"Applied Science, Faculty of"@en . "Civil Engineering, Department of"@en . "DSpace"@en . "UBCV"@en . "University of British Columbia. Sustainability Office"@en . "Connaghan, Jessica"@en . "2010-04-14T22:34:42Z"@en . "2009-03-27"@en . "Disclaimer: \u00E2\u0080\u009CUBC SEEDS provides students with the opportunity to share the findings of their studies, as well as their opinions, conclusions and recommendations with the UBC community. The reader should bear in mind that this is a student project/report and is not an official document of UBC. Furthermore readers should bear in mind that these reports may not reflect the current status of activities at UBC. We urge you to contact the research persons mentioned in a report or the SEEDS Coordinator about the current status of the subject matter of a project/report.\u00E2\u0080\u009D"@en . "https://circle.library.ubc.ca/rest/handle/2429/23522?expand=metadata"@en . "Connaghan i A Life Cycle Analysis of the Geography Building Jessica Connaghan 3/27/2009 CIVL 498C Connaghan ii Abstract This life cycle analysis was performed on the UBC Geography Building, a 51883sf wood-frame academic building built in 1924, for the purpose of establishing a materials inventory and environmental impact reference to be applied in the assessment of potential upgrades. It was also completed simultaneously with 12 other academic and residential buildings at UBC for environmental performance comparisons across UBC buildings over time and between different materials, structural types and building functions. The building was modeled with On Center\u00E2\u0080\u0099s On-Screen Takeoff and Athena Sustainable Materials Institute\u00E2\u0080\u0099s Impact Estimator using architectural drawings provided. From this model, a Bill of Materials was determined, showing that the largest quantities of material were gypsum board, softwood plywood, 6mil polyethylene, cedar wood shiplap, and stucco. The determined summary measures were then compared to the average UBC academic building. It was found that the primary energy consumption, weighted resource use, global warming potential, acidification potential, human health respiratory effects potential, eutrophication potential, and smog potential ranged from 6.4%-30.0% of the average building, and the ozone depletion potential around 2 times the average building. It was determined through sensitivity analysis that the ozone depletion potential was high in comparison due to the amount of plywood. Finally, the building performance was modeled using R-values for the windows, exterior walls and roof. It was determined that adding 4.5\u00E2\u0080\u009D and 3.5\u00E2\u0080\u009D of polyisocyanurate insulation to the roof and exterior walls, respectively, and replacing the windows with low E tin argon filled glazing would have a 1.55 year energy payback period. Connaghan iii Table of Contents ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................................................... II TABLE OF CONTENTS ......................................................................................................................................... III LIST OF FIGURES.................................................................................................................................................. IV LIST OF TABLES.................................................................................................................................................... IV 1 INTRODUCTION ..............................................................................................................................................5 1 GOAL AND SCOPE...........................................................................................................................................3 1.1 GOAL OF STUDY ..............................................................................................................................3 1.2 SCOPE OF STUDY .............................................................................................................................4 1.2.1 Tools, Methodology and Data....................................................................................................4 2 BUILDING MODEL ..........................................................................................................................................7 2.1 TAKEOFFS ........................................................................................................................................7 2.1.1 Foundation .................................................................................................................................7 2.1.2 Walls ..........................................................................................................................................8 2.1.3 Columns and Beams...................................................................................................................8 2.1.4 Roof ............................................................................................................................................9 2.1.5 Floors .........................................................................................................................................9 2.1.6 Extra Material..........................................................................................................................10 2.2 BILL OF MATERIALS ......................................................................................................................10 3 SUMMARY MEASURES ................................................................................................................................14 3.1 PRIMARY ENERGY CONSUMPTION .................................................................................................14 3.2 WEIGHTED RESOURCE USE............................................................................................................15 3.3 GLOBAL WARMING POTENTIAL .....................................................................................................16 3.4 ACIDIFICATION POTENTIAL ...........................................................................................................17 3.4.1 Human Health Respiratory Effects Potential ...........................................................................18 3.5 EUTROPHICATION POTENTIAL........................................................................................................19 3.6 OZONE DEPLETION POTENTIAL.......................................................................................................20 3.7 SMOG POTENTIAL...........................................................................................................................21 3.8 OVERALL IMPACTS ........................................................................................................................22 3.9 UNCERTAINTIES IN IMPACT ASSESSMENT ......................................................................................25 4 BUILDING PERFORMANCE........................................................................................................................27 4.1 HEAT FLOW RESISTANCE...............................................................................................................27 4.1.1 Current Building ......................................................................................................................28 4.1.2 Improved Building....................................................................................................................29 4.2 ENERGY PERFORMANCE ................................................................................................................30 4.3 OTHER CONSIDERATIONS ..............................................................................................................33 5 CONCLUSION .................................................................................................................................................34 BIBLIOGRAPHY......................................................................................................................................................35 APPENDICES............................................................................................................................................................36 APPENDIX A: IMPACT ESTIMATOR INPUT TABLES .....................................................................................37 APPENDIX B: IMPACT ESTIMATOR INPUT ASSUMPTIONS DOCUMENT........................................................44 Connaghan iv List of Figures Figure 1. Ground plan highlighting the sections of building torn down for firewall installation... 2 Figure 2. Roof detail for the Geography Building.......................................................................... 9 Figure 3. Sensitivity of primary energy consumption to changes in material quantities.............. 15 Figure 4. Sensitivity of weighted resource to changes in material quantities............................... 16 Figure 5. Sensitivity of global warming potential to changes in material quantities.................... 17 Figure 6. Sensitivity of acidification potential to changes in material quantities......................... 18 Figure 7. Sensitivity of human health respiratory effects potential to changes in material quantities ....................................................................................................................................... 19 Figure 8. Sensitivity of eutrophication potential to changes in material quantities...................... 20 Figure 9. Sensitivity of ozone depletion potential to changes in material quantities ................... 21 Figure 10. Sensitivity of smog potential to changes in material quantities .................................. 22 Figure 11. Overall impacts of the Geography Building compared to average academic buildings........................................................................................................................................ 23 Figure 12. Sensitivity of all summary measures to the change in material quantities.................. 24 Figure 13. Energy usage per month for the current and improved Geography Building ............. 31 Figure 14. Energy Usage vs. Time for the current and improved Geography Building............... 32 Figure 15. Close up of Energy Usage vs. Time for the current and improved Geography Building......................................................................................................................................... 33 List of Tables Table 1. Building Characteristics of the Geography Building........................................................ 5 Table 2. Bill of Materials for the Geography Building................................................................. 11 Table 3. Manufacturing and construction impacts of the original building.................................. 22 Table 4. Sample R-value calculation table ................................................................................... 27 Table 5. Exterior wall R-value calculation for the \"current\" building.......................................... 28 Table 6. Roof R-value calculation for the \"current\" building....................................................... 29 Table 7. Exterior wall R-value calculation for the \"improved\" building...................................... 30 Table 8. Roof R-value calculation for the \"improved\" building................................................... 30 Connaghan v 1 Introduction The Geography Building, located at 1984 West Mall, Vancouver on the University of British Columbia campus, was constructed in 1924 and was originally named the Applied Science Building. It was built in conjunction with eight other buildings\u00E2\u0080\u0094the old forestry, agriculture, arts and administration buildings, the electrical and mechanical laboratories, the auditorium, and the mining, metallurgy and hydraulics building\u00E2\u0080\u0094all of which were built as semi-permanent buildings, and the total cost for all nine buildings was $500,000 (Geography Building). The function of the building was to house the academic needs of Geology, Civil Engineering, Zoology, Forestry and Botany, and was originally composed of 13 laboratories, 17 offices, 13 research and prep rooms, 12 lecture rooms, eight storage rooms, five lavatories and three locker rooms, as well as a library, museum and common room. The following table outlines the major building characteristics of the original Geography Building. Table 1. Building Characteristics of the Geography Building Building System Wood joist roof overlain by 2\"x4\" stud walls with cedar shiplap, roofing asphalt, and a 6mil polyethylene vapour barrier Structure Floors Exterior Walls Interior Walls Windows Roof Foundation: Concrete Slab on grade; Ground and First Floors: Wood joists, Concrete suspended slab Foundation: Cast-in-place walls; Ground and First Floors: Wood stud walls with stucco, cedar shiplap, laths on both sides, and plaster Foundation: Cast-in-place walls; Ground and First Floors: Lath and plaster on both sides of wood stud walls with plywood sheathing on hallway and lecture room walls All windows fixed with wood frame and no glazing Wood posts, girders and beams throughout Specific Characteristics of Geography Since its original construction, the Geography Building has undergone many renovations for a total of six phases of alterations. Some major alterations included wall, ceiling and room changes, additional fire exit stairwells, and the installation of two firewalls through the cross section of the building. The firewalls in particular required the two main stairwells to be demolished, as well as the walls on the ground and first floors between the front and rear entrances to be torn out (see Figure 1 below). Connaghan 2 Figure 1. Ground plan highlighting the sections of building torn down for firewall installation Overall, the building\u00E2\u0080\u0099s floors and exterior walls remain intact, but many of the interior walls have been altered to accommodate floor plan changes and new building requirements. This model, however, will represent the Geography Building as it was built in 1924, as if it were built today. Connaghan 3 1 Goal and Scope The initial stage of a life cycle analysis study is to clearly define the goal and scope. Conclusions and recommendations can then be made in accordance with the goal and scope, which affects the detail and time frame of the LCA. Using the ISO 14044 definitions and requirements as seen in section 4.2.2 and 4.2.3 (Canadian Standards Association, 2006), the following goal and scope was defined. 1.1 Goal of Study This LCA of the Geography Building at the University of British Columbia was carried out as an exploratory study to determine the environmental impact of its design. This LCA of the Geography Building is also part of a series of twelve others being carried out simultaneously on respective buildings at UBC with the same goal and scope. The main outcomes of this LCA study are the establishment of a materials inventory and environmental impact references for the Geography Building. An exemplary application of these references is in the assessment of potential future performance upgrades to the structure and envelope of the Geography Building. When this study is considered in conjunction with the twelve other UBC building LCA studies, further applications include the possibility of carrying out environmental performance comparisons across UBC buildings over time and between different materials, structural types and building functions. Furthermore, as demonstrated through these potential applications, this Geography Building LCA can be seen as an essential part of the formation of a powerful tool to help inform the decision making process of policy makers in establishing quantified sustainable development guidelines for future UBC construction, renovation and demolition projects. The intended core audiences of this LCA study are those involved in building development related policy making at UBC, such as the Sustainability Office, who are involved in creating policies and frameworks for sustainable development on campus. Other potential audiences include developers, architects, engineers and building owners involved in design planning, as well as external organizations such as governments, private industry and other Connaghan 4 universities whom may want to learn more or become engaged in performing similar LCA studies within their organizations. 1.2 Scope of Study The product system being studied in this LCA are the structure, envelope and operational energy usage associated with space conditioning of the Geography Building on a square foot finished floor area of academic building basis. In order to focus on design related impacts, this LCA encompasses a cradle-to-gate scope that includes the raw material extraction, manufacturing of construction materials, and construction of the structure and envelope of the Geography Building, as well as associated transportation effects throughout the manufacturing and construction stages. 1.2.1 Tools, Methodology and Data Two main software tools are to be utilized to complete this LCA study; On Center\u00E2\u0080\u0099s On- Screen Takeoff and the Athena Sustainable Materials Institute\u00E2\u0080\u0099s Impact Estimator (IE) for buildings. The study will first undertake the initial stage of a materials quantity takeoff, which involves performing linear, area and count measurements of the building\u00E2\u0080\u0099s structure and envelope. To accomplish this, On-Screen Takeoff version 3.6.2.25 is used, which is a software tool designed to perform material takeoffs with increased accuracy and speed in order to enhance the bidding capacity of its users. Using imported digital plans, the program simplifies the calculation and measurement of the takeoff process, while reducing the error associated with these two activities. The measurements generated are formatted into the inputs required for the IE building LCA software to complete the takeoff process. These formatted inputs as well as their associated assumptions can be viewed in Appendices A and B, respectively. Using the formatted takeoff data, version 4.0.51 of the IE software, the only available software capable of meeting the requirements of this study, is used to generate a whole building LCA model for the Geography Building in the Vancouver region as an Institutional building type. The IE software is designed to aid the building community in making more environmentally conscious material and design choices. The tool achieves this by applying a set of algorithms to the inputted takeoff data in order to complete the takeoff process and generate a Connaghan 5 bill of materials (BoM). This BoM then utilizes the Athena Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) Database, version 4.6, in order to generate a cradle-to-grave LCI profile for the building. In this study, LCI profile results focus on the manufacturing and transportation of materials and their installation in to the initial structure and envelope assemblies. As this study is a cradle-to-gate assessment, the expected service life of the Geography Building is set to 1 year, which results in the maintenance, operating energy and end-of-life stages of the building\u00E2\u0080\u0099s life cycle being left outside the scope of assessment. The IE then filters the LCA results through a set of characterization measures based on the mid-point impact assessment methodology developed by the US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), the Tool for the Reduction and Assessment of Chemical and other environmental Impacts (TRACI) version 2.2. In order to generate a complete environmental impact profile for the Geography Building, all of the available TRACI impact assessment categories available in the IE are included in this study, and are listed as; \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Primary energy consumption \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Weighted raw resource use \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Global warming potential \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Acidification potential \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Human health respiratory effects potential \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Eutrophication potential \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Ozone depletion potential \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Smog potential Using the summary measure results, a sensitivity analysis is then conducted in order to reveal the effect of material changes on the impact profile of the Geography Building. Finally, using the UBC Residential Environmental Assessment Program (REAP) as a guide, this study then estimates the embodied energy involved in upgrading the insulation and window R-values to REAP standards and calculates the energy payback period of investing in a better performing envelope. The primary sources of data for this LCA are the original architectural drawings from when the Geography Building was initially constructed in 1924. Additional structural drawings from 2004 were also used to determine the live loading on the building. The assemblies of the Connaghan 6 building that are modeled include the foundation, columns and beams, floors, walls and roofs, as well as the associated envelope and openings (i.e. doors and windows) within each of these assemblies. The decision to omit other building components, such as flooring, electrical aspects, HVAC system, finishing and detailing, etc., are associated with the limitations of available data and the IE software, as well as to minimize the uncertainty of the model. In the analysis of these assemblies, some of the drawings lack sufficient material details, which necessitate the usage of assumptions to complete the modeling of the building in the IE software. Furthermore, there are inherent assumptions made by the IE software in order to generate the BoM and limitations to what it can model, which necessitated further assumptions to be made. These assumptions and limitation will be discussed further as they energy in the Building Model section and, as previously mentioned, all specific input related assumption are contained in the Input Assumptions document in Appendix B. Connaghan 7 2 Building Model In order to model the Geography Building for the purposes of completing this LCA study, On-Screen Takeoff and the IE Software were utilized. The initial materials quantity takeoffs were completed by measuring quantities available on the architectural drawings using On-Screen Takeoff. These materials were then inputted into the IE software and modeled, producing the subsequent the Bill of Materials, Summary Measures (impact assessment results) and Absolute Values (life cycle inventory results). The following sections discuss the methodology used with the On-Screen Takeoff and IE software, including assumptions and challenges associated with each of the programs. 2.1 Takeoffs The On Center On-Screen Takeoff software provided a simplified method of producing material quantity takeoffs, while improving accuracy and modeling time. This was done by using linear, area and count conditions to measure materials available on the imported architectural drawings. When modeled in On-Screen Takeoff, the material quantities were separated by floor level\u00E2\u0080\u0094foundation, ground and first floor\u00E2\u0080\u0094and by material type\u00E2\u0080\u0094 footings, exterior walls, interior walls, windows, doors, roof, floors, beams, girders, posts, stairs, and additional material. These were then organized into the following assemblies in the Impact Estimator Input Tables (Appendix A) to be modeled using the IE software: foundation, custom wall, mixed columns and beams, roof, floors, and extra basic material. A complementary Impact Estimator Input Assumptions Document can also be seen in Appendix B to further explain the assumptions necessary to model the building assemblies. 2.1.1 Foundation For the foundation assembly, concrete footings were calculated using all three measurement conditions, and were assumed to be composed of concrete with 4000psi strength, #4 rebar reinforcement and average fly ash content. Column footings on the foundation were measured using the count condition with the width and length provided from drawing 401-06- 016, and the thickness provided from drawing 401-06-17. They were then labeled based on the dimensions\u00E2\u0080\u0094e.g. 4\u00E2\u0080\u0099x4\u00E2\u0080\u0099 Concrete Footing. The strip footing below the exterior concrete wall Connaghan 8 was modeled using the width provided from drawing 401-06-016 and the linear condition used to measure the Foundation Exterior Wall with Footings, and was labeled accordingly. The concrete stairs on the ground level\u00E2\u0080\u0094which were modeled as footings and labeled as Ground Entrance Stairs\u00E2\u0080\u0094were measured using the area condition, with the average thickness estimated from the cross section as shown in drawing 401-06-020. Finally, Foundation Concrete Floor was modeled as a slab on grade using the area condition, with a thickness measurement of 4\u00E2\u0080\u009D. The concrete for the slab was assumed to have strength of 4000psi and average fly ash content. 2.1.2 Walls The walls on the foundation, ground and first floor levels were modeled using linear conditions labeled based on their thickness, material, floor level and if they were interior or exterior walls (e.g. Foundation 6\u00E2\u0080\u009D Interior Concrete Wall, Ground 2\u00E2\u0080\u009Dx4\u00E2\u0080\u009D Stud Interior Wall, etc). The foundation concrete walls were assumed to have a height of 3.5ft, based on an average of measurements from drawings 401-06-019 and 401-06-020, as well as concrete with 4000psi strength, #5 rebar reinforcement and average fly ash content. In addition, the exterior walls on the ground and first floors appeared to have no insulation installed when the building was initially constructed, and were therefore assumed to have no insulation. Hallway walls were also assumed to have plywood sheathing, based on drawing 401-06-030, a drawing from a building renovation in 1963. The doors and windows within the ground and first floor walls were modeled using count conditions. All doors, except for the steel vestibule which was assumed to be a 32\u00E2\u0080\u009Dx7\u00E2\u0080\u0099 steel interior door, were assumed to be 32\u00E2\u0080\u009Dx7\u00E2\u0080\u0099 solid wood doors. The windows were assumed to be fixed windows with standard glazing, and were modeled as wood frames based on site inspections. Finally, all wood stud walls with lath and plaster required \u00C2\u00BD\u00E2\u0080\u009D of regular gypsum to be used as a surrogate material for the plaster, with the laths modeled as extra basic material based on 4\u00E2\u0080\u0099x2\u00E2\u0080\u009Dx\u00C2\u00BC\u00E2\u0080\u009D dimensions and \u00C2\u00BC\u00E2\u0080\u009D spacing (Lath and Plaster, 2008). 2.1.3 Columns and Beams The beams and girders were modeled in On-Screen Takeoff using linear conditions combined with cross section dimensions given by the drawing 401-06-016, 401-06-017 and 401- 06-18. The posts were also modeled using dimensions from the above drawings and drawing 401-06-020 for post heights, as well at count conditions. All beams, girders and posts were Connaghan 9 labeled based on dimensions, floor level and material, and were modeled using extra basic materials to simplify calculations. 2.1.4 Roof The roof of the building was made up of two wood joist sections, as seen in Figure 2 below. The lower portion was modeled as a wood joist roof with a span of 10ft due to IE limitations, while the upper portion was modeled as 4 separate wall sections with 2\u00E2\u0080\u009Dx4\u00E2\u0080\u009D wood studs. In addition, for sloped sections of the \u00E2\u0080\u009Cwall sections,\u00E2\u0080\u009D the section was assumed to be flat. From the roof detail, cedar shiplap was added to the envelope, as well as roof asphalt based on site inspections. In addition, it was assumed there was a 6mil polyethylene layer to meet the vapour barrier requirements of a roof. Figure 2. Roof detail for the Geography Building 2.1.5 Floors The floors in the Geography building were modeled using the area condition, and were labeled based on their material, floor level and location (e.g. Ground Concrete Floor, Ground Sloped Lecture Room). For all the floors, an assumed live load of 45psf was also used based on drawing 401-07-001, a list of specifications from a 2004 renovation. The concrete floor had an assumed 4000psi strength and average fly ash content. An assumed span of 16ft was also used to fit within the 11.8ft - 32.0ft span limitation of the IE software. The wood joist floors were Connaghan 10 assumed to have \u00C2\u00BD\u00E2\u0080\u009D thick plywood decking based on knowledge of the decking being wood. In addition, the spans were assumed to be 10ft to fit within the 0.98ft - 15.0ft span limitation of the IE software. Finally, the sloped section of the lecture room was modeled to have a slope based on the dimensions of the risers and treads of the steps, as seen in drawing 401-06-019. A sloped wood joist floor was modeled, and the addition material used for the steps was added as extra basic material. This volume of material was calculated based on the number of steps, and the dimensions of the risers and treads. In addition, it was assumed that the steps had a width of 50ft, based on a drawing measurement, and the wood steps were \u00C2\u00BD\u00E2\u0080\u009D thick. 2.1.6 Extra Material The remaining materials, including the First Floor Truss and the wood stairwells, were modeled using extra basic material. The wood, steel rod and steel sheets of the truss were modeled based on the drawing 401-06-018. The stairwells were modeled similar to that of the truss, with volumes calculated basic on the number of steps, the dimensions of the risers and treads, and an assumed thickness of \u00C2\u00BD\u00E2\u0080\u009D. 2\u00E2\u0080\u009Dx8\u00E2\u0080\u009D stringer boards were also considered in the quantity takeoff of the steps. Overall, the drawings were high quality, allowing the takeoffs to be performed with ease. There was lack of information concerning concrete properties, foundation assembly heights and wall cross-sections, and assumptions were made based on research. In addition, some material quantities required assemblies to be factored due to limitations with the IE software. Further detailed information and calculations on all assumptions made can be found in the Impact Estimator Input Assumptions Document (Appendix B). 2.2 Bill of Materials The BoM is a list generated from the material quantity takeoffs. As seen in Table 2, the five largest values by units of area were \u00C2\u00BD\u00E2\u0080\u009D regular gypsum board, softwood plywood, 6mil polyethylene, cedar wood shiplap siding, and stucco, and largest value by weight was joint compound. Connaghan 11 Table 2. Bill of Materials for the Geography Building Quantity Unit 109073.9334 sf 27342.16232 sf 1.80844 Tons 617.36408 sf (1\") 48016.5127 sf 1.60263 Tons 282.91234 yd3 2356.71954 pounds 0.00327 Tons 0.04218 Tons 9.17297 Tons 26.99098 Mbfm 77.57556 Mbfm 2.8332 Tons 0.10631 Tons 5.01469 Tons 5279.14524 pounds 104.46044 Mbfm 91.85782 msf (3/8inch) 0.07789 US gallons 7326.85389 sf 21950.5196 sf 246.78011 US gallons 0.042 Tons 34.79803 yd3 Standard Glazing Stucco over porous surface Water Based Latex Paint Welded Wire Mesh / Ladder Wire Wood Frame Paper Tape Rebar, Rod, Light Sections Roofing Asphalt Small Dimension Softwood Lumber, kiln-dried Softwood Plywood Solvent Based Alkyd Paint Galvanized Sheet Glazing Panel Joint Compound Large Dimension Softwood Lumber, Green Large Dimension Softwood Lumber, kiln-dried Nails Aluminium Batt. Fiberglass Cedar Wood Shiplap Siding Cold Rolled Sheet Concrete 30 MPa (flyash av) EPDM membrane Material 1/2\" Regular Gypsum Board 6 mil Polyethylene The amount of \u00C2\u00BD\u00E2\u0080\u009D regular gypsum board and joint compound is a result of the lath and plaster present on the inside of all exterior walls, as well as both sides of all interior walls\u00E2\u0080\u0094this includes assemblies 2.2.1 to 2.2.11 as seen in Appendix A. From the assumptions, it is known that the gypsum board was used as a surrogate for the plaster walls. The quantity of joint compound is also associated with this replacement, because joint compound is used to seal the joints between sheets of gypsum board. This assumption used on such a widely used material can then greatly affect the environmental impacts that this building will have, because gypsum board and joint compound do not have the same properties as plaster. In addition, the type of gypsum board and thickness were assumed based on research. As a result, if the plaster would have been better modeled at 5/8\u00E2\u0080\u009D gypsum board then the total volume would have been underestimated by 20%. This assumption could be a potential source of uncertainty in the model\u00E2\u0080\u0099s results. Connaghan 12 The softwood plywood was generated in the BoM from its presence in the Ground Floor Area, Ground Level Lecture Room and the First Floor Floor Area, as well as the Ground 2''x4'' Stud Hallway Wall and Lecture Room Wall, and the First Floor 2''x4'' Stud Hallway Wall. The wood on the floors was assumed to be plywood due to lack in information in the drawings, however, they may have been solid wood. This could have resulted in an underestimation of wood volume, as well as an overestimation of wood adhesives. In addition, the plywood sheathing in the hallway walls was assumed based on drawing 401-06-030, a drawing from a 1963 renovation that may have not been cohesive with the original state of the building. Had there originally been no plywood sheathing, the modeled BoM would show an overestimation of the product. The plywood was also assumed to only be present within the hallways wall rather that all of the walls. If the sheathing was actually present in all of the walls, the quantity of plywood would have been an underestimation. Polyethylene was another material with a high quantity for the building; however, the use of this product was based solely on the need to meet a roof requirement for the Roof Area. As a result, if this is not the actual material, the impacts that the building has could be altered. The actual vapour barrier may have also had a different thickness and the assumption could have resulted in an over- or underestimation, depending on whether the original thickness was thinner or thicker, respectively. Finally, had this material not been present at all, as depicted in the architectural drawings, a 100% overestimation would have been quantified in the bill of materials. The cedar wood shiplap siding, which resulted from the wall cross sections of the Ground Exterior Wall and First Floor Exterior Wall, as well as the Roof Area, was input into the IE software by square foot, and the thickness was determined based on the IE software information. If the thickness used was \u00C2\u00BE\u00E2\u0080\u009D, which is the same shiplap thickness given in drawing 401-06-028 from a 1962 renovation, then the error in volume approximations of this material for the exterior walls would be minimal; however, differences in this thickness could result in quantity over- or underestimations. Finally, the shiplap modeled for the Roof Area was on the upper portion of the roof, which was sloped (see Figure 2 above). This section of roof, however, was assumed to be flat causing an underestimation of the cedar wood shiplap siding area. Connaghan 13 Stucco was present throughout the outside of the building for the ground and first floors on the Ground Exterior Wall and the First Floor Exterior Wall. Similar to the cedar wood shiplap siding, whether or not the material takeoff resulted in an over- or underestimation of stucco depends on the thickness used by the IE software. As one can see, all of the largest material quantities were subject to assumptions that could affect their amount and/or impacts to some degree. Some materials, such as the softwood plywood where the material quantity was assumed, could have resulted in quantity differences. Other material, such as the gypsum board and joint compound used as a surrogate for plaster, could have resulted in impact differences based on different material compositions. These considerations must therefore be taken into account when analyzing the results of the Geography Building model. Connaghan 14 3 Summary Measures The summary measures that were considered for the purposes of this report include primary energy consumption, weighted resource use, global warming potential, acidification potential, human health (HH) respiratory effects potential, eutrophication potential, ozone depletion potential and smog potential. These impacts are calculated by the impact assessment methodology, TRACI, given characterization factors for material emissions\u00E2\u0080\u0094e.g. 1kg CH4 release = 23kg CO2 release. In addition, they were considered over the manufacturing and construction life cycle stage of the Geography Building. Sensitivity analysis was also performed for each of the summary measures to determine their sensitivity to 10% increases in aluminum, concrete, asphalt, plywood and stucco. This can process can be helpful during the design or renovation stages of buildings to compare environmental tradeoffs between interchangeable products, such as different insulation and wall framing materials. It can also put emphasis on the need to waste as little material as possible, because even a 10% increase in a single material can have sizeable impacts on the overall building profile. In the following sections, the different impact categories are defined and their sensitivities are presented and discussed. Overall impacts and sensitivities are also presented, and the Geography Building is compared to an average of the academic buildings modeled. Finally, uncertainties inherent in these impact calculations are discussed. 3.1 Primary Energy Consumption Primary energy consumption, measured in MJ, is the total energy used during manufacturing and construction stages. This includes the amount of energy allocated to all of the components of a material\u00E2\u0080\u0094such as aggregates, cement, cementitious materials and water for concrete\u00E2\u0080\u0094for extraction, processing, transportation and installation. The increase in primary energy consumption can impact other summary measures, such as global warming potential, depending on the energy source that is being used. Connaghan 15 As seen in Figure 3, all of the materials considered had a visible effect on the primary energy consumption, ranging from an additional 0.026% to 1.18%. This is because all of the materials require being manufactured and constructed. The 10% increase in concrete (originally 282.81yd3) had the highest effect on the primary energy, with the increase in plywood (originally 91.86msf) having the second highest effect. The increase in aluminum (originally 1.81tons) and asphalt (originally 2.64tons) both had approximately 0.14% increases in energy per ton, which was relatively high considering their low quantity. Finally, stucco caused a minor increase of 0.026%. Figure 3. Sensitivity of primary energy consumption to changes in material quantities 3.2 Weighted Resource Use Weighted resource use, measured in kg, accounts for the all of the resource requirements for all of the components of a material. This includes the sum of all of the land, fossil fuel and water use required to manufacture and construct that material. Connaghan 16 Figure 4 below shows the sensitivity of weighted resource use to changes in aluminum, concrete, asphalt, plywood and stucco. From the figure, it is clear from that the increase in concrete had the most significant impact on weighted resource use, with plywood having the second most significant impact. Aluminum and asphalt also had minor effects on the summary measure, while the increase in stucco had a negligible effect. Figure 4. Sensitivity of weighted resource to changes in material quantities 3.3 Global Warming Potential Global warming potential, measured in kg CO2 equivalent, is the potential for the earth\u00E2\u0080\u0099s climate to change based on the buildup of chemicals, and subsequent heat entrapment. The chemicals that affect this summary measure include greenhouse gases, and the total effect is based on their \u00E2\u0080\u009Cradiative forcing and lifetime\u00E2\u0080\u009D (Bare, Norris, Pennington, & McKone, 2003). Connaghan 17 Figure 5 shows the sensitivity of the building\u00E2\u0080\u0099s global warming potential to the five materials observed. As seen above, the concrete had the highest effect on the global warming potential due to the high CO2 emissions that are caused during the calcinations and carbonation phases of cement production. Aluminum, asphalt and plywood had approximately equal increases in global warming potential per quantity, but had much lower effects than concrete. Stucco, however, had negligible effects on the summary measure. Figure 5. Sensitivity of global warming potential to changes in material quantities 3.4 Acidification Potential Acidification, measured in moles of H+ equivalent, is the potential for an increase of acidity of water and oil systems to occur. This can occur through both wet and dry depositions, and is caused by SO2 and NOx emissions (Bare, Norris, Pennington, & McKone, 2003). Connaghan 18 In Figure 6, it can be seen that the acidification potential of the Geography Building was most sensitive to an increase in concrete, while aluminum, asphalt and plywood had much lower effects than concrete. Once again, the 10% increase in stucco had negligible effects on the acidification potential. Figure 6. Sensitivity of acidification potential to changes in material quantities 3.4.1 Human Health Respiratory Effects Potential HH respiratory effects potential is affected by the \u00E2\u0080\u009Ctotal suspended particulates, particulate material (PM) less than 10\u00C2\u00B5m in diameter (PM10), PM less than 2.5\u00C2\u00B5m in diameter (PM2.5), and by emissions of SO2 and NOx\u00E2\u0080\u009D (Bare, Norris, Pennington, & McKone, 2003), and is measured in kg PM2.5 equivalent. These particles can have toxic effects on human health, including \u00E2\u0080\u009Cchronic and acute respiratory symptoms, as well as mortality\u00E2\u0080\u009D (Bare, Norris, Pennington, & McKone, 2003). In Figure 7 below, the sensitivity of HH respiratory effects potential to changes in the five observed materials is shown. The 10% quantity increase of concrete had the greatest effect Connaghan 19 on HH respiratory effect potential, with aluminum and plywood having the second and third higher effects, respectively. Finally, asphalt had very minimal effects and the increase in stucco had negligible effects. Figure 7. Sensitivity of human health respiratory effects potential to changes in material quantities 3.5 Eutrophication Potential Eutrophication potential, which is measured in kg N equivalent, is the potential for materials and their emissions to fertilize surface waters with previously scarce nutrients. This can then cause an expansion of aquatic photosynthetic plant species, leading to possible odours, decrease in marine habitat and production of chemicals that could be a health hazard. In Figure 8, it can be seen that the eutrophication potential was highly sensitive to concrete, with an effect of 0.175%, and asphalt, with an effect of 0.112%. Plywood also had a significant impact of 0.102%, and aluminum had an effect of 0.033%. Finally, stucco had a negligible effect of the eutrophication potential. Connaghan 20 Figure 8. Sensitivity of eutrophication potential to changes in material quantities 3.6 Ozone depletion potential Ozone depletion potential, measured in kg CFC-11 equivalent, is the potential for reduction of the protective ozone due to accelerated destructive chemical reactions caused by chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), halons and other chemicals. This reduction can cause lower level ozone level, which can cause increased UVB levels and harmful effects on marine life, crops and human health\u00E2\u0080\u0094including cancer (Bare, Norris, Pennington, & McKone, 2003). As seen in Figure 9, the plywood had the largest effect on ozone depletion of 2.510%, with concrete having the second highest effect of 0.213%. In addition, aluminum, asphalt and stucco had negligible effect on the summary measure. Connaghan 21 Figure 9. Sensitivity of ozone depletion potential to changes in material quantities 3.7 Smog potential Smog potential, which is measured in kg NOx equivalent, is the potential for material emissions to cause smog. This can cause harmful effect on human health, including asthma and mortality, and can be deleterious to plant life. As seen in Figure 10, smog potential was most sensitive to the increase in concrete, which caused an increase of 3.908%. Aluminum had the second greatest effect with 0.616%, and then asphalt had the third greatest effect with 0.371%. Finally, plywood had a minimal effect on smog potential with a change of 0.143% in the summary measure, and stucco is negligible. Connaghan 22 Figure 10. Sensitivity of smog potential to changes in material quantities 3.8 Overall Impacts The overall impacts of the manufacturing and construction life cycle stages of the Geography are present in Table 3 below. Table 3. Manufacturing and construction impacts of the original building Impact Category Total Total Overall Per Sq. Ft Primary Energy Consumption 3254101.396 220370.0547 3,474,471.45 67.03 Weighted Resource Use 1750369.705 6002.468045 1,756,372.17 33.89 Global Warming Potential 207751.8251 5182.253076 212,934.08 4.11 Acidification Potential 78961.93478 2730.497823 81,692.43 1.58 HH Respiratory Effects Potential 1013.510967 2.761592338 1,016.27 0.02 Eutrophication Potential 1.841440174 0.00143683 1.84 0.00 Ozone Depletion Potential 0.006051019 1.37544E-08 0.01 0.00 Smog Potential 766.071318 47.74132725 813.81 0.02 ConstructionManufacturing Total Effects (Man. + Constr.) Connaghan 23 To compare the Geography Building to other academic buildings on the UBC Vancouver campus, these impacts were then converted to a per square foot basis. This was done for all seven buildings considered\u00E2\u0080\u0094Geography, Henning\u00E2\u0080\u0099s, Buchanan, H. R. MacMillan, CEME, FSC and AERL\u00E2\u0080\u0094and then average impacts were found. Below, in Figure 11, the Geography Building was compared to the average academic building. Figure 11. Overall impacts of the Geography Building compared to average academic buildings As seen in Figure 11, the Geography Building\u00E2\u0080\u0099s primary energy consumption, weighted resource use, global warming potential, acidification potential, HH respiratory effects potential, and smog potential were approximately 25% of the average UBC academic building. This seems to be associated with the fact that the Geography Building is mainly constructed of wood, compared to the concrete and steel structures that are prevailing in the other buildings. In addition, the eutrophication potential was approximately 6% that of the average academic building. The ozone depletion potential, however, was 211% that of the average academic Connaghan 24 building. This is likely due to the large use of plywood in the Geography Building, to which the ozone depletion potential was relatively sensitive to, as seen in Figure 9. The sensitivity of all of the summary measures to material quantity changes is also presented in Figure 12. Figure 12. Sensitivity of all summary measures to the change in material quantities It can be seen from the figure that the increase in aluminum caused the most effect on smog potential. The next highest summary measures impacted by aluminum were primary energy consumption, acidification potential and HH respiratory effects potential, which were all approximately equal. Finally, the global warming potential was slightly affected by aluminum, and eutrophication potential and weighted resource use were minimally affected. The summary measures that were more affected by concrete\u00E2\u0080\u0094in decreasing order\u00E2\u0080\u0094were smog potential, weighted resource use, global warming potential and acidification potential. Connaghan 25 Primary energy consumption and HH respiratory effects potential were more affected summary measures, with approximately equal effects. Finally, eutrophication potential and ozone depletion potential were relatively minimal. Global warming potential, smog potential and primary energy consumption\u00E2\u0080\u0094in decreasing order\u00E2\u0080\u0094were most affect by the change in asphalt. Acidification potential and eutrophication potential were the following most affect summary measures, with weighted resource use, HH respiratory effects potential and ozone depletion potential relatively minimal. The summary measure that plywood most affected was ozone depletion potential. The next summary measures that were most affect were primary energy consumption and weighted resource use, then global warming potential and acidification potential. Finally, the increase in plywood had relatively minimal effects on HH respiratory effects potential, eutrophication potential and smog potential. Finally, the 10% increase in stucco had very minimal effects on all of the summary measures. The only summary measure that had a visible effect from the increase in stucco was primary energy consumption. 3.9 Uncertainties in Impact Assessment Due to the complex nature of summary measures, assumptions and uncertainties arise during the impact assessment process. These uncertainties can be due to the characterization of emissions, the location of the emissions, and the characteristics of the environment these emissions are subjected to. In addition, how the model was performed and over what scope can also affect the certainty of the impacts. The impact assessment methodology used for this study was a non-regionalized version of TRACI. As a result, the assessment did not take into account differing environmental conditions for different areas. This could cause uncertainty in how the emissions are absorbed by chemical sinks, such as trees and water, and the potential of the emissions to travel and affect the environment on different geographic scales. In addition, it was not taken into account whether or not the pollutants are emitted within the building or outside of the building. This makes a difference on the environmental impacts because if the pollutants are emitted where there are lots of people, they are more likely to have a negative impact on human health. Connaghan 26 Not all characteristics of emissions are taken into account when doing an impact assessment. The impact assessment software converts specified amounts masses of emissions into their equivalent environmental and human impacts. Although this data had been collected through many environmental and health studies, the impacts are still dependent on an infinite number of factors\u00E2\u0080\u0094such as time, temperature, environment sensitivity, etc.\u00E2\u0080\u0094 compromising the accuracy of these impact equivalencies. In addition, there are a number of chemicals within the environment that can react together to produce other chemicals. This reaction could potentially create more or less hazardous chemicals. Overall, this lack of detail could result in over- or underestimation of environmental impacts. The way that the emissions are converted to impacts can also cause uncertainty in the summary measures. TRACI, the impact assessment methodology used for this study, relates emissions to impacts through characterization factors. These factors, however, are linear and do not take into account the initial amount that the environment is able to absorb without effects, as well as the drop off of effects when there are so many emissions that further emissions do not cause any more harm. This could cause over- or underestimations of the impacts, depending on the relationship the each emission has with the environment. Finally, the way in which the impact assessment methodology allocates impacts to different products along the line of production can affect the overall results. Co-products from the same unit process can be quantified by mass, volume, economic value, etc. Depending on which method of quantification is used, the impacts allocated to each co-product will differ. Connaghan 27 4 Building Performance The building performance of the current Geography Building was calculated based on the total areas and heat flow resistances (R-values) of the roof, windows and exterior walls, as well as the initial embodied energy of the building. This building performance was then compared to a theoretical improved Geography Building that met the Residential Environmental Assessment Program\u00E2\u0080\u0099s (REAP\u00E2\u0080\u0099s) insulation requirements. The following sections outline the method of calculating the R-values and subsequent energy performances, the materials to be replaced to increase building performance, and the energy payback period of such replacements. 4.1 Heat Flow Resistance The R-values of the current and improved buildings\u00E2\u0080\u0099 windows were determined from tables provided. The R-values for the exterior walls and roofs, however, needed to be calculated based on the components in the assemblies\u00E2\u0080\u0099 cross-sections and the area that they covered (R- Value Table, 2008). For components that only covered the area of the assembly\u00E2\u0080\u0099s studs, the R- value was input into the \u00E2\u0080\u009CR-Value Studs\u00E2\u0080\u009D column as seen in Table 4. For components that only covered the area of the cavities between the studs, the R-value was input into the \u00E2\u0080\u009CR-Value Cavity\u00E2\u0080\u009D column. For components that covered the whole assembly area, the R-value was input into both the \u00E2\u0080\u009CR-Value Studs\u00E2\u0080\u009D and \u00E2\u0080\u009CR-Value Studs\u00E2\u0080\u009D columns. Table 4. Sample R-value calculation table Component R-Value Studs R-Value Cavity Assembly R-Value Total Wall R-Values Wall U-Values Total Wall R-Value The total R-values for the stud and cavity sections were determined by summing all of the R-values within the column. The U-values were then calculated by taking the reciprocal of Connaghan 28 the R-values. Finally, the total R-value for the assembly was calculation by Equation 1, where the \u00E2\u0080\u009C%\u00E2\u0080\u009D variables are the percent area occupied by the studs and the cavities: Equation 1: Once the R-values of each assembly was determined, the weighted average R-value for the whole building was calculated by taking the sum of the products of the R-values and areas for each assembly, and dividing the sum by the total area of all of the assemblies. The following sections outline how the R-value for each assembly was modeled. 4.1.1 Current Building The Geography Building had single-pane windows with assumed standard glazing. From the R-Value Table provided on the Colorado Energy website (R-Value Table, 2008), it was determined that this had an R-value of 0.91. The exterior wall cross section for the Geography Building included stucco, cedar shiplap siding, 2\u00E2\u0080\u009Dx4\u00E2\u0080\u009D wood studs and plaster. Due to limitations, however, stucco could not be input into the R-value calculation, the cedar shiplap siding was assumed to be wood bevel siding, and the lath and plaster were assumed to be \u00C2\u00BD\u00E2\u0080\u009D drywall. Outside and inside air films were also added to the model. Finally, the studs were input as 3 \u00C2\u00BD\u00E2\u0080\u009D studs, and the total percent area of the studs was estimated to be 15%. These assumptions resulted in an exterior R-value of 3.36, as seen in Table 5. Table 5. Exterior wall R-value calculation for the \"current\" building Component R-Value Studs R-Value Cavity Assembly R-Value Wall - Outside Air Film 0.17 0.17 Siding - Wood Bevel 0.8 0.8 3 1/2\" Stud 4.38 Air space (within stud cavities) 0 1 1/2\" Drywall 0.45 0.45 Inside Air Film 0.68 0.68 Percent for 16\" o.c. + Additional studs 15% 85% Total Wall R-Values 6.48 3.1 Wall U-Values 0.15 0.32 Total Wall R-Value 3.36 Exterior Wall R-Value Calculation for \"Current\" Building Connaghan 29 The roof cross section for the Geography Building included roofing asphalt, cedar shiplap siding, and two layers of 2\u00E2\u0080\u009Dx4\u00E2\u0080\u009D wood studs with 26\u00E2\u0080\u009D of air space between them. Due to limitations, however, the cedar shiplap siding was assumed to be wood bevel siding and the roofing asphalt was assumed to be asphalt shingles. Outside and inside air films were also added to the model. Finally, the studs were input as 3 \u00C2\u00BD\u00E2\u0080\u009D studs, and the total percent area of the studs was estimated to be 5%. These assumptions resulted in an exterior R-value of 10.30, as seen in Table 6. Table 6. Roof R-value calculation for the \"current\" building Component R-Value Studs R-Value Cavity Assembly R-Value Wall - Outside Air Film 0.17 0.17 Siding - Wood Bevel 0.8 0.8 3 1/2\" Stud 8.76 0 Air space (between stud assemblies) 6 6 Air space (within stud cavities) 0 2 Asphalt Shingles 0.44 0.44 Inside Air Film 0.68 0.68 Percent for 16\" o.c. + Additional studs 5.0% 95.0% Total Wall Component R-Values 16.85 10.09 Wall Component U-Values 0.06 0.10 Total Wall Assembly R-Value 10.30 Roof R-Value Calculation for \"Current\" Building 4.1.2 Improved Building To improve the window insulation and meet the REAP window insulation standard of at least R-2.85, low E tin argon filled glazing was used, which have an R-value of 3.45 To improve the exterior walls\u00E2\u0080\u0099 energy performance and meet the REAP exterior wall insulation standard of at least R-18, 3.5\u00E2\u0080\u009D of polyisocyanurate insulation was added to the assembly. Because the wall cross section did not currently detail any insulation in the current building, the rest of the assembly was kept the same. The resulting exterior wall R-value was 18.42 as seen in Table 7. Connaghan 30 Table 7. Exterior wall R-value calculation for the \"improved\" building Component R-Value Studs R-Value Cavity Assembly R-Value Wall - Outside Air Film 0.17 0.17 Siding - Wood Bevel 0.8 0.8 3 1/2\" Stud 4.38 0 Polyisocyanurate (foil-faced) 0 25.2 1/2\" Drywall 0.45 0.45 Inside Air Film 0.68 0.68 Percent for 16\" o.c. + Additional studs 15% 85% Total Wall R-Values 6.48 27.3 Wall U-Values 0.15 0.04 Total Wall R-Value 18.42 Exterior Wall R-Value Calculation for \"Improved\" Building To improve the roof\u00E2\u0080\u0099s energy performance and meet the REAP roof insulation standard of at least R-40, 4.5\u00E2\u0080\u009D of polyisocyanurate insulation was added to the assembly. Because the roof cross section did not currently detail any insulation in the current building, the rest of the assembly was kept the same. The resulting exterior wall R-value was 41.78 as seen in Table 8. Table 8. Roof R-value calculation for the \"improved\" building Component R-Value Studs R-Value Cavity Assembly R-Value Wall - Outside Air Film 0.17 0.17 Siding - Wood Bevel 0.8 0.8 3 1/2\" Stud 8.76 0 Air space (between stud assemblies) 5 5 Air space (within stud cavities) 0 2 Polyisocyanurate (foil-faced) 32.4 32.4 Asphalt Shingles 0.44 0.44 Inside Air Film 0.68 0.68 Percent for 16\" o.c. + Additional studs 5.0% 95.0% Total Wall Component R-Values 48.25 41.49 Wall Component U-Values 0.0207 0.0241 Total Wall Assembly R-Value 41.78 Roof R-Value Calculation for \"Improved\" Building 4.2 Energy Performance Once the R-values were determined and assigned to each of the assemblies considered for the current and improved buildings, the energy performance for each month over a year was calculated. Each month\u00E2\u0080\u0099s energy use was calculated by determining the temperature difference Connaghan 31 between the outside temperature and room temperature, and multiplying this by the hours in a month and the area per unit R-value, as seen in Equation 2:: Equation 2: Below, in Figure 13, the energy performances for the current and improved buildings are presented. As seen in the figure, the energy use of the improved building would be approximately 25% that of the current building. Figure 13. Energy usage per month for the current and improved Geography Building The improved building was also modeled in the IE software. This was done by substituting the low E tin argon filled glazing for the standard glazing, and adding the specified polyisocyanurate insulation thicknesses to the roof and exterior walls. From the model, the primary energy consumption of the improved building was determined. This was then added to the cumulative energy use over 80 years\u00E2\u0080\u0094annual energy uses were determined by summing the Connaghan 32 monthly energy uses. The cumulative energy use over the 80 year span, including primary energy consumption, was then plotted for both buildings and plotted in Figure 14 below. Figure 14. Energy Usage vs. Time for the current and improved Geography Building It can be seen from the figure above that the total energy savings of the improved building over 80 years is approximately 80,000GJ. In addition, in Figure 15\u00E2\u0080\u0094a close up of the graph in Figure 14\u00E2\u0080\u0094it can be seen that the two energy use lines cross at approximately 1.5 years. This time is the energy payback period needed to \u00E2\u0080\u009Crecover\u00E2\u0080\u009D the additional 1,600GJ of energy required to build the improved building. Connaghan 33 Figure 15. Close up of Energy Usage vs. Time for the current and improved Geography Building 4.3 Other Considerations Although the above figure shows that the energy payback period for the improved building would be approximately 1.5 years, the actual energy payback period would likely be longer. This is because, in order to upgrade the current building, the lath and plaster walls would need to be removed and replace in order to install the insulation in the exterior walls. This is also true for installing insulation in the roof. It is also important to note that the economic payback period would most likely be longer than the energy payback period due to higher costs for better insulation and window glazing. Finally, installing new windows and insulation would result in additional environmental impacts. In some cases, these impacts may outweigh the need to save energy. For this reason, it is important to do LCA\u00E2\u0080\u0099s on the current and improved buildings when considering doing a building renovation. It can also be useful during the design stage to determine the materials and insulation that should be used. Connaghan 34 5 Conclusion After the building was modeled and the Bill of Materials was determined, it was found that the largest quantities of material by units of area were \u00C2\u00BD\u00E2\u0080\u009D regular gypsum board, softwood plywood, 6mil polyethylene, cedar wood shiplap siding, and stucco. When the summary measures of the Geography Building were compared to those of an average academic building, it was found that the primary energy consumption, weighted resource use, global warming potential, acidification potential, human health respiratory effects potential, eutrophication potential, and smog potential ranged were below the average building impacts, and the ozone depletion potential was above that of the average building. It was then determined through sensitivity analysis that the ozone depletion potential was large in comparison due to the amount of plywood in the building. Finally, through building performance calculations of the building\u00E2\u0080\u0099s windows, exterior walls and roof, it was determined that adding 4.5\u00E2\u0080\u009D and 3.5\u00E2\u0080\u009D of polyisocyanurate insulation to the roof and exterior walls, respectively, and replacing all standard glazing windows with low E tin argon filled glazing to meet REAP insulation requirements would have a 1.55 year energy payback period. Further studies in the LCA of the Geography Building could be completed by incorporating operational energy values to the model. In addition, doing a more detailed takeoff that includes permanent furniture within the Geography Building\u00E2\u0080\u0094including lab benches and lecture room desks\u00E2\u0080\u0094would provide further insight into the true impacts of the building. This modeling could be done not only for the original building, but also include renovations that have occurred over the past 85 years. Connaghan 35 Bibliography Bare, J. C., Norris, G. A., Pennington, D. W., & McKone, T. (2003). TRACI: The Tool for the Reduction and Assessment of Chemical and Other Environmental Impacts. Journal of Industrial Ecology . Canadian Standards Association. (2006). CSA Standard CAN/CSA-ISO 14040:06. International Organization of Standardization. Canadian Standards Association. (2006). CSA Standard CAN/CSA-ISO 14044:06. International Organization for Standardization. Geography Building. (n.d.). Retrieved March 2009, from UBC Library Archives: http://www.library.ubc.ca/archives/bldgs/geog.html Lath and Plaster. (2008, December 12). Retrieved March 15, 2009, from Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lath_and_plaster R-Value Table. (2008, July 29). Retrieved March 2009, from Colorado Energy: http://www.coloradoenergy.org/procorner/stuff/r-values.htm Wilson, A. (1993, March 1). Cement and Concrete: Environmental Considerations. Retrieved March 25, 2009, from Building Green: http://www.buildinggreen.com/auth/article.cfm?fileName=020201b.xml Worral, R. (n.d.). Energy Savings in the Asphalt Manufacturing Industry. Retrieved March 25, 2009, from http://www.bestarticlesonnet.com/business-services/article5262.htm Connaghan 36 Appendices Connaghan 37 Appendix A: Impact Estimator Input Tables ATHENA\u00C2\u00AE Environmental Impact Estimator General Description Project Name Geography Project Location Vancouver Building Life Expectancy 60 years Building Type Institutional Gross Floor Area (ft2) 51833 Operating Energy Consumption -TBA- Assembly Group Assembly Type Assembly Name Input Fields Input Values Known/Measured EIE Inputs 1 Foundation 1.1 Concrete Footing 1.1.1 - 2'3\" Concrete Footings Length (ft) 175.500 175.500 Width (ft) 2.250 2.250 Thickness (in) 9.000 9.000 Concrete (psi) - 4000.000 Concrete flyash % - average Rebar - #4 1.1.2 - 2'9\" Concrete Footings Length (ft) 22.000 22.000 Width (ft) 2.750 2.750 Thickness (in) 9.000 9.000 Concrete (psi) - 4000.000 Concrete flyash % - average Rebar - #4 1.1.3 - 1'9\" Concrete Footings Length (ft) 267.750 267.750 Connaghan 38 Width (ft) 1.750 1.750 Thickness (in) 9.000 9.000 Concrete (psi) - 4000.000 Concrete flyash % - average Rebar - #4 1.1.4 - 2'3\"x2'9\" Concrete Footings Length (ft) 16.500 16.500 Width (ft) 2.250 2.250 Thickness (in) 9.000 9.000 Concrete (psi) - 4000.000 Concrete flyash % - average Rebar - #4 1.1.5 - 3'3\" Concrete Footings Length (ft) 65.000 65.000 Width (ft) 3.250 3.250 Thickness (in) 9.000 9.000 Concrete (psi) - 4000.000 Concrete flyash % - average Rebar - #4 1.1.6 - 4'x4' Concrete Footings Length (ft) 8.000 8.000 Width (ft) 4.000 4.000 Thickness (in) 9.000 9.000 Concrete (psi) - 4000.000 Concrete flyash % - average Rebar - #4 1.1.7 - Foundation Exterior Wall with Footings Length (ft) 1091.000 1091.000 Width (ft) 1.667 1.667 Thickness (in) 9.000 9.000 Concrete (psi) - 4000.000 Concrete flyash % - average Rebar - #4 1.1.8 - Ground Entrance Stairs Length (ft) 20.000 20.000 Width (ft) 5.667 5.667 Thickness (in) 8.000 8.000 Concrete (psi) - 4000.000 Concrete flyash % - average Connaghan 39 Rebar - #4 1.1.9 - Ground Entrance Stairs 2 Length (ft) 29.000 29.000 Width (ft) 7.000 7.000 Thickness (in) 12.000 12.000 Concrete (psi) - 4000.000 Concrete flyash % - average Rebar - #4 1.1.10 - Ground Entrance Stairs 3 Length (ft) 7.500 7.500 Width (ft) 3.000 3.000 Thickness (in) 8.000 8.000 Concrete (psi) - 4000.000 Concrete flyash % - average Rebar - #4 1.2 Slab on Grade 1.2.1 - Foundation Concrete Floor Length (ft) 34.438 34.438 Width (ft) 16.000 16.000 Thickness (in) 4.000 4.000 Concrete (psi) - 4000.000 Concrete flyash % - average 2 Custom Wall 2.1 Cast-in- Place 2.1.1 - Foundation Exterior Wall with Footings Length (ft) 1091.000 1363.750 Height (ft) 3.500 3.500 Thickness (in) 10.000 8.000 Concrete (psi) - 4000.000 Concrete flyash % - Average Rebar - #5 2.1.2 - Foundation Exterior Wall without Footings Length (ft) 47.000 58.750 Height (ft) 3.500 3.500 Thickness (in) 10.000 8.000 Concrete (psi) - 4000.000 Concrete flyash % - Average Rebar - #5 Connaghan 40 2.1.3 - Foundation 6'' Interior Concrete Wall Length (ft) 88.000 66.000 Height (ft) 3.500 3.500 Thickness (in) 6.000 8.000 Concrete (psi) - 4000.000 Concrete flyash % - Average Rebar - #5 2.1.4 - Foundation 8'' Interior Concrete Wall Length (ft) 342.000 342.000 Height (ft) 3.500 3.500 Thickness (in) 8.000 8.000 Concrete (psi) - 4000.000 Concrete flyash % - Average Rebar - #5 2.1.5 - Foundation 7'' Interior Concrete Wall Length (ft) 79.000 69.125 Height (ft) 3.500 3.500 Thickness (in) 7.000 8.000 Concrete (psi) - 4000.000 Concrete flyash % - Average Rebar - #5 2.2 Wood Stud 2.2.1 - Ground Exterior Wall Wall Type Exterior Exterior Length (ft) 1096.000 274.000 Height (ft) 13.500 13.500 Sheathing None None Stud thickness 2 x 6 2 x 6 Stud Spacing 16 o.c. 16 o.c. Stud Type Kiln dried Kiln dried Window Opening Number of Windows 332.000 83.000 Total Window Area (ft2) 3229.722 807.431 Frame Type Wood Wood Glazing Type - Standard Glazing Door Opening Number of Doors 10.000 10.000 Door Type - Solid Wood Envelope Category - Gypsum board Material Lath and Plaster Gysum Regular 1/2\" Thickness - - Category Cladding Cladding Connaghan 41 Material Lath and Stucco Stucco - Over porous sruface Thickness - - Category Cladding Cladding Material Shiplap Wood Shiplap Siding - Cedar Thickness - - 2.2.2 - First Floor Exterior Wall Wall Type Exterior Exterior Length (ft) 1050.000 262.500 Height (ft) 12.000 12.000 Sheathing None None Stud thickness 2 x 6 2 x 6 Stud Spacing 16 o.c. 16 o.c. Stud Type Kiln dried Kiln dried Window Opening Number of Windows 334.000 83.500 Total Window Area (ft2) 4024.583 1006.146 Frame Type Wood Wood Glazing Type - Standard Glazing Envelope Category - Gypsum board Material Lath and Plaster Gysum Regular 1/2\" Thickness - - Category Cladding Cladding Material Lath and Stucco Stucco - Over porous sruface Thickness - - Category Cladding Cladding Material Shiplap Wood Shiplap Siding - Cedar Thickness - - 2.2.3 - Ground 2''x4'' Stud Interior Wall Wall Type Interior Interior Length (ft) 617.000 617.000 Height (ft) 13.500 13.500 Sheathing - None Stud thickness 2 x 4 2 x 4 Stud Spacing 16 o.c. 16 o.c. Stud Type Kiln dried Kiln dried Door Opening Number of Doors 21.000 21.000 Door Type - Solid Wood Envelope Category - Gypsum board Material Lath and Plaster Gysum Regular 1/2\" Thickness - - Connaghan 42 Category - Gypsum board Material Lath and Plaster Gysum Regular 1/2\" Thickness - - 2.2.4 - Ground 2''x4'' Stud Interior Wall with Steel Vestibule Wall Type Interior Interior Length (ft) 17.000 17.000 Height (ft) 13.500 13.500 Sheathing 1/4\" Ply. Both Sides Plywood Stud thickness 2 x 4 2 x 4 Stud Spacing 16 o.c. 16 o.c. Stud Type Kiln dried Kiln dried Door Opening Number of Doors 1.000 1.000 Door Type Steel Vestibule Steel Interior Door Envelope Category - Gypsum board Material Lath and Plaster Gysum Regular 1/2\" Thickness - - Category - Gypsum board Material Lath and Plaster Gysum Regular 1/2\" Thickness - - 2.2.5 - Ground 2''x6'' Stud Interior Wall Wall Type Interior Interior Length (ft) 145.000 145.000 Height (ft) 13.500 13.500 Sheathing - None Stud thickness 2 x 6 2 x 6 Stud Spacing 16 o.c. 16 o.c. Stud Type Kiln dried Kiln dried Envelope Category - Gypsum board Material Lath and Plaster Gysum Regular 1/2\" Thickness - - Category - Gypsum board Material Lath and Plaster Gysum Regular 1/2\" Thickness - - 2.2.6 - Ground 2''x4'' Stud Hallway Wall Wall Type Interior Interior Length (ft) 919.000 919.000 Height (ft) 13.500 13.500 Sheathing 1/4\" Ply. Both Sides Plywood Stud thickness 2 x 4 2 x 4 Stud Spacing 16 o.c. 16 o.c. Connaghan 43 Stud Type Kiln dried Kiln dried Door Opening Number of Doors 44.000 44.000 Door Type - Solid Wood Envelope Category - Gypsum board Material Lath and Plaster Gysum Regular 1/2\" Thickness - - Category - Gypsum board Material Lath and Plaster Gysum Regular 1/2\" Thickness - - 2.2.7 - Ground 2''x4'' Stud Lecture Room Wall Wall Type Interior Interior Length (ft) 126.000 126.000 Height (ft) 1.500 1.500 Sheathing 1/4\" Ply. Both Sides Plywood Stud thickness 2 x 4 2 x 4 Stud Spacing 16 o.c. 16 o.c. Stud Type Kiln dried Kiln dried Envelope Category - Gypsum board Material Lath and Plaster Gysum Regular 1/2\" Thickness - - Category - Gypsum board Material Lath and Plaster Gysum Regular 1/2\" Thickness - - 2.2.8 - First Floor 2''x4'' Stud Interior Wall Wall Type Interior Interior Length (ft) 631.000 631.000 Height (ft) 12.000 12.000 Sheathing - None Stud thickness 2 x 4 2 x 4 Stud Spacing 16 o.c. 16 o.c. Stud Type Kiln dried Kiln dried Door Opening Number of Doors 16.000 16.000 Door Type - Solid Wood Envelope Category - Gypsum board Material Lath and Plaster Gysum Regular 1/2\" Thickness - - Category - Gypsum board Material Lath and Plaster Gypsum Regular 1/2\" Thickness - - 2.2.9 - First Floor 2''x6'' Stud Interior Wall Wall Type Interior Interior Connaghan 44 Length (ft) 195.000 195.000 Height (ft) 12.000 12.000 Sheathing - None Stud thickness 2 x 6 2 x 6 Stud Spacing 16 o.c. 16 o.c. Stud Type Kiln dried Kiln dried Door Opening Number of Doors 7.000 7.000 Door Type - Solid Wood Envelope Category - Gypsum board Material Lath and Plaster Gysum Regular 1/2\" Thickness - - Category - Gypsum board Material Lath and Plaster Gysum Regular 1/2\" Thickness - - 2.2.10 - First Floor 2''x16'' Stud Interior Wall Wall Type Interior Interior Length (ft) 37.000 74.000 Height (ft) 12.000 12.000 Sheathing - None Stud thickness 2 x 16 2 x 8 Stud Spacing 16 o.c. 16 o.c. Stud Type Kiln dried Kiln dried Envelope Category - Gypsum board Material Lath and Plaster Gysum Regular 1/2\" Thickness - - Category - Material Lath and Plaster Thickness - 2.2.11 - First Floor 2''x4'' Stud Hallway Wall Wall Type Interior Interior Length (ft) 704.000 704.000 Height (ft) 12.000 12.000 Sheathing 1/4\" Ply. Both Sides Plywood Stud thickness 2 x 4 2 x 4 Stud Spacing 16 o.c. 16 o.c. Stud Type Kiln dried Kiln dried Door Opening Number of Doors 35.000 35.000 Door Type - Solid Wood Envelope Category - Gypsum board Material Lath and Plaster Gysum Regular 1/2\" Thickness - - Connaghan 45 Category - Gypsum board Material Lath and Plaster Gypsum Regular 1/2\" Thickness - - 2.2.12 - Roof Area Wall Type Exterior Exterior Length (ft) 63.000 63.000 Height (ft) 68.000 68.000 Sheathing None None Stud thickness 2 x 4 2 x 4 Stud Spacing 16 o.c. 16 o.c. Stud Type Kiln dried Kiln dried 2.2.13 - Roof Area 2 Wall Type Exterior Exterior Length (ft) 50.000 50.000 Height (ft) 19.000 19.000 Sheathing None None Stud thickness 2 x 4 2 x 4 Stud Spacing 16 o.c. 16 o.c. Stud Type Kiln dried Kiln dried 2.2.14 - Roof Area 3 Wall Type Exterior Exterior Length (ft) 17.300 17.300 Height (ft) 61.000 61.000 Sheathing None None Stud thickness 2 x 4 2 x 4 Stud Spacing 16 o.c. 16 o.c. Stud Type Kiln dried Kiln dried 2.2.15 - Roof Area 4 Wall Type Exterior Exterior Length (ft) 45.500 45.500 Height (ft) 14.000 14.000 Sheathing None None Stud thickness 2 x 4 2 x 4 Stud Spacing 16 o.c. 16 o.c. Stud Type Kiln dried Kiln dried 3 Roofs 3.1 Wood Joist 3.1.1 - Roof Area Roof Width (ft) 2577.500 2577.500 Span (ft) 10.000 10.000 Decking Type - None Connaghan 46 Live load (psf) 45.000 45.000 Decking Thickness - 1/2 in Envelope Category Vapour Barrier Vapour Barrier Material - Polyethylene 6 mil Thickness (in) - - Category Cladding Cladding Material Shiplap Wood Shiplap Siding - Cedar Thickness (in) - - Category Roof Envelopes Roof Envelopes Material Asphalt Roofing Asphalt Thickness (in) - - 4 Floors 4.1 Suspended Slab 4.1.1 - Ground Concrete Floor Floor Width (ft) 19.938 19.938 Span (ft) 16.000 16.000 Concrete (psi) - 4000.000 Live load (psf) - 45.000 Concrete flyash % - average 4.2 Wood Joist Floor 4.2.1 - Ground Floor Area Floor Width (ft) 2257.600 2257.600 Span (ft) 10.000 10.000 Decking Type Wood Plywood Live load (psf) 45.000 45.000 Decking Thickness - 1/2 in 4.2.2 - First Floor Floor Area Floor Width (ft) 2493.000 2493.000 Span (ft) 10.000 10.000 Decking Type Wood Plywood Live load (psf) 45.000 45.000 Decking Thickness - 1/2 in 4.2.3 - Ground Sloped Lecture Room Floor Width (ft) 253.200 253.200 Span (ft) 10.000 10.000 Decking Type None None Live load (psf) 45.000 45.000 Decking Thickness - 1/2 in 4.2.4 - Ground Level Lecture Room Connaghan 47 Floor Width (ft) 92.500 92.500 Span (ft) 10.000 10.000 Decking Type Wood Plywood Live load (psf) 45.000 45.000 Decking Thickness - 1/2 in 5 Extra Basic Materials 5.1 Wood Total Softwood Lumber (small dim., kiln dried) (Mbfm) 27.991 27.991 Softwood Lumber (large dim., kiln dried) (Mbfm) 25.706 27.706 5.1.1 - Ground 8''x18'' Wood Beam Softwood Lumber (large, kiln dried) (Mbfm) 0.444 1.444 5.1.2 - Ground 8''x16'' Wood Beam Softwood Lumber (large, kiln dried) (Mbfm) 1.515 1.515 5.1.3 - Ground 8''x14'' Wood Beam Softwood Lumber (large, kiln dried) (Mbfm) 0.345 0.345 5.1.4 - Ground 6''x8'' Wood Beam Softwood Lumber (large, kiln dried) (Mbfm) 0.064 1.064 5.1.5 - Ground 10''x16'' Wood Beam Softwood Lumber (large, kiln dried) (Mbfm) 0.507 0.507 5.1.6 - First Floor 8''x14'' Wood Beam Softwood Lumber (large, kiln dried) (Mbfm) 0.345 0.345 5.1.7 - First Floor 6''x10'' Wood Beam Softwood Lumber (large, kiln dried) (Mbfm) 0.170 0.170 5.1.8 - First Floor 6''x8'' Wood Beam Softwood Lumber (large, kiln dried) (Mbfm) 0.116 0.116 5.1.9 - First Floor 10''x16'' Wood Beam Connaghan 48 Softwood Lumber (large, kiln dried) (Mbfm) 1.667 1.667 5.1.10 - First Floor 8''x16'' Wood Beam Softwood Lumber (large, kiln dried) (Mbfm) 0.896 0.896 5.1.11 - First Floor 10''x18'' Wood Beam Softwood Lumber (large, kiln dried) (Mbfm) 0.555 0.555 5.1.12 - Foundation 6''x6'' Wood Girder Softwood Lumber (large, kiln dried) (Mbfm) 4.650 4.650 5.1.13 - Foundation 6''x10'' Wood Girder Softwood Lumber (large, kiln dried) (Mbfm) 2.680 2.680 5.1.14 - Foundation 6''x8'' Wood Girder Softwood Lumber (large, kiln dried) (Mbfm) 1.284 1.284 5.1.15 - Foundation 6''x6'' Wood Post Softwood Lumber (large, kiln dried) (Mbfm) 2.688 2.688 5.1.16 - Foundation 8''x10'' Wood Post Softwood Lumber (large, kiln dried) (Mbfm) 2.333 2.333 5.1.17 - Foundation 8''x8'' Wood Post Softwood Lumber (large, kiln dried) (Mbfm) 0.187 0.187 5.1.18 - Ground 6''x8'' Wood Post Softwood Lumber (large, kiln dried) (Mbfm) 0.540 0.540 5.1.19 - Ground 8''x8'' Wood Post Softwood Lumber (large, kiln dried) (Mbfm) 0.648 0.648 5.1.20 - Ground 8''x10'' Wood Post Softwood Lumber (large, kiln dried) (Mbfm) 0.810 0.810 5.1.21 - First Floor 8''x8'' Wood Post Connaghan 49 Softwood Lumber (large, kiln dried) (Mbfm) 1.024 1.024 5.1.22 - First Floor 6''x8'' Wood Post Softwood Lumber (large, kiln dried) (Mbfm) 0.384 0.384 5.1.23 - First Floor Truss Softwood Lumber (large, kiln dried) (Mbfm) 1.854 1.854 5.1.24 - Ground Exterior Wall Softwood Lumber (small, kiln dried) (Mbfm) 5.058 5.058 5.1.25 - First Floor Exterior Wall Softwood Lumber (small, kiln dried) (Mbfm) 3.811 3.811 5.1.26 - Ground 2''x4'' Stud Interior Wall Softwood Lumber (small, kiln dried) (Mbfm) 3.528 3.528 5.1.27 - Ground 2''x4'' Stud Interior Wall with Steel Vestibule Softwood Lumber (small, kiln dried) (Mbfm) 0.094 0.094 5.1.28 - Ground 2''x6'' Stud Interior Wall Softwood Lumber (small, kiln dried) (Mbfm) 0.870 0.870 5.1.29 - Ground 2''x4'' Stud Hallway Wall Softwood Lumber (small, kiln dried) (Mbfm) 5.149 5.149 5.1.30 - Ground 2''x4'' Stud Lecture Room Wall Softwood Lumber (small, kiln dried) (Mbfm) 0.084 0.084 5.1.31 - First Floor 2''x4'' Stud Interior Wall Softwood Lumber (small, kiln dried) (Mbfm) 3.233 3.233 5.1.32 - First Floor 2''x6'' Stud Interior Wall Softwood Lumber (small, kiln dried) (Mbfm) 0.982 0.982 5.1.33 - First Floor 2''x16'' Stud Interior Wall Connaghan 50 Softwood Lumber (small, kiln dried) (Mbfm) 0.197 0.197 5.1.34 - First Floor 2''x4'' Stud Hallway Wall Softwood Lumber (small, kiln dried) (Mbfm) 3.464 3.464 5.1.35 - Ground Lecture Room Stairs Softwood Lumber (small, kiln dried) (Mbfm) 0.096 0.096 5.1.36 - Ground Interior Stairs Up Softwood Lumber (small, kiln dried) (Mbfm) 0.139 0.139 5.1.37 - FF Interior Stairs Down Softwood Lumber (small, kiln dried) (Mbfm) 0.109 0.109 5.1.38 - Ground Lecture Room Softwood Lumber (small, kiln dried) (Mbfm) 1.178 1.178 5.2 Steel 5.2.1 - First Floor Truss Rebar Rod Light Sections (Tons) 0.360 0.360 Cold Rolled Steel (Tons) 1.587 1.587 Connaghan 44 Appendix B: Impact Estimator Input Assumptions Document 6 Geography Assumptions 1. Foundation Concrete footings were calculated using all three measurement conditions. Column footings on the foundation were measured using the count condition with the width and length provided from drawing 401-06-016, and the thickness provided from drawing 401-06-17. The strip footing below the exterior concrete wall was modeled using the width provided from drawing 401-06-016 and the linear condition used to measure the Foundation Exterior Wall with Footings. The concrete stairs on the ground level\u00E2\u0080\u0094 which were modeled as footings and labeled as Ground Entrance Stairs\u00E2\u0080\u0094were measured using the area condition, with the average thickness estimated from the cross section as shown in drawing 401-06-020. Finally, Foundation Concrete Floor was modeled as a slab on grade using the area condition, with a thickness measurement of 4\u00E2\u0080\u009D. 1.1 Concrete Footing \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Concrete strength was not given and was therefore assumed to be 4000psi \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Rebar was not given and was therefore assumed to be #4 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Concrete fly ash content was not given and was therefore assumed to be average 1.1.1 2'3\" Concrete Footings \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Length of footing was calculated by multiplying the length of each footing by the number of footings of that type 1.1.2 2'9\" Concrete Footings \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Length of footing was calculated by multiplying the length of each footing by the number of footings of that type 1.1.3 1'9\" Concrete Footings \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Length of footing was calculated by multiplying the length of each footing by the number of footings of that type 1.1.4 2'3\"x2'9\" Concrete Footings Connaghan 45 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Length of footing was calculated by multiplying the length of each footing by the number of footings of that type 1.1.5 3'3\" Concrete Footings \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Length of footing was calculated by multiplying the length of each footing by the number of footings of that type 1.1.6 4'x4' Concrete Footings \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Length of footing was calculated by multiplying the length of each footing by the number of footings of that type 1.1.7 Foundation Exterior Wall with Footings \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Length of footing was given by the length takeoff from the Foundation Exterior Wall with Footings (2.1.1) 1.1.8 Ground Entrance Stairs \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Concrete thickness assumed to be linear by estimating the average thickness between the crest and the trough of the step, as seen below 1.1.9 Ground Entrance Stairs 2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Concrete thickness assumed to be linear by estimating the average thickness between the crest and the trough of the step, as seen below 1.1.10 Ground Entrance Stairs 3 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Concrete thickness assumed to be linear by estimating the average thickness between the crest and the trough of the step, as seen below 1.2 Slab on Grade 1.2.1 Foundation Concrete Floor \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Concrete strength was not given and was therefore assumed to be 4000psi Connaghan 46 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Concrete fly ash content was not given and was therefore assumed to be average 2. Custom Wall The walls on the foundation, ground and first floor levels were modeled using linear conditions. The foundation concrete walls were assumed to have a height of 3.5\u00E2\u0080\u0099, based on an average of measurements from drawings 401-06-019 and 401-06-020. The exterior walls on the ground and first floors were modeled four times, due to limitations in the IE for number of windows. Hallway walls were also assumed to have plywood sheathing, based on drawing 401-06-030, a drawing from a building renovation in 1963. The doors and windows within the ground and first floor walls were modeled using count conditions. All doors, except for the steel vestibule which was assumed to be a 32\u00E2\u0080\u009Dx7\u00E2\u0080\u0099 steel interior door, were assumed to be 32\u00E2\u0080\u009Dx7\u00E2\u0080\u0099 solid wood doors. The windows were assumed to be fixed windows with standard glazing, and were modeled as wood frames based on site inspections. 2.1 Cast-in-Place \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Concrete strength was not given and was therefore assumed to be 4000psi \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Rebar was not given and was therefore assumed to be #5 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Concrete fly ash content was not given and was therefore assumed to be average 2.1.1 Foundation Exterior Wall with Footings \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Thickness of 10\u00E2\u0080\u009D was given, however 8\u00E2\u0080\u009D was used due to IE limitations, therefore length of the exterior wall was multiplied by a factor of (10\u00E2\u0080\u009D/8\u00E2\u0080\u009D) for a total length of 1363.75\u00E2\u0080\u0099 to meet the concrete volume. 2.1.2 Foundation Exterior Wall without Footings \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Thickness of 10\u00E2\u0080\u009D was given, however 8\u00E2\u0080\u009D was used due to IE limitations, therefore length of the exterior wall was multiplied by a factor of (10\u00E2\u0080\u009D/8\u00E2\u0080\u009D) for a total length of 58.75\u00E2\u0080\u0099 to meet the concrete volume. 2.1.3 Foundation 6'' Interior Concrete Wall \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Thickness of 6\u00E2\u0080\u009D was given, however 8\u00E2\u0080\u009D was used due to IE limitations, therefore length of the exterior wall was multiplied by a factor of (6\u00E2\u0080\u009D/8\u00E2\u0080\u009D) Connaghan 47 for a total length of 66.0\u00E2\u0080\u0099 to meet the concrete volume. 2.1.5 Foundation 7'' Interior Concrete Wall \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Thickness of 7\u00E2\u0080\u009D was given, however 8\u00E2\u0080\u009D was used due to IE limitations, therefore length of the exterior wall was multiplied by a factor of (7\u00E2\u0080\u009D/8\u00E2\u0080\u009D) for a total length of 69.125\u00E2\u0080\u0099 to meet the concrete volume. 2.2 Wood Stud 2.2.5 Ground Exterior Wall \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Length of the wall was divided by 4 (and modeled 4 times) to accommodate limits on the number of windows 6.1.1.1 Window Opening \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Number of windows was divided by 4 (and modeled 4 times) to accommodate limits on the number of windows \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Total area of the windows was divided by 4 (and modeled 4 times) to accommodate limits on the number of windows \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Window glazing was not given and was therefore assumed to be standard glazing 6.1.1.2 Door Opening \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 All 10 door openings were modeled in the first copy of the wall, and each subsequent four wall copies had 0 door openings \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Door material was not given and was therefore assumed to be solid wood \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 All doors were assumed to have dimensions of 32\u00E2\u0080\u009Dx7\u00E2\u0080\u0099 6.1.1.3 Envelope \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00C2\u00BD\u00E2\u0080\u009D regular gypsum board was used as a surrogate for plaster due to IE limitations \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Shiplap siding was assumed to be cedar given that the laths in the building are cedar as well \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Batten and paper were not modeled due to IE limitations 2.2.6 First Floor Exterior Wall \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Length of the wall was divided by 4 (and modeled 4 times) to accommodate limits on the number of windows 6.1.1.4 Window Opening \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Number of windows was divided by 4 (and modeled 4 times) to accommodate limits on the number of windows Connaghan 48 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Total area of the windows was divided by 4 (and modeled 4 times) to accommodate limits on the number of windows \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Window glazing was not given and was therefore assumed to be standard glazing 6.1.1.5 Envelope \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00C2\u00BD\u00E2\u0080\u009D regular gypsum board was used as a surrogate for plaster due to IE limitations \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Shiplap siding was assumed to be cedar given that the laths in the building are cedar as well \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Batten and paper were not modeled due to IE limitations 2.2.7 Ground 2''x4'' Stud Interior Wall 6.1.1.6 Door Opening \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Door material was not given and was therefore assumed to be solid wood \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 All doors were assumed to have dimensions of 32\u00E2\u0080\u009Dx7\u00E2\u0080\u0099 6.1.1.7 Envelope \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00C2\u00BD\u00E2\u0080\u009D regular gypsum board was used as a surrogate for plaster due to IE limitations 2.2.8 Ground 2''x4'' Stud Interior Wall with Steel Vestibule Door Opening \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Steel vestibule was assumed to be steel interior door with dimensions of 32\u00E2\u0080\u009Dx7\u00E2\u0080\u0099 6.1.1.8 Envelope \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00C2\u00BD\u00E2\u0080\u009D regular gypsum board was used as a surrogate for plaster due to IE limitations 2.2.9 Ground 2''x6'' Stud Interior Wall Envelope \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00C2\u00BD\u00E2\u0080\u009D regular gypsum board was used as a surrogate for plaster due to IE limitations 2.2.10 Ground 2''x4'' Stud Hallway Wall Door Opening \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Door material was not given and was therefore assumed to be solid wood Connaghan 49 6.1.1.9 Envelope \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00C2\u00BD\u00E2\u0080\u009D regular gypsum board was used as a surrogate for plaster due to IE limitations 2.2.11 Ground 2''x4'' Stud Lecture Room Wall \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 This wall was added to accommodate the additional wall height within the lecture room \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 A height of 1.5\u00E2\u0080\u0099 was assumed as the average increased wall height 6.1.1.10 Envelope \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00C2\u00BD\u00E2\u0080\u009D regular gypsum board was used as a surrogate for plaster due to IE limitations 2.2.12 First Floor 2''x4'' Stud Interior Wall Door Opening \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Door material was not given and was therefore assumed to be solid wood 6.1.1.11 Envelope \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00C2\u00BD\u00E2\u0080\u009D regular gypsum board was used as a surrogate for plaster due to IE limitations 2.2.13 First Floor 2''x6'' Stud Interior Wall Door Opening \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Door material was not given and was therefore assumed to be solid wood 6.1.1.12 Envelope \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00C2\u00BD\u00E2\u0080\u009D regular gypsum board was used as a surrogate for plaster due to IE limitations 2.2.14 First Floor 2''x16'' Stud Interior Wall \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Stud thickness of 2\u00E2\u0080\u009Dx16\u00E2\u0080\u009D was given, however 2\u00E2\u0080\u009Dx8\u00E2\u0080\u009D was used due to IE limitations, therefore length of the exterior wall was multiplied by a factor of (16\u00E2\u0080\u009D/8\u00E2\u0080\u009D) for a total length of 74\u00E2\u0080\u0099 to meet the concrete volume 6.1.1.13 Envelope \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00C2\u00BD\u00E2\u0080\u009D regular gypsum board was used as a surrogate for plaster due to IE limitations Connaghan 50 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Gypsum board was only modeled once due to doubling in the wall length 2.2.15 First Floor 2''x4'' Stud Hallway Wall Door Opening \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Door material was not given and was therefore assumed to be solid wood 6.1.1.14 Envelope \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00C2\u00BD\u00E2\u0080\u009D regular gypsum board was used as a surrogate for plaster due to IE limitations 2.2.16 Roof Area \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Width of roof area given by dividing the highlighted area by the length, as shown below \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Area modeled twice to account for symmetric design Connaghan 51 2.2.17 Roof Area 2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Width of roof area given by dividing the highlighted area by the length, as shown below \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Area modeled twice to account for symmetric design 2.2.18 Roof Area 3 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Width of roof area given by dividing the highlighted area by the length, as shown below \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Area modeled twice to account for symmetric design Connaghan 52 2.2.19 Roof Area 4 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Width of roof area given by dividing the highlighted area by the length, as shown below Connaghan 53 3. Roofs The roof of the building was made up of two wood joist sections, as seen below. The lower portion was modeled as a wood joist roof, while the upper portion was modeled as 4 separate wall sections with 2\u00E2\u0080\u009Dx4\u00E2\u0080\u009D wood studs. Sloped sections of the \u00E2\u0080\u009Cwall sections\u00E2\u0080\u009D were assumed to be flat. 3.1 Wood Joist 3.1.5 Roof Area \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Spans were assumed to be 10ft due to IE limitations \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 This roof area modeled the lower portion of the roof, as highlighted below (Note: the top portion of the roof was modeled as wall sections as seen in 2.2.12-2.2.15) 6.1.1.15 6.1.1.16 Envelope \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Roofing asphalt assumed based on known asphalt roof \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Polyethylene 6mil vapour barrier assumed 4. Floors The floors were modeled using the area condition. An assumed live load of 45psf also used based on drawing 401-07-001, a list of specifications from a 2004 renovation. The wood joist floors were assumed to have \u00C2\u00BD\u00E2\u0080\u009D thick plywood decking based on knowledge of the decking being wood. Finally, the sloped section of the lecture room was modeled to have a slope based on the dimensions of the risers and treads of the steps, Connaghan 54 as seen in drawing 401-06-019. A sloped wood joist floor was modeled, and the addition material used for the steps was added as extra basic material. 4.1 Slab on Grade 4.1.5 Ground Concrete Floor \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Concrete strength was not given and was therefore assumed to be 4000psi \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Live load assumed to be 45psf based on live load for roof and first floor \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Concrete fly ash content was not given and was therefore assumed to be average \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Span assumed to be 16ft due to IE limitations 4.2 Wood Joist Floor \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Floors were assumed to have \u00C2\u00BD\u00E2\u0080\u009D plywood decking \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Spans were assumed to be 10ft due to IE limitations 4.2.3 Ground Sloped Lecture Room \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 No plywood decking was added to this floor area because the steps were modeled using extra wood (5.1.35) 5. Extra Basic Materials 5.2 Wood \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Volumes of beams, posts and girders were calculated based on given dimensions and modeled length, and converted into Mbfm \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Total lath volumes for the exterior and interior walls were calculated by multiplying the calculated lath volume per 1\u00E2\u0080\u0099x1\u00E2\u0080\u0099 area\u00E2\u0080\u0094as seen below with assumed lath dimensions and spacing\u00E2\u0080\u0094by the twice the total area of the wall, to account for laths on both sides of the walls Dimensions Spacing Boards per 4'x4' Boards per 1'x1' Volume per Board (fbm) Volume per 1'x1' (fbm) 4'x2\"x1/4\" 1/4\" 21.333 1.333 0.167 0.222 5.1.23 First Floor Truss \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Extra wood for the first floor truss was calculated at seen in the table below Connaghan 55 # Material Dimension Length/Height (ft) Area (sqft) Volume (fbm) Rise Run Total Volume 1 Wood Tie Beam 10\"x10\" 51.00 42.50 425.00 0.00 51.00 425.00 1 Wood Tie Beam 10\"x12\" 51.00 51.00 510.00 0.00 51.00 510.00 2 Wood Post 10\"x12\" 13.50 13.50 135.00 13.50 0.00 270.00 2 Diagonal Posts 10\"x12\" 15.05 15.05 150.46 12.50 8.38 300.93 2 Diagonal Posts 10\"x8\" 14.98 9.98 99.85 12.50 8.25 199.69 2 Diagonal Posts 10\"x6\" 14.84 7.42 74.20 12.50 8.00 148.41 Total V = 1854.03 fbm 5.1.35 Ground Lecture Room Stairs \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Steps were assumed to have dimensions of 7\u00E2\u0080\u0099x\u00C2\u00BD\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Stringer board (or diagonal) assumed to have dimensions of 2\u00E2\u0080\u009Dx8\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Volumes were calculated based on wood dimensions and lengths, and were doubled to accommodate identical stairwells (Note: Lengths of treads, risers and diagonals given below) # of Steps Tread (in) Rise (in) Diagonal (ft) Volume (fbm) 1st Flight 8 10 6 8 48 5.1.36 Ground Interior Stairs Up \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Steps were assumed to have dimensions of 5.5\u00E2\u0080\u0099x\u00C2\u00BD\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Stringer board (or diagonal) assumed to have dimensions of 2\u00E2\u0080\u009Dx8\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Volumes were calculated based on wood dimensions and lengths, and were doubled to accommodate identical stairwells (Note: Lengths of treads, risers and diagonals given below) # of Steps Tread (in) Rise (in) Diagonal (ft) Volume (fbm) 1st Flight 14 10 6 13.5 69.33 5.1.37 FF Interior Stairs Down \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Steps were assumed to have dimensions of 5.5\u00E2\u0080\u0099x\u00C2\u00BD\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Stringer board (or diagonal) assumed to have dimensions of 2\u00E2\u0080\u009Dx8\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Volumes were calculated based on wood dimensions and lengths, and were doubled to accommodate identical stairwells (Note: Lengths of treads, risers and diagonals given below) # of Steps Tread (in) Rise (in) Diagonal (ft) Volume (fbm) 2nd Flight 11 10 6 10.5 54.33 5.1.38 Ground Lecture Room \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Steps were assumed to have dimensions of 50\u00E2\u0080\u0099x\u00C2\u00BD\u00E2\u0080\u009D Connaghan 56 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Volumes were calculated based on wood dimensions and lengths (Note: Lengths of treads and risers) # of Steps Tread (in) Rise (in) Volume (fbm) 1st Flight 12 34 7 1178 5.2 Steel 5.2.1 First Floor Truss \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Extra steel for the first floor truss was calculated at seen in the table below \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Rods were assumed to be \u00E2\u0080\u009CRebar Rod Light Sections\u00E2\u0080\u009D \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Plates were assumed to be \u00E2\u0080\u009CCold Rolled Sheet\u00E2\u0080\u009D 6.1.1.17 # Material Dimension Length/Height (ft) Area (sqft) Volume (fbm) Total Volume 2 Rod (End upset) 2\" 13.500 0.022 0.295 0.589 2 Rod (End upset) 1.5\" 13.500 0.022 0.295 0.589 1 Rod (End upset) 1.25\" 13.500 0.022 0.295 0.295 Total V= 1.473 ft3 Total W= 720.147 lbs Total W= 0.360 tons 6.1.1.18 # Material Dimension Length/Height (ft) Area (sqft) Volume (fbm) Total Volume 2 Plate 1/2\"x10\" 5.750 4.792 2.396 4.792 6 Plate 3/8\"x3\"x10\" - 0.208 0.078 0.469 4 Plate 8\"x8\"x3/8\" - 0.444 0.167 0.667 6 Plate 6\"x6\"x3/8\" - 0.250 0.094 0.563 Total V= 6.490 ft3 Total W= 3173.562 lbs Total W= 1.587 tons Connaghan 55 "@en . "Report"@en . "10.14288/1.0077974"@en . "eng"@en . "Unreviewed"@en . "Vancouver : University of British Columbia Library"@en . "Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International"@en . "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/"@en . "Undergraduate"@en . "University of British Columbia. CIVL 498"@en . "UBC Social Ecological Economic Development Studies (SEEDS) Student Report"@en . "A Life Cycle Analysis of the Geography Building"@en . "Text"@en . "http://hdl.handle.net/2429/23522"@en .