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6.\u00C2\u00A0 64\u00C2\u00A0 Table\u00C2\u00A03.7\u00C2\u00A0 Stable\u00C2\u00A0isotope\u00C2\u00A0data\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00C2\u00A0 65\u00C2\u00A0 Table\u00C2\u00A04.1\u00C2\u00A0 Trace\u00C2\u00A0element\u00C2\u00A0geochemistry\u00C2\u00A0analytical\u00C2\u00A0procedures\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0detection\u00C2\u00A0limits\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6..\u00C2\u00A0 99\u00C2\u00A0 Table\u00C2\u00A04.2\u00C2\u00A0 Stable\u00C2\u00A0isotope\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0geochemistry\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0background\u00C2\u00A0samples\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0Lone\u00C2\u00A0Mtn\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6.\u00C2\u00A0 100\u00C2\u00A0 Table\u00C2\u00A04.3\u00C2\u00A0 \u00CE\u00B418O,\u00C2\u00A0\u00CE\u00B413C,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0trace\u00C2\u00A0element\u00C2\u00A0geochemistry\u00C2\u00A0data\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00C2\u00A0 102\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Table\u00C2\u00A0A1\u00C2\u00A0 Geochemical\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0comparison\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A0Elder\u00C2\u00A0Creek\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Carlin\u00E2\u0080\u0090type\u00C2\u00A0deposit\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6..\u00C2\u00A0 162\u00C2\u00A0 Table\u00C2\u00A0B1\u00C2\u00A0 Thermochronology\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Northern\u00C2\u00A0Carlin\u00C2\u00A0trend\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6.\u00C2\u00A0 168\u00C2\u00A0 Table\u00C2\u00A0B2\u00C2\u00A0 Thermochronology\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Shoshone\u00C2\u00A0Range\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6.\u00C2\u00A0 170\u00C2\u00A0 Table\u00C2\u00A0C1\u00C2\u00A0 Sample\u00C2\u00A0information\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6..\u00C2\u00A0 173\u00C2\u00A0 Table\u00C2\u00A0E1\u00C2\u00A0 Illite\u00C2\u00A0microprobe\u00C2\u00A0compositional\u00C2\u00A0data\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00C2\u00A0 187\u00C2\u00A0 LIST\u00C2\u00A0OF\u00C2\u00A0FIGURES\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Fig.\u00C2\u00A01.1\u00C2\u00A0 Location\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Carlin\u00E2\u0080\u0090type\u00C2\u00A0gold\u00C2\u00A0deposits\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0western\u00C2\u00A0United\u00C2\u00A0States\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6..\u00C2\u00A0 3\u00C2\u00A0 Fig.\u00C2\u00A01.2\u00C2\u00A0 Major\u00C2\u00A0deformation\u00C2\u00A0events\u00C2\u00A0affecting\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0western\u00C2\u00A0margin\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0North\u00C2\u00A0America\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00C2\u00A0 5\u00C2\u00A0 Fig.\u00C2\u00A02.1\u00C2\u00A0 Clay\u00C2\u00A0stability\u00C2\u00A0phase\u00C2\u00A0diagrams\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6..........\u00C2\u00A0 15\u00C2\u00A0 Fig.\u00C2\u00A02.2\u00C2\u00A0 End\u00C2\u00A0member\u00C2\u00A0morphologies\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0illite\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6.\u00C2\u00A0 21\u00C2\u00A0 Fig.\u00C2\u00A02.3\u00C2\u00A0 The\u00C2\u00A0derivation\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0K\u00C2\u00A0+[Fe\u00E2\u0080\u0090Mg]\u00C2\u00A0thermometer\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00C2\u00A0 23\u00C2\u00A0 Fig.\u00C2\u00A03.1\u00C2\u00A0 The\u00C2\u00A0distal\u00C2\u00A0extent\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0degree\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0alteration\u00C2\u00A0around\u00C2\u00A0ore\u00C2\u00A0deposits\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00C2\u00A0 29\u00C2\u00A0 Fig.\u00C2\u00A03.2\u00C2\u00A0 Regional\u00C2\u00A0geology\u00C2\u00A0map\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0north\u00E2\u0080\u0090eastern\u00C2\u00A0Nevada\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6..\u00C2\u00A0 32\u00C2\u00A0 Fig.\u00C2\u00A03.3\u00C2\u00A0 Geological\u00C2\u00A0map\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0cross\u00C2\u00A0section\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Leeville\u00C2\u00A0study\u00C2\u00A0area\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00C2\u00A0 33\u00C2\u00A0 Fig.\u00C2\u00A03.4\u00C2\u00A0 Simplified\u00C2\u00A0tectono\u00E2\u0080\u0090stratigraphic\u00C2\u00A0column\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0RMT\u00C2\u00A0system\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6..\u00C2\u00A0 34\u00C2\u00A0 Fig.\u00C2\u00A03.5\u00C2\u00A0 Potential\u00C2\u00A0fluid\u00C2\u00A0evolution\u00C2\u00A0pathways\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6.\u00C2\u00A0 38\u00C2\u00A0 Fig.\u00C2\u00A03.6\u00C2\u00A0 Apatite\u00C2\u00A0fission\u00C2\u00A0track\u00C2\u00A0ages\u00C2\u00A0across\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Northern\u00C2\u00A0Carlin\u00C2\u00A0trend\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6.\u00C2\u00A0 40\u00C2\u00A0 Fig.\u00C2\u00A03.7\u00C2\u00A0 Apatite\u00C2\u00A0fission\u00C2\u00A0track\u00C2\u00A0ages\u00C2\u00A0across\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Shoshone\u00C2\u00A0Range\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6.\u00C2\u00A0 41\u00C2\u00A0 Fig.\u00C2\u00A03.8\u00C2\u00A0 Sample\u00C2\u00A0types\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6..\u00C2\u00A0 47\u00C2\u00A0 Fig.\u00C2\u00A03.9\u00C2\u00A0 Sample\u00C2\u00A0location\u00C2\u00A0map\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Leeville\u00C2\u00A0study\u00C2\u00A0area\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6..\u00C2\u00A0 48\u00C2\u00A0 Fig.\u00C2\u00A03.10\u00C2\u00A0 Scanning\u00C2\u00A0electron\u00C2\u00A0microphotographs\u00C2\u00A0showing\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0morphology\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0clay\u00C2\u00A0minerals\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6.\u00C2\u00A0 49\u00C2\u00A0 Fig.\u00C2\u00A03.11\u00C2\u00A0 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XRD,\u00C2\u00A0Terraspec,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0FWHM\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0across\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Shoshone\u00C2\u00A0Range\u00C2\u00A0.\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6.\u00C2\u00A0 58\u00C2\u00A0 Fig.\u00C2\u00A03.14\u00C2\u00A0 Causes\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0discrepancies\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A0XRD\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Terraspec\u00C2\u00A0data\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6.\u00C2\u00A0 62\u00C2\u00A0 Fig.\u00C2\u00A03.15\u00C2\u00A0 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Photograph\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0sample\u00C2\u00A0456\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6..\u00C2\u00A0 142\u00C2\u00A0 Fig.\u00C2\u00A0A5\u00C2\u00A0 Field\u00C2\u00A0photographs\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0strongly\u00C2\u00A0argillized\u00C2\u00A0zones\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6.\u00C2\u00A0 143\u00C2\u00A0 Fig.\u00C2\u00A0A6\u00C2\u00A0 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Phyllosilicate\u00C2\u00A0phase\u00C2\u00A0diagrams\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00C2\u00A0 146\u00C2\u00A0 Fig.\u00C2\u00A0A8\u00C2\u00A0 Sample\u00C2\u00A0location\u00C2\u00A0map\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6..\u00C2\u00A0 148\u00C2\u00A0 Fig.\u00C2\u00A0A9\u00C2\u00A0 Two\u00C2\u00A0XRD\u00C2\u00A0standards\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6.\u00C2\u00A0 150\u00C2\u00A0 Fig.\u00C2\u00A0A10\u00C2\u00A0 X\u00E2\u0080\u0090ray\u00C2\u00A0diffraction\u00C2\u00A0patterns\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6..\u00C2\u00A0 152\u00C2\u00A0 Fig.\u00C2\u00A0A11\u00C2\u00A0 Hydrothermal\u00C2\u00A0illite\u00C2\u00A0textures\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6.\u00C2\u00A0 153\u00C2\u00A0 Fig.\u00C2\u00A0A12\u00C2\u00A0 Illite\u00C2\u00A0crystallinity\u00C2\u00A0vs.\u00C2\u00A0peak\u00C2\u00A0position\u00C2\u00A0graph\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00C2\u00A0 154\u00C2\u00A0 Fig.\u00C2\u00A0A13\u00C2\u00A0 Gold\u00C2\u00A0ordered\u00C2\u00A0trace\u00C2\u00A0element\u00C2\u00A0diagrams\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6..\u00C2\u00A0 156\u00C2\u00A0 Fig.\u00C2\u00A0A14\u00C2\u00A0 Geochemical\u00C2\u00A0halos\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6..\u00C2\u00A0 158\u00C2\u00A0 Fig.\u00C2\u00A0A15\u00C2\u00A0 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terranes\u00C2\u00A0 has\u00C2\u00A0 become\u00C2\u00A0 increasingly\u00C2\u00A0 difficult\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 deposits\u00C2\u00A0 currently\u00C2\u00A0 exposed\u00C2\u00A0 at\u00C2\u00A0 surface\u00C2\u00A0 have\u00C2\u00A0 either\u00C2\u00A0 been\u00C2\u00A0 discovered\u00C2\u00A0 or\u00C2\u00A0 categorized\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0 sub\u00E2\u0080\u0090economic\u00C2\u00A0 (Kelley\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.,\u00C2\u00A02006).\u00C2\u00A0Recent\u00C2\u00A0 research\u00C2\u00A0has\u00C2\u00A0highlighted\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 importance\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 discovering\u00C2\u00A0new\u00C2\u00A0exploration\u00C2\u00A0methods\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0improving\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0existing\u00C2\u00A0exploration\u00C2\u00A0methods\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0look\u00C2\u00A0beyond\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0obvious\u00C2\u00A0limits\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0mineralization\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0distal\u00C2\u00A0expression\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0mineralizing\u00C2\u00A0systems\u00C2\u00A0(Adams\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Putnam,\u00C2\u00A0 1992;\u00C2\u00A0Arehart\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Donelick,\u00C2\u00A02006;\u00C2\u00A0Kelley\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.,\u00C2\u00A02006).\u00C2\u00A0This\u00C2\u00A0 task\u00C2\u00A0 is\u00C2\u00A0 complicated\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 context\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 low\u00C2\u00A0 temperature\u00C2\u00A0 hydrothermal\u00C2\u00A0 systems\u00C2\u00A0 (<300\u00EF\u0082\u00B0C)\u00C2\u00A0 where\u00C2\u00A0 conventional\u00C2\u00A0 alteration\u00C2\u00A0 or\u00C2\u00A0 mineral\u00C2\u00A0 mapping\u00C2\u00A0 is\u00C2\u00A0 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(~50\u00EF\u0082\u00B0C\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A02km\u00C2\u00A0given\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0geothermal\u00C2\u00A0gradient\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A025\u00EF\u0082\u00B0C/km)\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0low\u00C2\u00A0temperature\u00C2\u00A0(~200\u00EF\u0082\u00B0C)\u00C2\u00A0rock\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0surface\u00C2\u00A0 water\u00C2\u00A0buffered\u00C2\u00A0 fluid.\u00C2\u00A0Furthermore,\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0alteration\u00C2\u00A0minerals\u00C2\u00A0produced\u00C2\u00A0 from\u00C2\u00A0 low\u00C2\u00A0 temperature\u00C2\u00A0 fluid\u00E2\u0080\u0090rock\u00C2\u00A0 interactions\u00C2\u00A0 are\u00C2\u00A0 generally\u00C2\u00A0 fine\u00C2\u00A0 grained\u00C2\u00A0phyllosilicate\u00C2\u00A0minerals\u00C2\u00A0which\u00C2\u00A0 are\u00C2\u00A0difficult\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0both\u00C2\u00A0 identify\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 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rock\u00E2\u0080\u0090hosted\u00C2\u00A0 hydrothermal\u00C2\u00A0 Au\u00E2\u0080\u0090 systems:\u00C2\u00A0Identifying\u00C2\u00A0far\u00E2\u0080\u0090field\u00C2\u00A0vectors\u00C2\u00A0toward\u00C2\u00A0ore\u00E2\u0080\u0099.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0project\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0sponsored\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0Barrick\u00C2\u00A0Gold\u00C2\u00A0Corporation,\u00C2\u00A0 Newmont\u00C2\u00A0 Mining\u00C2\u00A0 Corporation,\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 Teck\u00C2\u00A0 Limited\u00C2\u00A0 with\u00C2\u00A0 matching\u00C2\u00A0 funds\u00C2\u00A0 provided\u00C2\u00A0 by\u00C2\u00A0 a\u00C2\u00A0 Collaborative\u00C2\u00A0 Research\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 Development\u00C2\u00A0 grant\u00C2\u00A0 from\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 Natural\u00C2\u00A0 Sciences\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 Engineering\u00C2\u00A0 Research\u00C2\u00A0 Council.\u00C2\u00A0 The\u00C2\u00A0 project\u00C2\u00A0 combines\u00C2\u00A0 a\u00C2\u00A0 well\u00E2\u0080\u0090constrained\u00C2\u00A0 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are\u00C2\u00A0manifested\u00C2\u00A0under\u00C2\u00A0cover.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 1.2\u00C2\u00A0OVERVIEW\u00C2\u00A0OF\u00C2\u00A0CARLIN\u00C2\u00A0TYPE\u00C2\u00A0GOLD\u00C2\u00A0SYSTEMS\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 1.2.1\u00C2\u00A0Carlin\u00E2\u0080\u0090type\u00C2\u00A0gold\u00C2\u00A0deposits\u00C2\u00A0 The\u00C2\u00A0world\u00E2\u0080\u0090class\u00C2\u00A0Carlin\u00E2\u0080\u0090type\u00C2\u00A0gold\u00C2\u00A0deposits\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0northeastern\u00C2\u00A0Nevada\u00C2\u00A0provide\u00C2\u00A09%\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0world\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0gold\u00C2\u00A0 production\u00C2\u00A0(Cline\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.,\u00C2\u00A02005;\u00C2\u00A0Price\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.,\u00C2\u00A02008).\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0majority\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0deposits\u00C2\u00A0occur\u00C2\u00A0along\u00C2\u00A0three\u00C2\u00A0structural\u00C2\u00A0 lineaments\u00C2\u00A0shown\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0Figure\u00C2\u00A01.1:\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0Carlin\u00C2\u00A0 trend,\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0Battle\u00C2\u00A0Mountain\u00C2\u00A0Eureka\u00C2\u00A0 trend,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0Getchell\u00C2\u00A0 trend.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0majority\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0gold\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u0098invisible\u00E2\u0080\u0099,\u00C2\u00A0hosted\u00C2\u00A0within\u00C2\u00A0arsenian\u00E2\u0080\u0090rich\u00C2\u00A0pyrite,\u00C2\u00A0although\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0oxidized\u00C2\u00A0portion\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0deposits\u00C2\u00A0can\u00C2\u00A0contain\u00C2\u00A0 free\u00C2\u00A0gold\u00C2\u00A0 (Barker\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.,\u00C2\u00A02009;\u00C2\u00A0Bettles,\u00C2\u00A02002).\u00C2\u00A0Gold\u00C2\u00A0 is\u00C2\u00A0disseminated\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0occurs\u00C2\u00A0 predominantly\u00C2\u00A0within\u00C2\u00A0 lower\u00C2\u00A0 Paleozoic\u00C2\u00A0 silty\u00C2\u00A0 carbonate\u00C2\u00A0 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a\u00C2\u00A0number\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0other\u00C2\u00A0deposits\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0similar\u00C2\u00A0style\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0discovered\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0area\u00C2\u00A0(Cline\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Hofstra,\u00C2\u00A02000).\u00C2\u00A0Since\u00C2\u00A0 this\u00C2\u00A0type\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0deposit\u00C2\u00A0had\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0been\u00C2\u00A0documented\u00C2\u00A0anywhere\u00C2\u00A0else,\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0new\u00C2\u00A0classification\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0hydrothermal\u00C2\u00A0ore\u00E2\u0080\u0090 deposits\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0created\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0termed\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u0098Carlin\u00E2\u0080\u0090type\u00E2\u0080\u0099.\u00C2\u00A0Carlin\u00E2\u0080\u0090type\u00C2\u00A0gold\u00C2\u00A0deposits\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0typically\u00C2\u00A0restricted\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 shallow\u00C2\u00A0crust\u00C2\u00A0(1\u00E2\u0080\u00904km\u00C2\u00A0below\u00C2\u00A0surface).\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0source\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0fluid\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0metals\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0strongly\u00C2\u00A0debated.\u00C2\u00A0Fluid\u00C2\u00A0inclusion\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0mineral\u00C2\u00A0thermometry\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 indicate\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0mineralizing\u00C2\u00A0 fluid\u00C2\u00A0 forming\u00C2\u00A0Carlin\u00C2\u00A0deposits\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0northeastern\u00C2\u00A0 Nevada\u00C2\u00A0 was:\u00C2\u00A0 low\u00C2\u00A0 temperature\u00C2\u00A0 (180\u00E2\u0080\u0090240\u00EF\u0082\u00B0C),\u00C2\u00A0 slightly\u00C2\u00A0 acidic\u00C2\u00A0 (pH\u00C2\u00A0 ~4),\u00C2\u00A0 low\u00E2\u0080\u0090salinity\u00C2\u00A0 (~2\u00E2\u0080\u00933\u00C2\u00A0 wt%\u00C2\u00A0 NaCl\u00C2\u00A0 equivalent),\u00C2\u00A0aqueous\u00C2\u00A0fluids\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0contained\u00C2\u00A0CO2\u00C2\u00A0(<4\u00C2\u00A0mol\u00C2\u00A0%),\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0CH4\u00C2\u00A0(<0.4\u00C2\u00A0mol\u00C2\u00A0%),\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0sufficient\u00C2\u00A0H2S\u00C2\u00A0(10\u00E2\u0080\u0093 1\u00E2\u0080\u009310\u00E2\u0080\u00932\u00C2\u00A0m)\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0transport\u00C2\u00A0Au\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0other\u00C2\u00A0bisulfide\u00E2\u0080\u0090complexed\u00C2\u00A0metals\u00C2\u00A0(Cline\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Hofstra,\u00C2\u00A02000;\u00C2\u00A0Lubben,\u00C2\u00A02004).\u00C2\u00A0 No\u00C2\u00A0 fluid\u00C2\u00A0 inclusion,\u00C2\u00A0mineralogical,\u00C2\u00A0 or\u00C2\u00A0 textural\u00C2\u00A0 evidence\u00C2\u00A0 exists\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0 indicate\u00C2\u00A0 fluid\u00C2\u00A0 boiling\u00C2\u00A0 or\u00C2\u00A0 immiscibility.\u00C2\u00A0 Alteration\u00C2\u00A0associated\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0Carlin\u00E2\u0080\u0090type\u00C2\u00A0mineralization\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0subtle\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0includes:\u00C2\u00A0pre\u00E2\u0080\u0090ore\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 3\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Fig.1.1.\u00C2\u00A0 (Modified\u00C2\u00A0 from\u00C2\u00A0Hofstra\u00C2\u00A0 et\u00C2\u00A0 al.,\u00C2\u00A0 1999)\u00C2\u00A0Dots\u00C2\u00A0 show\u00C2\u00A0 locations\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 Carlin\u00E2\u0080\u0090type\u00C2\u00A0 gold\u00C2\u00A0 deposits\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 western\u00C2\u00A0United\u00C2\u00A0States.\u00C2\u00A0Deposits\u00C2\u00A0occur\u00C2\u00A0principally\u00C2\u00A0along\u00C2\u00A0three\u00C2\u00A0structural\u00C2\u00A0lineaments:\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Battle\u00C2\u00A0Mountain\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u0093\u00C2\u00A0Eureka\u00C2\u00A0trend,\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Carlin\u00C2\u00A0trend,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Getchell\u00C2\u00A0trend.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0alignment\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Carlin\u00E2\u0080\u0090type\u00C2\u00A0deposits\u00C2\u00A0reflects\u00C2\u00A0 major\u00C2\u00A0 basement\u00C2\u00A0 fault\u00C2\u00A0 fabrics\u00C2\u00A0 which\u00C2\u00A0 were\u00C2\u00A0 established\u00C2\u00A0 during\u00C2\u00A0 Neoproterozoic\u00C2\u00A0 rifting\u00C2\u00A0 (Roberts,\u00C2\u00A0 1966;\u00C2\u00A0 Tosdal\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.,\u00C2\u00A02000).\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 4\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 decalcification,\u00C2\u00A0 argillization,\u00C2\u00A0 sulfidation\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 local\u00C2\u00A0 silicification.\u00C2\u00A0 Clay\u00C2\u00A0minerals\u00C2\u00A0 observed\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 argillic\u00C2\u00A0 alteration\u00C2\u00A0assemblage\u00C2\u00A0 include\u00C2\u00A0 illite,\u00C2\u00A0dickite,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0kaolinite\u00C2\u00A0(Ilchik,\u00C2\u00A01990;\u00C2\u00A0Clode\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.,\u00C2\u00A01997;\u00C2\u00A0Folger\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.,\u00C2\u00A0 1998;\u00C2\u00A0 Hofstra\u00C2\u00A0 et\u00C2\u00A0 al.,\u00C2\u00A0 1999;\u00C2\u00A0 Cline\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 Hofstra,\u00C2\u00A0 2000;\u00C2\u00A0 Cail\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 Cline,\u00C2\u00A0 2001).\u00C2\u00A0 Thermochronology\u00C2\u00A0 based\u00C2\u00A0 estimates\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 bedrock\u00C2\u00A0 exhumation\u00C2\u00A0 suggest\u00C2\u00A0 that\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 Carlin\u00E2\u0080\u0090type\u00C2\u00A0 Au\u00E2\u0080\u0090deposits\u00C2\u00A0 likely\u00C2\u00A0 formed\u00C2\u00A0 over\u00C2\u00A0 a\u00C2\u00A0 paleodepth\u00C2\u00A0range\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0<1\u00E2\u0080\u00904\u00C2\u00A0km\u00C2\u00A0(Cline\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.,\u00C2\u00A02005).\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00EF\u0081\u00A4DH2O\u00C2\u00A0values\u00C2\u00A0measured\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0hypogene\u00C2\u00A0kaolinite,\u00C2\u00A0 illite\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 fluid\u00C2\u00A0 inclusions\u00C2\u00A0 from\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0wide\u00E2\u0080\u0090range\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 Carlin\u00C2\u00A0deposits\u00C2\u00A0 suggest\u00C2\u00A0evidence\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0meteoric\u00C2\u00A0water\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0very\u00C2\u00A0 low\u00C2\u00A0\u00EF\u0081\u00A4DH2O\u00C2\u00A0values\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0<\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u0090110\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u00B0\u00C2\u00A0 (Hofstra,\u00C2\u00A0 1999).\u00C2\u00A0Geochemical\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0mineral\u00C2\u00A0 stability\u00C2\u00A0 also\u00C2\u00A0 suggest\u00C2\u00A0 a\u00C2\u00A0highly\u00C2\u00A0exchanged\u00C2\u00A0meteoric\u00C2\u00A0 source\u00C2\u00A0 fluid\u00C2\u00A0 (Ilchik\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Barton,\u00C2\u00A01997).\u00C2\u00A0Stable\u00C2\u00A0isotope\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0fluid\u00C2\u00A0inclusions\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0clay\u00C2\u00A0minerals\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Getchell,\u00C2\u00A0 Twin\u00C2\u00A0 Creeks,\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 Deep\u00C2\u00A0 Star\u00C2\u00A0 deposits,\u00C2\u00A0 however,\u00C2\u00A0 indicate\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 additional\u00C2\u00A0 presence\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 deeply\u00C2\u00A0 sourced\u00C2\u00A0 metamorphic\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0magmatic\u00C2\u00A0 fluid\u00C2\u00A0 (Hofstra\u00C2\u00A0 et\u00C2\u00A0 al.,\u00C2\u00A0 1999;\u00C2\u00A0Heitt\u00C2\u00A0 et\u00C2\u00A0 al.,\u00C2\u00A0 2003;\u00C2\u00A0Cline\u00C2\u00A0 et\u00C2\u00A0 al.,\u00C2\u00A0 2005).\u00C2\u00A0A\u00C2\u00A0 spatial\u00C2\u00A0 association\u00C2\u00A0 between\u00C2\u00A0 some\u00C2\u00A0 Carlin\u00E2\u0080\u0090type\u00C2\u00A0 deposits\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 Eocene\u00C2\u00A0 intrusive\u00C2\u00A0 centers\u00C2\u00A0 has\u00C2\u00A0 also\u00C2\u00A0 led\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 interpretation\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0Carlin\u00E2\u0080\u0090type\u00C2\u00A0deposits\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0distal\u00C2\u00A0portions\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0magmatic\u00C2\u00A0hydrothermal\u00C2\u00A0systems\u00C2\u00A0(Radtke\u00C2\u00A0 et\u00C2\u00A0al.,\u00C2\u00A01980;\u00C2\u00A0Arehart\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.,\u00C2\u00A01993).\u00C2\u00A0 Gold\u00C2\u00A0 is\u00C2\u00A0 typically\u00C2\u00A0 hosted\u00C2\u00A0 within\u00C2\u00A0 Siluro\u00E2\u0080\u0090Devonian\u00C2\u00A0miogeoclinal\u00C2\u00A0 carbonate\u00C2\u00A0 rocks\u00C2\u00A0 that\u00C2\u00A0 form\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 footwall\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Roberts\u00C2\u00A0Mountains\u00C2\u00A0Thrust\u00C2\u00A0 (RMT)\u00C2\u00A0 (the\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009Clower\u00C2\u00A0plate\u00E2\u0080\u009D).\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0structurally\u00C2\u00A0overlying\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009Cupper\u00C2\u00A0 plate\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0dominated\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0Ordovician\u00E2\u0080\u0090Mississippian\u00C2\u00A0siliciclastic\u00C2\u00A0eugeoclinal\u00C2\u00A0rocks\u00C2\u00A0(Roberts,\u00C2\u00A01966).\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0upper\u00C2\u00A0 plate\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0known\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0host\u00C2\u00A0any\u00C2\u00A0major\u00C2\u00A0Carlin\u00E2\u0080\u0090type\u00C2\u00A0Au\u00C2\u00A0deposits\u00C2\u00A0although\u00C2\u00A0mineralization\u00C2\u00A0does\u00C2\u00A0occur\u00C2\u00A0locally\u00C2\u00A0 immediately\u00C2\u00A0 above\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 RMT\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 several\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 lower\u00C2\u00A0 plate\u00E2\u0080\u0090hosted\u00C2\u00A0 deposits.\u00C2\u00A0 The\u00C2\u00A0 lack\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 Carlin\u00E2\u0080\u0090type\u00C2\u00A0 deposits\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0upper\u00C2\u00A0plate\u00C2\u00A0 is\u00C2\u00A0 thought\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0 reflect\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 less\u00C2\u00A0 reactive\u00C2\u00A0nature\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 siliciclastic\u00C2\u00A0 rocks\u00C2\u00A0 that\u00C2\u00A0 dominate\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Roberts\u00C2\u00A0Mountains\u00C2\u00A0allochthon\u00C2\u00A0(Cline\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.,\u00C2\u00A02005).\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 1.2.2\u00C2\u00A0Tectonic\u00C2\u00A0framework\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Figure\u00C2\u00A01.2\u00C2\u00A0presents\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0timeline\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0deformation\u00C2\u00A0events\u00C2\u00A0leading\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0formation\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Carlin\u00E2\u0080\u0090type\u00C2\u00A0gold\u00C2\u00A0 deposits\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0Nevada.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0western\u00C2\u00A0margin\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0continental\u00C2\u00A0North\u00C2\u00A0America\u00C2\u00A0 records\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0history\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0prolonged\u00C2\u00A0 episodic\u00C2\u00A0rifting\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0basin\u00C2\u00A0subsidence\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Neoproterozoic\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Paleozoic\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0proto\u00E2\u0080\u0090Pacific\u00C2\u00A0oceanic\u00C2\u00A0 basin\u00C2\u00A0opened\u00C2\u00A0 following\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0breakup\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0Rodinia\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0 form\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0paleo\u00E2\u0080\u0090continent\u00C2\u00A0 Laurentia\u00C2\u00A0 (Powell\u00C2\u00A0 et\u00C2\u00A0 al.,\u00C2\u00A0 1993;\u00C2\u00A0Wingate\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Giddings,\u00C2\u00A02000;\u00C2\u00A0Lund,\u00C2\u00A02008).\u00C2\u00A0Geochronologic\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0indicate\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0presence\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0two\u00C2\u00A0main\u00C2\u00A0 rifting\u00C2\u00A0events\u00C2\u00A0beginning\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Cryogenian\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0accelerated\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Ediacaran\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Cambrian\u00C2\u00A0(Stewart,\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 5\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Fig.\u00C2\u00A01.2.\u00C2\u00A0(Modified\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0Hofstra\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.,\u00C2\u00A01999)\u00C2\u00A0Timeline\u00C2\u00A0showing\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0major\u00C2\u00A0deformation\u00C2\u00A0events\u00C2\u00A0affecting\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0western\u00C2\u00A0margin\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0continental\u00C2\u00A0North\u00C2\u00A0America.\u00C2\u00A0PC\u00C2\u00A0=\u00C2\u00A0pre\u00E2\u0080\u0090Cambrian\u00C2\u00A0C=\u00C2\u00A0Cambrian\u00C2\u00A0O\u00C2\u00A0=\u00C2\u00A0Ordovician\u00C2\u00A0D=\u00C2\u00A0 Devonian\u00C2\u00A0M\u00C2\u00A0=\u00C2\u00A0Mississippian\u00C2\u00A0 IP\u00C2\u00A0=\u00C2\u00A0Pensylvannian\u00C2\u00A0P\u00C2\u00A0=\u00C2\u00A0Permian\u00C2\u00A0Tr\u00C2\u00A0=\u00C2\u00A0Triassic\u00C2\u00A0J=\u00C2\u00A0Jurassic\u00C2\u00A0K=\u00C2\u00A0Cretaceous\u00C2\u00A0T\u00C2\u00A0=\u00C2\u00A0 Tertiary.\u00C2\u00A0 6\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 1972;\u00C2\u00A0Thompson\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.,\u00C2\u00A01987;\u00C2\u00A0Ross,\u00C2\u00A01991;\u00C2\u00A0Colpron\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.,\u00C2\u00A02002).\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0earlier\u00C2\u00A0rifting\u00C2\u00A0event\u00C2\u00A0corresponds\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 deposition\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 coarse,\u00C2\u00A0 partly\u00C2\u00A0 glaciogenic\u00C2\u00A0 diamictite\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0mafic\u00C2\u00A0 volcanic\u00C2\u00A0 rocks\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0Windermere\u00C2\u00A0 Supergroup\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0 top\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 an\u00C2\u00A0 intercontinental\u00C2\u00A0 rift\u00C2\u00A0margin\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0British\u00C2\u00A0Columbia\u00C2\u00A0 (Ross,\u00C2\u00A0 1991;\u00C2\u00A0Colpron\u00C2\u00A0 et\u00C2\u00A0 al.,\u00C2\u00A0 2002).\u00C2\u00A0 Later\u00C2\u00A0 rifting\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 Neoproterozoic\u00C2\u00A0 is\u00C2\u00A0 interpreted\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0 indicate\u00C2\u00A0 continental\u00C2\u00A0 breakup\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 establishment\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 a\u00C2\u00A0 passive\u00C2\u00A0 margin\u00C2\u00A0 along\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 western\u00C2\u00A0 margin\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 Laurentia\u00C2\u00A0 (Colpron\u00C2\u00A0 et\u00C2\u00A0 al.,\u00C2\u00A0 2002).\u00C2\u00A0 Neoproterozoic\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Early\u00C2\u00A0Cambrian\u00C2\u00A0clastic\u00C2\u00A0rocks\u00C2\u00A0across\u00C2\u00A0central\u00C2\u00A0Nevada\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0dominated\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0quartzite\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0 interstratified\u00C2\u00A0argillite\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0phyllite,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0deposited\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0westward\u00E2\u0080\u0090thickening\u00C2\u00A0 sedimentary\u00C2\u00A0wedge\u00C2\u00A0 over\u00C2\u00A0 structurally\u00C2\u00A0complex,\u00C2\u00A0 thinned\u00C2\u00A0Paleoproterozoic\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0Neoproterozoic\u00C2\u00A0crystalline\u00C2\u00A0basement\u00C2\u00A0 (Poole\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0 al.,\u00C2\u00A01992).\u00C2\u00A0During\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Early\u00E2\u0080\u0090\u00C2\u00A0Middle\u00C2\u00A0Devonian,\u00C2\u00A0basins\u00C2\u00A0formed\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0shelf\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0outer\u00C2\u00A0shelf\u00C2\u00A0regions\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 passive\u00C2\u00A0margin,\u00C2\u00A0probably\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0result\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0reactivation\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Neoproterozoic\u00C2\u00A0rift\u00C2\u00A0structures\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0underlying\u00C2\u00A0 crystalline\u00C2\u00A0basement\u00C2\u00A0(Stewart,\u00C2\u00A01972;\u00C2\u00A0Morrow\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Sandberg,\u00C2\u00A02008).\u00C2\u00A0Following\u00C2\u00A0Neoproterozoic\u00C2\u00A0rifting\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 initial\u00C2\u00A0 sedimentation,\u00C2\u00A0 miogeoclinal\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 eugeoclinal\u00C2\u00A0 sequence\u00C2\u00A0 sediments\u00C2\u00A0 were\u00C2\u00A0 deposited\u00C2\u00A0 on\u00C2\u00A0 top\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 Cambrian\u00C2\u00A0 clastic\u00C2\u00A0 rocks,\u00C2\u00A0 along\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0western\u00C2\u00A0margin\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 continental\u00C2\u00A0North\u00C2\u00A0America\u00C2\u00A0 (Burchfiel\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0Davis,\u00C2\u00A0 1972).\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Interbedded\u00C2\u00A0carbonate\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0shale,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0silty\u00C2\u00A0carbonate\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0deposited\u00C2\u00A0along\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0shelf\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0slope,\u00C2\u00A0 with\u00C2\u00A0 basinal\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 shallow\u00C2\u00A0marine\u00C2\u00A0 siliciclastic\u00C2\u00A0 sediments\u00C2\u00A0 deposited\u00C2\u00A0 further\u00C2\u00A0west\u00C2\u00A0 (Burchfiel\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 Davis,\u00C2\u00A0 1972;\u00C2\u00A0Morrow\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Sandberg,\u00C2\u00A02008).\u00C2\u00A0 Subsequent\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0deposition,\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Paleozoic\u00C2\u00A0passive\u00C2\u00A0margin\u00C2\u00A0sequence\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0subject\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0multiple\u00C2\u00A0episodes\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 contractional\u00C2\u00A0 deformation\u00C2\u00A0 occurring\u00C2\u00A0 from\u00C2\u00A0middle\u00C2\u00A0Mississppian\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0 Early\u00C2\u00A0 Permian\u00C2\u00A0 (Cashman\u00C2\u00A0 et\u00C2\u00A0 al.,\u00C2\u00A0 2008).\u00C2\u00A0During\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Late\u00C2\u00A0Devonian\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u0093\u00C2\u00A0Early\u00C2\u00A0Mississippian\u00C2\u00A0Antler\u00C2\u00A0orogeny,\u00C2\u00A0 lower\u00C2\u00A0Paleozoic\u00C2\u00A0basin\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0slope\u00C2\u00A0 rocks\u00C2\u00A0(locally\u00C2\u00A0termed\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u0098upper\u00C2\u00A0plate\u00E2\u0080\u0099)\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0thrust\u00C2\u00A0eastward\u00C2\u00A0over\u00C2\u00A0coeval\u00C2\u00A0shelf\u00E2\u0080\u0090margin\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0outer\u00E2\u0080\u0090shelf\u00C2\u00A0rocks\u00C2\u00A0 (lower\u00C2\u00A0plate)\u00C2\u00A0forming\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0RMT\u00C2\u00A0system\u00C2\u00A0(Johnson\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Pendergast,\u00C2\u00A01981;\u00C2\u00A0Poole\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.,\u00C2\u00A01992).\u00C2\u00A0Lower\u00C2\u00A0plate\u00C2\u00A0 carbonate\u00C2\u00A0 rocks\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 typical\u00C2\u00A0host\u00C2\u00A0 for\u00C2\u00A0gold\u00C2\u00A0mineralization\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0Carlin\u00E2\u0080\u0090type\u00C2\u00A0gold\u00C2\u00A0deposits.\u00C2\u00A0Upper\u00C2\u00A0plate\u00C2\u00A0 rocks\u00C2\u00A0 were\u00C2\u00A0 eventually\u00C2\u00A0 overlain\u00C2\u00A0 by\u00C2\u00A0 Mississippian\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0 Permian\u00C2\u00A0 shelf\u00C2\u00A0 deposits;\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u0098overlap\u00C2\u00A0 sequence\u00E2\u0080\u0099\u00C2\u00A0 described\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0Roberts\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.,\u00C2\u00A0(1958).\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0Late\u00C2\u00A0Mississippian\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Middle\u00C2\u00A0Pennsylvanian\u00C2\u00A0Humboldt\u00C2\u00A0orogeny\u00C2\u00A0 resulted\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0uplift\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0later\u00C2\u00A0subsidence\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0overlap\u00C2\u00A0sequences.\u00C2\u00A0Rocks\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Golconda\u00C2\u00A0allochthon\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0 thrust\u00C2\u00A0eastward\u00C2\u00A0over\u00C2\u00A0upper\u00C2\u00A0plate\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0overlap\u00C2\u00A0sequence\u00C2\u00A0rocks\u00C2\u00A0during\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Late\u00C2\u00A0Permian\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Early\u00C2\u00A0Triassic\u00C2\u00A0 Sonoma\u00C2\u00A0orogeny\u00C2\u00A0(Miller,\u00C2\u00A01984).\u00C2\u00A0Starting\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Late\u00C2\u00A0Triassic\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0continuing\u00C2\u00A0through\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Tertiary,\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 western\u00C2\u00A0margin\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0North\u00C2\u00A0America\u00C2\u00A0became\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0site\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0semi\u00E2\u0080\u0090continuous\u00C2\u00A0east\u00E2\u0080\u0090directed\u00C2\u00A0subduction\u00C2\u00A0(Speed\u00C2\u00A0 et\u00C2\u00A0al.,\u00C2\u00A01988)\u00C2\u00A0leading\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0development\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Cordilleran\u00C2\u00A0orogenic\u00C2\u00A0belt.\u00C2\u00A0Further\u00C2\u00A0west,\u00C2\u00A0subduction\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0 marked\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0episodes\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0thin\u00E2\u0080\u0090skinned\u00C2\u00A0contractional\u00C2\u00A0deformation\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0accompanying\u00C2\u00A0extensional\u00C2\u00A0faulting\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0magmatism.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 7\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Two\u00C2\u00A0periods\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0extension\u00C2\u00A0affected\u00C2\u00A0Northeastern\u00C2\u00A0Nevada\u00C2\u00A0during\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Cenozoic.\u00C2\u00A0Extension\u00C2\u00A0commenced\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 late\u00C2\u00A0Paleogene\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0onset\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0regional\u00C2\u00A0magmatism\u00C2\u00A0(Wernicke\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.,\u00C2\u00A01987;\u00C2\u00A0Christiansen\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.,\u00C2\u00A0 1992;\u00C2\u00A0Sonder\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Jones,\u00C2\u00A01999).\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0spatial\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0temporal\u00C2\u00A0overlap\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Carlin\u00E2\u0080\u0090type\u00C2\u00A0deposits\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0onset\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0Cenozoic\u00C2\u00A0volcanism\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0extension\u00C2\u00A0suggests\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0fundamental\u00C2\u00A0link\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A0these\u00C2\u00A0phenomena\u00C2\u00A0(Hofstra\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0 al.,\u00C2\u00A01999;\u00C2\u00A0Cline\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.,\u00C2\u00A02005).\u00C2\u00A0Rb/Sr\u00C2\u00A0dating\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0syn\u00E2\u0080\u0090ore\u00C2\u00A0mineral\u00C2\u00A0galkhaite\u00C2\u00A0indicates\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0mineralization\u00C2\u00A0age\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A038\u00E2\u0080\u009040\u00C2\u00A0Myr\u00C2\u00A0(Tretbar\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.,\u00C2\u00A02000;\u00C2\u00A0Arehart\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.,\u00C2\u00A02003;\u00C2\u00A0Cline\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.,\u00C2\u00A02005).\u00C2\u00A0Subsequent\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Carlin\u00E2\u0080\u0090type\u00C2\u00A0gold\u00C2\u00A0 deposition,\u00C2\u00A0heterogeneous\u00C2\u00A0extension\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0Great\u00C2\u00A0Basin,\u00C2\u00A0accompanied\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0magmatism\u00C2\u00A0 continued\u00C2\u00A0 into\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0Oligocene\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0ended\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0mid\u00C2\u00A0Miocene\u00C2\u00A0development\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Basin\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Range\u00C2\u00A0province\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 Northern\u00C2\u00A0Nevada\u00C2\u00A0Rift;\u00C2\u00A0 a\u00C2\u00A0 series\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 north\u00E2\u0080\u0090northwest\u00E2\u0080\u0090striking\u00C2\u00A0mafic\u00C2\u00A0 dikes\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 high\u00C2\u00A0 angle\u00C2\u00A0 normal\u00C2\u00A0 faults,\u00C2\u00A0 basaltic\u00C2\u00A0 volcanic\u00C2\u00A0 flow\u00C2\u00A0 units\u00C2\u00A0 related\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 dikes\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 epithermal,\u00C2\u00A0 volcanic\u00E2\u0080\u0090hosted\u00C2\u00A0 mineral\u00C2\u00A0 deposits\u00C2\u00A0 (Wernicke\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.,\u00C2\u00A01987;\u00C2\u00A0Zoback\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.,\u00C2\u00A01994).\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 1.3\u00C2\u00A0THESIS\u00C2\u00A0OBJECTIVE\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 The\u00C2\u00A0goal\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0thesis\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0investigate\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0answer\u00C2\u00A0two\u00C2\u00A0scientific\u00C2\u00A0questions:\u00C2\u00A0Question\u00C2\u00A01:\u00C2\u00A0Can\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0 identify\u00C2\u00A0fluid\u00C2\u00A0flow\u00C2\u00A0patterns\u00C2\u00A0into\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0out\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0low\u00C2\u00A0temperature\u00C2\u00A0hydrothermal\u00C2\u00A0systems\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0means\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0thermal\u00C2\u00A0 and/\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0chemical\u00C2\u00A0alteration\u00C2\u00A0halos,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0if\u00C2\u00A0so\u00C2\u00A0how\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0fluid\u00C2\u00A0flow\u00C2\u00A0manifested\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0host\u00C2\u00A0rocks?\u00C2\u00A0Question\u00C2\u00A02:\u00C2\u00A0What\u00C2\u00A0 set\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 tools\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0analytical\u00C2\u00A0 techniques\u00C2\u00A0may\u00C2\u00A0provide\u00C2\u00A0vectors\u00C2\u00A0 toward\u00C2\u00A0 regions\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0hydrothermal\u00C2\u00A0 flow\u00C2\u00A0most\u00C2\u00A0 likely\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0precipitated\u00C2\u00A0economic\u00C2\u00A0grades\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0mineralization?\u00C2\u00A0These\u00C2\u00A0two\u00C2\u00A0questions\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0answered\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0 two\u00C2\u00A0 complimentary\u00C2\u00A0 studies:\u00C2\u00A0 (i)\u00C2\u00A0 by\u00C2\u00A0 identifying\u00C2\u00A0 a\u00C2\u00A0 thermal\u00C2\u00A0 or\u00C2\u00A0 chemical\u00C2\u00A0 alteration\u00C2\u00A0 halo\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 upper\u00C2\u00A0 plate\u00C2\u00A0 siliciclastic\u00C2\u00A0 rocks\u00C2\u00A0 resulting\u00C2\u00A0 from\u00C2\u00A0 interaction\u00C2\u00A0 with\u00C2\u00A0 exhausted\u00C2\u00A0 Carlin\u00E2\u0080\u0090type\u00C2\u00A0 hydrothermal\u00C2\u00A0 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Although\u00C2\u00A0chapters\u00C2\u00A03\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A04\u00C2\u00A0focus\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0different\u00C2\u00A0aspects\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0same\u00C2\u00A0scientific\u00C2\u00A0questions\u00C2\u00A0outlined\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0 section\u00C2\u00A0 1.3,\u00C2\u00A0 each\u00C2\u00A0 chapter\u00C2\u00A0 has\u00C2\u00A0 been\u00C2\u00A0 prepared\u00C2\u00A0 as\u00C2\u00A0 a\u00C2\u00A0 stand\u00E2\u0080\u0090alone\u00C2\u00A0 paper\u00C2\u00A0 resulting\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 some\u00C2\u00A0 inevitable\u00C2\u00A0 repetition\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0overlap\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0chapters.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 1.5\u00C2\u00A0SUMMARY\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Exploration\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0low\u00C2\u00A0temperature\u00C2\u00A0hydrothermal\u00C2\u00A0ore\u00C2\u00A0systems\u00C2\u00A0can\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0hindered\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0lack\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0visible\u00C2\u00A0 alteration.\u00C2\u00A0 Carlin\u00E2\u0080\u0090type\u00C2\u00A0 deposits\u00C2\u00A0 are\u00C2\u00A0 examples\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 low\u00C2\u00A0 temperature\u00C2\u00A0 hydrothermal\u00C2\u00A0 systems\u00C2\u00A0 exhibiting\u00C2\u00A0 subtle\u00C2\u00A0alteration\u00C2\u00A0associated\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0mineralization.\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0thesis,\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0discuss\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0presence\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0both\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0thermal\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0chemical\u00C2\u00A0alteration\u00C2\u00A0below,\u00C2\u00A0within,\u00C2\u00A0above\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0outboard\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0 large\u00C2\u00A0 low\u00C2\u00A0temperature\u00C2\u00A0hydrothermal\u00C2\u00A0 systems\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0 studying\u00C2\u00A0 variations\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 low\u00C2\u00A0 temperature\u00C2\u00A0 clay\u00C2\u00A0mineral\u00C2\u00A0 assemblages\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 siliciclastic\u00C2\u00A0 rocks\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 oxygen\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 carbon\u00C2\u00A0 isotope\u00C2\u00A0 depletion\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 carbonate\u00C2\u00A0 rocks.\u00C2\u00A0 In\u00C2\u00A0 addition,\u00C2\u00A0 we\u00C2\u00A0 investigate\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 role\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 largescale\u00C2\u00A0faults\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0process\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0mineralization\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0place\u00C2\u00A0constraints\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0pathways\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0ore\u00C2\u00A0forming\u00C2\u00A0fluids.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 10\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 1.5\u00C2\u00A0REFERENCES\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Adams,\u00C2\u00A0S.S.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Putnam,\u00C2\u00A0B.R.,\u00C2\u00A0 III,\u00C2\u00A01992,\u00C2\u00A0Application\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0mineral\u00C2\u00A0deposit\u00C2\u00A0models\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0exploration:\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0case\u00C2\u00A0 study\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0sediment\u00E2\u0080\u0090hosted\u00C2\u00A0gold\u00C2\u00A0deposits,\u00C2\u00A0Great\u00C2\u00A0Basin,\u00C2\u00A0Western\u00C2\u00A0United\u00C2\u00A0States:\u00C2\u00A0Geological\u00C2\u00A0Society,\u00C2\u00A0 London,\u00C2\u00A0Special\u00C2\u00A0Publications,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A063,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A01\u00E2\u0080\u009023.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Arehart,\u00C2\u00A0G.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Donelick,\u00C2\u00A0R.,\u00C2\u00A02006,\u00C2\u00A0Thermal\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0isotopic\u00C2\u00A0profiling\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Pipeline\u00C2\u00A0hydrothermal\u00C2\u00A0system:\u00C2\u00A0 Application\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0exploration\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0Carlin\u00E2\u0080\u0090type\u00C2\u00A0gold\u00C2\u00A0deposits:\u00C2\u00A0Journal\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Geochemical\u00C2\u00A0exploration,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A0 91,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A027\u00E2\u0080\u009040.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Arehart,\u00C2\u00A0G.,\u00C2\u00A0Chakurian,\u00C2\u00A0A.,\u00C2\u00A0Tretbar,\u00C2\u00A0D.,\u00C2\u00A0Christensen,\u00C2\u00A0J.,\u00C2\u00A0McInnes,\u00C2\u00A0B.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Donelick,\u00C2\u00A0R.,\u00C2\u00A02003,\u00C2\u00A0Evaluation\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 radioisotope\u00C2\u00A0 dating\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 Carlin\u00E2\u0080\u0090type\u00C2\u00A0 deposits\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 Great\u00C2\u00A0 Basin,\u00C2\u00A0western\u00C2\u00A0 North\u00C2\u00A0 America,\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 implications\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0deposit\u00C2\u00A0genesis:\u00C2\u00A0Economic\u00C2\u00A0Geology,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A098,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A0235\u00E2\u0080\u0090248.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Arehart,\u00C2\u00A0G.,\u00C2\u00A0Eldridge,\u00C2\u00A0C.,\u00C2\u00A0Chryssoulis,\u00C2\u00A0S.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Kesler,\u00C2\u00A0 S.,\u00C2\u00A01993,\u00C2\u00A0 Ion\u00C2\u00A0microprobe\u00C2\u00A0determination\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 sulfur\u00C2\u00A0 isotope\u00C2\u00A0 variations\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 iron\u00C2\u00A0 sulfides\u00C2\u00A0 from\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 Post/Betze\u00C2\u00A0 sediment\u00E2\u0080\u0090hosted\u00C2\u00A0 disseminated\u00C2\u00A0 gold\u00C2\u00A0 deposit,\u00C2\u00A0Nevada,\u00C2\u00A0USA:\u00C2\u00A0Geochimica\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0Cosmochimica\u00C2\u00A0Acta,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A057,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A01505\u00E2\u0080\u00901519.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Barker,\u00C2\u00A0 S.,\u00C2\u00A0Hickey,\u00C2\u00A0 K.,\u00C2\u00A0 Cline,\u00C2\u00A0 J.,\u00C2\u00A0Dipple,\u00C2\u00A0G.,\u00C2\u00A0 Kilburn,\u00C2\u00A0M.,\u00C2\u00A0 Vaughan,\u00C2\u00A0 J.,\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 Longo,\u00C2\u00A0A.,\u00C2\u00A0 2009,\u00C2\u00A0Uncloaking\u00C2\u00A0 Invisible\u00C2\u00A0Gold:\u00C2\u00A0Use\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0NanoSIMS\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Evaluate\u00C2\u00A0Gold,\u00C2\u00A0Trace\u00C2\u00A0Elements,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Sulfur\u00C2\u00A0Isotopes\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0Pyrite\u00C2\u00A0 from\u00C2\u00A0Carlin\u00E2\u0080\u0090Type\u00C2\u00A0Gold\u00C2\u00A0Deposits:\u00C2\u00A0Economic\u00C2\u00A0Geology,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A0104,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A0897\u00E2\u0080\u0090904.\u00C2\u00A0 Bettles,\u00C2\u00A0K.\u00C2\u00A02002,\u00C2\u00A0Exploration\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0geology,\u00C2\u00A01962\u00E2\u0080\u00932002\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Goldstrike\u00C2\u00A0property,\u00C2\u00A0Carlin\u00C2\u00A0Trend,\u00C2\u00A0Nevada:\u00C2\u00A0 Economic\u00C2\u00A0Geology\u00C2\u00A0Special\u00C2\u00A0Publication\u00C2\u00A09,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A0275\u00E2\u0080\u0093298.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Burchfiel,\u00C2\u00A0 B.,\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 Davis,\u00C2\u00A0 G.,\u00C2\u00A0 1972,\u00C2\u00A0 Structural\u00C2\u00A0 framework\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 evolution\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 southern\u00C2\u00A0 part\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 Cordilleran\u00C2\u00A0orogen,\u00C2\u00A0western\u00C2\u00A0United\u00C2\u00A0States:\u00C2\u00A0American\u00C2\u00A0Journal\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Science,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A0272,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A097\u00E2\u0080\u0090118.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Cail,\u00C2\u00A0T.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Cline,\u00C2\u00A0 J.,\u00C2\u00A02001,\u00C2\u00A0Alteration\u00C2\u00A0associated\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0gold\u00C2\u00A0deposition\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0Getchell\u00C2\u00A0Carlin\u00E2\u0080\u0090type\u00C2\u00A0gold\u00C2\u00A0 deposit,\u00C2\u00A0north\u00E2\u0080\u0090central\u00C2\u00A0Nevada:\u00C2\u00A0Economic\u00C2\u00A0Geology,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A096,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A01343\u00E2\u0080\u00901359.\u00C2\u00A0 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of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0US\u00C2\u00A0Cordilleran\u00C2\u00A0region:\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0Cordilleran\u00C2\u00A0Orogen:\u00C2\u00A0Conterminous\u00C2\u00A0US\u00C2\u00A0G\u00E2\u0080\u00903,\u00C2\u00A0Geological\u00C2\u00A0Society\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0America,\u00C2\u00A0Boulder,\u00C2\u00A0Colorado,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A0261\u00E2\u0080\u0093406.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Cline,\u00C2\u00A0J.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Hofstra,\u00C2\u00A0A.,\u00C2\u00A02000,\u00C2\u00A0Ore\u00E2\u0080\u0090fluid\u00C2\u00A0evolution\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Getchell\u00C2\u00A0Carlin\u00E2\u0080\u0090type\u00C2\u00A0gold\u00C2\u00A0deposit,\u00C2\u00A0Nevada,\u00C2\u00A0USA:\u00C2\u00A0 European\u00C2\u00A0Journal\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Mineralogy,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A012,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A0195\u00E2\u0080\u0090212.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Cline,\u00C2\u00A0J.,\u00C2\u00A0Hofstra,\u00C2\u00A0A.,\u00C2\u00A0Muntean,\u00C2\u00A0J.,\u00C2\u00A0Tosdal,\u00C2\u00A0R.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Hickey,\u00C2\u00A0K.,\u00C2\u00A02005,\u00C2\u00A0Carlin\u00E2\u0080\u0090type\u00C2\u00A0gold\u00C2\u00A0deposits\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0Nevada:\u00C2\u00A0 Critical\u00C2\u00A0 geologic\u00C2\u00A0 characteristics\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 viable\u00C2\u00A0 models:\u00C2\u00A0 Economic\u00C2\u00A0 Geology,\u00C2\u00A0 100th\u00C2\u00A0 Anniversary\u00C2\u00A0 Volume,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A0451\u00E2\u0080\u0090484.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Clode,\u00C2\u00A0 C.,\u00C2\u00A0Grusing,\u00C2\u00A0 S.,\u00C2\u00A0Heitt,\u00C2\u00A0D.,\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 Johnston,\u00C2\u00A0 I.,\u00C2\u00A0 1997,\u00C2\u00A0 The\u00C2\u00A0 relationship\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 structure,\u00C2\u00A0 alteration,\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 stratigraphy\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0 formation\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 Deep\u00C2\u00A0 Star\u00C2\u00A0 gold\u00C2\u00A0 deposit:\u00C2\u00A0 Eureka\u00C2\u00A0 County,\u00C2\u00A0Nevada:\u00C2\u00A0 Society\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 Economic\u00C2\u00A0Geologists\u00C2\u00A0Guidebook\u00C2\u00A0Series,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A028,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A0239\u00E2\u0080\u0093256.\u00C2\u00A0 11\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Colpron,\u00C2\u00A0M.,\u00C2\u00A0 Logan,\u00C2\u00A0 J.,\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0Mortensen,\u00C2\u00A0 J.,\u00C2\u00A0 2002,\u00C2\u00A0U\u00E2\u0080\u0090Pb\u00C2\u00A0 zircon\u00C2\u00A0 age\u00C2\u00A0 constraint\u00C2\u00A0 for\u00C2\u00A0 late\u00C2\u00A0Neoproterozoic\u00C2\u00A0 rifting\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 initiation\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 lower\u00C2\u00A0 Paleozoic\u00C2\u00A0 passive\u00C2\u00A0margin\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 western\u00C2\u00A0 Laurentia:\u00C2\u00A0 Canadian\u00C2\u00A0 Journal\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Earth\u00C2\u00A0Sciences,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A039,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A0133\u00E2\u0080\u0090143.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Essene,\u00C2\u00A0 E.,\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 Peacor,\u00C2\u00A0 D.,\u00C2\u00A0 1995,\u00C2\u00A0 Clay\u00C2\u00A0 mineral\u00C2\u00A0 thermometry\u00E2\u0080\u0090a\u00C2\u00A0 critical\u00C2\u00A0 perspective:\u00C2\u00A0 Clays\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 Clay\u00C2\u00A0 Minerals,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A043,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A0540\u00E2\u0080\u0090553.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Folger,\u00C2\u00A0H.,\u00C2\u00A0Hofstra,\u00C2\u00A0A.,\u00C2\u00A0Eberl,\u00C2\u00A0D.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Snee,\u00C2\u00A0L.,\u00C2\u00A01998,\u00C2\u00A0Importance\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0clay\u00C2\u00A0characterization\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0interpretation\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 40\u00C2\u00A0 Ar/39\u00C2\u00A0 Ar\u00C2\u00A0 dates\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 illite\u00C2\u00A0 from\u00C2\u00A0 Carlin\u00E2\u0080\u0090type\u00C2\u00A0 gold\u00C2\u00A0 deposits:\u00C2\u00A0 Insights\u00C2\u00A0 from\u00C2\u00A0 Jerritt\u00C2\u00A0 Canyon:\u00C2\u00A0 Contributions\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0Gold\u00C2\u00A0Metallogeny\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Northern\u00C2\u00A0Nevada,\u00C2\u00A0 ed.\u00C2\u00A0 Tosdal,\u00C2\u00A0RM,\u00C2\u00A0USGS\u00C2\u00A0Open\u00C2\u00A0 File\u00C2\u00A0 Rept,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A098\u00E2\u0080\u0093338.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Heitt,\u00C2\u00A0D.,\u00C2\u00A0Dunbar,\u00C2\u00A0W.,\u00C2\u00A0Thompson,\u00C2\u00A0T.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Jackson,\u00C2\u00A0R.,\u00C2\u00A02003,\u00C2\u00A0Geology\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0geochemistry\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Deep\u00C2\u00A0Star\u00C2\u00A0 gold\u00C2\u00A0deposit:\u00C2\u00A0Carlin\u00C2\u00A0trend,\u00C2\u00A0Nevada:\u00C2\u00A0Economic\u00C2\u00A0Geology,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A098,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A01107\u00E2\u0080\u00901135.\u00C2\u00A0 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Kelley,\u00C2\u00A0D.,\u00C2\u00A0Kelley,\u00C2\u00A0K.,\u00C2\u00A0Coker,\u00C2\u00A0W.,\u00C2\u00A0Caughlin,\u00C2\u00A0B.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Doherty,\u00C2\u00A0M.,\u00C2\u00A02006,\u00C2\u00A0Beyond\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0obvious\u00C2\u00A0 limits\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0ore\u00C2\u00A0 deposits:\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 use\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 mineralogical,\u00C2\u00A0 geochemical,\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 biological\u00C2\u00A0 features\u00C2\u00A0 for\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 remote\u00C2\u00A0 detection\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0mineralization:\u00C2\u00A0Economic\u00C2\u00A0Geology,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A0101,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A0729\u00E2\u0080\u0090752.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Johnson,\u00C2\u00A0 J.,\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 Pendergast,\u00C2\u00A0A.,\u00C2\u00A0 1981,\u00C2\u00A0 Timing\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0mode\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 emplacement\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 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Roberts,\u00C2\u00A0R.,\u00C2\u00A01966,\u00C2\u00A0Metallogenic\u00C2\u00A0provinces\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0mineral\u00C2\u00A0belts\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0Nevada:\u00C2\u00A0Nevada\u00C2\u00A0Bureau\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Mines,\u00C2\u00A0Rept,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A0 13,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A047\u00E2\u0080\u009072.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Roberts,\u00C2\u00A0R.,\u00C2\u00A0Hotz,\u00C2\u00A0P.,\u00C2\u00A0Gilluly,\u00C2\u00A0 J.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Ferguson,\u00C2\u00A0H.,\u00C2\u00A01958,\u00C2\u00A0Paleozoic\u00C2\u00A0 rocks\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0north\u00E2\u0080\u0090central\u00C2\u00A0Nevada:\u00C2\u00A0Am:\u00C2\u00A0 Assoc.\u00C2\u00A0Petroleum\u00C2\u00A0Geologists\u00C2\u00A0Bull,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A042,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A02813\u00E2\u0080\u00902857.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Rose,\u00C2\u00A0 A.,\u00C2\u00A0 1970,\u00C2\u00A0 Zonal\u00C2\u00A0 relations\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 wallrock\u00C2\u00A0 alteration\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 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Jones,\u00C2\u00A0C.,\u00C2\u00A01999,\u00C2\u00A0Western\u00C2\u00A0United\u00C2\u00A0States\u00C2\u00A0extension:\u00C2\u00A0How\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0west\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0widened:\u00C2\u00A0Annual\u00C2\u00A0 Review\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Earth\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Planetary\u00C2\u00A0Sciences,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A027,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A0417\u00E2\u0080\u0090462.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Speed,\u00C2\u00A0 R.,\u00C2\u00A0 Elison,\u00C2\u00A0M.W.,\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0Heck,\u00C2\u00A0 F.R.,\u00C2\u00A0 1988,\u00C2\u00A0 Phanerozoic\u00C2\u00A0 tectonic\u00C2\u00A0 evolution\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0Great\u00C2\u00A0 Basin,\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 Ernst.,\u00C2\u00A0W.G.,\u00C2\u00A0ed.,\u00C2\u00A0Metamorphism\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0crustal\u00C2\u00A0evolution\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0western\u00C2\u00A0United\u00C2\u00A0States,\u00C2\u00A0Volume\u00C2\u00A07:\u00C2\u00A0 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the\u00C2\u00A0North\u00C2\u00A0American\u00C2\u00A0Cordillera:\u00C2\u00A0Geological\u00C2\u00A0Society\u00C2\u00A0London\u00C2\u00A0Special\u00C2\u00A0Publications,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A0 28,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A0203\u00E2\u0080\u0090221.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Wingate,\u00C2\u00A0M.,\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 Giddings,\u00C2\u00A0 J.,\u00C2\u00A0 2000,\u00C2\u00A0 Age\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 palaeomagnetism\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0Mundine\u00C2\u00A0Well\u00C2\u00A0 dyke\u00C2\u00A0 swarm,\u00C2\u00A0 Western\u00C2\u00A0Australia:\u00C2\u00A0 implications\u00C2\u00A0 for\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0Australia\u00E2\u0080\u0090Laurentia\u00C2\u00A0connection\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0755\u00C2\u00A0Ma:\u00C2\u00A0Precambrian\u00C2\u00A0 Research,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A0100,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A0335\u00E2\u0080\u0090357.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 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Zoback,\u00C2\u00A0M.,\u00C2\u00A0McKee,\u00C2\u00A0E.,\u00C2\u00A0Blakely,\u00C2\u00A0R.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Thompson,\u00C2\u00A0G.,\u00C2\u00A01994,\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0northern\u00C2\u00A0Nevada\u00C2\u00A0rift:\u00C2\u00A0Regional\u00C2\u00A0tectono\u00E2\u0080\u0090 magmatic\u00C2\u00A0relations\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0middle\u00C2\u00A0Miocene\u00C2\u00A0stress\u00C2\u00A0direction:\u00C2\u00A0Geological\u00C2\u00A0Society\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0America\u00C2\u00A0Bulletin,\u00C2\u00A0 v.\u00C2\u00A0106,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A0371\u00E2\u0080\u0090382.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 14\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 CHAPTER\u00C2\u00A02\u00E2\u0080\u0090\u00C2\u00A0CLAY\u00C2\u00A0MINERALS\u00C2\u00A0AND\u00C2\u00A0LOW\u00C2\u00A0TEMPERATURE\u00C2\u00A0PROCESSES\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 2.1\u00C2\u00A0INTRODUCTION\u00C2\u00A0 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chapter,\u00C2\u00A0clay\u00C2\u00A0mineral\u00C2\u00A0zonation\u00C2\u00A0patterns\u00C2\u00A0observed\u00C2\u00A0around\u00C2\u00A0hydrothermal\u00C2\u00A0systems\u00C2\u00A0can\u00C2\u00A0reflect\u00C2\u00A0gradients\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0 temperature,\u00C2\u00A0 fluid\u00C2\u00A0 composition\u00C2\u00A0 (e.g.,\u00C2\u00A0 acidity),\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 reaction\u00C2\u00A0 progress.\u00C2\u00A0 Clay\u00C2\u00A0mineral\u00C2\u00A0 assemblages\u00C2\u00A0 have\u00C2\u00A0 been\u00C2\u00A0used\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0proxies\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0temperature\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0fluid\u00C2\u00A0composition\u00C2\u00A0based\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0observations\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0show\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0clay\u00C2\u00A0 minerals\u00C2\u00A0 predictably\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 repeatedly\u00C2\u00A0 undergo\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 same\u00C2\u00A0 sequence\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 transformations\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0 increasing\u00C2\u00A0 grade\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0diagenesis,\u00C2\u00A0metamorphism,\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 changes\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 temperature\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 fluid\u00C2\u00A0 composition\u00C2\u00A0 (Essene\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 Peacor,\u00C2\u00A0 1995;\u00C2\u00A0 Simmons\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 Browne,\u00C2\u00A0 2000).\u00C2\u00A0 Observations\u00C2\u00A0 relating\u00C2\u00A0 changes\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 clay\u00C2\u00A0 minerals\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0 temperature\u00C2\u00A0 are\u00C2\u00A0based\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0both\u00C2\u00A0empirical\u00C2\u00A0 calibrations\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0observed\u00C2\u00A0 from\u00C2\u00A0natural\u00C2\u00A0 clay\u00E2\u0080\u0090bearing\u00C2\u00A0 systems\u00C2\u00A0 (Rose,\u00C2\u00A01970;\u00C2\u00A0Simmons\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Browne,\u00C2\u00A02000;\u00C2\u00A0Battaglia,\u00C2\u00A02004)\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0experimental\u00C2\u00A0observations\u00C2\u00A0(Whitney\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 Northrop,\u00C2\u00A01988;\u00C2\u00A0Yates\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Rosenberg,\u00C2\u00A01997;\u00C2\u00A0Bauer\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.,\u00C2\u00A02000).\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 2.2\u00C2\u00A0CLAY\u00C2\u00A0EQUILIBRIA\u00C2\u00A0 Figure\u00C2\u00A02.1\u00C2\u00A0illustrates\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0different\u00C2\u00A0temperatures\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0fluid\u00C2\u00A0compositions\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0which\u00C2\u00A0illite,\u00C2\u00A0kaolinite,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 smectite\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0stable\u00C2\u00A0resolved\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0solution\u00C2\u00A0equilibration\u00C2\u00A0experiments\u00C2\u00A0conducted\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0100\u00E2\u0080\u0090250\u00EF\u0082\u00B0C\u00C2\u00A0(Yates\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0Rosenberg,\u00C2\u00A01997).\u00C2\u00A0As\u00C2\u00A0temperature\u00C2\u00A0 increases,\u00C2\u00A0water\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0interlayer\u00C2\u00A0site\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0smectite\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0replaced\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0 potassium.\u00C2\u00A0 The\u00C2\u00A0 loss\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 interstitial\u00C2\u00A0 water\u00C2\u00A0 causes\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 crystal\u00C2\u00A0 structure\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 smectite\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0 become\u00C2\u00A0 more\u00C2\u00A0 ordered\u00C2\u00A0 resulting\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 reaction\u00C2\u00A0 smectite\u00C2\u00A0\u00EF\u0083\u00A8\u00C2\u00A0 illite\u00E2\u0080\u0090smectite\u00C2\u00A0 interlayered\u00C2\u00A0clay\u00C2\u00A0 (I\u00E2\u0080\u0090S)\u00C2\u00A0\u00EF\u0083\u00A8\u00C2\u00A0 illite\u00C2\u00A0\u00EF\u0083\u00A8\u00C2\u00A0muscovite\u00C2\u00A0 (Lanson\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 Champion,\u00C2\u00A0 1991;\u00C2\u00A0 Lanson\u00C2\u00A0 et\u00C2\u00A0 al.,\u00C2\u00A0 1998).\u00C2\u00A0Well\u00C2\u00A0 ordered\u00C2\u00A0 end\u00E2\u0080\u0090member\u00C2\u00A0 illite\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0muscovite\u00C2\u00A0 contain\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0 expandable\u00C2\u00A0 phases\u00C2\u00A0 (H2O,\u00C2\u00A0 H3O+)\u00C2\u00A0 (Yates\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 Rosenberg,\u00C2\u00A0 1997).\u00C2\u00A0 At\u00C2\u00A0 200\u00E2\u0080\u0090250\u00C2\u00B0C\u00C2\u00A0 pure,\u00C2\u00A0 end\u00E2\u0080\u0090 member\u00C2\u00A0 illite,\u00C2\u00A0 lacking\u00C2\u00A0any\u00C2\u00A0expandable\u00C2\u00A0phases\u00C2\u00A0 (no\u00C2\u00A0H2O\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 interlayers)\u00C2\u00A0appears\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0 low\u00C2\u00A0aH4SiO4\u00C2\u00A0values\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0smectite\u00C2\u00A0disappears.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0smectite\u00C2\u00A0field,\u00C2\u00A0which\u00C2\u00A0occurs\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0higher\u00C2\u00A0aH4SiO4\u00C2\u00A0values\u00C2\u00A0than\u00C2\u00A0illite\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0replaced\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0 I\u00E2\u0080\u0090S.\u00C2\u00A0Above\u00C2\u00A0200\u00EF\u0082\u00B0C,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0high\u00C2\u00A0aK+/aH+\u00C2\u00A0ratios\u00C2\u00A0K\u00E2\u0080\u0090feldspar\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0illite\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0stable\u00C2\u00A0relative\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0kaolinite.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 The\u00C2\u00A0equilibrium\u00C2\u00A0experiments\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Yates\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Rosenburg\u00C2\u00A0(1997),\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0modeling\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0others\u00C2\u00A0(Varadachari,\u00C2\u00A0 2006)\u00C2\u00A0highlight\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0wide\u00C2\u00A0ranges\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0temperature\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0fluid\u00C2\u00A0composition\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0which\u00C2\u00A0certain\u00C2\u00A0clay\u00C2\u00A0minerals\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 15\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Fig.\u00C2\u00A0 2.1.\u00C2\u00A0 (after\u00C2\u00A0 Yates\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 Rosenberg,\u00C2\u00A0 1997):\u00C2\u00A0 Isothermal,\u00C2\u00A0 isobaric\u00C2\u00A0 phase\u00C2\u00A0 diagrams\u00C2\u00A0 derived\u00C2\u00A0 from\u00C2\u00A0 solution\u00C2\u00A0 equilibration\u00C2\u00A0experiments\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0Yates\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Rosenberg\u00C2\u00A0 (1997)\u00C2\u00A0showing\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0stability\u00C2\u00A0 fields\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 illite,\u00C2\u00A0 illite\u00E2\u0080\u0090smectite\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 smectite\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 simple\u00C2\u00A0 system\u00C2\u00A0K2O\u00E2\u0080\u0090Al2O3\u00E2\u0080\u0090SiO2\u00E2\u0080\u0090H2O\u00C2\u00A0 at\u00C2\u00A0100\u00EF\u0082\u00B0C,\u00C2\u00A0150\u00EF\u0082\u00B0C,\u00C2\u00A0200\u00EF\u0082\u00B0C\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0250\u00EF\u0082\u00B0C.\u00C2\u00A0Natural\u00C2\u00A0muscovite/\u00C2\u00A0 illite,\u00C2\u00A0 kaolinite,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0quartz\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0amorphous\u00C2\u00A0silica\u00C2\u00A0samples\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0equilibrated\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A02M\u00C2\u00A0KCL/HCl\u00C2\u00A0solution.\u00C2\u00A0Phase\u00C2\u00A0boundaries\u00C2\u00A0 are\u00C2\u00A0 indicated\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0 solid\u00C2\u00A0 lines.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0Carlin\u00E2\u0080\u0090fluid\u00C2\u00A0 field\u00C2\u00A0 (highlighted\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0yellow)\u00C2\u00A0 is\u00C2\u00A0based\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 from\u00C2\u00A0previous\u00C2\u00A0 studies\u00C2\u00A0 which\u00C2\u00A0 indicate\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0mineralizing\u00C2\u00A0fluid:\u00C2\u00A0(i)\u00C2\u00A0 is\u00C2\u00A0180\u00E2\u0080\u0090240\u00EF\u0082\u00B0C\u00C2\u00A0(ii)\u00C2\u00A0precipitates\u00C2\u00A0quartz,\u00C2\u00A0but\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0amorphous\u00C2\u00A0silica\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0part\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 decarbonitization,\u00C2\u00A0 argillization,\u00C2\u00A0 silicification\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 sulfidation\u00C2\u00A0 alteration\u00C2\u00A0 sequence(Cline\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 Hofstra,\u00C2\u00A0 2000;\u00C2\u00A0 Hofstra\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 Cline,\u00C2\u00A0 2000;\u00C2\u00A0 Lubben,\u00C2\u00A0 2004)\u00C2\u00A0 (iii)\u00C2\u00A0 does\u00C2\u00A0 not\u00C2\u00A0 typically\u00C2\u00A0 precipitate\u00C2\u00A0 k\u00E2\u0080\u0090spar/\u00C2\u00A0 adularia.\u00C2\u00A0 Adularia\u00C2\u00A0 has\u00C2\u00A0 been\u00C2\u00A0 identified\u00C2\u00A0 only\u00C2\u00A0 at\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 Twin\u00C2\u00A0 Creeks\u00C2\u00A0 deposit,\u00C2\u00A0Nevada\u00C2\u00A0 (Simon\u00C2\u00A0 et\u00C2\u00A0 al.,\u00C2\u00A0 1999;\u00C2\u00A0 Stenger\u00C2\u00A0 et\u00C2\u00A0 al.,\u00C2\u00A0 1998).\u00C2\u00A0As\u00C2\u00A0 temperature\u00C2\u00A0 increases,\u00C2\u00A0expandable\u00C2\u00A0phases\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 illite\u00E2\u0080\u0090smectite\u00C2\u00A0 interlayered\u00C2\u00A0 clay\u00C2\u00A0 structure\u00C2\u00A0decrease\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0overall\u00C2\u00A0product\u00C2\u00A0 tends\u00C2\u00A0more\u00C2\u00A0 toward\u00C2\u00A0 illite.\u00C2\u00A0At\u00C2\u00A0200\u00C2\u00B0C\u00C2\u00A0pure,\u00C2\u00A0end\u00E2\u0080\u0090member\u00C2\u00A0 illite\u00C2\u00A0appears\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0no\u00C2\u00A0expandable\u00C2\u00A0phases;\u00C2\u00A0 smectite\u00C2\u00A0 is\u00C2\u00A0no\u00C2\u00A0 longer\u00C2\u00A0 stable.\u00C2\u00A0 The\u00C2\u00A0 smectite\u00C2\u00A0 field\u00C2\u00A0 is\u00C2\u00A0 replaced\u00C2\u00A0 by\u00C2\u00A0 illite\u00E2\u0080\u0090smectite\u00C2\u00A0 interlayered\u00C2\u00A0 clay.\u00C2\u00A0 In\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 range\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 temperatures\u00C2\u00A0 associated\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0ore\u00C2\u00A0deposition\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0Carlin\u00C2\u00A0deposits,\u00C2\u00A0smectite\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0stable,\u00C2\u00A0but\u00C2\u00A0illite,\u00C2\u00A0illite\u00E2\u0080\u0090smectite\u00C2\u00A0interlayered\u00C2\u00A0clay,\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 kaolinite\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0 stable\u00C2\u00A0depending\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0 fluid\u00C2\u00A0 composition.\u00C2\u00A0These\u00C2\u00A0equilibrium\u00C2\u00A0experiments\u00C2\u00A0 indicate\u00C2\u00A0 that\u00C2\u00A0 illite\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 kaolinite\u00C2\u00A0can\u00C2\u00A0 form\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0hydrothermal\u00C2\u00A0environment\u00C2\u00A0within\u00C2\u00A0accepted\u00C2\u00A0 ranges\u00C2\u00A0 for\u00C2\u00A0both\u00C2\u00A0 fluid\u00C2\u00A0 temperature\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 silica\u00C2\u00A0 content.\u00C2\u00A0 16\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 stable,\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 subsequently\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 different\u00C2\u00A0 environments\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 which\u00C2\u00A0 they\u00C2\u00A0 form.\u00C2\u00A0 Smectite\u00C2\u00A0 is\u00C2\u00A0 generally\u00C2\u00A0 not\u00C2\u00A0 present\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 rocks\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0 temperatures\u00C2\u00A0above\u00C2\u00A0160\u00E2\u0080\u0090200\u00EF\u0082\u00B0C\u00C2\u00A0 (Reyes,\u00C2\u00A01990;\u00C2\u00A0Essene\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Peacor,\u00C2\u00A01995;\u00C2\u00A0Yates\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 Rosenburg,\u00C2\u00A01995).\u00C2\u00A0Kaolinite\u00C2\u00A0can\u00C2\u00A0occur\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0low\u00C2\u00A0temperature\u00C2\u00A0supergene/\u00C2\u00A0diagenetic\u00C2\u00A0environments,\u00C2\u00A0but\u00C2\u00A0also\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 higher\u00C2\u00A0 temperature\u00C2\u00A0 hydrothermal\u00C2\u00A0 environments\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 equilibrium\u00C2\u00A0 with\u00C2\u00A0 illite\u00C2\u00A0 (Yates\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 Rosenberg,\u00C2\u00A0 1997).\u00C2\u00A0 Illite\u00C2\u00A0 can\u00C2\u00A0 form\u00C2\u00A0 from\u00C2\u00A0 smectite\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 following\u00C2\u00A0 prograde\u00C2\u00A0 temperature\u00C2\u00A0 reaction\u00C2\u00A0 during\u00C2\u00A0 early\u00C2\u00A0 diagenesis\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0hydrothermal\u00C2\u00A0alteration\u00C2\u00A0(Iuoup\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.,\u00C2\u00A01988):\u00C2\u00A0 smectite\u00C2\u00A0+\u00C2\u00A0K+\u00C2\u00A0\u00EF\u0083\u00A8\u00C2\u00A0illite\u00C2\u00A0+\u00C2\u00A0H2O\u00C2\u00A0(eqn.\u00C2\u00A02.2.1)\u00C2\u00A0 In\u00C2\u00A0 hydrothermal\u00C2\u00A0 systems,\u00C2\u00A0 illite\u00C2\u00A0 can\u00C2\u00A0 form\u00C2\u00A0 via\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 retrograde\u00C2\u00A0 alteration\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 muscovite\u00C2\u00A0 (Yates\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 Rosenberg,\u00C2\u00A01997):\u00C2\u00A0 muscovite\u00C2\u00A0+\u00C2\u00A0H+\u00C2\u00A0+\u00C2\u00A0silica\u00C2\u00A0\u00EF\u0083\u00A8\u00C2\u00A0illite\u00C2\u00A0+\u00C2\u00A0K+\u00C2\u00A0+\u00C2\u00A0H20\u00C2\u00A0(eqn.\u00C2\u00A02.2.2)\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Illite\u00C2\u00A0can\u00C2\u00A0form\u00C2\u00A0directly\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0K\u00E2\u0080\u0090feldspar\u00C2\u00A0under\u00C2\u00A0diagenetic\u00C2\u00A0conditions\u00C2\u00A0(2.2.3a)\u00C2\u00A0(Moore\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Reynolds,\u00C2\u00A01997)\u00C2\u00A0 from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 initial\u00C2\u00A0weathering\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 igneous\u00C2\u00A0rocks\u00C2\u00A0(2.2.3b)\u00C2\u00A0(Meunier,\u00C2\u00A01977),\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0presence\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0acidic\u00C2\u00A0 fluid,\u00C2\u00A0either\u00C2\u00A0surface\u00C2\u00A0derived\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0hydrothermal\u00C2\u00A0(2.2.3c)\u00C2\u00A0(Faure,\u00C2\u00A01998)\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0follows:\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 K\u00E2\u0080\u0090feldspar\u00C2\u00A0+\u00C2\u00A0smectite\u00C2\u00A0\u00EF\u0083\u00A8\u00C2\u00A0illite\u00C2\u00A0+\u00C2\u00A0chlorite\u00C2\u00A0+\u00C2\u00A0quartz\u00C2\u00A0(eqn.\u00C2\u00A02.2.3a)\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 K\u00E2\u0080\u0090feldspar\u00C2\u00A0\u00EF\u0083\u00A8\u00C2\u00A0(illite)\u00C2\u00A0+\u00C2\u00A0smectite\u00C2\u00A0+\u00C2\u00A0kaolinite\u00C2\u00A0(eqn.\u00C2\u00A02.2.3b)\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 K\u00E2\u0080\u0090feldspar\u00C2\u00A0+\u00C2\u00A0H2O\u00C2\u00A0+\u00C2\u00A0H+\u00C2\u00A0\u00EF\u0083\u00A8\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0illite\u00C2\u00A0+\u00C2\u00A0K+\u00C2\u00A0+\u00C2\u00A0amorphous\u00C2\u00A0silica\u00C2\u00A0(eqn.\u00C2\u00A02.2.3c)\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Equations\u00C2\u00A0 2.2.1\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 2.2.2\u00C2\u00A0 are\u00C2\u00A0 favoured\u00C2\u00A0 for\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 formation\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 illite\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 sedimentary\u00C2\u00A0 rocks\u00C2\u00A0 due\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 abundance\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 sedimentary\u00C2\u00A0 smectite\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0muscovite\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 primary\u00C2\u00A0 sedimentary\u00C2\u00A0 rock\u00C2\u00A0 types.\u00C2\u00A0 In\u00C2\u00A0 equation\u00C2\u00A0 2.3.3b,\u00C2\u00A0weathering\u00C2\u00A0processes\u00C2\u00A0cause\u00C2\u00A0K\u00E2\u0080\u0090feldspar\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0decay\u00C2\u00A0initially\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0illite,\u00C2\u00A0but\u00C2\u00A0due\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0metastability\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 illite\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0respect\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0low\u00C2\u00A0temperature\u00C2\u00A0weathering\u00C2\u00A0environment,\u00C2\u00A0illite\u00C2\u00A0quickly\u00C2\u00A0reacts\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0form\u00C2\u00A0smectite\u00C2\u00A0+\u00C2\u00A0 kaolinite\u00C2\u00A0 (Meunier,\u00C2\u00A0 1977).\u00C2\u00A0 Smectite\u00C2\u00A0 forms\u00C2\u00A0 from\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 low\u00C2\u00A0 temperature\u00C2\u00A0 (near\u00C2\u00A0 surface)\u00C2\u00A0 alteration\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 aluminosilicate\u00C2\u00A0minerals\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0shallow\u00C2\u00A0diagenesis\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0sedimentary\u00C2\u00A0basin\u00C2\u00A0environments.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Inherent\u00C2\u00A0problems\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0associated\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0studying\u00C2\u00A0clay\u00C2\u00A0mineral\u00C2\u00A0assemblages\u00C2\u00A0outside\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0laboratory:\u00C2\u00A0 (i)\u00C2\u00A0equilibrium\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 low\u00C2\u00A0 temperature\u00C2\u00A0 clay\u00C2\u00A0mineral\u00C2\u00A0assemblages\u00C2\u00A0may\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0kinetically\u00C2\u00A0 inhibited\u00C2\u00A0 (Essene\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 Peacor,\u00C2\u00A0 1995).\u00C2\u00A0 There\u00C2\u00A0 is\u00C2\u00A0 a\u00C2\u00A0 risk\u00C2\u00A0 that\u00C2\u00A0 low\u00C2\u00A0 temperature\u00C2\u00A0 systems\u00C2\u00A0 never\u00C2\u00A0 reach\u00C2\u00A0 equilibrium\u00C2\u00A0 given\u00C2\u00A0 that\u00C2\u00A0 equilibrium\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0typically\u00C2\u00A0attained\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0elevated\u00C2\u00A0temperatures\u00C2\u00A0(Essene\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Peacor,\u00C2\u00A01995).\u00C2\u00A0Many\u00C2\u00A0researchers\u00C2\u00A0 17\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 assume\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0reproducibility\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0reaction,\u00C2\u00A0such\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0smectite\u00C2\u00A0\u00EF\u0083\u00A8\u00C2\u00A0illite\u00C2\u00A0reaction,\u00C2\u00A0signifies\u00C2\u00A0equilibrium\u00C2\u00A0 conditions.\u00C2\u00A0 Essene\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 Peacor\u00C2\u00A0 (1995)\u00C2\u00A0 suggest\u00C2\u00A0 that\u00C2\u00A0 reproducibility\u00C2\u00A0 does\u00C2\u00A0 not\u00C2\u00A0 necessarily\u00C2\u00A0 represent\u00C2\u00A0 equilibrium\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 that\u00C2\u00A0many\u00C2\u00A0 reactions\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0nature\u00C2\u00A0 can\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0 reproducible\u00C2\u00A0without\u00C2\u00A0 representing\u00C2\u00A0 equilibrium\u00C2\u00A0 including:\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0maturation\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0hydrocarbons\u00C2\u00A0during\u00C2\u00A0diagenesis,\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0precipitation\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0magnesian\u00C2\u00A0calcite\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0 aragonite\u00C2\u00A0 from\u00C2\u00A0 seawater.\u00C2\u00A0 Changes\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 clay\u00C2\u00A0minerals\u00C2\u00A0 including\u00C2\u00A0 grain\u00C2\u00A0 size\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 composition,\u00C2\u00A0may\u00C2\u00A0 be\u00C2\u00A0 a\u00C2\u00A0 function\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0kinetic\u00C2\u00A0factors\u00C2\u00A0such\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0time\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0fluid\u00E2\u0080\u0090rock\u00C2\u00A0ratio,\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0temperature;\u00C2\u00A0(ii)\u00C2\u00A0certain\u00C2\u00A0aluminosilicate\u00C2\u00A0 poor\u00C2\u00A0 lithologies\u00C2\u00A0 are\u00C2\u00A0 not\u00C2\u00A0 favourable\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0 argillization\u00C2\u00A0 i.e.\u00C2\u00A0 quartzite,\u00C2\u00A0 chert,\u00C2\u00A0 limestone\u00C2\u00A0 etc.\u00C2\u00A0 Siliciclastic\u00C2\u00A0 sediments\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0low\u00C2\u00A0aluminosilicate\u00C2\u00A0content\u00C2\u00A0may\u00C2\u00A0exhibit\u00C2\u00A0little\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0no\u00C2\u00A0argillic\u00C2\u00A0alteration,\u00C2\u00A0specifically\u00C2\u00A0no\u00C2\u00A0illite\u00C2\u00A0 alteration\u00C2\u00A0unless\u00C2\u00A0K+\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0added\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0system;\u00C2\u00A0(iii)\u00C2\u00A0relationships\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A0minerals\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0difficult\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0determine\u00C2\u00A0 due\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 fine\u00C2\u00A0 grained\u00C2\u00A0 nature\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 clay\u00C2\u00A0minerals.\u00C2\u00A0 Determining\u00C2\u00A0 pre\u00E2\u0080\u0090existing\u00C2\u00A0minerals\u00C2\u00A0 from\u00C2\u00A0which\u00C2\u00A0 clay\u00C2\u00A0 minerals\u00C2\u00A0 grew\u00C2\u00A0 is\u00C2\u00A0 made\u00C2\u00A0 difficult\u00C2\u00A0 due\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0 a\u00C2\u00A0 lack\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 discerning\u00C2\u00A0 characteristics\u00C2\u00A0 between\u00C2\u00A0 some\u00C2\u00A0 low\u00C2\u00A0 temperature\u00C2\u00A0 clays\u00C2\u00A0 such\u00C2\u00A0 as\u00C2\u00A0 illite\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0muscovite;\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 (iv)\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 origin\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 clay\u00C2\u00A0minerals\u00C2\u00A0 as\u00C2\u00A0 products\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 hypogene,\u00C2\u00A0supergene,\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0diagenetic\u00C2\u00A0processes\u00C2\u00A0 is\u00C2\u00A0often\u00C2\u00A0difficult\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0determine\u00C2\u00A0due\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0wide\u00C2\u00A0range\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 temperatures\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0which\u00C2\u00A0most\u00C2\u00A0clays\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0stable.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 2.3\u00C2\u00A0ILLITE\u00C2\u00A0THERMOMETRY\u00C2\u00A0 Despite\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0uncertainty\u00C2\u00A0regarding\u00C2\u00A0equilibrium\u00C2\u00A0clay\u00C2\u00A0processes,\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0number\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0techniques\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0available\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0estimate\u00C2\u00A0formation\u00C2\u00A0temperatures\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0clay\u00C2\u00A0minerals.\u00C2\u00A0Clay\u00C2\u00A0thermometry\u00C2\u00A0techniques\u00C2\u00A0provide\u00C2\u00A0consistent\u00C2\u00A0 information\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0relationship\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A0crystallinity,\u00C2\u00A0morphology,\u00C2\u00A0chemical\u00C2\u00A0composition,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0formation\u00C2\u00A0 temperature.\u00C2\u00A0As\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0result,\u00C2\u00A0these\u00C2\u00A0techniques\u00C2\u00A0serve\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0tools\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0determining\u00C2\u00A0temperature\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0formation,\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0 differentiating\u00C2\u00A0 between\u00C2\u00A0 generations\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 argillization\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 for\u00C2\u00A0 distinguishing\u00C2\u00A0 between\u00C2\u00A0 supergene\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 hypogene\u00C2\u00A0 clay\u00C2\u00A0 development.\u00C2\u00A0Many\u00C2\u00A0 techniques\u00C2\u00A0 involved\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 characterization\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 clay\u00C2\u00A0minerals\u00C2\u00A0 are\u00C2\u00A0 laborious\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 time\u00C2\u00A0 consuming\u00C2\u00A0 (clay\u00C2\u00A0 separation\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0different\u00C2\u00A0 clay\u00C2\u00A0 size\u00C2\u00A0 fraction,\u00C2\u00A0TEM,\u00C2\u00A0SEM,\u00C2\u00A0microprobe)\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0found\u00C2\u00A0use\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0realm\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0mineral\u00C2\u00A0exploration.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0advent\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0rapid\u00C2\u00A0analysis\u00C2\u00A0tools\u00C2\u00A0such\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0 PIMA\u00C2\u00A0 (portable\u00C2\u00A0 infrared\u00C2\u00A0mineral\u00C2\u00A0analyzer)\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0Terraspec\u00C2\u00A9\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0 identify\u00C2\u00A0clay\u00C2\u00A0assemblages\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 field,\u00C2\u00A0has\u00C2\u00A0 seen\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 revival\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 clay\u00C2\u00A0 thermometry\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 context\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 exploration.\u00C2\u00A0 One\u00C2\u00A0 goal\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 this\u00C2\u00A0 paper\u00C2\u00A0 is\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0 determine\u00C2\u00A0whether\u00C2\u00A0tools\u00C2\u00A0such\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0PIMA\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0Terraspec\u00C2\u00A0can\u00C2\u00A0provide\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0accuracy\u00C2\u00A0necessary\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0identify\u00C2\u00A0 potential\u00C2\u00A0 ore\u00C2\u00A0 target\u00C2\u00A0 zones\u00C2\u00A0 based\u00C2\u00A0 on\u00C2\u00A0 clay\u00C2\u00A0mineral\u00C2\u00A0 assemblages.\u00C2\u00A0 This\u00C2\u00A0 is\u00C2\u00A0 accomplished\u00C2\u00A0 by\u00C2\u00A0 comparing\u00C2\u00A0 Terraspec\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0collected\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0x\u00E2\u0080\u0090ray\u00C2\u00A0diffraction.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 18\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 2.4\u00C2\u00A0ILLITE\u00C2\u00A0POLYTYPISM\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 There\u00C2\u00A0 are\u00C2\u00A0 three\u00C2\u00A0 main\u00C2\u00A0 illite\u00C2\u00A0 polytypes:\u00C2\u00A0 1Md,\u00C2\u00A0 1M,\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 2M1\u00C2\u00A0 (Meunier\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 Velde,\u00C2\u00A0 2004).\u00C2\u00A0 The\u00C2\u00A0 transition\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A01Md\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A01M\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A02M1\u00C2\u00A0polytype\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0generally\u00C2\u00A0thought\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0represent\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0progressive\u00C2\u00A0increase\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 temperature,\u00C2\u00A0pressure,\u00C2\u00A0 reaction\u00C2\u00A0 time,\u00C2\u00A0and/or\u00C2\u00A0 fluid\u00E2\u0080\u0090rock\u00C2\u00A0 ratio\u00C2\u00A0 (Baronnet,\u00C2\u00A01980;\u00C2\u00A0 Lonker\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.,\u00C2\u00A01990;\u00C2\u00A0 Srondon\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.,\u00C2\u00A02001).\u00C2\u00A0Low\u00C2\u00A0temperature\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0early\u00C2\u00A0stage\u00C2\u00A0diagenetic\u00C2\u00A0illite\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0typically\u00C2\u00A0thought\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0occur\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A01Md\u00C2\u00A0polytype\u00C2\u00A0while\u00C2\u00A02M1\u00C2\u00A0 illite\u00C2\u00A0represented\u00C2\u00A0higher\u00C2\u00A0temperature\u00C2\u00A0hydrothermal\u00C2\u00A0environments\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0 late\u00E2\u0080\u0090 stage\u00C2\u00A0 diagenesis.\u00C2\u00A0 Continued\u00C2\u00A0 study\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 transition\u00C2\u00A0 between\u00C2\u00A0 polytypes\u00C2\u00A0 suggests\u00C2\u00A0 that\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 thermal\u00C2\u00A0 stability\u00C2\u00A0fields\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0each\u00C2\u00A0polytype\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0poorly\u00C2\u00A0defined\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0growth\u00C2\u00A0mechanisms\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0kinetics\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0polytypic\u00C2\u00A0 transformations\u00C2\u00A0 play\u00C2\u00A0 a\u00C2\u00A0 key\u00C2\u00A0 role\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 polytype\u00C2\u00A0 determination\u00C2\u00A0 (Baronnet,\u00C2\u00A0 1980).\u00C2\u00A0 Furthermore,\u00C2\u00A0 illite\u00C2\u00A0 polytypes\u00C2\u00A0 have\u00C2\u00A0 been\u00C2\u00A0 observed\u00C2\u00A0 coexisting\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 same\u00C2\u00A0 environment.\u00C2\u00A0 In\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 Broadlands\u00C2\u00A0 Ohaaki\u00C2\u00A0 geothermal\u00C2\u00A0system,\u00C2\u00A01M\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A02M\u00C2\u00A0illite\u00C2\u00A0co\u00E2\u0080\u0090exist\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0nanometer\u00C2\u00A0scale\u00C2\u00A0(Lonker\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.,\u00C2\u00A01990).\u00C2\u00A0Owing\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 poorly\u00C2\u00A0constrained\u00C2\u00A0nature\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0illite\u00C2\u00A0polytypism\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0questionable\u00C2\u00A0relevance\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0distinguishing\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A0 them,\u00C2\u00A0polytypes\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0identified\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0study.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 2.5\u00C2\u00A0ILLITE\u00C2\u00A0CRYSTALLINITY\u00C2\u00A0 As\u00C2\u00A0 temperature\u00C2\u00A0 increases\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 crystal\u00C2\u00A0 structure\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 illite\u00C2\u00A0 becomes\u00C2\u00A0 more\u00C2\u00A0 ordered,\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 crystallite\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0grain\u00C2\u00A0particle\u00C2\u00A0size\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0illite\u00C2\u00A0increases\u00C2\u00A0(Kubler,\u00C2\u00A01967;\u00C2\u00A0Ji\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Browne,\u00C2\u00A02000).\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0crystallinity\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 illite\u00C2\u00A0can\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0measured\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0x\u00E2\u0080\u0090ray\u00C2\u00A0diffraction\u00C2\u00A0patterns\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0measuring\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0full\u00C2\u00A0width\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0half\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0maximum\u00C2\u00A0 (FWHM)\u00C2\u00A0value\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A010\u00C3\u0085\u00C2\u00A0(001)\u00C2\u00A0illite\u00C2\u00A0peak\u00C2\u00A0measured\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0\u00EF\u0081\u0084\u00EF\u0082\u00B02\u00EF\u0081\u00B1.\u00C2\u00A0Low\u00C2\u00A0FWHM\u00C2\u00A0values\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0been\u00C2\u00A0correlated\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0 poorly\u00C2\u00A0crystallized\u00C2\u00A0illite\u00C2\u00A0formed\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0low\u00C2\u00A0temperatures,\u00C2\u00A0while\u00C2\u00A0high\u00C2\u00A0FWHM\u00C2\u00A0values\u00C2\u00A0correspond\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0crystalline\u00C2\u00A0 illite\u00C2\u00A0formed\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0higher\u00C2\u00A0temperatures\u00C2\u00A0(Kubler,\u00C2\u00A01967;\u00C2\u00A0Warr,\u00C2\u00A01996).\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0Kubler\u00C2\u00A0index\u00C2\u00A0uses\u00C2\u00A0measured\u00C2\u00A0FWHM\u00C2\u00A0 crystallinity\u00C2\u00A0values\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0infer\u00C2\u00A0temperature\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0diagenetic\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0low\u00C2\u00A0grade\u00C2\u00A0metamorphic\u00C2\u00A0environments\u00C2\u00A0(Kubler,\u00C2\u00A0 1967).\u00C2\u00A0According\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Kubler\u00C2\u00A0Index,\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0diagenesis/\u00C2\u00A0anchizone\u00C2\u00A0boundary\u00C2\u00A0corresponds\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0temperature\u00C2\u00A0 values\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0~200\u00EF\u0082\u00B0C\u00C2\u00A0 (Frey\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.,\u00C2\u00A01987)\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0FWHM\u00C2\u00A0value\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A00.42\u00C2\u00A0\u00EF\u0081\u0084\u00EF\u0082\u00B02\u00EF\u0081\u00B1,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0anchizone/epizone\u00C2\u00A0 boundary\u00C2\u00A0corresponds\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0temperature\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0~300\u00EF\u0082\u00B0C\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0FWHM\u00C2\u00A0value\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A00.25\u00C2\u00A0\u00EF\u0081\u0084\u00EF\u0082\u00B02\u00EF\u0081\u00B1.\u00C2\u00A0Kubler\u00C2\u00A0(1967)\u00C2\u00A0 selected\u00C2\u00A0these\u00C2\u00A0limits\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0basis\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0certain\u00C2\u00A0mineralogical\u00C2\u00A0changes.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0lower\u00C2\u00A0anchizone\u00C2\u00A0limit\u00C2\u00A0coincides\u00C2\u00A0 with\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 upper\u00E2\u0080\u0090grade\u00C2\u00A0 limit\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 existence\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 liquid\u00C2\u00A0 hydrocarbons,\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 dickite\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0 pyrophyllite\u00C2\u00A0 transformation,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0finally\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0loss\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0interlayer\u00C2\u00A0water\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0conversion\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0I\u00E2\u0080\u0090S\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0pure\u00C2\u00A0illite.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0upper\u00C2\u00A0 anchizone\u00C2\u00A0 limit\u00C2\u00A0 is\u00C2\u00A0 associated\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 appearance\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 greenschist\u00C2\u00A0 facies\u00C2\u00A0minerals\u00C2\u00A0 such\u00C2\u00A0 as\u00C2\u00A0 chlorotoid\u00C2\u00A0 (Kubler,\u00C2\u00A01967;\u00C2\u00A0Kubler\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Jaboyedoff,\u00C2\u00A02000).\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 19\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Since\u00C2\u00A0 its\u00C2\u00A0 initial\u00C2\u00A0 development,\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 Kubler\u00C2\u00A0 index\u00C2\u00A0 has\u00C2\u00A0 been\u00C2\u00A0 standardized\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0 ensure\u00C2\u00A0 precision\u00C2\u00A0 between\u00C2\u00A0measurements\u00C2\u00A0made\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0different\u00C2\u00A0diffractometers.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0crystallinity\u00C2\u00A0 illite\u00C2\u00A0standard\u00C2\u00A0 (CIS)\u00C2\u00A0scale,\u00C2\u00A0 used\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 this\u00C2\u00A0 study,\u00C2\u00A0 provides\u00C2\u00A0 standards\u00C2\u00A0 used\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0 calibrate\u00C2\u00A0 individual\u00C2\u00A0 diffractometers\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 correct\u00C2\u00A0 for\u00C2\u00A0 differences\u00C2\u00A0 that\u00C2\u00A0 exist\u00C2\u00A0 between\u00C2\u00A0 different\u00C2\u00A0machines,\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 different\u00C2\u00A0 clay\u00C2\u00A0 separation\u00C2\u00A0 techniques\u00C2\u00A0 (Warr,\u00C2\u00A0 1996).\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0crystallinity\u00C2\u00A0results\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0study\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0calibrated\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0standardized\u00C2\u00A0scale\u00C2\u00A0(the\u00C2\u00A0crystallinity\u00C2\u00A0 index\u00C2\u00A0 standard,\u00C2\u00A0CIS)\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Warr\u00C2\u00A0 (1996)\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0measuring\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 same\u00C2\u00A0 six\u00C2\u00A0 sets\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0pelitic\u00C2\u00A0 rock\u00C2\u00A0powder\u00C2\u00A0 standards\u00C2\u00A0 used\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0Warr\u00C2\u00A0 (1996).\u00C2\u00A0Once\u00C2\u00A0calibrated\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0set\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0standards,\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0Kubler\u00C2\u00A0 index\u00C2\u00A0can\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0applied\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 standardized\u00C2\u00A0 experimental\u00C2\u00A0 FWHM\u00C2\u00A0 values.\u00C2\u00A0 Table\u00C2\u00A0 2.1\u00C2\u00A0 shows\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 FWHM\u00C2\u00A0 values\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 six\u00C2\u00A0 clay\u00E2\u0080\u0090separated\u00C2\u00A0 standards\u00C2\u00A0(Warr,\u00C2\u00A01996)\u00C2\u00A0which\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0used\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0calibrate\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0CIS\u00C2\u00A0scale\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0study.\u00C2\u00A0Each\u00C2\u00A0standard\u00C2\u00A0sample\u00C2\u00A0 contained\u00C2\u00A0illite\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0different\u00C2\u00A0FWHM\u00C2\u00A0value,\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0determined\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0Warr\u00C2\u00A0(1996).\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Table\u00C2\u00A02.1.\u00C2\u00A0Calibration\u00C2\u00A0chart\u00C2\u00A0showing\u00C2\u00A0FWHM\u00C2\u00A0values\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0six\u00C2\u00A0standards\u00C2\u00A0(Warr,\u00C2\u00A01996)\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0vs.\u00C2\u00A0measured\u00C2\u00A0FWHM\u00C2\u00A0values\u00C2\u00A0 calculated\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0study\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0same\u00C2\u00A0standards\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 FWHM\u00C2\u00A0values FWHM\u00C2\u00A0Values \u00C2\u00A0Standard\u00C2\u00A0 Sample\u00C2\u00A0ID\u00C2\u00A0 (Warr,\u00C2\u00A01996) (\u00EF\u0081\u0084\u00EF\u0082\u00B02\u00EF\u0081\u00B1)\u00C2\u00A0 (This\u00C2\u00A0study)\u00C2\u00A0 (\u00EF\u0081\u0084\u00EF\u0082\u00B02\u00EF\u0081\u00B1)\u00C2\u00A0 SW\u00E2\u0080\u00901 0.63 0.28 SW\u00E2\u0080\u00902 0.47 0.27 SW\u00E2\u0080\u00903 0.46 0.23 SW4\u00E2\u0080\u00904 0.38 0.22 SW5 0.36 0.15 SW6\u00E2\u0080\u00901 0.25 0.12 \u00C2\u00A0 A\u00C2\u00A0linear\u00C2\u00A0regression\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0calculated\u00C2\u00A0using\u00C2\u00A0IBM\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0statistical\u00C2\u00A0software\u00C2\u00A0package\u00C2\u00A0Predictive\u00C2\u00A0Analytics\u00C2\u00A0Software\u00C2\u00A0 (PASW)\u00C2\u00A0v.18.0,\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0FWHM\u00C2\u00A0values\u00C2\u00A0measured\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0x\u00E2\u0080\u0090ray\u00C2\u00A0diffractometer\u00C2\u00A0used\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0study\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 values\u00C2\u00A0 determined\u00C2\u00A0 by\u00C2\u00A0 Warr\u00C2\u00A0 (1996)\u00C2\u00A0 (Eqn.\u00C2\u00A0 2.2.4).\u00C2\u00A0 All\u00C2\u00A0 statistical\u00C2\u00A0 calculations\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 this\u00C2\u00A0 study\u00C2\u00A0 were\u00C2\u00A0 performed\u00C2\u00A0using\u00C2\u00A0PASW\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A018.0.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0regression\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0then\u00C2\u00A0applied\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0all\u00C2\u00A0FWHM\u00C2\u00A0values\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0samples\u00C2\u00A0used\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0 this\u00C2\u00A0study.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00DD\u0095\u00C2\u00A0=\u00C2\u00A01.794\u00DD\u0094\u00C2\u00A0+\u00C2\u00A00.041\u00C2\u00A0 R\u00C2\u00A0=\u00C2\u00A00.89\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Where\u00C2\u00A0\u00DD\u0094=\u00C2\u00A0FWHM\u00C2\u00A0value\u00C2\u00A0measured\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0study\u00C2\u00A0 \u00DD\u0095\u00C2\u00A0=\u00C2\u00A0standard\u00C2\u00A0value\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0Warr\u00C2\u00A0(1996)\u00C2\u00A0 Eqn.\u00C2\u00A02.2.4\u00C2\u00A0 20\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 2.6\u00C2\u00A0CLAY\u00C2\u00A0TEXTURES\u00C2\u00A0AND\u00C2\u00A0CLAY\u00C2\u00A0MORPHOLOGY\u00C2\u00A0 Previous\u00C2\u00A0 studies\u00C2\u00A0 indicate\u00C2\u00A0 that\u00C2\u00A0 two\u00C2\u00A0end\u00E2\u0080\u0090member\u00C2\u00A0morphologies\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 illite\u00C2\u00A0exist\u00C2\u00A0 (Figure\u00C2\u00A02.2);\u00C2\u00A0each\u00C2\u00A0 representing\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0different\u00C2\u00A0environment\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 formation\u00C2\u00A0 (Hancock\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Taylor,\u00C2\u00A01978;\u00C2\u00A0Peaver,\u00C2\u00A01999;\u00C2\u00A0Meunier\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0Velde,\u00C2\u00A02004;\u00C2\u00A0Schleicher\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.,\u00C2\u00A02006).\u00C2\u00A0Hexagonal\u00C2\u00A0illite\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0stable\u00C2\u00A0crystal\u00C2\u00A0shape\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0illite\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0has\u00C2\u00A0been\u00C2\u00A0 empirically\u00C2\u00A0observed\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0 form\u00C2\u00A0under\u00C2\u00A0hydrothermal\u00C2\u00A0 conditions\u00C2\u00A0 (Inoue\u00C2\u00A0 et\u00C2\u00A0 al.,\u00C2\u00A0 1988).\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u009CHairy\u00C2\u00A0 illite\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0 is\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 metastable\u00C2\u00A0crystal\u00C2\u00A0shape\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0typically\u00C2\u00A0observed\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0pore\u00E2\u0080\u0090space\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0sedimentary\u00C2\u00A0rocks\u00C2\u00A0likely\u00C2\u00A0resulting\u00C2\u00A0 from\u00C2\u00A0unconstrained\u00C2\u00A0growth\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 large\u00C2\u00A0pore\u00E2\u0080\u0090spaces\u00C2\u00A0during\u00C2\u00A0diagenetic\u00C2\u00A0processes\u00C2\u00A0(Peaver,\u00C2\u00A01999;\u00C2\u00A0Schleicher\u00C2\u00A0 et\u00C2\u00A0 al.,\u00C2\u00A0 2006).\u00C2\u00A0 Meunier\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 Velde\u00C2\u00A0 (2004)\u00C2\u00A0 attribute\u00C2\u00A0 changes\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 morphology\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0 temperature.\u00C2\u00A0 As\u00C2\u00A0 temperature\u00C2\u00A0 increases,\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 crystal\u00C2\u00A0 shape\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 illite\u00C2\u00A0 changes\u00C2\u00A0 from\u00C2\u00A0 elongated\u00C2\u00A0 one\u00E2\u0080\u0090dimensional\u00C2\u00A0 'hairy'\u00C2\u00A0 crystals\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0more\u00C2\u00A0rigid\u00C2\u00A0hexagonal\u00C2\u00A0laths\u00C2\u00A0which\u00C2\u00A0increase\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0width\u00C2\u00A0progressively.\u00C2\u00A0Bauer\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A0(2000)\u00C2\u00A0attribute\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0change\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A0morphologies\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0reaction\u00C2\u00A0progress\u00C2\u00A0whereby\u00C2\u00A0 initial\u00C2\u00A0stages\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0growth\u00C2\u00A0result\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0hairy\u00C2\u00A0 illite\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0late\u00C2\u00A0stages\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0growth\u00C2\u00A0exhibit\u00C2\u00A0hexagonal\u00C2\u00A0illite.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 However,\u00C2\u00A0departures\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0these\u00C2\u00A0end\u00E2\u0080\u0090member\u00C2\u00A0morphologies\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0also\u00C2\u00A0been\u00C2\u00A0observed.\u00C2\u00A0Hancock\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 Taylor\u00C2\u00A0 (1978)\u00C2\u00A0 identified\u00C2\u00A0 sheeted\u00C2\u00A0 stacks\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 illite,\u00C2\u00A0 typical\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 hexagonal\u00C2\u00A0 illite\u00C2\u00A0 but\u00C2\u00A0 lacking\u00C2\u00A0 sharp\u00C2\u00A0 boundaries.\u00C2\u00A0They\u00C2\u00A0concluded\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0classic\u00C2\u00A0replacement\u00C2\u00A0texture.\u00C2\u00A0As\u00C2\u00A0temperature\u00C2\u00A0increased\u00C2\u00A0along\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0 depth,\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0higher\u00C2\u00A0temperature\u00C2\u00A0mineral\u00C2\u00A0 (illite)\u00C2\u00A0pseudomorphed\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0pre\u00E2\u0080\u0090existing\u00C2\u00A0 lower\u00C2\u00A0temperature\u00C2\u00A0mineral\u00C2\u00A0 (kaolinite)\u00C2\u00A0no\u00C2\u00A0longer\u00C2\u00A0stable\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0those\u00C2\u00A0temperatures\u00C2\u00A0(Hancock\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Taylor,\u00C2\u00A01978).\u00C2\u00A0Hancock\u00C2\u00A0(1978)\u00C2\u00A0describes\u00C2\u00A0 four\u00C2\u00A0different\u00C2\u00A0variations\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0hexagonal\u00C2\u00A0morphology\u00C2\u00A0representing\u00C2\u00A0progressive\u00C2\u00A0stages\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0diagenesis\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 therefore\u00C2\u00A0 increasing\u00C2\u00A0 temperature:\u00C2\u00A0 (i)\u00C2\u00A0 tangential\u00C2\u00A0 rims\u00C2\u00A0 where\u00C2\u00A0 large\u00C2\u00A0 flakes\u00C2\u00A0 appear\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0 be\u00C2\u00A0 formed\u00C2\u00A0 by\u00C2\u00A0 a\u00C2\u00A0 coalescence\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0much\u00C2\u00A0 smaller\u00C2\u00A0bladed\u00C2\u00A0 crystals\u00C2\u00A0 (ii)\u00C2\u00A0 radial\u00C2\u00A0 rims\u00C2\u00A0where\u00C2\u00A0 illite\u00C2\u00A0 flakes\u00C2\u00A0protrude\u00C2\u00A0 radially\u00C2\u00A0 from\u00C2\u00A0 grain\u00C2\u00A0margins,\u00C2\u00A0typically\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0overgrowths\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0tangential\u00C2\u00A0rims\u00C2\u00A0 (iii)\u00C2\u00A0 illite\u00C2\u00A0mesh\u00E2\u0080\u0090work\u00C2\u00A0where\u00C2\u00A0 interlocking\u00C2\u00A0 illite\u00C2\u00A0 crystals\u00C2\u00A0extend\u00C2\u00A0far\u00C2\u00A0out\u00C2\u00A0into\u00C2\u00A0porespace\u00C2\u00A0(iv)\u00C2\u00A0dense\u00C2\u00A0homogenous\u00C2\u00A0illite\u00C2\u00A0whereby\u00C2\u00A0illite\u00C2\u00A0occurs\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0large,\u00C2\u00A0thick,\u00C2\u00A0 randomly\u00C2\u00A0oriented\u00C2\u00A0flakes\u00C2\u00A0which\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0often\u00C2\u00A0curves\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0may\u00C2\u00A0result\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0recrystallization\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0detrital\u00C2\u00A0 illite.\u00C2\u00A0 Studies\u00C2\u00A0 show\u00C2\u00A0 that\u00C2\u00A0 absolute\u00C2\u00A0 temperature\u00C2\u00A0 cannot\u00C2\u00A0 be\u00C2\u00A0 determined\u00C2\u00A0 using\u00C2\u00A0 illite\u00C2\u00A0morphology\u00C2\u00A0 but\u00C2\u00A0 relative\u00C2\u00A0 temperatures\u00C2\u00A0can\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0established\u00C2\u00A0using\u00C2\u00A0variations\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0both\u00C2\u00A0texture\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0morphology.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 2.7\u00C2\u00A0CHEMICAL\u00C2\u00A0COMPOSITION\u00C2\u00A0OF\u00C2\u00A0ILLITE\u00C2\u00A0 Modern\u00C2\u00A0 geothermal\u00C2\u00A0 environments\u00C2\u00A0 that\u00C2\u00A0 are\u00C2\u00A0 currently\u00C2\u00A0 precipitating\u00C2\u00A0 phyllosilicate\u00C2\u00A0 minerals\u00C2\u00A0 (Broadlands\u00C2\u00A0Ohaaki,\u00C2\u00A0 Salton\u00C2\u00A0 Sea,\u00C2\u00A0 Los\u00C2\u00A0Azufres,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Coso)\u00C2\u00A0provide\u00C2\u00A0 robust\u00C2\u00A0empirical\u00C2\u00A0observations\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 positive\u00C2\u00A0relationship\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A0temperature\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0clay\u00C2\u00A0mineralogy\u00C2\u00A0(Simmons\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Browne,\u00C2\u00A02000;\u00C2\u00A0Battaglia,\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 21\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Fig.\u00C2\u00A02.2.\u00C2\u00A0(Modified\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0Bauer\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.,\u00C2\u00A02000)\u00C2\u00A0SEM\u00C2\u00A0photographs\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0synthesis\u00C2\u00A0products\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0micas.\u00C2\u00A0A.\u00C2\u00A0After\u00C2\u00A030\u00C2\u00A0days\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 first\u00C2\u00A0lath\u00E2\u0080\u0090shaped\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009Chairy\u00E2\u0080\u009D\u00C2\u00A0illite\u00C2\u00A0crystals\u00C2\u00A0can\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0observed\u00C2\u00A0B.\u00C2\u00A0After\u00C2\u00A0210\u00C2\u00A0days\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0XRD\u00C2\u00A0pattern\u00C2\u00A0indicates\u00C2\u00A0only\u00C2\u00A0lath\u00E2\u0080\u0090shaped\u00C2\u00A0 mica\u00E2\u0080\u0090illite\u00C2\u00A0C.\u00C2\u00A0After\u00C2\u00A028\u00C2\u00A0months\u00C2\u00A0perfect\u00C2\u00A0hexagonal\u00C2\u00A0mica\u00E2\u0080\u0090illite\u00C2\u00A0crystals\u00C2\u00A0can\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0observed.\u00C2\u00A0They\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0all\u00C2\u00A0approximately\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 same\u00C2\u00A0size.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 22\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 2004).\u00C2\u00A0 Changes\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 chemical\u00C2\u00A0 composition\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 illite\u00C2\u00A0 have\u00C2\u00A0 been\u00C2\u00A0 shown\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0 correlate\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0 changes\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 temperature\u00C2\u00A0(Cathelineau,\u00C2\u00A01988;\u00C2\u00A0Battaglia,\u00C2\u00A02004).\u00C2\u00A0As\u00C2\u00A0temperature\u00C2\u00A0increases,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0crystal\u00C2\u00A0structure\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 illite\u00C2\u00A0becomes\u00C2\u00A0more\u00C2\u00A0ordered,\u00C2\u00A0 larger\u00C2\u00A0 cations\u00C2\u00A0 like\u00C2\u00A0Fe\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Mg\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0 removed\u00C2\u00A0 from\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 interlayer\u00C2\u00A0 site\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 replaced\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0available\u00C2\u00A0K\u00C2\u00A0 (Battaglia,\u00C2\u00A02004).\u00C2\u00A0Therefore,\u00C2\u00A0high\u00C2\u00A0 temperature\u00C2\u00A0 illite\u00C2\u00A0 is\u00C2\u00A0more\u00C2\u00A0potassic\u00C2\u00A0 than\u00C2\u00A0 low\u00C2\u00A0 temperature\u00C2\u00A0 illite\u00C2\u00A0 as\u00C2\u00A0 observed\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 a\u00C2\u00A0 compilation\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 data\u00C2\u00A0 from\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 Los\u00C2\u00A0 Azufres,\u00C2\u00A0 Salton\u00C2\u00A0 Sea,\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 Coso\u00C2\u00A0 geothermal\u00C2\u00A0 fields\u00C2\u00A0 by\u00C2\u00A0 Cathelineau\u00C2\u00A0 (1988).\u00C2\u00A0 However,\u00C2\u00A0 numerous\u00C2\u00A0 problems\u00C2\u00A0 exist\u00C2\u00A0 with\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 data\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 Cathelineau\u00C2\u00A0(1988)\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0outlined\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0Battaglia\u00C2\u00A0(2004):\u00C2\u00A0(i)\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0relationship\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A0K\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0temperature\u00C2\u00A0 is\u00C2\u00A0consistent\u00C2\u00A0within\u00C2\u00A0one\u00C2\u00A0geothermal\u00C2\u00A0 field\u00C2\u00A0but\u00C2\u00A0absolute\u00C2\u00A0 temperatures\u00C2\u00A0vary\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A0geothermal\u00C2\u00A0 fields,\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0(ii)\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0linear\u00C2\u00A0regression\u00C2\u00A0lines\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0each\u00C2\u00A0geothermal\u00C2\u00A0field\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0parallel.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0Coso\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0Los\u00C2\u00A0Azufres\u00C2\u00A0geothermal\u00C2\u00A0fields\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0convergent\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0K\u00C2\u00A0value\u00C2\u00A0near\u00C2\u00A01\u00C2\u00A0(measured\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0cations),\u00C2\u00A0while\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 regression\u00C2\u00A0 line\u00C2\u00A0 for\u00C2\u00A0 Salton\u00C2\u00A0 Sea\u00C2\u00A0 does\u00C2\u00A0 not\u00C2\u00A0 converge.\u00C2\u00A0 The\u00C2\u00A0 lack\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 convergence\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 Salton\u00C2\u00A0 Sea\u00C2\u00A0 data\u00C2\u00A0 is\u00C2\u00A0 attributed\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0lack\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0elemental\u00C2\u00A0Ca\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0illite\u00C2\u00A0samples\u00C2\u00A0analyzed.\u00C2\u00A0Hence,\u00C2\u00A0[K]\u00C2\u00A0alone\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0accurate\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0 consistent\u00C2\u00A0 proxy\u00C2\u00A0 for\u00C2\u00A0 temperature.\u00C2\u00A0 Based\u00C2\u00A0 on\u00C2\u00A0 this\u00C2\u00A0 previous\u00C2\u00A0 work\u00C2\u00A0 completed\u00C2\u00A0 by\u00C2\u00A0 Cathelineau\u00C2\u00A0 (1988),\u00C2\u00A0 Battaglia\u00C2\u00A0(2004)\u00C2\u00A0developed\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0cation\u00E2\u0080\u0090interdependent\u00C2\u00A0formula\u00C2\u00A0\u00DC\u00AD+|\u00DC\u00A8\u00DD\u0081 \u00E0\u00B5\u0086 \u00DC\u00AF\u00DD\u0083|\u00C2\u00A0which\u00C2\u00A0appears\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0more\u00C2\u00A0 robust\u00C2\u00A0indicator\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0temperature.\u00C2\u00A0 Figure\u00C2\u00A02.3\u00C2\u00A0shows\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0five\u00C2\u00A0geothermal\u00C2\u00A0fields\u00C2\u00A0around\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0world\u00C2\u00A0which\u00C2\u00A0exhibit\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0linear\u00C2\u00A0trend\u00C2\u00A0 between\u00C2\u00A0 increases\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 cation\u00C2\u00A0 content\u00C2\u00A0 (\u00DC\u00AD+|\u00DC\u00A8\u00DD\u0081 \u00E0\u00B5\u0086 \u00DC\u00AF\u00DD\u0083|)\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 increases\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 surrounding\u00C2\u00A0 temperature.\u00C2\u00A0 Regression\u00C2\u00A0 lines\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0shown\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0Table\u00C2\u00A02.2.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0best\u00C2\u00A0 fit\u00C2\u00A0 linear\u00C2\u00A0regression\u00C2\u00A0 line\u00C2\u00A0through\u00C2\u00A0 illite\u00C2\u00A0compositional\u00C2\u00A0 data\u00C2\u00A0acquired\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0Battaglia\u00C2\u00A0 (2004)\u00C2\u00A0 for\u00C2\u00A0all\u00C2\u00A0 five\u00C2\u00A0geothermal\u00C2\u00A0 fields\u00C2\u00A0 yields\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0 correlation\u00C2\u00A0 factor\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0R\u00C2\u00A0=\u00C2\u00A00.84\u00C2\u00A0 between\u00C2\u00A0temperature\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0\u00DC\u00AD+|\u00DC\u00A8\u00DD\u0081 \u00E0\u00B5\u0086 \u00DC\u00AF\u00DD\u0083|\u00C2\u00A0giving\u00C2\u00A0equation\u00C2\u00A0(2.2.5):\u00C2\u00A0 \u00DD\u0095 =\u00C2\u00A0267.95\u00DD\u0094\u00C2\u00A0+\u00C2\u00A031.46\u00C2\u00A0 Where\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00DD\u0094\u00C2\u00A0= \u00DC\u00AD+|\u00DC\u00A8\u00DD\u0081 \u00E0\u00B5\u0086 \u00DC\u00AF\u00DD\u0083|\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Table\u00C2\u00A02.2.\u00C2\u00A0Regression\u00C2\u00A0line\u00C2\u00A0equations\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0correlation\u00C2\u00A0factors\u00C2\u00A0(R)\u00C2\u00A0corresponding\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0graphed\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0Figure\u00C2\u00A06.\u00C2\u00A0 Regression\u00C2\u00A0Line\u00C2\u00A0Equation Average\u00C2\u00A0 Error\u00C2\u00A0(%)\u00C2\u00A0*\u00C2\u00A0 R\u00C2\u00A0 Broadlands\u00C2\u00A0Ohaaki\u00C2\u00A0 \u00DD\u0095 =\u00C2\u00A0113.19\u00DD\u0094 +\u00C2\u00A0182.59 5.71 0.72\u00C2\u00A0 Coso\u00C2\u00A0 \u00DD\u0095 =\u00C2\u00A0196.47\u00DD\u0094 +\u00C2\u00A064.00 10.96 0.97\u00C2\u00A0 Salton\u00C2\u00A0Sea\u00C2\u00A0 \u00DD\u0095 =\u00C2\u00A0247.68\u00DD\u0094 +\u00C2\u00A056.36 4.04 0.96\u00C2\u00A0 Los\u00C2\u00A0Azufres\u00C2\u00A0 \u00DD\u0095 =\u00C2\u00A0337.93\u00DD\u0094 \u00E2\u0080\u0090 36.57 7.96 0.79\u00C2\u00A0 Aluto\u00C2\u00A0Langano\u00C2\u00A0 \u00DD\u0095 =\u00C2\u00A0328.85\u00DD\u0094 \u00E2\u0080\u0090 1.17 6.73 0.84\u00C2\u00A0 *=\u00C2\u00A0Measure\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0average\u00C2\u00A0difference\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A0calculated\u00C2\u00A0temperatures\u00C2\u00A0based\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0regression\u00C2\u00A0 line\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0all\u00C2\u00A0data,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0measured\u00C2\u00A0temperatures\u00C2\u00A0 from\u00C2\u00A0geothermal\u00C2\u00A0well.\u00C2\u00A0 (Eqn.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A02.2.5)\u00C2\u00A0 23\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Fig.\u00C2\u00A02.3.\u00C2\u00A0Graph\u00C2\u00A0plotting\u00C2\u00A0microprobe\u00C2\u00A0composition\u00C2\u00A0data \u00DC\u00AD+|\u00DC\u00A8\u00DD\u0081 \u00E0\u00B5\u0086 \u00DC\u00AF\u00DD\u0083|\u00C2\u00A0 (measured\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0cations)\u00C2\u00A0 from\u00C2\u00A0 five\u00C2\u00A0geothermal\u00C2\u00A0 fields\u00C2\u00A0against\u00C2\u00A0measured\u00C2\u00A0temperatures\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0those\u00C2\u00A0samples\u00C2\u00A0presented\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0Battaglia\u00C2\u00A0(2004).\u00C2\u00A0Linear\u00C2\u00A0regression\u00C2\u00A0lines\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0 calculated\u00C2\u00A0 using\u00C2\u00A0 PASW.\u00C2\u00A0 A\u00C2\u00A0 regression\u00C2\u00A0 line\u00C2\u00A0 including\u00C2\u00A0 data\u00C2\u00A0 from\u00C2\u00A0 all\u00C2\u00A0 five\u00C2\u00A0 geothermal\u00C2\u00A0 fields\u00C2\u00A0 is\u00C2\u00A0 superimposed\u00C2\u00A0 on\u00C2\u00A0 individual\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0groups.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 24\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 An\u00C2\u00A0average\u00C2\u00A0error\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A07%\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0final\u00C2\u00A0temperature\u00C2\u00A0value\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0calculated\u00C2\u00A0based\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0difference\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A0 temperature\u00C2\u00A0values\u00C2\u00A0calculated\u00C2\u00A0using\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 regression\u00C2\u00A0 line\u00C2\u00A0equation,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 temperature\u00C2\u00A0measured\u00C2\u00A0directly\u00C2\u00A0 from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0geothermal\u00C2\u00A0well.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 2.8\u00C2\u00A0SUMMARY\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Variations\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 texture,\u00C2\u00A0 morphology,\u00C2\u00A0 crystallinity,\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 composition\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 clay\u00C2\u00A0 minerals\u00C2\u00A0 with\u00C2\u00A0 temperature\u00C2\u00A0 can\u00C2\u00A0 provide\u00C2\u00A0 information\u00C2\u00A0 on\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 temperature\u00C2\u00A0 at\u00C2\u00A0 which\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0minerals\u00C2\u00A0 formed.\u00C2\u00A0 There\u00C2\u00A0 is,\u00C2\u00A0 however,\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0possibility\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0variations\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0characteristics\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0low\u00C2\u00A0temperature\u00C2\u00A0clay\u00C2\u00A0minerals\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0 fact\u00C2\u00A0solely\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0function\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0temperature\u00C2\u00A0but\u00C2\u00A0instead\u00C2\u00A0represent\u00C2\u00A0reaction\u00C2\u00A0progress\u00C2\u00A0(Essene\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Peacor,\u00C2\u00A01995).\u00C2\u00A0 Temperature\u00C2\u00A0 is\u00C2\u00A0 important\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 order\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0 constrain\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 origin\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 clay\u00C2\u00A0 minerals\u00C2\u00A0 as\u00C2\u00A0 either\u00C2\u00A0 products\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 hydrothermal\u00C2\u00A0alteration\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0otherwise.\u00C2\u00A0 In\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 following\u00C2\u00A0chapter,\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0analytical\u00C2\u00A0 techniques\u00C2\u00A0described\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 this\u00C2\u00A0 chapter\u00C2\u00A0 are\u00C2\u00A0 applied\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0 clay\u00C2\u00A0minerals\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 sedimentary\u00C2\u00A0 rocks\u00C2\u00A0 that\u00C2\u00A0occur\u00C2\u00A0 stratigraphically\u00C2\u00A0 above\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 outboard\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Carlin\u00E2\u0080\u0090type\u00C2\u00A0gold\u00C2\u00A0systems\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0determine\u00C2\u00A0whether\u00C2\u00A0clay\u00C2\u00A0alteration\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0surface\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0related\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Carlin\u00E2\u0080\u0090 type\u00C2\u00A0gold\u00C2\u00A0mineralization\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0depth.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 25\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 2.9\u00C2\u00A0REFERENCES\u00C2\u00A0 Baronnet,\u00C2\u00A0A.,\u00C2\u00A01980,\u00C2\u00A0Polytypism\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0micas:\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0survey\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0emphasis\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0crystal\u00C2\u00A0growth\u00C2\u00A0aspect:\u00C2\u00A0Current\u00C2\u00A0 topics\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0materials\u00C2\u00A0science,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A05,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A0447\u00E2\u0080\u0090548.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Battaglia,\u00C2\u00A0S.,\u00C2\u00A02004,\u00C2\u00A0Variations\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0chemical\u00C2\u00A0composition\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0illite\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0five\u00C2\u00A0geothermal\u00C2\u00A0fields:\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0possible\u00C2\u00A0 geothermometer:\u00C2\u00A0Clay\u00C2\u00A0Minerals,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A039,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A0501\u00E2\u0080\u0090510.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Bauer,\u00C2\u00A0A.,\u00C2\u00A0Velde,\u00C2\u00A0B.,\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0Gaupp,\u00C2\u00A0R.,\u00C2\u00A02000,\u00C2\u00A0Experimental\u00C2\u00A0 constraints\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0 illite\u00C2\u00A0 crystal\u00C2\u00A0morphology:\u00C2\u00A0Clay\u00C2\u00A0 Minerals,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A035,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A0587\u00E2\u0080\u0090597.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Cathelineau,\u00C2\u00A0M.,\u00C2\u00A01988,\u00C2\u00A0Cation\u00C2\u00A0 site\u00C2\u00A0occupancy\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 chlorites\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 illites\u00C2\u00A0 as\u00C2\u00A0 function\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 temperature:\u00C2\u00A0Clay\u00C2\u00A0 Minerals,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A023,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A0471\u00E2\u0080\u0090485.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Cline,\u00C2\u00A0J.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Hofstra,\u00C2\u00A0A.,\u00C2\u00A02000,\u00C2\u00A0Ore\u00E2\u0080\u0090fluid\u00C2\u00A0evolution\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Getchell\u00C2\u00A0Carlin\u00E2\u0080\u0090type\u00C2\u00A0gold\u00C2\u00A0deposit,\u00C2\u00A0Nevada,\u00C2\u00A0USA:\u00C2\u00A0 European\u00C2\u00A0Journal\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Mineralogy,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A012,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A0195\u00E2\u0080\u0090212.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Essene,\u00C2\u00A0 E.,\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 Peacor,\u00C2\u00A0 D.,\u00C2\u00A0 1995,\u00C2\u00A0 Clay\u00C2\u00A0 mineral\u00C2\u00A0 thermometry\u00E2\u0080\u0090a\u00C2\u00A0 critical\u00C2\u00A0 perspective:\u00C2\u00A0 Clays\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 Clay\u00C2\u00A0 Minerals,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A043,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A0540\u00E2\u0080\u0090553.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Faure,\u00C2\u00A0G.,\u00C2\u00A0 1998,\u00C2\u00A0 Principles\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 applications\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 geochemistry:\u00C2\u00A0 a\u00C2\u00A0 comprehensive\u00C2\u00A0 textbook\u00C2\u00A0 for\u00C2\u00A0 geology\u00C2\u00A0 students:\u00C2\u00A0Upper\u00C2\u00A0Saddle\u00C2\u00A0Riber,\u00C2\u00A0New\u00C2\u00A0Jersey,\u00C2\u00A0Prentice\u00C2\u00A0Hall,\u00C2\u00A0600\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Frey,\u00C2\u00A0 M.,\u00C2\u00A0 1987,\u00C2\u00A0 Very\u00C2\u00A0 low\u00E2\u0080\u0090grade\u00C2\u00A0 metamorphism\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 clastic\u00C2\u00A0 sedimentary\u00C2\u00A0 rocks:\u00C2\u00A0 Low\u00C2\u00A0 temperature\u00C2\u00A0 metamorphism,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A09\u00E2\u0080\u009358.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Hancock,\u00C2\u00A0 N.,\u00C2\u00A0 1978,\u00C2\u00A0 Possible\u00C2\u00A0 causes\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 Rotliegend\u00C2\u00A0 sandstone\u00C2\u00A0 diagenesis\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 northern\u00C2\u00A0West\u00C2\u00A0 Germany:\u00C2\u00A0 Journal\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Geological\u00C2\u00A0Society,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A0135,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A035\u00E2\u0080\u009040.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Hancock,\u00C2\u00A0N.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Taylor,\u00C2\u00A0A.,\u00C2\u00A01978,\u00C2\u00A0Clay\u00C2\u00A0mineral\u00C2\u00A0diagenesis\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0oil\u00C2\u00A0migration\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Middle\u00C2\u00A0Jurassic\u00C2\u00A0Brent\u00C2\u00A0 Sand\u00C2\u00A0Formation:\u00C2\u00A0Journal\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Geological\u00C2\u00A0Society\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0London,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A0135,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A069\u00E2\u0080\u009372.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Hofstra,\u00C2\u00A0A.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Cline,\u00C2\u00A0 J.,\u00C2\u00A02000,\u00C2\u00A0Characteristics\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0models\u00C2\u00A0 for\u00C2\u00A0Carlin\u00E2\u0080\u0090type\u00C2\u00A0gold\u00C2\u00A0deposits,\u00C2\u00A0Chapter\u00C2\u00A05:\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 Hagemann,\u00C2\u00A0S.\u00C2\u00A0G.\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Brown,\u00C2\u00A0PE,\u00C2\u00A0eds.,\u00C2\u00A0Gold\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A02000:\u00C2\u00A0Reviews\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0Economic\u00C2\u00A0Geology,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A013,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A0163\u00E2\u0080\u0090 220.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Iuoup,\u00C2\u00A0A.,\u00C2\u00A0 1988,\u00C2\u00A0Mechanism\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 illite\u00C2\u00A0 formation\u00C2\u00A0during\u00C2\u00A0 smectite\u00E2\u0080\u0090to\u00E2\u0080\u0090illite\u00C2\u00A0 conversion\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 a\u00C2\u00A0hydrothermal\u00C2\u00A0 system:\u00C2\u00A0American\u00C2\u00A0Mineralogist,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A073,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A01325\u00E2\u0080\u00901334.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Ji,\u00C2\u00A0 J.,\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 Browne,\u00C2\u00A0 P.,\u00C2\u00A0 2000,\u00C2\u00A0 Relationship\u00C2\u00A0 between\u00C2\u00A0 illite\u00C2\u00A0 crystallinity\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 temperature\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 active\u00C2\u00A0 geothermal\u00C2\u00A0systems\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0New\u00C2\u00A0Zealand:\u00C2\u00A0Clays\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Clay\u00C2\u00A0Minerals,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A048,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A0139\u00E2\u0080\u0090144.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Kubler,\u00C2\u00A0B.,\u00C2\u00A0 1967,\u00C2\u00A0 La\u00C2\u00A0 cristallinite\u00C2\u00A0 de\u00C2\u00A0 l'illite\u00C2\u00A0 et\u00C2\u00A0 les\u00C2\u00A0 zones\u00C2\u00A0 tout\u00E2\u0080\u0090a\u00E2\u0080\u0090fait\u00C2\u00A0 superieures\u00C2\u00A0 du\u00C2\u00A0metamorphisme.,\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 Schaer,\u00C2\u00A0J.P.,\u00C2\u00A0ed.,\u00C2\u00A0Colloque\u00C2\u00A0sur\u00C2\u00A0les\u00C2\u00A0etages\u00C2\u00A0tectoniques:\u00C2\u00A0Baconniere,\u00C2\u00A0Neuchatel,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A0105\u00E2\u0080\u0090122.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 K\u00C3\u00BCbler,\u00C2\u00A0B.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 Jaboyedoff,\u00C2\u00A0M.,\u00C2\u00A02000,\u00C2\u00A0 Illite\u00C2\u00A0 crystallinity:\u00C2\u00A0CONCISE\u00C2\u00A0REVIEW\u00C2\u00A0PAPER:\u00C2\u00A0Comptes\u00C2\u00A0Rendus\u00C2\u00A0de\u00C2\u00A0 l'Acad\u00C3\u00A9mie\u00C2\u00A0des\u00C2\u00A0Sciences\u00E2\u0080\u0090Series\u00C2\u00A0IIA\u00E2\u0080\u0090Earth\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Planetary\u00C2\u00A0Science,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A0331,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A075\u00E2\u0080\u009089\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Lanson,\u00C2\u00A0 B.,\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 Champion,\u00C2\u00A0D.,\u00C2\u00A0 1991,\u00C2\u00A0 The\u00C2\u00A0 I/S\u00E2\u0080\u0090to\u00E2\u0080\u0090illite\u00C2\u00A0 reaction\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 late\u00C2\u00A0 stage\u00C2\u00A0 diagenesis:\u00C2\u00A0 American\u00C2\u00A0 Journal\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Science,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A0291,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A0473\u00E2\u0080\u0090506.\u00C2\u00A0 26\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Lanson,\u00C2\u00A0B.,\u00C2\u00A0Velde,\u00C2\u00A0B.,\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0Meunier,\u00C2\u00A0A.,\u00C2\u00A0 1998,\u00C2\u00A0 Late\u00E2\u0080\u0090stage\u00C2\u00A0diagenesis\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 illitic\u00C2\u00A0 clay\u00C2\u00A0minerals\u00C2\u00A0 as\u00C2\u00A0 seen\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0 decomposition\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0X\u00E2\u0080\u0090ray\u00C2\u00A0diffraction\u00C2\u00A0patterns:\u00C2\u00A0Contrasted\u00C2\u00A0behaviors\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 sedimentary\u00C2\u00A0basins\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0 different\u00C2\u00A0burial\u00C2\u00A0histories:\u00C2\u00A0Clays\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Clay\u00C2\u00A0Minerals,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A046,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A069\u00E2\u0080\u009078.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Lonker,\u00C2\u00A0 S.,\u00C2\u00A0 FitzGerald,\u00C2\u00A0 J.,\u00C2\u00A0 Hedenquist,\u00C2\u00A0 J.,\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 Walshe,\u00C2\u00A0 J.,\u00C2\u00A0 1990,\u00C2\u00A0 Mineral\u00E2\u0080\u0090fluid\u00C2\u00A0 interactions\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 Broadlands\u00E2\u0080\u0090Ohaaki\u00C2\u00A0 geothermal\u00C2\u00A0 system,\u00C2\u00A0New\u00C2\u00A0 Zealand:\u00C2\u00A0American\u00C2\u00A0 Journal\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 Science,\u00C2\u00A0 v.\u00C2\u00A0 290,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A0 995\u00E2\u0080\u00901068.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Lubben,\u00C2\u00A0J.,\u00C2\u00A02004,\u00C2\u00A0Quartz\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0clues\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0paragenesis\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0fluid\u00C2\u00A0properties\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Betze\u00E2\u0080\u0090Post\u00C2\u00A0deposit,\u00C2\u00A0northern\u00C2\u00A0 Carlin\u00C2\u00A0trend,\u00C2\u00A0Nevada:\u00C2\u00A0Unpublished\u00C2\u00A0M.Sc.\u00C2\u00A0thesis,\u00C2\u00A0Las\u00C2\u00A0Vegas,\u00C2\u00A0Universitty\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Nevada,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A0155.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Meunier,\u00C2\u00A0A.,\u00C2\u00A01977,\u00C2\u00A0Les\u00C2\u00A0mechanismes\u00C2\u00A0de\u00C2\u00A0l'alteration\u00C2\u00A0des\u00C2\u00A0granites\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0le\u00C2\u00A0role\u00C2\u00A0des\u00C2\u00A0microsystemes:\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0tude\u00C2\u00A0des\u00C2\u00A0 arenes\u00C2\u00A0du\u00C2\u00A0massif\u00C2\u00A0granatique\u00C2\u00A0de\u00C2\u00A0Parthenay\u00C2\u00A0(Deux\u00E2\u0080\u0090Se\u00C2\u00A0vres):\u00C2\u00A0PhD.\u00C2\u00A0Thesis,\u00C2\u00A0248\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Meunier,\u00C2\u00A0A.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Velde,\u00C2\u00A0B.,\u00C2\u00A02004,\u00C2\u00A0Illite:\u00C2\u00A0origins,\u00C2\u00A0evolution,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0metamorphism:\u00C2\u00A0Poitier,\u00C2\u00A0France,\u00C2\u00A0Springer\u00C2\u00A0 Verlag,\u00C2\u00A0286\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Moore,\u00C2\u00A0 D.,\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 Reynolds\u00C2\u00A0 Jr,\u00C2\u00A0 R.,\u00C2\u00A0 1997,\u00C2\u00A0 X\u00E2\u0080\u0090ray\u00C2\u00A0 diffraction\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 identification\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 analysis\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 clay\u00C2\u00A0 minerals,\u00C2\u00A0378\u00C2\u00A0p,\u00C2\u00A0Oxford\u00C2\u00A0University\u00C2\u00A0Press,\u00C2\u00A0New\u00C2\u00A0York.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Peaver,\u00C2\u00A0D.,\u00C2\u00A01999,\u00C2\u00A0Illite\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0hydrocarbon\u00C2\u00A0exploration:\u00C2\u00A0Proceedings\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0National\u00C2\u00A0Academy\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Sciences,\u00C2\u00A0 v.\u00C2\u00A096,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A03440\u00E2\u0080\u00903446.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Reyes,\u00C2\u00A0A.,\u00C2\u00A01990,\u00C2\u00A0Petrology\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Philippine\u00C2\u00A0geothermal\u00C2\u00A0systems\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0application\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0alteration\u00C2\u00A0mineralogy\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0their\u00C2\u00A0assessment:\u00C2\u00A0Journal\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Volcanology\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Geothermal\u00C2\u00A0Research,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A043,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A0279\u00E2\u0080\u0090309.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Rose,\u00C2\u00A0 A.,\u00C2\u00A0 1970,\u00C2\u00A0 Zonal\u00C2\u00A0 relations\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 wallrock\u00C2\u00A0 alteration\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 sulfide\u00C2\u00A0 distribution\u00C2\u00A0 at\u00C2\u00A0 porphyry\u00C2\u00A0 copper\u00C2\u00A0 deposits:\u00C2\u00A0Economic\u00C2\u00A0Geology,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A065,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A0920\u00E2\u0080\u0090936.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Schleicher,\u00C2\u00A0 A.,\u00C2\u00A0 Warr,\u00C2\u00A0 L.,\u00C2\u00A0 Kober,\u00C2\u00A0 B.,\u00C2\u00A0 Laverret,\u00C2\u00A0 E.,\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 Clauer,\u00C2\u00A0 N.,\u00C2\u00A0 2006,\u00C2\u00A0 Episodic\u00C2\u00A0 mineralization\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 hydrothermal\u00C2\u00A0 illite\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 Soultz\u00E2\u0080\u0090sous\u00E2\u0080\u0090For\u00C3\u00AAts\u00C2\u00A0 granite\u00C2\u00A0 (Upper\u00C2\u00A0 Rhine\u00C2\u00A0 Graben,\u00C2\u00A0 France):\u00C2\u00A0 Contributions\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Mineralogy\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Petrology,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A0152,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A0349\u00E2\u0080\u0090364.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Simon,\u00C2\u00A0G.,\u00C2\u00A0 Kesler,\u00C2\u00A0 S.,\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 Chryssoulis,\u00C2\u00A0 S.,\u00C2\u00A0 1999,\u00C2\u00A0Geochemistry\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 textures\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 gold\u00E2\u0080\u0090bearing\u00C2\u00A0 arsenian\u00C2\u00A0 pyrite,\u00C2\u00A0 Twin\u00C2\u00A0 Creeks,\u00C2\u00A0 Nevada;\u00C2\u00A0 implications\u00C2\u00A0 for\u00C2\u00A0 deposition\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 gold\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 Carlin\u00E2\u0080\u0090type\u00C2\u00A0 deposits:\u00C2\u00A0 Economic\u00C2\u00A0Geology,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A094,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A0405\u00E2\u0080\u0090422.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Simmons,\u00C2\u00A0 S.,\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 Browne,\u00C2\u00A0 P.,\u00C2\u00A0 2000,\u00C2\u00A0 Hydrothermal\u00C2\u00A0minerals\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 precious\u00C2\u00A0metals\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 Broadlands\u00E2\u0080\u0090 Ohaaki\u00C2\u00A0 geothermal\u00C2\u00A0 system:\u00C2\u00A0 Implications\u00C2\u00A0 for\u00C2\u00A0 understanding\u00C2\u00A0 low\u00E2\u0080\u0090sulfidation\u00C2\u00A0 epithermal\u00C2\u00A0 environments:\u00C2\u00A0Economic\u00C2\u00A0Geology,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A095,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A0971\u00E2\u0080\u0090999.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Srodon,\u00C2\u00A0J.,\u00C2\u00A0Drits,\u00C2\u00A0V.,\u00C2\u00A0McCarty,\u00C2\u00A0D.,\u00C2\u00A0Hsieh,\u00C2\u00A0J.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Eberl,\u00C2\u00A0D.,\u00C2\u00A02001,\u00C2\u00A0Quantitative\u00C2\u00A0X\u00E2\u0080\u0090ray\u00C2\u00A0diffraction\u00C2\u00A0analysis\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 clay\u00E2\u0080\u0090bearing\u00C2\u00A0rocks\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0random\u00C2\u00A0preparations:\u00C2\u00A0Clays\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Clay\u00C2\u00A0Minerals,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A049,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A0514\u00E2\u0080\u0090528.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Stenger,\u00C2\u00A0D.,\u00C2\u00A0Kesler,\u00C2\u00A0S.,\u00C2\u00A0Peltonen,\u00C2\u00A0D.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Tapper,\u00C2\u00A0C.,\u00C2\u00A01998,\u00C2\u00A0Deposition\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0gold\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0carlin\u00E2\u0080\u0090type\u00C2\u00A0deposits;\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 role\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0sulfidation\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0decarbonation\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0Twin\u00C2\u00A0Creeks,\u00C2\u00A0Nevada:\u00C2\u00A0Economic\u00C2\u00A0Geology,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A093,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A0201\u00E2\u0080\u0090 215.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Varadachari,\u00C2\u00A0C.,\u00C2\u00A02006,\u00C2\u00A0Fuzzy\u00C2\u00A0phase\u00C2\u00A0diagrams\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0clay\u00C2\u00A0minerals:\u00C2\u00A0Clays\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Clay\u00C2\u00A0Minerals,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A054,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A0616\u00E2\u0080\u0090625.\u00C2\u00A0 27\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Warr,\u00C2\u00A0L.,\u00C2\u00A01996,\u00C2\u00A0Standardized\u00C2\u00A0clay\u00C2\u00A0mineral\u00C2\u00A0crystallinity\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0very\u00C2\u00A0low\u00E2\u0080\u0090grade\u00C2\u00A0metamorphic\u00C2\u00A0facies\u00C2\u00A0 rocks\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0southern\u00C2\u00A0New\u00C2\u00A0Zealand:\u00C2\u00A0European\u00C2\u00A0Journal\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Mineralogy,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A08,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A0115\u00E2\u0080\u0090127.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Whitney,\u00C2\u00A0 G.,\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 Northrop,\u00C2\u00A0 H.,\u00C2\u00A0 1988,\u00C2\u00A0 Experimental\u00C2\u00A0 investigation\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 smectite\u00E2\u0080\u0090to\u00E2\u0080\u0090illite\u00C2\u00A0 reaction\u00E2\u0080\u0090\u00E2\u0080\u0090dual\u00C2\u00A0 reaction\u00C2\u00A0mechanisms\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0oxygen\u00E2\u0080\u0090isotope\u00C2\u00A0systematics:\u00C2\u00A0American\u00C2\u00A0Mineralogist,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A073,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A077\u00E2\u0080\u009090.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Yates,\u00C2\u00A0D.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Rosenberg,\u00C2\u00A0P.,\u00C2\u00A01997,\u00C2\u00A0Formation\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 stability\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0endmember\u00C2\u00A0 illite:\u00C2\u00A0 II.\u00C2\u00A0Solid\u00C2\u00A0equilibration\u00C2\u00A0 experiments\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0100\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0250\u00C2\u00A0C\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Pv,\u00C2\u00A0 soln:\u00C2\u00A0Geochimica\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0Cosmochimica\u00C2\u00A0Acta,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A061,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A03135\u00E2\u0080\u0090 3144.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 28\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 CHAPTER\u00C2\u00A03\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u0093\u00C2\u00A0BEYOND\u00C2\u00A0THE\u00C2\u00A0CONFINES\u00C2\u00A0OF\u00C2\u00A0THE\u00C2\u00A0ORE\u00C2\u00A0BODY:\u00C2\u00A0SURFACE\u00C2\u00A0MAPPING\u00C2\u00A0OF\u00C2\u00A0 LOW\u00C2\u00A0TEMPERATURE\u00C2\u00A0HYDROTHERMAL\u00C2\u00A0FLUID\u00C2\u00A0ABOVE\u00C2\u00A0MAJOR\u00C2\u00A0ORE\u00C2\u00A0BODIES\u00C2\u00A0USING\u00C2\u00A0 CLAY\u00C2\u00A0ALTERATION\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 3.1\u00C2\u00A0INTRODUCTION\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 The\u00C2\u00A0 passage\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 hydrothermal\u00C2\u00A0 fluid\u00C2\u00A0 through\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 Earth\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0 crust\u00C2\u00A0 is\u00C2\u00A0 invariably\u00C2\u00A0 accompanied\u00C2\u00A0 by\u00C2\u00A0 mineral\u00C2\u00A0 alteration\u00C2\u00A0 (Giggenbach,\u00C2\u00A0 1981,\u00C2\u00A0 1984;\u00C2\u00A0 Reed,\u00C2\u00A0 1997).\u00C2\u00A0 The\u00C2\u00A0 degree\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0which\u00C2\u00A0mineral\u00C2\u00A0 assemblages\u00C2\u00A0 change\u00C2\u00A0 is\u00C2\u00A0 a\u00C2\u00A0 function\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 multiple\u00C2\u00A0 factors:\u00C2\u00A0 temperature,\u00C2\u00A0 pressure,\u00C2\u00A0 time,\u00C2\u00A0 fluid\u00C2\u00A0 chemistry,\u00C2\u00A0 initial\u00C2\u00A0 rock\u00C2\u00A0 composition\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 fluid\u00E2\u0080\u0090rock\u00C2\u00A0 ratio\u00C2\u00A0 (Reed,\u00C2\u00A01997).\u00C2\u00A0Alteration\u00C2\u00A0associated\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0mineral\u00C2\u00A0deposits\u00C2\u00A0 commonly\u00C2\u00A0 extends\u00C2\u00A0outboard\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0ore\u00C2\u00A0body\u00C2\u00A0providing\u00C2\u00A0robust\u00C2\u00A0vectors\u00C2\u00A0toward\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0core\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0those\u00C2\u00A0deposits\u00C2\u00A0(Figure\u00C2\u00A0 3.1).\u00C2\u00A0 In\u00C2\u00A0alteration\u00C2\u00A0halos\u00C2\u00A0around\u00C2\u00A0 low\u00C2\u00A0temperature\u00C2\u00A0hydrothermal\u00C2\u00A0systems,\u00C2\u00A0gradients\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0temperature\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 chemical\u00C2\u00A0 composition\u00C2\u00A0 between\u00C2\u00A0 mineralizing\u00C2\u00A0 hydrothermal\u00C2\u00A0 fluid\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 host\u00C2\u00A0 rock\u00C2\u00A0 can\u00C2\u00A0 be\u00C2\u00A0 small.\u00C2\u00A0 With\u00C2\u00A0 increasing\u00C2\u00A0distance\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0core\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0hydrothermal\u00C2\u00A0system,\u00C2\u00A0thermal\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0chemical\u00C2\u00A0gradients\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A0 hydrothermal\u00C2\u00A0fluid\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0country\u00C2\u00A0rock\u00C2\u00A0decrease\u00C2\u00A0until\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0point\u00C2\u00A0where\u00C2\u00A0no\u00C2\u00A0gradient\u00C2\u00A0exists\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A0fluid\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 rock.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0distal\u00C2\u00A0expression\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 low\u00C2\u00A0 temperature\u00C2\u00A0hydrothermal\u00C2\u00A0 systems\u00C2\u00A0may\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0dominated\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0mineral\u00C2\u00A0 assemblages\u00C2\u00A0also\u00C2\u00A0 resulting\u00C2\u00A0 from\u00C2\u00A0near\u00C2\u00A0 surface\u00C2\u00A0processes\u00C2\u00A0 including\u00C2\u00A0weathering,\u00C2\u00A0 shallow\u00C2\u00A0diagenesis,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 other\u00C2\u00A0overprinting\u00C2\u00A0hydrothermal\u00C2\u00A0events.\u00C2\u00A0Tools\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0identify\u00C2\u00A0subtle\u00C2\u00A0variations\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A0low\u00C2\u00A0temperature\u00C2\u00A0 minerals\u00C2\u00A0which\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0turn\u00C2\u00A0help\u00C2\u00A0distinguish\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A0different\u00C2\u00A0generations\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0minerals\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0required\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0assess\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0extent\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0hydrothermal\u00C2\u00A0alteration,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0use\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0alteration\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0vector\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0toward\u00C2\u00A0mineralization\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0 depth\u00C2\u00A0(Adams\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Putnam,\u00C2\u00A01992;\u00C2\u00A0Kelley\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.,\u00C2\u00A02006).\u00C2\u00A0However,\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0use\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0low\u00C2\u00A0temperature\u00C2\u00A0minerals\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0 investigate\u00C2\u00A0 geological\u00C2\u00A0 problems\u00C2\u00A0 has\u00C2\u00A0 been\u00C2\u00A0 criticized\u00C2\u00A0 due\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 inability\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 most\u00C2\u00A0 low\u00C2\u00A0 temperature\u00C2\u00A0 assemblages\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0reach\u00C2\u00A0equilibrium\u00C2\u00A0causing\u00C2\u00A0nanoscale\u00C2\u00A0variations\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0composition\u00C2\u00A0(Essene\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Peacor,\u00C2\u00A01995,\u00C2\u00A0 1996).\u00C2\u00A0 Under\u00C2\u00A0 disequilibrium\u00C2\u00A0 conditions,\u00C2\u00A0 properties\u00C2\u00A0 such\u00C2\u00A0 as\u00C2\u00A0 crystallinity,\u00C2\u00A0 crystal\u00C2\u00A0 morphology,\u00C2\u00A0 or\u00C2\u00A0 composition\u00C2\u00A0might\u00C2\u00A0represent\u00C2\u00A0reaction\u00C2\u00A0progress\u00C2\u00A0rather\u00C2\u00A0than\u00C2\u00A0spatial\u00C2\u00A0variation\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0temperature\u00C2\u00A0(Essene\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 Peacor,\u00C2\u00A01995).\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Clay\u00C2\u00A0minerals\u00C2\u00A0 form\u00C2\u00A0 a\u00C2\u00A0 large\u00C2\u00A0 component\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 low\u00C2\u00A0 temperature\u00C2\u00A0 alteration\u00C2\u00A0 assemblages\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 have\u00C2\u00A0 been\u00C2\u00A0 documented\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 different\u00C2\u00A0 settings\u00C2\u00A0 including:\u00C2\u00A0 geothermal\u00C2\u00A0 systems\u00C2\u00A0 (Simmons\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 Browne,\u00C2\u00A0 2000;\u00C2\u00A0 Yang\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0 al.,\u00C2\u00A02001),\u00C2\u00A0epithermal\u00C2\u00A0deposits\u00C2\u00A0 (White\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0Hedenquist,\u00C2\u00A01995),\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0distal\u00C2\u00A0extents\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0porphyry\u00C2\u00A0 deposits\u00C2\u00A0 (Rose,\u00C2\u00A01970;\u00C2\u00A0Tosdal,\u00C2\u00A02009;\u00C2\u00A0Sillitoe,\u00C2\u00A02010),\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0diagenetic\u00C2\u00A0environments\u00C2\u00A0 (Meunier\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Velde,\u00C2\u00A0 2004).\u00C2\u00A0Geothermal\u00C2\u00A0systems\u00C2\u00A0provide\u00C2\u00A0current\u00C2\u00A0information\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0low\u00C2\u00A0temperature\u00C2\u00A0systematics\u00C2\u00A0including\u00C2\u00A0clay\u00C2\u00A0 29\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Fig.\u00C2\u00A03.1.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0distal\u00C2\u00A0extent\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0degree\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0alteration\u00C2\u00A0around\u00C2\u00A0ore\u00C2\u00A0deposits\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0direct\u00C2\u00A0function\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0thermal\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0chemical\u00C2\u00A0 gradients\u00C2\u00A0 between\u00C2\u00A0 country\u00C2\u00A0 rock\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 hydrothermal\u00C2\u00A0 fluid.\u00C2\u00A0 A.\u00C2\u00A0 Black\u00C2\u00A0 dashed\u00C2\u00A0 lines\u00C2\u00A0 represent\u00C2\u00A0 steady\u00C2\u00A0 state\u00C2\u00A0 thermal\u00C2\u00A0 contours\u00C2\u00A0 resulting\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0mineral\u00C2\u00A0 alteration.\u00C2\u00A0 Porphyry\u00C2\u00A0 type\u00C2\u00A0 settings\u00C2\u00A0 exhibit\u00C2\u00A0 large\u00C2\u00A0 thermal\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 chemical\u00C2\u00A0 gradients.\u00C2\u00A0 Initially,\u00C2\u00A0 hot\u00C2\u00A0 (>700\u00EF\u0082\u00B0C)\u00C2\u00A0 magma\u00C2\u00A0 intrudes\u00C2\u00A0 cold\u00C2\u00A0 (<200\u00EF\u0082\u00B0C)\u00C2\u00A0 country\u00C2\u00A0 rock.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Hot\u00C2\u00A0 magmatic\u00C2\u00A0 fluid\u00C2\u00A0 alters\u00C2\u00A0 country\u00C2\u00A0 rock\u00C2\u00A0 immediately\u00C2\u00A0around\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0magma\u00C2\u00A0body\u00C2\u00A0via\u00C2\u00A0conduction.\u00C2\u00A0Convection\u00C2\u00A0cells\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0circulating\u00C2\u00A0pore\u00C2\u00A0fluid\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0generated\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 sides\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 intrusion.\u00C2\u00A0Heat\u00C2\u00A0 is\u00C2\u00A0carried\u00C2\u00A0 from\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 intrusion\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0advection\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0 fluid\u00C2\u00A0 travels\u00C2\u00A0 through\u00C2\u00A0 fractures\u00C2\u00A0 forming\u00C2\u00A0 networks\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0veins.\u00C2\u00A0As\u00C2\u00A0magmatic\u00C2\u00A0fluid\u00C2\u00A0travels\u00C2\u00A0upward\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0decreases\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0temperature,\u00C2\u00A0acids\u00C2\u00A0dissociate\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0fluid\u00C2\u00A0 becomes\u00C2\u00A0acidic.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0lower\u00C2\u00A0temperature\u00C2\u00A0acidic\u00C2\u00A0fluid\u00C2\u00A0interacts\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0country\u00C2\u00A0rock\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0produce\u00C2\u00A0argillic\u00C2\u00A0alteration.\u00C2\u00A0As\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 pluton\u00C2\u00A0 cools,\u00C2\u00A0 cold,\u00C2\u00A0 near\u00E2\u0080\u0090neutral\u00C2\u00A0 surface\u00C2\u00A0meteoric\u00C2\u00A0water\u00C2\u00A0 is\u00C2\u00A0 drawn\u00C2\u00A0 into\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 core\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 system\u00C2\u00A0 resulting\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 hydrolysis\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0minerals\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0propyltic\u00C2\u00A0alteration\u00C2\u00A0which\u00C2\u00A0may\u00C2\u00A0overprint\u00C2\u00A0other\u00C2\u00A0stages\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0alteration.\u00C2\u00A0Visible\u00C2\u00A0alteration\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0 a\u00C2\u00A0porphyry\u00C2\u00A0system\u00C2\u00A0can\u00C2\u00A0extend\u00C2\u00A0kilometers\u00C2\u00A0away\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0mineralization,\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0distal\u00C2\u00A0alteration\u00C2\u00A0assemblages\u00C2\u00A0containing\u00C2\u00A0 minerals\u00C2\u00A0 significantly\u00C2\u00A0 different\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0 unaltered\u00C2\u00A0 host\u00C2\u00A0 rock\u00C2\u00A0 assemblages\u00C2\u00A0 i.e.\u00C2\u00A0 sericite\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00B1\u00C2\u00A0 illite\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00B1\u00C2\u00A0 kaolinite\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 B.\u00C2\u00A0 In\u00C2\u00A0 low\u00C2\u00A0 temperature\u00C2\u00A0systems\u00C2\u00A0such\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Carlin\u00E2\u0080\u0090type\u00C2\u00A0Au\u00C2\u00A0systems,\u00C2\u00A0there\u00C2\u00A0may\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0 little\u00C2\u00A0temperature\u00C2\u00A0gradient\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 incoming\u00C2\u00A0fluid\u00C2\u00A0(200\u00EF\u0082\u00B0C)\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0shallow\u00C2\u00A0crust\u00C2\u00A0(~75\u00EF\u0082\u00B0C),\u00C2\u00A0resulting\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0subtle\u00C2\u00A0mineral\u00C2\u00A0alteration\u00C2\u00A0assemblage\u00C2\u00A0illite\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00B1\u00C2\u00A0 dickite\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00B1\u00C2\u00A0 kaolinite\u00C2\u00A0 at\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 core\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 system.\u00C2\u00A0 Fluid\u00C2\u00A0 flow\u00C2\u00A0 is\u00C2\u00A0 focused\u00C2\u00A0 along\u00C2\u00A0permeable\u00C2\u00A0pathways\u00C2\u00A0whereby\u00C2\u00A0heat\u00C2\u00A0 is\u00C2\u00A0 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form\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Battle\u00C2\u00A0Mountain\u00C2\u00A0Eureka\u00C2\u00A0mineral\u00C2\u00A0belt.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0giant\u00C2\u00A0Pipeline\u00C2\u00A0deposit,\u00C2\u00A0 located\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0southeastern\u00C2\u00A0 end\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Shoshone\u00C2\u00A0Range\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0starting\u00C2\u00A0point\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0sample\u00C2\u00A0collection\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0area\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0known\u00C2\u00A0Carlin\u00E2\u0080\u0090style\u00C2\u00A0 mineralization\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0lower\u00C2\u00A0plate\u00C2\u00A0carbonate\u00C2\u00A0rocks.\u00C2\u00A0From\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Pipeline\u00C2\u00A0deposit,\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0northwest\u00C2\u00A0trending\u00C2\u00A0transect\u00C2\u00A0 was\u00C2\u00A0sampled\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0determine\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0aerial\u00C2\u00A0extent\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0alteration\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0upper\u00C2\u00A0plate\u00C2\u00A0rocks\u00C2\u00A0outboard\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0site\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 known\u00C2\u00A0mineralization.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 3.2\u00C2\u00A0GEOLOGICAL\u00C2\u00A0SETTING\u00C2\u00A0OF\u00C2\u00A0CARLIN\u00E2\u0080\u0090GOLD\u00C2\u00A0DEPOSITS\u00C2\u00A0 During\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 period\u00C2\u00A0 from\u00C2\u00A0 Cambrian\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u0090\u00C2\u00A0 Devonian,\u00C2\u00A0 passive\u00C2\u00A0margin\u00C2\u00A0miogeoclinal\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 eugeoclinal\u00C2\u00A0 sequences\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0deposited\u00C2\u00A0along\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 rifted\u00C2\u00A0margin\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0western\u00C2\u00A0North\u00C2\u00A0America\u00C2\u00A0 (Morrow\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Sandberg,\u00C2\u00A0 2008).\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Multiple\u00C2\u00A0 episodes\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 compression\u00C2\u00A0 from\u00C2\u00A0 Devonian\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0 Cretaceous\u00C2\u00A0 led\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0 eastward\u00C2\u00A0 directed\u00C2\u00A0 thrusting\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0miogeoclinal\u00C2\u00A0rocks\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0top\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0eugeoclinal\u00C2\u00A0rocks.\u00C2\u00A0 In\u00C2\u00A0northeastern\u00C2\u00A0Nevada,\u00C2\u00A0there\u00C2\u00A0 is\u00C2\u00A0one\u00C2\u00A0main\u00C2\u00A0 thrust\u00C2\u00A0 sheet,\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 Roberts\u00C2\u00A0Mountain\u00C2\u00A0 allochthon\u00C2\u00A0 (locally\u00C2\u00A0 termed\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u0098upper\u00C2\u00A0 plate\u00E2\u0080\u0099)\u00C2\u00A0which\u00C2\u00A0 has\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 Roberts\u00C2\u00A0 Mountain\u00C2\u00A0Thrust\u00C2\u00A0 (RMT)\u00C2\u00A0 fault\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0 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tectono\u00E2\u0080\u0090stratigraphic\u00C2\u00A0 column\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 lower\u00C2\u00A0 Paleozoic\u00C2\u00A0 rocks\u00C2\u00A0 is\u00C2\u00A0 presented\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 Figure\u00C2\u00A0 3.4.\u00C2\u00A0 In\u00C2\u00A0most\u00C2\u00A0 areas,\u00C2\u00A0thick\u00C2\u00A0sequences\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0upper\u00C2\u00A0plate\u00C2\u00A0siliciclastic\u00C2\u00A0rocks\u00C2\u00A0cover\u00C2\u00A0lower\u00C2\u00A0plate\u00C2\u00A0carbonate\u00C2\u00A0rocks,\u00C2\u00A0however\u00C2\u00A0post\u00E2\u0080\u0090 Antler\u00C2\u00A0orogeny\u00C2\u00A0tectonism\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0erosion\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0exposed\u00C2\u00A0geologic\u00C2\u00A0windows\u00C2\u00A0into\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0lower\u00C2\u00A0plate\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0exhibited\u00C2\u00A0 at\u00C2\u00A0 Goat\u00C2\u00A0 Peak\u00C2\u00A0 (north\u00E2\u0080\u0090western\u00C2\u00A0 Shoshone\u00C2\u00A0 Range),\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 at\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 Pipeline\u00C2\u00A0 deposit\u00C2\u00A0 locality\u00C2\u00A0 (south\u00E2\u0080\u0090western\u00C2\u00A0 Shoshone\u00C2\u00A0Range)\u00C2\u00A0 (Kelson\u00C2\u00A0 et\u00C2\u00A0 al.,\u00C2\u00A0 2008).\u00C2\u00A0 Structurally,\u00C2\u00A0both\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0upper\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 lower\u00C2\u00A0plates\u00C2\u00A0 are\u00C2\u00A0 imbricately\u00C2\u00A0 thrusted\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0tight,\u00C2\u00A0upright\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0westward\u00E2\u0080\u0090inclined\u00C2\u00A0folds\u00C2\u00A0caused\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0eastward\u00C2\u00A0transport\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0material\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 33\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 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siliciclastic\u00C2\u00A0rock\u00C2\u00A0cover\u00C2\u00A0above\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0main\u00C2\u00A0ore\u00C2\u00A0zones\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Leeville\u00C2\u00A0deposit.\u00C2\u00A0 A. B.\u00C2\u00A0 34\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Fig.\u00C2\u00A03.4.\u00C2\u00A0(modified\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0Bettels\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.,\u00C2\u00A02002\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0Emsbo\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.,\u00C2\u00A02003)\u00C2\u00A0Simplified\u00C2\u00A0tectono\u00E2\u0080\u0090stratigraphic\u00C2\u00A0column\u00C2\u00A0showing\u00C2\u00A0 lower\u00C2\u00A0Paleozoic\u00C2\u00A0 rocks\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0RMT\u00C2\u00A0system.\u00C2\u00A0Variation\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 formation\u00C2\u00A0names\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0Battle\u00C2\u00A0Mountain\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u0093\u00C2\u00A0Eureka\u00C2\u00A0 trend\u00C2\u00A0(left)\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Carlin\u00C2\u00A0trend\u00C2\u00A0(right)\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0shown.\u00C2\u00A0During\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Mississippian\u00C2\u00A0Antler\u00C2\u00A0Orogeny,\u00C2\u00A0lower\u00C2\u00A0Paleozoic\u00C2\u00A0siliciclastic\u00C2\u00A0 sediments\u00C2\u00A0 (upper\u00C2\u00A0 plate)\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0 thrust\u00C2\u00A0 eastward\u00C2\u00A0 overtop\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 lower\u00C2\u00A0 Paleozoic\u00C2\u00A0 carbonate\u00C2\u00A0 sediments\u00C2\u00A0 (lower\u00C2\u00A0 plate).\u00C2\u00A0 Carlin\u00E2\u0080\u0090type\u00C2\u00A0gold\u00C2\u00A0deposits\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0typically\u00C2\u00A0hosted\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0lower\u00C2\u00A0plate\u00C2\u00A0rocks.\u00C2\u00A0 35\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 during\u00C2\u00A0 orogenic\u00C2\u00A0 events\u00C2\u00A0 dating\u00C2\u00A0 from\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 Devonian\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0 late\u00C2\u00A0 Cretaceous\u00C2\u00A0 (Noble\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 Finney,\u00C2\u00A0 1999).\u00C2\u00A0 Subsequent\u00C2\u00A0deformation\u00C2\u00A0includes\u00C2\u00A0broad\u00C2\u00A0open\u00C2\u00A0folding\u00C2\u00A0accompanied\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0oblique\u00E2\u0080\u0090slip\u00C2\u00A0faulting,\u00C2\u00A0Mesozoic\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0 Cenozoic\u00C2\u00A0 low\u00C2\u00A0angle\u00C2\u00A0faulting,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0high\u00C2\u00A0angle\u00C2\u00A0normal\u00C2\u00A0faulting\u00C2\u00A0associated\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0Basin\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Range\u00C2\u00A0extension\u00C2\u00A0 (Winterer,\u00C2\u00A01968;\u00C2\u00A0Cluer\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.,\u00C2\u00A01997).\u00C2\u00A0 The\u00C2\u00A0 lower\u00C2\u00A0 plate\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 RMT\u00C2\u00A0 can\u00C2\u00A0 be\u00C2\u00A0 subdivided\u00C2\u00A0 into\u00C2\u00A0 four\u00C2\u00A0main\u00C2\u00A0 units\u00C2\u00A0 (Emsbo\u00C2\u00A0 et\u00C2\u00A0 al.,\u00C2\u00A0 2003).\u00C2\u00A0 The\u00C2\u00A0 Devonian\u00C2\u00A0 Horse\u00C2\u00A0 Canyon\u00C2\u00A0 Formation/Rodeo\u00C2\u00A0 Creek\u00C2\u00A0 Formation\u00C2\u00A0 is\u00C2\u00A0 a\u00C2\u00A0 calcareous\u00C2\u00A0 siltstone,\u00C2\u00A0mudstone\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 chert\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0 local\u00C2\u00A0occurrences\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0sandstone\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0mudstone.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0Devonian\u00C2\u00A0Wenban\u00C2\u00A0Formation/\u00C2\u00A0Popovich\u00C2\u00A0 Formation\u00C2\u00A0 is\u00C2\u00A0 composed\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 laminated\u00C2\u00A0 calcareous\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0 dolomitic\u00C2\u00A0 siltstones,\u00C2\u00A0micritic\u00C2\u00A0 limestone,\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 thick\u00C2\u00A0 bioclasitc\u00C2\u00A0debris\u00C2\u00A0flows.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0Silurian\u00C2\u00A0Roberts\u00C2\u00A0Mountain\u00C2\u00A0Formation\u00C2\u00A0 is\u00C2\u00A0dominated\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0 laminated\u00C2\u00A0dolomitic\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 calcareous,\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 calcareous\u00C2\u00A0 mudstone\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 calcareous\u00C2\u00A0 siltstone.\u00C2\u00A0 The\u00C2\u00A0 Ordovician\u00C2\u00A0 Hanson\u00C2\u00A0 Creek\u00C2\u00A0 Formation\u00C2\u00A0 is\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0sandy\u00C2\u00A0dolomite.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0overlying\u00C2\u00A0upper\u00C2\u00A0plate\u00C2\u00A0comprises\u00C2\u00A0dominantly\u00C2\u00A0siliciclastic\u00C2\u00A0units\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 rare\u00C2\u00A0occurrence\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 thin\u00C2\u00A0carbonate\u00C2\u00A0 lenses.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0Ordovician\u00C2\u00A0Valmi/\u00C2\u00A0Vinini\u00C2\u00A0Formation\u00C2\u00A0 is\u00C2\u00A0composed\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 several\u00C2\u00A0 thousand\u00C2\u00A0meters\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0chert,\u00C2\u00A0quartz\u00C2\u00A0arenite,\u00C2\u00A0argillite,\u00C2\u00A0 slate,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0greenstone\u00C2\u00A0 (Roberts,\u00C2\u00A01951).\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0 Silurian\u00C2\u00A0Elder\u00C2\u00A0Formation\u00C2\u00A0 is\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0set\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 interbedded\u00C2\u00A0shale,\u00C2\u00A0siltstone,\u00C2\u00A0chert,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 feldspathic\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0calcareous\u00C2\u00A0 sandstone.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0Devonian\u00C2\u00A0Slaven\u00C2\u00A0Formation\u00C2\u00A0 is\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0mixture\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0highly\u00C2\u00A0contorted\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0broken,\u00C2\u00A0black,\u00C2\u00A0nodular\u00C2\u00A0 chert\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0some\u00C2\u00A0carbonaceous\u00C2\u00A0shale\u00C2\u00A0partings.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Paleozoic\u00C2\u00A0 rocks\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0 intruded\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0Mesozoic\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Cenozoic\u00C2\u00A0 intrusive\u00C2\u00A0 rocks\u00C2\u00A0 (Ressel\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Henry,\u00C2\u00A02006).\u00C2\u00A0 Igneous\u00C2\u00A0 rocks\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 Shoshone\u00C2\u00A0 Range\u00C2\u00A0 include\u00C2\u00A0 Eocene\u00E2\u0080\u0090Pliocene\u00C2\u00A0 intermediate\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0 felsic\u00C2\u00A0 intrusions\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0 basalt,\u00C2\u00A0andesite\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0rhyolite\u00C2\u00A0flows\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0tuffs.\u00C2\u00A0Eocene\u00C2\u00A0intrusions\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0emplaced\u00C2\u00A0along\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0west\u00E2\u0080\u0090northwest\u00C2\u00A0 trend\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0been\u00C2\u00A0 identified\u00C2\u00A0both\u00C2\u00A0proximal\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0distal\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0economic\u00C2\u00A0gold\u00C2\u00A0mineralization\u00C2\u00A0 (Gilluly\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 Gates,\u00C2\u00A01965;\u00C2\u00A0Stager,\u00C2\u00A01977;\u00C2\u00A0Kelson\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.,\u00C2\u00A02005).\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0Gold\u00C2\u00A0Acres\u00C2\u00A0stock\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0Cretaceous\u00C2\u00A0quartz\u00C2\u00A0monzonitic\u00C2\u00A0 pluton\u00C2\u00A0 located\u00C2\u00A0 at\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 southeastern\u00C2\u00A0 edge\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 Shoshone\u00C2\u00A0 Range\u00C2\u00A0 proximal\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 Pipeline\u00C2\u00A0 deposit\u00C2\u00A0 (Mortensen\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.,\u00C2\u00A02000).\u00C2\u00A0A\u00C2\u00A0 thorough\u00C2\u00A0compilation\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 igneous\u00C2\u00A0 rocks\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0Carlin\u00C2\u00A0 trend\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0 Arehart\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A0(2004)\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Ressel\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Henry\u00C2\u00A0(2006)\u00C2\u00A0suggest\u00C2\u00A0three\u00C2\u00A0periods\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0magmatism\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Northern\u00C2\u00A0 Carlin\u00C2\u00A0trend:\u00C2\u00A0Jurassic,\u00C2\u00A0Cretaceous,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Eocene.\u00C2\u00A0Jurassic\u00C2\u00A0intrusions\u00C2\u00A0consist\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Goldstrike\u00C2\u00A0laccolith\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 related\u00C2\u00A0sills\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0mostly\u00C2\u00A0northwest\u00E2\u0080\u0090striking\u00C2\u00A0 lamprophyre\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0rhyolite\u00C2\u00A0dikes\u00C2\u00A0~158\u00C2\u00A0Ma\u00C2\u00A0(Ressel\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Henry,\u00C2\u00A0 2006).\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 The\u00C2\u00A0Vivian\u00C2\u00A0 sill\u00C2\u00A0 exposed\u00C2\u00A0 at\u00C2\u00A0 surface\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 Little\u00C2\u00A0Boulder\u00C2\u00A0Basin\u00C2\u00A0 stock\u00C2\u00A0 located\u00C2\u00A0 at\u00C2\u00A0 depth\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 Leeville\u00C2\u00A0area\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0been\u00C2\u00A0 interpreted\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0south\u00E2\u0080\u0090eastern\u00C2\u00A0extensions\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Goldstrike\u00C2\u00A0 laccolith\u00C2\u00A0(Ressel\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 Henry,\u00C2\u00A02006).\u00C2\u00A0Cretaceous\u00C2\u00A0magmatism\u00C2\u00A0 is\u00C2\u00A0 characterized\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0one\u00C2\u00A0occurrence\u00C2\u00A0 ~4km\u00C2\u00A0 south\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 Leeville\u00C2\u00A0 deposit.\u00C2\u00A0 Concordant\u00C2\u00A0 Pb/U\u00C2\u00A0 ages\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 two\u00C2\u00A0 zircon\u00C2\u00A0 fractions\u00C2\u00A0 demonstrate\u00C2\u00A0 intrusion\u00C2\u00A0 at\u00C2\u00A0 112.4\u00C2\u00A0 +/\u00E2\u0080\u0090\u00C2\u00A0 0.6\u00C2\u00A0Ma\u00C2\u00A0 (Mortensen\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.,\u00C2\u00A02000).\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 36\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 3.3\u00C2\u00A0CHARACTERISTICS\u00C2\u00A0OF\u00C2\u00A0CARLIN\u00C2\u00A0GOLD\u00C2\u00A0DEPOSITS\u00C2\u00A0 Carlin\u00C2\u00A0gold\u00C2\u00A0deposits\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0 restricted\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0 small\u00C2\u00A0geographic\u00C2\u00A0area\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0northeastern\u00C2\u00A0Nevada.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0Carlin,\u00C2\u00A0 Battle\u00C2\u00A0 Mountain\u00E2\u0080\u0090Eureka,\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 Getchell\u00C2\u00A0 Trends\u00C2\u00A0 describe\u00C2\u00A0 three\u00C2\u00A0 regional\u00C2\u00A0 lineaments\u00C2\u00A0 along\u00C2\u00A0 which\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 majority\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 Carlin\u00E2\u0080\u0090deposits\u00C2\u00A0 are\u00C2\u00A0 focused,\u00C2\u00A0 including\u00C2\u00A0 those\u00C2\u00A0 described\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 this\u00C2\u00A0 study\u00C2\u00A0 (Figure\u00C2\u00A0 3.2).\u00C2\u00A0 The\u00C2\u00A0 alignment\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 Carlin\u00E2\u0080\u0090type\u00C2\u00A0 deposits\u00C2\u00A0 is\u00C2\u00A0 thought\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0 reflect\u00C2\u00A0 major\u00C2\u00A0 crustal\u00C2\u00A0 faults\u00C2\u00A0 established\u00C2\u00A0 during\u00C2\u00A0 Neoproterozoic\u00C2\u00A0rifting\u00C2\u00A0(Roberts,\u00C2\u00A01966;\u00C2\u00A0Tosdal\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.,\u00C2\u00A02000).\u00C2\u00A0Lower\u00C2\u00A0plate\u00C2\u00A0Paleozoic\u00C2\u00A0carbonate\u00C2\u00A0shelf\u00C2\u00A0rocks\u00C2\u00A0 are\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 favourable\u00C2\u00A0 hosts\u00C2\u00A0 for\u00C2\u00A0 Carlin\u00C2\u00A0 gold\u00C2\u00A0mineralization\u00C2\u00A0 (e.g.,\u00C2\u00A0 Cortez\u00C2\u00A0Hills,\u00C2\u00A0 Pipeline,\u00C2\u00A0 Carlin,\u00C2\u00A0Goldstrike,\u00C2\u00A0 Leeville,\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 Jerritt\u00C2\u00A0 Canyon).\u00C2\u00A0 This\u00C2\u00A0 has\u00C2\u00A0 been\u00C2\u00A0 attributed\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 reactivity\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 carbonate\u00C2\u00A0 sediments\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0 acidic\u00C2\u00A0gold\u00E2\u0080\u0090bearing\u00C2\u00A0fluid\u00C2\u00A0resulting\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0mass\u00C2\u00A0loss\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0increased\u00C2\u00A0permeability,\u00C2\u00A0providing\u00C2\u00A0robust\u00C2\u00A0pathways\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0 Au\u00E2\u0080\u0090bearing\u00C2\u00A0 fluid\u00C2\u00A0 (Cline\u00C2\u00A0 et\u00C2\u00A0 al.,\u00C2\u00A0 2005).\u00C2\u00A0 Conversely,\u00C2\u00A0 upper\u00C2\u00A0 plate\u00C2\u00A0 rocks\u00C2\u00A0 are\u00C2\u00A0 largely\u00C2\u00A0 devoid\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 gold\u00C2\u00A0 mineralization\u00C2\u00A0likely\u00C2\u00A0due\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0lack\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0reactivity\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0these\u00C2\u00A0same\u00C2\u00A0gold\u00C2\u00A0bearing\u00C2\u00A0fluids.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Upper\u00C2\u00A0plate\u00C2\u00A0rocks\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0RMT\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0however\u00C2\u00A0host\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0base\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0precious\u00C2\u00A0metal\u00C2\u00A0deposits\u00C2\u00A0 including\u00C2\u00A0Miocene\u00C2\u00A0Au\u00E2\u0080\u0090Ag\u00C2\u00A0epithermal\u00C2\u00A0 deposits,\u00C2\u00A0 Eocene\u00C2\u00A0 porphyry\u00C2\u00A0 deposits,\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 a\u00C2\u00A0 limited\u00C2\u00A0 number\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 Carlin\u00E2\u0080\u0090type\u00C2\u00A0 gold\u00C2\u00A0 deposits\u00C2\u00A0 i.e.\u00C2\u00A0 Alligator\u00C2\u00A0 Ridge\u00C2\u00A0 (Nutt\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0Hofstra,\u00C2\u00A0 2003),\u00C2\u00A0 Emigrant\u00C2\u00A0 (Newmont\u00C2\u00A0Mining\u00C2\u00A0 Company,\u00C2\u00A0 unpublished\u00C2\u00A0 data),\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0Mike\u00C2\u00A0 (Norby\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Orobona,\u00C2\u00A02002).\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0Elder\u00C2\u00A0Creek\u00C2\u00A0deposit,\u00C2\u00A0considered\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 this\u00C2\u00A0study,\u00C2\u00A0 is\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0small\u00C2\u00A0gold\u00C2\u00A0deposit\u00C2\u00A0 located\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0Central\u00C2\u00A0Shoshone\u00C2\u00A0Range.\u00C2\u00A0Gold\u00C2\u00A0 is\u00C2\u00A0hosted\u00C2\u00A0predominantly\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0quartzite\u00C2\u00A0clast\u00C2\u00A0breccia\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 Valmi\u00C2\u00A0 Formation\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 also\u00C2\u00A0within\u00C2\u00A0pyrite\u00E2\u0080\u0090rich\u00C2\u00A0 argillite\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 shale\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 Elder\u00C2\u00A0 Formation\u00C2\u00A0 (Ahmed\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0 al.,\u00C2\u00A0 2010).\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Fluid\u00C2\u00A0 inclusion\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0mineral\u00C2\u00A0 thermometry\u00C2\u00A0 data\u00C2\u00A0 indicate\u00C2\u00A0 that\u00C2\u00A0mineralizing\u00C2\u00A0 fluid\u00C2\u00A0 forming\u00C2\u00A0 Carlin\u00C2\u00A0 deposits\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 north\u00E2\u0080\u0090eastern\u00C2\u00A0 Nevada\u00C2\u00A0 were:\u00C2\u00A0 low\u00C2\u00A0 temperature\u00C2\u00A0 (180\u00E2\u0080\u0090240\u00EF\u0082\u00B0C),\u00C2\u00A0 slightly\u00C2\u00A0 acidic\u00C2\u00A0 (pH\u00C2\u00A0 ~4),\u00C2\u00A0 low\u00E2\u0080\u0090 salinity\u00C2\u00A0(~2\u00E2\u0080\u00933\u00C2\u00A0wt%\u00C2\u00A0NaCl\u00C2\u00A0equivalent)\u00C2\u00A0aqueous\u00C2\u00A0fluids\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0contained\u00C2\u00A0CO2\u00C2\u00A0(<4\u00C2\u00A0mol\u00C2\u00A0%)\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0CH4\u00C2\u00A0(<0.4\u00C2\u00A0mol\u00C2\u00A0%),\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0sufficient\u00C2\u00A0H2S\u00C2\u00A0 (10\u00E2\u0080\u00931\u00E2\u0080\u009310\u00E2\u0080\u00932\u00C2\u00A0mol/kg)\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0 transport\u00C2\u00A0Au\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0other\u00C2\u00A0bisulfide\u00E2\u0080\u0090complexed\u00C2\u00A0metals\u00C2\u00A0 (Cline\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 Hofstra,\u00C2\u00A02000;\u00C2\u00A0Hofstra\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Cline,\u00C2\u00A02000;\u00C2\u00A0 Lubben,\u00C2\u00A02004).\u00C2\u00A0 Stable\u00C2\u00A0 isotope\u00C2\u00A0analyses\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0provided\u00C2\u00A0 insight\u00C2\u00A0 into\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0source\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0mineralizing\u00C2\u00A0fluid\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0Carlin\u00E2\u0080\u0090type\u00C2\u00A0deposit\u00C2\u00A0settings.\u00C2\u00A0\u00EF\u0081\u00A4DH2O\u00C2\u00A0values\u00C2\u00A0measured\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0ore\u00E2\u0080\u0090stage\u00C2\u00A0 kaolinite\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0fluid\u00C2\u00A0 inclusions\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0wide\u00E2\u0080\u0090range\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Carlin\u00C2\u00A0deposits\u00C2\u00A0suggest\u00C2\u00A0evidence\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0meteoric\u00C2\u00A0water\u00C2\u00A0 with\u00C2\u00A0very\u00C2\u00A0low\u00C2\u00A0\u00EF\u0081\u00A4DH2O\u00C2\u00A0values\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0<\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u0090110\u00E2\u0080\u00B0\u00C2\u00A0(Hofstra\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.,\u00C2\u00A01999).\u00C2\u00A0Similar\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Getchell,\u00C2\u00A0Twin\u00C2\u00A0Creeks,\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0Deep\u00C2\u00A0Star\u00C2\u00A0deposits\u00C2\u00A0 indicate\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0additional\u00C2\u00A0presence\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0deeply\u00C2\u00A0sourced\u00C2\u00A0metamorphic\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0magmatic\u00C2\u00A0 fluid\u00C2\u00A0 (Hofstra,\u00C2\u00A01999;\u00C2\u00A0Heitt\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.,\u00C2\u00A02003;\u00C2\u00A0Cline\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.,\u00C2\u00A02005).\u00C2\u00A0Clay\u00C2\u00A0samples\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0Carlin\u00E2\u0080\u0090deposits\u00C2\u00A0appear\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0 form\u00C2\u00A0along\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0mixing\u00C2\u00A0line\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A0Eocene\u00E2\u0080\u0090age\u00C2\u00A0meteoric\u00C2\u00A0water\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0magmatic\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0metamorphic\u00C2\u00A0fluid.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 37\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 3.3.1\u00C2\u00A0Clay\u00C2\u00A0alteration\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0Carlin\u00E2\u0080\u0090type\u00C2\u00A0systems\u00C2\u00A0 The\u00C2\u00A0following\u00C2\u00A0characteristics\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0known\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0alteration\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0Carlin\u00E2\u0080\u0090type\u00C2\u00A0settings:\u00C2\u00A0(i)\u00C2\u00A0quartz\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0precipitated\u00C2\u00A0 as\u00C2\u00A0part\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 silicification\u00C2\u00A0 alteration\u00C2\u00A0 sequence,\u00C2\u00A0but\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0 amorphous\u00C2\u00A0 silica\u00C2\u00A0 (Bakkan\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0Einaudi,\u00C2\u00A01986;\u00C2\u00A0 Cline\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Hofstra,\u00C2\u00A02000;\u00C2\u00A0Cline,\u00C2\u00A02001;\u00C2\u00A0Ye\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.,\u00C2\u00A02003),\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0(ii)\u00C2\u00A0K\u00E2\u0080\u0090feldspar\u00C2\u00A0has\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0been\u00C2\u00A0observed\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0Carlin\u00C2\u00A0 type\u00C2\u00A0systems\u00C2\u00A0except\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0presence\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0adularia\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Twin\u00C2\u00A0Creeks\u00C2\u00A0deposit\u00C2\u00A0(Stenger\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.,\u00C2\u00A01998;\u00C2\u00A0Simon\u00C2\u00A0 et\u00C2\u00A0 al.,\u00C2\u00A0 1999).\u00C2\u00A0 According\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0 clay\u00C2\u00A0 equilibria\u00C2\u00A0 (Figure\u00C2\u00A0 2.1),\u00C2\u00A0 constraints\u00C2\u00A0 on\u00C2\u00A0 temperature\u00C2\u00A0 (180\u00E2\u0080\u0090240\u00EF\u0082\u00B0C),\u00C2\u00A0 fluid\u00C2\u00A0 chemistry\u00C2\u00A0 (pH~4),\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 observed\u00C2\u00A0mineralogy\u00C2\u00A0 indicate\u00C2\u00A0 that\u00C2\u00A0 smectite\u00C2\u00A0 is\u00C2\u00A0 not\u00C2\u00A0 stable,\u00C2\u00A0 but\u00C2\u00A0 illite,\u00C2\u00A0 I\u00E2\u0080\u0090S,\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 kaolinite\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0 stable\u00C2\u00A0depending\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0 variations\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 fluid\u00C2\u00A0 chemistry.\u00C2\u00A0 Illite\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 kaolinite\u00C2\u00A0 can\u00C2\u00A0 form\u00C2\u00A0 from\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 same\u00C2\u00A0hydrothermal\u00C2\u00A0event\u00C2\u00A0within\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0confined\u00C2\u00A0range\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0fluid\u00C2\u00A0temperature\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0silica\u00C2\u00A0content.\u00C2\u00A0For\u00C2\u00A0kaolinite\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0illite\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0form\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0same\u00C2\u00A0fluid,\u00C2\u00A0without\u00C2\u00A0forming\u00C2\u00A0K\u00E2\u0080\u0090feldspar,\u00C2\u00A0log\u00C2\u00A0aK+/aH+\u00C2\u00A0values\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0estimated\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0range\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A02.0\u00E2\u0080\u00905.0\u00C2\u00A0(Yates\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Rosenberg,\u00C2\u00A01997).\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Similar\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0patterns\u00C2\u00A0observed\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0geothermal\u00C2\u00A0systems,\u00C2\u00A0clay\u00C2\u00A0zonation\u00C2\u00A0has\u00C2\u00A0been\u00C2\u00A0observed\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0lower\u00C2\u00A0plate\u00C2\u00A0 carbonate\u00C2\u00A0rocks\u00C2\u00A0around\u00C2\u00A0ore\u00C2\u00A0shoots\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Getchell\u00C2\u00A0deposit,\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0Carlin\u00E2\u0080\u0090type\u00C2\u00A0gold\u00C2\u00A0deposit\u00C2\u00A0 located\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0North\u00C2\u00A0 Central\u00C2\u00A0 Nevada\u00C2\u00A0 (Cail\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 Cline,\u00C2\u00A0 2001).\u00C2\u00A0 Illite\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0 shown\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0 occur\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 higher\u00C2\u00A0 volume\u00C2\u00A0%\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0 ore,\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 proximal\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0 ore\u00C2\u00A0 whereas\u00C2\u00A0 smectite\u00C2\u00A0 occurred\u00C2\u00A0 distal\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0 ore.\u00C2\u00A0 Both\u00C2\u00A0 1M\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 2M1\u00C2\u00A0 polytypes\u00C2\u00A0 have\u00C2\u00A0 been\u00C2\u00A0 observed\u00C2\u00A0spatially\u00C2\u00A0associated\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0mineralization\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0Carlin\u00C2\u00A0type\u00C2\u00A0environments\u00C2\u00A0(Carlin,\u00C2\u00A0Kuehn\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Rose,\u00C2\u00A0 1992;\u00C2\u00A0Betze\u00E2\u0080\u0090Post,\u00C2\u00A0Arehart\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.,\u00C2\u00A01993b;\u00C2\u00A0Deep\u00C2\u00A0Star,\u00C2\u00A0Heitt\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.,\u00C2\u00A02003).\u00C2\u00A0 The\u00C2\u00A0 absence\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0major\u00C2\u00A0 Carlin\u00E2\u0080\u0090type\u00C2\u00A0 gold\u00C2\u00A0 deposits\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 upper\u00C2\u00A0 plate\u00C2\u00A0 suggests\u00C2\u00A0 that\u00C2\u00A0 ore\u00C2\u00A0 fluids\u00C2\u00A0 responsible\u00C2\u00A0 for\u00C2\u00A0mineralization\u00C2\u00A0 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lower\u00C2\u00A0plate\u00C2\u00A0gold\u00C2\u00A0mineralization.\u00C2\u00A0Upper\u00C2\u00A0plate\u00C2\u00A0 rocks\u00C2\u00A0 contain\u00C2\u00A0 little\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0 carbonate,\u00C2\u00A0 precluding\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 potential\u00C2\u00A0 for\u00C2\u00A0 observing\u00C2\u00A0 decalcification.\u00C2\u00A0 Silicification\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 upper\u00C2\u00A0plate\u00C2\u00A0rocks\u00C2\u00A0would\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0challenge\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0identify\u00C2\u00A0given\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0high\u00C2\u00A0silica\u00C2\u00A0content\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0upper\u00C2\u00A0plate\u00C2\u00A0lithologies.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 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scenario\u00C2\u00A0 described,\u00C2\u00A0 upper\u00C2\u00A0plate\u00C2\u00A0siliciclastic\u00C2\u00A0rocks\u00C2\u00A0would\u00C2\u00A0exhibit\u00C2\u00A0no\u00C2\u00A0 signs\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0alteration\u00C2\u00A0due\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0lack\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0interaction\u00C2\u00A0 with\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 exhausted\u00C2\u00A0 Carlin\u00E2\u0080\u0090fluid\u00C2\u00A0 B.\u00C2\u00A0 mineralizing\u00C2\u00A0 fluid\u00C2\u00A0 was\u00C2\u00A0 dominantly\u00C2\u00A0 rock\u00C2\u00A0 buffered\u00C2\u00A0 but\u00C2\u00A0 still\u00C2\u00A0 contained\u00C2\u00A0 a\u00C2\u00A0 small\u00C2\u00A0 amount\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 gold.\u00C2\u00A0 Fluid\u00C2\u00A0 flowed\u00C2\u00A0 upward\u00C2\u00A0 through\u00C2\u00A0 a\u00C2\u00A0 network\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 small\u00E2\u0080\u0090scale\u00C2\u00A0 fractures\u00C2\u00A0 becoming\u00C2\u00A0 increasingly\u00C2\u00A0 rock\u00E2\u0080\u0090buffered\u00C2\u00A0 along\u00C2\u00A0 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39\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 studying\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0deformation\u00C2\u00A0history\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0orogenic\u00C2\u00A0belts,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0(iv)\u00C2\u00A0 interpreting\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0conductive\u00C2\u00A0heating\u00C2\u00A0history\u00C2\u00A0 around\u00C2\u00A0magmatic\u00C2\u00A0intrusions.\u00C2\u00A0Recent\u00C2\u00A0studies\u00C2\u00A0show\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0fission\u00C2\u00A0track\u00C2\u00A0analysis\u00C2\u00A0can\u00C2\u00A0also\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0used\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0identify\u00C2\u00A0 regional\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0deposit\u00C2\u00A0 scale\u00C2\u00A0patterns\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0hydrothermal\u00C2\u00A0 fluid\u00C2\u00A0 flow\u00C2\u00A0 (Chakurian\u00C2\u00A0 et\u00C2\u00A0 al.,\u00C2\u00A02003;\u00C2\u00A0Hickey,\u00C2\u00A02003;\u00C2\u00A0 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far\u00E2\u0080\u0090field\u00C2\u00A0 extent\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 Carlin\u00C2\u00A0 hydrothermal\u00C2\u00A0 systems\u00C2\u00A0 at\u00C2\u00A0 distances\u00C2\u00A0beyond\u00C2\u00A0any\u00C2\u00A0wall\u00C2\u00A0rock\u00C2\u00A0type\u00C2\u00A0alteration.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Chakurian\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A0(2003),\u00C2\u00A0Hickey\u00C2\u00A0(2003),\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Cline\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A0(2005)\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0used\u00C2\u00A0AFT\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0examine\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 regional\u00C2\u00A0thermal\u00C2\u00A0history\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0northern\u00C2\u00A0Carlin\u00C2\u00A0Trend.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Results\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0thermochronological\u00C2\u00A0studies\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 Northern\u00C2\u00A0 Carlin\u00C2\u00A0 trend\u00C2\u00A0 (Figure\u00C2\u00A0 3.6)\u00C2\u00A0 indicate\u00C2\u00A0 that\u00C2\u00A0 areas\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 Carlin\u00E2\u0080\u0090type\u00C2\u00A0 mineralization\u00C2\u00A0 are\u00C2\u00A0 spatially\u00C2\u00A0 coincident\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0pooled\u00C2\u00A0AFT\u00C2\u00A0ages\u00C2\u00A0ranging\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A050\u00E2\u0080\u009025\u00C2\u00A0Ma.\u00C2\u00A0All\u00C2\u00A0thermochronological\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0used\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0study\u00C2\u00A0 is\u00C2\u00A0included\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0Appendix\u00C2\u00A0B.\u00C2\u00A0Areas\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0young\u00C2\u00A0AFT\u00C2\u00A0ages\u00C2\u00A0lie\u00C2\u00A0within\u00C2\u00A0large\u00C2\u00A0scale\u00C2\u00A0regions\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Cretaceous\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0older\u00C2\u00A0 AFT\u00C2\u00A0 ages\u00C2\u00A0 reflecting\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0pre\u00E2\u0080\u0090mineralization\u00C2\u00A0 regional\u00C2\u00A0 cooling\u00C2\u00A0history.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0 thermal\u00C2\u00A0effects\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0Carlin\u00E2\u0080\u0090 hydrothermal\u00C2\u00A0system\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0superimposed\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0older\u00C2\u00A0regional\u00C2\u00A0pattern.\u00C2\u00A0Young\u00C2\u00A0apatite\u00C2\u00A0fission\u00C2\u00A0track\u00C2\u00A0ages\u00C2\u00A0 correspond\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0 episodes\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 transient\u00C2\u00A0 reheating.\u00C2\u00A0 Advective\u00C2\u00A0 heating\u00C2\u00A0 by\u00C2\u00A0 circulating\u00C2\u00A0 hydrothermal\u00C2\u00A0 fluids\u00C2\u00A0 appears\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0primary\u00C2\u00A0 cause\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 thermal\u00C2\u00A0 resetting,\u00C2\u00A0 shown\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0heterogeneous\u00C2\u00A0nature\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 fission\u00C2\u00A0 track\u00C2\u00A0ages\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0region.\u00C2\u00A0This\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0evidenced\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0lack\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0major\u00C2\u00A0reheating\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0unaltered\u00C2\u00A0portions\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0large\u00C2\u00A0 Jurassic\u00C2\u00A0 stocks\u00C2\u00A0 (i.e.,\u00C2\u00A0 Goldstrike,\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 Vivian\u00C2\u00A0 stocks),\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 total\u00C2\u00A0 thermal\u00C2\u00A0 resetting\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 highly\u00C2\u00A0 altered,\u00C2\u00A0 mineralized\u00C2\u00A0material\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0same\u00C2\u00A0stocks.\u00C2\u00A0A\u00C2\u00A0strongly\u00C2\u00A0argillized,\u00C2\u00A0mineralized\u00C2\u00A0dyke\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0within\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Leeville\u00C2\u00A0 deposit\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0partially\u00C2\u00A0reset\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A044.5\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00B1\u00C2\u00A03.0\u00C2\u00A0Ma.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 New\u00C2\u00A0apatite\u00C2\u00A0 fission\u00C2\u00A0 track\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0samples\u00C2\u00A0 from\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0Shoshone\u00C2\u00A0Range\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0presented\u00C2\u00A0along\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0 published\u00C2\u00A0 data\u00C2\u00A0 from\u00C2\u00A0 Arehart\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 Donelick\u00C2\u00A0 (2006)\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 Appendix\u00C2\u00A0 B.\u00C2\u00A0 Figure\u00C2\u00A0 3.7\u00C2\u00A0 shows\u00C2\u00A0 a\u00C2\u00A0 map\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 Shoshone\u00C2\u00A0Range\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0which\u00C2\u00A0 results\u00C2\u00A0 from\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0geophysical\u00C2\u00A0magnetics\u00C2\u00A0survey\u00C2\u00A0has\u00C2\u00A0been\u00C2\u00A0superimposed\u00C2\u00A0along\u00C2\u00A0 with\u00C2\u00A0pooled\u00C2\u00A0apatite\u00C2\u00A0fission\u00C2\u00A0track\u00C2\u00A0ages.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0central\u00C2\u00A0part\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Shoshone\u00C2\u00A0range\u00C2\u00A0exhibits\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0mixed\u00C2\u00A0population\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 ages\u00C2\u00A0ranging\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A020.3\u00E2\u0080\u009077.4\u00C2\u00A0Ma.\u00C2\u00A0A\u00C2\u00A0single\u00C2\u00A0sample\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0western\u00C2\u00A0margin\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0range\u00C2\u00A0exhibits\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0older\u00C2\u00A0 age\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 108.2\u00C2\u00A0Ma.\u00C2\u00A0 The\u00C2\u00A0 older\u00C2\u00A0 age\u00C2\u00A0may\u00C2\u00A0 represent\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0western\u00C2\u00A0margin\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 hydrothermal\u00C2\u00A0 resetting.\u00C2\u00A0 The\u00C2\u00A0 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Shoshone\u00C2\u00A0Range\u00C2\u00A0exhibits\u00C2\u00A0dominantly\u00C2\u00A0young\u00C2\u00A0Miocene\u00C2\u00A0ages\u00C2\u00A0which\u00C2\u00A0 can\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0explained\u00C2\u00A0two\u00C2\u00A0ways:\u00C2\u00A0(i)\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0magnetic\u00C2\u00A0high\u00C2\u00A0observed\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0northwestern\u00C2\u00A0Shoshone\u00C2\u00A0Range\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 40\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Fig.\u00C2\u00A03.6.\u00C2\u00A0Compilation\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0apatite\u00C2\u00A0fission\u00C2\u00A0track\u00C2\u00A0ages\u00C2\u00A0across\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Northern\u00C2\u00A0Carlin\u00C2\u00A0Trend\u00C2\u00A0(Chakurian\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.,\u00C2\u00A02003;\u00C2\u00A0Cline\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0 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the\u00C2\u00A0northwest,\u00C2\u00A0 toward\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0Post\u00E2\u0080\u0090Betze\u00E2\u0080\u0090Screamer\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Meikle\u00C2\u00A0deposits\u00C2\u00A0 (Hickey\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.,\u00C2\u00A02003b).\u00C2\u00A0Dyke\u00C2\u00A0 samples\u00C2\u00A0 from\u00C2\u00A0 within\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Leeville\u00C2\u00A0deposit\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0totally\u00C2\u00A0reset\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A044.6\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A049.5\u00C2\u00A0Ma.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0Vivian\u00C2\u00A0stock\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0reset\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A088.4\u00C2\u00A0Ma,\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0age\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0 likely\u00C2\u00A0represents\u00C2\u00A0exhumation\u00C2\u00A0(Hickey\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.,\u00C2\u00A02003).\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 41\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 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exhumation\u00C2\u00A0 during\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0Miocene.\u00C2\u00A0 The\u00C2\u00A0 southeastern\u00C2\u00A0 portion\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 Shoshone\u00C2\u00A0 Range,\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 location\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 Pipeline\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 Gold\u00C2\u00A0 Acres\u00C2\u00A0 deposits\u00C2\u00A0 is\u00C2\u00A0 reset\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0 ages\u00C2\u00A0 between\u00C2\u00A0 36\u00E2\u0080\u009047Ma,\u00C2\u00A0 coincident\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0 Eocene\u00C2\u00A0 Carlin\u00E2\u0080\u0090type\u00C2\u00A0 gold\u00C2\u00A0mineralization.\u00C2\u00A0 The\u00C2\u00A0 rest\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 Shoshone\u00C2\u00A0 range\u00C2\u00A0 exhibits\u00C2\u00A0 ages\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0mixed\u00C2\u00A0 populations.\u00C2\u00A0A\u00C2\u00A0group\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0older\u00C2\u00A0AFT\u00C2\u00A0ages\u00C2\u00A0(108.2,\u00C2\u00A077.4,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A055.1\u00C2\u00A0Ma)\u00C2\u00A0occur\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0far\u00C2\u00A0western\u00C2\u00A0margin\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Shoshone\u00C2\u00A0 Range.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 42\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Figure\u00C2\u00A03.7\u00C2\u00A0 is\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0 large\u00C2\u00A0buried\u00C2\u00A0 intrusion\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Miocene\u00C2\u00A0age.\u00C2\u00A0Conductive\u00C2\u00A0heating\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0hydrothermal\u00C2\u00A0 fluid\u00C2\u00A0 flow\u00C2\u00A0 associated\u00C2\u00A0 with\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 intrusion\u00C2\u00A0 thermally\u00C2\u00A0 reset\u00C2\u00A0 fission\u00C2\u00A0 track\u00C2\u00A0 ages\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 that\u00C2\u00A0 region.\u00C2\u00A0 Dissipation\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 heat\u00C2\u00A0 outboard\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0intrusion\u00C2\u00A0resulted\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0mixed\u00C2\u00A0population\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0ages\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0central\u00C2\u00A0Shoshone\u00C2\u00A0Range,\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0(ii)\u00C2\u00A0 The\u00C2\u00A0Miocene\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0period\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0major\u00C2\u00A0uplift\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0exhumation\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0northwestern\u00C2\u00A0Shoshone\u00C2\u00A0Range.\u00C2\u00A0A\u00C2\u00A0study\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 regional\u00C2\u00A0 topography\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 area\u00C2\u00A0 shows\u00C2\u00A0 a\u00C2\u00A0 N\u00E2\u0080\u0090S\u00C2\u00A0 trending\u00C2\u00A0 fault\u00C2\u00A0 along\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 length\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 central\u00C2\u00A0 Shoshone\u00C2\u00A0 Range\u00C2\u00A0 which\u00C2\u00A0 may\u00C2\u00A0 have\u00C2\u00A0 caused\u00C2\u00A0 significant\u00C2\u00A0 uplift\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 upthrown\u00C2\u00A0 block,\u00C2\u00A0 resulting\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 a\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u0098younging\u00E2\u0080\u0099\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0AFT\u00C2\u00A0ages\u00C2\u00A0across\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 fault\u00C2\u00A0 from\u00C2\u00A0SE\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0NW\u00C2\u00A0 .\u00C2\u00A0Caetano\u00C2\u00A0Tuff,\u00C2\u00A0dated\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A032.3\u00C2\u00A0Ma\u00C2\u00A0 (Naeser\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 Mckee,\u00C2\u00A0 1970),\u00C2\u00A0 has\u00C2\u00A0 been\u00C2\u00A0 identified\u00C2\u00A0 at\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 eastern\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0western\u00C2\u00A0margins\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 Shoshone\u00C2\u00A0 Range\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 suggests\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0Miocene\u00C2\u00A0exhumation\u00C2\u00A0would\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0been\u00C2\u00A0restricted\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0only\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0northwestern\u00C2\u00A0region\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Shoshone\u00C2\u00A0Range.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 3.5\u00C2\u00A0ANALYTICAL\u00C2\u00A0TECHNIQUES\u00C2\u00A0 A\u00C2\u00A0number\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0techniques\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0employed\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0measure\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0variation\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0clay\u00C2\u00A0type,\u00C2\u00A0illite\u00C2\u00A0crystallinity,\u00C2\u00A0 illite\u00C2\u00A0morphology,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 illite\u00C2\u00A0composition\u00C2\u00A0across\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 Leeville\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Shoshone\u00C2\u00A0Range\u00C2\u00A0areas.\u00C2\u00A0Two\u00C2\u00A0different\u00C2\u00A0 methods\u00C2\u00A0 were\u00C2\u00A0 applied\u00C2\u00A0 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this\u00C2\u00A0 study,\u00C2\u00A0 ~2.5cm3\u00C2\u00A0 blocks\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 each\u00C2\u00A0 sample\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0 analyzed\u00C2\u00A0 using\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 Terraspec\u00C2\u00A9\u00C2\u00A0 analytical\u00C2\u00A0 spectral\u00C2\u00A0 device.\u00C2\u00A0Multiple\u00C2\u00A0 readings\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0 taken\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 each\u00C2\u00A0 sample\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 nature\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0material\u00C2\u00A0 being\u00C2\u00A0 analyzed\u00C2\u00A0 (fracture,\u00C2\u00A0matrix,\u00C2\u00A0vein)\u00C2\u00A0 recorded.\u00C2\u00A0Smear\u00C2\u00A0mounted\u00C2\u00A0samples\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0whole\u00C2\u00A0 rock\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0clay\u00C2\u00A0separated\u00C2\u00A0 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in\u00C2\u00A0tightly\u00C2\u00A0knit\u00C2\u00A0aggregates\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0crystals.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0morphology\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0kaolinite\u00C2\u00A0crystals\u00C2\u00A0could\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0 resolved\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0SEM\u00C2\u00A0imaging.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 50\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 ragged\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 uneven\u00C2\u00A0 similar\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 pseudomorphing\u00C2\u00A0 replacement\u00C2\u00A0 texture\u00C2\u00A0 described\u00C2\u00A0 by\u00C2\u00A0 Hancock\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 Taylor\u00C2\u00A0(1978)\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0possibly\u00C2\u00A0akin\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0dissolved\u00C2\u00A0edges\u00C2\u00A0observed\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A0end\u00E2\u0080\u0090member\u00C2\u00A0growth\u00C2\u00A0stages\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0 Bauer\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A0(2000).\u00C2\u00A0Needle\u00E2\u0080\u0090shaped\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u0098hairy\u00E2\u0080\u0099\u00C2\u00A0illite\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0observed\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0any\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0samples\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0study.\u00C2\u00A0 The\u00C2\u00A0pseudo\u00E2\u0080\u0090hexagonal\u00C2\u00A0shape\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 illite\u00C2\u00A0may\u00C2\u00A0represent\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0middle\u00C2\u00A0stage\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0reaction\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u0098hairy\u00C2\u00A0 illite\u00E2\u0080\u0099\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0 hexagonal\u00C2\u00A0illite\u00C2\u00A0(Bauer\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.,\u00C2\u00A02000)\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0single\u00C2\u00A0stage\u00C2\u00A0illite\u00C2\u00A0formation\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0temperatures\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0higher\u00C2\u00A0end\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 illite\u00C2\u00A0stability\u00C2\u00A0(Meunier\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Velde,\u00C2\u00A02004).\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 In\u00C2\u00A0 both\u00C2\u00A0 sedimentary\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 igneous\u00C2\u00A0 rocks,\u00C2\u00A0muscovite\u00C2\u00A0 occurred\u00C2\u00A0 as\u00C2\u00A0 elongate\u00C2\u00A0 euhedral\u00C2\u00A0 laths\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0 visible\u00C2\u00A0unidirectional\u00C2\u00A0cleavage.\u00C2\u00A0Muscovite\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0differentiated\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0illite\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0smectite\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0shape\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0size.\u00C2\u00A0 Furthermore,\u00C2\u00A0muscovite,\u00C2\u00A0often\u00C2\u00A0partially\u00C2\u00A0replaced\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0illite,\u00C2\u00A0exhibited\u00C2\u00A0higher\u00C2\u00A0potassium\u00C2\u00A0contents\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0energy\u00C2\u00A0 dispersive\u00C2\u00A0 spectra\u00C2\u00A0 (EDS)\u00C2\u00A0 than\u00C2\u00A0 illite\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 smectite.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 For\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 purposes\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 this\u00C2\u00A0 study,\u00C2\u00A0muscovitic\u00C2\u00A0 illite\u00C2\u00A0 is\u00C2\u00A0 defined\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0very\u00C2\u00A0crystalline\u00C2\u00A0 illite\u00C2\u00A0replacing\u00C2\u00A0euhedral\u00C2\u00A0muscovite\u00C2\u00A0 laths\u00C2\u00A0visible\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0thin\u00C2\u00A0section\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0SEM.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0 term\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u0098Illite\u00E2\u0080\u0099\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0restricted\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0samples\u00C2\u00A0containing\u00C2\u00A0tightly\u00C2\u00A0knit\u00C2\u00A0aggregates\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0illite.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0fine\u00C2\u00A0grained\u00C2\u00A0nature\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 kaolinite\u00C2\u00A0 inhibited\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 imaging\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 its\u00C2\u00A0 crystal\u00C2\u00A0 shape.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Illite,\u00C2\u00A0 smectite\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 kaolinite\u00C2\u00A0 occur\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 spatially\u00C2\u00A0 distinct,\u00C2\u00A0 tightly\u00C2\u00A0 knit\u00C2\u00A0 fibrous\u00C2\u00A0 aggregates\u00C2\u00A0 set\u00C2\u00A0 between\u00C2\u00A0 quartz,\u00C2\u00A0 feldspar,\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0muscovite\u00C2\u00A0 crystals\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 both\u00C2\u00A0 igneous\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 sedimentary\u00C2\u00A0 rocks.\u00C2\u00A0Aggregates\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 illite,\u00C2\u00A0smectite,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0kaolinite\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0 similar\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0dense\u00C2\u00A0 homogeneous\u00C2\u00A0texture\u00C2\u00A0observed\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0Hancock\u00C2\u00A0(1978)\u00C2\u00A0indicative\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0latest\u00C2\u00A0stage\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0growth\u00C2\u00A0formation\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0context\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0diagenesis.\u00C2\u00A0 Paragenetic\u00C2\u00A0relationships\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A0illite\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0kaolinite\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0difficult\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0determine\u00C2\u00A0based\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0SEM\u00C2\u00A0 imaging\u00C2\u00A0 (Figure\u00C2\u00A0 3.11).\u00C2\u00A0 X\u00E2\u0080\u0090ray\u00C2\u00A0 element\u00C2\u00A0mapping\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 potassium\u00C2\u00A0 helped\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0 distinguish\u00C2\u00A0 between\u00C2\u00A0 illite\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 kaolinite\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0samples\u00C2\u00A0containing\u00C2\u00A0both\u00C2\u00A0minerals.\u00C2\u00A0Illite\u00C2\u00A0can\u00C2\u00A0occur\u00C2\u00A0without\u00C2\u00A0kaolinite.\u00C2\u00A0Kaolinite\u00C2\u00A0can\u00C2\u00A0also\u00C2\u00A0occur\u00C2\u00A0 without\u00C2\u00A0 illite.\u00C2\u00A0 Illite\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 kaolinite\u00C2\u00A0 are\u00C2\u00A0 observed\u00C2\u00A0 texturally\u00C2\u00A0 intergrown\u00C2\u00A0 as\u00C2\u00A0 fine\u00C2\u00A0 grained\u00C2\u00A0 aggregates,\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 occur\u00C2\u00A0simultaneously\u00C2\u00A0replacing\u00C2\u00A0laths\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0euhedral\u00C2\u00A0muscovite.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0spatial\u00C2\u00A0occurrence\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0illite\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0kaolinite\u00C2\u00A0 together\u00C2\u00A0 does\u00C2\u00A0 not\u00C2\u00A0 necessarily\u00C2\u00A0 indicate\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 synchronous\u00C2\u00A0 growth\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 two\u00C2\u00A0 minerals.\u00C2\u00A0 Synchronous\u00C2\u00A0 growth\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0illite\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0kaolinite\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0however,\u00C2\u00A0indicative\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0specific\u00C2\u00A0temperatures\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0fluid\u00C2\u00A0chemistry\u00C2\u00A0(Figure\u00C2\u00A0 2.1).\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 3.7.2\u00C2\u00A0Spatial\u00C2\u00A0distribution\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0clays\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u0090Leeville\u00C2\u00A0 X\u00E2\u0080\u0090ray\u00C2\u00A0diffraction\u00C2\u00A0pattern\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0samples\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Leeville\u00C2\u00A0area\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0outlined\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0Table\u00C2\u00A03.1,\u00C2\u00A0which\u00C2\u00A0 includes\u00C2\u00A0 calculated\u00C2\u00A0 relative\u00C2\u00A0 abundances\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 illite,\u00C2\u00A0 kaolinite,\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 smectite\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 <2\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00B5m\u00C2\u00A0 clay\u00C2\u00A0 fraction.\u00C2\u00A0 Estimates\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0total\u00C2\u00A0undifferentiated\u00C2\u00A0clay\u00C2\u00A0content\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0each\u00C2\u00A0sample\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0given\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0Appendix\u00C2\u00A0C.\u00C2\u00A0Figure\u00C2\u00A03.12a\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 51\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Fig.\u00C2\u00A0 3.11.\u00C2\u00A0 Scanning\u00C2\u00A0 electron\u00C2\u00A0 microscope\u00C2\u00A0 (SEM)\u00C2\u00A0 back\u00E2\u0080\u0090scatter\u00C2\u00A0 images\u00C2\u00A0 with\u00C2\u00A0 x\u00E2\u0080\u0090ray\u00C2\u00A0 element\u00C2\u00A0 maps\u00C2\u00A0 for\u00C2\u00A0 potassium\u00C2\u00A0 overlain,\u00C2\u00A0illustrating\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0complex\u00C2\u00A0textural\u00C2\u00A0relationship\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A0illite\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0kaolinite.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0timing\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0growth\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0these\u00C2\u00A0 minerals\u00C2\u00A0could\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0determined\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0SEM\u00C2\u00A0 imaging.\u00C2\u00A0 Illite,\u00C2\u00A0muscovite\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0k\u00E2\u0080\u0090feldspar\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0highlighted\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0blue,\u00C2\u00A0while\u00C2\u00A0 kaolinite\u00C2\u00A0 (potassium\u00C2\u00A0 deficient\u00C2\u00A0 aluminosilicate)\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 quartz\u00C2\u00A0 are\u00C2\u00A0 grey.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 A.\u00C2\u00A0 Intergrown\u00C2\u00A0 kaolinite\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 illite\u00C2\u00A0 partially\u00C2\u00A0 replacing\u00C2\u00A0muscovite\u00C2\u00A0 lath\u00C2\u00A0 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\u00E2\u0097\u008A\u00C2\u00A0 +\u00C2\u00A0 10.075\u00C2\u00A0 9.916\u00C2\u00A0 1.231\u00C2\u00A0 0.788\u00C2\u00A0 0.443\u00C2\u00A0 15.384\u00C2\u00A0 17.052\u00C2\u00A0 1.439\u00C2\u00A0 1.158\u00C2\u00A0 7.176\u00C2\u00A0 7.176\u00C2\u00A0 83.6\u00C2\u00A0 4.9\u00C2\u00A0 11.5\u00C2\u00A0 528c\u00C2\u00A0 S\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0096\u00A0 \u00E2\u0096\u00B2 \u00E2\u0097\u008A\u00C2\u00A0 +\u00C2\u00A0 10.113\u00C2\u00A0 9.998\u00C2\u00A0 1.121\u00C2\u00A0 0.999\u00C2\u00A0 0.122\u00C2\u00A0 16.521\u00C2\u00A0 17.162\u00C2\u00A0 1.91\u00C2\u00A0 1.577\u00C2\u00A0 7.194\u00C2\u00A0 0.724\u00C2\u00A0 27.1\u00C2\u00A0 36.5\u00C2\u00A0 36.5\u00C2\u00A0 528d\u00C2\u00A0 I\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0096\u00A0 \u00E2\u0097\u008A\u00C2\u00A0 10.087\u00C2\u00A0 9.945\u00C2\u00A0 0.549\u00C2\u00A0 0.532\u00C2\u00A0 0.017\u00C2\u00A0 14.694\u00C2\u00A0 16.625\u00C2\u00A0 1.001\u00C2\u00A0 0.898\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u0090\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u0090\u00C2\u00A0 83.0\u00C2\u00A0 0.0\u00C2\u00A0 17.0\u00C2\u00A0 UL\u00E2\u0080\u009018\u00C2\u00A0 I\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0096\u00A0 \u00E2\u0096\u00B2 \u00E2\u0097\u008A\u00C2\u00A0 10.056\u00C2\u00A0 10.022\u00C2\u00A0 0.143\u00C2\u00A0 0.153\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u00900.01\u00C2\u00A0 14.228\u00C2\u00A0 16.893\u00C2\u00A0 0.159\u00C2\u00A0 0.329\u00C2\u00A0 7.165\u00C2\u00A0 7.149\u00C2\u00A0 5.4\u00C2\u00A0 89.4\u00C2\u00A0 5.2\u00C2\u00A0 UL\u00E2\u0080\u009019\u00C2\u00A0 I\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0096\u00A0 \u00E2\u0096\u00B2 \u00E2\u0097\u008A\u00C2\u00A0 +\u00C2\u00A0 10.005\u00C2\u00A0 10.002\u00C2\u00A0 0.167\u00C2\u00A0 0.154\u00C2\u00A0 0.013\u00C2\u00A0 14.144\u00C2\u00A0 16.811\u00C2\u00A0 0.193\u00C2\u00A0 0.474\u00C2\u00A0 7.133\u00C2\u00A0 7.133\u00C2\u00A0 8.5\u00C2\u00A0 49.6\u00C2\u00A0 42.0\u00C2\u00A0 I\u00C2\u00A0=\u00C2\u00A0illite,\u00C2\u00A0I\u00E2\u0080\u0090S=illite\u00E2\u0080\u0090smectite,\u00C2\u00A0S=smectite,\u00C2\u00A0K=kaolinite\u00C2\u00A0\u00C3\u0097\u00C2\u00A0=\u00C2\u00A0whole\u00C2\u00A0rock\u00C2\u00A0XRD\u00C2\u00A0analysis\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 *\u00C2\u00A0=\u00C2\u00A0glycolated\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A5\u00C2\u00A0=\u00C2\u00A0contains\u00C2\u00A0chlorite,\u00C2\u00A0no\u00C2\u00A0FWHM\u00C2\u00A0values\u00C2\u00A0calculated\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0smectite\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Rock\u00C2\u00A0type:\u00C2\u00A0I\u00C2\u00A0=\u00C2\u00A0intrusive,\u00C2\u00A0S=\u00C2\u00A0sedimentary,\u00C2\u00A0CS=\u00C2\u00A0clay\u00C2\u00A0seam,\u00C2\u00A0FG\u00C2\u00A0=\u00C2\u00A0fault\u00C2\u00A0gouge,\u00C2\u00A0BX\u00C2\u00A0=\u00C2\u00A0breccia\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 54\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 shows\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 distribution\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 clay\u00C2\u00A0minerals\u00C2\u00A0 identified\u00C2\u00A0 from\u00C2\u00A0 x\u00E2\u0080\u0090ray\u00C2\u00A0 diffraction\u00C2\u00A0 patterns\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 fine\u00C2\u00A0 fraction\u00C2\u00A0 (<2\u00EF\u0081\u00ADm)\u00C2\u00A0 across\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0map\u00C2\u00A0 area.\u00C2\u00A0Most\u00C2\u00A0 samples\u00C2\u00A0 contained\u00C2\u00A0 all\u00C2\u00A0 three\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 dominant\u00C2\u00A0 clay\u00C2\u00A0 types:\u00C2\u00A0 illite,\u00C2\u00A0 kaolinite,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0smectite\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0varying\u00C2\u00A0amounts.\u00C2\u00A0No\u00C2\u00A0obvious\u00C2\u00A0correlation\u00C2\u00A0became\u00C2\u00A0evident\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A0 lithology\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 associated\u00C2\u00A0 clay\u00C2\u00A0mineralogy\u00C2\u00A0 although\u00C2\u00A0 smectite\u00C2\u00A0 does\u00C2\u00A0 appear\u00C2\u00A0most\u00C2\u00A0 abundant\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 altered\u00C2\u00A0 intrusive\u00C2\u00A0 samples,\u00C2\u00A0including\u00C2\u00A0those\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0around\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Vivian\u00C2\u00A0sill:\u00C2\u00A0499,\u00C2\u00A0509,\u00C2\u00A0523,\u00C2\u00A0526,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0527.\u00C2\u00A0Dyke\u00C2\u00A0samples\u00C2\u00A0 UL\u00E2\u0080\u009018\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 UL\u00E2\u0080\u009019\u00C2\u00A0 from\u00C2\u00A0 within\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 Leeville\u00C2\u00A0 underground\u00C2\u00A0 deposit\u00C2\u00A0 containing\u00C2\u00A0 elevated\u00C2\u00A0 gold\u00C2\u00A0 values\u00C2\u00A0 (0.094ppm\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A00.005ppm\u00C2\u00A0 respectively)\u00C2\u00A0 contained\u00C2\u00A0abundant\u00C2\u00A0kaolinite\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0 smectite\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 illite.\u00C2\u00A0Sample\u00C2\u00A0 UL\u00E2\u0080\u009019\u00C2\u00A0 contains\u00C2\u00A0 significantly\u00C2\u00A0more\u00C2\u00A0 smectite\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 I\u00E2\u0080\u0090S,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 less\u00C2\u00A0gold\u00C2\u00A0 than\u00C2\u00A0 sample\u00C2\u00A0UL\u00E2\u0080\u009018.\u00C2\u00A0 Illite\u00C2\u00A0dominated\u00C2\u00A0 samples\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0present\u00C2\u00A0within\u00C2\u00A0close\u00C2\u00A0proximity\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0surface\u00C2\u00A0projection\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0Leeville\u00C2\u00A0deposit.\u00C2\u00A0Sample\u00C2\u00A0 525,\u00C2\u00A0 on\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 edge\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 projected\u00C2\u00A0 deposit\u00C2\u00A0 only\u00C2\u00A0 comprised\u00C2\u00A0 illite.\u00C2\u00A0 Samples\u00C2\u00A0 510\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 513\u00C2\u00A0 contained\u00C2\u00A0 abundant\u00C2\u00A0 illite\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0 lesser\u00C2\u00A0amounts\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0kaolinite,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 smectite.\u00C2\u00A0Sample\u00C2\u00A0528\u00C2\u00A0contained\u00C2\u00A0more\u00C2\u00A0 illite\u00C2\u00A0 than\u00C2\u00A0 smectite.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Figure\u00C2\u00A0 3.12b\u00C2\u00A0 shows\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 distribution\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 clay\u00C2\u00A0 minerals\u00C2\u00A0 identified\u00C2\u00A0 from\u00C2\u00A0 Terraspec\u00C2\u00A0 reflectance\u00C2\u00A0 spectra\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0whole\u00C2\u00A0 rock\u00C2\u00A0 samples.\u00C2\u00A0Smectite\u00C2\u00A0dominates\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0northwestern\u00C2\u00A0part\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0Leeville\u00C2\u00A0 study\u00C2\u00A0area.\u00C2\u00A0 Some\u00C2\u00A0 illite\u00C2\u00A0 occurs\u00C2\u00A0 above\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 surface\u00C2\u00A0 projection\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 Leeville\u00C2\u00A0 deposit.\u00C2\u00A0 The\u00C2\u00A0most\u00C2\u00A0 prominent\u00C2\u00A0 trend\u00C2\u00A0 outlined\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0Terraspec\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 is\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0SW\u00E2\u0080\u0090NE\u00C2\u00A0 trending\u00C2\u00A0 region\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0kaolinite\u00C2\u00A0dominated\u00C2\u00A0samples\u00C2\u00A0starting\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 Leeville\u00C2\u00A0deposit.\u00C2\u00A0This\u00C2\u00A0trend\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0kaolinite\u00C2\u00A0correlates\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0illite\u00C2\u00A0trend\u00C2\u00A0observed\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0same\u00C2\u00A0samples\u00C2\u00A0using\u00C2\u00A0 x\u00E2\u0080\u0090ray\u00C2\u00A0diffraction.\u00C2\u00A0Many\u00C2\u00A0samples\u00C2\u00A0returned\u00C2\u00A0aspectral\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0characterized\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0reflectance\u00C2\u00A0spectrum\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0no\u00C2\u00A0 identifiable\u00C2\u00A0absorption\u00C2\u00A0peaks.\u00C2\u00A0Comparison\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0results\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Terraspec\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0XRD\u00C2\u00A0indicate\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0majority\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0samples\u00C2\u00A0analyzed\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Terraspec\u00C2\u00A0produced\u00C2\u00A0reflectance\u00C2\u00A0spectra\u00C2\u00A0indicative\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0different\u00C2\u00A0 clay\u00C2\u00A0assemblage\u00C2\u00A0than\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0returned\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0XRD.\u00C2\u00A0Terraspec\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0returned\u00C2\u00A0numerous\u00C2\u00A0false\u00C2\u00A0positives\u00C2\u00A0when\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 fact\u00C2\u00A0illite\u00C2\u00A0occurs\u00C2\u00A0only\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0discrete\u00C2\u00A0areas.\u00C2\u00A0Inconsistency\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A0XRD\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Terraspec\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0discussed\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0 detail\u00C2\u00A0below.\u00C2\u00A0 FWHM\u00C2\u00A0values\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0illite\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0samples\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Leeville\u00C2\u00A0area,\u00C2\u00A0calibrated\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0CIS\u00C2\u00A0scale\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0shown\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0 Table\u00C2\u00A03.2.\u00C2\u00A0Results\u00C2\u00A0 indicate\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0FWHM\u00C2\u00A0values\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0dominantly\u00C2\u00A0above\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0accepted\u00C2\u00A0value\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A00.42\u00EF\u0082\u00B02\u00EF\u0081\u00B1\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0boundary\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A0diagenesis\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 low\u00C2\u00A0grade\u00C2\u00A0anchizonal\u00C2\u00A0metamorphism.\u00C2\u00A0This\u00C2\u00A0boundary\u00C2\u00A0 coincides\u00C2\u00A0 with\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0temperature\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0~200\u00EF\u0082\u00B0C\u00C2\u00A0(Kisch,\u00C2\u00A01990)\u00C2\u00A0which\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0within\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0temperature\u00C2\u00A0range\u00C2\u00A0measured\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0fluid\u00C2\u00A0 inclusions\u00C2\u00A0paragenetically\u00C2\u00A0related\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Carlin\u00E2\u0080\u0090type\u00C2\u00A0Au\u00E2\u0080\u0090mineralization\u00C2\u00A0(Hofstra\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Cline,\u00C2\u00A02000;\u00C2\u00A0Cline\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.,\u00C2\u00A0 2005).\u00C2\u00A0Two\u00C2\u00A0samples\u00C2\u00A0within\u00C2\u00A0close\u00C2\u00A0proximity\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0surface\u00C2\u00A0projection\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Leeville\u00C2\u00A0deposit\u00C2\u00A0show\u00C2\u00A0lower\u00C2\u00A0 FWHM\u00C2\u00A0 values\u00C2\u00A0 indicative\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 increased\u00C2\u00A0 crystallinity\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0higher\u00C2\u00A0 temperature\u00C2\u00A0 than\u00C2\u00A0 surrounding\u00C2\u00A0 samples.\u00C2\u00A0 Contouring\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0FWHM\u00C2\u00A0values\u00C2\u00A0across\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Leeville\u00C2\u00A0deposit,\u00C2\u00A0shown\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0Figure\u00C2\u00A03.12c,\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0extensive\u00C2\u00A0zone\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0high\u00C2\u00A0 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0.229\u00C2\u00A0 0.227\u00C2\u00A0 0.002\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u0090\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u0090\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u0090\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u0090\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u0090\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u0090\u00C2\u00A0 100.0\u00C2\u00A0 0.0\u00C2\u00A0 0.0\u00C2\u00A0 444\u00C2\u00A0 S\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0096\u00A0 \u00E2\u0096\u00B2 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 10.030\u00C2\u00A0 9.982\u00C2\u00A0 0.44\u00C2\u00A0 0.463\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u00900.019\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u0090\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u0090\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u0090\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u0090\u00C2\u00A0 7.162\u00C2\u00A0 7.141\u00C2\u00A0 50.5\u00C2\u00A0 49.5\u00C2\u00A0 0.0\u00C2\u00A0 PP1\u00C2\u00A0 S\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0096\u00A0 \u00E2\u0096\u00B2 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 10.078\u00C2\u00A0 10.066\u00C2\u00A0 0.255\u00C2\u00A0 0.256\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u00900.001\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u0090\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u0090\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u0090\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u0090\u00C2\u00A0 7.182\u00C2\u00A0 7.181\u00C2\u00A0 93.2\u00C2\u00A0 6.8\u00C2\u00A0 0.0\u00C2\u00A0 E\u00E2\u0080\u0090S**\u00C2\u00A0 S\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0096\u00A0 \u00E2\u0096\u00B2 \u00E2\u0097\u008F \u00E2\u0097\u008B 10.087\u00C2\u00A0 10.061\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u0090\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u0090\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u0090\u00C2\u00A0 14.553\u00C2\u00A0 16.837\u00C2\u00A0 1.36\u00C2\u00A0 1.3569\u00C2\u00A0 7.192\u00C2\u00A0 7.182\u00C2\u00A0 1.5\u00C2\u00A0 58.5\u00C2\u00A0 40.0\u00C2\u00A0 *=glycolated\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 X=\u00C2\u00A0whole\u00C2\u00A0rock,\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0clay\u00C2\u00A0separated\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 **=\u00C2\u00A0quantity\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0illite\u00C2\u00A0too\u00C2\u00A0small\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0measure\u00C2\u00A0FWHM\u00C2\u00A0value\u00C2\u00A0 I\u00C2\u00A0=\u00C2\u00A0illite,\u00C2\u00A0K=kaolinite,\u00C2\u00A0S=smecite,\u00C2\u00A0I\u00E2\u0080\u0090S=illite\u00E2\u0080\u0090smectite\u00C2\u00A0 Rock\u00C2\u00A0type:\u00C2\u00A0I\u00C2\u00A0=\u00C2\u00A0intrusive,\u00C2\u00A0S=\u00C2\u00A0sedimentary,\u00C2\u00A0CS=\u00C2\u00A0clay\u00C2\u00A0seam,\u00C2\u00A0FG\u00C2\u00A0=\u00C2\u00A0fault\u00C2\u00A0gouge,\u00C2\u00A0BX\u00C2\u00A0=\u00C2\u00A0breccia\u00C2\u00A0 58\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Fig.\u00C2\u00A03.13.\u00C2\u00A0Maps\u00C2\u00A0showing\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0distribution\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0A.\u00C2\u00A0XRD\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0B.\u00C2\u00A0FWHM\u00C2\u00A0values\u00C2\u00A0C.\u00C2\u00A0Terraspec\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 59\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Table.\u00C2\u00A03.4.\u00C2\u00A0FWHM\u00C2\u00A0values\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0clay\u00C2\u00A0separated\u00C2\u00A0samples\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Shoshone\u00C2\u00A0Range\u00C2\u00A0area\u00C2\u00A0calibrated\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0CIS\u00E2\u0080\u0090scale\u00C2\u00A0 Sample\u00C2\u00A0 Rock\u00C2\u00A0 Experimental\u00C2\u00A0 Calibrated\u00C2\u00A0 Inferred\u00C2\u00A0 ID\u00C2\u00A0 Type\u00C2\u00A0 Value\u00C2\u00A0 Value\u00C2\u00A0 Temperature\u00C2\u00A0zone\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 (\u00EF\u0081\u0084\u00EF\u0082\u00B02\u00EF\u0081\u00B1)\u00C2\u00A0 (\u00EF\u0081\u0084\u00EF\u0082\u00B02\u00EF\u0081\u00B1)\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 8\u00C2\u00A0 BX\u00C2\u00A0 0.47\u00C2\u00A0 0.88\u00C2\u00A0 Diagenetic\u00C2\u00A0 10\u00C2\u00A0 BX\u00C2\u00A0 0.45\u00C2\u00A0 0.85\u00C2\u00A0 Diagenetic\u00C2\u00A0 12\u00C2\u00A0 S\u00C2\u00A0 0.48\u00C2\u00A0 0.90\u00C2\u00A0 Diagenetic\u00C2\u00A0 62\u00C2\u00A0 S\u00C2\u00A0 0.36\u00C2\u00A0 0.69\u00C2\u00A0 Diagenetic\u00C2\u00A0 64\u00C2\u00A0 S\u00C2\u00A0 0.31\u00C2\u00A0 0.60\u00C2\u00A0 Diagenetic\u00C2\u00A0 76\u00C2\u00A0 S\u00C2\u00A0 0.44\u00C2\u00A0 0.83\u00C2\u00A0 Diagenetic\u00C2\u00A0 83\u00C2\u00A0 S\u00C2\u00A0 0.34\u00C2\u00A0 0.65\u00C2\u00A0 Diagenetic\u00C2\u00A0 84\u00C2\u00A0 S\u00C2\u00A0 0.44\u00C2\u00A0 0.83\u00C2\u00A0 Diagenetic\u00C2\u00A0 97\u00C2\u00A0 S\u00C2\u00A0 0.65\u00C2\u00A0 1.21\u00C2\u00A0 Diagenetic\u00C2\u00A0 99\u00C2\u00A0 S\u00C2\u00A0 0.5\u00C2\u00A0 0.94\u00C2\u00A0 Diagenetic\u00C2\u00A0 100\u00C2\u00A0 S\u00C2\u00A0 0.44\u00C2\u00A0 0.83\u00C2\u00A0 Diagenetic\u00C2\u00A0 103\u00C2\u00A0 S\u00C2\u00A0 0.46\u00C2\u00A0 0.87\u00C2\u00A0 Diagenetic\u00C2\u00A0 123\u00C2\u00A0 S\u00C2\u00A0 0.64\u00C2\u00A0 1.19\u00C2\u00A0 Diagenetic\u00C2\u00A0 230\u00C2\u00A0 S\u00C2\u00A0 0.23\u00C2\u00A0 0.45\u00C2\u00A0 Diagenetic\u00E2\u0080\u0090Anchizonal\u00C2\u00A0 260\u00C2\u00A0 S\u00C2\u00A0 0.22\u00C2\u00A0 0.44\u00C2\u00A0 Diagenetic\u00E2\u0080\u0090Anchizonal\u00C2\u00A0 268\u00C2\u00A0 S\u00C2\u00A0 0.22\u00C2\u00A0 0.44\u00C2\u00A0 Diagenetic\u00E2\u0080\u0090Anchizonal\u00C2\u00A0 280\u00C2\u00A0 S\u00C2\u00A0 0.32\u00C2\u00A0 0.62\u00C2\u00A0 Diagenetic\u00C2\u00A0 285\u00C2\u00A0 S\u00C2\u00A0 0.26\u00C2\u00A0 0.51\u00C2\u00A0 Diagenetic\u00E2\u0080\u0090Anchizonal\u00C2\u00A0 303\u00C2\u00A0 S\u00C2\u00A0 0.20\u00C2\u00A0 0.41\u00C2\u00A0 Diagenetic\u00E2\u0080\u0090Anchizonal\u00C2\u00A0 400\u00C2\u00A0 S\u00C2\u00A0 0.35\u00C2\u00A0 0.67\u00C2\u00A0 Diagenetic\u00C2\u00A0 401\u00C2\u00A0 S\u00C2\u00A0 0.45\u00C2\u00A0 0.85\u00C2\u00A0 Diagenetic\u00C2\u00A0 404\u00C2\u00A0 S\u00C2\u00A0 0.50\u00C2\u00A0 0.94\u00C2\u00A0 Diagenetic\u00C2\u00A0 406\u00C2\u00A0 S\u00C2\u00A0 0.37\u00C2\u00A0 0.71\u00C2\u00A0 Diagenetic\u00C2\u00A0 408\u00C2\u00A0 S\u00C2\u00A0 0.47\u00C2\u00A0 0.89\u00C2\u00A0 Diagenetic\u00C2\u00A0 413\u00C2\u00A0 S\u00C2\u00A0 0.42\u00C2\u00A0 0.79\u00C2\u00A0 Diagenetic\u00C2\u00A0 432\u00C2\u00A0 S\u00C2\u00A0 0.46\u00C2\u00A0 0.86\u00C2\u00A0 Diagenetic\u00C2\u00A0 437\u00C2\u00A0 I?\u00C2\u00A0 0.23\u00C2\u00A0 0.45\u00C2\u00A0 Diagenetic\u00E2\u0080\u0090Anchizonal\u00C2\u00A0 444\u00C2\u00A0 S\u00C2\u00A0 0.44\u00C2\u00A0 0.83\u00C2\u00A0 Diagenetic\u00C2\u00A0 PP1\u00C2\u00A0 S\u00C2\u00A0 0.26\u00C2\u00A0 0.51\u00C2\u00A0 Diagenetic\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0n=29\u00C2\u00A0 Rock\u00C2\u00A0type:\u00C2\u00A0I\u00C2\u00A0=\u00C2\u00A0intrusive,\u00C2\u00A0S=\u00C2\u00A0sedimentary,\u00C2\u00A0CS=\u00C2\u00A0clay\u00C2\u00A0seam,\u00C2\u00A0FG\u00C2\u00A0=\u00C2\u00A0fault\u00C2\u00A0gouge,\u00C2\u00A0BX\u00C2\u00A0=\u00C2\u00A0breccia 60\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 kaolinite,\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 smectite.\u00C2\u00A0 Samples\u00C2\u00A0 identified\u00C2\u00A0 as\u00C2\u00A0 containing\u00C2\u00A0 abundant\u00C2\u00A0 illite\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 XRD\u00C2\u00A0 were\u00C2\u00A0 also\u00C2\u00A0 typically\u00C2\u00A0 identified\u00C2\u00A0 as\u00C2\u00A0 containing\u00C2\u00A0 illite.\u00C2\u00A0Kaolinite\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0 as\u00C2\u00A0prevalent\u00C2\u00A0 as\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 Leeville\u00C2\u00A0 field\u00C2\u00A0 area;\u00C2\u00A0no\u00C2\u00A0 kaolinit\u00E2\u0080\u0090 dominated\u00C2\u00A0samples\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0 identified\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Shoshone\u00C2\u00A0Range.\u00C2\u00A0Muscovite\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0 identified\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Terraspec\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0both\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Pipeline\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Gold\u00C2\u00A0Acres\u00C2\u00A0properties.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0same\u00C2\u00A0discrepancy\u00C2\u00A0present\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Leeville\u00C2\u00A0field\u00C2\u00A0area\u00C2\u00A0 between\u00C2\u00A0XRD\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Terraspec\u00C2\u00A9\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0also\u00C2\u00A0present\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Shoshone\u00C2\u00A0Range\u00C2\u00A0study\u00C2\u00A0area.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 3.7.4\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0Comparing\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0use\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0XRD\u00C2\u00A0vs.\u00C2\u00A0Terraspec\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0identification\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0clay\u00C2\u00A0minerals\u00C2\u00A0 Table\u00C2\u00A03.5\u00C2\u00A0 compares\u00C2\u00A0mineral\u00C2\u00A0 assemblages\u00C2\u00A0 identified\u00C2\u00A0using\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 Terraspec\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0 those\u00C2\u00A0 identified\u00C2\u00A0 using\u00C2\u00A0XRD.\u00C2\u00A0Of\u00C2\u00A076\u00C2\u00A0samples\u00C2\u00A0analyzed\u00C2\u00A0using\u00C2\u00A0both\u00C2\u00A0x\u00E2\u0080\u0090ray\u00C2\u00A0diffraction\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Terraspec,\u00C2\u00A0only\u00C2\u00A035%\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0samples\u00C2\u00A0 show\u00C2\u00A0agreement\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0two\u00C2\u00A0methods.\u00C2\u00A0Three\u00C2\u00A0factors\u00C2\u00A0contribute\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0discrepancy\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A0XRD\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0Terraspec\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0(Figure\u00C2\u00A03.14):\u00C2\u00A0(i)\u00C2\u00A0colour\u00C2\u00A0intensity,\u00C2\u00A0(ii)\u00C2\u00A0crystal\u00C2\u00A0size,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0(iii)\u00C2\u00A0poly\u00C2\u00A0mineralic\u00C2\u00A0samples.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 (i) Dark\u00C2\u00A0 samples\u00C2\u00A0 including\u00C2\u00A0 silty\u00C2\u00A0 limestone,\u00C2\u00A0 carbonaceous\u00C2\u00A0material,\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 strongly\u00C2\u00A0 oxidized\u00C2\u00A0 material\u00C2\u00A0do\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0reflect\u00C2\u00A0back\u00C2\u00A0enough\u00C2\u00A0light\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0detected\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Terraspec.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0result\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0 an\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u0098aspectral\u00E2\u0080\u0099\u00C2\u00A0 reflectance\u00C2\u00A0 pattern\u00C2\u00A0 (Figure\u00C2\u00A0 3.14a);\u00C2\u00A0 one\u00C2\u00A0 that\u00C2\u00A0 contains\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0 obvious\u00C2\u00A0 absorption\u00C2\u00A0peaks\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0cannot\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0interpreted;\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 (ii) Terraspec\u00C2\u00A0 analysis\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 <2\u00C2\u00A0 \u00EF\u0081\u00AD\u00C2\u00A0 clay\u00C2\u00A0 fraction\u00C2\u00A0 also\u00C2\u00A0 resulted\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 aspectral\u00C2\u00A0 reflectance\u00C2\u00A0 patterns\u00C2\u00A0 (Figure\u00C2\u00A0 3.14b).\u00C2\u00A0 Following\u00C2\u00A0 clay\u00C2\u00A0 separation,\u00C2\u00A0 x\u00E2\u0080\u0090ray\u00C2\u00A0 diffraction\u00C2\u00A0 peaks\u00C2\u00A0 for\u00C2\u00A0 illite,\u00C2\u00A0 kaolinite,\u00C2\u00A0smectite\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 illite\u00E2\u0080\u0090smectite\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0better\u00C2\u00A0defined;\u00C2\u00A0however\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0peak\u00C2\u00A0 locations\u00C2\u00A0 did\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0 change.\u00C2\u00A0 The\u00C2\u00A0majority\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0quartz\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0 removed\u00C2\u00A0 from\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 sample\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 therefore\u00C2\u00A0 quartz\u00C2\u00A0 peaks\u00C2\u00A0 did\u00C2\u00A0 not\u00C2\u00A0 interfere\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 peaks\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 clay\u00C2\u00A0minerals.\u00C2\u00A0 In\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 same\u00C2\u00A0 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increase\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0smectite\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0 illite\u00E2\u0080\u0090smectite\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0 illite\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0muscovite,\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A01900nm\u00C2\u00A0water\u00C2\u00A0peak\u00C2\u00A0 becomes\u00C2\u00A0shallower.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 C.\u00C2\u00A0Variations\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A02200nm\u00C2\u00A0peak\u00C2\u00A0position\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0illite\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A0shorter\u00C2\u00A0wavelengths\u00C2\u00A0(Fe/Mg\u00C2\u00A0 rich)\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0higher\u00C2\u00A0wavelengths\u00C2\u00A0(potassium\u00C2\u00A0rich)\u00C2\u00A0represent\u00C2\u00A0compositional\u00C2\u00A0end\u00E2\u0080\u0090members\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 illite/muscovite.\u00C2\u00A0Where\u00C2\u00A0 illite\u00C2\u00A0occurs\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0other\u00C2\u00A0minerals,\u00C2\u00A0such\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0kaolinite,\u00C2\u00A0shifts\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 2200nm\u00C2\u00A0peak\u00C2\u00A0position\u00C2\u00A0may\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0 function\u00C2\u00A0 illite\u00C2\u00A0composition,\u00C2\u00A0but\u00C2\u00A0 instead\u00C2\u00A0 represent\u00C2\u00A0 interference\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0other\u00C2\u00A0mineral\u00C2\u00A0reflectance\u00C2\u00A0patterns.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 3.7.5.\u00C2\u00A0Calculated\u00C2\u00A0temperature\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0illite\u00C2\u00A0formation\u00C2\u00A0 Averaged\u00C2\u00A0 illite\u00C2\u00A0 compositional\u00C2\u00A0 data\u00C2\u00A0 from\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 Leeville\u00C2\u00A0 area\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 Shoshone\u00C2\u00A0Range\u00C2\u00A0 are\u00C2\u00A0 shown\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 Table\u00C2\u00A03.6,\u00C2\u00A0 including\u00C2\u00A0\u00DC\u00AD+|\u00DC\u00A8\u00DD\u0081 \u00E0\u00B5\u0086 \u00DC\u00AF\u00DD\u0083| 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Shoshone\u00C2\u00A0 S\u00C2\u00A0 0.63\u00C2\u00A0 0.89\u00C2\u00A0 0.76\u00C2\u00A0 247.7\u00C2\u00A0 219.1\u00C2\u00A0 243.8\u00C2\u00A0 212.7\u00C2\u00A0 268.2\u00C2\u00A0 234.2\u00C2\u00A0 97\u00C2\u00A0 Shoshone\u00C2\u00A0 S\u00C2\u00A0 0.82\u00C2\u00A0 0.94\u00C2\u00A0 0.88\u00C2\u00A0 286.8\u00C2\u00A0 259.4\u00C2\u00A0 273.3\u00C2\u00A0 236.1\u00C2\u00A0 281.7\u00C2\u00A0 266.2\u00C2\u00A0 PP1\u00C2\u00A0 Shoshone\u00C2\u00A0 S\u00C2\u00A0 0.94\u00C2\u00A0 1.40\u00C2\u00A0 1.20\u00C2\u00A0 394.9\u00C2\u00A0 370.4\u00C2\u00A0 354.6\u00C2\u00A0 300.6\u00C2\u00A0 318.9\u00C2\u00A0 354.2\u00C2\u00A0 496\u00C2\u00A0 Leeville\u00C2\u00A0 S\u00C2\u00A0 0.58\u00C2\u00A0 1.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.84\u00C2\u00A0 273.5\u00C2\u00A0 245.7\u00C2\u00A0 263.2\u00C2\u00A0 228.1\u00C2\u00A0 277.1\u00C2\u00A0 255.3\u00C2\u00A0 502\u00C2\u00A0 Leeville\u00C2\u00A0 BX\u00C2\u00A0 0.84\u00C2\u00A0 1.10\u00C2\u00A0 0.95\u00C2\u00A0 311.6\u00C2\u00A0 284.8\u00C2\u00A0 291.9\u00C2\u00A0 250.9\u00C2\u00A0 290.2\u00C2\u00A0 286.4\u00C2\u00A0 510a\u00C2\u00A0 Leeville\u00C2\u00A0 FG\u00C2\u00A0 0.32\u00C2\u00A0 1.78\u00C2\u00A0 0.94\u00C2\u00A0 308.85\u00C2\u00A0 282.02\u00C2\u00A0 289.86\u00C2\u00A0 249.22\u00C2\u00A0 289.29\u00C2\u00A0 284.1\u00C2\u00A0 527\u00C2\u00A0 Leeville\u00C2\u00A0 FG\u00C2\u00A0 0.92\u00C2\u00A0 1.22\u00C2\u00A0 1.04\u00C2\u00A0 342.2\u00C2\u00A0 316.3\u00C2\u00A0 315.0\u00C2\u00A0 269.1\u00C2\u00A0 300.8\u00C2\u00A0 311.3\u00C2\u00A0 525b\u00C2\u00A0 Leeville\u00C2\u00A0 FG\u00C2\u00A0 1.05\u00C2\u00A0 1.06\u00C2\u00A0 1.05\u00C2\u00A0 345.7\u00C2\u00A0 319.8\u00C2\u00A0 317.6\u00C2\u00A0 271.2\u00C2\u00A0 302.0\u00C2\u00A0 314.1\u00C2\u00A0 521a\u00C2\u00A0 Leeville\u00C2\u00A0 BX\u00C2\u00A0 0.78\u00C2\u00A0 1.31\u00C2\u00A0 1.16\u00C2\u00A0 379.5\u00C2\u00A0 354.6\u00C2\u00A0 343.1\u00C2\u00A0 291.5\u00C2\u00A0 313.6\u00C2\u00A0 341.7\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0n\u00C2\u00A0=\u00C2\u00A09\u00C2\u00A0 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illite\u00E2\u0080\u0090type,\u00C2\u00A0average\u00C2\u00A0potassium\u00C2\u00A0content,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0average\u00C2\u00A0oxide\u00C2\u00A0totals\u00C2\u00A0 is\u00C2\u00A0shown\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0Figure\u00C2\u00A03.15.\u00C2\u00A0Low\u00C2\u00A0 oxide\u00C2\u00A0 totals\u00C2\u00A0 correspond\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0 low\u00C2\u00A0 average\u00C2\u00A0 potassium\u00C2\u00A0 contents.\u00C2\u00A0As\u00C2\u00A0 oxide\u00C2\u00A0 total\u00C2\u00A0 increases,\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 potassium\u00C2\u00A0 content\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 illite/muscovitic\u00C2\u00A0 illite\u00C2\u00A0 becomes\u00C2\u00A0more\u00C2\u00A0 variable.\u00C2\u00A0 Oxide\u00C2\u00A0 totals\u00C2\u00A0 beneath\u00C2\u00A0 ~82%\u00C2\u00A0 show\u00C2\u00A0 a\u00C2\u00A0 linear\u00C2\u00A0 relationship\u00C2\u00A0 between\u00C2\u00A0 oxide\u00C2\u00A0 total\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 potassium\u00C2\u00A0 content.\u00C2\u00A0 Temperature\u00C2\u00A0 associated\u00C2\u00A0 with\u00C2\u00A0 oxide\u00C2\u00A0 totals\u00C2\u00A0 beneath\u00C2\u00A0~87.5%\u00C2\u00A0may\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0provide\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0valid\u00C2\u00A0estimate\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0cation\u00C2\u00A0content.\u00C2\u00A0No\u00C2\u00A0correlation\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0apparent\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A0 primary\u00C2\u00A0rock\u00C2\u00A0types\u00C2\u00A0hosting\u00C2\u00A0illite\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0calculated\u00C2\u00A0temperatures\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0illite\u00C2\u00A0formation.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 3.7.6.\u00C2\u00A0Oxygen\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Hydrogen\u00C2\u00A0Stable\u00C2\u00A0Isotope\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 The\u00C2\u00A0 isotopic\u00C2\u00A0 composition\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0water\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0equilibrium\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0 clay\u00C2\u00A0minerals\u00C2\u00A0 from\u00C2\u00A0 this\u00C2\u00A0 study\u00C2\u00A0 is\u00C2\u00A0 shown\u00C2\u00A0 with\u00C2\u00A0similar\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0other\u00C2\u00A0Carlin\u00E2\u0080\u0090type\u00C2\u00A0deposits\u00C2\u00A0compiled\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0Cline\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A0(2005)\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0Figure\u00C2\u00A03.16.\u00C2\u00A0Table\u00C2\u00A03.7\u00C2\u00A0 provides\u00C2\u00A0\u00EF\u0081\u00A418O\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0\u00EF\u0081\u00A4D\u00C2\u00A0 isotope\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 for\u00C2\u00A0kaolinite,\u00C2\u00A0 illite,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0smectite\u00C2\u00A0mineral\u00C2\u00A0separates.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0 fractionation\u00C2\u00A0 factors\u00C2\u00A0 (\u00EF\u0081\u00A1\u00EF\u0080\u00A9\u00EF\u0080\u00A0for\u00EF\u0080\u00A0kaolinite\u00E2\u0080\u0090H2O,\u00C2\u00A0 illite\u00E2\u0080\u0090H2O,\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 smectite\u00E2\u0080\u0090H2O\u00C2\u00A0 calculated\u00C2\u00A0 by\u00C2\u00A0Gilg\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 Sheppard\u00C2\u00A0 (1996)\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 Yeh\u00C2\u00A0 (1980)\u00C2\u00A0 were\u00C2\u00A0 used.\u00C2\u00A0 Temperatures\u00C2\u00A0 were\u00C2\u00A0 chosen\u00C2\u00A0 for\u00C2\u00A0 fractionation\u00C2\u00A0 factor\u00C2\u00A0 calculation\u00C2\u00A0 based\u00C2\u00A0 on\u00C2\u00A0 temperatures\u00C2\u00A0 chosen\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0other\u00C2\u00A0stable\u00C2\u00A0 isotope\u00C2\u00A0studies\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0Carlin\u00C2\u00A0deposits\u00C2\u00A0 for\u00C2\u00A0direct\u00C2\u00A0comparison\u00C2\u00A0 (Yates\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Rosenburg,\u00C2\u00A0 1997\u00C2\u00A0 Calculat d\u00C2\u00A0T\u00C2\u00A0(\u00EF\u0082\u00B0C)\u00C2\u00A0using\u00C2\u00A0regressi n\u00C2\u00A0lines\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0Fig.\u00C2\u00A07\u00C2\u00A0 65\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 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14.0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u009081.08\u00C2\u00A0 4.0\u00C2\u00A0 516b\u00C2\u00A0 CS\u00C2\u00A0 illite\u00C2\u00A0 200\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u00901\u00C2\u00A0 6\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u0090134\u00C2\u00A0 10.8\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u0090132.65\u00C2\u00A0 4.8\u00C2\u00A0 525a\u00C2\u00A0 CG\u00C2\u00A0 illite\u00C2\u00A0 200\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u00901\u00C2\u00A0 6\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u0090133\u00C2\u00A0 8.1\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u0090131.93\u00C2\u00A0 2.1\u00C2\u00A0 526a\u00C2\u00A0 I\u00C2\u00A0 smectite\u00C2\u00A0 50\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u009025\u00C2\u00A0 21\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u0090103\u00C2\u00A0 13.8\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u009077.59\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u00907.2\u00C2\u00A0 8\u00C2\u00A0 BX\u00C2\u00A0 illite\u00C2\u00A0 200\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u00901\u00C2\u00A0 6\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u0090122\u00C2\u00A0 13.1\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u0090121.00\u00C2\u00A0 7.1\u00C2\u00A0 *After\u00C2\u00A0Gilg\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Sheppard\u00C2\u00A0(1996)\u00C2\u00A0 *\u00C2\u00A0After\u00C2\u00A0Gilg\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Sheppard\u00C2\u00A0(1996);\u00C2\u00A0Yeh,\u00C2\u00A01980\u00C2\u00A0 \u00EF\u0081\u00A1\u00C2\u00A0Fractionation\u00C2\u00A0factor\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Hofstra\u00C2\u00A0 et\u00C2\u00A0 al.,\u00C2\u00A0 1999).\u00C2\u00A0 Above\u00C2\u00A0 temperatures\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 ~150\u00EF\u0082\u00B0C,\u00C2\u00A0 fractionation\u00C2\u00A0 factors\u00C2\u00A0 converge\u00C2\u00A0 near\u00C2\u00A0 0.\u00C2\u00A0 Hence,\u00C2\u00A0 variation\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 formation\u00C2\u00A0 temperature\u00C2\u00A0 (\u00C2\u00B1\u00C2\u00A050\u00C2\u00B0C)\u00C2\u00A0 is\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0critical\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0determining\u00C2\u00A0 fractionation\u00C2\u00A0 factors.\u00C2\u00A0 In\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 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all\u00C2\u00A0 faults\u00C2\u00A0 exhibit\u00C2\u00A0 crystalline\u00C2\u00A0 illite,\u00C2\u00A0 as\u00C2\u00A0 shown\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 abundance\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0smectite\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0kaolinite\u00C2\u00A0proximal\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0many\u00C2\u00A0mapped\u00C2\u00A0faults.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0North\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Leeville\u00C2\u00A0deposit\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 zone\u00C2\u00A04,\u00C2\u00A0highly\u00C2\u00A0crystalline\u00C2\u00A0illite\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0juxtaposed\u00C2\u00A0against\u00C2\u00A0poorly\u00C2\u00A0crystalline\u00C2\u00A0illite\u00C2\u00A0within\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0same\u00C2\u00A0faulted\u00C2\u00A0zone\u00C2\u00A0 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into\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0wall\u00C2\u00A0rock.\u00C2\u00A0Centimetre\u00C2\u00A0wide\u00C2\u00A0zones\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0clay\u00C2\u00A0gouge\u00C2\u00A0mark\u00C2\u00A0zones\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0fluid\u00C2\u00A0flow.\u00C2\u00A0Outside\u00C2\u00A0fault\u00C2\u00A0 zones,\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0only\u00C2\u00A0sedimentary\u00C2\u00A0rocks\u00C2\u00A0observed\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0contain\u00C2\u00A0illite\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0breccias.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 3.8.3\u00C2\u00A0Crystal\u00C2\u00A0morphology\u00C2\u00A0 Illite\u00C2\u00A0 crystals\u00C2\u00A0 are\u00C2\u00A0 pseudo\u00E2\u0080\u0090\u00C2\u00A0 hexagonal\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 shape,\u00C2\u00A0 indicative\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 a\u00C2\u00A0 hydrothermal\u00C2\u00A0 origin,\u00C2\u00A0 rather\u00C2\u00A0 than\u00C2\u00A0 diagenetic\u00C2\u00A0(Peaver,\u00C2\u00A01999;\u00C2\u00A0Schleicher\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.,\u00C2\u00A02006).\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0absence\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0perfectly\u00C2\u00A0hexagonal\u00C2\u00A0grain\u00C2\u00A0shape\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0 these\u00C2\u00A0crystals\u00C2\u00A0may\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0caused\u00C2\u00A0by:\u00C2\u00A0 (i)\u00C2\u00A0growth\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0new\u00C2\u00A0phase\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0fibrous\u00C2\u00A0 illite\u00C2\u00A0along\u00C2\u00A0pre\u00E2\u0080\u0090existing\u00C2\u00A0cores\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 hexagonal\u00C2\u00A0 illite\u00C2\u00A0 (Macchi,\u00C2\u00A0 1987);\u00C2\u00A0 (ii)\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 preferential\u00C2\u00A0 removal\u00C2\u00A0 or\u00C2\u00A0 dissolution\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 illite\u00C2\u00A0 along\u00C2\u00A0 grain\u00C2\u00A0 boundaries.\u00C2\u00A0Ragged\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0pitted\u00C2\u00A0grain\u00C2\u00A0boundaries\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0been\u00C2\u00A0observed\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0 result\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0dissolution\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 other\u00C2\u00A0minerals:\u00C2\u00A0 chromite\u00C2\u00A0 (Leblanc,\u00C2\u00A0 1980),\u00C2\u00A0 kaolinite\u00C2\u00A0 (Hancock\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 Taylor,\u00C2\u00A0 1978),\u00C2\u00A0 or\u00C2\u00A0 (iii)\u00C2\u00A0 a\u00C2\u00A0 transitional\u00C2\u00A0 crystal\u00C2\u00A0shape\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A0end\u00E2\u0080\u0090member\u00C2\u00A0hexagonal\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u0098hairy\u00E2\u0080\u0099\u00C2\u00A0morphologies\u00C2\u00A0(Meunier\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Velde,\u00C2\u00A02004).\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0 tight\u00C2\u00A0 knit\u00C2\u00A0 aggregates,\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 curved\u00C2\u00A0 shape\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 some\u00C2\u00A0 illite\u00C2\u00A0 crystals\u00C2\u00A0 observed\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 this\u00C2\u00A0 study\u00C2\u00A0may\u00C2\u00A0 represent\u00C2\u00A0 recrystallization\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 detrital\u00C2\u00A0 illite\u00C2\u00A0 (Hancock\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 Taylor,\u00C2\u00A0 1978).\u00C2\u00A0 No\u00C2\u00A0 empirical\u00C2\u00A0 studies\u00C2\u00A0 have\u00C2\u00A0 shown\u00C2\u00A0 a\u00C2\u00A0 consistent\u00C2\u00A0 relationship\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A0 temperature\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0morphology,\u00C2\u00A0 therefore\u00C2\u00A0crystal\u00C2\u00A0morphology\u00C2\u00A0 is\u00C2\u00A0useful\u00C2\u00A0 only\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0relative\u00C2\u00A0thermometer\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0absolute\u00C2\u00A0indicator\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0temperature.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 3.8.4\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0Origin\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Clay\u00C2\u00A0Minerals\u00C2\u00A0 Stable\u00C2\u00A0isotope\u00C2\u00A0analyses\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0hydrogen\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0oxygen\u00C2\u00A0can\u00C2\u00A0identify\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0source\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0water\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0equilibrium\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0 clay\u00C2\u00A0minerals\u00C2\u00A0 as\u00C2\u00A0meteoric,\u00C2\u00A0magmatic,\u00C2\u00A0 or\u00C2\u00A0metamorphic\u00C2\u00A0 water\u00C2\u00A0 (Taylor,\u00C2\u00A0 1974).\u00C2\u00A0 Figure\u00C2\u00A0 3.16\u00C2\u00A0 shows\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 isotope\u00C2\u00A0values\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0water\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0equilibrium\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0samples\u00C2\u00A0obtained\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0study\u00C2\u00A0along\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0values\u00C2\u00A0obtained\u00C2\u00A0 from\u00C2\u00A0 Carlin\u00C2\u00A0 deposits\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 other\u00C2\u00A0 studies.\u00C2\u00A0 Carlin\u00C2\u00A0 type\u00C2\u00A0 deposits\u00C2\u00A0 typically\u00C2\u00A0 exhibit\u00C2\u00A0 depleted\u00C2\u00A0 \u00EF\u0081\u00A4DH2O\u00C2\u00A0 values\u00C2\u00A0 indicative\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0water\u00C2\u00A0largely\u00C2\u00A0meteoric\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0origin\u00C2\u00A0(Hofstra\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.,\u00C2\u00A01999).\u00C2\u00A0Water\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0equilibrium\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0pure\u00C2\u00A0illite\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0kaolinite\u00C2\u00A0samples\u00C2\u00A0 from\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0study\u00C2\u00A0resulted\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0similarly\u00C2\u00A0depleted\u00C2\u00A0\u00EF\u0081\u00A4DH2O\u00C2\u00A0values.\u00C2\u00A0Mixed\u00C2\u00A0 illite\u00E2\u0080\u0090kaolinite\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0illite\u00E2\u0080\u0090smectite\u00E2\u0080\u0090kaolinite\u00C2\u00A0samples\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0study\u00C2\u00A0show\u00C2\u00A0higher\u00C2\u00A0\u00EF\u0081\u00A4D\u00C2\u00A0H2O\u00C2\u00A0values\u00C2\u00A0than\u00C2\u00A0pure\u00C2\u00A0illite\u00C2\u00A0samples.\u00C2\u00A0 High\u00C2\u00A0\u00EF\u0081\u00A4DH2O\u00C2\u00A0values\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0also\u00C2\u00A0obtained\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Getchell\u00C2\u00A0deposit\u00C2\u00A0ranging\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u0090153\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A044\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u00B0\u00C2\u00A0(Groff,\u00C2\u00A01996;\u00C2\u00A0 Cline\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Hofstra,\u00C2\u00A02000)\u00C2\u00A0 indicative\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0magmatic/metamorphic\u00C2\u00A0fluid\u00C2\u00A0source.\u00C2\u00A0Given\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0smectite\u00C2\u00A0 likely\u00C2\u00A0 formed\u00C2\u00A0 from\u00C2\u00A0 secondary\u00C2\u00A0weathering\u00C2\u00A0 processes,\u00C2\u00A0 either\u00C2\u00A0 illite\u00C2\u00A0 or\u00C2\u00A0 kaolinite,\u00C2\u00A0 or\u00C2\u00A0 both\u00C2\u00A0minerals\u00C2\u00A0must\u00C2\u00A0 have\u00C2\u00A0 formed\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0magmatic/\u00C2\u00A0metamorphic\u00C2\u00A0fluid\u00C2\u00A0dominated\u00C2\u00A0environment.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 High\u00C2\u00A0 \u00EF\u0081\u00A418OH2O\u00C2\u00A0 values\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 illite\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 kaolinite\u00C2\u00A0minerals\u00C2\u00A0 from\u00C2\u00A0 this\u00C2\u00A0 study\u00C2\u00A0 follow\u00C2\u00A0 a\u00C2\u00A0water\u00E2\u0080\u0090rock\u00C2\u00A0 exchange\u00C2\u00A0 curve\u00C2\u00A0 between\u00C2\u00A0 Eocene\u00C2\u00A0meteoric\u00C2\u00A0water\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 shaley\u00C2\u00A0 limestone\u00C2\u00A0 rocks\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 lower\u00C2\u00A0 plate\u00C2\u00A0 similar\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 pattern\u00C2\u00A0observed\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0other\u00C2\u00A0Carlin\u00E2\u0080\u0090type\u00C2\u00A0deposits\u00C2\u00A0(Hofstra\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.,\u00C2\u00A01999).\u00C2\u00A0This\u00C2\u00A0may\u00C2\u00A0indicate\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0fluid\u00C2\u00A0forming\u00C2\u00A0 72\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 illite\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0kaolinite\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0buffered\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0rocks\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 lower\u00C2\u00A0plate\u00C2\u00A0prior\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0alteration\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0upper\u00C2\u00A0plate\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 supports\u00C2\u00A0 a\u00C2\u00A0 model\u00C2\u00A0 whereby\u00C2\u00A0 Carlin\u00E2\u0080\u0090type\u00C2\u00A0 fluid\u00C2\u00A0 is\u00C2\u00A0 exhausted\u00C2\u00A0 through\u00C2\u00A0 upper\u00C2\u00A0 plate\u00C2\u00A0 rock\u00C2\u00A0 following\u00C2\u00A0 mineralization\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 lower\u00C2\u00A0 plate\u00C2\u00A0 rocks.\u00C2\u00A0Mixed\u00C2\u00A0 clay\u00C2\u00A0 samples\u00C2\u00A0 appear\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0 have\u00C2\u00A0 formed\u00C2\u00A0 along\u00C2\u00A0 a\u00C2\u00A0mixing\u00C2\u00A0 line\u00C2\u00A0 between\u00C2\u00A0 exchanged\u00C2\u00A0meteoric\u00C2\u00A0 fluid\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0magmatic\u00C2\u00A0 or\u00C2\u00A0 deeply\u00C2\u00A0 sourced\u00C2\u00A0 fluid.\u00C2\u00A0 Variation\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 isotopic\u00C2\u00A0 composition\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 different\u00C2\u00A0 samples\u00C2\u00A0 may\u00C2\u00A0 reflect\u00C2\u00A0 different\u00C2\u00A0 proportions\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 fluid\u00C2\u00A0 mixing\u00C2\u00A0 or\u00C2\u00A0 fluid\u00E2\u0080\u0090rock\u00C2\u00A0 interaction\u00C2\u00A0(Cline\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.,\u00C2\u00A02005.)\u00C2\u00A0Smectite\u00C2\u00A0exhibits\u00C2\u00A0light\u00C2\u00A0\u00EF\u0081\u00A4DH2O\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0\u00EF\u0081\u00A418OH2O\u00C2\u00A0values\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0plots\u00C2\u00A0proximal\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 meteoric\u00C2\u00A0water\u00C2\u00A0 line\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 is\u00C2\u00A0 interpreted\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0 have\u00C2\u00A0 formed\u00C2\u00A0 by\u00C2\u00A0 secondary\u00C2\u00A0 alteration\u00C2\u00A0 processes.\u00C2\u00A0 Samples\u00C2\u00A0 containing\u00C2\u00A0 illite>smectite>kaolinite\u00C2\u00A0 may\u00C2\u00A0 have\u00C2\u00A0 a\u00C2\u00A0 lighter\u00C2\u00A0 \u00EF\u0081\u00A418O\u00C2\u00A0 signature\u00C2\u00A0 caused\u00C2\u00A0 by\u00C2\u00A0 a\u00C2\u00A0 mixed\u00C2\u00A0 mineral\u00C2\u00A0 signature\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0presence\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 supergene\u00C2\u00A0 smectite.\u00C2\u00A0Without\u00C2\u00A0 smectite\u00C2\u00A0 contaminating\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 sample,\u00C2\u00A0 it\u00C2\u00A0 is\u00C2\u00A0 possible\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0illite\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0kaolinite\u00C2\u00A0would\u00C2\u00A0plot\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0same\u00C2\u00A0region\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0pure\u00C2\u00A0illite\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0kaolinite\u00C2\u00A0samples.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 3.8.5\u00C2\u00A0Challenges\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0using\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0K\u00C2\u00A0+\u00C2\u00A0|\u00E0\u00A1\u00B2\u00E0\u00A2\u008B \u00E0\u00B5\u0086 \u00E0\u00A1\u00B9\u00E0\u00A2\u008D|\u00C2\u00A0thermometer\u00C2\u00A0 The\u00C2\u00A0K\u00C2\u00A0 +\u00C2\u00A0 |\u00DC\u00A8\u00DD\u0081 \u00E0\u00B5\u0086 \u00DC\u00AF\u00DD\u0083|\u00C2\u00A0 thermometer\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0used\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0 calculate\u00C2\u00A0 illite\u00C2\u00A0 formation\u00C2\u00A0 temperatures\u00C2\u00A0however\u00C2\u00A0 it\u00C2\u00A0 does\u00C2\u00A0 not\u00C2\u00A0 appear\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0 be\u00C2\u00A0 applicable\u00C2\u00A0where\u00C2\u00A0 a\u00C2\u00A0 composition\u00E2\u0080\u0090temperature\u00C2\u00A0 calibration\u00C2\u00A0 cannot\u00C2\u00A0 be\u00C2\u00A0 obtained.\u00C2\u00A0 Three\u00C2\u00A0main\u00C2\u00A0challenges\u00C2\u00A0contributed\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 failure\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0K\u00C2\u00A0+\u00C2\u00A0 |\u00DC\u00A8\u00DD\u0081 \u00E0\u00B5\u0086 \u00DC\u00AF\u00DD\u0083|\u00C2\u00A0 thermometer\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 this\u00C2\u00A0 study:\u00C2\u00A0 (i)\u00C2\u00A0 technical\u00C2\u00A0 problems\u00C2\u00A0 associated\u00C2\u00A0 with\u00C2\u00A0 sample\u00C2\u00A0 preparation\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 data\u00C2\u00A0 collection\u00C2\u00A0 (ii)\u00C2\u00A0 compositional\u00C2\u00A0 heterogeneity\u00C2\u00A0within\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0illite\u00C2\u00A0mineral\u00C2\u00A0structure\u00C2\u00A0(iii)\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0poor\u00C2\u00A0fit\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0initial\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0used\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0calibrate\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0K\u00C2\u00A0+\u00C2\u00A0 |\u00DC\u00A8\u00DD\u0081 \u00E0\u00B5\u0086 \u00DC\u00AF\u00DD\u0083|\u00C2\u00A0thermometer\u00C2\u00A0(Battaglia,\u00C2\u00A02004).\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 (i) Clay\u00C2\u00A0 minerals\u00C2\u00A0 are\u00C2\u00A0 extremely\u00C2\u00A0 soft,\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 rocks\u00C2\u00A0 containing\u00C2\u00A0 abundant\u00C2\u00A0 clay\u00C2\u00A0 are\u00C2\u00A0 typically\u00C2\u00A0 not\u00C2\u00A0 cohesive.\u00C2\u00A0Multiple\u00C2\u00A0stages\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0epoxy\u00C2\u00A0impregnation\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0often\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0sufficient\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0create\u00C2\u00A0material\u00C2\u00A0 strong\u00C2\u00A0 enough\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0withstand\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 diamond\u00C2\u00A0 drill\u00C2\u00A0 saw\u00C2\u00A0 used\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0 cut\u00C2\u00A0 thin\u00C2\u00A0 section\u00E2\u0080\u0090size\u00C2\u00A0 blocks,\u00C2\u00A0 limiting\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0number\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0samples\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0could\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0analyzed\u00C2\u00A0using\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0microprobe.\u00C2\u00A0Furthermore,\u00C2\u00A0 during\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0polishing\u00C2\u00A0process,\u00C2\u00A0clay\u00C2\u00A0material\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0often\u00C2\u00A0preferentially\u00C2\u00A0removed\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0thin\u00C2\u00A0 section\u00C2\u00A0 over\u00C2\u00A0 harder\u00C2\u00A0 minerals\u00C2\u00A0 like\u00C2\u00A0 quartz\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 calcite\u00C2\u00A0 leaving\u00C2\u00A0 voids\u00C2\u00A0 where\u00C2\u00A0 clay\u00C2\u00A0 mineral\u00C2\u00A0 occurred.\u00C2\u00A0Where\u00C2\u00A0 illite\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0present,\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0surface\u00C2\u00A0 texture\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0mineral\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0 rough.\u00C2\u00A0Smooth\u00C2\u00A0 surfaces\u00C2\u00A0 are\u00C2\u00A0 required\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0 ensure\u00C2\u00A0 that\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 electron\u00C2\u00A0 microprobe\u00C2\u00A0 beam\u00C2\u00A0 is\u00C2\u00A0 analyzing\u00C2\u00A0 homogenous\u00C2\u00A0 material.\u00C2\u00A0 Analyses\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 rough\u00C2\u00A0 surfaces\u00C2\u00A0 may\u00C2\u00A0 account\u00C2\u00A0 for\u00C2\u00A0 low\u00C2\u00A0 oxide\u00C2\u00A0 totals\u00C2\u00A0 observed\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 many\u00C2\u00A0 samples\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 this\u00C2\u00A0 study,\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 for\u00C2\u00A0 large\u00C2\u00A0 variation\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 composition\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 microprobe\u00C2\u00A0points\u00C2\u00A0within\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0same\u00C2\u00A0sample.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 (ii) TEM\u00C2\u00A0studies\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0illite\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0shown\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0compositional\u00C2\u00A0variation\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0clay\u00C2\u00A0minerals\u00C2\u00A0occurs\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 micrometre\u00C2\u00A0 scale\u00C2\u00A0 (Essene\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 Peacor,\u00C2\u00A0 1995).\u00C2\u00A0 Compositions\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 a\u00C2\u00A0 given\u00C2\u00A0 clay\u00C2\u00A0 layer\u00C2\u00A0 are\u00C2\u00A0 73\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 generally\u00C2\u00A0variable\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0packet\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0packet,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0therefore\u00C2\u00A0any\u00C2\u00A0bulk\u00C2\u00A0chemical\u00C2\u00A0analyses\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0these\u00C2\u00A0 minerals,\u00C2\u00A0 including\u00C2\u00A0 microprobe\u00C2\u00A0 measurements,\u00C2\u00A0 may\u00C2\u00A0 represent\u00C2\u00A0 averages\u00C2\u00A0 over\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 intergrowths\u00C2\u00A0(Essene\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Peacor,\u00C2\u00A01995).\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 The\u00C2\u00A0 relationship\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A0 temperature\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0cation\u00C2\u00A0content\u00C2\u00A0 is\u00C2\u00A0different\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0each\u00C2\u00A0geothermal\u00C2\u00A0 field\u00C2\u00A0 studied\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0Battaglia\u00C2\u00A0 (2004),\u00C2\u00A0 suggesting\u00C2\u00A0 that\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 thermometer\u00C2\u00A0may\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0 accurate\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0 deposit\u00C2\u00A0scale\u00C2\u00A0but\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A0deposits.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Figure\u00C2\u00A03.18\u00C2\u00A0shows\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0two\u00C2\u00A0distinct\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0sets\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0 discernable\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0five\u00C2\u00A0geothermal\u00C2\u00A0fields.\u00C2\u00A0Los\u00C2\u00A0Azufres,\u00C2\u00A0Aluto\u00E2\u0080\u0090Langano,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Salton\u00C2\u00A0Sea\u00C2\u00A0 geothermal\u00C2\u00A0 fields\u00C2\u00A0 exhibit\u00C2\u00A0 an\u00C2\u00A0 overall\u00C2\u00A0 steeper\u00C2\u00A0 temperature\u00C2\u00A0 gradient\u00C2\u00A0 with\u00C2\u00A0 increased\u00C2\u00A0 K\u00C2\u00A0 +\u00C2\u00A0 |\u00DC\u00A8\u00DD\u0081 \u00E0\u00B5\u0086 \u00DC\u00AF\u00DD\u0083|\u00C2\u00A0values\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0compared\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Coso\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Broadlands\u00C2\u00A0Ohaaki\u00C2\u00A0data.\u00C2\u00A0No\u00C2\u00A0evident\u00C2\u00A0pattern\u00C2\u00A0 exists\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 geographical\u00C2\u00A0 location\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0host\u00C2\u00A0 rock\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A0geothermal\u00C2\u00A0 fields\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0explain\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 bimodality\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0data.\u00C2\u00A0One\u00C2\u00A0possible\u00C2\u00A0explanation\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0variation\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0availability\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0potassium\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0 lesser\u00C2\u00A0degree\u00C2\u00A0magnesium\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 iron,\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A0deposits\u00C2\u00A0(Ji\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Browne,\u00C2\u00A02000).\u00C2\u00A0Host\u00C2\u00A0 rock\u00C2\u00A0 lithologies\u00C2\u00A0do\u00C2\u00A0 vary\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A0deposits\u00C2\u00A0 from\u00C2\u00A0 volcanic\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0 sedimentary\u00C2\u00A0 rocks.\u00C2\u00A0Potassium\u00C2\u00A0 leached\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0wall\u00C2\u00A0rock\u00C2\u00A0may\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0effect\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0composition\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0illite\u00C2\u00A0formed.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 3.8.6\u00C2\u00A0Clay\u00C2\u00A0morphology,\u00C2\u00A0crystallinity\u00C2\u00A0,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0composition\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0function\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0reaction\u00C2\u00A0progress\u00C2\u00A0 Three\u00C2\u00A0 thermometers\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0employed\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 this\u00C2\u00A0 study\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0estimate\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 formation\u00C2\u00A0 temperature\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 illite\u00C2\u00A0 with\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 intention\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0relating\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0calculated\u00C2\u00A0 temperature\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0either\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0Carlin\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0non\u00C2\u00A0Carlin\u00C2\u00A0 temperature\u00C2\u00A0 range.\u00C2\u00A0 A\u00C2\u00A0 useful\u00C2\u00A0 geothermometer\u00C2\u00A0 requires\u00C2\u00A0 that\u00C2\u00A0 phases\u00C2\u00A0 are\u00C2\u00A0 chemically\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 structurally\u00C2\u00A0 homogeneous\u00C2\u00A0 with\u00C2\u00A0 well\u00C2\u00A0 described\u00C2\u00A0 structures\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 compositions\u00C2\u00A0 (Essene\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 Peacor,\u00C2\u00A0 1995).\u00C2\u00A0 Low\u00C2\u00A0 temperature\u00C2\u00A0 clay\u00C2\u00A0 minerals\u00C2\u00A0 are\u00C2\u00A0 not\u00C2\u00A0 typically\u00C2\u00A0 homogenous,\u00C2\u00A0 either\u00C2\u00A0 structurally,\u00C2\u00A0 or\u00C2\u00A0 chemically.\u00C2\u00A0 The\u00C2\u00A0 lack\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 structural\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 chemical\u00C2\u00A0 constraint\u00C2\u00A0 on\u00C2\u00A0 low\u00C2\u00A0 temperature\u00C2\u00A0 minerals\u00C2\u00A0 suggests\u00C2\u00A0 that\u00C2\u00A0 currently\u00C2\u00A0 used\u00C2\u00A0 clay\u00C2\u00A0 thermometers\u00C2\u00A0 including\u00C2\u00A0 illite\u00C2\u00A0crystallinity\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0smectite\u00EF\u0083\u00A8illite\u00C2\u00A0reaction\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0useful\u00C2\u00A0because\u00C2\u00A0they\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0based\u00C2\u00A0 on\u00C2\u00A0equilibrium\u00C2\u00A0reactions.\u00C2\u00A0Essene\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Peacor\u00C2\u00A0(1995)\u00C2\u00A0suggest\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0low\u00C2\u00A0temperature\u00C2\u00A0mineral\u00C2\u00A0reactions\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0 best\u00C2\u00A0represented\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0reaction\u00C2\u00A0progress\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0Ostwaldian\u00C2\u00A0steps\u00C2\u00A0whereby\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0system\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0state\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0metastable\u00C2\u00A0 equilibrium\u00C2\u00A0will\u00C2\u00A0proceed\u00C2\u00A0via\u00C2\u00A0steps\u00C2\u00A0toward\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0state\u00C2\u00A0which\u00C2\u00A0has\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0minimum\u00C2\u00A0free\u00C2\u00A0energy\u00C2\u00A0(Ostwald,\u00C2\u00A01897;\u00C2\u00A0Van\u00C2\u00A0 Santen,\u00C2\u00A0 1983).\u00C2\u00A0 Changes\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0morphology\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 illite\u00C2\u00A0 have\u00C2\u00A0 also\u00C2\u00A0 been\u00C2\u00A0 attributed\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0 reaction\u00C2\u00A0 progress,\u00C2\u00A0 whereby\u00C2\u00A0 initial\u00C2\u00A0growth\u00C2\u00A0 stages\u00C2\u00A0produce\u00C2\u00A0needle\u00E2\u0080\u0090shaped\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u0098hairy\u00E2\u0080\u0099\u00C2\u00A0 illite\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 final\u00C2\u00A0growth\u00C2\u00A0 stages\u00C2\u00A0produce\u00C2\u00A0 hexagonal\u00C2\u00A0 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minerals\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0determine\u00C2\u00A0their\u00C2\u00A0origin.\u00C2\u00A0These\u00C2\u00A0two\u00C2\u00A0methods\u00C2\u00A0strongly\u00C2\u00A0suggest\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0illite\u00C2\u00A0occurring\u00C2\u00A0above\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 76\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Leeville\u00C2\u00A0deposit\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0formed\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0fluid\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0mixed\u00C2\u00A0meteoric\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0magmatic/metamorphic\u00C2\u00A0origin,\u00C2\u00A0consistent\u00C2\u00A0 with\u00C2\u00A0previous\u00C2\u00A0 studies\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0 clay\u00C2\u00A0 alteration\u00C2\u00A0 associated\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0Carlin\u00E2\u0080\u0090type\u00C2\u00A0 systems\u00C2\u00A0however\u00C2\u00A0no\u00C2\u00A0paragenetic\u00C2\u00A0 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the\u00C2\u00A0 same\u00C2\u00A0 areas\u00C2\u00A0 previously\u00C2\u00A0 identified\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0kaolinite\u00E2\u0080\u0090dominated\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Terraspec.\u00C2\u00A0 In\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0case,\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 lack\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0pattern\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 Terraspec\u00C2\u00A0 data\u00C2\u00A0would\u00C2\u00A0 have\u00C2\u00A0 resulted\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 either\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 targeting\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 entire\u00C2\u00A0 field\u00C2\u00A0 area\u00C2\u00A0 or\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 failure\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0 identify\u00C2\u00A0 any\u00C2\u00A0 one\u00C2\u00A0 area\u00C2\u00A0 that\u00C2\u00A0 appeared\u00C2\u00A0 different\u00C2\u00A0 than\u00C2\u00A0 another.\u00C2\u00A0 The\u00C2\u00A0 same\u00C2\u00A0 problems\u00C2\u00A0 arose\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 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of\u00C2\u00A0temperature,\u00C2\u00A0fluid\u00E2\u0080\u0090rock\u00C2\u00A0interaction\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0interaction\u00C2\u00A0time.\u00C2\u00A0Fission\u00C2\u00A0track\u00C2\u00A0resetting\u00C2\u00A0may\u00C2\u00A0occur\u00C2\u00A0 at\u00C2\u00A0 lower\u00C2\u00A0 fluid\u00E2\u0080\u0090rock\u00C2\u00A0 ratios\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 shorter\u00C2\u00A0 timescales\u00C2\u00A0 than\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 smectite\u00C2\u00A0\u00EF\u0083\u00A8\u00C2\u00A0 illite\u00C2\u00A0 conversion,\u00C2\u00A0 creating\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0thermal\u00C2\u00A0halo\u00C2\u00A0around\u00C2\u00A0upwelling\u00C2\u00A0zones\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0hydrothermal\u00C2\u00A0fluid;\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 (iii) (iii)\u00C2\u00A0Apatite\u00C2\u00A0fission\u00C2\u00A0track\u00C2\u00A0ages\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Shoshone\u00C2\u00A0Range\u00C2\u00A0may\u00C2\u00A0represent\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0partial\u00C2\u00A0resetting\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0fission\u00C2\u00A0tracks\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0series\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0young\u00C2\u00A0hydrothermal\u00C2\u00A0events\u00C2\u00A0 including\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Miocene\u00C2\u00A0Northern\u00C2\u00A0 Nevada\u00C2\u00A0Rift\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0related\u00C2\u00A0precious\u00C2\u00A0metal\u00C2\u00A0deposits\u00C2\u00A0(Zoback\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.,\u00C2\u00A01994;\u00C2\u00A0Leavitt\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.,\u00C2\u00A02000;),\u00C2\u00A0 Eocene\u00C2\u00A0magmatic\u00C2\u00A0activity\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Northern\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Central\u00C2\u00A0Shoshone\u00C2\u00A0Range\u00C2\u00A0(Kelson\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.,\u00C2\u00A02008),\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0Eocene\u00C2\u00A0hydrothermal\u00C2\u00A0fluid\u00C2\u00A0flow\u00C2\u00A0resulting\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0gold\u00C2\u00A0mineralization\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Pipeline\u00C2\u00A0Deposit\u00C2\u00A0 (Arehart\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Donelick,\u00C2\u00A02006).\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0core\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0hydrothermal\u00C2\u00A0systems;\u00C2\u00A0 i.e.,\u00C2\u00A0Pipeline/\u00C2\u00A0Gold\u00C2\u00A0Acres\u00C2\u00A0 deposits,\u00C2\u00A0 Elder\u00C2\u00A0 Creek\u00C2\u00A0 deposit,\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 epithermal\u00C2\u00A0 deposits\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 Northern\u00C2\u00A0 Shoshone\u00C2\u00A0 may\u00C2\u00A0 exhibit\u00C2\u00A0 total\u00C2\u00A0 fission\u00C2\u00A0 track\u00C2\u00A0 resetting\u00C2\u00A0while\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 regions\u00C2\u00A0peripheral\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0main\u00C2\u00A0hydrothermal\u00C2\u00A0 core\u00C2\u00A0experience\u00C2\u00A0only\u00C2\u00A0sufficient\u00C2\u00A0heat\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0fluid:\u00C2\u00A0rock\u00C2\u00A0interaction\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0partially\u00C2\u00A0reset\u00C2\u00A0fission\u00C2\u00A0tracks.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 (iv) AFT\u00C2\u00A0 resetting\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0Shoshone\u00C2\u00A0Range\u00C2\u00A0 is\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0 function\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0hydrothermal\u00C2\u00A0 fluid\u00C2\u00A0 flow,\u00C2\u00A0but\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 exhumation\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0represents\u00C2\u00A0variable\u00C2\u00A0uplift\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A0~70\u00E2\u0080\u009025\u00C2\u00A0Mya\u00C2\u00A0(observed\u00C2\u00A0fission\u00C2\u00A0track\u00C2\u00A0ages\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 Shoshone\u00C2\u00A0 Range).\u00C2\u00A0 Given\u00C2\u00A0 a\u00C2\u00A0 geothermal\u00C2\u00A0 gradient\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 30\u00EF\u0082\u00B0C/km\u00C2\u00A0 (Hickey,\u00C2\u00A0 2003),\u00C2\u00A0 a\u00C2\u00A0 minimum\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 ~3.5km\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 uplift\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 erosion\u00C2\u00A0would\u00C2\u00A0 have\u00C2\u00A0 had\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0 occur.\u00C2\u00A0 Restoration\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 Eocene\u00C2\u00A0landscape\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0time\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Au\u00E2\u0080\u0090mineralization\u00C2\u00A0using\u00C2\u00A0thermal\u00C2\u00A0modelling\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0AFT\u00C2\u00A0data,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 assuming\u00C2\u00A0 a\u00C2\u00A0 geothermal\u00C2\u00A0 gradient\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 30\u00EF\u0082\u00B0C/my,\u00C2\u00A0 suggest\u00C2\u00A0 that\u00C2\u00A0 ~500\u00E2\u0080\u00901500m\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 erosion\u00C2\u00A0 has\u00C2\u00A0 occurred\u00C2\u00A0since\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0mid\u00C2\u00A0Eocene\u00C2\u00A0 (42Ma)\u00C2\u00A0 (Hickey,\u00C2\u00A02003).\u00C2\u00A0 In\u00C2\u00A0order\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0exhumation\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0account\u00C2\u00A0 78\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 for\u00C2\u00A0young\u00C2\u00A0fission\u00C2\u00A0track\u00C2\u00A0ages\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Shoshone\u00C2\u00A0Range,\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0rate\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0exhumation\u00C2\u00A0would\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0 triple.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 3.9.3\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0pathway\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0exhausted\u00C2\u00A0fluids\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0Carlin\u00E2\u0080\u0090type\u00C2\u00A0systems\u00C2\u00A0 Three\u00C2\u00A0scenarios\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0presented\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0describe\u00C2\u00A0potential\u00C2\u00A0outflow\u00C2\u00A0zones\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0fluid\u00C2\u00A0exhausted\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 core\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Carlin\u00E2\u0080\u0090type\u00C2\u00A0hydrothermal\u00C2\u00A0systems.\u00C2\u00A0If\u00C2\u00A0hydrothermal\u00C2\u00A0alteration\u00C2\u00A0zone\u00C2\u00A01\u00C2\u00A0(above\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Leeville\u00C2\u00A0deposit,\u00C2\u00A0 Figure\u00C2\u00A0 3.17)\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 fact\u00C2\u00A0 represents\u00C2\u00A0 alteration\u00C2\u00A0 caused\u00C2\u00A0 by\u00C2\u00A0 exhausted\u00C2\u00A0 fluid\u00C2\u00A0 from\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 Leeville\u00C2\u00A0 deposit,\u00C2\u00A0 then\u00C2\u00A0 following\u00C2\u00A0ore\u00C2\u00A0deposition\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 lower\u00C2\u00A0plate\u00C2\u00A0carbonate\u00C2\u00A0material,\u00C2\u00A0exhausted\u00C2\u00A0fluid\u00C2\u00A0(still\u00C2\u00A0containing\u00C2\u00A0some\u00C2\u00A0gold)\u00C2\u00A0 travelled\u00C2\u00A0upward\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0upon\u00C2\u00A0meeting\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Roberts\u00C2\u00A0Mountain\u00C2\u00A0thrust\u00C2\u00A0fault\u00C2\u00A0(RMT)\u00C2\u00A0precipitated\u00C2\u00A0some\u00C2\u00A0gold.\u00C2\u00A0A\u00C2\u00A0 portion\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0fluid\u00C2\u00A0continued\u00C2\u00A0laterally\u00C2\u00A0along\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0RMT,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0remaining\u00C2\u00A0fluid\u00C2\u00A0transgressed\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0upper\u00C2\u00A0plate\u00C2\u00A0 through\u00C2\u00A0faults\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0other\u00C2\u00A0permeable\u00C2\u00A0pathways\u00C2\u00A0 like\u00C2\u00A0zones\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0brecciation.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0surface\u00C2\u00A0expression\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0 fluid\u00C2\u00A0 is\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0occurrence\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0abundant\u00C2\u00A0 illite\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00B1\u00C2\u00A0kaolinite\u00C2\u00A0along\u00C2\u00A0fault\u00C2\u00A0surfaces,\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0matrix\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0hydrothermal\u00C2\u00A0 breccias,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0pervasive\u00C2\u00A0alteration\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0some\u00C2\u00A0dykes.\u00C2\u00A0This\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0similar\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0scenario\u00C2\u00A03\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0Figure\u00C2\u00A03.5.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 3.10\u00C2\u00A0CONCLUSIONS\u00C2\u00A0 Sedimentary\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0intrusive\u00C2\u00A0rocks\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0northeastern\u00C2\u00A0Nevada\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0experienced\u00C2\u00A0multiple\u00C2\u00A0episodes\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 hydrothermal\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0magmatic\u00C2\u00A0activity.\u00C2\u00A0 In\u00C2\u00A0addition,\u00C2\u00A0 sedimentary\u00C2\u00A0 rocks\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0undergone\u00C2\u00A0diagenesis.\u00C2\u00A0As\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0 result\u00C2\u00A0clay\u00C2\u00A0minerals\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0common\u00C2\u00A0component\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0upper\u00C2\u00A0plate\u00C2\u00A0 rocks\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0Roberts\u00C2\u00A0Mountains\u00C2\u00A0Thrust\u00C2\u00A0 (RMT).\u00C2\u00A0Consequently,\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0unable\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0establish\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0paragenetic\u00C2\u00A0relationship\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A0clay\u00C2\u00A0minerals\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 Carlin\u00E2\u0080\u0090type\u00C2\u00A0 gold\u00C2\u00A0mineralization\u00C2\u00A0 due\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0widespread\u00C2\u00A0 occurrence\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 clays\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 both\u00C2\u00A0mineralized\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 unmineralized\u00C2\u00A0 environments,\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 absence\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 significant\u00C2\u00A0 differences\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 characteristics\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 hydrothermal\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0non\u00E2\u0080\u0090hydrothermal\u00C2\u00A0clay\u00C2\u00A0minerals.\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A0summary:\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 1. Abundant\u00C2\u00A0highly\u00C2\u00A0crystalline\u00C2\u00A0 illite\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0mixed\u00C2\u00A0magmatic/metamorphic\u00E2\u0080\u0090\u00C2\u00A0meteoric\u00C2\u00A0water\u00C2\u00A0 stable\u00C2\u00A0 isotope\u00C2\u00A0 signature\u00C2\u00A0 is\u00C2\u00A0 indicative\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 hydrothermal\u00C2\u00A0 alteration.\u00C2\u00A0 Hydrothermal\u00C2\u00A0 alteration\u00C2\u00A0 was\u00C2\u00A0 identified\u00C2\u00A0around\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Leeville,\u00C2\u00A0Pipeline,\u00C2\u00A0Gold\u00C2\u00A0Acres,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Elder\u00C2\u00A0Creek\u00C2\u00A0deposits,\u00C2\u00A0which\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0known\u00C2\u00A0 occurrences\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 Carlin\u00E2\u0080\u0090type\u00C2\u00A0 gold\u00C2\u00A0 mineralization.\u00C2\u00A0 Similar\u00C2\u00A0 styles\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 alteration\u00C2\u00A0 were\u00C2\u00A0 identified\u00C2\u00A0 around\u00C2\u00A0 faults,\u00C2\u00A0 fractures,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0zones\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0brecciation\u00C2\u00A0 indicating\u00C2\u00A0 that\u00C2\u00A0upwelling\u00C2\u00A0hydrothermal\u00C2\u00A0 fluid\u00C2\u00A0 transgressed\u00C2\u00A0upper\u00C2\u00A0plate\u00C2\u00A0siliciclastic\u00C2\u00A0rocks\u00C2\u00A0through\u00C2\u00A0focused\u00C2\u00A0permeable\u00C2\u00A0pathways.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 79\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 2. The\u00C2\u00A0 fine\u00C2\u00A0 grained\u00C2\u00A0 nature\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0most\u00C2\u00A0 clay\u00C2\u00A0minerals\u00C2\u00A0 inhibits\u00C2\u00A0 simple\u00C2\u00A0 petrographic\u00C2\u00A0 imaging,\u00C2\u00A0 textural\u00C2\u00A0 analysis,\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 identification\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 mineral\u00E2\u0080\u0090mineral\u00C2\u00A0 relationships.\u00C2\u00A0 Mineral\u00C2\u00A0 heterogeneity\u00C2\u00A0 on\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 micron\u00C2\u00A0scale\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0poor\u00C2\u00A0sample\u00C2\u00A0preparation\u00C2\u00A0may\u00C2\u00A0result\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 invalid\u00C2\u00A0compositional\u00C2\u00A0analyses.\u00C2\u00A0Kinetic\u00C2\u00A0 factors\u00C2\u00A0 such\u00C2\u00A0 as\u00C2\u00A0 fluid\u00E2\u0080\u0090rock\u00C2\u00A0 ratio,\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 time\u00C2\u00A0may\u00C2\u00A0 have\u00C2\u00A0more\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 an\u00C2\u00A0 effect\u00C2\u00A0 than\u00C2\u00A0 temperature\u00C2\u00A0 on\u00C2\u00A0 determining\u00C2\u00A0 crystallinity,\u00C2\u00A0 composition,\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 mineral\u00C2\u00A0 assemblages.\u00C2\u00A0 In\u00C2\u00A0 turn\u00C2\u00A0 changes\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 clay\u00C2\u00A0 characteristics\u00C2\u00A0may\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0represent\u00C2\u00A0equilibrium\u00C2\u00A0processes.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 3. Reflectance\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0produced\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Terraspec\u00C2\u00A0 is\u00C2\u00A0flawed\u00C2\u00A0under\u00C2\u00A0four\u00C2\u00A0circumstances\u00C2\u00A0(i)\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0sample\u00C2\u00A0 is\u00C2\u00A0 too\u00C2\u00A0dark\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0produces\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0aspectral\u00C2\u00A0reflectance\u00C2\u00A0pattern,\u00C2\u00A0(ii)\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0grain\u00C2\u00A0size\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0sample\u00C2\u00A0 is\u00C2\u00A0too\u00C2\u00A0 small\u00C2\u00A0 (<2\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00B5m),\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 (iii)\u00C2\u00A0 a\u00C2\u00A0 sample\u00C2\u00A0 contains\u00C2\u00A0 multiple\u00C2\u00A0 minerals.\u00C2\u00A0 These\u00C2\u00A0 three\u00C2\u00A0 situations\u00C2\u00A0 are\u00C2\u00A0 commonly\u00C2\u00A0 encountered\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 Carlin\u00E2\u0080\u0090type\u00C2\u00A0 environments\u00C2\u00A0 resulting\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 potential\u00C2\u00A0 for\u00C2\u00A0 misinterpretation\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 data,\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 identification\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 fictional\u00C2\u00A0 targets,\u00C2\u00A0 or\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 exclusion\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 potential\u00C2\u00A0 targets.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 80\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 3.11\u00C2\u00A0REFERENCES\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Adams,\u00C2\u00A0S.S.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Putnam,\u00C2\u00A0B.R.,\u00C2\u00A0 III,\u00C2\u00A01992,\u00C2\u00A0Application\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0mineral\u00C2\u00A0deposit\u00C2\u00A0models\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0exploration:\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0case\u00C2\u00A0 study\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0sediment\u00E2\u0080\u0090hosted\u00C2\u00A0gold\u00C2\u00A0deposits,\u00C2\u00A0Great\u00C2\u00A0Basin,\u00C2\u00A0Western\u00C2\u00A0United\u00C2\u00A0States:\u00C2\u00A0Geological\u00C2\u00A0Society,\u00C2\u00A0 London,\u00C2\u00A0Special\u00C2\u00A0Publications,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A063,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A01\u00E2\u0080\u009023.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Ahmed,\u00C2\u00A0A.,\u00C2\u00A0Hickey.,\u00C2\u00A0K.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Barker,\u00C2\u00A0 .S.,\u00C2\u00A02010,\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0Upper\u00C2\u00A0Plate\u00C2\u00A0Expression\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0Auriferous\u00C2\u00A0Carlin\u00E2\u0080\u0090type\u00C2\u00A0 Hydrothermal\u00C2\u00A0System:\u00C2\u00A0Geological\u00C2\u00A0Symposium\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Nevada\u00C2\u00A0Proceedings.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Alexander,\u00C2\u00A0L.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Klug,\u00C2\u00A0H.P.,\u00C2\u00A01948,\u00C2\u00A0Basic\u00C2\u00A0aspects\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0x\u00E2\u0080\u0090ray\u00C2\u00A0absorption\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0quantitative\u00C2\u00A0diffraction\u00C2\u00A0analysis\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0powder\u00C2\u00A0mixtures:\u00C2\u00A0Analytical\u00C2\u00A0Chemistry,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A020,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A0886\u00E2\u0080\u0090889.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Amouric,\u00C2\u00A0M.,\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 Baronnet,\u00C2\u00A0 A.,\u00C2\u00A0 1983,\u00C2\u00A0 Effect\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 early\u00C2\u00A0 nucleation\u00C2\u00A0 conditions\u00C2\u00A0 on\u00C2\u00A0 synthetic\u00C2\u00A0muscovite\u00C2\u00A0 polytypism\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0seen\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0high\u00C2\u00A0resolution\u00C2\u00A0transmission\u00C2\u00A0electron\u00C2\u00A0microscopy:\u00C2\u00A0Physics\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Chemistry\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0Minerals,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A09,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A0146\u00E2\u0080\u0090159.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Arehart,\u00C2\u00A0G.,\u00C2\u00A0Eldridge,\u00C2\u00A0C.,\u00C2\u00A0Chryssoulis,\u00C2\u00A0S.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Kesler,\u00C2\u00A0 S.,\u00C2\u00A01993,\u00C2\u00A0 Ion\u00C2\u00A0microprobe\u00C2\u00A0determination\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 sulfur\u00C2\u00A0 isotope\u00C2\u00A0 variations\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 iron\u00C2\u00A0 sulfides\u00C2\u00A0 from\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 Post/Betze\u00C2\u00A0 sediment\u00E2\u0080\u0090hosted\u00C2\u00A0 disseminated\u00C2\u00A0 gold\u00C2\u00A0 deposit,\u00C2\u00A0Nevada,\u00C2\u00A0USA:\u00C2\u00A0Geochimica\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0Cosmochimica\u00C2\u00A0Acta,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A057,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A01505\u00E2\u0080\u00901519.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Arehart,\u00C2\u00A0G.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Donelick,\u00C2\u00A0R.,\u00C2\u00A02006,\u00C2\u00A0Thermal\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0isotopic\u00C2\u00A0profiling\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Pipeline\u00C2\u00A0hydrothermal\u00C2\u00A0system:\u00C2\u00A0 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epizonal\u00C2\u00A0pelites:\u00C2\u00A0European\u00C2\u00A0Journal\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Mineralogy,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A08,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A01119\u00E2\u0080\u00901137.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Bakken,\u00C2\u00A0B.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Einaudi,\u00C2\u00A0M.,\u00C2\u00A01986,\u00C2\u00A0Spatial\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0temporal\u00C2\u00A0relation\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A0wall\u00C2\u00A0rock\u00C2\u00A0alteration\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0gold\u00C2\u00A0 mineralization,\u00C2\u00A0main\u00C2\u00A0pit,\u00C2\u00A0Carlin\u00C2\u00A0gold\u00C2\u00A0mine,\u00C2\u00A0Nevada,\u00C2\u00A0USA,\u00C2\u00A0Volume\u00C2\u00A086,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A0388\u00E2\u0080\u0093403.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Barker,\u00C2\u00A0 S.,\u00C2\u00A0Hickey,\u00C2\u00A0 K.,\u00C2\u00A0 Cline,\u00C2\u00A0 J.,\u00C2\u00A0Dipple,\u00C2\u00A0G.,\u00C2\u00A0 Kilburn,\u00C2\u00A0M.,\u00C2\u00A0 Vaughan,\u00C2\u00A0 J.,\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 Longo,\u00C2\u00A0A.,\u00C2\u00A0 2009,\u00C2\u00A0Uncloaking\u00C2\u00A0 Invisible\u00C2\u00A0Gold:\u00C2\u00A0Use\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Nanosims\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Evaluate\u00C2\u00A0Gold,\u00C2\u00A0Trace\u00C2\u00A0Elements,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Sulfur\u00C2\u00A0Isotopes\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0pyrite\u00C2\u00A0 from\u00C2\u00A0Carlin\u00E2\u0080\u0090Type\u00C2\u00A0Gold\u00C2\u00A0Deposits:\u00C2\u00A0Economic\u00C2\u00A0Geology,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A0104,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A0897\u00E2\u0080\u0090904.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Baronnet,\u00C2\u00A0A.,\u00C2\u00A01980,\u00C2\u00A0Polytypism\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0micas:\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0survey\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0emphasis\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0crystal\u00C2\u00A0growth\u00C2\u00A0aspect:\u00C2\u00A0Current\u00C2\u00A0 topics\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0materials\u00C2\u00A0science,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A05,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A0447\u00E2\u0080\u0090548.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Battaglia,\u00C2\u00A0S.,\u00C2\u00A02004,\u00C2\u00A0Variations\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0chemical\u00C2\u00A0composition\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0illite\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0five\u00C2\u00A0geothermal\u00C2\u00A0fields:\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0possible\u00C2\u00A0 geothermometer:\u00C2\u00A0Clay\u00C2\u00A0Minerals,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A039,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A0501\u00E2\u0080\u0090510.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Bauer,\u00C2\u00A0A.,\u00C2\u00A0Velde,\u00C2\u00A0B.,\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0Gaupp,\u00C2\u00A0R.,\u00C2\u00A02000,\u00C2\u00A0Experimental\u00C2\u00A0 constraints\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0 illite\u00C2\u00A0 crystal\u00C2\u00A0morphology:\u00C2\u00A0Clay\u00C2\u00A0 Minerals,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A035,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A0587\u00E2\u0080\u0090597.\u00C2\u00A0 81\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Bickle,\u00C2\u00A0M.J.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0McKenzie,\u00C2\u00A0D.,\u00C2\u00A01987,\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0transport\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0heat\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0matter\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0fluids\u00C2\u00A0during\u00C2\u00A0metamorphism:\u00C2\u00A0 Contributions\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Mineralogy\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Petrology,\u00C2\u00A0v.95,\u00C2\u00A0p.384\u00E2\u0080\u0090392.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Blenkinsop,\u00C2\u00A0 T.,\u00C2\u00A0 1988,\u00C2\u00A0 Definition\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 low\u00E2\u0080\u0090grade\u00C2\u00A0metamorphic\u00C2\u00A0 zones\u00C2\u00A0 using\u00C2\u00A0 illite\u00C2\u00A0 crystallinity:\u00C2\u00A0 Journal\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 Metamorphic\u00C2\u00A0Geology,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A06,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A0623\u00E2\u0080\u0090628.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Blevings,\u00C2\u00A0 S.,\u00C2\u00A0 Vancouver,\u00C2\u00A0 B.,\u00C2\u00A0 Kennedy,\u00C2\u00A0 L.,\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 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example\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Panorama\u00C2\u00A0VHMS\u00C2\u00A0district,\u00C2\u00A0central\u00C2\u00A0Pilbara\u00C2\u00A0Craton:\u00C2\u00A0Geology,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A093,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A0292\u00E2\u0080\u0090303.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Ilchik,\u00C2\u00A0R.,\u00C2\u00A01990,\u00C2\u00A0Geology\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0geochemistry\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Vantage\u00C2\u00A0gold\u00C2\u00A0deposits:\u00C2\u00A0Alligator\u00C2\u00A0Ridge\u00E2\u0080\u0090Bald\u00C2\u00A0Mountain\u00C2\u00A0 mining\u00C2\u00A0district,\u00C2\u00A0Nevada:\u00C2\u00A0Economic\u00C2\u00A0Geology,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A085,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A050\u00E2\u0080\u009375.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Iuoup,\u00C2\u00A0A.,\u00C2\u00A0 1988,\u00C2\u00A0Mechanism\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 illite\u00C2\u00A0 formation\u00C2\u00A0during\u00C2\u00A0 smectite\u00E2\u0080\u0090to\u00E2\u0080\u0090illite\u00C2\u00A0 conversion\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 a\u00C2\u00A0hydrothermal\u00C2\u00A0 system:\u00C2\u00A0American\u00C2\u00A0Mineralogist,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A073,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A01325\u00E2\u0080\u00901334.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Ji,\u00C2\u00A0 J.,\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 Browne,\u00C2\u00A0 P.,\u00C2\u00A0 2000,\u00C2\u00A0 Relationship\u00C2\u00A0 between\u00C2\u00A0 illite\u00C2\u00A0 crystallinity\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 temperature\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 active\u00C2\u00A0 geothermal\u00C2\u00A0systems\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0New\u00C2\u00A0Zealand:\u00C2\u00A0Clays\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Clay\u00C2\u00A0Minerals,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A048,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A0139\u00E2\u0080\u0090144.\u00C2\u00A0 84\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Johns,\u00C2\u00A0W.,\u00C2\u00A0 Grim,\u00C2\u00A0 R.,\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 Bradley,\u00C2\u00A0W.,\u00C2\u00A0 1954,\u00C2\u00A0Quantitative\u00C2\u00A0 estimations\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 clay\u00C2\u00A0minerals\u00C2\u00A0 by\u00C2\u00A0 diffraction\u00C2\u00A0 methods:\u00C2\u00A0J.\u00C2\u00A0sediment.\u00C2\u00A0Petrol,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A024,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A0241\u00E2\u0080\u0093251.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Kelley,\u00C2\u00A0D.,\u00C2\u00A0Kelley,\u00C2\u00A0K.,\u00C2\u00A0Coker,\u00C2\u00A0W.,\u00C2\u00A0Caughlin,\u00C2\u00A0B.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Doherty,\u00C2\u00A0M.,\u00C2\u00A02006,\u00C2\u00A0Beyond\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0obvious\u00C2\u00A0 limits\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0ore\u00C2\u00A0 deposits:\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 use\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 mineralogical,\u00C2\u00A0 geochemical,\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 biological\u00C2\u00A0 features\u00C2\u00A0 for\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 remote\u00C2\u00A0 detection\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0mineralization:\u00C2\u00A0Economic\u00C2\u00A0Geology,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A0101,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A0729\u00E2\u0080\u0090752.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Kelson,\u00C2\u00A0C.,\u00C2\u00A0Crowe,\u00C2\u00A0D.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Stein,\u00C2\u00A0H.,\u00C2\u00A02005,\u00C2\u00A0Geochronology\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0geochemistry\u00C2\u00A0o\u00C2\u00A3\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Hilltop,\u00C2\u00A0Lewis,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 Bullion\u00C2\u00A0mining\u00C2\u00A0districts\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0surrounding\u00C2\u00A0area,\u00C2\u00A0Battle\u00C2\u00A0Mountain\u00E2\u0080\u0090Eureka\u00C2\u00A0trend,\u00C2\u00A0Nevada,\u00C2\u00A0Geological\u00C2\u00A0 Society\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Nevada,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A025.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u0094,\u00C2\u00A02008,\u00C2\u00A0Geochemical\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Geochronological\u00C2\u00A0Constraints\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0Mineralization\u00C2\u00A0within\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Hilltop,\u00C2\u00A0Lewis,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 Bullion\u00C2\u00A0Mining\u00C2\u00A0Districts,\u00C2\u00A0Battle\u00C2\u00A0Mountain\u00E2\u0080\u0090Eureka\u00C2\u00A0Trend,\u00C2\u00A0Nevada:\u00C2\u00A0Economic\u00C2\u00A0Geology,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A0103,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A0 1483\u00E2\u0080\u00901506.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Kisch,\u00C2\u00A0H.,\u00C2\u00A01990,\u00C2\u00A0Calibration\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0anchizone:\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0 critical\u00C2\u00A0 comparison\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 illite'crystallinity'scales\u00C2\u00A0used\u00C2\u00A0 for\u00C2\u00A0 definition:\u00C2\u00A0Journal\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Metamorphic\u00C2\u00A0Geology,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A08,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A031\u00E2\u0080\u009046.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Kubler,\u00C2\u00A0B.,\u00C2\u00A0 1967,\u00C2\u00A0 La\u00C2\u00A0 cristallinite\u00C2\u00A0 de\u00C2\u00A0 l'illite\u00C2\u00A0 et\u00C2\u00A0 les\u00C2\u00A0 zones\u00C2\u00A0 tout\u00E2\u0080\u0090a\u00E2\u0080\u0090fait\u00C2\u00A0 superieures\u00C2\u00A0 du\u00C2\u00A0metamorphisme.,\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 Schaer,\u00C2\u00A0J.P.,\u00C2\u00A0ed.,\u00C2\u00A0Colloque\u00C2\u00A0sur\u00C2\u00A0les\u00C2\u00A0etages\u00C2\u00A0tectoniques:\u00C2\u00A0Baconniere,\u00C2\u00A0Neuchatel,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A0105\u00E2\u0080\u0090122.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 K\u00C3\u00BCbler,\u00C2\u00A0B.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 Jaboyedoff,\u00C2\u00A0M.,\u00C2\u00A02000,\u00C2\u00A0 Illite\u00C2\u00A0 crystallinity:\u00C2\u00A0CONCISE\u00C2\u00A0REVIEW\u00C2\u00A0PAPER:\u00C2\u00A0Comptes\u00C2\u00A0Rendus\u00C2\u00A0de\u00C2\u00A0 l'Acad\u00C3\u00A9mie\u00C2\u00A0des\u00C2\u00A0Sciences\u00E2\u0080\u0090Series\u00C2\u00A0IIA\u00E2\u0080\u0090Earth\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Planetary\u00C2\u00A0Science,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A0331,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A075\u00E2\u0080\u009089\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Kuehn,\u00C2\u00A0 C.,\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 Rose,\u00C2\u00A0 A.,\u00C2\u00A0 1992,\u00C2\u00A0 Geology\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 geochemistry\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0wall\u00E2\u0080\u0090rock\u00C2\u00A0 alteration\u00C2\u00A0 at\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 Carlin\u00C2\u00A0 gold\u00C2\u00A0 deposit,\u00C2\u00A0Nevada:\u00C2\u00A0Economic\u00C2\u00A0Geology,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A087,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A01697\u00E2\u0080\u00901721.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Lanson,\u00C2\u00A0B.,\u00C2\u00A0Velde,\u00C2\u00A0B.,\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0Meunier,\u00C2\u00A0A.,\u00C2\u00A0 1998,\u00C2\u00A0 Late\u00E2\u0080\u0090stage\u00C2\u00A0diagenesis\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 illitic\u00C2\u00A0 clay\u00C2\u00A0minerals\u00C2\u00A0 as\u00C2\u00A0 seen\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0 decomposition\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0X\u00E2\u0080\u0090ray\u00C2\u00A0diffraction\u00C2\u00A0patterns:\u00C2\u00A0Contrasted\u00C2\u00A0behaviors\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 sedimentary\u00C2\u00A0basins\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0 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the\u00C2\u00A0North\u00E2\u0080\u0090Central\u00C2\u00A0Northern\u00C2\u00A0 Nevada\u00C2\u00A0Rift,\u00C2\u00A0Field\u00C2\u00A0Trip\u00C2\u00A0Guidebook,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A08,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A0157\u00E2\u0080\u0093162.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Leblanc,\u00C2\u00A0M.,\u00C2\u00A01980,\u00C2\u00A0Chromite\u00C2\u00A0growth,\u00C2\u00A0dissolution\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0deformation\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0morphological\u00C2\u00A0view\u00C2\u00A0point:\u00C2\u00A0SEM\u00C2\u00A0 investigations:\u00C2\u00A0Mineralium\u00C2\u00A0Deposita,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A015,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A0201\u00E2\u0080\u0090210.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Lonker,\u00C2\u00A0 S.,\u00C2\u00A0 FitzGerald,\u00C2\u00A0 J.,\u00C2\u00A0 Hedenquist,\u00C2\u00A0 J.,\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 Walshe,\u00C2\u00A0 J.,\u00C2\u00A0 1990,\u00C2\u00A0 Mineral\u00E2\u0080\u0090fluid\u00C2\u00A0 interactions\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 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The\u00C2\u00A0 Spectral\u00C2\u00A0 Geologist\"\u00C2\u00A0 TSG\"\u00C2\u00A0 v\u00C2\u00A0 2.0\u00C2\u00A0 user\u00C2\u00A0 manual:\u00C2\u00A0 AusSpecInternational\u00C2\u00A0 Pty.\u00C2\u00A0 Ltd,\u00C2\u00A0Commonwealth\u00C2\u00A0 Scientific\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 Industrial\u00C2\u00A0Research\u00C2\u00A0Organisation\u00C2\u00A0 (CSIRO),\u00C2\u00A0Australia.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Meunier,\u00C2\u00A0A.,\u00C2\u00A01977,\u00C2\u00A0Les\u00C2\u00A0mecanismes\u00C2\u00A0de\u00C2\u00A0l'alteration\u00C2\u00A0des\u00C2\u00A0granites\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0le\u00C2\u00A0role\u00C2\u00A0des\u00C2\u00A0microsystemes:\u00C2\u00A0etude\u00C2\u00A0des\u00C2\u00A0 arenes\u00C2\u00A0du\u00C2\u00A0massif\u00C2\u00A0granatique\u00C2\u00A0de\u00C2\u00A0Parthenay\u00C2\u00A0(Deux\u00E2\u0080\u0090Se\u00C2\u00A0vres),\u00C2\u00A0PhD.\u00C2\u00A0Thesis,\u00C2\u00A0258p.\u00C2\u00A0 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in\u00C2\u00A0Nevada:\u00C2\u00A0Nevada\u00C2\u00A0Bureau\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Mines,\u00C2\u00A0Rept,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A013,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A0 47\u00E2\u0080\u009072.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Rose,\u00C2\u00A0 A.,\u00C2\u00A0 1970,\u00C2\u00A0 Zonal\u00C2\u00A0 relations\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 wallrock\u00C2\u00A0 alteration\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 sulfide\u00C2\u00A0 distribution\u00C2\u00A0 at\u00C2\u00A0 porphyry\u00C2\u00A0 copper\u00C2\u00A0 deposits:\u00C2\u00A0Economic\u00C2\u00A0Geology,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A065,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A0920\u00E2\u0080\u0090936.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Schleicher,\u00C2\u00A0 A.,\u00C2\u00A0 Warr,\u00C2\u00A0 L.,\u00C2\u00A0 Kober,\u00C2\u00A0 B.,\u00C2\u00A0 Laverret,\u00C2\u00A0 E.,\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 Clauer,\u00C2\u00A0 N.,\u00C2\u00A0 2006,\u00C2\u00A0 Episodic\u00C2\u00A0 mineralization\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 hydrothermal\u00C2\u00A0 illite\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 Soultz\u00E2\u0080\u0090sous\u00E2\u0080\u0090For\u00C3\u00AAts\u00C2\u00A0 granite\u00C2\u00A0 (Upper\u00C2\u00A0 Rhine\u00C2\u00A0 Graben,\u00C2\u00A0 France):\u00C2\u00A0 Contributions\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0Mineralogy\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Petrology,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A0152,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A0349\u00E2\u0080\u0090364.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Seedorff,\u00C2\u00A0E.,\u00C2\u00A0Dilles,\u00C2\u00A0 J.,\u00C2\u00A0Proffett\u00C2\u00A0 Jr,\u00C2\u00A0 J.,\u00C2\u00A0Einaudi,\u00C2\u00A0M.,\u00C2\u00A0Zurcher,\u00C2\u00A0L.,\u00C2\u00A0Stavast,\u00C2\u00A0W.,\u00C2\u00A0 Johnson,\u00C2\u00A0D.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Barton,\u00C2\u00A0M.,\u00C2\u00A0 2005,\u00C2\u00A0Porphyry\u00C2\u00A0deposits:\u00C2\u00A0Characteristics\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0origin\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0hypogene\u00C2\u00A0features:\u00C2\u00A0Economic\u00C2\u00A0Geology,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A0 100,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A0251\u00E2\u0080\u0093298.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 87\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Sillitoe,\u00C2\u00A0R.,\u00C2\u00A02010,\u00C2\u00A0Porphyry\u00C2\u00A0copper\u00C2\u00A0systems:\u00C2\u00A0Economic\u00C2\u00A0Geology,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A0105,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A03\u00E2\u0080\u009041.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Simon,\u00C2\u00A0G.,\u00C2\u00A0 Kesler,\u00C2\u00A0 S.,\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 Chryssoulis,\u00C2\u00A0 S.,\u00C2\u00A0 1999,\u00C2\u00A0Geochemistry\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 textures\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 gold\u00E2\u0080\u0090bearing\u00C2\u00A0 arsenian\u00C2\u00A0 pyrite,\u00C2\u00A0 Twin\u00C2\u00A0 Creeks,\u00C2\u00A0 Nevada;\u00C2\u00A0 implications\u00C2\u00A0 for\u00C2\u00A0 deposition\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 gold\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 Carlin\u00E2\u0080\u0090type\u00C2\u00A0 deposits:\u00C2\u00A0 Economic\u00C2\u00A0Geology,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A094,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A0405\u00E2\u0080\u0090421.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Simmons,\u00C2\u00A0 S.,\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 Browne,\u00C2\u00A0 P.,\u00C2\u00A0 2000,\u00C2\u00A0 Hydrothermal\u00C2\u00A0minerals\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 precious\u00C2\u00A0metals\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 Broadlands\u00E2\u0080\u0090 Ohaaki\u00C2\u00A0 geothermal\u00C2\u00A0 system:\u00C2\u00A0 Implications\u00C2\u00A0 for\u00C2\u00A0 understanding\u00C2\u00A0 low\u00E2\u0080\u0090sulfidation\u00C2\u00A0 epithermal\u00C2\u00A0 environments:\u00C2\u00A0Economic\u00C2\u00A0Geology,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A095,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A0971\u00E2\u0080\u0090999.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Srodon,\u00C2\u00A0J.,\u00C2\u00A0Drits,\u00C2\u00A0V.,\u00C2\u00A0McCarty,\u00C2\u00A0D.,\u00C2\u00A0Hsieh,\u00C2\u00A0J.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Eberl,\u00C2\u00A0D.,\u00C2\u00A02001,\u00C2\u00A0Quantitative\u00C2\u00A0X\u00E2\u0080\u0090ray\u00C2\u00A0diffraction\u00C2\u00A0analysis\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 clay\u00E2\u0080\u0090bearing\u00C2\u00A0rocks\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0random\u00C2\u00A0preparations:\u00C2\u00A0Clays\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Clay\u00C2\u00A0Minerals,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A049,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A0514\u00E2\u0080\u0090528.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Stager,\u00C2\u00A0H.,\u00C2\u00A01977,\u00C2\u00A0Geology\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Mineral\u00C2\u00A0Deposits\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Lander\u00C2\u00A0County,\u00C2\u00A0Nevada,\u00C2\u00A0Part\u00C2\u00A0 II\u00C2\u00A0Geology:\u00C2\u00A0Bulletin,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A0 88.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Stenger,\u00C2\u00A0D.,\u00C2\u00A0Kesler,\u00C2\u00A0S.,\u00C2\u00A0Peltonen,\u00C2\u00A0D.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Tapper,\u00C2\u00A0C.,\u00C2\u00A01998,\u00C2\u00A0Deposition\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0gold\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0carlin\u00E2\u0080\u0090type\u00C2\u00A0deposits;\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 role\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0sulfidation\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0decarbonation\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0Twin\u00C2\u00A0Creeks,\u00C2\u00A0Nevada:\u00C2\u00A0Economic\u00C2\u00A0Geology,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A093,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A0201\u00E2\u0080\u0090 215.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Sun,\u00C2\u00A0 Y.,\u00C2\u00A0 Seccombe,\u00C2\u00A0P.,\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 Yang,\u00C2\u00A0K.,\u00C2\u00A02001,\u00C2\u00A0Application\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 short\u00E2\u0080\u0090wave\u00C2\u00A0 infrared\u00C2\u00A0 spectroscopy\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0define\u00C2\u00A0 alteration\u00C2\u00A0 zones\u00C2\u00A0 associated\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 Elura\u00C2\u00A0 zinc\u00E2\u0080\u0090lead\u00E2\u0080\u0090silver\u00C2\u00A0deposit,\u00C2\u00A0NSW,\u00C2\u00A0Australia:\u00C2\u00A0 Journal\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 Geochemical\u00C2\u00A0exploration,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A073,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A011\u00E2\u0080\u009026.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Taylor,\u00C2\u00A0 H.P.,\u00C2\u00A0 1974,\u00C2\u00A0 The\u00C2\u00A0 Application\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 Oxygen\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 Hydrogen\u00C2\u00A0 Isotope\u00C2\u00A0 Studies\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0 Problems\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 Hydrothermal\u00C2\u00A0Alteration\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Ore\u00C2\u00A0Deposition:\u00C2\u00A0Economic\u00C2\u00A0Geology,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A069,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A0843\u00E2\u0080\u0090883.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Teal,\u00C2\u00A0L.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Jackson,\u00C2\u00A0M.,\u00C2\u00A02002,\u00C2\u00A0Geologic\u00C2\u00A0overview\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Carlin\u00C2\u00A0trend\u00C2\u00A0gold\u00C2\u00A0deposits:\u00C2\u00A0Gold\u00C2\u00A0deposits\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 Carlin\u00C2\u00A0trend:\u00C2\u00A0Nevada\u00C2\u00A0Bureau\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Mines\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Geology\u00C2\u00A0Bulletin,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A0111,\u00C2\u00A0204\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Tosdal,\u00C2\u00A0R.,\u00C2\u00A0Dilles,\u00C2\u00A0 J.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Cooke,\u00C2\u00A0D.,\u00C2\u00A02009,\u00C2\u00A0 From\u00C2\u00A0 source\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0 sinks\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0auriferous\u00C2\u00A0magmatic\u00E2\u0080\u0090hydrothermal\u00C2\u00A0 porphyry\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0epithermal\u00C2\u00A0deposits:\u00C2\u00A0Elements,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A05,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A0289\u00E2\u0080\u0090295.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Tosdal,\u00C2\u00A0R.,\u00C2\u00A0Wooden,\u00C2\u00A0J.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Kistler,\u00C2\u00A0R.,\u00C2\u00A02000,\u00C2\u00A0Inheritance\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Nevadan\u00C2\u00A0mineral\u00C2\u00A0belts\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0Neoproterozoic\u00C2\u00A0 continental\u00C2\u00A0breakup:\u00C2\u00A0Geology\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0ore\u00C2\u00A0deposits,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A015\u00E2\u0080\u009318.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 van\u00C2\u00A0de\u00C2\u00A0Kamp,\u00C2\u00A0P.,\u00C2\u00A02008,\u00C2\u00A0Smectite\u00E2\u0080\u0090illite\u00E2\u0080\u0090muscovite\u00C2\u00A0transformations,\u00C2\u00A0quartz\u00C2\u00A0dissolution,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0silica\u00C2\u00A0release\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0 shales:\u00C2\u00A0Clays\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Clay\u00C2\u00A0Minerals,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A056,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A066\u00E2\u0080\u009081.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Van\u00C2\u00A0Santen,\u00C2\u00A0R.,\u00C2\u00A01984,\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0Ostwald\u00C2\u00A0step\u00C2\u00A0rule:\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0Journal\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Physical\u00C2\u00A0Chemistry,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A088,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A05768\u00E2\u0080\u00905769.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 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\u00C2\u00A0 Whitney,\u00C2\u00A0 G.,\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 Northrop,\u00C2\u00A0 H.,\u00C2\u00A0 1988,\u00C2\u00A0 Experimental\u00C2\u00A0 investigation\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 smectite\u00E2\u0080\u0090to\u00E2\u0080\u0090illite\u00C2\u00A0 reaction\u00E2\u0080\u0090\u00E2\u0080\u0090dual\u00C2\u00A0 reaction\u00C2\u00A0mechanisms\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0oxygen\u00E2\u0080\u0090isotope\u00C2\u00A0systematics:\u00C2\u00A0American\u00C2\u00A0Mineralogist,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A073,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A077\u00E2\u0080\u009090.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Winterer,\u00C2\u00A0E.,\u00C2\u00A01968,\u00C2\u00A0Tectonic\u00C2\u00A0Erosion\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Roberts\u00C2\u00A0Mountains,\u00C2\u00A0Nevada:\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0Journal\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Geology,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A0347\u00E2\u0080\u0090 357.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Yang,\u00C2\u00A0K.,\u00C2\u00A0Browne,\u00C2\u00A0P.,\u00C2\u00A0Huntington,\u00C2\u00A0J.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Walshe,\u00C2\u00A0J.,\u00C2\u00A02001,\u00C2\u00A0Characterising\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0hydrothermal\u00C2\u00A0alteration\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 Broadlands\u00E2\u0080\u0090Ohaaki\u00C2\u00A0 geothermal\u00C2\u00A0 system,\u00C2\u00A0 New\u00C2\u00A0 Zealand,\u00C2\u00A0 using\u00C2\u00A0 short\u00E2\u0080\u0090wave\u00C2\u00A0 infrared\u00C2\u00A0 spectroscopy:\u00C2\u00A0Journal\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Volcanology\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Geothermal\u00C2\u00A0Research,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A0106,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A053\u00E2\u0080\u009065.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Yates,\u00C2\u00A0D.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Rosenberg,\u00C2\u00A0P.,\u00C2\u00A01997,\u00C2\u00A0Formation\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 stability\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0endmember\u00C2\u00A0 illite:\u00C2\u00A0 II.\u00C2\u00A0Solid\u00C2\u00A0equilibration\u00C2\u00A0 experiments\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0100\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0250\u00C2\u00A0C\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Pv,\u00C2\u00A0 soln:\u00C2\u00A0Geochimica\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0Cosmochimica\u00C2\u00A0Acta,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A061,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A03135\u00E2\u0080\u0090 3144.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Ye,\u00C2\u00A0Z.,\u00C2\u00A0Kesler,\u00C2\u00A0S.,\u00C2\u00A0Essene,\u00C2\u00A0E.,\u00C2\u00A0Zohar,\u00C2\u00A0P.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Borhauer,\u00C2\u00A0J.,\u00C2\u00A02003,\u00C2\u00A0Relation\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Carlin\u00E2\u0080\u0090type\u00C2\u00A0gold\u00C2\u00A0mineralization\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0 lithology,\u00C2\u00A0structure\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0alteration:\u00C2\u00A0Screamer\u00C2\u00A0zone,\u00C2\u00A0Betze\u00E2\u0080\u0090Post\u00C2\u00A0deposit,\u00C2\u00A0Nevada:\u00C2\u00A0Mineralium\u00C2\u00A0 Deposita,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A038,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A022\u00E2\u0080\u009038.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Yeh,\u00C2\u00A0H.,\u00C2\u00A01980,\u00C2\u00A0Ratios\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 late\u00E2\u0080\u0090stage\u00C2\u00A0dehydration\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0shales\u00C2\u00A0during\u00C2\u00A0burial:\u00C2\u00A0Geochimica\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0Cosmochimica\u00C2\u00A0 Acta,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A044,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A0341\u00E2\u0080\u0090352.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Zhang,\u00C2\u00A0G.,\u00C2\u00A0Wasyliuk,\u00C2\u00A0K.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Pan,\u00C2\u00A0Y.,\u00C2\u00A02001,\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0characterization\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0quantitative\u00C2\u00A0analysis\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0clay\u00C2\u00A0minerals\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 Athabasca\u00C2\u00A0 Basin,\u00C2\u00A0 Saskatchewan:\u00C2\u00A0 application\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 shortwave\u00C2\u00A0 infrared\u00C2\u00A0 reflectance\u00C2\u00A0 spectroscopy:\u00C2\u00A0Canadian\u00C2\u00A0Mineralogist,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A039,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A01347\u00E2\u0080\u00901363.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Zoback,\u00C2\u00A0M.,\u00C2\u00A0McKee,\u00C2\u00A0E.,\u00C2\u00A0Blakely,\u00C2\u00A0R.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Thompson,\u00C2\u00A0G.,\u00C2\u00A01994,\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0northern\u00C2\u00A0Nevada\u00C2\u00A0rift:\u00C2\u00A0Regional\u00C2\u00A0tectono\u00E2\u0080\u0090 magmatic\u00C2\u00A0relations\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0middle\u00C2\u00A0Miocene\u00C2\u00A0stress\u00C2\u00A0direction:\u00C2\u00A0Geological\u00C2\u00A0Society\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0America\u00C2\u00A0Bulletin,\u00C2\u00A0 v.\u00C2\u00A0106,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A0371\u00E2\u0080\u0090382.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 89\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 CHAPTER\u00C2\u00A0 4\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u0093\u00C2\u00A0 SHEDDING\u00C2\u00A0 LIGHT\u00C2\u00A0 ON\u00C2\u00A0 THE\u00C2\u00A0 ABYSS:\u00C2\u00A0 LATERAL\u00C2\u00A0 FLUID\u00C2\u00A0 FLOW\u00C2\u00A0 UNDERNEATH\u00C2\u00A0AND\u00C2\u00A0INTO\u00C2\u00A0CARLIN\u00E2\u0080\u0090TYPE\u00C2\u00A0GOLD\u00C2\u00A0DEPOSITS\u00C2\u00A0 4.1\u00C2\u00A0INTRODUCTION\u00C2\u00A0 Hydrothermal\u00C2\u00A0ore\u00C2\u00A0deposits\u00C2\u00A0form\u00C2\u00A0when\u00C2\u00A0metals\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0precipitated\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0hydrothermal\u00C2\u00A0fluid\u00C2\u00A0following\u00C2\u00A0 some\u00C2\u00A0 physiochemical\u00C2\u00A0 change;\u00C2\u00A0 i.e.,\u00C2\u00A0 acid\u00C2\u00A0 neutralization,\u00C2\u00A0 oxidation,\u00C2\u00A0 decreasing\u00C2\u00A0 temperature\u00C2\u00A0 and/or\u00C2\u00A0 pressure\u00C2\u00A0 (Barnes,\u00C2\u00A0 1997).\u00C2\u00A0 Ore\u00E2\u0080\u0090forming\u00C2\u00A0 fluids\u00C2\u00A0 are\u00C2\u00A0 generally\u00C2\u00A0 thought\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0 enter\u00C2\u00A0 hydrothermal\u00C2\u00A0 mineral\u00C2\u00A0 deposits\u00C2\u00A0via\u00C2\u00A0major\u00C2\u00A0fault\u00C2\u00A0structures,\u00C2\u00A0tapping\u00C2\u00A0some\u00C2\u00A0fluid\u00C2\u00A0reservoir\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0depth\u00C2\u00A0underneath\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0deposit.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0 presence\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 faults\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 cracks\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 country\u00C2\u00A0 rock\u00C2\u00A0 can\u00C2\u00A0 provide\u00C2\u00A0 higher\u00C2\u00A0 permeability\u00C2\u00A0 pathways\u00C2\u00A0 for\u00C2\u00A0 hydrothermal\u00C2\u00A0fluid,\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0otherwise\u00C2\u00A0 low\u00C2\u00A0permeability\u00C2\u00A0wall\u00C2\u00A0rock\u00C2\u00A0(Jiang\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.,\u00C2\u00A01997;\u00C2\u00A0Oliver\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Bons,\u00C2\u00A02001).\u00C2\u00A0 Conversely,\u00C2\u00A0faults\u00C2\u00A0can\u00C2\u00A0act\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0barriers\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0fluid\u00C2\u00A0flow\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0development\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0fine\u00C2\u00A0clay\u00E2\u0080\u0090rich\u00C2\u00A0gouge\u00C2\u00A0and/or\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 precipitation\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0hydrothermal\u00C2\u00A0cementation\u00C2\u00A0minerals\u00C2\u00A0(Sibson,\u00C2\u00A01992;\u00C2\u00A0Caine\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.,\u00C2\u00A01996).\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 In\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0shallow\u00C2\u00A0crust,\u00C2\u00A0fluid\u00C2\u00A0flow\u00C2\u00A0responsible\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0formation\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0many\u00C2\u00A0hydrothermal\u00C2\u00A0ore\u00C2\u00A0deposits\u00C2\u00A0 is\u00C2\u00A0 generally\u00C2\u00A0 thought\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0occur\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0dominantly\u00C2\u00A0vertical\u00C2\u00A0direction\u00C2\u00A0controlled\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0high\u00C2\u00A0angle\u00C2\u00A0 fault\u00C2\u00A0structures,\u00C2\u00A0 with\u00C2\u00A0fluids\u00C2\u00A0driven\u00C2\u00A0largely\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0buoyancy\u00C2\u00A0changes\u00C2\u00A0caused\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0thermal\u00C2\u00A0anomalies\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0depth\u00C2\u00A0i.e.\u00C2\u00A0skarn\u00C2\u00A0(Sillitoe\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0Bonham,\u00C2\u00A01990),\u00C2\u00A0epithermal\u00C2\u00A0(John\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.,\u00C2\u00A02003),\u00C2\u00A0VMS\u00C2\u00A0(Schardt\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.,\u00C2\u00A02005).\u00C2\u00A0Such\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0model\u00C2\u00A0implies\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0 ore\u00C2\u00A0 fluids\u00C2\u00A0well\u00C2\u00A0 up\u00C2\u00A0 directly\u00C2\u00A0 underneath\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 deposit.\u00C2\u00A0 The\u00C2\u00A0 role\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 lateral\u00C2\u00A0 fluid\u00C2\u00A0 flow\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 formation\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 hydrothermal\u00C2\u00A0 ore\u00C2\u00A0 deposits\u00C2\u00A0 is\u00C2\u00A0 generally\u00C2\u00A0 thought\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0 be\u00C2\u00A0 small,\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 is\u00C2\u00A0most\u00C2\u00A0 commonly\u00C2\u00A0 observed\u00C2\u00A0within\u00C2\u00A0 basin\u00E2\u0080\u0090hosted\u00C2\u00A0 stratabound\u00C2\u00A0 ore\u00C2\u00A0 deposits\u00C2\u00A0 such\u00C2\u00A0 as\u00C2\u00A0Mississippi\u00C2\u00A0 Valley\u00C2\u00A0 Type\u00C2\u00A0 deposits\u00C2\u00A0 (Garven\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 Freeze,\u00C2\u00A0 1984),\u00C2\u00A0where\u00C2\u00A0gravity\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0gradients\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0topography\u00C2\u00A0drive\u00C2\u00A0fluid\u00C2\u00A0flow.\u00C2\u00A0Computer\u00C2\u00A0simulations\u00C2\u00A0suggest\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0 order\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0lateral\u00C2\u00A0flow\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0dominate,\u00C2\u00A0horizontal\u00C2\u00A0permeability\u00C2\u00A0must\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0order\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0one\u00C2\u00A0hundred\u00C2\u00A0times\u00C2\u00A0 greater\u00C2\u00A0than\u00C2\u00A0vertical\u00C2\u00A0permeability\u00C2\u00A0(Rosenberg\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.,\u00C2\u00A01993;\u00C2\u00A0Dickson\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.,\u00C2\u00A01995;\u00C2\u00A0Fisher\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Becker,\u00C2\u00A01995).\u00C2\u00A0 Extensive\u00C2\u00A0lateral\u00C2\u00A0flow\u00C2\u00A0has\u00C2\u00A0been\u00C2\u00A0documented\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0some\u00C2\u00A0deposit\u00C2\u00A0settings\u00C2\u00A0up\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A08km\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0source\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0fluid\u00C2\u00A0 at\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0giant\u00C2\u00A0Bingham\u00C2\u00A0porphyry\u00C2\u00A0deposit\u00C2\u00A0(Sillitoe\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Bonham,\u00C2\u00A01990),\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0up\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A03km\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0 its\u00C2\u00A0magmatic\u00C2\u00A0 source\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0skarn\u00C2\u00A0deposits\u00C2\u00A0(Meinert,\u00C2\u00A01987).\u00C2\u00A0 Stable\u00C2\u00A0 isotope\u00C2\u00A0 analyses\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 carbon\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 oxygen\u00C2\u00A0 provide\u00C2\u00A0 a\u00C2\u00A0means\u00C2\u00A0 by\u00C2\u00A0which\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0map\u00C2\u00A0 fluid\u00C2\u00A0 flow\u00E2\u0080\u0090rock\u00C2\u00A0 interaction\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 determine\u00C2\u00A0 fluid\u00C2\u00A0 flow\u00C2\u00A0 pathways.\u00C2\u00A0 In\u00C2\u00A0 a\u00C2\u00A0 fluid\u00C2\u00A0 buffered\u00C2\u00A0 system,\u00C2\u00A0 such\u00C2\u00A0 as\u00C2\u00A0 Carlin\u00E2\u0080\u0090type\u00C2\u00A0 gold\u00C2\u00A0 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et\u00C2\u00A0al.,\u00C2\u00A02003).\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0Devonian\u00C2\u00A0Horse\u00C2\u00A0Canyon\u00C2\u00A0Formation\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0calcareous\u00C2\u00A0siltstone,\u00C2\u00A0mudstone\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0chert\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0 local\u00C2\u00A0 occurrences\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 sandstone\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 mudstone.\u00C2\u00A0 The\u00C2\u00A0 Devonian\u00C2\u00A0 Wenban\u00C2\u00A0 Formation\u00C2\u00A0 is\u00C2\u00A0 composed\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 laminated\u00C2\u00A0calcareous\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0dolomitic\u00C2\u00A0siltstones,\u00C2\u00A0micritic\u00C2\u00A0limestone,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0thick\u00C2\u00A0bioclasitc\u00C2\u00A0debris\u00C2\u00A0flows.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0 Silurian\u00C2\u00A0Roberts\u00C2\u00A0Mountain\u00C2\u00A0Formation\u00C2\u00A0 is\u00C2\u00A0dominated\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0 laminated\u00C2\u00A0dolostone,\u00C2\u00A0calcareous\u00C2\u00A0mudstone\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 calcareous\u00C2\u00A0 siltstone.\u00C2\u00A0 The\u00C2\u00A0Ordovician\u00C2\u00A0 Hanson\u00C2\u00A0 Creek\u00C2\u00A0 Formation\u00C2\u00A0 is\u00C2\u00A0 dominantly\u00C2\u00A0 a\u00C2\u00A0 sandy\u00C2\u00A0 dolostone.\u00C2\u00A0 The\u00C2\u00A0 overlying\u00C2\u00A0upper\u00C2\u00A0plate\u00C2\u00A0comprises\u00C2\u00A0siliciclastic\u00C2\u00A0units\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0rare\u00C2\u00A0occurrence\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0thin\u00C2\u00A0carbonate\u00C2\u00A0 lenses.\u00C2\u00A0 In\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0region\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Pipeline\u00C2\u00A0deposit,\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0volumetrically\u00C2\u00A0most\u00C2\u00A0extensive\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0upper\u00C2\u00A0plate\u00C2\u00A0clastic\u00C2\u00A0sediment\u00C2\u00A0 packages\u00C2\u00A0 is\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0Ordovician\u00C2\u00A0 Valmi\u00C2\u00A0 Formation\u00C2\u00A0 composed\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 several\u00C2\u00A0 thousand\u00C2\u00A0meters\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 chert,\u00C2\u00A0 quartz\u00C2\u00A0 arenite,\u00C2\u00A0 argillite,\u00C2\u00A0 slate,\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 greenstone\u00C2\u00A0 (Roberts,\u00C2\u00A0 1966).\u00C2\u00A0 The\u00C2\u00A0 Silurian\u00C2\u00A0 Elder\u00C2\u00A0 Formation\u00C2\u00A0 is\u00C2\u00A0 a\u00C2\u00A0 set\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 interbedded\u00C2\u00A0 shale,\u00C2\u00A0 siltstone,\u00C2\u00A0 chert,\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 feldspathic\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 calcareous\u00C2\u00A0 sandstone.\u00C2\u00A0 The\u00C2\u00A0 Devonian\u00C2\u00A0 Slaven\u00C2\u00A0 Formation\u00C2\u00A0 is\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0mixture\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0highly\u00C2\u00A0contorted\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0broken,\u00C2\u00A0black,\u00C2\u00A0nodular\u00C2\u00A0chert\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0some\u00C2\u00A0carbonaceous\u00C2\u00A0 shale\u00C2\u00A0partings.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 4.2.1\u00C2\u00A0Carlin\u00E2\u0080\u0090type\u00C2\u00A0Au\u00E2\u0080\u0090Mineralization\u00C2\u00A0 Carlin\u00E2\u0080\u0090type\u00C2\u00A0deposits\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0sediment\u00C2\u00A0hosted\u00C2\u00A0disseminated\u00C2\u00A0gold\u00C2\u00A0deposits\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0 largely\u00C2\u00A0restricted\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0north\u00E2\u0080\u0090eastern\u00C2\u00A0Nevada.\u00C2\u00A0Most\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0gold\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0disseminated\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0deposits\u00C2\u00A0within\u00C2\u00A0silty\u00C2\u00A0carbonate\u00C2\u00A0host\u00C2\u00A0rocks\u00C2\u00A0 that\u00C2\u00A0 were\u00C2\u00A0 decarbonatized\u00C2\u00A0 during\u00C2\u00A0 hydrothermal\u00C2\u00A0 alteration\u00C2\u00A0 (Cline\u00C2\u00A0 et\u00C2\u00A0 al.,\u00C2\u00A0 2005).\u00C2\u00A0 Gold\u00C2\u00A0 occurs\u00C2\u00A0 almost\u00C2\u00A0 exclusively\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0auriferous,\u00C2\u00A0trace\u00E2\u0080\u0090element\u00C2\u00A0rich\u00C2\u00A0pyrite\u00C2\u00A0rims\u00C2\u00A0(Barker\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.,\u00C2\u00A02009).\u00C2\u00A0Fluid\u00C2\u00A0inclusions\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0ore\u00E2\u0080\u0090stage\u00C2\u00A0 minerals\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0number\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Carlin\u00E2\u0080\u0090type\u00C2\u00A0gold\u00C2\u00A0deposits\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0provided\u00C2\u00A0constraints\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0temperature\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 composition\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0ore\u00E2\u0080\u0090forming\u00C2\u00A0fluids\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0Carlin\u00C2\u00A0systems.\u00C2\u00A0Fluids\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A0180\u00E2\u0080\u0090240\u00C2\u00B0C,\u00C2\u00A0slightly\u00C2\u00A0acidic\u00C2\u00A0(pH\u00C2\u00A0 ~4),\u00C2\u00A0reduced,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0low\u00C2\u00A0salinity\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0contain\u00C2\u00A0little\u00C2\u00A0CO2\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0CH4.\u00C2\u00A0Previous\u00C2\u00A0studies\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0shown\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0correlation\u00C2\u00A0 between\u00C2\u00A0elevated\u00C2\u00A0concentrations\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0As,\u00C2\u00A0Sb,\u00C2\u00A0Hg,\u00C2\u00A0Tl,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Te\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0 increasing\u00C2\u00A0gold\u00C2\u00A0concentration\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0Carlin\u00E2\u0080\u0090 type\u00C2\u00A0gold\u00C2\u00A0deposits\u00C2\u00A0(Emsbo\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.,\u00C2\u00A02003;\u00C2\u00A0Barker\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.,\u00C2\u00A02009;\u00C2\u00A0Almeida\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.,\u00C2\u00A02010).\u00C2\u00A0On\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0nanoscale,\u00C2\u00A0gold\u00E2\u0080\u0090 rich\u00C2\u00A0pyrite\u00C2\u00A0rims\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Banshee\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Turquoise\u00C2\u00A0ridge\u00C2\u00A0deposits\u00C2\u00A0exhibit\u00C2\u00A0elevated\u00C2\u00A0concentrations\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0 trace\u00C2\u00A0element\u00C2\u00A0assemblage\u00C2\u00A0when\u00C2\u00A0 compared\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0 rims\u00C2\u00A0where\u00C2\u00A0gold\u00C2\u00A0 is\u00C2\u00A0absent\u00C2\u00A0 (Barker\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.,\u00C2\u00A02009).\u00C2\u00A0 Stable\u00C2\u00A0 isotope\u00C2\u00A0analyses\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0ore\u00E2\u0080\u0090stage\u00C2\u00A0minerals\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0determine\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0source\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0ore\u00E2\u0080\u0090forming\u00C2\u00A0fluid\u00C2\u00A0indicate\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0fluids\u00C2\u00A0 were\u00C2\u00A0dominated\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0meteoric\u00C2\u00A0water;\u00C2\u00A0however\u00C2\u00A0some\u00C2\u00A0deposits\u00C2\u00A0exhibit\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0distinctly\u00C2\u00A0magmatic/\u00C2\u00A0metamorphic\u00C2\u00A0 isotope\u00C2\u00A0signature.\u00C2\u00A0 In\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 Pipeline\u00C2\u00A0 deposit,\u00C2\u00A0 economic\u00C2\u00A0 gold\u00C2\u00A0 grades\u00C2\u00A0 are\u00C2\u00A0 largely\u00C2\u00A0 restricted\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0Wenban\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 Roberts\u00C2\u00A0 Mountains\u00C2\u00A0Formations\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0lower\u00C2\u00A0grades\u00C2\u00A0contained\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Ordovician\u00C2\u00A0Hanson\u00C2\u00A0Creek\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Devonian\u00C2\u00A0Horse\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 93\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Canyon\u00C2\u00A0Formations.\u00C2\u00A0Gold\u00C2\u00A0grade\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0controlled\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0two\u00C2\u00A0main\u00C2\u00A0factors:\u00C2\u00A0(i)\u00C2\u00A0higher\u00C2\u00A0inherent\u00C2\u00A0permeability\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0has\u00C2\u00A0 made\u00C2\u00A0 them\u00C2\u00A0preferred\u00C2\u00A0hosts\u00C2\u00A0 for\u00C2\u00A0mineralization\u00C2\u00A0whereas\u00C2\u00A0massive\u00C2\u00A0 limestone,\u00C2\u00A0dolostone\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0marble\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0 not,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0(ii)\u00C2\u00A0secondary\u00C2\u00A0permeability\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0zones\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0brecciation\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0faulting,\u00C2\u00A0specifically\u00C2\u00A0duplex\u00C2\u00A0thrust\u00C2\u00A0fault\u00C2\u00A0 structures.\u00C2\u00A0Host\u00C2\u00A0 rocks\u00C2\u00A0 exhibit\u00C2\u00A0 a\u00C2\u00A0 local\u00C2\u00A0 addition\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 organic\u00C2\u00A0 carbon\u00C2\u00A0 typically\u00C2\u00A0 associated\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0 faults\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 fractures,\u00C2\u00A0however,\u00C2\u00A0no\u00C2\u00A0genetic\u00C2\u00A0 relationship\u00C2\u00A0has\u00C2\u00A0been\u00C2\u00A0established\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A0 carbon\u00C2\u00A0alteration\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0gold\u00C2\u00A0 mineralization.\u00C2\u00A0No\u00C2\u00A0 igneous\u00C2\u00A0 rocks\u00C2\u00A0 occur\u00C2\u00A0within\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 Pipeline\u00C2\u00A0 deposit\u00C2\u00A0 proper,\u00C2\u00A0 although\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0Gold\u00C2\u00A0 Acres\u00C2\u00A0 stock,\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0Cretaceous\u00C2\u00A0quartz\u00C2\u00A0monzonite\u00C2\u00A0pluton,\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0located\u00C2\u00A0less\u00C2\u00A0than\u00C2\u00A0one\u00C2\u00A0km\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0western\u00C2\u00A0edge\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 Pipeline\u00C2\u00A0deposit\u00C2\u00A0(Mortenson\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.,\u00C2\u00A02000).\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0stock\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0associated\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0poly\u00C2\u00A0metallic\u00C2\u00A0skarn\u00C2\u00A0mineralization\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Gold\u00C2\u00A0Acres\u00C2\u00A0deposit,\u00C2\u00A0adjacent\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Pipeline\u00C2\u00A0deposit.\u00C2\u00A0Lower\u00C2\u00A0plate\u00C2\u00A0limestone\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0limey\u00E2\u0080\u0090siltstone\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0Pipeline\u00C2\u00A0deposit\u00C2\u00A0 are\u00C2\u00A0 locally\u00C2\u00A0 contact\u00C2\u00A0metamorphosed\u00C2\u00A0 evidenced\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0occurrence\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0marble\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 tremolite\u00C2\u00A0crystals.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 4.2.2\u00C2\u00A0Previous\u00C2\u00A0isotope\u00C2\u00A0studies\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Pipeline\u00C2\u00A0Deposit\u00C2\u00A0 Previous\u00C2\u00A0work\u00C2\u00A0analyzing\u00C2\u00A0 light\u00C2\u00A0stable\u00C2\u00A0 isotopes\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0carbonate\u00C2\u00A0minerals\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0carried\u00C2\u00A0out\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0Arehart\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0Donelick\u00C2\u00A0 (2006),\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Rye\u00C2\u00A0 (1985)\u00C2\u00A0who\u00C2\u00A0 identified\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0\u00EF\u0081\u00A418O\u00C2\u00A0 isotopic\u00C2\u00A0depletion\u00C2\u00A0halo\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0carbonate\u00C2\u00A0 rocks\u00C2\u00A0 around\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 Pipeline\u00C2\u00A0 gold\u00C2\u00A0 deposit.\u00C2\u00A0 These\u00C2\u00A0 studies\u00C2\u00A0 identified\u00C2\u00A0 a\u00C2\u00A0 characteristic\u00C2\u00A0 depletion\u00C2\u00A0 trend\u00C2\u00A0 from\u00C2\u00A0 unaltered\u00C2\u00A0rocks\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0altered\u00C2\u00A0rocks.\u00C2\u00A0Unaltered\u00C2\u00A0rocks\u00C2\u00A0exhibited\u00C2\u00A0\u00EF\u0081\u00A418O\u00E2\u0080\u0090enriched\u00C2\u00A0 isotope\u00C2\u00A0signatures\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0\u00EF\u0081\u00A418O\u00C2\u00A0 values\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0~23\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u00B0.\u00C2\u00A0Altered\u00C2\u00A0carbonate\u00C2\u00A0rocks\u00C2\u00A0exhibited\u00C2\u00A0more\u00C2\u00A0\u00EF\u0081\u00A418O\u00C2\u00A0depleted\u00C2\u00A0values\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0~11\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u00B0.\u00C2\u00A0A\u00C2\u00A0generally\u00C2\u00A0 positive\u00C2\u00A0 relationship\u00C2\u00A0 between\u00C2\u00A0 carbon\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 oxygen\u00C2\u00A0 depletion\u00C2\u00A0 is\u00C2\u00A0 apparent\u00C2\u00A0 from\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 data\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 previous\u00C2\u00A0 studies\u00C2\u00A0(Arehart\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Donelick,\u00C2\u00A02006).\u00C2\u00A0Carbon\u00C2\u00A0isotope\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0more\u00C2\u00A0erratic\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0exhibits\u00C2\u00A0less\u00C2\u00A0variation\u00C2\u00A0than\u00C2\u00A0 oxygen\u00C2\u00A0isotope\u00C2\u00A0data.\u00C2\u00A0\u00EF\u0081\u00A413C\u00C2\u00A0values\u00C2\u00A0vary\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u00905.5\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u0093\u00C2\u00A00.4\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u00B0.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0general\u00C2\u00A0lowering\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0\u00EF\u0081\u00A413C\u00C2\u00A0values\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0typical\u00C2\u00A0 marine\u00C2\u00A0 carbonate\u00C2\u00A0 values\u00C2\u00A0 (~0.0\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u00B0)\u00C2\u00A0may\u00C2\u00A0 reflect\u00C2\u00A0 some\u00C2\u00A0 conversion\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0organic\u00C2\u00A0 carbon\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0 carbonate\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 subsequent\u00C2\u00A0exchange\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0rock\u00C2\u00A0carbonate.\u00C2\u00A0Because\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0amount\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0organic\u00C2\u00A0carbon\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0relatively\u00C2\u00A0minor\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0 comparison\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0amount\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0rock\u00C2\u00A0carbonate\u00C2\u00A0carbon,\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0changes\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0rock\u00C2\u00A0carbon\u00C2\u00A0 isotopes\u00C2\u00A0 is\u00C2\u00A0generally\u00C2\u00A0 fairly\u00C2\u00A0minimal\u00C2\u00A0 (Arehart\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Donelick,\u00C2\u00A02006).\u00C2\u00A0Data\u00C2\u00A0published\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0Arehart\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Donelick\u00C2\u00A0 (2006)\u00C2\u00A0has\u00C2\u00A0been\u00C2\u00A0 incorporated\u00C2\u00A0into\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0study.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 4.3\u00C2\u00A0FAULT\u00C2\u00A0RELATED\u00C2\u00A0FLUID\u00C2\u00A0FLOW\u00C2\u00A0IN\u00C2\u00A0CARLIN\u00C2\u00A0SYSTEMS\u00C2\u00A0AND\u00C2\u00A0THE\u00C2\u00A0ABYSS\u00C2\u00A0FAULT\u00C2\u00A0 Many\u00C2\u00A0studies\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0highlighted\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 importance\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 large\u00C2\u00A0 fault\u00C2\u00A0structures\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0 fluid\u00C2\u00A0 flow\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0Carlin\u00C2\u00A0 type\u00C2\u00A0 deposits\u00C2\u00A0(Radtke\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.,\u00C2\u00A01980;\u00C2\u00A0Kuehn\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Rose,\u00C2\u00A01992;\u00C2\u00A0Ressel\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.,\u00C2\u00A02000).\u00C2\u00A0On\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0regional\u00C2\u00A0scale,\u00C2\u00A0Carlin\u00E2\u0080\u0090 type\u00C2\u00A0deposits\u00C2\u00A0occur\u00C2\u00A0along\u00C2\u00A0NE\u00E2\u0080\u0090SW\u00C2\u00A0trending\u00C2\u00A0 lineaments\u00C2\u00A0 including\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Carlin\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Battle\u00C2\u00A0Mountain\u00E2\u0080\u0090Eureka\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 94\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 mineral\u00C2\u00A0belts.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0alignment\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Carlin\u00E2\u0080\u0090type\u00C2\u00A0deposits\u00C2\u00A0 is\u00C2\u00A0thought\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0reflect\u00C2\u00A0major\u00C2\u00A0basement\u00C2\u00A0 fault\u00C2\u00A0 fabrics\u00C2\u00A0 established\u00C2\u00A0during\u00C2\u00A0Neoproterozoic\u00C2\u00A0 rifting\u00C2\u00A0 (Roberts,\u00C2\u00A01966;\u00C2\u00A0 Tosdal\u00C2\u00A0 et\u00C2\u00A0 al.,\u00C2\u00A02000).\u00C2\u00A0 The\u00C2\u00A0Roberts\u00C2\u00A0Mountain\u00C2\u00A0 thrust\u00C2\u00A0fault,\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0result\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0compression\u00C2\u00A0during\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Antler\u00C2\u00A0Orogeny,\u00C2\u00A0defines\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0upper\u00C2\u00A0stratigraphical\u00C2\u00A0limit\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0 gold\u00C2\u00A0mineralization\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0most\u00C2\u00A0 Carlin\u00E2\u0080\u0090type\u00C2\u00A0 gold\u00C2\u00A0 deposits.\u00C2\u00A0 On\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 deposit\u00C2\u00A0 scale,\u00C2\u00A0 individual\u00C2\u00A0 deposits\u00C2\u00A0 are\u00C2\u00A0 typically\u00C2\u00A0fault\u00C2\u00A0controlled;\u00C2\u00A0examples\u00C2\u00A0 include\u00C2\u00A0Carlin\u00C2\u00A0(Kuehn\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Rose,\u00C2\u00A01992),\u00C2\u00A0Getchell\u00C2\u00A0(Cline\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Hofstra,\u00C2\u00A0 2000),\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Meikle\u00C2\u00A0(Emsbo\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.,\u00C2\u00A02003).\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0Post\u00E2\u0080\u0090Genesis\u00C2\u00A0fault\u00C2\u00A0system\u00C2\u00A0has\u00C2\u00A0been\u00C2\u00A0identified\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0significant\u00C2\u00A0 conduit\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0mineralizing\u00C2\u00A0 fluid\u00C2\u00A0 forming\u00C2\u00A0 a\u00C2\u00A0 network\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 Carlin\u00E2\u0080\u0090type\u00C2\u00A0 deposits\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0Northern\u00C2\u00A0 Carlin\u00C2\u00A0 trend\u00C2\u00A0 including\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0giant\u00C2\u00A0Betze\u00E2\u0080\u0090Post\u00C2\u00A0deposit\u00C2\u00A0(Leonardson\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Rahn,\u00C2\u00A01996).\u00C2\u00A0Mineralization\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0these\u00C2\u00A0systems\u00C2\u00A0 is\u00C2\u00A0 thought\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0passive\u00C2\u00A0process\u00C2\u00A0whereby\u00C2\u00A0fluids\u00C2\u00A0flowed\u00C2\u00A0along\u00C2\u00A0reactivated\u00C2\u00A0older\u00C2\u00A0faults.\u00C2\u00A0Only\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0few\u00C2\u00A0cases\u00C2\u00A0 is\u00C2\u00A0 there\u00C2\u00A0 evidence\u00C2\u00A0 for\u00C2\u00A0 over\u00E2\u0080\u0090pressuring\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0 supra\u00E2\u0080\u0090lithostatic\u00C2\u00A0 pressures\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 development\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 new\u00C2\u00A0 fault\u00C2\u00A0 systems\u00C2\u00A0(Kuehn\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Rose,\u00C2\u00A01992;\u00C2\u00A0Cline\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Hofstra,\u00C2\u00A02000;\u00C2\u00A0Heitt\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.,\u00C2\u00A02003).\u00C2\u00A0 No\u00C2\u00A0major\u00C2\u00A0 structures\u00C2\u00A0 have\u00C2\u00A0 been\u00C2\u00A0 identified\u00C2\u00A0 as\u00C2\u00A0 feeder\u00C2\u00A0 zones\u00C2\u00A0 for\u00C2\u00A0 ore\u00E2\u0080\u0090forming\u00C2\u00A0 fluid\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 Pipeline\u00C2\u00A0 deposit.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0Pipeline\u00C2\u00A0deposit\u00C2\u00A0 is,\u00C2\u00A0however,\u00C2\u00A0unique\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 that\u00C2\u00A0 it\u00C2\u00A0 is\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0only\u00C2\u00A0 locality\u00C2\u00A0 identified\u00C2\u00A0where\u00C2\u00A0 lower\u00C2\u00A0 plate\u00C2\u00A0has\u00C2\u00A0been\u00C2\u00A0thrust\u00C2\u00A0over\u00C2\u00A0upper\u00C2\u00A0plate\u00C2\u00A0cross\u00E2\u0080\u0090cutting\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0RMT.\u00C2\u00A0Figure\u00C2\u00A04.2\u00C2\u00A0presents\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0schematic\u00C2\u00A0section\u00C2\u00A0 though\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0Pipeline\u00C2\u00A0deposit.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0Abyss\u00C2\u00A0 fault\u00C2\u00A0 is\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0major\u00C2\u00A0structural\u00C2\u00A0 feature\u00C2\u00A0underlying\u00C2\u00A0mineralization\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 Pipeline\u00C2\u00A0 deposit.\u00C2\u00A0 3D\u00C2\u00A0modeling\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 Abyss\u00C2\u00A0 fault\u00C2\u00A0 surface\u00C2\u00A0 indicates\u00C2\u00A0 that\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 fault\u00C2\u00A0 is\u00C2\u00A0 curvi\u00E2\u0080\u0090planar,\u00C2\u00A0 dipping\u00C2\u00A0variably\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0south\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0southwest\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0projected\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0intersect\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0surface\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0North\u00C2\u00A0end\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0Pipeline\u00C2\u00A0property\u00C2\u00A0(Barrick\u00C2\u00A0Gold\u00C2\u00A0Corporation\u00C2\u00A0internal\u00C2\u00A0report).\u00C2\u00A0Structural\u00C2\u00A0mapping\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Pipeline\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 Gold\u00C2\u00A0 Acres\u00C2\u00A0 deposits\u00C2\u00A0 suggests\u00C2\u00A0 that\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 RMT\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 Abyss\u00C2\u00A0 fault\u00C2\u00A0 are\u00C2\u00A0 part\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 a\u00C2\u00A0 duplex\u00C2\u00A0 fault/fold\u00C2\u00A0 culmination\u00C2\u00A0similar\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0hinterland\u00C2\u00A0dipping\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0antiformal\u00C2\u00A0stacked\u00C2\u00A0duplexes\u00C2\u00A0described\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0Boyer\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 Elliott\u00C2\u00A0 (1982).\u00C2\u00A0 The\u00C2\u00A0 RMT\u00C2\u00A0 represents\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 roof\u00C2\u00A0 thrust,\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0Abyss\u00C2\u00A0 represents\u00C2\u00A0 a\u00C2\u00A0 younger\u00C2\u00A0 floor\u00C2\u00A0 thrust\u00C2\u00A0 (Leonardson,\u00C2\u00A0 2010).\u00C2\u00A0 Imbricate\u00C2\u00A0 faults\u00C2\u00A0 stemming\u00C2\u00A0 from\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 Abyss\u00C2\u00A0 floor\u00C2\u00A0 thrust\u00C2\u00A0 may\u00C2\u00A0 have\u00C2\u00A0 provided\u00C2\u00A0 a\u00C2\u00A0 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0.01\u00E2\u0080\u009010,000 Tl\u00C2\u00A0 Aqua\u00C2\u00A0regia\u00C2\u00A0digestion 0.02\u00E2\u0080\u009010,000 Te\u00C2\u00A0 Aqua\u00C2\u00A0regia\u00C2\u00A0digestion 0.01\u00E2\u0080\u0090500 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 4.4.1\u00C2\u00A0Background\u00C2\u00A0\u00EF\u0081\u00A418O,\u00C2\u00A0\u00EF\u0081\u00A413C,\u00C2\u00A0Au\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0trace\u00C2\u00A0element\u00C2\u00A0values\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0marine\u00C2\u00A0carbonate\u00C2\u00A0rocks\u00C2\u00A0 The\u00C2\u00A0Lone\u00C2\u00A0Mountain\u00C2\u00A0area,\u00C2\u00A0central\u00C2\u00A0Nevada,\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0classic\u00C2\u00A0section\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0unaltered,\u00C2\u00A0unmineralized\u00C2\u00A0lower\u00C2\u00A0 plate\u00C2\u00A0 rock\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 includes\u00C2\u00A0all\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 formations\u00C2\u00A0observed\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0Pipeline\u00C2\u00A0deposit\u00C2\u00A0 (Figure\u00C2\u00A04.4)\u00C2\u00A0 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VPDB\u00C2\u00A0(Peedee\u00C2\u00A0Belemnite).\u00C2\u00A0\u00EF\u0081\u00A418O\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0\u00EF\u0081\u00A413C\u00C2\u00A0values\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0background\u00C2\u00A0samples\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0Lone\u00C2\u00A0Mountain\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0shown\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0Table\u00C2\u00A04.2.\u00C2\u00A0Background\u00C2\u00A0samples\u00C2\u00A0show\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0range\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0\u00EF\u0081\u00A418O\u00C2\u00A0values\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A024.3\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u0093\u00C2\u00A027.2\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u00B0\u00C2\u00A0which\u00C2\u00A0 is\u00C2\u00A0consistent\u00C2\u00A0 with\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 range\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0previously\u00C2\u00A0 reported\u00C2\u00A0global\u00C2\u00A0values\u00C2\u00A0 for\u00C2\u00A0Silurian\u00E2\u0080\u0090Devonian\u00C2\u00A0marine\u00C2\u00A0carbonate\u00C2\u00A0 (Veizer\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0 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values\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 background\u00C2\u00A0 samples\u00C2\u00A0 from\u00C2\u00A0 this\u00C2\u00A0 study\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0within\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 range\u00C2\u00A0previously\u00C2\u00A0 reported\u00C2\u00A0 for\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0Lone\u00C2\u00A0Mountain\u00C2\u00A0 area\u00C2\u00A0(Finney\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.,\u00C2\u00A01999).\u00C2\u00A0A\u00C2\u00A0sample\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0considered\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0depleted\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0\u00CE\u00B413C\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0values\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0significantly\u00C2\u00A0higher\u00C2\u00A0 or\u00C2\u00A0lower\u00C2\u00A0than\u00C2\u00A0typical\u00C2\u00A0marine\u00C2\u00A0carbonate\u00C2\u00A0values.\u00C2\u00A0 Aside\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0one\u00C2\u00A0sample\u00C2\u00A0containing\u00C2\u00A00.155ppm\u00C2\u00A0Au,\u00C2\u00A0all\u00C2\u00A0other\u00C2\u00A0samples\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0Lone\u00C2\u00A0Mountain\u00C2\u00A0contain\u00C2\u00A0 gold\u00C2\u00A0concentrations\u00C2\u00A0<0.075\u00C2\u00A0ppm.\u00C2\u00A0Given\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0lack\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0ore\u00E2\u0080\u0090grade\u00C2\u00A0gold\u00C2\u00A0mineralization,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0apparent\u00C2\u00A0lack\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0extensive\u00C2\u00A0 interaction\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0hydrothermal\u00C2\u00A0 fluid\u00C2\u00A0 (as\u00C2\u00A0evidenced\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0stable\u00C2\u00A0 isotope\u00C2\u00A0analyses),\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0Lone\u00C2\u00A0 Mountain\u00C2\u00A0 samples\u00C2\u00A0can\u00C2\u00A0also\u00C2\u00A0provide\u00C2\u00A0 some\u00C2\u00A0 insight\u00C2\u00A0 into\u00C2\u00A0background\u00C2\u00A0values\u00C2\u00A0 for\u00C2\u00A0Au,\u00C2\u00A0As,\u00C2\u00A0Sb,\u00C2\u00A0Tl,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Te\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 marine\u00C2\u00A0carbonate\u00C2\u00A0rocks\u00C2\u00A0 (Table\u00C2\u00A04.2).\u00C2\u00A0Arsenic\u00C2\u00A0values\u00C2\u00A0range\u00C2\u00A0 from\u00C2\u00A0below\u00C2\u00A0detection\u00C2\u00A0 limit\u00C2\u00A0 (<0.1\u00C2\u00A0ppm)\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A026\u00C2\u00A0 ppm.\u00C2\u00A0Antimony\u00C2\u00A0concentrations\u00C2\u00A0don\u00E2\u0080\u0099t\u00C2\u00A0exceed\u00C2\u00A01\u00C2\u00A0ppm.\u00C2\u00A0All\u00C2\u00A0Tl\u00C2\u00A0values\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0below\u00C2\u00A0detection\u00C2\u00A0 limit,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Te\u00C2\u00A0 is\u00C2\u00A0 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\u00EF\u0081\u00A4\u00EF\u0080\u00B1\u00EF\u0080\u00B8\u00EF\u0081\u008F\u00EF\u0080\u00A0\u00EF\u0080\u00A8\u00E2\u0080\u00B0\u00EF\u0080\u00A9\u00EF\u0080\u00A0 Au\u00C2\u00A0 (ppm)\u00C2\u00A0 As\u00C2\u00A0 (ppm)\u00C2\u00A0 Sb\u00C2\u00A0 (ppm)\u00C2\u00A0 Hg\u00C2\u00A0 (ppm)\u00C2\u00A0 Tl\u00C2\u00A0 (ppm)\u00C2\u00A0 Te\u00C2\u00A0 (ppm)\u00C2\u00A0 Hanson\u00C2\u00A0Creek\u00C2\u00A0Fm.\u00C2\u00A0 Limestone\u00C2\u00A0 4382291\u00C2\u00A0 562116\u00C2\u00A0 1.47\u00C2\u00A0 25.4\u00C2\u00A0 0.003\u00C2\u00A0 5\u00C2\u00A0 0.32\u00C2\u00A0 0.021\u00C2\u00A0 <0.5\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 Roberts\u00C2\u00A0Mountain\u00C2\u00A0Fm.\u00C2\u00A0 Silty\u00C2\u00A0Limestone\u00C2\u00A0 4382357\u00C2\u00A0 562266\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u00900.05\u00C2\u00A0 26.6\u00C2\u00A0 0.073\u00C2\u00A0 6\u00C2\u00A0 0.77\u00C2\u00A0 0.1\u00C2\u00A0 <0.5\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 Roberts\u00C2\u00A0Mountain\u00C2\u00A0Fm.\u00C2\u00A0 Silty\u00C2\u00A0Limestone\u00C2\u00A0 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presented\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0Table\u00C2\u00A04.3.\u00C2\u00A0A\u00C2\u00A0broadly\u00C2\u00A0positive\u00C2\u00A0relationship\u00C2\u00A0exists\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A0\u00EF\u0081\u00A418O\u00C2\u00A0depletion\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0\u00EF\u0081\u00A413C\u00C2\u00A0depletion\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0same\u00C2\u00A0samples;\u00C2\u00A0however,\u00C2\u00A0there\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0far\u00C2\u00A0less\u00C2\u00A0range\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0carbon\u00C2\u00A0isotope\u00C2\u00A0values\u00C2\u00A0(Figure\u00C2\u00A04.5).\u00C2\u00A0There\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0no\u00C2\u00A0 apparent\u00C2\u00A0 correlation\u00C2\u00A0 between\u00C2\u00A0 stratigraphic\u00C2\u00A0 formation\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 stable\u00C2\u00A0 isotope\u00C2\u00A0 composition\u00C2\u00A0 (Appendix\u00C2\u00A0 F).\u00C2\u00A0 Samples\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0different\u00C2\u00A0formations\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0differentiated\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0Figure\u00C2\u00A04.5.\u00C2\u00A0Samples\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0carbonate\u00C2\u00A0matrix\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0above\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Abyss\u00C2\u00A0fault\u00C2\u00A0ranged\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A03\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u00B0\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A025\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u00B0,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0\u00EF\u0081\u00A413C\u00C2\u00A0values\u00C2\u00A0range\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u009021.08\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A02.28\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u00B0.\u00C2\u00A0Only\u00C2\u00A0 four\u00C2\u00A0samples\u00C2\u00A0exhibit\u00C2\u00A0\u00EF\u0081\u00A413C\u00C2\u00A0values\u00C2\u00A0lower\u00C2\u00A0than\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u00908\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u00B0,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0may\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0result\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0analytical\u00C2\u00A0error.\u00C2\u00A0Approximately\u00C2\u00A0 40%\u00C2\u00A0 all\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 rock\u00C2\u00A0 samples\u00C2\u00A0 occur\u00C2\u00A0 outside\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 range\u00C2\u00A0 associated\u00C2\u00A0 with\u00C2\u00A0 background\u00C2\u00A0marine\u00C2\u00A0 carbonate\u00C2\u00A0 oxygen\u00C2\u00A0 isotope\u00C2\u00A0 values,\u00C2\u00A0 indicating\u00C2\u00A0 that\u00C2\u00A0 these\u00C2\u00A0 samples\u00C2\u00A0 are\u00C2\u00A0 depleted\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 \u00EF\u0081\u00A418O.\u00C2\u00A0 Approximately\u00C2\u00A0 60%\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 samples\u00C2\u00A0 occur\u00C2\u00A0 outside\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 \u00EF\u0081\u00A413C\u00C2\u00A0 range\u00C2\u00A0 ((\u00E2\u0080\u00901)\u00E2\u0080\u00901\u00E2\u0080\u00B0)\u00C2\u00A0 typically\u00C2\u00A0 associated\u00C2\u00A0 with\u00C2\u00A0marine\u00C2\u00A0 carbonates.\u00C2\u00A0 In\u00C2\u00A0 particular,\u00C2\u00A0two\u00C2\u00A0samples\u00C2\u00A0located\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Abyss\u00C2\u00A0fault\u00C2\u00A0contain\u00C2\u00A0significantly\u00C2\u00A0depleted\u00C2\u00A0\u00EF\u0081\u00A413C\u00C2\u00A0values.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Cross\u00C2\u00A0 sections\u00C2\u00A0 through\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0Pipeline\u00C2\u00A0deposit\u00C2\u00A0 showing\u00C2\u00A0oxygen\u00C2\u00A0 isotope\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 for\u00C2\u00A0 rock\u00C2\u00A0 samples\u00C2\u00A0 is\u00C2\u00A0 presented\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0Figure\u00C2\u00A04.6,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0includes\u00C2\u00A0previous\u00C2\u00A0analyses\u00C2\u00A0completed\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0Arehart\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Donelick\u00C2\u00A0(2006)\u00C2\u00A0taken\u00C2\u00A0 from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0main\u00C2\u00A0ore\u00C2\u00A0zone\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Pipeline\u00C2\u00A0deposit.\u00C2\u00A0Not\u00C2\u00A0every\u00C2\u00A0drill\u00C2\u00A0hole\u00C2\u00A0sample\u00C2\u00A0intersecting\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Abyss\u00C2\u00A0fault\u00C2\u00A0 exhibits\u00C2\u00A0 stable\u00C2\u00A0 isotope\u00C2\u00A0 depletion.\u00C2\u00A0 Drill\u00C2\u00A0 holes\u00C2\u00A0 DP\u00E2\u0080\u0090525,\u00C2\u00A0 PR\u00E2\u0080\u0090471,\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 PR\u00E2\u0080\u0090704\u00C2\u00A0 exhibit\u00C2\u00A0 background,\u00C2\u00A0 undepleted\u00C2\u00A0 oxygen\u00C2\u00A0 isotope\u00C2\u00A0 values\u00C2\u00A0 at\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0within\u00C2\u00A0 close\u00C2\u00A0 proximity\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0Abyss\u00C2\u00A0 fault\u00C2\u00A0 (Figure\u00C2\u00A0 4.6).\u00C2\u00A0 The\u00C2\u00A0 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intersecting\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Abyss\u00C2\u00A0fault\u00C2\u00A0exhibit\u00C2\u00A0mineralization\u00C2\u00A0throughout\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 span\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0drill\u00C2\u00A0hole\u00C2\u00A0 (Table\u00C2\u00A04.3,\u00C2\u00A0Figure\u00C2\u00A04.6).\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Stable\u00C2\u00A0 isotope\u00C2\u00A0values\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 samples\u00C2\u00A0 from\u00C2\u00A0 shallow\u00C2\u00A0drill\u00C2\u00A0 holes\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0largely\u00C2\u00A0depleted.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Figures\u00C2\u00A04.7\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A04.8\u00C2\u00A0illustrate\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0trend\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0stable\u00C2\u00A0isotope\u00C2\u00A0values\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0function\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0depth\u00C2\u00A0relative\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0Abyss\u00C2\u00A0fault.\u00C2\u00A0There\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0absence\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0depleted\u00C2\u00A0values\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A0100\u00C2\u00A0m\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u0093\u00C2\u00A0800\u00C2\u00A0m\u00C2\u00A0above\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Abyss\u00C2\u00A0fault,\u00C2\u00A0 with\u00C2\u00A0only\u00C2\u00A0six\u00C2\u00A0samples\u00C2\u00A0exhibiting\u00C2\u00A0depletion\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0\u00EF\u0081\u00A418O.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Samples\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0Abyss\u00C2\u00A0 fault\u00C2\u00A0zone\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0150\u00C2\u00A0m\u00C2\u00A0 below\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 Abyss\u00C2\u00A0 fault\u00C2\u00A0 vary\u00C2\u00A0 between\u00C2\u00A0 depleted\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 undepleted,\u00C2\u00A0 but\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0 samples\u00C2\u00A0 exhibit\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 same\u00C2\u00A0 significantly\u00C2\u00A0depleted\u00C2\u00A0values\u00C2\u00A0 (<15\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u00B0)\u00C2\u00A0present\u00C2\u00A0directly\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Abyss\u00C2\u00A0 fault.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Stable\u00C2\u00A0 isotope\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0beneath\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0Abyss\u00C2\u00A0fault\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0limited\u00C2\u00A0due\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0lack\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0carbonate\u00C2\u00A0material\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0upper\u00C2\u00A0plate\u00C2\u00A0rocks.\u00C2\u00A0Approximately\u00C2\u00A0200m\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 102\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Table\u00C2\u00A04.3.\u00C2\u00A0\u00EF\u0081\u00A418O\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0\u00EF\u0081\u00A413C\u00C2\u00A0values\u00C2\u00A0 for\u00C2\u00A0 rock\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0vein\u00C2\u00A0samples.\u00C2\u00A0Average\u00C2\u00A0error\u00C2\u00A0 for\u00C2\u00A0\u00CE\u00B418O\u00C2\u00A0=\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00B1\u00C2\u00A00.15\u00E2\u0080\u00B0,\u00C2\u00A0\u00CE\u00B413C\u00C2\u00A0=\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00B1\u00C2\u00A00.33\u00C2\u00A0 (To\u00C2\u00A0 Abyss\u00C2\u00A0=\u00C2\u00A0Distance\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Abyss\u00C2\u00A0fault,\u00C2\u00A0Fm\u00C2\u00A0=\u00C2\u00A0Formation,\u00C2\u00A0Srm\u00C2\u00A0=\u00C2\u00A0Silurian\u00C2\u00A0Roberts\u00C2\u00A0Mountain,\u00C2\u00A0Dw\u00C2\u00A0=Devonian\u00C2\u00A0Wenban,\u00C2\u00A0 Ohc=Ordovician\u00C2\u00A0Hanson\u00C2\u00A0 Creek,\u00C2\u00A0Dhc\u00C2\u00A0 =\u00C2\u00A0Devonian\u00C2\u00A0Horse\u00C2\u00A0 Canyon,\u00C2\u00A0Ov\u00C2\u00A0 =\u00C2\u00A0Ordovician\u00C2\u00A0 Valmi,\u00C2\u00A0 Se=\u00C2\u00A0 Silurian\u00C2\u00A0 Elder,\u00C2\u00A0 RC=\u00C2\u00A0 reverse\u00C2\u00A0circulation,\u00C2\u00A0DH\u00C2\u00A0=\u00C2\u00A0diamond\u00C2\u00A0drill\u00C2\u00A0hole)\u00C2\u00A0 HOLE\u00C2\u00A0ID\u00C2\u00A0 Depth\u00C2\u00A0 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0.07\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.41\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 706.2\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u0090349.6\u00C2\u00A0 Se\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u00902.94\u00C2\u00A0 13.88\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 0.003\u00C2\u00A0 21.5\u00C2\u00A0 2.6\u00C2\u00A0 0.09\u00C2\u00A0 0.04\u00C2\u00A0 0.1\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 DP\u00E2\u0080\u00901258\u00C2\u00A0 0.3\u00C2\u00A0 n/a\u00C2\u00A0 Dw\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u00903.067\u00C2\u00A0 14.501\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 0.0056\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 DH\u00C2\u00A0 7.9\u00C2\u00A0 n/a\u00C2\u00A0 Dw\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u00903.68\u00C2\u00A0 12.894\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 0.0056\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 36\u00C2\u00A0 n/a\u00C2\u00A0 Dw\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u00903.174\u00C2\u00A0 13.73\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 0.0056\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 66.1\u00C2\u00A0 n/a\u00C2\u00A0 Dw\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u00900.085\u00C2\u00A0 22.459\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 0.0056\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 112.8\u00C2\u00A0 n/a\u00C2\u00A0 Dw\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u00906.874\u00C2\u00A0 14.031\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 0.0196\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 142.6\u00C2\u00A0 n/a\u00C2\u00A0 Dw\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u00904.915\u00C2\u00A0 14.64\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 0.0196\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 187.5\u00C2\u00A0 n/a\u00C2\u00A0 Srm\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u00902.145\u00C2\u00A0 17.93\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 0.028\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 294.7\u00C2\u00A0 n/a\u00C2\u00A0 Srm\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u00900.852\u00C2\u00A0 7.949\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 0.0448\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 314.6\u00C2\u00A0 n/a\u00C2\u00A0 Srm\u00C2\u00A0 0.834\u00C2\u00A0 13.3\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 0.014\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 383.7\u00C2\u00A0 n/a\u00C2\u00A0 Srm\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u00904.352\u00C2\u00A0 14.853\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 0.014\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 400.2\u00C2\u00A0 n/a\u00C2\u00A0 Ohc\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u00900.377\u00C2\u00A0 20.513\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 0.042\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 438\u00C2\u00A0 n/a\u00C2\u00A0 Ohc\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u00902.954\u00C2\u00A0 13.463\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 0.0028\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 480.4\u00C2\u00A0 n/a\u00C2\u00A0 Ohc\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u00903.174\u00C2\u00A0 15.225\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 0.0028\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 DP\u00E2\u0080\u0090532\u00C2\u00A0 152.1\u00C2\u00A0 366.1\u00C2\u00A0 Dw\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u00901.06\u00C2\u00A0 20.78\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u00904.47\u00C2\u00A0 11.71\u00C2\u00A0 2.856\u00C2\u00A0 351\u00C2\u00A0 29.6\u00C2\u00A0 1.84\u00C2\u00A0 0.71\u00C2\u00A0 4.71\u00C2\u00A0 DH\u00C2\u00A0 170.7\u00C2\u00A0 347.5\u00C2\u00A0 Dw\u00C2\u00A0 0.1\u00C2\u00A0 20.37\u00C2\u00A0 0\u00C2\u00A0 12.69\u00C2\u00A0 0.168\u00C2\u00A0 158\u00C2\u00A0 9.59\u00C2\u00A0 0.22\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 6.83\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 189\u00C2\u00A0 329.2\u00C2\u00A0 Dw\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u00901.2\u00C2\u00A0 19.82\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 0.448\u00C2\u00A0 432\u00C2\u00A0 28.9\u00C2\u00A0 0.36\u00C2\u00A0 0.06\u00C2\u00A0 2.75\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 223.1\u00C2\u00A0 295.1\u00C2\u00A0 Dw\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u00900.72\u00C2\u00A0 18.57\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u00900.44\u00C2\u00A0 19.38\u00C2\u00A0 0.392\u00C2\u00A0 151\u00C2\u00A0 5.19\u00C2\u00A0 0.36\u00C2\u00A0 0.04\u00C2\u00A0 0.86\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 223.1\u00C2\u00A0 295.1\u00C2\u00A0 Dw\u00C2\u00A0 0.17\u00C2\u00A0 19.17\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 0.392\u00C2\u00A0 151\u00C2\u00A0 5.19\u00C2\u00A0 0.36\u00C2\u00A0 0.04\u00C2\u00A0 0.86\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 838.2\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u0090320.0\u00C2\u00A0 Dw\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u00904.23\u00C2\u00A0 16.85\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 0.028\u00C2\u00A0 35.1\u00C2\u00A0 2.35\u00C2\u00A0 0.15\u00C2\u00A0 0.04\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 253\u00C2\u00A0 265.2\u00C2\u00A0 Dw\u00C2\u00A0 0.53\u00C2\u00A0 21.9\u00C2\u00A0 0.49\u00C2\u00A0 15.93\u00C2\u00A0 0.028\u00C2\u00A0 38\u00C2\u00A0 5.17\u00C2\u00A0 0.07\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.17\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 294.1\u00C2\u00A0 224.1\u00C2\u00A0 Dw\u00C2\u00A0 0.57\u00C2\u00A0 22.22\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u00901.22\u00C2\u00A0 12.44\u00C2\u00A0 0.056\u00C2\u00A0 30\u00C2\u00A0 5.7\u00C2\u00A0 0.08\u00C2\u00A0 0.1\u00C2\u00A0 0.24\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 332.2\u00C2\u00A0 186.0\u00C2\u00A0 Dw\u00C2\u00A0 0.25\u00C2\u00A0 21.62\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u00903.46\u00C2\u00A0 10.97\u00C2\u00A0 0.028\u00C2\u00A0 5\u00C2\u00A0 4.07\u00C2\u00A0 0.06\u00C2\u00A0 0.05\u00C2\u00A0 0.12\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 359.7\u00C2\u00A0 158.5\u00C2\u00A0 Dw\u00C2\u00A0 0.06\u00C2\u00A0 22.01\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 0.028\u00C2\u00A0 168\u00C2\u00A0 2.91\u00C2\u00A0 0.09\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 4.39\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 390.1\u00C2\u00A0 128.1\u00C2\u00A0 Dw\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u00904.66\u00C2\u00A0 11.6\u00C2\u00A0 0.028\u00C2\u00A0 18\u00C2\u00A0 7.89\u00C2\u00A0 0.04\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 0.21\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 432.8\u00C2\u00A0 85.4\u00C2\u00A0 Dw\u00C2\u00A0 1.13\u00C2\u00A0 21.5\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 0.028\u00C2\u00A0 44\u00C2\u00A0 16.25\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.3\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 448.1\u00C2\u00A0 70.1\u00C2\u00A0 Dw\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u00900.37\u00C2\u00A0 19.02\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u00904.13\u00C2\u00A0 20.46\u00C2\u00A0 0.028\u00C2\u00A0 14\u00C2\u00A0 4.16\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.45\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 104\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 HOLE\u00C2\u00A0ID\u00C2\u00A0 Depth\u00C2\u00A0 To\u00C2\u00A0Abyss\u00C2\u00A0 Fm\u00C2\u00A0 \u00EF\u0081\u00A413C\u00C2\u00A0rock\u00EF\u0080\u00A0 \u00EF\u0081\u00A418O\u00C2\u00A0rock\u00EF\u0080\u00A0 \u00EF\u0081\u00A413C\u00C2\u00A0vein\u00EF\u0080\u00A0 \u00EF\u0081\u00A418O\u00C2\u00A0vein\u00EF\u0080\u00A0 Au\u00C2\u00A0 As\u00C2\u00A0 Sb\u00C2\u00A0 Tl\u00C2\u00A0 Te\u00C2\u00A0 Hg\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 (m)\u00C2\u00A0 (m)\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00EF\u0080\u00A8\u00E2\u0080\u00B0\u00EF\u0080\u00A9\u00EF\u0080\u00A0 \u00EF\u0080\u00A8\u00E2\u0080\u00B0\u00EF\u0080\u00A9\u00EF\u0080\u00A0 \u00EF\u0080\u00A8\u00E2\u0080\u00B0\u00EF\u0080\u00A9\u00EF\u0080\u00A0 \u00EF\u0080\u00A8\u00E2\u0080\u00B0\u00EF\u0080\u00A9\u00EF\u0080\u00A0 (ppm)\u00C2\u00A0 (ppm)\u00C2\u00A0 (ppm)\u00C2\u00A0 (ppm)\u00C2\u00A0 (ppm)\u00C2\u00A0 (ppm)\u00C2\u00A0 DP\u00E2\u0080\u0090532\u00C2\u00A0 466.3\u00C2\u00A0 51.9\u00C2\u00A0 Dw\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u00900.92\u00C2\u00A0 17.43\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u00900.98\u00C2\u00A0 19.03\u00C2\u00A0 0.056\u00C2\u00A0 32\u00C2\u00A0 4.08\u00C2\u00A0 0.22\u00C2\u00A0 0.09\u00C2\u00A0 0.58\u00C2\u00A0 DH\u00C2\u00A0 481.6\u00C2\u00A0 36.6\u00C2\u00A0 Dw\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u00900.14\u00C2\u00A0 21.09\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 0.028\u00C2\u00A0 43\u00C2\u00A0 2.58\u00C2\u00A0 0.16\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.54\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 496.8\u00C2\u00A0 21.4\u00C2\u00A0 Dw\u00C2\u00A0 0.1\u00C2\u00A0 21.77\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 0.028\u00C2\u00A0 10\u00C2\u00A0 0.44\u00C2\u00A0 0.09\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.15\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 512.1\u00C2\u00A0 6.1\u00C2\u00A0 Dw\u00C2\u00A0 0.19\u00C2\u00A0 20.16\u00C2\u00A0 0.13\u00C2\u00A0 18.79\u00C2\u00A0 0.028\u00C2\u00A0 35\u00C2\u00A0 0.45\u00C2\u00A0 0.13\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.36\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 521.2\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u00903.0\u00C2\u00A0 Ov\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u00901.7\u00C2\u00A0 13.76\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 0.476\u00C2\u00A0 35\u00C2\u00A0 0.45\u00C2\u00A0 0.13\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.36\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 524.3\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u00906.1\u00C2\u00A0 Ov\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 19.45\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 0.476\u00C2\u00A0 134\u00C2\u00A0 4.75\u00C2\u00A0 0.22\u00C2\u00A0 0.07\u00C2\u00A0 0.49\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 527.3\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u00909.1\u00C2\u00A0 Ov\u00C2\u00A0 2.28\u00C2\u00A0 19.72\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 0.084\u00C2\u00A0 134\u00C2\u00A0 4.75\u00C2\u00A0 0.22\u00C2\u00A0 0.07\u00C2\u00A0 0.49\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 838.2\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u0090320.0\u00C2\u00A0 Ov\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u00903.69\u00C2\u00A0 17.13\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 0.028\u00C2\u00A0 35.1\u00C2\u00A0 2.35\u00C2\u00A0 0.15\u00C2\u00A0 0.04\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 880.9\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u0090362.7\u00C2\u00A0 Ov\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u00905.44\u00C2\u00A0 17.52\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 0.028\u00C2\u00A0 7.7\u00C2\u00A0 0.79\u00C2\u00A0 0.26\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 949.5\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u0090431.3\u00C2\u00A0 Ov\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u00903.64\u00C2\u00A0 18.1\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 0.028\u00C2\u00A0 6.2\u00C2\u00A0 0.6\u00C2\u00A0 0.25\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 949.5\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u0090431.3\u00C2\u00A0 Ov\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u00901.9\u00C2\u00A0 19.3\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 0.028\u00C2\u00A0 6.2\u00C2\u00A0 0.6\u00C2\u00A0 0.25\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 DP\u00E2\u0080\u0090828\u00C2\u00A0 332.2\u00C2\u00A0 128.0\u00C2\u00A0 Srm\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u00901.78\u00C2\u00A0 20.37\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u00904.23\u00C2\u00A0 11.5\u00C2\u00A0 0.028\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 RC\u00C2\u00A0 335.3\u00C2\u00A0 124.9\u00C2\u00A0 Srm\u00C2\u00A0 0.99\u00C2\u00A0 23.31\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 0.028\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 359.7\u00C2\u00A0 100.5\u00C2\u00A0 Srm\u00C2\u00A0 0.92\u00C2\u00A0 23.54\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 0.028\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 405.4\u00C2\u00A0 54.8\u00C2\u00A0 Srm\u00C2\u00A0 0.85\u00C2\u00A0 23.27\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 0.028\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 405.4\u00C2\u00A0 54.8\u00C2\u00A0 Srm\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u00900.06\u00C2\u00A0 21.08\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 0.028\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 429.8\u00C2\u00A0 30.4\u00C2\u00A0 Srm\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 0.53\u00C2\u00A0 13.62\u00C2\u00A0 0.028\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 460.2\u00C2\u00A0 0.0\u00C2\u00A0 Srm\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u00904.27\u00C2\u00A0 15.96\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 0.028\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 472.4\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u009012.2\u00C2\u00A0 Srm\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u00903.27\u00C2\u00A0 9.26\u00C2\u00A0 0.028\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 478.5\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u009018.3\u00C2\u00A0 Srm\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u009014.04\u00C2\u00A0 18.44\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 0.028\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 478.5\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u009018.3\u00C2\u00A0 Srm\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u00904.82\u00C2\u00A0 14.92\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 0.028\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 DP\u00E2\u0080\u0090829\u00C2\u00A0 487.7\u00C2\u00A0 112.8\u00C2\u00A0 Srm\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u00903.74\u00C2\u00A0 15.29\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 0.028\u00C2\u00A0 11\u00C2\u00A0 4.74\u00C2\u00A0 0.34\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.13\u00C2\u00A0 RC\u00C2\u00A0 493.8\u00C2\u00A0 106.7\u00C2\u00A0 Srm\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u00905.94\u00C2\u00A0 10.78\u00C2\u00A0 0.028\u00C2\u00A0 14\u00C2\u00A0 11.3\u00C2\u00A0 0.2\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.29\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 502.9\u00C2\u00A0 97.6\u00C2\u00A0 Srm\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u00902.05\u00C2\u00A0 20.2\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 0.028\u00C2\u00A0 2\u00C2\u00A0 0.7\u00C2\u00A0 0.34\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.06\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 518.2\u00C2\u00A0 82.3\u00C2\u00A0 Srm\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u00901.2\u00C2\u00A0 21.34\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 0.028\u00C2\u00A0 7\u00C2\u00A0 0.8\u00C2\u00A0 0.32\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.07\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 533.4\u00C2\u00A0 67.1\u00C2\u00A0 Srm\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u00901.44\u00C2\u00A0 21.52\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 0.028\u00C2\u00A0 8\u00C2\u00A0 1.11\u00C2\u00A0 0.36\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 548.6\u00C2\u00A0 51.9\u00C2\u00A0 Smr\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u00901.21\u00C2\u00A0 21.16\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 0.028\u00C2\u00A0 7\u00C2\u00A0 0.9\u00C2\u00A0 0.49\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 557.8\u00C2\u00A0 42.7\u00C2\u00A0 Srm\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u00901.48\u00C2\u00A0 21.21\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 0.028\u00C2\u00A0 7\u00C2\u00A0 1.42\u00C2\u00A0 0.42\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.04\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 570.0\u00C2\u00A0 30.5\u00C2\u00A0 Srm\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u00901.36\u00C2\u00A0 21.04\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 0.028\u00C2\u00A0 2\u00C2\u00A0 1.39\u00C2\u00A0 0.35\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 582.2\u00C2\u00A0 18.3\u00C2\u00A0 Srm\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u00901.78\u00C2\u00A0 20.66\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 0.056\u00C2\u00A0 8\u00C2\u00A0 1.36\u00C2\u00A0 0.42\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 591.3\u00C2\u00A0 9.2\u00C2\u00A0 Srm\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u00902.79\u00C2\u00A0 18.55\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 0.028\u00C2\u00A0 39\u00C2\u00A0 1.63\u00C2\u00A0 0.46\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.04\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 594.4\u00C2\u00A0 6.1\u00C2\u00A0 Srm\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u00902.52\u00C2\u00A0 18.86\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 0.028\u00C2\u00A0 39\u00C2\u00A0 1.63\u00C2\u00A0 0.46\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.04\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 600.5\u00C2\u00A0 0.0\u00C2\u00A0 Ov\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u00903.67\u00C2\u00A0 17.56\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 0.028\u00C2\u00A0 171\u00C2\u00A0 3.26\u00C2\u00A0 0.2\u00C2\u00A0 0.04\u00C2\u00A0 0.08\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 518.2\u00C2\u00A0 82.3\u00C2\u00A0 Ov\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u00901.48\u00C2\u00A0 21.01\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 0.028\u00C2\u00A0 7\u00C2\u00A0 0.8\u00C2\u00A0 0.32\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.07\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 PR\u00E2\u0080\u00901007\u00C2\u00A0 499.9\u00C2\u00A0 85.3\u00C2\u00A0 Ohc\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u00902.92\u00C2\u00A0 11.14\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 0.0196\u00C2\u00A0 33\u00C2\u00A0 15.55\u00C2\u00A0 0.41\u00C2\u00A0 0.13\u00C2\u00A0 1.14\u00C2\u00A0 RC\u00C2\u00A0 527.3\u00C2\u00A0 57.9\u00C2\u00A0 Ohc\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u00902.91\u00C2\u00A0 18.61\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 0.0028\u00C2\u00A0 6\u00C2\u00A0 0.32\u00C2\u00A0 0.57\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 539.5\u00C2\u00A0 45.7\u00C2\u00A0 Srm\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u00903.13\u00C2\u00A0 15.96\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 0.1064\u00C2\u00A0 51\u00C2\u00A0 0.82\u00C2\u00A0 0.34\u00C2\u00A0 0.04\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 545.6\u00C2\u00A0 39.6\u00C2\u00A0 Srm\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u00901.28\u00C2\u00A0 19.78\u00C2\u00A0 0.0028\u00C2\u00A0 12\u00C2\u00A0 0.81\u00C2\u00A0 0.38\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 557.8\u00C2\u00A0 27.4\u00C2\u00A0 Srm\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u00902.55\u00C2\u00A0 19.81\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 0.0028\u00C2\u00A0 5\u00C2\u00A0 0.98\u00C2\u00A0 0.34\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 570.0\u00C2\u00A0 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10.4\u00C2\u00A0 0.028\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 235.6\u00C2\u00A0 349.6\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u00903.7\u00C2\u00A0 13.3\u00C2\u00A0 0.3\u00C2\u00A0 9.8\u00C2\u00A0 0.028\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 252.4\u00C2\u00A0 332.8\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u00902.7\u00C2\u00A0 13\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u00900.4\u00C2\u00A0 12.4\u00C2\u00A0 0.028\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 269.1\u00C2\u00A0 316.1\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u00905\u00C2\u00A0 13.1\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u00905.4\u00C2\u00A0 17.8\u00C2\u00A0 0.7\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 278.3\u00C2\u00A0 306.9\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u00902.4\u00C2\u00A0 12.8\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u00905.1\u00C2\u00A0 16.5\u00C2\u00A0 0.196\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 324.0\u00C2\u00A0 261.2\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u00902.6\u00C2\u00A0 16.4\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u00902\u00C2\u00A0 14.7\u00C2\u00A0 0.028\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 348.7\u00C2\u00A0 236.5\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u00903.6\u00C2\u00A0 14.9\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u00903.4\u00C2\u00A0 17.2\u00C2\u00A0 2.492\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 355.4\u00C2\u00A0 229.8\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u00902.2\u00C2\u00A0 21.5\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u00905.8\u00C2\u00A0 10.1\u00C2\u00A0 12.404\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 381.3\u00C2\u00A0 203.9\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u00902.2\u00C2\u00A0 20.9\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 0.252\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 403.3\u00C2\u00A0 182.0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u00901.5\u00C2\u00A0 20.1\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 0.028\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 DP\u00E2\u0080\u0090268\u00C2\u00A0 83.2\u00C2\u00A0 660.5\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u00902.6\u00C2\u00A0 14.3\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u00903.4\u00C2\u00A0 18.6\u00C2\u00A0 0.336\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 DH\u00C2\u00A0 92.0496\u00C2\u00A0 651.7\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u00902.5\u00C2\u00A0 17.6\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 1.148\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 186.8424\u00C2\u00A0 556.9\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 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\u00E2\u0080\u00903.8\u00C2\u00A0 17.5\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 1.792\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 233.7816\u00C2\u00A0 509.9\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u00903.7\u00C2\u00A0 15.4\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 1.792\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 240.4872\u00C2\u00A0 503.2\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u00903.5\u00C2\u00A0 15.8\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 1.428\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 245.6688\u00C2\u00A0 498.0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u00903.2\u00C2\u00A0 15.2\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 1.008\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 252.3744\u00C2\u00A0 491.3\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u00905.5\u00C2\u00A0 18.2\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u00906.6\u00C2\u00A0 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linear\u00C2\u00A0increase\u00C2\u00A0upward\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Abyss\u00C2\u00A0fault\u00C2\u00A0zone.\u00C2\u00A0Both\u00C2\u00A0Tl\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Te\u00C2\u00A0exhibit\u00C2\u00A0less\u00C2\u00A0deviation\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0background\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 115\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 .\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 116\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Fig.\u00C2\u00A04.9.\u00C2\u00A0 Line\u00C2\u00A0graphs\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 three\u00C2\u00A0point\u00C2\u00A0moving\u00C2\u00A0 averages\u00C2\u00A0 showing\u00C2\u00A0 concentrations\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0gold\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0other\u00C2\u00A0 trace\u00C2\u00A0elements\u00C2\u00A0 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the\u00C2\u00A0area\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0which\u00C2\u00A0 visible\u00C2\u00A0alteration\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0isotope\u00C2\u00A0depletion\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0observed.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 117\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 values\u00C2\u00A0throughout\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0section\u00C2\u00A0than\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Au,\u00C2\u00A0As,\u00C2\u00A0Sb,\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0Hg,\u00C2\u00A0but\u00C2\u00A0exhibit\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0overall\u00C2\u00A0increase\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0concentration\u00C2\u00A0 at\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 distance\u00C2\u00A0 corresponding\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0main\u00C2\u00A0 Pipeline\u00C2\u00A0 ore\u00C2\u00A0 deposit.\u00C2\u00A0 Te\u00C2\u00A0 increases\u00C2\u00A0 almost\u00C2\u00A0 linearly\u00C2\u00A0 from\u00C2\u00A0 beneath\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0Abyss\u00C2\u00A0 fault\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0distances\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0>500m\u00C2\u00A0above\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0Abyss\u00C2\u00A0 fault.\u00C2\u00A0Concentrations\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Tl\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0most\u00C2\u00A0 elevated\u00C2\u00A0immediately\u00C2\u00A0beneath\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0RMT\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Abyss\u00C2\u00A0fault,\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0region\u00C2\u00A0extending\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0base\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0ore\u00C2\u00A0 zone\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0approximately\u00C2\u00A0600m\u00C2\u00A0above\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Abyss\u00C2\u00A0fault.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 4.6\u00C2\u00A0DISCUSSION\u00C2\u00A0 The\u00C2\u00A0absence\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0depletion\u00C2\u00A0halo\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0significant\u00C2\u00A0concentrations\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0gold\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0Abyss\u00C2\u00A0 fault\u00C2\u00A0 zone\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0main\u00C2\u00A0ore\u00C2\u00A0zone\u00C2\u00A0indicate\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Abyss\u00C2\u00A0fault\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0main\u00C2\u00A0conduit\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0fluid\u00C2\u00A0forming\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 Pipeline\u00C2\u00A0 deposit.\u00C2\u00A0 Rocks\u00C2\u00A0 at\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 Abyss\u00C2\u00A0 fault\u00C2\u00A0 are\u00C2\u00A0 isotopically\u00C2\u00A0 depleted\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 comparison\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0 unaltered,\u00C2\u00A0 unmineralized\u00C2\u00A0 samples\u00C2\u00A0 from\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 Lone\u00C2\u00A0Mountain\u00C2\u00A0 area.\u00C2\u00A0 The\u00C2\u00A0 Abyss\u00C2\u00A0 fault\u00C2\u00A0 acted\u00C2\u00A0 as\u00C2\u00A0 a\u00C2\u00A0 conduit\u00C2\u00A0 for\u00C2\u00A0 gold\u00E2\u0080\u0090 bearing\u00C2\u00A0 fluid\u00C2\u00A0 as\u00C2\u00A0 evidenced\u00C2\u00A0 by\u00C2\u00A0 elevated\u00C2\u00A0 concentrations\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 gold\u00C2\u00A0 at\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 Abyss\u00C2\u00A0 fault\u00C2\u00A0 compared\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0 background,\u00C2\u00A0unaltered\u00C2\u00A0samples\u00C2\u00A0 from\u00C2\u00A0Lone\u00C2\u00A0Mountain.\u00C2\u00A0 Isotopic\u00C2\u00A0depletion\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0Abyss\u00C2\u00A0 fault\u00C2\u00A0occurs\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0 region\u00C2\u00A0~50m\u00C2\u00A0wide,\u00C2\u00A0defining\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0zone\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0fluid\u00C2\u00A0flow\u00C2\u00A0both\u00C2\u00A0inside\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0slightly\u00C2\u00A0outside\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0main\u00C2\u00A0fault\u00C2\u00A0plane.\u00C2\u00A0 Fluid\u00C2\u00A0flow\u00C2\u00A0above\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0below\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Abyss\u00C2\u00A0fault\u00C2\u00A0plane\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0suggestive\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0damage\u00C2\u00A0zone\u00C2\u00A0around\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0main\u00C2\u00A0fault\u00C2\u00A0 that\u00C2\u00A0created\u00C2\u00A0secondary\u00C2\u00A0permeability\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0enhanced\u00C2\u00A0fluid\u00C2\u00A0flow\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0those\u00C2\u00A0areas.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0absence\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0depletion\u00C2\u00A0 everywhere\u00C2\u00A0 along\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0Abyss\u00C2\u00A0 fault\u00C2\u00A0 suggests\u00C2\u00A0 that\u00C2\u00A0 fluid\u00C2\u00A0 flow\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0pervasive\u00C2\u00A0 along\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0main\u00C2\u00A0 fault\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0 within\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0damage\u00C2\u00A0zone.\u00C2\u00A0Undepleted\u00C2\u00A0values\u00C2\u00A0may\u00C2\u00A0represent\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u0098islands\u00E2\u0080\u0099\u00C2\u00A0where\u00C2\u00A0hydrothermal\u00C2\u00A0cementation\u00C2\u00A0 minerals\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0 precipitated\u00C2\u00A0 along\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 fault,\u00C2\u00A0 inhibiting\u00C2\u00A0 subsequent\u00C2\u00A0 fluid\u00C2\u00A0 flow,\u00C2\u00A0 as\u00C2\u00A0 described\u00C2\u00A0 by\u00C2\u00A0 Sibson\u00C2\u00A0 (1992).\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Strongly\u00C2\u00A0depleted\u00C2\u00A0\u00EF\u0081\u00A413C\u00C2\u00A0values\u00C2\u00A0may\u00C2\u00A0represent\u00C2\u00A0variation\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0abundance\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0organic\u00C2\u00A0carbon\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A0 samples.\u00C2\u00A0Marine\u00C2\u00A0 limestone\u00C2\u00A0typically\u00C2\u00A0contain\u00C2\u00A0\u00EF\u0081\u00A413C\u00C2\u00A0values\u00C2\u00A0~0\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u00B0,\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0other\u00C2\u00A0sources\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0carbon\u00C2\u00A0exhibiting\u00C2\u00A0 much\u00C2\u00A0lower\u00C2\u00A0values\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0carbon\u00C2\u00A0i.e.\u00C2\u00A0deep\u00C2\u00A0seated\u00C2\u00A0carbon\u00C2\u00A0~\u00C2\u00A0(\u00E2\u0080\u00907\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u00B0),\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0reduced/\u00C2\u00A0organic\u00C2\u00A0carbon\u00C2\u00A0<\u00C2\u00A0(\u00E2\u0080\u009015)\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u00B0\u00C2\u00A0 (Ohmoto\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 Rye,\u00C2\u00A0 1979;\u00C2\u00A0 1997).\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 The\u00C2\u00A0majority\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 samples\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 this\u00C2\u00A0 study\u00C2\u00A0 were\u00C2\u00A0 not\u00C2\u00A0 depleted\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 \u00EF\u0081\u00A413C\u00C2\u00A0 indicating\u00C2\u00A0 that\u00C2\u00A0 carbon\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0 locally\u00C2\u00A0 sourced\u00C2\u00A0 from\u00C2\u00A0marine\u00C2\u00A0 carbonate\u00C2\u00A0 rocks.\u00C2\u00A0Certain\u00C2\u00A0Carlin\u00E2\u0080\u0090type\u00C2\u00A0deposits\u00C2\u00A0 have\u00C2\u00A0exhibit\u00C2\u00A0spatial\u00C2\u00A0association\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0hydrocarbon\u00C2\u00A0reserves\u00C2\u00A0(i.e.,\u00C2\u00A0Alligator\u00C2\u00A0Ridge;\u00C2\u00A0 (Ilchik\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.,\u00C2\u00A01986).\u00C2\u00A0Only\u00C2\u00A0 four\u00C2\u00A0rock\u00C2\u00A0samples\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0study\u00C2\u00A0exhibit\u00C2\u00A0strong\u00C2\u00A0carbon\u00C2\u00A0depletion,\u00C2\u00A0two\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0which\u00C2\u00A0occur\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Abyss\u00C2\u00A0fault.\u00C2\u00A0 The\u00C2\u00A0Abyss\u00C2\u00A0fault\u00C2\u00A0may\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0been\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0conduit\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0hydrocarbons,\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0origins\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0which\u00C2\u00A0remain\u00C2\u00A0unclear.\u00C2\u00A0Oxygen\u00C2\u00A0 isotope\u00C2\u00A0values\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0depleted\u00C2\u00A0where\u00C2\u00A0carbon\u00C2\u00A0 isotopes\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0strongly\u00C2\u00A0depleted\u00C2\u00A0suggesting\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0fluid\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 118\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 responsible\u00C2\u00A0 for\u00C2\u00A0 oxygen\u00C2\u00A0 depletion\u00C2\u00A0 along\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 Abyss\u00C2\u00A0 fault\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0 not\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 same\u00C2\u00A0 fluid\u00C2\u00A0 that\u00C2\u00A0 caused\u00C2\u00A0 carbon\u00C2\u00A0 depletion.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 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However,\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0combination\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0deformation,\u00C2\u00A0exhumation,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0mining\u00C2\u00A0itself\u00C2\u00A0can\u00C2\u00A0result\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0total\u00C2\u00A0exposure\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0entire\u00C2\u00A0mineralizing\u00C2\u00A0system;\u00C2\u00A0e.g.,\u00C2\u00A0Yerington\u00C2\u00A0porphyry\u00C2\u00A0deposit;\u00C2\u00A0(Dilles\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Einaudi,\u00C2\u00A01992;\u00C2\u00A0Gustafson\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0Quiroga,\u00C2\u00A01995;\u00C2\u00A0Einaudi\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.,\u00C2\u00A02000).\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0signature\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0fluid\u00C2\u00A0 flow\u00C2\u00A0has\u00C2\u00A0typically\u00C2\u00A0been\u00C2\u00A0studied\u00C2\u00A0using\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0 combination\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 visual\u00C2\u00A0 alteration;\u00C2\u00A0 i.e.,\u00C2\u00A0 silicification,\u00C2\u00A0 decalcification,\u00C2\u00A0 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alteration\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0extensive\u00C2\u00A0fluid\u00E2\u0080\u0090rock\u00C2\u00A0interaction\u00C2\u00A0where\u00C2\u00A0trace\u00C2\u00A0elements\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0metals\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0precipitated.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 4.8\u00C2\u00A0CONCLUSION\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Ore\u00E2\u0080\u0090deposit\u00C2\u00A0models\u00C2\u00A0invoking\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0single\u00C2\u00A0conduit\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0ore\u00E2\u0080\u0090forming\u00C2\u00A0fluids\u00C2\u00A0may\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0simplistic.\u00C2\u00A0Depleted\u00C2\u00A0 oxygen\u00C2\u00A0isotope\u00C2\u00A0values\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0carbonate\u00C2\u00A0rock\u00C2\u00A0samples\u00C2\u00A0both\u00C2\u00A0within\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0main\u00C2\u00A0ore\u00C2\u00A0zone\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Pipeline\u00C2\u00A0deposit,\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 along\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0underlying\u00C2\u00A0Abyss\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0Roberts\u00C2\u00A0Mountains\u00C2\u00A0 thrust\u00C2\u00A0 (RMT)\u00C2\u00A0 faults\u00C2\u00A0 indicate\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 presence\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 three\u00C2\u00A0disconnected\u00C2\u00A0pathways\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0hydrothermal\u00C2\u00A0fluid\u00C2\u00A0flow,\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0only\u00C2\u00A0one\u00C2\u00A0flow\u00C2\u00A0path\u00C2\u00A0feeding\u00C2\u00A0ore\u00E2\u0080\u0090forming\u00C2\u00A0 fluid\u00C2\u00A0 into\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 main\u00C2\u00A0 ore\u00C2\u00A0 zone\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 Pipeline\u00C2\u00A0 deposit.\u00C2\u00A0 There\u00C2\u00A0 is\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0 observable\u00C2\u00A0 isotopic\u00C2\u00A0 depletion\u00C2\u00A0 connecting\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0main\u00C2\u00A0ore\u00C2\u00A0zone\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0depletion\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0underlying\u00C2\u00A0Abyss\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0RMT\u00C2\u00A0 faults,\u00C2\u00A0suggesting\u00C2\u00A0 that\u00C2\u00A0 fluid\u00C2\u00A0along\u00C2\u00A0each\u00C2\u00A0pathway\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0dominantly\u00C2\u00A0lateral.\u00C2\u00A0An\u00C2\u00A0abrupt\u00C2\u00A0increase\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0concentration\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Au,\u00C2\u00A0As,\u00C2\u00A0Sb,\u00C2\u00A0Hg,\u00C2\u00A0 Tl,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Te\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Abyss\u00C2\u00A0fault,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0absence\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0elevated\u00C2\u00A0concentrations\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0these\u00C2\u00A0elements\u00C2\u00A0beneath\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 Abyss\u00C2\u00A0 fault\u00C2\u00A0 indicate\u00C2\u00A0 that\u00C2\u00A0 interaction\u00C2\u00A0 between\u00C2\u00A0 gold\u00E2\u0080\u0090bearing\u00C2\u00A0 fluid\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 reactive\u00C2\u00A0 carbonate\u00C2\u00A0 rock\u00C2\u00A0 was\u00C2\u00A0 greatest\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0above\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Abyss\u00C2\u00A0fault.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 125\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 4.9\u00C2\u00A0REFERENCES\u00C2\u00A0 de\u00C2\u00A0 Almeida,\u00C2\u00A0 C.,\u00C2\u00A0 Olivo,\u00C2\u00A0 G.,\u00C2\u00A0 Chouinard,\u00C2\u00A0 A.,\u00C2\u00A0 Weakly,\u00C2\u00A0 C.,\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 Poirier,\u00C2\u00A0 G.,\u00C2\u00A0 2010,\u00C2\u00A0 Mineral\u00C2\u00A0 Paragenesis,\u00C2\u00A0 Alteration,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Geochemistry\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Two\u00C2\u00A0Types\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Gold\u00C2\u00A0Ore\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Host\u00C2\u00A0Rocks\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Carlin\u00E2\u0080\u0090 Type\u00C2\u00A0Deposits\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0Southern\u00C2\u00A0Part\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0Goldstrike\u00C2\u00A0Property,\u00C2\u00A0Northern\u00C2\u00A0Nevada:\u00C2\u00A0 Implications\u00C2\u00A0 for\u00C2\u00A0Sources\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Ore\u00E2\u0080\u0090Forming\u00C2\u00A0Elements,\u00C2\u00A0Ore\u00C2\u00A0Genesis,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Mineral\u00C2\u00A0Exploration:\u00C2\u00A0Economic\u00C2\u00A0Geology,\u00C2\u00A0 v.\u00C2\u00A0105,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A0971\u00E2\u0080\u00901004.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Arehart,\u00C2\u00A0G.,\u00C2\u00A0Eldridge,\u00C2\u00A0C.,\u00C2\u00A0Chryssoulis,\u00C2\u00A0S.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Kesler,\u00C2\u00A0 S.,\u00C2\u00A01993,\u00C2\u00A0 Ion\u00C2\u00A0microprobe\u00C2\u00A0determination\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 sulfur\u00C2\u00A0 isotope\u00C2\u00A0 variations\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 iron\u00C2\u00A0 sulfides\u00C2\u00A0 from\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 Post/Betze\u00C2\u00A0 sediment\u00E2\u0080\u0090hosted\u00C2\u00A0 disseminated\u00C2\u00A0 gold\u00C2\u00A0 deposit,\u00C2\u00A0Nevada,\u00C2\u00A0USA:\u00C2\u00A0Geochimica\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0Cosmochimica\u00C2\u00A0Acta,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A057,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A01505\u00E2\u0080\u00901519.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Arehart,\u00C2\u00A0G.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Donelick,\u00C2\u00A0R.,\u00C2\u00A02006,\u00C2\u00A0Thermal\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0isotopic\u00C2\u00A0profiling\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Pipeline\u00C2\u00A0hydrothermal\u00C2\u00A0system:\u00C2\u00A0 Application\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0exploration\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0Carlin\u00E2\u0080\u0090type\u00C2\u00A0gold\u00C2\u00A0deposits:\u00C2\u00A0Journal\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Geochemical\u00C2\u00A0exploration,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A0 91,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A027\u00E2\u0080\u009040.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Barker,\u00C2\u00A0S.,\u00C2\u00A0Hickey,\u00C2\u00A0K.,\u00C2\u00A0Cline,\u00C2\u00A0 J.,\u00C2\u00A0Dipple,\u00C2\u00A0G.,\u00C2\u00A0Kilburn,\u00C2\u00A0M.,\u00C2\u00A0Vaughan,\u00C2\u00A0 J.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Longo,\u00C2\u00A0A.,\u00C2\u00A02009,\u00C2\u00A0UNCLOAKING\u00C2\u00A0 INVISIBLE\u00C2\u00A0 GOLD:\u00C2\u00A0 USE\u00C2\u00A0 OF\u00C2\u00A0 NANOSIMS\u00C2\u00A0 TO\u00C2\u00A0 EVALUATE\u00C2\u00A0 GOLD,\u00C2\u00A0 TRACE\u00C2\u00A0 ELEMENTS,\u00C2\u00A0 AND\u00C2\u00A0 SULFUR\u00C2\u00A0 ISOTOPES\u00C2\u00A0IN\u00C2\u00A0PYRITE\u00C2\u00A0FROM\u00C2\u00A0CARLIN\u00E2\u0080\u0090TYPE\u00C2\u00A0GOLD\u00C2\u00A0DEPOSITS:\u00C2\u00A0Economic\u00C2\u00A0Geology,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A0104,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A0897\u00E2\u0080\u0090904.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Barnes,\u00C2\u00A0H.,\u00C2\u00A01997,\u00C2\u00A0Geochemistry\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0hydrothermal\u00C2\u00A0ore\u00C2\u00A0deposits,\u00C2\u00A0Wiley\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Sons,\u00C2\u00A0992\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 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Caine,\u00C2\u00A0J.,\u00C2\u00A0Evans,\u00C2\u00A0J.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Forster,\u00C2\u00A0C.,\u00C2\u00A01996,\u00C2\u00A0Fault\u00C2\u00A0zone\u00C2\u00A0architecture\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0permeability\u00C2\u00A0structure:\u00C2\u00A0Geology,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A0 24,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A01025\u00E2\u0080\u00901028.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Cathles,\u00C2\u00A0 L.,\u00C2\u00A0 1993,\u00C2\u00A0Oxygen\u00C2\u00A0 isotope\u00C2\u00A0 alteration\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 Noranda\u00C2\u00A0mining\u00C2\u00A0 district,\u00C2\u00A0 Abitibi\u00C2\u00A0 greenstone\u00C2\u00A0 belt,\u00C2\u00A0 Quebec:\u00C2\u00A0Economic\u00C2\u00A0Geology,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A088,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A01483\u00E2\u0080\u00901511.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Chilingar,\u00C2\u00A0G.V.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Wolf,\u00C2\u00A0k.H.,\u00C2\u00A01988,\u00C2\u00A0Diagenesis,\u00C2\u00A0Elsevier,\u00C2\u00A0New\u00C2\u00A0York,\u00C2\u00A0New\u00C2\u00A0York,\u00C2\u00A0591\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Cline,\u00C2\u00A0J.,\u00C2\u00A0Hofstra,\u00C2\u00A0A.,\u00C2\u00A0Muntean,\u00C2\u00A0J.,\u00C2\u00A0Tosdal,\u00C2\u00A0R.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Hickey,\u00C2\u00A0K.,\u00C2\u00A02005,\u00C2\u00A0Carlin\u00E2\u0080\u0090type\u00C2\u00A0gold\u00C2\u00A0deposits\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0Nevada:\u00C2\u00A0 Critical\u00C2\u00A0 geologic\u00C2\u00A0 characteristics\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 viable\u00C2\u00A0 models:\u00C2\u00A0 Economic\u00C2\u00A0 Geology,\u00C2\u00A0 100th\u00C2\u00A0 Anniversary\u00C2\u00A0 Volume,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A0451\u00E2\u0080\u0090484.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Cook,\u00C2\u00A0N.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Chryssoulis,\u00C2\u00A0S.,\u00C2\u00A01990,\u00C2\u00A0Concentrations\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 invisible\u00C2\u00A0gold\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0common\u00C2\u00A0sulfides:\u00C2\u00A0Canadian\u00C2\u00A0 Mineralogist,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A028,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A01\u00E2\u0080\u009016.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Criss\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Taylor,\u00C2\u00A01986.\u00C2\u00A0R.E.\u00C2\u00A0Criss\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0H.P.\u00C2\u00A0Taylor,\u00C2\u00A0Jr.\u00C2\u00A0,\u00C2\u00A0Meteoric\u00E2\u0080\u0090hydrothermal\u00C2\u00A0systems.\u00C2\u00A0Rev.\u00C2\u00A0Mineral.\u00C2\u00A016\u00C2\u00A0 (1986),\u00C2\u00A0pp.\u00C2\u00A0373\u00E2\u0080\u0093424.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Criss,\u00C2\u00A0 R.,\u00C2\u00A0 Singleton,\u00C2\u00A0 M.,\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 Champion,\u00C2\u00A0 D.,\u00C2\u00A0 2000,\u00C2\u00A0 Three\u00E2\u0080\u0090Dimensional\u00C2\u00A0 Oxygen\u00C2\u00A0 Isotope\u00C2\u00A0 Imaging\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 Convective\u00C2\u00A0 Fluid\u00C2\u00A0 Flow\u00C2\u00A0 around\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 Big\u00C2\u00A0 Bonanza,\u00C2\u00A0 Comstock\u00C2\u00A0 Lode\u00C2\u00A0 Mining\u00C2\u00A0 District,\u00C2\u00A0 Nevada:\u00C2\u00A0 Economic\u00C2\u00A0Geology,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A095,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A0131\u00E2\u0080\u0090142.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 126\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Dickson,\u00C2\u00A0P.,\u00C2\u00A0Schultz,\u00C2\u00A0A.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Woods,\u00C2\u00A0A.,\u00C2\u00A01995,\u00C2\u00A0Preliminary\u00C2\u00A0modelling\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0hydrothermal\u00C2\u00A0circulation\u00C2\u00A0within\u00C2\u00A0 mid\u00E2\u0080\u0090ocean\u00C2\u00A0 ridge\u00C2\u00A0 sulphide\u00C2\u00A0 structures:\u00C2\u00A0Geological\u00C2\u00A0 Society\u00C2\u00A0 London\u00C2\u00A0 Special\u00C2\u00A0Publications,\u00C2\u00A0 v.\u00C2\u00A087,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A0 145\u00E2\u0080\u0090157.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Dilles,\u00C2\u00A0J.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Einaudi,\u00C2\u00A0M.,\u00C2\u00A01992,\u00C2\u00A0Wall\u00E2\u0080\u0090rock\u00C2\u00A0alteration\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0hydrothermal\u00C2\u00A0flow\u00C2\u00A0paths\u00C2\u00A0about\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Ann\u00E2\u0080\u0090Mason\u00C2\u00A0 porphyry\u00C2\u00A0copper\u00C2\u00A0deposit,\u00C2\u00A0Nevada;\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A06\u00E2\u0080\u0090km\u00C2\u00A0vertical\u00C2\u00A0 reconstruction:\u00C2\u00A0Economic\u00C2\u00A0Geology,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A087,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A0 1963\u00E2\u0080\u00902001.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Einaudi,\u00C2\u00A0M.,\u00C2\u00A0 Proffett,\u00C2\u00A0 J.,\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 Barton,\u00C2\u00A0M.,\u00C2\u00A0 2000,\u00C2\u00A0Overview\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 Yerington\u00C2\u00A0 Porphyry\u00C2\u00A0 Copper\u00C2\u00A0District:\u00C2\u00A0 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Ore,\u00C2\u00A0Source\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Ore\u00C2\u00A0Fluid\u00C2\u00A0Components,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Genesis\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Meikle\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Neighboring\u00C2\u00A0Carlin\u00E2\u0080\u0090Type\u00C2\u00A0 Deposits,\u00C2\u00A0Northern\u00C2\u00A0Carlin\u00C2\u00A0Trend,\u00C2\u00A0Nevada:\u00C2\u00A0Economic\u00C2\u00A0Geology,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A098,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A01069\u00E2\u0080\u00901105.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Finney,\u00C2\u00A0 S.,\u00C2\u00A0Berry,\u00C2\u00A0W.,\u00C2\u00A0Cooper,\u00C2\u00A0 J.,\u00C2\u00A0Ripperdan,\u00C2\u00A0R.,\u00C2\u00A0 Sweet,\u00C2\u00A0W.,\u00C2\u00A0 Jacobson,\u00C2\u00A0 S.,\u00C2\u00A0 Soufiane,\u00C2\u00A0A.,\u00C2\u00A0Achab,\u00C2\u00A0A.,\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 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of\u00C2\u00A0 stratabound\u00C2\u00A0ore\u00C2\u00A0deposits:\u00C2\u00A0American\u00C2\u00A0Journal\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Science,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A0284,\u00C2\u00A0p.1085\u00E2\u0080\u00901124.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Gustafson,\u00C2\u00A0 L.,\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 Quiroga,\u00C2\u00A0 G.,\u00C2\u00A0 1995,\u00C2\u00A0 Patterns\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0mineralization\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 alteration\u00C2\u00A0 below\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 porphyry\u00C2\u00A0 copper\u00C2\u00A0orebody\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0El\u00C2\u00A0Salvador,\u00C2\u00A0Chile:\u00C2\u00A0Economic\u00C2\u00A0Geology,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A090,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A02\u00E2\u0080\u009016.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Hagemann,\u00C2\u00A0S.G.,\u00C2\u00A0Groves,\u00C2\u00A0D.I.,\u00C2\u00A0Ridley,\u00C2\u00A0 J.R.,\u00C2\u00A0Vearncombe,\u00C2\u00A0 J.R.,\u00C2\u00A01992,\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0Archean\u00C2\u00A0 lode\u00C2\u00A0gold\u00C2\u00A0deposits\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0 Willuna,\u00C2\u00A0 Western\u00C2\u00A0 Australia;\u00C2\u00A0 high\u00E2\u0080\u0090level\u00C2\u00A0 brittle\u00E2\u0080\u0090style\u00C2\u00A0 mineralization\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 a\u00C2\u00A0 strike\u00E2\u0080\u0090slip\u00C2\u00A0 regime:\u00C2\u00A0 Economic\u00C2\u00A0Geology,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A087;\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A01022\u00E2\u0080\u00901053.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Heitt,\u00C2\u00A0D.,\u00C2\u00A0Dunbar,\u00C2\u00A0W.,\u00C2\u00A0Thompson,\u00C2\u00A0T.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Jackson,\u00C2\u00A0R.,\u00C2\u00A02003,\u00C2\u00A0Geology\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0geochemistry\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Deep\u00C2\u00A0Star\u00C2\u00A0 gold\u00C2\u00A0deposit:\u00C2\u00A0Carlin\u00C2\u00A0trend,\u00C2\u00A0Nevada:\u00C2\u00A0Economic\u00C2\u00A0Geology,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A098,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A01107\u00E2\u0080\u00901135.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 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the\u00C2\u00A0Alligator\u00C2\u00A0Ridge\u00C2\u00A0Gold\u00C2\u00A0Deposits,\u00C2\u00A0Nevada:\u00C2\u00A0Economic\u00C2\u00A0Geology,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A081,\u00C2\u00A0p.113\u00E2\u0080\u0090130.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Jiang,\u00C2\u00A0Z.,\u00C2\u00A0Oliver,\u00C2\u00A0N.,\u00C2\u00A0Barr,\u00C2\u00A0T.,\u00C2\u00A0Power,\u00C2\u00A0W.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Ord,\u00C2\u00A0A.,\u00C2\u00A01997,\u00C2\u00A0Numerical\u00C2\u00A0modeling\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0fault\u00E2\u0080\u0090controlled\u00C2\u00A0fluid\u00C2\u00A0 flow\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0genesis\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0tin\u00C2\u00A0deposits\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Malage\u00C2\u00A0ore\u00C2\u00A0field,\u00C2\u00A0Gejiu\u00C2\u00A0mining\u00C2\u00A0district,\u00C2\u00A0China:\u00C2\u00A0Economic\u00C2\u00A0 Geology,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A092,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A0228\u00E2\u0080\u0090247.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 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Poole,\u00C2\u00A0F.,\u00C2\u00A0Stewart,\u00C2\u00A0J.,\u00C2\u00A0Palmer,\u00C2\u00A0A.,\u00C2\u00A0Sandberg,\u00C2\u00A0C.,\u00C2\u00A0Madrid,\u00C2\u00A0C.,\u00C2\u00A0Ross\u00C2\u00A0Jr,\u00C2\u00A0R.,\u00C2\u00A0Hintze,\u00C2\u00A0L.,\u00C2\u00A0Miller,\u00C2\u00A0M.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Wrucke,\u00C2\u00A0 C.,\u00C2\u00A01992,\u00C2\u00A0Latest\u00C2\u00A0Precambrian\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0latest\u00C2\u00A0Devonian\u00C2\u00A0time;\u00C2\u00A0development\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0continental\u00C2\u00A0margin:\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0 Cordilleran\u00C2\u00A0Orogen:\u00C2\u00A0Conterminous\u00C2\u00A0US,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A09\u00E2\u0080\u009354.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Price,\u00C2\u00A0J.G.,\u00C2\u00A0Muntean,\u00C2\u00A0J.L.,\u00C2\u00A0Davis,\u00C2\u00A0D.A.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Hess,\u00C2\u00A0R.H.,\u00C2\u00A02007,\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0Nevada\u00C2\u00A0mineral\u00C2\u00A0 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the\u00C2\u00A0Beast\u00C2\u00A0deposit\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 importance\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Eocene\u00C2\u00A0magmatism\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0gold\u00C2\u00A0mineralization\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Carlin\u00C2\u00A0Trend,\u00C2\u00A0Nevada:\u00C2\u00A0Economic\u00C2\u00A0 Geology,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A095,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A01417\u00E2\u0080\u00901444.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Roberts,\u00C2\u00A0R.,\u00C2\u00A01966,\u00C2\u00A0Metallogenic\u00C2\u00A0provinces\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0mineral\u00C2\u00A0belts\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0Nevada:\u00C2\u00A0Nevada\u00C2\u00A0Bureau\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Mines,\u00C2\u00A0Rept,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A0 13,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A047\u00E2\u0080\u009072. Rosenberg,\u00C2\u00A0N.,\u00C2\u00A0Spera,\u00C2\u00A0F.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Haymon,\u00C2\u00A0R.,\u00C2\u00A01993,\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0relationship\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A0flow\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0permeability\u00C2\u00A0field\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0 seafloor\u00C2\u00A0hydrothermal\u00C2\u00A0systems:\u00C2\u00A0Earth\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Planetary\u00C2\u00A0Science\u00C2\u00A0Letters,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A0116,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A0135\u00E2\u0080\u0090153.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Rye,\u00C2\u00A0 R.,\u00C2\u00A0 1985,\u00C2\u00A0A\u00C2\u00A0model\u00C2\u00A0 for\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 formation\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 carbonate\u00E2\u0080\u0090hosted\u00C2\u00A0 disseminated\u00C2\u00A0 gold\u00C2\u00A0 deposits\u00C2\u00A0 based\u00C2\u00A0 on\u00C2\u00A0 geologic,\u00C2\u00A0 fluid\u00C2\u00A0 inclusion,\u00C2\u00A0 geochemical,\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 stable\u00C2\u00A0 isotope\u00C2\u00A0 studies\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 Carlin\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 Cortez\u00C2\u00A0 deposits,\u00C2\u00A0Nevada:\u00C2\u00A0Nevada:\u00C2\u00A0US\u00C2\u00A0Geological\u00C2\u00A0Survey\u00C2\u00A0Bulletin,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A01646,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A035\u00E2\u0080\u009342.Schardt,\u00C2\u00A0C.,\u00C2\u00A0Yang,\u00C2\u00A0J.,\u00C2\u00A0 Large,\u00C2\u00A0 R.,\u00C2\u00A0 2005,\u00C2\u00A0 Numerical\u00C2\u00A0 heat\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 fluid\u00E2\u0080\u0090flow\u00C2\u00A0 modeling\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 Panorama\u00C2\u00A0 volcanic\u00E2\u0080\u0090hosted\u00C2\u00A0 massive\u00C2\u00A0sulfide\u00C2\u00A0district,\u00C2\u00A0western\u00C2\u00A0Australia,\u00C2\u00A0v.100,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A0547\u00E2\u0080\u0090566.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Sibson,\u00C2\u00A0R.H.,\u00C2\u00A0Robert,\u00C2\u00A0F.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Poulson,\u00C2\u00A0K.H.,\u00C2\u00A01988,\u00C2\u00A0High\u00E2\u0080\u0090angle\u00C2\u00A0 reverse\u00C2\u00A0 faults,\u00C2\u00A0 fluid\u00E2\u0080\u0090pressure\u00C2\u00A0cycling,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 mesothermal\u00C2\u00A0gold\u00E2\u0080\u0090quartz\u00C2\u00A0deposits:\u00C2\u00A0geology,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A016,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A0551\u00E2\u0080\u0090555.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Sibson,\u00C2\u00A0 R.,\u00C2\u00A0 1992,\u00C2\u00A0 Implications\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 fault\u00E2\u0080\u0090valve\u00C2\u00A0 behaviour\u00C2\u00A0 for\u00C2\u00A0 rupture\u00C2\u00A0 nucleation\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 recurrence:\u00C2\u00A0 Tectonophysics,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A0211,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A0283\u00E2\u0080\u0090293.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Silberling,\u00C2\u00A0N.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Roberts,\u00C2\u00A0R.,\u00C2\u00A01962,\u00C2\u00A0Pre\u00E2\u0080\u0090Tertiary\u00C2\u00A0 stratigraphy\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 structure\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0northwestern\u00C2\u00A0Nevada,\u00C2\u00A0 Geological\u00C2\u00A0Society\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0America\u00C2\u00A0Symposium.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Sillitoe,\u00C2\u00A0 R.H.,\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 Bonham,\u00C2\u00A0 H.F.,\u00C2\u00A0 Sediment\u00E2\u0080\u0090hosted\u00C2\u00A0 gold\u00C2\u00A0 deposits:\u00C2\u00A0 Distal\u00C2\u00A0 products\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 magmatic\u00E2\u0080\u0090 hydrothermal\u00C2\u00A0systems:\u00C2\u00A0Geology,\u00C2\u00A0v.18,\u00C2\u00A0p.157\u00E2\u0080\u0090161.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 129\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Singleton,\u00C2\u00A0 M.,\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 Criss,\u00C2\u00A0 R.,\u00C2\u00A0 2002,\u00C2\u00A0 Effects\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 normal\u00C2\u00A0 faulting\u00C2\u00A0 on\u00C2\u00A0 fluid\u00C2\u00A0 flow\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 an\u00C2\u00A0 ore\u00E2\u0080\u0090producing\u00C2\u00A0 hydrothermal\u00C2\u00A0 system,\u00C2\u00A0 Comstock\u00C2\u00A0 Lode,\u00C2\u00A0 Nevada:\u00C2\u00A0 Journal\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 Volcanology\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 Geothermal\u00C2\u00A0 Research,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A0115,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A0437\u00E2\u0080\u0090450.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Singleton,\u00C2\u00A0 M.,\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 Criss,\u00C2\u00A0 R.,\u00C2\u00A0 2004,\u00C2\u00A0 Symmetry\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 flow\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 Comstock\u00C2\u00A0 Lode\u00C2\u00A0 hydrothermal\u00C2\u00A0 system:\u00C2\u00A0 Evidence\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0 longitudinal\u00C2\u00A0convective\u00C2\u00A0rolls\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0geologic\u00C2\u00A0systems:\u00C2\u00A0Journal\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Geophysical\u00C2\u00A0Research,\u00C2\u00A0 v.\u00C2\u00A0109,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A03205\u00E2\u0080\u00903220.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Stenger,\u00C2\u00A0D.,\u00C2\u00A0Kesler,\u00C2\u00A0S.,\u00C2\u00A0Peltonen,\u00C2\u00A0D.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Tapper,\u00C2\u00A0C.,\u00C2\u00A01998,\u00C2\u00A0Deposition\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0gold\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0carlin\u00E2\u0080\u0090type\u00C2\u00A0deposits;\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 role\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0sulfidation\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0decarbonation\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0Twin\u00C2\u00A0Creeks,\u00C2\u00A0Nevada:\u00C2\u00A0Economic\u00C2\u00A0Geology,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A093,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A0201\u00E2\u0080\u0090 215.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Taylor,\u00C2\u00A0H.P.,\u00C2\u00A0Jr.\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Epstein,\u00C2\u00A0S.,\u00C2\u00A01963.\u00C2\u00A0O18/O16\u00C2\u00A0ratios\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0rocks\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0coexisting\u00C2\u00A0minerals\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Skaergaard\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 intrusion.\u00C2\u00A0J.\u00C2\u00A0Petrol.,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A04,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A051\u00E2\u0080\u009074.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Taylor,\u00C2\u00A0 H.P.,\u00C2\u00A0 1974,\u00C2\u00A0 The\u00C2\u00A0 Application\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 Oxygen\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 Hydrogen\u00C2\u00A0 Isotope\u00C2\u00A0 Studies\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0 Problems\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 Hydrothermal\u00C2\u00A0Alteration\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Ore\u00C2\u00A0Deposition:\u00C2\u00A0Economic\u00C2\u00A0Geology,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A069,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A0843\u00E2\u0080\u0090883.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Thorman,\u00C2\u00A0 C.H.,\u00C2\u00A0 Ketner,\u00C2\u00A0 K.B.,\u00C2\u00A0 Peterson,\u00C2\u00A0 F.\u00C2\u00A0 (1990):\u00C2\u00A0 The\u00C2\u00A0 Elko\u00C2\u00A0 orogeny\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u0090\u00C2\u00A0 Late\u00C2\u00A0 Jurassic\u00C2\u00A0 orogenesis\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 Cordilleran\u00C2\u00A0miogeocline.\u00C2\u00A0GSA\u00C2\u00A0Abstracts\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0Programs,\u00C2\u00A022,\u00C2\u00A03,\u00C2\u00A088.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Tosdal,\u00C2\u00A0R.,\u00C2\u00A0Wooden,\u00C2\u00A0J.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Kistler,\u00C2\u00A0R.,\u00C2\u00A02000,\u00C2\u00A0Inheritance\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Nevadan\u00C2\u00A0mineral\u00C2\u00A0belts\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0Neoproterozoic\u00C2\u00A0 continental\u00C2\u00A0breakup:\u00C2\u00A0Geology\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0ore\u00C2\u00A0deposits,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A015\u00E2\u0080\u009318.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Ulrich,\u00C2\u00A0T.,\u00C2\u00A0G\u00C3\u00BCnther,\u00C2\u00A0D.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Heinrich,\u00C2\u00A0C.,\u00C2\u00A01999,\u00C2\u00A0Gold\u00C2\u00A0concentrations\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0magmatic\u00C2\u00A0brines\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0metal\u00C2\u00A0 budget\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0porphyry\u00C2\u00A0copper\u00C2\u00A0deposits:\u00C2\u00A0Nature,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A0399,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A0676\u00E2\u0080\u0090679.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Veizer,\u00C2\u00A0 J.,\u00C2\u00A0Ala,\u00C2\u00A0D.,\u00C2\u00A0Azmy,\u00C2\u00A0K.,\u00C2\u00A0Bruckschen,\u00C2\u00A0P.,\u00C2\u00A0Buhl,\u00C2\u00A0D.,\u00C2\u00A0Bruhn,\u00C2\u00A0F.,\u00C2\u00A0Carden,\u00C2\u00A0G.,\u00C2\u00A0Diener,\u00C2\u00A0A.,\u00C2\u00A0Ebneth,\u00C2\u00A0S.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 Godderis,\u00C2\u00A0Y.,\u00C2\u00A01999,\u00C2\u00A087Sr/86Sr,[delta]\u00C2\u00A013C\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 [delta]\u00C2\u00A018O\u00C2\u00A0evolution\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Phanerozoic\u00C2\u00A0 seawater:\u00C2\u00A0 Chemical\u00C2\u00A0Geology,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A0161,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A059\u00E2\u0080\u009088.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 130\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 CHAPTER\u00C2\u00A05\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u0093CONCLUSIONS\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 The\u00C2\u00A0primary\u00C2\u00A0objective\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0project\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0evaluate\u00C2\u00A0distal\u00C2\u00A0patterns\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0fluid\u00C2\u00A0flow\u00C2\u00A0into\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0out\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 Carlin\u00C2\u00A0type\u00C2\u00A0gold\u00C2\u00A0deposits.\u00C2\u00A0This\u00C2\u00A0study\u00C2\u00A0highlighted\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0challenges\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0establishing\u00C2\u00A0distal\u00C2\u00A0vectors\u00C2\u00A0toward\u00C2\u00A0ore\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 low\u00C2\u00A0 temperature,\u00C2\u00A0 fracture\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 fault\u00C2\u00A0 controlled\u00C2\u00A0 hydrothermal\u00C2\u00A0 systems.\u00C2\u00A0 The\u00C2\u00A0 key\u00C2\u00A0 results\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 interpretations\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0study\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0summarized\u00C2\u00A0below:\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 5.1\u00C2\u00A0FLUID\u00C2\u00A0FLOW\u00C2\u00A0INTO\u00C2\u00A0CARLIN\u00E2\u0080\u0090TYPE\u00C2\u00A0GOLD\u00C2\u00A0DEPOSITS\u00C2\u00A0 \u00EF\u0082\u00B7 Depleted\u00C2\u00A0oxygen\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0carbon\u00C2\u00A0stable\u00C2\u00A0 isotope\u00C2\u00A0values\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 lower\u00C2\u00A0Palaeozoic\u00C2\u00A0carbonate\u00C2\u00A0 rocks,\u00C2\u00A0along\u00C2\u00A0 with\u00C2\u00A0 elevated\u00C2\u00A0 concentrations\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 Au,\u00C2\u00A0 As,\u00C2\u00A0 Sb,\u00C2\u00A0 hg,\u00C2\u00A0 Tl,\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 Te,\u00C2\u00A0 identified\u00C2\u00A0 flow\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 gold\u00E2\u0080\u0090bearing\u00C2\u00A0 hydrothermal\u00C2\u00A0fluid\u00C2\u00A0along\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Abyss\u00C2\u00A0fault\u00C2\u00A0zone\u00C2\u00A0underneath\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Pipeline\u00C2\u00A0deposit.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00EF\u0082\u00B7 Fluid\u00C2\u00A0flow\u00C2\u00A0occurred\u00C2\u00A0within\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0fault\u00C2\u00A0zone,\u00C2\u00A0but\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0fault\u00C2\u00A0zone\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0main\u00C2\u00A0ore\u00C2\u00A0zone\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Pipeline\u00C2\u00A0deposit.\u00C2\u00A0Furthermore\u00C2\u00A0fluid\u00C2\u00A0flow\u00C2\u00A0did\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0occur\u00C2\u00A0across\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0fault.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00EF\u0082\u00B7 If\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Abyss\u00C2\u00A0fault\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0main\u00C2\u00A0conduit\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0ore\u00E2\u0080\u0090forming\u00C2\u00A0fluids\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Pipeline\u00C2\u00A0deposit,\u00C2\u00A0fluid\u00C2\u00A0 must\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0entered\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Pipeline\u00C2\u00A0deposit\u00C2\u00A0along\u00C2\u00A0dominantly\u00C2\u00A0lateral\u00C2\u00A0flow\u00C2\u00A0paths,\u00C2\u00A0likely\u00C2\u00A0focused\u00C2\u00A0along\u00C2\u00A0 pre\u00E2\u0080\u0090existing\u00C2\u00A0thrust\u00C2\u00A0fault\u00C2\u00A0duplex\u00C2\u00A0structures\u00C2\u00A0which\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0zones\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0greater\u00C2\u00A0permeability\u00C2\u00A0than\u00C2\u00A0intact\u00C2\u00A0 host\u00C2\u00A0rock.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00EF\u0082\u00B7 Ore\u00E2\u0080\u0090forming\u00C2\u00A0fluids\u00C2\u00A0 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\u00C2\u00A0 5.2\u00C2\u00A0FLUID\u00C2\u00A0PATHWAYS\u00C2\u00A0OUT\u00C2\u00A0OF\u00C2\u00A0CARLIN\u00E2\u0080\u0090TYPE\u00C2\u00A0GOLD\u00C2\u00A0DEPOSITS\u00C2\u00A0 \u00EF\u0082\u00B7 Stable\u00C2\u00A0 isotope\u00C2\u00A0values\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0clay\u00C2\u00A0minerals,\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0abundance\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 illite,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0crystallinity\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 illite,\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0 robust\u00C2\u00A0 indicators\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0hydrothermal\u00C2\u00A0alteration\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0Carlin\u00E2\u0080\u0090type\u00C2\u00A0 systems.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0combination\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 these\u00C2\u00A0 three\u00C2\u00A0tools\u00C2\u00A0outlined\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0number\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0zones\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0hydrothermal\u00C2\u00A0alteration\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0both\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Shoshone\u00C2\u00A0Range\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 131\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0Leeville\u00C2\u00A0study\u00C2\u00A0areas.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0region\u00C2\u00A0above\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0proximal\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0surface\u00C2\u00A0projection\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Leeville\u00C2\u00A0 deposit\u00C2\u00A0exhibits\u00C2\u00A0multiple\u00C2\u00A0zones\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0hydrothermal\u00C2\u00A0fluid\u00C2\u00A0upflow\u00C2\u00A0resulting\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0pervasive\u00C2\u00A0illitization\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 upper\u00C2\u00A0plate\u00C2\u00A0 siliciclastic\u00C2\u00A0 rocks.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0Pipeline/\u00C2\u00A0Gold\u00C2\u00A0Acres\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0Elder\u00C2\u00A0Creek\u00C2\u00A0deposits\u00C2\u00A0 also\u00C2\u00A0 contain\u00C2\u00A0 abundant\u00C2\u00A0illite.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00EF\u0082\u00B7 The\u00C2\u00A0presence\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0highly\u00C2\u00A0crystalline\u00C2\u00A0 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brittle\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 quartz\u00C2\u00A0 rich,\u00C2\u00A0 less\u00C2\u00A0 argillaceous\u00C2\u00A0 sedimentary\u00C2\u00A0 lithologies.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00EF\u0082\u00B7 Certain\u00C2\u00A0 geothermometers\u00C2\u00A0 do\u00C2\u00A0 not\u00C2\u00A0 provide\u00C2\u00A0 consistent\u00C2\u00A0 or\u00C2\u00A0 reliable\u00C2\u00A0 information\u00C2\u00A0 on\u00C2\u00A0 formation\u00C2\u00A0 temperature.\u00C2\u00A0Although\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0general\u00C2\u00A0relationship\u00C2\u00A0exists\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A0increasing\u00C2\u00A0formation\u00C2\u00A0temperature\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 increasing\u00C2\u00A0\u00DC\u00AD \u00E0\u00B5\u0085 |\u00DC\u00A8\u00DD\u0081 \u00E0\u00B5\u0086 \u00DC\u00AF\u00DD\u0083|\u00C2\u00A0values,\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 from\u00C2\u00A0 five\u00C2\u00A0geothermal\u00C2\u00A0 fields\u00C2\u00A0demonstrates\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 relationship\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0linear\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0varies\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A0fields\u00C2\u00A0(Battaglia,\u00C2\u00A02004).\u00C2\u00A0Hence,\u00C2\u00A0the \u00DC\u00AD \u00E0\u00B5\u0085 |\u00DC\u00A8\u00DD\u0081 \u00E0\u00B5\u0086 \u00DC\u00AF\u00DD\u0083|\u00C2\u00A0 thermometer\u00C2\u00A0 cannot\u00C2\u00A0 be\u00C2\u00A0 applied\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0 systems\u00C2\u00A0 containing\u00C2\u00A0 illite\u00C2\u00A0 where\u00C2\u00A0 temperature\u00C2\u00A0 cannot\u00C2\u00A0 be\u00C2\u00A0 directly\u00C2\u00A0 measured,\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 a\u00C2\u00A0 temperature\u00E2\u0080\u0090composition\u00C2\u00A0 curve\u00C2\u00A0 has\u00C2\u00A0 not\u00C2\u00A0 been\u00C2\u00A0 calibrated\u00C2\u00A0 without\u00C2\u00A0 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laboratories\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0geochemical\u00C2\u00A0analyses\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0stable\u00C2\u00A0 isotope\u00C2\u00A0analyses\u00C2\u00A0(Vaughan,\u00C2\u00A0 Ph.D.\u00C2\u00A0Thesis,\u00C2\u00A0unpublished\u00C2\u00A0data).\u00C2\u00A0Although\u00C2\u00A0depleted\u00C2\u00A0stable\u00C2\u00A0isotope\u00C2\u00A0values\u00C2\u00A0may\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0diluted\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0larger\u00C2\u00A0areas\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 undepleted\u00C2\u00A0material,\u00C2\u00A0 valid\u00C2\u00A0 comparisons\u00C2\u00A0 could\u00C2\u00A0 be\u00C2\u00A0made\u00C2\u00A0 between\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 two\u00C2\u00A0 sets\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 data\u00C2\u00A0 over\u00C2\u00A0 short\u00C2\u00A0 intervals.\u00C2\u00A0 Furthermore,\u00C2\u00A0 recent\u00C2\u00A0 advances\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 stable\u00C2\u00A0 isotope\u00C2\u00A0 analytical\u00C2\u00A0 techniques\u00C2\u00A0 using\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u0098ISOTOPE\u00C2\u00A0 ANALYZER\u00E2\u0080\u0099\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0reduced\u00C2\u00A0both\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0running\u00C2\u00A0time\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0cost\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0individual\u00C2\u00A0analyses\u00C2\u00A0while\u00C2\u00A0obtaining\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0error\u00C2\u00A0 similar\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0more\u00C2\u00A0 conventional\u00C2\u00A0 analytical\u00C2\u00A0 techniques\u00C2\u00A0 (Dipple\u00C2\u00A0 et\u00C2\u00A0 al.,\u00C2\u00A0 unpublished\u00C2\u00A0 data).\u00C2\u00A0 Time\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 cost\u00C2\u00A0 reduction\u00C2\u00A0make\u00C2\u00A0 stable\u00C2\u00A0 isotope\u00C2\u00A0 analyses\u00C2\u00A0 a\u00C2\u00A0more\u00C2\u00A0practical\u00C2\u00A0 tool\u00C2\u00A0 for\u00C2\u00A0 exploration,\u00C2\u00A0perhaps\u00C2\u00A0more\u00C2\u00A0 so\u00C2\u00A0 than\u00C2\u00A0 down\u00C2\u00A0hole\u00C2\u00A0trace\u00C2\u00A0element\u00C2\u00A0geochemistry.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 135\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 5.5\u00C2\u00A0REFERENCES\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Arkai,\u00C2\u00A0 P.,\u00C2\u00A0Merriman,\u00C2\u00A0 R.,\u00C2\u00A0 Roberts,\u00C2\u00A0 B.,\u00C2\u00A0 Peacor,\u00C2\u00A0D.,\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 Toth,\u00C2\u00A0M.,\u00C2\u00A0 1996,\u00C2\u00A0 Crystallinity,\u00C2\u00A0 crystallite\u00C2\u00A0 size\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 lattice\u00C2\u00A0strain\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0illite\u00E2\u0080\u0090muscovite\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0chlorite;\u00C2\u00A0comparison\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0XRD\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0TEM\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0diagenetic\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0 epizonal\u00C2\u00A0pelites:\u00C2\u00A0European\u00C2\u00A0Journal\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Mineralogy,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A08,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A01119\u00E2\u0080\u00901137.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Battaglia,\u00C2\u00A0S.,\u00C2\u00A02004,\u00C2\u00A0Variations\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0chemical\u00C2\u00A0composition\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0illite\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0five\u00C2\u00A0geothermal\u00C2\u00A0fields:\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0possible\u00C2\u00A0 geothermometer:\u00C2\u00A0Clay\u00C2\u00A0Minerals,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A039,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A0501\u00E2\u0080\u0090510.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Essene,\u00C2\u00A0 E.,\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 Peacor,\u00C2\u00A0 D.,\u00C2\u00A0 1995,\u00C2\u00A0 Clay\u00C2\u00A0 mineral\u00C2\u00A0 thermometry\u00E2\u0080\u0090a\u00C2\u00A0 critical\u00C2\u00A0 perspective:\u00C2\u00A0 Clays\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 Clay\u00C2\u00A0 Minerals,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A043,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A0540\u00E2\u0080\u0090553.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Lonker,\u00C2\u00A0 S.,\u00C2\u00A0 FitzGerald,\u00C2\u00A0 J.,\u00C2\u00A0 Hedenquist,\u00C2\u00A0 J.,\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 Walshe,\u00C2\u00A0 J.,\u00C2\u00A0 1990,\u00C2\u00A0 Mineral\u00E2\u0080\u0090fluid\u00C2\u00A0 interactions\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 Broadlands\u00E2\u0080\u0090Ohaaki\u00C2\u00A0 geothermal\u00C2\u00A0 system,\u00C2\u00A0New\u00C2\u00A0 Zealand:\u00C2\u00A0American\u00C2\u00A0 Journal\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 Science,\u00C2\u00A0 v.\u00C2\u00A0 290,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A0 995\u00E2\u0080\u00901068.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 136\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 APPENDIX\u00C2\u00A0A:\u00C2\u00A0THE\u00C2\u00A0ELDER\u00C2\u00A0CREEK\u00C2\u00A0DEPOSIT:\u00C2\u00A0An\u00C2\u00A0Upper\u00C2\u00A0Plate\u00C2\u00A0Expression\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0 Auriferous\u00C2\u00A0Carlin\u00E2\u0080\u0090type\u00C2\u00A0hydrothermal\u00C2\u00A0system\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 INTRODUCTION\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 The\u00C2\u00A0Carlin\u00C2\u00A0deposits\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0northern\u00C2\u00A0Nevada\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0one\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0world\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00C2\u00A0major\u00C2\u00A0sources\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0gold\u00C2\u00A0(Teal\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 Jackson,\u00C2\u00A02002;\u00C2\u00A0Price\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.,\u00C2\u00A02007).\u00C2\u00A0Gold\u00C2\u00A0deposition\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0thought\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0deposited\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A0~42\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A036\u00C2\u00A0Ma\u00C2\u00A0 (Hofstra,\u00C2\u00A0 et\u00C2\u00A0 al.,\u00C2\u00A0 1999;\u00C2\u00A0 Arehart,\u00C2\u00A0 et\u00C2\u00A0 al.,\u00C2\u00A0 2003,\u00C2\u00A0 Cline,\u00C2\u00A0 et\u00C2\u00A0 al.,\u00C2\u00A0 2005)\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 is\u00C2\u00A0 typically\u00C2\u00A0 hosted\u00C2\u00A0within\u00C2\u00A0 Siluro\u00E2\u0080\u0090 Devonian\u00C2\u00A0miogeoclinal\u00C2\u00A0 carbonate\u00C2\u00A0 rocks\u00C2\u00A0 that\u00C2\u00A0 form\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 footwall\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 Roberts\u00C2\u00A0Mountain\u00C2\u00A0 thrust\u00C2\u00A0 (the\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u009Clower\u00C2\u00A0plate\u00E2\u0080\u009D)\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0 largest\u00C2\u00A0deposits\u00C2\u00A0tend\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0preferentially\u00C2\u00A0concentrated\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0silty\u00C2\u00A0 limestone\u00C2\u00A0units\u00C2\u00A0 that\u00C2\u00A0 extend\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0~1000m\u00C2\u00A0stratigraphically\u00C2\u00A0beneath\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0thrust\u00C2\u00A0(e.g.,,\u00C2\u00A0Hofstra\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Cline,\u00C2\u00A02000;\u00C2\u00A0Teal\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Jackson,\u00C2\u00A0 2002).\u00C2\u00A0 The\u00C2\u00A0 structurally\u00C2\u00A0 overlying\u00C2\u00A0 Roberts\u00C2\u00A0Mountains\u00C2\u00A0 allochthon\u00C2\u00A0 (the\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u009Cupper\u00C2\u00A0 plate\u00E2\u0080\u009D)\u00C2\u00A0 is\u00C2\u00A0 dominated\u00C2\u00A0 by\u00C2\u00A0 Ordovician\u00E2\u0080\u0090Mississippian\u00C2\u00A0siliciclastic\u00C2\u00A0eugeoclinal\u00C2\u00A0rocks\u00C2\u00A0(Arehart,\u00C2\u00A01996,\u00C2\u00A0Hofstra\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Cline,\u00C2\u00A02000,\u00C2\u00A0Teal\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 Jackson,\u00C2\u00A0 2002).\u00C2\u00A0 The\u00C2\u00A0 upper\u00C2\u00A0 plate\u00C2\u00A0 is\u00C2\u00A0 not\u00C2\u00A0 known\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0 host\u00C2\u00A0 any\u00C2\u00A0major\u00C2\u00A0 Carlin\u00E2\u0080\u0090type\u00C2\u00A0 Au\u00C2\u00A0 deposits\u00C2\u00A0 although\u00C2\u00A0 mineralization\u00C2\u00A0 does\u00C2\u00A0 occur\u00C2\u00A0 locally\u00C2\u00A0 immediately\u00C2\u00A0 above\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 RMT\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 several\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 lower\u00C2\u00A0 plate\u00E2\u0080\u0090hosted\u00C2\u00A0 deposits.\u00C2\u00A0Given\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0large\u00C2\u00A0tonnages\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0high\u00C2\u00A0grades\u00C2\u00A0associated\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0Carlin\u00C2\u00A0Au\u00E2\u0080\u0090deposits\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0Nevada\u00C2\u00A0(Cline\u00C2\u00A0 et\u00C2\u00A0al.,\u00C2\u00A02005)\u00C2\u00A0it\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0clear\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0hydrothermal\u00C2\u00A0systems\u00C2\u00A0responsible\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0these\u00C2\u00A0deposits\u00C2\u00A0must\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0involved\u00C2\u00A0 huge\u00C2\u00A0 volumes\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 fluid.\u00C2\u00A0 Thermochronology\u00C2\u00A0 based\u00C2\u00A0 estimates\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 bedrock\u00C2\u00A0 exhumation\u00C2\u00A0 suggest\u00C2\u00A0 that\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 Carlin\u00E2\u0080\u0090type\u00C2\u00A0Au\u00E2\u0080\u0090deposits\u00C2\u00A0 likely\u00C2\u00A0 formed\u00C2\u00A0over\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0paleodepth\u00C2\u00A0range\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0<1\u00E2\u0080\u00903km\u00C2\u00A0 (Cline\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.,\u00C2\u00A02005).\u00C2\u00A0At\u00C2\u00A0these\u00C2\u00A0 depths,\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0large\u00C2\u00A0hydrothermal\u00C2\u00A0systems\u00C2\u00A0responsible\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Carlin\u00C2\u00A0deposits\u00C2\u00A0should\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0welled\u00E2\u0080\u0090up\u00C2\u00A0up\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0 near\u00C2\u00A0surface\u00C2\u00A0depths,\u00C2\u00A0and,\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0doing\u00C2\u00A0so,\u00C2\u00A0must\u00C2\u00A0almost\u00C2\u00A0certainly\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0passed\u00C2\u00A0through\u00C2\u00A0upper\u00C2\u00A0plate\u00C2\u00A0rocks.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0 lack\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 Carlin\u00E2\u0080\u0090type\u00C2\u00A0 deposits\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 upper\u00C2\u00A0 plate\u00C2\u00A0 is\u00C2\u00A0 thought\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0 reflect\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 less\u00C2\u00A0 reactive\u00C2\u00A0 nature\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 siliciclastic\u00C2\u00A0rocks\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0dominate\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Roberts\u00C2\u00A0Mountains\u00C2\u00A0allochthon\u00C2\u00A0(Cline\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.,\u00C2\u00A02005;\u00C2\u00A0Nutt\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Hofstra,\u00C2\u00A0 2003)\u00C2\u00A0However,\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 definition\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 Carlin\u00E2\u0080\u0090type\u00C2\u00A0 deposits\u00C2\u00A0 as\u00C2\u00A0 being\u00C2\u00A0 inherently\u00C2\u00A0 associated\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0 carbonate\u00C2\u00A0 dominated\u00C2\u00A0host\u00E2\u0080\u0090rocks\u00C2\u00A0(Hofstra\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Cline,\u00C2\u00A02000)\u00C2\u00A0has\u00C2\u00A0tended\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0divert\u00C2\u00A0attention\u00C2\u00A0away\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0conceptual\u00C2\u00A0 understanding\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 how\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 same\u00C2\u00A0 hydrothermal\u00C2\u00A0 system\u00C2\u00A0might\u00C2\u00A0 be\u00C2\u00A0 expressed\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 siliciclastic\u00C2\u00A0 upper\u00C2\u00A0 plate\u00C2\u00A0 rocks.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0 likely\u00C2\u00A0 scenario\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0upwelling\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Carlin\u00C2\u00A0hydrothermal\u00C2\u00A0 fluids\u00C2\u00A0 into\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0upper\u00C2\u00A0plate\u00C2\u00A0 invokes\u00C2\u00A0 two\u00C2\u00A0 obvious\u00C2\u00A0questions;\u00C2\u00A0what\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0physiochemical\u00C2\u00A0manifestation\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0hydrothermal\u00C2\u00A0system\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0upper\u00C2\u00A0plate\u00C2\u00A0 rocks,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0what\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0nature\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0any\u00C2\u00A0Au\u00E2\u0080\u0090deposit\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0formed\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0result.\u00C2\u00A0 In\u00C2\u00A0 this\u00C2\u00A0 study\u00C2\u00A0 we\u00C2\u00A0 assess\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 possible\u00C2\u00A0 physiochemical\u00C2\u00A0 expression\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 Carlin\u00E2\u0080\u0090type\u00C2\u00A0 auriferous\u00C2\u00A0 hydrothermal\u00C2\u00A0 activity\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 upper\u00C2\u00A0 plate\u00C2\u00A0 rocks\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 northern\u00C2\u00A0 Shoshone\u00C2\u00A0 Range,\u00C2\u00A0 northern\u00C2\u00A0 Nevada.\u00C2\u00A0 Specifically\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0studied\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Elder\u00C2\u00A0Creek\u00C2\u00A0deposit,\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0small\u00C2\u00A0upper\u00E2\u0080\u0090plate\u00C2\u00A0hosted\u00C2\u00A0gold\u00C2\u00A0deposit\u00C2\u00A0located\u00C2\u00A0~14\u00C2\u00A0km\u00C2\u00A0 west\u00E2\u0080\u0090northwest\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0giant\u00C2\u00A0Pipeline\u00C2\u00A0Carlin\u00E2\u0080\u0090type\u00C2\u00A0Au\u00E2\u0080\u0090deposit\u00C2\u00A0 (Figure\u00C2\u00A0A1).\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Combining\u00C2\u00A0 lithogeochemistry\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0analysis\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0clay\u00C2\u00A0mineralogy,\u00C2\u00A0we\u00C2\u00A0suggest\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0mineralization\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Elder\u00C2\u00A0Creek\u00C2\u00A0deposit\u00C2\u00A0may\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0 genetic\u00C2\u00A0roots\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0Carlin\u00E2\u0080\u0090type\u00C2\u00A0hydrothermal\u00C2\u00A0system.\u00C2\u00A0Whether\u00C2\u00A0 it\u00C2\u00A0represents\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0exhaust\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0deposit\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0 depth,\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0product\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0pregnant\u00C2\u00A0ore\u00E2\u0080\u0090solution\u00C2\u00A0remains\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0determined.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 REGIONAL\u00C2\u00A0GEOLOGICAL\u00C2\u00A0SETTING\u00C2\u00A0 Recent\u00C2\u00A0reviews\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0Hofstra\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Cline\u00C2\u00A0(2000)\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Cline\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.\u00C2\u00A0(2005)\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0outlined\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0regional\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 tectonic\u00C2\u00A0setting\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Carlin\u00C2\u00A0Au\u00E2\u0080\u0090deposits\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0northern\u00C2\u00A0Nevada.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0northern\u00C2\u00A0Shoshone\u00C2\u00A0Range\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0part\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0greater\u00C2\u00A0Battle\u00C2\u00A0Mountain\u00E2\u0080\u0090Eureka\u00C2\u00A0 trend\u00C2\u00A0which\u00C2\u00A0 includes\u00C2\u00A0Battle\u00C2\u00A0Mountain\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0north\u00E2\u0080\u0090west\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 137\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Cortez\u00C2\u00A0Mountains\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0south\u00E2\u0080\u0090east.\u00C2\u00A0Thick\u00C2\u00A0sequences\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0upper\u00C2\u00A0plate\u00C2\u00A0siliciclastic\u00C2\u00A0sediments\u00C2\u00A0cover\u00C2\u00A0 lower\u00C2\u00A0 plate\u00C2\u00A0carbonate\u00C2\u00A0sediments,\u00C2\u00A0however\u00C2\u00A0post\u00E2\u0080\u0090Antler\u00C2\u00A0orogeny\u00C2\u00A0tectonism\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0erosion\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0exposed\u00C2\u00A0geologic\u00C2\u00A0 windows\u00C2\u00A0 into\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 lower\u00C2\u00A0 plate\u00C2\u00A0 as\u00C2\u00A0 exhibited\u00C2\u00A0 at\u00C2\u00A0 Goat\u00C2\u00A0 Peak\u00C2\u00A0 (north\u00E2\u0080\u0090west\u00C2\u00A0 Shoshone\u00C2\u00A0 Range),\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 at\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 Pipeline\u00C2\u00A0deposit\u00C2\u00A0(south\u00E2\u0080\u0090west\u00C2\u00A0Shoshone\u00C2\u00A0Range)\u00C2\u00A0(Kelson\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.,\u00C2\u00A02008).\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Figure\u00C2\u00A0A2\u00C2\u00A0presents\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0simplified\u00C2\u00A0stratigraphic\u00C2\u00A0section\u00C2\u00A0through\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0lower\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0upper\u00C2\u00A0plates\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0RMT\u00C2\u00A0 package.\u00C2\u00A0 Sequence\u00C2\u00A0 stratigraphy\u00C2\u00A0 work\u00C2\u00A0 by\u00C2\u00A0 Harry\u00C2\u00A0 Cook\u00C2\u00A0 (Barrick\u00C2\u00A0 Gold\u00C2\u00A0 Corporation\u00E2\u0080\u0090unpublished\u00C2\u00A0 data)\u00C2\u00A0 indicate\u00C2\u00A0 that\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 lower\u00C2\u00A0plate\u00C2\u00A0underlying\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0Shoshone\u00C2\u00A0Range\u00C2\u00A0 is\u00C2\u00A0 comprised\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Ordovician\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0Devonian\u00C2\u00A0 shelf\u00E2\u0080\u0090slope\u00C2\u00A0 facies\u00C2\u00A0 carbonate\u00C2\u00A0 sediments\u00C2\u00A0 including\u00C2\u00A0 silty\u00C2\u00A0 limestone,\u00C2\u00A0 silty\u00C2\u00A0 micrite,\u00C2\u00A0 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fluid\u00C2\u00A0resulting\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0volume\u00C2\u00A0loss\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0increased\u00C2\u00A0permeability,\u00C2\u00A0providing\u00C2\u00A0robust\u00C2\u00A0pathways\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0Au\u00E2\u0080\u0090bearing\u00C2\u00A0fluid\u00C2\u00A0 (Cline\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.,\u00C2\u00A02005).\u00C2\u00A0 The\u00C2\u00A0overlying\u00C2\u00A0upper\u00C2\u00A0plate\u00C2\u00A0 is\u00C2\u00A0comprised\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0dominantly\u00C2\u00A0siliciclastic\u00C2\u00A0units\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0rare\u00C2\u00A0occurrence\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 thin\u00C2\u00A0carbonate\u00C2\u00A0lenses.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0volumetrically\u00C2\u00A0most\u00C2\u00A0extensive\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0upper\u00C2\u00A0plate\u00C2\u00A0clastic\u00C2\u00A0sediment\u00C2\u00A0packages\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0Ordovician\u00C2\u00A0Valmi\u00C2\u00A0Formation,\u00C2\u00A0composed\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0several\u00C2\u00A0thousand\u00C2\u00A0meters\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0chert,\u00C2\u00A0quartz\u00C2\u00A0arenite,\u00C2\u00A0argillite,\u00C2\u00A0 slate,\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 greenstone\u00C2\u00A0 (Roberts,\u00C2\u00A0 1951).\u00C2\u00A0 The\u00C2\u00A0 Silurian\u00C2\u00A0 Elder\u00C2\u00A0 Formation\u00C2\u00A0 is\u00C2\u00A0 a\u00C2\u00A0 set\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 interbedded\u00C2\u00A0 shale,\u00C2\u00A0 siltstone,\u00C2\u00A0chert,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0feldspathic\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0calcareous\u00C2\u00A0sandstone.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0Devonian\u00C2\u00A0Slaven\u00C2\u00A0Formation\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0mixture\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 highly\u00C2\u00A0 contorted\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 broken,\u00C2\u00A0 black,\u00C2\u00A0 nodular\u00C2\u00A0 chert\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0 some\u00C2\u00A0 carbonaceous\u00C2\u00A0 shale\u00C2\u00A0 partings.\u00C2\u00A0 Gold\u00C2\u00A0 mineralization\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Elder\u00C2\u00A0Creek\u00C2\u00A0property\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0hosted\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0these\u00C2\u00A0upper\u00C2\u00A0plate\u00C2\u00A0units,\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0north\u00E2\u0080\u0090central\u00C2\u00A0part\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Shoshone\u00C2\u00A0Range.\u00C2\u00A0Structurally,\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Upper\u00C2\u00A0Plate\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0imbricately\u00C2\u00A0thrusted\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0tight,\u00C2\u00A0upright\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0east\u00E2\u0080\u0090 verging\u00C2\u00A0 folds\u00C2\u00A0 caused\u00C2\u00A0 by\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 eastward\u00C2\u00A0 transport\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 material\u00C2\u00A0 during\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 Antler\u00C2\u00A0 orogeny\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 late\u00C2\u00A0 Devonian\u00C2\u00A0 (Noble\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Finney,\u00C2\u00A01999).\u00C2\u00A0These\u00C2\u00A0 folds\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0been\u00C2\u00A0modified\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0subsequent\u00C2\u00A0deformation\u00C2\u00A0 that\u00C2\u00A0 include\u00C2\u00A0 broad\u00C2\u00A0 open\u00C2\u00A0 folding\u00C2\u00A0 accompanied\u00C2\u00A0 by\u00C2\u00A0 oblique\u00E2\u0080\u0090slip\u00C2\u00A0 faulting,\u00C2\u00A0 Mesozoic\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0 Cenozoic\u00C2\u00A0 low\u00C2\u00A0 angle\u00C2\u00A0 faulting\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0high\u00C2\u00A0angle\u00C2\u00A0normal\u00C2\u00A0faulting\u00C2\u00A0associated\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0Basin\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Range\u00C2\u00A0extension\u00C2\u00A0(Winterer,\u00C2\u00A01968\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 Cluer\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.,\u00C2\u00A01997).\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 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1965)\u00C2\u00A0 Jurassic\u00E2\u0080\u0090Cretaceous\u00C2\u00A0 intermediate\u00E2\u0080\u0090felsic\u00C2\u00A0intrusions\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0been\u00C2\u00A0identified\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0south\u00E2\u0080\u0090eastern\u00C2\u00A0margins\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Shoshone\u00C2\u00A0Range\u00C2\u00A0 (Pipeline,\u00C2\u00A0Cortez\u00C2\u00A0Hills)\u00C2\u00A0(Barrick\u00C2\u00A0Gold\u00C2\u00A0Corp\u00E2\u0080\u0090\u00C2\u00A0unpublished\u00C2\u00A0data).\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 138\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Fig.\u00C2\u00A0A1.\u00C2\u00A0Regional\u00C2\u00A0geology\u00C2\u00A0map\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0north\u00E2\u0080\u0090eastern\u00C2\u00A0Nevada.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0Elder\u00C2\u00A0Creek\u00C2\u00A0deposit\u00C2\u00A0 is\u00C2\u00A0 located\u00C2\u00A0along\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Northwest\u00E2\u0080\u0090 Southeast\u00C2\u00A0 trending\u00C2\u00A0 Battle\u00C2\u00A0Mountain\u00E2\u0080\u0090\u00C2\u00A0 Eureka\u00C2\u00A0 trend,\u00C2\u00A0which\u00C2\u00A0 crosscuts\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 Shoshone\u00C2\u00A0 Range.\u00C2\u00A0 The\u00C2\u00A0 geology\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 Shoshone\u00C2\u00A0 range\u00C2\u00A0 is\u00C2\u00A0 largely\u00C2\u00A0 restricted\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0 two\u00C2\u00A0 rock\u00C2\u00A0packages,\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0 lower\u00C2\u00A0Paleozoic\u00C2\u00A0autochthonous\u00C2\u00A0carbonate\u00C2\u00A0package\u00C2\u00A0 (lower\u00C2\u00A0plate)\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0lower\u00C2\u00A0Paleozoic\u00C2\u00A0allochthonous\u00C2\u00A0siliciclastic\u00C2\u00A0package\u00C2\u00A0(upper\u00C2\u00A0plate).\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0Pipeline\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Cortez\u00E2\u0080\u0090Hills\u00C2\u00A0 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methods\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Moore\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Reynolds\u00C2\u00A0(1997)\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0used\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0separate\u00C2\u00A0clastic\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0carbonate\u00C2\u00A0samples\u00C2\u00A0into\u00C2\u00A0clastic\u00C2\u00A0 aggregates\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 clay\u00C2\u00A0 size\u00C2\u00A0 fractions\u00C2\u00A0 (<2\u00C2\u00B5m)\u00C2\u00A0 which\u00C2\u00A0 involved\u00C2\u00A0 a\u00C2\u00A0 combination\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 sonic\u00C2\u00A0 dispersion\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 centrifugation.\u00C2\u00A0 Qualitative\u00C2\u00A0 x\u00E2\u0080\u0090ray\u00C2\u00A0 diffraction\u00C2\u00A0 methods\u00C2\u00A0 were\u00C2\u00A0 carried\u00C2\u00A0 out\u00C2\u00A0 using\u00C2\u00A0 a\u00C2\u00A0 Bruker\u00C2\u00A0 D5000\u00C2\u00A0 X\u00E2\u0080\u0090ray\u00C2\u00A0 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standards\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0used\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0calibrate\u00C2\u00A0crystallinity:\u00C2\u00A0pegmatitic\u00C2\u00A0muscovite\u00C2\u00A0 from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Bonanza\u00C2\u00A0mine\u00C2\u00A0near\u00C2\u00A0Tete\u00C2\u00A0 Jaune\u00C2\u00A0 Cache,\u00C2\u00A0 British\u00C2\u00A0 Columbia,\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 diagenetic\u00C2\u00A0 1Mt\u00C2\u00A0 illite\u00C2\u00A0 sample\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 Cambrian\u00C2\u00A0 Shale\u00C2\u00A0 from\u00C2\u00A0 Silver\u00C2\u00A0 Hill,\u00C2\u00A0 Montana.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0XRD\u00C2\u00A0pattern\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0these\u00C2\u00A0standards\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0shown\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0Figure\u00C2\u00A0A9.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 The\u00C2\u00A0 Terraspec\u00EF\u0083\u00A3\u00C2\u00A0 analytical\u00C2\u00A0 spectral\u00C2\u00A0 device\u00C2\u00A0 (ASD)\u00C2\u00A0 was\u00C2\u00A0 employed\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0 provide\u00C2\u00A0 preliminary\u00C2\u00A0 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reflectance\u00C2\u00A0doublet\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A02164nm\u00C2\u00A0while\u00C2\u00A0dickite\u00C2\u00A0exhibits\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0same\u00C2\u00A0doublet\u00C2\u00A0but\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A02185nm.\u00C2\u00A0X\u00E2\u0080\u0090ray\u00C2\u00A0diffraction\u00C2\u00A0 is\u00C2\u00A0unable\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0consistently\u00C2\u00A0distinguish\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A0these\u00C2\u00A0two\u00C2\u00A0mineral\u00C2\u00A0polymorphs.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Two\u00C2\u00A0polished\u00C2\u00A0thin\u00C2\u00A0sections\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0four\u00C2\u00A0clay\u00C2\u00A0separated\u00C2\u00A0fractions\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0analyzed\u00C2\u00A0using\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0scanning\u00C2\u00A0 electron\u00C2\u00A0microscope\u00C2\u00A0(SEM)\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0determine\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0morphology\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 illite\u00C2\u00A0grains,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0relationship\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A0 gold\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 clay.\u00C2\u00A0 Samples\u00C2\u00A0 collected\u00C2\u00A0 for\u00C2\u00A0petrographic\u00C2\u00A0 analyses\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0 chosen\u00C2\u00A0based\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0 gold\u00C2\u00A0assay\u00C2\u00A0 results,\u00C2\u00A0 intensity\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0alteration,\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0conversely\u00C2\u00A0lack\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0visible\u00C2\u00A0alteration.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Approximately\u00C2\u00A0 58\u00C2\u00A0 rock\u00C2\u00A0 samples\u00C2\u00A0 were\u00C2\u00A0 submitted\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0 ALS\u00C2\u00A0 Chemex\u00C2\u00A0 Ltd.,\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 Vancouver,\u00C2\u00A0 British\u00C2\u00A0 Columbia,\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0multi\u00E2\u0080\u0090element\u00C2\u00A0litho\u00E2\u0080\u0090geochemical\u00C2\u00A0analyses\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0determine\u00C2\u00A0whether\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0same\u00C2\u00A0trend\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A0 As,\u00C2\u00A0Hg,\u00C2\u00A0Sb,\u00C2\u00A0Tl\u00C2\u00A0+/\u00E2\u0080\u0090\u00C2\u00A0Te\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Au\u00C2\u00A0associated\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0Carlin\u00E2\u0080\u0090style\u00C2\u00A0gold\u00C2\u00A0mineralization\u00C2\u00A0could\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0 identified\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 Elder\u00C2\u00A0Creek\u00C2\u00A0deposit.\u00C2\u00A0Major\u00C2\u00A0elements\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0processed\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0 lithium\u00C2\u00A0borate\u00C2\u00A0fusion\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 ICP\u00E2\u0080\u0090AES\u00C2\u00A0(inductively\u00C2\u00A0 coupled\u00C2\u00A0plasma\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u0093\u00C2\u00A0atomic\u00C2\u00A0emission\u00C2\u00A0spectrometry)\u00C2\u00A0analysis.\u00C2\u00A0Carbon\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0sulfur\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0determined\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0Leco\u00C2\u00A0 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of\u00C2\u00A00.497.\u00C2\u00A0Crystalline\u00C2\u00A0muscovite\u00C2\u00A0exhibits\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0much\u00C2\u00A0narrower,\u00C2\u00A0symmetrical\u00C2\u00A0peak\u00C2\u00A0than\u00C2\u00A0illite.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 151\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 gold\u00C2\u00A0hosting\u00C2\u00A0quartz\u00C2\u00A0arenite\u00E2\u0080\u0090clay\u00C2\u00A0breccia\u00C2\u00A0(sample\u00C2\u00A08).\u00C2\u00A0Strongly\u00C2\u00A0argillized\u00C2\u00A0siltstones\u00C2\u00A0contain\u00C2\u00A0crystalline\u00C2\u00A0illite\u00C2\u00A0 with\u00C2\u00A0minor\u00C2\u00A0interlayered\u00C2\u00A0illite\u00E2\u0080\u0090smectite\u00C2\u00A0clay.\u00C2\u00A0Illite\u00E2\u0080\u0090smectite\u00C2\u00A0interlayers\u00C2\u00A0were\u00C2\u00A0identified\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0XRD\u00C2\u00A0based\u00C2\u00A0onthe\u00C2\u00A0 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in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A014\u00C3\u0085\u00C2\u00A0peak\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0their\u00C2\u00A0diffraction\u00C2\u00A0patterns.\u00C2\u00A0Both\u00C2\u00A0clinochlore\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 smectite\u00C2\u00A0exhibit\u00C2\u00A0peaks\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A014\u00C3\u0085\u00C2\u00A0range,\u00C2\u00A0however\u00C2\u00A0only\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0presence\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0smectite\u00C2\u00A0will\u00C2\u00A0cause\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0peak\u00C2\u00A0shift\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 left.\u00C2\u00A0A\u00C2\u00A0 number\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 samples\u00C2\u00A0 exhibited\u00C2\u00A0 uncharacteristic\u00C2\u00A0 narrowing\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 10\u00C3\u0085\u00C2\u00A0 peak.\u00C2\u00A0 These\u00C2\u00A0 samples\u00C2\u00A0 likely\u00C2\u00A0 contain\u00C2\u00A0 small\u00C2\u00A0 amounts\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 illite\u00E2\u0080\u0090smectite\u00C2\u00A0 interlayered\u00C2\u00A0 clay,\u00C2\u00A0 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There\u00C2\u00A0does\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0appear\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0one\u00C2\u00A0 lithology\u00C2\u00A0prone\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0kaolinization\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0quartz\u00C2\u00A0arenite,\u00C2\u00A0chert\u00C2\u00A0clast\u00C2\u00A0breccia,\u00C2\u00A0 claystone,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0fault\u00C2\u00A0gouge\u00C2\u00A0all\u00C2\u00A0contain\u00C2\u00A0kaolinite.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 SEM\u00C2\u00A0 imaging\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0argillaceous\u00C2\u00A0samples\u00C2\u00A0 indicates\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0texture\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 illite\u00C2\u00A0varies\u00C2\u00A0depending\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0 its\u00C2\u00A0 occurrence\u00C2\u00A0(Figure\u00C2\u00A0A11).\u00C2\u00A0In\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0groundmass\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0pervasively\u00C2\u00A0altered\u00C2\u00A0siltstone\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0argillite,\u00C2\u00A0illite\u00C2\u00A0occurs\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0 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textures\u00C2\u00A0exhibiting\u00C2\u00A0high\u00C2\u00A0silicon,\u00C2\u00A0aluminum,\u00C2\u00A0potassium,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0oxygen\u00C2\u00A0+/\u00E2\u0080\u0090\u00C2\u00A0sodium,\u00C2\u00A0magnesium\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0iron.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 The\u00C2\u00A0 crystallinity\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 illite\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0based\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0measurement\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 full\u00C2\u00A0width\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0half\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0maximum\u00C2\u00A0 intensity\u00C2\u00A0value\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A010\u00C3\u0085\u00C2\u00A0diffraction\u00C2\u00A0peak\u00C2\u00A0following\u00C2\u00A0glycolation,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0decomposition\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A010\u00C3\u0085\u00C2\u00A0 diffraction\u00C2\u00A0 peak\u00C2\u00A0 into\u00C2\u00A0 weakly\u00C2\u00A0 crystalline\u00C2\u00A0 illite\u00C2\u00A0 (WCI),\u00C2\u00A0 poorly\u00C2\u00A0 crystalline\u00C2\u00A0 illite\u00C2\u00A0 (PCI),\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 illite\u00E2\u0080\u0090smectite\u00C2\u00A0 interlayers\u00C2\u00A0 (ISI).\u00C2\u00A0 Figure\u00C2\u00A0 A12\u00C2\u00A0 demonstrates\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 same\u00C2\u00A0 trend\u00C2\u00A0 observed\u00C2\u00A0 by\u00C2\u00A0 Meunier\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 Velde\u00C2\u00A0 (2004)\u00C2\u00A0 between\u00C2\u00A0 FWHM\u00C2\u00A0 values\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 position\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 10\u00C3\u0085\u00C2\u00A0 illite\u00C2\u00A0 peak.\u00C2\u00A0As\u00C2\u00A0 FWHM\u00C2\u00A0 values\u00C2\u00A0 increase,\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 peak\u00C2\u00A0 positions\u00C2\u00A0shifts\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0higher\u00C2\u00A0values.\u00C2\u00A0All\u00C2\u00A0samples\u00C2\u00A0 from\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0Elder\u00C2\u00A0Creek\u00C2\u00A0deposit\u00C2\u00A0 fall\u00C2\u00A0within\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0WCI\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0PCI\u00C2\u00A0 crystallinity\u00C2\u00A0 regions\u00C2\u00A0 outlined\u00C2\u00A0 by\u00C2\u00A0 Meunier\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 Velde\u00C2\u00A0 (2004).\u00C2\u00A0 Studies\u00C2\u00A0 conducted\u00C2\u00A0 by\u00C2\u00A0 Heller\u00E2\u0080\u0090Kalai\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 Kalman\u00C2\u00A0 (1972)\u00C2\u00A0 indicate\u00C2\u00A0 that\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A010\u00C3\u0085\u00C2\u00A0 illite\u00C2\u00A0peak\u00C2\u00A0may\u00C2\u00A0 shift\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0higher\u00C2\u00A0values\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0presence\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 illite\u00E2\u0080\u0090 smectite\u00C2\u00A0 interstratifications.\u00C2\u00A0Upon\u00C2\u00A0glycolation\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A010\u00C3\u0085\u00C2\u00A0 illite\u00C2\u00A0peak\u00C2\u00A0 is\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0affected\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0glycol\u00C2\u00A0solution,\u00C2\u00A0 however\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 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he\u00C2\u00A0second\u00C2\u00A0explanation\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0gold\u00C2\u00A0was\u00C2\u00A0trapped\u00C2\u00A0previously\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0carbonate\u00C2\u00A0rocks\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0lower\u00C2\u00A0plate\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0fluid\u00C2\u00A0has\u00C2\u00A0been\u00C2\u00A0partially\u00C2\u00A0rock\u00C2\u00A0buffered\u00C2\u00A0losing\u00C2\u00A0most\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0its\u00C2\u00A0gold\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0some\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0its\u00C2\u00A0trace\u00C2\u00A0elements,\u00C2\u00A0but\u00C2\u00A0 retaining\u00C2\u00A0most\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0its\u00C2\u00A0heat.\u00C2\u00A0This\u00C2\u00A0explanation\u00C2\u00A0corresponds\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0scenario\u00C2\u00A02\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Figure\u00C2\u00A0A6\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0suggests\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 Elder\u00C2\u00A0Creek\u00C2\u00A0deposit\u00C2\u00A0 is\u00C2\u00A0genetically\u00C2\u00A0 linked\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0mineralization\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0depth,\u00C2\u00A0possibly\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0Carlin\u00E2\u0080\u0090type\u00C2\u00A0system.\u00C2\u00A0Only\u00C2\u00A0 further\u00C2\u00A0drilling\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Elder\u00C2\u00A0Creek\u00C2\u00A0deposit\u00C2\u00A0would\u00C2\u00A0resolve\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0possibility.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 162\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Table\u00C2\u00A0A1.\u00C2\u00A0Assay\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 trace\u00C2\u00A0 element\u00C2\u00A0 values\u00C2\u00A0 for\u00C2\u00A0 four\u00C2\u00A0 high\u00C2\u00A0 grade\u00C2\u00A0 ore\u00C2\u00A0 samples\u00C2\u00A0 (1\u00E2\u0080\u00904)\u00C2\u00A0 from\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 Cortez\u00C2\u00A0Hills\u00C2\u00A0 deposit\u00C2\u00A0 located\u00C2\u00A0~14km\u00C2\u00A0southeast\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Elder\u00C2\u00A0Creek\u00C2\u00A0deposit.\u00C2\u00A0Trace\u00C2\u00A0element\u00C2\u00A0values\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0presented\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0ratios\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0gold.\u00C2\u00A0Samples\u00C2\u00A0 highlighted\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0grey\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0samples\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Elder\u00C2\u00A0Creek\u00C2\u00A0deposit\u00C2\u00A0shown\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0comparison.\u00C2\u00A0As,\u00C2\u00A0Hg,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Te\u00C2\u00A0values\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0both\u00C2\u00A0 deposits\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0comparable.\u00C2\u00A0Sb\u00C2\u00A0values\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0average\u00C2\u00A0an\u00C2\u00A0order\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0magnitude\u00C2\u00A0higher\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Elder\u00C2\u00A0Creek\u00C2\u00A0deposit\u00C2\u00A0than\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0giant\u00C2\u00A0Cortez\u00C2\u00A0Hills\u00C2\u00A0deposit.\u00C2\u00A0Elder\u00C2\u00A0Creek\u00C2\u00A0Tl\u00C2\u00A0values\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0also\u00C2\u00A0higher\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0than\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Cortez\u00C2\u00A0Hills\u00C2\u00A0deposit.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Sample Au (ppm) As:Au Hg:Au Sb:Au Tl:Au Te:Au 1 9.68 119.32\u00C2\u00A0 3.87\u00C2\u00A0 1.93\u00C2\u00A0 2.59\u00C2\u00A0 0.05\u00C2\u00A0 2 10.8 18.24\u00C2\u00A0 1.54\u00C2\u00A0 0.77\u00C2\u00A0 0.31\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 3 12.6 107.94\u00C2\u00A0 2.98\u00C2\u00A0 3.38\u00C2\u00A0 1.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.10\u00C2\u00A0 4 64.2 233.64\u00C2\u00A0 0.58\u00C2\u00A0 1.12\u00C2\u00A0 0.99\u00C2\u00A0 0.05\u00C2\u00A0 434 0.064 3906.25\u00C2\u00A0 1.33\u00C2\u00A0 65.16\u00C2\u00A0 3.91\u00C2\u00A0 0.31\u00C2\u00A0 10 0.066 3787.88\u00C2\u00A0 3.85\u00C2\u00A0 31.36\u00C2\u00A0 9.09\u00C2\u00A0 0.61\u00C2\u00A0 402 0.079 946.84\u00C2\u00A0 1.08\u00C2\u00A0 15.70\u00C2\u00A0 3.16\u00C2\u00A0 0.06\u00C2\u00A0 438 0.102 496.08\u00C2\u00A0 0.19\u00C2\u00A0 9.90\u00C2\u00A0 7.84\u00C2\u00A0 0.29\u00C2\u00A0 100 0.167 304.19\u00C2\u00A0 8.95\u00C2\u00A0 72.46\u00C2\u00A0 4.79\u00C2\u00A0 0.84\u00C2\u00A0 451 0.193 478.76\u00C2\u00A0 6.97\u00C2\u00A0 58.55\u00C2\u00A0 2.59\u00C2\u00A0 0.93\u00C2\u00A0 456 0.231 720.78\u00C2\u00A0 0.27\u00C2\u00A0 8.01\u00C2\u00A0 1.08\u00C2\u00A0 0.04\u00C2\u00A0 8 6.27 59.81\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.59\u00C2\u00A0 0.04\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 163\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Deposit\u00C2\u00A0classification\u00C2\u00A0 The\u00C2\u00A0Shoshone\u00C2\u00A0 range\u00C2\u00A0 is\u00C2\u00A0host\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0plethora\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0metal\u00C2\u00A0deposits\u00C2\u00A0 located\u00C2\u00A0within\u00C2\u00A0 three\u00C2\u00A0geographical\u00C2\u00A0 districts:\u00C2\u00A0Hilltop,\u00C2\u00A0Lewis\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Buillion\u00C2\u00A0(Kelson\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.,\u00C2\u00A02008).\u00C2\u00A0Three\u00C2\u00A0deposit\u00C2\u00A0types\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0prevalent\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0area:\u00C2\u00A0 Miocene\u00C2\u00A0 epithermal\u00C2\u00A0 deposits,\u00C2\u00A0 Eocene\u00C2\u00A0 porphyry\u00C2\u00A0 deposits,\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 Eocene\u00C2\u00A0 Carlin\u00C2\u00A0 deposits\u00C2\u00A0 (Kelson\u00C2\u00A0 et\u00C2\u00A0 al.,\u00C2\u00A0 2008).\u00C2\u00A0Mineralization\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0area\u00C2\u00A0has\u00C2\u00A0been\u00C2\u00A0associated\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0early\u00C2\u00A0Eocene\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0late\u00C2\u00A0Oligocene\u00C2\u00A0igneous\u00C2\u00A0rocks\u00C2\u00A0 (Maher\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.,1993,\u00C2\u00A0Kelson\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.,\u00C2\u00A02005\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0Kelson\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.,\u00C2\u00A02008).\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0Carlin\u00C2\u00A0deposits\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0been\u00C2\u00A0explained\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0 some\u00C2\u00A0 as\u00C2\u00A0 simply\u00C2\u00A0 being\u00C2\u00A0 distal\u00C2\u00A0 sediment\u00C2\u00A0 hosted\u00C2\u00A0 expressions\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 either\u00C2\u00A0 porphyry\u00C2\u00A0 or\u00C2\u00A0 high\u00C2\u00A0 sulfidation\u00C2\u00A0 epithermal\u00C2\u00A0systems\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0very\u00C2\u00A0 least\u00C2\u00A0being\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Eocene\u00C2\u00A0magmatic\u00C2\u00A0origin\u00C2\u00A0 (Johnston\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Ressel,\u00C2\u00A02004;\u00C2\u00A0 Henry\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Ressel,\u00C2\u00A02000;\u00C2\u00A0Sillitoe\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Bonham,\u00C2\u00A01990).\u00C2\u00A0Low\u00C2\u00A0sulfidation\u00C2\u00A0deposits\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0been\u00C2\u00A0excluded\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0discussion\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0origin\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Carlin\u00E2\u0080\u0090systems\u00C2\u00A0due\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0lack\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0shared\u00C2\u00A0characteristics.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0same\u00C2\u00A0exclusion\u00C2\u00A0 will\u00C2\u00A0take\u00C2\u00A0place\u00C2\u00A0here\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0regards\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Elder\u00C2\u00A0Creek\u00C2\u00A0deposit\u00C2\u00A0due\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0lack\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0evidence\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0boiling,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 stark\u00C2\u00A0 difference\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 ore\u00C2\u00A0 assemblage\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 vein\u00C2\u00A0 quartz\u00C2\u00A0 association\u00C2\u00A0 between\u00C2\u00A0 Elder\u00C2\u00A0 Creek\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 typical\u00C2\u00A0 low\u00C2\u00A0 sulfidation\u00C2\u00A0systems.\u00C2\u00A0 The\u00C2\u00A0 defining\u00C2\u00A0 features\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 high\u00C2\u00A0 sulfidation\u00C2\u00A0 systems\u00C2\u00A0 include\u00C2\u00A0 pyrite\u00E2\u0080\u0090rich,\u00C2\u00A0 high\u00C2\u00A0 sulphidation\u00E2\u0080\u0090state\u00C2\u00A0 sulfide\u00C2\u00A0 assemblages\u00C2\u00A0 typified\u00C2\u00A0 by\u00C2\u00A0 enargite,\u00C2\u00A0 luzonite,\u00C2\u00A0 digenite,\u00C2\u00A0 chalcocite\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 covellite;\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 advanced\u00C2\u00A0 argillic\u00C2\u00A0 alteration\u00C2\u00A0 assemblages\u00C2\u00A0 typified\u00C2\u00A0 by\u00C2\u00A0 quartz,\u00C2\u00A0 alunite,\u00C2\u00A0 pyrophyllite\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 kaolinite/dickite\u00C2\u00A0 (Arribas,\u00C2\u00A0 1995).\u00C2\u00A0 The\u00C2\u00A0 Elder\u00C2\u00A0 Creek\u00C2\u00A0 deposit\u00C2\u00A0 lacks\u00C2\u00A0 alunite,\u00C2\u00A0 pyrophyllite,\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 dickite.\u00C2\u00A0 Additionally,\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 Elder\u00C2\u00A0 Creek\u00C2\u00A0 deposit\u00C2\u00A0 lacks\u00C2\u00A0 any\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 sulfide\u00C2\u00A0 minerals\u00C2\u00A0 typically\u00C2\u00A0 associated\u00C2\u00A0 with\u00C2\u00A0 high\u00C2\u00A0 sulphidation\u00E2\u0080\u0090state\u00C2\u00A0 ore\u00C2\u00A0 assemblage.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Porphyry\u00C2\u00A0gold\u00C2\u00A0deposits\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0related\u00C2\u00A0epithermal\u00C2\u00A0deposits\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0 intrusion\u00C2\u00A0centered,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 formed\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0 <4km\u00C2\u00A0depth,\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0exsolved\u00C2\u00A0magmatic\u00C2\u00A0fluid\u00C2\u00A0(Sillitoe\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Hedenquist,\u00C2\u00A02004).\u00C2\u00A0Mineralizing\u00C2\u00A0fluids\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0these\u00C2\u00A0 systems\u00C2\u00A0 are\u00C2\u00A0 oxidized,\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 carry\u00C2\u00A0 some\u00C2\u00A0 trace\u00C2\u00A0metals;\u00C2\u00A0 Cu,\u00C2\u00A0 Au,\u00C2\u00A0 Ag,\u00C2\u00A0 Zn,\u00C2\u00A0W,\u00C2\u00A0 As,\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 Sb.\u00C2\u00A0 Given\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 data\u00C2\u00A0 presented\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0this\u00C2\u00A0paper,\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0clay\u00C2\u00A0assemblage\u00C2\u00A0observed\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Elder\u00C2\u00A0Creek\u00C2\u00A0deposit\u00C2\u00A0would\u00C2\u00A0coincide\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0 distal\u00C2\u00A0porphyry\u00E2\u0080\u0090style\u00C2\u00A0alteration.\u00C2\u00A0While\u00C2\u00A0alteration\u00C2\u00A0assemblages\u00C2\u00A0can\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0explained\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0porphyry\u00C2\u00A0system,\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 trace\u00E2\u0080\u0090element\u00C2\u00A0suite\u00C2\u00A0observed\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0both\u00C2\u00A0Carlin\u00C2\u00A0deposits\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Elder\u00C2\u00A0Creek\u00C2\u00A0does\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0contain\u00C2\u00A0significant\u00C2\u00A0 amounts\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Cu,\u00C2\u00A0Ag,\u00C2\u00A0Zn,\u00C2\u00A0or\u00C2\u00A0W.\u00C2\u00A0A\u00C2\u00A0more\u00C2\u00A0plausible\u00C2\u00A0 link,\u00C2\u00A0however,\u00C2\u00A0can\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0made\u00C2\u00A0between\u00C2\u00A0mineralization\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0Elder\u00C2\u00A0Creek\u00C2\u00A0property\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0models\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0distal\u00C2\u00A0disseminated\u00C2\u00A0sediment\u00E2\u0080\u0090hosted\u00C2\u00A0Au\u00C2\u00A0deposits\u00C2\u00A0(Sillitoe\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 Bonham,\u00C2\u00A01990).\u00C2\u00A0Distal\u00C2\u00A0concentrations\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Au\u00E2\u0080\u0090As\u00E2\u0080\u0090Sb\u00C2\u00A0can\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0explained\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0context\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 liberation\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 metal\u00E2\u0080\u0090bearing\u00C2\u00A0magmatic\u00C2\u00A0 hydrothermal\u00C2\u00A0 brines\u00C2\u00A0 from\u00C2\u00A0 centrally\u00C2\u00A0 located\u00C2\u00A0 intrusions\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 their\u00C2\u00A0 progressive\u00C2\u00A0 cooling\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0fluids\u00C2\u00A0move\u00C2\u00A0up\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0out\u00C2\u00A0through\u00C2\u00A0connate\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0meteoric\u00C2\u00A0waters\u00C2\u00A0(Sillitoe\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Bonham,\u00C2\u00A01990).\u00C2\u00A0On\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0peripheries\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0these\u00C2\u00A0intrusions,\u00C2\u00A0salinities\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0too\u00C2\u00A0low\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0complex\u00C2\u00A0appreciable\u00C2\u00A0amounts\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0base\u00C2\u00A0metals\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0only\u00C2\u00A0Au,\u00C2\u00A0As,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Sb\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0capable\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0further\u00C2\u00A0transport\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0bisulfide\u00C2\u00A0complexes.\u00C2\u00A0Distal\u00C2\u00A0disseminated\u00C2\u00A0Au\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0trace\u00C2\u00A0element\u00C2\u00A0deposition\u00C2\u00A0has\u00C2\u00A0been\u00C2\u00A0reported\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Bingham\u00C2\u00A0deposit,\u00C2\u00A0Utah,\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A0far\u00C2\u00A0as\u00C2\u00A08\u00C2\u00A0km\u00C2\u00A0away\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0magmatic\u00C2\u00A0centre\u00C2\u00A0 (Sillitoe\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Bonham,\u00C2\u00A01990).\u00C2\u00A0Such\u00C2\u00A0distances\u00C2\u00A0negate\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0need\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0 large\u00C2\u00A0 intrusion\u00C2\u00A0 proximal\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0 Au\u00C2\u00A0mineralization.\u00C2\u00A0 Given\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 extent\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 Eocene\u00C2\u00A0magmatism\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 north\u00E2\u0080\u0090west\u00C2\u00A0 Shoshone\u00C2\u00A0 range,\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0possibility\u00C2\u00A0cannot\u00C2\u00A0be\u00C2\u00A0ruled\u00C2\u00A0out\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0Elder\u00C2\u00A0Creek\u00C2\u00A0deposit,\u00C2\u00A0 if\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0all\u00C2\u00A0Carlin\u00C2\u00A0deposits\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0fact\u00C2\u00A0 distal\u00C2\u00A0disseminated\u00C2\u00A0gold\u00C2\u00A0deposits.\u00C2\u00A0 Carlin\u00C2\u00A0 gold\u00C2\u00A0 systems\u00C2\u00A0 are\u00C2\u00A0 extremely\u00C2\u00A0 variable\u00C2\u00A0 between\u00C2\u00A0 deposits\u00C2\u00A0 but\u00C2\u00A0 previous\u00C2\u00A0 studies\u00C2\u00A0 indicate\u00C2\u00A0 a\u00C2\u00A0 fluid\u00C2\u00A0 temperature\u00C2\u00A0 between\u00C2\u00A0 180\u00E2\u0080\u0090240\u00C2\u00B0C,\u00C2\u00A0 with\u00C2\u00A0 an\u00C2\u00A0 alteration\u00C2\u00A0 signature\u00C2\u00A0 consisting\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 decalcification,\u00C2\u00A0 silicification,\u00C2\u00A0argillization,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0sulfidation\u00C2\u00A0(Cline\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.,\u00C2\u00A02005).\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0geochemical\u00C2\u00A0signature\u00C2\u00A0associated\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0 these\u00C2\u00A0deposits\u00C2\u00A0typically\u00C2\u00A0includes\u00C2\u00A0anomalous\u00C2\u00A0values\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Au,\u00C2\u00A0As,\u00C2\u00A0Hg,\u00C2\u00A0Sb,\u00C2\u00A0Tl,\u00C2\u00A0+/\u00E2\u0080\u0090\u00C2\u00A0Te.\u00C2\u00A0Disseminated\u00C2\u00A0gold\u00C2\u00A0ore\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 164\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 hosted\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0carbonate\u00C2\u00A0sediments,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0ore\u00C2\u00A0assemblage\u00C2\u00A0appears\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0 lack\u00C2\u00A0major\u00C2\u00A0concentrations\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0other\u00C2\u00A0 sulfide\u00C2\u00A0 phases\u00C2\u00A0 such\u00C2\u00A0 as\u00C2\u00A0 chalcopyrite,\u00C2\u00A0molybdenite,\u00C2\u00A0 or\u00C2\u00A0 pyrrhotite.\u00C2\u00A0 Although\u00C2\u00A0many\u00C2\u00A0 Carlin\u00C2\u00A0 deposits\u00C2\u00A0 are\u00C2\u00A0 spatially\u00C2\u00A0 associated\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0major\u00C2\u00A0 igneous\u00C2\u00A0 bodies\u00C2\u00A0 (Cortez\u00C2\u00A0 Hills,\u00C2\u00A0 Pipeline,\u00C2\u00A0 Goldstrike),\u00C2\u00A0 there\u00C2\u00A0 is\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0 direct\u00C2\u00A0 indication\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0mineralization\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0associated\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0magmatic\u00C2\u00A0activity.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0Elder\u00C2\u00A0Creek\u00C2\u00A0deposit\u00C2\u00A0shares\u00C2\u00A0many\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 these\u00C2\u00A0 characteristics:\u00C2\u00A01)\u00C2\u00A0 low\u00C2\u00A0 temperature\u00C2\u00A0argillic\u00C2\u00A0alteration\u00C2\u00A0 (illite\u00C2\u00A0+\u00C2\u00A0kaolinite)\u00C2\u00A02)\u00C2\u00A0gold\u00C2\u00A0+/\u00E2\u0080\u0090\u00C2\u00A0pyrite\u00C2\u00A0ore\u00C2\u00A0 assemblage\u00C2\u00A0 3)\u00C2\u00A0 anomalous\u00C2\u00A0 concentrations\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 or\u00C2\u00A0moreover\u00C2\u00A0 increased\u00C2\u00A0 variability\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 arsenic,\u00C2\u00A0 antimony\u00C2\u00A0 mercury,\u00C2\u00A0 thallium,\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 tellurium\u00C2\u00A0 with\u00C2\u00A0 increased\u00C2\u00A0 gold\u00C2\u00A0 concentrations.\u00C2\u00A0 Given\u00C2\u00A0 these\u00C2\u00A0 similarities,\u00C2\u00A0 it\u00C2\u00A0 is\u00C2\u00A0 possible\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Elder\u00C2\u00A0Creek\u00C2\u00A0deposit\u00C2\u00A0is\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0fact\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0upper\u00C2\u00A0plate\u00C2\u00A0expression\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0Carlin\u00E2\u0080\u0090style\u00C2\u00A0hydrothermal\u00C2\u00A0 system.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 CONCLUSIONS\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Results\u00C2\u00A0 from\u00C2\u00A0 this\u00C2\u00A0study\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0Elder\u00C2\u00A0Creek\u00C2\u00A0gold\u00C2\u00A0deposit\u00C2\u00A0 indicate\u00C2\u00A0 that\u00C2\u00A0Carlin\u00E2\u0080\u0090type\u00C2\u00A0hydrothermal\u00C2\u00A0 fluid\u00C2\u00A0 may\u00C2\u00A0 have\u00C2\u00A0 transgressed\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 upper\u00C2\u00A0 plate\u00C2\u00A0 following\u00C2\u00A0 mineralization\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 lower\u00C2\u00A0 plate,\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 precipitated\u00C2\u00A0gold\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 siliciclastic\u00C2\u00A0 sedimentary\u00C2\u00A0 rocks.\u00C2\u00A0This\u00C2\u00A0 study\u00C2\u00A0determined\u00C2\u00A0 that\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0 fluid\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 temperature\u00C2\u00A0 >150\u00C2\u00B0C,\u00C2\u00A0relatively\u00C2\u00A0low\u00C2\u00A0acidity,\u00C2\u00A0carrying\u00C2\u00A0Au,\u00C2\u00A0As,\u00C2\u00A0Hg,\u00C2\u00A0Sb,\u00C2\u00A0Tl,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Te\u00C2\u00A0precipitated\u00C2\u00A0gold\u00C2\u00A0(along\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0associated\u00C2\u00A0 trace\u00C2\u00A0 elements)\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 zones\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 high\u00C2\u00A0 permeability\u00C2\u00A0 including\u00C2\u00A0 breccia\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 cataclasite.\u00C2\u00A0 This\u00C2\u00A0 description\u00C2\u00A0 is\u00C2\u00A0 consistent\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0Carlin\u00E2\u0080\u0090style\u00C2\u00A0gold\u00C2\u00A0mineralization.\u00C2\u00A0 Recognizing\u00C2\u00A0upflow\u00C2\u00A0zones\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Carlin\u00E2\u0080\u0090style\u00C2\u00A0hydrothermal\u00C2\u00A0fluid\u00C2\u00A0may\u00C2\u00A0provide\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0robust\u00C2\u00A0vector\u00C2\u00A0toward\u00C2\u00A0 gold\u00C2\u00A0ore\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0depth.\u00C2\u00A0Identifying\u00C2\u00A0characteristics\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Carlin\u00C2\u00A0gold\u00C2\u00A0mineralization\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0upper\u00C2\u00A0plate\u00C2\u00A0siliciclastic\u00C2\u00A0rocks\u00C2\u00A0 redefines\u00C2\u00A0existing\u00C2\u00A0models\u00C2\u00A0 for\u00C2\u00A0Carlin\u00C2\u00A0gold\u00C2\u00A0deposits.\u00C2\u00A0We\u00C2\u00A0suggest\u00C2\u00A0here\u00C2\u00A0 that\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0order\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0 further\u00C2\u00A0develop\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0 process\u00C2\u00A0 model\u00C2\u00A0 for\u00C2\u00A0 Au\u00E2\u0080\u0090deposition,\u00C2\u00A0 Carlin\u00C2\u00A0 deposits\u00C2\u00A0 must\u00C2\u00A0 be\u00C2\u00A0 studied\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 context\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 large\u00E2\u0080\u0090scale\u00C2\u00A0 hydrothermal\u00C2\u00A0systems.\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0process\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Carlin\u00C2\u00A0gold\u00C2\u00A0mineralization\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Eocene\u00C2\u00A0may\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0have\u00C2\u00A0ended\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0 gold\u00C2\u00A0deposition\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 lower\u00C2\u00A0plate\u00C2\u00A0carbonate\u00C2\u00A0rocks,\u00C2\u00A0 it\u00C2\u00A0 is\u00C2\u00A0possible\u00C2\u00A0that\u00C2\u00A0mineralizing\u00C2\u00A0 fluid\u00C2\u00A0continued\u00C2\u00A0through\u00C2\u00A0 into\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0upper\u00C2\u00A0plate.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 165\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 REFERENCES\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Arehart,\u00C2\u00A0G.,\u00C2\u00A01996,\u00C2\u00A0Characteristics\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0origin\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0sediment\u00E2\u0080\u0090hosted\u00C2\u00A0disseminated\u00C2\u00A0gold\u00C2\u00A0deposits:\u00C2\u00A0A\u00C2\u00A0review:\u00C2\u00A0 Ore\u00C2\u00A0Geology\u00C2\u00A0Reviews,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A011,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A0383\u00E2\u0080\u0090403.\u00C2\u00A0 Arehart,\u00C2\u00A0G.,\u00C2\u00A0Chakurian,\u00C2\u00A0A.,\u00C2\u00A0Tretbar,\u00C2\u00A0D.,\u00C2\u00A0Christensen,\u00C2\u00A0J.,\u00C2\u00A0McInnes,\u00C2\u00A0B.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Donelick,\u00C2\u00A0R.,\u00C2\u00A02003,\u00C2\u00A0Evaluation\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 radioisotope\u00C2\u00A0 dating\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 Carlin\u00E2\u0080\u0090type\u00C2\u00A0 deposits\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 Great\u00C2\u00A0 Basin,\u00C2\u00A0western\u00C2\u00A0 North\u00C2\u00A0 America,\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 implications\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0deposit\u00C2\u00A0genesis:\u00C2\u00A0Economic\u00C2\u00A0Geology,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A098,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A0235.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u0094,\u00C2\u00A02003,\u00C2\u00A0Evaluation\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 radioisotope\u00C2\u00A0dating\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Carlin\u00E2\u0080\u0090type\u00C2\u00A0deposits\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0Great\u00C2\u00A0Basin,\u00C2\u00A0western\u00C2\u00A0North\u00C2\u00A0 America,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0implications\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0deposit\u00C2\u00A0genesis:\u00C2\u00A0Economic\u00C2\u00A0Geology,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A098,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A0235.\u00C2\u00A0 Arribas\u00C2\u00A0 Jr,\u00C2\u00A0 A.,\u00C2\u00A0 1995,\u00C2\u00A0 Characteristics\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 high\u00E2\u0080\u0090sulfidation\u00C2\u00A0 epithermal\u00C2\u00A0 deposits,\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 their\u00C2\u00A0 relation\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0 magmatic\u00C2\u00A0fluid:\u00C2\u00A0Mineralogical\u00C2\u00A0Association\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Canada\u00C2\u00A0Short\u00C2\u00A0Course\u00C2\u00A0Series,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A023.\u00C2\u00A0 Battaglia,\u00C2\u00A0S.,\u00C2\u00A02004,\u00C2\u00A0Variations\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0chemical\u00C2\u00A0composition\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0illite\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0five\u00C2\u00A0geothermal\u00C2\u00A0fields:\u00C2\u00A0a\u00C2\u00A0possible\u00C2\u00A0 geothermometer:\u00C2\u00A0Clay\u00C2\u00A0Minerals,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A039,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A0501.\u00C2\u00A0 Cail,\u00C2\u00A0T.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Cline,\u00C2\u00A0 J.,\u00C2\u00A02001,\u00C2\u00A0Alteration\u00C2\u00A0associated\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0gold\u00C2\u00A0deposition\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0Getchell\u00C2\u00A0Carlin\u00E2\u0080\u0090type\u00C2\u00A0gold\u00C2\u00A0 deposit,\u00C2\u00A0north\u00E2\u0080\u0090central\u00C2\u00A0Nevada:\u00C2\u00A0Economic\u00C2\u00A0Geology,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A096,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A01343.\u00C2\u00A0 Cline,\u00C2\u00A0J.,\u00C2\u00A0Hofstra,\u00C2\u00A0A.,\u00C2\u00A0Muntean,\u00C2\u00A0J.,\u00C2\u00A0Tosdal,\u00C2\u00A0R.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Hickey,\u00C2\u00A0K.,\u00C2\u00A02005,\u00C2\u00A0Carlin\u00E2\u0080\u0090type\u00C2\u00A0gold\u00C2\u00A0deposits\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0Nevada:\u00C2\u00A0 Critical\u00C2\u00A0 geologic\u00C2\u00A0 characteristics\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 viable\u00C2\u00A0 models:\u00C2\u00A0 Economic\u00C2\u00A0 Geology,\u00C2\u00A0 100th\u00C2\u00A0 Anniversary\u00C2\u00A0 Volume,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A0451\u00E2\u0080\u0090484.\u00C2\u00A0 Cluer,\u00C2\u00A0 J.,\u00C2\u00A0Cellura,\u00C2\u00A0B.,\u00C2\u00A0Keith,\u00C2\u00A0 S.,\u00C2\u00A0 Finney,\u00C2\u00A0 S.,\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0Bellert,\u00C2\u00A0 S.,\u00C2\u00A01997,\u00C2\u00A0 Stratigraphy\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 structure\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0Bell\u00C2\u00A0 Creek\u00C2\u00A0nappe\u00C2\u00A0 (Antler\u00C2\u00A0orogen),\u00C2\u00A0Ren\u00C2\u00A0property,\u00C2\u00A0northern\u00C2\u00A0Carlin\u00C2\u00A0trend,\u00C2\u00A0Nevada:\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0RMT,\u00C2\u00A0Elko\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 Eureka\u00C2\u00A0counties,\u00C2\u00A0Nevada:\u00C2\u00A0Nevada\u00C2\u00A0Petroleum\u00C2\u00A0Society,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A041\u00E2\u0080\u009354.\u00C2\u00A0 Gilluly,\u00C2\u00A0J.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Gates,\u00C2\u00A0O.,\u00C2\u00A01965,\u00C2\u00A0Tectonic\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0igneous\u00C2\u00A0geology\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0northern\u00C2\u00A0Shoshone\u00C2\u00A0Range,\u00C2\u00A0Nevada,\u00C2\u00A0 US\u00C2\u00A0Gov.\u00C2\u00A0Print.\u00C2\u00A0Off.\u00C2\u00A0 Heller\u00E2\u0080\u0090Kallai,\u00C2\u00A0L.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Kalman,\u00C2\u00A0Z.,\u00C2\u00A01972,\u00C2\u00A0Some\u00C2\u00A0naturally\u00C2\u00A0occurring\u00C2\u00A0 illite\u00E2\u0080\u0090smectite\u00C2\u00A0 interstratifications:\u00C2\u00A0Clay\u00C2\u00A0 Clay\u00C2\u00A0Minerals,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A020,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A0165\u00E2\u0080\u0093168.\u00C2\u00A0 Henry,\u00C2\u00A0 C.,\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 Ressel,\u00C2\u00A0M.,\u00C2\u00A0 2000,\u00C2\u00A0 Eocene\u00C2\u00A0magmatism\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 northeastern\u00C2\u00A0 Nevada:\u00C2\u00A0 The\u00C2\u00A0 smoking\u00C2\u00A0 gun\u00C2\u00A0 for\u00C2\u00A0 Carlin\u00E2\u0080\u0090type\u00C2\u00A0gold\u00C2\u00A0deposits:\u00C2\u00A0Geology\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0ore\u00C2\u00A0deposits,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A015\u00E2\u0080\u009318.\u00C2\u00A0 Heyl,\u00C2\u00A0A.,\u00C2\u00A01991,\u00C2\u00A0The\u00C2\u00A0Elder\u00C2\u00A0Creek\u00C2\u00A0Mine,\u00C2\u00A0Lander\u00C2\u00A0County,\u00C2\u00A0Nevada,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A053\u00E2\u0080\u009055.\u00C2\u00A0 Hofstra,\u00C2\u00A0A.,\u00C2\u00A0 Snee,\u00C2\u00A0 L.,\u00C2\u00A0Rye,\u00C2\u00A0R.,\u00C2\u00A0 Folger,\u00C2\u00A0H.,\u00C2\u00A0Phinisey,\u00C2\u00A0 J.,\u00C2\u00A0 Loranger,\u00C2\u00A0R.,\u00C2\u00A0Dahl,\u00C2\u00A0A.,\u00C2\u00A0Naeser,\u00C2\u00A0C.,\u00C2\u00A0 Stein,\u00C2\u00A0H.,\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 Lewchuk,\u00C2\u00A0M.,\u00C2\u00A01999,\u00C2\u00A0Age\u00C2\u00A0constraints\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0Jerritt\u00C2\u00A0Canyon\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0other\u00C2\u00A0carlin\u00E2\u0080\u0090type\u00C2\u00A0gold\u00C2\u00A0deposits\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 Western\u00C2\u00A0 United\u00C2\u00A0 States;\u00C2\u00A0 relationship\u00C2\u00A0 to\u00C2\u00A0 mid\u00E2\u0080\u0090Tertiary\u00C2\u00A0 extension\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 magmatism:\u00C2\u00A0 Economic\u00C2\u00A0 Geology,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A094,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A0769.\u00C2\u00A0 Ji,\u00C2\u00A0 J.,\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 Browne,\u00C2\u00A0 P.,\u00C2\u00A0 2000,\u00C2\u00A0 Relationship\u00C2\u00A0 between\u00C2\u00A0 illite\u00C2\u00A0 crystallinity\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 temperature\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 active\u00C2\u00A0 geothermal\u00C2\u00A0systems\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0New\u00C2\u00A0Zealand:\u00C2\u00A0Clays\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Clay\u00C2\u00A0Minerals,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A048,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A0139.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 166\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Kelson,\u00C2\u00A0C.,\u00C2\u00A0Crowe,\u00C2\u00A0D.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Stein,\u00C2\u00A0H.,\u00C2\u00A02005,\u00C2\u00A0Geochronology\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0geochemistry\u00C2\u00A0o\u00C2\u00A3\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Hilltop,\u00C2\u00A0Lewis,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 Bullion\u00C2\u00A0mining\u00C2\u00A0districts\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0surrounding\u00C2\u00A0area,\u00C2\u00A0Battle\u00C2\u00A0Mountain\u00E2\u0080\u0090Eureka\u00C2\u00A0trend,\u00C2\u00A0Nevada,\u00C2\u00A0Geological\u00C2\u00A0 Society\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0Nevada,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A025.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u0094,\u00C2\u00A02008,\u00C2\u00A0Geochemical\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Geochronological\u00C2\u00A0Constraints\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0Mineralization\u00C2\u00A0within\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Hilltop,\u00C2\u00A0Lewis,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0 Bullion\u00C2\u00A0Mining\u00C2\u00A0Districts,\u00C2\u00A0Battle\u00C2\u00A0Mountain\u00E2\u0080\u0090Eureka\u00C2\u00A0Trend,\u00C2\u00A0Nevada:\u00C2\u00A0Economic\u00C2\u00A0Geology,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A0103,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A0 1483.\u00C2\u00A0 Kruse,\u00C2\u00A0 F.,\u00C2\u00A0 Identification\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 illite\u00C2\u00A0 polytype\u00C2\u00A0 zoning\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 disseminated\u00C2\u00A0 gold\u00C2\u00A0 deposits\u00C2\u00A0 using\u00C2\u00A0 reflectance\u00C2\u00A0 spectroscopy\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0X\u00E2\u0080\u0090ray\u00C2\u00A0diffraction\u00E2\u0080\u0090potential\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0mapping\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0imaging\u00C2\u00A0spectrometers.\u00C2\u00A0 Lanson,\u00C2\u00A0B.,\u00C2\u00A0Velde,\u00C2\u00A0B.,\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0Meunier,\u00C2\u00A0A.,\u00C2\u00A0 1998,\u00C2\u00A0 Late\u00E2\u0080\u0090stage\u00C2\u00A0diagenesis\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 illitic\u00C2\u00A0 clay\u00C2\u00A0minerals\u00C2\u00A0 as\u00C2\u00A0 seen\u00C2\u00A0by\u00C2\u00A0 decomposition\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0X\u00E2\u0080\u0090ray\u00C2\u00A0diffraction\u00C2\u00A0patterns:\u00C2\u00A0Contrasted\u00C2\u00A0behaviors\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 sedimentary\u00C2\u00A0basins\u00C2\u00A0with\u00C2\u00A0 different\u00C2\u00A0burial\u00C2\u00A0histories:\u00C2\u00A0Clays\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Clay\u00C2\u00A0Minerals,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A046,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A069\u00E2\u0080\u009078.\u00C2\u00A0 Maher,\u00C2\u00A0 B.,\u00C2\u00A0 Browne,\u00C2\u00A0 Q.,\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 McKee,\u00C2\u00A0 E.,\u00C2\u00A0 1993,\u00C2\u00A0 Constraints\u00C2\u00A0 on\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 age\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 gold\u00C2\u00A0 mineralization\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 metallogenesis\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Battle\u00C2\u00A0Mountain\u00E2\u0080\u0090Eureka\u00C2\u00A0mineral\u00C2\u00A0belt:\u00C2\u00A0Nevada:\u00C2\u00A0Economic\u00C2\u00A0Geology,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A088,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A0 469\u00E2\u0080\u0090478.\u00C2\u00A0 Montoya,\u00C2\u00A0J.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Hemley,\u00C2\u00A0J.,\u00C2\u00A01975,\u00C2\u00A0Activity\u00C2\u00A0relations\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0stabilities\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0alkali\u00C2\u00A0feldspar\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0mica\u00C2\u00A0alteration\u00C2\u00A0 reactions:\u00C2\u00A0Economic\u00C2\u00A0Geology,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A070,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A0577.\u00C2\u00A0 Moore,\u00C2\u00A0 D.,\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 Reynolds\u00C2\u00A0 Jr,\u00C2\u00A0 R.,\u00C2\u00A0 1997,\u00C2\u00A0 X\u00E2\u0080\u0090ray\u00C2\u00A0 diffraction\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 identification\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 analysis\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 clay\u00C2\u00A0 minerals,\u00C2\u00A0378\u00C2\u00A0p,\u00C2\u00A0Oxford\u00C2\u00A0University\u00C2\u00A0Press,\u00C2\u00A0New\u00C2\u00A0York.\u00C2\u00A0 Muntean,\u00C2\u00A0J.,\u00C2\u00A0Cline,\u00C2\u00A0J.,\u00C2\u00A0Johnston,\u00C2\u00A0M.,\u00C2\u00A0Ressel,\u00C2\u00A0M.,\u00C2\u00A0Seedorff,\u00C2\u00A0E.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Barton,\u00C2\u00A0M.,\u00C2\u00A02004,\u00C2\u00A0Controversies\u00C2\u00A0on\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0 origin\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 world\u00E2\u0080\u0090class\u00C2\u00A0 gold\u00C2\u00A0 deposits:\u00C2\u00A0 Part\u00C2\u00A0 I,\u00C2\u00A0 Carlin\u00E2\u0080\u0090type\u00C2\u00A0 gold\u00C2\u00A0 deposits\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 Nevada:\u00C2\u00A0 Society\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 Economic\u00C2\u00A0Geologists\u00C2\u00A0Newsletter,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A059,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A01\u00E2\u0080\u009018.\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 Noble,\u00C2\u00A0P.,\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0Finney,\u00C2\u00A0S.,\u00C2\u00A01999,\u00C2\u00A0Recognition\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0fine\u00E2\u0080\u0090scale\u00C2\u00A0 imbricate\u00C2\u00A0thrusts\u00C2\u00A0 in\u00C2\u00A0 lower\u00C2\u00A0Paleozoic\u00C2\u00A0orogenic\u00C2\u00A0 belts\u00E2\u0080\u0094An\u00C2\u00A0example\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Roberts\u00C2\u00A0Mountains\u00C2\u00A0allochthon,\u00C2\u00A0Nevada:\u00C2\u00A0Geology,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A027,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A0543.\u00C2\u00A0 Nutt,\u00C2\u00A0 C.,\u00C2\u00A0 and\u00C2\u00A0 Hofstra,\u00C2\u00A0 A.,\u00C2\u00A0 2003,\u00C2\u00A0 Alligator\u00C2\u00A0 Ridge\u00C2\u00A0 district,\u00C2\u00A0 east\u00E2\u0080\u0090central\u00C2\u00A0 Nevada:\u00C2\u00A0 Carlin\u00E2\u0080\u0090type\u00C2\u00A0 gold\u00C2\u00A0 mineralization\u00C2\u00A0at\u00C2\u00A0shallow\u00C2\u00A0depths:\u00C2\u00A0Economic\u00C2\u00A0Geology,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A098,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A01225.\u00C2\u00A0 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soln:\u00C2\u00A0Geochimica\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0Cosmochimica\u00C2\u00A0Acta,\u00C2\u00A0v.\u00C2\u00A061,\u00C2\u00A0p.\u00C2\u00A03135\u00E2\u0080\u0090 3144.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 168\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 APPENDIX\u00C2\u00A0B\u00E2\u0080\u0093\u00C2\u00A0APATITE\u00C2\u00A0FISSION\u00C2\u00A0TRACK\u00C2\u00A0THERMOCHRONOLOGY\u00C2\u00A0DATA\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Table.\u00C2\u00A0B1.\u00C2\u00A0Apatite\u00C2\u00A0fission\u00C2\u00A0track\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0from\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Northern\u00C2\u00A0Carlin\u00C2\u00A0trend\u00C2\u00A0(Chakurian\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.,\u00C2\u00A02003;\u00C2\u00A0Cline\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.,\u00C2\u00A02005;\u00C2\u00A0Hickey\u00C2\u00A0et\u00C2\u00A0al.,\u00C2\u00A02010).\u00C2\u00A0All\u00C2\u00A0ages\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0errors\u00C2\u00A0are\u00C2\u00A0reported\u00C2\u00A0in\u00C2\u00A0Ma.\u00C2\u00A0 East North # Grains # Tracks Dpar (um) Age (Ma) (-) 2\u00EF\u0081\u00B3 (+) 2\u00EF\u0081\u00B3 Mean Lm(um) Lm SD(um) Mean Lc(um) Lc SD(um) MeanDpar (um) DparSE (um) DparSD (um) Dpar_SE (um) 555048\u00C2\u00A0 4540720\u00C2\u00A0 6\u00C2\u00A0 1\u00C2\u00A0 2.06\u00C2\u00A0 23.8\u00C2\u00A0 9.6\u00C2\u00A0 16.1\u00C2\u00A0 14.11\u00C2\u00A0 14.34\u00C2\u00A0 1.86\u00C2\u00A0 0.09\u00C2\u00A0 0.21\u00C2\u00A0 1.86\u00C2\u00A0 559128\u00C2\u00A0 4539741\u00C2\u00A0 21\u00C2\u00A0 60\u00C2\u00A0 1.8\u00C2\u00A0 51.1\u00C2\u00A0 7.8\u00C2\u00A0 9\u00C2\u00A0 13.45\u00C2\u00A0 2.12\u00C2\u00A0 14.61\u00C2\u00A0 1.95\u00C2\u00A0 0.06\u00C2\u00A0 0.29\u00C2\u00A0 0.25\u00C2\u00A0 0.4\u00C2\u00A0 560198\u00C2\u00A0 4538825\u00C2\u00A0 6\u00C2\u00A0 9\u00C2\u00A0 2.39\u00C2\u00A0 32.4\u00C2\u00A0 8.8\u00C2\u00A0 12.2\u00C2\u00A0 13.38\u00C2\u00A0 1.71\u00C2\u00A0 14.34\u00C2\u00A0 3.13\u00C2\u00A0 0.28\u00C2\u00A0 0.7\u00C2\u00A0 1.04\u00C2\u00A0 1.37\u00C2\u00A0 561114\u00C2\u00A0 4537287\u00C2\u00A0 40\u00C2\u00A0 74\u00C2\u00A0 1.94\u00C2\u00A0 79.9\u00C2\u00A0 10.2\u00C2\u00A0 11.6\u00C2\u00A0 13.16\u00C2\u00A0 2.05\u00C2\u00A0 14.51\u00C2\u00A0 2.06\u00C2\u00A0 0.05\u00C2\u00A0 0.32\u00C2\u00A0 0.24\u00C2\u00A0 0.36\u00C2\u00A0 558312\u00C2\u00A0 4537259\u00C2\u00A0 27\u00C2\u00A0 40\u00C2\u00A0 1.85\u00C2\u00A0 76.5\u00C2\u00A0 13.1\u00C2\u00A0 15.8\u00C2\u00A0 13.38\u00C2\u00A0 1.55\u00C2\u00A0 14.53\u00C2\u00A0 1.91\u00C2\u00A0 0.06\u00C2\u00A0 0.3\u00C2\u00A0 0.3\u00C2\u00A0 0.33\u00C2\u00A0 558184\u00C2\u00A0 4536152\u00C2\u00A0 24\u00C2\u00A0 26\u00C2\u00A0 1.77\u00C2\u00A0 60.4\u00C2\u00A0 12.1\u00C2\u00A0 15.2\u00C2\u00A0 13.13\u00C2\u00A0 2.16\u00C2\u00A0 14.44\u00C2\u00A0 1.98\u00C2\u00A0 0.07\u00C2\u00A0 0.32\u00C2\u00A0 0.39\u00C2\u00A0 0.38\u00C2\u00A0 559697\u00C2\u00A0 4533592\u00C2\u00A0 14\u00C2\u00A0 18\u00C2\u00A0 1.92\u00C2\u00A0 38\u00C2\u00A0 8.4\u00C2\u00A0 10.8\u00C2\u00A0 13.64\u00C2\u00A0 1.66\u00C2\u00A0 14.79\u00C2\u00A0 2.1\u00C2\u00A0 0.1\u00C2\u00A0 0.38\u00C2\u00A0 0.5\u00C2\u00A0 0.44\u00C2\u00A0 557521\u00C2\u00A0 4533602\u00C2\u00A0 5\u00C2\u00A0 3\u00C2\u00A0 1.98\u00C2\u00A0 22.7\u00C2\u00A0 7.6\u00C2\u00A0 11.2\u00C2\u00A0 12.38\u00C2\u00A0 1.77\u00C2\u00A0 13.76\u00C2\u00A0 1.98\u00C2\u00A0 0.15\u00C2\u00A0 0.33\u00C2\u00A0 1.14\u00C2\u00A0 0.21\u00C2\u00A0 553111\u00C2\u00A0 4536180\u00C2\u00A0 40\u00C2\u00A0 135\u00C2\u00A0 1.92\u00C2\u00A0 45.8\u00C2\u00A0 7.4\u00C2\u00A0 8.9\u00C2\u00A0 13.27\u00C2\u00A0 2.59\u00C2\u00A0 14.58\u00C2\u00A0 2.35\u00C2\u00A0 0.05\u00C2\u00A0 0.31\u00C2\u00A0 0.2\u00C2\u00A0 0.28\u00C2\u00A0 552812\u00C2\u00A0 4535590\u00C2\u00A0 25\u00C2\u00A0 117\u00C2\u00A0 2.01\u00C2\u00A0 45.5\u00C2\u00A0 8.5\u00C2\u00A0 10.5\u00C2\u00A0 14.38\u00C2\u00A0 1.27\u00C2\u00A0 15.27\u00C2\u00A0 1.97\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 0.15\u00C2\u00A0 0.18\u00C2\u00A0 0.19\u00C2\u00A0 557070\u00C2\u00A0 4533008\u00C2\u00A0 12\u00C2\u00A0 102\u00C2\u00A0 2.31\u00C2\u00A0 91.6\u00C2\u00A0 11.4\u00C2\u00A0 13\u00C2\u00A0 13.72\u00C2\u00A0 2\u00C2\u00A0 14.78\u00C2\u00A0 2.24\u00C2\u00A0 0.04\u00C2\u00A0 0.15\u00C2\u00A0 0.22\u00C2\u00A0 0.2\u00C2\u00A0 476228\u00C2\u00A0 4561643\u00C2\u00A0 25\u00C2\u00A0 130\u00C2\u00A0 1.8\u00C2\u00A0 78.8\u00C2\u00A0 9.7\u00C2\u00A0 11.1\u00C2\u00A0 14.52\u00C2\u00A0 1.47\u00C2\u00A0 15.34\u00C2\u00A0 1.97\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 0.16\u00C2\u00A0 0.17\u00C2\u00A0 0.34\u00C2\u00A0 558335\u00C2\u00A0 4532802\u00C2\u00A0 11\u00C2\u00A0 34\u00C2\u00A0 2.74\u00C2\u00A0 14.3\u00C2\u00A0 2.9\u00C2\u00A0 3.8\u00C2\u00A0 15.03\u00C2\u00A0 1.48\u00C2\u00A0 15.71\u00C2\u00A0 2.84\u00C2\u00A0 0.15\u00C2\u00A0 0.48\u00C2\u00A0 0.49\u00C2\u00A0 0.39\u00C2\u00A0 558167\u00C2\u00A0 4532551\u00C2\u00A0 14\u00C2\u00A0 136\u00C2\u00A0 2.38\u00C2\u00A0 113\u00C2\u00A0 15\u00C2\u00A0 17.4\u00C2\u00A0 13.44\u00C2\u00A0 2.29\u00C2\u00A0 14.65\u00C2\u00A0 2.19\u00C2\u00A0 0.08\u00C2\u00A0 0.3\u00C2\u00A0 0.19\u00C2\u00A0 0.22\u00C2\u00A0 558074\u00C2\u00A0 4529287\u00C2\u00A0 37\u00C2\u00A0 200\u00C2\u00A0 2.01\u00C2\u00A0 56.1\u00C2\u00A0 6.1\u00C2\u00A0 6.8\u00C2\u00A0 13.39\u00C2\u00A0 2.64\u00C2\u00A0 14.68\u00C2\u00A0 2.1\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 0.19\u00C2\u00A0 0.15\u00C2\u00A0 0.21\u00C2\u00A0 557760\u00C2\u00A0 4528910\u00C2\u00A0 12\u00C2\u00A0 19\u00C2\u00A0 1.65\u00C2\u00A0 18.6\u00C2\u00A0 7.2\u00C2\u00A0 11.6\u00C2\u00A0 13.67\u00C2\u00A0 2.2\u00C2\u00A0 14.65\u00C2\u00A0 1.68\u00C2\u00A0 0.05\u00C2\u00A0 0.16\u00C2\u00A0 0.39\u00C2\u00A0 0.13\u00C2\u00A0 555037\u00C2\u00A0 4529041\u00C2\u00A0 22\u00C2\u00A0 28\u00C2\u00A0 1.84\u00C2\u00A0 32.5\u00C2\u00A0 6.1\u00C2\u00A0 7.4\u00C2\u00A0 14.15\u00C2\u00A0 1.44\u00C2\u00A0 15.18\u00C2\u00A0 1.95\u00C2\u00A0 0.04\u00C2\u00A0 0.19\u00C2\u00A0 0.37\u00C2\u00A0 0.38\u00C2\u00A0 557488\u00C2\u00A0 4528267\u00C2\u00A0 16\u00C2\u00A0 63\u00C2\u00A0 2.19\u00C2\u00A0 40.9\u00C2\u00A0 7.3\u00C2\u00A0 8.9\u00C2\u00A0 13.66\u00C2\u00A0 2.31\u00C2\u00A0 14.88\u00C2\u00A0 2.12\u00C2\u00A0 0.06\u00C2\u00A0 0.24\u00C2\u00A0 0.27\u00C2\u00A0 0.27\u00C2\u00A0 558079\u00C2\u00A0 4526758\u00C2\u00A0 5\u00C2\u00A0 14\u00C2\u00A0 1.68\u00C2\u00A0 36.7\u00C2\u00A0 9.8\u00C2\u00A0 13.3\u00C2\u00A0 13.03\u00C2\u00A0 2.24\u00C2\u00A0 14.28\u00C2\u00A0 1.75\u00C2\u00A0 0.05\u00C2\u00A0 0.12\u00C2\u00A0 0.47\u00C2\u00A0 0.16\u00C2\u00A0 559166\u00C2\u00A0 4528248\u00C2\u00A0 13\u00C2\u00A0 16\u00C2\u00A0 1.94\u00C2\u00A0 34.8\u00C2\u00A0 5.3\u00C2\u00A0 6.2\u00C2\u00A0 13.87\u00C2\u00A0 1.97\u00C2\u00A0 14.79\u00C2\u00A0 2.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.08\u00C2\u00A0 0.27\u00C2\u00A0 0.5\u00C2\u00A0 0.22\u00C2\u00A0 559492\u00C2\u00A0 4525044\u00C2\u00A0 25\u00C2\u00A0 13\u00C2\u00A0 1.69\u00C2\u00A0 58.8\u00C2\u00A0 10\u00C2\u00A0 12.1\u00C2\u00A0 12.52\u00C2\u00A0 2.82\u00C2\u00A0 13.99\u00C2\u00A0 1.53\u00C2\u00A0 0.05\u00C2\u00A0 0.24\u00C2\u00A0 0.42\u00C2\u00A0 0.06\u00C2\u00A0 557406\u00C2\u00A0 4526268\u00C2\u00A0 6\u00C2\u00A0 11\u00C2\u00A0 1.56\u00C2\u00A0 27.7\u00C2\u00A0 10.8\u00C2\u00A0 17.6\u00C2\u00A0 12.96\u00C2\u00A0 2.18\u00C2\u00A0 14.47\u00C2\u00A0 1.57\u00C2\u00A0 0.06\u00C2\u00A0 0.14\u00C2\u00A0 0.47\u00C2\u00A0 0.18\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 169\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 East North # Grains # Tracks Dpar (um) Age (Ma) (-) 2\u00EF\u0081\u00B3 (+) 2\u00EF\u0081\u00B3 Mean Lm(um) Lm SD(um) Mean Lc(um) Lc SD (um) MeanDpar (um) DparSE (um) DparSD (um) Dpar_SE (um) 556429\u00C2\u00A0 4525786\u00C2\u00A0 7\u00C2\u00A0 1\u00C2\u00A0 1.59\u00C2\u00A0 16\u00C2\u00A0 8.1\u00C2\u00A0 16.4\u00C2\u00A0 9.07\u00C2\u00A0 12.5\u00C2\u00A0 1.29\u00C2\u00A0 0.05\u00C2\u00A0 0.13\u00C2\u00A0 1.29\u00C2\u00A0 554103\u00C2\u00A0 4523739\u00C2\u00A0 29\u00C2\u00A0 19\u00C2\u00A0 1.62\u00C2\u00A0 28.1\u00C2\u00A0 8.1\u00C2\u00A0 11.4\u00C2\u00A0 14.2\u00C2\u00A0 1.2\u00C2\u00A0 15.18\u00C2\u00A0 1.71\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 0.17\u00C2\u00A0 0.39\u00C2\u00A0 0.11\u00C2\u00A0 556997\u00C2\u00A0 4524747\u00C2\u00A0 17\u00C2\u00A0 25\u00C2\u00A0 1.82\u00C2\u00A0 20.6\u00C2\u00A0 4.1\u00C2\u00A0 5.1\u00C2\u00A0 13.71\u00C2\u00A0 2.18\u00C2\u00A0 14.77\u00C2\u00A0 2\u00C2\u00A0 0.05\u00C2\u00A0 0.21\u00C2\u00A0 0.4\u00C2\u00A0 0.16\u00C2\u00A0 553576\u00C2\u00A0 4528871\u00C2\u00A0 16\u00C2\u00A0 83\u00C2\u00A0 2.21\u00C2\u00A0 33\u00C2\u00A0 5.3\u00C2\u00A0 6.3\u00C2\u00A0 14.78\u00C2\u00A0 1.12\u00C2\u00A0 15.51\u00C2\u00A0 2.25\u00C2\u00A0 0.06\u00C2\u00A0 0.24\u00C2\u00A0 0.25\u00C2\u00A0 0.2\u00C2\u00A0 552713\u00C2\u00A0 4530356\u00C2\u00A0 12\u00C2\u00A0 74\u00C2\u00A0 1.7\u00C2\u00A0 35.5\u00C2\u00A0 6.6\u00C2\u00A0 8.1\u00C2\u00A0 14.22\u00C2\u00A0 1.26\u00C2\u00A0 15.16\u00C2\u00A0 1.91\u00C2\u00A0 0.05\u00C2\u00A0 0.16\u00C2\u00A0 0.22\u00C2\u00A0 0.25\u00C2\u00A0 552058\u00C2\u00A0 4539373\u00C2\u00A0 24\u00C2\u00A0 134\u00C2\u00A0 2.11\u00C2\u00A0 53.7\u00C2\u00A0 6.8\u00C2\u00A0 7.7\u00C2\u00A0 13.23\u00C2\u00A0 2.28\u00C2\u00A0 14.41\u00C2\u00A0 2.19\u00C2\u00A0 0.04\u00C2\u00A0 0.17\u00C2\u00A0 0.19\u00C2\u00A0 0.21\u00C2\u00A0 552506\u00C2\u00A0 4537399\u00C2\u00A0 24\u00C2\u00A0 14\u00C2\u00A0 1.84\u00C2\u00A0 31.6\u00C2\u00A0 7.3\u00C2\u00A0 9.4\u00C2\u00A0 14.1\u00C2\u00A0 1.38\u00C2\u00A0 15.14\u00C2\u00A0 2.38\u00C2\u00A0 0.09\u00C2\u00A0 0.44\u00C2\u00A0 0.64\u00C2\u00A0 0.86\u00C2\u00A0 552363\u00C2\u00A0 4536299\u00C2\u00A0 40\u00C2\u00A0 192\u00C2\u00A0 2.56\u00C2\u00A0 41.3\u00C2\u00A0 4.6\u00C2\u00A0 5.1\u00C2\u00A0 14.93\u00C2\u00A0 1.45\u00C2\u00A0 15.61\u00C2\u00A0 2.64\u00C2\u00A0 0.04\u00C2\u00A0 0.24\u00C2\u00A0 0.19\u00C2\u00A0 0.45\u00C2\u00A0 551480\u00C2\u00A0 4538430\u00C2\u00A0 11\u00C2\u00A0 23\u00C2\u00A0 2.06\u00C2\u00A0 53.1\u00C2\u00A0 14.4\u00C2\u00A0 19.7\u00C2\u00A0 13.94\u00C2\u00A0 2.32\u00C2\u00A0 14.88\u00C2\u00A0 2.14\u00C2\u00A0 0.08\u00C2\u00A0 0.28\u00C2\u00A0 0.45\u00C2\u00A0 0.35\u00C2\u00A0 548708\u00C2\u00A0 4538750\u00C2\u00A0 28\u00C2\u00A0 47\u00C2\u00A0 1.75\u00C2\u00A0 38.4\u00C2\u00A0 8.6\u00C2\u00A0 11.2\u00C2\u00A0 14.15\u00C2\u00A0 1.55\u00C2\u00A0 15.13\u00C2\u00A0 1.86\u00C2\u00A0 0.05\u00C2\u00A0 0.29\u00C2\u00A0 0.27\u00C2\u00A0 0.29\u00C2\u00A0 551522\u00C2\u00A0 4537236\u00C2\u00A0 10\u00C2\u00A0 2\u00C2\u00A0 1.99\u00C2\u00A0 24.4\u00C2\u00A0 8.8\u00C2\u00A0 13.9\u00C2\u00A0 15.26\u00C2\u00A0 2.09\u00C2\u00A0 15.96\u00C2\u00A0 2.29\u00C2\u00A0 0.07\u00C2\u00A0 0.22\u00C2\u00A0 1.62\u00C2\u00A0 0.14\u00C2\u00A0 551377\u00C2\u00A0 4537158\u00C2\u00A0 25\u00C2\u00A0 163\u00C2\u00A0 1.97\u00C2\u00A0 43.2\u00C2\u00A0 5.3\u00C2\u00A0 6.1\u00C2\u00A0 14.35\u00C2\u00A0 1.59\u00C2\u00A0 15.24\u00C2\u00A0 2.16\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 0.13\u00C2\u00A0 0.17\u00C2\u00A0 0.42\u00C2\u00A0 555418\u00C2\u00A0 4533245\u00C2\u00A0 37\u00C2\u00A0 200\u00C2\u00A0 2.37\u00C2\u00A0 129\u00C2\u00A0 13.8\u00C2\u00A0 15.3\u00C2\u00A0 13.4\u00C2\u00A0 2.45\u00C2\u00A0 14.64\u00C2\u00A0 2.53\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 0.16\u00C2\u00A0 0.18\u00C2\u00A0 0.21\u00C2\u00A0 555418\u00C2\u00A0 4533245\u00C2\u00A0 25\u00C2\u00A0 202\u00C2\u00A0 2.29\u00C2\u00A0 119\u00C2\u00A0 12.8\u00C2\u00A0 14.4\u00C2\u00A0 13.29\u00C2\u00A0 2.53\u00C2\u00A0 14.49\u00C2\u00A0 2.28\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 0.13\u00C2\u00A0 0.16\u00C2\u00A0 0.17\u00C2\u00A0 555418\u00C2\u00A0 4533245\u00C2\u00A0 24\u00C2\u00A0 200\u00C2\u00A0 1.83\u00C2\u00A0 75.1\u00C2\u00A0 11.4\u00C2\u00A0 13.4\u00C2\u00A0 14.07\u00C2\u00A0 1.82\u00C2\u00A0 15.05\u00C2\u00A0 1.98\u00C2\u00A0 0.05\u00C2\u00A0 0.25\u00C2\u00A0 0.14\u00C2\u00A0 0.3\u00C2\u00A0 555418\u00C2\u00A0 4533245\u00C2\u00A0 33\u00C2\u00A0 200\u00C2\u00A0 1.83\u00C2\u00A0 69.7\u00C2\u00A0 9.6\u00C2\u00A0 11.2\u00C2\u00A0 13.92\u00C2\u00A0 1.52\u00C2\u00A0 14.99\u00C2\u00A0 1.97\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.13\u00C2\u00A0 0.14\u00C2\u00A0 0.15\u00C2\u00A0 552767\u00C2\u00A0 4535055\u00C2\u00A0 20\u00C2\u00A0 132\u00C2\u00A0 1.95\u00C2\u00A0 63.4\u00C2\u00A0 6.9\u00C2\u00A0 7.7\u00C2\u00A0 13.15\u00C2\u00A0 2.23\u00C2\u00A0 14.42\u00C2\u00A0 2.03\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 0.12\u00C2\u00A0 0.18\u00C2\u00A0 0.14\u00C2\u00A0 552789\u00C2\u00A0 4535070\u00C2\u00A0 23\u00C2\u00A0 135\u00C2\u00A0 2.07\u00C2\u00A0 59.8\u00C2\u00A0 6.6\u00C2\u00A0 7.4\u00C2\u00A0 12.75\u00C2\u00A0 2.29\u00C2\u00A0 14.21\u00C2\u00A0 2.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.04\u00C2\u00A0 0.18\u00C2\u00A0 0.17\u00C2\u00A0 0.23\u00C2\u00A0 558184\u00C2\u00A0 4536152\u00C2\u00A0 24\u00C2\u00A0 26\u00C2\u00A0 1.77\u00C2\u00A0 60.4\u00C2\u00A0 12.1\u00C2\u00A0 15.2\u00C2\u00A0 13.13\u00C2\u00A0 2.16\u00C2\u00A0 14.44\u00C2\u00A0 1.98\u00C2\u00A0 0.07\u00C2\u00A0 0.32\u00C2\u00A0 0.39\u00C2\u00A0 0.38\u00C2\u00A0 552942\u00C2\u00A0 4535192\u00C2\u00A0 24\u00C2\u00A0 133\u00C2\u00A0 2.09\u00C2\u00A0 60.4\u00C2\u00A0 7.2\u00C2\u00A0 8.1\u00C2\u00A0 13.11\u00C2\u00A0 2.23\u00C2\u00A0 14.38\u00C2\u00A0 2.13\u00C2\u00A0 0.04\u00C2\u00A0 0.19\u00C2\u00A0 0.18\u00C2\u00A0 0.18\u00C2\u00A0 553150\u00C2\u00A0 4535306\u00C2\u00A0 21\u00C2\u00A0 135\u00C2\u00A0 1.91\u00C2\u00A0 60.2\u00C2\u00A0 9.1\u00C2\u00A0 10.6\u00C2\u00A0 13.34\u00C2\u00A0 1.99\u00C2\u00A0 14.5\u00C2\u00A0 1.96\u00C2\u00A0 0.04\u00C2\u00A0 0.19\u00C2\u00A0 0.17\u00C2\u00A0 0.17\u00C2\u00A0 552794\u00C2\u00A0 4535585\u00C2\u00A0 26\u00C2\u00A0 198\u00C2\u00A0 2.13\u00C2\u00A0 70.4\u00C2\u00A0 10\u00C2\u00A0 11.5\u00C2\u00A0 12.81\u00C2\u00A0 2.42\u00C2\u00A0 14.28\u00C2\u00A0 2.07\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 0.16\u00C2\u00A0 0.15\u00C2\u00A0 0.26\u00C2\u00A0 552794\u00C2\u00A0 4535585\u00C2\u00A0 40\u00C2\u00A0 139\u00C2\u00A0 1.94\u00C2\u00A0 58.1\u00C2\u00A0 8.3\u00C2\u00A0 9.6\u00C2\u00A0 13.3\u00C2\u00A0 2.26\u00C2\u00A0 14.51\u00C2\u00A0 1.95\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.16\u00C2\u00A0 0.17\u00C2\u00A0 0.15\u00C2\u00A0 552794\u00C2\u00A0 4535585\u00C2\u00A0 38\u00C2\u00A0 200\u00C2\u00A0 1.93\u00C2\u00A0 58.1\u00C2\u00A0 6.7\u00C2\u00A0 7.6\u00C2\u00A0 13.14\u00C2\u00A0 2.13\u00C2\u00A0 14.45\u00C2\u00A0 2.03\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.12\u00C2\u00A0 0.14\u00C2\u00A0 0.14\u00C2\u00A0 552794\u00C2\u00A0 4535585\u00C2\u00A0 33\u00C2\u00A0 136\u00C2\u00A0 2.17\u00C2\u00A0 80.4\u00C2\u00A0 10.7\u00C2\u00A0 12.3\u00C2\u00A0 13.09\u00C2\u00A0 2.32\u00C2\u00A0 14.46\u00C2\u00A0 2.08\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 0.2\u00C2\u00A0 0.18\u00C2\u00A0 0.24\u00C2\u00A0 552794\u00C2\u00A0 4535585\u00C2\u00A0 39\u00C2\u00A0 196\u00C2\u00A0 2.12\u00C2\u00A0 56.3\u00C2\u00A0 6.6\u00C2\u00A0 7.4\u00C2\u00A0 12.59\u00C2\u00A0 2.07\u00C2\u00A0 14.03\u00C2\u00A0 2.24\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.14\u00C2\u00A0 0.16\u00C2\u00A0 0.18\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 170\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Table.\u00C2\u00A0B2.\u00C2\u00A0Pooled\u00C2\u00A0apatite\u00C2\u00A0fission\u00C2\u00A0track\u00C2\u00A0ages\u00C2\u00A0for\u00C2\u00A0the\u00C2\u00A0Shoshone\u00C2\u00A0Range\u00C2\u00A0area,\u00C2\u00A0*\u00C2\u00A0denotes\u00C2\u00A0absence\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0asymmetric\u00C2\u00A0ages,\u00C2\u00A0symmetric\u00C2\u00A0ages\u00C2\u00A0shown\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 East North # Grains # Tracks Dpar (um) Age (Ma) (-) 2\u00EF\u0081\u00B3 (+) 2\u00EF\u0081\u00B3 Mean Lm(um) Lm SD(um) Mean Lc(um) Lc SD(um) MeanDpar(u m) DparSE(u m) DparSD(u m) Dpar_SE (um) Dpar_SD (um) 493088 4501907 40 210 1.83 36 3.4 3.7 14.58 1.56 15.4 1 1.86 0.13 0.23 0.02 0.15 493240 4493545 40 155 1.63 42.5 5.4 6.1 14.36 1.68 15.27 1.07 1.69 0.14 0.18 0.03 0.18 493399 4497239 40 201 1.68 37.6 3.6 4 14.12 1.32 15.05 0.9 1.71 0.12 0.16 0.02 0.15 498741 4438208 35 12 1.62 13.6 2.6 3.2 12.23 2.61 13.67 2.13 1.82 0.53 0.16 0.03 0.17 499938 4462388 12 28 1.93 108. 2 15.8 18.6 12.97 1.99 14.35 1.22 1.91 0.36 0.27 0.07 0.23 500648 4409038 40 92 1.6 8.9 1.6 1.9 14.96 1.25 15.62 0.85 1.87 0.19 0.57 0.02 0.15 503237 4461618 27 54 1.67 55.1 9.8 11.9 13.58 2.21 14.67 1.44 1.63 0.22 0.13 0.03 0.18 504789 4473185 23 53 2.4 16.5 3.8 4.9 13.85 2.29 14.78 1.58 2.57 0.35 0.33 0.07 0.35 504888 4457292 21 23 1.76 32.7 6.1 7.5 14.57 1.07 15.27 0.77 1.97 0.41 0.34 0.09 0.43 505537 4465781 24 35 2 45.7 7.4 8.9 14.02 1.54 14.97 0.99 2.13 0.36 0.39 0.06 0.31 505662 4466508 20 4 1.76 15.1 7 13.2 12.74 4.98 14.88 1.99 1.82 0.91 0.35 0.05 0.2 506133 4471855 28 11 1.74 12.9 3.6 5 13.21 1.91 14.39 1.15 1.78 0.54 0.14 0.05 0.27 506757 4414389 29 91 2.73 84.2 11.3 13.1 13.9 1.57 14.9 1.07 2.94 0.31 0.84 0.19 1.03 508155 4465581 23 - 1.57 18.2 4.0* - - - - - - - - - - 508167 4471393 32 19 1.7 17.2 4.2 5.6 12.72 1.94 14.17 1.23 1.81 0.42 0.29 0.03 0.19 508294 4461372 38 100 1.84 64.7 8.1 9.2 12.43 2.5 13.93 1.57 1.91 0.19 0.19 0.04 0.25 508588 4461155 - - - 77.4 - - - - - - - - - - 509501 4460863 - - - 27.4 - - - - - - - - - - 509691 4513620 38 130 1.77 33 4.3 4.9 13.88 1.67 14.94 1.03 1.94 0.17 0.36 0.03 0.19 509974 4471329 18 21 1.74 13.9 4.1 5.7 13.16 1.56 14.58 0.93 1.86 0.41 0.2 0.07 0.28 510975 4460491 16 18 1.73 39.5 7.1 8.6 14.22 2.14 15.18 1.37 1.77 0.42 0.15 0.05 0.18 511183 4476760 33 9 1.83 16.6 3.8 4.9 13.92 1.42 14.96 0.79 1.78 0.59 0.26 0.06 0.32 511695 4466671 20 22 1.71 28.9 4.9 5.9 13.23 2.44 14.46 1.36 1.81 0.39 0.18 0.05 0.23 512055 4475222 31 48 1.67 13.7 2.6 3.2 13.41 1.87 14.52 1.28 1.82 0.26 0.23 0.04 0.24 512602 4464254 15 14 1.79 35.7 8.6 11.3 14.42 1.83 15.23 1.27 1.75 0.47 0.22 0.07 0.28 512634 4461137 40 199 1.63 28.9 2.2* - - - - - - - - - - \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 171\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 East North # Grains # Tracks Dpar (um) Age (Ma) (-) 2\u00EF\u0081\u00B3 (+) 2\u00EF\u0081\u00B3 Mean Lm(um) Lm SD(um) Mean Lc(um) Lc SD(um) MeanDpar(u m) DparSE(u m) DparSD(u m) Dpar_SE (um) Dpar_SD (um) 512750 4461028 33 171 1.61 31.3 2.6* - - - - - - - - - - 512977 4461269 24 26 1.99 35 4.6 5.3 13.68 1.61 14.57 1.16 1.85 0.36 0.21 0.12 0.58 514197 4460178 23 38 2.02 34.8 5.5 6.5 13.59 2.01 14.68 1.3 1.86 0.3 0.19 0.1 0.49 514403 4473950 28 18 1.69 29.8 3.9 4.6 13.2 1.93 14.33 1.43 1.72 0.41 0.17 0.05 0.24 514895 4464693 16 24 1.72 23.1 7.6 11.4 13.22 2.56 14.56 1.39 1.86 0.38 0.22 0.06 0.25 515617 4481696 28 8 1.74 9.2 3.1 4.7 12.22 2.45 14.08 0.99 1.68 0.59 0.21 0.05 0.27 516019 4478794 28 51 1.96 27 4.4 5.2 13.76 1.47 14.8 1.01 2.02 0.28 0.3 0.06 0.3 516566 4468846 24 13 1.69 28.6 4.6 5.6 14.02 1.55 14.97 1.01 1.74 0.48 0.16 0.04 0.2 516990 4460609 40 61 1.85 38.6 4.3 4.8 14.52 1.06 15.28 0.75 2.09 0.27 0.21 0.04 0.24 518283 4477234 30 38 1.79 33.8 5.6 6.8 12.66 2.14 14.18 1.21 1.87 0.3 0.18 0.04 0.22 519194 4451324 25 105 1.88 33.6 9 12.3 14.89 0.9 15.59 0.6 2.07 0.2 0.18 0.05 0.25 519408 4457072 19 33 1.78 51.1 8.2 9.7 13.77 1.48 14.8 1.01 1.85 0.32 0.11 0.05 0.24 519945 4456913 24 23 1.69 48 7.5 8.9 14.08 1.23 15.11 0.79 1.96 0.41 0.22 0.05 0.25 520029 4459464 17 22 1.79 37.9 8 10.3 12.98 2.21 14.41 1.16 1.92 0.41 0.22 0.12 0.49 520192 4468590 25 34 1.83 43.7 5.5 6.2 13.72 1.59 14.83 1.03 1.8 0.31 0.18 0.04 0.18 520529 4469759 24 131 2.08 33.4 4.4 5.1 14.45 1.69 15.29 1.12 2.24 0.2 0.15 0.03 0.15 520900 4456419 13 12 1.71 25 5.4 6.8 13.64 1.23 14.81 0.66 1.78 0.51 0.2 0.05 0.19 521187 4455472 25 157 1.69 36.8 5.2 6.2 14.14 1.33 15.08 0.89 1.77 0.14 0.25 0.02 0.12 521205 4461734 19 22 1.97 33.9 5.7 6.9 14.78 1.08 15.52 0.78 2.17 0.46 0.22 0.06 0.25 521232 4454441 35 117 1.79 66.9 7.6 8.6 12.71 2.42 14.1 1.52 1.97 0.18 0.24 0.03 0.21 521451 4481657 15 30 1.96 38 6.1 7.1 13.98 1.82 15 1.18 1.93 0.35 0.25 0.05 0.2 521535 4455966 30 26 1.69 33.5 8.4 11.3 14.69 1.65 15.46 0.97 1.62 0.32 0.16 0.03 0.16 521535 4455966 33 31 1.6 49.7 12 15.8 13.95 1.87 14.83 1.34 1.56 0.28 0.17 0.03 0.17 521543 4456127 34.8 522454 4462891 26 36 1.85 41.3 6 7.1 14.46 1.04 15.36 0.71 2.02 0.34 0.17 0.04 0.2 522635 4456190 9 14 1.68 39.1 8.4 10.8 14.17 1.38 15.02 0.96 1.86 0.5 0.18 0.12 0.37 522821 4467016 15 14 1.71 24.5 4.8 6 14.16 1.41 15.19 0.86 1.77 0.47 0.17 0.05 0.21 522996 4455574 12 4 1.8 22.7 8.1 12.6 14.88 1.6 15.7 1.04 2.06 1.03 0.59 0.09 0.31 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 172\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 East North Grains # Tracks Dpar (um) Age (Ma) (-) 2\u00EF\u0081\u00B3 (+) 2\u00EF\u0081\u00B3 Mean Lm(um) Lm SD(um) Mean Lc(um) Lc SD(um) MeanDpar(u m) DparSE(u m) DparSD(u m) Dpar_SE (um) Dpar_SD (um) 523014 4458204 29 42 1.8 42.5 6.4 7.6 14.19 1.4 15.12 0.91 1.9 0.29 0.28 0.08 0.45 523187 4454258 8 6 1.78 25.7 8.4 12.5 13.51 1.56 14.64 0.99 1.66 0.68 0.22 0.07 0.19 523841 4455858 18 10 1.91 27.4 5.7 7.1 14.16 1.8 15.07 1.25 2.1 0.66 0.68 0.1 0.42 523872 4455651 15 8 1.9 20.8 5.4 7.3 12.96 3.97 14.54 1.85 1.8 0.64 0.21 0.12 0.45 523934 4455152 28 50 1.93 45 7.2 8.6 13.21 1.59 14.46 1.25 1.99 0.28 0.25 0.05 0.29 524212 4475592 29 96 2 37.3 6.2 7.4 13.86 1.8 14.83 1.24 1.8 0.18 0.14 0.08 0.45 524282 4466538 22 25 1.84 33.8 5.9 7.3 14.19 1.23 15.04 0.81 1.8 0.36 0.23 0.08 0.38 524336 4456245 35 49 1.65 35.6 7.3 9.1 13.83 1.47 14.81 1.01 1.72 0.25 0.19 0.06 0.38 524477 4454981 38 67 2.2 19.8 3.8 4.6 13.11 2.34 14.5 1.31 2.26 0.28 0.46 0.11 0.67 524518 4454411 18 49 1.93 37.7 6 7.2 14.64 1.91 15.49 1.17 2.01 0.29 0.24 0.07 0.29 524555 4455727 26 27 1.87 42.5 6.6 7.8 14.12 1.8 15.17 0.94 1.84 0.35 0.29 0.07 0.35 524877 4454151 27 38 1.92 29 5.3 6.4 13.65 1.82 14.67 1.29 1.98 0.32 0.3 0.08 0.42 525153 4453997 20 54 2.06 41.2 8.3 10.5 13.61 1.39 14.63 0.98 1.93 0.26 0.29 0.07 0.31 525367 4433446 24 34 1.82 37.5 8.1 10.2 13.79 1.77 14.83 1.12 1.68 0.29 0.16 0.1 0.5 526536 4452839 12 25 1.76 65.4 10.2 12 13.08 1.84 14.5 1.14 1.85 0.37 0.33 0.08 0.28 526651 4436509 35 68 1.87 43.3 5.7 6.5 14.02 1.89 15.04 1.14 2.04 0.25 0.33 0.05 0.29 526721 4471144 18 30 1.9 36.1 8 10.4 13.36 2.25 14.57 1.46 1.86 0.34 0.27 0.15 0.63 526776 4465413 14 21 1.77 39.7 5.7 6.6 13.92 2.39 15.11 1.07 1.87 0.41 0.23 0.05 0.2 526805 4462487 24 125 1.85 45.1 7.4 8.7 14.91 1.05 15.62 0.75 2.02 0.18 0.18 0.02 0.09 527005 4441549 34 147 1.8 44.6 5.9 6.8 12.27 2.33 13.83 1.46 2.1 0.17 0.29 0.02 0.13 532289 4449090 12 64 1.86 30.7 8.6 11.9 13.13 2.11 14.43 1.37 2 0.25 0.23 0.08 0.27 532292 4449041 27 101 1.96 44.4 7.9 9.5 13.45 2 14.63 1.26 2.06 0.21 0.23 0.04 0.22 532408 4448971 24 36 1.87 27.5 5.8 7.4 13.33 1.81 14.52 1.19 2.13 0.35 0.45 0.07 0.32 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 173\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 APPENDIX\u00C2\u00A0C\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u0093\u00C2\u00A0SAMPLE\u00C2\u00A0INFORMATION\u00C2\u00A0 Table\u00C2\u00A0C1.\u00C2\u00A0Sample\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 Sample\u00C2\u00A0ID\u00C2\u00A0 Easting\u00C2\u00A0 Northing\u00C2\u00A0 XRD\u00C2\u00A0 Terraspec\u00C2\u00A0 Microprobe\u00C2\u00A0 Colour\u00C2\u00A0 Lithology\u00C2\u00A0 Clay\u00C2\u00A0content\u00C2\u00A0 PP1\u00C2\u00A0 524528\u00C2\u00A0 4454902\u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 Medium\u00C2\u00A0grey\u00C2\u00A0 Silty\u00C2\u00A0limestone\u00C2\u00A0 1\u00E2\u0080\u009010%\u00C2\u00A0 1\u00C2\u00A0 516229\u00C2\u00A0 4460135\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Orange\u00C2\u00A0 Sandy\u00C2\u00A0siltstone\u00C2\u00A0 1\u00E2\u0080\u009010%\u00C2\u00A0 2\u00C2\u00A0 516225\u00C2\u00A0 4460153\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Translucent\u00C2\u00A0 Vein\u00C2\u00A0 <1%\u00C2\u00A0 3\u00C2\u00A0 516227\u00C2\u00A0 4460140\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Orange\u00C2\u00A0 Sandy\u00C2\u00A0siltstone\u00C2\u00A0 1\u00E2\u0080\u009010%\u00C2\u00A0 4\u00C2\u00A0 515886\u00C2\u00A0 4460158\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Medium\u00C2\u00A0grey\u00C2\u00A0 Sandstone\u00C2\u00A0 1\u00E2\u0080\u009010%\u00C2\u00A0 5\u00C2\u00A0 515879\u00C2\u00A0 4460174\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Medium\u00C2\u00A0grey\u00C2\u00A0 Sandstone\u00C2\u00A0 1\u00E2\u0080\u009010%\u00C2\u00A0 6\u00C2\u00A0 515879\u00C2\u00A0 4460174\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Translucent\u00C2\u00A0 Vein\u00C2\u00A0 <1%\u00C2\u00A0 7\u00C2\u00A0 515740\u00C2\u00A0 4460116\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Medium\u00C2\u00A0grey\u00C2\u00A0 Argillite\u00C2\u00A0 1\u00E2\u0080\u009010%\u00C2\u00A0 8\u00C2\u00A0 512737\u00C2\u00A0 4461065\u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 Light\u00C2\u00A0grey\u00C2\u00A0 Quartzite\u00C2\u00A0 <1%\u00C2\u00A0 9\u00C2\u00A0 512634\u00C2\u00A0 4461137\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Light\u00C2\u00A0grey\u00C2\u00A0 Quartzite\u00C2\u00A0 <1%\u00C2\u00A0 10\u00C2\u00A0 512634\u00C2\u00A0 4461137\u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Medium\u00C2\u00A0orange\u00C2\u00A0 brown\u00C2\u00A0 Conglomerate\u00C2\u00A0 1\u00E2\u0080\u009010%\u00C2\u00A0 11\u00C2\u00A0 512634\u00C2\u00A0 4461137\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Beige\u00C2\u00A0+\u00C2\u00A0dark\u00C2\u00A0grey\u00C2\u00A0 Mudstone\u00C2\u00A0 1\u00E2\u0080\u009010%\u00C2\u00A0 12\u00C2\u00A0 512750\u00C2\u00A0 4461028\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Light\u00C2\u00A0orange\u00C2\u00A0brown\u00C2\u00A0 Siltstone\u00C2\u00A0 1\u00E2\u0080\u009010%\u00C2\u00A0 13a\u00C2\u00A0 512750\u00C2\u00A0 4461028\u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Dark\u00C2\u00A0grey\u00C2\u00A0 Siltstone\u00C2\u00A0 1\u00E2\u0080\u009010%\u00C2\u00A0 13b\u00C2\u00A0 512750\u00C2\u00A0 4461028\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Dark\u00C2\u00A0grey\u00C2\u00A0 Siltstone\u00C2\u00A0 1\u00E2\u0080\u009010%\u00C2\u00A0 13c\u00C2\u00A0 512750\u00C2\u00A0 4461028\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Dark\u00C2\u00A0grey\u00C2\u00A0 Quartzite\u00C2\u00A0 <1%\u00C2\u00A0 14\u00C2\u00A0 524188\u00C2\u00A0 4469903\u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 Light\u00C2\u00A0beige\u00C2\u00A0 Dyke\u00C2\u00A0 Dyke\u00C2\u00A0 15\u00C2\u00A0 516654\u00C2\u00A0 4460003\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Light\u00C2\u00A0grey\u00C2\u00A0 Quartz\u00C2\u00A0arenite\u00C2\u00A0 <1%\u00C2\u00A0 16\u00C2\u00A0 516658\u00C2\u00A0 4459982\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Light\u00C2\u00A0grey\u00C2\u00A0 Quartzite\u00C2\u00A0 <1%\u00C2\u00A0 17\u00C2\u00A0 516669\u00C2\u00A0 4459988\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Medium\u00C2\u00A0grey\u00C2\u00A0 Breccia\u00C2\u00A0 1\u00E2\u0080\u009010%\u00C2\u00A0 18\u00C2\u00A0 516682\u00C2\u00A0 4459989\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Light\u00C2\u00A0grey\u00C2\u00A0 Quartzite\u00C2\u00A0 <1%\u00C2\u00A0 19\u00C2\u00A0 516615\u00C2\u00A0 4459657\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Light\u00C2\u00A0grey\u00C2\u00A0 Siltstone\u00C2\u00A0 1\u00E2\u0080\u009010%\u00C2\u00A0 20\u00C2\u00A0 516710\u00C2\u00A0 4459572\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Light\u00C2\u00A0grey\u00C2\u00A0 Chert\u00C2\u00A0 <1%\u00C2\u00A0 21a\u00C2\u00A0 516733\u00C2\u00A0 4459519\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Medium\u00C2\u00A0grey\u00C2\u00A0 Breccia\u00C2\u00A0 1\u00E2\u0080\u009010%\u00C2\u00A0 21b\u00C2\u00A0 516733\u00C2\u00A0 4459519\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Dark\u00C2\u00A0grey\u00C2\u00A0 Chert\u00C2\u00A0 <1%\u00C2\u00A0 21c\u00C2\u00A0 516733\u00C2\u00A0 4459519\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Light\u00C2\u00A0grey\u00C2\u00A0 Silstone\u00C2\u00A0 1\u00E2\u0080\u009010%\u00C2\u00A0 22\u00C2\u00A0 516795\u00C2\u00A0 4459482\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Translucent\u00C2\u00A0 Quartz\u00C2\u00A0vein\u00C2\u00A0 <1%\u00C2\u00A0 23\u00C2\u00A0 510480\u00C2\u00A0 4460155\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Medium\u00C2\u00A0beige\u00C2\u00A0 Sandstone\u00C2\u00A0 1\u00E2\u0080\u009010%\u00C2\u00A0 24\u00C2\u00A0 515597\u00C2\u00A0 4460030\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Medium\u00C2\u00A0grey\u00C2\u00A0 Siltstone\u00C2\u00A0 1\u00E2\u0080\u009010%\u00C2\u00A0 25\u00C2\u00A0 515376\u00C2\u00A0 4460778\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Dark\u00C2\u00A0grey\u00C2\u00A0 Chert\u00C2\u00A0 <1%\u00C2\u00A0 26\u00C2\u00A0 515409\u00C2\u00A0 4460748\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Medium\u00C2\u00A0grey\u00C2\u00A0 Sandstone\u00C2\u00A0 1\u00E2\u0080\u009010%\u00C2\u00A0 27\u00C2\u00A0 515464\u00C2\u00A0 4460772\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Dark\u00C2\u00A0grey\u00C2\u00A0 Chert\u00C2\u00A0 <1%\u00C2\u00A0 28\u00C2\u00A0 514995\u00C2\u00A0 4461220\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Dark\u00C2\u00A0grey\u00C2\u00A0 Chert\u00C2\u00A0 <1%\u00C2\u00A0 29\u00C2\u00A0 515212\u00C2\u00A0 4461343\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Medium\u00C2\u00A0grey\u00C2\u00A0 Sandstone\u00C2\u00A0 1\u00E2\u0080\u009010%\u00C2\u00A0 30\u00C2\u00A0 515133\u00C2\u00A0 4460767\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Light\u00C2\u00A0grey\u00C2\u00A0 Siltstone\u00C2\u00A0 1\u00E2\u0080\u009010%\u00C2\u00A0 31\u00C2\u00A0 515221\u00C2\u00A0 4460772\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Light\u00C2\u00A0grey\u00C2\u00A0 Quartz\u00C2\u00A0arenite\u00C2\u00A0 <1%\u00C2\u00A0 32\u00C2\u00A0 515144\u00C2\u00A0 4459984\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Medium\u00C2\u00A0grey\u00C2\u00A0 Conglomerate\u00C2\u00A0 1\u00E2\u0080\u009010%\u00C2\u00A0 33\u00C2\u00A0 515043\u00C2\u00A0 4459875\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Medium\u00C2\u00A0grey\u00C2\u00A0 Conglomerate\u00C2\u00A0 1\u00E2\u0080\u009010%\u00C2\u00A0 34\u00C2\u00A0 514384\u00C2\u00A0 4461726\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Dark\u00C2\u00A0grey\u00C2\u00A0 Chert\u00C2\u00A0 <1%\u00C2\u00A0 35\u00C2\u00A0 514375\u00C2\u00A0 4461765\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Light\u00C2\u00A0grey\u00C2\u00A0 Chert\u00C2\u00A0 <1%\u00C2\u00A0 36\u00C2\u00A0 514375\u00C2\u00A0 4461765\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Dark\u00C2\u00A0grey\u00C2\u00A0 Siltstone\u00C2\u00A0 1\u00E2\u0080\u009010%\u00C2\u00A0 37\u00C2\u00A0 514075\u00C2\u00A0 4462080\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Medium\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0dark\u00C2\u00A0grey\u00C2\u00A0 Chert\u00C2\u00A0 <1%\u00C2\u00A0 38\u00C2\u00A0 514054\u00C2\u00A0 4462090\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Light\u00C2\u00A0to\u00C2\u00A0medium\u00C2\u00A0grey\u00C2\u00A0 Chert\u00C2\u00A0 <1%\u00C2\u00A0 39\u00C2\u00A0 514019\u00C2\u00A0 4462100\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Dark\u00C2\u00A0grey\u00C2\u00A0 Siltstone\u00C2\u00A0 1\u00E2\u0080\u009010%\u00C2\u00A0 40\u00C2\u00A0 513967\u00C2\u00A0 4462053\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Light\u00C2\u00A0grey\u00C2\u00A0 Quartzite\u00C2\u00A0 <1%\u00C2\u00A0 41\u00C2\u00A0 513888\u00C2\u00A0 4462027\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Dark\u00C2\u00A0grey\u00C2\u00A0 Silt\u00C2\u00A0 Silt\u00C2\u00A0 42a\u00C2\u00A0 509726\u00C2\u00A0 4467952\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Medium\u00C2\u00A0grey\u00C2\u00A0 Sandstone\u00C2\u00A0 1\u00E2\u0080\u009010%\u00C2\u00A0 42b\u00C2\u00A0 509726\u00C2\u00A0 4467952\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 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4530121\u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Light\u00C2\u00A0grey\u00C2\u00A0 Siltstone\u00C2\u00A0 1\u00E2\u0080\u009010%\u00C2\u00A0 480a\u00C2\u00A0+\u00C2\u00A0b\u00C2\u00A0 558458\u00C2\u00A0 4530052\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Reddish\u00E2\u0080\u0090brown\u00C2\u00A0 Chert\u00C2\u00A0 <1%\u00C2\u00A0 482\u00C2\u00A0 558632\u00C2\u00A0 4532710\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Reddish\u00E2\u0080\u0090brown\u00C2\u00A0 Siltstone\u00C2\u00A0 1\u00E2\u0080\u009010%\u00C2\u00A0 483\u00C2\u00A0 558624\u00C2\u00A0 4532649\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Reddish\u00E2\u0080\u0090brown\u00C2\u00A0 Quartzite\u00C2\u00A0breccia\u00C2\u00A0 <1%\u00C2\u00A0 484\u00C2\u00A0 558946\u00C2\u00A0 4532756\u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Light\u00C2\u00A0grey\u00C2\u00A0 Intrusive\u00C2\u00A0 10\u00E2\u0080\u009050%\u00C2\u00A0 485\u00C2\u00A0 559958\u00C2\u00A0 4533940\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 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179\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Sample\u00C2\u00A0ID\u00C2\u00A0 Easting\u00C2\u00A0 Northing\u00C2\u00A0 XRD\u00C2\u00A0 Terraspec\u00C2\u00A0 Microprobe\u00C2\u00A0 Colour\u00C2\u00A0 Lithology\u00C2\u00A0 Clay\u00C2\u00A0content\u00C2\u00A0 489b\u00C2\u00A0 557848\u00C2\u00A0 4530829\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Reddish\u00E2\u0080\u0090brown\u00C2\u00A0 Chert\u00C2\u00A0 <1%\u00C2\u00A0 490\u00C2\u00A0 557852\u00C2\u00A0 4530859\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Medium\u00C2\u00A0grey\u00C2\u00A0 Chert\u00C2\u00A0 <1%\u00C2\u00A0 491\u00C2\u00A0 558208\u00C2\u00A0 4532389\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Light\u00C2\u00A0grey\u00C2\u00A0 Siltstone\u00C2\u00A0 1\u00E2\u0080\u009010%\u00C2\u00A0 492\u00C2\u00A0 558485\u00C2\u00A0 4532221\u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Reddish\u00E2\u0080\u0090brown\u00C2\u00A0 Quartzite\u00C2\u00A0breccia\u00C2\u00A0 <1%\u00C2\u00A0 493\u00C2\u00A0 558490\u00C2\u00A0 4532203\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Dark\u00C2\u00A0grey\u00C2\u00A0 Mudstone\u00C2\u00A0 1\u00E2\u0080\u009010%\u00C2\u00A0 494\u00C2\u00A0 558606\u00C2\u00A0 4532015\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Light\u00C2\u00A0grey\u00C2\u00A0 Siltstone\u00C2\u00A0 1\u00E2\u0080\u009010%\u00C2\u00A0 495\u00C2\u00A0 558947\u00C2\u00A0 4532014\u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Light\u00C2\u00A0grey\u00C2\u00A0 Chert\u00C2\u00A0breccia\u00C2\u00A0 <1%\u00C2\u00A0 496\u00C2\u00A0 559154\u00C2\u00A0 4531970\u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 Light\u00C2\u00A0grey\u00C2\u00A0 Sandstone\u00C2\u00A0 1\u00E2\u0080\u009010%\u00C2\u00A0 497\u00C2\u00A0 559533\u00C2\u00A0 4531891\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Medium\u00C2\u00A0grey\u00C2\u00A0 Chert\u00C2\u00A0 <1%\u00C2\u00A0 498\u00C2\u00A0 558165\u00C2\u00A0 4531821\u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Light\u00C2\u00A0grey\u00C2\u00A0 Intrusive\u00C2\u00A0 10\u00E2\u0080\u009050%\u00C2\u00A0 499a\u00C2\u00A0 558135\u00C2\u00A0 4531803\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 White\u00C2\u00A0 Clay\u00C2\u00A0seam\u00C2\u00A0 >50%\u00C2\u00A0 499b\u00C2\u00A0 558135\u00C2\u00A0 4531803\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Light\u00C2\u00A0grey\u00C2\u00A0 siltstone\u00C2\u00A0 1\u00E2\u0080\u009010%\u00C2\u00A0 499c\u00C2\u00A0 558135\u00C2\u00A0 4531803\u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Light\u00C2\u00A0grey\u00C2\u00A0 Clay\u00C2\u00A0gouge\u00C2\u00A0 >50%\u00C2\u00A0 499d\u00C2\u00A0 558135\u00C2\u00A0 4531803\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Reddish\u00E2\u0080\u0090brown\u00C2\u00A0 Clay\u00C2\u00A0gouge\u00C2\u00A0 >50%\u00C2\u00A0 500\u00C2\u00A0 558345\u00C2\u00A0 4532871\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Light\u00C2\u00A0grey\u00C2\u00A0 Chert\u00C2\u00A0 <1%\u00C2\u00A0 501\u00C2\u00A0 558331\u00C2\u00A0 4532954\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Medium\u00C2\u00A0grey\u00C2\u00A0 Siltstone\u00C2\u00A0 1\u00E2\u0080\u009010%\u00C2\u00A0 502\u00C2\u00A0 558335\u00C2\u00A0 4532822\u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 Medium\u00C2\u00A0grey\u00C2\u00A0 Quartzite\u00C2\u00A0 <1%\u00C2\u00A0 503\u00C2\u00A0 558145\u00C2\u00A0 4532642\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Light\u00C2\u00A0grey\u00C2\u00A0 Quartzite\u00C2\u00A0 <1%\u00C2\u00A0 504\u00C2\u00A0 557477\u00C2\u00A0 4533694\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 White\u00C2\u00A0 Siltstone\u00C2\u00A0 1\u00E2\u0080\u009010%\u00C2\u00A0 505\u00C2\u00A0 557243\u00C2\u00A0 4533546\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Whie\u00C2\u00A0 Chert\u00C2\u00A0 <1%\u00C2\u00A0 506\u00C2\u00A0 557243\u00C2\u00A0 4533546\u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Light\u00C2\u00A0grey\u00C2\u00A0 Silt\u00C2\u00A0 Silt\u00C2\u00A0 507\u00C2\u00A0 557261\u00C2\u00A0 4533543\u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 White\u00C2\u00A0 Clay\u00C2\u00A0seam\u00C2\u00A0 >50%\u00C2\u00A0 508\u00C2\u00A0 557086\u00C2\u00A0 4533408\u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Light\u00C2\u00A0grey\u00C2\u00A0 Mudstone\u00C2\u00A0 1\u00E2\u0080\u009010%\u00C2\u00A0 508\u00C2\u00A0b\u00C2\u00A0 557086\u00C2\u00A0 4533408\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Medium\u00C2\u00A0grey\u00C2\u00A0 Intrusive\u00C2\u00A0 10\u00E2\u0080\u009050%\u00C2\u00A0 509\u00C2\u00A0 557277\u00C2\u00A0 4533334\u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Dark\u00C2\u00A0grey\u00C2\u00A0 Lamprophyre\u00C2\u00A0 <1%\u00C2\u00A0 510a\u00C2\u00A0 556352\u00C2\u00A0 4530874\u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Beige\u00C2\u00A0 Clay\u00C2\u00A0gouge\u00C2\u00A0 >50%\u00C2\u00A0 510b\u00C2\u00A0 556356\u00C2\u00A0 4530870\u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 Beige\u00C2\u00A0 Intrusive\u00C2\u00A0 10\u00E2\u0080\u009050%\u00C2\u00A0 510c\u00C2\u00A0 556371\u00C2\u00A0 4530876\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 White\u00C2\u00A0 Clay\u00C2\u00A0seam\u00C2\u00A0 >50%\u00C2\u00A0 510d\u00C2\u00A0 556374\u00C2\u00A0 4530877\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Light\u00C2\u00A0grey\u00C2\u00A0 Chert\u00C2\u00A0 <1%\u00C2\u00A0 510e\u00C2\u00A0 556374\u00C2\u00A0 4530877\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Light\u00C2\u00A0pink\u00C2\u00A0 Siltstone\u00C2\u00A0 1\u00E2\u0080\u009010%\u00C2\u00A0 510f\u00C2\u00A0 556366\u00C2\u00A0 4530872\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Biege\u00C2\u00A0 Intrusive\u00C2\u00A0 10\u00E2\u0080\u009050%\u00C2\u00A0 511a\u00C2\u00A0 556535\u00C2\u00A0 4531050\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Light\u00C2\u00A0grey\u00C2\u00A0 Chert\u00C2\u00A0 <1%\u00C2\u00A0 511b\u00C2\u00A0 556535\u00C2\u00A0 4531050\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Light\u00C2\u00A0grey\u00C2\u00A0 Intrusive\u00C2\u00A0 10\u00E2\u0080\u009050%\u00C2\u00A0 511c\u00C2\u00A0 556535\u00C2\u00A0 4531054\u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Medium\u00C2\u00A0grey\u00C2\u00A0 Cataclasite\u00C2\u00A0 >50%\u00C2\u00A0 512a\u00C2\u00A0 557254\u00C2\u00A0 4530909\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Reddish\u00E2\u0080\u0090brown\u00C2\u00A0 Chert\u00C2\u00A0breccia\u00C2\u00A0 <1%\u00C2\u00A0 512b\u00C2\u00A0 557266\u00C2\u00A0 4530904\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Reddish\u00E2\u0080\u0090brown\u00C2\u00A0 Chert\u00C2\u00A0breccia\u00C2\u00A0 <1%\u00C2\u00A0 513a\u00C2\u00A0 557359\u00C2\u00A0 4530284\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 White\u00C2\u00A0 Clay\u00C2\u00A0gouge\u00C2\u00A0 >50%\u00C2\u00A0 513b\u00C2\u00A0 557349\u00C2\u00A0 4530282\u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 White\u00C2\u00A0 Clay\u00C2\u00A0gouge\u00C2\u00A0 >50%\u00C2\u00A0 513c\u00C2\u00A0 557338\u00C2\u00A0 4530279\u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 White\u00C2\u00A0 Clay\u00C2\u00A0gouge\u00C2\u00A0 >50%\u00C2\u00A0 514\u00C2\u00A0 556944\u00C2\u00A0 4530167\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Reddish\u00E2\u0080\u0090brown\u00C2\u00A0 Chert\u00C2\u00A0breccia\u00C2\u00A0 <1%\u00C2\u00A0 515a\u00C2\u00A0 556669\u00C2\u00A0 4530269\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Reddish\u00E2\u0080\u0090brown\u00C2\u00A0 Chert\u00C2\u00A0 <1%\u00C2\u00A0 515b\u00C2\u00A0 556627\u00C2\u00A0 4530448\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Medium\u00C2\u00A0grey\u00C2\u00A0 Chert\u00C2\u00A0 <1%\u00C2\u00A0 516a\u00C2\u00A0 557550\u00C2\u00A0 4531273\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Light\u00C2\u00A0grey\u00C2\u00A0 Clay\u00C2\u00A0gouge\u00C2\u00A0 >50%\u00C2\u00A0 516b\u00C2\u00A0 557579\u00C2\u00A0 4531311\u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Light\u00C2\u00A0grey\u00C2\u00A0 Clay\u00C2\u00A0seam\u00C2\u00A0 >50%\u00C2\u00A0 516c\u00C2\u00A0 557581\u00C2\u00A0 4531317\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Light\u00C2\u00A0grey\u00C2\u00A0 Clay\u00C2\u00A0gouge\u00C2\u00A0 >50%\u00C2\u00A0 516d\u00C2\u00A0 557590\u00C2\u00A0 4531333\u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Light\u00C2\u00A0grey\u00C2\u00A0 Clay\u00C2\u00A0gouge\u00C2\u00A0 >50%\u00C2\u00A0 517\u00C2\u00A0 557529\u00C2\u00A0 4531651\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Medium\u00C2\u00A0grey\u00C2\u00A0 Chert\u00C2\u00A0 <1%\u00C2\u00A0 518\u00C2\u00A0 557328\u00C2\u00A0 4531670\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Dark\u00C2\u00A0purple\u00C2\u00A0 Chert\u00C2\u00A0 <1%\u00C2\u00A0 519\u00C2\u00A0 557245\u00C2\u00A0 4531785\u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Light\u00C2\u00A0grey\u00C2\u00A0 Siltstone\u00C2\u00A0 1\u00E2\u0080\u009010%\u00C2\u00A0 520a\u00C2\u00A0 557243\u00C2\u00A0 4531813\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Reddish\u00E2\u0080\u0090brown\u00C2\u00A0 Chert\u00C2\u00A0breccia\u00C2\u00A0 <1%\u00C2\u00A0 520b\u00C2\u00A0 557243\u00C2\u00A0 4531813\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Reddish\u00E2\u0080\u0090brown\u00C2\u00A0 Chert\u00C2\u00A0breccia\u00C2\u00A0 <1%\u00C2\u00A0 521a\u00C2\u00A0 556987\u00C2\u00A0 4532927\u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 Reddish\u00E2\u0080\u0090brown\u00C2\u00A0 Chert\u00C2\u00A0breccia\u00C2\u00A0 <1%\u00C2\u00A0 521b\u00C2\u00A0 557023\u00C2\u00A0 4532929\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Reddish\u00E2\u0080\u0090brown\u00C2\u00A0 Chert\u00C2\u00A0breccia\u00C2\u00A0 <1%\u00C2\u00A0 522\u00C2\u00A0 557242\u00C2\u00A0 4532903\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Dark\u00C2\u00A0grey\u00C2\u00A0 Diorite\u00C2\u00A0(Vivian\u00C2\u00A0Stock)\u00C2\u00A0 <1%\u00C2\u00A0 523\u00C2\u00A0 556555\u00C2\u00A0 4532437\u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Light\u00C2\u00A0grey\u00C2\u00A0 Intrusive\u00C2\u00A0 10\u00E2\u0080\u009050%\u00C2\u00A0 524a\u00C2\u00A0 557416\u00C2\u00A0 4530700\u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Light\u00C2\u00A0grey\u00C2\u00A0 Clay\u00C2\u00A0gouge\u00C2\u00A0 >50%\u00C2\u00A0 524b\u00C2\u00A0 557409\u00C2\u00A0 4530702\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Light\u00C2\u00A0grey\u00C2\u00A0 Chert\u00C2\u00A0 <1%\u00C2\u00A0 524c\u00C2\u00A0 557409\u00C2\u00A0 4530702\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Light\u00C2\u00A0grey\u00C2\u00A0 Chert\u00C2\u00A0 <1%\u00C2\u00A0 525a\u00C2\u00A0+\u00C2\u00A0b\u00C2\u00A0 557314\u00C2\u00A0 4530712\u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 Reddish\u00E2\u0080\u0090brown\u00C2\u00A0 Chert\u00C2\u00A0breccia\u00C2\u00A0 <1%\u00C2\u00A0 525c\u00C2\u00A0 557295\u00C2\u00A0 4530684\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Light\u00C2\u00A0grye\u00C2\u00A0 Clay\u00C2\u00A0gouge\u00C2\u00A0 >50%\u00C2\u00A0 525d\u00C2\u00A0 557295\u00C2\u00A0 4530684\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 White\u00C2\u00A0 Clay\u00C2\u00A0gouge\u00C2\u00A0 >50%\u00C2\u00A0 526a\u00C2\u00A0 556706\u00C2\u00A0 4533887\u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 White\u00C2\u00A0 Siltstone\u00C2\u00A0 1\u00E2\u0080\u009010%\u00C2\u00A0 526b\u00C2\u00A0 556706\u00C2\u00A0 4533887\u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Light\u00C2\u00A0green\u00C2\u00A0 Intrusive\u00C2\u00A0 10\u00E2\u0080\u009050%\u00C2\u00A0 526c\u00C2\u00A0 556706\u00C2\u00A0 4533887\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 White\u00C2\u00A0 Clay\u00C2\u00A0gouge\u00C2\u00A0 >50%\u00C2\u00A0 526d\u00C2\u00A0 556706\u00C2\u00A0 4533887\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Light\u00C2\u00A0green\u00C2\u00A0 Intrusive\u00C2\u00A0 10\u00E2\u0080\u009050%\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 180\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Sample\u00C2\u00A0ID\u00C2\u00A0 Easting\u00C2\u00A0 Northing\u00C2\u00A0 XRD\u00C2\u00A0 Terraspec\u00C2\u00A0 Microprobe\u00C2\u00A0 Colour\u00C2\u00A0 Lithology\u00C2\u00A0 Clay\u00C2\u00A0content\u00C2\u00A0 527a\u00C2\u00A0 556803\u00C2\u00A0 4533540\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 White\u00C2\u00A0 Clay\u00C2\u00A0gouge\u00C2\u00A0 >50%\u00C2\u00A0 527b\u00C2\u00A0 556803\u00C2\u00A0 4533540\u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 Reddish\u00E2\u0080\u0090brown\u00C2\u00A0 Intrusive\u00C2\u00A0 10\u00E2\u0080\u009050%\u00C2\u00A0 528a\u00C2\u00A0 557087\u00C2\u00A0 4532110\u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 White\u00C2\u00A0 Clay\u00C2\u00A0gouge\u00C2\u00A0 >50%\u00C2\u00A0 528b\u00C2\u00A0 557087\u00C2\u00A0 4532110\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 White\u00C2\u00A0 Clay\u00C2\u00A0gouge\u00C2\u00A0 >50%\u00C2\u00A0 528c\u00C2\u00A0 557087\u00C2\u00A0 4532110\u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Reddish\u00E2\u0080\u0090brown\u00C2\u00A0 Chert\u00C2\u00A0 <1%\u00C2\u00A0 528d\u00C2\u00A0 557087\u00C2\u00A0 4532100\u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Beige\u00C2\u00A0 Barite\u00C2\u00A0 <1%\u00C2\u00A0 529\u00C2\u00A0 557468\u00C2\u00A0 4531605\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Light\u00C2\u00A0grye\u00C2\u00A0 Chert\u00C2\u00A0 <1%\u00C2\u00A0 530\u00C2\u00A0 557704\u00C2\u00A0 4530302\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Light\u00C2\u00A0grey\u00C2\u00A0 Chert\u00C2\u00A0 <1%\u00C2\u00A0 UL\u00E2\u0080\u009018\u00C2\u00A0 Leeville\u00C2\u00A0 underground\u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Beige\u00C2\u00A0 Intrusive\u00C2\u00A0 >50%\u00C2\u00A0 UL\u00E2\u0080\u009019\u00C2\u00A0 Leeville\u00C2\u00A0 underground\u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 o\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Beige\u00C2\u00A0 Intrusive\u00C2\u00A0 >50%\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 n=76\u00C2\u00A0 n=459\u00C2\u00A0 n=9\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 181\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 APPENDIX\u00C2\u00A0D\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u0093\u00C2\u00A0X\u00E2\u0080\u0090RAY\u00C2\u00A0DIFFRACTION\u00C2\u00A0PATTERNS\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 182\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 183\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 184\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 185\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 186\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 187\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 APPENDIX\u00C2\u00A0E\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u0093\u00C2\u00A0MICROPROBE\u00C2\u00A0DATA\u00C2\u00A0 Table\u00C2\u00A0E1.\u00C2\u00A0Illite\u00C2\u00A0microprobe\u00C2\u00A0compositional\u00C2\u00A0data\u00C2\u00A0 Sample\u00C2\u00A0 Si\u00C2\u00A0 Ti\u00C2\u00A0 Al\u00C2\u00A0 Cr\u00C2\u00A0 Fe\u00C2\u00A0 Mn\u00C2\u00A0 Mg\u00C2\u00A0 Ca\u00C2\u00A0 Na\u00C2\u00A0 K\u00C2\u00A0 Total\u00C2\u00A0(%)\u00C2\u00A0 K+(Fe\u00E2\u0080\u0090 Mg)\u00C2\u00A0 T\u00C2\u00A0(\u00C2\u00B0C)\u00C2\u00A0 525b\u00E2\u0080\u00901\u00C2\u00A0 3.47\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 2.27\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.07\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.16\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.75\u00C2\u00A0 75.13\u00C2\u00A0 0.85\u00C2\u00A0 258.95\u00C2\u00A0 525b\u00E2\u0080\u00902\u00C2\u00A0 3.56\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 2.04\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.04\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.28\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.82\u00C2\u00A0 88.49\u00C2\u00A0 1.05\u00C2\u00A0 313.88\u00C2\u00A0 525b\u00E2\u0080\u00903\u00C2\u00A0 3.55\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 2.07\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.04\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.27\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.83\u00C2\u00A0 86.77\u00C2\u00A0 1.06\u00C2\u00A0 315.75\u00C2\u00A0 525b\u00E2\u0080\u00904\u00C2\u00A0 3.72\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 1.92\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.07\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.25\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.62\u00C2\u00A0 76.37\u00C2\u00A0 0.80\u00C2\u00A0 246.09\u00C2\u00A0 525b\u00E2\u0080\u00905\u00C2\u00A0 3.61\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 2.11\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.05\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.18\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.64\u00C2\u00A0 71.80\u00C2\u00A0 0.77\u00C2\u00A0 238.05\u00C2\u00A0 525b\u00E2\u0080\u00906\u00C2\u00A0 3.70\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 1.98\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.06\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.19\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.71\u00C2\u00A0 76.92\u00C2\u00A0 0.83\u00C2\u00A0 253.59\u00C2\u00A0 525b\u00E2\u0080\u00907\u00C2\u00A0 3.83\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 1.85\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.05\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.17\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.67\u00C2\u00A0 75.51\u00C2\u00A0 0.79\u00C2\u00A0 242.60\u00C2\u00A0 525b\u00E2\u0080\u00908\u00C2\u00A0 3.46\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 2.27\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.05\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.17\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.79\u00C2\u00A0 77.18\u00C2\u00A0 0.91\u00C2\u00A0 275.83\u00C2\u00A0 525b\u00E2\u0080\u00909\u00C2\u00A0 3.37\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 2.38\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.12\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.15\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.75\u00C2\u00A0 81.07\u00C2\u00A0 0.79\u00C2\u00A0 242.60\u00C2\u00A0 525b\u00E2\u0080\u009010\u00C2\u00A0 3.39\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 2.35\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.10\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.17\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.76\u00C2\u00A0 82.10\u00C2\u00A0 0.82\u00C2\u00A0 251.98\u00C2\u00A0 525b\u00E2\u0080\u009011\u00C2\u00A0 3.42\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 2.35\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.07\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.16\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 0.75\u00C2\u00A0 79.98\u00C2\u00A0 0.84\u00C2\u00A0 256.81\u00C2\u00A0 525b\u00E2\u0080\u009012\u00C2\u00A0 3.49\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 2.25\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.07\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.15\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.74\u00C2\u00A0 80.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.82\u00C2\u00A0 251.45\u00C2\u00A0 525b\u00E2\u0080\u009013\u00C2\u00A0 3.41\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 2.33\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.08\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.16\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.05\u00C2\u00A0 0.77\u00C2\u00A0 77.98\u00C2\u00A0 0.86\u00C2\u00A0 261.09\u00C2\u00A0 525b\u00E2\u0080\u009014\u00C2\u00A0 3.43\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 2.26\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.06\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.19\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.06\u00C2\u00A0 0.85\u00C2\u00A0 74.67\u00C2\u00A0 0.98\u00C2\u00A0 293.25\u00C2\u00A0 525b\u00E2\u0080\u009015\u00C2\u00A0 3.39\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 2.34\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.10\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.18\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.73\u00C2\u00A0 78.97\u00C2\u00A0 0.82\u00C2\u00A0 249.84\u00C2\u00A0 525b\u00E2\u0080\u009016\u00C2\u00A0 3.43\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 2.30\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.06\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.18\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.81\u00C2\u00A0 56.51\u00C2\u00A0 0.92\u00C2\u00A0 278.24\u00C2\u00A0 525b\u00E2\u0080\u009017\u00C2\u00A0 3.45\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 2.30\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.08\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.16\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.74\u00C2\u00A0 80.19\u00C2\u00A0 0.82\u00C2\u00A0 252.25\u00C2\u00A0 525b\u00E2\u0080\u009018\u00C2\u00A0 3.44\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 2.31\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.09\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.17\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.74\u00C2\u00A0 78.05\u00C2\u00A0 0.81\u00C2\u00A0 248.23\u00C2\u00A0 525b\u00E2\u0080\u009019\u00C2\u00A0 3.45\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 2.29\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.07\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.17\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.79\u00C2\u00A0 77.73\u00C2\u00A0 0.88\u00C2\u00A0 268.33\u00C2\u00A0 525b\u00E2\u0080\u009020\u00C2\u00A0 3.46\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 2.27\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.06\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.17\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.75\u00C2\u00A0 81.39\u00C2\u00A0 0.86\u00C2\u00A0 262.97\u00C2\u00A0 525b\u00E2\u0080\u009021\u00C2\u00A0 3.71\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 1.95\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.07\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.25\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.61\u00C2\u00A0 72.61\u00C2\u00A0 0.80\u00C2\u00A0 245.02\u00C2\u00A0 525b\u00E2\u0080\u009022\u00C2\u00A0 3.78\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 1.82\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.34\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.63\u00C2\u00A0 80.64\u00C2\u00A0 0.94\u00C2\u00A0 282.53\u00C2\u00A0 525b\u00E2\u0080\u009023\u00C2\u00A0 3.75\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 1.87\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.34\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.63\u00C2\u00A0 81.65\u00C2\u00A0 0.95\u00C2\u00A0 286.28\u00C2\u00A0 525b\u00E2\u0080\u009024\u00C2\u00A0 3.85\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 1.72\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.40\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.57\u00C2\u00A0 85.41\u00C2\u00A0 0.94\u00C2\u00A0 283.87\u00C2\u00A0 525b\u00E2\u0080\u009025\u00C2\u00A0 3.69\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 1.94\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.32\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.66\u00C2\u00A0 76.99\u00C2\u00A0 0.94\u00C2\u00A0 284.40\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 188\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Sample\u00C2\u00A0 Si\u00C2\u00A0 Ti\u00C2\u00A0 Al\u00C2\u00A0 Cr\u00C2\u00A0 Fe\u00C2\u00A0 Mn\u00C2\u00A0 Mg\u00C2\u00A0 Ca\u00C2\u00A0 Na\u00C2\u00A0 K\u00C2\u00A0 Total\u00C2\u00A0(%)\u00C2\u00A0 K+(Fe\u00E2\u0080\u0090 Mg)\u00C2\u00A0 T\u00C2\u00A0(\u00C2\u00B0C)\u00C2\u00A0 525b\u00E2\u0080\u009026\u00C2\u00A0 3.83\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 1.76\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.37\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.57\u00C2\u00A0 80.83\u00C2\u00A0 0.90\u00C2\u00A0 272.88\u00C2\u00A0 525b\u00E2\u0080\u009027\u00C2\u00A0 3.81\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 1.78\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.37\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 0.58\u00C2\u00A0 81.42\u00C2\u00A0 0.92\u00C2\u00A0 277.44\u00C2\u00A0 525b\u00E2\u0080\u009028\u00C2\u00A0 3.68\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 1.98\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.04\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.27\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.65\u00C2\u00A0 79.41\u00C2\u00A0 0.88\u00C2\u00A0 267.52\u00C2\u00A0 525b\u00E2\u0080\u009029\u00C2\u00A0 3.74\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 1.88\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.04\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.31\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.64\u00C2\u00A0 73.17\u00C2\u00A0 0.92\u00C2\u00A0 277.44\u00C2\u00A0 525b\u00E2\u0080\u009030\u00C2\u00A0 3.81\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 1.79\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.34\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.61\u00C2\u00A0 80.57\u00C2\u00A0 0.91\u00C2\u00A0 276.10\u00C2\u00A0 525b\u00E2\u0080\u009031\u00C2\u00A0 3.76\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 1.84\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.04\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.34\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.61\u00C2\u00A0 77.33\u00C2\u00A0 0.91\u00C2\u00A0 275.83\u00C2\u00A0 525b\u00E2\u0080\u009032\u00C2\u00A0 3.83\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 1.74\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.38\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.58\u00C2\u00A0 82.26\u00C2\u00A0 0.93\u00C2\u00A0 279.58\u00C2\u00A0 525b\u00E2\u0080\u009033\u00C2\u00A0 3.38\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 2.37\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.06\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.18\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.82\u00C2\u00A0 75.49\u00C2\u00A0 0.94\u00C2\u00A0 282.80\u00C2\u00A0 525b\u00E2\u0080\u009034\u00C2\u00A0 3.46\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 2.27\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.07\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.17\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.78\u00C2\u00A0 75.75\u00C2\u00A0 0.88\u00C2\u00A0 266.45\u00C2\u00A0 525b\u00E2\u0080\u009035\u00C2\u00A0 3.47\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 2.26\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.08\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.17\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.77\u00C2\u00A0 73.53\u00C2\u00A0 0.86\u00C2\u00A0 262.70\u00C2\u00A0 525b\u00E2\u0080\u009036\u00C2\u00A0 3.45\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 2.27\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.09\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.18\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 0.73\u00C2\u00A0 73.16\u00C2\u00A0 0.82\u00C2\u00A0 250.64\u00C2\u00A0 525b\u00E2\u0080\u009037\u00C2\u00A0 3.46\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 2.27\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.04\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.15\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.86\u00C2\u00A0 77.16\u00C2\u00A0 0.97\u00C2\u00A0 292.18\u00C2\u00A0 525b\u00E2\u0080\u009038\u00C2\u00A0 3.55\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 2.16\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.05\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.14\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.83\u00C2\u00A0 79.17\u00C2\u00A0 0.93\u00C2\u00A0 280.92\u00C2\u00A0 525b\u00E2\u0080\u009039\u00C2\u00A0 3.49\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 2.15\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.06\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.22\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.82\u00C2\u00A0 82.56\u00C2\u00A0 0.97\u00C2\u00A0 292.44\u00C2\u00A0 525b\u00E2\u0080\u009040\u00C2\u00A0 3.47\u00C2\u00A0 0.04\u00C2\u00A0 2.19\u00C2\u00A0 0.04\u00C2\u00A0 0.07\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.17\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.80\u00C2\u00A0 81.10\u00C2\u00A0 0.89\u00C2\u00A0 269.40\u00C2\u00A0 525b\u00E2\u0080\u009041\u00C2\u00A0 3.40\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 2.16\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.15\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.27\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.97\u00C2\u00A0 84.15\u00C2\u00A0 1.09\u00C2\u00A0 323.26\u00C2\u00A0 525b\u00E2\u0080\u009042\u00C2\u00A0 3.41\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 2.21\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.09\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.25\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.92\u00C2\u00A0 82.17\u00C2\u00A0 1.08\u00C2\u00A0 320.04\u00C2\u00A0 525b\u00E2\u0080\u009043\u00C2\u00A0 3.39\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 2.24\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.08\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.25\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.93\u00C2\u00A0 85.40\u00C2\u00A0 1.10\u00C2\u00A0 325.94\u00C2\u00A0 525b\u00E2\u0080\u009044\u00C2\u00A0 3.34\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 2.39\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.04\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.17\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.92\u00C2\u00A0 87.86\u00C2\u00A0 1.05\u00C2\u00A0 312.54\u00C2\u00A0 525b\u00E2\u0080\u009045\u00C2\u00A0 3.32\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 2.30\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.10\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.28\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.91\u00C2\u00A0 79.28\u00C2\u00A0 1.09\u00C2\u00A0 324.06\u00C2\u00A0 502\u00E2\u0080\u00901\u00C2\u00A0 3.19\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 2.46\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.17\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.28\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.90\u00C2\u00A0 93.15\u00C2\u00A0 1.01\u00C2\u00A0 302.89\u00C2\u00A0 502\u00E2\u0080\u00902\u00C2\u00A0 3.26\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 2.56\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.10\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.12\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 0.82\u00C2\u00A0 90.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.84\u00C2\u00A0 257.61\u00C2\u00A0 502\u00E2\u0080\u00903\u00C2\u00A0 3.21\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 2.62\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.09\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.10\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 0.83\u00C2\u00A0 90.25\u00C2\u00A0 0.84\u00C2\u00A0 257.34\u00C2\u00A0 502\u00E2\u0080\u00904\u00C2\u00A0 3.16\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 2.57\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.20\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.15\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 0.89\u00C2\u00A0 91.33\u00C2\u00A0 0.93\u00C2\u00A0 280.39\u00C2\u00A0 502\u00E2\u0080\u00905\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 59.96\u00C2\u00A0 502\u00E2\u0080\u00906\u00C2\u00A0 3.18\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 2.60\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.08\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.17\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 0.91\u00C2\u00A0 91.05\u00C2\u00A0 1.00\u00C2\u00A0 300.21\u00C2\u00A0 502\u00E2\u0080\u00907\u00C2\u00A0 3.18\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 2.62\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.09\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.14\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 0.88\u00C2\u00A0 92.45\u00C2\u00A0 0.93\u00C2\u00A0 281.19\u00C2\u00A0 502\u00E2\u0080\u00908\u00C2\u00A0 3.55\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 2.21\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.14\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.79\u00C2\u00A0 93.99\u00C2\u00A0 0.90\u00C2\u00A0 272.88\u00C2\u00A0 502\u00E2\u0080\u00909\u00C2\u00A0 3.10\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 2.43\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.42\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.24\u00C2\u00A0 0.08\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 0.78\u00C2\u00A0 86.98\u00C2\u00A0 0.96\u00C2\u00A0 289.50\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 189\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Sample\u00C2\u00A0 Si\u00C2\u00A0 Ti\u00C2\u00A0 Al\u00C2\u00A0 Cr\u00C2\u00A0 Fe\u00C2\u00A0 Mn\u00C2\u00A0 Mg\u00C2\u00A0 Ca\u00C2\u00A0 Na\u00C2\u00A0 K\u00C2\u00A0 Total\u00C2\u00A0(%)\u00C2\u00A0 K+(Fe\u00E2\u0080\u0090 Mg)\u00C2\u00A0 T\u00C2\u00A0(\u00C2\u00B0C)\u00C2\u00A0 502\u00E2\u0080\u009010\u00C2\u00A0 3.56\u00C2\u00A0 0.04\u00C2\u00A0 2.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.11\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.53\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.18\u00C2\u00A0 0.09\u00C2\u00A0 88.39\u00C2\u00A0 0.51\u00C2\u00A0 167.85\u00C2\u00A0 502\u00E2\u0080\u009011\u00C2\u00A0 3.52\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 2.14\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.12\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.25\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.71\u00C2\u00A0 90.40\u00C2\u00A0 0.85\u00C2\u00A0 258.95\u00C2\u00A0 502\u00E2\u0080\u009012\u00C2\u00A0 3.19\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 2.59\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.08\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.15\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.95\u00C2\u00A0 90.74\u00C2\u00A0 1.02\u00C2\u00A0 303.97\u00C2\u00A0 502\u00E2\u0080\u009013\u00C2\u00A0 3.19\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 2.59\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.16\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.11\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.06\u00C2\u00A0 0.85\u00C2\u00A0 91.45\u00C2\u00A0 0.89\u00C2\u00A0 270.74\u00C2\u00A0 502\u00E2\u0080\u009014\u00C2\u00A0 3.27\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 2.51\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.05\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.18\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.88\u00C2\u00A0 93.13\u00C2\u00A0 1.01\u00C2\u00A0 302.36\u00C2\u00A0 502\u00E2\u0080\u009016\u00C2\u00A0 3.20\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 2.63\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.05\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.15\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.04\u00C2\u00A0 0.87\u00C2\u00A0 92.88\u00C2\u00A0 0.97\u00C2\u00A0 291.10\u00C2\u00A0 502\u00E2\u0080\u009017\u00C2\u00A0 3.27\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 2.50\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.04\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.18\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.91\u00C2\u00A0 94.13\u00C2\u00A0 1.05\u00C2\u00A0 312.00\u00C2\u00A0 502\u00E2\u0080\u009018\u00C2\u00A0 3.16\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 2.59\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.09\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.21\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.06\u00C2\u00A0 0.90\u00C2\u00A0 92.53\u00C2\u00A0 1.01\u00C2\u00A0 303.16\u00C2\u00A0 502\u00E2\u0080\u009019\u00C2\u00A0 3.15\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 2.60\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.06\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.23\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.05\u00C2\u00A0 0.91\u00C2\u00A0 93.47\u00C2\u00A0 1.08\u00C2\u00A0 320.31\u00C2\u00A0 502\u00E2\u0080\u009020\u00C2\u00A0 3.18\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 2.59\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.07\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.18\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.04\u00C2\u00A0 0.90\u00C2\u00A0 91.81\u00C2\u00A0 1.01\u00C2\u00A0 301.02\u00C2\u00A0 502\u00E2\u0080\u009021\u00C2\u00A0 3.18\u00C2\u00A0 0.06\u00C2\u00A0 2.51\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.13\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.18\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.06\u00C2\u00A0 0.82\u00C2\u00A0 89.68\u00C2\u00A0 0.87\u00C2\u00A0 263.77\u00C2\u00A0 502\u00E2\u0080\u009022\u00C2\u00A0 3.28\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 2.41\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.16\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.22\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 0.84\u00C2\u00A0 90.22\u00C2\u00A0 0.90\u00C2\u00A0 271.54\u00C2\u00A0 502\u00E2\u0080\u009023\u00C2\u00A0 3.23\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 2.51\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.06\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.23\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.93\u00C2\u00A0 93.46\u00C2\u00A0 1.10\u00C2\u00A0 325.94\u00C2\u00A0 502\u00E2\u0080\u009024\u00C2\u00A0 3.18\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 2.55\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.16\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.17\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 0.90\u00C2\u00A0 91.72\u00C2\u00A0 0.92\u00C2\u00A0 276.63\u00C2\u00A0 502\u00E2\u0080\u009025\u00C2\u00A0 3.22\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 2.46\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.21\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.19\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.04\u00C2\u00A0 0.88\u00C2\u00A0 88.56\u00C2\u00A0 0.90\u00C2\u00A0 272.08\u00C2\u00A0 502\u00E2\u0080\u009026\u00C2\u00A0 3.16\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 2.58\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.20\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.14\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 0.83\u00C2\u00A0 86.74\u00C2\u00A0 0.89\u00C2\u00A0 269.67\u00C2\u00A0 527B\u00E2\u0080\u00902\u00C2\u00A0 3.21\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 2.59\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.22\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 0.88\u00C2\u00A0 92.94\u00C2\u00A0 1.08\u00C2\u00A0 321.51\u00C2\u00A0 527B\u00E2\u0080\u00903\u00C2\u00A0 3.24\u00C2\u00A0 0.04\u00C2\u00A0 2.41\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.30\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.94\u00C2\u00A0 94.88\u00C2\u00A0 1.21\u00C2\u00A0 355.85\u00C2\u00A0 527B\u00E2\u0080\u00904\u00C2\u00A0 3.22\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 2.47\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.08\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.30\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.04\u00C2\u00A0 0.84\u00C2\u00A0 94.20\u00C2\u00A0 1.06\u00C2\u00A0 316.62\u00C2\u00A0 527B\u00E2\u0080\u00905\u00C2\u00A0 3.14\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 2.62\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.05\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.24\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.06\u00C2\u00A0 0.88\u00C2\u00A0 93.65\u00C2\u00A0 1.07\u00C2\u00A0 316.95\u00C2\u00A0 527B\u00E2\u0080\u00906\u00C2\u00A0 3.25\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 2.42\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.31\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.90\u00C2\u00A0 94.92\u00C2\u00A0 1.18\u00C2\u00A0 347.74\u00C2\u00A0 527B\u00E2\u0080\u00907\u00C2\u00A0 3.26\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 2.44\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.28\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.88\u00C2\u00A0 93.00\u00C2\u00A0 1.13\u00C2\u00A0 334.57\u00C2\u00A0 527B\u00E2\u0080\u00908\u00C2\u00A0 3.15\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 2.61\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.04\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.21\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.06\u00C2\u00A0 0.91\u00C2\u00A0 94.68\u00C2\u00A0 1.09\u00C2\u00A0 323.31\u00C2\u00A0 527B\u00E2\u0080\u00909\u00C2\u00A0 3.24\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 2.42\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.31\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 0.94\u00C2\u00A0 93.08\u00C2\u00A0 1.22\u00C2\u00A0 358.75\u00C2\u00A0 527B\u00E2\u0080\u009010\u00C2\u00A0 3.16\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 2.54\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.04\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.29\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.05\u00C2\u00A0 0.92\u00C2\u00A0 95.36\u00C2\u00A0 1.18\u00C2\u00A0 347.30\u00C2\u00A0 527B\u00E2\u0080\u009011\u00C2\u00A0 3.21\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 2.45\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.06\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.38\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 0.86\u00C2\u00A0 94.07\u00C2\u00A0 1.18\u00C2\u00A0 347.83\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 190\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Sample\u00C2\u00A0 Si\u00C2\u00A0 Ti\u00C2\u00A0 Al\u00C2\u00A0 Cr\u00C2\u00A0 Fe\u00C2\u00A0 Mn\u00C2\u00A0 Mg\u00C2\u00A0 Ca\u00C2\u00A0 Na\u00C2\u00A0 K\u00C2\u00A0 Total\u00C2\u00A0(%)\u00C2\u00A0 K+(Fe\u00E2\u0080\u0090 Mg)\u00C2\u00A0 T\u00C2\u00A0(\u00C2\u00B0C)\u00C2\u00A0 527B\u00E2\u0080\u009012\u00C2\u00A0 3.51\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 2.19\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.04\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.21\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.08\u00C2\u00A0 0.75\u00C2\u00A0 92.77\u00C2\u00A0 0.92\u00C2\u00A0 279.19\u00C2\u00A0 527B\u00E2\u0080\u009014\u00C2\u00A0 3.16\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 2.56\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.04\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.29\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.06\u00C2\u00A0 0.87\u00C2\u00A0 94.61\u00C2\u00A0 1.13\u00C2\u00A0 334.13\u00C2\u00A0 527B\u00E2\u0080\u009015\u00C2\u00A0 3.17\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 2.65\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.12\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.06\u00C2\u00A0 0.89\u00C2\u00A0 94.26\u00C2\u00A0 0.99\u00C2\u00A0 297.55\u00C2\u00A0 527B\u00E2\u0080\u009016\u00C2\u00A0 3.22\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 2.40\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.10\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.43\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 0.82\u00C2\u00A0 93.83\u00C2\u00A0 1.15\u00C2\u00A0 340.65\u00C2\u00A0 527B\u00E2\u0080\u009017\u00C2\u00A0 3.26\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 2.44\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.08\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.30\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 0.80\u00C2\u00A0 84.08\u00C2\u00A0 1.01\u00C2\u00A0 303.08\u00C2\u00A0 527B\u00E2\u0080\u009018\u00C2\u00A0 3.35\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 2.31\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.10\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.28\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.78\u00C2\u00A0 51.87\u00C2\u00A0 0.96\u00C2\u00A0 288.63\u00C2\u00A0 527B\u00E2\u0080\u009019\u00C2\u00A0 3.22\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 2.49\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.05\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.32\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 0.85\u00C2\u00A0 94.70\u00C2\u00A0 1.12\u00C2\u00A0 330.45\u00C2\u00A0 527B\u00E2\u0080\u009020\u00C2\u00A0 3.16\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 2.66\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.16\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.06\u00C2\u00A0 0.89\u00C2\u00A0 94.87\u00C2\u00A0 1.03\u00C2\u00A0 307.08\u00C2\u00A0 496\u00E2\u0080\u00901\u00C2\u00A0 3.27\u00C2\u00A0 0.04\u00C2\u00A0 2.39\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.13\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.18\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 0.89\u00C2\u00A0 94.14\u00C2\u00A0 0.94\u00C2\u00A0 284.15\u00C2\u00A0 496\u00E2\u0080\u00902\u00C2\u00A0 3.26\u00C2\u00A0 0.05\u00C2\u00A0 2.42\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.12\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.16\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.04\u00C2\u00A0 0.87\u00C2\u00A0 91.66\u00C2\u00A0 0.91\u00C2\u00A0 275.08\u00C2\u00A0 496\u00E2\u0080\u00903\u00C2\u00A0 3.48\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 2.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.33\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.24\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.80\u00C2\u00A0 89.77\u00C2\u00A0 0.89\u00C2\u00A0 270.19\u00C2\u00A0 496\u00E2\u0080\u00904\u00C2\u00A0 3.41\u00C2\u00A0 0.04\u00C2\u00A0 2.15\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.25\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.19\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.86\u00C2\u00A0 91.96\u00C2\u00A0 0.92\u00C2\u00A0 276.77\u00C2\u00A0 496\u00E2\u0080\u00905\u00C2\u00A0 3.43\u00C2\u00A0 0.04\u00C2\u00A0 2.13\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.23\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.20\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.81\u00C2\u00A0 62.10\u00C2\u00A0 0.84\u00C2\u00A0 256.46\u00C2\u00A0 496\u00E2\u0080\u00906\u00C2\u00A0 3.71\u00C2\u00A0 0.05\u00C2\u00A0 1.71\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.26\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.28\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.74\u00C2\u00A0 93.33\u00C2\u00A0 0.76\u00C2\u00A0 234.36\u00C2\u00A0 496\u00E2\u0080\u00907\u00C2\u00A0 3.49\u00C2\u00A0 0.05\u00C2\u00A0 1.88\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.32\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.30\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.89\u00C2\u00A0 93.48\u00C2\u00A0 0.90\u00C2\u00A0 273.82\u00C2\u00A0 496\u00E2\u0080\u00908\u00C2\u00A0 3.23\u00C2\u00A0 0.07\u00C2\u00A0 2.45\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.13\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.11\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.04\u00C2\u00A0 0.91\u00C2\u00A0 92.36\u00C2\u00A0 0.93\u00C2\u00A0 279.75\u00C2\u00A0 496\u00E2\u0080\u00909\u00C2\u00A0 3.21\u00C2\u00A0 0.07\u00C2\u00A0 2.47\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.14\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.11\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.04\u00C2\u00A0 0.91\u00C2\u00A0 92.44\u00C2\u00A0 0.93\u00C2\u00A0 281.82\u00C2\u00A0 496\u00E2\u0080\u009010\u00C2\u00A0 3.15\u00C2\u00A0 0.07\u00C2\u00A0 2.57\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.11\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.11\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.04\u00C2\u00A0 0.93\u00C2\u00A0 94.46\u00C2\u00A0 0.93\u00C2\u00A0 280.96\u00C2\u00A0 496\u00E2\u0080\u009011\u00C2\u00A0 3.20\u00C2\u00A0 0.05\u00C2\u00A0 2.55\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.09\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.12\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.06\u00C2\u00A0 0.85\u00C2\u00A0 93.22\u00C2\u00A0 0.87\u00C2\u00A0 265.84\u00C2\u00A0 496\u00E2\u0080\u009012\u00C2\u00A0 3.22\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 2.57\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.09\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.13\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.11\u00C2\u00A0 0.77\u00C2\u00A0 93.70\u00C2\u00A0 0.82\u00C2\u00A0 249.86\u00C2\u00A0 496\u00E2\u0080\u009013\u00C2\u00A0 3.24\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 2.46\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.18\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.14\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.05\u00C2\u00A0 0.88\u00C2\u00A0 93.83\u00C2\u00A0 0.92\u00C2\u00A0 277.32\u00C2\u00A0 496\u00E2\u0080\u009014\u00C2\u00A0 3.13\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 2.75\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.04\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.06\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.14\u00C2\u00A0 0.80\u00C2\u00A0 95.26\u00C2\u00A0 0.81\u00C2\u00A0 248.84\u00C2\u00A0 496\u00E2\u0080\u009015\u00C2\u00A0 3.90\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 1.80\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.05\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.08\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.09\u00C2\u00A0 0.55\u00C2\u00A0 96.54\u00C2\u00A0 0.58\u00C2\u00A0 187.21\u00C2\u00A0 496\u00E2\u0080\u009016\u00C2\u00A0 3.25\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 2.43\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.17\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.17\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.04\u00C2\u00A0 0.85\u00C2\u00A0 93.12\u00C2\u00A0 0.85\u00C2\u00A0 259.26\u00C2\u00A0 496\u00E2\u0080\u009017\u00C2\u00A0 3.26\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 2.64\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.10\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.12\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 0.49\u00C2\u00A0 86.89\u00C2\u00A0 0.51\u00C2\u00A0 169.14\u00C2\u00A0 496\u00E2\u0080\u009018\u00C2\u00A0 4.89\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.66\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.04\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.05\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.24\u00C2\u00A0 98.99\u00C2\u00A0 0.25\u00C2\u00A0 97.90\u00C2\u00A0 496\u00E2\u0080\u009019\u00C2\u00A0 3.49\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 2.19\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.12\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.15\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.06\u00C2\u00A0 0.76\u00C2\u00A0 94.83\u00C2\u00A0 0.79\u00C2\u00A0 242.58\u00C2\u00A0 496\u00E2\u0080\u009020\u00C2\u00A0 3.55\u00C2\u00A0 0.05\u00C2\u00A0 2.07\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.14\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.15\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 0.78\u00C2\u00A0 91.58\u00C2\u00A0 0.80\u00C2\u00A0 244.57\u00C2\u00A0 496\u00E2\u0080\u009021\u00C2\u00A0 3.85\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 1.85\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.08\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.09\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 0.63\u00C2\u00A0 92.17\u00C2\u00A0 0.63\u00C2\u00A0 200.71\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 191\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Sample\u00C2\u00A0 Si\u00C2\u00A0 Ti\u00C2\u00A0 Al\u00C2\u00A0 Cr\u00C2\u00A0 Fe\u00C2\u00A0 Mn\u00C2\u00A0 Mg\u00C2\u00A0 Ca\u00C2\u00A0 Na\u00C2\u00A0 K\u00C2\u00A0 Total\u00C2\u00A0(%)\u00C2\u00A0 K+(Fe\u00E2\u0080\u0090 Mg)\u00C2\u00A0 T\u00C2\u00A0(\u00C2\u00B0C)\u00C2\u00A0 496\u00E2\u0080\u009022\u00C2\u00A0 3.24\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 2.56\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.11\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.10\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 0.83\u00C2\u00A0 91.22\u00C2\u00A0 0.83\u00C2\u00A0 254.57\u00C2\u00A0 496\u00E2\u0080\u009023\u00C2\u00A0 3.14\u00C2\u00A0 0.04\u00C2\u00A0 2.62\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.11\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.12\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.07\u00C2\u00A0 0.87\u00C2\u00A0 93.11\u00C2\u00A0 0.88\u00C2\u00A0 267.74\u00C2\u00A0 496\u00E2\u0080\u009024\u00C2\u00A0 3.19\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 2.64\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.07\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.11\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.14\u00C2\u00A0 0.74\u00C2\u00A0 85.51\u00C2\u00A0 0.77\u00C2\u00A0 238.75\u00C2\u00A0 496\u00E2\u0080\u009025\u00C2\u00A0 3.20\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 2.62\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.07\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.12\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.14\u00C2\u00A0 0.73\u00C2\u00A0 92.94\u00C2\u00A0 0.78\u00C2\u00A0 241.19\u00C2\u00A0 496\u00E2\u0080\u009026\u00C2\u00A0 3.80\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 1.92\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.05\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.06\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.05\u00C2\u00A0 0.62\u00C2\u00A0 94.45\u00C2\u00A0 0.63\u00C2\u00A0 199.81\u00C2\u00A0 496\u00E2\u0080\u009027\u00C2\u00A0 3.32\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 2.35\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.20\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.15\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.88\u00C2\u00A0 92.97\u00C2\u00A0 0.92\u00C2\u00A0 277.73\u00C2\u00A0 496\u00E2\u0080\u009028\u00C2\u00A0 3.55\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 2.04\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.18\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.20\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.79\u00C2\u00A0 92.77\u00C2\u00A0 0.81\u00C2\u00A0 249.16\u00C2\u00A0 496\u00E2\u0080\u009029\u00C2\u00A0 3.35\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 2.11\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.34\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.25\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.93\u00C2\u00A0 90.75\u00C2\u00A0 1.02\u00C2\u00A0 304.23\u00C2\u00A0 496\u00E2\u0080\u009030\u00C2\u00A0 3.21\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 2.52\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.13\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.15\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.07\u00C2\u00A0 0.87\u00C2\u00A0 93.69\u00C2\u00A0 0.89\u00C2\u00A0 270.05\u00C2\u00A0 496\u00E2\u0080\u009031\u00C2\u00A0 3.20\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 2.56\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.11\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.14\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.08\u00C2\u00A0 0.86\u00C2\u00A0 94.43\u00C2\u00A0 0.89\u00C2\u00A0 269.39\u00C2\u00A0 496\u00E2\u0080\u009032\u00C2\u00A0 3.47\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 2.31\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.06\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.06\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.06\u00C2\u00A0 0.77\u00C2\u00A0 94.86\u00C2\u00A0 0.77\u00C2\u00A0 238.16\u00C2\u00A0 496\u00E2\u0080\u009033\u00C2\u00A0 3.35\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 2.26\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.21\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.15\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 0.88\u00C2\u00A0 94.09\u00C2\u00A0 0.95\u00C2\u00A0 284.75\u00C2\u00A0 496\u00E2\u0080\u009034\u00C2\u00A0 3.39\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 2.41\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.04\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.07\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.20\u00C2\u00A0 0.62\u00C2\u00A0 93.40\u00C2\u00A0 0.65\u00C2\u00A0 205.86\u00C2\u00A0 496\u00E2\u0080\u009035\u00C2\u00A0 3.15\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 2.69\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.06\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.09\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.20\u00C2\u00A0 0.72\u00C2\u00A0 94.08\u00C2\u00A0 0.76\u00C2\u00A0 234.53\u00C2\u00A0 510a\u00E2\u0080\u00901\u00C2\u00A0 3.69\u00C2\u00A0 0.04\u00C2\u00A0 1.35\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.50\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.90\u00C2\u00A0 0.06\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.07\u00C2\u00A0 79.25\u00C2\u00A0 0.46\u00C2\u00A0 154.88\u00C2\u00A0 510a\u00E2\u0080\u00902\u00C2\u00A0 3.86\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 1.45\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.25\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.72\u00C2\u00A0 0.04\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.10\u00C2\u00A0 86.38\u00C2\u00A0 0.57\u00C2\u00A0 184.64\u00C2\u00A0 510a\u00E2\u0080\u00903\u00C2\u00A0 2.89\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 1.94\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.33\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 1.87\u00C2\u00A0 0.07\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 0.04\u00C2\u00A0 77.38\u00C2\u00A0 1.58\u00C2\u00A0 455.47\u00C2\u00A0 510a\u00E2\u0080\u00904\u00C2\u00A0 2.93\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 2.06\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.28\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 1.67\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.09\u00C2\u00A0 82.46\u00C2\u00A0 1.48\u00C2\u00A0 429.15\u00C2\u00A0 510a\u00E2\u0080\u00905\u00C2\u00A0 3.76\u00C2\u00A0 0.07\u00C2\u00A0 1.31\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 1.08\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.18\u00C2\u00A0 0.05\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.10\u00C2\u00A0 77.78\u00C2\u00A0 1.00\u00C2\u00A0 298.65\u00C2\u00A0 510a\u00E2\u0080\u00906\u00C2\u00A0 3.21\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 0.93\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 2.89\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.13\u00C2\u00A0 0.07\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.04\u00C2\u00A0 59.75\u00C2\u00A0 2.80\u00C2\u00A0 782.84\u00C2\u00A0 510a\u00E2\u0080\u00907\u00C2\u00A0 2.87\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 1.66\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.51\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 2.17\u00C2\u00A0 0.04\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.11\u00C2\u00A0 81.56\u00C2\u00A0 1.77\u00C2\u00A0 505.35\u00C2\u00A0 510a\u00E2\u0080\u00908\u00C2\u00A0 3.28\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 2.11\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.38\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.77\u00C2\u00A0 0.04\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.13\u00C2\u00A0 80.42\u00C2\u00A0 0.51\u00C2\u00A0 168.15\u00C2\u00A0 510a\u00E2\u0080\u00909\u00C2\u00A0 3.74\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 1.67\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.34\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.59\u00C2\u00A0 0.04\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.07\u00C2\u00A0 87.19\u00C2\u00A0 0.32\u00C2\u00A0 117.85\u00C2\u00A0 510a\u00E2\u0080\u009010\u00C2\u00A0 3.20\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 0.79\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 3.05\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.15\u00C2\u00A0 0.10\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.09\u00C2\u00A0 74.37\u00C2\u00A0 3.00\u00C2\u00A0 834.23\u00C2\u00A0 510a\u00E2\u0080\u009011\u00C2\u00A0 2.72\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 1.67\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.54\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 2.39\u00C2\u00A0 0.07\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.07\u00C2\u00A0 84.40\u00C2\u00A0 1.91\u00C2\u00A0 543.66\u00C2\u00A0 510a\u00E2\u0080\u009012\u00C2\u00A0 3.26\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 2.27\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.38\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.62\u00C2\u00A0 0.04\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 84.09\u00C2\u00A0 0.27\u00C2\u00A0 103.41\u00C2\u00A0 510a\u00E2\u0080\u009013\u00C2\u00A0 2.95\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 1.95\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.45\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 1.62\u00C2\u00A0 0.05\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.06\u00C2\u00A0 80.76\u00C2\u00A0 1.23\u00C2\u00A0 362.12\u00C2\u00A0 510a\u00E2\u0080\u009014\u00C2\u00A0 3.04\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 2.35\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.20\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 1.14\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 85.51\u00C2\u00A0 0.96\u00C2\u00A0 289.06\u00C2\u00A0 510a\u00E2\u0080\u009015\u00C2\u00A0 3.61\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 1.99\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.28\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.29\u00C2\u00A0 0.08\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.23\u00C2\u00A0 82.77\u00C2\u00A0 0.24\u00C2\u00A0 95.32\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 192\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Sample\u00C2\u00A0 Si\u00C2\u00A0 Ti\u00C2\u00A0 Al\u00C2\u00A0 Cr\u00C2\u00A0 Fe\u00C2\u00A0 Mn\u00C2\u00A0 Mg\u00C2\u00A0 Ca\u00C2\u00A0 Na\u00C2\u00A0 K\u00C2\u00A0 Total\u00C2\u00A0(%)\u00C2\u00A0 K+(Fe\u00E2\u0080\u0090 Mg)\u00C2\u00A0 TT\u00C2\u00A0(\u00C2\u00B0C)\u00C2\u00A0 510a\u00E2\u0080\u009016\u00C2\u00A0 2.94\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 1.76\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.33\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 2.04\u00C2\u00A0 0.07\u00C2\u00A0 0.04\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 83.54\u00C2\u00A0 1.73\u00C2\u00A0 494.50\u00C2\u00A0 510a\u00E2\u0080\u009017\u00C2\u00A0 3.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 2.23\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.27\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 1.29\u00C2\u00A0 0.04\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.04\u00C2\u00A0 85.26\u00C2\u00A0 1.06\u00C2\u00A0 316.42\u00C2\u00A0 510a\u00E2\u0080\u009018\u00C2\u00A0 3.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 2.06\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.32\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 1.46\u00C2\u00A0 0.05\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 82.39\u00C2\u00A0 1.18\u00C2\u00A0 348.01\u00C2\u00A0 510a\u00E2\u0080\u009019\u00C2\u00A0 2.86\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 1.81\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.36\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 2.08\u00C2\u00A0 0.06\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.06\u00C2\u00A0 85.26\u00C2\u00A0 1.78\u00C2\u00A0 508.33\u00C2\u00A0 510a\u00E2\u0080\u009020\u00C2\u00A0 3.16\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 2.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.28\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 1.29\u00C2\u00A0 0.04\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.07\u00C2\u00A0 86.93\u00C2\u00A0 1.08\u00C2\u00A0 320.48\u00C2\u00A0 513b\u00E2\u0080\u00901\u00C2\u00A0 3.52\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 2.14\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.34\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.18\u00C2\u00A0 0.05\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.28\u00C2\u00A0 74.40\u00C2\u00A0 0.44\u00C2\u00A0 150.45\u00C2\u00A0 513b\u00E2\u0080\u00902\u00C2\u00A0 3.97\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 1.64\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.24\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.13\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.26\u00C2\u00A0 81.09\u00C2\u00A0 0.38\u00C2\u00A0 131.98\u00C2\u00A0 513b\u00E2\u0080\u00903\u00C2\u00A0 3.47\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 2.20\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.32\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.18\u00C2\u00A0 0.05\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.32\u00C2\u00A0 71.89\u00C2\u00A0 0.46\u00C2\u00A0 155.02\u00C2\u00A0 513b\u00E2\u0080\u00904\u00C2\u00A0 3.62\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 2.03\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.32\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.15\u00C2\u00A0 0.05\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.27\u00C2\u00A0 55.34\u00C2\u00A0 0.44\u00C2\u00A0 148.85\u00C2\u00A0 513b\u00E2\u0080\u00905\u00C2\u00A0 3.43\u00C2\u00A0 0.04\u00C2\u00A0 2.24\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.30\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.18\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.40\u00C2\u00A0 76.94\u00C2\u00A0 0.53\u00C2\u00A0 172.84\u00C2\u00A0 513b\u00E2\u0080\u00906\u00C2\u00A0 3.48\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 2.20\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.33\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.17\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.33\u00C2\u00A0 84.36\u00C2\u00A0 0.49\u00C2\u00A0 163.31\u00C2\u00A0 513b\u00E2\u0080\u00907\u00C2\u00A0 3.25\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 2.66\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.08\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.06\u00C2\u00A0 0.72\u00C2\u00A0 58.99\u00C2\u00A0 0.78\u00C2\u00A0 241.37\u00C2\u00A0 513b\u00E2\u0080\u00908\u00C2\u00A0 3.66\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 2.16\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.09\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.06\u00C2\u00A0 0.58\u00C2\u00A0 49.31\u00C2\u00A0 0.66\u00C2\u00A0 207.29\u00C2\u00A0 513b\u00E2\u0080\u00909\u00C2\u00A0 3.48\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 2.18\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.32\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.18\u00C2\u00A0 0.05\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.32\u00C2\u00A0 70.66\u00C2\u00A0 0.46\u00C2\u00A0 154.46\u00C2\u00A0 513b\u00E2\u0080\u009010\u00C2\u00A0 3.61\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 2.06\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.21\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.16\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.44\u00C2\u00A0 76.49\u00C2\u00A0 0.50\u00C2\u00A0 164.12\u00C2\u00A0 513b\u00E2\u0080\u009011\u00C2\u00A0 3.52\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 2.13\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.33\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.17\u00C2\u00A0 0.04\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.31\u00C2\u00A0 73.08\u00C2\u00A0 0.46\u00C2\u00A0 155.66\u00C2\u00A0 513b\u00E2\u0080\u009012\u00C2\u00A0 3.50\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 2.17\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.29\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.17\u00C2\u00A0 0.04\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.36\u00C2\u00A0 73.68\u00C2\u00A0 0.48\u00C2\u00A0 159.51\u00C2\u00A0 513b\u00E2\u0080\u009013\u00C2\u00A0 3.43\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 2.25\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.30\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.17\u00C2\u00A0 0.04\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.38\u00C2\u00A0 75.00\u00C2\u00A0 513b\u00E2\u0080\u009014\u00C2\u00A0 3.48\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 2.16\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.36\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.18\u00C2\u00A0 0.05\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.29\u00C2\u00A0 70.39\u00C2\u00A0 0.47\u00C2\u00A0 156.86\u00C2\u00A0 513b\u00E2\u0080\u009015\u00C2\u00A0 3.71\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 1.94\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.19\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.15\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.46\u00C2\u00A0 76.14\u00C2\u00A0 0.50\u00C2\u00A0 165.98\u00C2\u00A0 513b\u00E2\u0080\u009016\u00C2\u00A0 3.51\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 2.17\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.22\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.17\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.44\u00C2\u00A0 77.97\u00C2\u00A0 0.50\u00C2\u00A0 164.66\u00C2\u00A0 513b\u00E2\u0080\u009017\u00C2\u00A0 3.41\u00C2\u00A0 0.04\u00C2\u00A0 2.23\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.39\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.17\u00C2\u00A0 0.04\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.30\u00C2\u00A0 73.99\u00C2\u00A0 0.52\u00C2\u00A0 170.07\u00C2\u00A0 513b\u00E2\u0080\u009018\u00C2\u00A0 3.71\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 1.93\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.23\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.14\u00C2\u00A0 0.04\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.41\u00C2\u00A0 54.59\u00C2\u00A0 0.51\u00C2\u00A0 168.12\u00C2\u00A0 513b\u00E2\u0080\u009019\u00C2\u00A0 3.43\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 2.18\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.42\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.17\u00C2\u00A0 0.04\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.31\u00C2\u00A0 74.64\u00C2\u00A0 0.56\u00C2\u00A0 182.52\u00C2\u00A0 513b\u00E2\u0080\u009020\u00C2\u00A0 3.42\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 2.27\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.27\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.17\u00C2\u00A0 0.04\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.43\u00C2\u00A0 84.04\u00C2\u00A0 0.53\u00C2\u00A0 173.87\u00C2\u00A0 513b\u00E2\u0080\u009021\u00C2\u00A0 3.47\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 2.16\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.34\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.19\u00C2\u00A0 0.05\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.34\u00C2\u00A0 63.63\u00C2\u00A0 0.49\u00C2\u00A0 162.52\u00C2\u00A0 513b\u00E2\u0080\u009022\u00C2\u00A0 4.15\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 1.47\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.21\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.11\u00C2\u00A0 0.04\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.23\u00C2\u00A0 81.32\u00C2\u00A0 0.33\u00C2\u00A0 119.86\u00C2\u00A0 513b\u00E2\u0080\u009023\u00C2\u00A0 3.73\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 1.92\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.26\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.13\u00C2\u00A0 0.04\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.33\u00C2\u00A0 77.54\u00C2\u00A0 0.45\u00C2\u00A0 151.59\u00C2\u00A0 513b\u00E2\u0080\u009024\u00C2\u00A0 3.40\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 2.26\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.37\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.16\u00C2\u00A0 0.05\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.31\u00C2\u00A0 70.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.53\u00C2\u00A0 173.24\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 193\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Sample\u00C2\u00A0 Si\u00C2\u00A0 Ti\u00C2\u00A0 Al\u00C2\u00A0 Cr\u00C2\u00A0 Fe\u00C2\u00A0 Mn\u00C2\u00A0 Mg\u00C2\u00A0 Ca\u00C2\u00A0 Na\u00C2\u00A0 K\u00C2\u00A0 Total\u00C2\u00A0(%)\u00C2\u00A0 K+(Fe\u00E2\u0080\u0090 Mg)\u00C2\u00A0 T\u00C2\u00A0(\u00C2\u00B0C)\u00C2\u00A0 521a\u00E2\u0080\u00901\u00C2\u00A0 3.22\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 2.38\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.06\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.38\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.95\u00C2\u00A0 90.62\u00C2\u00A0 1.27\u00C2\u00A0 372.78\u00C2\u00A0 521a\u00E2\u0080\u00902\u00C2\u00A0 3.26\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 2.34\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.07\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.34\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.94\u00C2\u00A0 89.05\u00C2\u00A0 1.21\u00C2\u00A0 356.54\u00C2\u00A0 521a\u00E2\u0080\u00903\u00C2\u00A0 3.41\u00C2\u00A0 0.13\u00C2\u00A0 2.08\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.05\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.29\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.81\u00C2\u00A0 93.57\u00C2\u00A0 1.05\u00C2\u00A0 313.85\u00C2\u00A0 521a\u00E2\u0080\u00904\u00C2\u00A0 3.49\u00C2\u00A0 0.04\u00C2\u00A0 2.10\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 0.05\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.24\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.87\u00C2\u00A0 91.76\u00C2\u00A0 1.06\u00C2\u00A0 314.25\u00C2\u00A0 521a\u00E2\u0080\u00905\u00C2\u00A0 3.37\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 2.21\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.09\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.29\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 0.89\u00C2\u00A0 88.52\u00C2\u00A0 1.10\u00C2\u00A0 326.26\u00C2\u00A0 521a\u00E2\u0080\u00906\u00C2\u00A0 3.37\u00C2\u00A0 0.05\u00C2\u00A0 2.32\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.11\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.13\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 0.77\u00C2\u00A0 87.29\u00C2\u00A0 0.79\u00C2\u00A0 242.10\u00C2\u00A0 521a\u00E2\u0080\u00907\u00C2\u00A0 3.26\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 2.30\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.09\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.34\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 0.98\u00C2\u00A0 87.73\u00C2\u00A0 1.23\u00C2\u00A0 362.17\u00C2\u00A0 521a\u00E2\u0080\u00908\u00C2\u00A0 3.16\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 2.41\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.12\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.42\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 0.92\u00C2\u00A0 93.70\u00C2\u00A0 1.23\u00C2\u00A0 360.33\u00C2\u00A0 521a\u00E2\u0080\u00909\u00C2\u00A0 3.16\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 2.47\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.08\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.39\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.04\u00C2\u00A0 0.89\u00C2\u00A0 93.96\u00C2\u00A0 1.19\u00C2\u00A0 351.37\u00C2\u00A0 521a\u00E2\u0080\u009010\u00C2\u00A0 3.16\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 2.44\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.15\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.39\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.04\u00C2\u00A0 0.86\u00C2\u00A0 92.73\u00C2\u00A0 1.11\u00C2\u00A0 328.60\u00C2\u00A0 521a\u00E2\u0080\u009011\u00C2\u00A0 3.27\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 2.31\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.10\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.42\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 0.84\u00C2\u00A0 94.52\u00C2\u00A0 1.16\u00C2\u00A0 341.23\u00C2\u00A0 521a\u00E2\u0080\u009012\u00C2\u00A0 3.17\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 2.43\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.09\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.40\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 0.91\u00C2\u00A0 91.78\u00C2\u00A0 1.22\u00C2\u00A0 357.90\u00C2\u00A0 521a\u00E2\u0080\u009013\u00C2\u00A0 3.17\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 2.45\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.09\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.39\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.04\u00C2\u00A0 0.90\u00C2\u00A0 94.38\u00C2\u00A0 1.20\u00C2\u00A0 354.10\u00C2\u00A0 521a\u00E2\u0080\u009014\u00C2\u00A0 3.19\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 2.35\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.18\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.34\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.04\u00C2\u00A0 0.94\u00C2\u00A0 90.04\u00C2\u00A0 1.11\u00C2\u00A0 327.77\u00C2\u00A0 521a\u00E2\u0080\u009015\u00C2\u00A0 3.20\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 2.40\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.11\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.34\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 0.94\u00C2\u00A0 92.55\u00C2\u00A0 1.17\u00C2\u00A0 345.14\u00C2\u00A0 521a\u00E2\u0080\u009016\u00C2\u00A0 3.12\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 2.44\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.10\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.49\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 0.92\u00C2\u00A0 94.12\u00C2\u00A0 1.31\u00C2\u00A0 383.81\u00C2\u00A0 521a\u00E2\u0080\u009017\u00C2\u00A0 3.41\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 2.13\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.09\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.43\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 0.78\u00C2\u00A0 92.98\u00C2\u00A0 1.12\u00C2\u00A0 332.77\u00C2\u00A0 521a\u00E2\u0080\u009018\u00C2\u00A0 3.16\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 2.40\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.10\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.47\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 0.90\u00C2\u00A0 92.32\u00C2\u00A0 1.28\u00C2\u00A0 373.45\u00C2\u00A0 521a\u00E2\u0080\u009019\u00C2\u00A0 3.19\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 2.39\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.09\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.43\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 0.89\u00C2\u00A0 91.21\u00C2\u00A0 1.23\u00C2\u00A0 361.09\u00C2\u00A0 521a\u00E2\u0080\u009020\u00C2\u00A0 3.21\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 2.31\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.13\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.40\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 0.92\u00C2\u00A0 91.43\u00C2\u00A0 521a\u00E2\u0080\u009021\u00C2\u00A0 3.17\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 2.40\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.14\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.41\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 0.89\u00C2\u00A0 92.54\u00C2\u00A0 1.16\u00C2\u00A0 342.77\u00C2\u00A0 521a\u00E2\u0080\u009022\u00C2\u00A0 3.21\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 2.31\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.19\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.42\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 0.84\u00C2\u00A0 92.55\u00C2\u00A0 1.07\u00C2\u00A0 319.26\u00C2\u00A0 AKS\u00E2\u0080\u00908\u00E2\u0080\u00901\u00C2\u00A0 3.55\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 2.20\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.05\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.16\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 0.05\u00C2\u00A0 0.65\u00C2\u00A0 88.72\u00C2\u00A0 0.76\u00C2\u00A0 234.61\u00C2\u00A0 AKS\u00E2\u0080\u00908\u00E2\u0080\u00902\u00C2\u00A0 3.47\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 2.33\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.12\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 0.05\u00C2\u00A0 0.69\u00C2\u00A0 86.47\u00C2\u00A0 0.78\u00C2\u00A0 240.44\u00C2\u00A0 AKS\u00E2\u0080\u00908\u00E2\u0080\u00903\u00C2\u00A0 3.26\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 2.71\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.06\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.63\u00C2\u00A0 86.92\u00C2\u00A0 0.68\u00C2\u00A0 214.92\u00C2\u00A0 AKS\u00E2\u0080\u00908\u00E2\u0080\u00904\u00C2\u00A0 3.29\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 2.59\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.11\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.71\u00C2\u00A0 84.75\u00C2\u00A0 0.80\u00C2\u00A0 246.16\u00C2\u00A0 AKS\u00E2\u0080\u00908\u00E2\u0080\u00905\u00C2\u00A0 3.24\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 2.62\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.05\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.08\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.05\u00C2\u00A0 0.75\u00C2\u00A0 92.79\u00C2\u00A0 0.78\u00C2\u00A0 241.65\u00C2\u00A0 AKS\u00E2\u0080\u00908\u00E2\u0080\u00906\u00C2\u00A0 4.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 1.60\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.07\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.15\u00C2\u00A0 0.07\u00C2\u00A0 0.10\u00C2\u00A0 0.45\u00C2\u00A0 74.78\u00C2\u00A0 0.53\u00C2\u00A0 173.99\u00C2\u00A0 AKS\u00E2\u0080\u00908\u00E2\u0080\u00907\u00C2\u00A0 3.28\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 2.54\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.14\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.78\u00C2\u00A0 92.10\u00C2\u00A0 0.89\u00C2\u00A0 269.87\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 194\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Sample\u00C2\u00A0 Si\u00C2\u00A0 Ti\u00C2\u00A0 Al\u00C2\u00A0 Cr\u00C2\u00A0 Fe\u00C2\u00A0 Mn\u00C2\u00A0 Mg\u00C2\u00A0 Ca\u00C2\u00A0 Na\u00C2\u00A0 K\u00C2\u00A0 Total\u00C2\u00A0(%)\u00C2\u00A0 K+(Fe\u00E2\u0080\u0090 Mg)\u00C2\u00A0 T\u00C2\u00A0(\u00C2\u00B0C)\u00C2\u00A0 AKS\u00E2\u0080\u00908\u00E2\u0080\u00908\u00C2\u00A0 3.52\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 2.13\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.15\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.24\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 0.58\u00C2\u00A0 74.21\u00C2\u00A0 0.67\u00C2\u00A0 211.79\u00C2\u00A0 AKS\u00E2\u0080\u00908\u00E2\u0080\u00909\u00C2\u00A0 3.52\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 2.12\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.16\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.25\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.58\u00C2\u00A0 81.81\u00C2\u00A0 0.67\u00C2\u00A0 210.94\u00C2\u00A0 AKS\u00E2\u0080\u00908\u00E2\u0080\u009010\u00C2\u00A0 3.51\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 2.14\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.15\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.25\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.62\u00C2\u00A0 81.15\u00C2\u00A0 0.72\u00C2\u00A0 224.53\u00C2\u00A0 AKS\u00E2\u0080\u00908\u00E2\u0080\u009011\u00C2\u00A0 3.50\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 2.14\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.17\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.25\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.58\u00C2\u00A0 80.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.66\u00C2\u00A0 209.14\u00C2\u00A0 AKS\u00E2\u0080\u00908\u00E2\u0080\u009012\u00C2\u00A0 3.51\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 2.12\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.17\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.24\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.59\u00C2\u00A0 82.20\u00C2\u00A0 0.67\u00C2\u00A0 210.47\u00C2\u00A0 AKS\u00E2\u0080\u00908\u00E2\u0080\u009013\u00C2\u00A0 3.37\u00C2\u00A0 0.10\u00C2\u00A0 2.31\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.10\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.16\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.60\u00C2\u00A0 80.99\u00C2\u00A0 0.66\u00C2\u00A0 209.12\u00C2\u00A0 AKS\u00E2\u0080\u00908\u00E2\u0080\u009014\u00C2\u00A0 3.37\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 2.39\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.05\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.21\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.73\u00C2\u00A0 90.72\u00C2\u00A0 0.89\u00C2\u00A0 268.83\u00C2\u00A0 AKS\u00E2\u0080\u00908\u00E2\u0080\u009015\u00C2\u00A0 3.21\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 2.73\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.06\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.72\u00C2\u00A0 93.04\u00C2\u00A0 0.77\u00C2\u00A0 238.25\u00C2\u00A0 AKS\u00E2\u0080\u00908\u00E2\u0080\u009016\u00C2\u00A0 3.23\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 2.74\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.06\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 0.66\u00C2\u00A0 91.07\u00C2\u00A0 0.71\u00C2\u00A0 222.52\u00C2\u00A0 AKS\u00E2\u0080\u00908\u00E2\u0080\u009017\u00C2\u00A0 3.37\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 2.53\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.07\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 0.06\u00C2\u00A0 0.62\u00C2\u00A0 89.03\u00C2\u00A0 0.67\u00C2\u00A0 210.56\u00C2\u00A0 AKS\u00E2\u0080\u00908\u00E2\u0080\u009018\u00C2\u00A0 3.41\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 2.48\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.07\u00C2\u00A0 0.04\u00C2\u00A0 0.06\u00C2\u00A0 0.58\u00C2\u00A0 87.65\u00C2\u00A0 0.63\u00C2\u00A0 200.40\u00C2\u00A0 PP1\u00E2\u0080\u00901\u00C2\u00A0 3.20\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 2.47\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.36\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 0.91\u00C2\u00A0 94.59\u00C2\u00A0 1.26\u00C2\u00A0 368.90\u00C2\u00A0 PP1\u00E2\u0080\u00902\u00C2\u00A0 3.13\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 2.44\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.45\u00C2\u00A0 0.08\u00C2\u00A0 0.04\u00C2\u00A0 0.90\u00C2\u00A0 92.98\u00C2\u00A0 1.34\u00C2\u00A0 391.10\u00C2\u00A0 PP1\u00E2\u0080\u00903\u00C2\u00A0 3.18\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 2.46\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.40\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.05\u00C2\u00A0 0.89\u00C2\u00A0 92.05\u00C2\u00A0 1.28\u00C2\u00A0 373.18\u00C2\u00A0 PP1\u00E2\u0080\u00904\u00C2\u00A0 3.18\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 2.51\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.33\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.05\u00C2\u00A0 0.91\u00C2\u00A0 93.06\u00C2\u00A0 1.23\u00C2\u00A0 361.69\u00C2\u00A0 PP1\u00E2\u0080\u00905\u00C2\u00A0 3.16\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 2.46\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.44\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 0.91\u00C2\u00A0 93.14\u00C2\u00A0 1.33\u00C2\u00A0 386.96\u00C2\u00A0 PP1\u00E2\u0080\u00906\u00C2\u00A0 3.18\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 2.49\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.39\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 0.90\u00C2\u00A0 93.43\u00C2\u00A0 1.27\u00C2\u00A0 371.25\u00C2\u00A0 PP1\u00E2\u0080\u00907\u00C2\u00A0 3.16\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 2.49\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.39\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 0.91\u00C2\u00A0 93.74\u00C2\u00A0 1.28\u00C2\u00A0 375.61\u00C2\u00A0 PP1\u00E2\u0080\u00908\u00C2\u00A0 2.87\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 2.30\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.64\u00C2\u00A0 0.72\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 0.78\u00C2\u00A0 82.29\u00C2\u00A0 1.40\u00C2\u00A0 405.32\u00C2\u00A0 PP1\u00E2\u0080\u00909\u00C2\u00A0 3.17\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 2.44\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.38\u00C2\u00A0 0.14\u00C2\u00A0 0.04\u00C2\u00A0 0.85\u00C2\u00A0 92.98\u00C2\u00A0 1.21\u00C2\u00A0 356.74\u00C2\u00A0 PP1\u00E2\u0080\u009010\u00C2\u00A0 3.20\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 2.50\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.32\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 0.89\u00C2\u00A0 88.46\u00C2\u00A0 1.20\u00C2\u00A0 352.53\u00C2\u00A0 PP1\u00E2\u0080\u009011\u00C2\u00A0 3.45\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 2.24\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.31\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.78\u00C2\u00A0 94.87\u00C2\u00A0 PP1\u00E2\u0080\u009012\u00C2\u00A0 3.41\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 2.29\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.30\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.80\u00C2\u00A0 93.70\u00C2\u00A0 1.10\u00C2\u00A0 325.14\u00C2\u00A0 PP1\u00E2\u0080\u009013\u00C2\u00A0 3.28\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 2.42\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.24\u00C2\u00A0 0.16\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.76\u00C2\u00A0 92.68\u00C2\u00A0 0.99\u00C2\u00A0 296.60\u00C2\u00A0 PP1\u00E2\u0080\u009014\u00C2\u00A0 3.22\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 2.30\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.25\u00C2\u00A0 0.50\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.70\u00C2\u00A0 89.60\u00C2\u00A0 0.94\u00C2\u00A0 284.04\u00C2\u00A0 PP1\u00E2\u0080\u009015\u00C2\u00A0 3.13\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 2.47\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.29\u00C2\u00A0 0.31\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 0.82\u00C2\u00A0 90.28\u00C2\u00A0 1.11\u00C2\u00A0 327.58\u00C2\u00A0 PP1\u00E2\u0080\u009016\u00C2\u00A0 3.18\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 2.48\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.36\u00C2\u00A0 0.07\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 0.87\u00C2\u00A0 93.88\u00C2\u00A0 1.22\u00C2\u00A0 358.37\u00C2\u00A0 PP1\u00E2\u0080\u009017\u00C2\u00A0 3.15\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 2.70\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.22\u00C2\u00A0 0.15\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.49\u00C2\u00A0 89.49\u00C2\u00A0 0.70\u00C2\u00A0 219.99\u00C2\u00A0 PP1\u00E2\u0080\u009018\u00C2\u00A0 3.20\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 2.50\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.33\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 0.89\u00C2\u00A0 94.06\u00C2\u00A0 1.21\u00C2\u00A0 355.84\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 195\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Sample\u00C2\u00A0 Si\u00C2\u00A0 Ti\u00C2\u00A0 Al\u00C2\u00A0 Cr\u00C2\u00A0 Fe\u00C2\u00A0 Mn\u00C2\u00A0 Mg\u00C2\u00A0 Ca\u00C2\u00A0 Na\u00C2\u00A0 K\u00C2\u00A0 Total\u00C2\u00A0(%)\u00C2\u00A0 K+(Fe\u00E2\u0080\u0090 Mg)\u00C2\u00A0 T\u00C2\u00A0(\u00C2\u00B0C)\u00C2\u00A0 PP1\u00E2\u0080\u009019\u00C2\u00A0 3.23\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 2.42\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.38\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 0.86\u00C2\u00A0 94.58\u00C2\u00A0 1.23\u00C2\u00A0 359.74\u00C2\u00A0 PP1\u00E2\u0080\u009020\u00C2\u00A0 3.17\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 2.46\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.43\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 0.90\u00C2\u00A0 94.44\u00C2\u00A0 1.31\u00C2\u00A0 382.97\u00C2\u00A0 PP1\u00E2\u0080\u009021\u00C2\u00A0 3.19\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 2.46\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.40\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 0.04\u00C2\u00A0 0.88\u00C2\u00A0 92.67\u00C2\u00A0 1.26\u00C2\u00A0 368.53\u00C2\u00A0 PP1\u00E2\u0080\u009022\u00C2\u00A0 3.18\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 2.48\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.40\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.04\u00C2\u00A0 0.85\u00C2\u00A0 92.25\u00C2\u00A0 1.24\u00C2\u00A0 364.48\u00C2\u00A0 PP1\u00E2\u0080\u009023\u00C2\u00A0 3.19\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 2.41\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.48\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.04\u00C2\u00A0 0.85\u00C2\u00A0 92.47\u00C2\u00A0 1.32\u00C2\u00A0 383.83\u00C2\u00A0 PP1\u00E2\u0080\u009024\u00C2\u00A0 3.17\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 2.45\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.45\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 0.05\u00C2\u00A0 0.88\u00C2\u00A0 93.17\u00C2\u00A0 1.31\u00C2\u00A0 382.74\u00C2\u00A0 PP1\u00E2\u0080\u009025\u00C2\u00A0 3.21\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 2.41\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.44\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 0.87\u00C2\u00A0 93.13\u00C2\u00A0 1.29\u00C2\u00A0 376.90\u00C2\u00A0 97\u00E2\u0080\u00901\u00C2\u00A0 3.32\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 2.50\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.06\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.13\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.78\u00C2\u00A0 89.93\u00C2\u00A0 0.86\u00C2\u00A0 260.65\u00C2\u00A0 97\u00E2\u0080\u00902\u00C2\u00A0 3.36\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 2.41\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.08\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.17\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.78\u00C2\u00A0 93.12\u00C2\u00A0 0.87\u00C2\u00A0 264.69\u00C2\u00A0 97\u00E2\u0080\u00903\u00C2\u00A0 3.30\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 2.45\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.17\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.11\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 0.82\u00C2\u00A0 94.15\u00C2\u00A0 0.88\u00C2\u00A0 267.24\u00C2\u00A0 97\u00E2\u0080\u00904\u00C2\u00A0 3.38\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 2.40\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.05\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.17\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.78\u00C2\u00A0 93.54\u00C2\u00A0 0.90\u00C2\u00A0 273.12\u00C2\u00A0 97\u00E2\u0080\u00905\u00C2\u00A0 3.34\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 2.38\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.11\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.19\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 0.81\u00C2\u00A0 90.48\u00C2\u00A0 0.88\u00C2\u00A0 268.59\u00C2\u00A0 97\u00E2\u0080\u00906\u00C2\u00A0 3.33\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 2.32\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.18\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.20\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 0.88\u00C2\u00A0 91.90\u00C2\u00A0 0.90\u00C2\u00A0 272.33\u00C2\u00A0 97\u00E2\u0080\u00907\u00C2\u00A0 3.33\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 2.40\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.11\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.17\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 0.81\u00C2\u00A0 92.33\u00C2\u00A0 0.88\u00C2\u00A0 266.27\u00C2\u00A0 97\u00E2\u0080\u00908\u00C2\u00A0 3.24\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 2.64\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.04\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.08\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.80\u00C2\u00A0 94.46\u00C2\u00A0 0.84\u00C2\u00A0 256.81\u00C2\u00A0 97\u00E2\u0080\u00909\u00C2\u00A0 3.35\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 2.43\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.09\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.15\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.78\u00C2\u00A0 88.77\u00C2\u00A0 0.84\u00C2\u00A0 256.35\u00C2\u00A0 97\u00E2\u0080\u009010\u00C2\u00A0 3.32\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 2.43\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.11\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.15\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.82\u00C2\u00A0 79.59\u00C2\u00A0 0.86\u00C2\u00A0 261.17\u00C2\u00A0 97\u00E2\u0080\u009011\u00C2\u00A0 3.35\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 2.35\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.15\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.19\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 0.84\u00C2\u00A0 93.66\u00C2\u00A0 0.89\u00C2\u00A0 269.08\u00C2\u00A0 97\u00E2\u0080\u009012\u00C2\u00A0 3.28\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 2.52\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.11\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.11\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 0.81\u00C2\u00A0 93.31\u00C2\u00A0 0.82\u00C2\u00A0 249.85\u00C2\u00A0 97\u00E2\u0080\u009013\u00C2\u00A0 3.33\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 2.39\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.13\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.17\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 0.82\u00C2\u00A0 84.62\u00C2\u00A0 0.86\u00C2\u00A0 261.65\u00C2\u00A0 97\u00E2\u0080\u009014\u00C2\u00A0 3.39\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 2.37\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.09\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.17\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.77\u00C2\u00A0 93.39\u00C2\u00A0 0.85\u00C2\u00A0 259.10\u00C2\u00A0 97\u00E2\u0080\u009015\u00C2\u00A0 3.28\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 2.44\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.13\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.17\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.04\u00C2\u00A0 0.87\u00C2\u00A0 94.08\u00C2\u00A0 0.91\u00C2\u00A0 275.34\u00C2\u00A0 97\u00E2\u0080\u009016\u00C2\u00A0 3.32\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 2.42\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.12\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.16\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.84\u00C2\u00A0 92.30\u00C2\u00A0 0.88\u00C2\u00A0 266.61\u00C2\u00A0 97\u00E2\u0080\u009017\u00C2\u00A0 3.30\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 2.49\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.09\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.13\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.81\u00C2\u00A0 94.71\u00C2\u00A0 97\u00E2\u0080\u009018\u00C2\u00A0 3.29\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 2.48\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.09\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.15\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 0.84\u00C2\u00A0 92.70\u00C2\u00A0 0.90\u00C2\u00A0 272.20\u00C2\u00A0 97\u00E2\u0080\u009019\u00C2\u00A0 3.23\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 2.57\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.13\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.09\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.90\u00C2\u00A0 94.67\u00C2\u00A0 0.94\u00C2\u00A0 284.33\u00C2\u00A0 97\u00E2\u0080\u009020\u00C2\u00A0 3.31\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 2.44\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.13\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.14\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.03\u00C2\u00A0 0.83\u00C2\u00A0 94.33\u00C2\u00A0 0.84\u00C2\u00A0 257.70\u00C2\u00A0 97\u00E2\u0080\u009021\u00C2\u00A0 3.31\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 2.47\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.08\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.15\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.81\u00C2\u00A0 94.29\u00C2\u00A0 0.88\u00C2\u00A0 267.30\u00C2\u00A0 97\u00E2\u0080\u009023\u00C2\u00A0 3.23\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 2.59\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.11\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.09\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.86\u00C2\u00A0 94.65\u00C2\u00A0 0.89\u00C2\u00A0 268.74\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 196\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Sample\u00C2\u00A0 Si\u00C2\u00A0 Ti\u00C2\u00A0 Al\u00C2\u00A0 Cr\u00C2\u00A0 Fe\u00C2\u00A0 Mn\u00C2\u00A0 Mg\u00C2\u00A0 Ca\u00C2\u00A0 Na\u00C2\u00A0 K\u00C2\u00A0 Total\u00C2\u00A0(%)\u00C2\u00A0 K+(Fe\u00E2\u0080\u0090 Mg)\u00C2\u00A0 T\u00C2\u00A0(\u00C2\u00B0C)\u00C2\u00A0 97\u00E2\u0080\u009024\u00C2\u00A0 3.36\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 2.41\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.06\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.18\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.79\u00C2\u00A0 94.27\u00C2\u00A0 0.90\u00C2\u00A0 273.09\u00C2\u00A0 97\u00E2\u0080\u009025\u00C2\u00A0 3.33\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 2.46\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.06\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.15\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.80\u00C2\u00A0 92.98\u00C2\u00A0 0.89\u00C2\u00A0 268.87\u00C2\u00A0 97\u00E2\u0080\u009026\u00C2\u00A0 3.31\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 2.52\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.04\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.13\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.77\u00C2\u00A0 89.74\u00C2\u00A0 0.86\u00C2\u00A0 262.63\u00C2\u00A0 97\u00E2\u0080\u009027\u00C2\u00A0 3.31\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 2.38\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.13\u00C2\u00A0 0.00\u00C2\u00A0 0.20\u00C2\u00A0 0.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.02\u00C2\u00A0 0.84\u00C2\u00A0 84.01\u00C2\u00A0 0.91\u00C2\u00A0 275.95\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 197\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 APPENDIX\u00C2\u00A0F\u00C2\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u0090\u00C2\u00A0\u00C2\u00A0ISOTOPIC\u00C2\u00A0VARIATION\u00C2\u00A0BETWEEN\u00C2\u00A0LITHOLOGICAL\u00C2\u00A0FORMATIONS\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 Fig.\u00C2\u00A0 F1.\u00C2\u00A0 Graph\u00C2\u00A0 showing\u00C2\u00A0 the\u00C2\u00A0 stable\u00C2\u00A0 isotope\u00C2\u00A0 value\u00C2\u00A0 of\u00C2\u00A0 rock\u00C2\u00A0 samples.\u00C2\u00A0 Colours\u00C2\u00A0 indicate\u00C2\u00A0 different\u00C2\u00A0 rock\u00C2\u00A0 formations.\u00C2\u00A0 Ordovician\u00C2\u00A0Valmi\u00C2\u00A0 Formation\u00C2\u00A0does\u00C2\u00A0not\u00C2\u00A0 show\u00C2\u00A0 values\u00C2\u00A0any\u00C2\u00A0higher\u00C2\u00A0 than\u00C2\u00A021\u00C2\u00A0per\u00C2\u00A0mil,\u00C2\u00A0however\u00C2\u00A0 this\u00C2\u00A0 is\u00C2\u00A0within\u00C2\u00A0 range\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0 lower\u00C2\u00A0 Paleozoic\u00C2\u00A0 carbonate\u00C2\u00A0 isotope\u00C2\u00A0 values\u00C2\u00A0 described\u00C2\u00A0 by\u00C2\u00A0 table\u00C2\u00A0 1.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 There\u00C2\u00A0 is\u00C2\u00A0 no\u00C2\u00A0 apparent\u00C2\u00A0 correlation\u00C2\u00A0 between\u00C2\u00A0 stratigraphic\u00C2\u00A0formation\u00C2\u00A0and\u00C2\u00A0stable\u00C2\u00A0isotope\u00C2\u00A0composition\u00C2\u00A0of\u00C2\u00A0rock\u00C2\u00A0samples.\u00C2\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u009018 \u00E2\u0080\u009016 \u00E2\u0080\u009014 \u00E2\u0080\u009012 \u00E2\u0080\u009010 \u00E2\u0080\u00908 \u00E2\u0080\u00906 \u00E2\u0080\u00904 \u00E2\u0080\u00902 0 2 4 0 5 10 15 20 25 \u00CE\u00B413 C\u00C2\u00A0 V PD B\u00C2\u00A0( pe r\u00C2\u00A0m il) \u00CE\u00B418OVSMOW (per\u00C2\u00A0mil) Dh c Dw Oh c ROCK \u00E2\u0080\u009014 \u00E2\u0080\u009012 \u00E2\u0080\u009010 \u00E2\u0080\u00908 \u00E2\u0080\u00906 \u00E2\u0080\u00904 \u00E2\u0080\u00902 0 2 4 0 5 10 15 20 25 \u00CE\u00B413 C\u00C2\u00A0 V PD B\u00C2\u00A0( pe r\u00C2\u00A0m il) \u00CE\u00B418OVSMOW (per\u00C2\u00A0mil) VEINS Dw Ov Srm"@en . "Thesis/Dissertation"@en . "2010-11"@en . "10.14288/1.0052809"@en . "eng"@en . "Geological Sciences"@en . "Vancouver : University of British Columbia Library"@en . "University of British Columbia"@en . "Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International"@en . "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/"@en . "Graduate"@en . "Beyond the confines of the ore deposit : mapping low temperature hydrothermal alteration above, within, and beneath Carlin-type Gold deposits"@en . "Text"@en . "http://hdl.handle.net/2429/29423"@en .