"Applied Science, Faculty of"@en . "DSpace"@en . "UBCV"@en . "University of British Columbia. Sustainability Office"@en . "Ho, Jordan"@en . "Moorhouse, Colin"@en . "Zhao, David"@en . "2012-07-06T18:29:18Z"@en . "2012"@en . "This report compares the attributes of induction and natural gas stoves and provides a recommendation as to which is more suitable for use in the new Student Union Building through\r\na triple-bottom line analysis. The triple-bottom line looks at the economical, environmental, and\r\nsocietal impacts of these stoves. The comparisons of the two types of stoves are to be conducted\r\nbased on their technological attributes for the environmental and societal impacts, while\r\nindividual models from different manufacturers are compared to look at their economical\r\nimpacts. The report uses peer-reviewed papers that were written by experts to provide\r\ninformation on the two types of stoves. Most were published in science and academic journals.\r\nThe information that is presented assumes that the data from the test stoves are representative of\r\nthe stoves that can be purchased for the new SUB. It is also assumed that the indicated usage and\r\nlifespan of the stoves will be similar to the stoves that will be used in the catering kitchen.\r\nThe research that is presented in this report shows that the average capital costs for\r\ninduction stoves are much greater than natural gas stoves, but the variable costs for the energy\r\nare much less for induction stoves. However, the unique pricing for resources for the new SUB\r\nalters the costs of the different types of stoves. Since natural gas stoves involve combustion,\r\nemissions are present while induction stoves do not produce any. Natural gas stoves are\r\napproximately 40% energy efficient because of the significant amount of heat loss to the\r\nsurroundings. Conversely, induction stoves are highly energy efficient with an efficiency of\r\napproximately 90% because heat generation takes place in the pot itself. Natural gas stoves also\r\npresent a higher risk for burns from the flame as well as possible health issues due to the\r\ninhalation of the by-products of combustion. Induction stoves also provide a cooler working\r\nenvironment. Cleaning induction stoves is much easier because the surface is not heated and\r\ngenerally flat as opposed to natural gas stoves, which have burners that make it more difficult.\r\nFrom analysing the economical, environmental, and social impacts of the triple-bottom\r\nline, it is recommended that the new SUB use induction stoves in the catering kitchen. The\r\ninduction stoves offer safer working conditions and greater energy efficiency than natural gas. Disclaimer: \u00E2\u0080\u009CUBC SEEDS provides students with the opportunity to share the findings of their studies, as well as their opinions, conclusions and recommendations with the UBC community. The reader should bear in mind that this is a student project/report and is not an official document of UBC. Furthermore readers should bear in mind that these reports may not reflect the current status of activities at UBC. We urge you to contact the research persons mentioned in a report or the SEEDS Coordinator about the current status of the subject matter of a project/report.\u00E2\u0080\u009D"@en . "https://circle.library.ubc.ca/rest/handle/2429/42605?expand=metadata"@en . "UBC Social Ecological Economic Development Studies (SEEDS) Student Report An Introduction into Induction and Natural Gas Stoves: A Triple Bottom Line Analysis for the new Student Union Building Jordan Ho Colin Moorhouse David Zhao University of British Columbia APSC 262 April 4, 2011 Disclaimer: \u00E2\u0080\u009CUBC SEEDS provides students with the opportunity to share the findings of their studies, as well as their opinions, conclusions and recommendations with the UBC community. The reader should bear in mind that this is a student project/report and is not an official document of UBC. Furthermore readers should bear in mind that these reports may not reflect the current status of activities at UBC. We urge you to contact the research persons mentioned in a report or the SEEDS Coordinator about the current status of the subject matter of a project/report\u00E2\u0080\u009D. APSC 262 An Introduction Into Induction and Natural Gas Stoves A triple-bottom line analysis for the new Student Union Building Jordan Ho Colin Moorhouse David Zhao Dr. Dawn Mills March 28, 2011 Page 2 of 21 ABSTRACT This report compares the attributes of induction and natural gas stoves and provides a recommendation as to which is more suitable for use in the new Student Union Building through a triple-bottom line analysis. The triple-bottom line looks at the economical, environmental, and societal impacts of these stoves. The comparisons of the two types of stoves are to be conducted based on their technological attributes for the environmental and societal impacts, while individual models from different manufacturers are compared to look at their economical impacts. The report uses peer-reviewed papers that were written by experts to provide information on the two types of stoves. Most were published in science and academic journals. The information that is presented assumes that the data from the test stoves are representative of the stoves that can be purchased for the new SUB. It is also assumed that the indicated usage and lifespan of the stoves will be similar to the stoves that will be used in the catering kitchen. The research that is presented in this report shows that the average capital costs for induction stoves are much greater than natural gas stoves, but the variable costs for the energy are much less for induction stoves. However, the unique pricing for resources for the new SUB alters the costs of the different types of stoves. Since natural gas stoves involve combustion, emissions are present while induction stoves do not produce any. Natural gas stoves are approximately 40% energy efficient because of the significant amount of heat loss to the surroundings. Conversely, induction stoves are highly energy efficient with an efficiency of approximately 90% because heat generation takes place in the pot itself. Natural gas stoves also present a higher risk for burns from the flame as well as possible health issues due to the inhalation of the by-products of combustion. Induction stoves also provide a cooler working environment. Cleaning induction stoves is much easier because the surface is not heated and generally flat as opposed to natural gas stoves, which have burners that make it more difficult. From analysing the economical, environmental, and social impacts of the triple-bottom line, it is recommended that the new SUB use induction stoves in the catering kitchen. The induction stoves offer safer working conditions and greater energy efficiency than natural gas. Page 3 of 21 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT.................................................................................................................................... 2 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.......................................................................................................... 4 GLOSSARY ................................................................................................................................... 5 LIST OF ABREVIATIONS ........................................................................................................... 6 SECTION 1.0 \u00E2\u0080\u0093 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 7 SECTION 2.0 \u00E2\u0080\u0093 ECONOMICAL................................................................................................... 8 SECTION 3.0 \u00E2\u0080\u0093 ENVIRONMENTAL......................................................................................... 13 SECTION 4.0 \u00E2\u0080\u0093 SOCIETAL ........................................................................................................ 17 SECTION 5.0 \u00E2\u0080\u0093 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS............................................... 20 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................. 21 Page 4 of 21 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Table 1 - Prices of Different Induction and Natural Gas Stoves .................................................... 9 Table 2 - Energy Costs per Year................................................................................................... 10 Figure 3 - Cost Projections of Using Induction and Natural Gas Stoves...................................... 11 Figure 4 - Cost Projections of Using Induction and Natural Gas Stoves Neglecting Usage Costs ....................................................................................................................................................... 12 Table 5 - Comparison of some GHG and Other Pollutants Emitted By Induction and Natural Gas Stoves............................................................................................................................................ 13 Table 6 - Natural Gas Emission Factors for Different Stoves (average grams of compound per kg of fuel)........................................................................................................................................... 14 Table 7 - Natural Gas Emission Factors for Different Stoves (average grams of compound per 1 MJ of delivered energy) ................................................................................................................ 14 Figure 8 - Natural Gas Emission Factors...................................................................................... 15 Figure 9 - Natural Gas Emission Factors, excluding CO2 ............................................................ 15 Page 5 of 21 GLOSSARY Btu British thermal unit of energy [Btu] Combustion The process of burning. Electromagnetic Induction The production of voltage across a conductor moving through a magnetic field. Ferromagnetic The characteristic of substances that exhibit high magnetic permeability. Flashback The combustion that can occur within the system. Genotoxic Effects Known to be potentially mutagenic or carcinogenic, specifically those capable of causing genetic mutation and of contributing to the development of tumours. Genotoxicity The deleterious action on a cell\u00E2\u0080\u0099s genetic material affecting its integrity. Joule Unit of energy [J]. Liftoff The condition when the flame and burner become separated. Primary Aeration The amount of primary air that is put into the burner. Specific Heating Value The amount of heat energy that is released when a compound undergoes complete combustion. Watt Unit of work [1 W = 1 J/sec] Page 6 of 21 LIST OF ABREVIATIONS CaGBC Canada Green Building Council CH4 Methane CO Carbon Monoxide CO2 Carbon Dioxide GHG Greenhouse Gas GJ Giga Joule 1 = 1 \u00C3\u0097 10 kHz Kilo Hertz [1/sec] J Joule kg Kilogram kWh Kilo Watt Hours LEED Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design MJ Mega Joule 1 = 1 \u00C3\u0097 10 MMBtu Million British Thermal Units N2O Nitrous Oxide NA Not Available NOx Nitrogen Oxide ppb Parts Per Billion ppm Parts Per Million SO2 Sulphur Dioxide SUB Student Union Building TNMHC Total Non-Methane Hydrocarbons TSP Total Suspended Particulate Page 7 of 21 SECTION 1.0 \u00E2\u0080\u0093 INTRODUCTION The new SUB is hoping to be an image of sustainability and provide an example that should inspire other building projects on the UBC campus and around the world. Choices must be made when designing the new SUB in order to meet UBC\u00E2\u0080\u0099s sustainability goals while still maintaining the functionality of the building and the support of the staff and students. The specific choice that is being analyzed in this report is whether to use gas stoves or induction stoves. Gas stoves involve the burning of natural gas in order to generate heat and cook the food. They have been around for many years and are a time proven technology in the food industry. Induction stoves use electromagnetic waves to induce current through the cookware in order to generate heat and cook the food. They are a relatively new technology when compared to gas stoves and are still being optimized, but they provide very high efficiency. When evaluating the choice of induction stoves or gas stoves for use in the new SUB it is effective to do a triple bottom line analysis and look at the economical, environmental, and social impacts. Page 8 of 21 SECTION 2.0 \u00E2\u0080\u0093 ECONOMICAL In this part of the report, the overall cost associated with using natural gas stoves and induction stoves for commercial purposes are detailed. As a part of the economical section of the triple bottom line analysis, three cost components of the stoves that had the most substantial impact on the overall pricing. First, the capital costs of induction and natural gas stove models similar design and size with the addition of all other required equipment were compared. Second, the usage costs of each type of stove and their efficiency based in a commercial environment were taken into account. Lastly, the replacement costs of a device when it reaches its end-of-life cycle were examined. By taking the summation of the three parts, the overall cost of each type of stoves was reached. Based on the more economically advantageous technology, the recommended type of stove for the new SUB was reached. To determine the average capital cost of the different stoves, the induction and natural gas stove prices were considered after taking into account by ensuring that they were similar models and of the same size. The brands that were considered are Bosch, Electrolux, Frigidaire, Kenmore, and Whirlpool. All of them had 4 hubs. The stores from which the prices were found are Abe\u00E2\u0080\u0099s of Maine Limited, The Brick, and the Hudson\u00E2\u0080\u0099s Bay Company. A summary of the findings are listed on Table 1. After taking the average of the five stoves, it is found that the average difference in capital cost was about $650 for each unit. By purchasing the number of units required for the SUB, assuming 15 to 20 units, the difference grows to $10,000 to $13,000. Page 9 of 21 Table 1 - Prices of Different Induction and Natural Gas Stoves Induction Stoves ($) Natural Gas Stoves ($) Bosch 300 series 1499.99 615.00 Electrolux 30\" series 2199.97 1499.97 Frigidaire 36\" professional 1599.97 1299.97 Kenmore Elite 30\" series 1489.88 775.99 Whirlpool Gold 30\" series 1899.99 1249.99 On Average 1737.96 1088.184 10 units (~40 hubs) 17379.6 10881.84 15 units (~60 hubs) 26069.4 16322.76 20 units (~80 hubs) 34759.2 21763.68 The induction stoves cost more than natural gas stoves because they require the use of a special and a more expensive material: ferromagnetic metals. This material is used to generate the induction wave, which is the method of heating in induction stoves (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1990, 13). In a new study, it was indicated that by implementing ferromagnetic material into the pots, the power by can be increased by 55%. However, no commercial pots have such a property so the idea was found to be not yet applicable (Koller, 2009, 159). Additional costs of buying special pots for the induction stoves are discarded because it was reported that using induction stoves with the proper coils and the correct inverter frequencies (65 turns and 50 kHz for aluminum and copper, and 15 turns and 20 kHz for iron and stainless steel), any metal vessel can be used with induction stoves (Tanaka, 1989, 641). To find the energy usage cost by each technology, the following equation was used: = \u00C3\u0097 \u00C3\u0097 Page 10 of 21 In another study, it was reported that the absolute efficiency property of an induction stove was as high as 84% and only 39.9% for natural gas burners (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1990, 49 & 48). This means that induction stoves are 2.1 times more effective than natural gas stoves. From the same report, the energy consumption rate is given as 3.38 MMBtu/year for natural gas stoves (3.562 GJ/year), while induction stoves consume 206.4 kWh/year (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1990, 129 & 49). However, these values come from residential use, which approximated that commercial use requires an additional 50 hours of weekly use (approximate 25 hours per week for residential use, and 75 hours for commercial use). Next, the rates charged to the UBC SUB in 2013 are assumed to be $6.79/GJ for natural gas and $47.99/MWh. These are assumed to be the same for the next 25 years (Tailor, Hitesh et al., 2010, 127). Table 2 shows the usage cost per year. Table 2 - Energy Costs per Year Induction Natural Gas Efficiency (%) 84.00 40.00 Assumed Hour Usage per Week (hours) 75.00 75.00 Energy Consumption per Hour 0.159 KW 0.00274 GJ 2013 Energy Charged to UBC $ 47.99 / MWh $ 6.79 /GJ Usage Cost per Year $33.02 $167.15 The longevity of the stoves are unknown because articles were either non-existent or out of reach. Therefore, it was assumed that both stove types last for 15 years, which is a similar assumption made in a study by an office in Switzerland (Jungbluth, 2009, 19). Figure 3 shows that one replacement cost is added to our estimation every 15 years. Page 11 of 21 Figure 3 - Cost Projections of Using Induction and Natural Gas Stoves In Figure 3, note that natural gas stoves have a lower initial cost. At approximately 5 years, the usage costs make the natural gas stoves more expensive to operate. Even at 15 years into the life of the new SUB, the induction stoves will cost about $10,000 less than natural gas stoves. It was also reported by the organizers of the new SUB that electricity will be provided by UBC, while the new SUB pays a standard fixed rate for the natural gas, regardless of the amount used. By taking the usage costs out of the equation, an updated version of the plot is generated. In Figure 4, the cost of induction stoves is approximately $20,000 greater by the end of the 25th year. 0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Co st ($) Time (Years) Estimated Cost Comparison Induction Stoves Natural Gas Stoves Linear (Induction Stoves) Linear (Natural Gas Stoves) Page 12 of 21 Figure 4 - Cost Projections of Using Induction and Natural Gas Stoves Neglecting Usage Costs Normally, induction stoves offer greater cost savings. However, the unique pricing for the new SUB means that newer projections in Figure 3 better represent the economical cost of the two types of stoves. From the latest cost projections, the natural gas stoves offer lower costs to the new SUB. 0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Cost ($) Time (year) Estimated Cost Comparison (Revised) Induction Natural Gas Linear (Induction ) Linear (Natural Gas) Page 13 of 21 SECTION 3.0 \u00E2\u0080\u0093 ENVIRONMENTAL There are many emissions from the natural gas combustion process that are released to the environment. Table 5 provides some examples of the by-products of the combustion process. Table 5 - Comparison of some GHG and Other Pollutants Emitted By Induction and Natural Gas Stoves Examples of Pollutants Induction Stoves Natural Gas Stoves CO2 No Yes CO No Yes CH4 No Yes NOx No Yes N2O No Yes SO2 No Yes TNMHC No Yes TSP No Yes (Zhang, 2000, 7) If insufficient oxygen is supplied, then incomplete combustion occurs and leads to increased CO emissions and soot formation (Ko, 2003, 3). Liftoff, flashback, and inadequate heat input can also occur (Ko, 2003, 3). NO2 is also released to the atmosphere and can have severe health effects, which are discussed in more detail in Section 4.0 (Basu, 1999, 1). The study by Ko and Lin showed that one can optimize burning by decreasing the gas pressure to a suitable value, by enlarging the primary aeration to a favourable level, by selecting a proper thermal input, and by adjusting the optimized heating height for natural gas with a specific heating value (Ko, 2003, 12). This shows that each stove must be individually adjusted to the specific fuel used to attain maximum efficiency, which can vary from region-to-region. Doing this would increase the time and costs required to install the stoves. Page 14 of 21 Tables 6 and 7 show the emission factors of natural gas. The data was obtained from using (a) a gas stove with an infrared head without flue and (b) a traditional gas stove without flue. The same fuel with the same heating value was also used. The efficiency of the infrared stove was reported to be 60.92% and 53.69% for the traditional stove (Zhang, 2000, 10). Table 6 - Natural Gas Emission Factors for Different Stoves (average grams of compound per kg of fuel) CO2 CO CH4 Carbon in TNMHC TSP NOX SO2 Infrared 3.44 E+03 NA 3.91 E-02 1.67 E-01 2.03 E-01 5.77 E-01 NA Traditional 3.44 E+03 2.63 E-01 NA 8.97 E-02 1.13 E-01 2.89 E+00 1.49 E-03 (Zhang, 2000, 9) Table 7 - Natural Gas Emission Factors for Different Stoves (average grams of compound per 1 MJ of delivered energy) CO2 CO CH4 Carbon in TNMHC TSP NOX SO2 Infrared 1.10 E+02 NA 1.24 E- 03 5.35 E-03 6.49 E- 03 1.85 E-02 NA Traditional 1.25 E+03 9.51 E- 03 NA 3.29 E-03 4.09 E- 03 1.05 E-01 5.37 E- 05 (Zhang, 2000, 10) The data in Tables 6 and 7 clearly shows that CO2 is by far the largest by-product of the natural gas combustion process. Some of the emission factors were either not detected or the background level in the air was greater than the concentration in the flue gas (noted in the tables as NA). These tables are expressed in the Figures 8 and 9 as bar graphs. Figure 8 shows all of the emission factors while Figure 9 excludes the CO2 data to display the other compounds more clearly. Page 15 of 21 Figure 8 - Natural Gas Emission Factors (Zhang, 2000, 9) Figure 9 - Natural Gas Emission Factors, excluding CO2 (Zhang, 2000, 9) The heating characteristic of induction stoves is that the pot itself generates heat through 0.00E+00 1.00E+03 2.00E+03 3.00E+03 4.00E+03 CO2 CO CH4 Carbon in TNMHC TSP NOX SO2 Average Grams of Compound Co mp ou nd Natural Gas Emission Factors Per 1 MJ of Delivered Energy Traditional Stove Per 1 MJ of Delivered Energy Infrared Stove Per kg of Fuel Traditional Stove Per kg of Fuel Infrared Stove 0.00E+005.00E-011.00E+001.50E+002.00E+002.50E+003.00E+00 CO CH4 Carbon in TNMHC TSP NOX SO2 Average Grams of Compound Co mp ou nd Natural Gas Emission Factors (Excluding CO2) Per 1 MJ of Delivered Energy Traditional Stove Per 1 MJ of Delivered Energy Infrared Stove Per kg of Fuel Traditional Stove Per kg of Fuel Infrared Stove Page 16 of 21 electromagnetic induction. This means that the heating efficiency can be as high as 90% (Matsuzuki, 2008). On the other hand, the heating efficiency of a gas stove may be up to 40% because a lot of heat is lost to heating the surrounding air (Matsuzuki, 2008). Looking at induction stoves, the power supply can be turned off when not in use because restarting is so quick (Zinn, 1988, 8). Whereas with natural gas stoves, energy must be supplied continuously to maintain temperature during delays and to avoid long start-ups (Zinn, 1988, 8). This means that when natural gas stoves are not in use in a commercial kitchen, they must stay lit and continue to release pollutants to the environment. Conversely, induction stoves can stay on and not release any pollutants or be turned off and back on with a very short amount of time to start it back up again. Another consideration is in regards to the resources that each stove requires. The induction stoves will only require electricity and a plug to connect them to the building. Reports say that the electricity supplied to the new SUB will come from hot water run-off from the stream plant on campus. Conversely, the natural gas stoves require piping and other infrastructure to supply the natural gas. Since natural gas cannot be produced locally, the gas must come from farther regions where it is produced, such as Northern British Columbia or Alberta. This means that it could be transported through piping or by trucks, causing harm to the environment through deforestation and/or pollution. From an environmental point of view, induction stoves have a significantly smaller impact than natural gas stoves because the relative amount of pollution that the latter produces is much greater throughout its operational life. For this reason, it is recommended that the new SUB\u00E2\u0080\u0099s catering kitchen use induction stoves. Page 17 of 21 SECTION 4.0 \u00E2\u0080\u0093 SOCIETAL A lot of people believe that in order to design \u00E2\u0080\u0098green\u00E2\u0080\u0099 buildings you must also sacrifice human comfort; that you must essentially go back to a more basic way of living. However many people are unwilling to do this and you cannot sell the idea of sustainable buildings if people do not support them. That is why the social aspect is very important and why it is incorporated in the triple bottom line assessment. It is especially important in this case because the SUB\u00E2\u0080\u0099s primary role is social space for the students to eat, get together at the bar, see a movie and so on. When looking at the social impact of choosing induction stoves or gas stoves for use in the new SUB kitchens it will affect the customers and staff by affecting their safety, working environment and cooking process. Gas stoves involve the burning of natural gas in order to create heat energy to cook food. A by-product of this combustion is NO2. According to the World Health Organization short-term exposure (i.e. 6\u00E2\u0080\u00937 hours) to NO2 at levels of about 150 to 500 ppm may lead to fatal pulmonary oedema, laryngospasm, bronchoconstriction or respiratory arrest (Basu; 1999, 173). Lower concentrations of NO2 may also cause acute pulmonary oedema, bronchitis or pneumonia (Basu, 1999, 173). Other potential health effects of NO2 are: reduced efficacy of lung defences could lead to increased incidence and severity of respiratory infections, airway injuries could lead to respiratory symptoms and reduced lung function and worsening of the clinical status of persons with chronic respiratory conditions (Basu, 1999, 174). These are very serious issues because peak concentrations may reach 200 to 400 ppb in the kitchen during the use of a gas stove (Basu, 1999, 173). Incomplete combustion, due to insufficient oxygen, leads to increased CO emissions which can be very dangerous in a closed kitchen because exposures of 100 ppm or greater can be dangerous to human health (Ko, 2003, 3001). Associated with the use of a gas stove is the presence of an open flame, which presents the risk of burns, one of the most common safety concerns in the food industry. Induction stoves on the other hand induce current through the metal of the pot causing the pot to heat up and cook the food (Sadhu, 2010, 650). This keeps the surface of the stove cool, avoiding any risk of burns. As well since there is no burning of gas, there are no adverse chemicals present. Although induction cookers are not very common in commercial kitchens across North America, they are popular in Japan and Europe (Miyakoshi, 2007, 529). The Page 18 of 21 biological health effects due to presence of the magnetic fields in induction cookers remain unclear. One study has shown that there are no genotoxic effects in cells exposed to magnetic fields generated in an induction cooker (Miyakoshi, 2007, 535). The magnetic density in these tests was 80 times that found in any induction cooker (Miyakoshi, 2007, 535). From the research done induction cookers are much safer than gas stoves because there is less risk of burns and no harmful chemicals produced when cooking. The working environment for a typical person in the food industry can be very tough; they work long irregular hours, most of this time is spent standing, and working in a very hot environments. This alone causes a high risk of musculoskeletal disease and dermatitis (Matsuzuki, 2008, 360). In a study done to directly compare the working environments using an induction or gas stoves it was found that both provided different comfort levels for the staff. After exposure to heat stress (i.e. stove operation) environmental values in front of the induction stove did not change, whereas the ambient dry-bulb temperature, globe temperature, radiant heat index and wet-bulb globe temperature significantly increased in front of the gas stove (Matsuzuki, 2008, 363). The workers all felt significantly hotter in major areas over their body when working in front of the gas stove rather than the induction stove (Matsuzuki, 2008, 363). When comparing induction stoves to gas stoves, it is clear that induction stoves provide better maintenance of the thermal environment in the kitchen. This suggests a better work environment in kitchens with induction stoves. One of the major unpleasant consequences of working in a commercial kitchen with gas stoves is the work environment being very hot and uncomfortable. Therefore it is safe to assume that a cooler working environment in the kitchen would result in a more pleasant working experience for the staff. Gas stove tops have been a major part of commercial kitchens for many years, and although the thought of induction stoves presents a more energy efficient process to cook the food we can understand why some chefs might be hesitant to make the switch. That is why we must analyze the effect of using induction stoves instead of gas stoves on the cooking process. The gas stove top is a time proven technology, and anyone who has worked in the food industry has experience using gas stove tops. Whereas inductions stoves have been criticized because they were in need of special magnetic cookware, but modern induction cook tops can use almost any metal cookware (Miyakoshi, 2007, 529). Also induction stoves were originally criticized for Page 19 of 21 uneven cooking, but recent studies support that newer induction stoves have fixed this problem with alternative coil design and magnetic field distribution (Meng, 2009, 5). Constant output power, quick response and flexible temp control makes cooking for the staff easy as they have full control of the temperature (Sadhu, 2010, 650). Whereas using gas stoves can result with uneven temperature for cooking because of combustion. Induction stoves also provide an advantage for maintenance as they\u00E2\u0080\u0099re designed to be flat. On gas stoves the heat from the burning gas causes food to get cooked onto the stove and may be hard to clean off, but because the surface of the induction stove stays cool it makes it easy for the surface to be cleaned and can be done right after the cookware is removed. Page 20 of 21 SECTION 5.0 \u00E2\u0080\u0093 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS After looking into all three aspects of the triple bottom line analysis, it was found that the induction stove offers a superior solution for use in the new SUB. Economically, natural gas stoves offer reduced costs relative to induction stoves, however the costs for natural gas can fluctuate since energy is limited. From the environmental point of view, induction stoves were clearly the best option. They produce in far less pollution that could be harmful to users and the surrounding environment. From the social aspect, induction stoves allow the cooks to operate the stoves with better control of the temperature and easier cleaning. Using induction stove technology allows the new SUB to maintain and possibly enhance health and safety standards, be energy efficient, reduce its impact on the environment, and help the building achieve its goal of LEED Platinum Certification under the CaGBC for New Construction. Page 21 of 21 REFERENCES Basu, R., & Samet, J. (1999). A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence on the Health Effects of Nitrogen Dioxide Exposure from Gas Stoves. Journal of Environmental Medicine , 173-187. Jungbluth, Niels ;\u00E2\u0080\u009CLife-Cycle-Assessment for Stoves and Ovens.\u00E2\u0080\u009D Nachhaltige Schweiz im internationalen Kontext: Visionen, Strategien und Instrumente, entwickelt am Beispiel des Bed\u00C3\u00BCrfnisfeldes Ern\u00C3\u00A4hrung (August 1997) Ko, Y.-C., & Lin, T.-H. (2003). Emissions and efficiency of a domestic gas stove burning natural gases with various compositions. Energy Conversion and Management (44), 3001-3014. Koller, L., & Novak, B., \u00E2\u0080\u009CImproving the Energy Efficiency of Induction Cooking,\u00E2\u0080\u009D Springer Electrical Engineering, 2009, pp. 153 - 169 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, (1987) \u00E2\u0080\u009CVolume 2: Potential Impact of Alternative Efficiency Levels for Residential Cooking Products\u00E2\u0080\u009D Matsuzuki, H. et al., \u00E2\u0080\u009CEffects of Heating Appliances with Different Energy Efficiencies on Associations among Work Environments, Physiological Responses, and Subjective Evaluation of Workload,\u00E2\u0080\u009D Industrial Health, no. 46, pp. 360-368 Apr. 2008 Meng, L.C.; Cheng, K.W.E.; Chan, K.W.; , \"Heating performance improvement and field study of the induction cooker,\" Power Electronics Systems and Applications, 2009. PESA 2009. 3rd International Conference on , vol., no., pp.1-5, 20-22 May 2009 Miyakoshi, J., Horiuchi, E., Nakahara, T. and Sakurai, T. (2007), \u00E2\u0080\u009CMagnetic fields generated by an induction heating (IH) cook top do not cause genotoxicity in vitro.\u00E2\u0080\u009D Bioelectromagnetics, vol.28, pp. 529\u00E2\u0080\u0093537. Sadhu, P.K.; Pal, N.; Bandyopadhyay, A.; Sinha, D.; , \"Review of induction cooking - a health hazards free tool to improve energy efficiency as compared to microwave oven,\" Computer and Automation Engineering (ICCAE), 2010 The 2nd International Conference on , vol.5, no., pp.650-654, 26-28 Feb. 2010 Tailor, Hitesh et al. (June 2010) \u00E2\u0080\u009CAlternative Energy Feasibility Report for University of British Columbia, Phase Two- Step Three (Final).\u00E2\u0080\u009D Tanaka, Teruya, \u00E2\u0080\u009CA New Induction cooking Range for Heating Any Kind of Metal Vessels,\u00E2\u0080\u009D IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, Vol. 35, No. 3, AUGUST 1989 pp. 635 \u00E2\u0080\u0093 641 Zhang, J. (2000). Greenhouse gases and other airborne pollutants from household stoves in China: a database for emmision factors. Atmospheric Environment (34), 4537-4549. Zinn, S., & Semiatin, L. (1988). Elements of Induction Heating. ASM International."@en . "Report"@en . "10.14288/1.0108334"@en . "eng"@en . "Unreviewed"@en . "Vancouver : University of British Columbia Library"@en . "Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International"@en . "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/"@en . "Undergraduate"@en . "University of British Columbia. APSC 262"@en . "UBC Social Ecological Economic Development Studies (SEEDS) Student Report"@en . "An introduction into induction and natural gas stoves : a triple bottom line analysis for the new Student Union Building"@en . "Text"@en . "http://hdl.handle.net/2429/42605"@en .