"Applied Science, Faculty of"@en . "DSpace"@en . "UBCV"@en . "University of British Columbia. Sustainability Office"@en . "Chen, Bian Yu"@en . "Abrar, Rahman"@en . "Zhang, , YiRan"@en . "Yoon, Nawoong"@en . "2015-03-17T21:14:26Z"@en . "2014-04-10"@en . "With the arrival of the New Student Union Building at UBC Vancouver,\r\nUBC Campus will experience many new features that will advance and support\r\ngreat student life. Included in those features are Food and Beverage delivery\r\nservices provided by the Alma Mater Society. As the AMS is a large stakeholder\r\nin the New SUB project, they have brought upon some goals and requirements\r\nas part of their initiative. The AMS wishes to see the New SUB reach and\r\nwithhold a platinum level LEED standing while actively being a part of the\r\ncommunity.\r\nPart of the AMS initiative included revamping the current F&B delivery\r\nstate. Currently, the AMS does F&B delivery on campus using standard vehicles,\r\nwhich means emissions and dependent on the time of day, traffic congestion.\r\nThis report details viable alternatives and their pros and cons. As the AMS\r\ninitiative also included the sustainability factor, this report takes that into heavy\r\nconsideration while conducting research regarding the alternatives.\r\nAs F&B delivery is high in demand for on campus students, this report details\r\nthree specific variations of electric bicycles, as a very feasible alternative.\r\nStudents living on campus were surveyed asking for their preference on various\r\ntopics and keeping sustainability in mind, this report has found that one model in\r\nparticular was favored over others in all aspects. A Triple Bottom Line analysis\r\nwas also conducted for all alternatives discussed and the TBL assessment\r\ncorrelates with the results acquired from the survey positively. With the\r\ndevelopment of the New SUB, new ideals for sustainability are required, and this\r\nreport portrays realistic suggestions for the Alma Mater Society at UBC\r\nVancouver. Disclaimer: \u00E2\u0080\u009CUBC SEEDS provides students with the opportunity to share the findings of their studies, as well as their opinions, conclusions and recommendations with the UBC community. The reader should bear in mind that this is a student project/report and is not an official document of UBC. Furthermore readers should bear in mind that these reports may not reflect the current status of activities at UBC. We urge you to contact the research persons mentioned in a report or the SEEDS Coordinator about the current status of the subject matter of a project/report.\u00E2\u0080\u009D"@en . "https://circle.library.ubc.ca/rest/handle/2429/52412?expand=metadata"@en . " UBC Social Ecological Economic Development Studies (SEEDS) Student ReportNawoong Yoon, Yi Ran Zhang, Benny Bian Chen, Meek Abrar RahmanAn Investigation into The AMS Food and Beverage: Optimal Modes of Campus Food DeliveryAPSC 262April 10, 201410341637University of British Columbia Disclaimer: \u00E2\u0080\u009CUBC SEEDS provides students with the opportunity to share the findings of their studies, as well as their opinions, conclusions and recommendations with the UBC community. The reader should bear in mind that this is a student project/report and is not an official document of UBC. Furthermore readers should bear in mind that these reports may not reflect the current status of activities at UBC. We urge you to contact the research persons mentioned in a report or the SEEDS Coordinator about the current status of the subject matter of a project/report\u00E2\u0080\u009D. Investigation Conducted by: Chen, Bian Yu Rahman, Abrar Zhang, YiRan Yoon, Nawoong \t \u00C2\u00A0 APSC 262 Technology and Society II Instructor: Paul Winkelman April 10, 2014 \t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0 \t \u00C2\u00A0An\t \u00C2\u00A0Investigation\t \u00C2\u00A0into\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0The\t \u00C2\u00A0AMS\t \u00C2\u00A0Food\t \u00C2\u00A0and\t \u00C2\u00A0Beverage:\t \u00C2\u00A0Optimal\t \u00C2\u00A0Modes\t \u00C2\u00A0of\t \u00C2\u00A0Campus\t \u00C2\u00A0Food\t \u00C2\u00A0Delivery\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0 2\t \u00C2\u00A0Abstract With the arrival of the New Student Union Building at UBC Vancouver, UBC Campus will experience many new features that will advance and support great student life. Included in those features are Food and Beverage delivery services provided by the Alma Mater Society. As the AMS is a large stakeholder in the New SUB project, they have brought upon some goals and requirements as part of their initiative. The AMS wishes to see the New SUB reach and withhold a platinum level LEED standing while actively being a part of the community. Part of the AMS initiative included revamping the current F&B delivery state. Currently, the AMS does F&B delivery on campus using standard vehicles, which means emissions and dependent on the time of day, traffic congestion. This report details viable alternatives and their pros and cons. As the AMS initiative also included the sustainability factor, this report takes that into heavy consideration while conducting research regarding the alternatives. As F&B delivery is high in demand for on campus students, this report details three specific variations of electric bicycles, as a very feasible alternative. Students living on campus were surveyed asking for their preference on various topics and keeping sustainability in mind, this report has found that one model in particular was favored over others in all aspects. A Triple Bottom Line analysis was also conducted for all alternatives discussed and the TBL assessment correlates with the results acquired from the survey positively. With the development of the New SUB, new ideals for sustainability are required, and this report portrays realistic suggestions for the Alma Mater Society at UBC Vancouver. \t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0\t \u00C2\u00A0 3\t \u00C2\u00A0Table of Contents Abstract ----------------------------------------------------------------------------2 List of Illustrations --------------------------------------------------------------4 List of Abbreviations ----------------------------------------------------------- 5 1.0 Introduction ------------------------------------------------------------------6 2.0 Technical Specifications --------------------------------------------------- 7 2.1 Parklane Electric ----------------------------------------------------------- 7 2.2 Edgerunner Cargo Bike -------------------------------------------------8-9 2.3 Self-Built Electric Cargo Bike ------------------------------------------10 3.0 Survey Results ------------------------------------------------------------- 11 4.0 Triple Bottom Line Analysis --------------------------------------------12 4.1 Social Impact --------------------------------------------------------------12 4.2 Environmental Impact ----------------------------------------------- 13-14 4.3 Economic Impact ---------------------------------------------------- 14-15 5.0 Conclusion and Recommendation -------------------------------------16 Appendix: Survey Questions -------------------------------------------------17 Reference --------------------------------------------------------------------18-19 \t \u00C2\u00A0 4\t \u00C2\u00A0 List of Illustrations Figure 1. Parklane Electric --------------------------------------------------------------------- 7 Figure 2. Edgerunner Cargo Bike ------------------------------------------------------------ 9 Figure 3. Self-build Electric Cargo Bike ----------------------------------------------------10 Figure 4. Electric Car\u00E2\u0080\u0099s Carbon Emission -------------------------------------------------13 Table 1. Parklane Electric Technical Specifications-------------------------------------- 8 Table 2. Edgerunner Cargo Bike Technical Specifications----------------------------- 9 Table 3. of CO2 Emissions in grams per mile or kilometer---------------------------14 Table 4. Capital Cost of Each Mode of Transportation--------------------------------14 Table 5. Maintenance Cost of Each Mode of Transportation-------------------------15 \t \u00C2\u00A0 5\t \u00C2\u00A0 List of Abbreviations AMS: Alma Mater Society F&B: Food and Beverage LEED: Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design SUB: Student Union Building TBL: Triple Bottom Line UBC: University of British Columbia \t \u00C2\u00A0 6\t \u00C2\u00A01.0 Introduction Since 1915, the Alma Mater Society has been founded upon enhancing student life at UBC Vancouver. The most recent example of which would be the recent development of the New Student Union Building. The New SUB will incorporate key components put forth by the AMS including new businesses and vendors, while maintaining sustainability. The new vendors include food and beverage delivery set up through the AMS. With the integration of new F&B options, the AMS plans to introduce a revamped, more sustainable delivery method . The focus of this report is on determining which method of transport would be most appropriate for delivery throughout UBC. As there are a variety of transportation methods available for use, this report comments on three specific models and their characteristics. The models include the Parklane Electric Bicycle, Edgerunner Cargo Bicycle, and a Self-built Electric Cargo Bicycle. Our report includes feedback from UBC students who live in residence and order food for delivery. The results were used to find campus residents' view on sustainability regarding delivery methods as well as preferred delivery methods. Food and Beverage delivery suggestions were made for AMS as to allow them to decide on the optimal choice for delivery throughout campus. One of the main objectives of the New SUB project is to be certified LEED platinum while providing and supporting student life. This report along with survey results goes into detail about a few viable F&B delivery options that would definitely aid in being certified LEED platinum. Additionally, the AMS had an objective to acquire a Triple Bottom Line analysis on the most realistic delivery methods on UBC campus; the TBL analysis method was used to assess the social, economic and environmental impact of our suggestions for the AMS. As sustainability becomes a more heavily discussed topic, our report and survey results provide many suggestions that would benefit sustainability at UBC Vancouver. \t \u00C2\u00A0 7\t \u00C2\u00A02.0 Technical Specifications In the following paragraphs brief descriptions for the investigated modes of transportation are presented. This part of the report outlines features such as the top speed of the model, weight capacity of the model, cost , and motor power. Other specifications such as the material used in the frame, type of battery and battery recharging time are also included. 2.1 Parklane Electric Figure 1 shows the picture of the tricycle Parklane Electric. The dimensions of the platform at the back are 19 1/2\u00E2\u0080\u0099\u00E2\u0080\u0099 x 17 3/4\u00E2\u0080\u0099\u00E2\u0080\u0099 which is smaller than our required dimensions of 4\u00E2\u0080\u0099 x 4\u00E2\u0080\u0099. This model was chosen to be investigated because it is designed for heavy duty, which can handle almost all types of weather conditions. It can carry approximately 45 kilograms of load, and with the weight of a 12\u00E2\u0080\u0099 inch pizza being about 1 kilogram the Parklane Electric can carry around 45 pizza deliveries. The specifications for the Parklane Electric are summarized in Table 2. All the information provided in the table was obtained from the manufacturer website. Figure 1. Parklane Electric Source: JV Bike, 2002 < www.jvbike.com > \t \u00C2\u00A0 8\t \u00C2\u00A0Table 1. Parklane Electric Technical Specifications Top Speed without pedaling 32 km/h per charge Hauling Capacity 45 kg Motor Power 500 Watt Battery Type 36 V 9.6A Hr Li-Ion Battery Battery Recharging time 4 hours Material Used in Frame Oversize Single Main Tube Starting Price $ 2,145.00 CAD 2.2 Edgerunner Cargo Bike Figure 2 shows the sample of Edgerunner Cargo Bike. It is a purpose-built longtail cargo bike with a 26-inch front wheel and 20-inch rear wheel. All of the tail-end frame geometry is designed to the Xtracycle Longtail Standard, which provides a wide array of snap-in accessories for carrying heavy load and specialized cargo. This model was chosen to be investigated for its features of a greener and more cost effective transportation alternative to motor vehicles. Two battery options are provided for the bike. As mentioned earlier, the weight of 100 pizza deliveries is about 100kg, which is lower than the hauling capacity of this model. Table 3 presents a summary of the technical specifications of the Edgerunner Cargo Bike. \t \u00C2\u00A0 9\t \u00C2\u00A0 Figure 2. Edgerunner Cargo Bike Source: ebikes, 2012 < www.ebikes.ca > Table 2. Edgerunner Cargo Bike Technical Specifications Top Speed without pedaling 32 km/h (battery option 1); 39 km/h (battery option 2) Hauling Capacity 181 kg Motor Power 700 Watt Battery Type 36V 14.5Ah LiMn (option 1); 48V 10Ah LiMn (option 2) Battery Recharging time approximately 4 hr Material Used in Frame steel Starting Price $3,300 CAD \t \u00C2\u00A0 10\t \u00C2\u00A02.3 Self-built Electric Cargo Bike Figure 3 shows the ideal model a self-built electric cargo bike. The idea is to build the most cost effective electric bike that most satisfies the needs of this project. The bike can either be an used or brand new bicycle, but for the purpose of cost effective, an used bike is much preferred. The motor that generates power could be purchased in bike stores or on internet for price around $200 to $300 CAD. The cargo trailer that carries the pizza deliveries could either be self-built as a project for engineering students or be purchased in bike stores or on internet for around $100 to $200 CAD depending on the quality. The expected price for a self-built Electric Cargo Bike is under Figure 3. Self-build Electric Cargo Bike Source: Mountain Bike Review, 2010 < www.forums.mtbr.com > \t \u00C2\u00A0 11\t \u00C2\u00A03.0 Survey Results The students who live on campus were asked to answer questions involving the convenience of current AMS food delivery system, overall satisfactory for the delivery system, and after introducing them the three models suggested in Section 3.0, students were asked to rank their most favorable mode of food delivery. Survey questions are presented in Appendix A: Survey Questions From the first question, our survey results from 30 students who live on campus show that 20% of students order a food delivery less than 10 times a week, and 8 of them said they usually cook for themselves. Another 30% of survey students order a food delivery about 10 times a week, which usually includes lunch, dinner, and late night supper. The other 50% of students order a food delivery more than 10 times a week. This result shows that there is a high demand for food delivery on campus. From the second question, our survey results show that almost 60% of them agree to see a more sustainable mode of food delivery on campus, while 35% of students have no opinions, and the other 5% of students are satisfied with the current mode of food delivery system. This result shows that, in general, students at UBC are aware of the issues with sustainability and are willing to be in a more sustainable environment. From the last question, our survey results show that the Parklane Electric model is the least favorable model with only 10% of students voted for it, and 45% of students preferred Edgerunner Cargo Bike for its 180 kg hauling capacity, and the other 45% of students preferred Self-Built Electric Cargo Bikes for its low cost investment. \t \u00C2\u00A0 12\t \u00C2\u00A04.0 Triple Bottom Line Analysis The Triple Bottom Line is an accounting framework that incorporates three aspects: social, environmental and financial. It helps to define and measure the sustainability of the project according to it\u00E2\u0080\u0099s social, environmental, and economic impact on the society. For this project, using the Triple Bottom Line approach, we have assessed the electric bicycle, electric cars, and walking to deliver the food across campus. To assess the social impact, we considered the efficiency in labor such as the physical fatigue that one may face with respect to the amount they are getting paid. Comparing the carbon emission by each method of delivery system assesses the environmental impacts. To determine the economic impacts, we assessed the capital cost of the implementation of each method of delivery as well as maintenance cost. 4.1 Social Impacts The main social aspect of the triple bottom line analysis was comprised of comparing walking versus electric bikes and vehicles. Considering deliveries may be of large amounts, up to 100 medium sized pizzas, deliveries on foot did not seem reasonable. Apart from the mass factor, distance is also an issue. Deliveries may span from the New SUB to Totem Park Residence, which is approximately 2 kilometers; in this span, deliveries may get cold and damaged by weather, along with the physical and mental fatigue of the employee delivering. The compensation for an employee delivering on foot would logically be greater than that of a simpler delivery method, in this case an electric vehicle or bike. Although electric or hybrid vehicles are environmentally friendly, they still produce greater emissions than electric bicycles. As well, they also can cause congestion during peak traffic times, which could cause potential traffic flow problems for students as well as delay deliveries. Although during non peak hours deliveries may be faster, the delivery cost for the AMS would be higher as fuel and battery charge fees must be allocated for as well. Additionally, not everyone may be classified to operate the vehicle, which may lead to further employee problems. Hence, although more realistic than on-foot deliveries, because of the dense layout and population of UBC Campus, electric vehicles are not the most preferred mode of delivery. Electric bicycles serve as a medium between vehicles and walking deliveries. They are an in between as they are quicker than walking and much more reasonable than vehicles. Many factors can attribute to this, such as being able to maneuver existing UBC Campus roads with a bicycle easier than a vehicle as well not interrupting traffic flow at peak times getting from one place to another. Logically, since this is an easier method of transport for the employee \t \u00C2\u00A0 13\t \u00C2\u00A0and cheaper for the AMS, electric bicycles could potentially have the best overall compensation for both parties. 4.2 Environmental Impacts The main focus on the environmental assessment for this project was the CO2 emission from each of the transportation as well as carbon footprint it leaves during the production. Due to no emission of CO2 during the travel, the CO2 emission number are based on the CO2 emitted from the production stage and electricity generating stage combined together. Figure 4: Electric Car\u00E2\u0080\u0099s Carbon Emission \t \u00C2\u00A0 14\t \u00C2\u00A0Table 3: of CO2 Emissions in grams per mile or kilometer Even though the electric cars and the electric bicycles do not emit CO2 during their travel, the electricity it consumes and the manufacturing process has CO2 emission. The CO2 emission including production stage is 2.6g/mile or 4.18g/km for electric bicycle. However, the electric cars have much bigger carbon footprint of 71.46g/mile or 115g/km. Between electric cars and electric bicycles, the electric bicycle is no doubt a more environmentally friendly mode of transportation with more than 30 times less CO2 emission. Humans do not have any significant CO2 emission. Just looking at the environmental impact, delivering the food across campus has the least amount of environmental impact. 4.3 Economic Impacts The economics assessment covered the capital cost of the methods of transportation as well as the maintenance of the transportation. There will be two prices on the electric bicycles due to their availability in different forms. The electric bicycle made from different companies can be directly bought or an electric battery can be bought and installed onto an existing bicycle. Table 4: Capital Cost of Each Mode of Transportation \t \u00C2\u00A0 15\t \u00C2\u00A0Table 5: Maintenance Cost of Each Mode of Transportation As the table shows, the capital cost for the electric car will be significantly more expensive than the electric bicycles. The cheapest electric car, 2013 Smart Fortwo Electric Drive, cost around $25,000. However, one of the best electric bicycle in the world, EVELO Aurora, will cost around $2,100. Since many students on campus use bicycle, the cheapest way to have electric bicycle is to install the electric battery for those of whom who are willing to bring their bicycle in or even get a used bike for free. I know for a fact that my bike got taken away by UBC because I did not unlock it at the end of the year when living at the residences. Also, the trade off can be made where students get a free electric battery if they decide to work as a deliveryman for over 1 year. Each electric motor will only cost around $200 to $300. To store the food we need to consider the trailer that can be attached to the bicycle, which will cost around $200. Typically, the electric bicycles will not have any major expenses in maintenance other than replacing the electric battery, which need to be done after around minimum of 500 charges, which will probably provide around 10,000 - 17,000 miles of distance. The electric cars will also have to go through maintenance every 100,000 miles costing around $15,000. \t \u00C2\u00A0 16\t \u00C2\u00A05.0 Conclusion Using the Triple Bottom Line approach, the electric bicycle resulted in the best option between, electric bicycle, electric cars, and walking. The electric bicycle keeps the social integrity of the employee that deliver the food compared to walking when getting paid minimum wage, even though it leave little more carbon footprint. When we compare the capital costs for electric cars and electric bicycle, the difference is tremendous and it It also does not make sense to use the electric cars on campus due to many traffic limitation. We recommend using electric bicycle to deliver the food across UBC campus. It seems very logical to implement the electric bicycle from figure 3. as the mode of transportation for the AMS delivery system. Having a phenomenally low CO2 emission of 2.6g/mile and also having only $11,500 as the capital investment with no significant social issues, it is no doubt the best choice between the three, electric bicycle, electric cars and walking. \t \u00C2\u00A0 17\t \u00C2\u00A0References Bouwman, M. (2000) An environmental assessment of the bicycle and other transport systems Retrieved from http://www.velomondial.net/velomondiall2000/PDF/BOUWMAN.PDF Cebular, B. (2012, April). Energy efficient electric bikes. Retrieved from http://www.nycewheels.com/energy-efficient-electric-bike.html Dodge D., Kinney D. (2014) Electric bikes go mainstream Retrieved from http://www.troymedia.com/2014/02/11/electric-bikes-go-mainstream/ Lindberg-Poulsen, K., Andersen, M. A. E., Knott, A., & Andersen, T. (2010). Energy harvesting from an exercise bike using a switch-mode converter controlled generator. Sustainable Energy Technologies (ICSET), 2010 IEEE International Conference on, pp. 1-5. Marique, A., & Reiter, S. (2012). A method for evaluating transport energy consumption in suburban areas. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 33(1), 1-6. doi:10.1016/j.eiar.2011.09.001 Nagendran, R., & Kumar, K. S. (2010). Hybrid electric bike with three speed transmission system an energy efficient bike for next generation. Computer Engineering and Technology (ICCET), 2010 2nd International Conference on, , 7. pp. V7-133-V7-135. Pierce, J. M. T., Nash, A. B., & Clouter, C. A. (2013). The in-use annual energy and carbon saving by switching from a car to an electric bicycle in an urban UK general medical practice: The implication for NHS commuters. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 15(6), 1645-1651. doi:10.1007/s10668-013-9454-0 Spagnol, P., Corno, M., Mura, R., & Savaresi, S. M. (2013). Self-sustaining strategy for a hybrid electric bike. American Control Conference (ACC), 2013, pp. 3479-3484. \t \u00C2\u00A0 18\t \u00C2\u00A0Str\u00C3\u00B6mdahl, I. (2010, May). Unique electric motor for bicycles. Retrieved from http://advantage-environment.com/transporter/unique-electric-motor-for-bicycles/ Yang, C. (2010). Launching strategy for electric vehicles: Lessons from china and taiwan. Technological Forecasting & Social Change, 77(5), 831-834 doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2010.01.01 \t \u00C2\u00A0 19\t \u00C2\u00A0Appendices Appendix A: Survey Questions 1. As a student living on campus how often do you order a food delivery? \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Less than 10 times a week \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Around 10 times a week \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 More than 10 times a week 2. The AMS F&B is looking for a new mode of transport for food delivery on campus, what is your opinion on this project ? \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 I would like to see a more sustainable mode of food delivery on campus. \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 I am satisfied with the current situation. \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 I have no opinion. 3. Out of the three suggested models, which mode of food delivery would you like to see being used on campus ? and why ? \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Parklane Electric \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Edgerunner Cargo Bike \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Self-built Electric Cargo Bike "@en . "Report"@en . "10.14288/1.0108798"@en . "eng"@en . "Unreviewed"@en . "Vancouver : University of British Columbia Library"@en . "Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 2.5 Canada"@en . "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/ca/"@en . "Undergraduate"@en . "University of British Columbia. APSC 262"@en . "UBC Social Ecological Economic Development Studies (SEEDS) Student Report"@en . "An investigation into the AMS food and beverage : optimal modes of campus food delivery"@en . "Text"@en . "http://hdl.handle.net/2429/52412"@en .