"Applied Science, Faculty of"@en . "Civil Engineering, Department of"@en . "DSpace"@en . "UBCV"@en . "University of British Columbia. Sustainability Office"@en . "Wiebe, Jesse"@en . "2010-03-03T21:56:19Z"@en . "2009-03-27"@en . "Disclaimer: \u00E2\u0080\u009CUBC SEEDS provides students with the opportunity to share the findings of their studies, as well as their opinions, conclusions and recommendations with the UBC community. The reader should bear in mind that this is a student project/report and is not an official document of UBC. Furthermore readers should bear in mind that these reports may not reflect the current status of activities at UBC. We urge you to contact the research persons mentioned in a report or the SEEDS Coordinator about the current status of the subject matter of a project/report.\u00E2\u0080\u009D"@en . "https://circle.library.ubc.ca/rest/handle/2429/21446?expand=metadata"@en . "Life Cycle Analysis of UBC Buildings: The Thunderbird Residences Source: Drawing 780-06-012, Thunderbird Residences Submitted to Mr. Robert Sianchuk CIVL 498C The University of British Columbia 27 March 2009 By Jesse Wiebe Wiebe ii Table of Contents 1.0 INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................................................1 3.0 SCOPE OF STUDY ........................................................................................................................4 3.1 Tools, methodology and data ....................................................................................................4 4.0 BUILDING MODEL .......................................................................................................................7 4.1 BUILDING TAKE-OFFS...........................................................................................................7 4.1.1 Foundations ........................................................................................................................7 4.1.2 Columns and Beams............................................................................................................8 4.1.3 Floor System........................................................................................................................8 4.1.4 Roof System ........................................................................................................................9 4.1.5 Interior and Exterior Walls................................................................................................10 4.1.6 Extra Basic Materials (\u00E2\u0080\u009CXBM\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00E2\u0080\u009D)........................................................................................11 4.1.7 Miscellaneous General Assumptions & Methodology .....................................................11 4.1.8 Challenges in Take-offs .....................................................................................................11 4.2.1 Discussion of five major contributors to the Bill of Materials ........................................14 5.0 SUMMARY MEASURES .............................................................................................................16 5.1 SUMMARY MEASURES BY LIFE CYCLE STAGE DESCRIPTION ..............................................17 5.2 SUMMARY MEASURES BY LIFE ASSEMBLY GROUP DESCRIPTION .......................................19 5.3 SUMMARY MEASURE CATEGORIES ...................................................................................20 5.3.1 Primary Energy..................................................................................................................20 5.3.2 Acidification Potential.......................................................................................................20 5.3.3 Aquatic Eutrophication Potential......................................................................................20 5.3.4 Global Warming Potential.................................................................................................21 5.3.5 Human Health Criteria Air-Mobile ....................................................................................21 5.3.6 Ozone Depletion ...............................................................................................................21 5.3.7 Raw Resource Use.............................................................................................................22 5.3.8 Smog .................................................................................................................................22 5.4 SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS ..................................................................................................23 Wiebe iii 5.4.1 Results of the Sensitivity Analysis .................................................................................26 5.4.2 Role of the Sensitivity Analysis in The Construction Industry ...................................27 6.0 BUILDING PERFORMANCE........................................................................................................28 7.0 CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................32 ANNEX \u00E2\u0080\u009CA\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00E2\u0080\u0093 Impact Estimator INPUT TABLES ....................................Error! Bookmark not defined. ANNEX \u00E2\u0080\u009CB\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00E2\u0080\u0093 Impact Estimator INPUT ASSUMPTIONS........................Error! Bookmark not defined. Wiebe iv ABSTRACT A comprehensive case study life cycle analysis (\u00E2\u0080\u009CLCA\u00E2\u0080\u009D) was performed on the Thunderbird residence buildings A1 and A4, located at the University of British Columbia. Buildings A1 and A4 comprised one of the five blocks that are defined as the Thunderbird residences (\u00E2\u0080\u009Cthe residences\u00E2\u0080\u009D). The LCA characteristics of buildings A1 and A4 were used as models to estimate the other four blocks of the residences, thus achieving an LCA for the whole site defined as the Thunderbird residences. The residence\u00E2\u0080\u0099s five residential blocks situate ten low-rise rental apartment buildings, with an approximate total gross floor area of 610,000 SF. This analysis was conducted using cradle to gate LCA boundary conditions, which included the life cycle stages \u00E2\u0080\u009Cmanufacturing\u00E2\u0080\u009D and \u00E2\u0080\u009Cconstruction\u00E2\u0080\u009D. The primary energy consumption over the residences life cycle is an estimated 3.0 x 10 8 MJ, or 496 MJ/ft 2 . It was found that the majority of the energy consumption occurred in the manufacturing stage of the residences life, accounting for an approximate 90% of the total primary energy consumption. All of the IE summary measures have been included in this study, ie. energy consumption, acidification potential, global warming potential, Human Health Criteria Air-Mobile, ozone depletion potential, smog potential, eutrophication potential and weighted resource use. This report also explores the use of a material-type sensitivity analysis and building energy performance modeling, to observe their benefit in current and future construction designs. Wiebe v LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS BoM bill of materials CF cubic foot CFC chlorofluorocarbon CO2 carbon dioxide IE environmental impact estimator Eq Equivalents HH human health Kg kilogram kWh Kilowatt hour LCA life cycle analysis LCI life cycle inventory LCIA life cycle impact assessment LF linear foot MJ mega Joules N nitrogen NOx nitrogen oxide PM25 particulate matter less than 2.5 microns in diameter SF square foot XBM extra basic materials Wiebe 1 1.0 INTRODUCTION This report presents the Thunderbird residences as the focus of a life cycle analysis. Located at 6335 Thunderbird Crescent, the Thunderbird residences are comprised of five nearly identical blocks containing two buildings each. Figure 1. Drawing 780-06-003, Thunderbird Residences \u00E2\u0080\u0093 Approximate layout. For illustrative purposes only, not as-built The residences were built in 1995, consisting of 403 studio, one, two, and four bedroom units, accommodating an approximate 450-500 students. The ten buildings that encompass the Thunderbird residences are named as follows: A1, A2, A3, A4, B1, B2, B3, B4, C1, and C2. The buildings A1 and A4, which formed the detailed portion of this analysis, were four and two storeys, respectively, and irregular in shape. Figure 2. Drawing 780-06-012, Buildings A1 & A4 Wiebe 2 The underground parkade spans below buildings A1, A4, and the center courtyard. This parkade was included with buildings A1 and A4 in this analysis. The residences were constructed using a variety of materials. These construction materials and general building data are listed in the following table: Table 1. Thunderbird Residences: Building data, All Buildings Building Systems Structural Characteristics Structure Parkade: reinforced concrete columns and beams; ground floor, second, third and fourth floor: hollow structural steel, parallell strand lumber, and built-up lumber columns and beams, of varying size Floor System Parkade: reinforced concrete slab on grade 4\u00E2\u0080\u009D thickness, \u00C2\u00BC\u00E2\u0080\u009D vapor barrier; ground floor: reinforced concrete suspended slab 6\u00E2\u0080\u009D thickness, 4\u00E2\u0080\u009D rigid insulation, \u00C2\u00BC\u00E2\u0080\u009D vapor barrier; second, third and fourth floor: insulated 12\u00E2\u0080\u009D web wood truss-joist system, 5/8\u00E2\u0080\u009D plywood subfloor, and concrete topping Exterior Walls Stucco wall: stucco on metal mesh, 2\u00E2\u0080\u009Dx6\u00E2\u0080\u009D wood stud backing, with 1/8\u00E2\u0080\u009D vapor barrier, plywood, and 5/8\u00E2\u0080\u009D gypsum board sheathing, 4\u00E2\u0080\u009D fiberglass batt insulation; brick wall: clay brick (type 1) with 2\u00E2\u0080\u009Dx6\u00E2\u0080\u009D wood stud backing, 1/8\u00E2\u0080\u009D vapor barrier, plywood, and gypsum board sheathing, 4\u00E2\u0080\u009D fiberglass batt insulation Interior Walls Demising walls between suites: two rows of wood studs 2\"x4\", \u00C2\u00BD\u00E2\u0080\u009D gypsum board sheathing both sides, 4\u00E2\u0080\u009D fiberglass batt insulation; typical walls within suites: one row of wood studs 2\"x4\", \u00C2\u00BD\u00E2\u0080\u009D gypsum board sheathing both sides, 2\u00E2\u0080\u009D fiberglass batt insulation Windows Standard glazing (double panes, 1/2\u00E2\u0080\u009D airspace) Roof System Four story building: 12\" web truss joist system, built-up torch down roof cover, 8\" fiberglass batt insulation, 1/2\" plywood, 2 layers 5/8\" gypsum board; two story roof: steel deck, membrane roof sheathing, 2\u00E2\u0080\u009Dx10\u00E2\u0080\u009D kiln-dried soft-wood lumber joists, 8\" fiberglass batt insulation, 1/2\" plywood, 2 layers 5/8\" gypsum board; parkade roof (below courtyard only) 6\u00E2\u0080\u009D concrete Energy 8,878,424 kWh Annual usage, hydro-electric power (used for heat, lights, appliances, etc) Wiebe 3 2.0 GOAL OF STUDY This life cycle analysis (LCA) of the Thunderbird residences (\u00E2\u0080\u009Cthe residences\u00E2\u0080\u009D) at the University of British Columbia was carried out as an exploratory study to determine the environmental impact of its design. This LCA of the residences is also part of a series of twelve others being carried out simultaneously on respective buildings at UBC with the same goal and scope. The main outcomes of this LCA study are the establishment of a materials inventory and environmental impact references for the residences. An exemplary application of these references are in the assessment of potential future performance upgrades to the structure and envelope of the residences. When this study is considered in conjunction with the twelve other UBC building LCA studies, further applications include the possibility of carrying out environmental performance comparisons across UBC buildings over time and between different materials, structural types and building functions. Furthermore, as demonstrated through these potential applications, this LCA of the residences can be seen as an essential part of the formation of a powerful tool to help inform the decision making process of policy makers in establishing quantified sustainable development guidelines for future UBC construction, renovation and demolition projects. The intended core audience of this LCA study are those involved in building development related policy making at UBC, such as the Sustainability Office, who are involved in creating policies and frameworks for sustainable development on campus. Other potential audiences include developers, architects, engineers and building owners involved in design planning, as well as external organizations such as governments, private industry and other universities whom may want to learn more or become engaged in performing similar LCA studies within their organizations. Wiebe 4 3.0 SCOPE OF STUDY The product systems being studied in this LCA are the structure, envelope and operational energy usage associated with space conditioning of the residences on a gross floor area of residential building. In order to focus on design related impacts, this LCA encompasses a cradle- to-gate scope that includes the raw material extraction, manufacturing of the construction materials, and construction of the structure and envelope of the residences, as well as associated transportation effects throughout. 3.1 Tools, methodology and data Two main software tools are to be utilized to complete this LCA study; On-Center\u00E2\u0080\u0099s On- Screen Take-Off and the Athena Sustainable Materials Institute\u00E2\u0080\u0099s Impact Estimator (\u00E2\u0080\u009CIE\u00E2\u0080\u009D) for buildings. The study will first undertake the initial stage of a materials quantity takeoff, which involves performing linear, area and count measurements of the building\u00E2\u0080\u0099s structure and envelope. To accomplish this, On-Screen Take-Off version 3.6.2.25 is used, which is a software tool designed to perform material takeoffs with increased accuracy and speed in order to enhance the bidding capacity of its users. Using imported digital plans, the program simplifies the calculation and measurement of the takeoff process, while reducing the error associated with these two activities. The measurements generated are formatted into the inputs required for the IE building LCA software to complete the takeoff process. These formatted inputs as well as their associated assumptions can be viewed in Annexes A and B respectively. Using the formatted takeoff data, version 4.0.51 of the IE software, the only available software capable of meeting the requirements of this study, is used to generate a whole building LCA model for the Vancouver region as a multi-unit residential rental building Wiebe 5 type. The IE software is designed to aid the building community in making more environmentally conscious material and design choices. The tool achieves this by applying a set of algorithms to the inputted takeoff data in order to complete the takeoff process and generate a bill of materials (BoM). This BoM then utilizes the Athena Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) Database, version 4.6, in order to generate a cradle-to-grave LCI profile for the building. In this study, LCI profile results focus on the manufacturing and transportation of materials and their installation in to the initial structure and envelope assemblies. As this study is a cradle-to-gate assessment, the expected service life of the residences is set to 1 year, which results in the maintenance, operating energy and end-of- life stages of the building\u00E2\u0080\u0099s life cycle being left outside the scope of assessment. The IE then filters the LCA results through a set of characterization measures based on the mid-point impact assessment methodology developed by the US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), the Tool for the Reduction and Assessment of Chemical and other environmental Impacts (TRACI) version 2.2. In order to generate a complete environmental impact profile for the residences, all of the available TRACI impact assessment categories available in the IE are included in this study, and are listed as; \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Global warming potential \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Acidification potential \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Eutrophication potential \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Ozone depletion potential \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Photochemical smog potential \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Human health respiratory effects potential \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Weighted raw resource use \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Primary energy consumption Using the summary measure results, a sensitivity analysis is then conducted in order to reveal the effect of material changes on the impact profile of the residences. Finally, using Wiebe 6 the UBC Residential Environmental Assessment Program (REAP) as a guide, this study then estimates the embodied energy involved in upgrading the insulation and window R-values to REAP standards and calculates the energy payback period of investing in a better performing envelope. The primary sources of data for this LCA are the as-built architectural and structural drawings from when the residences were initially constructed in 1995. The assemblies of the building that are modeled include the foundation, columns and beams, floors, walls and roofs, as well as the associated envelope and openings (ie. doors and windows) within each of these assemblies. The decision to omit other building components, such as finishes (floor, wall, ceiling, etc), electrical aspects, HVAC system, and detailing, etc., are associated with the limitations of available data and the IE software, as well as to minimize the uncertainty of the model. In the analysis of these assemblies, some of the drawings lack sufficient material details, which necessitate the usage of assumptions to complete the modeling of the building in the IE software. Furthermore, there are inherent assumptions made by the IE software in order to generate the bill of materials and limitations to what it can model, which necessitated further assumptions to be made. These assumptions and limitations will be discussed further as they emerge in the Building Model section and, as previously mentioned, all specific input related assumptions are contained in the Input Assumptions document in Annex B. Wiebe 7 4.0 BUILDING MODEL 4.1 BUILDING TAKE-OFFS Material quantity takeoffs were conducted using three On-Screen Take-Off (\u00E2\u0080\u009COS\u00E2\u0080\u009D) conditions. These conditions are: linear, area, and count conditions. A number of materials were not included in this analysis due to limitations of material selection in the IE, and to minimize sources of uncertainty. Materials that were not included in this analysis are: floor, ceiling and wall finishes; heating, cooling, plumbing, electrical, elevators and fire protection systems; furnishings, appliances and chattels; and exterior improvements including stairs and courtyard fixtures. The following section describes the take-off methodology used per building component. 4.1.1 Foundations \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Spread footing details were obtained through use of the count condition, and then applied to the specifications furnished in the structural drawing set \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 The perimeter footing quantities were obtained using the linear condition, and then again applied to the structural drawing set specifications \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 The concrete slab on grade material was quantified using the area condition Foundations General Assumptions & Methodology \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Due to available inputs in the IE, length, width and thickness measurements inputted into the program were modified to reflect actual measured volume, not actual length, width, and thickness. The IE then takes this input information and then relates it back into a volume, therefore, there is no error associated with this form of data input \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Concrete flyash percentage was assumed as \u00E2\u0080\u0098average\u00E2\u0080\u0099 in the IE model. Wiebe 8 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Concrete strength was rounded up, when not available in the IE (eg. 3500Psi concrete not available, therefore 4000Psi concrete was used) 4.1.2 Columns and Beams \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Column and beam quantities were determined using the OS count condition for each different type of column and beam Columns and Beams General Assumptions & Methodology \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Nomenclature: Built-up lumber columns = BU lumber columns \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Bay sizes, supported spans, and column types varied greatly throughout the structure without a grid pattern layout. Span and width dimensions were necessary inputs for the IE. In this case 20\u00E2\u0080\u0099 Span and 20\u00E2\u0080\u0099 bay widths are considered representative of the column and beam layout based on various averaged distances. \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 No structural drawings displaying columns and beams for smaller building A4 were provided. As resolved through discussions with the project director, columns and beams were proportioned to A4 from the building A1 analysis based on building area proportions. 4.1.3 Floor System \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Floor area quantities were found using various OS area conditions for different building levels, thicknesses were determined from structural drawing specifications Floor System General Assumptions & Methodology \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Span & width were inputted into the IE to reflect actual measured area, not actual span and width. Wiebe 9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Concrete topping of applicable floors was added in Extra Basic Materials Figure 3. Drawing 780-06-002, Typical Combustible Floor Construction 4.1.4 Roof System \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Roof system material quantities were determined using the OS area conditions, and then combined with details from the structural drawing specifications to obtain total material amounts Roof System General Assumptions & Methodology \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Span & width inputted into the IE to reflect actual measured area, not actual span and width. \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Two storey roof applies to building A4, as the majority of this building is two storey \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Four storey roof applies to building A1, as the majority of this building is four storey Figure 4. Drawing 780-06-002, Typical combustible roof/ceiling construction Wiebe 10 4.1.5 Interior and Exterior Walls \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Material quantities were determined using the OS linear condition, and then given depth and height through the use of elevation drawings, differing floor elevation datum points, and the use of sectional structural specification drawings \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Door quantities were found using the OS count condition Interior and Exterior Walls General Assumptions & Methodology \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 In the build of the IE software that we were using (ie. build 51), a known issue was that windows and doors were limited to a maximum of 100 (each) per wall section. Many wall sections had greater than 100 doors/windows, therefore copies of these walls were made in the IE to accommodate this door and window restriction. \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Standard glazing was assumed for all windows, reflecting construction of 1995 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Windows were modeled based on two typical sample wall areas >1000 ft 2 . The OS area and count conditions were used to determine the average amount of window fenestration per unit wall area. This method was made possible by the uniformity of fenestration throughout. \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Stud spacing was not detailed in the drawings, and was assumed to be that of typical residential wall construction 16\u00E2\u0080\u009D o/c. \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Drawings state floor sheathing thickness, but not type. Sheathing type is assumed to be plywood. \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 For stucco walls, stucco area was percentaged in certain areas to apply to areas lacking elevation drawings. This assumption was made in conjunction with an on-site inspection to confirm percentage break-ups. Wiebe 11 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 For brick walls the clay brick is assumed to be best represented by concrete brick in model. Figure 5. Drawing 780-06-002, Typical Combustible Studwall Construction 4.1.6 Extra Basic Materials (\u00E2\u0080\u009CXBM\u00E2\u0080\u0099s\u00E2\u0080\u009D) \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Extra Basic Materials were quantified using the OS area condition and then applied to the structural drawing specifications 4.1.7 Miscellaneous General Assumptions & Methodology \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 The Commonsblock building was modeled as a residence building due to the fact that it was not included with the sample site \u00E2\u0080\u0098A\u00E2\u0080\u0099. It is, however, constructed in the same way as all the other residences, differing only in interior layout. For this building, this analysis will slightly over-estimate the amount of interior partitioning per square foot. The Commonsblock building is different from the residences in that it contains a fitness room, activity room and a music practice room. \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Due to symmetry of buildings, some quantities were taken off in half measures, and have been noted in OS with \u00E2\u0080\u009Chalf\u00E2\u0080\u009D in the given name of the take-off 4.1.8 Challenges in Take-offs \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Bugs in the IE build used (ie. 51), made inputs of walls, windows, and doors very complicated \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 There was a challenge in creating a labeling system that correlated with all the other programs used, and left an easy to follow trail of calculations. This became increasingly challenging with data that would be provided by OS in a certain way, and then required another form of input in the IE. Wiebe 12 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 In some cases it was difficult to read small print on drawings. \u0001 For more details on the numerical inputs used in the IE, please refer to the \u00E2\u0080\u0098Impact Estimator Input Tables\u00E2\u0080\u0099 (in Appendix A). \u0001 For more detailed descriptions and calculations corresponding to the assumptions made, please refer to the \u00E2\u0080\u0098Impact Estimator Input Assumptions Document\u00E2\u0080\u0099 (in Appendix B). Wiebe 13 4.2 BILL OF MATERIALS The Bill of Materials table shows the total amount of all building materials resulting from the construction of the Thunderbird residences (five blocks) in SI units (Athena IE 4.0.51). Table 2. Bill of Materials Material Quantity Unit #15 Organic Felt 15,064 m2 1/2\" Regular Gypsum Board 51,661 m2 3 mil Polyethylene 13,870 m2 5/8\" Regular Gypsum Board 41,301 m2 6 mil Polyethylene 42,512 m2 Aluminium 137 Tonnes Ballast (aggregate stone) 94,232 Kg Batt. Fiberglass 158,600 m2 (25mm) Blown Cellulose 5,569 m2 (25mm) Cold Rolled Sheet 1 Tonnes Concrete 30 MPa (flyash av) 29,087 m3 Concrete Brick 4,895 m2 EPDM membrane 9,096 Kg Expanded Polystyrene 34,465 m2 (25mm) Galvanized Sheet 71 Tonnes Hollow Structural Steel 47 Tonnes Joint Compound 93 Tonnes Laminated Veneer Lumber 752 m3 Large Dimension Softwood Lumber, kiln-dried 180 m3 Mortar 91 m3 Nails 22 Tonnes Paper Tape 1 Tonnes Rebar, Rod, Light Sections 9,001 Tonnes Roofing Asphalt 60,377 Kg Screws Nuts & Bolts 0 Tonnes Small Dimension Softwood Lumber, Green 4 m3 Small Dimension Softwood Lumber, kiln-dried 1,931 m3 Softwood Plywood 101,981 m2 (9mm) Solvent Based Alkyd Paint 283 L Standard Glazing 9,604 m2 Stucco over metal mesh 1,557 m2 Type III Glass Felt 20,462 m2 Water Based Latex Paint 893 L Welded Wire Mesh / Ladder Wire 29 Tonnes Wiebe 14 4.2.1 Discussion of five major contributors to the Bill of Materials In viewing the bill of materials (\u00C2\u00A8BoM\u00C2\u00A8), five significant material classes are noticed: concrete, lumber, glazing, gypsum board and fiberglass batt insulation. One challenge in comparing the values provided by the BoM is the difference in relative units, and the differences in relative properties of the materials (eg. weight strength ratio, density, etc). 4.2.1.1 Concrete 30 MPa (flyash av) 30 Mpa concrete is found in many of the residence\u00C2\u00B4s assemblies, and is the most used material on a per kilogram basis. The amount of volume in all of the residences measures 29,087m 3 . The majority of the concrete in the residences is actually 25MPa concrete, however, the compressive strength was rounded up to 30 MPa to match the available input selection in the IE. This rounding up to 30MPa will have a slight impact on the summary measures, due to the requirement of more energy inputs, and the subsequent higher amounts of emissions. In the parkade area, slab bands were modeled as beams for lack of other input options. It seems that the IE will underestimate the amount of concrete actually in these slab bands due to their size much larger than an average beam. This is difficult to determine without knowing how the IE models beam takeoffs. In the case of the slab bands being under estimated, the BoM will be slightly under in the amount of actual concrete in the residences. The assemblies containing the most concrete are extra basic materials (concrete floor topping), foundations, and roofs (parkade roof below courtyard). 4.2.1.2 Small Dimension Softwood Lumber, kiln-dried Found in all the walls as stud systems, roofs as joist systems, columns and beams as built-up members, and stairs as treads and risers, small dimension softwood lumber, (kiln-dried) totals at 1,931m 3 for the residences. In the case Wiebe 15 where built-up beams and columns are consisting of three 2\u00E2\u0080\u009Dx 6\u00E2\u0080\u009D softwood members, then the IE will have the correct input. This is the case for the majority of built-up beams and columns. There are a few cases, however, where the built- up beams and columns consist of four 2\u00E2\u0080\u009Dx 6\u00E2\u0080\u009D members. In this case the IE will have underestimated this entry in the BoM. This underestimation is seemingly minor as most built-columns and beams conform to the IE\u00E2\u0080\u0099s model. 4.2.1.3 Standard Glazing Applied to every window in the residences, the standard glazing IE output resulted with an area of 9,604m 2 . Known issues in the IE build 51 existed for the wall, window, and door inputs. By creating multiply sections of each type wall, the BoM was corrected and this value reflects the actual amount of window glazing in the residences. 4.2.1.4 Regular Gypsum Board 1/2\" Gypsum board was applied in varying thicknesses in the wall, roof, and floor assemblies. The amount of \u00C2\u00BD\u00E2\u0080\u009D gypsum board in the residences amounted to 51,661m 2 . This amount had no known sources of take off and input errors. 4.2.1.5 Fiberglass Batt Fiberglass batt was applied in varying thicknesses in the wall, roof, and floor assemblies. The amount of Fiberglass batt in the residences amounted to 158,600 m2 (per 25mm thickness). Batt insulation had to be determined qualitatively in some areas, by looking at sectional drawings where the drawings were not dimensioned Wiebe 16 5.0 SUMMARY MEASURES The summary measures represent potential environment effects, and are also known as \u00E2\u0080\u009Cimpact assessment categories\u00E2\u0080\u009D or just \u00E2\u0080\u009Cimpacts\u00E2\u0080\u009D. Once the BoM was generated by the IE, a life cycle inventory for the Thunderbird residences was calculated. A subsequent set of summary impact indicators were then determined by the IE through the use of the US EPA\u00E2\u0080\u0099s Tool for the Reduction and Assessment of Chemical and Other Environmental Impacts \u00E2\u0080\u009CTRACI\u00E2\u0080\u009D. The individual summary measures are described in more detail in section 5.3 It should be noted that our analysis did not take into account regional (Vancouver) factors when determining the summary measures. The summary measures used by the IE are a non-regionalized version of TRACI for the United States and Canada. Wiebe 17 Table 3. Thunderbird Residences Summary Measures By Life Cycle Stage Summary Measures By Life Cycle Stage Manufacturing (\"M\") Construction (\"C\") Classification Material Transport- ation Total Material Transport- ation Total Total M & C Primary Energy Consumption MJ 269,179,045 5,634,668 274,813,713 9,970,736 18,358,105 28,328,841 303,142,554 Weighted Resource Use kg 110,737,387 165,984 110,903,372 457,582 417,788 875,370 111,778,742 Global Warming Potential (kg CO2 eq / kg) 16,634,932 10,113 16,645,046 696,955 33,184 730,139 17,375,185 Acidification Potential (moles of H+ eq / kg) 3,441,963 3,387 3,445,350 277,207 10,575 287,782 3,733,133 HH Respiratory Effects Potential (kg PM2.5 eq / kg) 45,076 4 45,080 311 13 324 45,404 Eutrophication Potential (kg N eq / kg) 1,586 0 1,586 0 0 0 1,587 Ozone Depletion Potential (kg CFC- 11 eq / kg) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Smog Potential (kg NOx eq / kg) 51,344 76 51,420 6,864 236 7,101 58,521 5.1 SUMMARY MEASURES BY LIFE CYCLE STAGE DESCRIPTION The above table summarizes the life cycle effects over two stages of the material\u00E2\u0080\u0099s life, the manufacturing and construction stages. The manufacturing stage includes: resource extraction, resource transportation and the manufacturing of specific materials, products or building materials. The construction stage includes: product transportation from the place of manufacture to the construction site. From this table it is observed that the major environmental impacts occur in the manufacturing stage of the construction materials. In comparison to manufacturing, the construction stage does not include many energy intensive processes, therefore it its environmental impact is less. It should be noted, however, that the IE model does Wiebe 18 not include summary measure allowances for the heavy equipment used on-site during construction (eg. Cranes, excavators, loaders, etc), which would increase the impact of the construction stage. It is difficult to determine which summary measure environmental impacts are dominant because of the difference in units among these measures. It is also up to the LCA practitioner to determine which impacts are most sensitive for the subject region, which has not formed a part of this study. Table 4. Thunderbird Residences Summary Measures By Assembly Group Summary Measures By Assembly Group Material ID Foundatio ns Walls Beams and Columns Roofs Floors Extra Basic Mater Total Primary Energy Consumption MJ 13,340,483 47,994,905 23,493,246 200,458,217 19,865,780 1,374,113 306,526,743 Weighted Resource Use kg 13,585,006 15,856,050 7,565,830 54,646,772 13,448,504 1,890,751 106,992,913 Global Warming Potential (kg CO2 eq / kg) 3,138,794 6,070,358 2,552,505 19,612,510 3,246,066 378,976 34,999,209 Acidification Potential (moles of H+ eq / kg) 2,086,089 4,424,765 1,576,470 10,864,614 2,124,948 253,765 21,330,651 HH Respiratory Effects Potential (kg PM2.5 eq / kg) 1,559,829 3,126,488 1,337,963 9,754,424 1,647,410 189,520 17,615,635 Eutrophication Potential (kg N eq / kg) 56,887 281,718 71,525 719,988 77,912 6,392 1,214,422 Ozone Depletion Potential (kg CFC-11 eq / kg) 1,556,390 3,107,597 1,335,781 9,737,326 1,644,033 189,075 17,570,202 Smog Potential (kg NOx eq / kg) 1,564,512 3,123,700 1,337,862 9,761,178 1,652,003 190,054 17,629,310 Wiebe 19 5.2 SUMMARY MEASURES BY LIFE ASSEMBLY GROUP DESCRIPTION This table describes the summary measures by assembly group. As a default this analysis includes six assembly groups, which are: extra basic materials, floors, roofs, columns & beams, walls, and foundations. It can be seen in the primary energy consumption row that the majority of the energy consumption occurs in the \u00E2\u0080\u0098roofs\u00E2\u0080\u0099 category. This is understandable because of the nature of the materials used in the roof systems. The steel roof decking, membrane, and built up tar & gravel roof, insulation, double layer gypsum board, and engineered wood truss joist systems makes it a material group with many high embodied energy materials. Another major contributor to the \u00E2\u0080\u0098roofs\u00E2\u0080\u0098 category is the ~50,000ft 2 concrete roof added above the parkade, which was situated below each apartment block. Similar to the life cycle stage summary measures table, it is again difficult to determine which summary measures are dominating because of the difference in units among these measures. For a better idea of how the summary measures vary with respect to the use of different construction materials, please refer to the sensitivity analysis shown in section 5.4. Wiebe 20 5.3 SUMMARY MEASURE CATEGORIES 5.3.1 Primary Energy Primary energy is reported in mega-joules (MJ). Primary energy includes all energy, direct and indirect, used to transform or transport raw materials into products and buildings, including inherent energy contained in raw or feedstock materials that are also used as common energy sources. (For example, natural gas used as a raw material in the production of various plastic (polymer) resins.) In addition, the Impact Estimator captures the indirect energy use associated with processing, transporting, converting and delivering fuel and energy. (Athena IE 4.0.51 Definition) 5.3.2 Acidification Potential Acidification potential is a more regional rather than global impact effecting human health when high concentrations of NOx and SO2 are attained. The AP of an air or water emission is calculated on the basis of its H + equivalence effect on a mass basis. (Athena IE 4.0.51 Definition) Due to the fact that our analysis did not take into account regional factors, this result carries a high level of uncertainty. 5.3.3 Aquatic Eutrophication Potential Eutrophication is the fertilization of surface waters by nutrients that were previously scarce. When a previously scarce or limiting nutrient is added to a water body it leads to the proliferation of aquatic photosynthetic plant life. This may lead to a chain of further consequences ranging from foul odours to the death of fish. The calculated result is expressed on an equivalent mass of nitrogen (N) basis. (Athena IE 4.0.51 Definition) Wiebe 21 5.3.4 Global Warming Potential Global warming potential is a reference measure. The methodology and science behind the GWP calculation can be considered one of the most accepted life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) categories. GWP will be expressed on an equivalency basis relative to CO2 \u00E2\u0080\u0093 in kg or tonnes CO2 equivalent. Carbon dioxide is the common reference standard for global warming or greenhouse gas effects. All other greenhouse gases are referred to as having a \"CO2 equivalence effect\" which is simply a multiple of the greenhouse potential (heat trapping capability) of carbon dioxide. This effect has a time horizon due to the atmospheric reactivity or stability of the various contributing gases over time. (Athena IE 4.0.51 Definition) 5.3.5 Human Health Criteria Air-Mobile Particulate matter of various sizes (PM10 and PM2.5) have a considerable impact on human health. The EPA has identified \"particulates\" (from diesel fuel combustion) as the number one cause of human health deterioration due to its impact on the human respiratory system \u00E2\u0080\u0093 asthma, bronchitis, acute pulmonary disease, etc. It should be mentioned that particulates are an important environmental output of plywood product production and need to be traced and addressed. The Institute used TRACI\u00E2\u0080\u0099s \"Human Health Particulates from Mobile Sources\" characterization factor, on an equivalent PM2.5 basis, in our final set of impact indicators. (Athena IE 4.0.51 Definition) 5.3.6 Ozone Depletion Stratospheric ozone depletion potential accounts for impacts related to the reduction of the protective ozone layer within the stratosphere caused by emissions of ozone depleting substances (CFCs, HFCs, and halons). The ozone depletion potential of each of the contributing substances is characterized relative to CFC-11, with the final Wiebe 22 impact indicator indicating mass (e.g., kg) of equivalent CFC-11. (Athena IE 4.0.51 Definition) 5.3.7 Raw Resource Use The Weighted Resource Use values reported by the Impact Estimator are the sum of the weighted resource requirements for all products used in each of the designs. They can be thought of as \"ecologically weighted kilograms\", where the weights reflect expert opinion about the relative ecological carrying capacity effects of extracting resources. Excluded from this measure are energy feedstocks used as raw materials. Except for coal, no scoring survey has been conducted on the effects of extracting fossil fuels, and hence, they have been assigned a score of one to only account for their mass (Athena IE 4.0.51 Definition). The raw material weighting is as follows: Weighted Resource Use is the same as normal resource converted to mass quantities except: 1. LIMESTONE * 1.5 2. IRON ORE * 2.25 3. COAL * 2.25 4. WOODFIBER * 2.5 5.3.8 Smog Under certain climatic conditions, air emissions from industry and transportation can be trapped at ground level where, in the presence of sunlight, they produce photochemical smog, a symptom of photochemical ozone creation potential (POCP). While ozone is not emitted directly, it is a product of interactions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and nitrogen oxides (NOx). The \u00E2\u0080\u009Csmog\u00E2\u0080\u009D indicator is expressed on a mass of equivalent ethylene basis. (Athena IE 4.0.51 Definition) Wiebe 23 5.4 SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS As seen in the table below, the highlighted materials were chosen as the subjects of this sensitivity analysis. The sensitivity analysis was conducted by adding an additional 10% of the original material quantity, to the original material quantity, for each of the highlighted materials. The purpose of the sensitivity analysis was to observe how the Thunderbird residence\u00E2\u0080\u0099s summary measures are affected by such a material increase. Table 5. Thunderbird Residences, Sensitivity Analysis Material Quantity Unit Amount to add to XBM #15 Organic Felt m2 1/2\" Regular Gypsum Board 56,827 m2 5,166 3 mil Polyethylene m2 5/8\" Regular Gypsum Board m2 6 mil Polyethylene m2 Aluminium Tonnes Ballast (aggregate stone) Kg Batt. Fiberglass 174,460 m2 (25mm) 15,860 Blown Cellulose m2 (25mm) Cold Rolled Sheet Tonnes Concrete 30 MPa (flyash av) 31,996 m3 2,909 Concrete Brick m2 EPDM membrane Kg Expanded Polystyrene m2 (25mm) Galvanized Sheet Tonnes Hollow Structural Steel Tonnes Joint Compound Tonnes Laminated Veneer Lumber m3 Large Dimension Softwood Lumber, m3 Mortar m3 Nails Tonnes Paper Tape Tonnes Rebar, Rod, Light Sections Tonnes Roofing Asphalt Kg Screws Nuts & Bolts Tonnes Small Dimension Softwood Lumber, m3 Small Dimension Softwood Lumber, 2,124 m3 193 Softwood Plywood m2 (9mm) Solvent Based Alkyd Paint L Standard Glazing 10,564 m2 960 Stucco over metal mesh m2 Type III Glass Felt m2 Water Based Latex Paint L Welded Wire Mesh / Ladder Wire Tonnes Wiebe 24 Table 6. Sensitivity Analysis for Concrete 30 MPa (flyash av) Sensitivity Analysis With 10% More Concrete 30 MPa (flyash av) Manufacturing and Construction Current Building Modified Building Classification Overall Per Sq. Ft Overall Per Sq. Ft Percent difference (%) Primary Energy Consumption MJ 303,142,862.1 495.4 308,657,751.3 504.5 1.8 Weighted Resource Use kg 111,779,199.9 182.7 119,967,277.3 196.1 7.3 Global Warming Potential (kg CO2 eq / kg) 17,375,230.7 28.4 18,199,546.8 29.7 4.7 Acidification Potential (moles of H+ eq / kg) 3,733,148.3 6.1 4,014,219.2 6.6 7.5 HH Respiratory Effects Potential (kg PM2.5 eq / kg) 45,404.0 0.1 47,339.5 0.1 4.3 Eutrophication Potential (kg N eq / kg) 1,586.6 0.0 1,587.0 0.0 0.0 Ozone Depletion Potential (kg CFC-11 eq / kg) 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 1.8 Smog Potential (kg NOx eq / kg) 58,521.1 0.1 62,797.7 0.1 7.3 Table 7. Sensitivity Analysis for Small Dimension Softwood Lumber, kiln-dried Sensitivity Analysis With 10% More Small Dimension Softwood Lumber, kiln-dried Manufacturing and Construction Current Building Modified Building Classification Overall Per Sq. Ft Overall Per Sq. Ft Percent difference (%) Primary Energy Consumption MJ 303,142,862.1 495.4 303,502,689.6 496.0 0.1 Weighted Resource Use kg 111,779,199.9 182.7 112,094,681.8 183.2 0.3 Global Warming Potential (kg CO2 eq / kg) 17,375,230.7 28.4 17,382,847.0 28.4 0.0 Acidification Potential (moles of H+ eq / kg) 3,733,148.3 6.1 3,735,418.5 6.1 0.1 HH Respiratory Effects Potential (kg PM2.5 eq / kg) 45,404.0 0.1 45,422.8 0.1 0.0 Eutrophication Potential (kg N eq / kg) 1,586.6 0.0 1,586.6 0.0 0.0 Ozone Depletion Potential (kg CFC-11 eq / kg) 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 2.5 Smog Potential (kg NOx eq / kg) 58,521.1 0.1 58,528.5 0.1 0.0 Wiebe 25 Table 8. Sensitivity Analysis for Fiberglass Batt. Insulation Sensitivity Analysis With 10% More Fiberglass Batt. Insulation Manufacturing and Construction Current Building Modified Building Classification Overall Per Sq. Ft Overall Per Sq. Ft Percent difference (%) Primary Energy Consumption MJ 303,142,862.1 495.4 303,428,341.5 495.9 0.1 Weighted Resource Use kg 111,779,199.9 182.7 111,811,140.7 182.7 0.0 Global Warming Potential (kg CO2 eq / kg) 17,375,230.7 28.4 17,393,652.5 28.4 0.1 Acidification Potential (moles of H+ eq / kg) 3,733,148.3 6.1 3,740,008.5 6.1 0.2 HH Respiratory Effects Potential (kg PM2.5 eq / kg) 45,404.0 0.1 45,558.6 0.1 0.3 Eutrophication Potential (kg N eq / kg) 1,586.6 0.0 1,586.6 0.0 0.0 Ozone Depletion Potential (kg CFC-11 eq / kg) 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 Smog Potential (kg NOx eq / kg) 58,521.1 0.1 58,546.9 0.1 0.0 Table 9. Sensitivity Analysis for Standard Glazing Sensitivity Analysis With 10% More Standard Glazing Manufacturing and Construction Current Building Modified Building Classification Overall Per Sq. Ft Overall Per Sq. Ft Percent difference (%) Primary Energy Consumption MJ 303,142,862.1 495.4 303,221,903.9 495.6 0.0 Weighted Resource Use kg 111,779,199.9 182.7 111,811,752.7 182.7 0.0 Global Warming Potential (kg CO2 eq / kg) 17,375,230.7 28.4 17,399,977.0 28.4 0.1 Acidification Potential (moles of H+ eq / kg) 3,733,148.3 6.1 3,746,408.9 6.1 0.4 HH Respiratory Effects Potential (kg PM2.5 eq / kg) 45,404.0 0.1 45,778.4 0.1 0.8 Eutrophication Potential (kg N eq / kg) 1,586.6 0.0 1,586.6 0.0 0.0 Ozone Depletion Potential (kg CFC-11 eq / kg) 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 Smog Potential (kg NOx eq / kg) 58,521.1 0.1 58,670.3 0.1 0.3 Wiebe 26 Table 10. Sensitivity Analysis for 1/2\" Regular Gypsum Board Sensitivity Analysis With 10% More 1/2\" Regular Gypsum Board Manufacturing and Construction Current Building Modified Building Classification Overall Per Sq. Ft Overall Per Sq. Ft Percent difference (%) Primary Energy Consumption MJ 303,142,862.1 495.4 303,393,257.9 495.9 0.1 Weighted Resource Use kg 111,779,199.9 182.7 111,835,783.7 182.8 0.1 Global Warming Potential (kg CO2 eq / kg) 17,375,230.7 28.4 17,387,909.1 28.4 0.1 Acidification Potential (moles of H+ eq / kg) 3,733,148.3 6.1 3,737,777.1 6.1 0.1 HH Respiratory Effects Potential (kg PM2.5 eq / kg) 45,404.0 0.1 45,445.1 0.1 0.1 Eutrophication Potential (kg N eq / kg) 1,586.6 0.0 1,586.6 0.0 0.0 Ozone Depletion Potential (kg CFC-11 eq / kg) 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 Smog Potential (kg NOx eq / kg) 58,521.1 0.1 58,531.4 0.1 0.0 5.4.1 Results of the Sensitivity Analysis As observed in the above tables, the two materials that had the most noticeable affects in the analysis were concrete, and softwood lumber. There is a direct correlation between this result and these materials being the most used in the construction of the residences. A more meaningful way to conduct this analysis would be to model the same building with two different primary materials in order to observe the summary measure differences. This, however, would be much more time consuming than the above analysis, which is appropriate for a quick check of which materials dominate the summary measure effects. Wiebe 27 5.4.2 Role of the Sensitivity Analysis in The Construction Industry If all buildings construction choices were made based on environmental impacts, just as they are made currently based on cost, a significant environmental benefit would be experienced. It is most logical to perform a sensitivity analysis either in the principal stages of construction planning, or when considering a major renovation. With knowledge of regional data for a subject construction project, a sensitivity analysis could translate into significant environmental savings for an ecosystem. An example of this would be an area close to a mine site. In this area there may be more considerations given to acidification, due to the higher local concentrations of H2SO4 created from the acidic mine drainage. A sensitivity analysis could be conducted for this area to determine which materials are the best choices to minimize acidification, thus lessening the human impact on the local ecosystem. Wiebe 28 6.0 BUILDING PERFORMANCE As building heating is one of the greatest demands on fossil fuels in Canada, it is important to understand what can be done to reduce a building\u00E2\u0080\u0099s fossil fuel consumption. The majority of buildings in North America have been built solely with cost in mind, and in this way they are built with sufficient insulation systems to maintain a comfortable temperature only when supplemented by high energy input (in the colder seasons). Energy input is necessary to maintain comfortable temperature levels, however, this demand of energy could be significantly reduced with the employment of better insulating building materials. In this building performance analysis, the Vancouver seasonal temperature data has been applied with the insulating characteristics of the Thunderbird residences, in order to determine the amount of heat loss through the building\u00E2\u0080\u0099s walls, windows and roofs. The heat loss equation used is as follows: Q = (1/R) x A x \u00CE\u0094T Where, R = Calculated R-Value in ft 2 \u00C2\u00BAF h/BTU (Imperial units) A = Assembly of interest ft 2 \u00CE\u0094T = Inside Temperature \u00E2\u0080\u0093 Outside Temperature in \u00C2\u00BAF Following the calculations for our current building, another \u00E2\u0080\u009Cimproved\u00E2\u0080\u009D building model was created to compare the energy payback periods of upgrading envelope materials. The improved building model is the current building model upgraded to meet the insulation requirements of UBC\u00E2\u0080\u0099s Residential Environmental Assessment Program (REAP). The REAP insulation requirements are as follows: \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 EA 1.1; Roof \u00E2\u0080\u0093 minimum R-40 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 EA 1.2; Exterior Wall Insulation \u00E2\u0080\u0093 minimum R-18 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 EA 1.3; Energy Star Windows \u00E2\u0080\u0093 minimum R-3.2 Wiebe 29 In order to increase the energy efficiency of the residences, and achieve REAP\u00E2\u0080\u0099s requirements, the thicknesses of fiberglass batt type insulation were increased in the walls and roof, and low E tin argon glazing was used for the windows. The three following inputs were added into the \u00E2\u0080\u0098Extra Basic Materials\u00E2\u0080\u0099 section of the current IE model, to achieve of the improved model: Walls: F. Batt. 2\u00E2\u0080\u009D insulation x 148,302 SF / 1.05waste = 281,773 SF/1\u00E2\u0080\u009D Thickness Roof: F. Batt. 5\u00E2\u0080\u009D insulation x 86,155SF / 1.05waste = 409,235 SF/1\u00E2\u0080\u009D Thickness Windows: low E tin argon glazing (replaced former glazing) Table 11. Thunderbird Residences Embodied Energy Comparison As identified by the above table, the embodied energy is minimally affected by the additions of the insulating materials, with 0.3% increase for the improved building. The graph below illustrates the energy improvement payback period. The energy payback period is the length of time it takes for the energy savings of the improved building to equal the amount of embodied energy in the materials used to improve the building\u00E2\u0080\u0099s energy efficiency. Embodied Energy Comparison Manufacturing and Construction Classification Current Building Improved Building Percent difference (%) Electricity kWh 12,842,736 12,862,478 0.2 Hydro MJ 41,809,468 41,815,271 0.0 Coal MJ 22,386,774 22,583,873 0.9 Diesel MJ 41,475,117 41,586,615 0.3 Feedstock MJ 106,427,449 106,427,449 0.0 Gasoline MJ 98,379 98,379 0.0 Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 9,369,176 9,379,650 0.1 LPG MJ 83,527 84,042 0.6 Natural Gas MJ 112,445,691 113,282,723 0.7 Nuclear MJ 5,240,086 5,241,741 0.0 Wood MJ 5,616,353 5,616,353 0.0 Total MJ 357,794,757 358,978,575 0.3 Wiebe 30 Energy Improvement Payback Period 300000 350000 400000 450000 500000 550000 600000 650000 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Years En er gy (G J) Current Building Improved Buildings Figure 6. Energy Improvement Payback period As illustrated by the above graph, the energy payback period for the residences was found to be 1 year, and every year thereafter would provide an energy savings. The two following tables display the energy loss through the current and improved buildings when applied to monthly Vancouver temperatures. Table 12. Monthly Energy Loss, Current Building Current Building Temperature Energy Loss Month Days Per Month Historical Avg. (deg C) Historical Avg. (deg F) Temp.Diff. (deg F) (BTU used per month) (kWh used per month) (J used per month) Jan 31 3.6 38.48 29.52 377,473,736.16 110,626.64 398,255,892,427.81 Feb 28 4.9 40.82 27.18 313,917,969.41 92,000.28 331,201,005,740.51 Mar 31 6.6 43.88 24.12 308,423,662.47 90,390.06 325,404,204,788.58 Apr 30 9.1 48.38 19.62 242,788,968.77 71,154.43 256,155,933,957.30 May 31 12.3 54.14 13.86 177,228,522.46 51,940.56 186,985,998,274.03 Jun 30 14.7 58.46 9.54 118,053,351.79 34,598.02 124,552,885,318.69 Jul 31 16.9 62.42 5.58 71,351,742.81 20,911.13 75,280,077,227.21 Aug 31 17.1 62.78 5.22 66,748,404.56 19,562.03 70,423,298,051.26 Sep 30 14.5 58.1 9.90 122,508,195.25 35,903.61 129,252,994,198.64 Oct 31 10.3 50.54 17.46 223,261,904.92 65,431.61 235,553,790,033.52 Nov 30 6.1 42.98 25.02 309,611,620.73 90,738.21 326,657,567,156.56 Dec 31 3.8 38.84 29.16 372,870,397.91 109,277.53 393,399,113,251.86 Annual 30 10.0 49.99 18.02 2,704,238,477.25 792,534.10 2,853,122,760,425.97 Wiebe 31 Table 13. Monthly Energy Loss, Improved Building Improved Building Temperature Energy Loss Month Days Per Month Historical Avg. (deg C) Historical Avg. (deg F) Temp.Diff. (deg F) (BTU used per month) (kWh used per month) (J used per month) Jan 31 3.6 38.48 29.52 251,750,626.95 73,780.83 265,610,984,296.62 Feb 28 4.9 40.82 27.18 209,363,031.23 61,358.25 220,889,701,338.73 Mar 31 6.6 43.88 24.12 205,698,683.00 60,284.34 217,023,609,120.41 Apr 30 9.1 48.38 19.62 161,924,577.13 47,455.41 170,839,480,458.29 May 31 12.3 54.14 13.86 118,199,989.48 34,641.00 124,707,596,285.61 Jun 30 14.7 58.46 9.54 78,733,968.70 23,074.65 83,068,738,204.49 Jul 31 16.9 62.42 5.58 47,587,008.75 13,946.38 50,206,954,348.75 Aug 31 17.1 62.78 5.22 44,516,879.16 13,046.61 46,967,796,003.67 Sep 30 14.5 58.1 9.90 81,705,061.86 23,945.39 86,203,407,570.70 Oct 31 10.3 50.54 17.46 148,901,285.45 43,638.66 157,099,179,736.42 Nov 30 6.1 42.98 25.02 206,490,974.51 60,516.53 217,859,520,951.40 Dec 31 3.8 38.84 29.16 248,680,497.36 72,881.06 262,371,825,951.54 Annual 30 10.0 49.99 18.02 1,803,552,583.58 528,569.11 1,902,848,794,266.64 Wiebe 32 7.0 CONCLUSION This cradle-to-gate LCA of the Thunderbird residences demonstrated a primary energy consumption of 3.0 x 10 8 MJ, or 496 MJ/ft 2 . It was found that the manufacturing life cycle stage accounted for more than 90% of the primary energy consumption. The IE summary measures indicated levels of energy consumption, acidification potential, global warming potential, Human Health Criteria Air-Mobile, ozone depletion potential, smog potential, eutrophication potential and weighted resource use. These summary measures provided the basis for further analysis, which could be comparatively analyzed to other buildings, or an analysis addressing regional concerns. Through the use of a sensitivity analysis it was determined that concrete and wood had the greatest influence on the summary measures of the five different materials chosen. In the case modeled the sensitivity analysis results were related to the amount of subject material contained within the building. The final consideration in this analysis was energy consumption. It was observed that with a 0.3% increase in total embodied energy in building insulation systems, the energy performance can be significantly improved with an energy payback period of one year, and subsequent energy savings thereafter. The results of this analysis for the Thunderbird residences can now be applied in comparison with other buildings, on a square foot residence basis, in order to determine the effects on the environment of using different construction materials and assembly types. ANNEX \u00E2\u0080\u009CA\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00E2\u0080\u0093 IMPACT ESTIMATOR INPUT TABLES A-WIEBE- 2 - Assembly Group Assembly Type Input Fields Ideal Inputs IE Input Total Site (One Block x 5) 1a) Add Foundation Concrete Footing Foundation (Spread Footings) Length (ft) Varies 73' 365 Width (ft) Varies 73' 73 Thickness (in) Varies 19.7\" 19.7 Concrete (Psi) 3500 4000 Rebar Size #6 #6 Concrete flyash % - average 1b) Add Foundation Concrete Footing Foundation (Perimeter Footing) Length (ft) 1142' 1142' 5710 Width (ft) 1.5' 1.5' 1.5 Thickness (in) 10\" 10\" 10 Concrete (Psi) 3500 4000 Rebar Size #5 #5 Concrete flyash % average average 1c) Add Foundation Concrete Slab on Grade Length (ft) 392' 392' 1960 Width (ft) 172' 172' 172 ` Thickness (in) 4\" 4\" 4 Concrete (Psi) 3500 4000 Concrete flyash % average average 1d) Add Foundation Extras - Stairs Length (ft) ideal is in volume 48 240 Width (ft) 876CF 20 20 Thickness (in) 6\" 8\" 8 Concrete (Psi) 3500 4000 Concrete flyash % average average 1e) Add Foundation Extras - Balconies Length (ft) 94.4 472 Width (ft) 20 20 Thickness (in) 6\" 8 8 Concrete (Psi) 3500 4000 Concrete flyash % average average 2a)Add Beams and Columns Concrete Beam and Column (R Conc) Parkade Number of beams 8 8 40 Number of columns 139 139 695 Floor to floor height (ft) 14' 14' Bay sizes (ft) 21' 21 Supported span 26' 26 Live load (psf) Mixed Ave 75 75 2b)Add Beams and Columns LVL Beam and Column (mixed) A-WIEBE- 3 - First Floor (main) LVL beams 79 79 395 BU Lumber columns 143 143 715 Steel columns 18 18 90 PSL columns 15 15 75 Floor to floor height (ft) 9.2' Bay sizes (ft) Various 20' Supported span Various 20' Live load (psf) 40 45 2c)Add Beams and Columns LVL Beam and Column (mixed) Second Floor LVL beams 79 79 395 BU Lumber columns 143 143 715 Steel columns 18 18 90 PSL columns 15 15 75 Floor to floor height (ft) 9.2' Bay sizes (ft) Various 20' Supported span Various 20' Live load (psf) 40 45 2d)Add Beams and Columns LVL Beam and Column (mixed) Third Floor PSL beams 59 59 295 BU Lumber columns 96 96 480 Floor to floor height (ft) 9.2' Bay sizes (ft) Various 20' Supported span Various 20' Live load (psf) 40 45 2e)Add Beams and Columns LVL Beam and Column (mixed) Fourth Floor PSL beams 59 59 295 BU Lumber columns 96 96 480 Floor to roof height (ft) 10' Bay sizes (ft) Various 20' Supported span Various 20' Live load (psf) 40 45 3a) Add Floors Structural First Floor Area 17,231SF Width (ft) 408 2040 Span (ft) 42 42 Concrete (Psi) 3500 4000 Concrete flyash % average average Live load (psf) 40 45 A-WIEBE- 4 - Floor type Suspended Floor Slab (poured + 2\u00E2\u0080\u009D topping above rigid insulation) Suspended Floor Slab 3b) Add Floors Structural second Floor Area 17,231SF Width (ft) 408' 2040 Span (ft) 42' 42 Live load (psf) 40 45 Floor type 1.5\" concrete topping5/8\" plywood12\" wood truss- joist5/8\" gypsum wall board Light frame wood truss floor 3c) Add Floors Structural third Floor Area 10,812 SF Width (ft) 318 1592 Span (ft) 34' 34 Live load (psf) 40 45 Floor type 1.5\" concrete topping 5/8\" plywood 12\" wood truss-joist 5/8\" gypsum wall board Light frame wood truss floor 3d) Add Floors Structural fourth Floor 9,660 SF Width (ft) 284 1420 Span (ft) 34' 34 Live load (psf) 40 45 Floor type 1.5\" concrete topping 5/8\" plywood 12\" wood truss-joist 5/8\" gypsum wall board Light frame wood truss floor 1240 x 6 x .5 4a) Add Roof 2-Storey Roof Area 5,411 SF Width (ft) 193 965 Span (ft) 28 28 Live load (psf) 107 100 A-WIEBE- 5 - Roof type metal Deck membrane cover 1/2\" plywood wood joist (2x4) and purlin (2x8) 2 x 5/8\" gypsum wall 4b) Add Roof 4-Storey Roof Area 9660 SF Width (ft) 345 1725 Span (ft) 28 28 Live load (psf) 107 100 Roof type Built-Up T&G System1/2\" plywood12\" wood truss- joist2 x 5/8\" gypsum wall board 4c) Add Roof Parkade Roof Area 67,424- 17,231SF 50,193SF Width (ft) 334 1670 Span (ft) 150 150 Live load (psf) 107 100 Materials . Roof type Concrete Suspended Slab 5a) Add Walls parkade Wall Type Exterior Exterior Length (ft) 1733 1733 8665 Height (ft) 14 14 14 Total opening area (ft2) n/a n/a Number of window units n/a n/a Sheathing n/a n/a wall thickness approx 6\" 8\" MaterialType Cast in place Cast in place 5b) Add Walls A4 Stucco Wall Type Exterior Exterior A-WIEBE- 6 - Length (ft) 72 72 360 Height (ft) 21 21 21 Total opening area (ft2) n/a 347.6 1738 Number of window units n/a 19.2 96 Number of Doors 5 5 25 Sheathing plywood plywood n/a Stud thickness 2 x 4 2 x 4 n/a Stud Spacing n/a 16 o/c n/a Stud Type kiln dried kiln dried n/a 5b) Add Walls (2) A4 Stucco (2) Wall Type Exterior Exterior Length (ft) 30 30 150 Height (ft) 21 21 21 Total opening area (ft2) n/a 37.8 189 Number of window units n/a 2.2 11 Number of doors 0 0 0 Sheathing plywood plywood n/a Stud thickness 2 x 4 2 x 4 n/a Stud Spacing n/a 16 o/c n/a Stud Type kiln dried kiln dried n/a 5c) Add Walls A4 Brick Wall Type Exterior Exterior Length (ft) 85 85 425 Height (ft) 22 22 22 Total opening area (ft2) 337 337 1685 Number of window units 18.7 18.7 93.5 Number of doors 5 5 25 Sheathing plywood plywood n/a Stud thickness 2 x 4 2 x 4 n/a Stud Spacing n/a 16 o/c n/a Stud Type kiln dried kiln dried n/a 5c) Add Walls (2) A4 Brick (2) Wall Type Exterior Exterior Length (ft) 85 85 425 Height (ft) 22 22 22 Total opening area (ft2) 337 337 1685 Number of window units 18.7 18.7 93.5 Number of doors 5 5 25 Sheathing plywood plywood n/a Stud thickness 2 x 4 2 x 4 n/a Stud Spacing n/a 16 o/c n/a Stud Type kiln dried kiln dried n/a 5c) Add Walls (3) A4 Brick (3) Wall Type Exterior Exterior Length (ft) 85 85 425 Height (ft) 22 22 22 Total opening area (ft2) 337 337 1685 A-WIEBE- 7 - Number of window units 18.7 18.7 93.5 Number of doors 5 5 25 Sheathing plywood plywood n/a Stud thickness 2 x 4 2 x 4 n/a Stud Spacing n/a 16 o/c n/a Stud Type kiln dried kiln dried n/a 5d) Add Walls A1 Brick 1st and 2nd Floor Wall Type Exterior Exterior Length (ft) 96 96 480 Height (ft) 18.5 18.5 18.5 Total opening area (ft2) 320 320 1600 Number of window units 17.8 17.8 89 Number of doors 2.5 2.5 12.5 Sheathing plywood plywood n/a Stud thickness 2 x 4 2 x 4 n/a Stud Spacing n/a 16 o/c n/a Stud Type kiln dried kiln dried n/a 5d) Add Walls (2) A1 Brick 1st and 2nd Floor (2) Wall Type Exterior Exterior Length (ft) 96 96 480 Height (ft) 18.5 18.5 18.5 Total opening area (ft2) 320 320 1600 Number of window units 17.8 17.8 89 Number of doors 2.5 2.5 12.5 Sheathing plywood plywood n/a Stud thickness 2 x 4 2 x 4 n/a Stud Spacing n/a 16 o/c n/a Stud Type kiln dried kiln dried n/a 5d) Add Walls (3) A1 Brick 1st and 2nd Floor (3) Wall Type Exterior Exterior Length (ft) 96 96 480 Height (ft) 18.5 18.5 18.5 Total opening area (ft2) 320 320 1600 Number of window units 17.8 17.8 89 Number of doors 2.5 2.5 12.5 Sheathing plywood plywood n/a Stud thickness 2 x 4 2 x 4 n/a Stud Spacing n/a 16 o/c n/a Stud Type kiln dried kiln dried n/a 5d) Add Walls (4) A1 Brick 1st and 2nd Floor (4) Wall Type Exterior Exterior Length (ft) 96 96 480 Height (ft) 18.5 18.5 18.5 Total opening area (ft2) 320 320 1600 Number of window 17.8 17.8 89 A-WIEBE- 8 - units Number of doors 2.5 2.5 12.5 Sheathing plywood plywood n/a Stud thickness 2 x 4 2 x 4 n/a Stud Spacing n/a 16 o/c n/a Stud Type kiln dried kiln dried n/a 5d) Add Walls (5) A1 Brick 1st and 2nd Floor (5) Wall Type Exterior Exterior Length (ft) 96 96 480 Height (ft) 18.5 18.5 18.5 Total opening area (ft2) 320 320 1600 Number of window units 17.8 17.8 89 Number of doors 2.5 2.5 12.5 Sheathing plywood plywood n/a Stud thickness 2 x 4 2 x 4 n/a Stud Spacing n/a 16 o/c n/a Stud Type kiln dried kiln dried n/a 5d) Add Walls (6) A1 Brick 1st and 2nd Floor (6) Wall Type Exterior Exterior Length (ft) 96 96 480 Height (ft) 18.5 18.5 18.5 Total opening area (ft2) 320 320 1600 Number of window units 17.8 17.8 89 Number of doors 2.5 2.5 12.5 Sheathing plywood plywood n/a Stud thickness 2 x 4 2 x 4 n/a Stud Spacing n/a 16 o/c n/a Stud Type kiln dried kiln dried n/a 5d) Add Walls (7) A1 Brick 1st and 2nd Floor (7) Wall Type Exterior Exterior Length (ft) 96 96 480 Height (ft) 18.5 18.5 18.5 Total opening area (ft2) 320 320 1600 Number of window units 17.8 17.8 89 Number of doors 2.5 2.5 12.5 Sheathing plywood plywood n/a Stud thickness 2 x 4 2 x 4 n/a Stud Spacing n/a 16 o/c n/a Stud Type kiln dried kiln dried n/a 5d) Add Walls (8) A1 Brick 1st and 2nd Floor (8) Wall Type Exterior Exterior Length (ft) 96 96 480 Height (ft) 18.5 18.5 18.5 Total opening area 320 320 1600 A-WIEBE- 9 - (ft2) Number of window units 17.8 17.8 89 Number of doors 2.5 2.5 12.5 Sheathing plywood plywood n/a Stud thickness 2 x 4 2 x 4 n/a Stud Spacing n/a 16 o/c n/a Stud Type kiln dried kiln dried n/a 5e) Add Walls A1 Brick 3rd and 4th Floor Wall Type Exterior Exterior Length (ft) 99 99 495 Height (ft) 18.5 18.5 18.5 Total opening area (ft2) 311 311 1555 Number of window units 18 18 90 Number of doors 9 9 45 Sheathing plywood plywood n/a Stud thickness 2 x 4 2 x 4 n/a Stud Spacing n/a 16 o/c n/a Stud Type kiln dried kiln dried n/a 5e) Add Walls (2) A1 Brick 3rd and 4th Floor (2) Wall Type Exterior Exterior Length (ft) 99 99 495 Height (ft) 18.5 18.5 18.5 Total opening area (ft2) 311 311 1555 Number of window units 18 18 90 Number of doors 9 9 45 Sheathing plywood plywood n/a Stud thickness 2 x 4 2 x 4 n/a Stud Spacing n/a 16 o/c n/a Stud Type kiln dried kiln dried n/a 5e) Add Walls (3) A1 Brick 3rd and 4th Floor (3) Wall Type Exterior Exterior Length (ft) 99 99 495 Height (ft) 18.5 18.5 18.5 Total opening area (ft2) 311 311 1555 Number of window units 18 18 90 Number of doors 9 9 45 Sheathing plywood plywood n/a Stud thickness 2 x 4 2 x 4 n/a Stud Spacing n/a 16 o/c n/a Stud Type kiln dried kiln dried n/a 5e) Add Walls (4) A1 Brick 3rd and 4th Floor (4) Wall Type Exterior Exterior Length (ft) 99 99 495 Height (ft) 18.5 18.5 18.5 A-WIEBE- 10 - Total opening area (ft2) 311 311 1555 Number of window units 18 18 90 Number of doors 9 9 45 Sheathing plywood plywood n/a Stud thickness 2 x 4 2 x 4 n/a Stud Spacing n/a 16 o/c n/a Stud Type kiln dried kiln dried n/a 5f) Add Walls A1 Stucco Wall Type Exterior Exterior Length (ft) 104 104 520 Height (ft) 18.5 18.5 18.5 Total opening area (ft2) 346.3 346.3 1731.5 Number of window units 19.2 19.2 96 Number of doors 1.67 1.67 8.35 Sheathing plywood plywood n/a Stud thickness 2 x 4 2 x 4 n/a Stud Spacing n/a 16 o/c n/a Stud Type kiln dried kiln dried n/a 5f) Add Walls (2) A1 Stucco (2) Wall Type Exterior Exterior Length (ft) 104 104 520 Height (ft) 18.5 18.5 18.5 Total opening area (ft2) 346.3 346.3 1731.5 Number of window units 19.2 19.2 96 Number of doors 1.67 1.67 8.35 Sheathing plywood plywood n/a Stud thickness 2 x 4 2 x 4 n/a Stud Spacing n/a 16 o/c n/a Stud Type kiln dried kiln dried n/a 5f) Add Walls (3) A1 Stucco (3) Wall Type Exterior Exterior Length (ft) 104 104 520 Height (ft) 18.5 18.5 18.5 Total opening area (ft2) 346.3 346.3 1731.5 Number of window units 19.2 19.2 96 Number of doors 1.67 1.67 8.35 Sheathing plywood plywood n/a Stud thickness 2 x 4 2 x 4 n/a Stud Spacing n/a 16 o/c n/a Stud Type kiln dried kiln dried n/a 5g) Add Walls A1 first/second, Demising Wall Type Interior Interior Length (ft) 646 646 3230 Height (ft) 18.4 18.4 18.4 Total opening area (ft2) n/a n/a n/a A-WIEBE- 11 - Number of window units n/a n/a n/a Number of doors 20 20 100 Sheathing plywood plywood n/a Stud thickness 2 x 4 2 x 4 n/a Stud Spacing n/a 16 o/c n/a Stud Type kiln dried kiln dried n/a 5h) Add Walls A1 first/second, Inside Suite Wall Type Interior Interior Length (ft) 408 408 2040 Height (ft) 18.4 18.4 18.4 Total opening area (ft2) n/a n/a n/a Number of window units n/a n/a n/a Number of doors 20 20 100 Sheathing plywood plywood n/a Stud thickness 2 x 4 2 x 4 n/a Stud Spacing n/a 16 o/c n/a Stud Type kiln dried kiln dried n/a 5i) Add Walls A4 first/second, Demising Wall Type Interior Interior Length (ft) 221 221 1105 Height (ft) 18.4 18.4 18.4 Total opening area (ft2) n/a n/a n/a Number of window units n/a n/a n/a Number of doors 16 16 80 Sheathing plywood plywood n/a Stud thickness 2 x 4 2 x 4 n/a Stud Spacing n/a 16 o/c n/a Stud Type kiln dried kiln dried n/a 5i) Add Walls (2) A4 first/second, Demising (2) Wall Type Interior Interior Length (ft) 221 221 1105 Height (ft) 18.4 18.4 18.4 Total opening area (ft2) n/a n/a n/a Number of window units n/a n/a n/a Number of doors 16 16 80 Sheathing plywood plywood n/a Stud thickness 2 x 4 2 x 4 n/a Stud Spacing n/a 16 o/c n/a Stud Type kiln dried kiln dried n/a 5j) Add Walls A4 first/second, Inside Suite Wall Type Interior Interior Length (ft) 199 199 995 Height (ft) 18.4 18.4 18.4 Total opening area n/a n/a n/a A-WIEBE- 12 - (ft2) Number of window units n/a n/a n/a Number of doors 20 20 100 Sheathing plywood plywood n/a Stud thickness 2 x 4 2 x 4 n/a Stud Spacing n/a 16 o/c n/a Stud Type kiln dried kiln dried n/a 5k) Add Walls A1 Third/Fourth, Demising Wall Type Interior Interior Length (ft) 722 722 3610 Height (ft) 18.4 18.4 18.4 Total opening area (ft2) n/a n/a n/a Number of window units n/a n/a n/a Number of doors 15 15 75 Sheathing plywood plywood n/a Stud thickness 2 x 4 2 x 4 n/a Stud Spacing n/a 16 o/c n/a Stud Type kiln dried kiln dried n/a 5l) Add Walls A1 Third/Fourth, Inside Suite Wall Type Interior Interior Length (ft) 476 476 2380 Height (ft) 18.4 18.4 18.4 Total opening area (ft2) n/a n/a n/a Number of window units n/a n/a n/a Number of doors 20 20 100 Sheathing plywood plywood n/a Stud thickness 2 x 4 2 x 4 n/a Stud Spacing n/a 16 o/c n/a Stud Type kiln dried kiln dried n/a 5m) Add Walls A4 Third, Demising Wall Type Interior Interior Length (ft) 21 21 105 Height (ft) 9.2 9.2 9.2 Total opening area (ft2) n/a n/a n/a Number of window units n/a n/a n/a Number of doors 20 20 100 Sheathing plywood plywood n/a Stud thickness 2 x 4 2 x 4 n/a Stud Spacing n/a 16 o/c n/a Stud Type kiln dried kiln dried n/a 5n) Add Walls A4 Third, Inside Suite Wall Type Interior Interior Length (ft) 108 108 540 Height (ft) 9.2 9.2 9.2 A-WIEBE- 13 - Total opening area (ft2) n/a n/a n/a Number of window units n/a n/a n/a Number of doors 20 20 100 Sheathing plywood plywood n/a Stud thickness 2 x 4 2 x 4 n/a Stud Spacing n/a 16 o/c n/a Stud Type kiln dried kiln dried n/a 6a) Add Walls Add Wood Stairs Volume (ft3) 240 240 1200 Type Kiln dried Kiln dried 6b) Add Walls Add Concrete 1.5\" floor toppings Volume (ft3) 4700 4700 23500 Type n/a 4000psi Wall Summary AA) Add Walls Exterior Walls A4 Brick Length 256 1280 5 ext doors x 5 = 25 Height 21' 21 A4 Stucco Length 102 510 15 ext doors = 75 Height 22' 22 A1 Brick 1st and 2nd Floor Length 764' 3820 20 ext doors = 100 Height 18.5' 18.5 A1 Brick 3rd and 4th Floor Length 396' 1980 36 ext doors = 180 Height 18.5' 18.5 A1 Stucco Length 312' 1560 5 ext doors = 25 Height 18.5' 18.5 AB) Add Walls Interior Walls A1 first/second, Demising Length 646' 3230 Height 18.4' 18.4 A1 first/second, Inside Suite Length 408' 2040 Height 18.4' 18.4 A4 first/second, Demising Length 442' 2210 Height 18.4' 18.4 A4 first/second, Inside Suite Length 199 995 Height 18.4' 18.4 A1 Second/Third, Demising Length 722 3610 Height 18.4' 18.4 A1 Second/Third, Inside Suite Length 476' 2380 Height 18.4' 18.4 A4 Third, Demising Length 21' 105 A-WIEBE- 14 - Height 9.2' 9.2 A4 Third, Inside Suite Length 108' 540 Height 9.2' 9.2 ANNEX \u00E2\u0080\u009CB\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00E2\u0080\u0093 IMPACT ESTIMATOR INPUT ASSUMPTIONS B-WIEBE- 2 - General Assumptions \u0001 The five almost identical blocks of the thunderbird residences have been modeled based on an analysis of one block, and then applied to the total area of the five blocks. \u0001 Building A1 and A4 have been grouped together by their nature of construction and sharing of load path foundations, parkade, etc. \u0001 As seen in the On-Screen quantity take-off, some measurements may have \u00E2\u0080\u009Chalf\u00E2\u0080\u009D noted in their descriptive name, referring to the fact that the building is symmetrical and this quantity is half of the actual quantity. \u0001 Where multiple items have been referenced to one on-screen take-off, multiple reference numbers will be shown prior to the description. \u0001 Assumption numbers (eg. \u00E2\u0080\u009C1a\u00E2\u0080\u009D) correspond to same building components in the IE and On- Screen files \u0001 The Commonsblock building was modeled as a residence building due to the fact that it was not included with the sample site \u00E2\u0080\u0098A\u00E2\u0080\u0099, which was the site of our specific analysis. It is, however, constructed in the same way as all the other residences, differing only in interior layout. For only this building, this analysis will slightly over-estimate the amount of interior partitioning per square foot. The Commonsblock building is different from the residences in that fact that it contains a fitness room, activity room and a music practice room 1) Foundations General \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 To match available input selections in the IE, length, width and thickness measurements inputted into the IE were modified to reflect actual measured volume, not actual length, width, and thickness. The IE then takes this input information and then relates it back into a volume. \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Concrete flyash percentage was assumed as \u00E2\u0080\u0098average\u00E2\u0080\u0099 in the IE model as reflected by our regional construction practices, and building codes. \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Concrete strength was rounded up, when not accepted by the IE (eg. 3500Psi concrete not accepted, therefore 4000Psi concrete was used) 1a) Foundations \u00E2\u0080\u0093 Spread Footings All spread footing total volumes calculated based on the drawing specifications and \u00E2\u0080\u009COn-Screen\u00E2\u0080\u009D (\u00E2\u0080\u009COS\u00E2\u0080\u009D) data. Length, width and thickness inputted into the IE to reflect actual measured volume, not actual length, width, and thickness. See the above schedule and OS count condition used to obtain 8748CF of concrete = 73\u00E2\u0080\u0099 x 73\u00E2\u0080\u0099 x 19.7\u00E2\u0080\u009D (arbitrary input dimensions to obtain correct volume) B-WIEBE- 2 - 1b) Foundations \u00E2\u0080\u0093 Perimeter Footings Length from OS 1b) condition, width and thickness from drawing 780-07-003 specifications as seen below: 1c) Foundations \u00E2\u0080\u0093 Perimeter Footings 392\u00E2\u0080\u0099x 172\u00E2\u0080\u0099 found by using On-Screen dimension tool dwg 780-07-003 General check made from On-screen 1c) 1d) Foundations \u00E2\u0080\u0093 Concrete Stairs 50% of building stairs assumed to be concrete based on the nature of construction, and lack of stair details Stair area found and then multiplied by thickness 1750(1.10) SF x 0.5 ft (10% added for tread overlap), Stairs Concrete = 481 CF, Stairs Wood = 481 x (0.5) = 240 CF (factor of 0.5 assumed for volume of material usage comparison in wood and concrete construction of stairs), Concrete Total = 481CF = 20x48x0.5 1e) Foundations \u00E2\u0080\u0093 Concrete Balconies Balconies determined using the dimensioning tool on the upper floors \u00E2\u0089\u0088 248LF x 6' x 6\" + 20'x20' Platform (6\u00E2\u0080\u009D thickness). Total = (944 CF = 47.2x20x0.5)x2floors B-WIEBE- 3 - 2) Beams and Columns General \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Nomenclature: Built-up lumber columns = BU lumber columns \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Bay sizes, supported spans, and column types varied greatly throughout the structure without a grid pattern layout. Span and width dimensions were necessary for the IE inputs. In this case 20\u00E2\u0080\u0099 Span and 20\u00E2\u0080\u0099 bay widths are considered representative of the column and beam layout based on various average distances. \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 No structural drawing displaying columns and beams for smaller building A4 were provided. As resolved through discussions with the project director, columns and beams were proportioned to A4 from the building A1 analysis based on area proportions. 2a) Beams and Columns - Parkade Refer to general Beams and Columns assumptions listed above Slab bands were inputted as beams 2b) Beams and Columns \u00E2\u0080\u0093 First Floor Refer to general Beams and Columns assumptions listed above Add steel columns of first and second floor (2b&2c) together in the IE. Add PSL columns of first and second floor (2b&2c) together in the IE. As parameters are the same in both cases eg. Steel columns = 90firstflr + 90secondflr = 180athena 2c) Beams and Columns \u00E2\u0080\u0093 Second Floor Refer to general Beams and Columns assumptions listed above B-WIEBE- 4 - Steel columns of first and second floor (2b&2c) were added together in the IE. PSL columns of first and second floor (2b&2c) were added together in the IE. As parameters are the same in both cases. 2d) Beams and Columns \u00E2\u0080\u0093 Third Floor Refer to general Beams and Columns assumptions listed above 2e) Beams and Columns \u00E2\u0080\u0093 Fourth Floor Refer to general Beams and Columns assumptions listed above Small height difference on fourth floor. Height was average based on using OS dimension tool. 3) Floor System General \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Span & width inputted into the IE to reflect actual measured area, not actual span and width. \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Concrete topping of applicable floors was added in Extra Basic Materials, 1.5\u00E2\u0080\u009D thickness 3a) Floor System \u00E2\u0080\u0093 Structural First Floor Refer to floor system general assumptions listed above The parkade covers area under the courtyard that is not under building footprints. Therefore, the first floor concrete is computed under the buildings first floor footprints, and the remainder of suspended slab (under courtyard) B-WIEBE- 5 - above the parkade is computed as the parkade roof (Area 67,424SF-17,231SF = 50,193 SF) 4\u00E2\u0080\u009D polystyrene insulation assumed for this floor. Rigid insulation known, type of rigid insulation not known. 3b) Floor System \u00E2\u0080\u0093 Structural Second Floor Refer to floor system general assumptions listed above 1.5\u00E2\u0080\u009D Concrete floor topping added in 6b) 3c) Floor System \u00E2\u0080\u0093 Structural Third Floor Refer to floor system general assumptions listed above Balconies added in part 1e) 3d) Floor System \u00E2\u0080\u0093 Structural Fourth Floor Refer to floor system general assumptions listed above Balconies added in part 1e) 4) Roof System General \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Span & width inputted into the IE to reflect actual measured area, not actual span and width. \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Two storey roof applies to building A4, as the majority of this building is two storey \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Four storey roof applies to building A1, as the majority of this building is four storey B-WIEBE- 6 - 4a) Roof System \u00E2\u0080\u0093 Two Storey Building Refer to roof system general assumptions listed above 2-storey roof applies to building A4, as the majority of this building is 2-storey Membrane type assumed to be common EPDM. Assumed that there is an additional 3 mil vapor barrier in addition to membrane roof system. 4b) Roof System \u00E2\u0080\u0093 Four Storey Building Refer to roof system general assumptions listed above Built up roofing system assumed to be 4 ply \u00E2\u0080\u0093 built-up roofing system (torch- down type) 1.2\u00E2\u0080\u009D Cellulose and glass felt envelope assumed for the BUR as no details provided on drawings. 4c) Roof System \u00E2\u0080\u0093 Parkade Refer to roof system general assumptions listed above This input corresponds to the parkade roof area below the courtyard. Area = 67,424SF-17,231SF = 50,193SF . Small error between OS area dimension and 67,424 measured using dimension tool. The more accurate value of 67,424 was accepted to subtract the building footprint area from. 5) Wall System General \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 A known issue in build 51 of the IE, was that windows and doors were limited at a maximum of 100 (each) per wall section in the IE. Many wall sections had greater than 100 doors/windows, therefore copies of these walls were made in the IE to accommodate this door and window restriction. \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Standard glazing was assumed for all windows, reflecting construction of 1995 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Windows were modeled based on two typical sample wall areas >1000 ft 2 . The OS area and count conditions were used to determine the average amount of window fenestration per unit wall area. This method was made possible by the uniformity of fenestration throughout. \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Stud spacing not identified. Assumed to be that of typical residential wall construction 16\u00E2\u0080\u009D o/c \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Drawings state floor sheathing thickness, but not type. Sheathing type is assumed to be plywood. \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 For stucco walls, stucco area was percentaged in certain areas to apply to areas lacking elevation drawings. This assumption was made in conjunction with an on-site inspection to confirm percentage break-ups. 5a) Wall System \u00E2\u0080\u0093 Parkade Refer to wall system general assumptions listed above 5a) and 5b) share window area to sum to 18% of wall area. The sum of window area 5a) and 5b) = 1927SF which is 18% of the wall area of 5a) and 5b) = 10,710SF 5b) Wall System \u00E2\u0080\u0093 Building A4 Stucco Refer to wall system general assumptions listed above B-WIEBE- 2 - 5a) and 5b) share window area to sum to 18% of wall area. The sum of window area 5a) and 5b) = 1927SF which is 18% of the wall area of 5a) and 5b) = 10,710SF `5c) Wall System \u00E2\u0080\u0093 Building A4 Brick Refer to wall system general assumptions listed above 5d) Wall System \u00E2\u0080\u0093 Building A1 Brick 1st and 2nd Floor Refer to wall system general assumptions listed above 5e) Wall System \u00E2\u0080\u0093 Building A1 Brick 3rd and 4th Floor Refer to wall system general assumptions listed above 354 is total half wall length, 156 is half stucco wall length, so brick wall = (354LF- 156LF)x 2 = 396LF 5f) Wall System \u00E2\u0080\u0093 Building A1 Stucco Refer to wall system general assumptions listed above 5g)-5n) Wall System \u00E2\u0080\u0093 Interior walls Refer to wall system general assumptions listed above All interior doors dispersed among groups to make model accept them Groups separated in excel in anticipation of model errors when adding doors greater than 100, however, model accepted doors greater than 100, so groupings of demising and inner suite walls were maintained. See last table on excel spreadsheet for inner building wall summary. 5) Extra Basic Materials 6a) Wooden Stairs 50% of building stairs assumed to be wood based on the nature of building construction, and lack of stair details Stair area found and then multiplied by thickness 1750(1.10) SF x 0.5 ft (10% added for tread overlap), Stairs Concrete = 481 CF, Stairs Wood = 481 x (0.5) = 240 CF (factor of 0.5 assumed for volume of material usage comparison in wood and concrete construction of stairs), Concrete Total = 481CF = 20x48x0.5 6b) Concrete Floor Topping Concrete floor topping 1.5\u00E2\u0080\u009D thick as per drawing specifications not accounted for in modeled floors from section 3 of this analysis For second, third, and fourth floors.{17,231+10,812+4830(2)}SF x {1.5\u00E2\u0080\u009D/12) = 4700 CF. Concrete Strength is assumed to be 4000psi "@en . "Report"@en . "10.14288/1.0077993"@en . "eng"@en . "Unreviewed"@en . "Vancouver : University of British Columbia Library"@en . "Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International"@en . "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/"@en . "Undergraduate"@en . "University of British Columbia. CIVL 498"@en . "UBC Social Ecological Economic Development Studies (SEEDS) Student Report"@en . "Life Cycle Analysis of UBC Buildings: The Thunderbird Residences"@en . "Text"@en . "http://hdl.handle.net/2429/21446"@en .