{"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.14288\/1.0364097":{"https:\/\/open.library.ubc.ca\/terms#identifierAIP":[{"value":"031b099d-25db-4495-9561-8c96d0171db2","type":"literal","lang":"en"}],"http:\/\/www.europeana.eu\/schemas\/edm\/dataProvider":[{"value":"CONTENTdm","type":"literal","lang":"en"}],"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/isReferencedBy":[{"value":"http:\/\/resolve.library.ubc.ca\/cgi-bin\/catsearch?bid=1560112","type":"literal","lang":"en"}],"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/isPartOf":[{"value":"British Columbia Historical Books Collection","type":"literal","lang":"en"}],"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/creator":[{"value":"Canada. National Committee for the Celebration of the Diamond Jubilee of Confederation","type":"literal","lang":"en"}],"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/issued":[{"value":"2018-03-02","type":"literal","lang":"en"},{"value":"1927","type":"literal","lang":"en"}],"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/description":[{"value":"\"Includes brief histories of the provinces and of Vancouver.\" -- Lowther, B. J., & Laing, M. (1968). A bibliography of British Columbia: Laying the foundations, 1849-1899. Victoria, BC: University of Victoria, p. 186.","type":"literal","lang":"en"},{"value":"","type":"literal","lang":"en"}],"http:\/\/www.europeana.eu\/schemas\/edm\/aggregatedCHO":[{"value":"https:\/\/open.library.ubc.ca\/collections\/bcbooks\/items\/1.0364097\/source.json","type":"literal","lang":"en"}],"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/extent":[{"value":"64 pages : photographs ; 23 x 31 cm","type":"literal","lang":"en"}],"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/elements\/1.1\/format":[{"value":"application\/pdf","type":"literal","lang":"en"}],"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2009\/08\/skos-reference\/skos.html#note":[{"value":" The University of British Columbia Library\nA&L..\nTHE -\"SlL.,,\nCHUNG tSJiiOyiV-\nCOLLECTION #^^g^^-\nf&^ \t\n i867\nCanada's ^Diamond ^eJubilee of\noi&onfe deration\nCONFEDERATION CELEBRATION COMMITTEE\n &*\nCANADA'S COAT OF ARMS\n(^tpyhe Royal Imperial Crown which surmounts the whole device denotes that Canada, a nation among the British\n^^\u2014^ Commonwealth of Nations, recognizes the Imperial Sovereign ruling over this vast Empire. Immediately\nbeneath this is the crest upon the royal helmet, which is always, as represented, set full face with the visor closed\nand showing six bars and colored gold. The crest is the Royal lion \"passant, guardant,\" which means, walking,\nwith head facing the spectator, holding in its dexter {or right) paw a maple leaf of Canada, colored\" gules,\" which\nmeans in heraldic language, red. The silver and red twisted cord upon which the lion is standing is what is termed\nthe \"wreath\" and originally formed a support for the crest upon the helmet, and the artistic drapery of silver and red\nrepresents this \"wreath when torn in the wars of ancient days.\" The animals on either side of the shield are known\nas \"supporters.\" It is thought by some authorities that supporters really are the heraldic survival of fancifully\ndressed pages or footmen who uphold the banners, standards, or shields of those engaged in tournaments. In the..\nCanadian Coat of Arms {or insignia) we have on the dexter side a golden lion upholding the banner of the union\n{England, Scotland and Ireland) and on the sinister or left side the Unicorn of Scotland upholding the banner\nof France, modern. The shield of Canada shows four quarterings, namely:\n{1) \"Gules\" the 8 lions passant guardant \"or\" {i.e. gold) for England.\n{2) \"Or\" a lion rampant \"gules\" within the royal treasures for Scotland.\n{3) \"Azure\" {blue) a harp \"or\" for Ireland.\n{4) \"Azure\" S fleur-de-lys \"or\" for France.\nWith the base of the shield argent, charged with a three-leaved sprig of maple \"proper''' {or natural color) the\nemblem of Canada.\nBeneath the shield is the motto: \"A Mari Usque ad Mare\"\u2014\"Even from sea to sea,\" with the national floral\nemblems of the nations which form the ancestral foundation stock of the Canadian people\u2014namely, the Rose of\nEngland, the Thistle of Scotland, the Shamrock of Ireland, and the Lily of France; providing an artistic foundation upon which the Canadian armorial insignia rests, the whole forming a beautiful and historic combination.\n \u25a0^\n1\"he Fathers of Confederation\n r-\nGovernment House,\nOttawa.\nour request to give a message to the\n-.ularly as I have a very delightful\nMay nth, 192J\nDear Alderman Woodside:\nVery gladly I res\ncitizens of Vancouver, m\nrecollection of my recent visit to your city.\nAs our beloved sovereign s representative I send you all most\ncordial greetings on July 1st, when in all farts of the country we shall\nbe celebrating the 60th anniversary of Confederation in this great\nDominion. I trust that the coming years may bring you all ever increasing prosperity and progress, and that the efficiency of the wonderful\ndevelopment of your City in past years may be carried on in the same\nspirit in the future.\nWith the certain growth of the importance of all the interests\nand activities of Vancouver, will come an ever increasing influence on\nthe destinies of the future of Canada.\nMay I venture to urge on you all to remember on this historic\nday, the great purpose of Confederation, and to use that influence to cooperate with all other parts of your country in building up Canada a\ngreat nation, which will always be a bulwark of strength and support\nfor the unity of the British Empire.\nYours sincerely,\nlc-l^Coo^hr^\nV\n The Victory Tower and Dominion Parliament \"Buildings, Ottawa\n THE DOMINION OF CANADA\n^^>\u2014\u25a0 \"\"'HREE hundred and seventy years before Confederation became an accomplished fact in 1867, John\n\u00a3 ^-^ Cabot sailed from the port of Bristol, on the west coast of England, and landed on the shores of\ni ^ \\ Labrador on June 24, 1497. There he planted the English flag. Nearly jive hundred years prior to this\nm \u25a0 date\u2014about 1000 a.d.\u2014Norse explorers from Greenland visited Canada and established a settlement\n^k M whose situation is unknown. These hardy adventurers were soon overwhelmed by Indians, who\n^ ^ remained in undisputed possession until the coming of European explorers in the fifteenth century.\nThirty-seven years after the landing of Cabot, the French navigator, Jacques Carrier, sailed up the Gulf of\nSt. Lawrence in a single ship to a point where land could be seen on either side. Returning the following year, 1535,\nhe reached the Indian encampment of Hochelaga, now the city of Montreal, and passed the winter at the mouth\nof the St. Charles, where the city of Quebec stands today.\nThese journeys of discovery were the beginnings of Canadian history\u2014a romance which dates back for nearly\nfour centuries of authentic record, and now forms a proud tradition of pioneering upon which to erect a futur.e of\nimmeasurable possibilities.\nIt was not, however, until July I, 1867,.that the Dominion of Canada\u2014or the \"Kingdom of Canada,\" as it\nnearly became known\u2014entered upon its official history. Three important conferences preceded the uniting of\nBritish North American colonies under one government.\nThe first advocate of union was William Smith, a former Chief Justice of Canada, who in 1789 laid before\nLord Dorchester, governor-in-chief, a project for the establishment of a central legislative body consisting of a\nnominated council and of an assembly, the members of which were to be chosen by the popular branches of the\nprovincial legislatures. Nothing came of this plan, nor was any action taken on a somewhat similar scheme propounded twenty-five years later by Chief Justice Sewell. The difficulty of communication between the various\ncolonies was considered to be an insuperable bar to any union other than that involved in their common allegiance\nto the British Crown.\nWith the introduction of railways, the idea appeared more feasible. In 1850, the British America League,\nformed to counteract the annexation movement of 1849, stated in its prospectus that the true solution of the\n Arrival in Vancouver of the first C.P.R. transcontinental train, May 23,1887\n r\u2014\ndifficulties of the time lay in the confederation of all the provinces. In the following year the Hon. Henry Sherwood,\nwho had filled the offices of Attorney General for Upper Canada and Prime Minister, published a scheme for the\n\"Federative Union of the British North American Provinces.\" The Fathers of Confederation seem to have had\nSherwood's draft before them when framing the British North America Act of 1867. For example, it designates\nthe representative of the Sovereign as the \"Viceroy,\" and this may have suggested the name \"Viceroyalty\" for the\nunited provinces, which was under consideration at the London Conference of 1866. Sherwood's scheme, however,\nlike the others, failed of result.\nIt was not until 1858 that the question of confederation may be said to have entered the domain of practical\npolitics. In that year, Alexander Gait, then member for Sherbrooke in the provincial assembly, advocated, both\nin and out of Parliament, the union of all the British North American provinces, with such effect that the Cartier-\nMacdonald government, formed a few months later, in which he was included, despatched a mission to England\nto sound the Imperial authorities on the subject. They were informed that only one colony besides Canada had\nexpressed any opinion in regard thereto, and that until the other provinces had made known their sentiments,\nHer Majesty's Ministers would be acting prematurely in authorizing a meeting of delegates which might commit\nthem to a preliminary step, to the principle of which the colonies had not signified their assent. On the return of\nthe Canadian delegates, the governments of the Maritime Provinces were put in possession of all the proceedings,\nbut a change of ministry in England occurring shortly afterwards, nothing more was heard on the subject for\nsome years.\nPolitical difficulties, owing, in large measure, to the sectional antagonism between Upper and Lower Canada,\nfinally brought about a deadlock which threatened to render all government in Canada impossible. It was at this\ncrisis that George Brown, leader of the reform party in Upper Canada, patriotically offered his co-operation towards\nsettling forever the constitutional difficulties between Upper and Lower Canada. With the co-operation of\nMacdonald, Cartier and Gait, a compact was entered into to form a coalition government for the purpose of negotiating a confederation of all the British North American provinces. On that understanding George Brown, Oliver\nMowat and William McDougall, leading members of the opposition, entered the cabinet of which Sir Etienne Tache\nwas the head, and of which John A. Macdonald and George Cartier were leading members.\nMeanwhile, a somewhat similar movement was taking form in the Maritime Provinces, which, with the\nexception of Newfoundland, had been originally under one government\u2014that of Nova Scotia. Although\nsome of the bolder leaders looked forward to a union which should embrace all British North America, the interminable postponements, frequent political crises, and constant changes of policy in the Upper Provinces had caused\n (i) Cordova Street today (2) Hastings Street and the Cenotaph (3) A peep at the harbor\n(4) Looking up Granville Street (5) The Bathing Beach at English Bay (6) Corner of Hastings and Granville Streets\n IT\nthe people of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island to give up hope of coming to an arrangement\nwith Canada. They attempted, therefore, to bring about an alliance among themselves,_ and authorized their\nrespective governments to hold a joint conference for the purpose of discussing the legislative union of their own\nthree provinces. This happened most opportunely for the newly-formed coalition government of panada, which\nwas then seeking an opportunity to open negotiations with the other British colonies, looking to union. Permission\nwas asked, and obtained, to lay the views of Canada before the Maritime Conference, which assembled at Charlotte-\ntown on September I, 1864.\nThis was the first of the three conferences which finally resulted in Confederation.\nAt this conference Nova Scotia was represented by the Hon. Charles Tupper, Premier and Provincial Secretary;\nthe Hon. W. A. Henry; the Hon. R. B. Dickey; the Hon. Jonathan McCully and Adams G. Archibald.\nNew Brunswick was represented by Hon. S. L. Tilley, Premier and Provincial Secretary; the Hon. J. M.\nJohnson; the Hon. John H. Gray; the Hon. E. B. Chandler, and the Hon. W. H. Steeves.\nPrince Edward Island.was represented by Colonel the Hon. John Hamilton Gray, the Hon. Edward Palmer,\nthe Hon. W. H. Pope, the Hon. George Coles, and the Hon. A. A. Macdonald.\nCanada sent a delegation of eight members of its government: the Hon. John A. Macdonald, the Hon. George\nE. Cartier, the Hon. George Brown, the Hon. Alexander T. Gait, the Hon. William McDougall, the Hon. Thomas\nD'Arcy McGee, the Hon. Alexander Campbell, and the Hon. Hector L. Langevin.\nThis conference was conducted behind closed doors, and no report of its proceedings has ever appeared.\nThe Canadian delegates, not having been empowered to discuss the question of legislative union, were not members\nof the conference. To such good effect, however, did they present their views on the larger issue, that the conference\nagreed to suspend deliberations and adjourned to meet at Quebec in the course of the following month for the\npurpose of conferring with the Canadian representatives on the subject of a federal union of all the British North\nAmerican provinces.\nAt eleven o'clock on the morning of October 10, 1864, the historic gathering assembled.within the walls of\nthe Parliament House, Quebec, for the second conference on confederation.\nThose present were\u2014From Canada: The Hon. Sir E. P. Tache, the Hon. John A. Macdonald, the Hon. G. E.\nCartier, the Hon. George Brown, the Hon. Oliver Mowat, the Hon. Alexander T. Gait, the Hon. W. McDougall\nthe Hon. T. D'Arcy McGee, the Hon. Alex. Campbell, the Hon. J. C. Chaplais, the Hon. H. L. Langevin, the Hon'\nJ. Cockburn. From Nova Scotia: the Hon. Charles Tupper, the Hon. William A. Henry, the Hon. Jonathan McCully\nthe Hon. R. B. Dickey, Adams G. Archibald. From New Brunswick: The Hon. Samuel L. Tilley, the Hon W H'\n r\nSteeves, the Hon. J. M. Johnson, the Hon. P. Mitchell, the Hon. E. P. Chandler, Lt.-Col. the Hon. John H. Gray,\nthe Hon. Charles Fisher. From Newfoundland: The Hon. F. B. T. Carter, the Hon. Ambrose Shea. From Prince\nEdward Island: Col. the Hon. J. H. Gray, the Hon. E. Palmer, the Hon. W. H. Pope, the Hon. A. A. Macdonald,\nthe Hon. G. Coles, the Hon. T. H. Haviland, the Hon. E. Whelan.\nSir Etienne Tache, Prime Minister of Canada, was chosen chairman, and Major Hewitt Bernard executive\nsecretary. The proceedings, which were held in secret, continued until October 28, and were finished at Montreal\non the 29th. In the seventeen days of conference many important questions were fully discussed and determined.\nUpon one subject there was complete agreement. The delegates, one and all, affirmed their intention to maintain\nand perpetuate, to cement and not to weaken, the union with the mother country. Macdonald and some others\nopenly avowed their theoretical preference for a legislative as opposed to a federal union; but that, for many reasons,\nwas felt to be impracticable. Questions relative to the nature and composition of the Upper Chamber provoked\nmuch discussion. Macdonald and Brown, though differing on many points, agreed in preferring a nominative to\nan elective Senate, and their views prevailed.\nThe financial problems proved most difficult of adjustment. Sharp differences of opinion existed and very\nnearly resulted in breaking up the conference, but wiser counsels ultimately prevailed and at length an agreement\nwas arrived at. The result of the deliberations was embodied in seventy-two resolutions, which were laid before\nthe Parliament of Canada at the following sessions, and approved by a vote of 91 to 33 on March 11, 1865.\nThe Canadian Government .shortly afterwards despatched a mission, consisting of Messrs. Macdonald,\nCartier, Brown and Gait, to England with the object of conferring with Her Majesty's Government upon certain\nsubjects of public concern, at the head of which stood \"the proposed Confederation of the British North American\nprovinces, and the means whereby it can be most speedily effected.\"\nMeanwhile, things did not go well in the Maritime Provinces, where unexpected opposition to Confederation developed. In Prince Edward Island the situation was even more hopeless. Gradually the Maritime position\nbegan to improve. On April 17, 1886, the House of Assembly of Nova Scotia, under the leadership of Dr. Tupper,\nthe great supporter of union in his province, passed a resolution authorizing the appointment of delegates to arrange\nwith the Imperial Government a scheme of union \"which will eventually insure just provision for the rights and\ninterests of this province.\" On June 30, 1866, New Brunswick adopted a resolution similar to that passed in Nova\nScotia. Newfoundland and Prince Edward Island remained obdurate.\nWhile the difficulties in the Maritime Provinces were thus yielding, fresh obstacles were arising in Canada.\nReciprocity negotiations with the United States, the withdrawal of George Brown from the coalition, the Fenian\n Part of Vancouver from the Air\n raids, financial exigencies and other matters of pressing concern engaged the attention of the ministry until the\nopening months of 1866. In June of that year, however, Parliament met and passed the necessary resolutions\nproviding for the local constitutions of Upper and Lower Canada, subsequently to be known as the provinces of\nOntario and Quebec.\nIt had been arranged that the further Confederation negotiations should take place in London, but it was not\nuntil November that the Canadian delegates left for England, meeting their Maritime colleagues in London, where\nthey had been for many weeks. The delegates were received by a sub-committee of the Imperial Cabinet, headed\nby Lord Carnarvon, Secretary of State for the Colonies, while Sir Frederick Rogers, his permanent under-secretary,\nacted as intermediary between the Imperial and Colonial statesmen. The meetings of this body were for the most\npart confined to formal occasions, the real business being transacted by the delegates, who met apart in the Westminster Palace Hotel, London, in a room where now a tablet marks the historic event. The first meeting was held\non December 4, 1866, sixteen members, or fewer than one-half the number which met at Quebec in 1864, being\npresent. Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland were not represented.\nHon. John A. Macdonald was elected chairman of this conference, and the resolutions of the Quebec conference\nwere then taken up, considered, amended in certain particulars and adopted anew. From these amended resolutions\nwas prepared a rough draft of the Bill that was necessary to give them effect. This rough draft was then submitted\nto the law officers of the Crown, who framed successive drafts expressive of the wishes of the Conference, until\nthe measure reached its final form, and became law as the British North America Act.\nDiscussions of the London Conference were held in secret, and no official record of the proceedings exists.\nThe Bill, as finally agreed upon in the London Conference, passed through Parliament without much criticism,\nand received the Royal Assent on March 29, 1867. On May 22 following, a Royal Proclamation was issued, uniting\nthe provinces of Canada, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick into- one Dominion under the name of Canada. Two\ndays later, Lord Monck, who had been appointed Governor General of the new Dominion, entrusted Sir John\nMacdonald with the formation of his first ministry, a task of no small difficulty, which, however, Macdonald\nsuccessfully accomplished, and on July I, 1867, the Dominion started on its career.\nOne incident of particular interest, touching the selection of the name of the Confederation, deserves to\nbe recorded. A clause in the Quebec resolutions provides that Her Majesty Queen Victoria should be solicited\nto determine the rank and name of the united colony. This provision appears in the resolutions as revised by the\nLondon Conference, and also in the first draft of the Bill. Apparently there was a change of policy in regard to this\nsubject, for in the place of the name in the fourth clause of the third draft, which had been left vacant in the earlier\n The\"City Hall\" and Council after the fire of June 13,1886\n draft, appears, for the first time, the \"Kingdom of Canada.\" Sir John Macdonald has left on record that the\nconference desired this designation for the new Confederation, and made every effort to retain it, but that Lord\nStanley (afterwards 15th Earl of Derby), then Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, objected on the ground that\nthe name \"Kingdom\" might wound the susceptibilities of the Americans. For this rather inadequate reason,\n\"Kingdom\" was disallowed and \"Dominion\" substituted.\nAt Confederation, in 1867, the new Dominion of Canada comprised the four provinces of Nova Scotia, New\nBrunswick, Quebec and Ontario, an estimated area of 377,000 square miles. Today the total area of the Dominion\nis 3,797,123 square miles,or 111,992 square miles larger than the United States and Alaska combined. Nine organized\nprovinces and the Yukon and Northwest Territories make up the Canada of today, which is bounded by three\noceans and nearly thirteen thousand miles of sea-coast\u2014nearly half the circumference of the earth. Almost as large\nas Europe, eighteen Germanys could be rolled into its area; it is thirty times greater than the United Kingdom;\ntwice the size of British India; thirty-three times the size of Italy; eighteen times the size of France; one-third the\narea of the British Empire.\nBut not in physical growth alone has Canada sought fulfilment of the verse from the 72nd Psalm, from which\nthe word \"Dominion\" was chosen: \"He shall have dominion also from sea to sea, and from the river unto the ends\nof the earth.\" Achievement, almost incredible in its courageous conception and determined accomplishment, marks\nthe intervening years that stretch backward to Confederation. Through every line of the history of Canadian progress\nruns the story of the inspired vision that actuated the Fathers of Confederation and gave birth to a new nation.\nOnly by comparison with conditions in 1867 and those enjoyed today can the imagination begin to comprehend\nthe vast changes that have been brought about within the span of a life-time.\nSixty years ago buffalo roamed the prairie in their native state and Winnipeg, now the gateway to the wheat-\ngrowing provinces of the west, did not exist. The present site of that city was then occupied by the trading\npost of Fort Garry, a mere settlement of 215 people. The pioneers of those early days have seen civilization step in\nand the wilderness swept out. Today there are thriving cities and towns where bleaching buffalo bones marked the\nox-trails of fifty and sixty years ago. Today mighty freight trains, each with its thousand-ton.cargo of wheat or\nmerchandise, roar down the roads where the old \"prairie schooners\" and Red River carts once creaked in jolting\njourney. Sixty years ago the entire population of Canada was but three million souls. There were but 2,278 miles\nof railway. Chartered banks had only 123 branches at that time. Today Canada boasts a network of 40,352 miles\nof railway and there are 3,589 chartered bank branches. Hardy pioneers have wrought this great transformation,\nand men are living who remember when Portage la Prairie was the end of the main line of the Canadian Pacific\n Railway. Today, this company has 258 miles of sidings at Winnipeg, the largest railway yards in the world under\nthe operation of one concern. Only ninety-one years ago\u2014July 21, 1836\u2014Canada's first railway, the Champlain\nand St. Lawrence, running from Laprairie to St. Johns, Quebec, a distance of 14^ miles, was opened to the public.\nThe rails were of wood with flat bars of iron spiked on top. The primitive locomotive drew a coach, followed by 14\ncars drawn by horse teams over tracks and roadbed. Compare this with the Canadian National Railway of today\u2014\nthe greatest system of publicly-owned railways in the world\u2014-with its 3,101 locomotives, 3,647 passenger cars and\n121,999 freight cars.\nOnly sixty-two years ago plans for Confederation were delayed because of lack of communication. Today\nthe combined telegraph systems cover 284,121 miles. In 1887, only 20 years after Confederation, the first transcontinental Canadian Pacific train covered the 2,896 miles that divide Montreal from Vancouver, and thus brought\nto accomplishment what has been recognized as one of the greatest engineering feats in the world. Again, in the\nmatter of communication, Canada was without the telephone at Confederation; it was not until 1874, seven years\nlater, that Alexander Graham Bell invented this greatest of modern necessities in the city of Brantford, Ontario\u2014\na Mohawk village in 1784, and an incorporated town twenty years before Confederation. At the close of 1926,\n1,144,095 telephones were in operation in Canada. Beyond question the growth of the Dominion has, to an incalculable degree, been built by the systems of inter-communication provided in the railway, telegraph and telephone\nachievements of the past three-score years. Of these fundamental assets to trade and commerce, to pleasure and\nprofit, one of the most fascinating sections of Canadian history might be written around the romance, adventurous\nhardships and final triumph of those great pioneers whose sturdy perseverance was responsible for the heritage\nof development that we enjoy today.\nAs an agricultural country, wheat has been responsible for substantial growth and prosperity throughout Canada.\nOn the 22nd day of June, 1869, an Act was passed providing for the government of the Northwest Territories\u2014\nthe first big expansion of the new Dominion. On November 19, of the same year, the deed of surrender to the Crown\nof the Hudson's Bay Company's territorial rights in the Northwest, was signed. On May 12, 1870, an Act to\nestablish the Province of Manitoba was passed, followed, on July 15, by the transfer of the Northwest Territories\nto the Dominion, and the admission of Manitoba into Confederation, followed in 1871 by British Columbia, and\nPrince Edward Island in 1873. Thus began the opening up of Canada's vast prairie lands and their immense wheat-\ngrowing possibilities. Seven years later the first exportation of wheat was made from Manitoba to the United\nKingdom\u2014four years before the first sod of the Canadian Pacific Railway was turned. Then, on September I,\n1880, all British possessions in North America and adjacent islands, except Newfoundland and its dependencies,\n were annexed to Canada by Imperial Order in Council of July 31. Two years later the Provincial Districts of Assini-\nboia, Saskatchewan, Athabasca and Alberta were formed, and Regina was established as the seat of the government\nof the Northwest Territories on August 23, 1882. From this western empire the Dominion of Canada has created\nmany interesting records in connection with the raising and storage of grain. Seager Wheeler, of Rosthern, Saskatchewan, once a British newsboy,who was rejected by the navy on account of lack in stature and physical measurements, grew wheat that won the world's championship no less than five times. For fourteen out of sixteen years\nCanada has held the world's wheat supremacy, the double championship of wheat and oats being carried off in\n1926 by Herman Trelle, of Wembly, Alberta, in the Peace River District.\nGrain storage affords several claims to the big things of a big country. Fort William has a combined elevator\ncapacity which is the second largest in the world, while Montreal claims the world's largest grain conveying system.\nHauling has provided another record. A Canadian Pacific Railway engine has pulled one hundred and ten fully\nloaded cars of wheat, an aggregate of 165,000 bushels, making a train of nine-tenths of a mile in length. In the year\nending July 31, 1926, Canada led the world as an exporter of wheat and flour. Over 4,000 elevators, with a capacity\nof over 250,000,000 bushels, provide storage for the Dominion's crop of grain. Today Canada exports' her grain\nand grain products to sixty countries of the world, and of all agricultural countries Canada stands first in ratio of\nincrease of production in the past twenty-five years. As with the progress of railroad and telegraphic communication,\nalready touched on in this necessarily brief survey, the agricultural development of Canada since Confederation\nforms an epic in itself.\nThe lure of gold and precious metals has ever held a fascinating grip upon the minds of adventurous men.\nNo matter how inaccessible the region in which earth's treasures are stored, men of all races readily risk every\npossible hazard and difficulty in the winning of fortunes from nature's stronghold. Though the trail of the prospector\nbe taken by dog team, pack train, or \"mushed\" on foot, always in his wake there follows commerce and development.\nBecause of these things, and by reason of Canada's immense richness in minerals, many a new district has been\nopened up for permanent settlement in the wake of successful prospecting. It is not surprising, therefore, to find\nthat in mining, as in so many other things, Canada holds some enviable records. One of the few commercial sources\nof helium is found in the Dominion. The Kimberley zinc-lead mine in British Columbia is one of the most important\nin the world. Eighty per cent, of the world's nickel requirements come from Canada; with only a little over five\nper cent, of the world's population, ninety per cent, of its cobalt is produced. Eighty-eight per cent, of the world's\nsupply of asbestos is mined here, nine per cent, of its silver, eight per cent, of its gold, and three per cent, of its\ncopper. With over two hundred million dollars' worth of new minerals being produced each year in the Dominion,\n An air view of the University of British Columbia, Point Gr\n the highest per capita pre\nof any country in the world stands to Canada's credit. Incidentally, sixteen metals\n- .._e mined in this country. It may be asserted without fear of contradiction that\nCanada of today leads the entire world in the possibilities of its mining industry\u2014even though the underground\nresources of the Dominion have as yet scarcely been touched. The first forges in Canada were set up in the St.\nMaurice Valley, in 1667, where iron ore was first discovered. In 1926 Canada set up a new record in mining production\n\u2014#242,886,000. In this vast investment, fifty-four per cent, of the shareholders are Canadians, thirty per cent.\nAmerican, thirteen per cent. British, and three per cent, foreign. British Columbia and Ontario rank highest in\nthe production of minerals among Canadian provinces, each having a total record'of over #900,000,000. Ontario\nhas some 256,880 square miles of mineral lands, only seven per cent, of which has been exploited. British Columbia,\nwith an area of 355,855 square miles, or ten per cent, of all Canada, is only at the very commencement of her mining\npossibilities. The Hollinger gold mine in Ontario, one of the world's chief producers, has a total yield to date of\n#115,000,000\u2014over #95,000,000 in excess of the public revenue of Canada in the, year following Confederation.\nIn the matter of coal resources Canada claims second place in the supply countries of the world. In newsprint\nproduction Canada, exceeded that of the United States and thus took her place as the world's greatest source of\nnewsprint supply. And so the story might be continued almost indefinitely concerning these vital natural resources\nof the D01\nthe beginnings of c\n1 of r\nshav,\ndwellings\nlone their bit towards the re-creation of the map in\n)ns virgin lands have been brought under fruitful\nnee formed almost impenetrable barriers; orchards\n;tately solitude for generation after generation; rails\ntrails were the only medium of travel; powerful\ndevelopment; log cabins and primitive\nistory, pioneer\nrai resources, .from primitive cond\nation; cities have been built where primeval forests\n1 where a few short years ago the giant had reigned i\nel link up the settlements that were founded when w\n3 have replaced the ox team in the evolution of agriculti\na given way to homes of comfort, convenience, charm a:\n.But wonderful as the various changes appear from the outlook of today, each fades into insignificance beside\nthe thrilling stories of adventurous travel and discovery that the makers of Canada undertook in bygone days.\nTwo hundred and fifty-seven years ago King Charles II granted to Prince Rupert and his associate \"gentlemen\nadventurers\" a charter which carried the right to trade with the natives of the Hudson Bay region. This was the\nbeginning of the Hudson's Bay Company, which today has its trading posts, as then, all over the Northwest.\nThus we trace the trapping and trading of furs back to the very beginnings of Canada's history and commercial\ndevelopment. In 1670 the Hudson's Bay Company was accorded the privilege of trading in skins throughout the\nv_\n territory which bears its name. Today Canada ranks as one of the world's great fur producing countries, 3,820,326\npelts being taken in the season of 1924-25. Fur farming is now carried on in practically every province of the\nDominion, and silver, black, red and blue foxes, Persian lamb, mink, racoon, muskrat and skunk are being bred\nin captivity. Yet for many years to come the silent places of the vast northwest will present an attractive field\nto hardy adventurers who stake their skill against the stern forces of nature along the trap-lines of the far-away\nfur country, once policed from the international boundary to the Arctic Circle by that magnificent force, the\nRoyal North West Mounted Police, as it was formerly named.\nOf these silent places\u2014the unpeopled northlands\u2014much might be written. Roaming across the hills, valleys\nand plains that lie between Lake Athabasca and the Canadian Rocky Mountains, is the last wild herd of wood\nbuffalo, or bison, on the continent of North America. It numbers some eight hundred animals. Far north of the\nunlimited stamping ground of the buffalo another great natural preserve exists. From the 60th degree of latitude\nto the barrens of the Arctic Circle muskox graze in the open all the year round, ranging over an area of one million\nsquare miles. In small herds of twenty or thirty, an estimated total of 25,000 of these stone-age animals survive\nin Arctic Canada only and defend their existence from wolves by \"hollow square\" formation in the wild life battles\nof the unknown places. A #500,000 reindeer industry is now proposed for the Mackenzie River basin.\nTo the south, fenced in an enclosure of 158 square miles, the largest herd of buffalo in the world are preserved\nby the Canadian Government near Wainwright, Alberta. In the same province an immense mountain wilderness\nof 4,400 square miles has been set apart for the nation and the pleasure of tourists\u2014Jasper Park. It is the largest\nand, undoubtedly, the most beautiful reserve in the world, for it contains innumerable lakes of lovely setting,\nunexplored regions, unclimbed mountain peaks, vast glaciers, great snow-fields, wonderful canyons and caves, a\npanorama of grandeur and surpassing charm. Mount Robson, the highest peak of the Canadian Rockies; Mount\nEdith Cavell, the monument eternal to a heroine of the English-speaking race; peaceful Lake Maligne;the Miette\nhot springs\u2014these are found among a thousand wonders within the confines of Jasper Park. And, beyond all scenic\nappeal, it is the largest big game sanctuary in the world.\nIt was through such untraveiled territory that Alexander Mackenzie, in 1793, dared the great unknown, crossed\nthe Rocky Mountains and reached the mouth of the Bella Coola River which empties into the Pacific Ocean on the\ncoast of British Columbia. Mackenzie and his associates of a fur trading company blazed a trail through the\nwilderness of forests, rivers and lakes, beset by every conceivable form of known and unknown danger from hostile\nIndian tribes and the perils of exploration. On foot, by pack horse and dog team the travel trails of early days\npresented the very antithesis of modern railway journeying. Today the 2,896 miles that lie between Montreal and\n tr\nare tunnelled; the great\n;e, danger and difficulty\nVancouver may be traversed in ninety hours. The mountain barriers of Mackenzie's <\nrivers are spanned; the forest fastness is penetrated by the railway right-of-way; dis\nhave been eliminated within the memory of living men.\nYet the old means of travel still exist in out-of-the-way places. Prospectors, trappers, traders, the police of\nthe north country, surveyors, and all whose calling or inclination takes them into the still sparsely settled regions,\nmust journey by canoe along nature's water highways, or over the mountains and plains on foot, by horse, or\nbehind the \"huskies\" that speed their sleigh-loads over interminable spaces of snow-covered country with the\nuntiring pace of their wolf forebears. Thus is the link between past and present maintained by a two-sided picture\nof the manner in which inter-communication and movement has been overcome. Today, with over 400,000 miles\nof highway linking the Dominion in a network of convenient communication; with radio bringing the remotest\nhabitation into contact with the great centres of industry and pleasure, the frontiers have been pushed back and\nthe greatest era in the history of the Dominion has commenced a period of development and prosperity that is\nlimited only by the energy and ambition of the nation.\nWonderful indeed as may be the physical characteristics of the Dominion, it is, after all, the record of\nhuman achievement which creates the romance of progress. The record of Canada, since Confederation in\nparticular, is a record of enormous undertakings successfully accomplished, of daring visions translated into fact.\nAmong a hundred interesting projects is the Connaught Tunnel in the Canadian Pacific Railway, bored through\nthe heart of the Selkirk mountains for a distance of five miles\u2014the longest tunnel on the continent of America.\nAs an engineering feat this ranks with the Gouin dam at the head of the St. Maurice River, one of the largest\ndams in the world, having a capacity double that of the Assouan Dam on the River Nile in Egypt. Still another\nengineering feat is the Trent Canal hydraulic lift lock at Peterborough, Ontario\u2014again the largest in the world.\nBy reason of Canada being one of the largest producers of pulp and paper products in the world, it is not\nsurprising to discover that a number of record-breaking enterprises have been developed in that industry. At\nChicoutimi, Quebec, for instance, there is a pulp mill that has a daily capacity of 550 tons of mechanical pulp and\n200 tons of chemical pulp. It is one of the largest of its kind anywhere. The largest ground wood mill is situated\nat Three Rivers, in the same province, while at Iroquois Falls, Ontario, there is a single newsprint mill which\noperates the world's largest paper machines\u2014232 inches wide. Grand Mere, Quebec, lays claim to having the\nfastest-running newsprint machines, which operate at 1,050 feet per minute.\nIndustrial development is, of course, only possible by reason of adequate water power resources, the develop-\nincreased 180 per cent, in the past ten years. Canada now leads the world in the public per\nich has\n \"RealEstate Office\" following Vancouver's Big Fir\n capita distribution of electricity from central power stations, and is second of all countries in generation of electric\npower per capita. One of the world's largest electrical power and light undertakings is the Hydro-Electric Power\nCommission of Ontario, a co-operative municipal enterprise which generates and supplies on wholesale scale over\n480 Ontario municipalities. Nearly 200 villages, 180 townships and most of the cities and towns of the province are\nsupplied by the main transmission lines, in eight systems, covering over 3,600 miles. From coast to coast hundreds\nof big industrial constructions and extensions, ranging from a #500,000 company in Alberta to manufacture paper\nfrom straw, to the thirty-eight million dollar Bridge River power project of the British Columbia Electric Railway\nCompany, are under way in this, the sixtieth year since Confederation.\nThe story of Canada's industrial growth, like that of her agriculture, mining, transportation and the development of her great natural resources, teems with the romance of daring achievement and splendid enterprise. This\nis substantiated by the fact that 1926 was Canada's record year of construction; that it marked the most successful\nyear in Canadian history; that Canada has now become a two-billion-dollar Dominion; that Canada's wheat yield\nof 17.8 bushels per acre again led all other countries, and that the Dominion again led the world in wheat and flour\nexports, winning the world's wheat championship for the eleventh time, the Empire championship in apples, and\nproducing the world's champion hen, the famous \"Hen No. 6,\" of the University of British Columbia experimental\nfarm\u2014to quote but a few of the records that were established; that Canada has the largest per capita favorable\nbalance of trade of any country in the world; that her export trade between 1913 and 1926 increased ninety-four\nper cent., as against that of a thirty per cent, increase by the United States; that Canada has the greatest fore\nworld's\n,, the r\ncapita, one of the v\nthe largest loom in the w\nworld countries, the lowe;\nThese few\nfisheries, the largest pulpwood r\nirgest gold mines, one of the largest h\nrid at Yarmouth, Nova Scot'\n: in per capita taxes as against Aust\nr that might be produced, j\n:s, the world's greatest railway mileage per\nmills in the world on the Fraser River, and\na; that in national wealth Canada ranks seventh among\n;t Australia, Great Britain and the United States.\n, ve some idea of the strides taken by the Dominion\nof Canada since George Brown, speaking of the Confederation which he helped to bring about, said: \"I believe it\ncontains the best features of all the suggestions that have been made in the last ten years for the settlement of our\ntroubles, and thankfulness that there were found men of position and influence in Canada who, at a moment of\nis, had nerve and patriotism enough to cast aside political partisanship, to banish personal considerations\nomplishment of a measure so fraught with advantage to their common country.\"\ns a way of repeating itself, and it is not surprising, therefore, to find a seco:\nikfulness that in a national crisis men would prove themselves men\nand unite for the\nHistory ever ha\nGeorge Brown's thai\napplic\nthe\nof\n hour of need. Thus it came about that during the Great War of 1914-1918, 619,636 men enlisted in the Canadian\nExpeditionary Force, of which 424,589 went overseas for active service. Of this number 59,544 fell in action or died\nof wounds and disease. Beyond this active service record, Canadians in all ranks of social, industrial and political\nlife united in the common cause, aided from coast to coast by a magnificent devotion on the part of the women of\nthe Dominion. Of the valiant exploits of Canadian troops on the'field of battle, from the first great baptism of fire\nat the second battle of Ypres, on April 22, 1915, to the capture of Mons on November 10, 1918, it may be said\nin truth and reverence that the men from the Dominion lived up to every tradition of the British race, and played\ntheir part even as their pioneer forefathers did in the earlier struggles and hardships of nation-building.\nThe Great War was not, however, the only occasion upon which Canadians left their home and country to\nengage in the Empire's cause. Fifteen years prior to the embarkation of the First Canadian Contingent in October,\n1914, the First Canadian Contingent left Canada, in the same month, to take part in the South African War of 1899.\nNo record, however brief, would be permissible without reference to the educational progress of the Dominion,\nand it is interesting to note, in this connection, that the first schools in Canada were opened at Three Rivers and\nTadousac, Quebec, in the year 1616. Today Canada boasts of twenty-three universities and eighty-five colleges,\nincluding six agricultural, two technical, two law, twenty-six theological and thirty-one classical institutions, in\naddition to all the public and private schools scattered across the Dominion. Besides these centres of learning\nCanada has 966 libraries and a frontier college, staffed with twenty-two teachers, and reaching\u00bbover 20,000 workers\nin isolated camps, of which there are some 4,000 employing approximately 200,000 men in various seasonal works.\nTouching again on the historical side of Canada's career, the Dominion premiers since Confederation, in the\norder of their election, are: John A. Macdonald, Alexander Mackenzie, John A. Macdonald, John J. C. Abbott,\nJohn S. D. Thompson, Mackenzie Bowell, Charles Tupper, Wilfrid Laurier, Robert L. Borden, Arthur Meighen,\nW. L. Mackenzie King. There have been thirteen Governor Generals during this sixty-year period: Viscount Monck,\nLord Lisgar, the Earl of Dufferin, the Marquis of Lome, the Marquis of Lansdowne, Lord Stanley of Preston,\nthe Earl of Aberdeen, the Earl of Minto, the Earl Grey, Field-Marshal H.R.H. the Duke of Connaught, the Duke\nof Devonshire, Lord Byng of Vimy, Lord Willingdon.\nAnother glimpse backward\u2014this time at the historical associations that surround present-day towns\nand cities of the Dominion\u2014brings to light many a half forgotten story of the days when Canada was little more\nthan an undiscovered country awaiting the coming of men of vision and endurance\u2014an empire that seems to have\nbeen kept in readiness for the time when hundreds of thousands of settlers from the congested areas of the older\nlands would reach out into the space that lies beyond the confined limits of old-world conditions.\n Out of the beginnings of Canadian history the ancient city of Quebec, founded by Champlain in 1608, may\njustly claim to be the cradle of the Dominion, for it was here that the Confederation conference of 1864 came to\nthe momentous decision \"that the best interests and present and future prosperity of British North America will\nbe promoted by a federal union under the Crown of Great Britain, provided such union can be effected on principles\njust to the several provinces.\" It was in Quebec in the year 1621\u2014two hundred and forty-six years prior to Confederation\u2014that the first code of laws was issued, and a register of births, marriages and deaths opened.\nAround the early days of what is now the City of Montreal much of the bygone past has an intense interest\ntoday. From the Indian village of Hochelaga, visited by Jacques Cartier in 1535, followed by the trading post set\nup by Champlain\u2014Place Royale\u2014in 1611, Ville-Marie (now Montreal) was founded by Maisonneuve in 1642.\nAmong many records of more than ordinary interest is the fact that Montreal has the oldest board of trade in\nCanada, this body having functioned with uninterrupted life since 1822, or from forty-five years before Confederation.\nHalifax, Nova Scotia, is another of the older Canadian cities, having been founded in 1749, and holding the\nhonor of publishing the first newspaper in the Dominion with the issue of the Halifax \"Gazette\" on March 25, 1752.\nKingston, 254 years old, built on the site of Fort Frontenac, dating back to 1673, gives place to Three Rivers,\nQuebec, the second oldest city in Canada, founded by Lavoilette in 1634, while Toronto\u2014\"the place of meeting\"\naccording to the Indian word from which it is named\u2014goes back to 1749, v '\na French fur trading post. Ottawa, capital city of the Dominion, and chosen a\nas Bytown in 1826. Victoria, the capital city of British Columbia, founded i\nby Queen Victoria\u2014to mention but two more of Canada's pre-Confedei\nMany men\u2014and many v\ntowards the progress of this Domir\ngreat trials shadowed the pathway of those whose faith, courage\ncountry. Many lives have been given to encompass the\nsixtieth anniversary of Canada's Confederation. Many a\nto the building of a national character that, finds its cc\nFrom all the pages of absorbing interest which consti'\npartial sketch of the high lights has been attempted i\nrecounted to substantiate the splendidly phrased tribu\nWith this asset the Makers of Canada have not\nwhen it was known as \"Fort Roui\ns such by Queen Victoria, was founded\n1 1842, and New Westminster, named\n1 cities\u2014dates back to 1858.\n1 and unknown in the annals of Canadian history, have contributed\nI the day when John Cabot first set foot on Canada's\nid the foundations of this great\niperity and security which we celebrate on this\nts of heroism, self-sacrifice and patriotism have contributed\nnterpart throughout the long history of British tradition,\nite the written record of the Dominion of Canada, but a-\n. the confines of this short survey. Yet enough has been\n:: \"Canada's greatest resource is character.\"\nibored in vain.\n (5) Evangeline's IVell, Grand Pre (6) General Wolfe's Monument, Plains ofAbrahc\n \u25a0\nTHE PROVINCE OF BRITISH COLUMBIA\nROFITABLE trading in furs\u2014following the first adventurous voyages of discovery dating back to\n578, when Sir Francis Drake, English privateersman, raided the Spanish ships of the South Seas,\nind sailed up the coast of Northern California to take possession of the entire Northwest in the name\n>f Queen Elizabeth\u2014was the chief incentive which brought white men to the coast of what is now\nmown as the Province of British Columbia. The lure of gold brought about the second entry\u2014\n1 peaceful invasion which carried the white man up the Fraser River and far into the heart of the\n. peaceful save for the attacks of hostile Indians, who resented the penetration of their hunting grounds\nby the strange newcomers.\nFrom the first discovery of profitable dealings with the native Indians of the north coast in .the bartering\nof pelts, to the time of the gold rush, over seventy years elapsed, and in that period much of British Columbia's\nearly history was written into the records of time.\nFour world powers\u2014Russia, Spain, the United States and England\u2014were involved in the early contests\nfor occupation of the coastline territory from which there came such valuable cargoes of magnificent furs.\nAs early as 1728, Peter the Great directed one Vitus Bering, a Dane, to open up the fur trade of the Islands\nof Unalaska on behalf of Russia. In 1774, Spain, worried over the incursion of the Russians in the north, ordered\nDon Juan Perez, with whom was Don Estevan Martinez as navigator, to proceed from the California settlements\non a trip of discovery in the sailing ship Santiago. This expedition reached the Queen Charlotte Islands, and on\nAugust 18 sighted Vancouver Island. Perez was followed by Don Bruno Hecata and Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra.\nA landing was made on Vancouver Island by Hecata, and Spain recorded her claim to territorial rights.\nIn 1776, during the reign of King George III, the British government commissioned Captain James Cook\nto search the north-western waters of America for discovery of the supposed waterway connecting the Pacific\nand Atlantic Oceans. Cook, with two small ships, the Resolution and Discovery, the former under his own command\nand the latter under Captain Charles Clerke, reached Hope Bay, near Nootka, on March 29, 1778. Fur trading\nwith the Indians of that locality was engaged in while the ships were being repaired. The following winter Captain\nCook was killed in a fight with the natives of the Sandwich Islands (Hawaii), whither he had repaired for winter\nquarters.\n When reports of this expedition, and the possibilities of fur trading, got abroad, many adventurers embarked\nfor the North Pacific Coast. Among these was Captain James Hanna, who arrived in 1785, and established himself\nas the pioneer fur trader of the coast islands. One year later the King George, the Queen Charlotte and the\nImperial Eagle, the latter carrying the first white woman to visit the coast in the person of the bride of its commander, Captain Barkley, did valuable exploration work along the waterways of the coast.. Another renowned\nadventurer was Captain John Meares, who, on his second trip in 1788, established a fur trading post at Nootka.\nThis little settlement all but precipitated war between England and Spain, for in 1.789 the Spaniards sent two\nwarships to Nootka under the command of Don Stephen Joseph Martinez, who seized Meares' settlement and\nhis ships, which included the North-West American, a boat of forty tons, and the first ship built on this coast.\nIt took nearly two years for the news of this action to reach England, when the British Government promptly\ndemanded restitution by Spain in an ultimatum despatched by Pitt, the British premier: Both countries prepared\nfor war over the incident, with Great Britain, Holland and Prussia lined up against Spain and France, but Great\nBritain's demands were finally acceded to in the Articles of Convention, signed October 28, 1790.\nThe carrying out of this agreement brought Captain George Vancouver to the North-west, he having been\ncommissioned in 1790 to proceed to the Pacific coast in command of a new 340-ton vessel, H.M.S. Discovery.\nHis ship was accompanied by the armed tender Chatham, under Lieutenant W. R. Broughton, their orders being\nto explore the coast line and take possession at Nootka \"of the buildings, districts, or parcels of lands, which were\noccupied by His Majesty's subjects in the month of April, 1789.\" Captain Vancouver first explored Puget Sound,\nand, with Lieutenant Peter Puget, passed through the Lions' Gate into Burrard Inlet on June 13, 1792, naming the\nharbor after Sir Harry Burrard. A few days later he encountered two Spanish ships off Point Grey, or Spanish Banks,\nas the locality became known. These boats were from Mexico under command of Lieutenants Galiano and Valdez,\nnames subsequently given by Vancouver to the two islands bearing these names. On August 28, Captain Vancouver\nreached Nootka, after having sailed round the immense island upon which it was situated, and which he subsequently\nnamed \"Vancouver's and Quadra's Island,\" the latter part being in honor of his Spanish friend Don Juan Francisco\nde la Bodega y Quadra. Surrender by the Spaniards was made on March 28, 1795, and Nootka, and the whole\narea claimed by Captain Vancouver, was included in the transfer to Great Britain.\nIn 1810, fifteen years later, the United States awoke to the possibilities of the territory which now forms\nthe States of Washington and Oregon, when, with the encouragement of the President of the Republic, John\nJacob Astor formed the Pacific Fur Company with the purpose of establishing a fur trading post on the\nColumbia River.\n (i) Indian Village, showing Totem Poles (2) Cherry Picking in British Columbia\n v_\nIn the meantime, during which Captain Vancouver was yet engaged in\nintent on reaching the Pacific Ocean. As with the expeditions of the sailing shi\nfur trading played its part. For Alexander Mackenzie\u2014the intrepid young See\ninsuperable danger and hardship, came out at Bella Coola, and, with a mi\ninscribed on the side of a great rock this simple record: \"Alexander Mackenzi\nsecond of July, one thousand seven hundred and ninety-three\"\u2014was in th\nrivals of the Hudson's Bay Company, the great NorthTWest Fur Company\ndid Lewis and Clarke, citizens of the United States, reach the Pacific in wha\nfirst cross-continent journey to be made by white men north of Mexico. Tl\nwas the annexation of all territory west of the Rockies, as a counter move\nThe year 1805 brought with it further discovery and exploration of Brit\nFraser, another partner in the fur company, was sent to Fort McLeod. Th<\nSt. James, which, for many years, was the centre of fur trading in the West. In\nthe interior of the province, which was given the name of New Caledonia, -\nUnited States. Fort George was established, and a year later Simon Fraser set\nfinally brought him to the mouth of the Fraser River, so named in honour of\nthe Thompson River. It is recorded that, on the return trip, which was mad\nhe and his party narrowly escaped death from Indians at a spot almost oppo\nminster. A world of thrilling adventure surrounds this notable journey; the stor\nventure\"; of canyons \"turbulent, noisy and awful to behold\"; of precarious si\nupon a thread . . . the failure of a line or a false step of one of the men, mij\nThe year 1810 brought the rivalry of the North-West Company and th\nunder Astor, to a head. David Thompson, who established the fifth perman\nKootenay House, near Windermere, received orders from Montreal to forest\nmouth of the Columbia River. Thompson, as recorded by Hon. Mr. Justic\nHistory,\" was one of British Columbia's first and most successful prohibitic\nregarded as a mainstay of trade, a supply awaited Thompson in readiness foi\ndefiles of the mountains,\" wrote Thompson, \"I placed the two kegs of alcohol\n ^^^^g^s\nSection of Vancouver Waterfro\n r\nkegs were empty . . . I wrote to my partners what I had done, and that I woulc\nand for the six years I had charge of the fur trade on the west side of the mou\nto introduce spirituous liquors.\"\nAstor's sea expedition arrived before Thompson paddled down the Colun\nat the stern, and manned by Canadian voyageurs. The Astorians, under the\nengaged David Stuart, who on September 11, 1811, left the United States trac\nthe first white man to visit Okanagan Lake. The year following he establisl\nof Kamloops. To avoid capture, at the commencement of the war of 1812 be-\nStates, the American interests sold out to the North-West Company.\nDuring the next few years rivalry between the Hudson's Bay Compan\ntheir struggle for the fur trade of the West, developed to the point of open fight\nHudson's Bay Company was killed near the present city of Winnipeg. It took t\nto England. An amicable agreement was reached in 1821, and the two rival coi\nHudson's Bay Company. George Sin\nDr. John McLoughlin was created ch\nanother young Scotsman, James Do-\nAs a result of this union of the r\nOregon, Washington and the portio\nmore important were Fort Langley,\nFort Victoria, 1843.\nSpace prevents anything more than brief mention of the boundary difficulties arising after the war between\nGreat Britain and the United States, 1812-14. The latter country claimed the restoration of Astoria, a final settlement being arrived at in 1846, when the suggestion previously made by Great Britain in 1826, providing for what\nis practically the present boundary, was agreed upon.\nWith the possibility of Great Britain losing control over the Columbia River territory, and the very apparent\nadvantage of securing seaboard headquarters for the convenience of their sailing vessels in the fur-carrying trade\nbetween British Columbia and London, Sir George Simpson, early in 1842, instructed Chief Factor James Douglas\nto explore the lower portion of Vancouver Island for the purpose of locating suitable headquarters. Douglas\neventually reported favorably on the Port of Camosack (or Camosun) as a suitable site, having the necessary\nsafe harbor and \"a great extent of valuable tillage and pasture-land\" in close proximity. Thus began the city of\npson, a Scotsman, was placed\nief factor at Fort Vancouver in\nncl\n182\nlarge of the compan\n3, and to him is due\niglas, well named \"The Father\nof B\nritish Columbia,\" t\nval companies a number of fort\nn of Alaska leased from Russia\nby\nre established throu\nthe Hudson's Bay\nerected in 1827; Fort Simpson\nbu\nlit five years later;\n ) New Westminster from the River (2) SS. Beaver, firs\nn boat on the Pacific Coc\n Victoria, and the foundations of the province of British Columbia,\non the first power-vessel in the Pacific, the historic Beaver, taking a\n\u2014paid with a blanket for every forty pickets cut with axes loa\nusing a single nail. The fort was ultimately named \"Fort Victoria'\nThe discovery of bituminous coal in 1835 marked the nex\nFrom the day that an Indian brought samples of \"black stones\"\nDr. W. F. Tolmie, the Hudson's Bay Company turned its attem\ncoaling of steamships. Miners came out from England, and in 1852\nBay, as the district was then known. The Indian who made the disc\nJames Douglas laid down full regulations governing taking possess\nper ton royalty to the Company, and the proper licensing of the\nFort Victoria, August 24, 1852, addressed to Mr. Joseph McKay,\nauthority for occupying Nanaimo, or Colvilletown, as the settlemer\nwhich stands today only a few feet from its first location.\nIn 1849, under an agreement with Great Britain, the Hue\ntrading rights, and undertook to colonize Vancouver Island and\nrental for the Island was fixed at seven shillings yearly, and it was si\nlands sold reasonably, public lands should be reserved as requirec\nbe devoted to improvement, except for a ten per cent, commissio\nIn anticipation of rapid settlement (which did not materialh\none pound per acre and the stipulation that every purchaser of :\nmen), the British Government sent out Richard Blanchard as Gov\nmachinery. No salary was attached to the appointment and Gove:\nthe moment of his arrival, due to the fact that the Hudson's Ba\nalmost the entire population, really ruled the colony. Before resi,\na Council, consisting of Chief Factor James Douglas, John Tod ar\nin response to a memorial presented by fifteen independent set\nsignatories were: James Yates, Rev. Robert Staines, James Coope\nSangster, John Muir, senior, John Muir, junior, William Fraser, A\nRobert Muir, Archibald Muir, Thomas Blenkhorn. The provision\nv_\n when James Douglas received the appointment as Governor, which was followed on July 9, 1852, by h__ r.\nto be Lieutenant-Governor of Queen Charlotte Islands. The salary was fixed at 800 pounds a year. With the appointment he was made a Vice-Admiral. At about this time the total number of settlers on Vancouver Island was only 450.\nMr. B. A. McKelvie, as historian of the Native Sons of British Columbia, relates the following interesting\nincidents connected with the records of the first legislative council of the colony of Vancouver Island, in his book\n\"Early History of the Province of British Columbia.\" At the meeting of April 28, 1852, after approving of certain\naccounts, the first law enactment was considered. This was a liquor law. The suggestion that a duty of 5 per cent,\nbe placed on all imports was objected to on the grounds that it \"would prove a bar to the progress of settlement,\nimpose a heavy burden upon settlers from England importing implements and furniture, and that in the present\nstate of the colony, there not being above twenty settlers on the whole island, the sum arising from the duty would\nnot much exceed the expense of the officers necessary for its collection.\" So reads the minute. In October it was\ndecided to issue wholesale and retail licenses.\nMagistrates and Justices of the Peace were appointed on March 29, 1853, as follows: Edward E. Langford,\nEsquimalt district; Thomas J. Skinner, Peninsula; Kenneth McKenzie, Peninsula; Thomas Blenkhorn, Metchosin.\nOn this date, quoting further from Mr. McKelvie's history, \"the subject of public instruction was next brought\nunder the consideration of council,\" and it was decided to open two schools, one at Maple Point, and another\nnear Victoria, \"there being about thirty children and youths of both sexes, respectively, at each of these places.\"\nThe first school was at Minies Plain, and Robert Barr was the first schoolmaster.\nAmong other interesting occurrences in 1853 it is recorded that a committee of four was appointed to locate\na route for a road to Sooke; justices were required to hold petty sessions and quarter sessions; the first trial by jury\nwas held; a court of common pleas was instituted; Mr. David Cameron was appointed to the judgeship at a salary\nof 100 pounds; Hon. John Tod, Hon. Roderick Finlayson and Thomas J. Skinner, J.P., were appointed to inspect\nschools; fees for the colonial school were approved.\nThe year following appropriations for public works were passed. \"The council then proceeded to consider\nthe state of the country and means of defending it against the Queen's enemies (Russians) in case of invasion,\"\nand it was decided to charter the steamer Otter, arming her with thirty men and \"to employ her in watching over\nthe safety of the settlements until Her Majesty's Government take some other measures for our protection.\"\nThe year 1855 brought trouble with the Indians and an armed force of eight privates, a corporal and a sergeant\nunder a \"competent officer\" was maintained during this period. Two thousand pounds was appropriated for a\npublic hospital, court-house and road construction. On the 4th of June, 1856, instructions were received from\n the Imperial Government calling for public meetings for the election of representative:\nWith the discovery of gold on the Thompson and Fraser Rivers between 1855 and :\nment commenced. The despatch by Governor Douglas of 800 ounces of gold, traded fror\nBay Company, to the mint of San Francisco, started the stampede for the new gold fi\nfrom California, Washington and Oregon. At this time Vancouver Island constituted a (\nno government on the mainland save the control exercised by the Hudson's Bay Compan}\nwho promptly issued a proclamation fixing license fees for the new mining territory. In\ninvestigation of the trading privileges enjoyed by the Hudson's Bay Company on Vancouv\ntion of the possible effects of the gold rush, the Hudson's Bay Company was asked by\nto relinquish its special privileges, a suggestion that was fully agreed to. Governor E\nsever his connection with the Company and accept, in addition to the governorship o\ncontrol of the colony, both island and mainland, under the name chosen for it by Queen Vict\nThus it came about that on November 19, 1858, the ceremony of administering the oath c\nas chief justice of British Columbia was performed by James Douglas at Fort Langley\nsworn in as Governor of the new colony.\nThis year marked the introduction of decimal currency in Canada, and the comp\ncable; Fort Hope was established, and Yale became the centre of the new mining indu\nMany thrilling fights with Indians form the record of the invading army of whi\nof early times would be complete without paying tribute to the pioneer missionaries who ps\nand commerce in an almost unknown country, where danger lurked on every hand.\nIncidental to the new status of the colony, the Colonial Office carried out the reco\nLytton that a corps of Royal Engineers be despatched to British Columbia. This corp\nvolunteers who were offered special conditions of service. When finally completed, t\nofficers and men included representatives of every trade or profession necessary to a prop\nThe command of the corps was entrusted to Colonel Richard Clement Moody, and they\nparties, the first consisting of surveyors, the second carpenters. These sections were pi\ninauguration, the main body arriving at Esquimalt, after a passage around Cape Horn,\nMoody held a commission as lieutenant-governor and was chief commissioner of works\nWriting of this force, in his History of British Columbia, His Honor Judge Howaj\nexplorations in the colony, a great deal of the surveying of townsites and country lands, ai\n (i) View of the Historic GoldTown of Lillooet,B.C. (2) The\"Hangman's Tree\" neat Lillooet, said to be 150 years old\n of roads, were performed by them. Portions of the Douglas-Lillooet, the Hope-Similkameen, the Cariboo and the\nNorth roads were built by them. The maps of the colony and of portions of it were made by them, from their surveys,\nprepared in their drafting-office and lithographed and published by them. The designs of the first schoolhouses and\nchurches, the first colonial coat-of-arms and postage-stamps were prepared by them.\"\nUpon arrival at Victoria of the first detachment of Royal Engineers, Governor Douglas employed them in\nlocating a seat of government for the colony, and this work was proceeded with near Fort Langley. The site chosen\nwas situated on the south side of the Fraser River, some thirty miles from its mouth, and named \"Derby.\" When\nColonel Moody arrived he found that the townsite had been platted and a sale of lots had been held. The location,\nfrom a strategic point, did not meet with his approval, as being too far from the mouth of the river and altogether\ntoo adjacent to the territory of a foreign power. Moving some fifteen miles down the river, he found in the present\nsite occupied by New Westminster a more suitable location, and public notice was given that the town would be\nlaid out as the capital. \"Queensborough\" was suggested as the name, but residents of Victoria objected, and the\nselection was finally referred to Queen Victoria, who chose \"New Westminster.\" The Royal Engineers,\nwere quartered at Sapperton during the period of building New Westminster, which, in 1859, was\nthe second port of entry for customs duties.\nMeanwhile the lure of gold was taking men far into the heart of British Columbia, and the CI\nthe Thompson River and the Quesnel River were prospected, followed almost immediately by the\nrush and the stampede into the Similkameen Valley. By i860 fully 6,000 miners had invaded the cc\ndiscoveries were being recorded almost every week. The following year Williams Creek, declared to 1\nrichest mining ground, was discovered. It is estimated that nearly three million dollars in gold was se\nMuch of this metal passed through the New Westminster Assay Office, and gave rise to the suggestio\nColumbia mint its own gold currency. This suggestion met with the approval of the Colonial Office,\na mint was established, dies forwarded from England, and five ten- and five twenty-dollar gold pieces\nstruck, final authority was withheld, and the firs't mint in Canada went permanently out of business.\nIn the spring of 1928 it is expected that construction work now under way will be finished and that the last\nlink of the trans-provincial highway\u2014the Cariboo Road\u2014will be completed. Today the auto creates a demand\nfor this road. Sixty-five years ago the building of the Cariboo Road was a necessity to provide access to the gold-\nbearing creeks of the Cariboo country. To this end Governor Douglas commissioned the Royal Engineers first to\nimprove the trail from Hope to the Similkameen, and later to undertake the plan of Mr. Walter Moberley for widening\nthe Indian pathways along the interior route. A government bonus and the provision of tolls were agreed upon and\nor \"sappers,\nsstablished as\nilcotin River,\nCariboo gold\nlony and new\n5e the world's\n:ured in 1861.\nn that British\nbut although\n sectional contracts were begun by a soldier and civilian force, under Captain J. M. Grant, between Yale and\nChapman's Bar, from that point to Boston Bar, and from thence to Lytton. The road from Lytton to Fort Alexandria was undertaken by Mr. Moberley, Charles Oppenheimer and T. B. Lewis. Without the anticipated financial\nsupport from the Imperial Government, Moberley and Oppenheimer, who had bought out their partner Lewis,\nwere ruined, and the government of British Columbia had to take over the charter and finish the work\u2014an undertaking of tremendous difficulties, but one which was accomplished with such marked success that the road still\nretains portions of its original constructon.\nAnother road-builder of the '6o's was Alfred Waddington, who conceived the possibility of a highway opening\nup the interior from Bute Inlet. This enterprise led to what has become known as the \"Chilcotin War\" of 1864,\nwhen raiding parties of Indians murdered a number of the construction men, settlers and packers after forty miles\nof trail had been constructed by Waddington along the Homatcho River. Before the culprits were finally brought\nto justice and hanged, this little Indian war cost British Columbia #80,000.\nMeanwhile, the first white settler on the ground now occupied by the City of Vancouver spent his first night\nencamped with an Indian on the shore at Stanley Park. This was in the fall of 1862; the name of the young Englishman was John Morton, who, with his cousin, Sam Brighouse, and William Hailstone, purchased 550 acres of the\npresent West End of the city. In this year, on August 2, the City of Victoria became incorporated.\nMorton's small log cabin and barn were the first buildings erected on the peninsula, and the trail that he and\nhis companion cut near the present location of Carrall Street, was the first development to take place.\nThe north shore of Burrard Inlet was the scene of the next development, when, in 1863,Two New Westminster\nmen, Graham and Hicks, erected a water-power lumber mill. This was subsequently taken over and successfully\noperated by Moody, Nelson & Co., and resulted in a little village, known as Moodyville, adjoining the present\nsite of the City of North Vancouver, coming into existence. Another lumber venture was established on the south\nshore two years later, when Captain Stamp, of Alberni, built the Hastings Mill, where it stands today on its original\nsite. Around the mill a small community began to grow, and this village was named Granville.\nTwo gold rushes were witnessed in 1864-5, tnis time to the Kootenay and the Big Bend country. Wild Horse\nCreek produced rich pay and the Big Bend diggings brought good rewards, but neither field proved permanent.\nIn an attempt to secure trade from the goldfields for the colony, Mr. Edgar Dewdney was commissioned to build\na road via Osoyoos Lake, Kettle River and the Columbia to the mines. This became known as the Dewdney trail.\nWith the expiration of Governor Douglas's term as executive administrator of Vancouver Island in 1863,\nand as Governor of British Columbia in 1864, Queen Victoria, desiring to recognize his splendid services, but not\n the personal investiture of James Douglas, Esquire, as a Knight Commander (civil division) of the\nOrder of the Bath.\" This document is dated October 3, 1863. Bearing the bold signature of Qu\ndated \"the sixteenth day of May, the fourteenth year of our reign,\" the original commission of \u00a3\nis inscribed on thick parchment, appointing him \"Governor and Commander-in-Chief in and ov\nof Vancouver and the islands adjacent between the 49th and 52nd degrees, and also of all forts anc\nand established or to be erected or established on the said Island of Vancouver and islands adjace\nour will and pleasure.\"\nThe question of uniting the colonies of the mainland and Vancouver Island engaged publ:\nArthur Kennedy succeeded Sir James Douglas as Governor of the Island, and Frederick Seymo\nsimilar appointment on the mainland. This demand was ratified by a majority vote in the Ass<\nin 1865, and supported by a petition from 445 British Columbia residents. Jealousy between\nVictoria and New Westminster as to which should be the capital of the united colonies engend\nagitation, which ended only with the royal proclamation of the union of Vancouver Island to\non November 17, 1866. Victoria was chosen as the capital of the new colony of \"British Colui\nA more democratic form of government; the building of a wagon-road across Canada; a\nthe possibility of annexation by the United States, and a feeling that closer union was necessan\nColumbia and Canada\u2014these were reasons which prompted a movement to have the colony ent\nThis was at first opposed by Governor Seymour, but with the formation of a Confederation Leaj\nmeetings were held throughout the colony, and the proposal received support from a majority\nthe death of Governor Seymour the following year, Anthony Musgrave was appointed as his sua\nCanada received a new impetus, and a delegation supporting the plan was sent to Ottawa. On J\nwas received intimating that Canada was favorable to immediate union and would guarantee t\nThe terms under which British Columbia became a province of the Dominion on July 20, 18\nchanges and included: Dominion liability for mail service, salaries of the lieutenant-governor, ju\nconnected with customs, marine, fisheries, militia, and similar institutions; provision for six mem!\nand three senators at Ottawa; an annual subsidy to the province, various departmental arran\nbuilding of a trans-Canada railway.\nFourteen years elapsed before the last spike was driven and the first Canadian Pacific Raih\ninto Port Moody on November 7, 1885. From this date began the magic that is wrought by tran\nV\n VANCOUVER, BRITISH COLUMBIA\n(Top) Waterfront, showing the magnificent new \"Pier B. C.\" (Below) Ballantyne Pier and some of the grain elevator\n The British Columbia of today presents an astounding contrast to the pioneering days of twenty-five, fifty\nand seventy-five years ago. From the two schools of 1853, well over one thousand schools are now required to provide\neducation for the hundred thousand pupils in the province\u2014from a building forty feet square to the palatial facilities\nof the University of British Columbia at Point Grey. In the late 70's the province was without a telephone; today\nover 27,000 miles of wire have been strung to serve the installation of 96,400 telephones\u2014an increase of 89,750 in\n22 years. One year after Confederation British Columbia boasted but two branch batiks; in 1926 there were 185.\nThere were no railways in the province when the Royal Engineers came to New Westminster in 1858, but now 5,144\nmiles are in operation. With an investment of #68,000,000\u2014considerably more than three times the public revenue\nof Canada at Confederation\u2014the British Columbia Electric Railway Company has given the province the largest\nstreet railway undertaking in Canada with a system aggregating 340 miles.\nSince Confederation British Columbia, with an area three times that of the United Kingdom, and larger than\nItaly, Switzerland and France combined, has increased its population from 60,000 to 568,400. The Greater Vancouver\nof today has grown from the first settler with his two companions of 1862 to a metropolitan area having a population\nof over 250,000 people. Victoria, in 1843 but a pallisaded fort, sheltering a mere handful of hardy pioneers, is now\nthe beautiful capital of the province with a population of 65,000. Vancouver Island, 15,000 square miles in area, or\nlarger than Belgium, once a primitive Indian hunting paradise, now one of the most fertile and prosperous portions\nof Canada's great Pacific province; New Westminster, with the only fresh water harbor west of the Great Lakes,\nand a population of 15,000\u2014thriving beyond all recognition from the days when red-coated \"sappers\" first commenced to lay its foundations; Prince Rupert, youngest but not the least lusty of Pacific coast ports\u2014so the story\nof achievement and progress of a hundred settlements in British Columbia might be continued if space permitted.\nOf British Columbia as a whole a fascinating record of development has been interwoven through the years\nthat have passed. Next to the last province to enter Confederation, an amazing growth has been brought about\nsince the days of colonial rule. Nature's bounty has given British Columbia an area of 182,750,000 acres of forest\nland, upon which there is today an aggregate stand of 360 billion feet of merchantable timber, thus giving the\nprovince an undisputed lead over all Canadian provinces in lumber production. Wood pulp was first manufactured\nin British Columbia in 1909, and in that year the production amounted to 644 tons. In 1924 the province advanced\nto third rank among the provinces as a producer of pulp and paper.\nIn fisheries British Columbia also retains supremacy for the entire Dominion. In mining, although but a\ncomparatively small area has been prospected, British Columbia stands third among the provinces w'ith a #67,750,000\nrecord of production in 1926. The largest silver-lead-zinc mines in the world and the largest mill for the treatment\nJ\n of these ores in the British Empire are situated in British Columbia. So, too, are Canada's three largest copper\nmines and the three largest concentration mills for treatment of copper ore. Nor do these claims exhaust the record.\nThe giant Sullivan Mine is estimated to be able to produce ore at the rate of 4,000 tons daily for one hundred years,\nand the Britannia Mines recover 3,800 tons of crude ore daily. British Columbia holds second place in the provinces\nof Canada as a gold producer\u2014about 13 per cent, of the Dominion total\u2014and ranks third in the production of silver.\nVast progress must also be recorded in commercial and industrial activity, the value of manufactures in 1925\nhaving reached the total of #225,000,000. Exports climbed to #147,530,000 in the same year, while shipping tonnage\nfor the province reached the huge total of 44,673,191 tons. British Columbia ranked as third province in Canada\nin its record of new incorporations, there being 706 companies with a capital of over 171 million dollars in 1926.\n:nty-five years farm production within the province has increased from six million to sixty-five\nr production from one million to ten millions; fruit production from #393,000 to five million\nnbia is now the third largest apple-producing province in the Dominion, although the industry\nve years old. The commercial production of cherries is confined to this province and Ontario,\nthe province ranks third in Canada with an existing turbine installation amounting to 414,702\nlose of 1925.\nonce the only business on the cost of British Columbia\u2014brought a revenue of #1,403,796 in 1926.\nthis brief summary must necessarily be, it conveys some idea of what has been accomplished\nill British Columbia \"home.\" But beyond all material things in relative value to the progress\nlitable spirit, the fine courage, the never-failing loyalty, the hardy perseverance that marked\nwho pioneered on behalf of present and future generations. Of these faithful and unselfish\nfrom the days of Mackenzie and Fraser down through the years to our present dai\nig history might be written. In every field of human endeavor\u2014c\nlution, in welfare work, in betterment of the common lot, in the ;\nhappiness and prosperity, British Columbians have played their part in keeping with th\nNor has that fine sense of loyalty which actuated every thought of Sir James Douglas,\nbeen lost to the succeeding generations, for thousands of British Columbia's sons crosse\nEmpire's call in the wars of South Africa and Europe. On land and sea, in the air and\nmen of Canada's coast province upheld the finest traditions of those early explorers\npioneers who followed in their fo.otsteps.\nUpon these firm foundations the future of British Columbia rests secure.\n1\nn the past t\\\nmillior\ndollars; da\ndollars\n. British Col\nis less\nthan twenty\n1\nn water pow\nhorse\npower at the\n*':\nur products-\ni\nncomplete a\nbyCa\ntiadians who\nmade,\nlies the indo\nthe m\ntn and worn\nservan\nts of progres\nchapte\nrs of entranc\ncal, poli\npromotic\ntical, profes-\nn of health,\nof Britis\nized the\n1 Columbia^\nvide\" at the\nwaters, the\ntrail for the\n THE CITY OF GREATER VANCOUVER\nV_\n8ETWEEN the little log cabin erected by John Morton on\nand the metropolitan City of Vancouver of 1927, there is\nback to the dim beginnings of the cities of older lands, ha\nof the west, for but a mere span of sixty-five years lie betj\ncanyons of business centralization on the Granville and\n\"Vancouver\", however, was not the original name I\nInlet was known. Some years prior to the great fire of 1886, one John '.\nwith a barrel of whiskey and sundry other doubtful belongings. John was\nordinary volubility, better known as \"Gassy Jack.\" Shortly after his advent, which\nbuilding of \"Deighton House\" on the part of those citizens whose goodwill had b<\nchristened \"G;\nof Vancouver.\nle south shore of Burrard Inlet in 1S62,\ngreat gulf fixed. Yet time, as measured\nscarce left its touch on this young giant\n:en that forest shack and the man-made\n:ets of today.\nfirst settlement on Burrard\nved from New Westminster\n:r, a Yorkshireman of extra-\nas marked by the voluntary\nsecured through sharing the\nHasting\n>v which\nDeightor\n\" The transformation of transportati\nts of the keg, the un-named settlement\nwas responsible for the change to the pi\nNegotiations between Hon. Wm. Smithe, premier and co\nin 1884, and Mr. Wm. C. Van Home, vice-president and genera\nfrom which the railway company evolved, brought Mr. Van Hon\nference on the acquisition of lands for railway terminal purposes\nThe little town of Granville, or \"Gastown,\" as it was be\ndelighted with the situation of Coal Harbor as compared to the ra\nthat he would change the name of the terminal from Granville to\nendorsation in Montreal, Toronto, Ottawa and London, England.\nBut, to go back for a moment to the days prior to the great fire and the coming of the railway. Elev\nafter John Morton located his domicile, twenty children formed an important part of the population that had\ngrown up around the Hastings Mill settlement, and educational facilities were demanded on their behalf. To meet\nthis situation the mill company provided a building, and the first single-roomed school opened on February 12, 1873.\nMiss Sweeney, whose father was mechanical foreman in the mill, was appointed teacher, and to her belongs the\nlands and works for British Columbia\nlanager of the Canadian Pacific Railway syndicate,\n2 to the coast late in July of that year for a con-\nt Coal Harbor and English Bay.\n:er known, was inspected; Mr. Van Home was\nrailway possibilities of Port Moody, and stated\nto \"Vancouver\". The proposed change\nand the cl\ned\n (i) A glimpse of the Evergrt\nBEAUTY SPOTS IN STANLEY PARK, VANCOUVER, B. C.\ni Playground (2) The Rustic Tea Rooms (3) The\"Seven Sist,\n(4) Second Beach\n_J\n hone\nr of init\natir\nhe citv's\npresent school syste\nm. Judge\nH. 0\nAlexander\nThis\nschool w\nas c\nblit\nerated in\nthe fire of 1886, afte\nwhich a\nnew sc\n100I was ope\n1887\n| with J.\nW.\nRe\nbinson a\n> principal, and Miss\nA. Chris\ntie as\nassistant. N\ncom\nfth\ne term, w\nhich finished with an\nenrollment of 28\n5. It was no\nonF\nender St\nreet\nwa\ns occupie\nd.\nAccordi\nng t\nThe Dail\ny News\" of Vancouv\ner, June\n6, \"the who\naftei\nthe firs\nho\nwas afire\" in the holocaust t\nhat wipec\nout t\nhe commun\nthe 1\nlinety-foi\nirth\nan\nliversary\nof the day that Capta\nin Vanco\nd his party,\nInle\nthrough\nthe\nLi(\n>ns'Gate\nFrom six hundred to\none thou\nsand b\naildings were\nlost,\noutof the po\nauk\ntion of 2,000, could never be ascertained\nThefi\nre, which cor\ngoin\n2 on in the d\nstn\nct betwee\nn the present locatior\nof Main\nandC\nimbie Street\nne build\nngi\nnt\nle west end, the Hastings Mill\nin the ea\ntport\non of the to\\\neight or ten other structures on the banks of False Creek. The gale\nthe conflagration spread carried the flames in a wall of fire before it, driving the terror-stricker\nwaterfront, and some measure of safety on the wharves and boats alongside. Carriages and\nfrom New Westminster carried hundreds of homeless sufferers to the Royal City after the fi:\nin boats to Moodyville, across the Inlet. Although the total value of property destroyed was i\nof #1,300,000, with comparatively little insurance to cover the extensive loss, the spirit of 1\nweakened. Within four days of the fire new buildings were going up in all parts of the city, th(\nthe situation being expressed editorially on June 17 as follows: \"The Caldwell Block, wherein 1\nsituated, was one of the first to be overtaken by the fire, and not even a scrap of paper was sa\nothers who had started in the new city, however, we perceive that the fire, whatever may be its\nuals, is to the city as a whole not a very serious matter; in fact it can scarcely impede the pre\nat all.\" The paper then proceeds to give a partial list of buildings \"rising from the ashes\" on Wa\nheimer, Cordova, Abbott, Hastings and Alexander Streets. This single sheet newspaper was\nat New Westminster. Over one hundred survivors of the fire are still resident in the city, and vivi\ntions of the fateful forty minutes during which Vancouver was literally wiped out of existence.\nThe year 1886 proved to be a momentous one for the citizens living on the shores of Bun\n6, only two months prior to the fire, the City of Vancouver became incorporated. So great v\npeople that a reconstructed city, housing some 2,500 persons, and costing half a million doll\n: scholai\n by the end of the year. As might be expected, the first loan raised by the first city council was for an amount of\n#6,900 wherewith to purchase suitable fire-fighting equipment. In November, twenty-year debentures for the sum\nof #14,000 were issued. With this loan a fire hall, water tanks and a city hall were constructed, and an additional\nsum of #70,000 was borrowed for street improvements.\nThis ambitious programme was not regarded in a very friendly way by the older city of Victoria, whose\ncitizens visioned serious competition in the commercial and shipping field if Vancouver were allowed to become\nthe terminus of the Canadian Pacific Railway. In this sentiment they were supported by the people of Port Moody,\nwho sought to prevent the railway being continued to Coal Harbor. Victoria merchants were at pains to point out\nthat the Lions' Gate entrance to Vancouver's harbor was dangerous to shipping, and even carried their protest\nto the extent of sending a manifesto to eastern traders, threatening a boycott by Victoria wholesale houses if\nVancouver agents were appointed.\nUnder the first Mayor of the city, Malcolm A. MacLean, a petition was presented to the Dominion Government requesting that Stanley Park, then a federal reserve, be set aside for park purposes. The first council consisted\nof: Mayor M. A. MacLean, Aldermen Robert Balfour, C. A. Caldwell, Peter Cordiner, Joseph Griffith, Thomas\nDunn, J. Humphries, Henry Hemlow, E. P. Hamilton, L. A. Hamilton and Joseph Norcott. Thomas F. McGuigan\nwas city clerk; George Baldwin, city treasurer; J. P. Lawson, city engineer; Blake & Muir, solicitors; John Boultbee,\nmagistrate; J. M. Stewart, chief of police; J. fl. Carlisle, fire chief\u2014who, with forty-one years of faithful service\nto his credit, still directs Vancouver's splendid fire-fighting force.\nOn the 4th of July, 1886, the first through train from the east pulled into Port Moody, thus bringing to\nfruition one of the chief conditions upon which British Columbia entered Confederation. Vancouver, however,\nhad been definitely decided upon as the terminal city, and the C.P.R. was already preparing for construction of\nthe Hotel Vancouver.\nThis year also marked the opening, on September 1, of Vancouver's first banking institution\u2014or agency, as\nit was then called\u2014in the Bank of British Columbia, located on Cordova Street west. It is of interest to note that\nthere was no local bank in existence at the time of the city's incorporation, and that a civic delegation which went\nto Victoria to raise a loan for city improvements could not get the required money, which was subsequently provided\nby the Bank of British Columbia. The first banking transaction to take place in Vancouver was between Mr. James\nCooper Keith, manager, and a Mr. Leonard. This occurred on August 31, the day before the official opening.\nAnother interesting event of 1886 was the preliminary meeting of the Vancouver Board of Trade, Mayor\nMacLean presiding. A waterworks system, under private capital, also came in for consideration as a necessary project.\n Towards the close of the year the Asiatic question began to obtrude itself, an ever-\nChinese having obtained employment in Vancouver and surrounding districts. The feeling c\nuntil the citizens decided to take the law into their own hands and run the Chinamen out\nculminated in 1887, when the authorities at Victoria put in a large force of special police and\nThe chief event of the year 1887 was the arrival in Vancouver of the first passenger ti\nMay 23, the final accomplishment of the transcontinental railway \"from ocean to ocean.\"\na baggage, a colonist sleeper, a first-class, a Pullman and a drawing-room car, the engine beinj\nwith evergreens, streamers and mottoes. This being the golden jubilee year of Queen Victor\nheadlight bore her portrait, while on the smokestack was displayed the message: \"Montreal\nCity.\" 1887 witnessed the first real celebration of Dominion Day in Vancouver after incorp\nUp until this time the city water supply was obtained from wells, a condition which\nmittent cases of typhoid fever. The city was also without the advantage of electric light in\nmarked, however, by substantial progress; the selection of Vancouver as a customs port; sur\nin preparation for waterworks; the construction of C.P.R. docks for ocean-going steamers;\nin the establishment of new industries, following the formation of the Board of Trade; the gra:\nunder lease from the federal government and an expenditure of #20,000 by the city towai\nThe population was then estimated at 5,000 and a second school had to be built to meet the i\nrequirements of the growing city.\nIn David Oppenheimer, mayor of the city from 1888 to 1891, Vancouver found a pr\nadministrator whose ability and business acumen did much for the ambitious young city in\nhistory. Many local improvements were undertaken, among which must be mentioned the la]\nmain across the Lion's Gate; the introduction of electric lighting and the granting of a st\nextension of the telephone service; completion of the Stanley Park driveways, the erection o\nfirehall, a hospital, and a market at the corner of Main and Hastings Streets; thirty-six miles I\nin 1888, twenty-four miles of sidewalks were laid down, and the beginnings of a sewerage svsi\nOn July 26, 1888, the Beaver, first steamship to ply the waters of the Pacific Coast, whose\nwith the Hudson's Bay Company operations in the days when British Columbia was a- Croi\ntouched on elsewhere in this book, went ashore off Prospect Point and became a total loss.\nDuring the next two years progress was maintained at a rapid pace. In this period the 1\ndoubled itself over that of 1888, and by the end of 1891 the city comprised 2,700 buildings, ii\nu\n {i) A boating picnic on Seymour Creek in 1887 {1) Vancouver the morning after the big fire (3) First C.P.R. train arriving in Vancouver, May, 1887\n(4) Vancouver from the South in 1800 (5) First Street Car July 1189o (6) Dominion Day Tarade, Cordova St., July 1, 1887\n five schools, Provincial Government buildings anc\ntwo iron foundries, fifty-five hotels, four lumber\na cost of #20,000. This building has for many ye\ngrounds and Hastings Park were provided for at\noperation. A thirty-year franchise was granted\nIs and a sugar refinery\nbeen occupied as the (\n3St of #10,000 each, an\nthe street railway company\nIVa\niF.\ndirect from London carrying a general cargo. Mayor Oppenheimer advocated purchasi\nworks and the street railway system in 1890, the year in which the first provincial electioi\nCotton and J. W. Home were elected. Civic assessments had by this time reached to #9,404,445.\nThe history of the city's waterworks sheds an interesting light on local conditions between the years 1887\nand 1890. On March 26, 1889, Capilano water was used by the citizens for the first time, but prior to this many\ndifficulties had been met and overcome. A rival company attempted to secure a franchise for the purpose of bringing\nwater to the city from Coquitlam Lake, but the ratepayers, by a vote of 86 to 58, turned down the proposal to\ngive this franchise to the Coquitlam Water Works Company in June, 1887. Shortly after the Vancouver Water\nWorks Company commenced their Capilano project, which was completed in April, 1888, the first submerged\nmain being successfully laid across the First Narrows in August of the same year. In 1890 the company opened\nnegotiations with the city to purchase the water system, and two years later the arbitrated price of #440,000 was\naccepted by the ratepayers who ratified the purchase proposal by a vote of 189 for and 11 against.\nIt is interesting to note that the Dominion Day celebration of 1890 was featured by the beginning\nof Vancouver's street railway system, for on that day, thirty-seven years ago, the first single-truck car made its\nappearance. The city's electric light service also commenced this year.\nAs a great seaport Vancouver set up its first claim to prominence in 1891, when the famous \"Empress\" ships\nof the Canadian Pacific Railway Company arrived in port and inaugurated trans-Pacific shipping. These were the\n\"Empress of India,\" \"Empress of China\" and \"Empress of Japan.\" The dismantled hulk of the old \"Japan,\" last\nsurvivor of this famous trio, rides at anchor off Moodyville today\u2014mute evidence of modern progress and the\nreplacement brought about by the liners of today, the magnificent \"Empress of Asia\" and \"Empress of Russia.\"\nIn the year following, the population of Vancouver had reached a total of 15,000. The paving of Cordova,\nHastings and Granville Streets engaged the attention of the civic authorities, and large sums were expended for\nlocal improvements; these included #150,000 on a high school and other school buildings; an outlay of #175,000\non the waterworks system, and #570,000 for general and specific purposes. The Hudson's Bay Company, whose\nfirst store in the city was on Cordova Street when Vancouver was known as \"Gastown,\" opened a branch 'store in\nl\n the Crewe Block on Granville Street in 1889, and in 1892 commenced construction of the store which formerly\noccupied the site of the present building at the corner of Granville and Georgia Streets.\nIn the early days the electric lighting system of the city was provided by the Vancouver Illuminating Company.\nThis concern had the first electric power plant, and service was commenced on August 8, 1887, with three hundred\nlamps. The plant was situated between Hastings and Pender Streets, on Abbott, and generated current at 50 volts.\nCurrent transmission was then unknown, with the result that lamps as far away as Granville Street scarcely received\nenough current to make them visible. The old Vancouver \"News-Advertiser\" was the first paper to be printed in\nCanada by electric power. As already noted, the Vancouver Street Railway Company secured in 1888 a long-term\nfranchise for construction and operation of a street railway system. This agreement allowed the use of horses, cable,\ngas or electricity for power purposes. Early in April, 1889, the preliminary lines were constructed for horse-car\noperation, stables were built near False Creek and a buyer was sent east to purchase the animals required. With\neverything practically ready to start operation, the directors suddenly decided to electrify the system; electric\ncars were ordered from New York, electrical machinery was purchased and installed, track changes were made,\nthe horses were sold, and on June 28, 1890, six miles of electric railway were opened to the public. A year later,\nowing to financial difficulties arising from imperfect plant and loss on operating expenses, the company offered to\nsell out to the city for the sum of #162*000. This offer was refused, as also were subsequent proposals, and Vancouver's street railway system underwent many fluctuations until its purchase in April, 1897, by a London syndicate\nheaded by Mr. R. M. Horne-Payne. The properties and assets taken over included the Vancouver street railway\nand lighting system, the New Westminster street railway, the Westminster-Vancouver interurban line and the\nelectric railway and lighting system of Victoria and district. Thus commenced the #68,000,000 investment now held\nWhen British Columbia entered Confederation, in 1871, the two mill sites at Hastings and Moodyville were\non the north shore brought about incorporation of the District of North Vancouver. This district originally included\nthe entire area\u2014in later years divided into the City of North Vancouver, and the Districts of North and West\nVancouver, now embracing a population of approximately 15,000 people. Municipally-owned ferries and a one\nand three-quarter million dollar bridge have replaced the row-boat journeyings that once were the sole means of\ncommunication between the settlements of the north and south shores.\nA period of general depression set in all over Canada during 1893-94, and this was felt quite keenly in the\nyoung city of Vancouver. But notwithstanding the pinch that made itself felt in many directions\u2014including\n reductions in civic salaries\u2014much improvement work was carried on. In 1894 two di\nthe city: the Governor-General, Lord Aberdeen, and Hon. Wilfrid Laurier. Lady I\nduring the visit, in the foundation of the Local Council of Women.\nNot until the early part of 1896 did conditions begin to show real signs of impro\nand machinery required in the camps was reflected in an improved outlook among th\nand led to renewed optimism. Mount Pleasant and Fairview began to build up rap\n309 ocean-going vessels entered the port, the total tonnage for the year 1895 being 5\nwere reduced from 44 cents per light per night to 27 cents; against the city debt of jus\nLocal affairs are often shaped by movements at some far distant place, and so\nswung in behind the business that resulted from the frenzied rush to the goldfields of th\nFrom almost every quarter of the globe the gold-seekers poured into the city on their\nhotels were crowded and excitement increased as the town was stormed by these str\nexperience brought an awakening to the citizens of Vancouver\u2014a realization of the p<\nand the opportunities of the city as an export centre. Although quite unprepared for 1\nwhelming stampede, the merchants reaped considerable trade from the variegated 1\nto the Yukon through the portals of Vancouver\u2014a throng whose movements and be\neagle eye by the scarlet-coated troopers of the Royal North West Mounted Police.\nReference to the Klondike days brings back memories of other gold rush times ai\nby the Bank of British Columbia\u2014the first banking institution to open a branch in Var\ngold stampede. Incorporated in 1862, the bank had its branches at Yale, Quesnel and B:\nfor some years assay offices at the latter point. Thus, for thirty-eight years, the Bank\nthe business community of the province until its amalgamation in 1900 with the Ca\nIn 1886, when the C.P.R. put on the first sale of town lots in Vancouver, the bank pu\nsouth-east corner of Hastings and Richards Streets for the sum of #2,250.\nBut to return to the history of the city. War in South Africa broke out in 185\nfirst opportunity for the men of the Pacific Coast city to prove their never-wavering\nEmpire\u2014a call which then, as in later years, found a ready and eager response.\nAt the time of Queen Victoria's death in 1901 the population of Canada was 5,-\n L\ni The \"Lions\" from Capilano River (2) A view on Marine Drive, We\n) Capilano Suspension Bridge, North Va\n r\ngradually emerging from pioneering days to take the prou\nIn that year the Duke and Duchess of Cornwall and Yoi\npaid a memorable visit to the city; trade and commerce c\nand Vancouver, for the first time in its history, was wii\nAn important link in this direction was the completion of\nof the Chamber of Commerce of the British Empire, held\nlocal Board of Trade.\nAt this period\u2014only twenty-four years ago\u2014Vance\na steam plant of only 2,000 horse-power. Not until 1904 w;\nVancouver Island and the mainland.\nBeginning with the prosperous times of 1905, the\ngrowth, which lasted until one of the biggest real estate \"\npainful close in the summer of 1913. Throughout the yes\ncomers arrived in thousands from all over the continent. <\nsome homes went up where only bush had been before; ma\nlinked up new residential localities, such as Kitsilano, or Gi\nblocks and business buildings appeared on hitherto vacan\neach other with almost bewildering rapidity, and civic in\npopulation of Vancouver had reached 100,000. By 1911 1\nworld-wide depression of 1913 set in the city had quadrup\nand found itself equipped for the big business of a metroj\nThis factor proved the redeeming feature of the slum\nalthough many investors keenly felt the depression\nfacing a new opportunity as a world port wit\nhad at its command in commercial, industrial\nti the opening of th\nand shipping impro\nThen, with a sudden crash, came the G\nreat War. Before th\non their way to take part in the titanic struggle\nments was maintained and Vancouver's servic\n. And through all th\nand sacrifice\u2014loya\nof the entire community\u2014stamped itself into t\nthose who had taken their place on the field 0:\nhe indelible records\n machine shops, thus supplying the Allies with the essential requirements of ships and shell cases\u2014new industries\nfor the city, but competently undertaken.\nFollowing the re-adjustment period of post-war conditions, the city moved forward slowly but surely until\nstabilization had been effected and the present era of substantial progress had begun. Such is the brief recital of\nVancouver's history from its earliest days down to the present time. The real romance of the city, however, is more\nclearly portrayed in the comparisons of past and present; in the story of the pioneers who brought about the great\nTwenty-four years after John Morton and his two companions established themselves in lonely possession\nof what is now the west end of the city, two thousand people comprised the population of Vancouver's pre-fire\nsettlement. In the intervening forty-one years Greater Vancouver has reached a population of 260,000\u2014and the\nreal growth has only just commenced. Back in 1886 the Hastings Mill Company erected the community's first\nstore and post office (a building which is still in use); today three huge departmental stores and hundreds of smaller\nplaces of business serve the public needs, and a general post office with a score of sub-offices have replaced the little\nwicket accommodation that once did duty. From Miss Sweeney's one-room school and her twenty scholars of\n1873 a great educational system has been evolved with which 600 teachers provides 22,000 pupils with tuition\nfrom the kindergarten class to the post-graduate courses of the University of British Columbia at Point Grey.\nIn 1886 the municipal assets at the end of the year were computed at #2,639,077; the assessment roll for Greater\nVancouver now exceeds #380,000,000. Thirty-two years ago the total number of vessels*that entered the port\naggregated 2,365; in 1925 this figure had increased to 19,665. Huge elevators have been constructed along the once\nwooded shore-line, through which sixty million bushels of wheat have passed in a single season\u2014figures that are\ndestined at no very distant date to double and treble as this great all-the-year-open port enters its ultimate development. Where once the old Beaver threaded her passage through the Lions' Gate, ocean-carrying ships of all nations\npass today in their voyages to the seven seas and the four corners of the earth.\nFrom those days, which now seem almost prehistoric, when the telephone bill collector came to the door\nwith the account and a screwdriver and orders to collect either the money or the telephone, to the present system\nwhich connects Vancouver with far distant points in the province, is a long stride in progress\u2014but not in the matter\nof time, for it is only forty-seven years since the first telephone exchange in British Columbia was opened at Victoria.\nThe first line on Burrard Inlet was run by a butcher, Benjamin van Volkenburgh by name, to whom, in 1883, the\nCanadian Pacific Railway construction contractors engaged on the coast section let a meat contract. A condition\nof this contract provided that Volkenburgh must have his abattoir connected by telephone with New Westminster\n and Por\nMoody. He a\nvas cor\nnpelled,\nther\nefore,\nto j\nTelepho\nle Company.\nNo other figures\nspeak\nso concl\nUS1V\nelyoi\na ci\nAs a ma\ntter of compa\nison tl\ne figures for\nthe J:\nort\nbetween\n\u2014reveal in concise t\nsrms the am\nazing\nmoi\n)f Vancouver in 1926 and those of 1892\u2014only thirty-five years\nement that has taken place in this comparatively short space\nof time, for in 1892 the bank clearings were #8,414,923, while last year's total reached the enormous sum\nof #888,704,118.\nNotwithstanding the rapid spread of Greater Vancouver\u2014the term includes the city proper, South Vancouver,\nPoint Grey and Burnaby\u20141926 established a new record in building development when permits to the value of\nover twenty-five million dollars were taken out. Nearly #5,000,000 of this astounding total went into home building\nin the model municipality of Point Grey, but every section of Greater Vancouver moved forward under the impetus\nof the building programme. These figures, however, tell but a part of the story for they take no account of the\nnew Canadian Pacific Pier \"B.C.\", a #2,500,000 structure that opens, fittingly enough, on Dominion Day of this\nyear. In this big undertaking Vancouver may claim the most modern and magnificent pier accommodation on the\nPacific Coast. Coupled with the vast freight capacity of the big Ballantyne Pier, the loading facilities of the port\ncan now handle almost any traffic that offers.\nYet another glimpse backward, this time to visualize what electricity has accomplished. When the city was\nincorporated in 1886, candles, coal oil lamps and gas contributed their lean light in the homes and on the unpaved\nstreets when darkness fell. Horse-drawn street cars were but a subject for speculative gossip when the day's work\nwas done. Compare this primitive condition with the Greater Vancouver of today\u2014one of the most brilliantly-\nlighted cities on the entire continent; consider for a moment that between Dominion Day thirty-seven years ago\nand the celebration of 1927 the largest street railway system in Canada has been built into the service of Greater\nVancouver; that ninety miles of fertile farm lands, clear through to Chilliwack, have been tapped by produce-\nbearing, electrified trains; that hydro-electric power to the extent of a #38,000,000 project at Bridge River is being\nprepared for the future growth of this city.\nThirty-eight years ago David Oppenheimer, delivering the first annual report of the Vancouver Board of\nTrade, predicted \"that if we continue to use our exertions as we have hitherto done, the realization of our most\ncherished dreams is not far distant, and our phoenix-like young Terminal City will attain that prominent rank\namongst her sisters on the Pacific Coast to which she is entitled by her geographical position and other natural\nadvantages.\" The cherished dreams of the great optimists who laid the city's foundations have indeed been more\n m \u00abt\nf ED ffll\niyfe3^k\\'^I^Hra BBS\n&\u00ab, \u00ab>\u00ab*\u00ab\u2022 \u00bb\/ Carrall and Water Stret\nJ\n than realized. Yet if those stalwarts of a past generation could view the Vancouv\nmany unbelievable changes.\nThey would see an artificial island near the mouth of False Creek, on wl\nhums with busy life; further up, at the head of False Creek, their astonished e\nout before two massive railway stations\u2014standing where the oozy mud-flats\nunoccupied; paved streets and fireproof business buildings would meet their\ncelebrated gala days with horse races and the sportive events of the early 8o's; i\nautos, these former patrons of the old Gurney cabs would pass far beyond th\nVancouver's fine residential district of Shaughnessy Heights\u2014reclaimed from\npark-like beauty by the Canadian Pacific Railway Company; and then on bey\nGrey to the great University of British Columbia; where logging operations o\nthe woods along the shores of English Bay these pioneers would find a fine an\nthe wide stretches of the city's bathing beaches; and as they passed from poi\ncontinent on wheels\u2014the never-ending stream of tourist travel that now make;\nseekers from the Mexican border to the seaboard of the Atlantic\u2014would fill thei\nof only forty years; so, too, with the Granville and Hastings Streets of today,\nmental marts of modern business cost far in excess of the value of the comb:\nDecember, 1886. Nor do these things comprise the sum total of advance sin\nthe boundaries of Greater Vancouver lie the municipality of South Vancouve\nof Point Grey\u2014new, lovely and minutely modern, and \"the municipality of I\nsuburban homes and cultivated acreage.\n\"I am sure,\" said David Oppenheimer, in review of the development reo\n(Vancouver) may be classed a marvel of progression, almost the only city never\nfully up to the most sanguine expectations of the greatest optimist.\"\nPerhaps they were justified in being oblivious to the pioneering difficulti\nthirty-nine years ago, yet we, living in an age of modern comfort and convenie\ndays were never known. More than one hundred of the men who actually es\nburned to the ground are still with us. From the bucket-brigade of those days to\nof today has been a matter of gradual evolution\u2014a series of steps along the pal\nas we have come to recognize them, were those through whose labors we have atta\ne^fighting Au?pmmt\noneers. For pioneers,\n And back of all our civic pride and prosperity lies the brain and brawn of the makers of Vancouver.\nDuring the forty-one years that have elapsed since the city became incorporated, twenty mayors have served\nin the office of chief magistrate. Their names and terms follow: M. A. MacLean, 1886-1887; David Oppenheimer,\n1888 to 1891; F. Cope, 1892-1893; R. A. Anderson, 1894; H. Collins, 1895-1896; W. Templeton, 1897; J. F. Garden,\n1898 to 1900; T. O. Townley, 1901; T. F. Neelands, 1902-1903; W. J. McGuigan, 1904; F. Buscombe, 1905-1906;\nA. Bethune, 1907-1908; C. S. Douglas, 1909; L. D. Taylor, 1910-1911-1915-1925-1926-1927; Jas. Findlav, 1912;\nT. S. Baxter, 1913-1914; M. McBeath, 1916-1917; R. H. Gale, 1918-1921; C. E. Tisdale, 1922-1923; W. R. Owen,\n1924.\nMany distinguished visitors have been entertained by the city, the public receptions accorded to H.R.H.\nthe Prince of Wales and to President Warren G. Harding being both particularly memorable occasions. Never\nbefore had a president of the United States set foot on Canadian soil. Within one week of delivering his message\nof international goodwill in Stanley Park, death claimed him with tragic suddenness. Of the many vessels that\nhave ridden the waters of Burrard Inlet since Captain Vancouver's visit of long ago, none have aroused greater\ninterest and enthusiasm than that evoked by the coming of the British super-battleship, H.M.S. Hood. Never\nhas the Lions' Gate given passageway to a larger craft of peace or war.\nThe description of the harbor, as penned by Captain Vancouver in 1792, completes the contrast of the\nvanished years:\n\"The shores of this channel,\" he wrote, \"which, after Sir Harry Burrard, of the navy, I have distinguished\nby the name of Burrard's Channel, may be considered, on the southern side, of a moderate height, and though\nrocky, well covered with trees of a large growth, principally of the pine tribe. On the northern side, the rugged\nsnowy barrier, whose base we had now nearly approached, rose abruptly, and was only protected from the wash\nof the sea by a very narrow border of low land.\"\nToday, the \"trees of a large growth\" are replaced by a sky-line of towering buildings, and the lion-guarded\ngateway to the Orient has become the chief deep-sea port on the Pacific Coast. Today, with the finest harbor in\nthe world, forty-two steamship lines and three great railway systems connect Vancouver with the trading centres\nof the world. Six elevators, twenty-eight berths, thirteen loading berths, and a harbor railway that is connecting\nthe north and south shores, are recent developments along the twenty miles of sheltered waterfrontage. Eleven\nhundred industrial plants, giving employment to 15,000 people; many churches and missions, and thirty public\nand four high schools\u2014these are but a few of the sidelights that reflect the city's great growth since the pioneers\nfirst set out to give Vancouver \"that prominent rank amongst her sisters on the Pacific Coast to which she is\n entitled by her geographical position and other natural advantages.\"\ntion made by Roger Babson that \"Vancouver will, within the lifet\non the Pacific Coast.\"\nIf space permitted, the names of many men and women who h\nup-building of their city, might be recorded in these pages. But a m\nprinted word has been incorporated into their own handiwork\u2014am\nthis recognition our honored pioneers are well satisfied.\nAnd what of John Morton, you ask? John Morton lived to se\nhomestead of his. And only this year was the last portion of his <\nacquired by the city for the perpetual beautification of Vancouver.\n CANADA'S DIAMOND JUBILEE of CONFEDERATION CELEBRATION\nCOMMITTEES AND MEMBERS\nGeneral Chairman: Alderman Frank E. Woodside Secretary: Bob Forgie, Jr.\nance: T. H. Kirk, Chairman; Capt. Jas. Anderson, C. C. Buckland. A. E. Foreman, W. R. Gillespie, Roy Hunter, C. J. K\nGeorge Kidd, J. M. Lay, Col. Victor Spencer, J. E. Stephenson, W. J. Blake Wilson. D. H. Robinson, A. J. Pilkington.\nParade: R. H. Gale, and members of the Gyro Club. Parade Marshal: Chief of Police Long.\nF,d\nC. M. Wo\nHo\nmodalion:\n\u25a0\u25a0 Hi\nFt\n2nd Printir\nlien\nFv\nlie Scho\nIs Celebrat\nntende\nGordor\nand Princ\n1 H\n1)\nHprH\nuatic Spc\nris: Aid. E\nv' 1)\n\u25a0cle Spar\ns: Fred De\nChe\nckers: H.\nCairnev.\nDo\ncing: Be\ntball: Th\nrtHoy.\nFno\n>mas Fawk\nLac\nrosse: J.\nH. Allan\n.M. W.\n. Braith\n.A. G.\nA.. McCon\nt. James A\nSgley.\ngi\nJ-I\nCol\nMr\nS. B. Clement.\nF. Crone.\nW. Dobson.\nCHAIRMEN OF COMMITTEES\nParks: C. E. 1\n-isdall.\nTewis1- Georg\ne SparlingWn'\nSwimming: Be\nYachting: G. 1\n. H. Robinson.\nMilitary: Lieut-Col. A. L. Coote.\nMEMBERS OF COMMITTEES\nConfederation,\" David Loughnan\n THE COUNCILS of GREATER VANCOUVER, 1927\nE. W. Dean\nH. E. Almond\nP. C. Gibbens\nJohn Bennett\nSOUTH VANCOUVER\nJ. W. Cornett, Reeve\nCouncillors:\nJas. R. Anderson, Walter J. Buckingham, D. W. Grii\nDavid Hall, A. MacDonald, E. L. Armstrong,\nW. H. Cotterell.\nVANCO\nUVE\nR CITY\nLouis D.\nrayl\nor, Mayor\nIdem\ntan Ward 1\nJ. A. Garbutt\nIderr\nnan Ward 2\nR. J. Paul\nIderr\ntan Ward 8\nF. E. Woodsi\nIderr\nianWard4\nAngus Macln\nPOINT GREY\nJam\nes Alexander Paton, Reeve\nCouncillors:\nC. Ath\nrton\nDr. Robt. N. Fraser, W. C. B\nTho\n.Re\nd, Thos. E. Bate, Warner Loat,\n\"rancis Gordon Forbes.\nBURNABY\nC. C. Bell, Rem\nCouncillors:\nJ. G. West, J. Gray, Lawrence Lambert, Gordon S. Moc\nDr.\n:, W. T. Wil\ntj.]\n The\nOffic\nial\ndistribution\nWomet\nof this\ni's Org\n\u00a3\u00a3\u00a3\nbeen un\nsofVa\ndertaken by thi\nfollowing\nLOCAL\nCOl\nJNCIL\nOF\nWOMEN\nThe Cor\nR\npresented\non\nmittee by\nMrs.\nVlis\nMrs.\nrhos. H.\nKirk\nMrs. D. j\n. McLachlan\nWOME\nN'S\nCANADIAN\nr CLUB\nThe Con\nR\npresented\n*w\u00bb Coot\nmittee by\nMrs. A. C\n*\nMrs.\nW. A. Clark\n \/r\nI\nRjse, Cowan Sr> J^tta, limited\n","type":"literal","lang":"en"},{"value":"At head of title: 1867-1927.
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