"Non UBC"@en . "DSpace"@en . "UBCV"@en . "University of British Columbia. Sustainability Office"@en . "Cheng, Andrea"@en . "2017-03-08T16:16:45Z"@en . "2016-06-08"@en . "Single-use food service ware is often disposed in landfills, incinerators or the world\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\r\noceans where it can cause numerous adverse effects to the environment and humans.\r\nThese adverse effects include depletion of non-renewable resources, introduction of toxic\r\nchemicals into the environment, generation of air and water pollutants, and contribution to\r\nclimate change. To mitigate these impacts, many municipal governments are developing\r\npolicies, which increase the use of recyclable and compostable food service ware, and aim\r\nto divert the majority of food service waste to either composting or recycling facilities. As a\r\nresult, institutions need to transition from using conventional food service ware to either\r\nreusable options or compostable and recyclable products. The University of British\r\nColumbia\u00E2\u0080\u0099s (UBC) Point Grey campus, located in Metro Vancouver, is a prime example of an\r\ninstitution in the midst of this transition. Currently within UBC\u00E2\u0080\u0099s waste disposal system,\r\nthere is significant cross contamination between its composting and recycling streams and\r\nit is striving to improve the source separation of waste. This study determined what\r\ncompostable and recyclable food service ware products UBC should provide to its\r\nconsumers to make waste sorting more efficient and decrease contamination in the campus\r\nwaste collection system.\r\nAcross the campus, the majority of food service ware types are either compostable or\r\nrecyclable. Straws should be thrown into the garbage because they are made of unmarked\r\nplastic. Other food service ware types that were identified as garbage include: unmarked\r\nplastic cutlery, biodegradable plastics, composite paper and plastic products, aluminum-lined\r\nsleeves and sandwich toothpicks lined with cellophane. Targeted spot audits at Sort it\r\nOut stations determined that the mean percentage of item types correctly sorted across the\r\ncampus was 63%. The AMS Nest, Sauder Exchange Caf\u00C3\u00A9 and Vanier Residence Dining Hall\r\nhad correct sorting rates of 50% or lower. The items that were most commonly sorted\r\nincorrectly were: coffee cups, coffee cup lids, coffee cup sleeves, paper sleeves, compostable\r\ntake-out containers, chequered food wrapping paper, compostable Nature bowl, recyclable\r\nNature bowl lids and soiled napkins. Up to 98% of the waste analyzed during the spot\r\naudits was from the main campus.\r\nIn response to the findings from the food service ware surveys and targeted spot audits, a\r\nfood service ware management plan was recommended to improve waste sorting at UBC\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\r\nVancouver campus over the next two years. The plan has the following goals:\r\n1. Make service policies\r\n2. Increase the use of reusable/washable ware wherever possible and increase the\r\nbreadth of compostable materials on campus\r\n3. Increase awareness and competence of correct waste sorting practices\r\n4. Test compostability of new and prospective products\r\n5. Monitor waste sorting practices on campus\r\n6. Develop and implement a proper documentation and data management system\r\nUBC will accomplish its target of diverting 80% of its waste by the year 2020 through the\r\nachievement of these goals and the release of the food service ware procurement\r\nguidelines adapted through this project. Disclaimer: \u00E2\u0080\u009CUBC SEEDS provides students with the opportunity to share the findings of their studies, as well as their opinions, conclusions and recommendations with the UBC community. The reader should bear in mind that this is a student project/report and is not an official document of UBC. Furthermore readers should bear in mind that these reports may not reflect the current status of activities at UBC. We urge you to contact the research persons mentioned in a report or the SEEDS Coordinator about the current status of the subject matter of a project/report.\u00E2\u0080\u009D"@en . "https://circle.library.ubc.ca/rest/handle/2429/60829?expand=metadata"@en . " UBC Social Ecological Economic Development Studies (SEEDS) Student ReportAndrea ChengTowards Achieving Zero Waste at UBC: Food Service WareEENG 8903June 08, 201612452167University of British Columbia Disclaimer: \u00E2\u0080\u009CUBC SEEDS Program provides students with the opportunity to share the findings of their studies, as well as their opinions, conclusions and recommendations with the UBC community. The reader should bear in mind that this is a student project/report and is not an official document of UBC. Furthermore readers should bear in mind that these reports may not reflect the current status of activities at UBC. We urge you to contact the research persons mentioned in a report or a SEEDS team representative about the current status of the subject matter of a project/report\u00E2\u0080\u009D.\t i\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \tAndrea\tCheng\t\t\t\t\t\tJune\t8th,\t2016\t\t\tBachelor\tof\tTechnology\tin\tEnvironmental\tEngineering\tBCIT\tSchool\tof\tConstruction\tand\tthe\tEnvironment\tBritish\tColumbia\tInstitute\tof\tTechnologyTowards\tAchieving\tZero\tWaste\tat\tUBC:\tFood\tService\tWare\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t \t\t\tAdvisory\tCommittee\t\tIndustry\tSponsor\t\u00E2\u0080\u0093\tBud\tFraser,\tP.\tEng.\tWater\tand\tWaste\tEngineer\tat\tthe\tUniversity\tof\tBritish\tColumbia\t\tFaculty\tAdvisor\t\u00E2\u0080\u0093\tAndrew\tMarr,\tP.\tEng.\tDirector\tof\tSolid\tWaste\tPlanning\tat\tMetro\tVancouver\t\tProgram\tHead\t\u00E2\u0080\u0093\tLorne\tSampson,\tBSc,\tCPHI\t(C)\t\t\t\t\t\tAcknowledgements\t\tI\twould\tlike\tto\tthank\tAndrew\tMarr\tand\tLorne\tSampson\tfor\ttheir\tsupport,\tmentorship\tand\texpertise\tthroughout\tthis\tproject.\tI\talso\tthank\tBud\tFraser\tand\tLiska\tRicher\tfrom\tUBC\tCampus\tand\tCommunity\tPlanning\tfor\tproviding\tguidance\tduring\tthis\tproject\tas\twell\tas\tall\tthe\tnecessary\tdocuments\tand\tinformation\tto\tconduct\tfood\tservice\tware\tsurveys\tand\tspot\taudits\tat\tSort\tit\tOut\tstations.\t\t\t\t \t\t\t i\tEXECUTIVE\tSUMMARY\t\tSingle-use\tfood\tservice\tware\tis\toften\tdisposed\tin\tlandfills,\tincinerators\tor\tthe\tworld\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\toceans\twhere\tit\tcan\tcause\tnumerous\tadverse\teffects\tto\tthe\tenvironment\tand\thumans.\tThese\tadverse\teffects\tinclude\tdepletion\tof\tnon-renewable\tresources,\tintroduction\tof\ttoxic\tchemicals\tinto\tthe\tenvironment,\tgeneration\tof\tair\tand\twater\tpollutants,\tand\tcontribution\tto\tclimate\tchange.\tTo\tmitigate\tthese\timpacts,\tmany\tmunicipal\tgovernments\tare\tdeveloping\tpolicies,\twhich\tincrease\tthe\tuse\tof\trecyclable\tand\tcompostable\tfood\tservice\tware,\tand\taim\tto\tdivert\tthe\tmajority\tof\tfood\tservice\twaste\tto\teither\tcomposting\tor\trecycling\tfacilities.\tAs\ta\tresult,\tinstitutions\tneed\tto\ttransition\tfrom\tusing\tconventional\tfood\tservice\tware\tto\teither\treusable\toptions\tor\tcompostable\tand\trecyclable\tproducts.\tThe\tUniversity\tof\tBritish\tColumbia\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\t(UBC)\tPoint\tGrey\tcampus,\tlocated\tin\tMetro\tVancouver,\tis\ta\tprime\texample\tof\tan\tinstitution\tin\tthe\tmidst\tof\tthis\ttransition.\tCurrently\twithin\tUBC\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\twaste\tdisposal\tsystem,\tthere\tis\tsignificant\tcross\tcontamination\tbetween\tits\tcomposting\tand\trecycling\tstreams\tand\tit\tis\tstriving\tto\timprove\tthe\tsource\tseparation\tof\twaste.\tThis\tstudy\tdetermined\twhat\tcompostable\tand\trecyclable\tfood\tservice\tware\tproducts\tUBC\tshould\tprovide\tto\tits\tconsumers\tto\tmake\twaste\tsorting\tmore\tefficient\tand\tdecrease\tcontamination\tin\tthe\tcampus\twaste\tcollection\tsystem.\t\t\tAcross\tthe\tcampus,\tthe\tmajority\tof\tfood\tservice\tware\ttypes\tare\teither\tcompostable\tor\trecyclable.\tStraws\tshould\tbe\tthrown\tinto\tthe\tgarbage\tbecause\tthey\tare\tmade\tof\tunmarked\tplastic.\tOther\tfood\tservice\tware\ttypes\tthat\twere\tidentified\tas\tgarbage\tinclude:\tunmarked\tplastic\tcutlery,\tbiodegradable\tplastics,\tcomposite\tpaper\tand\tplastic\tproducts,\taluminum-lined\tsleeves\tand\tsandwich\ttoothpicks\tlined\twith\tcellophane.\tTargeted\tspot\taudits\tat\tSort\tit\tOut\tstations\tdetermined\tthat\tthe\tmean\tpercentage\tof\titem\ttypes\tcorrectly\tsorted\tacross\tthe\tcampus\twas\t63%.\tThe\tAMS\tNest,\tSauder\tExchange\tCaf\u00C3\u00A9\tand\tVanier\tResidence\tDining\tHall\thad\tcorrect\tsorting\trates\tof\t50%\tor\tlower.\tThe\titems\tthat\twere\tmost\tcommonly\tsorted\tincorrectly\twere:\tcoffee\tcups,\tcoffee\tcup\tlids,\tcoffee\tcup\tsleeves,\tpaper\tsleeves,\tcompostable\ttake-out\tcontainers,\tchequered\tfood\twrapping\tpaper,\tcompostable\tNature\tbowl,\trecyclable\tNature\tbowl\tlids\tand\tsoiled\tnapkins.\tUp\tto\t98%\tof\tthe\twaste\tanalyzed\tduring\tthe\tspot\taudits\twas\tfrom\tthe\tmain\tcampus.\t\tIn\tresponse\tto\tthe\tfindings\tfrom\tthe\tfood\tservice\tware\tsurveys\tand\ttargeted\tspot\taudits,\ta\tfood\tservice\tware\tmanagement\tplan\twas\trecommended\tto\timprove\twaste\tsorting\tat\tUBC\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\tVancouver\tcampus\tover\tthe\tnext\ttwo\tyears.\tThe\tplan\thas\tthe\tfollowing\tgoals:\t\t 1. Make\tservice\tpolicies\t2. Increase\tthe\tuse\tof\treusable/washable\tware\twherever\tpossible\tand\tincrease\tthe\tbreadth\tof\tcompostable\tmaterials\ton\tcampus\t3. Increase\tawareness\tand\tcompetence\tof\tcorrect\twaste\tsorting\tpractices\t4. Test\tcompostability\tof\tnew\tand\tprospective\tproducts\t5. Monitor\twaste\tsorting\tpractices\ton\tcampus\t6. Develop\tand\timplement\ta\tproper\tdocumentation\tand\tdata\tmanagement\tsystem\t\tUBC\twill\taccomplish\tits\ttarget\tof\tdiverting\t80%\tof\tits\twaste\tby\tthe\tyear\t2020\tthrough\tthe\tachievement\tof\tthese\tgoals\tand\tthe\trelease\tof\tthe\tfood\tservice\tware\tprocurement\tguidelines\tadapted\tthrough\tthis\tproject.\t\t\t ii\tTABLE\tOF\tCONTENTS\t\t\tEXECUTIVE\tSUMMARY\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6...\u00E2\u0080\u00A6.\ti\tTABLE\tOF\tCONTENTS\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6.\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6...\tii\tLIST\tOF\tTABLES\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\tiv\tLIST\tOF\tFIGURES\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6..\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\tiv\tLIST\tOF\tAPPENDICES\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6..\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\tv\tLIST\tOF\tACRONYMS\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6.....\tv\t1.0\t\t\t\t\tINTRODUCTION\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6.\t1\t1.1\t Metro\tVancouver\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\t1\t1.2\t The\tCity\tof\tVancouver\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6.\t4\t1.3\t The\tUniversity\tof\tBritish\tColumbia\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\t5\t1.3.1\t\t\t\t\tThe\tUniversity\tof\tBritish\tColumbia\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\twaste\tsystem\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\t5\t1.3.2\t\t\t\t\tRecent\twaste\tcomposition\taudits\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6...\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\t8\t\t2.0\t\t\t\t\tTHE\tRESEARCH\tPROBLEM\tSTATEMENT\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6...\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\t10\t3.0\t\t\t\t\tOBJECTIVES\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6...\t10\t4.0\t\t\t\t\tTECHNOLOGY\tREVIEW\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6..\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\t11\t4.1\t Types\tof\tfood\tservice\tware\tand\ttheir\tenvironmental\timplications\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6.\t11\t4.1.1\t\t\t\t\tExpanded\tpolystyrene\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\t11\t4.1.2\t\t\t\t\tBio-based\tplastic\tpolymers..\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\t11\t4.1.3\t\t\t\t\tLife\tCycle\tAssessments\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6...\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\t13\t4.2\t Food\tservice\tware\tcriteria\tand\tbest\tpractices\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6..\t14\t4.3\t Important\tconsiderations\tfor\tsustainable\tfood\tservice\tware\tcontracts.........................\t15\t5.0\t\t\t\t\tMETHODOLOGY\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6..\t16\t5.1\t ISO\t14001:\t2015\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6.\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6.\t16\t5.2\t Establishing\tthe\tproject\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\tscope\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6.\t17\t5.2.1\t\t\t\t\tFood\toutlets\tand\ttrucks\toperated\tby\tUBC\tFood\tServices\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6.\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\t18\t\t5.2.2\t\t\t\t\tThe\tAMS\tNest\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6...\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6...\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6.\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\t20\t5.2.3\t\t\t\t\tIndependently-run\tand\tchain\toutlets\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6...\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6.\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\t21\t5.3\t Assessing\tthe\tneeds\tof\tfood\tvendors\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6..\t22\t5.4\t Conducting\ttargeted\tspot\taudits\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6...\t22\t5.5\t Data\tanalysis\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6..\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6...\t23\t\t iii\t6.0\t\t\t\t\tRESULTS\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6..\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6...\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6....\t24\t6.1\t Food\tservice\tware\tinventories\tat\tfood\toutlets\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6..\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6..\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6.\t24\t6.1.1\t\t\t\t\tFood\toutlets\tand\ttrucks\toperated\tby\tUBC\tFood\tServices\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6.\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\t24\t6.1.2\t\t\t\t\tThe\tAMS\tNest\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6...\u00E2\u0080\u00A6...\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6.\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\t26\t6.1.3\t\t\t\t\tIndependently-run\tand\tchain\toutlets\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6...\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6.\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\t27\t6.2\t Targeted\tspot\taudits\tat\tSort\tit\tOut\tStations\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6..\u00E2\u0080\u00A6...\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6..\t28\t7.0\t\t\t\t\tDISCUSSION\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6..\t29\t7.1\t Food\tservice\tware\tto\treplace\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6...\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6.\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6.\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6.\t29\t7.2\t Other\tfactors\tthat\taffect\twaste\tsorting\tpractices\ton\tcampus\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6..\t30\t8.0\t\t\t\t\tRECOMMENDATIONS\u00E2\u0080\u00A6.\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\t32\t8.1\t Making\tservice\tpolicies\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6.\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6.\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6.\t32\t8.1.1\t\t\t\t\tDisposable\tfood\tservice\tware\tprocurement\tguidelines\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6.\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\t32\t8.1.2\t\t\t\t\tOther\tproposed\tpolicies\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6...\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6.\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\t36\t8.2\t Reusable\tfood\tservice\tware\tand\tthe\tbreadth\tof\tcompostable\titems\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6..\t37\t8.3\t Increasing\tawareness\tand\tcompetence\tof\tcorrect\twaste\tsorting\tpractices..................\t37\t8.3.1\t\t\t\t\tCommunication\twith\tthe\tpublic\u00E2\u0080\u00A6..\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6.\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\t37\t\t8.3.2\t\t\t\t\tConsistency\tin\twaste\tsorting\tinfrastructure..\u00E2\u0080\u00A6..\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6.\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\t38\t8.4\t Testing\tcompostability\tof\tnew\tand\tprospective\tproducts\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6..\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6..\t39\t8.5\t Monitoring\twaste\tsorting\tpractices\ton\tcampus\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6.\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6..\t39\t8.6\t Documentation\tand\tdata\tmanagement\tsystem\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6..\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6..\t40\t9.0\t\t\t\t\tCONCLUSION\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6..\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6..\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6...\t41\tBIBLIOGRAPHY\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6\u00E2\u0080\u00A6...............\t42\tAPPENDICES............................................................................................................................................................\t44\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t iv\tLIST\tOF\tTABLES\t\tTable\t1\t\u00E2\u0080\u0093\tContamination\tpercentages\tin\twaste\tsorting\tstreams\tfrom\twaste\taudit\tin\tMarch\t2013\tat\tthe\tWesbrook\tbuilding\tTable\t2\t\u00E2\u0080\u0093\tContamination\tpercentages\tin\twaste\tsorting\tstreams\tfrom\twaste\taudit\tin\tNovember\t2013\tat\toutdoor\tSort\tit\tOut\tstations\tTable\t3\t\u00E2\u0080\u0093\tContamination\tpercentages\tin\tthe\tcompost\tstreams\tfrom\twaste\taudit\tin\tDecember\t2013\tat\tTotem\tResidence\tDining\tHall,\tGage\tResidence,\tKoerner\tLibrary,\tCaff\u00C3\u00A9\tPerugia\tand\tThe\tLoop\tCaf\u00C3\u00A9\t\tTable\t4\t\u00E2\u0080\u0093\tHealth\tCare\tWithout\tHarm\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\tEnvironmentally\tPreferable\tPurchasing\tHierarchy\tTable\t5\t\u00E2\u0080\u0093\tSurveyed\tfood\toutlets\toperated\tby\tUBC\tFood\tServices\tTable\t6\t\u00E2\u0080\u0093\tSurveyed\tfood\ttrucks\toperated\tby\tUBC\tFood\tServices\tTable\t7\t\u00E2\u0080\u0093\tSurveyed\tfood\toutlets\tin\tthe\tAMS\tNest\tTable\t8\t\u00E2\u0080\u0093\tSurveyed\tfood\toutlets\tthat\tare\tindependently\trun\tor\toperated\tby\tchains\tTable\t9\t\u00E2\u0080\u0093\tRevised\tprocurement\tguidelines\tfor\tdisposable\tcups\tand\tother\tdrink\tcontainers\tTable\t10\t\u00E2\u0080\u0093\tRevised\tprocurement\tguidelines\tfor\tdisposable\tfood\tservice\tware\tTable\t11\t\u00E2\u0080\u0093\tRevised\tprocurement\tguidelines\tfor\tdisposable\tcutlery\tand\tother\teating\tutensils\tTable\t12\t\u00E2\u0080\u0093\tRevised\tprocurement\tguidelines\tfor\tmiscellaneous\tdisposable\tfood\tservice\titems\tTable\t13\t\u00E2\u0080\u0093\tSummary\tof\tin-house\tsorting\tstations\tthat\tdo\tnot\tmatch\tUBC\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\tSort\tit\tOut\tsystem\tTable\t14\t\u00E2\u0080\u0093\tSummary\tof\tdocuments\tand\trecords\tneeded\tfor\tthe\tfood\tservice\tware\tmanagement\tplan\t\t\t\tLIST\tOF\tFIGURES\t\tFigure\t1\t\u00E2\u0080\u0093\tDiagrams\tof\tlinear\tand\tcircular\teconomies\tFigure\t2\t\u00E2\u0080\u0093\tThe\tCity\tof\tVancouver\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\tprogress\tin\treducing\tits\t2008\tlandfill\tand\tincinerator\tdisposal\trate\tby\t50%\tby\tthe\tyear\t2020\tFigure\t3\t\u00E2\u0080\u0093\tPhoto\tof\tUBC\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\tfour-waste-stream\toutdoor\tsorting\tstations\tFigure\t4\t\u00E2\u0080\u0093\tPhoto\tof\tUBC\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\tfour-waste-stream\tindoor\tsorting\tstations\t\tFigure\t5\t\u00E2\u0080\u0093\tUBC\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\tSort\tit\tOut\twaste\tsorting\tguide\tFigure\t6\t\u00E2\u0080\u0093\tThe\tnumber\tof\tfood\tservice\tware\ttypes\tused\tby\tcaf\u00C3\u00A9s\tand\tbistros\toperated\tby\tUBC\tFood\tServices\t\tFigure\t7\t\u00E2\u0080\u0093\tThe\tnumber\tof\tfood\tservice\tware\ttypes\tused\tby\tfood\ttrucks\toperated\tby\tUBC\tFood\tServices\tFigure\t8\t\u00E2\u0080\u0093\tThe\tnumber\tof\tfood\tservice\tware\ttypes\tused\tby\tfood\toutlets\tin\tthe\tAMS\tNest\tFigure\t9\t\u00E2\u0080\u0093\tThe\tnumber\tof\tfood\tservice\tware\ttypes\tused\tby\tindependently-run\tand\tchain\tfood\toutlets\t\tFigure\t10\t\u00E2\u0080\u0093\tPercentage\tof\titems\tsorted\tcorrectly\tat\taudited\tSort\tit\tOut\tstations\tthroughout\tUBC\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\tmain\tcampus\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t v\tLIST\tOF\tAPPENDICES\t\tAppendix\tA\t\u00E2\u0080\u0093\tUBC\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\ttentative\tFood\tService\tWare\tGuideline\t\tAppendix\tB\t\u00E2\u0080\u0093\tSummary\tof\tBaseline\tSustainability\tCriteria\tfor\t\u00E2\u0080\u009CPreferred\u00E2\u0080\u009D\tBiobased\tProducts\taccording\tto\tHealth\tCare\tWithout\tHarm\tAppendix\tC\t\u00E2\u0080\u0093\tSummary\tof\tBeyond\tBaseline\tSustainability\tCriteria\tfor\t\u00E2\u0080\u009CMore\tPreferred\u00E2\u0080\u009D\tBiobased\tProducts\taccording\tto\tHealth\tCare\tWithout\tHarm\tAppendix\tD\t\u00E2\u0080\u0093\tMap\tof\tthe\tcaf\u00C3\u00A9s\tand\tbistros\toperated\tby\tUBC\tFood\tservices\tthat\twere\tsurveyed\tAppendix\tE\t\u00E2\u0080\u0093\tMap\tof\tthe\tindependently-run\tand\tchain\tfood\toutlets\tthat\twere\tsurveyed\tAppendix\tF\t\u00E2\u0080\u0093\tFood\tservice\tware\tsurvey\tcompleted\tat\tdesignated\tfood\toutlets\tthroughout\tcampus\tAppendix\tG\t\u00E2\u0080\u0093\tMap\tof\tlocations\twhere\ttargeted\tspot\tchecks\twere\tconducted.\tThe\tnumbers\tindicate\thow\tmany\taudits\toccurred\tat\teach\tsite\tAppendix\tH\t\u00E2\u0080\u0093\tProposed\tformatting\tfor\tdisposable\tfood\tservice\tware\tguidelines\tas\tapplied\tto\tfood\ttake-out\tcontainers\t\t\t\tLIST\tOF\tACRONYMS\t\tAMS\t \t \t Alma\tMater\tSociety\tASTM\t \t \t American\tSociety\tfor\tTesting\tand\tMaterial\tBPI\t \t \t Biodegradable\tProducts\tInstitute\tEPS\t \t \t Expanded\tPolystyrene\tISO\t \t \t International\tOrganization\tfor\tStandardization\tLCA\t \t \t Life\tCycle\tAssessment\tPHA\t \t \t Polyhydroxyalkanoate\tPHB\t \t \t Polyhydroxybutyrate\tPLA\t \t \t Poly\tLactic\tAcid\tQSR\t \t \t Quick\tService\tRestaurant\tSBC\t \t \t Sustainable\tBiomaterials\tCollaborative\tSHHS\t \t \t Student\tHousing\tand\tHospitality\tServices\tSOP\t \t \t Standard\tOperating\tProcedure\tSUB\t \t \t Student\tUnion\tBuilding\tUBC\t \t \t University\tof\tBritish\tColumbia\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t 1\t1.0\t\t INTRODUCTION\t\tDisposable\tfood\tservice\tware\t(i.e.\tpaper\tplates,\ttake-out\tcontainers,\tbowls,\tcups\tand\tcutlery)\tis\timportant\tin\tthe\tQuick\tService\tRestaurant\t(QSR)\tor\tfast\tfood\tindustry.\tIt\tallows\tQSRs\tto\tefficiently\tserve\ttheir\tclientele\tand\tprovides\tconsumer\tconvenience,\tminimal\tmaintenance\tand\treduced\tdishwashing\tneeds.\tHowever,\tthese\tsingle-use\tproducts\tare\toften\tdisposed\tin\tlandfills,\tincinerators\tor\tthe\tworld\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\toceans\twhere\tthey\tcan\tcause\tmultiple\tadverse\teffects\tto\tthe\tenvironment\tand\thumans.\tThese\tadverse\teffects\tinclude\tdepletion\tof\tnon-renewable\tresources,\tintroduction\tof\ttoxic\tchemicals\tinto\tthe\tenvironment,\tgeneration\tof\tair\tand\twater\tpollutants,\tcontribution\tto\tclimate\tchange\tand\tcontamination\tof\tfood\tfrom\tleaching\tchemicals\t(Health\tCare\tWithout\tHarm,\t2010).\tThese\tconcerns\thave\tpushed\tmany\tmunicipal\tgovernments\tto\tdevelop\tpolicies,\twhich\tincrease\tthe\tuse\tof\trecyclable\tand\tcompostable\tfood\tservice\tware,\tand\taim\tto\tdivert\tthe\tmajority\tof\tQSR\twaste\tto\teither\tcomposting\tor\trecycling\tfacilities.\tAs\ta\tresult,\tinstitutions\thave\thad\tto\ttransition\tfrom\tusing\tconventional\tfood\tservice\tware\tto\teither\treusable\talternatives\tor\tcompostable\tand\trecyclable\tproducts.\t\t\t\t\t1.1\t\t Metro\tVancouver\t\tMetro\tVancouver\t(formally\tthe\tGreater\tVancouver\tRegional\tDistrict)\tis\tcommitted\tto\tcreating\ta\tsustainable\tand\tliveable\tregion\tfor\tboth\tits\tresidents\tand\tbusinesses.\tSince\tthe\tlate\t1980s,\tMetro\tVancouver\tand\tits\tmember\tmunicipalities\thave\toperated\tmunicipal\tresidential\trecycling\tprograms,\tmunicipal\trecycling\tdepots,\tbackyard\tcompost\tbin\tdistribution,\tyard\twaste\tcollection,\tdisposal\tbans,\tand\tother\twaste\tmanagement\tefforts\tin\tthe\tresidential,\tinstitutional\tand\tcommercial\tsectors\t(Garden\tHeart\tProductions,\t2012).\tIn\taddition,\tMetro\tVancouver\tprovided\tsignificant\tfeedback\tto\tthe\tprovincial\tMinistry\tof\tEnvironment\tas\tthey\tdeveloped\tmany\textended\tproducer\tresponsibility\tprograms.\tCurrently,\tthe\tMetro\tVancouver\tregion\tdisposes\tof\tover\ta\tmillion\ttonnes\tof\tgarbage\tper\tyear,\tand\tfood\talong\twith\tother\tcompostable\torganics\tcomprises\tof\tapproximately\tover\t250,000\ttonnes\tper\tyear.\tThe\tfood\tservices\t(restaurants,\tcafeterias,\tcaterers,\tetc.)\tand\tretail\tfood\tsectors\t(including\tsupermarkets\tand\tcorner\tstores)\tare\tthe\tlargest\tcommercial\tgenerators\tof\tfood\twaste\tin\tthe\tLower\tMainland\t(Metro\tVancouver,\t2014).\t\t\tAs\tdiverting\tall\tfood\twaste\tfrom\tmunicipal\tlandfills\tis\ta\tkey\tcomponent\tin\tincreasing\tthe\tregion\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\trecycling\trate\tfrom\t55%\tto\t70%,\tMetro\tVancouver\tinitiated\tand\tenforced\ta\tfood\twaste\tdisposal\tban\tfrom\tlandfills\tstarting\ton\tJanuary\t1st\t2015.\tWhile\tthis\tcreated\ta\tclear\tpolicy\tregarding\tplate\tscrapings\tand\tgeneral\tfruit,\tvegetable,\tmeat\tand\tdairy\twaste,\tthere\twas\tambiguity\tas\tto\thow\tfood\tservice\tware\tand\tfood-soiled\tpaper\twould\tbe\tincluded\tin\tthe\tdisposal\tban.\tTo\thelp\tresolve\tconfusion\tinvolving\tfood\tservice\tware\tand\tfood-soiled\tpaper,\tMetro\tVancouver\tprudently\tformed\ta\tFood-Soiled\tPaper\tTask\tGroup\tin\tthe\tfall\tof\t2013\tto\tdiscuss\tthe\tlogistics\tof\tincorporating\tfood\tservice\tware\tand\tfood-soiled\tpaper\tinto\tthe\torganic\twaste\tdisposal\tban.\tThis\ttask\tgroup\tensured\tthat\tthe\tentire\trestaurant\tand\tcompostable\tfood\tservice\tware\tsupply\tchain\twas\trepresented,\tincluding\tsmall\tand\tlarge\tbusinesses.\tIt\tconsidered\tperspectives\tfrom\tcompostable\tfood\tservice\tware\tmanufacturers,\tcertifiers,\tdistributors,\tproperty\tmanagers,\twaste\thaulers,\torganics\tprocessors,\tand\tend\t\t 2\tusers.\tMetro\tVancouver\tengaged\tfood\tservice,\trestaurant\tand\tretail\tfood\tsectors\tthrough\tinteractive\tworkshops\tto\tidentify\tsolutions,\tbuild\tcapacity,\tand\tshift\tpractices\tto\tsupport\tthe\tdiversion\tof\tfood\twaste\tfrom\tlandfills\twithin\tthe\tregion\t(Metro\tVancouver,\t2014).\t\t\tMetro\tVancouver\tis\tstriving\tto\tsupport\ta\tmore\tcircular\teconomy,\twhere\tresources\tare\tused\tfor\tas\tlong\tas\tpossible,\tthe\tmaximum\tvalue\tis\textracted\tfrom\tthem\twhile\tin\tuse,\tand\tmaterials\tare\trecovered\tto\tdevelop\tregenerated\tproducts\tat\tthe\tend\tof\tan\tinitial\tproduct\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\tlife.\tThis\tis\tdichotomous\tto\tthe\tlinear\teconomy,\tin\twhich\traw\tmaterials\tare\textracted,\tproducts\tare\tproduced,\tused\tfor\tminutes\tor\tyears,\tand\tthen\tdisposed\tin\ta\tlandfill.\t\tIt\tis\twidely\taccepted\tthat\tthe\tlinear\teconomic\tsystem\twastes\tresources,\texceeds\tthe\tEarth\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\tcarrying\tcapacity,\tand\tcauses\tenvironmental\tdamage.\tFigure\t1\tportrays\tthe\tlinear\tand\tcircular\teconomies\tas\tit\tapplies\tto\tfood\tservice\tware.\tMetro\tVancouver\tconsiders\tits\tcurrent\teconomic\tsystem\tas\ta\tblend\tof\tboth\teconomic\tmodels\tthat\tis\ttransitioning\tfrom\tpurely\tlinear\tto\tcircular.\tA\tmore\tcircular\teconomy\twill\tyield\tthe\tfollowing\tbenefits:\twaste\treduction,\tmore\tuse\tfrom\tresources\tand\tproducts,\tsolutions\tfor\tresource\tsecurity\tand\tscarcity\tissues,\tand\treduction\tof\tnegative\tenvironmental\timpacts\tassociated\twith\tproduction\tand\tconsumption\t(Metro\tVancouver,\t2014).\tAs\tthe\tcircular\teconomy\tis\tan\tidealized\tmodel,\teven\tthe\tmost\tefficient\treflection\tof\tthis\tconcept\twill\tnot\tbe\t100%\tefficient.\tInevitably,\tthere\twill\tbe\tsome\twaste\tmaterial\tthat\tcannot\tbe\trecycled\tor\tcomposted,\tand\twould\tbe\tmost\tsuitably\tdisposed\tthrough\tenergy\trecovery\tfacilities\tor\tlandfills.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t3\t\t\tFigure\t1\t\u00E2\u0080\u0093\tLinear\tand\tcircular\teconomies.\tMetro\tVancouver\tis\tstriving\tto\tsupport\ta\tmore\tcircular\teconomy,\twhere\tresources\tare\tused\tfor\tas\tlong\tas\tpossible,\tthe\tmaximum\tvalue\tis\textracted\tfrom\tthem\twhile\tin\tuse,\tand\tmaterials\tare\trecovered\tto\tdevelop\tregenerated\tproducts\tat\tthe\tend\tof\tan\tinitial\tproduct\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\tlife\t(Metro\tVancouver,\t2014).\t 4\t1.2\t\t The\tCity\tof\tVancouver\t\tIn\t2009,\tthe\tCity\tof\tVancouver\tlaunched\tits\tGreenest\tCity\t2020\tAction\tPlan\tto\tengage\tcitizens\tin\tbuilding\ta\tstrong\tlocal\teconomy,\tvibrant\tand\tinclusive\tneighbourhoods,\tand\ta\tcity\ton\tthe\tleading\tedge\tof\turban\tsustainability.\tThe\tplan\tencompasses\t10\tgoals\tthat\taim\tto\tminimize\tresidents\u00E2\u0080\u0099\tecological\tfootprints\tand\taddress\tother\tenvironmental\tissues.\tThe\tfifth\tgoal\tis\tto\t\u00E2\u0080\u0098create\tzero\twaste\u00E2\u0080\u0099.\tTo\tachieve\tthis\tgoal,\tthe\tcity\thas\tset\ta\ttarget\tto\treduce\tsolid\twaste\tgoing\tto\tthe\tlandfill\tor\tincinerator\tby\t50%\tfrom\t2008\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\tlevels\t(City\tof\tVancouver,\t2012).\tIn\t2008,\tVancouver\twas\tdisposing\t480,000\ttonnes\tof\tsolid\twaste\tvia\tlandfill\tor\tincinerator\tper\tyear\tand\tin\t2013,\tthat\tnumber\twas\treduced\tby\t18%\tto\t394,600\ttonnes\tper\tyear\t(City\tof\tVancouver,\t2015).\tFigure\t2\tshows\tthe\tprogress\tVancouver\thas\tmade\tfrom\t2008\tto\t2013\tin\tsolid\twaste\treduction.\tThe\tcity\thas\tachieved\tits\twaste\treduction\tthrough\tthe\tfollowing\tstrategies:\tcollaborating\twith\tMetro\tVancouver\tto\tnurture\ta\tzero\twaste\tculture\tthrough\tcommunity\tengagement\tprograms;\tcapturing\tcompostables,\tand\tdiverting\trecyclable\tpaper,\tglass,\tmetal\tand\tplastics\tfrom\tlandfills\tand\tincinerators;\tand\tfostering\tthe\tclosed-loop\teconomy\tthat\tthe\tregion\tis\tmoving\ttowards\t(City\tof\tVancouver,\t2012).\t\t\t\tFigure\t2\t\u00E2\u0080\u0093\tThe\tCity\tof\tVancouver\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\tprogress\tin\treducing\tits\t2008\tlandfill\tand\tincinerator\tdisposal\trate\tby\t50%\tby\tthe\tyear\t2020\t(City\tof\tVancouver,\t2015).\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t 5\t1.3\t\t The\tUniversity\tof\tBritish\tColumbia\t\t1.3.1\t The\tUniversity\tof\tBritish\tColumbia\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\twaste\tsystem\t\tThe\tUniversity\tof\tBritish\tColumbia\t(UBC),\twhich\tis\tover\t400\thectares\tin\tsize,\tis\tlocated\ton\tthe\twest\tcoast\tof\tVancouver.\tWith\tapproximately\t52,700\tstudents,\tand\t15,200\tfaculty\tand\tstaff,\tthe\tcampus\tprioritizes\tcontinually\timproving\tits\teconomic,\tenvironmental\tand\tsocial\tsustainability\t(UBC\tNews,\t2016).\tUBC\tis\tminding\tits\tecological\tfootprint\tthrough\teffective\tenergy\tand\twater\tconsumption,\ttransportation\tmanagement,\tgreen\tbuilding\tdesign,\tenvironmentally\tsound\tlaboratory\tmaintenance,\tsustainable\tfood\tsystems,\ta\tzero\twaste\taction\tplan\tand\tmultiple\tgreen\tresearch\tinitiatives\t(UBC\tSustainability,\t2016).\t\t\tUBC\tsends\tapproximately\t3,000\ttonnes\tof\twaste\tto\tdisposal\twhile\trecycling\tand\tcomposting\tapproximately\tanother\t3,000\ttonnes\tof\tmaterial\t(UBC\tCampus\tand\tCommunity\tPlanning,\t2014).\t\tIn\tcongruence\twith\tthe\tregional\tand\tmunicipal\twaste\treduction\tgoals,\tUBC\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\tZero\tWaste\tAction\tPlan\tset\twaste\tdiversion\tgoals\tof\t60%\tby\t2016\tand\t80%\tby\t2020.\tTo\tachieve\tthese\tgoals,\tthe\tcampus\thas\timplemented\tits\tSort\tit\tOut\tprogram\tto\tenable\twaste\tsorting.\tSince\t2013,\tUBC\thas\treplaced\t473\tsolo\tgarbage\tcans\twith\t199\tsorting\tstations\tthroughout\tthe\tmain\tcampus\tboth\tinside\tbuildings\tand\toutdoors.\tThese\tsorting\tstations\tinclude\tbins\tfor\tfood\tscraps\tand\tother\tcompostable\titems,\trecyclable\tcontainers,\trecyclable\tpaper\tand\tgarbage\t(UBC\tSustainability,\t2015).\tPlease\trefer\tto\tFigures\t3\tand\t4\tfor\tpictures\tof\tUBC\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\toutdoor\tand\tindoor\tsorting\tstations,\tand\tFigure\t5\tfor\ta\tdisposal\tguide\tthat\tcorresponds\tto\teach\tof\tthe\tfour\tsorting\tstreams\tat\tSort\tit\tOut\tstations.\t\t\t\tFigure\t3\t\u00E2\u0080\u0093\tUBC\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\tsorting\tstations,\twhich\tare\tsituated\toutdoors\tthroughout\tthe\tcampus.\tThe\tfour\twaste\tstreams\tare\tfood\tscraps/compostable\titems,\trecyclable\tcontainers,\trecyclable\tpaper\tand\tgarbage\t(UBC\tSustainability,\t2015).\t\t\t 6\t\tFigure\t4\t\u00E2\u0080\u0093\tUBC\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\tsorting\tstations,\twhich\tare\tsituated\tin\tbuildings\tthroughout\tthe\tcampus.\tThe\tfour\twaste\tstreams\tare\tfood\tscraps/compostable\titems,\trecyclable\tcontainers,\trecyclable\tpaper\tand\tgarbage\t(photo\ttaken\tduring\tproject).\t\t\tUBC\tWaste\tManagement\tregularly\tempties\tthe\tcompost,\trecyclable\tpaper,\trecyclable\tcontainers\tand\tgarbage\tbins\tat\tthe\tSort\tit\tOut\trecycling\tstations\tthroughout\tthe\tmain\tcampus,\tand\tcollects\twaste\tfrom\tall\tcampus\tresidences.\tCardboard,\tbottles,\tcans,\tpaper\tand\tother\tplastic\tproducts\tare\ttransported\tto\tMetro\tMaterials,\twhere\tthey\tare\trepurposed\tinto\trecycled\tcommodities.\tGarbage\tand\tnon-recyclable\titems\tare\tsent\tto\tthe\tVancouver\tTransfer\tStation\t(UBC\tBuilding\tOperations,\t2016b).\tAll\tof\tthe\torganic\twaste\tgenerated\tat\tUBC\tis\tsent\tto\tthe\tin-vessel\tcompost\tunit\tlocated\tsouth\tof\tthe\tmain\tcampus\tcreating\ta\tclosed\tloop\tsystem.\tUBC\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\tcompost\tprogram\taims\tto\ttransform\tall\tpre-consumer\tfood\twaste\t(raw\tfruit\tand\tvegetable\tscraps),\tpost-consumer\twaste\t(cooked\tfruit\tand\tvegetable\tscraps,\tas\twell\tas\tmeat\tand\tdairy\tproducts),\tpaper\tplates,\tpaper\tcups,\tpaper\ttowels,\tnapkins,\tand\tlandscaping\tgreen\twaste\tinto\ta\tuseful\tsoil\tproduct\tfor\tcampus\tgardeners\tand\tuniversity\tlandscapes\t(UBC\tBuilding\tOperations,\t2016a).\t\tThe\tin-vessel\tcomposter\tdoes\tnot\tprocess\tcompostable\tor\tbiodegradable\tplastics.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t7\t\t\t \t\t\t Figure\t5\t\u00E2\u0080\u0093\tUBC\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\tSort\tit\tOut\twaste\tsorting\tguide\t(UBC\tSustainability,\t2015).\t\t 8\t1.3.2\t Recent\twaste\tcomposition\taudits\t\tIn\t2013,\ta\tseries\tof\twaste\taudits\twere\tconducted\tby\tTRI\tEnvironmental\tConsulting\tInc.\tto\tgauge\tthe\tcomposition\tand\tcontamination\tof\tpost-consumer\twaste\ton\tthe\tmain\tcampus.\tThe\tfollowing\ttables\tsummarize\tthe\tcomposition\tof\tcontaminants\tin\tUBC\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\twaste\tstream.\t\t\tTable\t1\t\u00E2\u0080\u0093\tContamination\tpercentages\tin\twaste\tsorting\tstreams\tfrom\twaste\taudit\tin\tMarch\t2013\tat\tthe\tWesbrook\tbuilding.\t(TRI\tEnvironmental\tConsulting\tInc.,\t2014)\t\tWaste\tstream\t Percentage\tof\tcontamination\tby\tweight\tContaminants\t\t\tPaper\t \t\t46%\t -\tRecyclable\tplastic\tfilm*\t-\tNon-compostable\tpaper\tcups\t-\tCompostable\tpaper\tcups\t-\tOld\tcorrugated\tcardboard\t(non-waxed)\t-\tSoiled\tpaper*\t\t\tRecyclable\tcontainers\t\t\t39%\t -\tFood\twaste\twith\tnon-compostable\tpackaging*\t-\tCompostable\tfood\twaste*\t-\tNon-recyclable\tplastics\t-\tRecyclable\tplastic\tfilms*\t-\tExpanded\tpolystyrene\t-\tOld\tcorrugated\tcardboard\t(non-waxed)\t-\tSoiled\tpaper\t\t\tOrganic\twaste\t \t\t21%\t -\tDeposit\tglass\tbeverage\tcontainers*\t-\tFood\twaste\twith\tnon-compostable\tpackaging*\t-\tRecyclable\tplastic\tfilms*\t-\tNon-compostable\tpaper\tcups*\t-\tOld\tcorrugated\tcardboard\t(non-waxed)\t-\tMixed\tpapers\t*\tIndicates\tmajor\tcontaminant\t\tTable\t2\t\u00E2\u0080\u0093\tContamination\tpercentages\tin\twaste\tsorting\tstreams\tfrom\twaste\taudit\tin\tNovember\t2013\tat\toutdoor\tSort\tit\tOut\tstations.\t(TRI\tEnvironmental\tConsulting\tInc.,\t2013b)\t\tWaste\tstream\t Percentage\tof\tcontamination\tby\tweight\tContaminants\t\tPaper\t \t67.8%\t -\tPaper\tcups*\t-\tPlastic\tfilm*\t-\tSoiled\tpaper*\t-\tFood\twaste*\t\tRecyclable\tcontainers\t \t49.0%\t -\tSoiled\tpaper*\t-\tPlastic\tfilm*\t-\tFood\twaste*\t*\tIndicates\tmajor\tcontaminant\t\t\t 9\tTable\t3\t\u00E2\u0080\u0093\tContamination\tpercentages\tin\tthe\tcompost\tstreams\tfrom\twaste\taudit\tin\tDecember\t2013\tat\tTotem\tResidence\tDining\tHall,\tGage\tResidence,\tKoerner\tLibrary,\tCaff\u00C3\u00A9\tPerugia\tand\tThe\tLoop\tCaf\u00C3\u00A9.\t(TRI\tEnvironmental\tConsulting\tInc.,\t2013a)\t\t\tLocation\t Percentage\tof\tcontamination\tby\tweight\tContaminants\tTotem\tResidence\tDining\tHall\t \t0.44%\t -\tNon-compostable\tpaper\tcups\tand\tbowls\t\t\tGage\tResidence\t \t38.51%\t -\tFood\twaste\twith\tpackaging*\t-\tNon-compostable\tpaper\tcups\tand\tbowls\t-\tPlastic\tbags\t-\tMetal\t\tKoerner\tLibrary\t \t17.23%\t -\tFood\twaste\twith\tpackaging*\t-\tNon-compostable\tpaper\tcups\tand\tbowls*\t-\tPlastic\tbags\t-\tNon-compostable\tplastics*\t\t\tCaff\u00C3\u00A9\tPerugia\t \t\t52%\t -\tFood\twaste\twith\tpackaging\t-\tNon-compostable\tcups\tand\tbowls*\t-\tNon-waxed\tcardboard*\t-\tNon-compostable\tcutlery*\t-\tPlastic\tbags\t-\tMetal\tThe\tLoop\tCaf\u00C3\u00A9\t\t 2.73%\t -\tNon-compostable\tpaper\tcups\tand\tbowls\t-\tNon-compostable\tcutlery\t*\tIndicates\tmajor\tcontaminant\t\tIn\tMarch\t2014,\tCommon\tEnergy,\ta\tstudent-run\torganization\tthat\taims\tto\tincorporate\tsustainability\tinto\tall\taspects\tof\tthe\tUBC\tcommunity,\tconducted\tanother\twaste\taudit\tat\tthe\tStudent\tUnion\tBuilding\t(SUB).\tThe\tSUB\twas\tselected\tmost\tlikely\tdue\tto\tthe\thigh\tamount\tof\tstudent\ttraffic\tthat\tmoves\tthrough\tit\ton\ta\tdaily\tbasis.\tWith\tguidance\tfrom\tTRI\tEnvironmental\tConsulting,\tCommon\tEnergy\tsorted\tthrough\t368.33\tkg\tof\twaste\tand\tdetermined\tthat\t50%\tof\tthe\ttotal\twaste\twas\tsorted\tcorrectly.\tOf\tthe\t50%\tof\tincorrectly\tsorted\twaste,\t37%\twas\tfood\tscraps,\t6%\twas\trecyclable\tcontainers,\t5%\twas\trecyclable\tpaper,\tand\t2%\twas\tconsidered\tgarbage\t(Common\tEnergy\tUBC,\t2014).\tCommon\tEnergy\tconducted\tan\tidentical\twaste\taudit\tin\tMarch\t2015\tand\tsorted\tthrough\t343.9\tkg\tof\twaste.\tThough\tthe\ttotal\tamount\tof\twaste\tsorted\twas\tless\tthan\t2014,\tonly\t39%\tof\tthe\twaste\twas\tcorrectly\tsorted.\tThis\tlower\toverall\tcorrect\tsorting\trate\twas\tattributed\tto\tinconsistency\tin\tsorting\tsignage\tdue\tto\tredesigns\tmade\twithin\tthe\tyear.\tThe\titems\tthat\twere\tcommonly\tsorted\tincorrectly\twere:\tcoffee\tcups,\tchopsticks,\tportion-packed\tsauces,\texpanded\tpolystyrene,\tplastic\tcutlery\t(with\tand\twithout\ta\trecycling\tsign),\tfood\tscraps,\tsoup\tbowls,\tsushi\tcontainers\tand\tsoft\tplastics.\tCommon\tEnergy\talso\tsuggested\tavoiding\tthe\tuse\tof\texpanded\tpolystyrene\tcontainers,\tunmarked\tplastic\tfood\tcontainers,\twaxed\tpaper\tbags\tand\twaxed\tpaper\tcups\tbecause\tthey\tare\tconsidered\tgarbage\t(Common\tEnergy\tUBC,\t2015).\t\t\t\t\t\t 10\t2.0\t\t THE\tRESEARCH\tPROBLEM\tSTATEMENT\t\tAs\tMetro\tVancouver\tbanned\torganic\twaste\tfrom\tall\tits\tdisposal\tfacilities\tat\tthe\tbeginning\tof\t2015,\tpublic\tinstitutions\tneed\tto\timplement\twaste\tseparation\tprotocols\tthat\tfollow\tthe\tregion\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\tnew\twaste\tpolicies.\tCurrently\twithin\tUBC\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\twaste\tdisposal\tsystem,\tthere\tis\tstill\tsignificant\tcross\tcontamination\tof\trecycling\tstreams\tby\tfood\tservice\tware\t\u00E2\u0080\u0093\tfor\texample,\tfood\tcontainers\tthat\tcontain\tplastic\tcutlery\tput\tinto\tcomposting\tbins.\tThe\tcampus\thas\tover\t40\tfood\tservices\tthat\toffer\tstudents,\tstaff\tand\tvisitors\ta\twide\tspectrum\tof\tfood\toptions.\tUBC\tis\tlooking\tto\timprove\tthe\tsource\tseparation\tof\twaste,\tand\treduce\tgarbage\tby\tonly\tusing\tfood\tservice\tware\tthat\tis\teither\trecyclable\tor\tcompostable,\tand\tusing\tfood\tservice\tware\tthat\tmakes\twaste\tsorting\teasier\tfor\tconsumers.\tFor\tproject\tpurposes,\tfood\tservice\tware\tincludes\tpaper\tplates,\ttake-out\tcontainers,\tbowls,\thot\tand\tcold\tdrink\tcups,\tand\tcutlery\tprovided\tto\tcustomers\tby\tfood\tservice\toutlets\tthat\ttypically\tends\tup\tin\tthe\tcampus\twaste\tmanagement\tsystem.\tThe\thypothesis\tis\tthat\tonly\tusing\trecyclable\tand\tcompostable\tfood\tservice\tware\twill\tsimplify\twaste\tsorting\tat\tUBC\tand\twill\tdecrease\tthe\tamount\tof\tcontamination\tthat\tenters\tcampus\tcomposting\tand\trecycling\tstreams.\tContamination\tdecreases\tthe\tquality\tof\twaste\tstreams\tand\tcan\tdamage\tequipment\tat\tsome\tcomposting\tfacilities.\tIn\torder\tto\tmake\tappropriate\tmanagement\tchanges,\tthe\tcampus\tneeds\tdata\ton\tcurrent\tfood\tservice\tware\tneeds,\trecyclable\tand\tcompostable\tfood\tservice\tware\tproduct\toptions,\tas\twell\tas\thow\tmuch\tof\tthe\tfood\tservice\tware\tin\tUBC\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\twaste\tsystem\toriginates\tfrom\tthe\tcampus\titself.\t\t\t\t\t3.0\t\t OBJECTIVES\t\tThe\tprimary\tresearch\tobjective\twas\tto\tdetermine\twhat\tcompostable\tand\trecyclable\tfood\tservice\tware\tproducts\tUBC\tshould\tprocure\tto\tdecrease\tcontamination\tin\tcomposting\tand\trecycling\tfacilities\tlocated\twithin\tthe\tregion.\tThis\tresearch\twas\tsupported\tby\tthe\tfollowing\tsecondary\tobjectives:\t\t\t\t\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Survey\tfood\toutlets\ton\tcampus\twith\trespect\tto\ttheir\tfood\tservice\tware\tneeds\tand\tproduct\ttypes\tcurrently\tbeing\tused\tas\twell\tas\tanalyze\tthe\tresults.\t\t\t\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Confirm\ta\tdrafted\tset\tof\tfood\tservice\tware\tcriteria\t(Appendix\tA)\twith\tUBC\tstaff.\t\t\t\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Conduct\ta\tpreliminary\tassessment\tof\thow\tmuch\tof\tthe\tfood\tservice\tware\tin\tUBC\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\twaste\tsystem\tis\tfrom\ton-campus\tfood\toutlets\tvs.\toff-campus.\t\t\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Conduct\tresearch\ton\tcurrent\tfood\tservice\tware\tproducts\tand\tcompare\tthem\tagainst\tthe\tset\tof\tcriteria\tdeveloped.\t\t\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Develop\trecommendations\tand/or\tguidelines\tfor\tfood\tservice\tware\tselection\tand\tprocurement\tbased\ton\tresearch.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t 11\t4.0\t\t TECHNOLOGY\tREVIEW\t\t4.1\t\t Types\tof\tfood\tservice\tware\tmaterials\tand\ttheir\tenvironmental\timplications\t\t4.1.1\t Expanded\tpolystyrene\t\tRestaurants,\tincluding\tQSRs\tprovide\ta\twide\trange\tof\tfood\tservice\tware\tcomposed\tof\tvarious\ttypes\tof\tmaterials.\tConventional\tplastic\tfood\tservice\tware\tis\tderived\tfrom\tnon-renewable\tfossil\tfuels\tsuch\tas\tpetroleum\tproducts.\tExpanded\tpolystyrene\t(EPS)\tis\ta\tcommon\tconventional\tplastic\tthat\tis\tused\tto\tmake\ttake-out\tfood\tcontainers\tand\tcups.\tIt\tis\tmass\tproduced\tinexpensively\tworldwide\tand\tused\tfor\tits\tlightweight,\tstiffness\tand\tthermal\tinsulating\tproperties.\tEPS\tdoes\tnot\tcompletely\tdegrade\tinto\tthe\tenvironment\tand\tposes\ta\tcomplex\tcontamination\tproblem\tfor\tmunicipalities\tand\twaste\tmanagement.\tThe\tlightweight\tmaterial\tmakes\tit\teasier\tto\tbe\tdislodged\tfrom\twaste\tbins\tand\ttransported\telsewhere,\tbecoming\tlitter.\tA\treport\tpublished\tby\tthe\tCalifornia\tIntegrated\tWaste\tManagement\tBoard\tin\t2004\tstates\tthat\tin\t1999,\tan\testimated\t300,000\ttonnes\tof\tpolystyrene\twas\tlandfilled\twith\ta\ttotal\tdisposal\tcost\tof\t$30\tmillion.\tRecycling\tEPS\tis\ttechnically\tfeasible,\thowever\tit\tis\tnot\talways\teconomically\tviable\tdue\tto\thigh\tcosts\tin\thauling\tand\tthe\tlack\tof\ta\tmarket\tfor\tfoam\tmaterials.\tRecycling\tfood\tservice\tware\tmade\tfrom\tpolystyrene\tis\talso\tdifficult\tbecause\tof\tcontamination\tfrom\tfood\t(Nguyen,\t2012).\t\tEPS\tpersists\tin\tthe\tenvironment\tposing\tthreats\tto\tmarine\tlife\tand\toccupational\tsafety.\tPieces\tof\tpolystyrene\toften\tresemble\tfood\tto\tmany\tmarine\tspecies\tand\tonce\tingested,\tcan\tcause\treduced\tappetite,\treduced\tnutrient\tadsorption,\tand\tstarvation.\tThe\tsynthetic\tchemical\tstyrene\tused\tin\tthe\tproduction\tof\tpolystyrene\tcan\tcause\tsignificant\thazards\tto\thuman\thealth.\tAlthough\tpolystyrene\tcan\tbe\tdegraded,\tit\treleases\tdangerous\tproducts\tlike\tstyrene,\tbenzene,\ttoluene\tand\tacrolein.\tExposure\tto\tstyrene\tand\tits\tproducts\tusually\toccurs\tin\toccupational\tsettings.\tIt\tcan\tbe\tabsorbed\tthrough\tinhalation\tand\tskin\tcontact\tcausing\tharm\tto\tthe\tcentral\tnervous\tsystem.\tSymptoms\tinclude\theadaches,\tfatigue,\tdizziness,\tdrowsiness,\tlight-headedness,\tconfusion,\tmalaise,\tdifficulty\tconcentrating,\tbalance\tdisturbances\tand\tthe\tfeeling\tof\tintoxication.\tWorkers\twho\tare\tchronically\texposed\tto\tstyrene\tare\tat\tincreased\trisk\tof\tdeveloping\tdepression,\tkidney\tdysfunction\tand\tcancer.\tThe\tInternational\tAgency\tfor\tResearch\ton\tCancer\tclassifies\tstyrene\tas\ta\tpotential\thuman\tcarcinogen\t(Nguyen,\t2012).\tPolystyrene\tpackaging\tcan\talso\tleach\tmolecules\tof\tstyrene\tinto\tfood.\tIn\t2011,\tthe\tUnited\tStates\tfederal\tgovernment\tadded\tpolystyrene\tto\tits\tlist\tof\tchemicals\tthat\tare\treasonably\tanticipated\tto\tcause\tcancer\t(Responsible\tPurchasing\tNetwork,\t2012).\t\t\t4.1.2\t Bio-based\tplastic\tpolymers\t\tOther\tplastics\tare\tcomposed\tof\tbio-based\tpolymers,\twhich\tare\tgenerated\tfrom\tnatural\tmaterials,\tand\tmay\tnot\tbe\tas\tpersistent\tin\tthe\tenvironment.\tThese\tnatural\tmaterials\tare\tstarches\tfrom\tcorn,\tpotato,\ttapioca,\trice\tand\twheat;\toils\tfrom\tpalm\tseed,\tlinseed,\tsoybeans;\tand\tfermentation\tproducts\tlike\tpolylactic\tacid\t(PLA),\tpolyhydroxyalkanoate\t(PHA),\tand\tpolyhydroxybutyrate\t(PHB).\t\t\t\t\t 12\tBio-based\tand\tcompostable\tfood\tservice\tware\tfall\tinto\tfour\tmain\tcategories:\t\t\t\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Cutlery\t(knives,\tforks,\tspoons,\tand\t\u00E2\u0080\u009Csporks)\t\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Food\tservice\tware\t(plates,\tbowls,\tcups,\tetc.)\t\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Take-out\tcontainers\t(boxes,\tclamshells,\tand\tother\ttypes\tof\tcontainers\twith\tlids)\t\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Other\titems\t(straws,\tfood\tservice\tgloves,\tbags,\tetc.)\t\t (Responsible\tPurchasing\tNetwork,\t2012)\t\tBiodegradability\tis\tdefined\tas\ta\tprocess\twhere\tall\tmaterial\tfragments\tare\tconsumed\tby\tmicroorganisms\tas\tfood\tand\tenergy\tsources.\tBiodegradable\tpolymers\tdo\tnot\thave\tany\tremaining\tresiduals\tor\tby-products\tafter\tcomplete\tdegradation.\tSome\tadditives\tcan\tbe\tadded\tto\tpetroleum-based\tpolymers\tcausing\tthem\tto\tbehave\tsimilarly\tto\tbiodegradable\tplastics\tby\tfragmenting\tin\tsoil.\tStarches\tand\tdegradable\tadditives\tdo\tnot\tmake\tthese\tpolymers\tbiodegradable\tsince\tmicroorganisms\tin\tthe\tsoil\tsolely\tconsume\tthe\tstarch\tportion\tof\tthe\tplastic.\tThe\tremaining\tplastic\tfragments\tin\tthe\tsoil\tmay\ttake\tmany\tdecades\tto\tfully\tdisappear\tand\tcan\tcause\tconsiderable\tenvironmental\tharm\tto\tanimals\tupon\tingestion\t(California\tState\tUniversity,\t2007).\t\t\tBiodegradability\talso\tindicates\tthat\tdegradation\twill\toccur\tin\ta\treasonable\ttime\tframe.\tA\tpractical\ttime\tspan\tfor\ta\tmaterial\tto\tbe\tconsidered\tbiodegradable\tis\tone\tgrowing\tseason\tor\t180\tdays.\tThe\tspeed\tof\tbiodegradation\tcan\tbe\tcontrolled\twith\tthe\tnumber\tand\ttype\tof\tmicrobes,\tthe\thumidity,\tand\ttemperature\t(California\tState\tUniversity,\t2007;\tNguyen,\t2012).\tAs\ttraditional\tpetroleum-based\tplastics\tcan\tdegrade\tcompletely\tin\tabout\t100\tyears,\tthey\tare\tnot\tconsidered\tbiodegradable.\tThe\tAmerican\tSociety\tfor\tTesting\tand\tMaterial\t(ASTM)\tconsiders\ta\tdegradable\tplastic\tas\ta\tmaterial,\twhich\tis\tdegraded\tcompletely\tfrom\tthe\taction\tof\tnaturally\toccurring\tmicroorganisms\tsuch\tas\tbacteria,\tfungi,\tand\talgae.\tTrue\tbiodegradable\tplastics\tshould\tbehave\texactly\tthe\tsame\tas\tother\torganic\tmaterials\tin\tthe\tsoil\tlike\tsticks\tand\tleaves\t(California\tState\tUniversity,\t2007).\t\t\tCompostable\tplastics\tare\ta\tsubset\tof\tbiodegradable\tplastics\tand\thave\ta\tmore\trigorous\tdefinition.\tThe\tterm\tcompostable\tindicates\tthat\tthe\tplastics\twill\tnot\tonly\tcompletely\tdegrade,\tbut\twill\talso\tbe\tconsumed\tin\t180\tdays\tor\tless\tunder\tproper\tcomposting\tconditions.\tThe\tASTM\trequires\tthat\tcompostable\tplastics\tdegrade\tby\tbiological\tprocesses\tyielding\tcarbon\tdioxide,\twater,\tinorganic\tcompounds\tand\tbiomass\twithin\tthe\tappropriate\ttimeframe\twithout\tleaving\tbehind\tany\tdistinguishable\ttraces\tor\ttoxic\tresidues\t(California\tState\tUniversity,\t2007).\t\t\tTree\tfibres\tand\tother\ttypes\tof\tvegetation\tcan\talso\tbe\tused\tto\tproduce\tcompostable\tpaper\tproducts\tlike\tplates,\tcutlery\tand\tcups.\tBagasse,\twhich\tis\textracted\tfrom\tsugarcane,\thas\tbeen\tused\tto\tmake\tcompostable\tfood\tservice\tware.\tIt\tis\tsuitable\tfor\thot\tand\tcold\tfood,\tand\tis\theat\tresistant\tup\tto\t104\u00C2\u00B0C.\tPaper\tand\tpaperboard\tmade\tfrom\teither\tvirgin\tor\trecycled\ttree\tfibres\tand\tcoated\twith\tPLA\tare\talso\tcompostable\toptions\t(Nguyen,\t2012).\t\t\t\t\t\t\t 13\t4.1.3\t Life\tCycle\tAssessments\t\tIn\taddition\tto\thow\tmaterials\tdegrade\tafter\tdisposal,\tit\tis\talso\timportant\tto\tconsider\ta\tmaterial\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\toverall\tenvironmental\timpact\tas\tit\tis\tproduced\tand\tused.\tLife\tCycle\tAssessments\t(LCA)\texamine\tthe\tenvironmental\timpacts\tof\tevery\tstage\tof\ta\tproduct\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\tlifetime\tfrom\t\u00E2\u0080\u009Ccradle\tto\tgrave\u00E2\u0080\u009D.\tIn\t2013,\tWachter\tet\tal.\tconducted\ta\tLCA\tanalysis\tof\tdining\tware\tat\tthe\tAlfred\tPacker\tGrill,\tUniversity\tof\tColorado\tat\tBoulder.\tThe\tassessment\tincluded\tcompostable\titems\tsuch\tas\tPLA\tsalad\tbowls\tand\tforks\tas\twell\tas\tpaper\tsoup\tcups\tand\tsugarcane\tclamshells.\tThey\talso\texamined\tseveral\ttypes\tof\tdurable\tware\tincluding\tmelamine\tplates,\tceramic\tplates,\tand\tplastic\tsoup\tand\tsalad\tbowls.\tAn\texchangeable\tpolypropylene\tclamshell\ttake\tout\tcontainer\twas\talso\tincluded\tin\tthe\tanalysis.\tEnvironmental\timpact\twas\tdetermined\tusing\tthe\tGaBi\tEducational\tsoftware\tand\tdata\tsourced\tfrom\tseveral\tdatabases.\tImpacts\twere\tquantified\tunder\tthe\tfollowing\tparameters:\tGlobal\tWarming\tPotential,\tEutrophication\tPotential\tand\tAcidification\tPotential.\tWachter\tet\tal.\tdetermined\tthat\tPLA\tproducts\tfrom\tthe\tcompany\tEco\tProducts\thave\ta\tlarger\toverall\timpact\tthan\tany\tother\tmaterial\tused\tin\tits\tproduct\tline\tincluding\tpaper\tsoup\tcups\tand\tbagasse\tclamshells.\tWhen\tthe\texchangeable\tpolypropylene\tclamshells\twere\tcompared\tto\tthe\tPLA\tfood\tservice\tware,\tthe\temissions\tassociated\twith\tthe\tPLA\twere\tsignificantly\tlower.\tThe\tlargest\tcontributor\tto\tthe\tenvironmental\timpact\tof\tthe\tPLA\tcontainers\tin\tglobal\twarming,\tacidification\tand\teutrophication\tpotentials\twas\tthe\telectricity\tused\tduring\tthe\tmanufacturing\tprocess\tin\tAsia\t(Wachter\tet\tal.,\t2013).\t\t\tWhen\tcompostable\tdishware\twas\tcompared\tto\treusable\tdishware\tfor\ta\tsingle\tuse,\tit\twas\tfound\tthat\tthe\tcompostable\tdishware\thad\tthe\tsmaller\tcarbon\tfootprint\tand\twater\tquality\timpact.\tAs\tthe\tnumber\tof\tuses\tincreases,\tthe\tenvironmental\timpact\tof\tsome\tcompostable\tproducts\tsurpasses\tthe\timpact\tof\treusable\tdishware.\tThe\tcost\tand\tenvironmental\timpact\tof\treusable\tfood\tservice\tware\tdecreases\twith\tthe\tnumber\tof\ttimes\tit\tis\tused.\tTherefore,\tany\tuse\tbeyond\tthe\tbreak-even\tpoint\tis\tmore\tenvironmentally\tfavourable\tand\tcost-efficient.\tWachter\tet\tal.\trecommend\tshifting\tto\treusable\tfood\tservice\tware\tfrom\tcompostable\tfood\tware\tto\tsave\tmoney.\tThey\talso\tsuggest\tfinding\tdomestically\tproduced\ttake-out\tcontainers\tthat\tare\tmore\tdurable\tto\tincrease\treusability\tand\tdecrease\tenvironmental\timpacts.\tCompostable\titems\tare\tthe\tmost\tideal\ttake-out\toption\tfor\tcustomers\tbecause\ttheir\tlife\tcycle\timpacts\tare\tlower\ton\ta\tone-time\tuse\tbasis\t(Wachter\tet\tal.,\t2013).\tGenerally,\tbio-based\tand\tcompostable\tfood\tservice\tware\tis\texpected\tto\tbe\tmore\texpensive\tthan\tconventional\titems\tthat\tare\tmade\twith\tpetroleum\tproducts.\tHowever,\tthese\tadditional\tcosts\tmay\tbe\toffset\tby\tavoided\twaste\tdisposal\tcosts\tas\tcomposting\tservices\toften\tcost\tless\tthan\tlandfill\tdisposal\t(Responsible\tPurchasing\tNetwork,\t2012;\tCalifornia\tState\tUniversity,\t2007;\tHealth\tCare\tWithout\tHarm,\t2010).\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t 14\t4.2\t\t Food\tservice\tware\tcriteria\tand\tbest\tpractices\t\tTo\tsimplify\tthe\tselection\tprocess\tof\tfood\tservice\tware,\tthe\torganization\tHealth\tCare\tWithout\tHarm\thas\tcreated\tan\tEnvironmentally\tPreferable\tPurchasing\tHierarchy.\tHealth\tCare\tWithout\tHarm\tis\tan\tinternational\tcoalition\twhose\tmembers\tand\tcontributors\tinclude\thospitals,\thealth\tcare\tsystems,\tmedical\tprofessionals,\tcommunity\tgroups,\thealth-affected\tconstituencies,\tlabour\tunions,\tand\tenvironmental\thealth\torganizations\t(Health\tCare\tWithout\tHarm,\t2015).\tThe\torganization\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\tEnvironmentally\tPreferable\tPurchasing\tHierarchy\tis\tbased\ton\tthe\tenvironmental\tperformance\tof\tthe\tproducts\tacross\ttheir\tlife\tcycle\tand\tis\tsummarized\tin\tTable\t4.\t\tTable\t4\t\u00E2\u0080\u0093\tHealth\tCare\tWithout\tHarm\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\tEnvironmentally\tPreferable\tPurchasing\tHierarchy\t(Health\tCare\tWithout\tHarm,\t2010)\t\tMost\tPreferred\t Reusable\tfood\tservice\tware\tMore\tPreferred\t Biobased\tproducts\t\u00E2\u0080\u0093\tMeet\tBeyond\tBaseline\tSustainability\tCriteria\tPreferred\t Biobased\tproducts\t\u00E2\u0080\u0093\tMeet\tBaseline\tSustainability\tCriteria\tLess\tPreferred\t Biobased\tproducts\t\u00E2\u0080\u0093\tDo\tnot\tmeet\tBaseline\tSustainability\tCriteria\tLeast\tPreferred\t Fossil\tfuel-based\tdisposable\tproducts\t\tThe\thierarchy\tcorresponds\tto\ttwo\tsets\tof\tcriteria\tthat\tcan\tbe\tused\tto\tevaluate\tprospective\tbiobased\tproducts:\tthe\tBaseline\tSustainability\tCriteria\tand\tthe\tBeyond\tBaseline\tSustainability\tCriteria.\tThese\tsets\tof\tcriteria\tevaluate\twhat\tmaterials\tand\tadditives\tare\tput\tinto\tthe\tfood\tservice\tware\tproducts,\twhether\tthey\tare\tcertified\tby\tan\tacceptable\tcertification\torganization,\tand\twhether\tgenetically\tengineered\tor\tmodified\tfeedstocks\thave\tbeen\tused\tto\tgenerate\tthe\tproducts\t(Health\tCare\tWithout\tHarm,\t2010).\tBoth\tsets\tof\tcriteria\tare\tincluded\tin\tthe\tAppendices\tsection\t(Appendix\tB\tand\tC)\tand\texplain\tthe\trationale\tbehind\ttheir\tcomponents.\t\tThe\tSustainable\tBiomaterials\tCollaborative\t(SBC)\talso\tprovides\ta\tset\tof\tgoals\tand\tsteps\tto\tbest\tpractices\tfor\tthe\tfollowing\tstages\tof\ta\tbioplastics\tlife\tcycle:\tFeedstock\tProduction\tand\tTransportation,\tProcessing\tand\tManufacturing,\tProduct\tDistribution\tand\tUse,\tand\tEnd\tof\tProduct\tLife.\tAlthough\tthey\tare\tintended\tfor\tthe\tprocurement\tof\tbiobased\tplastics,\tthey\tcan\tbe\tapplied\tto\tall\tfood\tservice\tware\tmaterials.\tThe\tfirst\tgoal\tin\tProduct\tDistribution\tand\tUse\tis\tto\treduce\tthe\tquantity\tof\tdisposables\tand\tto\tefficiently\tuse\treusable\tware\twhenever\tpossible.\tNext,\tthe\tSBC\tsuggests\tavoiding\tunhealthy\texposures\tfrom\tproducts\tduring\tuse\tand\tafter\tuse.\tThe\tSBC\talso\temphasizes\tthat\tpublic\tawareness\tof\tproducts\tand\ttheir\tmaterials\tas\twell\tas\tcreating\topportunities\tfor\tsustainability\teducation\tare\timportant\tin\treducing\tthe\tusage\tof\tconventional\tfossil-fuel\tbased\tproducts.\tSelecting\tproducts\tfrom\tlocal\tmanufacturers\tand\tsuppliers\twill\talso\tdecrease\tthe\tcarbon\temissions\tassociated\twith\tdistribution\t(Sustainable\tBiomaterials\tCollaborative,\t2009).\t\tThe\toverall\tgoal\tof\tcompostable\tand\tbiobased\tproducts\tis\tto\tensure\tthat\tthe\tloop\tis\tclosed\tand\tthe\tmaterials\tare\tcycled\tback\tat\tthe\tend\tof\tthe\tproduct\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\tlife\tto\tbe\treutilized.\tThe\tmost\tpreferred\tpost-consumer\toptions\tare\tclosed\tloop\trecycling\tand\tcomposting\tto\tgenerate\ta\tsafe\tsoil\tamendment\tproduct.\tIn\tsome\tcases,\trecycling\tbiobased\tplastics\tin\ta\tclosed\tloop\tprimary\trecycling\tsystem\tcan\trepresent\thigher\tvalue\tend\tuse\tthan\tcomposting\tas\tmore\tof\t\t\t 15\tthe\tenergy\tand\tresources\tembodied\tin\tthe\tproduct\tare\treclaimed.\tThe\tSBC\tsuggests\tselecting\tproducts\tthat\twill\tsafely\tand\trapidly\tdegrade\tin\tlocal\tcomposters.\tIt\trefers\tto\tASTM\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\tD6400-04\tStandard\tSpecification\tfor\tCompostable\tPlastics\tas\tan\timportant\tcertification\tto\tseek\tout\t(Sustainable\tBiomaterials\tCollaborative,\t2009).\tThe\tASTM\tD6400\tstandard\tcertifies\tcompostable\tplastics\tand\tensures\tthat\tthey\twill\tdegrade\tin\tmunicipal\tand\tindustrial\taerobic\tcomposting\tfacilities\tover\ta\t180-day\ttime\tperiod.\tThe\tstandard\tevaluates\twhether\tbioplastics\tand\tproducts\tmade\tfrom\tbioplastics\tdegrade\tat\ta\trate\tcomparable\tto\tknown\tcompostable\tmaterials\tand\tensure\tbiodegradation\tof\tthese\tproducts\twill\tnot\tcontaminate\tthe\tcompost\tsite\tnor\tdecrease\tthe\tquality\tof\tthe\tfinished\tcompost\t(California\tState\tUniversity,\t2007).\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t4.3\t\t\t\tImportant\tconsiderations\tfor\tsustainable\tfood\tservice\tware\tcontracts\t\tTo\tensure\tthat\tthe\tneeds\tof\tcustomers,\tfood\tservice\tlocations\tand\tmunicipal\tprocessing\tfacilities\tare\tmet,\tthere\tare\ttwo\tmain\tquestions\tthat\tneed\tto\tbe\tanswered:\t\t A. What\ttypes\tof\tcompostables\tand\trecyclables\tdo\tcontract\tusers\tneed?\tB. What\ttypes\tof\tcompostables\tand\trecyclables\tare\tlikely\tto\tbe\taccepted\tin\tcomposting\tfacilities\tlocated\twithin\tthe\tMetro\tVancouver\tregion?\t\tTo\tanswer\tquestion\tA,\tthe\ttypes\tof\tfood\tservice\tware\tthat\tare\tpurchased\tand\tused\tthe\tmost\tneed\tto\tbe\tdetermined.\tIt\twould\tbe\tuseful\tto\tconsult\tcontract\tusage\treports\tand\trecords\tto\tgain\tknowledge\tof\tthe\thighest\tnumber\tof\tunits\tpurchased\tand\twhere\tmost\tof\tthe\tfunds\tare\tbeing\tspent.\tThe\tgoal\tis\tto\testablish\twhich\ttypes\tof\titems\tare\tthe\tmost\timportant\tto\tcontract\tusers.\tIt\tis\talso\timportant\tto\tconsider\twhether\tcontract\tusers\thave\tspecific\tdesign\tand\tperformance\trequirements\tas\twell\tas\twhether\tcustomers\thave\tadditional\tpreferences.\tDesign\trequirements\tmay\tinclude\tthe\tsize\tor\tshape\tof\tthe\tfood\tservice\tware\tas\twell\tas\ttemperature\ttolerance\tand\tweight\tcapacity.\tAnticipating\tthe\tway\tfood\tservice\tware\tusers\twill\tdispose\ttheir\twaste\tis\talso\tkey.\tGenerally,\tminimizing\tthe\tamount\tof\tsorting\tat\twaste\tbins\tis\trecommended.\tSorting\trecyclables\tfrom\tcompostables\twill\trequire\textensive\tlabelling\tand\tsignage.\tProviding\t100%\tcompostable\tbins\twill\tincrease\tefficiency\tin\thigh\ttraffic\tlocations\tbecause\tless\ttime\twill\tbe\tspent\tsorting.\tIdentifying\topportunities\tfor\tconfusion\tand\tcontamination,\tand\tpreparing\tcorresponding\tsolutions\twill\thelp\tease\tthe\ttransition\tinto\ta\tnew\tfood\tservice\tware\tcontract\t(Responsible\tPurchasing\tNetwork,\t2012).\t\tIn\tsome\tmunicipalities,\tcomposting\tfacilities\tmay\tonly\taccept\tpaper\tand\twood-based\tproducts,\tsome\tmay\tonly\taccept\tcommercially\tcertified\tproducts,\tand\tothers\tmay\tprefer\tto\ttest\tthe\tcompostability\tof\tproducts\tin\ttheir\tfacilities\tbefore\tthey\tare\taccepted.\tTherefore,\tquestion\tB\tis\tequally\tas\tcrucial\tas\tquestion\tA.\tProducts\tthat\tdamage\tcomposting\tequipment\tor\teventually\treach\tthe\tlandfill\tdefeat\tthe\tpurpose\tof\tselecting\tcompostable\tfood\tservice\tware.\tIt\twill\tbe\timportant\tto\tdetermine\twhat\tstandards\tof\tcompostability\tthe\tcomposting\tfacilities\tin\tthe\tMetro\tVancouver\tregion\trequire.\tIt\tis\tuseful\tto\tcreate\ta\tguide\tof\tproducts\tthat\tare\talready\tapproved\tby\tlocal\tcomposters.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t 16\tIf\tcomposting\tfacilities\tneed\tto\ttest\tthe\tproducts,\tthe\tfollowing\tdetails\twill\tneed\tto\tbe\testablished:\t\t\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Clarify\thow\tthe\ttest\twill\tbe\tdone\tand\thow\tlong\tthe\ttesting\tperiod\twill\tbe\t\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Learn\thow\tmany\tsamples\tthe\tcomposting\tfacilities\twill\tneed\t\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Understand\thow\tcompostability\tand\tacceptability\twill\tbe\tdetermined\t\tAs\tproducts\tare\tdeemed\tacceptable\tor\tnot\tacceptable\tto\tlocal\tcomposting\tfacilities,\tkeep\ta\trecord\tof\twhich\tones\tto\texclude\tfrom\tthe\tcontract\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\tpurchasing\tlist.\tCreating\ta\t\u00E2\u0080\u009Cred\u00E2\u0080\u009D\tlist\tincluding\tall\tproducts\twith\tpoor\tenvironmental\tperformance\tand\timpact,\tthat\tare\tassociated\twith\thealth\trisks,\tand\tare\tnot\tcompatible\twith\tlocal\tcomposting\tfacilities\twill\thelp\texplain\tto\tcontract\tusers\twhy\tcertain\tproducts\tare\tno\tlonger\tpurchasable\t(Responsible\tPurchasing\tNetwork,\t2012).\t\t\t\t5.0\t\t METHODOLOGY\t\t5.1\t ISO\t14001:\t2015\t\tISO\t14001\tis\ta\tset\tof\tcriteria\tpublished\tby\tthe\tInternational\tOrganization\tfor\tStandardization\t(ISO)\tthat\toutlines\trequirements\tfor\tenvironmental\tmanagement\tsystems.\tThe\tstandard\tguides\torganizations\tto\tcontinually\timprove\ttheir\tenvironmental\tperformance\tthrough\tmore\tefficient\tuse\tof\tresources\tand\treduction\tof\twaste.\tThe\tframework\tenables\torganizations\tto\tachieve\taccountability\twith\tstakeholders\tand\texceed\ttheir\texpectations\tof\tenvironmental\tintegrity.\t\tThe\tmost\trecent\trevision\tto\tthe\tstandard\tin\t2015\turges\torganizations\tto\tprioritize\tenvironmental\tmanagement\tin\ttheir\tstrategic\tplans\tas\twell\tas\tdevelop\tmore\tinvolvement\tand\tcommitment\tfrom\tleadership.\tThere\tis\ta\tgreater\temphasis\ton\tthe\tneed\tfor\tlife-cycle\tthinking\tto\tensure\tconsideration\tof\tenvironmental\timpact\tfrom\tdevelopment\tto\tend-of-life\t(International\tOrganization\tfor\tStandardization,\t2015).\tISO\t14001:2015\tincludes\tseven\tmain\tthemes:\tContext\tof\tthe\tOrganization,\tLeadership,\tPlanning,\tSupport,\tOperation,\tPerformance\tEvaluation\tand\tImprovement\t(Bureau\tVeritas,\t2015).\t\t\tUnderstanding\tan\torganization\tand\tits\tcontext\tinvolves\tdetermining\tthe\tneeds\tof\tstakeholders.\tWhile\tUBC\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\twaste\treduction\tcontext\thas\tbeen\toutlined\tin\tsections\t1.1\tto\t1.3,\tfood\tservice\tware\tneeds\tacross\tcampus\tmay\tnot\tbe\tcompletely\tunderstood\tto\tdate\tand\tthe\tcurrent\tproject\twill\taid\tin\tproviding\tthis\tinformation.\tOnce\tstakeholder\tneeds\tare\tconsidered,\tadjustments\tto\timprove\tenvironmental\tperformance\tcan\tbe\timplemented\tmore\tsmoothly.\tThe\tother\tsix\tthemes\tof\tISO\t14001:2015\twill\tbe\tapplied\tto\tthe\tRecommendations\tsection\t(section\t8.0)\tof\tthis\tproject\treport.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t 17\t5.2\t\t Establishing\tthe\tproject\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\tscope\t\tThis\tproject\tused\tMetro\tVancouver\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\tFood-Soiled\tPaper\tTask\tGroup\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\twork\t(2014)\tand\tISO\t14001:2015\tas\tmodels\tin\tensuring\tthat\tall\tfood\tservice\tvendors\ton\tUBC\tcampus\twere\trepresented\tand\ttheir\tfood\tservice\tware\tneeds\twere\tconsidered.\tProject\twork\twas\tcarried\tout\tin\tconsultation\twith\trepresentatives\tfrom\tUBC\tSustainability,\twhich\tmaintains\tclose\tworking\trelationships\twith\tthe\tmajority\tof\tthe\tfood\tvendors\ton\tthe\tmain\tcampus.\t\tUBC\thas\ta\twide\tarray\tof\tfood\tservices\ton\tcampus\tthat\tare\tmanaged\tthrough\tdifferent\tauthorities.\tThe\tmajority\tof\tthe\tcaf\u00C3\u00A9s\tand\tbistros\tthroughout\tthe\tmain\tcampus\tare\toperated\tby\tUBC\tFood\tServices,\tan\textension\tof\tStudent\tHousing\tand\tHospitality\tServices\t(SHHS).\tUBC\tFood\tServices\talso\tmanages\ttwo\tresidence\tdining\trooms,\tfive\tfood\ttrucks,\tconcessions\tat\tsports\tarenas,\tand\ta\tcatering\tservice\tthrough\tWescadia\t(UBC\tFood\tServices,\t2016).\tThe\tfood\toutlets\tin\tthe\tOld\tStudent\tUnion\tBuilding\tand\tthe\tNest\tare\toperated\tby\tthe\tAlma\tMater\tSociety\t(AMS),\twhich\tis\tcommitted\tto\timproving\tthe\teducational,\tsocial\tand\tpersonal\tlives\tof\tstudents\tat\tUBC\t(UBC\tAMS,\t2016).\tThe\tcampus\talso\tleases\tout\tcommercial\tspace\tto\tfranchises\tand\tchains\tsuch\tas\tStarbucks,\tSubway,\tTim\tHorton\u00E2\u0080\u0099s,\tWhite\tSpot\tTriple\tO\u00E2\u0080\u0099s,\tBento\tSushi,\tQOOLA\tFrozen\tYogurt\tBar\tand\tLIQUID\tNutrition.\tIn\taddition,\tthere\tare\tnumerous\tindependently\towned\tand\toperated\tfood\tservices\tthroughout\tthe\tcampus.\tThese\tlocations\tsource\ttheir\town\tfood\tservice\tware.\t\t\t\tIn\torder\tto\tset\tthe\tscope\tof\tinvestigation,\ta\tlist\tof\tall\tthe\tuniversity\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\tfood\tservice\tlocations\twas\tcompiled\tand\tthe\tfollowing\taspects\twere\tconsidered:\twhich\tmanagement\tgroup\toperates\tthem,\twhether\tUBC\tcollects\ttheir\twaste,\twhether\ttheir\twaste\tenters\tUBC\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\twaste\tsystem,\tand\twhether\tUBC\thas\tcontrol\tor\tleverage\tover\ttheir\tpurchasing.\tThe\tinclusion\tof\tan\toutlet\tin\tthis\tproject\tdepended\ton\ttwo\tmajor\tcriteria:\tHow\tmuch\tthey\tcontribute\tto\tUBC\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\twaste\tsystem\tand\thow\tmuch\tinfluence\tUBC\tSustainability,\tUBC\tFood\tServices\tand\tthe\tAMS\thave\tover\ttheir\tpurchasing\tchoices.\tGenerally,\tQSRs\twere\tprioritized\tover\t\u00E2\u0080\u009Cdine-in\u00E2\u0080\u009D\trestaurants,\tas\tthe\tfast\tfood\toutlets\twere\texpected\tto\tgenerate\tthe\tmost\twaste\ton\ta\tconsistent\tbasis.\tTherefore,\tthis\tproject\texcluded\tall\t\u00E2\u0080\u009Cdine-in\u00E2\u0080\u009D\trestaurants\twithout\ta\tQSR\toption,\tsports\tarena\tconcession\tstands,\tcatering\tservices\tand\tconvenience\tstores\twith\tthe\texception\tof\tthe\tnewly\topened\tCorner\tStore\tat\tthe\tUBC\tBookstore.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t 18\t5.2.1\t Food\toutlets\tand\ttrucks\toperated\tby\tUBC\tFood\tServices\t\tEleven\tcaf\u00C3\u00A9s\tor\tbistros\twere\tselected\tto\trepresent\tUBC\tFood\tServices\tbased\ton\tgeography\tas\twell\tas\tmenu\tcomposition.\tUBC\tFood\tServices\toperates\tmany\tfood\toutlets\ton\tthe\tmain\tcampus,\ttherefore\tit\twas\timportant\tto\tsurvey\tlocations\tthat\twere\tdistributed\tthroughout\tthe\tarea\tand\tthat\tencompassed\tall\tmenu\titems\tsupplied\tthrough\tthe\tservice.\tThe\tfood\toutlets\tincluded\tin\tTable\t5\twere\tsurveyed.\t\tTable\t5\t\u00E2\u0080\u0093\tSurveyed\tfood\toutlets\toperated\tby\tUBC\tFood\tServices.\tThe\tinformation\ton\ttype\tof\tcuisine\tis\tfrom\tthe\tUBC\tFood\tServices\twebsite\t(2016).\tPlease\trefer\tto\tAppendix\tD\tfor\ta\tmap\tof\tthese\tcaf\u00C3\u00A9s\tand\tbistros.\t\tLocation\t Type\tof\tCuisine\t Activity\tLevel\t\t\tCaff\u00C3\u00A9\tPerugia\t Roast\tchicken/sundried\ttomato\tsalmon\twith\tsalad\tand\tpasta,\tclassic\tbaked\tand\ttossed\tpastas,\tflatbreads,\tsoups,\tsalads\tand\tItalian-style\twraps\tand\tsandwiches,\tpastries,\tand\tbreakfast\tsandwiches.\t\t\tHigh\t\tIke\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\tCaf\u00C3\u00A9\t Coffee,\tpastries,\tsandwiches,\twraps,\tsalads,\tsamosas,\tpasta,\tsoup,\tsnack\titems\t \tHigh\tLaw\tCaf\u00C3\u00A9\t Sandwiches,\tsoups,\tsnacks,\tbeverages\t Low\t\tThe\tLoop\tCaf\u00C3\u00A9\t Burritos\tand\tcurry\tdishes,\tfresh\tsalad\tbar,\tpastries,\tnatural\ticed\tteas\tand\tlemonades,\tcoffee/tea\t \tHigh\t\tMercante\t Traditional\tItalian\tpizzas\tcooked\tin\ta\tfiery-hot\tstone\thearth\toven.\tPastas,\tsalads,\tdesserts\tand\tspecialty\tcoffees.\t \tHigh\tNiche\tCaf\u00C3\u00A9\t House-made\tsoups,\tsandwiches,\tcoffee/tea\tand\tsnacks\t High\tReboot\t Breakfast\tpastries,\tcoffee/tea,\tsoup,\tsalad,\tsamosas,\tsandwiches\t Moderate\tSauder\tExchange\tCaf\u00C3\u00A9\t Breakfast\tpastries,\tcoffee/tea,\tsoup,\tsalad,\tsamosas,\tsandwiches\t High\tStir\tit\tUp\t Soup,\tsandwiches,\tpaninis,\tbaked\tgoods\tand\tsnacks\t Moderate\t\tTotem\tResidence\tDining\tHall\t Asian\tcuisine,\tdaily\tpasta,\tpizza,\tburgers,\tmade-to-order\tsandwiches\tand\tsweet\tdesserts\t \tHigh\t\tVanier\tResidence\tDining\tHall\t Pasta,\tfresh\tdeli\tsandwiches,\tmade-to-order\tomelettes,\tpizza,\tAsian\tcuisine,\tsalad\tbar,\thealthy\tsmoothies\tand\tsnacks\t\tHigh\tActivity\tlevel\tscale\t(customers/week):\tLow\t\u00E2\u0080\u0093\t0-200,\tModerate\t\u00E2\u0080\u0093\t200-500,\tHigh\t\u00E2\u0080\u0093\t>500\t*This\tscale\tis\tbased\toff\tof\testimates\t\t\t\t 19\tIn\taddition,\tUBC\tFood\tServices\toperates\tfive\tfood\ttrucks\tthat\tare\tdistributed\ton\ta\trotational\tbasis\talong\tthe\tcampus\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\tbusy\tcorridors.\tThese\tfood\ttrucks\twere\talso\tsurveyed\tand\tare\tlisted\tin\tTable\t6.\t\tTable\t6\t\u00E2\u0080\u0093\tSurveyed\tfood\ttrucks\toperated\tby\tUBC\tFood\tServices.\tThe\tinformation\ton\ttype\tof\tcuisine\tis\tfrom\tthe\tUBC\tFood\tServices\twebsite\t(2016).\t\tFood\tTruck\t Type\tof\tCuisine\t Activity\tLevel\tIt\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\tAbout\tThai\t Pad\tThai,\tcashew\tsalad,\tcurries\t Low\tRoaming\tBowl\t Asian-inspired\tchicken,\tbeef\tand\tvegetarian\tnoodle\tand\trice\tbowls\t Low\tSchool\tof\tFish\t Fish\ttacos,\tfish\tand\tchips,\tgrilled\tSockeye\tsalmon,\tpasta\tsalad\t Low\tThe\tDog\tHouse\t Hot\tdogs\twith\tspecialty\ttoppings\t Low\t\tThe\tHungry\tNomad\t Grill\tcheese\tsandwiches,\tMontreal\tpoutine,\tparmesan\tfries,\tchicken\ttacos,\tpulled\tpork\tsandwiches,\tsoup\t \tHigh\tActivity\tlevel\tscale\t(customers/week):\tLow\t\u00E2\u0080\u0093\t0-200,\tModerate\t\u00E2\u0080\u0093\t200-500,\tHigh\t\u00E2\u0080\u0093\t>500\t*This\tscale\tis\tbased\toff\tof\testimates\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t 20\t5.2.2\t The\tAMS\tNest\t\tAs\tthe\tnewly\tbuilt\tAMS\tNest\tis\ta\tsite\tthat\tis\tfrequently\tvisited\tby\tmany\tstudents,\tstaff\tand\tvisitors\ton\tdaily\tbasis,\tit\twas\tcrucial\tto\tthoroughly\tcover\tall\tfood\tservice\tware\tdistributed\tin\tthe\tbuilding.\tAll\televen\tof\tthe\tfood\tservices\tlocated\tin\tthe\tNest\twere\tsurveyed\tbecause\ttheir\tmenus\theavily\tdiffer\tfrom\tone\tanother.\tThese\toutlets\tare\tlisted\tbelow\tin\tTable\t7\tand\tinclude\tboth\tlocations\tthat\tare\toperated\tby\tthe\tAMS\tas\twell\tas\tcommercial\tspaces\tthat\tare\tleased\tout\tthrough\tthe\tAMS\tin\tthe\tNest.\tThese\toutlets\tare\tidentified\tas\tlessees\tin\tthe\ttable.\t\tTable\t7\t\u00E2\u0080\u0093\tSurveyed\tfood\toutlets\tin\tthe\tAMS\tNest.\tThe\tinformation\ton\ttype\tof\tcuisine\tis\tfrom\tthe\tUBC\tFood\tServices\twebsite\t(2016).\t\tLocation\t Type\tof\tCuisine\t Activity\tLevel\tThe\tDelly\t\t(Lessee)\t Indian,\tPakistani,\tsandwiches,\tsalads\t High\t\tFlip\tSide\t Burger\tand\tfries\tjoint:\tHand-made\tburgers\twith\tfreshly\tbaked\tpotato\tbuns.\t \tModerate\tGranville\tIsland\tSoup\tMarket\t(Lessee)\t Salads,\tsoups\tand\tbread\t Moderate\tThe\tGrand\tNoodle\tEmporium\t Classic\tChinese\ttake-out,\tNoodle\tbowls,\tHunan\tPork,\tPad\tThai\t Moderate\tLIQUID\tNutrition\t(Lessee)\t Smoothie\tand\tjuice\tbar\t Low\t\tPALATE\t Vegan/Vegetarian\tfood:\tsalads,\tgluten-free\tsweet\tand\tsavoury\ttreats,\tpaninis,\tsandwiches,\twraps,\tsoups\t \tLow\tPeko\tPeko\t Sushi,\tDon\tburi\tbowls\tand\tbento\tboxes\t Low\tPieR^2\t Pizza\twith\tspecialty\ttoppings\t Moderate\tQOOLA\t(Lessee)\t Frozen\tyogurt,\tsavoury\twaffles,\tsalads,\tsandwiches\t Moderate\tUppercase\t Cookies,\tbaked\tgoods,\tsandwiches,\tbagels,\tcoffee,\ttea\t Moderate\tLowercase\t Cookies,\tbaked\tgoods,\tsandwiches,\tbagels,\tcoffee,\ttea\t Moderate\tActivity\tlevel\tscale\t(customers/week):\tLow\t\u00E2\u0080\u0093\t0-200,\tModerate\t\u00E2\u0080\u0093\t200-500,\tHigh\t\u00E2\u0080\u0093\t>500\t*This\tscale\tis\tbased\toff\tof\testimates\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t 21\t5.2.3\t Independently-run\tand\tchain\toutlets\t\t \tIn\taddition\tto\tUBC\tFood\tServices\tand\tthe\tAMS,\ttwelve\tlocations\trun\tby\tchains\tor\tindependent\tgroups\twere\tsurveyed\tbecause\tthey\tare\tsituated\ton\tthe\tmain\tcampus\tand\talso\tcontribute\tto\tUBC\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\twaste\tsystem.\tThese\tfood\toutlets\tare\tlisted\tbelow\tin\tTable\t8\tand\ta\tmap\tis\tavailable\tin\tAppendix\tE.\tBento\tSushi,\tSubway,\tTim\tHorton\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\tand\tTriple\tO\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\tare\toperated\tthrough\tUBC\tFood\tServices.\tThis\tmeans\tthat\tUBC\tFood\tServices\tmanages\tthe\tstaff\tthat\tworks\tat\tthese\tfranchises\tand\tis\table\tto\tmanage\tmenu\titems,\tfood\tservice\tware\tand\twaste\tbins\tto\tan\textent\tto\talign\twith\tUBC\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\tsustainability\tstrategies.\t\t\tTable\t8\t\u00E2\u0080\u0093\tSurveyed\tfood\toutlets\tthat\tare\tindependently\trun\tor\toperated\tby\tchains.\tThe\tinformation\ton\ttype\tof\tcuisine\tis\tfrom\tthe\tUBC\tFood\tServices\twebsite\t(2016).\t\tLocation\t Type\tof\tCuisine\t Activity\tLevel\tBean\tAround\tthe\tWorld\t Specialty\tcoffee,\tpastries,\tsandwiches,\twraps,\tsalads\t High\tBento\tSushi\t Sushi,\trice\tbowls,\tnoodle\tbowls,\tsalmon\tand\tchicken\tdishes\t Low\tBoulevard\t Specialty\tcoffee,\tpastries,\tsandwiches,\twraps,\tsalads\t High\tCaf\u00C3\u00A9\tAmi\t Coffee,\tpastries,\tsandwiches,\twraps,\tsalads,\tsoup\t Moderate\tCaf\u00C3\u00A9\tMOA\t(Museum\tof\tAnthropology)\t Coffee,\tpastries,\tsandwiches,\twraps,\tsalads,\tsoup\t Moderate\tCornerstore/Peqish\t Coffee,\tpastries,\tsandwiches,\twraps,\tsalads,\tsushi\t High\t\tGreat\tDane\t Specialty\tcoffee,\tpastries,\tsandwiches,\twraps,\tsalads,\tsoup\t High\tLoafe\tCaf\u00C3\u00A9\t Specialty\tcoffee,\tpastries,\tsandwiches,\twraps,\tsalads,\tsoup\t High\t\t\t\tStarbucks\tHandcrafted\tbeverages\tincluding\tfresh-brewed\tcoffee,\thot\tand\ticed\tespresso\tbeverages,\tFrappuccino\u00C2\u00AE\tcoffee\tand\tnon-coffee\tblended\tbeverages,\tsmoothies\tand\tteas.\tBaked\tpastries,\tsandwiches,\tsalads,\toatmeal,\tyogurt\tparfaits\tand\tfruit\tcups.\t\t\t\tHigh\tSubway\t Sandwiches,\tsoups,\tsalads\t High\tTim\tHorton\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\t Coffee,\ttea,\tmuffins,\tdonuts,\tsandwiches\tand\tsoups\t High\tTriple\tO\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\t Burgers,\tfries,\tsalads,\tsoups\t High\tActivity\tlevel\tscale\t(customers/week):\tLow\t\u00E2\u0080\u0093\t0-200,\tModerate\t\u00E2\u0080\u0093\t200-500,\tHigh\t\u00E2\u0080\u0093\t>500\t*This\tscale\tis\tbased\toff\tof\testimates\t\t\t\t\t\t 22\t5.3\t\t Assessing\tthe\tneeds\tof\tfood\tvendors\t\tAs\tdiscussed\tin\tthe\ttechnology\treview,\tbefore\tmaking\tchanges\tto\tfood\tservice\tware\tpurchases,\tit\tis\timportant\tto\testablish\twhat\tfood\tservice\tware\titems\tvendors\twill\tneed.\tThis\tinformation\twas\tcollected\tthrough\ta\tfood\tservice\tware\tsurvey\tand\tin\tconsultation\twith\tcampus\tfood\toutlet\tmenus.\tThe\tauthor\tconducted\tfood\tservice\tware\tsurveys\tas\twell\tas\tanalyzed\tthe\trespective\tdata\tand\tresults.\tEach\tof\tthe\tfood\toutlets\twas\tvisited\tbetween\tNovember\t2015\tand\tFebruary\t2016\tduring\tthe\tfall\tand\twinter\tterms\twhen\tthe\tfood\toutlets\twere\toperating\tat\tmaximum\tcapacity.\tAfter\texamining\tthe\tfood\tservice\tware\tused\tat\ta\tparticular\tlocation,\tthe\tsurvey\twas\tfilled\tout.\tWhenever\tpossible,\tproduct\tbrands\twere\talso\tnoted\tdown.\t\tThe\tsurvey\tcovered\t14\tfood\tservice\tware\tcategories\twith\tthe\tpossibility\tof\tthree\tadditional\titems\tif\tthey\twere\tfound\tduring\ta\tvisit\tto\ta\tfood\toutlet.\tThe\tfull\tsurvey\tis\tincluded\tin\tAppendix\tF.\t\tThese\tcategories\tare\tlisted\tbelow:\t\t A. Hot\tdrink\tcups\tB. Hot\tdrink\tlids\tC. Cold\tdrink\tcups\tD. Cold\tdrink\tlids\tE. Bowls\t(e.g.\tsoup,\trice,\tnoodles)\tF. Bowl\tlids\tG. Food\ttake-out\tcontainers\tH. Plates\tI. Boxes\tand\ttrays\tJ. Utensils\t(forks,\tknives,\tspoons)\tK. Chopsticks\tL. Straws\tM. Paper\twrappers/sleeves\t(e.g.\tsandwiches,\tburritos)\tN. Napkins\tO. Other\titem\tP. Other\titem\tQ. Other\titem\t\t5.4\t\t Conducting\ttargeted\tspot\taudits\tat\tSort\tit\tOut\tstations\t\tIn\taddition\tto\tfilling\tout\tfood\tservice\tware\tsurveys\tfor\toutlets\tthroughout\tthe\tcampus,\ttargeted\tspot\taudits\twere\tconducted\tat\tSort\tit\tOut\tstations\tto\tidentify\tthe\tlikely\tsource\tof\tfood\tservice\tware\tand\twhether\tthey\toriginated\tfrom\tcampus\tor\tfrom\tlocations\toff-campus.\tThis\talso\toffered\tconfirmation\tof\twhat\tproducts\tare\tactually\tin\tuse\tat\tthe\tfood\toutlets.\t\t\tThe\tauthor\tconducted\ta\ttotal\tof\t14\taudits\tat\tSort\tit\tOut\tstations\tas\twell\tas\tanalyzed\tthe\trespective\tdata\tand\tresults.\tSpot\taudits\tat\tSort\tit\tOut\tstations\toccurred\teither\tduring\tthe\tfall\tterm\tin\tNovember\t2015\tor\tthe\twinter\tterm\tin\tJanuary\t2016\twhen\tfood\toutlets\twere\toperating\tat\tmaximum\tcapacity.\tThe\taudits\tincluded\tall\tfour\tbins\tat\tSort\tit\tOut\tstations\tsince\tfood\tservice\tware\tcould\thave\tended\tup\tin\tany\tof\tthem.\tAudits\twere\tconducted\tin\tlocations\tdistributed\tthroughout\tthe\tcampus\tand\toccurred\teither\tinside\tcampus\tfood\toutlets\tor\tin\tclose\tproximity\tto\tthem\tdepending\ton\twhere\tthe\tSort\tit\tOut\tstations\twere\tsituated\t(Appendix\tG\tportrays\tthese\tlocations).\tGenerally,\tlocations\tthat\twere\tbusier\twere\taudited\tmore\tthan\tonce\tat\tdifferent\tsorting\tstations.\tThe\taudits\twere\tcarried\tout\tbetween\t11:00am\tand\t2:30pm\ton\tweekdays\tto\tensure\tpeak\tlunch\thours\twere\tappropriately\trepresented.\tThey\twere\tcompleted\tby\ttaking\tpictures\tof\tbin\tcontents\tor\tthrough\t\t\t 23\tobservation\tof\twaste\tsorting\tthat\toccurred\tat\tthe\tsorting\tstations.\tThe\tpictures\tof\tbin\tcontents\tallowed\teasy\tin-depth\tanalysis\tafter\tthe\tdata\twas\tcollected.\tWaste\tsorting\tat\tthe\tSort\tit\tOut\tstations\twas\talso\tobserved\tto\toffer\tinsight\tinto\tthe\tsorting\tbehaviours\tthat\toccur\tas\tpeople\tsort\ttheir\twaste.\t\t\t\t5.5\t Data\tanalysis\t\tOnce\tthe\tsurveys\twere\tfilled\tout\tfor\tall\tof\tthe\tfood\toutlets\tlisted\tin\tsection\t5.2,\tthe\tdata\twas\tinputted\tinto\tExcel\ttables\twhich\tindicated\twhat\tmaterial\tthe\tfood\tservice\tware\titems\twere\tmade\tof\tand\twhich\tsorting\tstream\tthey\tought\tto\tbe\tsorted\tinto.\tThis\twas\tdone\tin\tconsultation\twith\tthe\tcampus\tSort\tIt\tOut\tguide\t(Figure\t5),\tCity\tof\tVancouver\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\tWaste\tWizard\tand\tBud\tFraser,\tUBC\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\tWaste\tEngineer\tat\tCampus\tand\tCommunity\tPlanning.\tThe\tCity\tof\tVancouver\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\tWaste\tWizard\tallows\ta\tuser\tto\tsearch\tfor\ta\ttype\tof\titem\tand\tprovides\tinstructions\ton\twhich\tsorting\tstream\tthe\titem\tought\tto\tbe\tplaced\tinto.\tThe\tnumber\tof\titem\ttypes\twere\tgraphed\tfor\teach\tfood\tservice\tlocation\tusing\tstacked\tbar\tgraphs\tto\tshow\thow\tmany\ttypes\tof\titems\twere\texpected\tto\tbe\tsorted\tthrough\tthe\torganics/compost,\trecycled\tcontainers,\trecyclable\tpaper\tand\tgarbage\tstreams.\t\tPictures\tand\tnotes\tfrom\tthe\tspot\taudits\twere\tused\tto\tcreate\tlists\tof\titem\ttypes\tin\teach\tof\tthe\tsorting\tbins.\tIt\twas\talso\tnoted\twhether\teach\tof\tthe\titem\ttypes\twas\tsorted\tcorrectly.\tThe\tnumbers\tof\titem\ttypes\tthat\twere\tsorted\tcorrectly\tat\teach\tsorting\tstation\twere\tgraphed\tas\tpercentages\tfor\teasy\tcomparison.\tThough\tthey\twere\tnot\tfull\twaste\tcomposition\taudits,\tthe\tspot\tchecks\toffered\tvaluable\tinsight\tinto\twhich\titems\twere\tcommonly\tbeing\tsorted\tincorrectly\tand\twhere\tpoorer\tsorting\tpractices\twere\toccurring.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t 24\t6.0\t RESULTS\t\t6.1\t Food\tservice\tware\tinventories\tat\tfood\toutlets\t\t6.1.1\t Food\toutlets\tand\ttrucks\toperated\tby\tUBC\tFood\tServices\t\tThe\tfollowing\ttwo\tfigures\t(Figure\t6\tand\tFigure\t7)\tportray\tthe\tnumber\tof\tfood\tservice\tware\ttypes\tthat\teach\tof\tthe\tsurveyed\tUBC\tFood\tServices\toutlets\tand\tfood\ttrucks\tuses.\tBased\ton\tthe\tUBC\tsorting\tguide,\tthe\tgraph\tcolours\tindicate\thow\tmany\ttypes\tof\titems\twould\tbe\tthrown\tinto\tthe\tcompost,\trecyclable\tcontainers,\trecyclable\tpaper\tand\tgarbage\tstreams\tat\ta\tparticular\toutlet.\tAcross\tthe\tcampus,\tthe\tmajority\tof\tfood\tservice\tware\ttypes\tare\teither\tcompostable\tor\trecyclable.\tStraws\twould\talways\tbe\tthrown\tinto\tthe\tgarbage\tbecause\tthey\tare\tmade\tof\tunmarked\tplastic.\tThe\tTotem\tResidence\tDining\tHall\tuses\tthe\tmost\ttypes\tof\tfood\tservice\tware\tand\tit\tis\tworthy\tto\tnote\tthat\tthe\tfood\ttrucks\tuse\tsignificantly\tless\ttypes\tof\tfood\tservice\tware.\tMercante,\tSauder\tExchange\tCaf\u00C3\u00A9\tand\tthe\tTotem\tResidence\tDining\tuse\tmore\ttypes\tof\tfood\tservice\tware\tthat\twould\tbe\tthrown\tinto\tthe\tgarbage\tstream.\tThese\titems\tinclude\tunmarked\tplastic\tcutlery,\tcomposite\tpaper\tand\tplastic\tsleeves\tfrom\tEco\tCraft,\taluminum-lined\tsleeves\tand\tsandwich\ttoothpicks\tlined\twith\tcellophane.\t\t\t\t\t\tFigure\t6\t\u00E2\u0080\u0093\tThe\tnumber\tof\tfood\tservice\tware\ttypes\tused\tby\tselected\tcaf\u00C3\u00A9s\tand\tbistros\toperated\tby\tUBC\tFood\tServices.\tThis\tdata\twas\tcollected\tin\tNovember\t2015.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Number of item types Food Service Ware Used by UBC Food Services Garbage Recyclable Paper Recyclable Containers Compost \t\t 25\t\t\tFigure\t7\t\u00E2\u0080\u0093\tThe\tnumber\tof\tfood\tservice\tware\ttypes\tused\tby\tfood\ttrucks\toperated\tby\tUBC\tFood\tServices.\tThis\tdata\twas\tcollected\tin\tFebruary\t2016.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 It's About Thai Roaming Bowl School of Fish The Dog House The Hungry Nomad Number of item types Food Service Ware used at UBC Food Trucks Garbage Recyclable Paper Recyclable Containers Compost \t\t 26\t6.1.2\t The\tAMS\tNest\t\tFigure\t8\tshows\tthe\tnumber\tof\tfood\tservice\tware\ttypes\tthat\teach\tof\tthe\toutlets\tin\tthe\tAMS\tNest\tuses.\tWhile\tthese\tfood\tservices\tuse\tfewer\ttypes\tof\tfood\tware\titems\tthan\tthe\tones\toperated\tby\tUBC\tFood\tServices,\tthere\tis\ta\tgreater\tdiversity\tbetween\tlocations\tbecause\ttheir\tmenus\tare\tso\tdifferent.\tThe\tDelly,\tPALATE,\tQOOLA,\tUppercase\tand\tLowercase\tuse\tmore\ttypes\tof\tfood\tservice\tware\tthat\twould\tbe\tthrown\tinto\tthe\tgarbage\tstream.\tThe\tDelly\thas\ta\thigher\tamount\tof\titems\tdestined\tfor\tthe\tlandfill\tbecause\ta\tlarge\tfraction\tof\tthem\tare\tcompostable\tor\tbiodegradable\tplastics\tfrom\tthe\tcompany\tEco\tProducts.\tThese\tplastics\tare\tmade\tfrom\tbiopolymers\tthat\tare\tdesigned\tto\treadily\tbreak\tdown\tbut\tare\tconsidered\tas\tcontaminants\tin\tboth\tthe\tcompost\tand\trecyclable\tcontainers\tstreams.\tQOOLA\tis\talso\tusing\tcompostable\tplastic\tcups\tand\tbiodegradable\tspoons.\tPALATE,\tUppercase\tand\tLowercase\tare\tusing\tunmarked\tplastic\tspoons\tas\twell\tas\tcomposite\tpaper\tand\tplastic\tsleeves\tfrom\tEco\tCraft,\twhich\twould\tbe\tsorted\tinto\tthe\tgarbage.\tUnmarked\tor\tbiodegradable\tstraws\tare\talso\tused\tat\tall\tthe\toutlets\tin\tthe\tNest.\t\t\t\tFigure\t8\t\u00E2\u0080\u0093\tThe\tnumber\tof\tfood\tservice\tware\ttypes\tused\tby\tfood\toutlets\tin\tthe\tAMS\tNest.\t\t *Grand\tNoodle\tEmporium.\tThis\tdata\twas\tcollected\tin\tJanuary\t2016.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Number of item types Food Service Ware Used at the AMS NEST Garbage Recyclable Paper Recyclable Containers Compost \t\t 27\t6.1.3\t Independently-run\tand\tchain\toutlets\t\tFigure\t9\trepresents\tthe\tnumber\tof\tfood\tservice\tware\ttypes\tused\tat\tthe\tindependently-run\tand\tchain\tfood\tservices\ton\tcampus.\tFor\tmost\tof\tthese\toutlets,\tthe\tresults\tare\tsimilar\tto\tthe\tresults\tfrom\tlocations\toperated\tby\tUBC\tFood\tServices\tand\tin\tthe\tAMS\tNest.\tCaf\u00C3\u00A9\tMOA,\tGreat\tDane\tand\tTim\tHorton\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\tuse\tmore\ttypes\tof\tfood\tservice\tware\tthat\twould\tbe\tthrown\tinto\tthe\tgarbage\tstream.\tCaf\u00C3\u00A9\tMOA\tand\tGreat\tDane\tare\tusing\tbiodegradable\tand\tcompostable\tplastics,\twhich\tare\tnot\tcompatible\twith\tUBC\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\tcompost\tsystem.\tOther\titems\tthat\twould\tbe\tlandfilled\tfrom\tTim\tHorton\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\tand\tother\toutlets\tin\tthis\tcategory\tinclude:\tunmarked\tplastic\tcutlery,\tunmarked\tplastic\tsoup\tbowl\tlids,\tunmarked\tplastic\tsleeves,\tplastic\tbags\tand\tunmarked\tplastic\tstir\tsticks.\tUnmarked\tor\tbiodegradable\tstraws\tare\talso\tused\tat\tthese\tfood\tservices.\t\t\tFigure\t9\t\u00E2\u0080\u0093\tThe\tnumber\tof\tfood\tservice\tware\ttypes\tused\tby\tindependently-run\tand\tchain\tfood\toutlets.\t*Bean\tAround\tthe\tWorld.\tThis\tdata\twas\tcollected\tin\tFebruary\t2016.\t\t\tKey\tobservations\tduring\tfood\tservice\tware\tsurveys\t\tWhile\tcompleting\tthe\tfood\tservice\tware\tsurveys,\ta\tcouple\tkey\tobservations\twere\tnoted.\tAlthough\tsome\tfood\toutlets\tdo\tnot\tuse\tcold\tdrink\tcups\tand\tlids,\tall\tlocations\toffer\tdrinks\tin\trecyclable\tbottles\tand\tcans.\tIn\taddition,\tout\tof\tthe\t39\tsurveyed\tfood\toutlets,\t10\toffer\treusable\tbowls,\tplates,\tcups\tand\tmetal\tcutlery\toptions\tif\tthe\tfood\tis\tgoing\tto\tbe\teaten\tin-house.\tThese\tfood\tservices\tare\tlisted\tbelow:\t\t\t\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Caff\u00C3\u00A9\tPerugia\t\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Totem\tResidence\tDining\tHall\t\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Vanier\tResidence\tDining\tHall\t\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 The\tGrand\tNoodle\tEmporium\t\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Bean\tAround\tthe\tWorld\t\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 The\tBoulevard\t\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Caf\u00C3\u00A9\tAmi\t\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Caf\u00C3\u00A9\tMOA\t\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Great\tDane\t\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Loafe\tCaf\u00C3\u00A9\t0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Number of item types Food Service Ware used at Independent/Chain Outlets Garbage Recyclable Paper Recyclable Containers Compost \t\t 28\t6.2\t Targeted\tspot\taudits\tat\tSort\tit\tOut\tstations\t\tFigure\t10\tshows\tthe\tpercentages\tof\titem\ttypes\tcorrectly\tsorted\tat\taudited\tSort\tit\tOut\tstations.\tIn\ttotal,\tthe\tspot\taudits\tincluded\t322\tsorting\tevents.\tA\tsorting\tevent\tis\tdefined\tas\tthe\topportunity\tto\tplace\tan\titem\tin\ta\tgiven\tbin\tat\ta\tgiven\tsorting\tstation.\tIf\tthe\titem,\tbin,\tor\tsorting\tstation\tchanged,\tit\twas\tconsidered\ta\tdifferent\tsorting\tevent.\tThe\tmean\tpercentage\tof\titem\ttypes\tsorted\tcorrectly\tacross\tthe\tcampus\twas\t63%.\tThe\tAMS\tNest,\tSauder\tExchange\tCaf\u00C3\u00A9\tand\tVanier\tResidence\tDining\tHall\thad\tcorrect\tsorting\trates\tof\t50%\tor\tlower.\tThe\titems\tthat\twere\tmost\tcommonly\tsorted\tincorrectly\twere:\tcoffee\tcups,\tcoffee\tcup\tlids,\tcoffee\tcup\tsleeves,\tpaper\tsleeves,\tcompostable\ttake-out\tcontainers,\tchequered\tfood\twrapping\tpaper,\tcompostable\tNature\tbowls,\trecyclable\tNature\tbowl\tlids\tand\tsoiled\tnapkins.\tOut\tof\tthe\t322\tsorting\tevents,\tseven\t(2%)\tinvolved\titems\tthat\tevidently\tcame\tfrom\toff-campus,\tmeaning\tthat\tup\tto\t98%\tof\tthe\titems\tanalyzed\tduring\tthe\tspot\taudits\twas\tfrom\tthe\tmain\tcampus.\tThe\texact\tpercentage\tof\titems\tfrom\ton\tcampus\tcannot\tbe\tdetermined\tas\tthe\torigin\tof\tfood\tscrap\titems\tcould\thave\tbeen\tfrom\toff-campus\tas\twell.\tItems\tfrom\toff-campus\tincluded:\tpizza\tboxes\tfrom\tSan\tRemo\tand\tPizza\tHut,\tmiscellaneous\tcardboard\tpackaging,\tan\texpanded\tpolystyrene\ttakeout\tcontainer,\ta\tZARA\tbag,\ta\tLittle\tBurgundy\tbag\tand\tanother\tmiscellaneous\tplastic\tretail\tbag.\t\t\tFigure\t10\t\u00E2\u0080\u0093\tPercentage\tof\titems\tsorted\tcorrectly\tat\taudited\tSort\tit\tOut\tstations\tthroughout\tUBC\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\tmain\tcampus.\tThe\tbracketed\tnumbers\tindicate\thow\tmany\ttypes\tof\titems\twere\tsorted\tat\teach\tsorting\tstation.\tAudits\twere\tconducted\tin\tNovember\t2015\tand\tJanuary\t2016.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t 29\tKey\tobservations\tduring\tspot\taudits\tat\tSort\tit\tOut\tstations\t\tWhile\tconducting\tthe\tspot\taudits,\tseveral\tobservations\twere\tnoted\tabout\tthe\tsorting\tbehaviours\tthat\toccurred\tas\tpeople\tsorted\ttheir\twaste.\tOn\ttwo\tseparate\toccasions,\tindividuals\twere\tseen\tplacing\tall\ttheir\tfood\tservice\tware\tincluding\tcompostable\titems\tand\trecyclable\titems\tinto\tpaper\tbags\tor\tplastic\tbags,\tand\tdisposing\tthe\tbags\tas\ta\twhole\titem\tinto\tone\tof\tthe\tbins.\tWhen\tthis\toccurred,\tthe\titems\twere\tconsidered\tnot\tsorted\tproperly.\tSome\tpeople\twho\tsorted\tincorrectly\talso\tappeared\tin\ta\thurry\tor\tdistracted\twhile\tlooking\tat\ttheir\tphones.\tOn\tother\toccasions,\tpeople\tappeared\tconfused\tabout\twhich\tbin\tto\tplace\ttheir\titems\tinto\tand\tthey\tstarted\tlooking\tinto\tthe\tbins\tfor\tguidance.\tIncorrect\tsorting\twas\talso\ttriggered\twhen\tthe\tbins\tat\tsorting\tstations\twere\tfull,\tusually\tat\tlocations\tthat\twere\tvery\tbusy\tduring\tpeak\tlunch\thours.\tIn\tthese\tcases,\tpeople\tleft\ttheir\titems\ton\ttop\tof\tthe\tcorrect\tbin\tor\tput\ttheir\titems\tinto\tanother\tbin\tat\tthe\tstation\tthat\tstill\thad\troom.\tIn\taddition,\talthough\tthe\tSort\tit\tOut\tstations\tare\twidely\tdistributed\tthroughout\tthe\tcampus,\tin-house\tdisposal\tstations\tin\tsome\tof\tthe\tindependently-run\tand\tchain\toutlets\tare\tstill\tsolely\tgarbage\tbins\tor\tdon\u00E2\u0080\u0099t\talign\twith\tthe\tSort\tit\tOut\tsystem.\tA\tfull\tlist\tof\tthese\tlocations\tis\tincluded\tin\tthe\tRecommendations\tsection\t(section\t8.3.2).\t\t\t\t\t7.0\t DISCUSSION\t\t7.1\t Food\tservice\tware\tto\treplace\t\tAs\tthe\tproject\tsurvey\tresults\tshow\tthat\tthe\tmajority\tof\tthe\tfood\tservice\tware\tused\tat\tUBC\tis\teither\tcompostable\tor\trecyclable,\tthe\tcampus\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\teffort\tto\tminimize\tits\twaste\tthrough\tthe\tgarbage\tstream\tis\tvery\tapparent.\tFollowing\ttheir\twaste\taudit\tin\tMarch\t2014,\tCommon\tEnergy\trecommended\tthat\tthe\tAMS\tstop\tusing\texpanded\tpolystyrene\tand\twaxed\tpaper\tbags.\tThese\tchanges\thave\tsuccessfully\tbeen\timplemented\tas\tthe\tAMS\tNest\topened\tin\tJune\t2015.\tExpanded\tpolystyrene\tand\twaxed\tpapers\tare\talso\tnot\tbeing\tused\tanywhere\telse\ton\tthe\tmain\tcampus.\t\t\tCurrently,\tthe\titems\tthat\twould\tbe\tthrown\tinto\tthe\tgarbage\tand\tlandfilled\tare:\tunmarked\tplastic\tcutlery,\tcomposite\tpaper\tand\tplastic\tsleeves,\taluminum-lined\tsleeves,\ttoothpicks\tlined\twith\tcellophane,\tcompostable\tor\tbiodegradable\tplastics,\tunmarked\tplastic\tsoup\tbowl\tlids,\tunmarked\tplastic\tsleeves,\tplastic\tbags\tand\tunmarked\tplastic\tstir\tsticks.\tThere\tare\tcompostable\tor\trecyclable\talternatives\tthat\tcould\teasily\treplace\tthese\titems\twithout\tcompromising\tfunction.\tPlastic\tproducts\tought\tto\tbe\tmarked\twith\ta\trecycling\tsign\tand\tnumber,\tand\tshould\tnot\tbe\tcompostable\tor\tbiodegradable.\tThis\twould\tminimize\tconfusion\tand\tcommunicate\tto\tusers\tthat\tthese\titems\tshould\tto\tbe\tthrown\tinto\tthe\trecyclable\tcontainers\tbin.\tWhile\tbiodegradable\tand\tcompostable\tplastics\tare\treasonable\tsolutions\tin\tother\tcities,\tthey\tcurrently\tdo\tnot\tbreak\tdown\tin\tUBC\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\tin-vessel\tcomposter\tand\twould\tnot\tbe\tcompatible\tat\tcomposting\tfacilities\tin\tthe\tMetro\tVancouver\tregion.\tUnmarked\tplastic\tsleeves,\taluminum-lined\tsleeves\tand\tcomposite\tsleeves\tcould\tbe\treplaced\twith\tcompostable\tplain\tpaper\tsleeves.\tComposite\titems\tthat\tare\tmade\tfrom\tmultiple\ttypes\tof\tmaterials\tare\tnot\tideal\tbecause\tthey\tcause\tconfusion\tabout\thow\tthey\tought\tto\tbe\tsorted.\tIn\tmost\tcases,\tpeople\twill\tnot\ttake\tthe\ttime\tto\tdissect\tthese\titems\tand\tthey\twill\tend\tup\t\t\t 30\tcontaminating\tthe\tcomposting\tstream\tor\tone\tof\tthe\trecycling\tstreams.\tIn\tthe\tcase\tof\tthe\tpaper\tand\tplastic\tsleeves,\tthe\tMarch\t2013\twaste\taudit\tat\tWesbrook\tBuilding\tidentified\tplastic\tfilms\tas\tmajor\tcontaminants\tindicating\tthat\tthey\tdo\tnot\tcurrently\tbelong\tin\tany\tof\tUBC\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\tsorting\tstreams\taside\tfrom\tthe\tgarbage.\tIn\taddition,\tplastic\tstir\tsticks\tcould\tbe\treplaced\twith\tplain\twooden\tstir\tsticks\tor\tthe\traw\tfettuccini\tnoodles\tused\twithin\tUBC\tFood\tServices.\t\t\t7.2\t Other\tfactors\tthat\taffect\twaste\tsorting\tpractices\ton\tcampus\t\tThe\tsurvey\tresults\talso\tshow\tthat\tsome\tfood\toutlets\tare\tusing\tmore\ttypes\tof\tfood\tservice\tware\tthan\tothers\tand\tit\twas\tnoted\tthat\tthe\tdiversity\tof\titems\twithin\tthe\tAMS\tNest\tis\tgreater\tthan\tdiversity\tat\tcaf\u00C3\u00A9s\tand\tbistros\toperated\tby\tUBC\tFood\tServices.\tIn\t2014,\tMenzer\tet\tal.\tconducted\ta\tstudy\tat\tthe\tUniversity\tof\tCalifornia\tat\tSanta\tBarbara\tto\tidentify\tfactors\tthat\tinfluence\tpersonal\twaste\tsorting\tpractices.\tThey\tfound\tthat\tthough\tsignage\tplayed\ta\tpart\tin\thelping\tpeople\tsort,\tother\tcomponents\taffected\tsorting\tbehaviours\tas\twell.\tThe\tmore\tdiverse\ta\tfood\tservice\tware\tsupply\tis,\tthe\tmore\tconfusing\tand\tcomplex\tit\tis\tfor\tindividuals\tto\tsort\tand\tdispose\tof\ttheir\titems\tcorrectly.\tA\thigher\tdiversity\tof\tfood\tservice\tware\titems\talso\tmakes\tit\tdifficult\tto\tdesign\tsignage\tthat\tincorporates\tenough\tvariety\tof\tmaterials\tto\tbe\teffective.\tAs\tdiscussed\tin\tsection\t6.2,\tthe\titems\tmost\tcommonly\tsorted\tincorrectly\tare\tdisposable\tcoffee\tcups,\tcoffee\tcup\tlids\tand\tcoffee\tcup\tsleeves.\tThis\tis\tlikely\tcaused\tby\tthe\tnecessity\tto\tseparate\tthe\tcoffee\tcup\tsleeve\tfrom\tthe\tcoffee\tcup\tand\tthrow\tthem\tin\ttwo\tseparate\tbins.\tEliminating\tthe\tcoffee\tcup\tsleeve\twould\tsolve\tthis\tissue.\tIn\tthe\tNest,\tUppercase\tand\tLowercase\tuse\tsleeveless\tcoffee\tmugs\tand\tas\ta\tresult,\tcoffee\tcup\tsleeves\twere\tnot\tamong\tthe\tcontaminants\tseen\tduring\tspot\taudits\tat\tthe\tSort\tit\tOut\tstations\tin\tthe\tNest.\tIn\taddition,\tthe\tlarger\tand\tmore\tvariable\ta\tcustomer\tbase\tis,\tthe\tmore\tdifficult\tit\tis\tto\testablish\tfamiliarity\twith\tproducts.\tFamiliarity\twith\tproducts\tis\tan\timportant\tcomponent\tin\tconsistently\tsorting\titems\tcorrectly\t(Menzer\tet\tal.,\t2014).\t\tThese\tfactors\twould\thelp\texplain\twhy\tcorrect\tsorting\trates\twere\tpoorer\tat\tthe\tAMS\tNest\tand\tthe\tVanier\tResidence\tDining\tHall.\t\tSince\tthe\tNest\tand\tits\tfood\tservices\trecently\topened\tin\t2015,\tthe\tstudents,\tstaff\tand\tvisitors\tmost\tlikely\thave\tnot\tbecome\tfamiliar\twith\tthe\tfood\tservice\tware\ttypes\tthat\tare\tavailable\tthere.\tAlthough\tthe\tNest\tis\ta\tbuilding\tthat\tis\tfrequently\tvisited\tby\tmany\tstudents,\tstaff\tand\tvisitors,\tit\tis\tnot\tguaranteed\tthat\tthese\tindividuals\tvisit\tit\ton\ta\tdaily\tbasis.\tThis\twould\theavily\taffect\ttheir\tfamiliarity\twith\tthe\tfood\tservice\tware\tdistributed\tthere.\tAt\tresidences\tlike\tVanier\tand\tTotem,\tthe\tstudents\twho\tlive\tthere\tchange\tfrom\tyear\tto\tyear,\twhich\tdecreases\tfamiliarity\twith\tfood\tservice\tware\titems\tused\tat\ttheir\tdining\thalls.\tThe\tfood\tservice\tware\ttypes\tare\tmore\tconsistent\twithin\tthe\tcaf\u00C3\u00A9s\tand\tbistros\tmanaged\tby\tUBC\tFood\tServices.\tThe\thigher\tcorrect\tsorting\trates\tcan\tbe\tattributed\tto\tthis\tconsistency,\tas\tpeople\tare\tmost\tlikely\tmore\tfamiliar\twith\titems\tfrom\tthese\tlocations.\t\t\t\tMenzer\tet\tal.\t(2014)\talso\tnoticed\tthat\tplastic\tbags\tand\tthe\tavailability\tof\tsingle\treceptacle\tgarbage\tcans\tdiscouraged\tpeople\tfrom\tsorting\ttheir\twaste\tcorrectly.\tAs\tnoticed\tduring\tthis\tproject,\tindividuals\ttend\tto\tgroup\tall\ttheir\twaste\titems\tinto\tplastic\tbags\tand\tthrow\tthe\tbags\taway\tas\tsingle\tunits.\tAlthough\tmany\tof\tUBC\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\tsingle\tgarbage\tcans\thave\tbeen\tremoved,\t\t\t 31\tgarbage\tcans\tthat\tare\tlocated\tin-house\tat\tsome\tfood\tservices\tand\toutdoors\twill\tstill\tcause\tpeople\tto\tincorrectly\tsort\ttheir\tcompostable\tand\trecyclable\titems.\t\tIt\twould\talso\tbe\tideal\tto\timprove\tsignage\tat\tSort\tit\tOut\tstations,\tensure\tthat\tbins\tare\taccessible\tto\thandicapped\tmembers\tof\tthe\tpublic\tand\tensure\tthat\tbin\thole\tsizes\tare\tadequately\tsized\tto\tfit\ta\tvariety\tof\titems.\tSignage\tat\tthe\tSort\tit\tOut\tbins\tcurrently\tcovers\ta\tfew\titems\tin\tthe\tform\tof\tbasic\ticons.\tThe\ticons\tand\tsupporting\ttext\tought\tto\tbe\tlarger\tso\tthat\tpeople\tcan\tstart\tthinking\tabout\thow\tthey\twill\tsort\ttheir\titems\tbefore\tthey\tget\tto\tthe\tbins.\tThe\tsignage\talso\tdoesn\u00E2\u0080\u0099t\tinclude\titems\tlike\tstraws\tor\tcardboard,\twhich\tmeans\tpeople\tneed\tto\tuse\ttheir\town\tjudgement\ton\twhere\tthese\titems\tought\tto\tgo.\tThe\tquestion\tassigned\tto\tthe\tgarbage\tstream,\t\u00E2\u0080\u009CSTOP\tIs\tthat\treally\tgarbage?\u00E2\u0080\u009D,\talso\trequires\tthe\tpublic\tto\tknow\twhat\tUBC\tCampus\tand\tCommunity\tPlanning\tconsiders\tgarbage.\tIt\tis\ta\tsubjective\tquestion\tbecause\tdifferent\tpeople\thave\tvariable\tunderstandings\tof\twhat\tthey\tconsider\tas\t\u00E2\u0080\u009Cgarbage\u00E2\u0080\u009D.\tIt\twould\tbe\tmuch\tmore\thelpful\tif\tthe\tsign\tat\tthe\tgarbage\tbins\tincluded\tvisuals\tof\titems\tthat\tconfirmed\twhich\titems\tUBC\tCampus\tand\tCommunity\tPlanning\tcategorizes\tas\tgarbage.\t\t\tThe\tSort\tit\tOut\tstations\tare\tcurrently\ttall\tenough\tto\thouse\tlarge\tsquare\tdisposal\tbins\tbut\tthe\tcurrent\theight\tmight\tnot\tbe\tfully\tfunctional\tfor\tshorter\tpeople\tlike\tchildren\tand\tindividuals\tthat\tuse\twheelchairs.\tThese\tpeople\tmay\tnot\tbe\table\tto\tsee\tthe\tsignage\ton\ttop\tof\tthe\tbins\tat\tthe\tback\tor\treach\tthe\tholes\ton\ttop.\t\tIncorrect\tsorting\trates\tcould\talso\tindicate\tthat\tthough\tsignage\tis\ta\tkey\tstrategy\tto\thelp\tpeople\tsort,\tit\tshouldn\u00E2\u0080\u0099t\tbe\tthe\tonly\tway\tcorrect\tsorting\tpractices\tare\tcommunicated\tto\tthem.\tSometimes\tindividuals\twill\tbe\tdistracted\tas\tthey\tdispose\ttheir\twaste,\ttherefore\tother\teducational\ttools\tshould\tbe\tavailable\tto\tincrease\toverall\tcomprehension\tof\tcorrect\twaste\tsorting\tpractices.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t 32\t8.0\t RECOMMENDATIONS\t\tIn\tresponse\tto\tthe\tfindings\tfrom\tthe\tfood\tservice\tware\tsurveys\tand\ttargeted\tspot\taudits,\tthe\tfollowing\tfood\tservice\tware\tmanagement\tplan\tis\trecommended\tto\timprove\twaste\tsorting\tat\tUBC\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\tVancouver\tcampus\tover\tthe\tnext\ttwo\tyears.\t\t\tThe\tplan\thas\tthe\tfollowing\tgoals:\t\t 1. Make\tservice\tpolicies\t2. Increase\tthe\tuse\tof\treusable/washable\tware\twherever\tpossible\tand\tincrease\tthe\tbreadth\tof\tcompostable\tmaterials\ton\tcampus\t3. Increase\tawareness\tand\tcompetence\tof\tcorrect\twaste\tsorting\tpractices\t4. Test\tcompostability\tof\tnew\tand\tprospective\tproducts\t5. Monitor\twaste\tsorting\tpractices\ton\tcampus\t6. Develop\tand\timplement\ta\tproper\tdocumentation\tand\tdata\tmanagement\tsystem\t\t\t8.1\t Making\tservice\tpolicies\t\tService\tpolicies\twill\tprovide\ta\tformal\tstatement\tthat\tin\toperating\tall\ttheir\tfood\toutlets,\tUBC\twill\tuse\tfood\tservice\tware\tthat\tcan\teither\tbe\trecyclable\tor\tcompostable\tand\tthat\twill\tbe\tcompatible\twith\tthe\tcampus\tand\tregional\tprocessing\tsystems.\tPublishing\tthese\tpolicies\twill\texplain\tto\tstaff,\tstudents\tand\tvisitors\twhy\tspecific\tchoices\tand\tactions\tneed\tto\tbe\tmade\tin\tthe\tfuture.\tThey\twill\thelp\tguide\tdecision-making\tthroughout\tthe\tentire\tcampus.\t\t\t\t8.1.1\t Disposable\tfood\tservice\tware\tprocurement\tguidelines\t\tUBC\tSustainability\tand\tCampus\tand\tCommunity\tPlanning\tset\tmany\tof\tthe\tcampus\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\tsustainability\tgoals\tand\tfacilitate\trelated\tpublic\tengagement\tinitiatives.\tCampus\tand\tCommunity\tPlanning\tintends\tto\tprovide\tthe\tcampus\twith\ta\tset\tof\tguidelines\tthat\twill\thelp\tfood\tservices\tselect\tappropriate\tfood\tservice\tware\titems.\t\tThe\tcurrent\tversion\tof\tUBC\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\tFood\tService\tWare\tGuideline\t(Appendix\tA)\toffers\tfood\tservice\tstaff\tand\tmanagement\tinformation\tabout\tpreferred\tcharacteristics\tand\tacceptable\tfood\tservice\tware\titems\tto\tinclude\tas\twell\tas\twhich\ttypes\tof\titems\tto\tavoid.\tThe\tresults\tfrom\tthis\tproject\twill\tassist\tin\tthe\treformatting\tof\tthe\tcurrent\tguidelines.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t 33\tThe\tfollowing\ttables\tare\tan\timproved\tset\tof\tdisposable\tfood\tservice\tware\tguidelines\tthat\taddress\teach\ttype\tof\titem\tseparately\tto\tminimize\tconfusion.\t\t\tTable\t9\t\u00E2\u0080\u0093\tRevised\tprocurement\tguidelines\tfor\tdisposable\tcups\tand\tother\tdrink\tcontainers\t\t(adapted\tfrom\tAppendix\tA,\tMay\t2016)\t\tType\tof\titem\t Preferred\t Acceptable\t Avoid\t\t\t\tHot\tdrink\tcups\t\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Certified*\tcompostable\tpaper\tor\tother\tfibre\t(plain,\tuncoated\tpaper)\t\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Coated\tpaper\tcups**\t\t\tRecyclable\tplastic\t(marked\twith\trecycling\tsymbol\tand\tnumber\t1-5)\t\t\t\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Expanded\tpolystyrene\t\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Composite\titems**\t\tHot\tdrink\tlids\t Recyclable\tplastic\t(marked\twith\trecycling\tsymbol\tand\tnumber\t1-5)\t\tN/A\t \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Compostable\tplastic\titems\t\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Unmarked\tplastic\t\t\tCold\tdrink\tcups\tand\tcontainers\t\tCertified*\tcompostable\tpaper\tor\tother\tfibre\t(plain,\tuncoated\tpaper)\t\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Recyclable\tplastic\t(marked\twith\trecycling\tsymbol\tand\tnumber\t1-5)\t\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Glass\tand\tmetal\tdeposit\tcontainers\t\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Expanded\tpolystyrene\t\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Plastic-coated\tpaper\t\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Composite\titems**\t\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Compostable\tplastic\titems\t\tCold\tdrink\tcup\tlids\t Recyclable\tplastic\t(marked\twith\trecycling\tsymbol\tand\tnumber\t1-5)\t\tN/A\t \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Compostable\tplastic\titems\t\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Unmarked\tplastic\t*\tCertified\tcompostable\tmeans\tcertified\tby\tBiodegradable\tProducts\tInstitute\t\t\t\t\t(BPI),\tBSI\tBiodegradable\tSolutions\tand\tother\trecognized\tstandards\t**\tCoated\tpaper\tcoffee\tcups\tare\trecyclable\tat\tUBC\t***\tComposite\titems\tare\tproducts\tthat\tare\tmade\tfrom\tmore\tthan\tone\ttype\tof\tmaterial\t(For\texample:\tplain\tpaper\tand\tplastic\tfilm)\tN/A\t=\tNot\tapplicable\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t 34\tTable\t10\t\u00E2\u0080\u0093\tRevised\tprocurement\tguidelines\tfor\tdisposable\tfood\tservice\tware\t\t\t\t(adapted\tfrom\tAppendix\tA,\tMay\t2016)\t\tType\tof\titem\t Preferred\t Acceptable\t Avoid\t\t\tBowls\t(e.g.\tsoup,\trice,\tnoodles)\t\tCertified*\tcompostable\tpaper\tor\tother\tfibre\t(plain,\tuncoated\tpaper)\t\tRecyclable\tplastic\t(marked\twith\trecycling\tsymbol\tand\tnumber\t1-5)\t\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Expanded\tpolystyrene\t\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Plastic-coated\tpaper\t\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Composite\titems**\t\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Compostable\tplastic\titems\t\tBowl\tlids\t Recyclable\tplastic\t(marked\twith\trecycling\tsymbol\tand\tnumber\t1-5)\t\tN/A\t \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Unmarked\tplastic\t\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Compostable\tplastic\titems\t\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Composite\titems**\t\t\tFood\ttake-out\tcontainers\t\tCertified*\tcompostable\tpaper\tor\tother\tfibre\t(plain,\tuncoated\tpaper)\t\tRecyclable\tplastic\t(marked\twith\trecycling\tsymbol\tand\tnumber\t1-5)\t\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Expanded\tpolystyrene\t\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Plastic-coated\tpaper\t\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Composite\titems**\t\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Compostable\tplastic\titems\t\t\tPlates\t \tCertified*\tcompostable\tpaper\tor\tother\tfibre\t(plain,\tuncoated\tpaper)\t\t\tN/A\t \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Expanded\tpolystyrene\t\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Plastic-coated\tpaper\t\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Composite\titems**\t\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Compostable\tplastic\titems\t\t\tBoxes\tand\ttrays\t \tCertified*\tcompostable\tpaper\tor\tother\tfibre\t(plain,\tuncoated\tpaper)\t\t\tN/A\t \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Expanded\tpolystyrene\t\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Plastic-coated\tpaper\t\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Composite\titems**\t\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Compostable\tplastic\titems\tPaper\twrappers/sleeves\t(e.g.\tsandwiches,\tburritos,\twraps)\tCertified*\tcompostable\tpaper\tor\tother\tfibre\t(plain,\tuncoated\tpaper)\t\tChequered\tPoly\tLactic\tAcid-coated\tpaper\t \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Plastic-coated\tpaper\t\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Aluminum\tfoil\t\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Waxed\tpaper\t\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Composite\titems**\t*\tCertified\tcompostable\tmeans\tcertified\tby\tBiodegradable\tProducts\tInstitute\t\t\t\t\t(BPI),\tBSI\tBiodegradable\tSolutions\tand\tother\trecognized\tstandards\t\t**\tComposite\titems\tare\tproducts\tthat\tare\tmade\tfrom\tmore\tthan\tone\ttype\tof\tmaterial\t(For\texample:\tplain\tpaper\tand\tplastic\tfilm)\tN/A\t=\tNot\tapplicable\t\t\t 35\tTable\t11\t\u00E2\u0080\u0093\tRevised\tprocurement\tguidelines\tfor\tdisposable\tcutlery\tand\tother\teating\tutensils\t(adapted\tfrom\tAppendix\tA,\tMay\t2016)\t\tType\tof\titem\t Preferred\t Acceptable\t Avoid\t\tForks,\tknives\tand\tspoons\t \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Certified*\tcompostable\twood,\tbamboo\tor\tfibre\t\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Plain,\tuncoated\twood\tor\tbamboo\tRecyclable\tplastic\t(marked\twith\trecycling\tsymbol\tand\tnumber\t1-5)\t\t\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Compostable\tplastic\titems\t\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Unmarked\tplastic\t\tChopsticks\t \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Certified*\tcompostable\twood,\tbamboo\tor\tfibre\t\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Plain,\tuncoated\twood\tor\tbamboo\t\t\tN/A\t \t\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Plastic-coated\tproducts\t\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Unmarked\tplastic\t*\tCertified\tcompostable\tmeans\tcertified\tby\tBiodegradable\tProducts\tInstitute\t\t\t\t\t(BPI),\tBSI\tBiodegradable\tSolutions\tand\tother\trecognized\tstandards\t\tN/A\t=\tNot\tapplicable\t\t\tTable\t12\t\u00E2\u0080\u0093\tRevised\tprocurement\tguidelines\tfor\tmiscellaneous\tdisposable\tfood\tservice\t\t\titems\t(adapted\tfrom\tAppendix\tA,\tMay\t2016)\t\tType\tof\titem\t Preferred\t Acceptable\t Avoid\t\tStraws\t \tTo\tbe\tdetermined\t \t\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Unmarked\tplastic\t \t\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Compostable\tplastic\titems\t\t\t\tStir\tsticks\t \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Certified*\tcompostable\twood,\tbamboo\tor\tfibre\t\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Plain,\tuncoated\twood\tor\tbamboo\t\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Fettucini\tnoodles\t\t\tN/A\t \t\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Compostable\tplastic\titems\t\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Unmarked\tplastic\t\tNapkins\t Certified*\tcompostable\tpaper\tor\tother\tfibre\t(plain,\tuncoated\tpaper)\t\tN/A\t \tN/A\t\tBags\t Certified*\tcompostable\tpaper\tor\tother\tfibre\t(plain,\tuncoated\tpaper)\t\tN/A\t \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Compostable\tplastic\titems\t\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Unmarked\tplastic\t*\tCertified\tcompostable\tmeans\tcertified\tby\tBiodegradable\tProducts\tInstitute\t\t\t\t\t(BPI),\tBSI\tBiodegradable\tSolutions\tand\tother\trecognized\tstandards\t\tN/A\t=\tNot\tapplicable\t\t\t\t 36\tIn\taddition\tto\tproviding\tthese\tprocurement\tguidelines,\tit\twould\talso\tbe\thelpful\tto\tinclude\tnotes\ton\twhich\tbrands\tand\tproducts\tare\tgenerally\tpreferred\tchoices\taccompanied\twith\tpictures\tof\tapproved\titems\tby\tCampus\tand\tCommunity\tPlanning.\tThey\tshould\tbe\tacceptable\tproducts\talready\tin\tuse\ton\tcampus\tand\tfamiliar\tto\tthe\tcampus\tpopulation.\tThis\twould\thelp\tfood\tservice\tmanagement\tand\tstaff\tfind\teasy\talternatives\tefficiently\twithout\thaving\tto\tdo\ttheir\town\tresearch.\tEach\titem\tincluded\tin\tthe\tguideline\tshould\tinclude\ta\tsymbol\tthat\tindicates\twhich\tsorting\tstream\tit\tmust\tbe\tthrown\tinto.\tThe\tguideline\tshould\talso\texplain\twhy\tparticular\ttypes\tof\tproducts\tincluding\tcompostable\tor\tbiodegradable\tplastics\tand\tcomposite\tproducts\tare\tnot\tsuitable\tfor\tUBC\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\twaste\tsorting\tsystem.\tThe\tguideline\tin\tAppendix\tA\tindicates\tthat\tcertified\tcompostable\tproducts\tare\taccepted\ton\tcampus\tbut\tas\tseen\twith\tmany\tof\tthe\tplastic\tproducts\tfrom\tEco\tProducts,\tthough\tthey\tare\tcertified\tas\tcompostable,\tthey\twould\tcause\tcontamination\tin\tthe\tcampus\tcomposting\tstream.\tPlease\trefer\tto\tAppendix\tH\tfor\tan\tadapted\tversion\tof\tthe\tprocurement\tguidelines\tfor\tfood\ttake-out\tcontainers\twhere\tall\tthese\tadditional\taspects\tare\tapplied.\t\tThe\tfinal\tversion\tof\tthe\tprocurement\tguidelines\twould\tinclude\tall\titems\tcovered\tin\tTables\t9\tto\t12\twith\tsimilar\tformatting\tas\tthat\tdisplayed\tin\tAppendix\tH.\tWhen\tthe\tfinal\tversion\tof\tthe\tguideline\tis\tcompleted,\tit\tshould\tbe\tdistributed\tto\tall\tfood\tservice\toutlets\tand\treleased\tonline\tto\tensure\tit\tis\thighly\taccessible\tto\tstakeholders.\t\t\t8.1.2\t Other\tproposed\tpolicies\t\tTo\tcompliment\tthe\trelease\tof\tthe\tdisposable\tfood\tservice\tware\tprocurement\tguidelines,\tCampus\tand\tCommunity\tPlanning\tcould\tdevelop\ta\tsystem\tthat\ttests\tand\tdocuments\tcurrent\tand\tprospective\tproducts\tto\tensure\tthey\tare\tcompatible\twith\tthe\tlocal\tin-vessel\tcomposter.\tThe\tcampus\tcould\talso\tdevelop\ta\tset\tof\ttechnical\tguidelines\tprescribing\thow\tin-house\tsorting\tbins\tought\tto\tlook\tlike\tto\talign\twith\tthe\tcampus\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\tSort\tit\tOut\twaste\tsystem.\tThe\tfollowing\taspects\tshould\tbe\tconsidered:\tnumber\tof\tsorting\tbins\tincluded,\tsignage\tand\tcolour\tcoding.\tAs\tUBC\tleases\tout\tcommercial\tspaces\tto\tfood\tservices,\tit\twould\tbe\tbeneficial\tto\tmake\ta\tpolicy\tthat\tgives\tCampus\tand\tCommunity\tPlanning\tthe\tright\tto\trequest\tthat\tbusinesses\tstop\tusing\tcertain\tfood\tservice\tware\titems\tor\tin-house\tdisposal\tbins.\tThis\tcircumstance\twould\tbe\tapplicable\tif\tUBC\tcollects\ttheir\twaste,\tif\tthe\titems\tcause\tconfusion\tamong\tcustomers\tand\tif\tthey\tcause\tcontamination\tat\tsorting\tstations.\tCurrently,\tMetro\tVancouver\thas\tno\tauthority\tto\ttell\tbusinesses\twhat\tfood\tservice\tware\titems\tto\tuse.\tThey\toffer\tguiding\tinformation\ton\ttheir\twebsite\tand\tstate\tthat\tbusinesses\tneed\tto\tconfirm\twith\ttheir\twaste\tcollectors\tas\twell\tas\tregional\trecycling\tand\tcomposting\tfacilities\twhether\tor\tnot\titems\tare\tacceptable\t(personal\tcommunication\twith\tAndrew\tMarr\ton\tMarch\t18th\t2016).\tSince\tUBC\tsupplies\twaste\tcollection\tservices\tto\tbusinesses\twithin\tmain\tcampus\tlimits\tand\toperates\tthe\tin-vessel\tcomposter\ton\tSouth\tCampus,\tit\tmust\thave\tmore\tauthority\tover\twhat\tthey\tcollect.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t 37\t8.2\t Reusable\tfood\tservice\tware\tand\tthe\tbreadth\tof\tcompostable\titems\t\tThe\tResults\tsection\t(section\t6.1)\tidentified\t10\tfood\tservice\tlocations\tthat\toffer\treusable\tplates,\tcups,\tbowls\tand\tcutlery.\tIt\tis\trecommended\tthat\tcurrent\tand\tprospective\tfood\tservices\talso\tconsider\tthe\tuse\tof\treusable\tware,\tas\tthis\twould\tultimately\treduce\tthe\tamount\tof\twaste\tentering\tUBC\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\twaste\tcollection\tsystem.\t\tSince\tcompostable\tand\tbiodegradable\tplastics\tare\tnot\tcompatible\twith\tUBC\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\tcomposting\tsystem\tand\tcomposting\tfacilities\tin\tthe\tMetro\tVancouver\tregion,\tit\tis\trecommended\tthat\tUBC\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\tfood\tservice\tstaff\tand\tmanagement\tphase\tout\tthe\tuse\tof\tthese\tproducts\tto\tminimize\tconfusion\tand\tcontamination\tat\tthe\tSort\tit\tOut\tstations.\tAll\tplastic\tbags\tcould\tbe\treplaced\twith\tpaper\tbags\tto\tdecrease\tthe\tamount\tof\tbags\tthrown\tinto\tthe\tgarbage\tand\tencourage\tthe\tpublic\tto\tsort\ttheir\twaste.\tOnce\tCampus\tand\tCommunity\tPlanning\treleases\ttheir\tdisposable\tfood\tservice\tware\tprocurement\tguidelines,\tit\tis\trecommended\tthat\tfood\tservice\tstaff\tand\tmanagement\treview\tand\trevise\ttheir\tfood\tservice\tware\tinventories\tand\treplace\tproblematic\titems\twith\tmore\trecognizable\trecyclable\tand\tcompostable\tproducts.\tThis\tshould\tbe\tdone\tin\tconsultation\twith\tCampus\tand\tCommunity\tPlanning\tthat\tcan\toffer\tthe\tappropriate\tsupport,\tinformation\tand\tresources.\tIf\tstaff\tare\tnot\tsure\twhether\ta\tfood\tservice\tware\titem\tis\tacceptable\tor\tnot,\tthey\tmust\tcheck\twith\tUBC\tSustainability\tor\tUBC\tWaste\tManagement\tto\tensure\tit\twill\tnot\tcause\tcontamination\tin\tcomposting\tand\trecycling\tstreams.\tEven\tthough\tan\titem\tmeets\tASTM\t6400\trequirements\tfor\tcompostability,\tit\tmight\tnot\tbe\tsuitable\tfor\tprocessing\tin\tlocal\tcomposting\tfacilities\tsince\tthey\tmay\tuse\tdifferent\tequipment,\ttechnologies\tand\tmethodology.\tAs\ta\tresult,\tacceptability\tvaries\tfrom\tcity\tto\tcity.\t\t\tIt\tis\talso\trecommended\tthat\tfood\tservices\tmake\ta\tlong-term\tgoal\tof\treducing\tthe\tnumber\tof\tfood\tware\ttypes\tthat\tthey\tuse\tand\tincreasing\tthe\tbreadth\tof\tcompostable\tmaterials\tused\tprovided\tthey\tare\tacceptable\tat\tlocal\tfacilities.\tReducing\tthe\tdiversity\tin\tfood\tservice\tware\tproducts\twould\thelp\tthe\tpublic\tbecome\tfamiliar\twith\titems\tfaster\tand\tsort\tthem\tcorrectly\ton\ta\tconsistent\tbasis.\tIt\twould\talso\tbe\tideal\tfor\tUBC\tFood\tServices,\tthe\tAMS\tand\tthe\tindependently-run\tfood\tservices\tto\tshare\tproduct-specific\tinformation\tand\tconsolidate\twhich\titems\tare\tpurchased\tacross\tthe\tmain\tcampus.\tOffering\ta\tlarger\tbreadth\tof\tcompostable\tfood\tservice\tware\titems\twould\tallow\tusers\tto\tgroup\ttheir\titems\ttogether\tand\tdecrease\tthe\tamount\tof\tfood\tcontamination\tin\tthe\trecyclable\tcontainers\tsorting\tstream.\tItems\tsuch\tas\tcoffee\tcup\tsleeves\tand\tstraws\tcould\tbe\tfurther\tphased\tout\tof\tinventories\tto\tincrease\twaste\treduction\tin\tthe\tfuture.\t\t\t\t8.3\t Increasing\tawareness\tand\tcompetence\tof\tcorrect\twaste\tsorting\tpractices\t\t8.3.1\t\t Communication\twith\tthe\tpublic\t\tIt\tis\trecommended\tthat\tUBC\tSustainability\tcontinue\tto\tcommunicate\twith\tthe\tcampus\tabout\thow\tto\tcorrectly\tsort\titems\tat\tSort\tit\tOut\tstations.\tUBC\tSustainability\tcould\tequip\tthe\tcampus\twith\ttools\tto\tassist\tthe\tpublic\tappropriately\tsort\twaste.\tThe\tCity\tof\tVancouver\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\tinteractive\tWaste\tWizard\tis\ta\tnotable\texample\tas\tit\tallows\ta\tuser\tto\tsearch\tfor\ta\ttype\tof\titem\tand\tprovides\tinstructions\ton\twhich\tsorting\tstream\tthe\titem\tought\tto\tbe\tplaced\tinto.\tAlso,\ta\tpromotional\tvideo\tbriefly\toutlining\thow\tto\tsort\tthe\tcampus\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\tfood\tservice\tware\titems\twould\thelp\tteach\tstudents,\tstaff\tand\tvisitors\thow\tto\tproperly\tsort\twaste\tand\t\t\t 38\tfamiliarize\tthem\twith\tthe\ttypes\tof\titems\tat\tUBC\tfood\toutlets.\tVideos\tand\tother\tonline\tmarketing\tstrategies\twould\tmake\tit\teasier\tto\trapidly\traise\tawareness\tabout\tthe\tcampus\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\twaste\tsorting\tsystem\tand\tany\tchanges\tthat\twould\toccur\tthrough\tsocial\tmedia.\t\t\t8.3.2\t Consistency\tin\twaste\tsorting\tinfrastructure\t\t\tAnother\tway\tto\tensure\tproper\tawareness\tof\tthe\tSort\tit\tOut\tsystem\tis\tto\testablish\tconsistency\tin\tinfrastructure\tthroughout\tthe\tcampus.\tThis\twould\tultimately\tincrease\tpublic\tfamiliarity\tof\tthe\tsystem.\tSince\tsingle\tgarbage\tcans\tare\tstill\tavailable\toutdoors\tand\tin\tsome\tbuildings\ton\tcampus,\tit\tis\trecommended\tthat\tUBC\tBuilding\tOperations\tcontinue\tto\treplace\tthese\treceptacles\twith\tone\ttype\tof\tSort\tit\tOut\tstation.\tIt\tis\talso\tsuggested\tthat\tthe\tcolour\tcoding\tat\tthese\tstations\tand\tthe\tappearance\tof\tthese\tstations\tbe\tas\tconsistent\tas\tpossible\tto\thelp\tstudents,\tstaff\tand\tvisitors\tgain\tfamiliarity\twith\tthe\tcampus\tsorting\tsystem.\tWaste\tcollection\tstaff\tshould\talso\tbe\ttrained\thow\tto\tproperly\tsort\twaste\taccording\tto\tthe\tfour\tstreams\tand\tempty\tsorting\tbins\tmore\tfrequently\tduring\tpeak\tlunch\thours\tto\tavoid\tincorrect\tsorting\tat\tstations.\tAs\tanother\tlonger-term\tgoal,\tfood\tservices\twith\tsingle\tin-house\tgarbage\tcans\tmust\teventually\tprovide\trecycling\tbins\tand\tcompost\tbins\twith\tappropriate\twaste\tpick-ups\tthrough\tUBC\tWaste\tManagement.\tTable\t13\tsummarizes\tfood\toutlets\tthat\teither\thave\tsingle\tin-house\tgarbage\tcans\tor\tsorting\tstations\tthat\tdon\u00E2\u0080\u0099t\tmatch\tUBC\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\tSort\tit\tOut\tsystem.\t\tTable\t13\t\u00E2\u0080\u0093\tSummary\tof\tin-house\tsorting\tstations\tthat\tdo\tnot\tmatch\tUBC\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\tSort\tit\tOut\tsystem.\t\tFood\tservice\tlocation\tDescription\tof\tissue\tStarbucks\ton\tEast\tMall\tand\tAgronomy\tRoad\t This\tStarbucks\tcurrently\thas\ttwo\tin-house\tstations.\tBoth\thave\ttwo\tunlabelled\tbins\tin\twhich\tall\twaste\tis\tthrown.\t\t\t\tTim\tHorton\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\tin\tthe\tForest\tSciences\tBuilding\tThe\tcurrent\tsorting\tstation\thas\ttwo\tbins\tdesignated\tfor\tbottles\tand\tother\trecyclables,\tone\tfor\tgarbage\tand\tanother\tone\tfor\tcompostable\titems,\twhich\tisn\u00E2\u0080\u0099t\tused\t(it\tis\tpermanently\tcovered\tby\ta\tplastic\tfood\ttray).\tThis\tsorting\tstation\tdoes\thave\tSort\tit\tOut\tsignage\tbut\twould\tbenefit\tfrom\tlarger\tsigns\tthat\tare\tmore\tvisible\tand\trecognizable\tto\tcustomers.\t\t\tQOOLA\tin\tthe\tNest\t The\tcurrent\tsorting\tstation\thas\ttwo\tbins:\t\t\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 One\tdesignated\tfor\tcompostable,\tbiodegradable\tand\trecyclable\titems\t(smoothie\tcups\tand\tlids,\tcoffee\tcups,\tpaper\tplates,\tnapkins,\tyogurt\tcups\tand\tlids,\tsample\tyogurt\tcups\tand\tall\tbiodegradable\teating\tutensils)\t\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 A\tsecond\tbin\tdesignated\tfor\t\u00E2\u0080\u009Ctrash\u00E2\u0080\u009C\tsuch\tas\tsmoothie\tstraws\t\tUppercase,\tLowercase,\tFlip\tSide\tand\tThe\tDelly\tin\tthe\tNest\tThese\tfood\tservices\tin\tthe\tNest\thave\tsingle\tgarbage\treceptacles\tat\ttheir\tcondiments\tsections\tbut\twould\tallow\tfor\tthe\tcollection\tof\tall\titems\tprovided\tby\teach\trespective\tlocation.\t\t\t 39\t\t8.4\t Testing\tcompostability\tof\tnew\tand\tprospective\tproducts\t\tAs\tdiscussed\tin\tsection\t8.1.2,\tit\tis\trecommended\tthat\tCampus\tand\tCommunity\tPlanning\tdevelop\ta\tstandard\toperating\tprocedure\t(SOP)\tto\ttest\tand\tdocument\tcurrent\tand\tprospective\tcompostable\tproducts\tto\tensure\tthey\tare\tcompatible\twith\tthe\tlocal\tin-vessel\tcomposter\ton\tSouth\tCampus.\tThe\tSOP\twould\tdescribe\thow\tthe\ttest\twould\tbe\tdone\tand\tinclude\tthe\tfollowing\tdetails:\t\t\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Who\tor\twhich\tstaff\tmembers\twould\tconduct\tthe\ttests\t\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Outline\tthe\ttraining\tthat\tis\tneeded\tto\tconduct\tthe\ttests\t\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Describe\thow\tmany\tsamples\tof\ta\tparticular\tproduct\twill\tbe\tneeded\tfor\tthe\ttest\t\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 The\tlength\tof\tthe\ttest\tperiod\t\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Define\thow\tcompostability\tand\tacceptability\twill\tbe\tdetermined\t\tAll\ttests\twould\tbe\tconducted\tat\tthe\tcomposter\ton\tSouth\tCampus\tand\tproper\ttraining\twould\tbe\tprovided\tto\tensure\tall\ttests\tare\tdone\tconsistently.\t\t\t\t8.5\t Monitoring\twaste\tsorting\tpractices\ton\tcampus\t\tIn\torder\tto\tdetermine\thow\tall\tthe\tproposed\tchanges\tare\taffecting\tthe\tcampus\twaste\tmanagement\tsystem,\tCampus\tand\tCommunity\tPlanning\twill\tneed\tto\tmonitor\tfood\tservice\tware\tprocurement\tand\twaste\tsorting\tpractices\tthrough\twaste\tcomposition\taudits.\tIt\tis\trecommended\tthat\tUBC\tkeep\ttrack\tof\tthe\tmost\tcommonly\tincorrectly\tsorted\tfood\tservice\tware\titems,\tthe\tquality\tof\tcompost\tproduct\tgenerated\tfrom\tthe\tin-vessel\tcomposter,\tand\twhich\titems\tare\tdegrading\tthe\tcompost\tquality.\tThis\twill\tenable\tCampus\tand\tCommunity\tPlanning\tto\tevaluate\tthe\tcampus\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\tperformance\tand\tmake\tfurther\timprovements\tthat\tare\tnecessary\tto\tachieve\tits\tpolicies\tand\twaste\tdiversion\tgoals.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t 40\t8.6\t Documentation\tand\tdata\tmanagement\tsystem\t\tTo\tproperly\timplement\tthis\tfood\tservice\tware\tmanagement\tplan,\tthe\tfollowing\tdocuments\tand\trecords\tdescribed\tin\tTable\t14\twill\tneed\tto\tbe\tretained\tfor\tfuture\treference\twith\tan\tonline\tdata\tmanagement\tsystem.\tThis\tis\tnot\tan\texhaustive\tlist\tand\tincludes\tthe\tmajor\tdocuments\tor\trecords\tthat\tare\trelevant\tto\tthis\tproject.\t\tTable\t14\t\u00E2\u0080\u0093\tSummary\tof\tdocuments\tand\trecords\tneeded\tfor\tthe\tfood\tservice\tware\tmanagement\tplan.\t\tDocument/Record\t Description\t\t\t\tCurrent\tpolicies\t\tCurrent\tpolicies\twill\tbe\tavailable\tonline\tfor\tcampus\tstaff,\tstudents\tand\tthe\tgeneral\tpublic\tto\taccess.\tThe\tpolicies\twill\tcover\tall\taspects\tthat\tpertain\tto\tfood\tservice\tware\tprocurement\tand\twaste\tcollection\tat\tSort\tit\tOut\tstations.\tThe\tmost\trelevant\tones\tare:\tthe\tfood\tservice\tware\tprocurement\tguidelines,\tfood\tservice\tpolicies,\tthe\tcampus\tsorting\tguide\tand\ttechnical\tguidelines\tregarding\tSort\tit\tOut\tstations.\t\tNon-compostability\treports\t As\tUBC\ttests\twhich\tfood\tservice\tware\tproducts\tare\tcompatible\twith\tthe\tin-vessel\tcomposter\ton\tSouth\tCampus,\tnon-compostability\treports\twill\tneed\tto\tbe\tprovided\tto\tall\tfood\tservice\tmanagement\tto\tinform\tthem\tthat\tcertain\tproducts\tshould\tnot\tbe\tpurchased\tand\texplain\twhy\tthe\tproducts\tare\tnot\tacceptable.\t\tWaste\tcomposition\taudit\treports\tand\tprogress\treports\tWaste\taudit\treports\tand\tprogress\treports\twill\tdetail\tUBC\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\tperformance\tin\treducing\tits\twaste\tand\tachieving\toptimal\twaste\tsorting\tpractices.\tThey\twill\teach\tdescribe\toverall\twaste\tdiversion\trates\tand\tcomposition\tof\tcontaminants\tfound\tas\twell\tas\tany\tmodifications\tthat\tneed\tto\tbe\tadded\tto\tthe\twaste\tmanagement\tsystem\tas\ta\twhole.\t\tInventory\tlists\tfrom\tall\tfood\tservice\tlocations\tUpdated\tinventory\tlists\twill\tneed\tto\tbe\tdocumented\tto\tkeep\ttrack\tof\tcosts\tand\tfood\tservice\tware\tneeds\tat\tall\toutlets.\tThis\twill\talso\tkeep\tCampus\tand\tCommunity\tPlanning\tinformed\ton\thow\tmuch\tfood\tservice\tware\tand\twhat\ttypes\tof\tfood\tservice\tware\tare\tentering\tthe\tUBC\twaste\tsystem\ton\ta\tmonthly\tand\tannual\tbasis.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t 41\t9.0\t CONCLUSION\t\tUBC\tis\tmaking\tsignificant\tstrides\ttowards\tits\tgoal\tof\tdiverting\t80%\tof\tits\twaste\tby\tthe\tyear\t2020.\tIts\timplementation\tof\tthe\tSort\tit\tOut\tprogram\tand\telimination\tof\texpanded\tpolystyrene\tuse\tthroughout\tthe\tmain\tcampus\tdemonstrates\tthe\tcampus\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\tcapacity\tfor\tpost-consumer\twaste\tsorting\tand\toverall\twaste\treduction.\tIn\tsupport\tof\tthis\tcampus-wide\tcommitment,\tthis\tproject\tsuccessfully\tidentified\twhat\ttypes\tof\tfood\tservice\tware\tare\tused\tat\tthe\tuniversity\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\tfood\toutlets\tand\toutlined\thow\tthe\tinstitution\tcan\tfurther\timprove\tits\twaste\tsorting\tefforts.\tIt\tprovides\tUBC\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\tmanagement\twith\tthe\tdata\tneeded\tto\tselect\tfood\tservice\tware\tthat\tstudents,\tstaff\tand\tvisitors\tcan\teasily\tsort\twithout\tconfusion.\tIt\tis\trecommended\tthat\tuniversity\tstaff\tcontinue\tto\tcommunicate\tand\tengage\twith\tthe\trest\tof\tthe\tcommunity\tto\traise\tawareness\tof\tthe\tenvironmental\timplications\tof\tproper\twaste\tsorting\tpractices.\t\tSelecting\tthe\tmost\tappropriate\tfood\tservice\tware\tproducts\tfor\tthe\tUBC\tVancouver\tcampus\twill\trequire\tbalancing\tenergy\tand\tmaterials\tcosts,\tsocial\tand\tenvironmental\tconsciousness,\tenvironmental\tregulations,\tcompatibility\twith\tlocal\tprocessing\tfacilities,\tproduct\tperformance\tand\tcustomer\tsatisfaction.\tPurchasing\tcompostable\tand\trecyclable\tproducts\tis\tone\taspect\tof\tthe\tsolution,\tas\tit\tneeds\tto\tbe\taccompanied\tby\tpublic\teducation\tand\toutreach\tas\twell\tas\tensuring\tthat\tthe\tMetro\tVancouver\tregion\thas\tthe\tinfrastructure\tto\tcompost\tor\trecycle\tproducts\tat\tthe\tend\tof\ttheir\tintended\tuse.\tAchieving\tUBC\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\t2020\twaste\treduction\ttarget\tof\t80%\twill\trequire\tthe\tcooperation\tand\topen-mindedness\tof\tstudents,\tfaculty\tand\tfood\tservice\tstaff\tas\twell\tas\tthe\tawareness\tthat\tall\tmembers\tof\tthe\tuniversity\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\tpopulation\thave\tan\timportant\trole\tto\tplay\tin\tensuring\tthat\tthis\ttarget\tis\tattained.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t 42\tBIBLIOGRAPHY\t\tBureau\tVeritas.\t(2015).\tISO\t14001:2015\tTop\tManagement\t-\tEnvironmental\tManagers\tTechnical\tGuide.\tFrom\tBureau\tVeritas:\thttp://www.us.bureauveritas.com/d1080c74-6dd6-4c2b-91de-856e6324f9dc/bv-technical-guide-iso-14001-2015.pdf?MOD=AJPERES\tCalifornia\tState\tUniversity.\t(2007).\tPerformance\tEvaluation\tof\tEnvironmentally\tDegradable\tPlastic\tPackaging\tand\tDisposable\tFood\tService\tWare\t-\tFinal\tReport.\tRetrieved\tFebruary\t15,\t2015\tfrom\tCalifornia's\tDepartment\tof\tResources\tRecycling\tand\tRecovery:\thttp://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/Publications/Documents/Plastics/43208001.pdf\tCity\tof\tVancouver.\t(2012).\tGreenest\tCity\t2020\tAction\tPlan.\tRetrieved\tJune\t2015\tfrom\tCity\tof\tVancouver:\thttp://vancouver.ca/files/cov/greenest-city-action-plan.pdf\tCity\tof\tVancouver.\t(2015).\tZero\tWaste.\tRetrieved\tJuly\t2015\tfrom\tCity\tof\tVancouver:\thttp://vancouver.ca/green-vancouver/zero-waste.aspx#waste-measurement\tCommon\tEnergy\tUBC.\t(2015).\tSummary\tReport.\t\tCommon\tEnergy\tUBC.\t(2014).\tUBC\tStudent-Run\tWaste\tAudit\t2014.\t\tGarden\tHeart\tProductions.\t(2012).\tMetro\tVancouver\t-\tON-SITE\tCOMPOSTING\tTECHNOLOGY\tREVIEW.\tRetrieved\tJune\t2015\tfrom\tMetro\tVancouver:\thttp://www.metrovancouver.org/services/regional-planning/PlanningPublications/MV-ON-SITECOMPOSTINGTECHNOLOGYREVIEWOct2012.pdf\tHealth\tCare\tWithout\tHarm.\t(2015).\tAbout\tus.\tRetrieved\tJune\t10,\t2015\tfrom\tHealth\tCare\tWithout\tHarm:\thttps://noharm-uscanada.org/content/us-canada/about-us\tHealth\tCare\tWithout\tHarm.\t(2010).\tChoosing\tEnvironmentally\tPreferable\tFood\tService\tWare.\tRetrieved\tMarch\t9,\t2015\tfrom\tHealth\tCare\tWithout\tHarm:\thttp://noharm.org/lib/downloads/food/EPP_Food_Svc_Ware.pdf\tInternational\tOrganization\tfor\tStandardization.\t(2015).\tIntroduction\tto\tISO\t14001:2015.\tFrom\tInternational\tOrganization\tfor\tStandardization:\thttp://www.iso.org/iso/introduction_to_iso_14001.pdf\tMenzer,\tL.,\tParnell-Wolfe,\tI.,\tO'Carroll,\tM.,\t&\tPerkins,\tD.\t(2014).\tCampus\tDesign\tand\tFacilities.\tFrom\tUniversity\tof\tCalifornia\tSanta\tBarbara:\thttp://www.facilities.ucsb.edu/files/docs/UCSB_R3C_Behavioral_Economics_of_Personal_Waste%20Sorting_Practices.pdf\tMetro\tVancouver.\t(2014).\tFinal\tReport\t-\tFood-Soiled\tPaper\tTask\tGroup.\t\tNguyen,\tL.\tD.\t(2012).\tAn\tAssessment\tof\tPolicies\ton\tPolystyrene\tFood\tWare\tBans.\tRetrieved\tJanuary\t20,\t2015\tfrom\tSan\tJose\tState\tUniversity:\thttp://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1265&context=etd_projects\tResponsible\tPurchasing\tNetwork.\t(2012).\tGreen\tPurchasing\tOpportunities:\tCompostable\tFood\tService\tWare.\tRetrieved\tFebruary\t15,\t2015\tfrom\tResponsbile\tPurchasing\tNetwork:\thttp://www.responsiblepurchasing.org/private/naspo/oas/compostable_service_ware.pdf\t\t\t\t\t 43\tSustainable\tBiomaterials\tCollaborative.\t(2009).\tGuidelines\tfor\tSustainable\tBioplastics.\tRetrieved\tFebruary\t20,\t2015\tfrom\tSustainable\tBiomaterials:\thttp://www.sustainablebiomaterials.org/documents/SBCGuidelinesforSustainableBioplasticsMay2009Vers1.0.pdf\tTRI\tEnvironmental\tConsulting\tInc.\t.\t(2014).\tWesbrook\tBuilding\tWaste\tComposition\tStudy.\t\tTRI\tEnvironmental\tConsulting\tInc.\t(2013).\tOrganics\tWaste\tComposition\tStudy.\t\tTRI\tEnvironmental\tConsulting\tInc.\t(2013).\tOutdoor\tRecycling\tStations\tWaste\tComposition\tStudy.\t\tUBC\tAlma\tMater\tSociety.\t(2016).\tAbout\tthe\tAMS.\tFrom\tUBC\tAlma\tMater\tSociety:\thttp://www.ams.ubc.ca/studentsociety/\tUBC\tBuilding\tOperations.\t(2016).\tComposting.\tFrom\tUBC\tBuidling\tOperations\t-\tComposting:\thttp://www.buildingoperations.ubc.ca/sustainability/zero-waste/composting/\tUBC\tBuilding\tOperations.\t(2016).\tWaste\tPick-Up.\tFrom\tUBC\tBuilding\tOperations\t-\tWaste\tManagement:\thttp://www.buildingoperations.ubc.ca/business-units/municipal/waste-management/waste-pick-up/\tUBC\tCampus\tand\tCommunity\tPlanning.\t(2014).\tUBC\tVancouver\tCampus\tZero\tWaste\tAction\tPlan.\tFrom\tUBC\tSustainability:\thttps://sustain.ubc.ca/sites/sustain.ubc.ca/files/uploads/CampusSustainability/CS_PDFs/RecyclingWaste/Zero_Waste_Action_Plan%202014%2010%2003%20final.pdf\tUBC\tFood\tServices.\t(2016).\tPlaces\tto\tEat.\tFrom\tUBC\tFood\tServices:\thttp://www.food.ubc.ca/places-to-eat/\tUBC\tNews.\t(2016).\tUBC\tOverview\tand\tFacts\t2015/16.\tFrom\tUBC\tNews:\thttp://news.ubc.ca/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/2016_867_Factsheet_update4.pdf\tUBC\tSustainability.\t(2016).\tCampus\tInitiatives.\tFrom\tUBC\tSustainability:\thttps://sustain.ubc.ca/campus-initiatives\tUBC\tSustainability.\t(2015).\tSORT\tIT\tOUT.\tRetrieved\tJuly\t2015\tfrom\tUBC\tSustainability:\thttp://sustain.ubc.ca/campus-initiatives/recycling-waste/sort-it-out\tWachter,\tB.,\tCreighton,\tA.,\tSchmitz,\tM.,\t&\tThayer,\tF.\t(2013).\tA\tLife\tCycle\tAnalysis\tand\tCost\tComparison\tof\tDining\tWare\tin\tthe\tAlfred\tPacker\tGrill.\tRetrieved\tJanuary\t20,\t2015\tfrom\tEnvironmental\tStudies\tat\tUniversity\tof\tColorado\tBoulder:\thttp://www.colorado.edu/envs/sites/default/files/attached-files/Chapter_4_Life_Cycle_Analysis_and_Cost_Comparison.pdf\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t 44\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAPPENDICES\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t 45\tAppendix\tA\t\u00E2\u0080\u0093\tUBC\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\ttentative\tFood\tService\tWare\tGuideline\t\t\t\t Campus + Community Planning Sustainability & Engineering 3331 \u00E2\u0080\u0093 2260 West Mall Vancouver, BC Canada V6T 1Z4 zero.waste@ubc.ca 26 March 2015 UBC Food Service Ware Guideline The best option for reducing waste is reusable food and drink containers including mugs, plates, cutlery etc. For single use food containers and cutlery, the preferred choices below allow easier sorting by customers and by composting and recycling facilities, less contamination of compost with non-compostable materials, and less contamination of recyclables with food. Preferred products are: \u00C2\u0083 Compostable, fibre-based (e.g., wood, paper or bamboo) products for all food items \u00C2\u0083 Recyclable products for all drink containers. *Please avoid products made of \u00E2\u0080\u009Ccompostable plastic\u00E2\u0080\u009D as these are not compatible with UBC\u00E2\u0080\u0099s composting system* Single Use Product Guideline Category Preferred Acceptable Avoid Food plates and bowls \u00C2\u0083 Certified* compostable paper or other fibre (plain, uncoated paper) \u00C2\u0083 Other certified compostable materials \u00C2\u0083 Recyclable plastic (marked with recycling symbol & number 1-5) \u00C2\u0083 Styrofoam \u00C2\u0083 Plastic coated paper plates Food utensils & cutlery \u00C2\u0083 Certified compostable wood, bamboo or fibre \u00C2\u0083 Plain, uncoated wood or bamboo \u00C2\u0083 Recyclable plastic (marked with recycling symbol and number 1-5) \u00C2\u0083 Non-recyclable or unmarked \u00C2\u0083 Compostable plastic Food wrappers, bags (e.g., sandwich or pita wrapper) \u00C2\u0083 Certified compostable paper \u00C2\u0083 Plain, uncoated paper \u00C2\u0083 Plastic film (clean only, where soft plastics recycling is available) \u00C2\u0083 Non compostable coated paper, waxed paper \u00C2\u0083 Paper/plastic composites, paper bags with plastic windows Drink containers and cups \u00C2\u0083 Recyclable plastic (marked with recycling symbol & number 1-5) \u00C2\u0083 Glass and metal deposit containers \u00C2\u0083 Coated paper coffee cups** \u00C2\u0083 Other recyclable containers \u00C2\u0083 Compostable paper or fibre-based cups \u00C2\u0083 Styrofoam \u00C2\u0083 Compostable plastic Other containers, boxes and trays \u00C2\u0083 Plain, uncoated cardboard/paper \u00C2\u0083 Certified compostable fibre \u00C2\u0083 Recyclable plastic (marked with recycling symbol and number 1-5) \u00C2\u0083 Non-recyclable or unmarked \u00C2\u0083 Compostable plastic *Certified compostable means certified to BPI, CCME/BNQ (see logos to the right) or other recognized compostable standards (different than biodegradable). Many certified products are now readily available. If a product is biodegradable, it must also be certified compostable in order to be accepted on campus. **Coated paper coffee cups are recyclable at UBC. \t\t 46\tAppendix\tB\t\u00E2\u0080\u0093\tBaseline\tSustainability\tCriteria\tfor\t\u00E2\u0080\u009CPreferred\u00E2\u0080\u009D\tBiobased\tProducts\t(Health\tCare\tWithout\tHarm,\t2010)\t \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t 47\tAppendix\tC\t\u00E2\u0080\u0093\tBeyond\tBaseline\tSustainability\tCriteria\tfor\t\u00E2\u0080\u009CMore\tPreferred\u00E2\u0080\u009D\tBiobased\tProducts\t\t(Health\tCare\tWithout\tHarm,\t2010)\t\t \t48\tAppendix\tD\t\u00E2\u0080\u0093\tMap\tof\tthe\tcaf\u00C3\u00A9s\tand\tbistros\toperated\tby\tUBC\tFood\tServices\tthat\twere\tsurveyed.\tMap\tof\tUBC\tmodified\tMarch\t2016.\tReboot\tCaf\u00C3\u00A9\tNiche\tCaf\u00C3\u00A9\t\tThe\tLoop\tCaf\u00C3\u00A9\t\tTotem\tResidence\tDining\tHall\t\tVanier\tResidence\tDining\tHall\t\t\tCaff\u00C3\u00A9\tPerugia\t\tIke\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\tCaf\u00C3\u00A9\t\tLaw\tCaf\u00C3\u00A9\t\tSauder\tExchange\tCaf\u00C3\u00A9\t\tMercante\t\tSGr\tIt\tUp\tCaf\u00C3\u00A9\t\t\t \t49\tAppendix\tE\t\u00E2\u0080\u0093\tMap\tof\tthe\tindependently-run\tand\tchain\tfood\toutlets\tthat\twere\tsurveyed.\tMap\tof\tUBC\tmodified\tMarch\t2016.\t\tStarbucks\tSubway\t\tCaf\u00C3\u00A9\tMOA\t\tBean\tAround\tthe\tWorld\t\t\tCaf\u00C3\u00A9\tAmi\t\tBoulevard\t\tGreat\tDane\t\tCity\tSquare/Peqish\tTriple\tO\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\t\tLoafe\tCaf\u00C3\u00A9\t\tTim\tHorton\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\t\tBento\tSushi\t\t\t\t \t50\tAppendix\tF\t\u00E2\u0080\u0093\tFood\tservice\tware\tsurvey\tcompleted\tat\tdesignated\tfood\toutlets\tthroughout\tcampus\t(listed\tin\tsection\t5.2).\t\tFood\tOutlet\tService\tWare\tSurvey\tFood\toutlet\tname:____________________________________________________\tDate:\t______________________________\t\t\t\tTime:\t__________________________\tA. Hot drink cups \u0002\u0001Certified Compostable paper or other fibre\u0001\u0002\u0001Recyclable Plastic (marked with a recycling number)\u0001\u0002\u0001Conventional coated paper \u0002\u0001Compostable Plastic\t\u0002\u0001Unmarked Plastic\u0001\u0002\u0001Expanded Polystyrene\u0001\u0001\u0001Product name(s) ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ C. Cold drink cups \u0002\u0001Certified Compostable paper or other fibre\u0001\u0002\u0001Recyclable Plastic (marked with a recycling number)\u0001\u0002\u0001Conventional coated paper \u0002\u0001Compostable Plastic\t\u0002\u0001Unmarked Plastic\u0001\u0002\u0001Expanded Polystyrene\u0001\u0001\u0001Product name(s) ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ E. Bowls (e.g. soup, rice, noodles) \u0002\u0001Certified Compostable paper or other fibre\u0001\u0002\u0001Recyclable Plastic (marked with a recycling number)\u0001\u0002\u0001Conventional coated paper \u0002\u0001Compostable Plastic\t\u0002\u0001Unmarked Plastic\u0001\u0002\u0001Expanded Polystyrene\u0001\u0001\u0001Product name(s) ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ B. Hot drink lids \u0002\u0001Certified Compostable paper or other fibre\u0001\u0002\u0001Recyclable Plastic (marked with a recycling number)\u0001\u0002\u0001Conventional coated paper \u0002\u0001Compostable Plastic\t\u0002\u0001Unmarked Plastic\u0001\u0002\u0001Expanded Polystyrene\u0001\u0001\u0001Product name(s) ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ D. Cold drink lids \u0002\u0001Certified Compostable paper or other fibre\u0001\u0002\u0001Recyclable Plastic (marked with a recycling number)\u0001\u0002\u0001Conventional coated paper \u0002\u0001Compostable Plastic\t\u0002\u0001Unmarked Plastic\u0001\u0002\u0001Expanded Polystyrene\u0001\u0001\u0001Product name(s) ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ F. Bowl lids \u0002\u0001Certified Compostable paper or other fibre\u0001\u0002\u0001Recyclable Plastic (marked with a recycling number)\u0001\u0002\u0001Conventional coated paper \u0002\u0001Compostable Plastic\t\u0002\u0001Unmarked Plastic\u0001\u0002\u0001Expanded Polystyrene\u0001\u0001\u0001Product name(s) ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ \t\t \t51\t\tG. Food take-out containers \u0002\u0001Certified Compostable paper or other fibre\u0001\u0002\u0001Recyclable Plastic (marked with a recycling number)\u0001\u0002\u0001Conventional coated paper \u0002\u0001Compostable Plastic\t\u0002\u0001Unmarked Plastic\u0001\u0002\u0001Expanded Polystyrene\u0001\u0001\u0001Product name(s) ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ I. Boxes and Trays \u0002\u0001Certified Compostable paper or other fibre\u0001\u0002\u0001Recyclable Plastic (marked with a recycling number)\u0001\u0002\u0001Conventional coated paper \u0002\u0001Compostable Plastic\t\u0002\u0001Unmarked Plastic\u0001\u0002\u0001Expanded Polystyrene\u0001\u0001\u0001Product name(s) ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ K. Chopsticks \u0002\u0001Plain wood or bamboo\u0001\u0002\u0001Recyclable Plastic (stamped with a recycling number)\u0001\u0002\u0001Coated wood or bamboo \u0002\u0001Compostable Plastic\t\u0002\u0001Unmarked Plastic\u0001\u0002\u0001Other (specify) _______________________ \u0001\u0001\u0001Product name(s) ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ \t\t\t\t\tH. Plates \u0002\u0001Certified Compostable paper or other fibre\u0001\u0002\u0001Recyclable Plastic (marked with a recycling number)\u0001\u0002\u0001Conventional coated paper \u0002\u0001Compostable Plastic\t\u0002\u0001Unmarked Plastic\u0001\u0002\u0001Expanded Polystyrene\u0001\u0001\u0001Product name(s) ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ J. Utensils (forks, knives, spoons) \u0002\u0001Plain wood or bamboo\u0001\u0002\u0001Recyclable Plastic (stamped with a recycling number)\u0001\u0002\u0001Coated wood or bamboo \u0002\u0001Compostable Plastic\t\u0002\u0001Unmarked Plastic\u0001\u0002\u0001Other (specify) _______________________\u0001\u0001\u0001Product name(s) ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ L. Straws \u0002\u0001Recyclable Plastic (stamped with a recycling number)\u0001\u0002\u0001Compostable Plastic\t\u0002\u0001Unmarked Plastic\u0001\u0002\u0001Other (specify) ____________________\u0001\u0001\u0001Product name(s) ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ \t\t \t52\t\t\t\tM. Wrappers (e.g. Sandwiches, burritos) \u0002\u0001Plain paper\u0001\u0002\u0001Certified compostable paper\u0001\u0002\u0001Plastic or wax coated paper \u0002\u0001Other (specify) _____________________ \u0001\u0001Product name(s) ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ N. Napkins \u0002\u0001Plain paper\u0001\u0002\u0001Certified compostable paper\u0001\u0001\u0001Product name(s) ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ O. Other item: ___________________________ Material(s) ______________________________\u0001\u0001\u0001Product name(s) ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ P. Other item: ___________________________ Material(s) ______________________________\u0001\u0001\u0001Product name(s) ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Q. Other item: ___________________________ Material(s) ______________________________\u0001\u0001\u0001Product name(s) ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ \t \t\t\t\t53\tAppendix\tG\t\u00E2\u0080\u0093\tMap\tof\tlocations\twhere\ttargeted\tspot\taudits\twere\tconducted.\tThe\tnumbers\tindicate\thow\tmany\taudits\toccurred\tat\teach\tsite.\tMap\tof\tUBC\tmodified\tMarch\t2016.\t1\t2\t 3\t1\t1\t1\t3\t1\t1\t\t\t \t \t \t54\tAppendix\tH\t\u00E2\u0080\u0093\tProposed\tformatting\tfor\tdisposable\tfood\tservice\tware\tguidelines\tas\tapplied\tto\tfood\ttake-out\tcontainers\t(adapted\tfrom\tAppendix\tA,\tApril\t2016).\t\tSymbol\tlegend:\t\u00C2\u00A9\t-\tCompostable\t !-\tGarbage\t \t\tNote:\t\u00C2\u00AE\twould\trepresent\titems\tthat\tcorrespond\twith\tthe\tRecyclable\tContainers\tbins\t\t Food\tTake-Out\tContainers\tPreferred\t Acceptable\t Avoid\t\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Certified*\tcompostable\tpaper\tor\tother\tfibre\t(plain,\tuncoated\tpaper)\t\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Recyclable\tplastic\t(marked\twith\trecycling\tsymbol\tand\tnumber\t1-5)\t \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Expanded\tpolystyrene\t\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Plastic-coated\tpaper\t\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Composite\titems**\t\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Compostable/biodegradable\tplastic\titems\t\tPreferred\titems:\tCompostable\tclamshell\t\u00C2\u00A9\t\tProduct\tbrand\tand\tname\tCatalogue\tnumber\tPack\tTo\tGo\tcontainers\t\u00C2\u00A9\t\tProduct\tbrand\tand\tname\tCatalogue\tnumber\t\tItems\tto\tavoid:\t*\tCertified\tcompostable\tmeans\tcertified\tby\tBiodegradable\tProducts\tInstitute\t\t\t\t\t(see\tlogo\tto\tthe\tright),\tBSI\tBiodegradable\tSolutions\tand\tother\trecognized\tstandards\t**\tComposite\titems\tare\tproducts\tthat\tare\tmade\tfrom\tmore\tthan\tone\ttype\tof\tmaterial\t\t(For\texample:\tplain\tpaper\tand\tplastic\tfilm)\tPoly\tLactic\tAcid\t(PLA)\t\u00E2\u0080\u009Cbiodegradable\u00E2\u0080\u009D\tclamshell\t! \t\tProduct\tbrand\tand\tname\tCatalogue\tnumber\t\tFAQ:\tWhy\tshould\tI\tavoid\tpurchasing\tthis\tproduct\tand\tother\tproducts\tthat\tare\tsimilar?\t\tPlastic\titems\tmarked\t\u00E2\u0080\u009Ccompostable\u00E2\u0080\u009D\tor\t\u00E2\u0080\u009Cbiodegradable\u00E2\u0080\u009D\tare\tnot\taccepted\tin\tcampus\tor\tregional\tcomposting\tfacilities\tand\tare\tconsidered\tas\tcontaminants\tbecause\tthey\tdo\tnot\tcompletely\tbreak\tdown.\tContamination\twill\tdegrade\tthe\tquality\tof\tthe\tfinished\tcompost.\t"@en . "Report"@en . "10.14288/1.0343105"@en . "eng"@en . "Unreviewed"@en . "Vancouver : University of British Columbia Library"@en . "Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International"@* . "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/"@* . "Undergraduate"@en . "UBC Social Ecological Economic Development Studies (SEEDS) Student Report"@en . "University of British Columbia. EENG 8903"@en . "Towards Achieving Zero Waste at UBC : Food Service Ware"@en . "Text"@en . "http://hdl.handle.net/2429/60829"@en .