{"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.14288\/1.0107164":{"http:\/\/vivoweb.org\/ontology\/core#departmentOrSchool":[{"value":"Science, Faculty of","type":"literal","lang":"en"},{"value":"Botany, Department of","type":"literal","lang":"en"}],"http:\/\/www.europeana.eu\/schemas\/edm\/dataProvider":[{"value":"DSpace","type":"literal","lang":"en"}],"https:\/\/open.library.ubc.ca\/terms#degreeCampus":[{"value":"UBCV","type":"literal","lang":"en"}],"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/creator":[{"value":"Turner, Nancy Jean","type":"literal","lang":"en"}],"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/issued":[{"value":"2012-06-18T23:28:24Z","type":"literal","lang":"en"},{"value":"1973","type":"literal","lang":"en"}],"http:\/\/vivoweb.org\/ontology\/core#relatedDegree":[{"value":"Doctor of Philosophy - PhD","type":"literal","lang":"en"}],"https:\/\/open.library.ubc.ca\/terms#degreeGrantor":[{"value":"University of British Columbia","type":"literal","lang":"en"}],"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/description":[{"value":"Plant names in three Pacific Northwest Indian languages -- Haida\r\n(Skidegate and Masset dialects), Bella Coola, and Lillooet (Fraser\r\nRiver \"dialect\") -- were analyzed semantically and taxonomically. A\r\ncomputerized sorting system was developed to handle pertinent information\r\nassociated with these names and their corresponding plant types.\r\nAt the present time, each language contains an average of about\r\n150 generic-level plant names, over 50% of which correspond in a one-to-\r\none fashion with botanical species. Some of the names have no meaning\r\nother than as plant names, but most are analyzable into smaller\r\nunits of meaning, reflecting traditional beliefs, utilization, innate\r\ncharacteristics of the plants, or their resemblance to some substance,\r\nobject, or other plant. Some of the generic terms are obviously borrowed\r\nfrom other languages, and a number of taxa can be found in each\r\nlanguage which originally applied to indigenous species and have been\r\nexpanded in recent times to include cultivated or imported counterparts.\r\nEach language contains a few general \"life-form\" plant names, a\r\nnumber of intermediate taxa -- usually unnamed, and in Haida and Lillooet,\r\na few specific-level terms. None of the groups has an all-inclusive\r\nword for \"plant\". There are also several specialized generic-\r\nlevel terms in each language, and many general names for parts\r\nof plants.\r\nCultural significance of plants correlates positively with the\r\ndegree of specificity of names applied to them, with the number of\r\nspecialized terms associated with them, and with the lexical retention\r\nof their names in diverging dialects. Linguistic origin, floristic\r\ndiversity, cultural traits, inter-group contact, and especially the\r\nrecent acculturation of native peoples into \"white\" society, are believed\r\nto be major factors influencing the character of phytotaxonomic\r\nsystems of the three study groups.\r\nMaps of the study areas are provided, and appendixes are included\r\nlisting all plant names used in the study, their botanical correspondence,\r\nand the utilization and cultural significance of the plants involved.","type":"literal","lang":"en"}],"http:\/\/www.europeana.eu\/schemas\/edm\/aggregatedCHO":[{"value":"https:\/\/circle.library.ubc.ca\/rest\/handle\/2429\/42513?expand=metadata","type":"literal","lang":"en"}],"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2009\/08\/skos-reference\/skos.html#note":[{"value":"PLANT TAXONOMIC SYSTEMS AND ETHNOBOTANY OF THREE CONTEMPORARY INDIAN GROUPS OF THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST (HAIDA, BELLA COOLA, AND LILLOOET) by . Nancy Jean Turner B.Sc., University of Victoria, 1969 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS 'FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in the Department of Botany We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard The University of British Columbia September, 1973 In presenting this thesis In partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the Head of my Department or by his representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Department of pfiJANY - -The University of British Columbia Vancouver 8, Canada \u2022September 14, 1973 - i -ABSTRACT Plant names in three Pacific Northwest Indian languages \u2014 Haida (Skidegate and Masset dialects), Bella Coola, and Lillooet (Fraser River \"dialect\") \u2014 were analyzed semantically and taxonomically. A computerized sorting system was developed to handle pertinent infor-mation associated with these names and their corresponding plant types. At the present time, each language contains an average of about 150 generic-level plant names, over 50% of which correspond in a one-to-one fashion with botanical species. Some of the names have no mean-ing other than as plant names, but most are analyzable into smaller units of meaning, reflecting traditional beliefs, utilization, innate characteristics of the plants, or their resemblance to some substance, object, or other plant. Some of the generic terms are obviously bor-rowed from other languages, and a number of taxa can be found in each language which originally applied to indigenous species and have been expanded in recent times to include cultivated or imported counter-parts. Each language contains a few general \"life-form\" plant names, a number of intermediate taxa \u2014 usually unnamed, and in Haida. and Lil-looet, a few specific-level terms. None of the groups has an all-inclusive word for \"plant\". There are also several specialized gen-eric-level terms in each language, and many general names for parts of plants. Cultural significance of plants correlates positively with the degree of specificity of names applied to them, with the number of specialized terms associated with them, and with the lexical retention of their names in diverging dialects. Linguistic origin, floristic diversity, cultural traits, inter-group contact, and especially the recent acculturation of native peoples into \"white\" society, are be-lieved to be major factors influencing the character of phytotaxonomic systems of the three study groups. Maps of the study areas are provided, and appendixes are included listing all plant names used in the study, their botanical correspon-dence, and the utilization and cultural significance of the plants in-volved . - ill -CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ix INTRODUCTORY QUOTATION xi PREFACE xii PLATES xiv INTRODUCTION 1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY 7 The Haida Indians 7 The Bella Coola Indians 12 The Lillooet Indians 16 METHODOLOGY 22 Ethnoscience and Componential Analysis 22 Ethnoscience with Respect to the Present Research Program 26 Research Procedures Used in the Study 35 a) Literature research 35 b) Field vegetation surveys 36 c) Consultation with native informants 38 d) Synthesis of data 43 RESULTS 61 Phytotaxa of the Haida, Bella Coola, and Lillooet Indians 61 a) Unique beginner 62 b) Major life-form categories 68 i) Haida life-form categories 72 ii) Bella Coola life-form categories 78 Hi) Lillooet life-form categories 83 - iv -c) Intermediate categories 88 d) Generic categories 102 e) Specific and varietal categories 136 Non-taxonomic Botanical Terminology 147 Synonymy in Nomenclatural Systems 149 Cultural Dimensions of Folk Taxonomic Systems 155 DISCUSSION 171 Historical Development of Folk Phytotaxonomic Systems 171 External Factors Influencing Ethnophytotaxonomies 185 Modern Botanical Taxonomy versus Folk Taxonomic Systems 189 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 201 GLOSSARY 208 BIBLIOGRAPHY 211 Appendix 1. Native People Contributing Information to the Study, 219 Appendix 2. Practical Orthographic Symbols for the Haida Language (Masset and Skidegate dialects). 229 Appendix 3. Practical Orthographic Symbols for the Bella Coola Language. 233 Appendix 4. Practical Orthographic Symbols for Fraser River Lillooet (Upper Lillooet dialect). 235 Appendix 5. An Alphabetical Listing of Folk Segregates for Plants in Skidegate Haida. 237 Appendix 6. An Alphabetical Listing of Folk Segregates for Plants in Masset Haida. 3ig Appendix 7. An Alphabetical Listing of Folk Segregates for Plants in Bella Coola. 420 Appendix 8, An Alphabetical Listing of Folk Segregates for Plants in Fraser River Lillooet. 497 Appendix 9. General Botanical Terminology in the Skidegate Dialect of Haida. 552 - V -Appendix 10. General Botanical Terminology in the Masset Dialect of Haida. 553 Appendix 11. General Botanical Terminology in the Bella Goola Language. 554 Appendix 12. General Botanical Terminology in the Fraser River Dialect of Lillooet. 556 Appendix 13. Index of Common Names of Plant Species Included in the Study. 5 5 8 - vi -TABLES Table 1. Card design for information directly related to folk segregates for plants. 45 Table 2. Card design for information relating to botanical taxa delimited by the folk segregates. 50 Table 3. Card design for information related to the utilization of plants by Pacific Northwest Indians. 53 Table 4. Keys to codes used in computor sorting system. 57 Table 5. Examples of plant names in Haida containing the life-form markers, xil, lhk'aayii (S) \/ lhk'aay (M), and tlaas or lhk'amaal 12 (M). 69 Table 6. Haida life-form categories. 79 Table 7. Bella Coola life-form categories. 84 Table 8. Fraser River Lillooet life-form categories. 89 Table 9. Some examples of intermediate taxonomic categories for plants in Haida. 93 Table 10. Some examples of intermediate taxonomic categories for plants in Bella Coola. 96 Table 11. Some examples of intermediate taxonomic categories for plants in Fraser River Lillooet. 99 Table 12. Degree of correspondence of Haida, Bella Coola, and Lillooet plant segregates with botanical species. 104 Table 13. Selected examples of the five species correspondence categories delimited in Table 12. 105 Table 14. Examples of plant taxa originally involving indigenous species, and expanded in historic times to include imported or cultivated counterparts. 109 Table 15. Examples of generic plant names known to have been borrowed from other languages. 112 Table 16. Some examples of unique generic plant names and segments of names. 116 Table 17. Examples of generic plant terms originating in post-contact times. 121 - vii -Table 18. Examples of generic plant names originating from mythology and traditional beliefs; 124 Table 19. Examples of plants named synonymously with objects and materials manufactured from them. 126 Table 20. Examples of plants named after innate species characteristics. 127 Table 21. Examples of plants named after substances or objects they resemble. 131 Table 22. Examples of plants named after other plants. 133 Table 23. Examples of plants having generic names which are \"types\" for broader taxonomic categories. 135 Table 24. A summary of the nomenelatural criteria applied to plant segregates in Haida, Bella Coola, and Lillooet. 1 3 7 Table 25. Nomenelatural criteria for Hanunoo plants, as denoted by Conklin (1954). 138 Table 26. Examples of named specific plant taxa in Haida and Lillooet. 140 Table 27. Examples of specific taxa which are psychologically valid, but which are not recognized nomenclaturally. 142 Table 28. Examples of specialized \"non-taxonomic\" botanical terminology in Haida, Bella Coola, and Lillooet. 150 Table 29. Examples of synonymous generic plant names in Haida,. Bella Coola, and Lillooet. 153 Table 30. Cultural status of plants in relation to their nomen-elatural recognition in Haida, Bella Coola, and Lillooet. 158 Table 31. Lexical retention and cultural significance of plants in the Skidegate and Masset dialects of Haida. 161 Table 32. Examples of Skidegate and Masset Haida plant names which are: I. identical, II. cognates, and III. linguistically unrelated. 164 - viii -FIGURES Figure 1. Map of British Columbia Indian groups, linguistic subdivisions. Figure 2. Territory of the Haida Indians in British Columbia (Queen Charlotte Islands). Figure 3. Territory of the Bella Coola Indians, showing the vicinity of the permanent village sites. Figure 4. Territory of the Lillooet Indians, showing linguistic divisions. Figure 5. Diagrammatic representation of a taxonomic hierarchy. Figure 6. A diagrammatic scheme of universal phytotaxonomic category types based on conclusions of Berlin (1971) and Raven, Berlin, and Breedlove (1971). Figure 7. Diagrammatic representation of Haida life-form categories. Figure 8. Diagrammatic representation of Bella Coola life-form categories. Figure 9. Diagrammatic representation of Fraser River Lillooet life-form categories. Figure 10. Suggested historical derivation of the specific segre-gate, 'Haida-apples' for Pyrus fusca (wild crabapple). Figure 11. A graphic portrayal of linguistic divergence of plant names in Skidegate and Masset Haida, showing the rela-tionship between lexical retention and cultural sig-nificance. Figure 12. Graph showing the relationship between the number of linguistically discrete generic-level terms applied to a plant species and cultural significance in Masset and Skidegate Haida, Bella Coola, and Lillooet, Figure 13. The domains and their chiefs in Okanagan Salish mythology. - Ix -ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS :: I have been fortunate in having as my graduate adviser Dr. Roy L. Taylor, Director of the Botanical Garden, University of British Colum-bia. His continuing interest, support, and advise from the beginning of my graduate program to the preparation of this thesis is sincerely appreciated. I would also like to thank the members of my graduate advising committee \u2014 Drs. W. Schofield, R. Foreman, and G. Hughes, of the Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, and Professor W. Duff of the Department of Anthropology and Sociology \u2014 for their suggestions and comments on the research project and editorial criti-cisms of this thesis. Dr. J. Maze, Department of Botany, and my fath-er, Dr. J. Chapman, also spent considerable time and effort in discuss-ing my research findings with me and providing editorial criticism. This research would not have been possible without assistance from the following specialists: Robert Levine (linguist, Department of Anth-ropology, Columbia University, New York); Dr. Aert Kuipers, Henk Nater, and Jan van Eijk (Department of Linguistics, University of Leiden, Holland); Randy Bouchard and his research assistant, Dorothy Kennedy (B.C. Indian Language Project, Victoria, B.C.); and Stephen Borden (pro-grammer-analyst, Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C.). I am indebted to all of the native people who contributed their time and knowledge to the study \u2014 especially George Young of Skidegate, Mrs. Florence Davidson of Masset, Mrs. Margaret Siwallace of Bella Coola, David Moody (late) of Bella Coola, and Sam Mitchell of Fountain (Lillooet). My husband, Robert Turner, accompanied me on all of the field exped-itions., He assisted me in collecting plants, photography, and tape re-cording, and drew the maps appearing in this thesis. He has provided limitless moral suppore throughout the duration of this project. Most of the field research was funded from a National Research Coun-cil of Canada Grant (A5705) to Dr. Taylor. My graduate program was made possible through a series of National Research Council Postgraduate Schol-arships, from July 1970 through October 1973. - xi -\"...I am convinced that a likely place to begin one's search for semantic universals which may reflect man's socio-technological dev-elopment is precisely in the area of man's classification of his nat-ural universe. Hence, I personally consider semantic studies of such domains as ethnobotany, ethnozoology, ethnogeography, and the like as representing important research priorities. Here, for once, is a plausible and theoretically significant reason for becoming involved in urgent ethnographic work among vanishing peoples whose apprecia-tion of the natural world comes close to that of man in earliest times.\" (Berlin 1969). \u2022\u00ab - xii -. PREFACE Plant classification of aboriginal groups is not well known, and with each passing decade, a significant loss of information occurs. The following study includes the only known attempt to document native terminological systems for plants in the Pacific Northwest.* Other ethnobotanical studies have been carried out in this region (Steedman 1929; Gunther 1945; Smith 1928; Turner 1972a, 1972b; Turner and Bell 1971, 1973), but these have not included investigations of plant tax-onomic systems as an integral part of the project. The present study was begun in the summer of 1970. Initially, only the Haida Indians of the Queen Charlotte Islands were included in the program. After two summers of field work with Skidegate and Masset Haida, it was decided to expand the study to include first a river-inlet group, the Bella Coola, and secondly an interior group, the Fraser River Lillooet, in order^to add a cultural and vegetational comparative dimension to the program. Field work with these two groups was carried out during the summer and fall of 1972, and in the spring of 1973. General research procedures involved interviewing older members of the native communities, either indoorss employing fresh or dried plant specimens as subject material, or where possible in actual field situa-tions, using living plants. Information on uses of these plants, beliefs * This term, although variable in meaning, is the most appropriate word in the context of the present study. Here, it is defined as the re-gion from northern Oregon to northern British Columbia, and from the Pacific coast east to the Rocky Mountains. - xiii -associated with them, names applied to them, and any ideas about their relationships with other plants, animals, or objects were recorded. Initially an attempt was made to apply componential analysis* techniques of ethnoscience to determine underlying structures of plant taxonomic systems. This method proved to be impractical in terms of the available time of the informants, variability of responses, non-availability of phonological and syntactical information on the lang-uages, and the obvious influence of English folk categories on native thought. Because of these factors, it was felt that the structure and mean-ing of the native plant names themselves, together with the defined conditions of their application and appropriate comments and observa-ations obtained from general informal conversations, would give insights into both aboriginal and post-contact classification systems more ef-fectively and efficiently than would componential analysis. The results and ideas presented in this thesis are hopefully only the beginning of a comprehensive description of the ethnobotany and phytotaxonomy of the Indians of British Columbia. As more information from different language groups and vegetational zones in the Province is collected and analyzed, the data listed here will probably take on new meaning and significance. Meanwhile, they will contribute an addi-tional and significant element to the knowledge of cultures and man's relationship to vegetation in the Pacific Northwest. * In view of the interdisciplinary nature of the study, a selected glossary of specialized terminology is provided at the end. - xiv -PLATES Plates I & II. Florence Davidson of Masset, Queen Charlotte Islands, gathering red cedar bark (Thuja plicata) for weaving (summer 1971 see Appendix 1). Plate III. Ganoderma, one of several types of bracket fungi called 'pilot-biscuit's grandmother' in Skidegate Haida and 'rotten-wood biscuit' in Masset Haida (see Table 17), Plate IV. Sam Mitchell of Fountain (Lillooet) collecting the edible stalks of \"Indian rhubarb\" or cow parsnip (Heracleum lanatum) (spring 1973). Plate V. Mature plant of Heracleum lanatum. Plate VI. Heracleum stalks, showing male (flowering stalks) and female (leaf stalks) types, as distinguished by Fraser River Lillooet Indians (see Table 28). Both kinds are edible, but are prepared in different ways. Plate VII. Five varieties of Saskatoon berries (Amelanchier alnifolia) as distinguished by Fraser River Lillooet Indians (see Table 26). Top left of picture: \"white\" variety - spekpek. Top right - \"red\" variety - swelhkwa7-u7sa7. Center: \"rotten\" variety - nek'nakw'-ukw'sa7. Bottom left: \"sweet\" variety - stl'exelus. Bottom right \"real Saskatoons\" - stsekwm-ul. The photo was taken in June 1973. Plate VIII. The \"red\" variety of Amelanchier alnifolia (see Plate VII), just before the berries are ripe. When fully ripe, they are dark blue, but they are sweet and juicy even when red. Plate II - xvi -Plate III - xvii -Plate IV Plate II - xix -Plate VIII INTRODUCTION The intellectual capacity of humans for classifying natural objects and even abstract concepts is widely recognized (Tyler 1969). Even in so-called \"primitive\" societies, in which technology and subsistence are at a comparatively unsophisticated level, the rich diversity of the en-vironment is described in detail by the nomenclatural and classification systems within the culture. Levi-Strauss (1966) has devoted an entire book, The Savage Mind, to the proposition that \"savage\" societies through-out the world not only have detailed systems of ordering objects and phenomena in their environments, by that these systems, far from being haphazard, are well organized and completely logical when studied on their own premises and in their cultural contexts. Interest in aboriginal taxonomic systems has grown rapidly over the last two decades, and numerous documented descriptions of native classi-fication systems have appeared (cf. Berlin, Breedlove, and Laughlin 1970; Berlin, Breedlove, and Raven 1966; Bright and Bright 1965; Bulmer 1967; Conklin 1954; Diamond 1965;.Frake 1961; Goss 1967; Price 1967). Many such studies have included the classification and nomenclature of local floras by aboriginal peoples. Plants provide a concrete, discrete, and virtually universal semantic domain, and for this reason, are excep-tionally useful subjects for cognitive studies. The accumulation of research data pertaining to individual folk taxonomic systems for plants has inspired the development of a number of generalizations applicable to all ethnophytotaxonomies, and in some cases, to all folk taxonomies. These include a list proposed by Raven, Berlin, and Breedlove (1971) of general characteristics common to folk taxonomic systems, Conklin's (1966) discussion of the differences between folk taxa and the taxonomic groups of biological systematics, and Ber-lin's (1971) series of speculations concerning the growth and develop-ment of ethnobotanical nomenclature and classification systems. None of the data involved in the formulation of these generaliza-tions has originated from the cultures of the Pacific Northwest region. Indeed, the ethnophytotaxonomic studies considered have been largely from tropical or sub-tropical areas in cultures having agricultural economies, such as the Tzeltal-speaking Mayans of southern Mexico (Ber-lin, Breedlove, and Raven 1968), the Hanunoo of the Philippines (Conklin 1954), and the Huichol of northern Jalisco, Mexico (Price 1967). Even the temperate cultures considered \u2014 the Ojibwa (Black 1967), Navajo (Wyman and Harris 1941), Hopi (Whiting 1966), and various Californian tribes (Bright and Bright 1965) are almost all of southern temperate distribution, and most have an economy based at least partially on agriculture. The present study considers the plant taxonomic systems of three Pacific Northwest Indian groups, all aboriginally non-agricultural. The first, Haida, is an insular group of the northern Pacific coast (Figure 1). The second, Bella Coola, is a river-inlet group of the central Bri-tish Columbian coast (Figure 1), and the third, Fraser River Lillooet, is a river-oriented culture of the Interior Plateau (Figure 1). The Haida language is apparently of Na-dene stock, while Bella Coola and Lillooet are Salishan languages, and are thus distantly related. Each group is distinct from the others historically, culturally, and vegetationally. Figure 1. Map of British Columbia Indian groups, linguistic subdivisions (after Duff 1964). 3a Hopefully the data presented here on plant taxonomic systems of these groups will contribute a new dimension to the general study of cogni-tive systems, particularly as they relate to ethnophytotaxonomies, One advantage of research in ethnophytotaxonomic systems of the Pacific Northwest is that the flora in this region is well studied (cf. Henry 1915; Hitchcock et al. 1955 - 1969; Calder and Taylor 1968). The comparison of folk taxa with current botanical taxonomic categor-ies is greatly facilitated in areas that have thoroughly described floras. Modern phytotaxa, when well known, can be utilized as a \"tran-slation medium\" for comparison of two or more folk taxonomic systems. The present phylogenetic system, as the most universal of all nomen-elatural and classification systems for plants, and the most completely documented and regulated, serves as the only available standard against which various folk taxonomies can be described and contrasted. A disadvantage to the study of ethnophytotaxonomies in the Pacific Northwest is the recent rapid loss of language and cultural information amongst native peoples, a direct result of their acculturation into western society. None.of the Indian people involved in the study was completely monolingual, although all of them learned English only as a second language in school. Interviews for this project were conducted in English, sometimes with the help of another member of the family as a partial interpreter. The high degree of acculturation of the study groups was one of the main factors involved in the lack of success in applying componential analysis procedures in the program. Formal semantic methodology, including componential analysis techniques, have been successfully ap-plied in many of the more rigorous studies of folk taxonomic systems (Tyler 1969) , but attempts to use them in the present study proved impractical and produced inconclusive results, at least partially be-cause of a pronounced but immeasurable influence of \"white\" cognitive systems on native thought. As a result, a more informal type of inter-viewing was adopted. The results of these interviews were combined with an analysis of the content and conditions of application of the aboriginal plant terms themselves. From all indications, these terms, as basic lexical components of a language, seem less subject to varia-tion over time than cultural ideas and opinions about inter-relation-ships between plants (cf. Bright and Bright 1965). In the Pacific Northwest, as in other regions, it is essential to consider ethnobotanical information on the uses and roles of plants in a society as both influencing and reflecting classification of plants. Thus, collecting data on the cultural importance of plants has been an integral part of the present study. Ethnobotanical data are significant in their own right as resource materials for many different fields of study (cf. Schultes 1960; Turner and Bell 1971), and for purposes of this project, the ethnobotanical information accumulated for each of the three groups has been organized for publication as a discrete unit. Sorting and summarizing the immense variety of data relating to aboriginal plant names, botanical taxa, and cultural information about plants was accomplished in this project by means of a computer. The coding system and the sorting program used were designed specifically to handle these data and similar types of data for other Pacific North-west groups. To my knowledge, this particular approach to the analysis of aboriginal plant names and ethnobotanical data for the purpose of discerning and summarizing folk taxonomic relationships has not been attempted elsewhere. It has a number of advantages, and may prove useful on a wider scale. BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY In this section, pertinent information on the history, culture, language, geography, and vegetation of the three study groups is pre-sented. The Haida Indians The Haida formerly occupied about 20* permanent villages around the coast of the Queen Charlotte Islands and the Prince of Wales Island group in Alaska (see Figure 2). ** Their aboriginal population is es-timated at 7,000 to 10,000 (Jenness 1934). By 1915 the Haida popula-tion on the Queen Charlottes had been reduced to under 600 individuals (Duff 1964). Those from the southern half of the Islands had assembled at the village of Skidegate, and are now recognized as the speakership of the Skidegate dialect. *** People from the northern villages had congregated at Masset, and now comprise the speakership of the Masset dialect. As of 1970, the Haida (excluding the Kaigani people of Alaska) numbered 1367: 1015 at Masset, and 352 at Skidegate (Department of Indian * Estimates of the number of village sites run as high as 39 (Harrison 1895), but for any given time, the figure of 20 is probably more realistic. ** According to available information, the migration of Haida people to Alaska was relatively recent, having taken place about A.D. 1750 (Swan-ton 1911). The Kaigani dialect, spoken by Alaskan Haida, is very simi-lar to the Masset dialect. The Kaigani Haida are not considered in the present study. *** The Skidegate dialect, even today, is apparently a partially artificial grouping, since different Haida speakers at Skidegate display major phonological and grammatical differences in their speech (Robert Levine Columbia University, New York, personal communication). For purposes of this study, the Skidegate people will be considered a dialectic unit Figure 2. Territory of the Haida Indians in British Columbia (Queen Charlotte Islands). 8a HAIDA INDIAN T E R R I T O R Y (QUEEN CHARLOTTE Is.) 10 20 30 \u00ab0, 'Ml. \u2022d^o g'o ^ =wm K m-Affairs and Northern Development 1970). The linguistic affiliations of the Haida are not well understood. Like the Tlingit Indians of Alaska and the Athapaskan peoples of the northern interior of British Columbia and Alaska, their language is suggested to be an isolate of the Na-dene phylum of languages (Driver 1961). Similarly, the territorial origins of the Haida are not known. Archaeological studies indicate that the Queen Charlotte Islands have been occupied for at least 8,000 years, presumably by at least some of the ancestors of the present day Haida population (Fladmark 1970), It has been suggested that the first people travelled to the Queen Char-lottes during the Pleistocene, at the time of a glacial maximum, over an exposed section of sea floor. * Fladmark (1970) points out that a drop of only 250 feet in sea level would connect the Charlottes to the off-shore islands and mainland of Alaska. Heusser (1960) suggested this route to explain the presence of caribou on the Queen Charlotte Islands. The Haida Indians belong to the northern province of the Northwest Coast Cultural Area. This sub-unit also includes the Tlingit and Tsimshian cultures, and marginally those of the northern divisions of the Kwakiutl (Drucker 1955) (see Figure 1). These groups are charac-terized by a number of cultural traits, including a matrilineal social organization, with exogamous moieties, forming the basis of crest * Archaeological evidence suggests that at this time, the technology for construction of ocean-going canoes had not yet been developed (Flad-mark 1973, public lecture on \"The Prehistory of the Queen Charlotte Islandc11 - 10 -ownership, inheritance, life-cycle rituals, and social functions. The Haida, and to a lesser extent, the other groups in the northern sub-unit, are widely known for their outstanding sculptural and graphic artforms, based on stylistic representations of natural objects. Dru-cker (1955) lists other features characterizing the northern sub-unit. The Haida people were coast dwellers. Their economy centered around the ocean, beaches, river-mouths, and lowland forests of the Queen Charlottes. They rarely ventured into the mountainous interior of the Islands or into the extensive muskegs of Graham Island, except to hunt waterfowl or pick berries. Their villages were situated in the wet subzone of the Coastal Western Hemlock Biogeoclimatic Zone (Krajina 1970), which extends throughout the lower elevations of the Islands. Through seasonal migrations and inter-village contacts, the Haida encountered a variety of plant community types within this zone. Most notable are: marine and intertidal algal communities, maritime com-munities (including shingle and sand beaches, rocks and cliffs, and salt marshes), bog and swamp communities, fresh water aquatic com-munities, and forest communities (including sand-dune forest, meadow forest, and closed forest) (described in Calder and Taylor 1968). Several upland forest and montane communities also occur on the Islands (see Calder and Taylor 1968), but because of their lack of contact with upland areas, the Haida people were generally unfamiliar with montane flora. Even before before the coming of the white man, the Haida apparent-ly had frequent contact with other Indian groups. They crossed over to - 1 1 -the mainland every spring to obtain eulachon grease from the Nass River Tsimshian, in exchange for canoes, carved chests, sea-otter skins, dried herring eggs on kelp, and dried Porphyra.* They also traded with the Tlingit for Chilkat blankets, copper, mountain-goat horn, and mountain-sheep horn (Drucker 1950). In post-contact times, these trading expeditions increased in frequency, and potatoes, turnips, and other garden vegetables were added to the list of items traded by the Haida. The dominant tree species of the lowland forests of the Queen Charlottes are all conifers: Tsuga heterophylla (western hemlock), Picea sitchensis (Sitka spruce), and Thuja plicata (western red cedar). All of these attain considerable stature in mature forests, and all were important economic species to the Haida. In the upland forests, of the Mountain Hemlock Biogeoclimatic Zone (Krajina 1970), Tsuga merten-siana (mountian hemlock) becomes increasingly prevalent (Calder and Taylor 1968). Pinus contorta (lodgepole pine) and Chamaecyparis nootka\u2014 tensis (yellow cedar) are dominant species of the lowland muskegs, and Taxus brevifolia (western yew) occurs sporadically in the forested areas. Alnus rubra (red alder) is the only abundant deciduous tree on the Islands. It commonly grows in burned or disturbed sites, and has undoubtedly increased in frequency since the advent of logging. Pyrus fusca (wild crabapple) and Alnus crispa ssp. sinuata (Sitka alder) also occur in many areas. * An index of common names of plants mentioned in this thesis is in-cluded at the end. - 1 2 -A number of tree species are conspicuously absent from the Queen Charlotte flora. These include Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas fir), Abies amabills (amabilis fir), A., grandis (grand fir) , A. laslbcarpa (subalpine fir), Pinus monticola (white pine), Populus trichocarpa (black cottonwood), P. tremuloides (trembling aspen), Betula papy-rifera (paper birch), Acer macrophyllum (broad-leaved maple), A. glabrum (Rocky Mountain maple), Prunus emarginata (bitter cherry), and Rhamnus purshiana (cascara). Most of these species do occur in the territory of the Bella Coola Indians, and form a major differentiating feature between the types of vegetation encountered by these two groups. The Bella Coola Indians The Bella Coola people once lived in numerous scattered villages along the Bella Coola, Kimsquit, and Kwatna Rivers, and the upper reaches of Dean and Burke Channels (see Figure 3). Mcllwraith (1948) lists about 20 villages in this area which were occupied around the time of Mackenzie.'s journey to the coast in 1793. Various other sites are known to have been occupied at the same period at least on a temp-orary basis (Hobler 1970). The most concentrated aboriginal population was apparently in the Bella Coola Valley (Hobler 1970). In pre-contact times, the Bella Coola population probably exceeded 3,000 individuals, but by 1929, this figure had declined to 250, mostly due to disease epidemics (Mcllwraith 1948; Duff 1964). As of 1970, there were 597 people in this group, occupying a single village, Bella Coola, near the mouth of the Bella Coola River (Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development 1970). . Figure 3. Territory of the Bella Coola Indians, showing the vicinity of the permanent village sites. (The actual range of the Bella Coola extended over a significantly wider area.) 13a - 1 4 -The Bella Coola are an Isolated enclave of Salish speakers in a Kwakiutl speaking region (see Figure 1). Their exact affiliations with other Salishan groups are still unknown (see Jorgensen 1969). They may have originally migrated northward along the coast from the lower mainland of British Columbia, or across the Coast Mountains from the Interior Plateau. Alternately, they may have at one time had a continuous distribution with other Salish groups, having been subsequent-ly isolated by the intrusion of the Kwakiutl and Carrier peoples. The length of time the Bella Coola have occupied the area is also unknown. C-^ datings at one archaeological excavation site indicate the presence of humans in the area about 9,000 B.P. (P.M. Hobler, archae-ologist, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, B.C., personal communica-tion) , but the Bella Coola probably did not arrive until considerably later. Archaeological work in the Bella Coola area is continuing, and ultimately a more complete chronology of human habitation will be es-tablished. The Bella Coola are a uni-dialectic group, although people from Kimsquit and probably from other outlying areas as well, show slight differences in their speech compared to those from Bella Coola (Henk Nater, linguist, University of Leiden, Leiden, Holland, personal com-munication) . The Salishan origin of the Bella Coola is reflected in part by their amorphous, informal social organization. Generally, however, Bella Coola cultural traits, particularly their material culture and mythology, show a remarkable similarity to those of the neighbouring - 1 5 -Kwakiutl peoples, indicating a high degree of social interchange and cultural \"borrowing\". Thus, the Bella Coola are included in the middle, or Wakashan-speaking province of the Northwest Coast Cultural Area (Drucker 1955). The resources of the local rivers and inlets were crucial to the subsistence of the Bella Coola people, but their resource base was broader than a local one. Within the year, they travelled over a wide territorial and elevational range hunting mountain-goat and other mam-mals, gathering berries, cedar bark, and various other plant products, and trading with adjacent Indian groups, including the Northern and Southern Kwakiutl on the coast, and the Carrier and\/or Chilcotin * peoples of the interior (Mcllwraith 1948; Margaret Siwallace, Bella Coola, B.C., personal communication). As with the Haida, the Bella Coola village sites are situated in the Coastal Western Hemlock Biogeoclimatic Zone (Krajina 1970), but their travels brought them in contact with a number of other vegetation zones, including the Mountain Hemlock Zone, the Engelmann Spruce -Subalpine Fir Zone, and the Caribou Aspen - Lodgepole Pine - Douglas-fir Zone (described in Krajina 1970). In terms of subsistence, the most important community types to the Bella Coola were the well vegetated estuarine flats, such as those at Bella Coola, and the various types * Morice (1925) states that the references of other ethnographers, such as Harlan Smith, to contacts between the Bella Coola and Carrier peoples were mistaken, and that actually the Chilcotin people, not the Carrier, were involved in contacts with the coast. Mcllwraith (1948) and Goldman (1941), on the other hand, cite many instances of inter-action between Carrier and Bella Coola peoples. of forest communities. These have not been studied floristically or ecologically in any detail. The peat bog or muskeg community, so pre-valent on the Queen Charlottes, is almost entirely lacking from the Bella Coola area; some of the most common plants of this community, such as Kalmla polifolia and Vaecinium oxycoccus, are unknown to the Bella Coola people, at least at the present time. Common tree species of the Bella Coola area are: Tsuga heterophylla (western hemlock) , T_. mertensiana (mountain hemlock), Ficea sitchensis (Sitka spruce), Thuja plicata (western red cedar), Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas fir), Abies amabilis (amabilis fir), Chamaecyparis nootkatensls (yellow cedar), Pinus contorta (lodgepole pine), Alnus rubra (red alder), A. crispa ssp. sinuata (Sitka alder), Populus trlchocarpa (black cotton-wood), Acer glabrum (Rocky Mountian maple), and Pyrus fusca (wild crab-apple). Other species, less frequent, but nevertheless present are: Taxus brevifolia (western yew), Abies lasiocarpa (subalpine fir), Picea engelmannii (Engelmann spruce), Populus tremuloides (trembling aspen), and Prunus emarginata (bitter cherry). Notably absent from the Bella Coola flora are: Abies grandls (grand fir), Pinus monticola (white pine), Cornus nuttallii (Pacific flowering dogwood), Arbutus menziesii (Pacific madrone), and Acer macrophyllum (broad-leaved maple), whose ranges do not extend as far north as Bella Coola. The Lillooet Indians Lillooet peoples are categorized into two dialectic groups: Lower Lillooet and Upper Lillooet. These are differentiated not only - 1 7 -linguistically, but culturally, geographically, and ecologically. They are further divided into four smaller divisions, or \"bands\"* (Teit 1906). The Lower Lillooet group includes the Lillooet River band, form-erly occupying eight villages at Douglas and along the Lower Lillooet River, and the Pemberton band, formerly occupying five villages at Lillooet Lake and Pemberton Meadows (Mount Currie) (see Figure 4). Lower Lillooet people are presently concentrated at the villages of Douglas, Skookum Ghuck, Samahquam, and Mount Currie.** The Upper Lillooet group consists of the Lake band, formerly occupying six villages around Anderson and Seton Lakes, and the Fraser River band, formerly occupying six villages along the Fraser River from just below the present town of Lillooet to below the mouth of Pavilion Creek (Figure 4). Present Upper Lillooet settlements** include Anderson Lake, Seton Lake, Cayoose Creek, Lillooet, Bridge River, and Fountain. The present study involves only the Fraser River band of Upper Lillooet; the major informant is from Fountain. Early estimates suggest that Lillooet peoples may have numbered 4,000 in precontact days (Teit 1906). By 1903, this number had been reduced by smallpox epidemics and famines to just over 1,100 ~ about 500 in the Lower Lillooet group and about 650 in Upper Lillooet (Teit 1906). In 1970, the Lillooet people numbered 2,494: 1,321 Lower Lillooet and 1,173 Upper Lillooet (Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development 1970), * Teit's (1906) use of the term \"band\" is more general than the present day concept of \"band\" as a single Indian village unit. ** These are \"bands\" in the modern context. - 1 8 -Figure 4, Territory of the Lillooet Indians, showing linguistic divisions. 1 8 a - 1 9 -The Lillooet language is related to the Thompson, Shuswap, and Okanagan languages of British Columbia. All of these are classified in the interior division of the Salish language family (Driver 1961), as seen in Figure 1. Recent archaeological research in the Lytton-Lillooet area has given some insights into the pre-history of this region (Sanger 1969). After Pleistocene glaciation, the first people to enter the Lillooet area, as early as 9,000 B.P., were migrants from the area now included in the State of Washington. Their identifiable traits are known as the Lochnore complex, and are characterized by leaf-shaped projectile points, macroblades, edge-battered cobbles, and an absence of micro-blades (Sanger 1969). About 7,000 years ago, these people were appar-ently displaced by another group from the central interior of British Columbia. The new occupation, termed the Nesikep Tradition, is char-acterized by a more advanced stone-chipping technology with microblades. The Nesikep Tradition passed through a number of distinct periods, and can be viewed as ultimately evolving into the Interior Salish cultures of the historic period (Sanger 1969; Stryd and Hills 1972)\u201e The cultural features of the Fraser River Lillooet are similar to those of other Interior Salish groups. Together, these groups form a rather loosely defined unit known as the Plateau Culture Area, named after the Columbia plateaus (Driver 1961). General features of this unit include: a loosely structured social organization, without emphasis on rank or class; the use of semi-subterranean winter dwellings, called pithouses, for extended family groups; and a hunting-gathering economy, with emphasis on fishing anadromous salmon. - 20 -The Plateau cultures, particularly in the peripheral groups, show many cultural traits of adjacent culture areas (Driver 1961). The Lower Lillooet, for example, are actually culturally transitional be-tween the Northwest Coast and Plateau Culture Areas. The Fraser River Lillooet are a definite unit of the Plateau Culture Area, both cultur-ally and geographically, but even this group had indirect access to coastal cultures through frequent trade contacts with the Lower Lillooet. This latter group used to make annual journeys to the Fraser River area in late summer, to exchange goods such as dentalia and other shells, cedar bark, wood of yew, vine maple, and yellow cedar, hazelnuts, dried huckleberries, goat-hair blankets, and fish oil, for interior products, such as Indian hemp (Apocynum spp.), Salix exigua bark twine, Erythronlum grandiflorum bulbs, dried Saskatoon berries, soapberries, and choke cherries, dried meat, fat, and animal skins (Teit 1906). Three Biogeoclimatic Zones are distinguished in the Fraser River Lillooet territory: the Ponderosa Pine - Bunchgrass Zone of lower eleva-tions (below about 2,000 feet); the Interior Douglas-fir Zone of middle elevations (approximately 2,000 to 4,500 feet); and the Engelmann Spruce - Subalpine Fir Zone of elevations above about 4,500 feet (Krajina 1970). The permanent winter dwellings of the Fraser River Lillooet were usually located in the Ponderosa Pine - Bunchgrass Zone. The topography of the Fraser River Lillooet territory is extremely variable. Stryd and Hills (1972) divide the area into three major physiographic units: the rocky canyon floor of the Fraser River, fre-quented for salmon fishing; the sloping terraces above the River, where most of the winter pithouse dwelling sites and modern settlements are - 21 -located; and the hills and mountains above the river valley, the usual sites of hunting and root-gathering activities. Numerous plant communities occur within these biogeoclimatic zones and physiographic units, each modified by soil texture, slope, exposure, and available moisture. In terms of the Fraser River Lillooet economy, the most important communities were those of the high mountain slopes and valleys, where large quantities of \"Indian potatoes\" (Glaytonia lanceolata and Erythronium grandiflorum) were dug annually, and the dry river terraces, where several types of berries (such as Amelanchier alnifolia, Crataegus douglasii, and Prunus virginiana) and \"roots\" (e.g. Balsamorrhiza sagittata) were gathered. Common tree species in the vicinity of the Lillooet-Fountain area are: Pinus ponderosa (ponderosa pine), P^. contorta (lodgepole pine), Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca (interior Douglas fir), Populus tremu-loldes (trembling aspen), jP. trichocarpa (black cottonwood), Betula papyrifera (paper birch), and Acer glabrum (Rocky Mountain maple). At higher elevations, Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (yellow cedar), Abies lasiocarpa (subalpine fir), Picea engelmannii (Engelmann spruce), Picea glauca (white spruce), Pinus albicaulis (white-bark pine), Alnus crispa ssp. slnuata (Sitka alder), and A. incana (mountain alder) are found. A number of coastal trees occur in the mountains to the west of Lillooet, and are recognized by the Fraser River Lillooet. These include Pinus monticola (white pine), Thuj a pllcata (western red cedar), Taxus brevi-folia (western yew), Alnus rubra (red alder), Acer macrophyllum (broad-leaved maple), Prunus emarginata (bitter cherry), Pyrus fusca (wild crabapple), and Rhamnus purshiana (cascara). - 22 -METHODOLOGY ' The methodology applied in the present study was influenced and directed by methods used by other researchers in the description of folk taxonomic systems. The standard type of methodology associated with cognitive studies is outlined and discussed in the first part of this section. Following this is a discussion of the methodology in the context of the present project. Finally, the procedures ultimately adopted in the study are outlined in detail. Ethnoscience and Componential Analysis Many descriptions of folk taxonomic systems have been \"...nonsystem-atic, incomplete, and anecdotal\" (Berlin, Breedlove, and Raven 1966). In recent years, however, there has been a trend towards increased formal-ization in the collection and analysis of ethnosemantic data. A new ethnographic school has developed in the past two decades, variously known as ethnoscience, ethnosemantics, or cognitive anthropology,* whose basic tenets include the systematic collection and formal analysis of cognitive and semantic terminology.. The central method within the field of ethnoscience Is known as componential analysis.** This method was first described in relation to cognitive systems by Goodenough (1956) in the periodical Language (v. 32, no. 1). Also appearing in the. same number of Language was a paper * Other synonyms for these terms include: ethnographic semantics, linguistic ethnography, and folk science (Eglin 1972; Berlin 1968; Werner 1967). ** This term is frequently regarded as another synonym of ethnoscience (Werner 1967; Berlin 1969), but I feel that Eglin's (1972) descrip-tion of it as a method rather than a discipline is more appropriate. - 2 3 -by Lounsbury (1956) in which componential analysis was applied to the study of a kinship system. Since that time, adherents of the ethno-scientific school have produced as ever-growing body of semantic and folk taxonomic studies, based on componential analysis and other formal methods of analysis. The goals of ethnoscience and componential analysis are commend-able. \"The problem is to define the taxonomic system itself \u2014 that is, to explicate the rules by which users of the terms group various social and genealogical characteristics into concepts\" (Wallace 1962), or, more generally, to discover \"how people construe their world of experience from the way they talk about it\" Frake 1962). Ethnoscientific procedures can be detailed as follows: 1) an inventory is made of terminology within a given semantic domain; 2) information is assembled on each linguistic form as a semantic class of objects; 3) when possible, the classificatory dimensions imposed upon the field by native linguistic usage are isolated; 4) through a series of culturally appropriate questions,- semantic distinctions (components) are established which apportion the terms into sets and sub-sets, such that every item in the domain is dis-tinguished from every other item by at least one component, and is at the same time related to every other item by inclusion at some level in a broader taxonomic category; and 5) a classification is erected based on the successive-inclusion and exclusion of each defined item within the domain (Lounsbury 1963; Burling 1964; Berlin 1968). The procedures outlined are accomplished through interviews with preferably a large number of native speakers. In order that there be no cultural bias or misunderstandings on the part of the ethnographer, the interviews should be conducted entirely in the language of the - 2 4 -native informant (Conklin 1962; Werner 1967), and care should be taken not to bias the informant's responses by allusions to other taxonomic systems familiar to the researcher. In terms of ethnophytotaxonomic research, this means that the interviewer must make a special effort not to imply equivalence between folk phytotaxa and botanical taxa, even when it is convenient to do so. To obtain an authentic description of a classification system in another culture, one must never incorporate assumptions or implications about the nature of the system into the elicitation process. Thus, to ask a question, \"What kind of a tree is that (x)?\" without first estab-lishing the informant's definition of 'tree' and his assurance that x is a kind of tree, would immediately render the informant's response invalid. Metzger and Williams (1966), Price (1967), and Frake (1964) describe a program of elicitation based on successive or linked questions and responses which, at least theoretically, eliminates bias introduced by the questioning process. Ideally, this program allows the interviewer to begin with any given item or segregate within a domain and position it vertically and horizontally within the taxonomic hierarchy of the do-main. Thus, beginning with a described lexeme, x, in a hypothetical classification system (see Figure 5), one can progress downwards through X Figure 5. Diagrammatic representation of a taxonomic hierarchy. - 2 5 -the taxonomic hierarchy by asking, \"What kinds of x are there?\" Given answers x^, x2, x3 \u2022\u2022\u00bbxn\u00bb each differentiated from the other by at least one character, one can proceed through a similar line of questioning to discover the various sub-categories of x, (namely x, and x\u201e,). When 1 la lb the lower taxa have been explored and described to their limits, one can return to the first item, x, and define the more general taxa of the system by asking, \"What is x a kind of?\" Given answer X, one can then expand the system horizontally to include y and z by the question, \"What other kinds of X are there?\" Theoretically, this type of progressive elicitation can be applied in exploring and describing any taxonomic system. The above example is simplified to an extreme. In practise, folk taxonomic systems are more complex, irregular, and indefinite than the example implies (Conklin 1962). Checking the validity of the derived taxonomic structure can be accomplished by repeating the construction of the hierarchy from several different starting points, thus providing cross-referencing for each item. The system can also be tested by formulating questions which are indi-cated to be inappropriate by the nature of the derived hierarchy. For example, in the hierarchy illustrated above, one could ask, \"Is y a kind of x?\" or \"Is z a kind of y^?\" Positive responses to these questions would obviously demonstrate some irregularity in the system as it is constructed. Numerous cognitive systems in many different cultures have been investigated using ethnoscience techniques. The most thoroughly ex-plored domain is that of kinship (cf. Lounsbury 1964; Conklin 1964; Wallace and Atkins 1960; Romney and D'Andrade 1964), where even \"Yankee\" - 26 -terminology has been subjected to analysis as a test case (Goodenough 1965). Other terminological systems which have been described include: numeral classifiers (Berlin 1968) ; firewood (Metzger and Williams 1966); terms of personal reference (Metzger and Williams 1962); curers (Metzger and Williams 1963a); weddings (Metzger and Williams 1963b); agriculture, betel chewing, pottery, verbal play, colour, water (see Con'klin 1962 for references); law (Black and Metzger 1965); spiritual-ist church language (Zaretsky 1969); and medicine (Werner 1967). Part-icularly relevant to the present study are the ethnoscientific descrip-tions of ethnobiotaxonomies (Berlin, Breedlove, and Raven 1966; Black 1967; Bulmer 1967, 1970; Bulmer and Tyler 1968; Conklin 1954; Diamond 1965; Bright and Bright 1965). Ethnoscience with Respect to the Present Research Program Superficially, ethnoscience and componential analysis appear to provide an ideal theoretical and methodological framework for investi-gating and describing the ethnophytotaxonomies of the Haida, Bella Coola, and Lillooet Indians. However, attempts to apply ethnomethodology to the study of cognitive systems for plants in these groups were generally unsuccessful in producing meaningful or conclusive results. Formal analysis was ultimately abandoned as a technique, although certain procedures of the described methodology were retained. The reasons for this are discussed in the following paragraphs. Even proponents of ethnoscience are aware of a number of methodol-ogical and theoretical limitations of the discipline. One serious problem is that componential analysis, even when properly conducted, - 27 -does not automatically yield a single \"true analysis\" or description of a semantic system. Instead, there is a \"virtually infinite number of ways a lexical set can be componentially divided\" (Colby 1966; see also Wallace and Atkins 1960; Burling 1964; Goodenough 1965). In other words, several different models of semantic structure of a term-inological system can be established, each of which can accurately account for the lexical items within the system. Even the original researchers in componential analysis admit that \"... the criteria by which one chooses one model over another, however, remain to be deter-mined\" (Goodenough 1965). Thus, the \"psychological validity\" of systems derived by compon-ential analysis is subject to question. At least some ethnoscience critics have charged that any single analysis offered as the taxonomic system of a given domain in a culture is necessarily based on the ar-bitrary exclusion of large bodies of relevant data, and cannot in any way be taken as a complete or conclusive statement (Schneider 1969; Burling 1964; Eglin 1972). From my own experiences in attempting to apply formal analysis to discern ethnophytotaxonomies, I found it diffi-cult to obtain consistent responses among several different informants, or even from individual informants from one day to the next. For example, to each of the six Haida informants (four at Skidegate, two at Masset), I showed a needled branch of the botanical species Picea sitchensis, and asked, \"What is this?\" The answer was always given, \"kaayt\" in Skidegate (S), or \"kiiyt\" in Masset (M). A conversation would - 2 8 -follow, in which kaayt * would be described in more detail, and comments on its size and abundance on the Queen Charlotte Islands would be made. The unvarying answer to the question, \"How many kinds of kaayt are there?\" was always, \"There is only one kind \u2014 that's it.\" At this point, however, agreement ceased. Several of the informants volunteered the information that the word kaayt meant \"tree\" in English, so I attempted to determine how closely the taxon corresponded to our own folk taxon, \"tree\". I asked in turn about each of the terms I had al-ready elicited for \"trees\", including k'aang (Tsuga spp.**), ts'alh (Pinus contorta) , ts'uu (Thuja plicate) , s_gaalhaan (Chamaecyparis nootka-tensis), Ihgilt (Taxus brevifolia). kal (Alnus spp.), and k'Snlhel (Pyrus fusca), \"Is this a kind of kaayt?\" Those who did not give the English translation of kaayt as \"tree\" gave a negative response for each of the terms listed. Those who did translate kaayt as \"tree\", although they had just said that there was only one kind of kaayt (whose features, when described, corresponded to those of the botanical species, Picea sitchensis), gave affirmative answers for the first one, the first two, the first four, or the first five terms,.all of which are \"coniferous\" species. In some cases, the sixth term, kal (primarily Alnus rubra), was included in the concept of \"tree\". One informant agreed that k'anlhel \"must be\" a kind of kaayt, but when asked later, disagreed. All informants were ambivalent about including kal as a kind * For the rest of this discussion, Skidegate names only are used, although Masset people were also involved in the study. ** As far as I have been able to determine, the equilibration of Haida terms with these botanical taxa is an accurate estimate of their semantic range. - 2 9 -of kaayt, sometimes agreeing to it, and sometimes not. When the ques-tion was again asked, \"what are the kinds of kaayt?\", regardless of the answers to the questions about the other terms, each informant would emphatically and sometimes impatiently state, \"There is only one kind of kaayt!\" This process was repeated several times with each person, and when the opportunity arose, I would ask the same thing when outside, pointing out the various kinds of \"trees\". I would again receive answers which were seemingly contradictory. I concluded that the term kaayt is at some stage of semantic evolution between a \"generic\" term and a \"life-form\" term (see Berlin 1971). The same degree of response varia-bility was obtained in many other discussions about other types of plants including specimens of lichens, ferns, and marine algae. Jones (1971) found a similar situation when working with twelve informants on the English folk classification of evergreen trees. Burl-ing (1964) implied the same degree of variation for English folk phyto-taxa in general. Price (1967) was completely unsuccessful .in applying this elicitation technique to Huichol phytotaxonomy. The problem of response variation is compounded in a transitional culture such as Haida, where virtually all speakers are bilingual. It is impossible to discern the extent to which ideas of the Haida about the inter-relationships between plants have been influenced by English folk categories. For example, if the Haida term kaayt is transitional between a generic and a life-form label, it is probable that there is a strong tendency now to equate its life-form status with that of \"tree\", whether or not it was evolving towards an equivalence with \"tree\" before white contact. - 3 0 -Some investigators have maintained that rigorous componential analysis, by its very definition, does not allow comparison of cogni-tive systems between two or more cultures, since as soon as the seman-tic elements of a given culture are translated into terms of another culture, they lose their discrete and essential nature. This situation is comparable to one in chemistry, where a compound being subjected to analysis changes its structure as a result of the conditions imposed by the analytic process. Only the strictest of interpretations of compon-ential analysis yields such, a barrier to cross-cultural studies; indeed, some of the classic componential analyses (Lounsbury 1956; Goodenough 1956) rely heavily on cross-cultural kinship descriptions (Colby 1966). Nevertheless, the conflict between \"anthropologists who stress rigorous descriptive ethnography Cof a particular culture \u2014 i.e., 'ethnoscience1 1 and anthropologists who emphasize comparative studies\" has been con-sidered as a very real concern (introductory remarks, Colby 1966). Closely related to this conflict is an argument centered on the basic goal of componential analysis \u2014 to seek.out \"what is inside people\". The so-called \"inside men\", the staunch supporters of com-ponential analysis, believe that the only meaningful and accurate de-scription of a native's universe is that attained by investigating the very thought processes of the natives themselves. The \"outside men\", on the other hand, believe that, \"It is not necessary that the dimen-sions or principles of the anthropologist's model be expressed by informants in a direct fashion or even that of their model's as given verbally or by other means, have some correspondence in their principles or dimensions with those of the analyst... If his concern is the accurate - 3 1 -and economical description of native behavior, or, further, of human behavior, selection of some particular native model and its translation may indeed be undesirable\" (Hammel 1966). In fact, Hammel (1966) suggests that \"...a good analysis by and 'inside' man and a good analysis by an 'outside' man are likely to be equivalent and only redundantly different, if not identical.\" These two questions \u2014 the degree of inter-cultural comparison allowed by componential analysis, and the necessity or even desirability for an \"inside view\" of taxonomic perception \u2014 have been important considerations in the methodological approach of this study. They are both theoretical questions, and have been debated at length in semantic literature (cf. Colby 1966; Tyler 1969), but from a practical view, in terms of the present study, a less structured analysis allowing some means of inter-group comparison was felt to be desirable. An incidental criticism of componential analysis Is that it does not account for unlabelled folk segregates or \"covert\" categories, which were originally suggested to be as significant in native*thought as the normally recognized monolexemically labelled folk taxa within a given semantic domain (Berlin, Breedlove, and Raven 1968). This criti-cism can also be directed at the methodological approach adopted in the present study, since it is directly involved with terminological systems. However, Berlin himself, in a later paper (1970), implied that covert categories, by the very fact of being unlabelled, cannot be considered to be as culturally important as labelled taxa, and are in fact highly variable and of short duration in folk taxonomies. A consideration which to my knowledge has not been discussed in - 3 2 -ethnoscience literature, is the practical matter of the time and effort componential analysis requires from the informants. This was a parti-cularly critical problem in the present study. All academic research is necessarily limited by time and available resources. In studies such as this one, where consultation with informants plays a major role, the number of available informants and the time and energy they are able to contribute to the study is of primary concern. Particularly in the case of the Haida, but also in Pacific Northwest groups generally, the only informants capable of answering the questions about plants and plant terminology required for this type of study are members of the oldest generation. These people were cooperative and enthusiastic, but were always extremely busy with affairs involving their friends and families, and interviewing time was usually \"squeezed in\" whenever they had a few hours of free time. Even during these periods, there were con-stant interruptions, which made elicitation difficult. Also, being elderly, they became tired easily, and I had to be careful to allow frequent breaks and not to let the sessions continue beyond about two hours. ~ All of the informants were willing to answer questions relating to the names and uses of plants and any other information they could think of concerning the plants, and with few exceptions, they stressed accuracy above all other factors.* Additionally, since they were bilingual, they were able to give glosses for aboriginal botanical terms fairly readily, * Many told me at one time or another, \"I don't want to say that because it might be the wrong thing, and everyone will think I am crazy.\" It was a point of honour and reputation to tell nothing but what was known to be true. - 3 3 -and with a high degree of accuracy, as I could discern by cross-checking with different people. Thus, I was successful in obtaining native terms for different kinds of plants, in defining the extent and conditions of their actual application, in approximating their meanings by obtaining English equivalents, and in determining the cultural importance of different kinds of plants. However, all of my attempts to apply the formal questioning procedures of componential analysis were met with impatience and irritation on the part of the informants. Xt was not a question of lack of interest or capability, or of unwillingness to cooperate, but rather, I believe, of a true inability to provide definite answers to the questions, namely because such definite answers do not exist, at least within the present cognitive system for plants. This apparent vagueness of semantic distinctions for plant taxa will be discussed in a later section of the paper, but essentially, it has resulted firstly in the response variation described earlier, and secondly, in the unwillingness of the informants to be \"pinned down\" by specific questions relating to the inter-relationship of plant categories. It is probable that some of the difficulties in elicitation I en-countered in attempting to use componential analysis in describing Haida phytotaxonomy would have been eliminated if I had conducted the study in the Haida language, but this was impractical in view of the - 34 -scope of the study, the lack of knowledge of Haida linguistics,* and my own lack of linguistic experience. Furthermore, since I was working directly with bilingual informants and actual communication with them was not a problem, I felt that the advantages of learning the language were substantially outweighed by the technical difficulties involved. A more serious problem, resulting from the bilingualism of the Haida, was the already mentioned probable alteration of original Haida taxonomic categories by English folk taxonomic concepts. The extent of such interference could never be determined fully, and componential analysis, rather than indicating and crystallizing past semantic ideas about plants, served only to emphasize the complexities of the present phytotaxonomic system. I finally concluded that if it were possible to describe original Haida phytotaxonomy under present conditions, an approach other than componential analysis should be attempted. Further, I reasoned that the actual Haida plant names, still virtually unchanged after 70 years of rapid acculturation,** would provide the only valid key to the Haida * In 1972, Robert Levine, a doctoral student from Columbia University, New York, began an extensive study of Haida grammar, but at the time of this research, no linguists were actively involved with the Haida language in British Columbia. Two linguists, Dr. Joseph Kess, Univ-ersity of Victoria, and Dr. G. Bursill-Hall, Simon Fraser University, had done past field work in Haida and were helpful in making their tapes available to me, and in offering advice on Haida phonetics. An-other linguist, Dr. Michael Krauss, of the University of Alaska, is engaged in studies of the Kaigani dialect of Haida, and has offered some help in transcribing tapes. Salishan linguist, Randy Bouchard, and especially Robert Levine have recently given me a great deal of assis-tance recording Haida phonetics. ** I was able to determine the stability of Haida plant names by checking them with terms recorded at the turn of the century by Newcombe (1897 -1906) and Swanton (1905a, 1908). - 35 -phytotaxonomic system. From this point, my investigations were directed towards the isolation and description of features of Indian plant term-inology which might indicate both nomenclatural practices and direct or indirect grouping of plants into taxonomic categories. The specific procedures involved in these investigations are outlined in the follow-ing section. Research Procedures Used in the Study For each of the three study groups \u2014 Haida, Bella Coola, and Fraser River Lillooet \u2014 research procedures can be subdivided into the follow-ing general categories: literature research and collection of background information; field vegetation surveys; consultation with native infor-mants; and synthesis of research data. a) Literature research The accumulation of background information pertinent to the study has been a continuing process. It has involved a review of literature on ethnoscience and componential analysis, as discussed in the previous section, and of ethnological and vegetational literature relevant to each of the three groups. Ethnological materials were reviewed for the most part before field work had commenced. They allowed many insights into the cultures of these groups and in some cases provided a preliminary discussion of some of the problems I would encounter in attempting to describe plant taxonomic systems. For example, the complexity of Bella Coola phytotaxonomy is sug-gested in the following statement by Mcllwraith (1948): - 36 -\"In regard to plants, a difficulty lies in the fact that Bella Coola nomenclature is not always strictly botanical, Two or more distinct ferns, for example, may be grouped together on account of their similar use as food, and one name applied to them indiscriminately. Conversely, different terms are sometimes given to various parts of the same tree, the roots, the bark, the leaves, etc.\" Of particular value were the works of Swanton (1905a & b, 1908, 1911) and Newcombe (unpublished notes, 1897 - 1906) for Haida, Mcllwraith (1948) and Smith (1928)* for Bella Coola, and Teit (1906) for Lillooet. Botanical references include the floras of Calder and Taylor (1968), Hitchcock et al. (1955 - 1969), and to a lesser extent, Henry (1915). These were consulted throughout the study. Unfortunately, none of these covers the Bella Coola region, and as a result, some of the plants from Bella Coola were particularly difficult to identify botanically. One paper, \"Speculations of the Growth of Ethnobotanical Nomen-clature\" (Berlin 1971), proved to be exceptionally useful in the later stages of this research, by providing a directional focus for describing and explaining some of the observed characteristics and trends in the terminological systems studied. Other papers by Berlin,- Breedlove, and Raven (1966, 1968, no date), Berlin, Breedlove, and Laughlin (1970), and Raven, Berlin, and Breedlove (1971) have also been helpful in this regard. b) Field vegetation surveys At each of the three locations included in the study, an effort was A number of Smith's manuscripts (Smith 1920-22a, b, c, d, & e) are available at the National Archives of Canada in Ottawa, and would undoubtedly have proven useful, but were not known to me until the summer of 1973. - 37 -made to compile an inventory of the flora encountered in the area, particularly those species noted by the Indian people themselves to be of some significance. In Bella Coola and Lillooet most of the in-ventories were carried out during field expeditions with informants, while on the Queen Charlottes, vegetational survey work was accomp-lished during the course of the first summer of field work. Whenever possible, herbarium specimens of these plants were pre-pared, although I was limited both in time and collecting materials. Drying the plant specimens proved to be the most serious problem, both on the Queen Charlottes and at Bella Coola. On cool, wet days, the presses were set on an oil stove, and most plants dried within two days, but during hot spells, this method produced intolerably high temperatures in our living quarters, and had to be abandoned. Space limitations permitted us only a few hundred sheets of pressing card-board, so that the combination of poor drying facilities and lack of cardboard placed severe restrictions on our collections. Photographs of plants were also taken on many occasions during the field work. Some of the plants described by the informants could not be located in the field, and their identification could only be approximated from descriptions. In some cases, these descriptions were detailed, allow-ing an almost positive botanical designation, while in other cases, usually when a type of plant had not been encountered directly by the informant, the descriptions were too vague to allow even remote specu-lation about its botanical characteristics. I had to emphasize to myself constantly the necessity of not - 38 -harbouring preconceptions about the botanical status of aboriginal plant segregates. In this regard, having a botanical background was a distinct disadvantage, since it was extremely difficult not to immed-iately perceive native categories in terms of botanical species. How-ever, since every growing plant or plant specimen referred to in the study was botanically identifiable as a species or even subspecies, plant species names could be used without bias as labels for the types of plants involved in the study. The semantic range of a particular Indian plant taxon could then be defined in terms of the range of botanical species and subspecies shown by all plant specimens desig-nated by a single folk segregate. Not surprisingly, in a majority of cases, the folk segregates did in fact show a one-to-one correspondence with botanical species (see RESULTS). As mentioned earlier, botanical species also provide a \"translation medium\" for describing the semantic ranges of folk segregates in different Indian languages. Thus, famil-iarity with modern nomenclature and classification of plant species, while detrimental in maintaining a completely unbiased perspective in folk taxonomic studies, is useful in labelling and cataloguing folk segregates, and is also essential in comparative semantic studies. c) Consultation with native informants Interviewing has been the most enjoyable, and also the most challen-ging part of this project. A list of the native people consulted in the study is given in Appendix 1. As mentioned earlier, the informants are all elderly members of the Indian communities and all are bilingual to some extent. Most of the interviews took place at the informants' homes. They continued over several to many sessions, depending on the - 39 -extent of the informant's knowledge about plants. In each group, two or three people provided a major part of the information, although oth-ers contributed significant details. Whenever possible, the informants were taken on field trips to areas surrounding the villages, in order to observe plants in their natural habitats. At Lillooet, for example, all of the preliminary interviewing was done in the field. More commonly, fresh plant specimens would be collected on the morn-ing before an interview, and in the afternoon each plant would be dis-cussed with the informant to learn details of its Indian name, its relationship to other plants, seasonal variation, growth features, habitat, and cultural significance. Care was taken not to refer to the English common names of the plants unless they were already known by the informant. Collections of fresh plants were supplemented with her-barium specimens, or even photographs, of plants not readily available. Verifying the Indian plant names and information was accomplished by asking the informant about the same plant in a later session or through discussions with other informants. The first technique was especially effective in the Haida study, where I was able to repeat the interviewing process over two consecutive years. I did find a few inconsistencies from one year to the next, but for the most part, the data collected over the two years were remarkably consistent. Historical records of plant names and terms previously collected by other field workers were also useful in corroborating my own data. In many cases, the plants under discussion had not been seen or talked about by the informants for a long time \u2014 sometimes for as long - 40 -as 50 years. Under these circumstances, the names and characteristics of the plants did not always come readily to mind. Often, additional details about a plant would be remembered after several sessions of talking and thinking about plants, or after consultations with friends or relatives. Sometimes, a plant was recognized only after some previously elicited details about it were furnished, such as its name or use. This was done only as a last resort, when it was obvious that the informant would not remember anything without assistance. At times, an informant would specifically ask what another informant had said about a plant. When told, he would often volunteer supplementary information. I do not feel that providing this kind of stimulus produces biased or false re-sults, since each informant was sincere in his attempts to tell only \"the truth\". Information volunteered by myself or others resulted in a negative or non-committal response as often as a confirmation. Realis-tically, the \"suggestion\" technique provided a significant amount of data to which I would not otherwise have had access. All of the informants were pleased at being able to refresh their memories on \"Indian plants\", and all made very positive comments about having this information recorded and written down.* The informants Were * For each of the groups where I have done field work, I have provided the informants and the local Band Councils with copies of the infor-mation I obtained on the names and uses of plants, organized in a popularized format, and accompanied by tapes of the plant names pro-nounced by the informants. These have been greatly appreciated, and, as I have heard indirectly, are a source of considerable pride to the people who originally provided the information. - 41 -given an hourly payment of about $2.50,* but in no case was monetary gain a primary motivation for providing information. Each of the Indian languages in the study has a unique inventory of consonants, vowels, and phonetic sequences. Many of the sounds in these languages do not occur in English speech. Accurate transcriptions of the plant names would have been impossible without the help and advice of several linguists presently involved in field work in these areas. They include: Robert Levine, doctoral student at Columbia Univ-ersity, New York, who is currently working on the Skidegate dialect of Haida: Dr. Aert Kuipers, Professor of Linguistics at the University of Leiden, Holland, a Salish language specialist; two of Dr. Kuipers' students, Henk Nater and Jan van Eijk, working on Bella Coola and the Fraser River \"dialect\" of Lillooet respectively; and Randy Bouchard, of the B.C. Indian Language Project, Victoria, B.C., who has provided general assistance throughout this project, particularly with the Salishan languages. During the course of their own field work, these linguists were able to transcribe all of the plant names directly from the native informants, either in conjunction with my elicitation sessions, or independently. Each of them spent considerable time and energy on my behalf, not only in the original transcription process, but also in subsequent checking and revision of the plant names. Undoubtedly, further corrections and additions *-This was more or less standard payment for field work in linguistics and anthropology in the Pacific Northwest, although there has been a recent trend towards higher rates. Some field workers pay over $5.00 per hour at present. - 42 -to the plant names will be necessary over the course of the next few years, but I feel confident in presenting the data as linguistically accurate and complete within the practical time limits of this study. The orthographies used for writing Indian plant names in this study have been adopted from a series of practical writing systems developed and described by Randy Bouchard with the assistance of a number of native language specialists (cf. Bouchard 1970, 1971, 1972). Practical orthographies are currently being used by native peoples in several Salish groups for recording their own languages. In the case of Haida, a number of modifications to the system originally described by Bouchard have been made, with advice from Robert Levine (cf. Levine 1973). Descriptive keys to the pronunciation of the orthographic sym-bols in Haida, Bella Coola, and Fraser River Lillooet are given in Appendixes 2, 3, and 4 respectively. Tape recording, while not a substitute for actual speech, proved valuable in the study, both as a note-taking device during elicitation sessions, and in providing a permanent record of the plant names in the three languages. In the latter capacity, tapes are useful for checking or confirming linguistic transcriptions, but in most instances, absolute final decisions on phonetic designations can be made only in the field. In the present study, a Uher 4400 stereo recorder was used. Copies of all of the tapes made in conjunction with the study have been filed with the B.C. Indian Language Project, sponsered by Randy Bouchard, and with the National Museum of Canada in Ottawa. A number of informants were distinctly apprehensive of the tape recorder, and some of the Haida - 43 -people requested that I not use it. In these cases, I asked other informants to repeat any new or unique names given by these people in order to have a complete taped record of the plant names. d) Synthesis of data The cognitive data resulting from the elicitation process take two forms: unstructured statements and opinions about relationships between plants, derived from informal conversations; and, a series of actual native names applied to different kinds of plants. The first type of information is generally variable and incomplete. It was con-sidered in formulating and influencing ultimate conclusions about folk categories in the three groups, but was too irregular to be regarded as anything other than supplementary information. The series of plant names, on the other hand, show constancy and stability, and in the context of other types of related data, can be construed as a discrete set of verifiable information, to which quantitative sorting techniques can be applied, and from which trends and generalities can be realized. These names formed the major resource data in this study. Various factors must be considered in conjunction with the Indian plant names, including details of their source and terms of application; their origin, when known; and their semantic range. Also relevant are data on the habitats, distributions, and botanical status of the kinds of plants referred to by the folk segregates, and information com. >.rning the cultural significance of these plants. Consideration of these parameters, within the context of three unique cultural and linguistic groups (one of which is further divided into two - 44 -dialectic units) requires the multi-dimensional sorting of a vast quantity of diverse data. To meet this requirement, a coding system was designed for computer-ized sorting of the various details associated with the folk segregates. Three separate sets of standard Fortran data cards were employed to accommodate these details. The first set includes the folk segregates themselves and information relating directly to them, such as language and dialect, descriptive characteristics of the terms, assumed origin, and botanical equivalence (see Table 1). The second set contains infor-mation relating to the various botanical taxa delimited by the folk segregates (see Table 2). The third set includes information on the cultural significance of the plants in each of the linguistic groups (see Table 3)i Keys to the various codes in the system are provided in Table 4. The card layouts, coding systems, and sorting program were designed so that additions and alterations can be made at any time, as new infor-mation becomes available. This means that the comparative base for this type of study can be expanded to include as many different linguistic and dialectic groups in the Pacific Northwest as can be adequately de-scribed botanically. - 45 -Table 1. Card design for information directly related to folk segre-gates for plants. Field Column Description of number number information 1 1 CARD SET LABEL - All cards in this set are labelled \"A\" in this column. 2 2-3 LANGUAGE - Each different language group in the study is given a separate code (see Table 4). 3 4 DIALECT - When more than one dialect is represented in a language, letter codes are used when necessary to refer to a specific dialect (see Table 4). 4 5- 7 PLANT SEGREGATE NUMBER (right-adjusted) - This number is unique for each different term applied to a part of a specific plant, a plant taxon, or a group of taxa within a given language and dialect. 5 8-43 FOLK SEGREGATE - The native terms for different kinds of plants are written in a modified practical ortho-graphy (see Appendixes 2, 3, and 4). Underlining is indicated in the computor printout by a slash follow-ing a letter (e.g., k = k\/), and accent marks are printed as an asterisk *. English glosses for the terms are also given when known. 44 CONTINUING INFORMATION - When the folk segregate and its English gloss is too long to fit the alloted number of columns in one card, a \"CM is placed here, and a second card is used to continue the information. In this case, the first four fields are repeated on the second card, as identification. 6 45 PART OF PLANT REFERRED TO BY SEGREGATE - Specifies appli-cation of the term, either for a specific part of a plant (e.g., fruit, bark, or cambium) or for a speci-fic growth stage or state (e.g., immature or prepared for use). (See Table 4 for specific codes used.) 7 46-47 REFERENCE SOURCE - Each different source of folk plant segregates is indicated by a unique code (see Table 4). 8 48-67 DESCRIPTIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PLANT SEGREGATES (20 subfields). - 46 -Field Column Description of number number information 8a 48 8b 49 8c 50 Uniqueness - Terms which have no meaning other,than as plant segregates, or terms including segments which have no meaning (according to native informants) are indicated by a \"1\" placed in this column. Generic term polysemous with or partially inclusive of a term of broad taxonomic standing (e.g. plant, berry, tree, or grass) - indicated by a code (see Table 4). Compound lexeme with a specifying modifier (e.g. 'Haida-apples', 'real-saskatoons') - indicated by a \"1\" placed in this column. 8d 51 Sex differentiation indicated - If sexual status is specified or implied in a folk segregate, an M (male) F (female), or N (neuter) is placed in this column. 8e 52 8f 53 Colour - If specified or implied in a segregate, an ap-propriate symbol is given (see Table 4). Texture - If a term indicates or implies texture (e.g. 'soft', 'rough', 'sticky'), a \"1\" is placed in this column. 8\u00a7 54 Shape or growth form - If a segregate indicates or im-plies the shape or growth form of a plant (e.g. 'climbing-plant', 'bunched-up*, 'strings-along'), a \"1\" is placed in this column. 8h 55 Taste, smell, touch, or sound - If a plant term refers to any of these factors (e.g. 'sweet-berry', 'smells-nice', 'burning'), a \"1\" is placed in this column, 8i 56 Reference to anatomical feature (e.g. 'rain's-navel', 'goose-tongue', or 'man-foot') - indicated by a \"1\" in this column. 8J 57 Comparison of plant to some substance or object (other than to an anatomical feature) (e.g. 'crow's-lace', 'tree-biscuit', 'Raven's-canoe') - indicated by a \"1\" in this column. 8k 58 Other quality of plant indicated by name - If the term includes some other descriptive feature not covered in Fields 8e to 8j (e.g. location within a plant: 'inside'; or state of plant: prepared'), a \"1\" is placed in this column. - 47 -Field Column Description of number number information 81 59 Plant name includes reference to habitat \u2014 appropriate code is placed in this column (see Table 4). 8m 60 Plant name includes reference to use - An \"H\" indicates use by humans (e.g. 'bow-tree', 'rope-plant'), and an \"A\" indicates use by an animal (e.g. 'Raven's-canoe', 'grizzly's-highbush-cranberries'). 8n 61 Term indicates some action or process associated with the plant (e.g. 'bustling'. 'hold-in-the-mouth', 'buy-ing') - A \"1\" is placed in this column. 8o 62 Name indicates some human attribute of plant - An \"R\" denotes use of a kinship term (e.g. 'pilot-biscuit's-grandmother', 'tobacco-mother'), and an \"H\" indicates some other human attributes (e.g. 'child', 'thief'). 8p 63 Name indicates association of plant with an animal -appropriate code is placed in this column (see Table 4). 8q 64 Name indicates association of plant with a supernatural being (e.g. 'hermaphrodite-plant', 'ground-ghost') - A \"1\" is placed in this column. 8r 65 Name Indicates association of plant with a natural phen-omenon or astronomical feature (e.g. 'rain-leaves', 'forest-cumulus-cloud') - A \"1\" is placed in this column. 8s 66 Name includes segregate for a plant - An \"S\" indicates inclusion of another segregate applied to the same kind of plant (e.g. in Haida, Ihk'iit-lhk'aayii 'lhk'iit-branches' contains lhk'iit, the term applied to the entire plants or stems of the same kind of plant). A \"D\" indicates inclusion in a term of a segregate referring to a related, but recognizably different kind of plant (e.g. in Haida, the term 'lhk'iit-baby' for a plant related to lhk'iit, but smaller). A \"U\" indicates inclusion in a term of a segregate referring to a perceptually unrelated (or not closely related) kind of plant (e.g^  'village-skunk-cabbage' in Haida, for Plantago major). - 48 -Field Column Description of number number information A T indicates inclusion in a term of a segregate referring to a perceptually higher taxonomic order than the plant named (e.g.'red-rain-leaves', for a particular kind of 'rain-leaves' in Haida). 8t 6 7 Meaning of a term or term segment unknown or not under-stood - A \"1\" is placed in this column. 9 68-69 ASSUMED LANGUAGE OF ORIGIN OF PLANT TERM - This field is necessary to indicate borrowing of terms from other languages. In many cases, more information is needed to determine the origin of terms than is available at present. In cases of dialectic borrow-ing, the dialect code is given in column 69. Lang-uage and dialect codes are the same as those used in fields 2 and 3 of this card set. 10 70 DATE OF ORIGIN OF TERM, WHEN KNOWN - An \"M\" is used for terms whose origin is specifically explained in myth-ology. An \"A\" refers to terms whose origin is as-sumed to be aboriginal (pre-white contact). An \"R\" refers to terms whose origin is indicated to be re-cent (post-contact), such as names for introduced plants, or terms derived from English, French, or Chinook jargon. A \"C\" indicates those few terms which were known to be \"coined\" or \"made up\" by an infor-mant . 11 71-79 BOTANICAL EQUIVALENTS OF FOLK SEGREGATES (3 subfields). 11a 71-74 First species reference number - When folk segregates approximate a botanical species or a discrete larger taxon, the unique number of the taxon is given in this subfield (see Table 2). If the semantic range of the folk taxon covers more than one botanical species, the first (or major) species number is given here. lib 75-78 Second species reference number - When more than one botanical species or discrete larger taxon is cov-ered by the semantic range of a folk segregate, the unique number of the second species is given in this subfield. - 49 -Field Column Description of number number information 11c 79 Indication of three or more species included under a single folk segregate - A \"1\" is used to indicate a single additional species covered by a folk taxon. An \"F\" indicates a few (3 or less) additional species covered. An \"S\" indicates several (4 to 10) additional species included, and an \"M\" indi-cates many (over 10) additional species referred to by a single folk segregate (as in the word for 'moss' in a three language groups). It is poss-ible, in the case of general terms, to have a symbol in this subfield, without having specified a second botanical taxon in field lib. 12 80 DEGREE OF CORRESPONDENCE OF FOLK SEGREGATES TO BOT-ANICAL CATEGORIES - A \"0\" indicates that the folk segregate refers to a fraction of a botanical spe-cies. A \"1\" indicates a one-to-one correspondence with a botanical species. A \"2\" indicates a folk segregate which applies to two or more closely re-lated species which are difficult to distinguish botanically (e.g. Porphyra spp., Salix spp.). A \"3\" indicates a segregate applying to two or more distinctly different, but related plant species (e.g. \"moss\", \"grass\", \"thallose lichens\"). A \"4\" indicates a segregate referring to two or more botanically unrelated (at the family level for angio-sperms) plant species (e.g. Campanula rotundifolia and Aquilegia formosa). Finally, an \"I\" refers to a folk segregate originally applied to a native plant, but expanded in post-contact times to in-clude an imported or cultivated counterpart (e.g. wild and garden \"strawberries\"). - 50 -Table 2. Card design for information relating to the botanical taxa delimited by the folk segregates. Field Column Description of number number information 1 CARD SET LABEL - All cards in this set are labelled \"B\" in this column. 2- 5 BOTANICAL TAXON NUMBER (right-adjusted) - This number is unique for each plant species or discrete higher taxon included in the semantic range of any folk segregate (listed in card set \"A\"). 6-42 SCIENTIFIC NAME OF PLANT SPECIES OR HIGHER TAXON - The scientific names used are standardized with those of Hitchcock et al. (1955 - 1969) or Calder and Taylor (1968). 43-56 RANGE OF PLANT SPECIES OR HIGHER TAXON IN BRITISH COL-UMBIA (According to Biogeoclimatic Zones, after Krajina, 1970) - This section must remain incomplete until further information is available. A \"D\" indicates dominance of a plant in any site within the zone, while a \"1\" indicates presence of the plant within the zone. An \"R\" indicates that the plant is extremely rare. The range categories are as follows: 43 Alpine Tundra Biogeoclimatic Zone (BGC Zone) 44 Mountain Hemlock BGC Zone 45 Engelmann Spruce - Subalpine Fir BGC Zone 46 Boreal White and Black Spruce BGC Zone 47 Sub-boreal Spruce BGC Zone 48 Caribou Aspen - Lodgepole Pine - Douglas-fir BGC Zone 49 Interior Western Hemlock BGC Zone 50 Interior Douglas-fir BGC Zone 51 Ponderosa Pine - Bunchgrass BGC Zone 52 Coastal Douglas-fir BGC Zone - 51 -Field Column Description of number number information 53 Coastal Western Hemlock BGC Zone 54 Queen Charlotte Islands (not a BGC Zone, but a discrete geographical and floristic unit which is distinguish-ed for convenience.) 55 Cultivated or imported (does not occur in a wild state within the Province.) 56 Weed (non-native wild plant) 57-58 Undesignated 59-70 HABITAT OF PLANT SPECIES OR HIGHER TAXON - A \"1M indi-cates presence of the plant in a habitat (a general guicfe only). Habitat types are as follows: 59 Epiphytic (on trees or other plants) 60 Marine 61 Beach and sand dunes 62 Fresh water swamps and lakes 63 Bog, muskeg 64 Alluvial terraces, deltas, flood plains, and salt marshes 65 Deciduous forest 66 Coniferous forest 67 Subalpine - alpine meadows 68 Rock or talus 69 Dryland sage or grassland 70 Disturbed areas \u2014 meadows, burns, clearings 71 Undesignated - 52 -Field Column Description of number number information 6 72-76 FAMILY NAME OR BROAD TAXONOMIC GROUPING (Families given for vascular plants, phyla for non-vascular plants and fungi) - Usually the first five letters of the family name are used (e.g. Rosaceae is given as ROSAC), un-less a conflict occurs between family names with the same abbreviation. In this case, some other abbrev-iation is adopted for one of the families. 7 77-80 REFERENCE TO COMMON NAME - If a species or larger taxon has a colloquial name, a unique number is listed here. The common names can then be given in a sep-arate listing, and in the future, if desired, print-outs of the information can be made using common plant names along with botanical names. This list-ing was not utilized for this project. Table 3. Card design for information related to the utilization of plants by Pacific Northwest Indians. Field Column Description of number number information CARD SET LABEL - All cards in this set are labelled in this column. 2- 5 BOTANICAL TAXON REFERENCE NUMBER - This is the unique number of the plant species or higher taxon to which the information on utilization and aboriginal beliefs refers. For folk segregates which include more than one botanical species, each species involved is list-ed separately in this card set. 6- 7 LANGUAGE CODE - Since uses of plants and beliefs about them can be specific to any linguistic or cultural groups, each kind of plant is listed separately for each Indian group in which it was utilized, and the language of that group is indicated in this field (see Table 4 for key to language codes)\u00bb 8 DIALECT CODE - If the use of a plant is restricted to a particular dialectic group within a language group, the dialect is indicated here (see Table 4 for dia-lect codes). 9-21 USE AS FOOD (OR ORAL STIMULATION) - When known, or spe-cified, seasonal codes are given (see Table 4). Otherwise, a \"1\" is placed in the appropriate col-umn (s) . Categories are as follows: 9 Undesignated 10 Underground parts (roots, rhizomes, bulbs) eaten 11 Fruits eaten (mostly berries) 12 Seeds or nuts eaten 13 Cambium or sap eaten 14 \"Greens\" or above-ground stems eaten (including mush-rooms) 15 Flavouring for food, or for tobacco 16 Chewing or smoking - 54 -Field Column Description of number number information 17 Used as beverage 18 Used in collection of herring spawn 19 Food preserved for winter use 20 Food of a particular animal (either in fact or in be-lief only) 21 Considered inedible or poisonous (to eat or to handle) 22-29 USE IN TECHNOLOGY - When known or specified, seasonal codes are given (see Table 4). Otherwise a \"1\" is placed in the appropriate column(s). Categories are as follows: 22 Wood (for carving or manufacture) 23 Fuel or tinder (when specified by informant) 24 Dye, decoration, cosmetic, tattooing 25 Fiber or fibrous tissue used 26 Lining steaming pits or drying racks, covering berries or floors, generating steam for cooking or wood-moulding, and similar uses 27 Bedding, stuffing (pillows, etc.), bandaging, towelling 28 Unmodified implements or containers 29 Cement, binding substance 30-58 MEDICINAL USE - A \"1\" is placed in the appropriate col-umn^). Categories are as follows: 30 Removing warts 31 Poultice (for burns, sunburn, wounds, infections) 32 Blistering agent 33 Casts, splints, poultice coverings 34 Cauterizing - 55 Field Column number number Description of information 7 35 Antiseptic or deodorant 36 Headaches 37 Toothaches 38 Eye medicine (sties, infections) 39 Colds, sore throats, whooping cough, flu, fevers 40 Lung ailments (pneumonia, bronchitis, tuberculosis) 41 Heart troubles 42 Ulcers and stomach troubles 43 Laxative 44 Diarrhoea medicine 45 Emetic 46 Bladder or urinary ailments 47 Childbirth or female disorders 48 Venereal diseases 49 Unspecified internal complaints (e.g. cancer) 50 Rheumatism, arthritis, muscular disorders, paralysis 51 Used in steam-bath, or sweat-house 52 General tonic 53 Pain killer, anaesthetic 54 Contraceptive, abortive 55 Goitres, mineral deficiencies 56 Medicine of a particular animal 57 Medicine, unspecified 58 Antidote for poisoning - 56 -Field Column Description of number number information 59-60 Undesignated 61-70 ROLE OF PLANTS IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION - A \"1\" is placed in the appropriate column(s). Cate-gories are as follows: 61 Ceremonial purifier, for obtaining supernatural power 62 Used for beating or washing in purification ritual 63 Involved in some other ceremony or ritual 64 Good luck or protective charm 65 Involved in some taboo or superstition 66 Role in myths as a \"humanized\" figure or dramatis per-sonae 67 Supernatural or magical role in myths (non-human) 68 Natural role in myths 69 Crest, totem, or dance symbol 70 Love charm 9 71-72 OTHER USES (e.g. recreation) - Codes given in Table 4, 10 73 IMPORTED (not used locally or aboriginally) - 57 -Table 4. Keys to codes used in computor sorting 'system* I. Indian languages and dialects - Many of these codes are not used in the present study, but are included in anticipation of eventual ex-pansion of the system. These codes are used in card set \"A\" (fields 2 and 3, 7, and 9) and in card set \"C\" (fields 3 and 4). Code Language\/Dialect Code Language\/Dialect HA HAIDA LI LILLOOET S Skidegate dialect F Fraser River (Upper LI) M Masset dialect P Pemberton (Lower LI) TS TSIMSHIAN SH SHUSWAP C Coast Tsimshian S Southern Shuswap G Gitlcsan N Northern Shuswap N Niska KO KOOTENAY KW KWAKIUTL CN S Southern Kwakiutl CHILCOTIN B Bella Bella (Heiltsuk) CA CARRIER H Haisla SK SEKANI NO NOOTKA S Southern Nootka TA TAHLTAN N Northern Nootka KA KASKA BC BELLA COOLA SL SLAVE CS COAST SALISH (general) BE BEAVER CO COMOX TL TLINGIT (Alaska) SE SECHELT EN ENGLISH SQ SQUAMISH FR FRENCH HM HALKOMELEM CH CHINOOK JARGON SS STRAITS SALISH BO Borrowed word, but source IS INTERIOR SALISH (general) not known TH THOMPSON OK OKANAGAN * Each of these code systems can be expanded at a future date to allow for incorporation of new information. - s s -ii. \"A\" Part or state of plant referred to by folk segregate (card set \"A field 6). Code Description Code Description A abnormal growth of some kind B bark C cambium D dried or prepared material F fruit, flower, cone, seed, or floats of algae G gum, pitch L leaves N numerous individuals, plural form 0 old or dead individual P whole plant (including fruiting fungi) R root, underground part S stem, stipe, sprouts T thorns, slivers, spines Y young plant 1 branch III. Reference sources for folk plant segregates (card set \"A\", field 7) Code Reference source HA my own field work with contemporary Haida informants LI my own field work with contemporary Lillooet informants BC my own field work with contemporary Bella Coola informants 2 Newcombe, C.F. (unpublished notes, 1897 - 1906) 3 Swanton, J.R. (any publication listed in Bibliography) 4 Steedman, E. (1929) 5 Boas, F. (any publication listed in Bibliography) 6 Curtis (1916) 7 Dawson (1880) 8 Mcllwraith (1948) - 59 -IV. Broad taxonomic plant segregates incorporated in generic segregates (card set \"A\", field 8b) Code Gloss of term Code Gloss of term B berry, fruit, or nut R root E evergreen boughs T tree F fern w wood, stick G gum, pitch 1 branches L leaves 2 grass M moss 3 flower P plant 4 bark V. Colours referred to in folk plant segregates (card set \"A\", field 8e) Code Colour Code Colour yellow, or yellow\/green dark-coloured white B blue Y G green D L light-coloured, blond W R red VI. Habitat types referred to in folk plant segregates (card set \"A\", field 8) Code Habitat Code Habitat B F M 0 P beach forest muskeg ocean epiphytic on a plant S substrate (rock, ground, etc.) V village W water T time of growth (not a habitat, but appropriate here) - 60 -VII. Animals referred to in folk plant segregates (card set \"A\", field 8p) Code Animal Code Animal B bird (other than Raven) A amphibian or reptile F fish I insect M mammal R Raven S shellfish, marine inverte-brates VIII. Seasons for collection of plants for food and in technology (card set \"C\", fields 5 and 6) Code Season E early spring S late spring and early summer F late summer and fall W winter IX. \"Other uses\" not covered in fields 5 to 8 in card set \"C\" (card set \"C\", field 9) Code Use C children's games or toys G games F fertilizer H hair tonic P perfume S soap - 61 -RESULTS Phytotaxa of the Haida, Bella Coola, and Lillooet Indians The various folk plant segregates of Skidegate Haida, Masset Haida, Bella Coola, and Fraser River Lillooet are listed alphabetically in Appendixes 5, 6, 7, and 8 respectively. Their English glosses, botan-ical counterparts, economic uses, and cultural roles are also noted. As can be seen from the data, folk segregates are applicable at varying levels of botanical specificity, from very general, such as the terms for \"moss\" or \"grass\", to highly specific, such as the Lillooet names for different kinds of Saskatoon berries (Amelanchier alnifolia). Some general terms for morphological features of plants are given for each of the four groups in Appendixes 9, 10, 11, and 12. Berlin (1971) and Raven, Berlin, and Breedlove (1971) have delin-eated the varying levels of specificity shown by folk phytotaxa into six major types of categories, which are, according to their research, found in the lexicons of all languages. These categories are labelled in hierarchical sequence from the most general to the mos.t specific, as follows: 1) unique beginner - the highest level in a given domain, including all other categories. In the case of phytotaxonomies, this is the taxon-omic category implied by the term \"plant\". 2) major life-form - Only a few abstract general taxa, such as \"tree\", \"vine\", and \"herb\" are included at this level. They cover the majority of lesser ranked taxa in the system, although some important generics are not included in life-form taxa (cf. Bulmer 1967). 3) intermediate - Taxa at this level, called \"covert categories\" (Berlin, Breedlove, and Raven 1968), are rather ephemeral and ambiguous in definition. They are more specific than life-form taxa and more gen-eral than generic taxa, but show varying degrees of specificity within this range. When they do exist, they are not usually labelled linguis-tically. - 62 -4) generic - The greatest number of taxa are included at this level within any ethnobiotaxonomy \u2014 usually about 500 (Raven, Berlin, and Breedlove 1971). They are linguistically recognized as the usual \"names\" of dif-ferent kinds of plants. They correspond generally to our English folk taxonomic concepts of \"oak\", \"columbine\", \"apple\", and \"squash\".* 5) specific - a less common type of category than generic. Specific taxa characteristically exist as sets of a few members within a given generic (e.g. \"red oak\", \"white oak\"). 6) varietal - this level is recognized only occasionally in folk phytotax-onomies, usually for plant types of critical cultural importance, such as cultivated plants (e.g. peppers, beans, corn). A diagrammatic scheme of these taxon types is presented in Figure 6. A number of generalizations concerning their origin and development have been suggested by Berlin (1971) and will be discussed later. Since they are considered to be universal, it is convenient to present the terminological data collected in this study in relation to them. a) Unique beginner No monolexemic term corresponding to \"plant\" exists in any of the three language groups in the study, although \"plant\" as a concept was obvi-ously valid to the informants. They showed no hesitancy or lack of compre-hension when I told them I wanted to find out names and uses of \"plants\", and they would often immediately provide unsolicited information about par-ticular \"plants\" which were important to them. In almost all cases, their concept of \"plant\", as inferred from their responses, coincided with the English folk concept of \"plant\", if not the scientific concept.** * Other researchers (e.g. Price 1967) often refer to this taxonomic level as \"specific\" rather than \"generic\", and employ the term, \"generic\", for more general (i.e. major life-form taxa). ** The actual scientific definition of \"plant\" is still subject to debate (cf. Whittaker 1969). - 63 -unique beginner (U) major life-form (L) intermediate (I) generic (G) S S S S S S S S specific (S) V V V V V V V varietal (V) Figure 6. A diagrammatic scheme of universal phytotaxonomic category types based on conclusions of Berlin (1971) and Raven, Berlin, and Breedlove (1971). - 64 -In one instance, I tried to determine the present semantic limits of \"plant\" by asking George Young of Skidegate (see Appendix 1) about a number of natural objects he professed never to have seen before. His conclusions, assumed to be based solely on his own criteria for dis-tinguishing a \"plant\" from a \"non-plant\", were as follows: \"plants\" -specimens of lichens* (Icmadophila ericetorium, Caloplaca sp., Candel-ariella sp., Hypogymnia enteromorpha, Pilophorus acicularis, Cladonia ? amaurocraea), marine algae (Codium fragile, C. setchellli, Laurencia spectabills), and a feathery bryozoan; \"non-plants\" - a lichen (Graphls scripta), a whitish fungal mycelium mat beneath the bark of a spruce log, and an encrusting bryozoan; intermediates - a lichen (Placopsis gelida), and some egg cases of a whelk (Thais lamellosus). One might assume the \"plant\" concept to have been acquired by Pacific Northwest Indian groups only in post-contact times, in conjunc-tion with the adoption of the English language. Certainly, European contact must have resulted in substantial re-structuring and expansion of the native semantic domains for vegetation; the introduction of new materials and knowledge would be expected to have such an effect. How-ever, in the languages of the three study groups, a number of terms and morphemes are known which imply the aboriginal existence of broad semantic categories approximately equivalent to the English taxon, \"vascular plants\", by their most conservative interpretation, or to \"plants\" generally if a more flexible interpretation is allowed. * The lichens were identified by Dr. I.M. Brodo, lichenologist at the National Museum of Natural History, Ottawa, Canada. - 65 -In Bella Coola and Lillooet, as well as in many other Salishan languages (Turner and Bell 1971; Turner 1973), the suffixes, -lhp and -az respectively, when added to various native terms for fruits or other structures of specific kinds of plants, refer to the \"plant\", \"bush\", or \"tree\" in its entirety. Thus, in Bella Coola, the term for wild and garden strawberries (Fragaria spp.) is kwululuuxwu, while the term referring to the straw-berry plant is kwululuuxmi-lhp (Turner 1973). Similarly, the name for Prunus emarginata bark is plhtkkn, while the name for the entire tree is plhtkn-lhp.* In other cases, the stem (i.e., the term without the -lhp suffix) does not refer to a particular plant structure, and lacks meaning as a botanical entity without the \"plant\" suffix Ccf. Achillea mille-folium - its'yaaxw-lhp 'flicker-plant'; Abies spp. - k'-lhp (stem has no apparent meaning to the informants)!]. A total of 47 percent of Bella Coola plant names in this study** contained the suffix, -lhp, either manditorily or optionally. The majority of plant names to which the suffix could not be applied (accord-ing to the informants) were botanically referable to algae, fungi, lichens, bryophytes, grasses, or species whose underground parts were * The formation of the term for a plant is not always as simple as adding the \"plant\" suffix to a pre-existing word* In Bella Coola, the addition of -lhp is often accompanied by complete or partial reduplication of the original word Ecf. Pyrus fusca fruit - p'x, tree - ixp'ix-lhp; Dryopteris filix-mas rootstock - skw'alm, plant -skw'alkw'alm-lhp (Turner 1973; see also Newman 1969)3. ** In cases where two or more related names exist for the same plant, or different parts of the same plant, only one is included in the total. - 66 -eaten (see Appendix 7). A parallel situation is seen in the Lillooet language, with the \"plant\" suffix, \u2014az. Fruit\u2014bearing plants are commonly named after the fruit Ccf. strawberries - skw'elap, strawberry plant - (s)kw'elap-az; Shepherdia canadensis berries - sxmisum, bush - xwusum-azH. In other cases, the stem itself has no botanical application; the term has mean-ing as a plant name only when the suffix, -az, is attached Ccf. Holodiscus discolor bush - pats7-az (<patsa7 'digging stick'); Oplopanax horridus -k'atl~az (stem has no apparent meaning)]. The Lillooet language contains a significant number of plant names borrowed from other Salishan languages, such as Shuswap and Thompson (in the case of the Fraser River Lillooet). The \"plant\" suffix in these languages, varying from -lhp, to -lhep, to -alhp, was often retained when the word was transferred to Lillooet. A total of 52 percent of all Lillooet plant names in this study contained the \"plant\" suffix, -az, or the borrowed \"plant\" suffix, -lhp, -lhep, or -alhp. Most of the plant names to which these suffixes could not be applied were botanically referable to fungi, lichens, bryophytes, or species whose underground parts were eaten (see Appendix 8). These \"plant\" suffixes in Bella Coola and Lillooet demonstrate the aboriginal existence of a definite category for at least \"vascular plants\". Application of these suffixes can be regarded as defining the minimal limits of the original semantic unit; it is probable that the semantic range for the category \"plant\", was more extensive in both groups, if other terminological data are considered. For example, in Bella Coola, - 67 -the \"verb\", pus 'to grow', when nominalized by adding the initial \"s\" \u2014 s-pus \u2014 means 'leaf'. The verb itself applies to children and young animals as well as to plants, but the origin of 'leaf from 'to grow' implies a semantic category of \"things that grow\" which corresponds with \"plant\" in a broad sense. In the Haida language, a different, though comparable situation exists., There is no single inclusive lexical segment applicable to the names of different types of plants, as there are in Bella Coola and Lillooet. Instead, almost all botanically recognized species are nomen-claturally referable to one of several partially overlapping life-form categories, which together, as a semantic continuum, represent the domain of \"plant\". Three of the major categories are those represented by the terms: xil* [approximated as 'leaf\/leaves', 'medicine', or 'herbaceous plant(s)'l Ihk'aayii (S) or lhk'aay M C'plant(s)', 'bush(es)', leafy branch(es), 'defoliated branch(es)', or 'stems of clustered berries'^; and Ihk'amaal 12 (M) or tlaas** C'evergreen bough(s)'l. These terms will be discussed in greater detail in the next section. Like the suffixes, -Ihp and -az, they are applied mandatorily or optionally in the naming of plants. They are mutually exclusive, in that they do not normally occur together in a single plant name,*** although in some cases, they can be used inter-* Terms common to Skidegate and Masset are unmarked. Skidegate words are indicated by an (S), Masset words by an (M). The numbers following (M) terms indicate pitch (see Appendix 2). ** Only tlaas is used in (S), while in (M), tlaas and Ihk'amaal 12 are used with equal frequency and appear to be synonymous. *** One exception is xil-k'unlhelh-lhlc'aay (M) 'yellow-leaves-branches', for Ranunculus acris. - 68 -changeably. Some examples of their use are given in Table 5. In all, approximately 42 percent of the Skidegate plant names, and 65 percent of the Masset plant names in this study were assigned linguistically to one of these three categories. No types of fungi or bryophytes were included, but every other major botanical group, including algae, lichens, pteridophytes, gymnosperms, and angiosperms (except Poaceae and Cyperaceae), were represented in at least one of the categories. b) Major life-form categories In this study, major life-form categories, as defined, by Berlin (1971), and Raven, Berlin, and Breedlove (1971), are interpreted broadly as \"major plant classes\" (cf. Berlin, Breedlove, and Raven, no date), and hence include economically inspired taxa, such as \"berries\" and \"edible roots\" as well as conventional growth-form taxa, such as \"trees\", \"grasses\", and \"herbs\". Major life-form taxa are often both economic and physiognomic units, as in the case of the Haida xil category, since xil means both 'leaf' and 'medicine'. The life-form categories described here are not necessarily definitive or exclusive. Certain ambiguities and discrepancies exist in the allocation of types of \"plants\" to the different categories. Some plants are not directly referable to any one major taxon, while others are referable to more than one category, depending on the con-text of the discussion or the opinion of an individual informant. A similar situation exists in English folk taxonomy, where, for example, a tomato can be classed as either a fruit or a vegetable, and Acer - 69 -Table 5. Examples of plant names in Haida containing the life-form mark-ers, xil, lhk'aayii (S) \/ lhk'aay (M), and tlaas or lhk'amaal 12 (M). These terms, by their combined wide\u2014ranging application to many types of plants, can be said to confirm the psychological val-idity of a domain for plants in the Haida language. I. Names containing xil 'leaf\/medicine' Dial. Plant name English gloss* Botanical designation S S S S M M M M chaagaan-xillaay yaanaang-xiljjaa tlelj*aa-xilj|aa 'deep-ocean-leaves' 'fog-leaves' 'earth-leaves' xilaa-gaaydlelging 'floating-leaves' saagwaal-xil 22-1 stleguu-xilaay 11-22 ts'iik'ep-xil 21-2 sgaan-xiilaa 2-12 '.saagwaal-leaves1 'land-otter leaves' 'ts'iik'ep-leaves' 'killer-whale leaves' Corallina spp., Constan-tinea subulifera Equisetum spp., Lyco-podium spp., Achillea millefolium (plants) Rubus pedatus, Linnaea borealis (plants) Nuphar luteum ssp. poly-sepalum (leaves, flow-ers, rhizomes) leaves (plant) of fine-leaved ferns (e.g. Athyrium filix-femina) Apargidium boreale (plant) Cornus unalaschensis (plant) unidentified herb (grow-ing beneath Rubus spectabilis) II. Names containing lhk'aayii (S) \/ lhk'aay (M) 'deciduous branch' Dial. Plant name English gloss Botanical designation S lhk'iit-lhk'aayii S kal-lhk'aayii 'lhk'iit-branches' 'kal-branches' Heracleum lanatum (plant) Alnus rubra (tree, branch) * As given by the native informants. - 70 -Dial. Plant name English gloss Botanical designation S S M M M' M lhaayaa-lhk' aayii _gaalj?uun-lhk' aayii k'unlhe-lhk' aay 21\u20142 'rose\u2014branches sk'ixlhe-lhk'aay 21-2 'salal-branches' f lhaay&\u00a3l-branches' 'currant-branches' \u00bb hegwetl'iit-lhk'aay 'soapberry-branches' 112-2 \u2022 sk'egechaay-lhk'aay 'dog-salmon-egg-,112-2 branches' Viburnum edule (bush) Ribes bracteosum (bush) Rosa spp. (bush) Gaultheria shallon (plant) Shepherdia canadensis (bush) Vaccinium vitis-idaea (plant) III. Names containing Ihk'amaal (M) or tlaas 'evergreen bough' Dial. Plant name English gloss Botanical Designation M M M sj[aalhaan-tlaas kaayt-tlaas S k'aang-tlaas ts'uu-tlaas 2-1 ts'uu-lhk'ameleey 2-111 's^aalhaan-boughs! 'kaayt-boughs' 'k'aang-boughs! 'ts'uu-boughs' 'ts'elhel-boughs' k1allaa-lhk'ameleey 'muskeg-boughs' ts'elhel-tlaas 11-2 ts'elhel-lhk'ameleey 11-222 22-211 Chamaecyparis nootka-tensis (boughs) Picea sitchensis (boughs) Tsuga heterophylla (boughs) Thuja plicata (boughs) Pinus contorta (boughs) Juniperus communis (plant) circinatum (vine maple) can be considered either a shrub or a tree, depending on the viewpoint of the classifier. Furthermore, the categories do not necessarily have equivalent status, such as implied by the model in Figure 6. Some of them are actually overlapping paradigmatic subsets of others. An appropriate example in English is the taxon \"fruit\", which can itself be considered a life-form category of \"plant\", but is composed of members of several other life-form categories, including \"trees\", \"shrubs\", and \"herbs\". The \"berry\" category of Bella Coola and Lillooet, and especially of Haida, is a similarly composite life\u2014form category. Despite these indeterminacies, life-form categories definitely do exist in the cognitive systems of the study groups and are definable in general terms, if not in specifics. Some of these are actually named (e.g. 'tree' in Bella Coola and Lillooet; 'berry' in Haida, Bella Coola, and Lillooet; 'flower' in Bella Coola and Lillooet; and 'grass' in Haida, Bella Coola, and Lillooet). In these casesany member of the category can be called \"a kind of ('tree', 'berry', 'flower', 'grass')\". Other life-form categories are not actually labelled, but instead are implied by differential application of terminology for certain parts or structures of various plants. For example, the Haida category of \"plants having deciduous branches\", indicated by application of the term lhk'aayii (S) or lhk'aay (M) to the name of a plant, is not named, but is a real category nonetheless. Price (1967) has documented a number of life-form categories of this type in Huichol. - 72 -Still other life-form categories \u2014 perhaps the most nebulous and inconclusive \u2014 are unnamed and defined.only by conversational associa-tions or by English terminology for which there is no native equivalent. For example, in both Haida and Bella Coola, there is a definite associa-tion between different types of marine algae, delineated by the English term \"seaweed\", but in neither case is there any indication of an abor-iginal term applicable to all seaweeds or even to a majority of them. It is impossible to determine whether an aboriginal life-form category for \"seaweeds\" actually existed before white contact, or whether the concept of \"seaweed\" was acquired only recently. Intuitively, one would expect that seaweeds were always considered as a discrete category, at least in maritime cultures such as Haida, but no proof or even suggestive linguistic evidence for this premise exists at present. Unnamed life-form categories differ little from intermediate categories, as defined on page 61. For purposes of this study, the distinction is made that an unnamed life-form category encompasses a group of commonly associated plants which are not generally included in any other life-form category, while intermediate categories are sub-groups of life-form categories, and as such are at a lower hierarchical level. i) Haida life-form categories Three major life-form categories in the Haida language have already been mentioned, namely those defined by the terms xil, lhk'aayii (S) \/ lhk'aay (M), and Ihlc'amaal (M) or tlaas. These categories can be termed: \"herbaceous plants (other than grasses)\"; \"branching shrubs and decidu-ous trees (also some herbaceous species)\"; and \"coniferous trees\". - 73 -These categories are not strictly definable. The terms xil and Ihk'aayii (S) \/ lhk'aay (M) can be applied interchangeably to some plant names, with only slight alterations in meaning. For example, Alnus rubra, because it is used medicinally and because it has leaves, can be called kal-xil (S), but the preferred name is kal-lhk'aayii. In Masset, the terms, saa|aan-xil 22-1 and saa |aan-lhk'aay 22-1 for Maiarithemum dilatatum, are virtual synonyms. Theoretically, all different kinds of leaves and everything used for medicine by the Haida, even white beach agates and \"periwinkles\" (Littorina spp.), are called xil, and could be said to belong to a xil category. However, when xil is applied to plant names, it delimits a particular group of plants, almost all of which fit the description of leafy herbs, not necessarily used medicinally. Lhk'aayii (S) \/ lhk'aay (M) was translated as 'branch', and was offered as the Haida equivalent of \"branch\" by all of the Haida infor-mants. Further questioning invariably established its meaning as 'decid-uous branch'. Nevertheless, a number of non-branching herbaceous forms, such as Maianthemum dilatatum and Carex macrocephalum Cxaalhk'ets'e-lhk.'aay 221-2 (M) 'porcupine-branches' D, are nomenclatural members of the lhk'aay category. The lhk'amaal \/ tlaas category corresponds generally with the appar-ent semantic range of the term kaayt (S) \/ kiiyt (M), which specifically refers to Picea sitchensis, but which in its broadest sense can be translated as 'evergreen tree', although the life-form category also includes two low evergreen shrubs: Juniperus communis and Empetrum nigrum - 74 -in Masset. Juniperus is actually the \"type\" for the lhk'amaal category, since it is commonly called k'alla-lhk'ameleey 22-211 'muskeg-boughs', or simply lhk'amaal 'bough' in the Masset dialect. It does not grow at Skidegate, and is not known by Skidegate speakers at the present time. A fourth major semantic category in Haida is that of \"berries\". The term for 'berry', \u00a3aan (S) \/ gaan (M), is actually an element in many of the generic names of types of \"berries\" Ccf. sk'aw-gaan (S) 'thorn-berry' (Rubus spectabilis); j*aan-xawlaa (S) 'sweet-berry' (Ame-lanchier alnifolia); taan-gaan-naa 2-1-1 (M) 'black-bear's-berries' (Streptopus amplexifolius)D, although many other \"berries\" do not con-tain this term Ccf. 7aas (S) (Shepherdia canadensis); daah (S) 'buying' (Vaccinium oxycoccus); sk'aagii-chaay (S) 'dog-salmon-eggs' (Vaccinium vitis-idaea); lhdaan (Vaccinium alaskaense and V. ovalifolium) X. The category for \"berries\" is indicated, both for aboriginal times (since it recognized terminologically and nomenclaturally) and for the present Haida cognitive system. In the latter case,-its semantic range may have been altered from the original meaning to better conform with that of the English \"berry\". \"Berries\" as a life-form category is non-exclusive in terms of the types of \"plants\" which are included in it. In a sense, it is a sub-group of the \"shrubs and deciduous trees\" category, but it also overlaps terminologically and semantically into the \"herbs\" category, and even into the \"coniferous trees\" category, with Juniperus and Empetrum (see Figure 7). Strictly speaking, the \"berry\" designation in Haida refers only to berries and berry-like objects (such as the succulent leaves of Sedum - 75 -divergens \u2014 saat-\u00a3aan-\u00a3aa in Skidegate), but actually, it is often applied to the entire plant, much in the same way as \"blackberry\" or \"elderberry\" may be applied in English to the plants bearing these fruits. Often, when the informant was asked about a type of berry plant \u2014 even without its berries \u2014 he would first give only the \"abbreviated\" version of the name (i.e., the name for the berries), and would use the \"proper\" name (for the branch or whole plant) only when I repeated his first answer in a questioning voice. Two typical conversations about berry plants are as follows:. 1. \"What is this called?\" (a branch of Rubus spectabilis without berries) George Young (Skidegate) - \"That's sk'aw-gaan.\" \"Sk'aw-gaan?\" Young - \"Yes, sk'aw-^aan \u2014 sk'aw-_gaan-lhk'aayii.\" (pause) \"The berries are sk'aw-gaan.\" 2. \"What is this?\" (a non-fruiting plant of Streptopus amplexifolius) Florence Davidson (Masset) - \"Taan-gaan-naa.\" \"Taan-gaan-naa?\" Mrs. Davidson - \"Taan-gaan-naa-xil.\" -In all, about 10 percent of Skidegate plant names and 7 percent of Masset plant names are included linguistically in the \"berry\" category. Many others are semantic members. A life-form category of similar status to \"berries\", but not as well defined is that of \"edible roots and underground parts\" (hereafter simply \"roots\"). There is no special name or exclusive term for members of this category, but invariably edible \"roots\" are considered jointly - 76 -or successionally in discussions by Haida informants. A question about Potentilla paciflca, for example, would be answered and followed up immediately by unsolicited information about Trifolium wormskjoldii, Fritillaria camtschatcensisLuplnus spp., Pteridium aquilirium, Poly-stichum munitum, and Dryopteris filix-mas. The above-ground parts of these plants are included variously in the xil or Ihk'aayii (S) \/ Ihk'aay (M) categories, or are considered as independent units, but the underground parts form a definite association of another dimension. Another life-form category is that of \"grasses and grass-like plants\" (hereafter simply \"grasses\"), called k'an. Elymus mollis can be considered the generic \"type\" for this category, since most infor-mants, when first asked what k'an is, would say, \"It's that tall stuff down on the beach\" (namely Elymus). When shown other kinds of grasses and sedges, however, they say, \"That's k'an too.\" This taxon includes many different botanical species \u2014 namely the various members of Poaceae, Cyperaceae, and Juncaceae \u2014 but only a few of these are recognized with generic names. Most of the generic names which were used were simply descriptive modifiers of the 'grass' term, such as 'tall-grass', 'wide-leaved-grass', 'fine-grass', and 'round-grass', and these were used in-consistently by different informants. An apparent post-contact extension of the semantic range of k'an is indicated by the term, 2\u00a3aaydaa-lc'ln-gaa (S) 'Haida-grass', which was applied by Maude Moody to many types of weeds and wild flowers (e.g. Hypochaeris radicata, Corallorhiza maculata, Tanacetum huronense, and Cakile edentula). This term was used interchangeably with the anglicized expression, xaaydaa-flawers_gaa (S) 'Haida-flowers'. Neither term was - 77 -employed to any extent by other Haida informants. This type of cate-gory can be referred to as an \"empty\" taxon, since it contains few or no named subtaxa, although it:includes' a large number of members. Another \"empty\" life-form category is that of \"mosses\" \u2014 k'inxaan (S) \/ k'innaan 22 (M) . This taxon includes all species of Musci and all of the Jungermanniales in the Hepaticae, as far as I could determine. In the Skidegate dialect, none of the different types of mosses was generically named, although George Young told me such names used to exist but had been forgotten. In the Masset dialect, only Sphagnum was consistently recognized with a generic name \u2014 k'allaa-k'innaaneey 22-112 'muskeg-moss'. Several other types were named by Emma Matthews, but the names were not corroborated by Florence Davidson. The status of the Haida category for different types of \"seaweeds\" has already been discussed. At present, macroscopic marine algae and vascular plants are all categorized as \"seaweeds\", but, with one possible exception* no Haida term or lexical segment exists which cor-responds even remotely to this English folk segregate. At least one kind of \"seaweed\", chaagaan-xixlaay, is included nomenclaturally in the xil category, but most types are independent of any other major category. An unexpected feature of Haida phytotaxonomy is an apparent lack of folk segregates at any taxonomic level for types of fungi, with the * Becky Pearson of Skidegate, when asked about the meaning of the term, t al, which is normally applied to Fucus, stressed that it referred to only one kind of \"seaweed\" (namely, Fucus), but that if someone found any kind of \"seaweed\" on the beach which he did not recognize, he would say, \"T'al 7uu 7iijil.\" (\"It's t'al.\") or \"T'al gwaa 7is.\"' (\"Is it t'al?\"). (Interrogative tone is not used in Haida.) - 78 -exception of various members of Polyporaceae (see Appendixes 5 and 6). All of the informants were familiar with the English terms, \"mushroom\" and \"toadstool\", and recognized several different types I asked about, but they knew of no Haida terms for these. The various Haida life-form categories discussed are listed in Table 6, and portrayed diagrammatically in Figure 7. As can be seen, they are not always mutually exclusive, and do not include all of the types of \"plants\" for which Haida generic names are designated, ii) Bella Coola life-form categories Most Bella Coola life-form categories for plants are delimited nomenclaturally. These Include: \"trees\" (stn 'tree, log, or pole'); \"berries (and berry plants)\" (skaluts 'berry'; a-skaluts-aak 'berry-bearing branch or bush'); \"flowers\" (sxiximuuts 'flower of any kind'); \"grasses and grass-like plants\" (slaws); \"ground mosses (and lichens)\" (ipts); mosses (and lichens) on trees\" (ipts\u2014aak 'limb\u2014moss *)\u2022 and \"mushrooms\" (snu-kakayt-iikw, <kayt 'hat'). The last five categories (\"flowers\", \"grasses\", \"ground-mosses\", \"tree-mosses\", and \"mushrooms\") are \"empty\"; they each contain many recognizably different members, but few or none of these possess generic names. The Bella Coola 'tree' (stn) has a broader semantic range than the English \"tree\", since it includes logs* poles, and standing snags. It might be better translated as 'tall or long wooden structures'. As would be expected, it includes both coniferous and deciduous species. However, a sub-category of \"needled trees\" is indicated by application of the term, kwals, to the boughs or needles of Tsuga heterophylla, - 79 -Table 6. Haida life-form categories. ro I * jj i ^ fis; I fl I 10 H H W 11C3 T3 +J 4J M \u2022H O 0) H !>i d-4J fl rt , H f l v ^ +J 3 O S E OJ HH rH -H X Ti 0ft -H R -rH o ca rt OT g w-a ro 0 H O W QJr^. - H Q ) CD CO w O M -H > pi VO S(H > rH $ 1 M \u2022 \u00ab. 4JCJ H\"HH \u2022 O'OH . a .J ' a) a) ffltJ O S o & n ti tJ I \"d ? & ^  \"H & n . > 5 m \u2022Hrt 3 3 m a m a \u00ab a. >-J o . ja m a -h h ct). . . : . .<?-h .w w n) a) M-H <u co n) co 3 co ^ ^ r-\u00bb rri i i ii . 1 1 V a- 3 rH MH O \"herbaceous plants\" \"deciduous trees and shrubby plants\" 48 generic-level terms in S, 45 in M (over-laps with next cate-gory) over 60 spe-cies in each dialect. Nuphar luteum ssp. polysepalum, Mon-eses uniflora, Campanula rotundi-folia about 50 generic-level 65-70 species Rubus spectabilis, terms in each dialect in each dia- Heracleum lanatum, (overlaps with pre- lect Alnus rubra vious category; in-cludes 'berry' group) evergreen trees (and shrubs)\"; ,cf. also kaayt (S)\/ kiiyt (M) 'tree' 11 generic-level terms in S, 15 in M (1 is also a general term) about 8 species Picea sitchensis, in each dia- Juniperus communis, lect Thuja plicata 'berries' 'roots (and underground parts)\" 33 generic-level terms in S, 31 in M (over-laps with first and second categories) 12 generic-level terms in S, 9 in M over 40 spec-ies in each dialect Vaccinium spp\u201e, Gaultheria shallon, Viburnum edule about 12 spec- Trifolium wormsk-ies in each joldii, Polystichum dialect munitum, Solanum tuberosum 'grasses (and grass-like plants)' 1 general term, 7 gen- many species eric-level terms in S, involved 13 in M, but all are (over 25) poorly defined Elymus mollis, Triglochin mariti-mum, Scirpus microcarpus Single quotation marks signify a direct English translation of a Haida term; double quotes represent expressions found only in English, or of English origin. Note that generic names are counted only once, but semantic overlap with other categories is mentioned where it occurs. 80 -0 M 0 4-1 1 OJ <U M-l U eo 01 \u2022H O 60 \u2022rl i-a I I 00 co C -rl \u2022H T3 rH >> -H -H O M (U \"i T) a) _ > td i-H o \u00a3 \u2022H aj co CO (1) H \u2022H H Q) p a 4J CO fi d) \u2022H (U O 4-J a) cfl p. 6 CO \u2022H aj !<! m > O o rH H O p< i-i t> P. a) ti <3 \u2022H 4-1 a rt CU r-i: T) Pu tH O o C \u2022H CO <U CO r-H OJ P< -H s CJ id <u ft w CO \"Haida flowers\" 'mosses' \"seaweeds\" uncategorized types* 1 general term (Skide- many species gate only) - consider- (a rather able overlap with xil nebulous cat-category egory) 1 general term (6 gen-eric-level terms in Masset) 16 generic-level terms in S, 15 in M (some overlap with xil category) 1 generic-level term in S, 4 in M many species (over 20 in each dialect) over 20 spec-ies in each dialect Hypochaeris radi-cata, Corallo-rhiza spp., Viola spp. Eurhynchium oreganum, Sphagnum spp., Hylocomium splen-ens Nereocystis luet-keana, Halosaccion glandiforme, Fucus spp. many species Fomes spp., Cladonia in each dialect spp., all mushroom species * About 10 terms in Skidegate and 8 terms in Masset, recorded by C.F. Newcombe, were not included for lack of classificatory evidence. - 81 -Figure 7. Diagrammatic representation of Haida life-form categories.* ^ N \/ \"seaweeds \\ (many species, I about 16 gener^ ically named) \\ - '\/ \/\"roots'^v \/ (about 12 X generically \\ 'xil plants' (her-baceous plants - a-bout 60 generically named species, and many unnamed) \/ \"Haida i flowers\" \u00ab (many spe-x y cies) \\ \\ \/ (many gras about ically named) (many species, 5 generically named in M) Numbers are averaged from Skidegate and Masset dialects. Dotted lines indicate categories for which no particular Haida term exists, or whose aboriginal existence in Haida is doubtful. Single quotation marks signify a direct English translation of a Haida term; double quotes represent expressions found only in English. Abies spp., Picea sitchensis, Taxus brevifolia, Pseudotsuga menziesii, and Pinus contorta, and of \"scaled evergreen trees\" by use of the term, ts'ap'ax for the boughs'-of Chamaecyparis nootkatensis and Thuja plicata. There is no term, other than s-pus 'leaf, applying to deciduous trees as a group, and there is no term, other than a general word and suffix for 'branch' to distinguish bushes or shrubs from other types of \"plants\", although the English term \"bush\" is com-monly used at present. Unlike the Haida 'berry' \u2014 _gaan (S) \/ gaan (M), the Bella Coola 'berry' (skaluts) is not incorporated into the names of different kinds of \"berries\". Only one species, Vaccinium membranaceum, the generic \"type\" of \"berry\", is called skaluts. Some more nebulous life-form categories are implied by conversa-tional associations and differential application of terminology. The first of these \u2014 \"edible or useful roots and underground parts\" (here-after, \"roots\") \u2014 is at least partially recognized linguistically, by use of the suffix -nk (literally 'foot'), to refer to the \"roots\" of certain plants (e.g., Lysichitum americanum top - ukw'uk', roots -ukw'uk'-nk; Pteridium aquilinum plants - saxsakwm-lhp, rhizomes -saxsakwm-lhp-nk). However, not all of the plants included by associa-tion in the \"root\" category have names to which this suffix is appli-cable. As in Haida, the \"root\" plants are usually discussed as a group Potentilla pacifica, Trifolium wormskjoldii, Lupinus nootkatensis, Allium cernuum, and the other \"roots\" mentioned for Haida. No \"herbaceous plant\" category comparable to the Haida xil taxon - 83 -exists in Bella Coola. However, the \"tops\" of some \"root\" plants are delineated by the suffix -iixw (? -iixw), much In the same way as the leaves of carrots in English are called \"carrot-tops\" (e.g., Allium spp. bulbs - tl'xwtsn, leaves - tl'xwtsn-iixw; Veratrum eschscholtzii tops - ptitsk'-lh-iixw; Trifolium spp. tops - t'xwsusus-iixw; Potentilla ' pacifica tops - uk'k'al-iixw). In Bella Coola, as in Haida, there is no general term for the con-cept of \"seaweed\", although various types of marine algae are recog-nized with generic names. There is no term for \"garden or cultivated plants\", but volunteer plants, which grow without being planted, are called spuus-timut (<pus 'to grow'). Some other broad, but casual categories, such as \"ferns\" and \"green vegetables\" could probably be considered as life-form cate-gories in Bella Coola, but are discussed as intermediate categories. The various life-form categories of Bella Coola are enumerated in Table 7 and presented diagrammatically in Figure 8. Hi) Lillooet life-form categories Lillooet life-form categories appear to be generally similar to those of Bella Coola. There are named taxa for \"trees\" (segap), \"berries (and berry bushes)\" (skw'el, <kw'el 'ripe, cooked'; bushes -kw'el-az; and7usa7), \"flowers\" (sp'ak'em, <pak' 'white, light-coloured'), \"grasses (hay)\" (slekem); \"mosses\" (pa7sem); and possibly \"mushrooms\", since the term smetl'eka7, for a type of edible mushroom, is apparently also applicable to mushrooms generally, at least in some contexts. - 84 -Table 7. Bella Coola life-form categories.' h \u2022 I w dJ -Pi 3 tH C tH -rl \u2022rl 13 CD CO ._ S'M \u00b0 ^  \u00a7 ' U-i 6 L. ? i < U dl CO V \u00a7> \u00a3 \u00a3 a > -H 3 5\" ^ w H > ^  S o &1 Tl S'irt \u00a7 W Ol '-O H-N a, n > 1 H S ,2 -H h o o m \u00a3 S a 5 1 ^ \u00b0 \u00bb D O U > rH -Sfjafl W W 4-1 0 13 o 4-1 O 'trees' \"with leaves\" \"evergreen\" 'scaled' 'needled' 16 generic-level terms about 15 spec-ies 'berries' 'flowers' 'grasses (and grass-like plants)' 'mosses' (on ground) 2 generic level terms, 2 species 4 general 11 generic-level terms, 8 species 1 general 40 generic-level terms, about 39 spec-(1 also general) ies 3 generic-level terms, many (over 1 general 20) species 1 general term (2 gen- many (over eric-level terms 25) species overlapping with other categories) 1 generic-level term, many (over 1 general 20) species Populus tremuloi-des, Rhamnus pur-shiana, Prunus emarginata Thuja plicata, Chamaecyparis nootkatensis Pseudotsuga men-ziesii, Tsuga heterophylla, Picea sitchensis Gaultheria shallons Rubus spectabilis, Maianthemum dila-tatum Pyrola asarifolia, Aquilegia formosa, Corallorhiza spp. Carex lyngbyei, Dactylis glomer-ata, Juncus effu-sus Rhytidiopsis ro-busta, Plagiomnium insigne, Poly-trichum juniper-inum * Single quotation marks signify a direct English glo ss of a Bella Coola term; double quotes represent expressions found only in English or of English origin. - 85 -w a CD fi \u2022H o o 1 60 a) a) UH \u2022U) iH Cfl .tJ a i i to en (3 tH \u2022H T3 I .0 \u2022H W CO 0 'HHH fi o H cu a) Cd W 4-1 o T3 CU \u2022S \u2022 \u2022- \u2022  \u2022 -0 ra a) o h \u2022H M O O 3 U U > . \u2022H Q) to <D > S3 I ^ to C3 dJ \u2022rH 0) O 4J. d) cd a. 5 co tj \u2022rl <1  \u2022*i m > O O rH M O P , >-l > 6 <u a C -H 4-J c 13 td a) rH P . 3 rH o o a \u2022H CO a; CO rH QJ p* \u2022H e a cti ai X P* w 05 'tree-mosses' 2 generic-level terms, many (over 1 general 15) species 'mushrooms' and \"fungi\" \"roots\" (un-derground parts) \"seaweeds\" other \"plants\" 2 general terms 19 generic-level terms many (over 20) species about 18 spec-ies 6 generic-level terms many (over (one also general) 15) species 42 generic-level terms 46 named spec-ies , plus many others Isothecium stoloni-ferum, Lobaria pulmonaria, Alectoria sarmentosa Agaricus spp., Lyco-perdon spp., Poly-porus officinalis Pteridium aquilinum, Trifolium wormsk-joldii, Cicuta douglasii Fucus spp., Macro-cystis integrifolia, Porphyra spp. Equisetum telmateia, Holodiscus discolor, Urtica dioica - 86 -Figure 8. Diagrammatic representation of Bella Coola life-form categories.* Dotted lines indicate categories for which no particular Bella Coola term exists, or whose aboriginal existence in Bella Coola is doubt-ful. Single quotation marks signify a direct English translation of a Bella Coola term; double quotes represent expressions found only in English. - 87 -The \"flower\" and \"mosses\" categories are \"empty, but \"grasses\" and \"mushrooms\" each have several named components. Agropyron spicatum (bunchgrass) is the generic \"type\" for \"grasses\", since it is called slekem-ul 'real-grass\/hay'. Another named category, similar to the \"Haida flowers\" taxon in Haida, is that of \"weeds\", swa7pulmexw (literally 'ground-hair'), which includes various introduced and native herbs not recognized with generic names. As in Bella Coola, a sub-category of \"trees\", namely \"trees with needles\", is suggested by the differential use of the term k'ama7 'needles' for Pseudotsuga menziesii and other conifer needles. Pseudo-tsuga is the generic \"type\" for the \"tree\" category in Lillooet, being called segap-ul 'real-tree'. It is also a type for \"tree\" in the Yurok and Smith River languages of California (Bright and Bright 1965). One Lillooet term for 'berry', skw'el, is derived from the \"verb\" 'to ripen', and has no generic \"type\". However, the other term (usually a suffix), -usa7 (sometimes in a reduplicated form), is a component of several names of members of this life-form class (e.g. Rubus leucodermis berries - tsats7-usa7 'black-berries'; Amelanchier alnifolia berries, \"rotten\" variety - nek'nakw'-ukw'sa7 'rotten-berries'). In fact, Vaccinium membranaceum, the generic \"type\" for \"berry\" in Bella Coola, is called 7usa7 in the Lillooet language. An unnamed \"edible root and underground parts\" category also exists, and includes many members, especially in Liliaceae. The generic names of most of these do not include the -az \"plant\" suffix; rather the name - 88 -applies specifically to the root or underground part of the plant and generally to the entire plant (e.g., Calochortus macrocarpus bulb and plant - mekw7\u2014 u7sa7 'round-thing-held-in-the-mouth'; Erythronium grandiflorum bulb and plant - sk'amts; Lomatium macrocarpum root and f plant - kw ekw'ila). In English, a similar naming system exists for many \"root\" plants, such as carrot, onion, potato, and turnip. , Lillooet life-form categories are enumerated in Table 8, and pre-sented diagrammatically in Figure 9. c) Intermediate categories In each of the three study groups, there are many intermediate plant categories \u2014 more general than generic taxa, and more specific than life-form taxa. These are informal associations, and many are not linguistically recognized, except by English terminology. Thus, their existence in aboriginal times usually cannot be substantiated, although intermediate categories undoubtedly did exist in pre-contact days. Some, involving introduced or imported plants and English term-inology, are obviously of post-contact origin. Most of the intermediate taxa in this study were derived from conversational associations of the informants, or from common nomenclatural designations. As already mentioned, the unnamed categories discussed as life-form taxa in the previous section, such as \"edible roots\" and \"seaweeds\", could be considered as intermediate categories, but were included as life-form categories because of their apparent high taxonomic level. The intermediate categories themselves are not all of equivalent tax-onomic status. They can occur at any taxonomic level within the - 89 -Table 8. Fraser River Lillooet life-form categories.* co a s 0 1-1 14H O 1 t>0 0) Q) MH 4J T-) cti hJ O I I 00 CO +J T3 M 4-1 C3 iH Q) QJ <L> <U \u2022H -O <4H o o o >-.rH M O \u2022H n) > co o rH n) o O Vi tH > Pn rH a -H iH rH OJ iH Q)' 03 (0 M 4-1 CO dJ \u2022H a QJ . > r-M a) 4-1 -r! CO u 4J ^  pi I 0 p CJ <u 4-1 cd S \u2022H * m o o n p. M ft cu CO <IJ \u2022H G a) ft co td cu > rH O \u00a3 \u2022H 4-1 C 'd n) <u rH Td P. 3 rH HH O O C iH CO CL) CO rH CU Pu iH e o n) a) * P< W CO 'trees' 1 general term \"with leaves\" ever-greens' 'berries' 15 generic-level terms about 13 spec-ies 19 generic-level terms about 15 spec-Cone also general) ies 31 generic-level terms over 33 spec-Cone also general) ies Acer glabrum, Populus tricho-carpa, Prunus emarginata Pseudotsuga men-ziesii, Pinus albicaulis, Juni-perus scopulorum Vaccinium spp., Actaea rubra, Lonicera invol-ucrata 'flowers' 1 general term (in-cludes 1 or 2 gener-ics) (overlaps with 'weeds') many (over 20) species-Penstemon fruti-cosus, Lilium columbianum, Gaillardia aris-tida 'grasses (and grass-like plants)' 3 general terms, 4 gen- many (over eric-level terms 2.0) species Agropyron spica-tum, Elymus cin-ereus, Distichlis spicata 'mosses' 1 general term several (about 15) species Selaginella walla-cei, Polytrichum piliferum, Funaria hygrometrica * Single quotation marks signify a direct English translation of a Lillooet term; double quotes represent expressions found only in English or of English origin. CO 0 J-i >4H O 1 00 QJ flj 4H 4-1 \u2022h ca .-J o i I M CO +J T3 C T) 0) OJ \u2022iH T) ' O > rH O i-H > . I-H O H H > O r\u2014I -H CJ <1) vH .Q o co 4-1 0 & co cu n 3 -H !-i a) S 3 O 4-1 cu 4-1 a) e iH X <4H o o Jj cu n ft CU <J ^ Q CO cu \u2022H CJ a) ft CO T) <u o > a \u2022H a u nS CU rH T3 ft 3 rH m o o a \u2022H CO <u CO rH <11 ft iH a o cd <u X ft W co \"mushrooms and fungi\" 'weeds' 5 generic-level terms many (over (one possibly more 20) species general) 1 general term (over- many (over laps with 'flowers' 20) species and \"plants\") \"roots (and un- 15 generic-level terms about 15 spec-derground parts, ies including poi-sonous types) other \"plants\" 42 generic-level terms over 46 spec-ies Polyporus spp., Agaricus spp., Clavaria spp. Asclepias specio-sus, Sisymbrium altissimum, Tan-acetum vulgare Calochortus macro-carpus , Erythron-ium grandiflorum, Lomatium macro-carpum Elaeagnus commu-tata, Artemisia tridentata, Rhus radicans - 91 -Figure 9. Diagrammatic representation of Fraser River Lillooet life-form categories.* * Dotted lines indicate categories for which no particular Lillooet term exists, or whose aboriginal existence is doubtful. Single quotation marks signify a direct English translation of a Lillooet term; double quotes represent expressions found only in English. - 92 -limits of the category type, they can involve any number of generic taxa, from two to many, and they can result in several different types of associations between plants. Some, such as the Haida and Bella Coola \"ferns\" and \"umbelliferous plants\", originate from obvious structural similarities between plants. Others are derived from similar utili-zation (e.g. Haida and Bella Coola \"green vegetables\" and \"strong medi-cines\") . Some intermediate relationships result from habitat similar-ities (e.g. Haida \"muskeg plants\", Lillooet \"tree lichens\"), while others appear to have been derived mainly from English categories being super-imposed on native categories, and are named accordingly (e.g. Lillooet \"onions\", \"sage\", \"pines\"). Hence, a single type of plant can be includ-ed in more than one intermediate category, depending on the desired con-text. Furthermore, an intermediate category can include two or more sub-categories which are also intermediate. It would be impossible to enumerate all intermediate taxa for each group, since the number is potentially limitless; casual associations between plants are made at many different levels, using many different criteria. The categories range in extent from those of short duration, recognized by only a few individuals, to those of longer standing, generally recognized throughout the society. New categories are con-stantly being initiated, especially with the introduction or super-imposition of the taxonomic categories of another language, such as English. At the same time, other categories are forgotten as their necessity for existence is eliminated through cultural change. In Tables 9, 10, and 11, some notable examples of intermediate categories, ranging from general to specific, are provided for Haida, Table 9. Some examples of intermediate taxonomic categories for plants in Haida. Designated Dial. category name Examples of plant species included in category Linguistic recognition Native lang. English S, M S, M M M S, M \"green vegetables\" (ga-thered in spring; eaten raw with sugar and grease) \"ferns\" \"fine-leaved ferns\" \"coarse-leaved ferns\" \"thorny or spiney plants\" (used as protection against witchcraft) \"fresh-water aquatic plants\" Heracleum lanatum, Stachys cooleyae, Epilobium angustifolium, Rubus par-viflorus, R. spectabilis, Rumex oc-cidentalis, lhk'uuxaay (S, indet.) Polystichum munitum, Blechnum spieant, Polypodium glycyrrhiza, Athyrium filix-femina, Dryopteris spp., Pter-idium aquilinum, Gymnocarpium dryo-pteris, Adiantum pedatum, Botrychium multifidum (leaves) Pteridium, Athyrium, Dryopteris, Gym-nocarpium, Adiantum, Botrychium, Tanacetum huronense (leaves) Polystichum, Blechnum, Polypodium, Achillea millefolium (leaves) Ribes lacustre, Oplopanax horridus, Picea sitchensis, Rosa nutlcana, R. gymnocarpa, Crataegus douglasii Callitriche heterophylla, Potamogeton spp., Fontinalis spp., \"any green thing in the water\" no inclusive term ts'aagwel (S) (M terms are more specific) saagwaal 22 (M) ts'aagwaal 22 (M) no inclusive term _gandel-xil_gaa 'water-leaves' \"greens\", \"vege-tables\" \"ferns\" no corresponding term no corresponding term no inclusive term \"hydrophytes\" Designated Dial. category name Examples of plant species included in category Linguistic recognition Native lang. English M \"muskeg plants\" S, M M \"plants which are strong medicines\" \"blueberry-like forest shrubs\" Eriophorum spp., Juncus effusus, Fauria crista-gallii, Juniperus communis Veratrum eschscholtzii, Moneses uni-flora, Oplopanax horridum, Nuphar luteum ssp. polysepalum and others Vaccinium alaskaense, V. ovalifolium (generic \"types\"), V. parvifolium, Menziesia ferruginea, Symphoricarpos albus k'allaa - 22-' muslceg' (inclu-ded in the gener-ic names of these plants) no inclusive term lhdaan-lhe 2-1 (<lhdaan \"blue-berry\") \"bog plants\" no inclusive term no correspond-ing term S, M \"kelps\" Macrocystis integrifolia (generic ngaal (Macrocystis) \"kelp\" \"type\"), Alaria marginata, Laminaria (others called spp., Pleurophycus gardneri, Costaria \"fancy ngaal\", or costata, Nereocystis blades, Egregia \"a kind of ngaal\") menziesii, Agarum sp. S, M \"umbelliferous plants\" S, M \"hollow-stemmed plants\" S, M \"stem-fiber plants\" (used for making twine) Heracleum lanatum (generic \"type\"), lhk'lit (Heracleum) Conioselinum pacificum, Oenanthe sar- (others called me'ntosa, Glehnia littoralis 'lhk'iit-baby') Nereocystis luetkeana, Heracleum lana- lhky'aamaa (S) \/ turn, Elymus mollis lhk'aamaa (M) Family Apiaceae no correspond-ing term Urtica dioica, Epilobium angustifolium no inclusive term, no inclusive but usually discus- term sed together Designated Dial. category name Examples of plant species included in category Linguistic recognition Native lang. English \"trailing plants\" S, M \"bog cranberries\" S, M \"fibrous-barked trees\" S, M \"fruit stored in water and grease\" S, M \"trees with edible cambium\" Linnaea borealis, Rubus pedatus, (Arc-tostaphylos uva-ursi sometimes in-cluded) Vaccinium oxycoccus, V. vitis-idaea Thuja plicata, Chamaecyparis nootka-tensis Pyrus fusca, Viburnum edule (Rubus chamaemorus often included in M) tleljjaa- 'earth, no correspond-ground' (includ- ing term ed in generic names) no inclusive term, \"cranberries\" but usually discus-sed together inner bark of these \"cedar\" trees - giixiidaa (S) no inclusive term Picea sitchensis, Tsuga heterophylla xii (cambium) no inclusive term no corresponding term VO Table 10. Some examples of intermediate taxonomic categories for plants in Bella Coola. Designated category name Examples of plant species included in category Linguistic recognition Native lang. English \"green vegetables\" \"tree fungi\" 'green rock algae and aquatic plants\" \"plants with barbed or pappused fruits\" \"trailing plants\" Epilobium angustifolium, Heracleum lan- no inclusive term atum, Urtica dioica, Rubus spectabi-lis, R. parviflorus Fomes officinalis (apparently the kanani \"type\"), various other Fomes, Poly-porus, and Ganoderma species, espe-cially those which can be drawn on Rhizoclonium sp* (\"type\"), also Fontin- swanalhkw alis, Spirogyra, Potampgeton spp., and other fresh-water aquatics Bromus erectus (\"type\"), Bromus spp. Osmorhiza chilensis, Antennaria neglecta Lycopodium clavatum (vegetative), Linnaea borealis nususkw'iikw 'she flies' ix71xulmxmayx 'beats earth' \"greens\" Family Poly-poraceae no correspond-ing term ho equivalent term no equivalent term \"non-edible ferns\" \"stem-fiber plants\" Athyrium filix-femina, Polystichum munitum, Dryopteris austriaca, Ad-iantum pedatum,(sometimes Gymno-carpium dryopteris) Apocynum androsaemifolium, (sometimes Aralia nudicaulis), Urtica dioica xala no inclusive term, but usually dis-cussed together no correspond-ing term no inclusive term Designated Dial. category name Examples of plant species included in category Linguistic recognition Native lang. English \"umbelliferous plants\" Heracleum lanatum, Cicuta douglasii, no inclusive Angelica genuflexa, Sium suave, term, but often Oenanthe sarmentosa, klhpuulx (indet., discussed to-\"poisonous plants used medicinally\" violently poisonous) Oplopanax horridus, (Ribes lacustre sometimes), Physocarpus capitatus, Cicuta douglasii, klhpuulx (see above), Veratrum eschscholtzii gether no inclusive term Apiaceae (but not all mem-bers) no inclusive term \"alders\" \"white berries\" \"Arctostaphylos-like plants\" \"blueberries\" \"clovers\" Alnus rubra, A. incana, A. sinuata Symphoricarpos albus, Co mus stoloni-fera Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (\"type\"), Pachystima myrsinites Vaccinium membranaceum, V. ovalifol-ium, V. alaskaense, Y. caespitosum, V. parvifolium (also red garden currants) Trifolium wormskjoldii (\"type\"), T. repens, T. pratense no inclusive term, but often con-sidered together ts'xw- 'white-' included in name milmilixw-lhp 'Arc to s taphylo s-plant' no inclusive term genus Alnus no correspond-ing term no correspond-ing term \"blueberries and huckleberries\" t'xwsusus-iixw genus Trifolium 'clover-plant' Designated Dial. category name Examples of plant species included in category \"currants\" \"swamp shrubs\" \"white-flowered shrubs\" \"raspberry-like berries\" \"dancing trees\" \"willows\" Ribes bracteosum, R. laxiflorum, black garden currants Myrica gale (\"type\"), Spiraea doug-lasii Holodiscus discolor (\"type\"), Ceano-thus velutinus, (sometimes Aruncus sylvester) Rubus idaeus, garden raspberries, R. leucodermis, garden blackberries, R. parviflorus, R. spectabilis Populus tremuloides (\"type\"), P. trichocarpa Salix spp. (\"old\" and \"young\" kinds) Linguistic recognition Native lang. English no inclusive term lkw'lu-lhp mnmnts'-lhp 'blond-plant! \"currants\" no correspond-ing term no correspond-ing term no inclusive term, genus Rubus but usually con-sidered together no inclusive term genus Populus no inclusive term genus Salix Table 11. Some examples of Intermediate taxonomic categories for plants in Fraser River Lillooet.* Designated Examples of plant Linguistic recognition category name species included in category Native lang. English \"tree lichens' \"pines\" \"maples\" \"junipers\" \"alders\" \"sage\" Alectoria fremontii, A. sarmentosa group, Evernia vulpina Pinus contorta, P. monticola, P, ponderosa, P. albicaulis no inclusive term < <. no corresponding term (closest is \"fruticose lichens\") no inclusive term genus Pinus Acer circinatum, A. glabrum, A. macro- no inclusive term genus Acer phyllum Juniperus communis, J. scopulorum Alnus rubra, A. sinuata Artemisia tridentata, A. friglda, A. campestris, A. dracunulus, (some-times Chrysothamnus nauseosus) Corylus cornuta (\"type\"), various imported \"nuts\" (e.g. walnuts, al-monds, pecans, cashews, peanuts), Commandra umbellata no inclusive term genus Juniperus no inclusive term genus Alnus no inclusive term genus Artemisia k1apxw 'nut' * Note that almost all of these categories are derived from English generic terms. This is probably due to the fact that the major informant, Sam Mitchell, was more familiar with English plant names than any other informant in the study, and tended to think of Lillooet plants in terms of English categories. Designated category name Examples of plant species included in category Linguistic recognition Native lang. English \"willows\" \"blueberries\" \"bulrushes\" \"twine plants\" \"onions\" \"edible roots\" Cornus stolonifera (\"red willow\"), Sa- no inclusive term lix exigua (\"pink-barked willow\"), Salix sitchensis (\"main willow\"), Salix amygdaloides (\"match willow\"), xwetl'mam-lhp (indet. - \"mountain willow\") Vaccinium membranaceum, V. ovalifolium, no inclusive term V. caespitdsum, V. parvifolium \"willow\" in a very general sense Equisetum hyemale, E. laevigatum, Scirpus validus, Typha latifolia no inclusive term Apocynum cannibinum (\"type\"), A. andro- sp'ats'en 'twine' saemifolium, Urtica dioica, (some-times Asclepias speciosa), commer-cial fibers Allium cernuum (\"type\"), Calochortus macrocarpus (\"sweet onions\"), Zy-gadenus venenosus (\"poison onions garden onions Balsamorrhiza sagittata, Lewisia re-diviva, Lomatium macrocarpum, Daucus carota, Brassica campestris, sxiilem (indet.) t t kwelawa onion no inclusive term \"blueberries and huckleberries\" no exactly corres-ponding term no correspond-ing term no correspond-ing term no inclusive term \"sweet potatoes\" Potentilla anserina, Erythronium grand- no inclusive term no inclusive term iflorum, commercial sweet potatoes Designated category name Examples of plant species included in category Linguistic recognition Native lang. English \"potatoes\" \"strong medicines\" Claytonia lanceolata, Lilium parvi-florum, Irish potato (Solanum tuberosum) Veratrum eschscholtzii, Actaea rubra, Solidago spathulata var. neomexi-cana, Rhododendron albiflorum, Loni-cera involucrata, Anemone spp., Urtica dioica no inclusive term no inclusive term no inclusive term no inclusive term \"berries made into bread\" Amelanchier alnifolia (spekpek variety), szak'-ul 'real- no correspond-Crataegus douglasii bread1 ing term - 102 -Bella Coola, and Lillooet respectively. Some of these (e.g. \"fresh-water aquatic plants\" in Haida) could equally well be considered as broad generic categories, since each member is called by the same name, but since the category is relatively wide-ranging, it is included as a supra-generic taxon. A number of the intermediate categories listed are of a type designated by Bright and Bright (1965) as \"sphere of influence\" cate-gories. They involve a central kind of plant, usually of high econ-omic importance, about which other plants are grouped on the basis of their similarity to the \"type\" plant. Examples are the Haida categories of \"umbelliferous plants\" (\"type\" is Heracleum lanatum), \"kelps\" (\"type\" is Macrocystis integrifolia), and \"blueberry-like shrubs\" (\"type\" is Vaccinium alaskaense and V^. ovalifolium) . ''Sphere of influence\" cate-gories are common at all taxonomic levels in folk taxonomies, and association of non-economic plants with similar economically important plants is a common method of horizontal expansion of taxonomic hier-archies (Berlin 1971). d) Generic categories * A substantial majority of the native terms listed in Appendixes 5, 6, 7, and 8 are generic plant names, similar in function to colloquial English genus-level names such as \"oak\", \"rose\", \"columbine\", and \"strawberry\". In each language group, over half of these names show * Many of the remarks on generic folk segregates in this section are applicable generally to folk segregates at all taxonomic levels, but are included specifically for generic taxa because they are by far the most common type in non-scientific languages. - 103 -a one-to-one correspondence with botanical species. Except for a very few cases of \"overdifferentiation\", the remaining terms are variously \"under-differentiated\" as defined by Berlin, Breedlove, and Raven (1966). Five different kinds of species correspondence categories have been delimited (see Table 1, field 12). A summary of the degree of correspondence of plant segregates to botanical species is given for each language in Table 12.* Some examples of terms assigned to these categories are given in Table 13. In each language group, a number of generic names originally having a one-to-one correspondence with indigenous species or genera have,been expanded in post-contact times to include conceptually similar imported or cultivated counterparts. Examples of these recently expanded taxa are given in Table 14. In some cases, the introduced plants are closely related botanically to the native plants they are named after (e.g. garden and wild strawberries \u2014 Fragaria spp.), while in other instances they are unrelated and named on the basis of some superficial similarity or common usage (e.g. the bur plants in Lillooet \u2014 Hackelia sp. and Arctium minus). Some generic terms originate through borrowing from the vocabular-ies of other languages. Recently borrowed terms can be identified by the informants themselves, but those of long standing can be determined only by knowing the terms in the original language. Some borrowed terms are maintained in their original form in the second language, while * In this table, recently expanded taxa (see Table 14) are included under appropriate categories (0 to 4), rather than being maintained as a separate unit, as shown in Table 1, field 12. - 104 -Table 12, Degree of correspondence of Haida, Bella Coola, and Lillooet plant segregates with botanical species. Figures indicate the numbers of terms in each category, and the percentage of the total number of terms in each language. i G to 4-> o cd co m cu o -H o So \u2022rl CU ft CO O rH co CO H O Pn -H 0 Species correspondence categories (as in Table 1, field 12) 1 \u2022H CO CU (U CO M o co )-< rH CU O a -H CJ CJ 0) <u CU S-I ft d o co o cu B 1 u T3 o d M CU 4-1 (U O +j 1 -T3 CO cu d O rH ci o & cu O ft 4-1 l-l 1 2 T3 1 cu 60 4-1 d cd \u2022H CO \u2022H 4-1 <u QJ co \u2022H M \u2022H a T3 cu CU ft !>\u00bb CO o >H 0 \u2022H <u CO rH n cO rQ o CU CO o 4-1 CO \u00a3 3 \u2022H 4-1 3 3 rH rH CO o \u2022H d CO CO <u 4-1 \u2022H o O ja Q) ft cu M M Q U 0 CU \u2022U M rt O iH CU O M & d 4-1 3 4 o d s m o co (U to CO \u2022P * d co cu cu CJ 4J H CO cu to ft cu n <Jd 60 Q) CO CO M cu Ai \u20229 a o 3 iw d rH to 4-1 o H Haida (S) (total -154) Haida (M) (total -167) Bella Coola (to-tal - 152) Lillooet (total -137) 2 (1.2%) 2 ( 1 . 3 % ) 8 (5.8%) 87 (56.5%) 100 (60.0%) 93 (61.2%) 98 (71.6%) 21 (13.6%) 17 (10.1%) 15 ( 9.9%) 18 (13.1%) 26 (16.9%) 24 (14.3%) 26 (17.1%) 10 ( 7.3%) 17 (11.0%) 23 (13.8%) 16 (10.5%) 3 (2.0%) 1 ( .6%) ( 1 2 ,5%) 1 ( .7%) In cases where more than one term of the same root can be applied to different parts of the same plant, only the most basic term is included in compiling these totals. - 105 -Table 13. Selected examples of the five species correspondence cate-gories delimited in Table 12. Code 0. Folk segregate is \"overdifferentiated\"; it refers to a fraction of a botanical species. Lang. & Dial. Folk segregate Botanical designation Bella Coola Bella Coola maxwuuli klhpuulx Lillooet (F) k'amkw'-az Lillooet (F) kwutalixw Cicuta douglasii, moderately poisonous variety* Cicuta douglasii, extremely poisonous variety* Typha latifolia with fruit-ing heads Typha latifolia, vegetative plants only Code Folk segregate corresponds in a one-to-one fashion with a bot-anical species. Lang. & Dial. Folk segregate Haida (S) Haida (S) (M) Haida (S) Haida (S, M) Haida (M) Bella Coola Botanical designation ts'iik'ap Cornus unalaschensis sgaalhaan \\ \u2022 -sgaalhaan 12 J Chamaecyparis nootkatens k'aaxuu-ts'aalaang-gaa Rubus chamaemorus 'rotten-log' Ic'as Menziesia ferruginea lhaay (-lhaayii 21) Viburnum edule k'tsaatsaay 'strike or Polypodium glycyrrhiza cut with an axe' is Bella Coola ii_x-lhp Chamaecyparis nootkatensis * See Turner '(1973). - 106 -Lang. & Dial, Folk segregate Botanical designation Bella Coola Bella Coola Bella Coola Lillooet (F) Lillooet (F) Lillooet (F) Lillooet (F) Lillooet (F) lhmk'm-lhp ukw'uk putsk* ts'k'-az \u2022 ** \u2022 mekw7u7sa7 'round-obj ect-held-in-the-mouth' male a 7 . \/ t ts walhtn-az s7ank' Pinus contorta Lysichitum americanum Veratrum eschscholtzii Pinus albicaulis Calochortus macrocarpus Zygadenus venenosus Acer glabrum Lomatium nudicaule Code 2. Folk segregate is \"underdifferentiated\", applying to two or more closely related species which are difficult to distinguish botanically (at least to non-botanists) Lang. & Dial. Folk segregate Botanical designation Haida (S) Haida (M) Bella Coola Bella Coola Bella Coola Bella Coola Lillooet (F) Lillooet (F) sjryuu k'aang sts'wakt-aak siisxmi k'-lhp supus-lhp muxwan \u00bb tsax-az Porphyra spp. Tsuga heterophylla, T. mertens-iana Lobaria pulmonaria, L. oregana Rhizomnium glabrescens, Plagio-mnium insigne Abies amabilis, A. lasiocarpa Salix sitchensis, Salix spp. (small willows) Equisetum hyemale, E, laevi-gatum Picea engelmannii, P. glauca - 107 -Lang. & Dial. Folk segregate Botanical designation Lillooet (F) sp'Sts'en-ul 'real-twine Lillooet (F) zasaw-az Apocynum androsaemifolium, A. cannibinum Alnus incana. A. crispa Code 3. Folk segregate is \"underdifferentiated\", referring to two or more distinctly different, but related species. Lang. & Dial. Folk segregate Botanical designation Haida (S) Haida (S) Haida (S, M) Haida (M) Bella Coola Lillooet (F) Lillooet (F) cha_gaan-xiilaay ' deep ocean-leaves' lhk'inxaa-kwii7aawaay 'forest-cumulus-cloud1 lhdaan xil-kegen 2-11 k' xnxna-lhp 'crunch-plant' Bella Coola ts'ayx Lillooet (F) skezk ts'iwk' kelk Constantinea subulifera, Cor-allina sp., and several other marine algae Lobaria pulmonaria, Peltigera canina, and other foliose lichens Vaccinium ovalifolium, V. alaskaense Ledum palustre ssp. groenlandi-cum, Kalmia polifolia Maianthemum dilatatum, Smila-cina racemosa, S. stellata Epilobium angustifolium, E. latifolium Opuntia fragilis, 0. poly-cantha Sambucus racemosa, S. cerulea Rosa acicularis, R. nutkana, R. gymnocarpa Code 4. Folk segregate is \"underdifferentiated\", referring to two or more botanically unrelated (at the family level for Angiosperms) plant species.* Some of the segregates in this category can actually be regarded as in-termediate taxa (Tables 9 -11) rather than generic taxa. - 108 -Lang. & Dial. Folk segregate Botanical designation Haida (S) Haida (S) \u2022 Haida (S) Haida (M) Bella Coola Bella Coola Bella Coola Bella Coola Lillooet (F) lhkyaamaa taa^aan-sky1aaw 'bear-tail' yaanaang-xilgaa 'fog-leaves' k'an-sk'engaandaa 2-222 'round-grass' swanalhkw ix71xulmxmayx 'beat-earth' nususkw'iikw 'she flies' lkw'lu-lhp ts'k'alhtumx Nereocystis luetkeana, Elymus mollis, Heracleum lanatum Pteridium aquilinum (rhizome), Lupinus littoralis (roots) Achillea millefolium, Equi-setum arvense, E. telmateia, Empetrum nigrum Triglochin maritimum, Elymus mollis (fruiting stalks) Rhizoclonium sp., Fontinalis spp., Potamogeton spp. Linnaea borealis, Lycopodium clavatum (vegetative shoots) Bromus erectus, Osmorhiza chilensis, Antennaria neglecta Myrica gale, Spiraea douglasii Hackelia sp. (?), Arctium minus - 109 -Table 14. Examples of plant taxa originally involving indigenous species, and expanded in historic times to include imported or cultivated counterparts. Lang. & Dial. Folk segregate Original species Introduced species Haida (S) Haida (S) Haida (S) Haida (S) (M) Haida (S) (M) Haida (S) (M) inlheng-ts' in 'inlheng-teeth' xuuyaa-tluugaa ' Raven's-canoe' _guutj|aagiig_eeyt 'run-backwards' tl'aanlc'uus tl'aak'uus 21 hilj|uudaa_gaang hildaang 12 k'ung k'unlhe 21 Haida (S, M) gwel (gwul) Haida (M) Bella Coola Bella Coola Bella Coola Bella Coola Bella Coola k'ay tl'xwtsn kw'alxs skala t'xwsusus-iixw ts'psxili Fritillaria cam-schatcensis (bulblets) Oryza sativa (rice) Vicia gigantea, Phaseolus vulgaris, Lathyrus japoni- Pisum sativum cus (seed pods) (beans & peas) Ribes lacustre (berries) Ribes sp. (garden gooseberries) } } } Rumex occidentalis Rheum sp. (rhubarb) Fragaria chiloen- Fragaria sp. (gar-sis (berries) den strawberries) Rosa nutkana (flowers) Rosa spp. (garden rose) Nicotiana quadri- Nicotiana tabacum valvis (see Turner & Taylor 1972) Pyrus fusca (fruit) Allium cernuum (bulb) \"wild parsnip\" (?Angelica lu-cida) Pyrus malus (orch-- ard apples) Allium cepa (gar-den onions) Pastinaca sativa (parsnips) Vaccinium parvi- Ribes sp. (red folium (berries) garden currants) Trifolium wormsk- Trifolium repens, joldii (leaves) T. pratense Ribes laxiflorum (berries) Ribes sp. (black garden currants) - 110 -Lang. & Dial. Folk segregate Original species Introduced species Bella Goola kwululuuxwu Bella Coola skvmpik Bella Coola usukw'lt Bella Coola kalhka Lillooet (F) ts'k'alhtumx Lillooet (F) ts'k'laws-xn Lillooet (F) skw'elap Lillooet (F) s7aytskw Lillooet (F) smanx 'smoking' Fragaria vesca, F. virginiana (berries) Ro sa nutkana, R. gymnocarpa (flowers) Rubus leucodermis (berries) Rubus idaeus (berries) Hackelia sp. (?) Cirsium undulatum Fragaria vesca (berries) Rubus idaeus (berries) Nicotiana atten-uata Fragaria sp. (gar-den strawberries) Rosa spp. (garden roses) Rubus procerus (Him-alayan blackberry) Rubus sp. (garden raspberries) Arctium minus Cirsium brevistylum, C. vulgare Fragaria sp. (gar-den strawberries) Rubus sp. (garden raspberries) Nicotiana tabacum - Ill -others are altered to integrate better with the new phonology and grammar. For example, in Haida, the English expression \"Haida tea\" for Ledum palustre ssp. groenlandicum is pronounced xaaydaa-tii^aa in Skidegate, and the expression \"goose-tongue\" (Triglochin maritlmum) becomes lhgiduuwen-taangel 112-22 'goose-tongue' in Masset. Examples of known borrowed generic plant names are given in Table 15. Additional borrowed terms may be discovered as knowledge of botanical nomenclature of other Pacific Northwest groups becomes available. Many of the generic plant names in the study are \"unique\". They are not readily analyzable into smaller semantic units,* and have no meaning other than as names of plants. Some examples of unique terms are given in Table 16. Unique terms are apparently the oldest type of generic name in a language; the terms from which they were originally derived have been obscured or forgotten with time. Certain segments of generic plant names can also be considered unique, even when other segments with-in the same term have definite meanings. An example in English is the segment \"cran-\" in \"cranberry\", which has no meaning at present, but historically originated from German \"kraan\" ('crane'). Not all unique terms or segments have such a logical history; some may have been unique from the time of their origin. Possible examples are the terms for \"garden carrot\" in Haida Cts'ii-ts'ii (S) \/ ts'e-ts'e 11 (M)1 and Bella * In other words, the informants themselves do not recognize smaller semantic units within the terms, although a thorough linguistic ana-lysis would undoubtedly yield grammatical sub-units in some cases. Unique terms are similar to the \"single unitary lexemes\" described by Conklin (1962), and Berlin, Breedlove, and Raven (no date), but the latter are not necessarily semantically unitary. For example, the Bella Coola name for Arctium minus, mtm, could be termed a simple unitary lex-eme, but not a unique term, since its original meaning is 'sea-urchin'. - 112 -Table 15. Examples of generic plant names known to have been borrowed from other languages.* ' Lang. & Dial. Generic term Botanical designation Lang, of origin of term Haida (S) (M) Haida (S) (M) Haida (S) Haida (S) Haida (S) (M) Haida (S) Haida (S) Haida (S) (M) xuut-taangelgaa xuut'aangel 222 'hair-seal's-tongue' k' aat-delj iigaawaa^ k' aat-delj gaaweey 2-122 'deer's-belt* laats'ii 7aas Conocephalum con-Haida (M) hegwetl'iit 112 icum Lycopodium clava-tum, L. annoti-num Sambucus racemosa Shepherdia cana-densis Shepherdia cana-densis English \"tongue\", Tsimshian \"hair-seal Tlingit (transla-tion borrowing, by way of Masset) Tsimshian Tsimshian Tlingit xaaydaa-tiigaa haadaas-tiigaa 11-21 'Haida-tea' Ledum palustre ssp. groenland- English \"tea' icum daaktaa-xiljgaa 'doc- Ranunculus spp. English \"doctor\" tor's-medicine' * \u2022 * ' sgaal-flaawers_gaa 'bee-flowers' sj\u00bbawsiit sguusiit 22 Mimulus guttatus English \"flowers\" Solanum tuberosum English \"good seed\"** * In cases where a term is present in two languages, it is sometimes im-possible to prove the language of origin. Some of the terms in this table may have originated first in the study languages and have been subsequently transferred to the second language. ** This translation may be a folk etymology. Variations of the same name occur in Bella Coola (kwusi) and Pemberton Lillooet (skawts). These terms appear to have a common origin, but only Masset and Bella Coola informants suggested a derivation from English \"good seed\". - 113 -Lang. & Dial. Generic term Botanical designation Lang, of origin of term Haida (M) Haida (M) Haida (M) Haida (M) Haida (M) Bella Coola Bella Coola Bella Coola Bella Coola Bella Coola Bella Coola Bella Coola Bella Coola Bella Coola Bella Coola lhgiduuwen-taangel 112-22 'goose-tongue ' 7aanyaas gemdiigek'iiys-gid-(t7)ang-xil 2222-111 'do-not-forget me-leaves' dennex 21 duus-xil 2-1 'pussy-leaves' lk' H i s lhak's kanani , saltwm ukw'uk tanaps st'Is snknixs-1 i-ms t skw' 'frog's-food' puuyas stuxwsuli Triglochin mari-timum Allium cepa Myosotis laxa, Pinguicula vul-- garis Arctostaphylos uva-ursi English (trans-lation borrow-ing) English \"onions\" English (trans-lation borrow-ing from \"for-get-me-not\") Tlingit Salix spp. Chinook \"cat\" (\"pussy-willows\") (translation bor-rowing from Eng-lish) Macrocystis inte- Kwakiutl grefolia Porphyra spp. Polyporus spp., Fomes spp. Kwakiutl Kwakiutl Pteridium aquili- Kwakiutl num Lysichitum ameri- Kwakiutl canum Brassica campes-tris Viburnum edule English Kwakiutl Cornus unalaschen- Kwakiutl (trans-sis lation borrow-ing) Ledum palustre Kwakiutl ssp. groenlandi-cum Rumex occidental- Kwakiutl is - 114 -Lang. & Dial. Generic term Botanical designation Lang, of origin of term Bella Coola antsns Citrus auranti-cum English \"oranges Bella Coola' tl'awkw' Nicotiana taba-cum Kwakiutl Bella Coola lcwusi Solanum tubero-sum English \"good seed\"* Lillooet (F) melan-lhp Abies amabilis, A. lasiocarpa Shuswap Lillooet (F) kweliyt Pinus contorta Shuswap Lillooet (F) xalaxweza7 Fritillaria pudica Thompson Lillooet (F) ts'walhtn-az Acer glabrum Shuswap Lillooet (F) k.' eml-az Acer macrophyllum Coast Salish (<'paddle') Lillooet (F) 1c' ets 'yu7a7-lhep Achillea mille-folium Shuswap Lillooet (F) ts'iwk'' Sambucus cerulea, S. racemosa Coast Salish Lillooet (F) mawas-az 'deer-plant1 Kalmia polifolia Chinook jargon \"deer\" Lillooet (F) * suxwskakxatn Ledum palustre ssp. groenland-icum Shuswap Lillooet (F) taka Gaultheria shal-lon Coast Salish Lillooet (F) lajasa7 Ribes cereum Thompson Lillooet (F) lhukw'pin Lewisia rediviva Thompson Lillooet (F) (s)psos Prunus emargin-ata Thompson Lillooet (F) zelkvm7 Prunus virgini-ana Thompson * See footnote**, p. 112. - 115 -Botanical Lang, of Lang. & Dial. Generic term designation origin of term Lillooet (F) kw7up Pyrus fusca Coast Salish Lillooet (F> ptok Solanum tubero- French \"le petak\" sum - 116 -Table 16. Some examples of unique generic plant names and segments of names. Lang. & Dial. Unique name Botanical designation Haida (S, M) ngaal Macrocystis integrifolia Haida (S) snanj aang Polystichum munitum, Blechninn spicant Haida (S) saat-jaangaa 'saat-berries1 Sedum divergens Haida (S) lhgun Lysichitum americanum Haida (S) gwaayky1aa Veratrum eschscholtzii Haida (S, M) Ihk'iit Heracleum lanatum Haida (S, M) ts'uu Thuja plicata Haida (M) dlaayengwaal 221 Polypodium glycyrrhiza Haida (S, M) kal Alnus rubra, A. crispa ssp. sinuata Haida (S) ts'iilhenjaaw Oplopanax horridum Bella Coola skip' Daucus carota Bella Coola xwik' Heracleum lanatum Bella Coola putsk' Veratrum eschscholtzii Bella Coola p'ani-lhp Alnus incana, A. crispa ssp. sinuata Bella Coola k'ipt Sambucus racemosa (berries) Bella Coola p'xwlht Cornus unalaschensis (berries) Bella Coola milixw Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (berries) Bella Coola t'at'kana-lhp Nuphar luteum ssp. polysepalum Bella Coola sk'sk Amelanchier alnifolia (berries) Lillooet (F) sk'amts Erythronium grandiflorum Lillooet (F) skimut Lilium parviflorum - 117 -Lang. & Dial. Unique name Botanical designation Lillooet (F) p'ustn Lillooet (F) kawkwu Lillooet (F) snilhken Lillooet (F) waxw-az Lillooet (F) sxak't Elymus (?) cinereus Artemisia tridentata Balsamorrhiza sagittata (roots when prepared for cooking) Philadelphus lewisii Epilobium angustifolium - 118 -Coola (skip'), which are apparently of recent derivation, yet have no meaning other than as plant names. Tracing the origins of generic plant terms is further complicated by the existence of folk etymologies, in which terms whose primary meanings have been obscured are later attributed secondary meanings, which are often just as logical as the original meaning. An example in English is the Appalachian Mountain rendering of \"asparagus\" as \"sparrow-grass\".* Folk etymologies are difficult to identify, but a comparison of Masset and Skidegate Haida plant names reveals some examples. These involve the names for turnip (Brassica campestris), Pinus contorta, \"old man's beard\" lichens (Alectoria sarmentosa, Usnea longlssima, and others), and strawberries (Fragaria chiloensis and cultivated species). The Skidegate name for turnip is yaanaahuu,** while the Masset name is 7innuu 12. The Masset name is almost certainly derived from the Skidegate name, but while the Skidegate informants attribute no meaning to their term, the Masset informants state that their term originates from the word for 'half', 7inneweey 112 Ccf. 7inneweey kjal Ihk'edaang 112 2 11 'cut the turnip (in half)':. The Skidegate word for 'half' has no relation to the name for 'turnip'. It appears, therefore, that the association of 'turnip' with 'half in Masset is secondary to the origin of the name from Skidegate. * This example was provided by Robert Levine, Columbia University, New York. ** The Bella Coola name for turnip is also yanahu. This is not a Chinook term, but its use must have been widespread on the Northwest Coast in post-contact times. Bella Coola people also use the name tanaps, (English \"turnips\". - 119 -Similarly, the Masset name for Pinus contorta, ts'elhe 11, appar-ently has a common origin with the Skidegate term, ts'alh, but while the Skidegate informants maintain that the name, ts'alh, has no mean-ing other than as a plant name, the Masset people suggest that their name means' 'pillow'. It would appear that the relationship between Pinus contorta and 'pillow' is a superficial one, originating only in recent times. The Masset name for \"old man's beard\" lichens is k'aalts'iida-liijaa 212-22 'crow's-whiskers', while the Skidegate name is k!aaltsiidaa~ leeysgaa 'crow's-lace' (leeys^aa is, according to informants, derived from the English \"lace\" ). The two terms, liijaa and leeys^aa, are re-markably similar, and since liijaa is an archaic word for 'hair' or 'whiskers' (Florence Davidson, Masset, B.C., personal communication), and leeysj*aa is a post-contact term, it seems likely that the Skidegate term was actually derived from a similar sounding Haida term, and that its translation as \"lace\" is secondary.* The Skidegate name for strawberries, hilguudaagaang, is sometimes mistakenly pronounced as xil-guudaagaang, substituting the Haida term xil 'leaf\/medicine' for the meaningless segment, hil-. Since many plant names actually contain the term xil, this mistaken pronounciation seems logical, and perhaps with time, if the Haida language were maintained and allowed to continue development, it would have been instated as the correct version of the name. * Another possible derivation of leeysjjaa is as a Haida pronunciation of English \"whisker\", but the word is definitely applied to \"lace\" at the present time. - 120 -The majority of generic plant names in Haida, Bella Coola, and Lillooet can be analyzed into component semantic units having meanings independent of their connotations as plant names or portions of plant names. These are comparable to the \"unitary complex lexemes\" of Conklin (1962). One can only assume that most of these are not folk etymolo-gies, but true primary terms. Analysis of these generic names can give insights into the origin of the terms, the economic importance and innate characteristics of the plants themselves, and even some cultural traits of the group in which the names originated. In any language, the vocabulary is constantly changing. Terms are added or semantically revised as new items and concepts are introduced into the culture, and words no longer culturally appropriate are gradual-ly forgotten. Furthermore, terms change in structure and form without external stimulation, as the grammar and phonology of the language change. Vocabulary evolution is difficult to observe or measure, especially in unwritten languages. Some indication of changes in botanical terminology of Pacific Northwest Indian languages can be gained by observing generic terms currently applied to introduced or imported plants and those of both indigenous and introduced plants containing evidence of association with English, Chinook, or other post\u2014contact languages. Generic plant names of known recent origin are listed in Table 17. A number of generic plant names in each language suggest association of the plants named with mythology or cultural tradition. Some, such as those in the Haida language involving Raven, have substantiated origins - 121 Table 17. times Examples of generic plant terms originating \u00ab in post-contact Lang. & Dial. Generic term English gloss Botanical designation Haida (S) gyaalgaas-naan-j*aa 'pilot-biscuit's grandmother' Polyporus spp., Fomes spp. Haida (S) Ihk'inxaa(t).-sgaaw-shiiday 'forest-potatoes' Oenanthe sarmen-tosa Haida (S) (M) xuut-taangel,gaa ^ xuut'aangel 222 J 'hair-seal's tongue' Conocephalum con-icum Haida (S) (M) ts'ii-ts'ii \"> ts'e-ts'e 11 J Daucus carota Haida (S) (M) yaanaahuu 7innuu 12 J Brassica campes-tris Haida (S) (M) > N xaaydaa-1 iigaa haadaas-tiigaa 11-23, 'Haida-tea' Ledum palustre ssp. groenlandi-cum Haida (S) daaktaa-xilgaa 'doctor's-medi-cine Ranunculus spp. Haida (S) a f yaats xaaydgaay-sk' aw-jjaan 'white-man's-salmonberry' Rubus sp. (gar-den raspberry) Haida (S) tlelgaa-sk.' aw-j*aan-gaa 'ground-salmon-berry' Rubus ursinus* Haida (S) sj*aal-f laawersjjaa 'bee^flowers' Mimulus guttatus Haida (S) (M) sgawsiit sguusiit 22 J 'good-seed' Solanum tuberosum Haida (M) j aataa-saagwaal 22-21 'lady-fern' (<English) Athyrium filix-femina Haida (M) y \/ Ihgiduuwen-taangel 'goose-tongue' Triglochin mari-112-22 (CEnglish) timum * Rubus ursinus does not grow on the Queen Charlotte Islands. - 122 -Lang. & Dial. Generic term English gloss Botanical designation Haida (M) sk'en-flaawersgeey 2-211 'seagull-flowers' Viola langsdorfii Haida (M) , \u00bb sk aawwaan-giit7ii 22-21 'salmonberry-baby' Rubus sp. (gar-den raspberry) Haida (M) > gemdiigek'iiys-gid-(t7)ang-xil 2222-111 'do-not-forget-me-leaves' Myosotis laxa, Pinguicula vul-garis Haida (M) .haaskaawaa 121 'dog's-ball' * Empetrum nigrum Haida (M) gink al-sguunaas 12-12 'stink-peel' Citrus auranticum . Haida (M) * duus-xil 2-1 'pussy-leaves' Salix spp. Bella Coola skip' Daucus carota Bella Coola mtm 'sea-urchin' Arctium minus Bella Coola kwulh-pats'alhta 'has-many-awls' Cirsium spp. Bella Coola nukw'piipkw-lhp 'bald-head-plant' Matricaria matri-carioides Bella Coola yanahu Brassica campestris Bella Coola tanaps Brassica campestris Bella Coola nut'kklksaki 'small or narrow' Stellaria,media Bella Coola (s)ts'ixts'ikm-lhp 'dirty-plant' Chenopodium album Bella Coola yumalxw-lhp 'sour-plant' Rumex acetosella Bella Coola antsns re it oranges Citrus auranticum Bella Coola siskw'uulh 'peel' Citrus auranticum Lillooet (F) \u00bb mawas-az 'deer-plant* Kalmia polifolia (<Chinook jargon) Lillooet (F) ptok Solanum tuberosum * This term may actually be aboriginal, since the Haida apparently kept dogs as pets in pre-contact times (Drucker 1950). - 123 -in recorded myths (Swant on 1905a). The circumstances surrounding the origin of others can only be surmised. Some plant names actually or apparently linked with cultural tradition in Haida, Bella Coola, and Lillooet are given in Table 18. Some economically important plants are named synonymously with objects and materials manufactured from them (see Table 19). Others are named after actions or processes involving their preparation or use Ee.g. Haida - dah (M) 'buying* (Vaccinium oxycoccus); Bella Coola -k'tsaatsay 'strike-or-cut-with-an-axe' (Polypodium glycyrrhiza), slhxwmlh 'bustling' (as when women go to get elderberries) (Sambucus racemosa, dried berries); Lillooet - smanx 'smoking' (Nicotiana spp.), mekw7-u7sa7 'round-object-held-in-the-mouth' (Calochortus macrocarpus), xetkalhmxal 'it-makes-a-hole-in-your-gut' (Lonicera involucrata \u2014\u2022 used for abortions)]. Taxonomic and ecological characteristics of plants often provide a basis for generic names. Traits such as habitat, growth form, and tex-ture, colour, and taste or smell are nomenelatural criteria applied in all three groups (examples in Table 20). Sometimes plants are named by analogy, after actual objects and substances they resemble (see Table 21). A number of plants are named after other plants (see Table 22). Their incorporation into the taxonomic system is obviously secondary to that of the plants they are named after. As has been mentioned, a few plants are actually generic \"types\" for broader taxonomic categories. Examples of these are given in Table 23. In addition to the various semantic components included in Tables 18 to - 124 -Table 18. Examples of generic plant names originating from mythology and traditional beliefs.* Lang. & Dial. Generic name English gloss Botanical designation Haida (S) Haida (S) Haida (S) (M) Haida (S) Haida (S) Haida (S) Haida (S) Haida (S) Haida (S) Haida (S) Haida (M) Haida (M) Haida (M) 2\u00a3uuyaa-sj\u00a3yuugaa k'aalts'iidaa-leeys-\u00a3aa taagaan-sky aaw taan-sky'aaw 2-1 > jsuuy aa - s_g awga a st' aw-_gaan-_gaa s^aanaa-xil^aa xuuyaa-tluugaa daa7el-sgiljjaa xuu7aaj ii-xil^aa sgaal-chiit'isguu snaal-jaat 2-2 'Raven's-mustache' Ahnfeltia plicata ? 'crow's-lace' 'bear-tail1 'Raven's-knife' 'witch\/screech-owl -berries ' 'killer-whale-leaves \/medicine ' 'Raven's-canoe' Usnea longissima, Alectoria spp. Pteridium aquilinum, Lupinus littoralis Scirpus microcarpus Streptopus spp. unidentified herb 'rain's-navel' 'grizzly-leaves\/ medicine' Vicea gigantea, Lathyrus japonicus, Pisum sativum, Phaseolus vulgaris Aquilegia formosa, Dodecatheon Jeff-rey! & others Heuchera chlorantha 'bumblebee's-coat' Mimulus guttatus 'scabby-girl' young Polystichum munitum, Blechnum spicant (root-stocks) taan-gaannaa 2-11 'bear-berries' stleguu-xiilaay 11-22 'land-otter-leaves\/medicine' Streptopus spp. Apargidium boreale \u2022* Not all of these examples have been substantiated in recorded myth-ology or by informants; some are included only as suggested links with cultural traditions. - 125 -Lang. & Dial. Generic name English gloss Botanical designation Haida (M) Haida (M) daal-xil 2-2 haat Bella Coola skaluts-ti-nutsa-kwaax Bella Coola sklh7ans-tsi-xwnxwnum Bella Coola st'ls-ti-nan Bella Coola Lillooet (F) Lillooet (F) Lillooet (F) nunan-ta sxwalh-puimexw nekw' t samumlh z ekwz ekw-ukws a 7 'rain-leaves'* 'grave-post' 'wolf's-berries' Clintonia uniflora Aquilegia formosa, Campanula rotun-difolia unidentified plant which brings property & luck 'hummingbird's-menstrual-pad' Acer glabrum in-fected with eriophyid mites 'grizzly's-high- Oplopanax horridum bush-cranberries' (berries) 'grizzly's-den' 'ground-ghost' 'thief\u00bb 'corpse-berries' Aquilegia formosa Lycoperdon spp. Rhus glabra Symphoricarpos albus * Masset people USQ! to believe that if these flowers were picked, it would rain and prevent the seaweed from drying (Florence Davidson, personal communication). - 126 -Table 19. Examples of plants named synonymously with objects and mat-erials manufactured from them. Lang. & Dial. Folk segregate English gloss Botanical designation Haida (S) (M) lhjjiit lhgeeyt Haida (S, M) tlegaay 21 Haida (S, M) sin Bella Coola ts'ixwta Bella Coola Lillooet (F) Lillooet (F) Lillooet (F) ixiixwta-lhp t texw7ats-az slekem-ul sp'ats'en-ul Lillooet (F) kwelh7in Lillooet (F) nexwtin-az Lillooet (F) szak'-ul Lillooet (F) pats7-az --\u00bb , Lillooet (F) xwul-az 'bow' 'fish-line' 'gambling-sticks' 'sandpaper' 'burn-plant\u00ae 'bow-tree' 'real-hay' 'real-twine\/net' 'birch-bark con-tainer1 'rope-plant' 'real-bread' 'digging-stick-plant ' 'match-tree' Taxus brevifolia Nereocystis luetke-ana (stipe) Acer glabrum (im-ported) Equisetum hyemale (and other Equi-setum species) Alnus rubra (fuel) Taxus brevifolia Agropyron spicatum Apocynum cannibinum, A. androsaemifolium Betula papyrifera (bark) Salix exigua Amelatichier alnifolia (variety), Crataegus douglasii Holodiscus discolor Salix amygdaloides (used for tinder) - 127 -Table 20. Examples of plants named after Innate species characteristics. I. Habitat. Lang. & Dial. Folk segregate English gloss Botanical designation Haida (S) (M) Haida (S) Haida (S) Haida (S) Haida (S, M) Haida (M) Haida (M) jjandel-sgiinaa-waay I'water green' gandle-sginaaw-= geey 21-222 chaaj^aan-xiilaay ' deep-ocean-leaves 5 ts 'uu-leeys_g_aa ' red-cedar-lace' tlelj|aa-xilj|aa 'earth-leaves' t'aanuu 12 kuukge-gilgaay 11-22 k allaa-k in-naaneey 22-122 'salt-water' 'rotten-wood-biscuit' Spirogyra sp., Ulva lactuca, & others Constantinea subuli-fera, Corallina sp. Cetraria glauca & other lichens Linnaea borealis, Rubus pedatus Zostera marina, Phyllospadix spp. Polyporus spp., Fomes spp. 'muskeg-moss' Sphagnum spp. Haida (M) t'iis-xil 21 'rock-leaves' Bella Coola ipts-aak Lillooet (F) sk'emsalekw 'limb-moss' 'stick-mushroom' Peltigera canina, P. aphthosa epiphytic mosses & lichens Polyporus spp., Fomes spp. II.Growth form, shape, or texture. Lang. & Dial. Folk segregate English gloss Botanical designation Haida (S) Haida (S) xil-gaaydlelging 'floating leaves\/ Nuphar luteum ssp. medicine' polysepalum sk'aw-gaan 'thorn-berry' Rubus spectabilis - 128 -Lang. & Dial. Folk segregate English gloss Botanical designation Haida (S) (M) Haida (S) Haida (M) Haida (M) Haida (M) Haida (M) Bella Coola Lillooet (F) Lillooet (F) Lillooet (F) Lillooet (F) Lillooet (F) ts'aalh-t'aw-t'iis ts'elh-t'aw-sgiit 1-2-2 'it-sticks-to-you' k\/an-lhgamgandaa 'round-grass' 'sharp-moss' k' innaan-k'ih-skaawes 11-2-21 * stle-k'ist'aa 1-21 gaaw^-sk' e j aaw ~ 12-12 xil-7andan-ti-daals 1-22-12 'round-thing-dug-out-with-the finger' 'narrow, furry object' Galium spp. Triglochin maritimum Polytrichum juniper-inum Fritillaria cam-tschatcensis Ledum palustre ssp. groenlandicum 'climbing-leaves' Mimulus guttatus Bella Coola nuslalhx-aak Bella Coola alhaak'ikw-lhp 'branching, bunched-up' 'all-intertwined-plant' Bella Coola nukw'piipkw-lhp 'bald-head-plant' na(a)xnaa3OTm-lhp 'dancing-plant' 'foaming' sxwusum nkxmamlekw lhetxa7 zaxalmixw-az kexwm-alhp 'walking-along-a-stick' 'slimey' 'tall-tree' 'breaks-easily plant' Lillooet (F) k'ets'usninina 'tangled' Lycopodium clavatum (fertile shoots) Juniperus communis Matricaria matri-carioides Populus tremuloides Shepherdia canadensis (berries) Ribes bracteosum (berries) Hygrophorus eburneus (?) Pinus monticola Rhododendron albiflo-rum Clematis ligustici-folia - 129 -III. Colour Lang. & Dial. Folk segregate English gloss Botanical designation Haida (S) (H) Haida (S) Haida (S) Haida (M) Haida (M) Haida (M) Bella Coola Bella Coola Bella Coola Bella Coola Lillooet (F) Lillooet (F) Lillooet (F) Lillooet (F) sgimaaw sginaaw 12 sj|iidlelj*uu 'green' 'red-on-ground' sgiit-gang-xaal 'red-blossoms' chaaw-(selii)-xil-'sloppy-yellow-k'enlhelh-j aa- leaves-on-the-juu 1-(12) - beach' 2-21-11 xil-k'unlhelh 'yellow-leaves' 2-21 Ulva lactuca, Entero-morpha intestinalis Vaccinium parvifolium (berries) Rosa nutkana (flowers) Tanacetum huronense Ranunculus spp., Tar-axacum officinale, & others lhdaan ts'xwta-lhp spuuxaltswa snukwlkwliik-lhp \"dark\" (bruise or Vaccinium ovalifolium, dark complexion - V. alaskaense lhdaan sgingaang) 'white-plant' 'moldy' 'yellow\/green-plant \u00ae Bella Coola muxwmukwlx-lhp 'wine-red-plant' mnmnts'-lhp kwol-makst 'blond-plant' 'yellow-branch' ts'exwts'exw-az 'red-plant' p'up'ukw spekpek 'grey' 'white'* Cornus stolonifera (referring to berries) Vaccinium ovalifolium (berries) Rumex occidentalis Aruncus sylvester (referring to young plants) Holodiscus discolor Evernia vulpina Cornus stolonifera Vaccinium ovalifolium (berries) Amelanchier alnifolia (variety) * This name is interesting, since the variety named actually has dark berries, although these have whitish hairs on the end. The name, spekpek, is a specific rather than generic term (see Table 30). - 130 -IV. Smell or taste. Lang. & Dial. Folk segregate English gloss Botanical designation Haida (S) xil-sgun-xul Haida (S) (M) Haida (S, M) Bella Coola Lillooet (F) Lillooet (F) Lillooet (F) Lillooet (F) j>aan-xawlaa gaan-haawlaa = 2-22 k'ay k'ay Bella Coola snuklxlayk 'good-smelling leaves' 'sweet-berry' k'ay-welh 'sour' 'poor, humble'** 'watery' (n)p'u7tn-alhp 'fart-plant' ts'oits'ei 'tart, sour' nek'nakw'ukw'sa7 'rotten-berries' i stl exelus 'sweet-eye! Achillea millefolium, Tanacetum huronense Amelanchier alnifolia, Vaccinium uliginosum* (berries) Pyrus fusca (fruit) Crataegus douglasii (berries) Vaccinium alaskaense (berries) Chrysothamnus nauseosus Berberis aquifolium (berries) Amelanchier alnifolia (variety)*** Amelanchier alnifolia (variety)*** * Vaccinium uliginosum is Included only in the Masset dialect. ** This name apparently refers to the quality of Crataegus berries, which are considered bitter. *** These are actually specific, rather than generic, names (see Table 26). - 131 -Table 21. Examples of plants named after substances or objects they resemble. Lang. & Dial. Folk segregate \u2022 English gloss Botanical designation Haida (S) kaajaandaa 'hair' Desmarestia sp. (?) Haida (S) lhtangwaay 'eagle-down' Eriophorum spp. Haida (S) (M) sk'aagii-chaay sk'ege-chaay 11-'dog-salmon-eggs' -2 Vaccinium vitis-idaea Haida (S, M) xil-kwii7aawaa 'cumulus-cloud-leaves ' Peltigera spp. & other lichens Haida (M) sk'aangk'iis 22 'fish air-sac' Halosaccion glandi-forme Haida (M) skwaankaa 21 'sponge' Leathesia difformis Haida (M) kiiyt-gebbeeye-wiijaa 2-1111 'tree-scallops' Polyporus versicolor Haida (M) lhk'amaal-kats 12-1 'bough-hair' Alectoria jubata complex Haida (M) lhkaam-sdlaan 2-2 'kelp-intestines' Nereocystis luet-keana (stipe) Haida (M) xaalhk'ets'e-Ihk'aay 211-2 'porcupine-branches ' Carex macrocephala Haida (M) taginaan-k'uuk-Tga) 112-2(1) 'many-hearts' Drosera rotundifolia Haida (M) skxl-taw 2-1 'black-cod-grease' Calypso bulbosa Bella Coola snukakaytiikw < kayt 'hat' mushrooms Bella Coola k'amk' 'water-hose'* Nereocystis luet-keana Bella Coola mtm 'sea-urchin' Arctium minus * In this case, the name for 'water-hose' must have been derived from the name for Nereocystis, not vice versa. - 132 -Lang. & Dial.' Folk segregate English gloss Botanical designation Bella Coola Bella Coola Bella Coola Lillooet (F) Lillooet (F) kwulh-pats'alhta 'has-many-awls' Cirsium spp. scsaasay muxwmukw'la-lhp swu7pus puptskn *' 'strung-salmon- Sedum divergens roe 'louse-plant' Geum macrophyllum (seeds resemble lice) 'hairy-face' 'downy-head' Ribes lacustre (berries) Anemone cylindrica, A. multifida * < putskwam 'downy feathers of a duck when used in an Indian doctor's head-dress' (Randy Bouchard, personal communication). - 133 -Table 22. Examples of plants named after other plants. Folk segregate Lang. & Dial. & English gloss Botanical designation Derivation of term Haida (S) lhk'inxaa(t)-sga\u00a3w-shiidaay 'forest-potatoes' Haida (S) lhk'iit-giitgii 'lhk'iit-baby' A ^ Haida (S) lhk'iit-xiilaaj*ii 'lhk'iit-fruiting stalks' Haida (S) gwul-7aawgaa 'tobacco-mother' Haida (S) laanaa-lhgun 'village-skunk-cabbage' Haida (S) lhgun-chii-gaagaa (translation uncer-tain) Haida (S) sk aaw-j|aan-giitj|ii 'salmonberry-baby' Haida (S) tlelgaa-sk'aaw-gaan-_gaa 'ground-salmon-berries' Haida (M) sengk(e)-sgiiwee 2(1)-22 'winter-sgiw' ^ >> Haida (M) chaagaan-k'innannii 12-211 'deep-ocean moss' Haida (M) chaaw-ts'aagwaal 1-22 'beach-(sword)fern' Haida (M) ts'ets'e-k'ukem 11-12 'soft-carrot' Oenanthe sar-mentosa Gonioselinum pacificum \"rolled oats\" <sgawsiit (Solanum tuberosum) <lhk'iit (Hera-cleum lanatum) <lhk'iit (Hera-cleum lanatum) Cirsium brevi- <gwul (Nicotiana stylum spp.) Plantago major < lhgun (Lysich-itum americanum) unidentified < lhgun (Lysich-woodland plant itum americanum) Vaccinium uli-ginosum Rubus ursinus isk'aaw-gaan (Rubus spectabilis) <:sk' aaw-gaan (Rubus spectabilis Iridaea sp. (?) <sgiw (Porphyra spp. unidentified <k'innaan 22 (moss) Fucus-like alga Achillea mille- <ts'aagwaal 22 folium (Polystichum muniturn & oth-er ferns) Achillea mille- <ts'ets'e 11 (Dau-folium cus carota) - 134 -Lang. & Dial. Folk segregate & English gloss Botanical designation Derivation of term Bella Coola Bella Coola Bella Coola Lillooet (F) Lillooet (F) t'xwsusus-nk 'clover-root-foot ' tsk'alhkw milmilixw-lhp-aak 'kinnikinnick-plant-branches' sk'emsalek_w 'stick-mushroom' xek'tn-alhp 'fire-weed-plant ' Agropyron re-pens Oplopanax horridum Pachystima myrsinites < t'xwsus (Trifol-ium wormskjoldii roots) < stsk' (Pseudo-tsuga menzie-sii slivers) < milmilixw-lhp (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi) Polyporus spp., <k'ems (mushroom) Fomes spp. Solidago spath- <sxak't (Epilo-ulata var. bium angusti-neomexicana folium) - 135 -Table 23. Examples of plants having generic names which are \"types\" for broader taxonomic categories. English gloss Botanical designa-Lang. & Dial. Folk segregate (general context) tion (specific) Haida (S) (M) kaayt kiiyt 'tree\u00ae (approx-imately) Picea sitchensis Haida (M) lhk'aamaal 22 'evergreen-bough1 Juniperus communis Haida (S, M) k'an 'grass' Elymus mollis Bella Coola skaluts 'berry' Vaccinium membran-aceum (berries) Lillooet (F) segap-ul 'real-tree' Pseudotsuga men-ziesii Lillooet (F) kwelawa-ul 'real-onions' Allium cernuum Lillooet (F) k'apxw 'nut' Corylus cornuta (nuts) Lillooet (F) 7usa7 'berry' Vaccinium membran-aceum (berries) - 136 -21, many generic terms also contain domain and life-form category indicators, such as xil, jjaan (S) \/ gaan (M) , lhk'aayii (S) \/ lhk'aay (M) in Haida, -lhp in Bella Coola, and -az (or -lhp, -Ihep, -alhp) in Lillooet. The inclusion of these segments in generic terms may be optional or compulsory, depending on the names themselves and on the part of the plant inferred by the name. A summary of the various types of nomenclatural criteria for plant terms discussed in the preceding pages is listed in Table 24, along with corresponding numbers and percentages of terms and term segments for each group. Reasons for the variation in types of criteria applied to plants in different cultures are not always immediately apparent. Conklin (1954) obtained substantially different results in a similar type of analysis of Hanunoo plant names ( see Table 25). Leaf shape designators, for example, occurred in 31 percent of Hanunoo plant names, but were scarcely present in the botanical lexicons of the three study languages.* Only 10 percent of Hanunoo plant names could not be analysed into smaller semantic units (i.e., were \"unique\"), while an average of 29.6 percent of Haida plant names, 58.6 percent of Bella Coola plant names, and 60.5 percent of Fraser River Lillooet plant names were unique or partly unique. e) Specific and varietal categories Specific and varietal categories in the present study, as in the studies of Berlin (1971) and Raven, Berlin, and Breedlove (1971), are * In these languages, leaf shape is included under \"Form, texture, or shape\", in Table 24. Only a very few plants are actually named for leaf shape Ccf. Haida (M) - k'an-tl'engaandaa 2-222 'flat\/wide-grass' (Elymus mollis); Bella Coola - nut-kklksaki (<t'ki 'small narrow thing') fitellaria media), pipk'aak (<pik' 'wide') (Plantago major)!. - 137 -Table 24. A summary of the nomenclatural criteria applied to plant segregated in Haida, Bella Coola, and Lillooet.* Total numbers and percentages of folk segregates in each category** Haida (S) Haida (M) Bella Coola Lillooet (F) (total-154) (total-167) (total-152) (total-137) ni \u2022H M 0) \u2022u \u2022H H O nj >-i Unique Mythology & beliefs Use Habitat Form, shape, or texture 2 Colour cd o \u00a7 6 o c to a) ft >\u00bb H Taste, smell Substances or objects : Other plants General tax-onomic terms Categories not appli-cable 49 (31.8%) 27 (18.2%) 12 ( 7.8%) 19 (12.3%) 28 (18.2%) 6 ( 3.9%) 8 ( 5.2%) 21 (13.6%) 8 ( 5.2%) 100 (65.0%) 29 (18.8%) 46 (27.5%) 24 (14.4%) 6 (3.6%) 26 (15.6%) 44 (26.4%) 12 ( 7.2%) 4 ( 2.4%) 26 (15.6%) 11 ( 6.6%) 132 (82.0%) 27 (16.2%) 89 (58.6%) 12 ( 7.9%) 6 ( 4.0%) 6 ( 4.0%) 22 (14.5%) ( 4.6%) 3 ( 2.0%) 9 ( 5.9%) 6 ( 4.0%) 91 (60.6%) 3 ( 2.0%) 81 (59.2%) 5 ( 3.6%) 11 (8.0%) 3 ( 2.2%) 10 ( 7.3%) 6 ( 4.4%) 5 ( 3.7%) 3 ( 2.2%) 2 ( 1.5%) 83 (60.6%) 3 ( 2.2%) * The sum of percentages is greater than 100%, since folk segregates may be listed in more than one category. ** In cases where more than one term of the same root can be applied to different parts of the same plant, the root is counted only once in formulating these totals. - 138 -Table 25. Nomenclatural criteria for Hanunoo plants, as denoted by Conklin (1954). Criteria Number of occurrences Percentage of occurrences Unique terms (\"original\") Leaf shape Colour Habitat Plant host Sex Growth form Size Growing time Taste and smell 80 249 170 125 14 28 16 87 14 14 10.0% 31.0% 21.4% 15.7% 1.8% 3.5% 2.0% 11.0% 1.8% 1.8% TOTAL 797 100.0% - 139 -much less significant than generic categories. In fact, there are no plant segregates in Haida, Bella Coola, or Lillooet which could be interpreted as varietal names; such detailed distinctions in folk phyto-taxonomies are, as far as can be determined, restricted to agricultural societies (Berlin 1971). Only a few examples of lexically recognized specific taxa can be found in Haida and Lillooet.* These are listed in Table 26. Addition-ally, a number of unlabelled but psychologically valid specific cate-gories were delimited by informants in all three language groups, and are shown in Table 27. Most of the labelled specific taxa in Table 26 consist of modified generic names (e.g. 'sweet-tobacco', 'real-Saskatoons', 'Haida-rhubarb'). Their format is similar to that of many generic names, especially in Haida, which are composed of life-form category names with an associated modifier Ce.g. Haida - k'alla-k'innaaneey 22-122 (M) 'muskeg-moss', k'an-sk'engaandaa 2-222 (M) 'round-grass', \u00a3aan-xawlaa (S) 'sweet-berry'; Lillooet - segap-ul 'real-tree', z ekwz ekw-ukwsa7 ' corpse-rberries' 3 . In fact, it is possible to find examples of specific names which are actually modified generics, which are themselves modified life-form terms Ce.g. Haida - daal-xil-golhelh 2-2-11 (M) 'blue-rain-leaves', sk'aw-wan-sget 2-2-1 (M) 'red-thorn-berries (salmonberries)'3. * No true specific taxa exist in Bella Coola, although there is a term, ts'ats'kalusuulh (<ts'aakaluuslh 'white variety of spring salmon') for the pale forms of different berries, such as Shepherdia canadensis, Rubus idaeus, R. leucodermis, and R. spectabilis, especially the last, since it is the most common. - 140 -Table 26. Examples of named specific plant taxa in Haida. and Lillooet, Specific Lang. & Dial, folk segregate Botanical designation Inclusive generic segregate Haida (S) Haida (M) Haida (M) Haida (M) Haida (M) Haida (M) Haida (M) Haida (M) Haida (M) xaaydaa-guljgaa Nicotiana quadri- gulj*aa, gul, (Nicoti-'Haida-tobacco' valvis ana spp.) gwel-haawlaa 2-22 'sweet to-bacco ' Nicotiana tabacum gwel (Nicotiana spp.) (chewing tobac-co) & N. quad-rivalvis daal-xil-golhelh Campanula rotund- \\ 2-2-11 \"'blue- ifolia \/daal-xil 2-2 'rain-V, leaves' (Campanula [ & Aquilegia) Aquilegia formosa J rain-leaves'* daal-xil-sget 2-2-1 'red-rain-leaves ' * haad(e)s-hil-daangaa 21-112 'Haida -strawberries' Fragaria chiloen-sxs hildaang 12 (Fra-garia spp. - garden & wild strawberries) haades-tl'aak'uu- Rumex occidentalis tl'aak'uus 2-1 (Ru-jaa 11-212 mex spp., Rheum sp. 'Haida-rhubarb* - garden rhubarb) haads-k'ayaa 1-12 'Haida-apples* sk'aw-wan-sget 2-1-2 're3-salmonberry' haang-k'aatdaa-waa 2-111 ' ?red-face' Pyrus fusca k'ay (Pyrus spp. -garden apples & wild crabapples) Rubus spectabilis ^  (ruby form) I ( sk'aw-wan 2-1 ( (Rubus spectabilis, Rubus spectabilis \\ all colour forms) (dark red-black 1 form) \/ Lillooet (F) tl'emk'-az Taxus brevifolia (female tree, with berries) texw7ats-az 'bow-tree' (Taxus brev-ifolia, male & female) \"Flower colour is a major semantic dimension used to differentiate many closely related species\" (Berlin 1971). -141 Specific Botanical Inclusive generic Lang. & Dial, folk segregate designation, segregate Lillooet (F) Lillooet (F) stsekwm-ul 'real saskatoons' nek' nakw'-ukw' s a 7 'rotten-ber-ries Lillooet (F) spekpek 'white' Amelanchier alni-folia (variety with tall bushes, small seeds, & good-tasting fruit) A. alnifolia (var-iety with tall bushes, big seeds, .&: bad-tasting fruit) A. alnifolia (var-iety with low bushes, small seeds, & juicy fruit) stsakwm (Amelan-chier alnifolia, all varieties)* Lillooet (F) swelhkwa7-u7sa7 A. alnifolia (\"red\" variety, with tall bushes & large red berries) Lillooet (F) Lillooet (F) stl'exelus 'sweet-eye' stex-lus 'bitter-eye' A. alnifolia (var^ iety with medium bushes & very sweet berries) A. alnifolia (var-iety with medium bushes & bitter, late-ripening fruit) * The bushes of all of these varieties of Amelanchier are called (s)tsakwm-az, except for the bushes of the \"white\" saskatoon, which are called pekpk-ai. - 142 -Table 27. Examples of specific taxa which are psychologically valid, but which are not recognized nomenclaturally Description of specific taxon Lang. & Dial. (by informants) Botanical desig- Inclusive nation of speci- generic fic taxon category Haida (S) Haida (S) Haida (S) Haida (S) Haida (S) Haida (M) Haida (M) Bella Coola Bella Coola Bella Coola sjjiinaaw - long, growing at river mouths sjjiinaaw - wide, flat, growing in ocean \"baby\" gyaalgaas-naangaa \"real white\" \u201e chaaj*aan-xiilaay \"k'aang up in the mountains\" \"xil-kegeen used for tea\" \"xil-kegeen used for medicine\" Enteromorpha in-testinalis Ulva lactuca sj^ iinaaw ' green' (Ulva, Entero-morpha, & other algae) Polyporus versi- gyaalgaas-naan^aa color Corallina spp. 'pilot-biscuit' s grandmother' (all types of bracket fungi) chaa_gaan-xiilaay 'deep-ocean-leaves ' (various marine algae) Tsuga mertensiana k'aang (Tsuga spp.) Ledum palustre s s p. groenland-icum Kalmia polifolia xil-kegeen (both (Ledum & Kalmia) Bella Coola \"low\" k'xnxna-lhp \"slender\" k'saixna-lhp (with few berries) \"tall\" k'jmxna-lhp (with a large cluster of ber-ries) short bushy ts'ayx growing in river beds & avalanche Maianthemum dilata-> turn f 1c' xnxna-lhp Smilacina stellata 'crunch-plant' (Smilacina spp., Maianthemum) Smilacina racemosa Epilobium latifol- ts'ayst (Epilobium ium angustifolium, E. latifolium) runs - 143 -Description of Botanical desig- Inclusive specific taxon nation of sped- generic Lang. & Dial. (by informants) fic taxon category Bella Coola Lillooet (F) Lillooet (F) Lillooet (F) Lillooet (F) Lillooet (F) Lillooet (F) \"small\" skwukwpik-lhp (with many small prickles, growing at high-er elevations) red kwnuxwxal white kwnuxwal Rosa gymnocarpa skwukwp ik-lhp (Rosa spp.) Actaea rubra (red ) form) \/ kwnuxwxal 'sick' > (Actaea rubra, A. rubra (white I both forms) form) J psos7-az with red-\" \"varnished\" bark 1 (forms of Prunus (used in baskets)\\ emarginata) psos7-az with grey bark (not used) black zelkwu7 (\"they choke you\"-\/ not good eating) ((forms of Prunus virginiana) red zelkwu7 (do not choke -excellent eating)' psos7-az (Prunus emarginata) zelkwu7 (Prunus virginiana -berries) - 144 -The modified generic format is a typical one for specific names in folk taxonomies (Berlin, Breedlove, and Raven 1970). However, linguis-tically independent specific segregates also exist Ccf. Haida - haang-Ic'aatdaawaa 2-211 (M) (red-black form of Rubus spectabilis) ; Lillooet-stl'exelus Vsweet-eye', spelypek (<pek 'white') (specific names for var-ieties of Amelanchier alnifolia)]. These independent specifics have ex-actly the same taxonomic status as the modified generic type of specific. Both types can actually exist as contrasting members within the same generic (e.g. In Haida, haang-k'aatdaawa and sk'aw-wan-sget are contras-tive members of the generic, sk'aw-waan 2-2 'thorn-berry', for Rubus spectabilis in Masset). Four of the examples of Haida specifics in Table 26 \u2014 namely those including 'Haidar \u2014 have a common construction and are obviously of post-contact origin. These are a direct result of the expansion of some generic taxa to include imported plant species, as discussed in the previous section on generic terms. They follow a compositional pat-tern described by Berlin (1971). Their suggested derivation is illustrated diagrammatically in Figure 10, using the binomial specific, haads-k'ayaa 1-12 (M) 'Haida-apples', as an example. In each case, only the indigenous member of a recently expanded generic is marked with a specific modifier, 'Haida'. The introduced member of the generic is identified simply by the generic name. This indicates that the introduced member, rather than the native member, is at present regarded as the \"typical\" representative of the generic taxon. - 145 -Figure 10. Suggested historical derivation of the specific segregate, 'Haida-apples' for Pyrus fusca (wild crabapple). A similar origin is postulated for the specifics, 'Haida-rhubarb', 'Haida-straw-berries', and 'Haida-tobacco' (see Table 26). specific \"type' (generic label Time of introduction \" ' of Pyrus malus presumed unknown or unrecorded specific designation when in-troduction occurred specific designation developed as specific \"type\" shifted from P_. fusca to P. malus cultural importance Present haads-k'ayaa (M) (specific for Pyrus fusca) k'ay (generic for 'apple' -Pyrus fusca, malus) - 146 -Obviously, this situation has not been in effect indefinitely, since in pre-contact times, the indigenous members would have been the only representatives of the taxa, and therefore there would have been no need for specific marking. It is postulated that when the impor-ted species were first introduced, they were regarded as the atypical members of the newly expanded generics and were themselves marked with specific modifiers, such as \"white man's\" or \"English\". At that time, the indigenous members, still being regarded as the typical represen-tatives of the generics, would not have had specific names. However, as the imports gradually became more widespread, and attained greater economic importance, and as the indigenous varieties lost their cul-tural significance, the \"typical generic representative\" status was \u2022transferred from the wild type to the imported type, and the necessity for specific marking was directed towards the wild type rather than the imported type. As.a result, the specific expressions, 'Haida-apples'9 'Haida-strawberries', and 'Haida-rhubarb' in Masset, and 'Haida-tobacco' in Skidegate must now be used to differentiate the wild types of these plants. -The unlabelled specific categories in Table 2tf. are indicative of ongoing terminological evolution. Some of these have had specific names in the past, which have since been forgotten through disuse.* Others may be recently distinguished categories at the first stages of linguist-ic encoding, and might now have had valid specific names had the languages been allowed to continue developing for a few more generations. It is * For example, the Bella Coola categories for Epilobium angustifolium and Rosa gymnocarpa, according to Margaret Siwallace. - 147 -impossible to estimate the influence of European culture of the delin-eation of specific taxa. Non-taxonomic Botanical Terminology In addition to the terminology associated with various kinds of plants and groups of plants (i.e., specific, generic, and life-form category names), each language has a substantial lexicon of botanical terms which, while perhaps restricted in their association to one or two types of plants, cannot be considered as having direct taxonomic status. These non-taxonomic expressions are of two types: names for parts of plants and plant products (e.g. 'cone', 'pitch', 'bark', 'root', 'flower', 'seed', 'berry', 'branch', 'leaf'); and specialized terms for certain states, structures, or processes associated with particular plants. Names for parts of plants in Skidegate and Masset Haida, Bella Coola, and Lillooet are listed in Appendixes 9, 10, 11, and 12 respec-tively. Some of these terms are very general (e.g.- 'root', 'leaf', 'bark'), while others are applicable only to certain groups of plants (e.g. 'cone', 'berry', 'nut'). Many of these actually double as life-form category names, or at least imply life-form categories by their restricted application to certain types of plants. For example, the general terms for 'leaf', 'branch', 'bough', and 'berry' in Haida denote life-form categories, as discussed previously. Just as names for certain kinds of plants can be elevated to a higher taxonomic status as generic \"types\", so can names for particular parts of plants assume a more general status. Thus, in Haida, the terms - 148 -lhelngaa (S) \/ lhiiying 21 (M) in a specific context refer to the long thin roots of Picea sitchensis, which were widely used in basketry, but they also apply generally to any kind of root. Similarly, in Bella Coola, the term tl'akw't refers specifically to Pseudotsuga menziesii bark (cf. tl'axtl'akw'-lhp - Pseudotsuga tree), but can denote any kind of bark when used in a general context. In Lillooet, the terms, sts'ek' and sts'ek'kxn, apply to the \"nuts\" and cones of Pinus albicaulis (cf. ts'k'-^ az - Pinus albicaulis tree), but at the same time, they can re-fer to the seeds and cones of any conifer, even of Alnus. Specialized terminology is usually applicable at the generic level, but only for a limited number of plants, commonly those of high cul-tural significance. There are few examples in English of specialized botanical terms. The names, \"husk\" and \"cob\" for specific parts of corn (Zea mays), \"hip\" for rose fruits (Rosa spp.), and \"acorn\" for oak fruits (Quercus spp.) are some examples. In zoological terminology, however, there are numerous specialized non-taxonomic terms, especially for dom-estic animals. For example, there are at least six special terms for various ages and sexes of horses \u2014 stallion, mare, gelding, filly, colt, and foal; six for pigs \u2014 sow, boar, barrow, gilt, shoat, piglet; and five for cattle \u2014 cow, bull, steer, heifer, and calf (Tyler 1969). A colt could not be said to be \"a kind of\" horse, in the same way that an Apaloosa is a kind of horse. Nevertheless, the term cannot be applied to any other kind of animal; it is thus a generic term, but non-taxon-omic in terms of classifying natural objects. Certain verbs, associated with plants at the generic level can also be included as special terms. Some examples of specialized botanical - 149 -terminology in the three Pacific Northwest Indian languages included in this study are given in Table 28\u201e Almost all of the specialized terms found in these languages apply to economically or culturally significant plants.* In addition to these terms, which are unrela-ted linguistically to the generic names of the plants they are associat-ed with, there are numerous terms in all three languages for specific parts of plants which contain or consist of the linguistic stem of the generic name. Some examples are: in Haida (M), Fucus plant - t'al, receptacles -t'al-kaw 't'al-eggs'; Heracleum lanatum plant - lhk'iit, fruiting heads - lhk'iit-kats 'lhk'iit-hair\/head'; in Bella Coola, Tsuga heterophylla cambium - st'ala, tree -sat'la-lhp; Ribes bracteo-sum berries - ts'psxili, bush - ts'ints'ipsxili-lhp; and in Lillooet (F), Pinus albicaulis \"nuts\" - sts'ek', tree - ts'k'-az; Artemisia tridentata plant - kawkwu, plants (plural) - kewkawkwu. Synonymy in Nomenelatural Systems Some examples of synonymous plant names in Haida, Bella Coola, and Lillooet are given in Table 29. Synonymous names contribute to overall variation in terminological systems, but have been little discussed in ethnotaxonomic literature. There are numerous examples of synonymy in English folk taxonomy Ce.g. \"spud\" and \"potato\" (Solanum tuberosum) \"bunchberry\" and \"dwarf dogwood\" (Cornus unalaschensis, C^. canadensis); \"lamb's quarters\" and \"pigweed\" (Chenopodium album); and \"Saskatoon berry\" and \"service berry\" (Amelanchier alnifolia)]. Even in scientific * One exception is the Skidegate Haida term for Rosa nutkana blossoms. These flowers are not used and apparently have little cultural sig-nificance, except as aesthetic objects. - 150 -Table 28. Examples of specialized \"non-taxonomic\" botanical termin-ology in Haida, Bella Coola, and Lillooet. Special term & Lang. & Dial. English gloss Application of term Haida (S) Haida (M) Haida (M) Haida (M) Bella Coola Bella Coola Bella Coola Bella Coola Bella Coola s^iit-gaang-xaal 'red-blossoms ' lhk' amel-k' ix 'sharp-branches ' tl'e A ' gyaah-getdaang 1-12 Bella Coola lcamats ts'ap'ax Bella Coola si(i)m Bella Coola tsaltxw Bella Coola lhuk'alht k'ak'patuts-lhp (< k'apat 'sharp') Bella Coola stsk' st'ls-ti-nan 'grizzly's high-bush-cranberries' sk'awlht alhk Rosa nutkana flowers Picea sitchensis branches young Thuja plicata trees krummholtz trees (especially Chamaecyparis nootkatensis) around the edge of muskeg dead fronds of Pteridium aquilinum (& Athyrium filix-femina) branch tips of Thuja plicata & Chamaecyparis nootkatensis Thuja plicata limbs twisted into rope outer bark of Thuja plicata & Chamaecyparis nootkatensis inner bark of Thuja plicata & Chamaecyparis nootkatensis young Picea sitchensis slivers of Pseudotsuga menziesii bark Oplopanax horridum (berries) old (dead) Alnus rubra cooked sauce of Sambucus race-mosa (& other fruits) - 151 -Special term & Lang. & Dial. English gloss Application of term Bella Coola kat'iixwn 'pulling-it-towards-you' Bella Coola yulakm Bella Coola Bella Coola Bella Coola Lillooet (F) st'umts'a k* Is stxwts' \u00bb kalkn 'delousing' Lillooet (F) ilawx Lillooet (F) sluw-az * Lillooet (F) tl'ekwl-az * Lillooet (F) spelkwap Lillooet (F) kwelakin ^ \u00bb Lillooet (F) ts'aylup t Lillooet (F) kwalts Lillooet (F) k'iwlap Lillooet (F) ts'alhiman Lillooet (F) nkayxw-xn 'man's-foot' Lillooet (F) nmulhats-xn 'woman's-foot' picking Sambucus berries whipping Shepherdia canaden-sis berries ripe Pyrus fusca fruit cambium of Populus trichocarpa buds of Populus trichocarpa cleaning Alectoria fremontii. for steam-cooking soaking Alectoria (or salmon-bones) before cooking inner bark of Thuja plicata pitch from bark-blisters of Abies spp. opaque pink pitch of Pinus ponderosa young Pseudotsuga menziesii Pseudotsuga boughs on the floor of the sweat-house boughs from young Pseudotsuga preparing Pseudotsuga boughs for the sweat-house inner bark of Acer glabrum (used to whip Shepherdia canadensis berries) flower-stalks of Heracleum lanatum (at edible stage) leaf-stalks of Heracleum lanatum (at edible stage) * Note that, although these are not names of kinds of plants, they contain the \"plant\" suffix, -az. - 152 -Special term & Lang. & Dial. English-gloss Application of term Lillooet (F) Lillooet (F) Lillooet (F) Lillooet (F) Lillooet (F) Lillooet (F) Lillooet (F) tl'akwu7 k'i7em selem snilhken seed-stalks of Lomatium nudicaule beating Apocynum spp. fibers to remove the \"bark\" twisting Apocynum spp. fibers into twine \"barbecued\" Balsamorrhiza sagittata root tet-sem (<\"tet-tet-tet\", breaking \"bark\" of Balsamor-pounding sound) rhiza root by pounding hamsa7 swiwxw \"frying\" Arctostaphylos uva-ursi berries bark of Prunus emarginata (used in basket imbrication) - 153 -Table 29. Examples of synonymous generic plant names in Haida, Bella Coola, and Lillooet. Lang. & Dial. Synonymous terms Botanical designation Haida (S) 3caaydaa-tilgaa \"Haida-tea\" (<English) Haida (S) k'uusiingaa-xil^aa 'cough-medicine' Ledum palustre ssp, groenlandicum Haida (S) laats'ii (<Tsimshian) Haida (S) jiitl'el Sambucus racemosa (berries) Haida (M) Haida (M) ngaal k'aay Macrocystis integri-folia Haida (M) lhgidduuwen-taangel 112-22 'goose-tongue' (<English) Haida (M) k'an-sk'engaandaa 2-222 'round-grass' Triglochin maritimum Haida (M) haaskaawaa 121 'dog's-ball' (apparent recent origin) Haida (M) ts'elhel-tlaas 11-2 'pine-branches ' Empetrum nigrum Haida (M) haadaas-tiigaa 11-21 \"Haida-tea\" ((English) Haida (M) gaawaask'ejaaw 1212 'narrow\/ > Ledum palustre ssp. pointed-furry (thing)' groenlandicum Haida (M) xil-kegen 2-11 Haida (M) stl'eguudiis-xil 112-1 Haida (M) maatdellaaw 112 Rubus parviflorus (plants) - 154 -Lang. & Dial. Synonymous terms Botanical designation Bella Coola Bella Coola Bella Coola Bella Coola Bella Coola Bella Coola Bella Coola Bella Coola Bella Coola Bella Coola Lillooet (F) Lillooet (F) alhaak'likw 'all-intertwined' k'suslmx-lhp 'tight-to-the-ground-plant' yanahu (native term) tanaps (<English \"turnips\") skw'anik's skaluts-ti-t'ixlhala 'berries-of-the-robin' tl'intl'ik'lhkn-lhp (a)stsltsli (<astsli 'fish-strung-on-rope-in-water' siskw'uulh 'peel' antsns (<English \"oranges\") k'ems (<Thompson) smetl'eka7 Juniperus communis - Brassica campestris Lonicera involucrata (berries) Vaccinium caespitosum (plant) Citrus auranticum Agaricus sp. - 155 -taxonomies, although strictly speaking, each species has only one valid botanical name, there is often disagreement among botanists over which name should be in effect, for both nomenclatural and taxonomic reasons. In folk taxonomies, synonymy often results when names are borrowed from other languages, and rather than replacing their counterparts in the original language, they are used interchangeably with them depend-ing on the context of speech or the preference of the speaker. Some examples of synonyms are: in Haida, 3\u00a3aaydaa-tii^ aa (S) \"Haida tea\" (borrowed term) and k'uusiingaa-xiljjaa (S) 'cold-medicine' (original term) for Ledum palustre ssp. groenlandicum; lhgiiduuwen-taangel 112-22 (M) 'goose-tongue' (borrowed term) and k'an-sk'engaandaa 2-222 (M) 'round-grass' (original term) for Triglochin marltimum; in Bella Coola, antsns \"oranges\" (English-derived term) and siskw'uulh 'peel' (native language) for Citrus auranticum; and in Lillooet (F), k'ems (intro-duced term, from Thompson) and smetl'eka7 (original term) for Agaricus sp. Although synonyms, by their very definition, are interchangeable in application, they often vary in priority; informants usually prefer to use one over another. Hence, over many generations, OIE term is pro-moted through continual use, while the second is gradually forgotten through disuse. The process of gradual replacement of an original term by a secondary term has undoubtedly been of major significance in the evolution of botanical vocabulary. Cultural Dimensions of Folk Taxonomic Systems No matter how many plant species exist in a given region, only a limited number of them are recognized lexically in unwritten languages - 156 -at any taxonomic level below that of a life-form category. On the Queen Charlotte Islands, for example, over 594 species of vascular plants (Calder and Taylor 1968) and many hundreds of species of macroscopic algae, lichens, fungi, and bryophytes have been recorded, but only about 150 of these, most of them vascular plants, are recognized with generic names in the Haida language* Berlin and his co-workers (1966, 1970, no date) have postulated a definite positive relationship between the cultural significance of plants and their nomenclatural recognition at the generic level. They suggest that plants which are used as food, medicine, or in technology, or those which play important roles in religion or mythology are far more likely to have generic labels than plants which have just as wide a range, but which have no cultural value. Furthermore, they provide evidence from their own field data on Tzeltal and Tzotzil Mayan Indian languages of Mexico to demonstrate \"...a positive correlation between lexical retention and cultural significance.\" In other words, there is less variation over time, and between dialectic groups, for terms assoc-iated with plants which are culturally important than for names of plants of little or no cultural significance. A preliminary analysis of ethnobotanical data for the study groups supports the first suggestion for Bella Coola and Lillooet, but not for Haida. In Bella Coola and Lillooet, about 65 percent and 67 percent respectively of generically named species are of moderate or high cultural importance, but in Skidegate and Masset Haida, only about 37 percent and 44 percent of species recognized with generic names are moderately or highly important culturally. However, these figures are - 157 -misleading, since there are varying degrees of specificity of generic-level names. Many of the species of low cultural significance have very general generic names (i.e. of categories 3 and 4 \u2014 see Tables 12 and 13), while many of the species of moderate or high cultural significance have generic names of categories 1 and 2. Of the species of low cultural importance having generic names of the lower correspondence categories, most are either locally common or distinctive species (e.g. Tanacetum huronense on the Queen Charlottes, and Arctium minus and Holodiscus discolor in the Bella Coola area), or closely resemble some culturally significant species and are named by analogy (e.g. Plantago major, named after Lysichitum americanum in Haida). As far as could be determined, all culturally significant plants in the three language groups are recognized with generic names, or at least were in the past.* Additionally, in all cases, \"empty\" life-form taxa (those having few or no inclusive generics) exist only for non-economic groups of plants, such as \"mosses\", \"grasses\" (in Haida and Bella Coola), and \"flowers\". Table 30 summarizes the relationship between cultural status of plant species and their degree of nomenelatural recognition in Skidegate and Masset Haida, Bella Coola, and Lillooet. Note that all species having generic-level names were regarded as having at least some degree of cultural significance. * Some generic terms have been recorded by past researchers, but are not known at the present time. The existence of some names is remem-bered by the informants, even though the actual names have been forgot-ten. - 158 -Table 30. Cultural status of plants In relation to their nomenclatural recognition in Haida, Bella Coola, and Lillooet. * Cultural significance SKIDEGATE HAIDA None Low . Moderate High Life-form name only >120 Intermediate name >10 > 6 - -Generic name (by 4 - 15 2 ~ species corres-pondence cate- 3 - 28 15 3 gory) ** 2 - 36 4 3 1 - 38 34 17 0 - - -Specific name - - - 1 Cultural significance MASSET HAIDA None Low Moderate High Life-form name only > 130 Intermediate name > 10 Generic name (by 4 -species corres- ^ pondence cate-gory) ** 2 -1 0 Specific name * Figures indicate approximate numbers of botanical species included under each category. ** See Table 1, field 4 for a description of species correspondence categories. > 10 38 3 27 15 ' 6 19 7 3 33 36 23 - - 5 - 159 -Cultural significance BELLA COOLA None Low Moderate High Life-form name only > 135 - - -Intermediate name > 40 > 5 - -Generic name (by 4 - 4 2 1 species corres- y 16 14 1 pondence cate-gory) 2 - 13 11 1 1 - 19 42 14 0 - - 1 -Specific name - - - -Cultural significance FRASER RIVER LILLOOET None Low Moderate High Life-form name only >100 - - -Intermediate name >20 - -Generic name (by 4 - 2 - -species corres- 7 10 pondence cate-gory) 2 - 7 9 1 1 - 25 48 13 0 \u2014 \u2014 2 \u2014 Specific name 2 4 - 160 -The relationship between lexical retention and cultural significance suggested by Berlin, Breedlove, andLaughlin (1970) is demonstrated for the Masset and Skidegate dialects of Haida in Table 31, and is illustrated graphically in Figure 11. The length of separation between Masset and Skidegate is not known. Linguists generally agree that Skidegate is a more archaic dialect, and that Masset x*as derived from Skidegate secon-darily, as a contracted form.* The third Haida dialect, Kaigani, is a recent offshoot of the Masset dialect. The major life-form categories and intermediate categories of Mas-set and Skidegate plants are virtually identical, with a few exceptions. An additional term, lhk'amaal 12, is found in the Masset life-form lexicon, as a synonym of tlaas 'evergreen boughs', and an extra inter-mediate category, \"muskeg plants\", is apparent in Masset. Both of these features are a result of the close association of the Masset people with the muskeg area at the north end of Graham Island. The term, lhk'amaal, apparently originates from the name for Juniperus communis \u2014 lhk'amaal, or k'allaa-lhk'ameleey 22-221 'muskeg-boughs'. This plant is not even recognized by Skidegate informants, and therefore, the omission of this term from the Skidegate lexicon is not surprising. Most muskeg plants are not known to Skidegate people, even though many now have access to muskeg areas. In fact, the term, k^ 'allaa 'muskeg', a common modifier of Masset plant names, is not employed in any Skidegate plant names known by present day informants. * Skidegate and Masset are mutually intelligible to experienced Haida speakers, but Skidegate informants say Masset people talk \"way too fast\" and Masset informants feel that Skidegate is \"long and drawn out\". - 161 -Table 31. Lexical retention and cultural significance of plants in the Skidegate and Masset dialects of Haida.* Cultural significance Low Moderate High Plant segregates iden-tical between Slcide- 2 6 9 gate and Masset % Skidegate segre-gates ( 1.3%) ( 3.9%) ( 5.8%) % Masset segregates (1.2%) (3.6%) ( 5.4%) Segregates cognate be-tween Skidegate and 19 28 23 Masset % Skidegate segre-gates (12.3%) (18.2%) (14.9%) % Masset segregates (11.4%) (16.8%) (13.8%) Skidegate segregates linguistically unre-lated to Masset seg- 44 19 4 regates (28.6%) (12.3%) (2.6%) Masset segregates ling-uistically unrelated to Skidegate segre- 47 26 7 gates (28.2%) (15.5%) ( 4.2%) * The total number of Skidegate plant segregates is 154, and of Masset plant segregates is 167. - 162 -Figure 11. A graphic portrayal of linguistic divergence of plant names in Skidegate and Masset Haida, showing the relationship between lexical retention and cultural significance. 65.7% 60.0% Skidegate names linguisti-cally unrelated to Masset names Masset names linguistically unrelated to Skidegate names high Cultural signifi-cance moderate low - 163 -Other original Masset intermediate categories include \"blueberry-like forest shrubs\" and \"fine- and coarse-leaved ferns\" (as opposed to Skidegate \"ferns\" (see Table 9). The origin of these categories is uncertain; the first was apparently derived from the generic term, lhdaan, for Vaccinium alaslcaense and V. ovalifolium. The Masset terms, saagwaal 22 and ts'aagwaal 22, for fine- and coarse-leaved ferns respec-tively, differ only in the initial phoneme, and hence apparently have a common derivation, presumably from the second term, since its cognate, ts'aagwel 'fern' is present in Skidegate. Despite these differences, it could be stated, as a corollary to Berlin, Breedlove, andLaughlin's (1970) observations on lexical retention at the generic level, that names for higher taxonomic categories such as major life-form terms, once established, tend to be lexically and semantically stable, even when considerable lexical divergence occurs at the generic taxon level. This is demonstrated in the Masset and Skidegate dialects of Haida, but also apparently at the language level, between Bella Coola and Lillooet, which though only distantly related, are much more similar in their life-form categories for plants than either is to Haida. Examples of identical, cognate, and unrelated generic plant names in Masset and Skidegate are given in Table 32. In a number of cases, culturally important plants having unrelated names are introduced or imported species whose names were acquired from different sources by the two dialects (e.g. Shepherdia canadensis: Skidegate name - 7aas, from Tsimshian; Masset name - h_egwetl'iit 112, from Tlingit) . In other cases, the names refer to plants which are absent from the territory - 164 -Table 32. Examples of Skidegate and Masset Haida plant names which are: I. identical, II. cognates, and III. linguistically unre-lated. I. Terms which are identical in Skidegate and Masset: Plant segregate Botanical designation Comments t'al ngaal, k'aay tlegaay 'fishline' sky'aaw 'tail' ts'uu k'aang XI k'an t'aanuu 'salt-water' gwaayk'aa lhk'iit kal k'as lhaayii Fucus spp. Macrocystis integri-folia Nereocystis luetkeana (stipe) various ferns & some other species Thuja plicata Tsuga heterophylla Tsuga & Picea cambium \"grass\" Zostera marina & Phyllospadix spp. Veratrum eschscholtzii Heracleum lanatum Alnus rubra Menziesia ferruginea Viburnum edule name borrowed from Tsimshian traded between Skid-egate & Masset name has a different semantic range be-tween the dialects high cultural signi-ficance high'cultural signi-ficance eaten by Haida, but this use was adop-ted recently from the Tsimshian life-form category name also the name of a village on Moresby Island important medicinal herb important green vegetable name not known in Skidegate today formerly an impor-tant food - 165 -Plant segregate Botanical designation Comments k'ay lhdaan chaanaang gwel, gwul Pyrus fusca, P. malus (fruit) Vaccinium ovalifolium, V. alaskaense Salix spp., Populus ,trichocarpa Nicotiana spp. important food important food name apparently borrowed from Tlingit formerly of high cultural impor-tance II. Cognate terms in Skidegate and Masset; Skidegate segregate Masset segregate Botanical designation sj|iinaaw 'green' s_gyuu gyaalgaas-naangaa 'pilot-biscuit's-grandmother' k'aalts'iidaa-leeys-_g_aa 'crow's-lace' xuut-taangel^aa 'hair-seal's-tongue' sjjaalhaan kaayt siigaan ts'ii-ts'ii sginaaw 12 'green' sgiw kuukge-gilgaay 11-22 1rotten-wood-bis-cuit' k'aalts'iida-liijaa 212-22 'crow's-whiskers' huut'aangel 222 'hair-seal 's-tongue? sgaalhaan kiiyt saalaan 12 ts'e-ts'e 11 Ulva lactuca, Enteromor-pha intestinalis Porphyra spp. Polyporus spp., Fomes spp. Usnea longissima, Alec-toria sarmentosa complex Conocephalum conicum Chamaecyparis nootka-tensis Picea sitchensis (also approximates \"tree\") Maianthemum dilatatum (berries) Daucus carota - 166 -Skidegate segregate Masset segregate Botanical designation sjjaanaa-xilj^ aa 'killer-whale-leaves ' yaanaahuu jiitl'el sjgiidelguu 'red-on-ground ' daah xuuyaa-tluugaa 'Ra-ven' s-canoe' xuudaan hiljjuudaaj*aang k' aaxuu-ts'aalaang-j*aa (<k.'aaxuu 'rotten log') * guugaadiis ts'aalht'awt'iis 'it-sticks-to-you' sgaan-xiilaa 2-11 ~~'killer-whale-leaves ' 7innuu 12 'half jetl'e 21 sgeedluu 21 (<sgeed ='red) dah 'buying' yaalh-tluuwa 2-11 'Raven's-canoe' hodaan 12 hildaang 12 k'aawts'ellaang-gaa 1-122 (<k'aawts'elh 'crack') * stl'eguudils 112 'turn-inside-out' ts'elht'awsgit 'it-sticks-to-you' unidentified herb (grows near water, beneath Rubus spectabilis) Brassica campestris Sambucus racemosa (berries) Vaccinium parvifolium (berries) Vaccinium oxycoccus Vicea gigantea, Lathyrus japonicus, garden peas , & beans Stachys cooleyae Fragaria spp. (berries) Rubus chamaemorus (berries) Rubus parviflorus (berries) Galium* spp. III. Skidegate and Masset plant names which are completely unrelated linguistically: Botanical taxa involved Skidegate segregate Masset segregate Halosaccion glandiforme t'aask'aat'uugaa sk'aangk'ils 22 'fish-air-bladder' Polyporus versicolor no generic name kiiyt-gebbeeyewiijaa 2-11111 'tree-scallops' * One of these terms, probably the Skidegate one, must be a folk ety-mology, since although they are linguistic cognates, they are attri-buted completely different meanings in the two dialects. - 167 -Botanical taxa involved Skidegate segregate Masset segregate Sphagnum spp. no generic name k'allaa-k'innaaneey 22-112 'muskeg-moss' Lycopodium spp., Achil-lea millefolium yaanaang-xil^aa 'fog- no equivalent name leaves' Scirpus microcarpus jtuuy aa-sj*awga a 'Raven's-knife' no equivalent name Allium spp. Triglochin maritimum no generic name 1c an-lhgaamgaandaa 'round-grass' Fritillaria camtschaten- 7inlheng sis aanyaas onions lhgiiduuwen-taangel 112-22 'goose-tongue' stlek'ist'aa 122 'round-thing-you-dig-out-with-your-finger' Cirsium spp. gwul-7awg_aa 'tobacco-mother' no generic name Rubus pedatus, Linnaea borealis Viola spp. Drosera rotundifolia tlel^aa-xil^aa 'earth-leaves' one of the plants called daa7el-sgil-j*aa 'rain's-navel* no generic name tl'enjuut-gaanaa-xil 22-22-2 'steller's-jay-berry-leaves' sk'en-flaawersgeey 2-211 'seagull's-flowers' taagiinaan-k'uukgaa 112-2l 'many-hearts' Shepherdia canadensis 7aas (<Tsimshian) hegwetl'iit 112 (<Tlingit) - 168 -of the other dialect (e.g. Drosera rotundifolia, which has a Masset name, but no Skidegate name). Only about 3 percent of the Skidegate names un-related to Masset names and 4 percent of Masset names unrelated to Skide-gate names are for plants of high cultural significance whichoccur com-monly in both regions. Even between seemingly unrelated generic names, relationships can sometimes be demonstrated. For example, Streptopus amplexifolius is called st'aw-gaan-gaa 'screech-owl-berries'* in Skidegate and taan-gaannaa 2-11 'black-bear-berries' in Masset. Swanton (1905b) records that, according to Haida tradition, when screech-owls were heard calling in the woods, it signified that black-bears were near the camp. There is thus a definite traditional relationship between these two animals, and, indirectly, between the Skidegate and Masset terms for Streptopus. Cognate Skidegate and Masset plant names have a similar semantic range, although there are some notable exceptions, usually involving the relative inclusion or exclusion of certain plant species from a given generic taxon. For example, Skidegate informants stress that there is \"only one\" gaan-xawlaa 'sweet-berry', namely Amelanchier alnifolia, while in Masset, gaan-haawlaa 2-22 refers to both Amelanchier and Vaccinium uliginosum. In Skidegate, daa7el-sgilgaa 'rain's-navel' applies to Aquilegia formosa, Dodecatheon jeffreyi, and Viola spp., whereas its Masset counterpart, daal-xil 2-2 'rain-leaves' applies to Aquilegia * This name can also be translated as 'witch-berries', since st'aw also means 'witch' in Haida. However, my Skidegate informants usually translated it as 'screech-owl-berries' (actually, 'night-hawk-berries', because 'screech-owls' are called 'night-hawks' by the Haida). - 169 -and Campanula rotundifolia. There has been little mention in folk taxonomic literature of the significance of specialized botanical terminology, such as is listed in Table 28. It has already been suggested here that such terminology is generally assspciated with plants which are culturally significant, or have been in the past. A graphic demonstration of the relationship between special terminology and cultural significance is provided in Figure 12. It should be added, however, that the postive correlation, between special terminology and cultural significance may be an inciden-tal one. Many plants are of moderate or high cultural significance be-cause they have two or more different parts which are useful or notable (e.g. Rubus spectabilis sprouts and berries, Lomatium nudicaule seeds and stalk). These are more likely to have special terms associated with them than plants having only one usable portion and therefore usually of lower cultural significance. - 170 -Figure 12. Graph showing the relationship between the number of linguis-tically discrete generic-level terms applied to a plant species and cultural significance in Masset and Skidegate Haida, Bella Coola, and Lillooet. Average number of generic-level terms associated with plants 2.10 2.05 2.00 1.95 1.90 1.85 1.80 1.75 1.70 1.65 1.60 1.55 1.50 1.45 1.40 1.35 1.30 1.25 1.20 1.15 1.10 1.05 1.00 Skidegate Haida Masset Haida Bella Coola Fraser River Lillooet x 2.06 X-1-. 15. \u2022 *-'- - . p,+ \u2014 X- 1,06 x\"1.02 x-irbo Low Moderate Cultural significance high - 171 -DISCUSSION Historical Development of Folk Phytotaxonomic Systems Berlin (1971) has proposed a scheme concerning the historical development of ethnobotanical nomenclature in folk taxonomies. After studying ethnobotanical terminology in a number of diverse, so-called \"primitive\" cultural groups, -he suggests that these not only have sim-ilar types of phytotaxonomic categories (i.e., unique beginner, major life-form, intermediate, generic, specific, and varietal taxa), but that as each language develops, the encoding or labelling of these taxa occurs in a fixed order, diagrammed as follows; \/'life-forms \/intermediate. generic \u00bb | }\u2022 \u00bb ) > * unique beginner ^ specific ' I varietal ) Thus, according to Berlin's scheme, the original ethnobotanical vocabulary of any language was composed entirely of generic expressions, which were semantically unitary (i.e., \"unique\" as discussed in this study). Generic, names were gradually expanded by a process of \"concrete transposition\" until semantically complex lexical forms also existed. This process of horizontal expansion of the generic lexicon continues throughout the development of the language. Following the establishment of at least some generic expressions, labels for life-form categories and specific categories were developed through a simultaneous process of generalization and differentiation of generic nomenclature. Berlin feels that life-form categories have been conceptually recognized since earliest times, but were not encoded into languages until after the establishment of generic terms. In fact, - 172 -\"...in many languages the labels for life-form categories are drawn directly from the existing inventory of generic names.\" Hence, in many North American Indian languages, the name for the life-form category \"tree\" is synonymous with or related to the generic names of some par-ticular type of tree which is common in the area and\/or economically important. For example, in Tewa, Pueblo, Hopi, and Kiowa (also in New Mexican Spanish), 'tree' = 'cottonwood' (see Trager 1939). In Karok, 'tree' = 'juniper', in Achumawi, 'tree' = 'sugar pine', and in Yana 'tree' = 'broad-leaved maple'. In Diegueno and Chumash, 'tree' = 'live oak'. Berlin suggests that there is probably an. intermediate \"supra-generic\" status assumed by a generic term before it gains major life-form status. In Shoshone and Northern Payute, for example, the generic name for 'cottonwood' may also be applied generally to 'willow', 'aspen', and some other broad\u2014leaved trees, but not necessarily to all trees. Specific taxa usually develop as contrast sets within selected generics, and most often consist of binary sets of the type representa-tive of the generic (often, at least initially, polysemous with its super-ordinate generic) and another \"atypical\" specific, Usually desig-nated with a modifier describing an obvious differentiating trait, such as colour, size, growth habit, or habitat. For example, in Haida there can be said to be two specifics for the generic, k'ay 'apples': k'ay (polysemous with the generic) for orchard apples; and haads-k'ayaa 'Haida-apples', the marked specific, for wild crabapples. Both in the case of generics polysemous with life-form names and specific names polysemous with generics, Berlin notes that there is a tendency to develop \"...an attributive like expression best glossed as - 173 -'genuine', 'real', or 'ideal-type'\" for the name of the lower taxonomic order. This attributive, first optional and used only in ambiguous circumstances, eventually becomes obligatory. A further developmental sequence suggested by Berlin is that the generics or specifics initially designated by the 'real' or 'genuine' modifier eventually assume another modifier, giving the taxon a status more equivalent with that of other generics or specifics in the same contrast set. For example, in a hypothetical case where there are ori-ginally two specifics, designated as 'real' X and 'red' X, the 'real' segment may eventually be altered to 'white' or 'blue' as a more appro-priate contrast to 'red'. After this type of alteration occurs, it is impossible to determine in a unwritten language which of the two kinds of X was originally the specific \"type\". This sequence probably took place in the development of the Haida (M) specific segregates, 'red-rain-leaves' and 'blue-rain-leaves1 (see Table 26). Following the incorporation of life-form and specific taxon names into the vocabulary, intermediate and varietal taxa may be encoded under appropriate circumstances. As has been noted, varietal names occur al-most exclusively in the classification of important cultivars, and are usually involved in genetic selection and maintenance of different strains of such species as maize, squash, beans, and peppers. Named intermediate categories are also very rare, and Berlin suggests that they are basically unstable and ephemeral, even when they do exist. They are frequently associated with the introduction of new generics which are reminiscent of existing types, but not similar enough to be included within the same generic taxon. - 174 -Finally, Berlin maintains, after the encoding of generics, specifics, life-form category terms, and sometimes varietals and intermediate cate-gory terms, a name is designated in a language for \"plant\", the unique beginner of the semantic domain. \"While man has no doubt tacitly re-cognized the world of plants as a conceptual category since earliest times, it does not appear to have been, essential to provide the concept with a distinctive label until quite recently.\" Just as life-form category names are frequently derived from generic names, so the unique beginner is usually borrowed from a life-form term or from some lower order term (Berlin 1971). Each of these categories, except the unique beginner, is theoretically an open class, and can thus continue to expand horizontally as the hier-archy itself is growing vertically. New taxa at any of these levels can be instituted at any stage of development of the language, especially if a group of people migrates to a new area with different types of vege-tation, or if secondary acculturation results in the introduction of many new species. None of Berlin's speculations on ethnobotanical terminological development was drawn from phytotaxonomic data of the Pacific Northwest, yet in general, the principles outlined could be applied very well to languages in this area, if the three study groups are any indication. In fact, it has been convenient in this thesis to dicuss the phytotaxonomies of Haida, Bella Coola, and Lillooet in terms of the nomenclatural scheme proposed by Berlin and his co-workers, Breedlove, Raven, and Laughlin. There are many specific instances of coincidence between taxonomic situations exemplified by Berlin and those existing in the three study - 175 -groups. For example, in Lillooet (F), the name for Pseudotsuga menziesii is segap-ul 'real-or genuine-tree*. Thus, the original generic name would have been segap, and by a process of taxonomic expansion this name would have eventually been accorded life-form status, with Pseudotsuga being the \"type\" representative. Finally, to prevent ambiguity about the taxonomic levul intended when segap was mentioned, Pseudotsuga would begin to be designated the \"real\" segap, first optionally, and then ob-ligatorily. In a similar manner, the Lillooet life-form term for \"grass\" must have been derived from the generic name for Agropyron splcatum (bunch-grass). This species is now called slekem-ul 'real-grass', to distinguish it from the life-form term in ordinary conversation. At the generic-specific level, the generic taxon for Saskatoon berries (Amelanchier alnifolia) in Lillooet, stsabwm, must have origin-ally been differentiated into at least two contrasting specifics, one of which was polysemous with the generic. With time, as the other specifics developed, the polysemous specific must have been modified by the 'real' term \u2014 stsekwm-ul \u2014 to eliminate ambiguity as to which taxonomic level was inferred. At present, there are six contrasting specific names for Saskatoons, as follows : (see also Table 26): stsakwm Amelanchier alnifolia (all varieties) - 176 -Eventually, if Berlin's projected sequence is correct, the 'real' modifier if the specific \"type\" name might have been altered with time to a term more equivalent with names for the other Saskatoon varieties, without the interference caused by the adoption of English. A similar type of sequence must have been involved in the origin of the name, kwelawa-ul 'real-onion' for Allium cernuum, except that the situation has apparently been complicated by the introduction of English terminology. It appears that the intermediate category, \"onion\" must have arisen in post-contact times following the acquistion of garden onions. At this time, A. cernuum was probably called simply kwelawa, as it is in the Thompson language (Steedman 1929). Soon, however, kwelawa must have become equated with \"onion\" in English, and thus gained broader taxonomic status, including not only Allium cernuum and garden onions, but other bulb plants such as Calochortus macrocarpus (\"sweet onions\"), and Zygadenus venenosus (\"poison onions\").* At this point, A. cernuum must have gained the 'real' marking. At the present time, however, it is not usually called 'real-onions'. More often, the English expression, \"barbecuing onions\", is applied. Hence, indirectly, Berlin's prediction about the eventual substitution of the 'real' term for a modifier more equivalent with those of other members of a contrastive set is being realized. There are many examples in the Lillooet language of the use of the term 'real' or 'original'. In fact, the Upper Lillooets' name for them-* The Lillooet names for these species do not include kwelawa. Only use of the English \"onions\" identifies them as belonging to this intermed-iate category. - 177 -selves is 'real Lillooet'. However, there is no term glossing as 'real' or 'original' in ethnobotanical terminology of either Bella Coola or Haida. In Haida, the term, x.aaydaa (s) \/ haades (M) \"Haida\", seems to fulfil the same function as the '-ul' term in Lillooet Ccf. xaaydaa-flawers_gaa (S) 'Haida-f lowers '; xaaydaa-gwuljjaa (S) 'Haida-tobacco'; haades-tl'aakuujaa (M) 'Haida-rhubarb'1. It implies 'wild' or 'original' and is usually employed as a contrastive with imported or cultivated plants. In Bella Coola, there are no true named specific plant taxa, and hence, there is no necessity of a 'real' or 'original' term for marking specific types. In all three languages, examples exist of generics which are com-pletely polysemous with life-form category names. In Haida, the name for Picea sitchensis, kaayt (S) \/ kiiyt (M), is polysemous with an approxi-mation of \"tree\". In both Bella Coola and Lillooet, the name for Vaccin-ium membranaceum is polysemous with \"berry\". Supposedly, this indicates a less advanced situation than where generic \"types\" are-marked with some specifier such as 'real'. From this study, it appears that life-form category names are not always derived by the process of elevating a generic \"type\" to a higher taxonomic status, as implied by Berlin (1971). On the contrary, a num-ber of life-form categories, especially in Haida, seem to be delimited from anatomical terms associated with members of the category. An example is in the Haida life-form category, \"deciduous trees and shrubs\", denoted by application of the term, lhk'aayii (S) \/ lhk'aay (H) to plants in this category. This term translates approximately as 'branch', - 178 -but can also be glossed as 'bush' in many circumstances. Similarly, in Haida, xil 'leaf\/medicine' not only denotes the anatomical feature, \"leaf\", in all foliose plants, but also implies the life-form category of \"herbaceous plants\". As an example, stelguu-xilgaa (S) 'land-otter-leaves\/medicine' refers to both the leaves and the plant of Apargidium boreale, and xil-gaaydlelging (S) 'floating-leaves\/medicine ' refers to the leaves, plant, or rhizomes of Nuphar luteum ssp. polysepalum. Apparently, the term xil was originally applied only to 'leaf'. Gradually, its semantic range was extended to include 'any kind of medicine', and eventually, it was applied to the names of a limited category of plants, to imply not only their leaves, or their use, but the entire plants themselves. At present, it appears that the meaning of xil is being extended still further to include 'flowers'. Thus, daal-xil-sget (M) (Aquilegia formosa) can be translated as 'red-rain-leaves', 'red-rain-medicine', or 'red-rain-plant', but the most obvious rendition is 'red-rain-flowers', and in fact this translation is usually given by Masset informants. The Masset name for Ranunculus plants, xil-k'unlhelh-lhk'aay, translated literally, would be 'yellow-leaves-branches', but when first asked the meaning of this name, Florence Davidson said, \"yellow flowers \u2014 yellow flower plant\". Here, xil assumes the status of 'flower', and lhk'aay a 'plant' status. . Both terms could be said to be not only life-form category terms, but even unique beginners in so^e circumstances, yet neither shows any indication of having been derived from a generic plant name. - 179 -The origin of the Haida life-form term \"berry\", gaan (S) \/ gaan (M) is open to speculation. If the developmental pattern described by Berlin were in effect, there would have originally been a type of berry in Haida named only gaan. Eventually, because the generic type was common or economically valuable, the term was accorded .life-form status. The generic type itself may have retained the gaan label for Some time afterwards, or it may have been immediately designated with a secondary marker, comparable with the 'real' term in Lillooet.* Meanwhile, other ? kinds of berries were designated names incorporating gaan \u2014 yaanaang-gaangaa 'fog-berries', st'aw-gaangaa 'screech-owl-berries', xuuyaa-giaangaa 'Raven's-berries', taan-gaangaa 'black-bear-berries', gaan-xawlaa 'sweet-berries', sk'aw-gaan 'thorn-berries', and so on. Finally, the generic type would have been instated with a marker more equi-valent with those of the other kinds of berries, making it impossible to trace the original gaan at the present time. Notably, there are a number of \"berries\" in Haida whose names do not include gaan, such as guugaadiis (Rubus parviflorus), k'ung (Rosa nutkana), hilguudaagaang (Fragaria spp.), guutgaagiigeeyt 'run-backwards' (Ribes lacustre), sk'aagii-chaay 'dog-salmon-eggs' (Vaccinium vitis-idaea), gaalguun (Ribes bracteosum), and A sgiidlelguu 'red-on-the-ground' (Vaccinium parvifolium). These may be recent abbreviations of longer terms incorporating gaan, or, if the sequence just described is authentic, they may have originated before gaan was elevated to life-form status (i.e., they may be very old gen-eric names. * Perhaps a term such as -aalgaa 'like' or 'imitation' (also 'slave') was used. This lexical segment is sometimes used as a generic marker for Elymus mollis\u2014 k'an-7aalgaa 'looks like grass'. - 180 -Just as likely an occurrence is thatjjaan has been a general ana-tomical term from the very beginning, like lhk'aayii and xil. Like these terms, with time, it may have been incorporated into the names of many, but not all, members of the life-form category \"berry\". In cases such as this, where there is no longer a generic \"type\", it is impossible^to verify any suggested sequence for the development of life-form category terminology. A similar situation exists for the life-form category \"tree\" in the Bella Coola language. The term for \"tree\", stn, is not included in the generic names of any individual kinds of trees. Instead, it can be said to be a true life-form term in the botanical sense, since it applies to all tall or long wooden objects, including logs and telephone poles. It seems doubtful that such a term would have its origins as a generic name, as did the life-form name for \"tree\" in the Lillooet language, or the life-form term for \"berry\" in Bella Coola. More likely, it has always been a general term, comparable to the xil, lhk'aayii, and perhaps jjaan terms in Haida. In any case , the psychological validity of life-form categories as a discrete type of taxon is clear, not only from conversational associations of native speakers, but also, in many cases, from linguis-tic and nomenclatural evidence. An interesting confirmation of the existence of life-form taxa, as described by Berlin, and particularly as presented here for Fraser River Lillooet, is a detailed outline of mythological \"domains\" in Okanagan, a language and culture closely related to Lillooet. This - 181 -outline was provided in 1971 by Selina Timoyakin, an elderly Okanagan speaker from the Penticton Band.* It delineates the different \"domains\" or \"kingdoms\" of living beings which were believed to exist in mythical times, when all organisms and even rocks had human forms. For each \"kingdom\", there is a chief; the chief of all the domains is Coyote, the Interior Salish counterpart of Raven on the Northwest Coast. Above Coyote,.the \"great Chief\", an old man known as kwilstn 'sweat-house' has supreme authority (see Figure 13). The domains delineated for \"plant-people\" show remarkable similarity to the life-form taxa described for Lillooet plants, and, notably, the chiefs of two of the domains \u2014 \"grass\" and \"berry\" \u2014 are the same spe-cies that are the generic \"types\" for these life-form categories in Lillooet, namely bunchgrass (Agropyron spicatum) and mountain blueberry (Vaccinium membranaceum). There are several phytotaxonomic indications that Haida, Bella Coola, and Lillooet are not particularly advanced languages, if indeed as Berlin suggests, phytotaxonomic structure and ethnobotanical nomenclature re-flect linguistic development. Each language has a good inventory of generic plant names, and probably many more existed in the past and have been forgotten. However, there are very few specific terms in Haida and Lillooet, and none in Bella Coola, although here again, there is evidence that some existed in the past. In each group, there are a number of named life-form category terms, * Selina Timoyakin has been a friend and teacher of Randy Bouchard. She provided this information during an evening lecture in Anthropology 534 (Computor analysis of myth) at the University of British Columbia. - 182 -Figure 13. The domains and their chiefs in Okanagan Salish mythology. Great Chief (kwilstn 'sweat-house') Coyote , (snk'lip) \"Fish (Chief -Steelhead trout) \"Those that fly? (Chief - Golden Eagle) \"Those that walk with paws\" (Chief -Cougar) \"Those that walk with hooves\" (Chief - a special celebant buck Mule Deer) \"Those that crawl on1 the surface\" (includes worms, frogs, snakes) (Chief - a special small kind of Rattlesnake) flowers, & \"Rocks\" (brown, red, blue, & black) (Chief Black Flint) \\ \"Trees with leaves\" \\ (Chief - Acer glabrum) \"Trees without leaves\" j (Chief - Pinus monticola). Grasses\" (Chief -Agropyron spicatum) Roots\" (Chief -Lewisia rediviva) Berries!' (Chief -Vaccinium membranaceum) 1 \/ \"Those without blood\" (insects & spiders) (Chief not remembered) PLANT \"KINGDOMS\" - 183 -but many of these are at the first stages of development, still being associated with generic \"types\" which are partially or completely poly-semous with them. Those not associated with a generic \"type\" are not necessarily more advanced in development. Rather, they seem to have had a different origin \u2014 from anatomical terms or shape category names. Furthermore, the life-form category names which are delineated, especially in Bella Coola and Lillooet, are by no means exhaustive. For example, there is no named category for \"bush\" in these languages, and although many types of \"bushes\" are included in the \"berry\" life-form category, a significant number are not (e.g. Philadelphus lewisii, Holodiscus discolor, Ceanothus velutlnus, and Myrica gale). Neither of these two groups has a life-form taxon including herbaceous plants without conspicuous flowers or berries (e.g. Veratrum eschscholtzii, Rumex occidentalis, and Urtica dioica) In Haida and Bella Coola, there is no life-form category for marine algae, although these form a discrete, psychologically real group, as evidenced by the adoption of the English life-form category expression, \"seaweeds\". There are no varietal names in any of the three languages, which is expected, since none of the groups is agricultural. There are many in-termediate taxa, but most are unnamed, and many are of obvious recent origin, involving the adoption of English terminology. Finally, there * Recently, I have found that such a category does exist in the Thompson Salish language. Herbaceous plants are called stuyt-uyemxw 'ground-growth' . This term is actually incorporated into the names of many small leafy plants (Annie York, Spuzzum, B.C., personal communication). - 184 -is 110 unique beginner expression in any of the three languages. The Bella Coola and Lillooet \"plant\" suffixes are not universal in their application, and although the Haida expressions, xil ' leaf\/'medicine' and lhk'aayii (S) \/ lhk'aay (M) 'branch' show tendencies towards dev-eloping into \"plant\" terms, their application is still limited to only certain types of plants. They are not normally applied to mosses or seaweeds,, for example. Hence, it can be stated that Haida, Bella Coola, and Lillooet are relatively \"young\" in phytotaxonomic development, in comparison with Tzeltal, Hanunoo, or Indo-European languages. Another factor to be considered in the discussion of phytotaxonomy is the devolution or decay of terminological systems. Ethnobotanical nomenclature is in a constant state of change, due not only to the addition of new terminology and taxonomic information, but also to the loss or alteration of semantic and lexical components. Two general observations can be made concerning the loss of phytotaxonomic infor-mation: 1) vocabulary loss seems to occur from particular to general; and 2) the lexical components of taxa appear to be more persistent than the semantic components. Hence, unlike nomenclatural development, which is initiated at the generic level and progresses through both differentiation and generali-zation, nomenclatural loss seems to occur first at the specific (and varietal) level, next at the generic level, and finally at the life-form taxon level (Berlin 1971). As Berlin points out \"...speakers of English who have been reared in an urban setting will recognize at once that they known virtually no specific names for kinds of plants, Cand3 that many generic names are recognizable linguistically only...\" Yet all - 185 -English speakers are familiar with colloquial life-form category term-inology. The second observation is evident from questioning younger native speakers in the three study languages about plants. They are frequent-ly familiar with plant names, but are usually unable to identify the plants referred to by the names. Similarly, in English, most people are familiar with the names, \"cowslip\", \"primrose\", and \"mangosteen\", but few North Americans could describe or recognize these plants. External Factors Influencing Ethnophytotaxonomies The three Indian groups involved in the study were chosen in part for their comparative potential. Linguistic and vegetational differences can be summarized as follows: Vegeta-tion Linguistic origin and floristic diversity are believed to be of funda-mental importance in determining the ultimate structure and composition of phytotaxonomies. Other influencing factors include cultural attri-butes of the groups, history of inter-group contact, and, in the case of the study groups, the influence of English cognitive systems on native thought. The extent to which these factors have affected the phytotax-onomies described here is subject to speculation, but the data allow some conclusions to be drawn concerning the effects of each of them. Language Na-dene Salish Coastal Haida Bella Coola Interior Lillooet (F) - 186 -Linguistic origin is not indicated to be of great significance in defining generic-level taxa, although closely related groups such as Lillooet, Shuswap, and Thompson (all Interior Salish) have a high pro-portion of generic cognates. Territorial proximity and inter-group contact seem to have an equal or greater function in promoting generic similarity, as can be seen by. a significant number (12) of generic-level cognates between Bella Coola and Kwakiutl, languages which are completely unrelated. It is notable, however, that of the three study groups, the two which are related linguistically, namely Bella Coola and Lillooet, have similar life-form category structures, while the third language, Haida, has a substantially different set of life-form categories (see Figures 7, 8, and 9). It appears, therefore, that tax-onomic terminology changes more rapidly than underlying taxonomic structure, once such a structure is established. From every indication, local vegetational features are the most important single factor in determining the generic taxa employed by a group. Only a small percentage of the generic names in each group apply to plants which are not locally available. Many of the differ-ences in the generic inventories are directly attributable to vege-tational dissimilarities. The Haida, being insular, have a predic-tably large number of generic names pertaining to marine algae, while the Bella Coola have only a few, most of them borrowed from the Kwakiutl, and the Lillooet have none. The Lillooet, however, have many names for plants not recognized in coastal languages (e.g. Artemisia tridentata, Pinus ponderosa, Prunus virginiana, Calochortus macrocarpus, and Rhus radicans). - 187 -At the dialectic level, one of the main differences between Masset and Skidegate Haida inventories is that the Masset people, being surroun-ded by muskeg habitat, have more names for muskeg plants than do the Skidegate people. Notably, in each area, almost all local trees and shrubs have aboriginal generic-level names, while a relatively small number of foliar herbs, and an even smaller number of grasses, mosses, lichens, and fungi are named generically. A generalization can be made that in folk taxonomies, cultural and economic considerations excluded, the larger and more obvious a plant is, the more likely it is to be recog-nized with a generic name. One notable exception is Menziesia ferru-ginea in Bella Goola. It is extremely common locally, but no generic, name for is was obtained. It should be mentioned that in many cases, the botanical species correspondence categories assigned to various generic folk taxa are largely a function of the species present in an area, rather than of the level of generalization of the native term. As an example, the Lillooet name for \"spruce\" has a species correspondence rating of 2 (see Table 1), since it refers to two closely related species \u2014 Picea glauca and P_. engelmannii, while the Haida name for \"spruce\" is rated 1, since it corresponds in a one-to-one fashion with the only local spruce \u2014 P. sitchensis. Were a second, closely related Picea in existence on the Queen Charlottes, the Haida name would probably apply to it also, and would then be rated 2. On the contrary, if only one species existed in the Interior, the Lillooet name would have a 1 rating. - 188 -Thus, within any restricted locality, at least in north temperate regions, from species presence probabilities alone one can expect to find a high proportion of aboriginal generic names having a one-to-one correspondence with a botanical species, and a lesser, but significant number of names corresponding to two or more related species, some of which are obviously different\u2022(category 3) and some of which are diffi-cult to distinguish (category 2). However, names which correspond to a fraction of a botanical species (category 0) and those referring to two or more species unrelated at the family level (category 4) are un-predictable. The relationship between cultural significance and the establish-ment and retention of generic names has already been discussed. Cul-tural importance of plants is closely associated with floristic abundance; plants having economically exploitable qualities are useful only when readily available, either locally or through trade. In Bella Coola and on the Queen Charlottes, for example, Amelanchier alnifolia is not widely abundant, is not used in any quantity, and has only generic-level names. In the Lillooet area, however, Amelanchier is extremely common, is a major food source, and is recognized with a generic name and six specific names. On the other hand, Rubus spectabilis is not found or utilized at Lillooet, and has no Fraser River dialect name, while on the Queen Charlottes, it is abundant, widely used, and has several generic- and specific-level terms associated with it in Haida (Masset). As already suggested, folk taxonomies are frequently influenced terminologically by trade and inter-group contacts. This is indicated by the number of generic names in the three study groups which have been - 189 -borrowed from other languages, including English. The influence of out-side cultures on the actual structure of folk taxonomic systems is diffi-cult to demonstrate, although examples have been given of probable seman-tic alterations of aboriginal folk taxa by English folk taxonomic concepts. Inter-group contact has a secondary effect on ethnophytotaxonomic systems by promoting the introduction of new types of plants to be accommodated. The recent assimilation of native languages and cultures into the English-speaking \"white\" culture of western North America has without doubt had a much more drastic effect on Pacific Northwest phytotaxonomies than the trade and inter-cultural communication which took place in pre-contact and early post-contact times. The changeover from one phytotax-onomy to the other has been so rapid that few native people under the age of thirty know more than half a dozen generic plant names in their own language. Thus, one could say that of all of the factors influencing folk taxonomies, cultural and linguistic assimilation is responsible for the most rapid and far-reaching alterations. Modern Botanical Taxonomy Versus Folk Taxonomic Systems A number of different taxonomic systems for plants have been devised since the time of Linnaeus, These include the systems of the de Jussieus, the de Candolles, Bentham and Hooker, Gray, Engler and Prantl, Hutchinson, Takhtajan, and Cronquist (see Lawrence 1951; Takhtajan 1969; Cronquist 1968). For purposes of the present discussion, they will be considered together as \"modemphytotaxonomic systems\". Several readily observable differences can be noted between these modern systems and folk phytotaxonomies such as those of Haida, Bella Coola, - 190 -and Lillooet.* In modern phytotaxonomies, one maximal taxon, traditional-ly the Kingdom Plantae, is involved. It is thoroughly defined and includes all other taxa in the system. .The maximal category in folk, phytotaxonomies is frequently not lexically marked, and its semantic range if often arbi-trarily defined. In the modern systems, there is a finite number of levels in the tax-onomic hierarchy, and these are applied uniformly throughout the system (i.e., kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species). It is possible to artificially assign folk phytotaxa to different types of cate-gories for descriptive convenience (i.e., life-form, intermediate, generic, specific, and varietal taxa), but they actually cover a continuous spec-trum of taxonomic levels, from general to highly specific. Each modern taxon is applicable at only one taxonomic level, which is identifiable through nomenclatural attributes (e.g., all family names end in -aceae). Folk taxa can apply at two or more levels simultaneously. In Bella Coola, for example, exactly the same word is used for \"berry\" and Vaccinium membranaceum fruit. There are no apparentsnomenclatural rules for marking hierarchical levels. In modern systems, each taxon, theoretically at least, has only one valid name. Synonyms are sometimes used unknowingly, and often there are disagreements about which name is correct, but whenever possible, the principle of standardized international names is upheld. In folk tax-onomies, synonyms are often encountered and are freely accepted by the * Some of the differences listed here were noted previously by Conklin (1962). - 191 -users, although sometimes one term is used preferentially to another. In modern phytotaxonomies, any specialized terminology related to parts or phases of plants, such as kinds of fruits, or leaf types, is applied generally to classes of plants, but not to individual taxa. In folk taxonomies, specialized terminology for particular parts or phases of individual taxa is often used. In some cases, even special verbs are applied at the generic taxon level. Nomenclature in modern systematics is developed on the basis of type specimens, which are retained in herbaria as concrete examples of parti-cular taxa. There are no such preserved type specimens in folk phyto-taxonomies, although, as noted earlier, some taxa contain typical repre-sentatives which can be considered as generic or specific \"types\". Modern phytotaxa at the same hierarchical level are always mutually exclusive. Folk taxa may overlap semantically or may change in appli-cation depending on the context of reference. For example, in Haida, \"berries\" can be classed simultaneously as \"deciduous trees and shrubs\" or as \"herbaceous plants\". The modern systems theoretically include every known species of plant irrespective of cultural significance or conspicuousness, whereas folk systems usually relate only to locally relevant types. They have no requirement or necessity for an exhaustive treatment of every recog-nizably different kind of plant. In fact, generic segregates are usually limited to 500 or less, even in vegetationally rich areas (Raven, Berlin, and Breedlove 1971). In modern taxonomic systems, efforts are made to formulate precise - 192 -rules for exactly delimiting taxa, so that there is no ambiguity about the taxonomic status of any individual within the domain. Folk taxonomies have no formal rules for nomenclatural recognition of taxa. The semantic range of folk taxa can vary with subtle differences in conversational context or intonation. Even the users of folk systems find it difficult to verbally define the semantic limits of a given taxon. Modern phytotaxonomies utilize numerous criteria in characterizing taxa at every level. At present, these include genetic, anatomical, morphological, embryological, cytological, phytochemical, and ecological data. In folk phytotaxonomies, only a few criteria are considered in delimiting folk taxa, at least at a conscious level. These are usually obvious physical attributes or cultural traits. Modern phytotaxa are, at least in principle, monophyletic. Every member of a genus or family is believed to have a common evolutionary origin, and to be more closely related to other members of the taxon than to members of other taxa at the same level. Folk taxa can be said to be \"polyphyletic\"\u00ab They frequently reflect gross morphological similar-ities, but only when such recognition is convenient. They often include taxonomically diverse memb ers on the basis of common utilization, tradi-tional beliefs, habitat, or growth form. The ultimate aim of the present phytotaxonomic system is to reflect the total diversity of the world's flora in the context of evolutionary relationships, whereas the only apparent aim of folk taxonomies is the practical one of communication. Classification, at least in the three study groups, seems to be a passive rather than an active pursuit. - 193 -Despite these basic differences between modern phytotaxonomic systems and folk phytotaxonomies, Raven, Berlin, and Breedlove (1971) maintain that the modern systems \u2014 even the most recent \u2014 are merely a \"Renaissance codification of folk taxonomic principles\". They have increased in scope, in structuralization, and in formalism, but they still reflect their origin and history. The close historical ties between modern botanical taxonomic sys-tems and the early written classificatory attempts of Theophrastus, Pliny the Elder, and Dioscorides are well appreciated by taxonomists. Even more closely associated with modern taxonomies are the systems devised by the herbalists of the Middle Ages, and those of the taxonomists of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, such as Cesalpino, Jung, Ray, Magnol, de Tournefort, and most notably, Linnaeus (see Lawrence 1951; Porter 1959). Raven and his co-workers contend that all of the early written works, particularly the systems of the Greek, Roman,' and European her-balists, were nothing other than printed folk taxonomies,, sharing com-pletely the structural and conceptual features of the folk taxonomic systems of such groups as the Tzeltal, Hanunoo, and by inference, the Haida, Bella Coola, and Lillooet. Like folk taxonomies, they had a limited number of generics, usually around 500, with organisms of high cultural significance subdivided into more categories than those of lower significance. There were few specifics and varietals in relation to the number of generics. Few named intermediate categories were recognized, and only a small number of major life-form categories were defined. For example, Theophrastus utilized four life-form categories: - 194 -trees, shrubs, undershrubs, and herbs (Porter 1959). Raven, Berlin, and Breedlove (1971) attribute the limited number of segregates in folk taxonomies and in the early written taxonomies to the limited operational capacity of the human memory in the first case, and of duplicating and distributing methods in the second. \"In an operational.system, especially one that is strictly verbal, the number of names cannot be multiplied beyond meaningful limits; many speakers of the language must be familiar with each name that is passed down from generation to generation as part of the language. As there are more and more names, the names become less and less useful.\" Addition-ally, both folk taxonomies and early herbalists' taxonomies were con-structed on the basis of a relatively small number of organisms \u2014 those of local distribution plus a few imported types. By the 17th century, printing techniques had been improved, allow-ing a slightly more efficient distribution of taxonomic literature, and hence an expansion of the number of taxa which could.be practically accommodated in a written taxonomic system. At the same time, explora-tion and trade resulted in a rapid accumulation of organisms to be incorporated in taxonomic systems. Nevertheless, taxonomies of this period were still restricted to a limited number of generics. At the end of the 17th century, for example, de Tournefort defined 698 genera, \"a number still consistent with the number of generics recognized in folk taxonomic systems\" (Raven, Berlin, and Breedlove 1971). Even Linnaeus, one of the first to use the binomial system of nomenclature employed by present day taxonomists, described only 935 genera in his Genera Plantarum of 1737. In later editions and supple-- 195 -merits, he included a total of 1,336. Raven, Berlin, and Breedlove (1971) point out that Linnaeus recognized almost no named taxa above the generic level, although \"he perceived and discussed many such groupings ...He presumably saw no need to give them names, since he still considered his genera to be limited in number and memorizable.\" They also note that Linnaeus recognized many genera in economically significant groups such as Brassicaceae and Apiaceae, while distinguishing only a few genera in families of low cultural significance, such as Cyperaceae. \"These his-torical trends are still reflected in the level at which genera are recognized in the respective families at present.\" Thus, Linnaeus' system of plant classification does differ from those of folk taxonomies and earlier written taxonomies in having a some-what larger number of generics and a considerably greater number of differentiated specifics. This expansion was a combined result of im-provements in printing mechanisms and of an increasing number of organ-isms to be described. Post-Linnaean taxonomists have attempted to deal with the ever-increasing numbers of genera being discovered by developing \"the curiously deep and cumbersome taxonomic hierarchy that is characteristic of modern classification schemes\". In modern systems, according to Raven and his co-workers, families of plants begin to assume the role of folk generics, as taxa limited to a few hundred, and thus memorizable, while the number of genera was expanded beyond the recollection capacity of any human mind. It is true that modern phytotaxonomies have greatly increased in - 196 -scope both vertically and horizontally, but nevertheless, they were originally formulated \"on the implicit assumption that the number of organisms to be dealt with would perhaps be 25,000 to 50,000.\" In view of the present estimates of about 10 million species of organisms in the world, the present system is believed to be inadequate and antiquated. Like their predecessors, modern taxonomic systems were designed not for the retrieval of vast quantities of information necessary to describe the diversity of organisms recognized today, but for communi-cating about organisms whose relevant features are understood by both the communicator and those receiving the information. When folk-type classifications are extended to hundreds of thousands, or eventually millions, of poorly known organisms, they become cumbersome and in-efficient. It is suggested that our current taxonomic system, based on the principles of folk taxonomy, should be replaced by one more appropriate for the vast quantities of data and numbers of species which must now be accommodated. Towards this end, new technological systems, such as the computer, are required to sort and handle the necessary descriptive material. Raven, Berlin, and Breedlove (1971) believe that the computer has potentially even more impact in the development of a \"new\" taxonomic system than the printing press had in expanding and directing early written taxonomic systems. They suggest that the naturally occurring discontinuities between members of the biological community, which form the basis of all taxonomic systems, can be crystallized with the aid of electronic data processing equipment to enable us to readily compare and - 197 -differentiate organisms, and at the same time to acquire pertinent up-to-date information about them. \"By using such equipment to its full potentialities, we should be able to achieve a qualitative improvement in our perception of the living world.\" With the initiation of\u2022systematica programs, such as Flora Eiiropaea, Flora North America, and Flora British Columbia,* the first stage of the proposal for computerized data storage for taxonomic purposes is being realized. Essentially, man's classification of living organisms has taken a full turn in the developmental spiral. Computerized data storage systems are in a sense more analogous to folk taxonomies than are the written classification systems developed over the last few centuries. Initially, the human mind, a natural computing device, enabled man to establish verbal classification and nomenclatural systems on a limited local basis. These systems, known as folk taxonomies, were erected from a restricted set of readily observable, culturally pertinent character-istics, and knowledge of their structure and associated terminology was universal within a group of people. Folk taxonomies can. be multi-dimensional, and can be readily altered with the input of new infor-mation. There is no necessity for rigidity within such a system; the human \"computer\" can make individual qualitative decisions about the taxonomic status of each separate organism. The system can be varied * Unfortunately, the Flora North America project has been suspended through lack of funding, but its aims and principles remain (see Taylor, 1969, 1971). Flora British Columbia was initiated at the University of British Columbia from National Research Council of Canada funds re-maining when Flora North America was suspended. - 198 -with conversational context, or through the aims and opinions of individual classifiers. Written classifications have been able to accommodate a wider diversity of organisms, since they are not limited by the human memory, but as a result, they are more rigid and much less widely known. Even in early times * before they were much more extensive than the folk taxonomies they were derived from, knowledge of them was restricted to those who could read. In recent times, most people, at least in Western cultures, have learned to read, but written systems have become so complicated and cumbersome that only a very few taxonomic specialists have been able to utilize them. Their level of abstraction has also increased, making them difficult for most people to comprehend. Even professional taxonomists are able to become familiar with only a fraction of the described taxa. Most taxonomists confine the scope of their research to a restricted geographical region, to a paritcular taxonomic group, or to a specialized field of taxonomic study, such as genetics, phytochemistry, or cytology. Non-professionals have maintained less complex, locally valid taxonomies, sharing some of the features of scientific taxonomies, but with many characteristics of unwritten folk taxonomies. An example of such a \"modern\" folk taxonomy is seen in C.P. Lyons' book, Trees, Shrubs, and Flowers to Know in B.C., where common plants of the Pro-vince are classified into the life-form categories, \"trees\", \"shrubs\", \"flowers\", and \"ferns\", and intermediate categories denoting flower colour are erected for the \"flowers\" category. The necessity for using such a scheme demonstrates the impracticality of present scientific - 199 -phytotaxonomies for utilization by the general public. Even with the present state of almost unmanageable complexity in our biological taxonomic systems, only about 10 to 15 percent of the world's estimated 10 million organisms have been described, and for about 99 percent of these, only preliminary morphological and locational data are known (Raven, Berlin, and Breedlove 1971). The advent of computerized systematics will result in the return to a flexible, multi-dimensional, potentially universally available taxonomic system, only at a vastly greater scale than was realized with any folk taxonomy. Relevant information about organisms, instead of being retained in the human mind, would be stored and sorted by an electronic \"brain\". It would be retrieved not through thought pro-cesses, but through a series of mechanical manoeuvers. New information about organisms could be immediately incorporated into the system, just as introduced and cultivated species have been assimilated into the cognitive systems of the Haida, Bella Coola, and Lillooet. Contextual and conceptual differences between different users of the system could be accounted for instantaneously by multi-dimensional sorting of information. Theoretically, with an identical store of information, classifications could be established using artificial categories delineated by non-botanists, and phylogenetic categories as defined by professional taxonomists. Under these circumstances, the system could be used by all members of the society, not just taxonomic specialists. Hence, it could be said that a taxonomy based on electronic data - 200 -storage is potentially more flexible and practical, both in terms of describing floral diversity and in human utilization, than the written classifications being followed at the present time. A careful study of the world's folk phytotaxonomies will provide information on the require-ments placed by non-botanists on systems for naming and grouping plants, and this information can then be considered in planning and initiating electronic systematics programs. Hopefully, computerized sorting systems for folk taxonomic data, such as the one developed and utilized in the present study, will allow rapid and complete investigations of many folk taxonomic systems, and will enable man to better enjoy and appreciate the diversity he perceives in his universe. - 2G1 -SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS Over 150 linguistically and semantically independent generic-level plant names in Skidegate Haida, 160 in Masset Haida, 150 in Bella. Coola, and 135 in Fraser River Lillooet have been recorded. In each language, the majority of these terms correspond in a one-to-one fashion with botanical species. Some of the names are \"unique\"; they have no meaning other than as names of plants. A few are obvious folk etymol-ogies, assuming the form and meaning of more logical or familiar words. Borrowing of generic names from other languages occurs frequently, and in each language there is a number of names known to be of recent origin. Several taxa in each group originally applying to indigenous species have been expanded in recent times to include cultivated or imported counter-parts. Most generic names can be linguistically analyzed into smaller units of meaning, reflecting roles in mythology or tradition, economic uses, innate characteristics of the plants named, such as habitat, growth form, colour, taste, and smell, or resemblence of the plants to objects, substances, or even other plants. Each language contains at least some major life-form category names, although not all semantically valid life-form categories are delimited nomenclaturally. Life-form taxa in these languages are not necessarily mutually exclusive. They imply utilization categories as well as growth form categories, sometimes both simultaneously. Some life-form taxa, notably those containing plants of low economic and cultural importance, can be termed \"empty\". They contain many distinct members, but few or - 202 -none of these are lexically marked at a generic level. In each language, there is a large number of intermediate cate-gories, ranging from general to only slightly more inclusive than generic taxa. Many of these are obviously derived from English folk taxa, and represent a transitional stage from native folk categories to English folk categories. None of the three study languages contains a word whose semantic range coincides with \"plant\". Nevertheless, \"plant\" is a psychologi-cally valid category in these groups. In Bella Coola and Lillooet, a suffix is used with generic plant segregates to denote \"plant\", while in Haida, several different terms can each imply \"plant\" when included in a generic level name. In Haida and Lillooet, there are a few named specific-level taxa, although none exists in Bella Coola. There are no varietal categories in any of the groups. Aside from names for plant taxa at various levels of generality, a few specialized terms can be found in these languages which are appli-cable at a generic level, but are non-taxonomic. These Include names for age-classes of individuals, for cooked or prepared products of speci-fic plants, and even verbs associated with the collection and preparation of certain plants. Virtually all specialized terms apply to plants which are culturally significant. Each language also contains a number of general botanical terms, such as 'bark', 'cone', 'branch', 'leaf , and 'root', which are applicable to the parts of any appropriate plant. - 203 -The cultural significance of plants is believed to have a definite bearing on the level of nomenclature applied to them. In general, the greater the cultural importance of a plant, the more likely it is to be nomenclaturally differentiated from other types of plants. Cultural significance is also related to lexical retention in diverging dialects. Over 75 percent of the generic segregates which are identical or cognate between Skidegate and Masset Haida are of high or at least moderate cultural importance. Of the various external factors influencing the phytotaxonomies of Haida, Bella Coola, and Lillooet, local floristic diversity is thought to be of prime importance in determining the types of generic-level taxa to be delineated. Linguistic relationships are not believed to be espe-cially important in promoting similarities at the generic level, but would appear to be significant in terms of gross taxonomic structure. The two linguistically related groups, Bella Coola, and Lillooet, have a sim-ilar type of life-form category structure, while Haida, which is unre-lated to these languages, has a significantly different system of life-form taxa. Trade and inter-group communications, both pre- and post-contact, have affected the phytotaxonomies of the study groups through the intro-duction of new types of plants, and new terminology. Such cultural interchange is seen as a natural and productive influence on ethnophyto-taxonomies. However, the present linguistic and cultural assimilation of the native groups into western \"white\" society can be said to be a destructive influence on the native folk taxonomic systems, since it will ultimately result in a complete loss of their integrity. - 204 -Compared to modern phytotaxonomic systems, folk taxonomies are less formal structurally and nomenclaturally, and less inclusive in terms of floristic coverage. Modern systems are in principle monophyletic and reflective of evolutionary relationships, while folk taxonomies are \"polyphyletic\", and are based on any convenient relationships perceived between plants, including growth form, habitat, and utilization. However, folk classification systems exist primarily to permit communication, and hence are more flexible and more universally applicable within a society than are modern phytotaxonomies. Thus, folk taxonomies have some features that it would be desirable to incorporate into modern phytotaxonomies. Electronic taxonomic systems should allow a blending of these character-istics with those of present day phylogenetic systems. * * * This study is essentially a pioneering one in the field of ethno-phytotaxonomy in the Pacific Northwest region. Many questions are left unanswered and many ideas undeveloped, but this very fact indicates the potential scope for future research in this and related fields. Although the scarcity of background information and the lack of comparative mat-erial has resulted in some difficulties, I feel that the excitment, challenge, and opportunity for new discoveries in this field have com-pensated for any problems encountered. A warning must be added, however, that the promise of this type of research will not last indefinitely. Time is running short. Taxonomic systems are a human resource, and can therefore be rapidly altered through acculturation. Soon the sources of information for ethnophyto-- 205 -taxonomic research in this region will disappear completely. Further research must be initiated in the near future if the potential of this field is to be fully realized. As emphasized by Raven, Berlin, and Breedlove (1971), folk phyto-taxonomies relate historically and psychologically to modern phytotax-onomic systems. Studies such as the present one should ultimately result in a better understanding of the discipline of plant taxonomy, and can be logically included as a subfield of plant systematics. The fact that much of the information obtained in this study would not have been available to a non-botanist is justification for considering the project at least as much a part of botany as it is of anthropology or linguistics. However, it has been a source of constant concern to me that as a result of my botanical background, some imposition of pre-conceived taxonomic notions on actual native categories has been inevit-able. I would be most interested to see the interpretations of an anthropologist or linguist of the same body of data. I suspect there would be at least some discrepencies between their conclusions and my own. As a concluding remark, I would like to emphasize the desirability for botanists to communicate with professionals in other disciplines and with members of the general public interested in plants. Interdiscip-linary studies, such as this one, can be extremely productive. A fresh, even naive, outlook on a problem can provide new insights, which a more traditional approach may overlook. At a time when professionals are becoming more specialized, I believe it is important to broaden one's view and to try to regard every specific topic from as wide a base of - 206 -knowledge and experience as possible. As specialists in a subject of widespread popular appeal, botan-ists have the responsibility of conveying knowledge about plants to the public in a meaningful and helpful way. Before such a task can be accomplished, it is necessary to first understand the attitudes and objectives of laymen. Many botanists fail to realize that public aims and requirements for knowledge about plants differ from their own. Until this fact is appreciated, it will be impossible to develop a truly universal taxonomic system. If, as expected by botanists, the public is to make the transi-tion from the various folk taxonomic systems now in use to the more sophisticated system used by professionals, the change-over must be accomplished gradually, with the assistance and encouragement of taxonomists and other botanists. The first step is for botanists to familiarize themselves with the various features of folk phyto-taxonomic systems, such as those described here, so that they can communicate with non-botanists from a mutually understandable base. From this point, non-professionals can be introduced to botanical sys-tematics in an incremental fashion, as an extension of existing knowledge. Folk taxonomies are a natural part of the human heritage. They cannot be completely eliminated, but only altered and directed. The task of taxonomists should be to influence the direction of change of English folk taxonomies in the same manner as these latter systems - 207 -have influenced the form and content of native folk taxonomies. Just as native folk systems will eventually assimilate completely with English folk taxonomies, so may English folk systems, with some guid-ance and direction from taxonomists, assume the character of botani-cal taxonomic systems. - 208 -GLOSSARY * Classification - a systematic arrangement of entities (e.g., plants) in groups or categories according to specific criteria. Cognition - the perception and organization of objects or phenomena, within a culture. Cognitive system - the various relationships resulting from the per-ception and organization of entities. Cognitive anthropology - the formal study of cognitive systems (see also Ethnoscience). Its aims are to discover how different peoples perceive their universe. Componential analysis - the central method associated with cognitive anthropology or ethnoscience. It involves the systematic desig-nation of terms within a domain into sets and sub-sets through contrast and inclusion based on semantic distinctions provided by informants. Concrete transposition - the development of taxon names on the basis of analogy or comparison of one entity with another (e.g., \"cabbage\", and \"skunk cabbage\"). Covert category - a psychologically valid category which is lexically unmarked. Domain - the total semantic range of a group of lexemes which in a given culturally relevant context share at least one feature in common. \"Empty\" taxon - a general taxon involving many recognizably different members, few or none of which are lexically differentiated at a lower taxonomic level. Ethnobotany - the study of the inter-relationships between man and his surrounding vegetation. Ethnophytotaxonomy - any folk (non-botanical) classification of plants. Ethnoscience - the formal study of cognitive systems, specifically in-volved in the description and characterization of folk taxonomies. (Synonyms are: cognitive anthropology, ethnosemantics, ethnographic semantics, linguistic ethnography, and folk science.) * The definitions offered here are applicable only in the context of this thesis. They are not necessarily exhaustive descriptions of the terms. - 209 -Etymology - the historical and linguistic derivation of any term. Folk etymology - the transformation of a name so as to give it an appar-ent relationship to other better-known words (e.g. \"asparagus\" rendered as \"sparrow-grass\"). Folk segregate - the name of any taxon in a folk taxonomy. Folk taxonomy - a system of relevant conceptual categories (folk taxa) which are hierarchically ordered by relations of contrast and inclusion. Generic (folk) taxon - the most fundamental type of folk category, com-parable to an genus-level name in modern phytotaxonomy. It is usually monolexemically labelled. Gloss - an approximate translation of a word from one language to another. Hierarchy - an arrangement of taxa into a graded series on the basis of semantic inclusion and exclusion. Intermediate (folk) taxon - a folk category, usually unnamed, which is more general than a generic taxon, but more specific than a life-form taxon. Lexeme - an elementary unit of speech whose signification cannot be inferred from a knowledge of anything else in the language (i a \"word\"). It can be unitary (e.g. \"apple\") or compound (e.g. \"pineapple\"). Life-form (folk) taxon - a major taxonomic grouping, frequently based on common growth form features (e.g. \"tree\"). Morpheme - an elementary unit of meaning, at times equivalent to a unitary lexeme (e.g. \"apple\"), or else a lesser grammatical segment (e.g. the \"-s\" in \"apples\"). Nomenclature - the lexical marking or \"naming\" of taxa, or of non-taxonomic entities. Phonemics - the system of minimally differentiating speech units in a language. Phonetics - the system of all speech sounds in a language. Phonology - the phonetics and phonemics which characterize any language. Phytotaxonomy - any plant taxonomy. - 210 -Polysemy (cf. polysemous taxa) - a situation where phonemically identical lexemes designate taxa at different hierarchical levels (e.g. \"man\" versus \"animal\", \"man\" versus \"woman\"). Semantics - the study of meaning and perception in a language. Specific (folk) taxon - a category derived from the differentiation of a generic taxon. It may or may not be lexically recognized. When it is, the name frequently incorporates the superceding generic segregate. Synonym - a term which has an identical semantic range with that of another term (e.g. \"avacado\" and \"alligator pear\"). Taxon (plural - taxa) - any psychologically valid category within a taxonomy, or the label of such a category. Taxonomy - The classification and nomenclature of entities within a given domain, or the study of the history and development of this activity (also called systematics). \"Type\" (in f\u00b0lk taxonomy) - the most typical or \"ideal\" representative subgroup within a folk taxon, often named polysemously with it. It is somewhat analogous to a type collection in modern phyto-taxonomy, but refers to a group of individuals rather than one particular individual. Varietal (folk) taxon - a rarely occurring sub-category of specific (folk) taxa. It is found only in folk taxonomies of agricultural societies, and even then it restricted to plants of high economic importance. - 211 -BIBLIOGRAPHY Berlin, Brent. (1961). A UniVersalist-Evolutionary Approach in Ethno-graphic Semantics. Working Paper No. 27, Language-Behavior Research Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, Ca., 22 pp, Berlin, Brent. (1968). 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(1955 - 1969). Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest, Parts 1 -5. University of Washington Press, Seattle, Wash. Hobler, Phillip M. (1970). \"Archaeological Survey and Excavations in the Vicinity of Bella Coola\", pp. 77 - 94. In: Carlson, Roy L. (ed.) \"Archaeology in British Columbia, New Discoveries\". BC Studies, No. 6-7 (Special Issue), 152 pp. Jenness, Diamond. (1934). \"Indian Vikings of the North West Coast\". Canadian Geographical Journal, 8_: 235 - 246. Jones, Paul. (1971). Some Problems in the Eliciting of Taxonomies of Coniferophyta (in British Columbia). Term paper for Anthropology , 417, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., 53 pp. Jorgensen, Joseph G. (1969). Salish Language and Culture, a Statistical Analysis of Internal Relationships, History and Evolution. Indiana University Language Science Monographs, Vol. 3. Mouton & Co., The Hague, Holland, 173 pp. Krajina, V.J. (1970). \"Ecology of Forest Trees in British Columbia\". 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Uncatalogued Newcombe Papers. Provincial Archives, Victoria, B.C. Newman, Stanley. (1969). \"Bella Coola Grammatical Processes and Form Classes\". International Journal of American Linguistics, 35: 175 - 179. Porter, C.L. (1959). Taxonomy of Flowering Plants. W.H. Freeman & Co., San Francisco, Ca., 472 pp. - 216 -Price, P. David. (1967). \"Two Types of Taxonomy: A Huichol Ethno-botanical Example\". Anthropological Linguistics. 9. (7): 1 - 28. Raven, Peter H., Berlin, Brent, and Dennis E. Breedlove. (1971). \"The Origins of Taxonomy\". Science, 174: 1210 - 1213. Romney, A.K. and R.G. D'Andrade. (1964). \"Cognitve Aspects of English Kin Terms\". American Anthropologist, 66 (3), Part 2 (Special Publication), pp. 146 - 170. Also in: Tyler, S.A. (ed.) (1969). Cognitive Anthropology, pp. 369 - 396. Sanger, David. (1969). \"Cultural Traditions in the Interior of British Columbia\". Syesis, 2 (Parts 1 & 2) : 189 - 2.00. Schneider, David M. (1969). 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Whittaker, R.H. (1969). \"New Concepts of Kingdoms of Organisms\". Science, 163: 150 - 160. Wyman, L.C. and S.K. Harris. (1941). Navajo Indian Medical Ethnobotany. The University of New Mexico Bulletin, Anthropological Series, Vol. 3 (No. 5), University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, N.M., 76 pp. Zaretsky, I.I. (1969). The Message is the Medium: an Ethno-semantic Study of the Language of Spiritualist Churches. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, Ca. (not seen \u2014 no page number listed in Doctoral Dissertations Index). - 219 -Appendix 1. Native People Contributing Information to the Study. HAIDA (Skidegate dialect) 1. George Young - a major Skidegate informant. He was bom at Cumshewa In the late 1800's, moved to Skedans, and when still young, he moved with his family to Skidegate. His mother spoke Tsimshian and Haida. His father was from Maude Island. His maternal uncle, Henry Moody, was a major informant and interpreter for John Swanton. George Young went to Indian school at Chilliwack during his teens, but has spent most of his life at Skidegate. I spent many hours with him during the summers of 1970 and 1971. He was ill during our winter visit to the Queen Charlottes in 1972. He speaks English, but prefers to talk in Haida, and sometimes had trouble understanding my questions. He had an excellent knowledge of local vegetation and Haida plant names, and almost all of the informa-tion he gave was accurate when checked with literature references and other informants. As with most of the informants, his ideas about plant classification were generally informal and variable. 2. Ada Yovanovich - a daughter of George Young, and one of the few middle-aged speakers of the Skidegate dialect. She participated in one inter-view with her father during the second summer of field work (1971). She had a good voice for taping, and, for her age group, a good know-ledge of Haida plants, although her knowledge overlapped with that of her father to a large extent. She has an excellent command of English, and was very helpful in Interpreting some of our questions for her father. - 220 -3. Sarah and Watson Price - elder sister and brother-in-law of George Young. These people participated in one interview with George Young during the second summer (1971). They substantiated information given by him, and also added new information not known or remembered by him. 4. Maude and Agnes Moody - sisters, who have been living at Skidegate for most, if not all of their lives. They are apparently in their late sixties. Maude spoke English very well, while Agnes did not . speak English, but appeared to understand it. Maude translated my questions for Agnes and her answers for me. Both of them appeared to have a good knowledge of plants, and were consulted several times in the first summer (1970). Unfortunately, they were apprehensive of the tape recorder and preferred that I not use it. 5. Ed Calder - a good friend of George Young and a contemporary of his. We visited him for about two hours during the first summer (1970), and acquired a few detailed recipes for plant medicines, but he was not very familiar with the names of plants. 6. Emma Wilson (passed away, fall 1972) - born in Skidegate in the late 1800's. Her grandmother was from Tanu. She spent many years away from Skidegate supervising fish-packing operations. I spent several sessions with her during the first summer (1970), acquiring a good quantity of information, but unfortunately did not tape these sessions, and was unable to work with her in the second summer because she was too ill. Her husband, Sol, originally from the west coast of the Queen Charlottes, and subsequently from Maude Island, also provided some information, but did not seem very interested in the project. He was - 221 -a linguistic informant of Robert Levine for a short time, and pro-vided some taxonomic information indirectly through him. Elizabeth Collinson - a middle-aged Haida speaker. We visited her once in the first summer, and she provided a number of plant names, and apparently knew information on medicines, but did not seem to want to provide details. Gertrude Kelly (wife of the late Rev. Peter Kelly) - raised in Skidegate, but has been away from the Queen Charlottes since she was married. She is well over 80 years old. She now lives in Vancouver, and I was able to visit her many times during the winters of 1971 and 1972 to check specific points for Haida terminology. Her English is excellent, and she has a good speaking voice for tape recording, but has had little contact with the Haida language for over 50 years, and her botanical knowledge is very restricted. She has been a linguis-tic informant for Dr. Joseph Kess, University of Victoria, for Randy Bouchard, and for Robert Levine. Kathleen Hans - elder sister of Elizabeth Collinson, born and raised in Skidegate. I spent one session with her in the company of Randy Bouchard and Robert Levine when she was visiting Mrs. Kelly in Vancou-ver. She knew almost all of the plant names previously elicited from George Young and others, and was able to provide some additional information. A tape was made of her and Mrs. Kelly pronouncing the names. Becky Pearson - born in the late 1800's and raised at Skidegate. She spent a number of years away from Skidegate without contact with the - 222 -Haida language, but is a highly competent Haida speaker. She has been the major linguistic informant of Robert Levine, and has pro-vided indirect information for the study through him. Additionally, Robert Levine and I spent several sessions with her during the Christmas season of 1972, going over all of my Skidegate terminology data to check for linguistic accuracy. She recognized almost all of the plant names I had previously elicited, although she did not know what some of the plants looked like. She also provided seman-tic data on the different terms under discussion. At a later date, Robert Levine made a tape recording of her repeating the various plant names. HAIDA (Masset dialect) 1. Florence Davidson - born in 1896, and raised in Masset. She is a daughter of the well-known Haida artist, Charlie Edenshaw, who was born at Skidegate, but whose family was from Kiusta at the Northwest corner of Graham Island. When my husband and I visited her in the summer of 1970, she professed to know nothing about plants, but within a couple of sessions she proved to be an extremely valuable botanical informant. She said she learned most of the information about the names aAd uses of plants from her late husband, Robert Davidson, Sr. During the second summer (1971), we boarded with her at Masset for a month, and became closely involved with her family life. We went on a number of trips with her\u2014 to Skidegate, and to collect cedar bark and spruce roots for her weaving. I was thus able to check much of my information from growing plant material. She has - 223 -made a number of trips to Vancouver since we first met her, and I have had frequent opportunity to check specific terminological details with her. We spent several days with her during our Christmas trip in 1972, and Robert Levine and I spent a number of sessions with her at that time checking my data for linguistic accuracy. I also made a final tape with her of Masset plant terms. She and members of her family have become close personal friends of ours. 2. Dora Brooks - a niece of Florence Davidson's late husband, and a close friend of hers. Dora was present during a number of elicitation sessions with Mrs. Davidson, and confirmed many of the names and uses she gave. Both of them have family ties in Hydaburg, Alaska, and Dora provided some information of Kaigani Haida uses of plants. Dora's pronunciation was significantly different from Mrs. Davidson's for some plant terms. 3. Emma and William Matthews - Mrs. Matthews was born at the Yakoun River, but was raised at Masset, and has been a friend of Florence Davidson's since childhood. Both she and Mrs. Davidson are in their mid-seventies. William Matthews, now well over ninety, was also raised at Masset, and has been the hereditary chief of Masset for mahy years. Several sessions were spent with the Matthews, both in 1970 and 1971, and they provided much botanical information. Mr. Matthews is partially deaf, and while he .speaks English, he could only understand questions when his wife translated them into Haida for him. Many of our questions were answered by both of them. A. Amanda Edgars - a relative of George Young in Skidegate. She was - 224 -raised at Naden Harbour, and has lived in Masset for most of her life. She was unwell during the second summer (1971), and I was able to see her for only one session, but she provided some information which Florence Davidson could not remember at first. Mrs. Davidson also went to see her to check a few plant names. Eliza Abrams - born in the late 1800's, apparently spent most of her life at Masset. She makes cedar bark hats, but could not offer much knowledge about the names of plants in general. We spent only a couple of hours with her during the second summer. BELLA COOLA Margaret Siwallace \u2014 a major Bella Coola informant. She was born and raised at Kimsquit, but has spent most of her life at Bella Coola. I spent many hours with her while we were at Bella Coola. In a couple of sessions, I was accompanied by Dr. Aert Kuipers or his student, Henk Nater, and all of the terms I collected were checked by them with her. Some of her plant names showed slight differences compared to those of Dave Moody and Felicity Walkus, probably because of her Kimsquit origin. On one occasion, I was able to accompany her, her grand-daughter, and her grand-daughter's husband on an expedition to pick soapberries (Shepherdia canadensis) at the head of the Bella Coola Valley, and had a good opportunity to learn about the plants of that area. She also came on one local field trip with us. Margaret has been a major linguistic informant of Dr. Kuipers and Henk Nater. Dorothy Kennedy, research assistant to Randy - 225 -Bouchard, made a preliminary tape of Bella Coola plant names with her the winter before this field work, and Dr. Wayne Suttles, anthropologist at Portland State University, did some ethnobotanical work with her the previous summer (1971). The only tape I was able to make of Bella Coola plant names was with Margaret. She has an excellent speaking voice. Margaret's husband, Stephen Siwallace, was not able to speak well, because of a stroke, but he had a good knowledge of plants and plant names and was able to convey some information through Margaret. David Moody (passed away, summer 1973) - a second major informant, also in his sixties. He spent many of his earlier years trapping in the Chilcotin area with his father, and acquired a wide knowledge of plants from him. We spent a full day with him, accompanied by Dr. Kuipers and Henk Nater, travelling by car to different localities around Bella Coola and learning names and information about the plant we saw. Dave also worked with Dr. Suttles on ethnobotany the summer previous to our field work. Felicity Walkus - a third major informant for Bella Coola, although not as much time was spent with her as with the first two. She is in the same age group* and has spent almost all of her life at Bella Coola. She spends much of her time during the summer picking berries and is one of the last people who still occasionally use wild roots, such as Trifolium wormskjoldii. She was not home most of the time we were in Bella Coola, and I did not make any field trips with her, but I did spend several hours going through a large number of fresh - 226 -plant specimens with her, and saw her later when she was in the hospital in Vancouver. Most of the plant names and information she gave were similar or identical those those given by Margaret Siwallace and Dave Moody. 4. Andy Schooner - in his seventies, raised at Bella Coola, but has spent a good part of his life as a seaman, and therefore knows very little about wild plants. We accompanied him, with Dr. Kuipers and Henk Nater, on a trip up Thorson Creek, near Bella Coola, to see some petroglyphs. At that time, I asked him about many of the plants we saw, but most of them he did not recognize. However, he did know a few things about plants that the others did not \u2014 notably about aboriginal smoking practises and the manufacture of pipes. He has been a linguistic informant of Dr. Kuipers. 5. Hank King - in his seventies, a linguistic informant of Henk Nater. We did not meet him, but Henk Nater checked many of the botanical terms I had collected with him. He is virtually blind, and was therefore not able to positively verify any of the plants. 6. Addie Saunders and Agnes Edgar - Mrs. Saunders is a sister-in-law of Margaret Siwallace. I went to see her once, at Margaret's suggestion, to learn the Bella Coola name of juniper (Juniperus communis). She had used it medicinally, and told me some information about it, then took me to see Agnes Edgar, one of the oldest Bella Coola people, who told me the name, and some information about other plants also. - 227 -LILLOOET (Fraser River dialect) Sam Mitchell - in his mid-seventies, with an incredible knowledge of plants in the Lillooet area. He has lived much of his life around Fountain, but has also travelled widely in the Province, especially in the Caribou, where he worked as a prospector for a number of years He has also worked around Pemberton. He speaks Shuswap, as well as Lillooet, and is fluent in English. We spent several days with him in August, 1972, accompanied by Martina LaRochelle and Jan van Eijk, another of Dr. Kuipers' students (Both Martina and Sam are linguistic informants of Jan van Eijk.) During this time, we drove to several different locations around the Fountain-Lillooet area looking at plants, and we also spent several sessions indoors, taping Lillooet plant names. On one of the field trips, we walked from the road above the Fraser River down to the Lillooet salmon-fishing area, an elevational distance of about 1,000 feet. We also drove along the Fountain Valley road, stopping many times, although unfortunately we did not get into any high country. In the fall of 1972, Sam stayed with us in Vancouver for two days, and I was able to go through all of the terms and information I had collected earlier, and to make a final tape. At an earlier date. Randy Bouchard also went through the list of plant names I had collect ed, and Jan van Eijk checked them through for linguistic accuracy also I worked with Sam again in the spring of 1973, and confirmed a number of plant identifications at that time. He has been extremely enthusiastic about this project, and has stressed accuracy and authen-ticity in all of the information he has given. - 228 -2. Martina LaRochelle - lives at Lillooet, and is not officially a native, because her late husband was a white man. She is about ten years younger than Sam Mitchell, but has an excellent knowledge of plants, and was able to provide some information not known to Sam, although she stated that she had learned as much from the sessions with Sam as I had. Jan van Eijk finds her a valuable linguistic informant. - 229 -Appendix 2. Practical Orthographic Symbols for the Haida Language (Masset and Skidegate dialects). The following orthographic conventions are employed in the study:* 1) A glottal stop ill is written here as the number 7. 2) An accent (') marks stressed syllables. (In the computer printout, an asterisk is used instead.) 3) An apostrophe following a consonant (e.g. k') indicates a sound tech-nically known as an ejective. The tongue makes the same motions as for the sound represented by the plain symbol (i.e., k), but during this process, the glottis remains completely closed. As the charac-teristic closure of the sound is released, the air trapped between the point of closure and the closed glottis is released rapidly, being forced out of the mouth by the rising glottis. The sound has an explosive quality, In older notations, it was written with an exclamation mark (e.g. k!). Continuant consonants (n, m, ng, 1, w, y) may also be \"glottalized\", or pronounced with a slight \"catch\" in the throat. These are indicated by an apostrophe directly over the letter (e.g. y), or in the computer printout, following the letter. 4) Underlining is used to designate sound which are produced \"at the back of the throat\", by contact between the back part of the tongue and the roof of the mouth directly above. The German sound corres-ponding to the \"ch\" in the name of the composer Bach is made at this position in the mouth . All sounds with this type of closure are referred to as uvular sounds. In the computer printout, underlining is indicated by a slash \/ following the letter to be underlined. 5) Pitch differences are employed in the Skidegate dialect to distinguish meanings, though apparently only in extremely few cases. At the moment, it appears that pitch distinctions are functionally employed far more widely in Masset and Kaigani, and are therefore explicitly indicated in Masset. The numbers 1 (low tone) and 2 (high tone) are placed after the Masset words in order of the syllables to which they correspond: sginaaw 12 = sginaiw. 6) The phonemic system of the Haida vowels is still highly problematic. The vowels employed here are therefore phonetic rather than phonemic, although there is probably not a radical difference between the two. There are eight vowel sounds in Skidegate Haida: three front vowels (ii, i, ee), three mid vowels (e, a, aa), and two back vowels (uu, u). In Masset Haida, the system is the same except for the additional * Much of the information given here was provided by Robert Levine, a linguist specializing in Haida. - 230 -presence of an allophone of one or possibly both back vowels; this allophone is written o. The symbols are listed here in alphabetical order. Equivalent linguistic symbols are given, where appropriate, in square brackets. a CAH - as in English \"but\". aa Call - as in English \"ho_t\"; somewhat fronted following y, backed follow-ing uvular segments. . b - as in English; rare in Haida. ch CcD - as in English \"church\". d - as in English. dl CM- \"d\" and \"1\" slurred together, as in \"tiddly winks\", spoken quickly. e C3Z1- a neutral vowel, like the vowel in the second syllable of \"rubble\". ee C\u00a3I1- as the first \"e\" in French\"lettre\" ('letter'). f - as in English; restricted to loan forms from English, g - as in English. gy CgYD - g followed by a rapid y, as in \"eg^ yolk\". gw CgwD - g pronounced with rounded lips, as in \"big_ane\". g, CGD - pronounced like g, but further back in the throat in the uvular position (Skidegate only; see notation 4). gy CGyD- followed by a rapid y (Skidegate only). gw CG W I1 - pronounced with rounded lips (Skidegate only). g CGD \u2014 a sound produced by a complete glottal closure which is released ' with marked laryngeal friction (Masset dialect only). This sound corresponds to \u00a3 in Skidegate, in syllable-initial and second posi-tion in consonant clusters. t i ' L f t J . - voiceless pharyngeal fricative (Masset dialect only). This sound corresponds to Skidegate i Ci: - as in English \"bit\". - 231 -ii Hi] - as ill French\"midi^ 1 ('noon') . j'Cj.3, or [3] - as in English \"judge\", or \"adze\". k - as in English. ky Ck^ H - k followed by a rapid y, analogous to gy\u201e kw CkwD - k pronounced with rounded lips, analogous to gw', as in English \"cjuick\". k [q] - pronounced like k, but in the uvular position (see notation 4). k^ Iq^U - k followed by a rapid y, analogous to gy. w kw Cq D - k pronounced with rounded lips, analogous to jw. k', ky', kw', 1c\u00ae, ky', kw' - see notation 3. 1 - as in English. \u00bb 1 - 1 pronounced with a \"catch\" in the throat in the initial phase of pronunciation (see notation 3). lh ClD - a sound produced in the same position in the mouth as 1, but without vibrating the vocal cords. The sound is similar to \"sh\" in English, with strong friction. The closest English approxima-tion is the \"thl\" in a rapid pronunciation of \"athlete\". m - as in English; comparatively rare in Haida. n - as in English. ng [J] - like the \"ng\" in English \"singer\". o C3] - apparentlythe allophone of one or both Masset back vowels following g or _h; the tongue is lower than for uu or u, and some-what further back in the throat. p - as in English; comparatively rare in Haida. r - found only in forms involving loans from English. s - as iip. English. t - as in English. t' - ejected t; see notation 3. tl C^ l -rapidly pronounced tlh, as in English \"rightly\" (approximately), tl* C - ejected tl; see notation 3. - 232 -ts Cell - t followed rapidly by s, as in English \"wits\", ts' Cc'D - ejected c; see notation 3. u Cin - as in English \"but\". uu Cu: - as in French 'fcous\" ('all'), pronounced in isolation, w - as in English. w - w pronounced with a \"catch\" in the throat at the beginning; analogous to 1. x ExD - as in Gennan '^Lch\" ( ' I' ) . xy Cx^: - x followed by a rapid y, analogous to gy. xw - x pronounced with rounded lips, analogous to gw. x Cx: - pronounced like x, but in the uvular position, as in German Bach; see notation 4). xy Cxy:- x followed by rapid y; analogous to jgy. xw Cxw: - x_ pronounced with rounded lips; analogous to jgw. y - as in English. ? y - y pronounced with a \"catch\" in the throat at the beginning; analogous to 1. \\ - 233 -Appendix 3. Practical Orthographic Symbols for the Bella Coola Language.* The orthographic conventions employed for Bella Coola are the same as those for Haida, except that neither pitch nor stress is marked in this language, as neither are considered plionemically distinctive. Vowels are phonemic.rather than phonetic. Six vowels are recognized: three short vowels (a, i, u) and three long ones (aa, ii, uu). The Bella Coola symbols are listed here in alphabetical order. a CaaJ - short \"a\", as in English \"ba.t'\\ aa Ca-D - long \"a\", as in English \"father\", h - as in English; rare in Bella Coola. i CiD, ClD, CeD - short \"i\", varying between sounds of English \"beat\" and \"bait\", depending on the surrounding consonants. ii Ei>.],'Cl'3, Ce-3j ZZ1 - varies from a \"long\" pronunciation of Bella Coola \"i\" to a \"long\" pronunciation of English \"there\". k \u2014 as in English. kw, k, kw, k1, kw', k\u00ae, kw\u00ae - similar to a Haida pronunciation of these sounds (see Appendix 2). 1 - as in English. lh - see Haida lh. m - as in English. n - as in English. p - as in English. p\u00ae ~ ejected p (see Appendix 2, notation 3). s - as in English, t - as in English. * The writing system used for Bella Coola was designed by Randy Bouchard and Dr. Aert Kuipers. - 234 -t' - see Haida t'. ts, ts' - see Haida pronunciation of these symbols, tl' - see Haida tl1. u Cull, Coil - short \"u\", varying between sounds of English \"boot\" and \"boat\", depending on surrounding consonants. uu Cu-], Co*], C o-1 - varies from a \"long\" pronunciation of Bella Coola \"u\" to a long pronunciation of English \"more\". w - as in English. x, xw, x, xw - see Haida pronunciation of these symbols, y - as in English. - 235 -Appendix 4. Practical Orthographic Symbols for Fraser River Lillooet (Upper Lillooet dialect).* The orthographic conventions employed for Fraser River Lillooet are the same as those for Haida, except that pitch is not considered phonem-ically significant, and is not marked. Five phonemically distinct vowel sounds are recognized in the Lillooet language: a, e, i, o, u. a CaeD, Call, [a-] - varies from the vowel sound of English \"bet\" to that of \"bat\", to that of \"father\". e CID, CAD, El\/], C9D- varies from the vowel sound of English \"bit\", to that of \"but\", to that of \"put\", to that of \"earth\". g C]H - a voiced friction sound, pronounced with the tongue in the same position as for pronouncing a \"k\" sound. C\")p - similar to the Lillooet \"g\", but produced further back in the \" mouth, with a \"raspy\" or \"strangulated\" quality. gw C - like j*, but pronounced with rounded lips. h - as in English. i Ci-I, CID, Cell - varies between sounds of English \"beat\" and \"bait\", depending on the surrounding consonants. k - as in English. kw, k, kw, k', kw', k', kw' - similar to a Haida pronunciation of these sounds (see Appendix 2). 1, 1 - see Haida pronunciation of these symbols. lh - see Haida lh. m - as in English. m - m pronounced with a slight \"catch\" in the throat, n - as in English. n - n pronounced with a slight \"catch\" in the throat. * This writing system was designed by Randy Bouchard. - 236 -o Ca3, \u20ac01 - varies from the vowel sound in.English, \"father\", to that of \"law\". p ~ as in English. p' - an ejected p (see Appendix 2, notation 3). s Lsl, CsU - as in English \"ship\", or occasionally as in English'fe_ee\". t - as in English, tl' - see Haida tl'. ts Ccl, Ccl - usually pronounced like the \"ch\" in \"church\", but phonem-ically identical with the \"ts\" in \"cats\". u CoD, Cul - varies from the vowel sound of English \"boat\", to that of \"boot\", to that of \"lord\". w - as in English. 9 w - w pronounced with a slight \"catch\" in the throat, x, xw, x> xw ~ s e e Haida pronunciation of these symbols, y - as in English. y \u2014 y pronounced with a slight \"catch\" in the throat, z - as in English. z - z pronounced with a slight \"catch\" in the throat. - 237 -APPENDIX 5. AN ALPHABETICAL LISTING OF FOLK SEGREGATES FOR PLANTS IN SKIDEGATE HAIDA. FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: \"FROG BERRIES\" PART OF PLANT: F R U I T , FLOWER,CONE,SEED,OR FLOATS OF ALGAE LANGUAGE OF O R I G I N : ENGLISH ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: CORNUS UNALASCHKENSIS\/CANADENSIS USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN PRESERVED FOR WINTER USE FOLK PLANT SEGREGAT E: CHAAG\/AA*N~X11*LAAY 1 2 - 1 1 * DEEP OCEAN LEAVES \/MEDICINE* PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT(OR V I S I B L E PART OF PLANT) TWO OR MORE RECOGNIZABLY DIFFERENT, BUT OBVIOUSLY S IMILAR SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: CORALLINA SP . BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: CONSTANTINEA SUBULIFERA SEVERAL MORE SPECIES ARE INVOLVEDC4 TO 1 0 ) FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: CHAA*NAANG PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT{OR V I S I B L E PART OF PLANTS NAME REFERS TO TWO OR MORE DISTINCTLY D IFFERENT, UNRELATED PLANT SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: SALIX SPP. USE IN TECHNOLOGY: WOOD DYE, DECORATION, COSMETIC, TATTOOING MEDICINAL USE: USED I N STEAM-BATH OR SWEAT-HOUSE BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: POPULUS TRICHOCARPA A FEW MORE (UP TO 3 ) IN ADDITION TO THOSE L ISTED - 238 -FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : C H 1 1 * X \/ U U - K \/ \u2022 A N 2 1 - 1 ? ' B E A D GRASS\u2022 PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E CORRESPONDENCE W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L TAXON NAME: ELYMUS M O L L I S USE I N T E C H N O L O G Y : F I B E R OR F I B R O U S T I S S U E USED ROLE I N R E L I G I O N , MYTHOLOGY* T R A D I T I O N : SUPERNATURAL ROLE I N MYTHOLOGY **************************************************$*$$ :* , } .**** F O L K PLANT S E G R E G A T E : DAAH PART OF P L A N T : F R U I T , F L O W E R , C O N E , S E E D , O R F L O A T S OF ALGAE O N E - T O - O N E CORRESPONDENCE W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L TAXON NAME: V A C C I N I U M OXYCOCCUS USE AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N P R E S E R V E D FOR W I N T E R USE ********** **************************************5{:*:{;***0;!{j.ec:j::{::$: FOLK P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : D A A * K T A A - X I * L G \/ A A 2 2 - 2 1 \u2022DOCTOR * S MEDIC I N E Z L E A V E S * PART OF P L A N T : F R U I T , F L O W E R \u00bb C O N E , S E E D , O R F L O A T S OF ALGAE LANGUAGE OF O R I G I N : E N G L I S H TWO OR MORE C L O S E L Y R E L A T E D S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N NAME * RANUNCULUS O C C I D E N T A L S M E D I C I N A L U S E : P O U L T I C E ( F O R B U R N S , SUNBURN, WOUNDS, I N F E C T I O N S ) B L I S T E R I N G AGENT B O T A N I C A L TAXON NAME: RANUNCULUS A C R I S * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK P L A N T SEGREGATES D A A * 7 E L - S G I * L G \/ A A 1 1 - 2 1 ' R A I N ' S B E L L Y - B U T T O N \u00ae PART OF PLANTS WHOLE PLANT I OR V I S I B L E PART OF PLANT? NAME R E F E R S TO TWO OR MORE D I S T I N C T L Y D I F F E R E N T , - 239 -U N R E L A T E D P L A N T S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N NAME: A Q U I L E G I A FORMOSA B O T A N I C A L T A X O N NAME: D O D E C A T H E G N J E F F R E Y I A FEW MORE ( U P T O 3 ) I N A D D I T I O N TO T H O S E L I S T E D * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : D A A * 7 E L - X I * L G \/ A A 1 1 - 2 1 \u2022 R A I N - L E A V E S ' PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E P A R T OF P L A N T ) NAME R E F E R S T O TWO OR MORE D I S T I N C T L Y D I F F E R E N T , U N R E L A T E D P L A N T S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : A Q U I L E G I A FORMOSA B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : D O D E C A T H E O N J E F F R E Y I A FEW MORE ( U P TO 3 ) I N A D D I T I O N TO T H O S E L I S T E D * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : DUK { N E ) ' S H R I M P * PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ? O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : C H A M A E C Y P A R I S N O O T K A T E N S I S U S E I N T E C H N O L O G Y : WOOD F U E L OR T I N D E R F I B E R OR F I B R O U S T I S S U E U S E D R O L E I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : S U P E R N A T U R A L ROLE I N MYTHOLOGY N A T U R A L R O L E I N MYTHOLOGY C R E S T , T O T E M , OR DANCE SYMBOL * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * # * * $ * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : D L A A Y A A * N G - W A A L 2 2 - 1 PART OF P L A N T : R O O T , B U L B , OR O T H E R UNDERGROUND PART O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S - 240 -B O T A N I C A L TAXON NAME: P O L Y P O D I U M G L Y C Y R R H I Z A USE AS F O O D : F L A V O U R I N G M E D I C I N A L U S E : P O U L T I C E ( F O R B U R N S , S U N B U R N , WOUNDS, I N F E C T I O N S ) C O L D S , SORE T H R O A T S , WHOOPING C O U G H , F L U , 6 F E V E R S C H I L D B I R T H \u00a3 FEMALE D I S O R D E R S FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : D L A A Y A A * N G - W A A L - X I L 2 2 - 1 - 1 PART OF P L A N T : L E A V E S O N E - T O - O N E CORRESPONDENCE W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L TAXON NAME: P O L Y P O D I U M G L Y C Y R R H I Z A USE AS F O O D : F L A V O U R I N G M E D I C I N A L U S E : P O U L T I C E ( F O R B U R N S , SUNBURN, WOUNDS, I N F E C T I O N S ) C O L D S , SORE T H R O A T S , WHOOPING C O U G H , F L U , \u00a3 F E V E R S C H I L D B I R T H \u00a3 FEMALE D I S O R D E R S FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : G A A * L G A A G \/ U U ? ( N E ) PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART O F P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E CORRESPONDENCE W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L TAXON NAME: GEUM MACROPHYLLUM M E D I C I N A L U S E : R H E U M A T I S M , A R T H R I T I S , MUSCULAR D I S O R D E R S , P A R A L Y S I S USED I N S T E A M - B A T H OR S W E A T - H O U S E * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : G I I * X I I D A A 211 PART OF P L A N T : BARK TWO OR MORE R E C O G N I Z A B L Y D I F F E R E N T , BUT O B V I O U S L Y S I M I L A R S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L TAXON NAME: T H U J A P L I C A T A USE I N T E C H N O L O G Y : WOOD \/ - 241 -F U E L OR T I N D E R D Y E , D E C O R A T I O N , C O S M E T I C , T A T T O O I N G F I B E R OR F I B R O U S T I S S U E USED L I N I N G S , C O V E R I N G S , STEAM G E N E R A T I O N B E D D I N G , S T U F F I N G , B A N D A G I N G , T O W E L L I N G M E D I C I N A L U S E : C A S T S , S P L I N T S , P O U T I C E C O V E R I N G S C A U T E R I Z I N G ROLE I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : I N V O L V E D I N SOME R E L I G I O U S R I T U A L ROLE I N MYTHS AS A ' H U M A N I Z E D ' F I G U R E SUPERNATURAL ROLE I N MYTHOLOGY NATURAL ROLE I N MYTHOLOGY C R E S T , T O T E M , OR DANCE SYMBOL B O T A N I C A L TAXON NAME: C H A M A E C Y P A R I S N O O T K A T E N S I S USE I N T E C H N O L O G Y : WOOD F U E L OR T I N D E R F I B E R OR F I B R O U S T I S S U E USED ROLE I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : SUPERNATURAL ROLE I N MYTHOLOGY N A T U R A L ROLE I N MYTHOLOGY C R E S T , T O T E M , OR DANCE SYMBOL FOLK P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : G U L - 7 A A * W G \/ A A 1 - 2 1 ' T O B A C C O MOTHER8 PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) TWO OR MORE C L O S E L Y R E L A T E D S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L TAXON NAME: C I R S I U M B R E V I S T Y L U M * F O L K PLANT S E G R E G A T E : G U T S G I N A - W A S L H I A (SW) PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T I O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) B O T A N I C A L CORRESPONDENCE UNKNOWN B O T A N I C A L TAXON NAME: UNKNOWN L I C H E N 2 U S E AS F O O D : \u2022GREENS ' OR A B O V E - G R O U N D PARTS - 242 -* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : G U U * G A A D I I S 2L1 PART OF P L A N T : F R U I T , F L O W E R , C O N E , S E E D , O R F L O A T S OF A L G A E O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : RUBUS P A R V I F L O R U S U S E AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N ^\u2022fr******************************************************** F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : G U U * G A A D I I S - X I L PART OF P L A N T : L E A V E S O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : RUBUS P A R V I F L O R U S U S E AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N ****=M=*********************************************\u00a3*******+ F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : G Y A A G Y A A G \/ A A L S G U U * N A ( N E ) ' - S M E L L * P A R T OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T I OR V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : A N G E L I C A L U C I D A U S E AS F O O D : UNDERGROUND PARTS E A T E N * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : G Y A A L G A A S - N A A * N - G \/ A A 1 1 - 2 1 ' P I L O T B I S C U I T ' S G R A N D M O T H E R ' PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) TWO OR MORE R E C O G N I Z A B L Y D I F F E R E N T , BUT O B V I O U S L Y S I M I L A R S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : FOMES P I N I C O L A B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : P O L Y P O R U S V E R S I C O L O R A FEW MORE ( U P T O 3 ) I N A D D I T I O N TO T H O S E L I S T E D - 243 -F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : G \/ A * N D E L - S G \/ 1 1 * N A A W A A Y 2 1 - 2 1 L \u2022WATER G R E E N ' PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) TWO OR MORE R E C O G N I Z A B L Y D I F F E R E N T , BUT O B V I O U S L Y S I M I L A R S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : S P I R Q G Y R A S P . B O T A N I C A L T A X O N NAME: ENTEROMORPHA I N T E S T I N A L I S A FEW MORE ( U P TO 3 ) I N A D D I T I O N TO T H O S E L I S T E D * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : G \/ A N D E L - X I * L G \/ A A 2 2 - 2 1 * WATER L E A V E S \/ M E D I C I N E * PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) NAME R E F E R S TO TWO OR MORE D I S T I N C T L Y D I F F E R E N T , U N R E L A T E D P L A N T S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N NAMES P O T A M O G E T O N E P I H Y D R U S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : C A L L I T R I C H E H E T E R O P H Y L L A MANY O T H E R P L A N T S P E C I E S ARE I N V O L V E D { O V E R I O ) * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : G \/ A A D A A - K I I T X \/ A W ? ( N E ) \u2022 W H I T E - ' PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : ARUNCUS S Y L V E S T E R * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : G \/ A A * L G \/ U U N 21 PART OF P L A N T : F R U I T , F L O W E R , C O N E , S E E D , O R F L O A T S OF A L G A E O R I G I N A L L Y A N A T I V E P L A N T - E X P A N D E D T O I M P O R T E D OR C U L T I V A T E D C O U N T E R P A R T - 244 -B O T A N I C A L T A X O N NAME: R I B E S B R A C T E O S U M U S E AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N M E D I C I N A L U S E : P O U L T I C E ( F O R B U R N S , S U N B U R N , WOUNDS, I N F E C T I O N S ) SORE E Y E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : R I B E S ( B L A C K GARDEN C U R R A N T S ) * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : G \/ A A * L G \/ U U N - L H K \/ ' A A * Y I I 2 1 - 1 2 PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T I O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) O R I G I N A L L Y A N A T I V E P L A N T - E X P A N D E D T O I M P O R T E D OR C U L T I V A T E D C O U N T E R P A R T B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : R I B E S B R A C T E O S U M U S E AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N M E D I C I N A L U S E : P O U L T I C E ( F O R B U R N S , S U N B U R N , WOUNDS, I N F E C T I O N S ) SORE E Y E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : R I B E S ( B L A C K GARDEN C U R R A N T S ) * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : G \/ A A * L G \/ U U N - X I * L 2 1 - 2 PART OF P L A N T : L E A V E S O R I G I N A L L Y A N A T I V E P L A N T - E X P A N D E D T O I M P O R T E D OR C U L T I V A T E D C O U N T E R P A R T B O T A N I C A L T A X O N NAME: R I B E S B R A C T E O S U M U S E AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N M E D I C I N A L U S E : P O U L T I C E ( F O R B U R N S , S U N B U R N , WOUNDS, I N F E C T I O N S ) SORE E Y E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N NAME: R I B E S ( B L A C K GARDEN C U R R A N T S ) * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ^ * * ^ < t 4 ; ^ZX * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : G \/ A A N - G I I * T G I I ' B A B Y BERRY* - 245 -PART OF P L A N T : F R U I T , F L O W E R , C O N E , S E E D , O R F L O A T S OF ALGAE O N E - T O - O N E CORRESPONDENCE W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L TAXON NAME: . RUBUS PEDATUS USE AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : G \/ A A N - X A * W L A A I - 2 I ' S W E E T BERRY* PART OF P L A N T : F R U I T , F L O W E R , C O N E , S E E D , O R F L O A T S OF ALGAE O N E - T O - O N E CORRESPONDENCE W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L TAXON NAME: A M E L A N C H I E R A L N I F O L I A USE AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N PRESERVED FOR W I N T E R USE FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : G \/ A A N - X A * W L A A - L H K \/ * A A * Y I I 1 - 2 1 - 1 2 PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E CORRESPONDENCE W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L TAXON NAME: A M E L A N C H I E R A L N I F O L I A USE AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N PRESERVED FOR W I N T E R USE FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : G\/AAT ( ? ) PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) TWO OR MORE R E C O G N I Z A B L Y D I F F E R E N T , BUT O B V I O U S L Y S I M I L A R S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L TAXON NAME: U L V A L A C T U C A U S E AS F O O D : \u2022GREENS' OR A B O V E - G R O U N D PARTS B O T A N I C A L TAXON NAME: ENTEROMORPHA I N T E S T I N A L I S - 246 -A FEW MORE ( U P TO 3 ) I N A D D I T I O N T O T H O S E L I S T E D * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : G \/ U D A N G X U * S G I ? (SW) PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E P A R T OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N NAME: C R A B A P P L E - L I K E T R E E U S E I N T E C H N O L O G Y : WOOD R O L E I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : N A T U R A L R O L E I N M Y T H O L O G Y * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : 1 G \/ U U D A A * N G X A A L 121 * 7 B U R N I N G \u2014 * PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : U R T I C A D I O I C A U S E AS F O O D : UNDERGROUND PARTS E A T E N \u2022 G R E E N S ' OR A B O V E - G R O U N D P A R T S U S E I N T E C H N O L O G Y : F I B E R OR F I B R O U S T I S S U E U S E D M E D I C I N A L U S E : R H E U M A T I S M , A R T H R I T I S , M U S C U L A R D I S O R D E R S , P A R A L Y S I S C O N T R A C E P T I V E , A B O R T I V E R O L E I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : U S E D FOR B E A T I N G OR W A S H I N G I N P U R I F I C A T I O N R I T U A L N A T U R A L R O L E I N M Y T H O L O G Y C R E S T , T O T E M , OR DANCE SYMBOL ************************************************************ F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : G \/ U U T G \/ A A G I I G \/ E E * Y T 1112 \u2022RUN BACKWARDS' PART OF P L A N T : F R U I T , F L O W E R , C O N E , S E E D , O R F L O A T S OF A L G A E O R I G I N A L L Y A N A T I V E P L A N T - E X P A N D E D T O I M P O R T E D OR C U L T I V A T E D C O U N T E R P A R T B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : R I B E S L A C U S T R E U S E AS F O O D : - 247 -C O N S I D E R E D I N E D I B L E OR P O I S O N O U S R O L E I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : L U C K OR P R O T E C T I V E CHARM B O T A N I C A L TAXON NAME: R I B E S ( C U L T I V A T E D G O O S E B E R R Y ) * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : G \/ U U T G \/ A A G I I G \/ E E * Y T - L H K \/ \u2022 A A * Y I I - 1 2 PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) O R I G I N A L L Y A N A T I V E P L A N T - E X P A N D E D T O I M P O R T E D OR C U L T I V A T E D C O U N T E R P A R T B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : R I B E S L A C U S T R E U S E AS F O O D : C O N S I D E R E D I N E D I B L E OR P O I S O N O U S R O L E I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : L U C K OR P R O T E C T I V E CHARM B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : R I B E S ( C U L T I V A T E D G O O S E B E R R Y ) * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : GWAA*YKY*AA 21 PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : V E R A T R U M E S C H S C H O L T Z I I U S E AS F O O D : C O N S I D E R E D I N E D I B L E OR P O I S O N O U S M E D I C I N A L U S E : P O U L T I C E ( F O R B U R N S , S U N B U R N , WOUNDS, I N F E C T I O N S ) SORE E Y E S C O L D S * SORE T H R O A T S , WHOOPING C O U G H , F L U , \u00a3 F E V E R S U L C E R S \u00a3 STOMACH T R O U B L E S E M E T I C B L A D D E R G U R I N A R Y A I L M E N T S V E N E R E A L D I S E A S E S U N S P E C I F I E D I N T E R N A L C O M P L A I N T S ( E . G . C A N C E R ) R H E U M A T I S M , A R T H R I T I S , MUSCULAR D I S O R D E R S , P A R A L Y S I S M E D I C I N E , B U T U N S P E C I F I E D R O L E I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : L U C K OR P R O T E C T I V E CHARM - 248 -F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : GWEL , GWUL * T O B A C C O \u2022 PART OF P L A N T : D R I E D OR P R E P A R E D M A T E R I A L O R I G I N A L L Y A N A T I V E P L A N T - E X P A N D E D T O I M P O R T E D OR C U L T I V A T E D C O U N T E R P A R T B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : N I C O T I A N A Q U A D R I V A L V I S U S E AS F O O D : C H E W I N G OR S M O K I N G ROLE I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : S U P E R N A T U R A L R O L E I N MYTHOLOGY N A T U R A L R O L E I N MYTHOLOGY B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : N I C O T I A N A T A B A C U M * U S E AS F O O D : C H E W I N G OR S M O K I N G I M P O R T E D , OR NOT U S E D L O C A L L Y OR A B O R I G I N A L L Y * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : G W U L A A * 7 I I M A A * - L H K \/ * A A 7 1 1 ? ( N E ) P A R T OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T I OR V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : N I C O T I A N A Q U A D R I V A L V I S U S E AS F O O D : C H E W I N G OR S M O K I N G R O L E I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : S U P E R N A T U R A L R O L E I N M Y T H O L O G Y N A T U R A L R O L E I N M Y T H O L O G Y * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : H I * L G \/ U U * D A A G \/ A A N G 2111 PART OF P L A N T : F R U I T , F L O W E R , C O N E , S E E D , O R F L O A T S OF A L G A E O R I G I N A L L Y A N A T I V E P L A N T - E X P A N D E D TO I M P O R T E D OR C U L T I V A T E D C O U N T E R P A R T B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : F R A G A R I A C H I L O E N S I S U S E AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N M E D I C I N A L U S E : C H I L D B I R T H 6 F E M A L E D I S O R D E R S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : F R A G A R I A ( G A R D E N S T R A W B E R R Y ) * - 249 -USE AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N I M P O R T E D , OR NOT USED L O C A L L Y OR A B O R I G I N A L L Y * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : H L U A N I ( N E ) PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) B O T A N I C A L CORRESPONDENCE UNKNOWN B O T A N I C A L T A X O N NAME: UNKNOWN L I C H E N 1 M E D I C I N A L U S E : M E D I C I N E , BUT U N S P E C I F I E D * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K PLANT S E G R E G A T E : H U K I A ? ( N E ) PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E CORRESPONDENCE W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N NAME: SORBUS S I T C H E N S I S U S E AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K PLANT S E G R E G A T E : I * N L H E N G 21 PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E CORRESPONDENCE W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L TAXON NAME: F R I T I L L A R I A C A M S C H A T C E N S I S USE AS F O O D : UNDERGROUND P A R T S E A T E N ROLE I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : SUPERNATURAL ROLE I N MYTHOLOGY * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : J I I * T L \u00bb E L 21 PART OF P L A N T : F R U I T , F L O W E R , C O N E , S E E D , O R F L O A T S OF ALGAE O N E - T O - O N E CORRESPONDENCE W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S - 250 -B O T A N I C A L T A X O N NAME: SAMBUCUS RACEMOSA U S E AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N U S E I N T E C H N O L O G Y : C E M E N T , B I N D I N G S U B S T A N C E M E D I C I N A L U S E : L A X A T I V E C H I L D B I R T H \u00a3 F E M A L E D I S O R D E R S R O L E I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : C E R E M O N I A L P U R I F I E R - F O R O B T A I N I N G S U P E R N A T U R A L POWER N A T U R A L ROLE I N MYTHOLOGY C R E S T , T O T E M , OR DANCE SYMBOL F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : J I I * T L \u2022 E L - L H K \/ * A A * Y I I 2 1 - 1 2 P A R T OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T { O R V I S I B L E P A R T OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : SAMBUCUS RACEMOSA U S E AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N U S E I N T E C H N O L O G Y : C E M E N T , B I N D I N G S U B S T A N C E M E D I C I N A L U S E : - L A X A T I V E C H I L D B I R T H \u00a3 F E M A L E D I S O R D E R S R O L E I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : C E R E M O N I A L P U R I F I E R - F O R O B T A I N I N G S U P E R N A T U R A L POWER N A T U R A L R O L E I N M Y T H O L O G Y C R E S T , T O T E M , OR DANCE SYMBOL * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : K A N L H A , W A K L A , OR WALHA ? ( N E ) P A R T OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T S O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : C R A T A E G U S D O U G L A S I I U S E AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * - 251 -FOLK P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : KAWAGA*XAYA ? ( N E ) PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T t O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : K I N D OF V E G E T A B L E USE AS F O O D : 1 GREENS* OR A B O V E - G R O U N D P A R T S * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : K A A * W G \/ A A N - L H K \/ * A A * Y I I ? (MO) \u2022MOUSE BRANCHES* { \" P U S S Y W I L L O W S \" ) PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) TWO OR MORE C L O S E L Y R E L A T E D S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N NAME: ' S A L I X S P P . U S E I N T E C H N O L O G Y : \u2022 WOOD D Y E , D E C O R A T I O N , C O S M E T I C , T A T T O O I N G M E D I C I N A L U S E : U S E D I N S T E A M - B A T H OR S W E A T - H O U S E * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : K L U A N I , K L N A N I ? ( N E ) PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF PLANTS O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : V A C C I N I U M U L I G I N O S U M U S E AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : K \u00ab A * L L A A * - L H T A * N G \/ W A A Y 2 2 - 2 1 \u2022MUSKEG DOWN* P A R T OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) TWO OR MORE C L O S E L Y R E L A T E D S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : E R I O P H O R U M S P P . U S E AS F O O D : - 252 -FOOD OF A P A R T I C U L A R ANIMAL ( A C T U A L OR B E L I E F ) USE I N T E C H N O L O G Y : D Y E , D E C O R A T I O N , C O S M E T I C , T A T T O O I N G FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : K \u00ab A * N L H E L 21 PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) O R I G I N A L L Y A N A T I V E PLANT - EXPANDED TO IMPORTED OR C U L T I V A T E D COUNTERPART B O T A N I C A L TAXON NAME: PYRUS F U S C A USE AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N P R E S E R V E D FOR W I N T E R USE USE I N T E C H N O L O G Y : WOOD M E D I C I N A L U S E : C H I L D B I R T H \u00a3 FEMALE D I S O R D E R S C O N T R A C E P T I V E , A B O R T I V E RDLE I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : I N V O L V E D I N SOME R E L I G I O U S R I T U A L ROLE I N MYTHS AS A \u2022HUMANIZED* F I G U R E B O T A N I C A L T A X O N NAME: PYRUS MALUS* U S E AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N I M P O R T E D , OR NOT USED L O C A L L Y OR A B O R I G I N A L L Y ************************************************c************ FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : K*AY {\u2022SOUR* K*A*YWELH 21 MA) PART OF P L A N T : F R U I T , F L O W E R , C O N E , S E E D , O R F L O A T S OF ALGAE O R I G I N A L L Y A N A T I V E PLANT - EXPANDED TO IMPORTED OR C U L T I V A T E D COUNTERPART B O T A N I C A L T A X O N NAME: PYRUS FUSCA U S E AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N P R E S E R V E D FOR W I N T E R USE USE I N T E C H N O L O G Y : WOOD M E D I C I N A L U S E : C H I L D B I R T H \u00a3 FEMALE D I S O R D E R S C O N T R A C E P T I V E , A B O R T I V E ROLE I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : - 253 -I N V O L V E D I N SOME R E L I G I O U S R I T U A L ROLE I N MYTHS AS A ' H U M A N I Z E D * F I G U R E B O T A N I C A L T A X O N NAME: PYRUS MALUS* USE AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N I M P O R T E D , OR NOT USED L O C A L L Y OR A B O R I G I N A L L Y * * * \u2022 * * * * * * * * * * * * $ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : K ' A * Y - X I * L 2 - 1 PART OF P L A N T : L E A V E S O R I G I N A L L Y A N A T I V E PLANT - EXPANDED T O IMPORTED OR C U L T I V A T E D COUNTERPART B O T A N I C A L T A X O N NAME: PYRUS F U S C A USE AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N P R E S E R V E D FOR W I N T E R U S E USE I N T E C H N O L O G Y : WOOD M E D I C I N A L U S E : C H I L D B I R T H \u00a3 FEMALE D I S O R D E R S C O N T R A C E P T I V E , A B O R T I V E ROLE I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : I N V O L V E D I N SOME R E L I G I O U S R I T U A L ROLE I N MYTHS AS A ' H U M A N I Z E D ' F I G U R E B O T A N I C A L TAXON NAME: PYRUS MALUS* USE AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N I M P O R T E D , OR NOT USED L O C A L L Y OR A B O R I G I N A L L Y FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : K ' A A * L T S ' 1 1 D A A - G Y A A * 7 A A T G \/ A A 1 1 1 - 2 1 1 ' C R O W ' S B L A N K E T ' PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T { O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) TWO OR MORE C L O S E L Y R E L A T E D S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L TAXON NAME: USNEA L O N G I S S I M A B O T A N I C A L TAXON NAME: A L E C T O R I A SARMENTOSA COMPLEX M E D I C I N A L U S E : P O U L T I C E ( F O R B U R N S , S U N B U R N , WOUNDS, I N F E C T I O N S ) C A S T S , S P L I N T S , P O U T I C E C O V E R I N G S - 254 -A FEW MORE (UP TO 3 ) I N A D D I T I O N TO T H O S E L I S T E D F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : K* A A * L T S ' 1 1 D A A - G \/ A A * N - G \/ A A 1 1 1 - 2 1 \u2022CROW'S B E R R I E S * PART OF P L A N T : F R U I T , F L O W E R , C O N E , S E E D , O R F L O A T S OF A L G A E NAME R E F E R S T O TWO OR MORE D I S T I N C T L Y D I F F E R E N T , U N R E L A T E D P L A N T S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : L O N I C E R A I N V O L U C R A T A M E D I C I N A L U S E : P O U L T I C E ( F O R B U R N S , S U N B U R N , WOUNDS, I N F E C T I O N S ) T O O T H A C H E S SORE E Y E S H E A R T T R O U B L E S R O L E I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : S U P E R N A T U R A L R O L E I N M Y T H O L O G Y O T H E R U S E S H A I R T O N I C B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : C R A T A E G U S D O U G L A S I I U S E AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : K* A A * L T S * I I D A A - L E E * Y S G \/ A A 1 1 1 - 2 1 \u2022CROW* S L A C E * PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) L A N G U A G E OF O R I G I N : E N G L I S H TWO OR MORE R E C O G N I Z A B L Y D I F F E R E N T , BUT O B V I O U S L Y S I M I L A R S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : USNEA L O N G I S S I M A B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : P A R M E L I A S P . A FEW MORE ( U P TO 3 ) I N A D D I T I O N TO T H O S E L I S T E D * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : K * A A * T - D E L J I I G A A * W ' A A Y 2 - 1 1 2 1 \u2022 DEER * S B E L T * PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) 255 TWO OR MORE C L O S E L Y R E L A T E D S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : L Y C O P O D I U M C L A V A T U M B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : L Y C O P O D I U M A N N O T I N U M \u00a3 ( L . S E L A G O ) F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : K* AAY PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : M A C R O C Y S T I S I N T E G R I F O L I A U S E AS F O O D : C O L L E C T I O N OF H E R R I N G SPAWN P R E S E R V E D FOR W I N T E R U S E R O L E I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : S U P E R N A T U R A L R O L E I N MYTHOLOGY * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : K \u00bb I * N X \/ A A N 21 P A R T OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E P A R T OF P L A N T ) TWO OR MORE R E C O G N I Z A B L Y D I F F E R E N T , BUT O B V I O U S L Y S I M I L A R S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : M O S S , G E N E R A L USE I N T E C H N O L O G Y : L I N I N G S , C O V E R I N G S , S T E A M G E N E R A T I O N B E D D I N G , S T U F F I N G , B A N D A G I N G , T O W E L L I N G R O L E I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : N A T U R A L R O L E I N M Y T H O L O G Y MANY O T H E R P L A N T S P E C I E S ARE I N V O L V E D ( O V E R I O ) * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : K \u00bb U U 7 I T 12 ( K ' U U Y I T 1 2 ) PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T S O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : S Y M P H O R I C A R P O S A L B U S U S E I N T E C H N O L O G Y : - 256 -U N M O D I F I E D I M P L E M E N T S OR C O N T A I N E R S FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : K * U U 7 I T \u2014 G \/ A A * N - G \/ A A 1 2 - 2 1 PART OF P L A N T : F R U I T , FLOWER,CONE,SEED,OR F L O A T S OF ALGAE O N E - T O - O N E CORRESPONDENCE W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N NAME: SYMPHORICARPOS ALBUS USE I N T E C H N O L O G Y : U N M O D I F I E D I M P L E M E N T S OR C O N T A I N E R S FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : K \/ A D A - S G \/ A * W G \/ A A { N E ) ' - K N I F E 9 PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) B O T A N I C A L CORRESPONDENCE UNKNOWN B O T A N I C A L TAXON NAME: E Q U I S E T U M ARVENSF USE AS F O O D : UNDERGROUND P A R T S E A T E N USE I N T E C H N O L O G Y : U N M O D I F I E D I M P L E M E N T S OR C O N T A I N E R S FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : K \/ A L PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) TWO OR MORE C L O S E L Y R E L A T E D S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N NAME: ALNUS RUBRA USE I N T E C H N O L O G Y : WOOD F U E L OR T I N D E R D Y E , D E C O R A T I O N , C O S M E T I C , T A T T O O I N G M E D I C I N A L U S E : SORE E Y E S ROLE I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : I N V O L V E D I N A TABOO OR S U P E R S T I T I O N ROLE I N MYTHS AS A ' H U M A N I Z E D * F I G U R E SUPERNATURAL ROLE I N MYTHOLOGY C R E S T , T O T E M , OR DANCE SYMBOL - 257 -B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : ALNUS C R I S P A S S P . S I N U A T A , A . S I N U A T A U S E I N T E C H N O L O G Y : WOOD R O L E I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : N A T U R A L R O L E I N M Y T H O L O G Y F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : K \/ A L - L H K \/ \u2022 A A * Y I I 2 - 1 2 ( \" B E T T E R \" ) PART OF P L A N T : BRANCH TWO OR MORE C L O S E L Y R E L A T E D S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : ALNUS RUBRA U S E I N T E C H N O L O G Y : WOOD F U E L OR T I N D E R D Y E , D E C O R A T I O N , C O S M E T I C , T A T T O O I N G M E D I C I N A L U S E : SORE E Y E S R O L E I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : I N V O L V E D I N A T A B O O OR S U P E R S T I T I O N ROLE I N MYTHS AS A * H U M A N I Z E D * F I G U R E S U P E R N A T U R A L R O L E I N MYTHOLOGY C R E S T , T O T E M , OR DANCE SYMBOL B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : ALNUS C R I S P A S S P . S I N U A T A , A . S I N U A T A U S E I N T E C H N O L O G Y : WOOD R O L E I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : N A T U R A L R O L E I N M Y T H O L O G Y * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : K \/ A L - X I L 2 - 1 PART OF P L A N T : L E A V E S TWO OR MORE C L O S E L Y R E L A T E D S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N NAME: ALNUS RUBRA U S E I N T E C H N O L O G Y : WOOD F U E L OR T I N D E R D Y E , D E C O R A T I O N , C O S M E T I C , T A T T O O I N G M E D I C I N A L U S E : SORE E Y E S R O L E I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : I N V O L V E D I N A T A B O O OR S U P E R S T I T I O N - 258 -ROLE I N MYTHS AS A \u2022HUMANIZED* F I G U R E S U P E R N A T U R A L ROLE I N MYTHOLOGY C R E S T , T O T E M , OR DANCE SYMBOL B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : ALNUS C R I S P A S S P . S I N U A T A , A . S I N U A T A U S E I N T E C H N O L O G Y : WOOD ROLE I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : N A T U R A L ROLE I N M Y T H O L O G Y F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : K \/ A L A N G A ? ( N E ) PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T t O R V I S I B L E P A R T OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : K A L M I A P O L I F O L I A * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : K \/ A N G \/ U U ? ( N E ) PART OF P L A N T : R O O T , B U L B , OR O T H E R UNDERGROUND PART O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : L U P I N U S N O O T K A T E N S I S U S E AS F O O D : UNDERGROUND P A R T S E A T E N P R E S E R V E D FOR W I N T E R U S E * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : K \/ A T S ( B O ) P A R T OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) TWO OR MORE R E C O G N I Z A B L Y D I F F E R E N T , BUT O B V I O U S L Y S I M I L A R S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : U L V A L A C T U C A U S E AS F O O D : \u2022 G R E E N S ' OR A B O V E - G R O U N D P A R T S - 259 -FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : K \/ A A J A A * N D A A 121 ' H A I R * PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E CORRESPONDENCE W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L TAXON NAME: D E S M A R E S T I A S P . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : K \/ A A Y T PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T { O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E CORRESPONDENCE W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L TAXON NAME: P I C E A S I T C H E N S I S U S E AS F O O D : CAMBIUM. CHEWING OR SMOKING P R E S E R V E D FOR W I N T E R USE USE I N T E C H N O L O G Y : WOOD F U E L OR T I N D E R F I B E R OR F I B R O U S T I S S U E USED M E D I C I N A L U S E : P O U L T I C E ( F O R B U R N S , S U N B U R N , WOUNDS, I N F E C T I O N S ) C H I L D B I R T H \u00a3 FEMALE D I S O R D E R S ROLE I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : SUPERNATURAL ROLE I N MYTHOLOGY NATURAL ROLE I N MYTHOLOGY LOVE CHARM * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : K \/ A A Y T - G Y A A * 7 A A T 1 - 2 1 ' T R E E BLANKET* PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) TWO OR MORE C L O S E L Y R E L A T E D S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L TAXON NAME: L O B A R I A PULMONARIA B O T A N I C A L TAXON NAME: L O B A R I A OREGANA M E D I C I N A L U S E : C O L D S , SORE T H R O A T S , WHOOPING C O U G H , F L U , \u00a3 F E V E R S A FEW MORE ( U P T O 3 ) I N A D D I T I O N TO TWOSE L I S T E D - 260 -F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : K \/ A A Y T - T L A A S 21 PART OF P L A N T : BRANCH O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : P I C E A S I T C H E N S I S U S E AS F O O D : C A M B I U M C H E W I N G OR S M O K I N G P R E S E R V E D FOR W I N T E R U S E U S E I N T E C H N O L O G Y : WOOD F U E L OR T I N D E R F I B E R OR F I B R O U S T I S S U E U S E D M E D I C I N A L U S E : P O U L T I C E ( F O R B U R N S , S U N B U R N , WOUNDS, I N F E C T I O N S ) C H I L D B I R T H \u00a3 F E M A L E D I S O R D E R S ROLE I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : S U P E R N A T U R A L R O L E I N MYTHOLOGY N A T U R A L R O L E I N MYTHOLOGY L O V E CHARM * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : K \/ U U G \/ A A - K W * I N D A A ? ( N E ) PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : A C H I L L E A M I L L E F O L I U M U S E AS F O O D : F L A V O U R I N G U S E I N T E C H N O L O G Y : U N M O D I F I E D I M P L E M E N T S OR C O N T A I N E R S M E D I C I N A L U S E : P O U L T I C E ( F O R B U R N S , S U N B U R N , WOUNDS, I N F E C T I O N S ? M E D I C I N E , BUT U N S P E C I F I E D * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : K \/ \u2022 A * L L A A - X I L G \/ A A 2 2 - 2 1 *MUSKEG L E A V E S * PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : CAMPANULA ROTUND I F O L I A - 261 -F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : K\/\u2022 AN PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E P A R T OF P L A N T ) NAME R E F E R S TO TWO OR MORE D I S T I N C T L Y D I F F E R E N T , U N R E L A T E D P L A N T S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : G R A S S , G E N E R A L B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : CAREX S P P . U S E I N T E C H N O L O G Y : F I B E R OR F I B R O U S T I S S U E USED MANY O T H E R P L A N T S P E C I E S ARE I N V O L V E D ( O V E R I O ) **********************************************^**^^JS:,>:^^^ **** F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : K \/ \u00ab A N - K U * J I ( N E ) ' G R A S S HEAD* PART OF P L A N T : F R U I T , F L O W E R , C O N E , S E E D , O R F L O A T S OF A L G A E O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : ELYMUS M O L L I S U S E I N T E C H N O L O G Y : F I B E R OR F I B R O U S T I S S U E U S E D R O L E I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : S U P E R N A T U R A L R O L E I N MYTHOLOGY * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : K \/ \u00bb A N - K \/ ' I L K A Y D A ( N E ) \u00bb ? S H A R P GRASS* PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : ELYMUS M O L L I S U S E I N T E C H N O L O G Y : F I B E R OR F I B R O U S T I S S U E U S E D R O L E I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : S U P E R N A T U R A L R O L E I N MYTHOLOGY - 262 -F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : K \/ ' A * N - L H G A M G \/ A * N D A A 2 - 2 2 1 ' R O U N D G R A S S ' PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T (OR V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : T R I G L O C H I N M A R I T I MUM U S E AS F O O D : ' G R E E N S ' OR A B O V E - G R O U N D P A R T S P R E S E R V E D FOR W I N T E R U S E * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : K \/ \u2022 A N - S K A A * D A A L A A ? ' R O U N D GRASS* PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T t O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : P L A N T A G O M A R I T I M A * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : K \/ ' A * N - T L ' A A * K I I D A A 1 - 2 1 1 ' W I D E GRASS* PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T t O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) TWO OR MORE R E C O G N I Z A B L Y D I F F E R E N T , BUT O B V I O U S L Y S I M I L A R S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : G R A S S , G E N E R A L * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : K \/ \u2022 A N - 7 A A * L G A 1 - 2 1 ' L O O K S L I K E G R A S S , F A L S E G R A S S ' PART OF P L A N T S YOUNG I N D I V I D U A L O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : ELYMUS M O L L I S U S E I N T E C H N O L O G Y : F I B E R OR F I B R O U S T I S S U E U S E D ROLE I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : S U P E R N A T U R A L R O L E I N MYTHOLOGY - 263 -* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : K \/ * A S PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : M E N Z I E S I A F E R R U G I N E A U S E I N T E C H N O L O G Y : D Y E , D E C O R A T I O N , C O S M E T I C , T A T T O O I N G M E D I C I N A L U S E : A N T I S E P T I C OR DEODORANT ROLE I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : I N V O L V E D I N SOME R E L I G I O U S R I T U A L I N V O L V E D I N A T A B O O OR S U P E R S T I T I O N * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : K \/ ' A A L H A A 2 1 , K \/ ' A A L H E L 21 PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : ALNUS C R I S P A SSP \u00ae S I N U A T A , A . S I N U A T A U S E I N T E C H N O L O G Y : WOOD R O L E I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : N A T U R A L R O L E I N M Y T H O L O G Y * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : K \/ * A A N G PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T f O R V I S I B L E PART OF PLANTS TWO OR MORE C L O S E L Y R E L A T E D S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : T S U G A H E T E R O P H Y L L A U S E AS F O O D : C A M B I U M C O L L E C T I O N OF H E R R I N G SPAWN P R E S E R V E D FOR W I N T E R U S E U S E I N T E C H N O L O G Y : WOOD B E D D I N G , S T U F F I N G , B A N D A G I N G , T O W E L L I N G M E D I C I N A L U S E : P O U L T I C E ( F O R B U R N S , S U N B U R N , WOUNDS, I N F E C T I O N S ) - 264 -C H I L D B I R T H \u00a3 F E M A L E D I S O R D E R S ROLE I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : LUCK OR P R O T E C T I V E CHARM SUPERNATURAL ROLE I N MYTHOLOGY NATURAL ROLE IN MYTHOLOGY C R E S T , T O T E M , OR DANCE SYMBOL B O T A N I C A L TAXON NAME: TSUGA M E R T E N S I ANA USE AS F O O D : CAMBIUM PRESERVED FOR W I N T E R U S E FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : K \/ \u2022 A A N G - K \/ A A * L H I 221 ' - I N S I D E \" PART OF P L A N T : CAMBIUM TWO OR MORE C L O S E L Y R E L A T E D S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L TAXON NAME: TSUGA H E T E R O P H Y L L A USE AS F O O D : CAMBIUM C O L L E C T I O N OF H E R R I N G SPAWN P R E S E R V E D FOR W I N T E R USE USE I N T E C H N O L O G Y : WOOD B E D D I N G , S T U F F I N G , B A N D A G I N G , T O W E L L I N G M E D I C I N A L U S E : P O U L T I C E ( F O R B U R N S , S U N B U R N , WOUNDS, I N F E C T I O N S ) C H I L D B I R T H & FEMALE D I S O R D E R S ROLE I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : LUCK OR P R O T E C T I V E CHARM S U P E R N A T U R A L ROLE I N MYTHOLOGY NATURAL ROLE I N MYTHOLOGY C R E S T , T O T E M , OR DANCE SYMBOL B O T A N I C A L TAXON NAME: TSUGA M E R T E N S I A N A USE AS F O O D : CAMBIUM P R E S E R V E D FOR W I N T E R USE F O L K PLANT S E G R E G A T E : K \/ * A A N G - L H A A * j I (SW) PART OF P L A N T : BRANCH TWO OR MORE C L O S E L Y R E L A T E D S P E C I E S I - 265 -B O T A N I C A L TAXON NAME: TSUGA H E T E R O P H Y L L A USE AS F O O D : CAMBIUM C O L L E C T I O N OF H E R R I N G SPAWN PRESERVED FOR W I N T E R USE USE I N T E C H N O L O G Y : WOOD B E D D I N G , S T U F F I N G , B A N D A G I N G , T O W E L L I N G M E D I C I N A L U S E : P O U L T I C E (FOR B U R N S , SUNBURN, WOUNDS, I N F E C T I O N S ) C H I L D B I R T H \u00a3 FEMALE D I S O R D E R S ROLE I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : LUCK OR P R O T E C T I V E CHARM SUPERNATURAL ROLE I N MYTHOLOGY NATURAL ROLE I N MYTHOLOGY C R E S T , T O T E M , OR DANCE SYMBOL B O T A N I C A L TAXON NAME: TSUGA MERTENSIANA USE AS F O O D : CAMBIUM P R E S E R V E D FOR W I N T E R USE F O L K PLANT S E G R E G A T E : K \/ \u00bb A A X \/ U U - T S \u2022 A A L A A N G - G \/ A A 2 1 - 1 2 1 \u2022ROTTEN L O G - * PART OF P L A N T : F R U I T , F L O W E R , C O N E , S E E D , O R F L O A T S OF ALGAE O N E - T O - O N E CORRESPONDENCE W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L TAXON NAME: RUBUS CHAMAEMORUS USE AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N P R E S E R V E D FOR W I N T E R USE I M P O R T E D , OR NOT USED L O C A L L Y OR A B O R I G I N A L L Y * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K PLANT S E G R E G A T E : K \/ \u00bb 1 1 * T G W A A * N T PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E CORRESPONDENCE W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L TAXON NAME: R I B E S L A X I F L O R U M U S E AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N F L A V O U R I N G - 266 -F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : K \/ ' U N G PART OF P L A N T : F R U I T , F L O W E R , C O N E , S E E D , O R F L O A T S OF A L G A E O R I G I N A L L Y A N A T I V E P L A N T - EXPANDED T G I M P O R T E D OR C U L T I V A T E D C O U N T E R P A R T B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : ROSA N U T K A N A U S E AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N \u2022 G R E E N S ' OR A B O V E - G R O U N D P A R T S M E D I C I N A L U S E : G E N E R A L T O N I C B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : ROSA ( G A R D E N R O S E ) * ************************************************************ F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : K \/ \u2022 U N G - L H K \/ \u2022 A A * Y 1 1 PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) O R I G I N A L L Y A N A T I V E P L A N T - E X P A N D E D T O I M P O R T E D OR C U L T I V A T E D C O U N T E R P A R T B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : ROSA NUTKANA U S E AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N * G R E E N S ' OR A B O V E - G R O U N D P A R T S M E D I C I N A L U S E : G E N E R A L T O N I C B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : ROSA ( G A R D E N R O S E ) * ************************************************************ F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : K \/ \u2022 U U * S I I N G A A - X I * L G \/ A A 1 1 1 - 2 1 *COLD M E D I C I N E \/ L E A V E S ' PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T C O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N NAME: LEDUM P A L U S T R E S S P . G R O E N L A N D I C U M U S E AS F O O D : B E V E R A G E M E D I C I N A L U S E : - 267 -C O L D S , SORE T H R O A T S , WHOOPING C O U G H , F L U , \u00a3 F E V E R S F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : KWA+NAN ? ( N E ) PART OF P L A N T : R O O T , B U L B , OR O T H E R UNDERGROUND PART O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N NAME: U R T I C A D I O I C A U S E AS F O O D -UNDERGROUND P A R T S E A T E N * GREENS * OR A B O V E - G R O U N D P A R T S U S E I N T E C H N O L O G Y : F I B E R OR F I B R O U S T I S S U E USED M E D I C I N A L U S E : R H E U M A T I S M , A R T H R I T I S , M U S C U L A R D I S O R D E R S , P A R A L Y S I S C O N T R A C E P T I V E , A B O R T I V E ROLE I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : USED FOR B E A T I N G OR W A S H I N G I N P U R I F I C A T I O N R I T U A L N A T U R A L R O L E I N M Y T H O L O G Y C R E S T , T O T E M , OR DANCE SYMBOL * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : L A A * T S \u2022 1 1 21 ( \" B E T T E R N A M E \" \u2014 G Y ) PART OF P L A N T : F R U I T , F L O W E R , C O N E , S E E D , O R F L O A T S OF A L G A E L A N G U A G E OF O R I G I N : T S I M S H I A N O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : SAMBUCUS RACEMOSA U S E AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N U S E I N T E C H N O L O G Y : C E M E N T , B I N D I N G S U B S T A N C E M E D I C I N A L U S E : L A X A T I V E C H I L D B I R T H \u00a3 F E M A L E D I S O R D E R S ROLE I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : C E R E M O N I A L P U R I F I E R - F O R O B T A I N I N G S U P E R N A T U R A L POWER N A T U R A L R O L E I N M Y T H O L O G Y C R E S T , T O T E M , OR DANCE SYMBOL * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * - 268 -F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : L 4 A A N A A - L H G U N 2 2 - 1 ' V I L L A G E SKUNK CABBAGE* PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : P L A N T A G O MAJOR M E D I C I N A L U S E : P O U L T I C E ( F O R B U R N S , S U N B U R N , WOUNDS, I N F E C T I O N S ) F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : L * A A N A A \u2014 X I * L G \/ A A 2 2 - 2 1 ' V I L L A G E L E A V E S * PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : P L A N T A G O MAJOR M E D I C I N A L U S E : P O U L T I C E ( F O R B U R N S , S U N B U R N , WOUNDS, I N F E C T I O N S ) * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : L H A A * Y A A - L H K \/ \u2022 A A Y I I * 2 1 - 1 2 PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF PLANTS O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : V I B U R N U M E D U L E U S E AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N M E D I C I N A L U S E : SORE E Y E S ROLE I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : S U P E R N A T U R A L ROLE I N MYTHOLOGY N A T U R A L R O L E I N M Y T H O L O G Y * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : L H A A + Y I I 21 PART OF P L A N T : F R U I T , F L O W E R , C O N E , S E E D , O R F L O A T S O F A L G A E O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : V I B U R N U M E D U L E - 269 -USE AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N M E D I C I N A L U S E : SORE E Y E S ROLE I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : SUPERNATURAL ROLE I N MYTHOLOGY N A T U R A L ROLE I N MYTHOLOGY * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : LHDAA*N PART OF P L A N T : F R U I T , F L O W E R , C O N E , S E E D , O R F L O A T S OF ALGAE TWO OR MORE R E C O G N I Z A B L Y D I F F E R E N T , BUT O B V I O U S L Y S I M I L A R S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N NAME: V A C C I N I U M O V A L I F O L I U M USE AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N B O T A N I C A L TAXON NAME: V A C C I N I U M A L A S K A E N S E U S E AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : LHDAA*N\u2014LHK\/* AA*Y11 2 - 1 2 PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) TWO OR MORE R E C O G N I Z A B L Y D I F F E R E N T , BUT O B V I O U S L Y S I M I L A R S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L TAXON NAME: V A C C I N I U M O V A L I F O L I U M USE AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N B O T A N I C A L TAXON NAME: V A C C I N I U M A L A S K A E N S E USE AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : LHE*LNGAA 21 PART OF P L A N T : ROOT, . B U L B , OR OTHER UNDERGROUND PART NAME R E F E R S T O TWO OR MORE D I S T I N C T L Y D I F F E R E N T , U N R E L A T E D PLANT S P E C I E S - 270 -B O T A N I C A L TAXON NAME: P I C E A S I T C H E N S I S U S E AS F O O D : CAMBIUM CHEWING OR SMOKING P R E S E R V E D FOR W I N T E R USE USE I N T E C H N O L O G Y : WOOD F U E L OR T I N D E R F I B E R OR F I B R O U S T I S S U E USED M E D I C I N A L U S E : P O U L T I C E ( F O R B U R N S , SUNBURN, WOUNDS, I N F E C T I O N S ) C H I L D B I R T H \u00a3 FEMALE D I S O R D E R S ROLE I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : S U P E R N A T U R A L ROLE I N MYTHOLOGY N A T U R A L ROLE I N MYTHOLOGY L O V E CHARM FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : L H G A B A L U * ( A ) - X \/ W U D A L U * ? ( N E ) PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E CORRESPONDENCE W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N NAME: \" S A U C E R B E R R I E S \" USE AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K PLANT S E G R E G A T E : LHGUN PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E CORRESPONDENCE W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L TAXON NAME: L Y S I C H I T U M AMERICANUM U S E AS F O O D : C O N S I D E R E D I N E D I B L E OR POISONOUS USE I N T E C H N O L O G Y : L I N I N G S , C O V E R I N G S , STEAM G E N E R A T I O N U N M O D I F I E D IMPLEMENTS OR C O N T A I N E R S M E D I C I N A L U S E : P O U L T I C E ( F O R B U R N S , SUNBURN, WOUNDS, I N F E C T I O N S ) R H E U M A T I S M , A R T H R I T I S , MUSCULAR D I S O R D E R S , P A R A L Y S I S USED I N S T E A M - B A T H OR S W E A T - H O U S E M E D I C I N E , BUT U N S P E C I F I E D ROLE I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : NATURAL ROLE I N MYTHOLOGY - 271 -F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : L H G U N - C H A A Y 2 - 1 ' - E G G S ' PART OF P L A N T : F R U I T , F L O W E R , C O N E , S E E D , O R F L O A T S OF A L G A E O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : L Y S I C H I T U M A M E R I C A N U M U S E AS F O O D : C O N S I D E R E D I N E D I B L E OR P O I S O N O U S U S E I N T E C H N O L O G Y : L I N I N G S , C O V E R I N G S , STEAM G E N E R A T I O N U N M O D I F I E D I M P L E M E N T S OR C O N T A I N E R S M E D I C I N A L U S E : P O U L T I C E i F O R B U R N S , S U N B U R N , WOUNDS, I N F E C T I O N S ) R H E U M A T I S M , A R T H R I T I S , MUSCULAR D I S O R D E R S , P A R A L Y S I S U S E D I N S T E A M - B A T H OR S W E A T - H O U S E M E D I C I N E , BUT U N S P E C I F I E D R O L E I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : N A T U R A L R O L E I N MYTHOLOGY * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : L H G U N \u2014 C H I I G A A * G A A 2 - 1 2 1 PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T I OR V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : U N I D E N T I F I E D WOODLANO -HER8 ( 8 P ) * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : L H G \/ I I T ' B O W ' PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : T A X U S B R E V I F O L I A U S E AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N U S E I N T E C H N O L O G Y : WOOD M E D I C I N A L U S E : R H E U M A T I S M , A R T H R I T I S , MUSCULAR D I S O R D E R S , P A R A L Y S I S C O N T R A C E P T I V E , A B O R T I V E - Ill -I M P O R T E D , OR NOT U S E D L O C A L L Y OR A B O R I G I N A L L Y F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : L H K Y * I * N - K W U N A N ? (SW) PART OF P L A N T : R O O T , B U L B , OR O T H E R UNDERGROUND PART O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : L H K Y \u2022 I N - N E T T L E - R O O T S U S E AS F O O D : UNDERGROUND PARTS E A T E N R O L E I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : N A T U R A L ROLE I N M Y T H O L O G Y * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : L H K ' I N X \/ A A - K \/ W I I * 7 A A W A A Y 2 1 - 2 1 1 9 F O R E S T CUMULUS C L O U D ' PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ! O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) TWO OR MORE R E C O G N I Z A B L Y D I F F E R E N T , BUT O B V I O U S L Y S I M I L A R S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : L O B A R ! A P U L M O N A R I A B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : P E L T I G E R A C A N I N A M E D I C I N A L U S E : M E D I C I N E , B U T U N S P E C I F I E D S E V E R A L MORE S P E C I E S ARE I N V O L V E D t 4 TO 1 G ) * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : L H K \u2022 I N X \/ A A ( T ) - S G A A * W S H I I D A A Y 2 1 - 2 1 2 \u2022FOREST P O T A T O E S ' PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : O E N A N T H E SARMENTOSA U S E AS F O O D : UNDERGROUND P A R T S E A T E N \u2022 G R E E N S ' OR A B O V E - G R O U N D P A R T S - 273 -F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : L H K \u2022 I I T PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N NAME: H E R A C L E U M L A N A T U M U S E AS F O O D : * G R E E N S * OR' A B O V E - G R O U N D P A R T S C O N S I D E R E D I N E D I B L E OR P O I S O N O U S M E D I C I N A L U S E : P O U L T I C E ( F O R B U R N S , S U N B U R N , WOUNDS, I N F E C T I O N S ) B L A D D E R \u00a3 U R I N A R Y A I L M E N T S R O L E I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : I N V O L V E D I N A TABOO OR S U P E R S T I T I O N O T H E R U S E S GAMES * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : L H K \u2022 I I * T - C H I I * J 1 1 2 - 2 1 ' - P E N I S 1 PART OF P L A N T : S T E M , S T I P E , OR S P R O U T S TWO OR MORE R E C O G N I Z A B L Y D I F F E R E N T , B U T O B V I O U S L Y S I M I L A R S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : C O N I O S E L I N U M P A C I F I C U M M E D I C I N A L U S E : L U N G A I L M E N T S ( P N E U M O N I A , T U B E R C U L O S I S ) B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : H E R A C L E U M L A N A T U M U S E AS F O O D : ' G R E E N S * OR A B O V E - G R O U N D P A R T S C O N S I D E R E D I N E D I B L E OR P O I S O N O U S M E D I C I N A L U S E : P O U L T I C E ( F O R B U R N S , S U N B U R N , WOUNDS, I N F E C T I O N S ) B L A D D E R \u00a3 U R I N A R Y A I L M E N T S R O L E I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : I N V O L V E D I N A TABOO OR S U P E R S T I T I O N O T H E R U S E S GAMES * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : L H K * I I * T - G I I * T G \/ I I 2 - 2 1 ' - B A B Y ' PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) TWO OR MORE R E C O G N I Z A B L Y D I F F E R E N T , BUT O B V I O U S L Y S I M I L A R S P E C I E S - 274 -B O T A N I C A L TAXON NAME: C O N I O S E L I N U M P A C I F I C U M M E D I C I N A L U S E : L U N G A I L M E N T S ( P N E U M O N I A , T U B E R C U L O S I S ) B O T A N I C A L TAXON NAME: G L E H N I A L I T T O R A L IS S S P . L E I O C A R P A USE AS F O O D : UNDERGROUND PARTS E A T E N A FEW MORE ( U P T O 3 ) I N A D D I T I O N TO T H O S E L I S T E D F O L K PLANT S E G R E G A T E : L H K \u2022 I I T - L H K \/ \u2022 A A * Y 1 1 2 - 1 2 PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E CORRESPONDENCE W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L TAXON NAME: HERACLEUM LANATUM U S E AS F O O D : \"GREENS* OR A B O V E - G R O U N D PARTS C O N S I D E R E D I N E D I B L E OR POISONOUS M E D I C I N A L U S E : P O U L T I C E ( FOR B U R N S , S U N B U R N , WOUNDS, I N F E C T I O N S 3 BLADDER \u00a3 U R I N A R Y A I L M E N T S ROLE I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : I N V O L V E D I N A TABOO OR S U P E R S T I T I O N OTHER USES GAMES * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : L H K * I I T - X I I L A A * G \/ I I L H 2 - 1 2 1 \u2022 L H K 4 I I T - B L O O M I N G * PART OF P L A N T : F R U I T , F L O W E R , C O N E , S E E D , O R F L O A T S OF ALGAE O N E - T O - O N E CORRESPONDENCE W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L TAXON NAME: HERACLEUM LANATUM U S E AS F O O D : \u2022 GREENS\u2022 OR A B O V E - G R O U N D PARTS C O N S I D E R E D I N E D I B L E OR P O I S O N O U S M E D I C I N A L U S E : P O U L T I C E ( F O R B U R N S , SUNBURN, WOUNDS, I N F E C T I O N S ) BLADDER \u00a3 U R I N A R Y A I L M E N T S ROLE I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : I N V O L V E D I N A TABOO OR S U P E R S T I T I O N OTHER USES GAMES - 275 -F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : L H K ' U U * X \/ A A Y 21 PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : S A G I N A MAXIMA ( ? ) U S E AS F O O D : f GREENS * OR A B O V E - G R O U N D P A R T S * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : L H K \/ Y A A * M A A 21 PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) NAME R E F E R S T O TWO OR MORE D I S T I N C T L Y D I F F E R E N T , U N R E L A T E D P L A N T S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : N E R E O C Y S T I S L U E T K E A N A U S E I N T E C H N O L O G Y : F I B E R OR F I B R O U S T I S S U E U S E D U N M O D I F I E D I M P L E M E N T S OR C O N T A I N E R S R O L E I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : I N V O L V E D I N SOME R E L I G I O U S R I T U A L S U P E R N A T U R A L R O L E I N M Y T H O L O G Y O T H E R U S E S GAMES B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : ELYMUS M O L L I S U S E I N T E C H N O L O G Y : F I B E R OR F I B R O U S T I S S U E U S E D R O L E I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : S U P E R N A T U R A L ROLE I N MYTHOLOGY A S I N G L E O T H E R S P E C I E S I S I N C L U D E D * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : L H K \/ Y A A * M A A 21 ' B U L L K E L P 1 PART OF P L A N T : STEM* S T I P E , OR S P R O U T S O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : H E R A C L E U M LANATUM U S E AS F O O D : \u2022 G R E E N S ' OR A B O V E - G R O U N D P A R T S - 276 -C O N S I D E R E D I N E D I B L E OR P O I S O N O U S M E D I C I N A L U S E ! P O U L T I C E ( F O R B U R N S , S U N B U R N , WOUNDS, I N F E C T I O N S ) B L A D D E R \u00a3 U R I N A R Y A I L M E N T S R O L E I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : I N V O L V E D I N A T A B O O OR S U P E R S T I T I O N O T H E R U S E S GAMES *************************A********************************** F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : L H T A N A N ( N E ) PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : GYMNOCARPIUM D R Y O P T E R I S * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : L H T A * N G \/ W A A Y 21 * E A G L E - D O W N * PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) TWO OR MORE C L O S E L Y R E L A T E D S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : E R I O P H O R U M S P P . U S E AS F O O D : FOOD OF A P A R T I C U L A R A N I M A L ( A C T U A L OR B E L I E F ) U S E I N T E C H N O L O G Y : D Y E , D E C O R A T I O N , C O S M E T I C , T A T T O O I N G * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : N A 7 W - S G A A * W S I I T A A - X I L ( N E ) ' - P O T A T O L E A V E S * PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : C O N I O S E L I N U M P A C I F I C U M M E D I C I N A L U S E : L U N G A I L M E N T S ( P N E U M O N I A , T U B E R C U L O S I S ) - 277 -F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : NAA*7AA 21 PART OF P L A N T : R O O T , B U L B , OR OTHER UNDERGROUND PART O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N NAME: T R I F O L I U M W O R M S K J O L D I I U S E AS F O O D : UNDERGROUND P A R T S E A T E N FOOD OF A P A R T I C U L A R A N I M A L I A C T U A L OR B E L I E F S * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : N A A * 7 A A - L H K \/ ' A A * Y I I 2 1 - 1 2 PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : T R I F O L I U M W O R M S K J O L D I I U S E AS F O O D : UNDERGROUND P A R T S E A T E N FOOD OF A P A R T I C U L A R A N I M A L ( A C T U A L OR B E L I E F ) * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : NGAAL P A R T OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E P A R T OF P L A N T ) TWO OR MORE R E C O G N I Z A B L Y D I F F E R E N T , BUT O B V I O U S L Y S I M I L A R S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : M A C R O C Y S T I S I N T E G R I F O L I A U S E AS F O O D : C O L L E C T I O N OF H E R R I N G SPAWN P R E S E R V E D FOR W I N T E R USE R O L E I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : S U P E R N A T U R A L ROLE I N MYTHOLOGY A FEW MORE ( U P TO 3 ) I N A D D I T I O N TO T H O S E L I S T E D * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : N G A A L - G A A N D A A 121 PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) TWO OR MORE R E C O G N I Z A B L Y D I F F E R E N T , BUT O B V I O U S L Y S I M I L A R S P E C I E S - 278 -B O T A N I C A L T A X O N NAME: A L A R I A M A R G I N A T A U S E AS F O O D : C O L L E C T I O N OF H E R R I N G SPAWN P R E S E R V E D FOR W I N T E R USE B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : M A C R O C Y S T I S I N T E G R I F O L I A U S E AS F O O D : C O L L E C T I O N OF H E R R I N G SPAWN P R E S E R V E D FOR W I N T E R U S E R O L E I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : S U P E R N A T U R A L ROLE I N MYTHOLOGY S E V E R A L MORE S P E C I E S ARE I N V O L V E D t 4 TO 1 0 ) F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : N G A A L - K \/ A * W 11 ' - E G G S ' PART OF P L A N T : F R U I T , F L O W E R , C O N E , S E E D , O R F L O A T S OF A L G A E O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : M A C R O C Y S T I S I N T E G R I F O L I A U S E AS F O O D : C O L L E C T I O N OF H E R R I N G SPAWN P R E S E R V E D FOR W I N T E R U S E R O L E I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : S U P E R N A T U R A L ROLE I N MYTHOLOGY * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : S A A T - G \/ A A * N \u2014 G \/ A A 1 - 2 1 PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E P A R T OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : SEDUM D I V E R G E N S U S E AS F O O D : ' G R E E N S ' OR A B O V E - G R O U N D PARTS F L A V O U R I N G M E D I C I N A L U S E : C H I L D B I R T H \u00a3 F E M A L E D I S O R D E R S * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : S G A * W S I I T 21 \"GOOD S E E D \" PART OF P L A N T : R O O T , B U L B , OR OTHER UNDERGROUND PART L A N G U A G E OF O R I G I N : C H I N O O K - 279 -O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : U S E AS F O O D : UNDERGROUND PARTS I M P O R T E D \u00bb OR NOT U S E D SOLANUM TUBEROSUM* E A T E N L O C A L L Y OR A B O R I G I N A L L Y F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : S G I N A \u2014 W A S L H I A ( N E ) PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T f O R V I S I B L E P A R T OF P L A N T ) B O T A N I C A L C O R R E S P O N D E N C E UNKNOWN B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : UNKNOWN L I C H E N 2 U S E AS F O O D : * G R E E N S ' OR A B O V E - G R O U N D P A R T S * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : S G \/ A A * L - C H I I T ' I * S G U U 2 - 1 2 1 ' B E E ' S J A C K E T \/ C O A T * PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : MIMULUS G U T T A T U S * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : S G \/ A A * L \u2014 F L A A W E * R S G \/ A A 2 - 1 2 1 ' B E E 8 S F L O W E R S ' PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) L A N G U A G E OF O R I G I N : E N G L I S H O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : M I M U L U S G U T T A T U S * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : S G \/ A A * L H A A * N 12 PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) - 280 -O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N NAME: C H A M A E C Y P A R I S N O O T K A T E N S I S U S E I N T E C H N O L O G Y : WOOD F U E L OR T I N D E R F I B E R OR F I B R O U S T I S S U E U S E D R O L E I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : S U P E R N A T U R A L ROLE I N MYTHOLOGY N A T U R A L R O L E I N MYTHOLOGY C R E S T , T O T E M , OR DANCE SYMBOL * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : S G \/ A A * N A A - X I * L G \/ A A 2 1 - 2 1 \" K I L L E R - W H A L E L E A V E S \/ M E D I C I N E * P A R T OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T t O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : HERB GROWING UNDER SALMONBERRY I F D ) * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : S G \/ I N ( N E ) PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T t O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) TWO OR MORE C L O S E L Y R E L A T E D S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : E Q U I S E T U M A R V E N S E U S E AS F O O D : UNDERGROUND P A R T S E A T E N U S E I N T E C H N O L O G Y : U N M O D I F I E D I M P L E M E N T S OR C O N T A I N E R S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : E Q U I S E T U M T E L M A T E I A ************************************************************ F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : S G \/ 1 1 + D L E L G \/ U U 211 * R E D - O N - G R O U N D \u2022 PART OF P L A N T : F R U I T , F L O W E R , C O N E , S E E D , O R F L O A T S OF A L G A E O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : V A C C I N I U M P A R V I F O L I U M - 281 -U S E AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N U S E I N T E C H N O L O G Y : F U E L OR T I N D E R F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : S G \/ 1 1 * D L E L G \/ U U - L H K \/ ' A A * Y I I 2 1 1 - 1 2 P A R T OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I F S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : V A C C I N I U M P A R V I F O L I U M U S E AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N U S E I N T E C H N O L O G Y : F U E L OR T I N D E R * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : S G \/ I I * N A A * W 11 \u2022GREEN* PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) TWO OR MORE R E C O G N I Z A B L Y D I F F E R E N T , BUT O B V I O U S L Y S I M I L A R S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : U L V A L A C T U C A U S E AS F O O D : \u2022GREENS* OR A B O V E - G R O U N D PARTS B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : ENTEROMORPHA I N T E S T I N A L I S A FEW MORE ( U P T O 3 ) I N A D D I T I O N TO T H O S E L I S T E D * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : S G \/ I I T - G \/ A * N G - X \/ A A L 1 - 2 - 2 \u2022RED B L O S S O M S ' PART OF P L A N T : F R U I T , F L O W E R , C O N E , S E E D , O R F L O A T S OF A L G A E O R I G I N A L L Y A N A T I V E P L A N T - EXPANDED T O I M P O R T E D OR C U L T I V A T E D C O U N T E R P A R T B O T A N I C A L T A X O N NAME: ROSA NUTKANA U S E AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N \u2022 G R E E N S ' OR A B O V E - G R O U N D PARTS - 282 -M E D I C I N A L U S E : G E N E R A L T O N I C B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : ROSA ( G A R D E N ROSE ) * FOLK P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : S G \/ Y U U PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) TWO OR MORE C L O S E L Y R E L A T E D S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : PORPHYRA S P P . U S E AS F O O D : \u2022 G R E E N S ' OR A B O V E - G R O U N D P A R T S F L A V O U R I N G P R E S E R V E D FOR W I N T E R U S E R O L E I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : I N V O L V E D I N A T A B O O OR S U P E R S T I T I O N * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E S S I N ' G A M B L I N G S T I C K S ? * PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : A C E R GLABRUM U S E I N T E C H N O L O G Y : WOOD R O L E I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : N A T U R A L R O L E I N M Y T H O L O G Y O T H E R U S E S GAMES I M P O R T E D , OR NOT U S E D L O C A L L Y OR A B O R I G I N A L L Y * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : S I I G \/ A A * N 12 PART OF P L A N T : F R U I T , F L O W E R , C O N E , S E E D , O R F L O A T S OF A L G A E O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : MAIANTHEMUM D I L A T A T U M U S E AS F O O D -F R U I T S E A T E N - 2,283 -PRESERVED FOR MEDICINAL USE: POULTICE (FOR SORE EYES LAXATIVE GENERAL TONIC ROLE IN R E L I G I O N , NATURAL ROLE WINTER USE B U R N S , S U N B U R N , W O U N D S , INFECTIONS ) M Y T H O L O G Y , TRADITION: IN MYTHOLOGY FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: SIIG\/AA*N\u2014LHK\/*AA*YII 12-12 PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ONE-TO-ONE C O R R E S P O N D E N C E WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: MAIANTHEMUM DILATATUM USE AS F O O D : FRUITS EATEN P R E S E R V E D FOR WINTER USE MEDICINAL USE: POULTICE (FOR B U R N S , S U N B U R N , W O U N D S , INFECTIONS) SORE EYES LAXATIVE GENERAL TONIC ROLE IN R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , TRADITION: NATURAL ROLE IN MYTHOLOGY * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : SKY'AAW 'TAIL' PART OF P L A N T : ROOT,. B U L B , OR OTHER UNDERGROUND PART NAME REFERS TO TWO OR MORE DISTINCTLY D I F F E R E N T , UNRELATED PLANT SPECIES BOTANICAL T A X O N NAME:' DRYOPTERIS F I L I X - M A S USE AS F O O D : U N D E R G R O U N D PARTS EATEN USE IN T E C H N O L O G Y : D Y E , D E C O R A T I O N , C O S M E T I C , TATTOOING BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: ACHILLEA MILLEFOLIUM USE AS FOOD: FLAVOURING USE IN T E C H N O L O G Y : U N M O D I F I E D IMPLEMENTS OR CONTAINERS MEDICINAL USE: - 2,284 -POULTICE (FOR B U R N S , S U N B U R N , W O U N D S , INFECTIONS) M E D I C I N E , BUT UNSPECIFIED A FEW MORE (UP TO 3) IN ADDITION TO THOSE LISTED * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: SK\u2022AA*GII-CHAA*Y 11-2 * DOG-SALMON E G G S ' PART OF PLANT: F R U I T , FLOWER,CONE,SEED,OR FLOATS OF ALGAE ONE-TO-ONE C O R R E S P O N D E N C E WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: VACCINIUM V I T I S - I D A E A USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN PRESERVED FOR WINTER USE * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : S K ' A A * G I I - C H A A * Y - L H K \/ \u2022 A A * Y I I 1 1 - 2 - 1 2 PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT! ONE-TO-ONE C O R R E S P O N D E N C E WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: VACCINIUM VITIS-IDAEA USE AS F O O D : FRUITS EATEN P R E S E R V E D FOR WINTER USE * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: SK*AA*X\/AAY 21 PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) NAME R E F E R S TO TWO OR MORE DISTINCTLY D I F F E R E N T , UNRELATED PLANT SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: UNIDENTIFIED WOODLAND PLANT (BP) BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: MAIANTHEMUM DILATATUM USE AS F O O D : F R U I T S EATEN P R E S E R V E D FOR WINTER USE MEDICINAL USE: POULTICE (FOR B U R N S , S U N B U R N , W O U N D S , INFECTIONS ) - 2,285 -SORE EYES LAXATIVE GENERAL TONIC ROLE IN R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , TRADITION: NATURAL ROLE IN MYTHOLOGY * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: SK'IT PART OF PLANT: LEAVES ONE-TO-ONE C O R R E S P O N D E N C E WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: GAULTHERIA SHALLON USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN P R E S E R V E D FOR WINTER USE USE IN T E C H N O L O G Y : D Y E , D E C O R A T I O N , C O S M E T I C , TATTOOING * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : SK\u00abI*T-G\/AAN 2-1 PART OF P L A N T : F R U I T , FLOWER,CONE,SEED,OR FLOATS OF ALGAE ONE-TO-ONE C O R R E S P O N D E N C E WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: GAULTHERIA SHALLON USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN PRESERVED FOR WINTER USE USE IN T E C H N O L O G Y : D Y E , D E C O R A T I O N , C O S M E T I C , TATTOOING * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : SK\u2022I*T-G\/AAN-XI*L 2-1-1 PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ONE-TO-ONE C O R R E S P O N D E N C E WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: GAULTHERIA SHALLON USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN PRESERVED FOR WINTER USE USE IN T E C H N O L O G Y : - 2,286 -D Y E , D E C O R A T I O N , C O S M E T I C , TATTOOING ************************************************************ FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: SK\/I*L-TA*W 21 'BLACK-COD G R E A S E 9 PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANTTOR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: CALYPSO BULBOSA USE AS F O O D : U N D E R G R O U N D PARTS EATEN MEDICINAL USE: GENERAL TONIC ROLE IN R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , TRADITION: LOVE CHARM ' 1 . ( ***************** ******************************************* FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : SK\/\u2022A*W-G\/AAN 2-1 'THORN B E R R Y ' PART OF PLANT: F R U I T , F L O W E R , C O N E , S E E D , O R FLOATS OF ALGAE ONE-TO-ONE C O R R E S P O N D E N C E WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: RUBUS SPECTABILIS USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN \u2022GREENS* OR A B O V E - G R O U N D PARTS USE IN T E C H N O L O G Y : B E D D I N G , S T U F F I N G , B A N D A G I N G , TOWELLING U N M O D I F I E D IMPLEMENTS OR CONTAINERS MEDICINAL USE: C A S T S , S P L I N T S , POUTICE COVERINGS ROLE IN R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , TRADITION: INVOLVED IN SOME RELIGIOUS RITUAL ROLE IN MYTHS AS A 'HUMANIZED* FIGURE NATURAL ROLE IN MYTHOLOGY C R E S T , T O T E M , OR DANCE SYMBOL OTHER USES HAIR TONIC * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : SK\/\u2022A*W-G\/AAN-LHK\/\u2022AA*YII PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ONE-TO-ONE C O R R E S P O N D E N C E WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES - 2,287 -B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : R U B U S S P E C T A B I L I S USE AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N \u2022 G R E E N S ' OR A B O V E - G R O U N D P A R T S U S E IN T E C H N O L O G Y : B E D D I N G , S T U F F I N G , B A N D A G I N G , T O W E L L I N G U N M O D I F I E D I M P L E M E N T S OR C O N T A I N E R S M E D I C I N A L U S E : C A S T S , S P L I N T S , POUT ICE C O V E R I N G S ROLE IN R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : I N V O L V E D IN SOME R E L I G I O U S R I T U A L ROLE IN M Y T H S AS A ' H U M A N I Z E D ' F I G U R E N A T U R A L ROLE IN M Y T H O L O G Y C R E S T , T O T E M , OR D A N C E S Y M B O L O T H E R U S E S H A I R T O N I C * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : S K \/ \u2022 A A * W - G \/ A A N - G I I * T G \/ I I 2 2 - 2 1 \u2022 S A L M O N B E R R Y BABY* P A R T OF P L A N T : F R U I T , F L O W E R , C O N E , S E E D , O R F L O A T S OF A L G A E O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : V A C C I N I U M U L I G I N O S U M USE AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : S N A * N J A N G 21 P A R T OF P L A N T : R O O T , B U L B , OR O T H E R U N D E R G R O U N D P A R T T W O OR M O R E R E C O G N I Z A B L Y D I F F E R E N T , BUT O B V I O U S L Y S I M I L A R S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E ? D R Y O P T E R I S A U S T R I A C A USE AS F O O D : U N D E R G R O U N D P A R T S EATEN ROLE IN R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : ROLE IN M Y T H S A S A ' H U M A N I Z E D ' F I G U R E B O T A N I C A L T A X O N NAME: P O L Y S T I C H U M M U N I T U M U S E AS F O t i D : U N D E R G R O U N D P A R T S E A T E N M E D I C I N A L U S E : P O U L T I C E (FOR B U R N S , S U N B U R N , W O U N D S , I N F E C T I O N S ) - 288 ROLE IN R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : ROLE IN MYTHS AS A 'HUMANIZED* FIGURE A SINGLE OTHER S P E C I E S IS INCLUDED ************************************************************ FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : S N A * N J A N G - X I L 21-1 PART OF PLANT: L E A V E S O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E WITH A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L TAXON N A M E : PTERIDIUM A Q U I L I N U M USE AS F O O D : U N D E R G R O U N D PARTS EATEN * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : STAA*Y-XIL (NE) PART OF-PLANTS WHOLE P L A N T T O R VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E WITH A BOTANICAL S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L TAXON NAMES SAMBUCUS R A C E M O S A U S E AS F O O D : F R U I T S EATEN U S E IN T E C H N O L O G Y : C E M E N T , B I N D I N G S U B S T A N C E M E D I C I N A L USE: L A X A T I V E C H I L D B I R T H \u00a3 FEMALE D I S O R D E R S ROLE IN R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : C E R E M O N I A L P U R I F I E R - F O R O B T A I N I N G S U P E R N A T U R A L POWER N A T U R A L ROLE IN M Y T H O L O G Y C R E S T , T O T E M , OR DANCE SYMBOL * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : S T A A * Y T - L H K \/ * A A * Y I I ? PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R VISIBLE PART OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E WITH A BOTANICAL S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L TAXON N A M E : SAMBUCUS RACEMOSA USE AS F O O D : F R U I T S EATEN USE IN T E C H N O L O G Y S - 2,289 -C E M E N T , B I N D I N G S U B S T A N C E M E D I C I N A L U S E : L A X A T I V E C H I L D B I R T H \u00a3 F E M A L E D I S O R D E R S R O L E I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : C E R E M O N I A L P U R I F I E R - F O R O B T A I N I N G S U P E R N A T U R A L POWER N A T U R A L ROLE I N MYTHOLOGY C R E S T , T O T E M , OR DANCE SYMBOL F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : S T \u00ab A W G \/ A A * N - G \/ A A 121 \u2022 W I T C H \/ S C R E E C H - O W L B E R R I E S ' PART OF P L A N T : F R U I T , F L O W E R , C O N E , S E E D , O R F L O A T S OF A L G A E TWO OR MORE C L O S E L Y R E L A T E D S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : S T R E P T O P U S A M P L E X I F O L I U S M E D I C I N A L U S E : P O U L T I C E ( F O R B U R N S , S U N B U R N , WOUNOS, I N F E C T I O N S ) R O L E I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : I N V O L V E D I N A T A B O O OR S U P E R S T I T I O N B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : S T R E P T O P U S R O S E U S S S P . C U R V I P E S * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : S t \u00bb A W G \/ A A * N - G \/ A A - L H K \/ \u2022 A A * Y I I 121-12 P A R T OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) TWO OR MORE C L O S E L Y R E L A T E D S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N NAME: S T R E P T O P U S A M P L E X I F O L I U S M E D I C I N A L U S E : P O U L T I C E ( F O R B U R N S , S U N B U R N , WOUNDS, I N F E C T I O N S ) R O L E I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : I N V O L V E D I N A TABOO OR S U P E R S T I T I O N B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : S T R E P T O P U S ROSEUS S S P . C U R V I P E S F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : S T L E L G U U - X I * L G \/ A A 21-21 *LAND O T T E R L E A V E S ' PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S - 2,290 -BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: APARGIDIUM BOREALE S************************************^^*^ FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: TANU-SKUNLWA ? (NE) PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: CARDAMINE ANGULATA ? (MFNYANTHES?) MEDICINAL USE: POULTICE (FOR B U R N S , S U N B U R N , W O U N D S , INFECTIONS) C O L D S , SORE T H R O A T S , WHOOPING C O U G H , F L U , \u00a3 FEVERS HEART TROUBLES EMETIC ROLE IN R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , TRADITION: CEREMONIAL PURIFIER-FOR OBTAINING SUPERNATURAL POWER * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: TAAG\/AA*N-SKY\u00abAAW 22-1 1 BEAR-TAIL * PART OF PLANT: ROOT,- B U L B , OR OTHER UNDERGROUND PART NAME REFERS TO TWO OR MORE DISTINCTLY D I F F E R E N T , UNRELATED PLANT SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: PTERIDIUM AQUILINUM USE AS F O O D : U N D E R G R O U N D PARTS EATEN BOTANICAL TAXON NAMES LUPINUS LITTORALIS USE AS F O O D : U N D E R G R O U N D PARTS EATEN P R E S E R V E D FOR WINTER USE ROLE IN R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , TRADITION: NATURAL ROLE IN MYTHOLOGY A SINGLE OTHER SPECIES IS INCLUDED * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : TAAG\/AA*NSGII 121 PART OF PLANT: R O O T , B U L B , OR OTHER UNDERGROUND PART TWO OR MORE CLOSELY RELATED SPECIES B O T A N I C A L TAXON NAME: LUPINUS LITTORAL IS - 2,91 -USE AS F O O D : U N D E R G R O U N D PARTS EATEN P R E S E R V E D FOR W I N T E R USE ROLE IN R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : N A T U R A L ROLE IN MYTHOLOGY B O T A N I C A L TAXON N A M E : LUPINUS N O O T K A T E N S I S USE AS F O O D : U N D E R G R O U N D PARTS EATEN P R E S E R V E D FOR WINTER USE * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : T A A N - G \/ A A * N - G \/ A A 2-21. 'BLACK-BEAR B E R R I E S ' PART OF P L A N T : F R U I T , F L O W E R , C O N E , S E E D , O R F L O A T S OF ALGAE O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E WITH A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : G A U L T H E R I A SHALLON USE AS F O O D : F R U I T S EATEN P R E S E R V E D FOR WINTER USE USE IN T E C H N O L O G Y : D Y E , D E C O R A T I O N , C O S M E T I C , T A T T O O I N G FOLK P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : T'AL PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE PLANTTOR VISIBLE PART OF P L A N T ) TWO OR MORE R E C O G N I Z A B L Y D I F F E R E N T , BUT O B V I O U S L Y SIMILAR SPECIES B O T A N I C A L TAXON N A M E : FUCUS S P P . USE AS F O O D : \u2022 G R E E N S ' OR A B O V E - G R O U N D PARTS M E D I C I N A L U S E : SORE EYES C H I L D B I R T H \u00a3 FEMALE D I S O R D E R S S E V E R A L MORE S P E C I E S ARE INVOLVED!4 TO 10) * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : T'AL-K\/A*W 11 OR -X\/A*W ' - E G G S ' PART OF P L A N T : F R U I T , F L O W E R , C O N E , S E E D , O R FLOATS OF ALGAE - 2,292 -ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: FUCUS S P P . USE AS FOOD: \u2022GREENS' OR ABOVE-GROUND PARTS MEDICINAL US E: SORE EYES CHILDBIRTH \u00a3 FEMALE DISORDERS * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: T\u2022A*MDELAA-K\/\u00abAN 211-I 'FINE GRASS* PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANTTOR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) TWO OR MORE RECOGNIZABLY D I F F E R E N T , BUT OBVIOUSLY SIMILAR SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: AMMOPHILA ARENARIA* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : T*A*MJA ? 'SOFT\/FINE* PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANTTOR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) TWO OR MORE CLOSELY RELATED SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: ERIOPHORUM S P P . USE AS FOOD: FOOD OF A PARTICULAR ANIMAL (ACTUAL OR BELIEF) USE IN T E C H N O L O G Y : D Y E , D E C O R A T I O N , C O S M E T I C , TATTOOING * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : T*AANUU* 12 *=SALT WATER* PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE PLANTTOR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) TWO OR MORE CLOSELY RELATED SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: ZOSTERA MARINA USE AS FOOD: COLLECTION OF HERRING SPAWN MEDICINAL USE: ULCERS & STOMACH TROUBLES CHILDBIRTH \u00a3 FEMALE DISORDERS - 2,293 -ROLE I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : I N V O L V E D I N A TABOO OR S U P E R S T I T I O N B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : P H Y L L O S P A D I X S C O U L E R I A S I N G L E O T H E R S P E C I E S I S I N C L U D E D * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : T ' A A S K ' A A T ' U U * G A 1121 PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T t O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) TWO OR MORE R E C O G N I Z A B L Y D I F F E R E N T , BUT O B V I O U S L Y S I M I L A R S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : H A L O S A C C I O N G L A N D U L I F O R M E O T H E R U S E S C H I L D R E N ' S GAMES OR T O Y S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : L E A T H E S I A D I F F O R M I S O T H E R U S E S C H I L D R E N ' S GAMES OR T O Y S * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : T ' 1 1 * S \u2014 G \/ U U S K * A A * L H A A * N 2 - 1 1 2 ' P U T I N A C O N T A I N E R ON ROCK* PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T t O R V I S I B L E P A R T OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : P O T E N T I L L A V I L L O S A * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : T L E * G A A Y 2 1 ' F I S H - L I N E ' PART OF P L A N T : S T E M , S T I P E , OR S P R O U T S O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N NAME: N E R E O C Y S T I S L U E T K E A N A U S E I N T E C H N O L O G Y : F I B E R OR F I B R O U S T I S S U E U S E D U N M O D I F I E D I M P L E M E N T S OR C O N T A I N E R S R O L E I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : I N V O L V E D I N SOME R E L I G I O U S R I T U A L S U P E R N A T U R A L R O L E I N MYTHOLOGY - 2,294 -OTHER USES GAMES FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: TLEL-G\/AA*N-G\/AA 1-21 PART OF PLANT: F R U I T , F L O W E R , C O N E , S E E D , O R FLOATS OF ALGAE ONE-TO-ONE C O R R E S P O N D E N C E WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: A R C T O S T A P H Y L O S UVA-URSI USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN CHEWING OR SMOKING MEDICINAL USE: BLADDER \u00a3 URINARY AILMENTS * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: T L E L - G \/ A A * N - G \/ A A - L H K \/ * A A * Y I I 1 - 2 1 - 1 2 PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANTFOR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ONE-TO-ONE C O R R E S P O N D E N C E WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: A R C T O S T A P H Y L O S UVA-URSI USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN CHEWING OR SMOKING MEDICINAL USE: BLADDER \u00a3 URINARY AILMENTS * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : T L E * L G A A - G \/ A A * N - G \/ A A 11-21 \u2022GROUND\/EARTH BERRIES* PART OF PLANT: F R U I T , F L O W E R , C O N E , S E E D , O R FLOATS OF ALGAE NAME REFERS TO T W O OR MORE DISTINCTLY D I F F E R E N T , UNRELATED PLANT SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: RUBUS PEDATUS USE AS F O O D : FRUITS EATEN BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: VACCINIUM V I T I S - I D A E A - 295 USE AS F O O D : FRUITS EATEN P R E S E R V E D FOR W I N T E R USE A SINGLE OTHER S P E C I E S IS INCLUDED FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : T L E * L G A A - G \/ A A * N - G \/ A A - L H K \/ \u2022 A A * Y I I - 1 2 PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T T O R VISIBLE PART OF PLANT I NAME R E F E R S TO TWO OR MORE D I S T I N C T L Y D I F F E R E N T , U N R E L A T E D PLANT S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L TAXON N A M E : RUBUS P E D A T U S USE AS F O O D : F R U I T S EATEN B O T A N I C A L TAXON N A M E : V A C C I N I U M V I T I S - I D A E A USE AS F O O D : F R U I T S EATEN P R E S E R V E D FOR W I N T E R USE A SINGLE OTHER S P E C I E S IS INCLUDED * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE:' T L E * L G A A - G \/ A A * N - G \/ A A - X I * L \u2022 G R O U N D \/ E A R T H BERRY L E A V E S \u2022 PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R VISIBLE PART OF P L A N T ) NAME R E F E R S TO TWO OR MORE D I S T I N C T L Y D I F F E R E N T , U N R E L A T E D PLANT S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L TAXON N A M E : RUBUS PEDATUS USE AS F O O D : F R U I T S EATEN B O T A N I C A L TAXON N A M E : V A C C I N I U M V I T I S - I D A E A USE AS F O O D : F R U I T S EATEN P R E S E R V E D FOR W I N T E R USE A FEW MORE {UP TO 3) IN A D D I T I O N TO T H O S E L I S T E D * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATES TLELGAA\u2014SK\/* A W - G \/ A A * N - G \/ A A 1 1 - 2 - 2 1 - 2,296 -\u2022GROUND\/EARTH S A L M O N B E R R I E S \u2022 PART OF PLANT: F R U I T , F L O W E R , C O N E , S E E D , O R FLOATS OF ALGAE ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: RUBUS URSINUS USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN I M P O R T E D , OR NOT USED LOCALLY OR ABORIGINALLY FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: T L E L G \/ A A - X I * L G \/ A A 11-21 'EARTH L E A V E S ' PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANTIOR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) TWO OR MORE R E C O G N I Z A B L Y D I F F E R E N T , BUT OBVIOUSLY SIMILAR SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: LINNAEA BOREALIS A FEW MORE (UP TO 3) IN ADDITION TO THOSE LISTED * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : T L I I K I I L - K \/ A T S (BO) PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) TWO OR MORE R E C O G N I Z A B L Y D I F F E R E N T , BUT O B V I O U S L Y SIMILAR SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: ULVA LACTUCA USE AS F O O D : \u2022 G R E E N S ' OR A B O V E - G R O U N D PARTS * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: TL\u2022AAL ? (BO) PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) LANGUAGE OF ORIGIN: T L I N G I T ( A L A S K A ) ONE-TO-ONE C O R R E S P O N D E N C E WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: POPULUS TRICHOCARPA - 2,297 -FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: TL'AA*NK\/'UU*S 11 PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT{OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT} ORIGINALLY A NATIVE PLANT - EXPANDED TO IMPORTED OR CULTIVATED COUNTERPART BOTANI CAL TAXON NAME: RUMEX OCCI DENTAL IS USE AS FOOD: \u2022GREENS' OR A B O V E - G R O U N D PARTS MEDICINAL USE: POULTICE (FOR B U R N S , S U N B U R N , W O U N D S , INFECTIONS) BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: RHEUM (GARDEN RHUBARB)* USE AS FOOD: \u2022 G R E E N S ' OR A B O V E - G R O U N D PARTS I M P O R T E D , OR NOT USED LOCALLY OR A B O R I G I N A L L Y A SINGLE OTHER SPECIES IS INCLUDED * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : T L ' A A * N K \/ * U U S - X I * L 11-2 PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ONE-TO-ONE C O R R E S P O N D E N C E WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL T A X O N NAME: RUMEX O C C I D E N T A L S USE AS FOOD: ' G R E E N S ' OR A B O V E - G R O U N D PARTS MEDICINAL USE: POULTICE (FOR B U R N S , S U N B U R N , W O U N D S , INFECTIONS) * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: TL\u2022E*L7AAL 21 (TL'ELLAAL 21) PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ONE-TO-ONE C O R R E S P O N D E N C E WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: EPILOBIUM ANGUSTIFOLIUM USE AS FOOD: U N D E R G R O U N D PARTS EATEN ' G R E E N S ' OR A B O V E - G R O U N D PARTS USE IN T E C H N O L O G Y : FIBER OR FIBROUS TISSUE USED MEDICINAL USE: LAXATIVE GENERAL TONIC - 2,298 -FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: TS'ALH (TS'AALH) PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ONE-TO-ONE C O R R E S P O N D E N C E WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: PINUS CONTORTA MEDICINAL USE: POULTICE (FOR B U R N S , S U N B U R N , W O U N D S , I N F E C T I O N S ) C A S T S , S P L I N T S , POUTICE COVERINGS C O L D S , SORE T H R O A T S , WHOOPING C O U G H , F L U , & FEVERS LUNG AILMENTS ( P N E U M O N I A , T U B E R C U L O S I S ) HEART TROUBLES * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : TS * ALH-K\/\u2022AL PART OF PLANT: BARK ONE-TO-ONE C O R R E S P O N D E N C E WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON N A M E : PINUS CONTORTA MEDICINAL USE: POULTICE (FOR B U R N S , S U N B U R N , W O U N D S , INFECTIONS) C A S T S , S P L I N T S , POUTICE COVERINGS C O L D S , SORE T H R O A T S , WHOOPING C O U G H , F L U , & F E V E R S LUNG AILMENTS { P N E U M O N I A , T U B E R C U L O S I S ) HEART TROUBLES * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : TS'AA*GWEL 21 PART OF PLANT: LEAVES TWO OR MORE RECOGNIZABLY D I F F E R E N T , BUT OBVIOUSLY SIMILAR SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: DRYOPTERIS AUSTRIACA USE AS F O O D : U N D E R G R O U N D PARTS EATEN ROLE IN R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , TRADITION: ROLE IN MYTHS AS A \u2022HUMANIZED* FIGURE BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: POLYSTICHUM MUNITUM - 2,299 -U S E AS F O O D : UNDERGROUND P A R T S E A T E N M E D I C I N A L U S E : P O U L T I C E ( F O R B U R N S , S U N B U R N , WOUNDS, I N F E C T I O N S ) R O L E I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : R O L E I N MYTHS AS A ' H U M A N I Z E D ' F I G U R E S E V E R A L MORE S P E C I E S ARE I N V O L V E D ( 4 TO 1 0 ) * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : T S ' A A L H - T ' A * W - T \u2022 1 1 S 121 ' I T S T I C K S T O YOU* PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T t O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) TWO OR MORE C L O S E L Y R E L A T E D S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : G A L I U M A P A R I N E R O L E I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : 1 L U C K OR P R O T E C T I V E CHARM B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : G A L I U M T R I F L O R U M * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : T S * A A * 7 A A L H ? ( N E ) P A R T OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T t O R V I S I B L E P A R T OF P L A N T ) L A N G U A G E OF O R I G I N : T L I N G I K A L A S K A ) TWO OR MORE C L O S E L Y R E L A T E D S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N NAMES' S A L I X S P P . U S E I N T E C H N O L O G Y s WOOD D Y E , D E C O R A T I O N , C O S M E T I C , T A T T O O I N G M E D I C I N A L USES U S E D I N S T E A M - B A T H OR S W E A T - H O U S E * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E S T S * I I K ' A * P 12 PART OF P L A N T S F R U I T , F L O W E R * C O N E , S E E D , O R F L O A T S OF A L G A E O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N NAMES CORNUS U N A L A S C H K E N S I S \/ C A N A D E N S I S U S E AS F O O D : - 2,300 -FRUITS EATEN PRESERVED FOR WINTER USE FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: TS\u00bb11*LHENJAAW 211 PART OF PLANT: S T E M , S T I P E , OR SPROUTS ONE-TO-ONE C O R R E S P O N D E N C E WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: OPLOPANAX HORRIDUM USE AS FOOD: C O N S I D E R E D INEDIBLE OR POISONOUS USE IN T E C H N O L O G Y : U N M O D I F I E D IMPLEMENTS OR CONTAINERS MEDICINAL USE: C O L D S , S O R E : T H R O A T S , WHOOPING C O U G H , F L U , \u00a3 FEVERS LUNG AILMENTS ( P N E U M O N I A , TUBERCULOSIS? LAXATIVE R H E U M A T I S M , A R T H R I T I S , MUSCULAR D I S O R D E R S , P A R A L Y S I S ROLE IN R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , TRADITION: CEREMONIAL P U R I F I E R - F O R OBTAINING SUPERNATURAL POWER INVOLVED IN SOME RELIGIOUS RITUAL LUCK OR PROTECTIVE CHARM SUPERNATURAL ROLE IN MYTHOLOGY C R E S T , T O T E M , OR DANCE SYMBOL OTHER USES HAIR TONIC * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: TS* 11*LHENJAAW-XIL 211-1 PART OF P L A N T : LEAVES ONE-TO-ONE C O R R E S P O N D E N C E WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: OPLOPANAX HORRIDUM USE AS FOOD: C O N S I D E R E D INEDIBLE OR POISONOUS USE IN T E C H N O L O G Y : U N M O D I F I E D IMPLEMENTS OR CONTAINERS MEDICINAL USE: C O L D S , SORE T H R O A T S , WHOOPING C O U G H , F L U , \u00a3 FEVERS LUNG AILMENTS ( P N E U M O N I A , T U B E R C U L O S I S ) LAXATIVE R H E U M A T I S M , A R T H R I T I S , MUSCULAR D I S O R D E R S , PARALYSIS ROLE IN R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , TRADITION: CEREMONIAL PURIFIER-FOR OBTAINING SUPERNATURAL POWER - 2,301 -INVOLVED IN SOME R E L I G I O U S RITUAL LUCK OR P R O T E C T I V E CHARM S U P E R N A T U R A L ROLE IN M Y T H O L O G Y C R E S T , T O T E M , OR DANCE SYMBOL OTHER USES HAIR T O N I C FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : T S ' T I * T S \u00ab I I PART OF P L A N T : R O O T , B U L B , OR OTHER U N D E R G R O U N D PART O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E WITH A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L TAXON N A M E : USE AS F O O D : U N D E R G R O U N D PARTS I M P O R T E D , OR NOT USED DAUCUS C A R O T A * EATEN LOCALLY OR A B O R I G I N A L L Y * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : T S * I I * X A L 21 (SPROUTS) PART OF P L A N T : S T E M , S T I P E , OR S P R O U T S O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : RUBUS S P E C T A B I L I S USE AS F O O D : F R U I T S EATEN ' G R E E N S ' OR A B O V E - G R O U N D P A R T S USE IN T E C H N O L O G Y : B E D D I N G , S T U F F I N G , B A N D A G I N G , T O W E L L I N G U N M O D I F I E D I M P L E M E N T S OR C O N T A I N E R S M E D I C I N A L U S E : C A S T S , S P L I N T S , POUTICE C O V E R I N G S ROLE IN R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : I N V O L V E D IN SOME R E L I G I O U S RITUAL ROLE IN MYTHS AS A ' H U M A N I Z E D 1 FIGURE N A T U R A L ROLE IN M Y T H O L O G Y C R E S T , T O T E M , OR DANCE SYMBOL OTHER USES HAIR T O N I C * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : T S ' I I 7 A A * L 12 - 2,302 -PART OF P L A N T : ROOT, ' B U L B , OR OTHER UNDERGROUND PART O N E - T O - O N E CORRESPONDENCE W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N NAME: P O T E N T I L L A P A C I F I C A USE AS F O O D : UNDERGROUND PARTS E A T E N FOOD OF A P A R T I C U L A R ANIMAL ( A C T U A L OR B E L I E F ) M E D I C I N A L U S E : L A X A T I V E M E D I C I N E , BUT U N S P E C I F I E D ROLE I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : NATURAL ROLE I N MYTHOLOGY F O L K PLANT S E G R E G A T E : T S ' I I 7 A A * L - X I L 1 2 - 1 PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E CORRESPONDENCE W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N NAME: POTENT I L L A P A C I F I C A USE AS F O O D : UNDERGROUND PARTS E A T E N FOOD OF A P A R T I C U L A R A N I M A L ( A C T U A L OR B E L I E F ) M E D I C I N A L U S E : i L A X A T I V E M E D I C I N E , BUT U N S P E C I F I E D ROLE I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : N A T U R A L ROLE I N MYTHOLOGY * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : T S ' U U PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E CORRESPONDENCE W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L TAXON NAME: T H U J A P L I C A T A USE I N T E C H N O L O G Y : WOOD F U E L OR T I N D E R D Y E , D E C O R A T I O N , C O S M E T I C , T A T T O O I N G F I B E R OR F I B R O U S T I S S U E USED L I N I N G S , C O V E R I N G S , STEAM G E N E R A T I O N B E D O I N G , S T U F F I N G , B A N D A G I N G , T O W E L L I N G M E D I C I N A L U S E : C A S T S , S P L I N T S , P O U T I C E C O V E R I N G S - 2,303 -C A U T E R I Z I N G ROLE IN R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : I N V O L V E D IN S O M E R E L I G I O U S RITUAL ROLE IN M Y T H S AS A ' H U M A N I Z E D ' F I G U R E S U P E R N A T U R A L ROLE IN M Y T H O L O G Y N A T U R A L ROLE IN M Y T H O L O G Y C R E S T , T O T E M , OR D A N C E S Y M B O L FOLK P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : T S ' U U - G I I * T G \/ 1 1 2 - 2 1 \" C E D A R - B A B Y * PART OF P L A N T : Y O U N G I N D I V I D U A L T W O OR M O R E R E C O G N I Z A B L Y D I F F E R E N T , BUT O B V I O U S L Y S I M I L A R S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : C H A M A E C Y P A R I S N O O T K A T E N S I S USE IN T E C H N O L O G Y : W O O D FUEL OR T I N D E R F I B E R OR F I B R O U S T I S S U E U S E D ROLE IN R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N S S U P E R N A T U R A L ROLE IN M Y T H O L O G Y N A T U R A L ROLE IN M Y T H O L O G Y C R E S T , T O T E M , OR D A N C E S Y M B O L B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : THUJA P L I C A T A USE IN T E C H N O L O G Y : W O O D FUEL OR T I N D E R D Y E , D E C O R A T I O N , C O S M E T I C , T A T T O O I N G F I B E R OR F I B R O U S T I S S U E U S E D L I N I N G S , C O V E R I N G S , S T E A M G E N E R A T I O N B E D D I N G , S T U F F I N G , B A N D A G I N G , T O W E L L I N G M E D I C I N A L U S E : C A S T S , S P L I N T S , P O U T I C E C O V E R I N G S C A U T E R I Z I N G ROLE IN R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , TRADITION: I N V O L V E D IN SOME R E L I G I O U S R I T U A L R O L E IN M Y T H S AS A ' H U MANIZED* F I G U R E S U P E R N A T U R A L ROLE IN M Y T H O L O G Y N A T U R A L ROLE IN M Y T H O L O G Y C R E S T , T O T E M , OR D A N C E S Y M B O L * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : T S \u00ab U U - L E E * Y S G \/ A A 1 - 2 1 * C E D A R - L A C E 8 PART OF P L A N T : W H O L E P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) - 2,304 -LANGUAGE OF ORIGIN: ENGLISH T W O OR MORE CLOSELY RELATED SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME:' CETRARIA GLAUCA MEDICINAL USE: C H I L D B I R T H \u00a3 FEMALE DISORDERS U N S P E C I F I E D INTERNAL COMPLAINTS ( E . G . CANCER) SEVERAL MORE S P E C I E S ARE I N V O L V E D U TO 10) FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : T S \u2022 U U - L E E * Y S G \/ A A - G I I * X I I D A A 1-21-211 \u2022CEDAR-BARK LACE * PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) LANGUAGE OF ORIGIN: ENGLISH TWO OR MORE CLOSELY RELATED SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: CETRARIA GLAUCA MEDICINAL USE: C H I L D B I R T H \u00a3 FEMALE DISORDERS U N S P E C I F I E D INTERNAL COMPLAINTS ( E . G . CANCER) SEVERAL MORE SPECIES ARE INV0LVED(4 TO 10) * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : TS'UU-TLAAS 21 PART OF PLANT: BRANCH ONE-TO-ONE C O R R E S P O N D E N C E WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: THUJA PLICATA USE IN T E C H N O L O G Y : WOOD FUEL OR TINDER D Y E , D E C O R A T I O N , C O S M E T I C , TATTOOING FIBER OR F I B R O U S TISSUE USED L I N I N G S , C O V E R I N G S , STEAM GENERATION B E D D I N G , S T U F F I N G , B A N D A G I N G , T O W E L L I N G MEDICINAL USE: C A S T S , S P L I N T S , POUTICE COVERINGS C A U T E R I Z I N G ROLE IN R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : INVOLVED IN SOME RELIGIOUS RITUAL ROLE IN MYTHS AS A \u2022HUMANIZED* FIGURE SUPERNATURAL ROLE IN MYTHOLOGY NATURAL ROLE IN MYTHOLOGY - 2,305 -C R E S T , T O T E M , OR DANCE SYMBOL ******************************** *********** FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: XANG-ST'ALA 'SNAIL FACE\u2022 ? (SW) PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ONE-TO-ONE C O R R E S P O N D E N C E WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: 7SAXIFRAGA S P . MEDICINAL USE: M E D I C I N E , BUT U N S P E C I F I E D FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : XI PART OF PLANT: C A M B I U M TWO OR MORE RECOGNIZABLY D I F F E R E N T , BUT OBVIOUSLY SIMILAR SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: PICEA SITCHENSIS USE AS FOOD: CAMBIUM CHEWING OR SMOKING PRESERVED FOR WINTER USE USE IN T E C H N O L O G Y : WOOD 1 FUEL OR TINDER FIBER OR FIBROUS TISSUE USED MEDICINAL USE: POULTICE (FOR B U R N S , S U N B U R N , W O U N D S , INFECTIONS) C H I L D B I R T H \u00a3 FEMALE DISORDERS ROLE IN R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : SUPERNATURAL ROLE IN MYTHOLOGY , NATURAL ROLE IN MYTHOLOGY LOVE CHARM BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: TSUGA H E T E R O P H Y L L A 1 USE AS FOOD: CAMBIUM C O L L E C T I O N OF HERRING SPAWN P R E S E R V E D FOR WINTER USE USE IN T E C H N O L O G Y : WOOD B E D D I N G , S T U F F I N G , B A N D A G I N G , TOWELLING MEDICINAL USE: POULTICE (FOR B U R N S , S U N B U R N , W O U N D S , INFECTIONS) - 2,306 -CHILDBIRTH \u00a3 FEMALE DISORDERS ROLE IN R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , TRADITION: LUCK OR PROTECTIVE CHARM SUPERNATURAL ROLE IN MYTHOLOGY NATURAL ROLE IN MYTHOLOGY C R E S T , T O T E M , OR DANCE SYMBOL A SINGLE OTHER SPECIES IS INCLUDED FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: X I L - G A A * Y D L E L G I N G 1-211 (XIILA-12-) \u00ab FLOATING MEDICINE\/LEAVES* PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANTTOR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ONE-TO-ONE C O R R E S P O N D E N C E WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: NUPHAR LUTEUM S S P . POLYSEPALUM MEDICINAL USE: C O L D S , SORE T H R O A T S , WHOOPING C O U G H , F L U , \u00a3 FEVERS LUNG AILMENTS ( P N E U M O N I A , T U B E R C U L O S I S ) HEART T R O U B L E S ULCERS \u00a3 STOMACH TROUBLES U N S P E C I F I E D INTERNAL COMPLAINTS (E.G. CANCER) R H E U M A T I S M , A R T H R I T I S , MUSCULAR D I S O R D E R S , PARALYSIS ROLE IN R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : LUCK OR PROTECTIVE CHARM INVOLVED IN A TABOO OR SUPERSTITION C R E S T , T O T E M , OR DANCE SYMBOL * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : XIL-K\/WII*7AAWAA 2-211 \"CUMULUS CLOUD MEDICINE\/LEAVES* PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANTTOR VISIBLE PART OF PLANTS T W O OR MORE RECOGNIZABLY D I F F E R E N T , BUT OBVIOUSLY SIMILAR SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: PELTIGERA CANINA MEDICINAL USE: M E D I C I N E , BUT U N S P E C I F I E D BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: PELTIGERA APHTHOSA AN SEVERAL MORE SPECIES ARE INV0LVED(4 TO 10) - 2,307 -FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: XIL-LHXI*DA (NE ) * LEAVES\u2014* PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ONE-TO-ONE C O R R E S P O N D E N C E WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: ASPLENIUM TRICHOMANES * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: XIL-SGU*N-XUL 2 - 2 - 1 (\u2014XUULAA 11) \u2022GOOD-SMELLING LEAVES* PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) TWO OR MORE RECOGNIZABLY D I F F E R E N T , BUT OBVIOUSLY SIMILAR SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: TANACETUM HURONENSE BOTANICAL TAXON NAME:' ACHILLEA M I L L E F O L I U M USE AS FOOD: FLAVOURING USE IN T E C H N O L O G Y : U N M O D I F I E D IMPLEMENTS OR CONTAINERS MEDICINAL USE: POULTICE (FOR B U R N S , S U N B U R N , W O U N D S , INFECTIONS) M E D I C I N E , BUT U N S P E C I F I E D A FEW MORE (UP TO 3) IN ADDITION TO THOSE LISTED * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : XI*L-SKUTSKLAN ? (NE) \u2022MILK-LEAVES* PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) TWO OR MORE CLOSELY RELATED SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: RANUNCULUS O C C I D E N T A L S MEDICINAL USE: POULTICE (FOR B U R N S , S U N B U R N , W O U N D S , INFECTIONS) BLISTERING AGENT BOTANICAL T A X O N NAME: RANUNCULUS ACRIS* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : XIL-SKY'UUWA (NE) ?*TAIL LEAVES* 308 -PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R VISIBLE PART OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E WITH A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S BOTANICAL TAXON N A M E : ACHILLEA M I L L E F O L I U M USE AS F O O D : F L A V O U R I N G USE IN T E C H N O L O G Y : U N M O D I F I E D I M P L E M E N T S OR C O N T A I N E R S M E D I C I N A L USE: P O U L T I C E (FOR B U R N S , S U N B U R N , W O U N D S , I N F E C T I O N S ) M E D I C I N E , BUT U N S P E C I F I E D FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : X I L - T S \u2022 A A * L H S K I I D A A Y ? \"LEAVES THAT STICK TO YOU \u2022 PART OF P L A N T : W H O L E P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) TWO OR MORE C L O S E L Y R E L A T E D S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L TAXON N A M E : GALIUM APARINE ROLE IN R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : LUCK OR P R O T E C T I V E CHARM B O T A N I C A L TAXON N A M E : GALIUM T R I F L O R U M * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : X I T - H A W A A + T S ? (BO) PART OF P L A N T : W H O L E P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E WITH A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N NAME: ARNICA C O R D I F O L I A * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : X U U + 7 A A J I I - X I * L G \/ A A 211-21 \u2022GRIZZLY-BEAR L E A V E S \/ M E D I C I N E 9 PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) TWO OR MORE C L O S E L Y R E L A T E D SPECIES B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : H E U C H E R A C H L O R A N T H A M E D I C I N A L U S E : - 2,309 -C O L D S , SORE T H R O A T S , WHOOPING C O U G H , F L U , \u00a3 FEVERS UNSPECIFIED INTERNAL COMPLAINTS (E.G. CANCER) R H E U M A T I S M , A R T H R I T I S , MUSCULAR D I S O R D E R S , PARALYSIS USED IN STEAM-BATH OR SWEAT-HOUSF FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: X\/AAT ' G R A V E - P O S T ' ? (SW) PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANTTOR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: \"GRAVE-POST PLANT\" ROLE IN R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , TRADITION: CEREMONIAL PURIFIER-FOR OBTAINING SUPERNATURAL POWER LUCK OR PROTECTIVE CHARM * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE:' X\/AAT-G11 *NAA ? (SW) PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT{OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANTS ONE-TO-ONE C O R R E S P O N D E N C E WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: LIKE GRAVE-POST PLANT ROLE IN R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : CEREMONIAL PURIFIER-FOR OBTAINING SUPERNATURAL POWER LUCK OR PROTECTIVE CHARM * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : X\/AA*YDAA K\/'A*NG\/A 21-21 'HAIDA G R A S S ' PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANTS NAME REFERS TO TWO OR MORE DISTINCTLY D I F F E R E N T , UNRELATED PLANT SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON N A M E : CAREX S P P . USE IN T E C H N O L O G Y : FIBER OR FIBROUS TISSUE USED BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: G R A S S , GENERAL MANY OTHER PLANT SPECIES ARE INVOLVED(OVERIOS - 2,310 -FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : X \/ A A Y D A A - G U * L G \/ A A 1121 4 HA I DA TOBACCO* PART OF P L A N T : DRIED OR P R E P A R E D M A T E R I A L NAME R E F E R S TO TWO OR MORE D I S T I N C T L Y D I F F E R E N T , U N R E L A T E D PLANT S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N NAME: N I C O T I A N A Q U A D R I V A L V I S USE AS F O O D : C H E W I N G OR S M O K I N G ROLE IN R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : S U P E R N A T U R A L ROLE IN M Y T H O L O G Y N A T U R A L ROLE IN M Y T H O L O G Y B O T A N I C A L TAXON N A M E : M A C R O C Y S T I S INTEGRIFOLIA USE AS F O O D : C O L L E C T I O N OF H E R R I N G SPAWN P R E S E R V E D FOR W I N T E R USE ROLE IN R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : S U P E R N A T U R A L ROLE IN M Y T H O L O G Y * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K PLANT S E G R E G A T E : X\/AA*YDAA\u2014T11*G\/AA 11-21 \"HAIDA T E A \" PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R VISIBLE PART OF P L A N T ) L A N G U A G E OF O R I G I N : ENGLISH O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E WITH A BOTANICAL S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L TAXON N A M E : LEDUM PALUSTRE SSP\u00ab G R O E N L A N D I C U M USE AS F O O D : B E V E R A G E M E D I C I N A L U S E : C O L D S , SORE T H R O A T S , W H O O P I N G C O U G H , F L U , \u00a3 F E V E R S * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : X \/ I * L - G \/ U U G \/ A A 2 - 1 1 '-FIRE?* PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E WITH A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L TAXON N A M E : MONESES UN I FLORA M E D I C I N A L U S E : B L I S T E R I N G AGENT C O L D S , SORE T H R O A T S , W H O O P I N G C O U G H , F L U , K F E V E R S - 2,311 -U N S P E C I F I E D INTERNAL C O M P L A I N T S (E.G. C A N C E R ) R H E U M A T I S M , A R T H R I T I S , M U S C U L A R D I S O R D E R S , P A R A L Y S I S GENERAL TONIC ROLE IN R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : C E R E M O N I A L P U R I F I E R - F O R O B T A I N I N G S U P E R N A T U R A L POWER LUCK OR P R O T E C T I V E CHARM N A T U R A L ROLE IN M Y T H O L O G Y FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : X \/ I * L - G \/ U U G \/ W A A Y ? PART OF PLANT: N U M E R O U S I N D I V I D U A L S , PLURAL FORM O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E WITH A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L TAXON N A M E : M O N E S E S UN I FLORA M E D I C I N A L USE: B L I S T E R I N G A G E N T C O L D S , SORE T H R O A T S , W H O O P I N G C O U G H , F L U , \u00a3 F E V E R S U N S P E C I F I E D INTERNAL C O M P L A I N T S ( E . G . C A N C E R ) R H E U M A T I S M , A R T H R I T I S * M U S C U L A R D I S O R D E R S , P A R A L Y S I S G E N E R A L TONIC ROLE IN R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : C E R E M O N I A L P U R I F I E R - F O R OBTAINING S U P E R N A T U R A L POWER LUCK OR P R O T E C T I V E CHARM N A T U R A L ROLE IN M Y T H O L O G Y * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : X \/ U U * D A A * N PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) NAME R E F E R S TO TWO OR MORE D I S T I N C T L Y D I F F E R E N T , U N R E L A T E D PLANT S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L TAXON N A M E : S T A C H Y S C O O L E Y A E USE AS F O O D : * G R E E N S \u2022 OR A B O V E - G R O U N D PARTS B O T A N I C A L TAXON N A M E : PRUNELLA V U L G A R I S A SINGLE OTHER S P E C I E S IS INCLUDED * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : X \/ U U * G \/ U U G A A 211 PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R VISIBLE PART OF PLANT! - 2,312 -O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E WITH A BOTANICAL S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L TAXON NAME: P S E U D O T S U G A M E N Z I E S I I I M P O R T E D , OR NOT USED LOCALLY OR A B O R I G I N A L L Y FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : X \/ U U * T - T A A * N G E * L G \/ A A 2121 \u2022HAIR-SEAL'S T O N G U E ' PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) LANGUAGE OF O R I G I N : ENGLISH O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E WITH A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L TAXON N A M E : C O N O C E P H A L U M C O N I C U M M E D I C I N A L U S E : C O L D S , SORE T H R O A T S , W H O O P I N G C O U G H , F L U , & F E V E R S LUNG A I L M E N T S ( P N E U M O N I A , T U B E R C U L O S I S ) * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : X \/ U U Y A A - G A A * N - G \/ A A 11-21 'RAVEN'S BERRIES* PART OF P L A N T : F R U I T , F L O W E R , C O N E , S E E D , O R FLOATS OF A L G A E O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E WITH A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : L O N I C E R A I N V O L U C R A T A M E D I C I N A L U S E : P O U L T I C E (FOR B U R N S , S U N B U R N , W O U N D S , I N F E C T I O N S ) T O O T H A C H E S SORE EYES HEART T R O U B L E S ROLE IN R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : S U P E R N A T U R A L ROLE IN M Y T H O L O G Y OTHER USES HAIR TONIC * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : X \/ U U Y A A - G A A * N - G \/ A A - L H K \/ \u2022 A A + Y I I - 1 2 PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E WITH A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S - 2,313 -BOTANICAL TAXON N A M E : L O N I C E R A I N V O L U C R A T A M E D I C I N A L USE: P O U L T I C E (FOR B U R N S , S U N B U R N , W O U N D S , I N F E C T I O N S ) T O O T H A C H E S SORE EYES HEART T R O U B L E S ROLE IN R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : S U P E R N A T U R A L ROLE IN MYTHOLOGY OTHER USES HAIR T O N I C FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : X \/ U U Y A A - S G \/ A * W G \/ A A 12-21 'RAVEN* S KNIFE* PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R VISIBLE PART OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E WITH A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L TAXON N A M E : S C I R P U S M I C R O C A R P U S ROLE IN R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : N A T U R A L ROLE IN M Y T H O L O G Y * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K PLANT S E G R E G A T E : X \/ U U * Y A A - S G \/ Y U U * G \/ A A 22-21 *RAVEN*S MUSTACHE\" PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T T O R VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E WITH A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L TAXON N A M E : A H N F E L T I A PLICATA (?) U S E AS F O O D : C O L L E C T I O N OF H E R R I N G SPAWN P R E S E R V E D FOR W I N T E R USE ROLE IN R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : S U P E R N A T U R A L ROLE IN M Y T H O L O G Y * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K PLANT S E G R E G A T E : X \/ U U Y A A - T L U U * G \/ A A 12-21 'RAVEN'S CANOE* PART OF P L A N T : F R U I T , F L O W E R , C O N E , S E E D , O R FLOATS OF ALGAE O R I G I N A L L Y A N A T I V E PLANT - EXPANDED TO IMPORTED OR C U L T I V A T E D C O U N T E R P A R T - 2,314 -B O T A N I C A L TAXON N A M E : VICIA GIGANTEA ROLE IN R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : S U P E R N A T U R A L ROLE IN M Y T H O L O G Y B O T A N I C A L TAXON N A M E : LATHYRUS J A P O N I C U S ROLE IN R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : S U P E R N A T U R A L ROLE IN MYTHOLOGY A FEW MORE (UP TO 3) IN ADDITION TO THOSE L I S T E D FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : X \/ U U Y A A - T L U U * G \/ A A - L H K \/ \u2022 A A * Y I I - 1 2 PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T T O R VISIBLE PART OF P L A N T ) TWO OR MORE C L O S E L Y R E L A T E D SPECIES B O T A N I C A L TAXON N A M E : LUPINUS N O O T K A T E N S I S USE AS F O O D : U N D E R G R O U N D PARTS EATEN P R E S E R V E D FOR W I N T E R USE B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : LUPINUS L I T T O R A L IS USE A S F O O D : U N D E R G R O U N D P A R T S EATEN P R E S E R V E D FOR W I N T E R USE ROLE IN R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : N A T U R A L ROLE IN M Y T H O L O G Y * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : Y A A * N A A N G - X I * L G \/ A A 2 2 - 2 1 * F O G \/ M I S T L E A V E S 1 PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) NAME R E F E R S TO T W O OR MORE D I S T I N C T L Y D I F F E R E N T , U N R E L A T E D PLANT S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L TAXON N A M E : E Q U I S E T U M ARVENSE USE AS F O O D : U N D E R G R O U N D PARTS EATEN USE IN T E C H N O L O G Y : U N M O D I F I E D I M P L E M E N T S OR C O N T A I N E R S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N NAME: ACHILLEA M I L L E F O L I U M USE A S F O O D : F L A V O U R I N G USE IN T E C H N O L O G Y : U N M O D I F I E D I M P L E M E N T S OR C O N T A I N E R S - 2,315 -M E D I C I N A L USE: POULTICE (FOR B U R N S , S U N B U R N , W O U N D S , I N F E C T I O N S ) M E D I C I N E , BUT U N S P E C I F I E D A FEW MORE (UP TO 3) IN ADDITION TO THOSE L I S T E D FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : Y A A * T S * X \/ A A * Y D G \/ A A Y - S K \/ \u00bb A * W - G \/ A A N ? \u2022WHITE MAN'S SALMONBERRY* PART OF P L A N T : F R U I T , F L O W E R , C O N E , S E E D , O R F L O A T S OF ALGAE O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E WITH A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L TAXON N A M E : RUBUS (CULTIVATED R A S P B E R R Y ) * USE AS F O O D : F R U I T S EATEN I M P O R T E D , OR NOT USED L O C A L L Y OR A B O R I G I N A L L Y * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K PLANT SEGREGATE: 1 Y\u2022 AA*NAAHUU 212 PART OF P L A N T : R O O T , B U L B , OR OTHER U N D E R G R O U N D PART L A N G U A G E OF O R I G I N : C H I N O O K TWO OR MORE CLOSELY R E L A T E D S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : B R A S S I C A C A M P E S T R I S * USE AS F O O D : U N D E R G R O U N D PARTS EATEN I M P O R T E D , OR NOT USED LOCALLY OR A B O R I G I N A L L Y * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : Y* A A * N A A N G - G \/ A A * N - G \/ A A 2.2-21 \u2022FOG\/MIST BERRIES* PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE PLANT{OR VISIBLE PART OF P L A N T ) NAME R E F E R S TO TWO OR MORE D I S T I N C T L Y D I F F E R E N T , U N R E L A T E D PLANT S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L TAXON N A M E : L Y C O P O D I U M C L A V A T U M B O T A N I C A L TAXON N A M E : RIBES LAX IFLORUM U S E AS F O O D : F R U I T S EATEN F L A V O U R I N G - 2,316 -A FEW MORE (UP TO 3) IN ADDITION TO THOSE LISTED * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E ; Y \u2022 A A * N A A N G - L H K \/ ' A A * Y I I 22-21 \u2022FOG\/MIST BRANCHES* PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) NAME R E F E R S TO TWO OR MORE D I S T I N C T L Y D I F F E R E N T , U N R E L A T E D PLANT S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L TAXON N A M E : L Y C O P O D I U M C L A V A T U M B O T A N I C A L TAXON N A M E : RIBES L A X I F L O R U M USE AS F O O D : F R U I T S EATEN F L A V O U R I N G A FEW MORE (UP TO 3) IN A D D I T I O N TO T H O S E LISTED * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : Y \u2022 A A * N A A N G - S G \/ A * W G \/ A A 22-21 \u2022FOG-KNIFE* PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R VISIBLE PART OF P L A N T ) NAME R E F E R S TO TWO OR MORE D I S T I N C T L Y D I F F E R E N T , U N R E L A T E D PLANT S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : T O F I E L D I A G L U T I N O S A \"ROUGH' 9 B O T A N I C A L TAXON N A M E : E Q U I S E T U M ARVENSE USE AS F O O D : U N D E R G R O U N D PARTS EATEN U S E IN T E C H N O L O G Y : U N M O D I F I E D IMPLEMENTS OR C O N T A I N E R S FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : Y * A A * N A A N G - X I * L G \/ A A 22-21 *FOG L E A V E S \/ M E D I C I N E * PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) NAME R E F E R S TO TWO OR MORE D I S T I N C T L Y D I F F E R E N T , U N R E L A T E D PLANT SPECIES B O T A N I C A L TAXON N A M E : E M P E T R U M NIGRUM - 2,317 -USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN M E D I C I N A L USE: LUNG AILMENTS ( P N E U M O N I A , T U B E R C U L O S I S ) HEART T R O U B L E S M E D I C I N E , BUT U N S P E C I F I E D B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : ACHILLEA M I L L E F O L I U M USE AS F O O D : F L A V O U R I N G USE IN T E C H N O L O G Y : U N M O D I F I E D I M P L E M E N T S OR C O N T A I N E R S M E D I C I N A L USE: POULTICE (FOR B U R N S , S U N B U R N , W O U N D S , I N F E C T I O N S ) ' M E D I C I N E , BUT U N S P E C I F I E D A FEW MORE (UP TO 3) IN A D D I T I O N TO T H O S E LISTED FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : 7AAS PART OF P L A N T : F R U I T , F L O W E R , C O N E , S E E D , O R FLOATS OF ALGAE L A N G U A G E OF O R I G I N : T S I M S H I A N O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E WITH A B O T A N I C A L SPECIES B O T A N I C A L TAXON N A M E : S H E P H E R D I A C A N A D E N S I S USE AS F O O D : F R U I T S EATEN P R E S E R V E D FOR W I N T E R USE ROLE IN R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : N A T U R A L ROLE IN M Y T H O L O G Y I M P O R T E D , OR NOT U S E D LOCALLY OR A B O R I G I N A L L Y ************************************************************ FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : 7 I * N L H E N G - T S \u2022 I N 21-1 PART OF P L A N T : R O O T , B U L B , OR OTHER U N D E R G R O U N D PART NAME R E F E R S TO TWO OR MORE D I S T I N C T L Y D I F F E R E N T , U N R E L A T E D PLANT SPECIES B O T A N I C A L TAXON N A M E : F R I T I L L A R I A C A M S C H A T C E N S I S USE AS F O O D : U N D E R G R O U N D PARTS EATEN ROLE IN R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : S U P E R N A T U R A L ROLE IN M Y T H O L O G Y B O T A N I C A L T A X O N NAME: ORYZA SATIVA* - 2,318 -USE AS F O O D : SEEDS OR NUTS I M P O R T E D , OR NOT USED LOCALLY OR A B O R I G I N A L L Y FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : FANCY NGAAL PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R VISIBLE PART OF P L A N T ) L A N G U A G E OF O R I G I N : ENGLISH TWO OR MORE C L O S E L Y R E L A T E D SPECIES B O T A N I C A L TAXON N A M E : C O S T A R I A COSTATA (?) - 2,319 -APPENDIX 6. AN ALPHABETICAL LISTING OF FOLK SEGREGATES FOR PLANTS IN MASSET HAIDA. FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : C H A A G = A A * N - K \u2022 I N N A N N I I 12-211 'DEEP OCEAN M O S S ' PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R VISIBLE PART OF P L A N T ) T W O OR MORE R E C O G N I Z A B L Y O I F F E R E N T , BUT O B V I O U S L Y S I M I L A R SPECIES B O T A N I C A L TAXON N A M E : FUCUS-LIKE ALGAE SEVERAL MORE S P E C I E S ARE I N V O L V E D U TO 101 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : C H A A G = A A * N - S K W U U M E L A 12-211 (?) 'DEEP OCEAN WEED\/BRANCHES* PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T T O R VISIBLE PART OF P L A N T ) T W O OR MORE C L O S E L Y R E L A T E D SPECIES B O T A N I C A L TAXON N A M E : C O R A L L I N A S P . A FEW MORE (UP TO 3) IN A D D I T I O N TO T H O S E LISTED * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : C H A A G = A A * N - S T U U L 12-1 'DEEP O C E A N W E E D ' PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R VISIBLE PART OF PLANT! TWO OR MORE C L O S E L Y R E L A T E D S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L TAXON N A M E : C O R A L L I N A S P . A FEW MORE (UP TO 3) IN ADDITION TO THOSE LISTED * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : C H A A * N A A N G PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T T O R VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) NAME R E F E R S TO T W O OR MORE DISTINCTLY D I F F E R E N T , U N R E L A T E D PLANT S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L TAXON N A M E : USE IN T E C H N O L O G Y : SALIX S P P . - 32Q -WOOD D Y E , D E C O R A T I O N , C O S M E T I C , T A T T O O I N G M E D I C I N A L U S E : USED I N S T E A M - B A T H OR S W E A T - H O U S E B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : P O P U L U S T R I C H O C A R P A A FEW MORE ( U P TO 3 ) I N A D D I T I O N TO T H O S E L I S T E D F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : C H A A * W - S K \/ \u2022 U U * N - S A A * G W U L A A * Y 1 - 2 - 2 1 2 ' B E A C H 1 F I N E ) FERN* P A R T OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : T A N A C E T U M HURONENSE * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : C H A A W - T S \u00bb A A * G W A A L 1 - 2 2 \u2022BEACH (SWORD) F E R N \" P A R T OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : A C H I L L E A M I L L E F O L I U M U S E AS F O O D : F L A V O U R I N G U S E I N T E C H N O L O G Y : U N M O D I F I E D I M P L E M E N T S OR C O N T A I N E R S M E D I C I N A L U S E : P O U L T I C E ( F O R B U R N S , S U N B U R N , WOUNDS, I N F E C T I O N S ) M E D I C I N E , B U T U N S P E C I F I E D * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : C H A A W { S E L I I ) - X I * L - K \u2022 E * N L H E L H - J A A * H - J U U 1 ( 1 2 ) - 2 - 2 1 - l I ' S L O P P Y Y E L L O W B E A C H L E A V E S ' PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : T A N A C E T U M HURONENSE - 2,321 -* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : DAH (?DAH\/) 'BUYING* PART OF P L A N T : F R U I T , F L O W E R , C O N E , S E E D , O R FLOATS OF ALGAE O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES B O T A N I C A L TAXON N A M E : VACCINIUM O X Y C O C C U S USE AS FOOD: F R U I T S EATEN P R E S E R V E D FOR W I N T E R USE * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : D A H - L H K \/ * A A * Y 2 - 2 PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E WITH A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L TAXON N A M E : V A C C I N I U M O X Y C O C C U S USE AS F O O D : F R U I T S EATEN P R E S E R V E D FOR W I N T E R USE * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K PLANT S E G R E G A T E : D A * L - H \/ A * W 21 'RAIN J U I C E \/ W A T E R * PART OF P L A N T : W H O L E P L A N T { O R VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) TWO OR MORE R E C O G N I Z A B L Y D I F F E R E N T , BUT O B V I O U S L Y SIMILAR SPECIES B O T A N I C A L TAXON N A M E : E Q U I S E T U M ARVENSE U S E AS F O O D : U N D E R G R O U N D PARTS EATEN USE IN T E C H N O L O G Y : U N M O D I F I E D I M P L E M E N T S OR C O N T A I N E R S B O T A N I C A L TAXON N A M E : EQUISETUM HYEMALE M E D I C I N A L USE: U N S P E C I F I E D INTERNAL C O M P L A I N T S ( E . G . C A N C E R ) M E D I C I N E , BUT U N S P E C I F I E D A SINGLE O T H E R S P E C I E S IS INCLUDED - 322 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : DAA*L-XI*L 2-2 'RAIN L E A V E S ' PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T { O R VISIBLE PART OF P L A N T ) NAME R E F E R S TO TWO OR MORE D I S T I N C T L Y D I F F E R E N T , U N R E L A T E D PLANT S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L TAXON N A M E : C A M P A N U L A ROTUND IFOLIA ROLE IN R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : INVOLVED IN A T A B O O OR S U P E R S T I T I O N B O T A N I C A L TAXON N A M E : AQUILEGIA FORMOSA ROLE IN R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : INVOLVED IN A T A B O O OR S U P E R S T I T I O N S E V E R A L MORE S P E C I E S ARE I N V O L V E D { 4 TO 10) ************************************************************ FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : D A A * L - X I * L 22 'RAIN L E A V E S ' PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T { O R VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) NAME R E F E R S TO TWO OR MORE D I S T I N C T L Y D I F F E R E N T , U N R E L A T E D PLANT S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L TAXON N A M E : E Q U I S E T U M HYEMALE M E D I C I N A L U S E : U N S P E C I F I E D INTERNAL C O M P L A I N T S { E . G . C A N C E R ) M E D I C I N E , BUT U N S P E C I F I E D B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : E Q U I S E T U M ARVENSE USE AS F O O D : U N D E R G R O U N D PARTS EATEN USE IN T E C H N O L O G Y : U N M O D I F I E D I M P L E M E N T S OR C O N T A I N E R S A SINGLE OTHER S P E C I E S IS INCLUDED * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : D A A * L - X I * L - S G = E * T 2-2-1 'RED RAIN L E A V E S ' PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T { O R VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E WITH A BOTANICAL S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L TAXON N A M E : A Q U I L E G I A FORMOSA ROLE IN R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : INVOLVED IN A T A B O O OR S U P E R S T I T I O N - 2,323 -FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: DAA*L\u2014XI*L-X\/0*LHELH 2-2-11 'BLUE RAIN L E A V E S 8 PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANTTOR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: CAMPANULA ROTUND IFOLIA ROLE IN R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , TRADITION: INVOLVED IN A TABOO OR SUPERSTITION * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : DE*NNEX 2 1 PART OF PLANT: F R U I T , FLOWER,CONE,SEED,OR FLOATS OF ALGAE LANGUAGE OF O R I G I N : T L I N G I T ( A L A S K A ) ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: ARCTOSTAPHYLOS UVA-URSI USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN C H E W I N G OR SMOKING MEDICINAL USE: BLADDER \u00a3 URINARY AILMENTS * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: DE*NNEX-LHK\/*AAY 121-2 PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) LANGUAGE OF ORIGIN: T L I N G I T ( A L A S K A ) ONE-TO-ONE C O R R E S P O N D E N C E WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: ARCTOSTAPHYLOS UVA-URSI USE AS FOOD: F R U I T S EATEN CHEWING OR SMOKING MEDICINAL USE: BLADDER \u00a3 URINARY AILMENTS ************************************************************ - 2,324 -FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: DUNLHA-XILA ? (NE) ' - L E A V E S ' PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: CARDAMINE OLIGOSPERMA * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: DUU*S-XIL 2-1 * PUSSY LEAVES* PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) LANGUAGE OF ORIGIN: CHINOOK TWO OR MORE CLOSELY RELATED SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: SALIX SPP. USE IN T E C H N O L O G Y : WOOD D Y E , D E C O R A T I O N , C O S M E T I C , TATTOOING MEDICINAL USE: USED IN STEAM-BATH OR SWEAT-HOUSE FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: DLAAYE*NG-WAAL 221 PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ONE-TO-ONE C O R R E S P O N D E N C E WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: POLYPODIUM GLYCYRRHIZA USE AS FOOD: FLAVOURING MEDICINAL USE: POULTICE (FOR B U R N S , S U N B U R N , W O U N D S , INFECTIONS) C O L D S , SORE T H R O A T S , WHOOPING C O U G H , F L U , \u00a3 FEVERS C H I L D B I R T H \u00a3 FEMALE DISORDERS * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: GAA\u00bbLGAAG\/UU ? (NE) PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANTS ONE-TO-ONE C O R R E S P O N D E N C E WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: GEUM MACROPHYLLUM MEDICINAL USE: - 2,325 -R H E U M A T I S M , A R T H R I T I S , MUSCULAR D I S O R D E R S , PARALYSIS USED IN STEAM-BATH OR SWEAT-HOUSE * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: G E # M D I I G E K \/ \u2022 1 1 * Y S - G I D ( - T 7 ) A N G - X I L 2222-111 \u2022DO-NOT-FORGET-ME-LEAVES\u2022 PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANTFOR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) LANGUAGE OF ORIGIN: ENGLISH NAME REFERS TO TWO OR MORE DISTINCTLY D I F F E R E N T , UNRELATED PLANT SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME:' MYOSOTIS LAXA BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: PINGUICULA VULGARIS * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : GI*LHG\/E*LH 11 'ROLL UP* PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANTIOR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ONE-TO-ONE C O R R E S P O N D E N C E WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES B O T A N I C A L TAXON NAME: PELTIGERA APHTHOSA MEDICINAL USE: POULTICE (FOR B U R N S , S U N B U R N , W O U N D S , I N F E C T I O N S ) * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: GINH\/AAYAA*LHGE*MDELAA*S 112212 PART OF PLANT: F R U I T , FLOWER,CONE,SEED,OR FLOATS OF ALGAE ORIGINALLY A NATIVE PLANT - EXPANDED TO IMPORTED OR C U L T I V A T E D COUNTERPART BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: RIBES LACUSTRE USE AS FOOD: C O N S I D E R E D INEDIBLE OR POISONOUS ROLE IN R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , TRADITION: LUCK OR PROTECTIVE CHARM - 2,326 -* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: GINK\/\u2022A*L-SGUUNAA*S 12-12 'STINK PEEL\/SKIN 4 PART OF PLANT: F R U I T , FLOWER,CONE,SEED,OR FLOATS OF ALGAE ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: CITRUS AURANTICUM* USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN I M P O R T E D , OR NOT USED LOCALLY OR ABORIGINALLY * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : GYAAGYAAG\/AALSGUU*NA (NE) \"-SMELL* PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ONE-TO-ONE C O R R E S P O N D E N C E WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: ANGELICA LUCIDA USE AS FOOD: U N D E R G R O U N D PARTS EATEN FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : GYAA*HGETDAA*NG 112 PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) NAME R E F E R S TO TWO OR MORE DISTINCTLY D I F F E R E N T , UNRELATED PLANT SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: KRUMMHOLTZ TREES * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : G=A*NDLE-SG=INAA*WGEE 21-122 'WATER GREEN* PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANTTOR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) TWO OR MORE R E C O G N I Z A B L Y D I F F E R E N T , BUT OBVIOUSLY SIMILAR SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME:' SPIROGYRA S P . SEVERAL MORE SPECIES ARE INV0LVEDC4 TO 10) - 2,327 -* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: G=A*SING ? PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT{OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) NAME REFERS TO TWO OR MORE DISTINCTLY D I F F E R E N T , UNRELATED PLANT SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: MALAXIS PALUDOSA BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: FAURIA CRISTA-GALLI USE AS FOOD: FOOD OF A PARTICULAR ANIMAL (ACTUAL OR BELIEF) MEDICINAL USE: U N S P E C I F I E D INTERNAL COMPLAINTS (E.G. CANCER) GENERAL TONIC A SINGLE OTHER SPECIES IS INCLUDED * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : G=AA*L(E)WEN 2(2)2 PART OF PLANT: F R U I T , FLOWER,CONE,SEED,OR FLOATS OF ALGAE ORIGINALLY A NATIVE PLANT - EXPANDED TO IMPORTED OR C U L T I V A T E D COUNTERPART BOTANICAL TAXON N A M E : RIBES BRACTEOSUM USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN MEDICINAL USE: POULTICE (FOR B U R N S , S U N B U R N , W O U N D S , INFECTIONS) SORE EYES B O T A N I C A L TAXON NAME: RIBES (BLACK GARDEN CURRANTS)* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : G = A A * L ( E ) W E N - L H K \/ * A A * Y 2(2)2-1 PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ORIGINALLY A NATIVE PLANT - EXPANDED TO IMPORTED OR C U L T I V A T E D COUNTERPART BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: RIBES BRACTEOSUM USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN MEDICINAL USE: POULTICE (FOR B U R N S , S U N B U R N , W O U N D S , INFECTIONS) SORE EYES - 328 -B O T A N I C A L TAXON N A M E : RIBES (BLACK GARDEN C U R R A N T S ) * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * \u00a3 * * * * * * , FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : G = A A N - H \/ A A S K A A * W A A 1 - 1 2 1 (NOT USED) PART OF P L A N T : F R U I T , F L O W E R , C O N E , S E E D , O R FLOATS OF ALGAE O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E WITH A BOTANICAL S P E C I F S B O T A N I C A L TAXON N A M E : EMPETRUM NIGRUM USE AS F O O D : F R U I T S EATEN M E D I C I N A L U S E : LUNG AILMENTS ( P N E U M O N I A , T U 8 E R C U L 0 S I S ) H E A R T T R O U B L E S M E D I C I N E , BUT U N S P E C I F I E D FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E :S G = A A * N - H \/ A A * W L A A 222 * SWEET B E R R I E S ' PART OF P L A N T : F R U I T , F L O W E R , C O N E , S E E D , O R FLOATS OF ALGAE NAME R E F E R S TO TWO OR MORE D I S T I N C T L Y D I F F E R E N T , U N R E L A T E D PLANT S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L TAXON N A M E : A M E L A N C H I E R A L N I F O L I A USE AS F O O D : F R U I T S EATEN P R E S E R V E D FOR W I N T E R USE B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : V A C C I N I U M U L I G I N O S U M USE AS F O O D : F R U I T S EATEN * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : G = A A * N - H \/ A A * W L A A - L H K \/ \u2022 A A * Y 222-2 PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R VISIBLE PART OF P L A N T ) NAME R E F E R S TO TWO OR MORE D I S T I N C T L Y D I F F E R E N T , U N R E L A T E D PLANT SPECIES B O T A N I C A L TAXON N A M E : A M E L A N C H I E R A L N I F O L I A USE AS F O O D : F R U I T S EATEN I - 2,329 -P R E S E R V E D FOR WINTER USE B O T A N I C A L TAXON N A M E : V A C C I N I U M U L I G I N O S U M U S E AS F O O D : F R U I T S EATEN FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : G = A A W A A * - S K * E J A A * W 12-12 'FURRY-NARROW \/POINT ED* PART OF P L A N T : W H O L E P L A N T { O R VISIBLE PART OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E WITH A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L TAXON N A M E : LEDUM PALUSTRE S S P . G R O E N L A N D I C U M USE AS F O O D : B E V E R A G E M E D I C I N A L U S E : C O L D S , SORE T H R O A T S , W H O O P I N G C O U G H , F L U , \u00a3 F E V E R S * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : G = O W T D E * N G N G A A L 122 PART OF P L A N T : W H O L E P L A N T { O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E WITH A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : U R T I C A D I O I C A USE AS F O O D : U N D E R G R O U N D P A R T S EATEN * G R E E N S ' OR A B O V E - G R O U N D P A R T S USE IN T E C H N O L O G Y : FIBER OR F I B R O U S TISSUE U S E D M E D I C I N A L U S E : R H E U M A T I S M , A R T H R I T I S , M U S C U L A R D I S O R D E R S , P A R A L Y S I S C O N T R A C E P T I V E , A B O R T I V E ROLE IN R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : U S E D FOR B E A T I N G OR W A S H I N G IN P U R I F I C A T I O N R I T U A L N A T U R A L ROLE IN M Y T H O L O G Y C R E S T , T O T E M , OR DANCE SYMBOL * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : G W A A * Y K \u2022 A A 21 PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E WITH A B O T A N I C A L SPECIES - 2,330 -BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: VERATRUM ESCHSCHOLTZII USE AS FOOD: C O N S I D E R E D INEDIBLE OR POISONOUS MEDICINAL USE: POULTICE (FOR B U R N S , S U N B U R N , W O U N D S , INFECTIONS) SORE EYES C O L D S , SORE T H R O A T S , WHOOPING C O U G H , F L U , \u00a3 FEVERS ULCERS \u00a3 STOMACH TROUBLES EMETIC BLADDER \u00a3 URINARY AILMENTS VENEREAL DISEASES U N S P E C I F I E D INTERNAL COMPLAINTS (E.G. CANCER) R H E U M A T I S M , A R T H R I T I S , MUSCULAR D I S O R D E R S , PARALYSIS M E D I C I N E , BUT UNSPECIFIED ROLE IN R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , TRADITION: LUCK OR PROTECTIVE CHARM FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : GWE*L-H\/AA*WLAA 2-22 * SWEET TOBACCO* PART OF PLANT: LEAVES ORIGINALLY A NATIVE PLANT - EXPANDED TO IMPORTED OR C U L T I V A T E D COUNTERPART BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: NICOTIANA QUADRIVALVIS USE AS FOOD: C H E W I N G OR SMOKING ROLE IN R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , TRADITION: SUPERNATURAL ROLE IN MYTHOLOGY NATURAL ROLE IN MYTHOLOGY BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: NICOTIANA TABACUM* USE AS FOOD: CHEWING OR SMOKING I M P O R T E D , OR NOT USED LOCALLY OR ABORIGINALLY * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: GWE*L-LHK\/\u2022AANG ? 2-PART OF PLANT: LEAVES ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: NICOTIANA TABACUM* USE AS FOOD: CHEWING OR SMOKING - 2,331 -I M P O R T E D , OR NOT USED LOCALLY OR A B O R I G I N A L L Y FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : G W E * L - L H K \/ \u2022 A A * Y 2-2 PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANTTOR VISIBLE PART OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E WITH A BOTANICAL S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L TAXON N A M E : N I C O T I A N A Q U A D R I V A L V I S USE AS FOOD: C H E W I N G OR S M O K I N G ROLE IN R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : S U P E R N A T U R A L ROLE IN MYTHOLOGY N A T U R A L ROLE IN M Y T H O L O G Y * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * k FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : G W E L , GWUL 'TOBACCO* PART OF P L A N T : DRIED OR P R E P A R E D MATERIAL O R I G I N A L L Y A NATIVE PLANT - EXPANDED TO IMPORTED OR C U L T I V A T E D C O U N T E R P A R T B O T A N I C A L TAXON NAME:' N I C O T I A N A Q U A D R I V A L V I S USE AS F O O D : C H E W I N G OR S M O K I N G ROLE IN R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : S U P E R N A T U R A L ROLE IN M Y T H O L O G Y N A T U R A L ROLE IN M Y T H O L O G Y B O T A N I C A L TAXON N A M E : N I C O T I A N A TABACUM* USE AS FOOD: C H E W I N G OR S M O K I N G I M P O R T E D , OR NOT USED LOCALLY OR A B O R I G I N A L L Y * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : H A A Y E + N G - W A A L 121 (?) PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE PLANTTOR VISIBLE PART OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E WITH A BOTANICAL S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L TAXON N A M E : J U N I P E R U S C O M M U N I S M E D I C I N A L U S E : C O L D S , SORE T H R O A T S , WHOOPING C O U G H , F L U , & F E V E R S - 2,332 -ULCERS \u00a3 STOMACH TROUBLES BLADDER \u00a3 URINARY AILMENTS UNSPECIFIED INTERNAL COMPLAINTS (E.G. CANCER) ROLE IN R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , TRADITION: CEREMONIAL PURIFIER-FOR OBTAINING SUPERNATURAL POWER INVOLVED IN A TABOO OR SUPERSTITION FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: HAAYE*NG-WAAL\u2014LHK\/*AAY 121-1 ? PART OF PLANT: BRANCH ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: JUNIPERUS COMMUNIS MEDICINAL USE: C O L D S , SORE T H R O A T S , WHOOPING C O U G H , F L U , \u00a3 FEVERS U L C E R S \u00a3 STOMACH TROUBLES BLADDER \u00a3 URINARY AILMENTS U N S P E C I F I E D INTERNAL COMPLAINTS (E.G. CANCER) ROLE IN R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , TRADITION: CEREMONIAL PURIFIER-FOR OBTAINING SUPERNATURAL POWER INVOLVED IN A TABOO OR SUPERSTITION * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: HILDAA*NG 12 PART OF PLANT: F R U I T , FLOWER,CONE,SEED,OR FLOATS OF ALGAE ORIGINALLY A NATIVE PLANT - EXPANDED TO IMPORTED OR C U L T I V A T E D COUNTERPART BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: FRAGARIA CHILOENSIS USE AS F O O D : FRUITS EATEN MEDICINAL USE: C H I L D B I R T H \u00a3 FEMALE DISORDERS BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: FRAGARIA (GARDEN STRAWBERRY)* USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN I M P O R T E D , OR NOT USED LOCALLY OR ABORIGINALLY * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : HILDAA+NG\u2014LHK\/\u2022AA*Y 12-2 - 2,333 -PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ORIGINALLY A NATIVE PLANT - EXPANDED TO IMPORTED OR CULTIVATED COUNTERPART BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: FRAGARIA CHILOENSIS USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN MEDICINAL USE: CHILDBIRTH S FEMALE DISORDERS BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: FRAGARIA (GARDEN STRAWBERRY J * USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN I M P O R T E D , OR NOT USED LOCALLY OR ABORIGINALLY ***********************************************************,}; FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: HILDAA*NG-XIL 12-2 PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ORIGINALLY A NATIVE PLANT - EXPANDED TO IMPORTED OR C U L T I V A T E D COUNTERPART BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: FRAGARIA CHILOENSIS USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN MEDICINAL USE: CHILDBIRTH \u00a3 FEMALE DISORDERS BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: FRAGARIA (GARDEN STRAWBERRY)* USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN IMPORTED, OR NOT USED LOCALLY OR ABORIGINALLY FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : HUKIA ? (NE) PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: SORBUS SITCHENSIS USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN - 2,334 -FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: H\/AADAAS-TII*GAA 11-21 \"HAIDA TEA\" PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) LANGUAGE OF ORIGIN: ENGLISH ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: LEDUM PALUSTRE S S P . G R O E N L A N D I C U M USE AS FOOD: BEVERAGE MEDICINAL USE: C O L D S , SORE T H R O A T S , WHOOPING C O U G H , F L U , & FEVERS FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: H\/AA*D(E)S-HILDAANGAA* 2(1J-112 \u2022HAIDA STRAWBERRIES* PART OF PLANT: F R U I T , FLOWER,CONE,SEED,OR FLOATS OF ALGAE ONE-TO-ONE C O R R E S P O N D E N C E WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: FRAGARIA CHILOENSIS USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN MEDICINAL USE: C H I L D B I R T H \u00a3 FEMALE DISORDERS FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: H \/ A A * D E S - T L \u2022 A A * K \/ ' U U J A A * 11-212 \u2022HAIDA R H U B A R B 9 PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANTTOR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ONE-TO-ONE C O R R E S P O N D E N C E WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: RUMEX OCCIDENTAL IS USE AS FOOD: \u2022GREENS* OR A B O V E - G R O U N D PARTS MEDICINAL USE: POULTICE (FOR B U R N S , S U N B U R N , W O U N D S , INFECTIONS) ************************************************************ FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: H\/AA*DS\u2014K\u2022AYAA* 1-12 'HAIDA A P P L E S ' PART OF PLANT: F R U I T , F L O W E R , C O N E , S E E D , OR FLOATS OF ALGAE ONE-TO-ONE C O R R E S P O N D E N C E WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES - 2,335 -BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: PYRUS FUSCA USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN PRESERVED FOR WINTER USE USE IN T E C H N O L O G Y ! WOOD MEDICINAL USE: CHILDBIRTH \u00a3 FEMALE DISORDERS C O N T R A C E P T I V E , ABORTIVE ROLE IN R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , TRADITION: INVOLVED IN SOME RELIGIOUS RITUAL ROLE IN MYTHS AS A 'HUMANIZED' FIGURE FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E H \/ A A N G - K \/ \u2022 AA*TDAAWAA (DARK RED FORM) ? 'FACE-', 'CEDAR-BARK BASKET TYPE* PART OF PLANT: F R U I T , FLOWER,CONE,SEED,OR FLOATS OF ALGAE FRACTION OF A SCIENTIFIC SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: RUBUS SPECTABILXS USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN ' G R E E N S ' OR ABOVE-GROUND PARTS USE IN T E C H N O L O G Y : B E D D I N G , S T U F F I N G , B A N D A G I N G , TOWELLING U N M O D I F I E D IMPLEMENTS OR CONTAINERS MEDICINAL USE: C A S T S , S P L I N T S , POUTICE COVERINGS ROLE IN R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , TRADITION: INVOLVED IN SOME RELIGIOUS RITUAL ROLE IN MYTHS AS A 'HUMANIZED' FIGURE N A T U R A L ROLE IN MYTHOLOGY C R E S T , T O T E M , OR DANCE SYMBOL OTHER USES HAIR TONIC * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: H\/AASKAA*WAA 121 'DOG'S B A L L ' PART OF PLANT: F R U I T , FLOWER,CONE,SEED,OR FLOATS OF ALGAE ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: EMPETRUM NIGRUM USE AS FOOD: - 2,336 -FRUITS EATEN MEDICINAL USE: LUNG AILMENTS (PNEUMONIA, T U B E R C U L O S I S ) HEART TROUBLES M E D I C I N E , BUT UNSPECIFIED FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: H\/AASKAA+WAA-LHK\/*AA*Y 121-2 PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES B O T A N I C A L TAXON NAME: EMPETRUM NIGRUM USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN MEDICINAL USE: L U N G AILMENTS (PNEUMONIA, T U B E R C U L O S I S ) HEART TROUBLES M E D I C I N E , BUT U N S P E C I F I E D * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : H\/EGWETL*II*T 112 P A R T . O F PLANTS F R U I T , FLOWER,CONE,SEED,OR FLOATS OF ALGAE LANGUAGE OF ORIGIN: TLINGIT(ALASKA) ONE-TO-ONE C O R R E S P O N D E N C E WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: SHEPHERDIA CANADENSIS \" USE AS F O O D : FRUITS EATEN P R E S E R V E D FOR WINTER USE ROLE IN R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , TRADITION: N A T U R A L ROLE IN MYTHOLOGY IMPORTED, OR NOT USED LOCALLY OR ABORIGINALLY FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : H\/EGWETL\u2022II*T-LHK\/\u2022AA*Y 112-2 PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANTS LANGUAGE OF ORIGIN: TLINGIT!ALASKA) ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: SHEPHERDIA CANADENSIS - 2,337 -U S E AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N P R E S E R V E D FOR W I N T E R USE ROLE IN R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : N A T U R A L R O L E IN M Y T H O L O G Y I M P O R T E D , OR NOT U S E D L O C A L L Y OR A B O R I G I N A L L Y F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : H \/ E E L A A * W K 22 P A R T OF P L A N T : W H O L E P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E WITH A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : M O N E S E S UN IFLORA M E D I C I N A L U S E : B L I S T E R I N G A G E N T C O L D S , S O R E T H R O A T S , W H O O P I N G C O U G H , F L U , & F E V E R S U N S P E C I F I E D I N T E R N A L C O M P L A I N T S ( E . G . C A N C E R ) R H E U M A T I S M , A R T H R I T I S , M U S C U L A R D I S O R D E R S , P A R A L Y S I S G E N E R A L T O N I C R O L E IN R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : C E R E M O N I A L P U R I F I E R - F O R O B T A I N I N G S U P E R N A T U R A L P O W E R L U C K OR P R O T E C T I V E C H A R M N A T U R A L R O L E IN M Y T H O L O G Y * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : H \/ O D A A * N 12 (DB - H \/ U U T ' A A * N 1 2 ) PART OF P L A N T : W H O L E P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E P A R T OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : S T A C H Y S C O O L E Y A E USE AS F O O D : \u2022 G R E E N S ' OR A B O V E - G R O U N D P A R T S * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : J A A T A A - S A A * G W A A * L 2 2 - 2 1 'LADY F E R N ' PART OF P L A N T : W H O L E P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : A T H Y R I U M F I L I X - F E M I N A - 2,338 -FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: JE*TL'E 21, J E T L ' PART OF PLANT: F R U I T , FLOWER,CONE,SEED,OR FLOATS OF ALGAE ONE-TO-ONE C O R R E S P O N D E N C E WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: SAMBUCUS RACEMOSA USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN USE IN T E C H N O L O G Y : C E M E N T , BINDING SUBSTANCE MEDICINAL USE: LAXATIVE C H I L D B I R T H & FEMALE DISORDERS ROLE IN R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , TRADITION: CEREMONIAL PURIFIER-FOR OBTAINING SUPERNATURAL POWER NATURAL ROLE IN MYTHOLOGY C R E S T , T O T E M , OR DANCE SYMBOL * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: KAWAGA*XAYA ? (NE) PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ONE-TO-ONE C O R R E S P O N D E N C E WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: KIND OF VEGETABLE USE AS F O O D : \u2022GREENS* OR A B O V E - G R O U N D PARTS FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : KUUKGE-GI*LGAA*Y 11-22 \u2022ROTTEN-WOOD BISCUIT* PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) TWO OR MORE RECOGNIZABLY D I F F E R E N T , BUT O B V I O U S L Y SIMILAR SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: FOMES PINICOLA BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: GANODERMA S P . ROLE IN R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , TRADITION: ROLE IN MYTHS AS A 'HUMANIZED* FIGURE - 2,339 -A FEW MORE (UP TO 3) IN ADDITION TO THOSE LISTED *****************************************\u00a3 +*\u00a3^\u00a3\u00a3. < C. {.*, ) ! C***** : ! T* FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: K'A*LLAA-LHK\/\u2022A*MELEEY 22-221 \u2022MUSKEG B O U G H S ' PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANTIOR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: JUNIPERUS COMMUNIS MEDICINAL USE: C O L D S , SORE T H R O A T S , WHOOPING C O U G H , F L U , \u00a3 FEVERS ULCERS \u00a3 S T O M A C H TROUBLES BLADDER & URINARY AILMENTS U N S P E C I F I E D INTERNAL COMPLAINTS (E.G. CANCER) ROLE IN R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , TRADITION: CEREMONIAL PURIFIER-FOR OBTAINING SUPERNATURAL POWER INVOLVED IN A TABOO OR SUPERSTITION FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: K*A\u00bbLLAA*-TSAALAA* (NE) *?MUSKEG CURLS* PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE PLANTIOR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ONE-TO-ONE C O R R E S P O N D E N C E WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES B O T A N I C A L TAXON NAME: JUNIPERUS COMMUNIS MEDICINAL USE: C O L D S , SORE T H R O A T S , WHOOPING C O U G H , F L U , \u00a3 FEVERS U L C E R S \u00a3 STOMACH TROUBLES BLADDER \u00a3 URINARY AILMENTS U N S P E C I F I E D INTERNAL COMPLAINTS (E.G. CANCER) ROLE IN R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , TRADITION: CEREMONIAL PURIFIER-FOR OBTAINING SUPERNATURAL POWER INVOLVED IN A TABOO OR SUPERSTITION * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : K*AN-LHK\/'AA*Y ? PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE PLANTIOR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ORIGINALLY A NATIVE PLANT - EXPANDED TO IMPORTED OR C U L T I V A T E D COUNTERPART BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: PYRUS FUSCA - 2,340 -USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN P R E S E R V E D FOR WINTER USE USE IN T E C H N O L O G Y : WOOD MEDICINAL USE: C H I L D B I R T H \u00a3 FEMALE DISORDFRS C O N T R A C E P T I V E , ABORTIVE ROLE IN R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , TRADITION: INVOLVED IN SOME RELIGIOUS RITUAL ROLE IN MYTHS AS A 'HUMANIZED* FIGURE BOTANICAL T A X O N NAME: PYRUS MALUS* USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN I M P O R T E D , OR NOT USED LOCALLY OR ABORIGINALLY *********************************************************.}.** FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE:. K * AY ('SOUR' K'A*YWELH 21 MA) PART OF PLANT: F R U I T , FLOWER,CONE,SEED,OR FLOATS OF ALGAE O R I G I N A L L Y A NATIVE PLANT - EXPANDED TO IMPORTED OR C U L T I V A T E D COUNTERPART BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: PYRUS FUSCA USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN P R E S E R V E D FOR WINTER USE USE IN T E C H N O L O G Y : WOOD MEDICINAL USE: C H I L D B I R T H \u00a3 FEMALE DISORDERS C O N T R A C E P T I V E , ABORTIVE ROLE IN R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , TRADITION: INVOLVED IN SOME RELIGIOUS RITUAL ROLE IN MYTHS AS A 'HUMANIZED' FIGURE BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: PYRUS MALUS* USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN I M P O R T E D , OR NOT USED LOCALLY OR ABORIGINALLY ************************************************************ FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : K*A*Y\u2014LHK\/'AA*Y 2-2 PART OF PLANT: BRANCH ORIGINALLY A NATIVE PLANT - EXPANDED TO IMPORTED - 2,341 -OR C U L T I V A T E D C O U N T E R P A R T B O T A N I C A L TAXON N A M E : PYRUS FUSCA USE AS FOOD: F R U I T S EATEN P R E S E R V E D FOR W I N T E R USE USE IN T E C H N O L O G Y : WOOD M E D I C I N A L U S E : C H I L D B I R T H \u00a3 FEMALE D I S O R D E R S C O N T R A C E P T I V E , ABORTIVE ROLE IN R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : I N V O L V E D IN SOME R E L I G I O U S RITUAL ROLE IN MYTHS AS A 'HUMANIZED* FIGURE B O T A N I C A L TAXON N A M E : PYRUS MALUS* USE AS F O O D : F R U I T S EATEN I M P O R T E D , OR NOT USED LOCALLY OR A B O R I G I N A L L Y FOLK P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : K ' A * Y - X I * L 2-1 PART OF P L A N T : L E A V E S O R I G I N A L L Y A N A T I V E PLANT - EXPANDED TO IMPORTED OR C U L T I V A T E D C O U N T E R P A R T B O T A N I C A L TAXON N A M E : PYRUS FUSCA USE AS F O O D : F R U I T S EATEN P R E S E R V E D FOR WINTER USE USE IN T E C H N O L O G Y : WOOD M E D I C I N A L U S E : C H I L D B I R T H \u00a3 FEMALE D I S O R D E R S C O N T R A C E P T I V E , A B O R T I V E ROLE IN R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : INVOLVED IN SOME R E L I G I O U S RITUAL ROLE IN MYTHS AS A 'HUMANIZED* FIGURE B O T A N I C A L TAXON N A M E : PYRUS MALUS* USE AS F O O D : F R U I T S EATEN I M P O R T E D , OR NOT USED LOCALLY OR A B O R I G I N A L L Y \/ - 2,342 -F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : K 1 A Y I * N L H A 121 PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T t O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) O R I G I N A L L Y A N A T I V E P L A N T - E X P A N D E D T O I M P O R T E D OR C U L T I V A T E D C O U N T E R P A R T B O T A N I C A L TAXON N A M E : PYRUS F U S C A U S E AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N P R E S E R V E D FOR W I N T E R U S E U S E I N T E C H N O L O G Y : WOOD M E D I C I N A L U S E : C H I L D B I R T H \u00a3 F E M A L E D I S O R D E R S C O N T R A C E P T I V E , A B O R T I V E R O L E I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : I N V O L V E D I N SOME R E L I G I O U S R I T U A L R O L E I N MYTHS AS A ' H U M A N I Z E D ' F I G U R E B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : PYRUS M A L U S * U S E AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N I M P O R T E D , OR NOT U S E D L O C A L L Y OR A B O R I G I N A L L Y * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : K ' A Y I * N L H A - L H K \/ ' A A * Y 1 2 1 - 2 PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T t O R V I S I B L E P A R T OF P L A N T S O R I G I N A L L Y A N A T I V E P L A N T - E X P A N D E D T O I M P O R T E D OR C U L T I V A T E D C O U N T E R P A R T B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : PYRUS F U S C A U S E AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N P R E S E R V E D FOR W I N T E R U S E U S E I N T E C H N O L O G Y : WOOD M E D I C I N A L U S E i C H I L D B I R T H \u00a3 F E M A L E D I S O R D E R S C O N T R A C E P T I V E , A B O R T I V E R O L E I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : I N V O L V E D I N SOME R E L I G I O U S R I T U A L R O L E I N MYTHS AS A ' H U M A N I Z E D ' F I G U R E B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : PYRUS M A L U S * U S E AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N I M P O R T E D , OR NOT U S E D L O C A L L Y OR A B O R I G I N A L L Y - 2,343 -* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : K ' A A * L T S \u2022 I I D A * - L 1 1 * J A A * 2 1 2 - 2 2 \u2022CROW'S WHISKERS* PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T { O R VISIBLE PART OF P L A N T ) T W O OR MORE C L O S E L Y R E L A T E D S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : A L E C T O R I A S A R M E N T O S A C O M P L E X M E D I C I N A L U S E : P O U L T I C E (FOR B U R N S , S U N B U R N , W O U N D S , I N F E C T I O N S ) C A S T S , S P L I N T S , P O U T I C E C O V E R I N G S B O T A N I C A L TAXON N A M E : U S N E A L O N G I S S I M A A FEW MORE (UP TO 3) IN A D D I T I O N TO THOSE L I S T E D * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K PLANT SEGREGATE: 1 K* AA*T\u2014DELJGAA*WEEY 2 - 1 2 2 'DEER'S BELT* PART OF P L A N T : W H O L E P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) L A N G U A G E OF O R I G I N : T L I N G I T T A L A S K A ) T W O OR MORE C L O S E L Y R E L A T E D S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L TAXON N A M E : L Y C O P O D I U M C L A V A T U M B O T A N I C A L TAXON N A M E : L Y C O P O D I U M A N N O T I N U M \u00a3 ( L . S E L A G O ) * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLAN T S E G R E G A T E : K*AAY PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : M A C R O C Y S T I S I N T E G R I F O L I A USE AS F O O D : C O L L E C T I O N OF H E R R I N G SPAWN P R E S E R V E D FOR W I N T E R USE ROLE IN R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : S U P E R N A T U R A L ROLE IN M Y T H O L O G Y - 2,344 -* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : K ' A A * Y - K \/ A * W 2 2 - 2 1 '-EGGS\u2022 PART OF P L A N T : F R U I T , F L O W E R , C O N E , S E E D , O R FLOATS OF ALGAE O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E WITH A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L TAXON N A M E : M A C R O C Y S T I S I N T E G R I F O L I A USE AS F O O D : C O L L E C T I O N OF H E R R I N G SPAWN P R E S E R V E D FOR W I N T E R USE ROLE IN R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : S U P E R N A T U R A L ROLE IN M Y T H O L O G Y F O L K PLANT S E G R E G A T E : K * I * N N A A N 22 P A R T OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) TWO OR MORE R E C O G N I Z A B L Y D I F F E R E N T , BUT O B V I O U S L Y S I M I L A R S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L TAXON N A M E : M O S S , G E N E R A L USE IN T E C H N O L O G Y : L I N I N G S , C O V E R I N G S , S T E A M G E N E R A T I O N B E D D I N G , S T U F F I N G , B A N D A G I N G , T O W E L L I N G ROLE IN R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : N A T U R A L ROLE IN M Y T H O L O G Y MANY O T H E R P L A N T S P E C I E S ARE I N V O L V E D ( O V E R 10) * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : K'I*NNAAN\u2014GENGAA* 2 2 - 1 2 'THICK M O S S ' P A R T OF P L A N T : W H O L E P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) TWO OR MORE R E C O G N I Z A B L Y D I F F E R E N T , BUT O B V I O U S L Y S I M I L A R S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : S P H A G N U M S P P . S E V E R A L MORE S P E C I E S ARE I N V O L V E D ! 4 TO 10) * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : K*I*NNAAN\u2014K*I*H-SKAAWES 11-2-21 \u2022SHARP MOSS* PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R VISIBLE PART OF P L A N T ) - 2,345 -TWO OR MORE C L O S E L Y R E L A T E D S P E C I E S . ' \u2022 \\ ' B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : P O L Y T R I C H U M J U N I P E R I N U M F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : K * I * N N A A N - L H K \/ \u00ab AA*Y11 1 1 - 2 1 *MOSS BRANCHES* PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) TWO OR MORE R E C O G N I Z A B L Y D I F F E R E N T , BUT O B V I O U S L Y S I M I L A R S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N NAME: T A N A C E T U M H U R O N E N S E * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : K * I * N N A A N - L H T * AA*MDELAA 2 2 - 2 1 1 \u2022 T A L L MOSS* PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E P A R T OF P L A N T ) TWO OR MORE C L O S E L Y R E L A T E D S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : R H Y T I D E A D E L P H I S T R I Q U E T R U S * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : K * U * N L H E L H - L H K \/ \u2022 A A * Y 2 1 - 2 * YELLOW BRANCHES* PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T t O R V I S I B L E P A R T O F P L A N T ) N A M E - R E F E R S T O TWO OR MORE D I S T I N C T L Y D I F F E R E N T , U N R E L A T E D P L A N T S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : R A N U N C U L U S A C R I S * B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : R A N U N C U L U S O C C I D E N T A L I S M E D I C I N A L U S E : P O U L T I C E ( F O R B U R N S , S U N B U R N , WOUNDS, I N F E C T I O N S ) B L I S T E R I N G A G E N T S E V E R A L MORE S P E C I E S ARE I N V O L V E D ( 4 TO 10) - 2,346 -FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: K\/AL PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) TWO OR MORE CLOSELY RELATED SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: ALNUS RUBRA USE IN TECHNOLOGY: WOOD FUEL OR TINDER DYE, DECORATION, COSMETIC, TATTOOING MEDICINAL USE: SORE EYES ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: INVOLVED IN A TABOO OR SUPERSTITION ROLE IN MYTHS AS A 'HUMANIZED* FIGURE SUPERNATURAL ROLE IN MYTHOLOGY CREST, TOTEM, OR DANCE SYMBOL BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: ALNUS CRISPA SSP. SINUATA, A. SINUATA USE IN TECHNOLOGY: WOOD ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: NATURAL ROLE IN MYTHOLOGY * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE* K\/AL-XIL 2-1 PART OF PLANT: LEAVES TWO OR MORE CLOSELY RELATED SPECIES BOTANICAL TA^ON NAME: ALNUS RUBRA USE IN TECHNOLOGY: % WOOD FUEL OR TINDER DYE, DECORATION, COSMETIC, TATTOOING MEDICINAL USE: SORE EYES ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: INVOLVED IN A TABOO OR SUPERSTITION ROLE IN MYTHS AS A 'HUMANIZED* FIGURE SUPERNATURAL ROLE IN MYTHOLOGY CREST, TOTEM, OR DANCE SYMBOL BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: ALNUS CRISPA SSP. SINUATA, A. SINUATA USE IN TECHNOLOGY: WOOD ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: NATURAL ROLE IN MYTHOLOGY - 347 -F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : K \/ A S J E * N D A A 121 ' H A I R ' PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T t O R V I S I B L E P A R T OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L TAXON N A M E : D E S M A R E S T I A S P -* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : K \/ I I * T \u2014 K * I N N A A N E E * Y 2 2 - 1 1 2 * T R E E MOSS 1 PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T t O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N NAME: E U R H Y N C H I U M OREGANUM * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : K \/ I I Y T PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T t O R V I S I B L E P A R T OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : P I C E A S I T C H E N S I S U S E AS F O O D : C A M B I U M C H E W I N G OR S M O K I N G P R E S E R V E D FOR W I N T E R U S E U S E I N T E C H N O L O G Y : WOOD F U E L OR T I N D E R F I B E R OR F I B R O U S T I S S U E U S E D M E D I C I N A L U S E : P O U L T I C E { F O R B U R N S , S U N B U R N , WOUNDS, I N F E C T I O N S ) C H I L D B I R T H \u00a3 F E M A L E D I S O R D E R S R O L E I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : S U P E R N A T U R A L R O L E I N M Y T H O L O G Y N A T U R A L R O L E I N M Y T H O L O G Y L O V E CHARM - 348 -F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : K \/ I I Y T - G E B B E E * Y E W I I J A A 2 - 1 1 I ' l l \u2022TREE S C A L L O P S ' PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : P O L Y P O R U S V E R S I C O L O R * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : K \/ I I * Y T - G I * L G E E Y 2 - 1 1 ' T R E E B I S C U I T ' PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) NAME R E F E R S T O TWO OR MORE D I S T I N C T L Y D I F F E R E N T , U N R E L A T E D P L A N T S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : L O B A R I A P U L M O N A R I A B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : FOMES P I N I C O L A A FEW MORE ( U P T O 3 ) I N A D D I T I O N TO T H O S E L I S T E D * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : K \/ I I Y T \u2014 L H K \/ * A * M E L E E Y 2 - 2 2 1 PART OF P L A N T : BRANCH O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : P I C E A S I T C H E N S I S U S E AS F O O D : C A M B I U M C H E W I N G OR S M O K I N G P R E S E R V E D FOR W I N T E R U S E U S E I N T E C H N O L O G Y : WOOD F U E L OR T I N D E R F I B E R OR F I B R O U S T I S S U E U S E D M E D I C I N A L U S E : P O U L T I C E ( F O R B U R N S , S U N B U R N , WOUNDS, I N F E C T I O N S ) C H I L D B I R T H & F E M A L E D I S O R D E R S R O L E I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : S U P E R N A T U R A L R O L E I N MYTHOLOGY N A T U R A L R O L E I N M Y T H O L O G Y L O V E CHARM - 349 -F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : K \/ 1 1 Y T - S K U U S A A * N G U U 2 - 1 2 1 PART OF P L A N T : R O O T , B U L B , OR O T H E R UNDERGROUND PART NAME R E F E R S TO TWO OR MORE D I S T I N C T L Y D I F F E R E N T , U N R E L A T E D P L A N T S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : P I C E A S I T C H E N S I S U S E AS F O O D : C A M B I U M C H E W I N G OR S M O K I N G P R E S E R V E D FOR W I N T E R U S E U S E I N T E C H N O L O G Y : WOOD F U E L OR T I N D E R F I B E R OR F I B R O U S T I S S U E U S E D M E D I C I N A L U S E : P O U L T I C E ( F O R B U R N S , S U N B U R N , WOUNDS, I N F E C T I O N S ) C H I L D B I R T H \u00a3 F E M A L E D I S O R D E R S R O L E I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : S U P E R N A T U R A L R O L E I N MYTHOLOGY N A T U R A L R O L E I N M Y T H O L O G Y L O V E CHARM * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : K \/ 1 1 Y T - T L A A S 21 P A R T OF P L A N T : BRANCH O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : P I C E A S I T C H E N S I S U S E AS F O O D : C A M B I U M C H E W I N G OR S M O K I N G P R E S E R V E D FOR W I N T E R U S E U S E I N T E C H N O L O G Y : WOOD F U E L OR T I N D E R F I B E R OR F I B R O U S T I S S U E U S E D M E D I C I N A L U S E : P O U L T I C E ( F O R B U R N S , S U N B U R N , WOUNDS, I N F E C T I O N S ) C H I L D B I R T H \u00a3 F E M A L E D I S O R D E R S ROLE I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : S U P E R N A T U R A L R O L E I N M Y T H O L O G Y N A T U R A L R O L E I N M Y T H O L O G Y L O V E ' CHARM - 350 -F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : K \/ \u00bb A * L L A A - K \u00ab I N N A A N E E * Y 2 2 - 1 1 2 \u2022MUSKEG MOSS* PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T t O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) NAME R E F E R S T O TWO OR MORE D I S T I N C T L Y D I F F E R E N T , U N R E L A T E D P L A N T S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : SPHAGNUM S P P . B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : L Y C O P O D I U M C L A V A T U M A S I N G L E O T H E R S P E C I E S I S I N C L U D E D * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : K \/ \u2022 A L L A A - K \/ \u00bb A N N A A Y 2 2 - 1 2 \u2022MUSKEG GRASS* PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T t O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) NAME R E F E R S T O TWO OR MORE D I S T I N C T L Y D I F F E R E N T , U N R E L A T E D P L A N T S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : E L E O C H A R I S M A C R O S T A C H Y A B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : T O F I E L D I A G L U T I N O S A A FEW MORE ( U P T O 3 ) I N A D D I T I O N T O T H O S E L I S T E D * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : K \/ \u2022 A L L A A - L H K \/ \u2022 A A * Y I I 22-21 * MUSKEG BRANCHES* P A R T OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T S NAME R E F E R S T O TWO OR MORE D I S T I N C T L Y D I F F E R E N T , U N R E L A T E D P L A N T S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : J U N C U S E F F U S U S U S E I N T E C H N O L O G Y : F I B E R OR F I B R O U S T I S S U E U S E D B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : E L E O C H A R I S M A C R O S T A C H Y A A FEW MORE ( U P TO 3 ) I N A D D I T I O N TO T H O S E L I S T E D * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : K \/ \u2022 A L L A A - S K \/ U U S A A * N G W E E * Y 11-122 - 351 -\u2022MUSKEG ( S P E C I A L ) ROOTS* PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) TWO OR MORE C L O S E L Y R E L A T E D S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N NAME: C L A D O N I A P A C I F I C A F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : K \/ ' A N PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) NAME R E F E R S TO TWO OR MORE D I S T I N C T L Y D I F F E R E N T , U N R E L A T E D P L A N T S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : G R A S S , G E N E R A L B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : CARE<X<<<SP<P. U S E I N T E C H N O L O G Y : F I B E R OR F I B R O U S T I S S U E U S E D MANY O T H E R P L A N T S P E C I E S ARE I N V O L V E D ( O V E R I O ) * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : K \/ * A N - K E W A A * N D A A ? ' F L A T GRASS* PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) TWO OR MORE R E C O G N I Z A B L Y D I F F E R E N T , BUT O B V I O U S L Y S I M I L A R S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : L U Z U L A M U L T I F L O R A A FEW MORE ( U P T O 3 ) I N A D D I T I O N TO T H O S E L I S T E D * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : K \/ ' A * N - L H G A M G \/ A * N D A A 2 - 2 2 1 ' R O U N D G R A S S ' PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : T R I G L O C H I N MAR I T I MUM U S E AS F O O D : \u2022 G R E E N S ' OR A B O V E - G R O U N D PARTS P R E S E R V E D FOR W I N T E R U S E - 352 -F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : K \/ * A N - S K * E N G A A * N D A A 2 - 2 2 2 * ROUND GRASS\/STRAW* PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T t O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) NAME R E F E R S T O TWO OR MORE D I S T I N C T L Y D I F F E R E N T , U N R E L A T E D P L A N T S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : ELYMUS M O L L I S U S E I N T E C H N O L O G Y : F I B E R OR F I B R O U S T I S S U E USED ROLE I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : S U P E R N A T U R A L ROLE I N MYTHOLOGY B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : T R I G L O C H I N M A R I T I M U M U S E AS F O O D : ' G R E E N S ' OR A B O V E - G R O U N D P A R T S P R E S E R V E D FOR W I N T E R U S E * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : K \/ \u2022 A N - T L \u00bb E * L - X I DA 1 - 2 1 1 * WIDE GRASS * P A R T OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T t O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) TWO OR MORE R E C O G N I Z A B L Y D I F F E R E N T , BUT O B V I O U S L Y S I M I L A R S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : G R A S S , G E N E R A L * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : K \/ \u2022 A * N - T L \u2022 E N G A A * N D A A 2 - 2 2 2 ' F L A T G R A S S ' PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T t O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : E L Y M U S M O L L I S U S E I N T E C H N O L O G Y : F I B E R OR F I B R O U S T I S S U E U S E D R O L E I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : S U P E R N A T U R A L R O L E I N M Y T H O L O G Y - 353 -* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : K\/\u2022AS PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : M E N Z I E S I A F E R R U G I N E A U S E I N T E C H N O L O G Y : D Y E , D E C O R A T I O N , C O S M E T I C , T A T T O O I N G M E D I C I N A L U S E : A N T I S E P T I C OR DEODORANT R O L E I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : I N V O L V E D I N SOME R E L I G I O U S R I T U A L I N V O L V E D I N A T A B O O OR S U P E R S T I T I O N * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : K \/ \u2022 A S - L H K \/ \u2022 A A * Y 22 PART OF P L A N T : BRANCH O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : M E N Z I E S I A F E R R U G I N E A U S E I N T E C H N O L O G Y : D Y E , D E C O R A T I O N , C O S M E T I C , T A T T O O I N G M E D I C I N A L U S E : A N T I S E P T I C OR DEODORANT R O L E I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : I N V O L V E D I N SOME R E L I G I O U S R I T U A L I N V O L V E D I N A T A B O O OR S U P E R S T I T I O N ************************************************************ F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : K \/ ' A S - X I * L 22 PART OF P L A N T : L E A V E S O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : M E N Z I E S I A F E R R U G I N E A U S E I N T E C H N O L O G Y : D Y E , D E C O R A T I O N , C O S M E T I C , T A T T O O I N G M E D I C I N A L U S E : A N T I S E P T I C OR DEODORANT ROLE I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : I N V O L V E D I N SOME R E L I G I O U S R I T U A L I N V O L V E D I N A T A B O O OR S U P E R S T I T I O N - 354 -* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : K \/ ' A A N G PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) TWO OR MORE C L O S E L Y R E L A T E D S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : T S U G A H E T E R O P H Y L L A U S E AS F O O D : C A M B I U M C O L L E C T I O N OF H E R R I N G SPAWN P R E S E R V E D FOR W I N T E R USE U S E I N T E C H N O L O G Y : WOOD B E D D I N G , S T U F F I N G , B A N D A G I N G , T O W E L L I N G M E D I C I N A L U S E : P O U L T I C E ( F O R B U R N S , S U N B U R N , WOUNDS, I N F E C T I O N S ) C H I L D B I R T H \u00a3 F E M A L E D I S O R D E R S ROLE I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : L U C K OR P R O T E C T I V E CHARM S U P E R N A T U R A L R O L E I N MYTHOLOGY N A T U R A L R O L E I N M Y T H O L O G Y C R E S T , T O T E M , OR DANCE SYMBOL B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : T S U G A M E R T E N S I ANA U S E AS F O O D : C A M B I U M P R E S E R V E D FOR W I N T E R U S E * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : K \/ \u2022 A A N G - L H K \/ \u2022 A * M E L E E Y 2 - 1 1 1 PART OF P L A N T : BRANCH TWO OR MORE C L O S E L Y R E L A T E D S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : T S U G A H E T E R O P H Y L L A U S E AS F O O D : C A M B I U M C O L L E C T I O N OF H E R R I N G SPAWN P R E S E R V E D FOR W I N T E R U S E U S E I N T E C H N O L O G Y : WOOD B E D D I N G , S T U F F I N G , B A N D A G I N G , T O W E L L I N G M E D I C I N A L U S E : P O U L T I C E ( F O R B U R N S , S U N B U R N , WOUNDS, I N F E C T I O N S ) C H I L D B I R T H \u00a3 F E M A L E D I S O R D E R S R O L E I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : L U C K OR P R O T E C T I V E CHARM S U P E R N A T U R A L ROLE I N MYTHOLOGY N A T U R A L R O L E I N M Y T H O L O G Y - 355 -C R E S T , T O T E M , OR DANCE SYMBOL F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : K \/ ' A A N G - T L A A S 2 - 2 PART OF P L A N T : BRANCH TWO OR MORE C L O S E L Y R E L A T E D S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : T S U G A H E T E R O P H Y L L A U S E AS F O O D : C A M B I U M C O L L E C T I O N OF H E R R I N G SPAWN P R E S E R V E D FOR W I N T E R U S E U S E I N T E C H N O L O G Y : WOOD B E D D I N G , S T U F F I N G , B A N D A G I N G , T O W E L L I N G M E D I C I N A L U S E : P O U L T I C E ( F O R B U R N S , S U N B U R N , WOUNDS, I N F E C T I O N S } C H I L D B I R T H \u00a3 F E M A L E D I S O R D E R S R O L E I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : LUCK OR P R O T E C T I V E CHARM S U P E R N A T U R A L R O L E I N MYTHOLOGY N A T U R A L R O L E I N M Y T H O L O G Y C R E S T , T O T E M , OR DANCE SYMBOL * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : K\/\u2022AAWTS * E L L - A A * N G - G A A 1 1 - 2 2 \u2022 CRACK\u2014* PART OF P L A N T : F R U I T , F L O W E R , C O N E , S E E D , O R F L O A T S OF A L G A E O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : R U B U S CHAMAEMORUS U S E AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N P R E S E R V E D FOR W I N T E R U S E I M P O R T E D , OR NOT U S E D L O C A L L Y OR A B O R I G I N A L L Y ************************************************************ F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : K \/ * A A W T S * E L L - A A * N G - G A A - X I L 1 1 - 2 2 - 2 PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T t O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T J O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S - 356 -B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : RUBUS CHAMAEMORUS U S E AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N P R E S E R V E D FOR W I N T E R U S E I M P O R T E D , OR NOT U S E D L O C A L L Y OR A B O R I G I N A L L Y * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : K \/ * I I * T G W A A * N D A A 221 PART OF P L A N T : L E A V E S O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : R I B E S L A X I F L O R U M U S E AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N F L A V O U R I N G * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : K \/ \u00bb 11 * T G W A A * N D A A - L H I < \/ \u2022 AA*Y 2 2 1 - 2 PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T { O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : R I B E S L A X I F L O R U M U S E AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N F L A V O U R I N G * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : K \/ \u2022 1 1 * T G W A A * N D A A - X I L 2 2 2 - 2 PART OF P L A N T : L E A V E S O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : R I B E S L A X I F L O R U M USE AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N F L A V O U R I N G * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * - 357 -FOLK P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : K \/ ' U * N L H E 21 PART OF P L A N T : F R U I T , F L O W E R , C O N E , S E E D , O R F L O A T S OF A L G A E O R I G I N A L L Y A N A T I V E P L A N T - E X P A N D E D TO I M P O R T E D OR C U L T I V A T E D C O U N T E R P A R T B O T A N I C A L T A X O N NAME:, ROSA N U T K A N A U S E AS F O O D : v F R U I T S E A T E N \u2022 G R E E N S ' OR A B O V E - G R O U N D P A R T S M E D I C I N A L U S E : G E N E R A L T O N I C B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : ROSA ( G A R D E N R O S E ) * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : K \/ * U * N L H E - H \/ E * L L E E * Y 2 1 - 1 2 PART OF P L A N T : F R U I T , F L O W E R , C O N E , S E E D , O R F L O A T S OF A L G A E O R I G I N A L L Y A N A T I V E P L A N T - E X P A N D E D T O I M P O R T E D OR C U L T I V A T E D C O U N T E R P A R T B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : ROSA N U T K A N A U S E AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N \u2022 G R E E N S ' OR A B O V E - G R O U N D P A R T S M E D I C I N A L U S E : G E N E R A L T O N I C B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : ROSA ( G A R D E N R O S E ) * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : K\/* U * N L H E \u2014 L H K \/ * AA*Y 2 1 - 2 PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) O R I G I N A L L Y A N A T I V E P L A N T - E X P A N D E D TO I M P O R T E D OR C U L T I V A T E D C O U N T E R P A R T B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : ROSA N U T K A N A U S E AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N \u2022GREENS* OR A B O V E - G R O U N D P A R T S M E D I C I N A L U S E : G E N E R A L T O N I C B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : ROSA ( G A R D E N R O S E ) * - 358 -F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : KWA*NAN ? ( N E ) PART OF P L A N T : R O O T , B U L B , OR O T H E R UNDERGROUND PART O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : U R T I C A D I O I C A U S E AS F O O D : UNDERGROUND P A R T S E A T E N \u2022GREENS* OR A B O V E - G R O U N D P A R T S U S E I N T E C H N O L O G Y : F I B E R OR F I B R O U S T I S S U E U S E D M E D I C I N A L U S E : R H E U M A T I S M , A R T H R I T I S , M U S C U L A R D I S O R D E R S , P A R A L Y S I S C O N T R A C E P T I V E , A B O R T I V E R O L E I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : U S E D FOR B E A T I N G OR W A S H I N G I N P U R I F I C A T I O N R I T U A L N A T U R A L R O L E I N M Y T H O L O G Y C R E S T , T O T E M , OR DANCE SYMBOL * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : L * A A * N A A - L H G U U N A A * Y 2 2 - 1 2 ' V I L L A G E SKUNK C A B B A G E * PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T t O R V I S I B L E P A R T OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : P L A N T A G O MAJOR M E D I C I N A L U S E : P O U L T I C E ( F O R B U R N S , S U N B U R N , WOUNDS, I N F E C T I O N S ) ************************************************************ F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : L H A A * Y 2 , OR L H A A * Y I I 21 PART OF P L A N T : F R U I T , F L O W E R , C O N E , S E E D , O R F L O A T S OF A L G A E O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : V I B U R N U M E D U L E U S E AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N M E D I C I N A L U S E : SORE E Y E S - 359 -ROLE I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : S U P E R N A T U R A L ROLE I N MYTHOLOGY NATURAL ROLE I N MYTHOLOGY ******************************************************, ! .*** J S . : { e FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : L H A A * Y A A - L H K \/ ' A A Y 2 2 - 1 PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T } O N E - T O - O N E CORRESPONDENCE W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L TAXON NAME: V I B U R N U M EDULE USE AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N M E D I C I N A L U S E : SORE E Y E S ROLE I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : S U P E R N A T U R A L ROLE I N MYTHOLOGY ' N A T U R A L ROLE I N MYTHOLOGY * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : ' LHDAA*N , PART OF P L A N T : F R U I T , F L O W E R , C O N E , S E E D , O R F L O A T S OF ALGAE TWO OR MORE R E C O G N I Z A B L Y D I F F E R E N T , BUT O B V I O U S L Y S I M I L A R S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L TAXON NAME: V A C C I N I U M O V A L I F O L I U M USE AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N B O T A N I C A L TAXON NAME: V A C C I N I U M A L A S K A E N S E USE AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : LHDAA*NLHE 21 ( W I T H O U T F R U I T ) PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF PLANT? TWO OR MORE R E C O G N I Z A B L Y D I F F E R E N T , BUT O B V I O U S L Y S I M I L A R S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L TAXON NAME: V A C C I N I U M O V A L I F O L I U M USE AS F O O D : - 360 -FRUITS EATEN BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: VACCINIUM PARVIFOLIUM USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN USE IN TECHNOLOGY: FUEL OR TINDER F O L K PLANT S E G R E G A T E : L H O A A * N L H E - L H K \/ \u2022 A A Y 2 1 - 1 PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) NAME R E F E R S TO TWO OR MORE D I S T I N C T L Y D I F F E R E N T , U N R E L A T E D PLANT S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L TAXON NAME: SYMPHORICARPOS ALBUS B O T A N I C A L TAXON NAME: M E N Z I E S I A F E R R U G I N E A USE I N T E C H N O L O G Y : D Y E , D E C O R A T I O N , C O S M E T I C , T A T T O O I N G M E D I C I N A L U S E : A N T I S E P T I C OR DEODORANT ROLE I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : I N V O L V E D I N SOME R E L I G I O U S R I T U A L I N V O L V E D I N A TABOO OR S U P E R S T I T I O N A FEW MORE ( U P TO 3 ) I N A D D I T I O N TO THOSE L I S T E D FOLK P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : L H D A A + N L H E - L H K \/ \u00bb A A * Y 2 1 - 2 ( W I T H F R U I T ) PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) NAME R E F E R S TO TWO OR MORE D I S T I N C T L Y D I F F E R E N T , U N R E L A T E D PLANT S P E C I E S 8 0 T A N I C A L TAXON NAME: V A C C I N I U M O V A L I F O L I U M USE AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N B O T A N I C A L TAXON NAME: V A C C I N I U M A L A S K A E N S E USE AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N A FEW MORE (UP TO 3 ) I N A D D I T I O N TO THOSE L I S T E D - 361 -FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : L H G A B A L U * t A ) - X \/ W U D A L U * ? i N E ) PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T I O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E CORRESPONDENCE W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L TAXON NAME: \" S A U C E R B E R R I E S \" USE AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N FOLK P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : L H G I D U U W E * N - T A A * N G E L 1 1 2 - 2 2 \"GOOSE TONGUE* PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T { O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ! LANGUAGE OF O R I G I N : E N G L I S H O N E - T O - O N E CORRESPONDENCE W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L TAXON NAME: T R I G L O C H I N MAR I T I MUM USE AS F O O D : * GREENS * OR A B O V E - G R O U N D PARTS P R E S E R V E D FOR W I N T E R USE FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : L H G = E E Y T \u00abBOW\u00ab PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T I O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E CORRESPONDENCE W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L TAXON NAME: TAXUS B R E V I F O L I A USE AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N USE I N T E C H N O L O G Y : WOOD M E D I C I N A L U S E : R H E U M A T I S M , A R T H R I T I S , MUSCULAR D I S O R D E R S , P A R A L Y S I S C O N T R A C E P T I V E , A B O R T I V E I M P O R T E D , OR NOT USED L O C A L L Y OR A B O R I G I N A L L Y FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : L H G = E E Y T - L H K \/ * A*MELEEY 2 - 1 1 1 PART OF P L A N T : BRANCH O N E - T O - O N E CORRESPONDENCE W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S - 362 -B O T A N I C A L T A X O N NAME: T A X U S B R E V I F O L I A U S E AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N U S E I N T E C H N O L O G Y : WOOD M E D I C I N A L U S E : R H E U M A T I S M , A R T H R I T I S , MUSCULAR D I S O R D E R S , P A R A L Y S I S C O N T R A C E P T I V E , A B O R T I V E I M P O R T E D , OR NOT USED L O C A L L Y OR A B O R I G I N A L L Y ************************************************************ F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : L H G = E E Y T \u2014 L H K \/ ' A A Y 2 - 1 PART OF P L A N T : BRANCH O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : T A X U S B R E V I F O L I A U S E AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N U S E I N T E C H N O L O G Y : WOOD M E D I C I N A L U S E : R H E U M A T I S M , A R T H R I T I S , M U S C U L A R D I S O R D E R S , P A R A L Y S I S C O N T R A C E P T I V E , A B O R T I V E I M P O R T E D , OR NOT U S E D L O C A L L Y OR A B O R I G I N A L L Y * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : L H G = E E Y T - T L A A S 2 - 2 PART OF P L A N T : BRANCH O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : T A X U S B R E V I F O L I A U S E AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N U S E I N T E C H N O L O G Y : WOOD M E D I C I N A L U S E : R H E U M A T I S M , A R T H R I T I S , MUSCULAR D I S O R D E R S , P A R A L Y S I S C O N T R A C E P T I V E , A B O R T I V E I M P O R T E D , OR NOT U S E D L O C A L L Y OR A B O R I G I N A L L Y ************************************************************ - 363 -FOLK P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : LHGWUN PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N NAME: L Y S I C H I T U M A M E R I C A N U M U S E AS F O O D : C O N S I D E R E D I N E D I B L E OR P O I S O N O U S U S E I N T E C H N O L O G Y : L I N I N G S , C O V E R I N G S , STEAM G E N E R A T I O N U N M O D I F I E D I M P L E M E N T S OR C O N T A I N E R S M E D I C I N A L U S E : P O U L T I C E ( F O R B U R N S , S U N B U R N , WOUNDS, I N F E C T I O N S ) R H E U M A T I S M , A R T H R I T I S , MUSCULAR D I S O R D E R S , P A R A L Y S I S U S E D I N S T E A M - B A T H OR S W E A T - H O U S E M E D I C I N E , BUT U N S P E C I F I E D R O L E I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : N A T U R A L R O L E I N M Y T H O L O G Y * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : L H G W U * N - C H A A * Y 2 - 2 ' - E G G S * PART OF P L A N T : F R U I T , F L O W E R , C O N E , S E E D , O R F L O A T S OF A L G A E O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : L Y S I C H I T U M A M E R I C A N U M U S E AS F O O D : C O N S I D E R E D I N E D I B L E OR P O I S O N O U S U S E I N T E C H N O L O G Y : L I N I N G S , C O V E R I N G S , STEAM G E N E R A T I O N U N M O D I F I E D I M P L E M E N T S OR C O N T A I N E R S M E D I C I N A L U S E : P O U L T I C E ( F O R B U R N S , S U N B U R N , WOUNDS, I N F E C T I O N S ) R H E U M A T I S M , A R T H R I T I S , MUSCULAR D I S O R D E R S , P A R A L Y S I S USED I N S T E A M - B A T H OR S W E A T - H O U S E M E D I C I N E , BUT U N S P E C I F I E D R O L E I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : N A T U R A L R O L E I N M Y T H O L O G Y F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : L H I I * Y I N G ( L H I I * N G ) - K \u2022 I N N A A N 2 1 -11 \u2022 S P R U C E - R O O T MOSS' PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T t O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S - 364 -B O T A N I C A L TAXON NAME: HYLOCOMIUM SPLENOENS FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : LH 1I * Y I N G 21 E J S I o L ^ ^ I n R 0 D T > B U L B t 0 R 0 T H E R UNDERGROUND PART NAME R E F E R S TO TWO OR MORE D I S T I N C T L Y D I F F E R E N T , U N R E L A T E D PLANT S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L TAXON NAME: P I C E A S I T C H E N S I S USE AS F O O D : CAMBIUM CHEWING OR SMOKING P R E S E R V E D FOR W I N T E R USE USE I N T E C H N O L O G Y : WOOD F U E L OR T I N D E R F I B E R OR F I B R O U S T I S S U E USED M E D I C I N A L U S E : P O U L T I C E ( F O R B U R N S , S U N B U R N , WOUNDS, I N F E C T I O N S ) C H I L D B I R T H S FEMALE D I S O R D E R S ROLE I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : S U P E R N A T U R A L ROLE I N MYTHOLOGY N A T U R A L ROLE I N MYTHOLOGY L O V E CHARM * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : L H K A N A T \u2014 X I L ? ( N E ) PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E CORRESPONDENCE W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N NAME: MONTIA S I B I R I C A USE AS F O O D : ' G R E E N S * OR A B O V E - G R O U N D PARTS * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * \u00a3 \u00a3 , ( . FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : L H K Y \u2022 A A * N - L H K \/ \u2022 A A M L I 2 - 1 1 1 ' F O R E S T B R A N C H E S ' PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T t O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) TWO OR MORE R E C O G N I Z A B L Y D I F F E R E N T , BUT O B V I O U S L Y S I M I L A R S P E C I E S - 365 B O T A N I C A L TAXON NAME: EMPETRUM NIGRUM USE AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N M E D I C I N A L U S E : LUNG A I L M E N T S ( P N E U M O N I A , T U B F R C U L O S I S ) HEART T R O U B L E S M E D I C I N E , BUT U N S P E C I F I E D FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : L H K Y * A A * N X \/ A A - S K U U * S I D A A Y 2 1 - 2 2 2 9 FOREST POTATOES* PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) TWO OR MORE R E C O G N I Z A B L Y D I F F E R E N T , BUT O B V I O U S L Y S I M I L A R S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L TAXON NAME: C O N I O S E L I N U M P A C I F I C U M M E D I C I N A L U S E : LUNG A I L M E N T S ( P N E U M O N I A , T U B E R C U L O S I S ) B O T A N I C A L TAXON NAME: OENANTHE SARMENTOSA F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : L H K Y * A A * N ( X \/ A A ) - T \u2022 A * M D E L A A 2 ( 1 ) - 2 1 1 \u2022FOREST S O F T \/ F I N E * PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T t O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) TWO OR MORE C L O S E L Y R E L A T E D S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N NAME: ERIOPHORUM S P P . U S E AS F O O D : FOOD OF A P A R T I C U L A R ANIMAL ( A C T U A L OR B E L I E F ) USE I N T E C H N O L O G Y : D Y E , D E C O R A T I O N , C O S M E T I C , T A T T O O I N G * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : L H K * I I T PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E CORRESPONDENCE W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L TAXON NAME: HERACLEUM LANATUM U S E AS F O O D : - 366 -\u2022 G R E E N S ' OR A B O V E - G R O U N D P A R T S C O N S I D E R E D I N E D I B L E OR P O I S O N O U S M E D I C I N A L U S E : P O U L T I C E ( F O R B U R N S , S U N B U R N , WOUNDS, I N F E C T I O N S ) B L A D D E R \u00a3 U R I N A R Y A I L M E N T S R O L E I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : I N V O L V E D I N A T A B O O OR S U P E R S T I T I O N O T H E R U S E S GAMES * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : L H K ' I I * T - G I I D I I * Y A A 2 - 2 2 1 ' - B A B Y ' PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) TWO OR MORE R E C O G N I Z A B L Y D I F F E R E N T , BUT O B V I O U S L Y S I M I L A R S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : O E N A N T H E SARMENTOSA B O T A N I C A L T A X O N NAME: G L E H N I A L I T T O R A L I S S S P . L E I O C A R P A A FEW MORE ( U P TO 3 ) I N A D D I T I O N TO T H O S E L I S T E D F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : LHK* 1 1 * T - K \/ A T S 2 - 1 ' - H E A D \/ H A I R ' PART OF P L A N T : F R U I T , F L O W E R , C O N E , S E E D , O R F L O A T S OF A L G A E O R I G I N A L L Y A N A T I V E P L A N T - E X P A N D E D T O I M P O R T E D OR C U L T I V A T E D C O U N T E R P A R T B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : H E R A C L E U M L A N A T U M U S E AS F O O D : \u2022 G R E E N S ' OR A B O V E - G R O U N D P A R T S C O N S I D E R E D I N E D I B L E OR P O I S O N O U S M E D I C I N A L U S E : P O U L T I C E ( F O R B U R N S , S U N B U R N , WOUNDS, I N F E C T I O N S ) B L A D D E R \u00a3 U R I N A R Y A I L M E N T S R O L E I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : I N V O L V E D I N A T A B O O OR S U P E R S T I T I O N O T H E R U S E S GAMES B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : AVENA ( R O L L E D O A T S ) * - 367 -F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : L H K \u2022 I I * T - K \/ A A J E * N J E S D L A A N 2 - 1 2 1 1 \" - H E A D S O P E N I N G U P \" PART OF P L A N T : F R U I T , F L O W E R , C O N E , S E E D , OR F L O A T S OF A L G A E O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : H E R A C L E U M L A N A T U M U S E AS F O O D : \u2022 G R E E N S ' OR A B O V E - G R O U N D PARTS C O N S I D E R E D I N E D I B L E OR P O I S O N O U S M E D I C I N A L U S E : P O U L T I C E ( F O R B U R N S , S U N B U R N , WOUNDS, I N F E C T I O N S ) BLADDER \u00a3 U R I N A R Y A I L M E N T S ROLE I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : I N V O L V E D I N A T A B O O OR S U P E R S T I T I O N O T H E R U S E S GAMES * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : L H K \u00bb I I * T ~ L H K \/ A A M E E * Y 1 - 1 2 ' \u2014 B U L L K E L P ' PART OF P L A N T : S T E M , S T I P E , OR S P R O U T S O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : H E R A C L E U M L A N A T U M U S E AS F O O D : \u2022 G R E E N S ' OR A B O V E - G R O U N D P A R T S C O N S I D E R E D I N E D I B L E OR P O I S O N O U S M E D I C I N A L U S E : P O U L T I C E ( F O R B U R N S , S U N B U R N , WOUNDS, I N F E C T I O N S ) B L A D D E R \u00a3 U R I N A R Y A I L M E N T S R O L E I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : I N V O L V E D I N A T A B O O OR S U P E R S T I T I O N O T H E R U S E S GAMES F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : L H K \/ A A M PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N K OR V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : U S E I N T E C H N O L O G Y : N E R E O C Y S T I S L U E T K E A N A - 368 -F I B E R OR F I B R O U S T I S S U E USED U N M O D I F I E D IMPLEMENTS OR C O N T A I N E R S ROLE I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : I N V O L V E D I N SOME R E L I G I O U S R I T U A L SUPERNATURAL ROLE I N MYTHOLOGY OTHER USES GAMES F O L K PLANT S E G R E G A T E : L H K \/ A A * M - K \/ A T S 21 9 KELP HA I R \/ H E A D * -PART OF P L A N T : L E A V E S TWO OR MORE R E C O G N I Z A B L Y D I F F E R E N T , BUT O B V I O U S L Y S I M I L A R S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L TAXON NAME: N E R E O C Y S T I S L U E T K E A N A USE I N T E C H N O L O G Y : F I B E R OR F I B R O U S T I S S U E USED U N M O D I F I E D I M P L E M E N T S OR C O N T A I N E R S ROLE I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : I N V O L V E D I N SOME R E L I G I O U S R I T U A L S U P E R N A T U R A L ROLE I N MYTHOLOGY OTHER USES GAMES B O T A N I C A L TAXON NAME: M A C R O C Y S T I S I N T E G R I F O L I A USE AS F O O D : C O L L E C T I O N OF H E R R I N G SPAWN P R E S E R V E D FOR W I N T E R USE ROLE I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : S U P E R N A T U R A L ROLE I N MYTHOLOGY F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : L H K \/ A A * M - S D L A A * N ' - I N T E S T I N E S * PART O F P L A N T : S T E M , S T I P E , OR SPROUTS O N E - T O - O N E CORRESPONDENCE W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N NAME: N E R E O C Y S T I S L U E T K E A N A USE I N T E C H N O L O G Y : F I B E R OR F I B R O U S T I S S U E USED U N M O D I F I E D IMPLEMENTS OR C O N T A I N E R S ROLE I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : I N V O L V E D I N SOME R E L I G I O U S R I T U A L SUPERNATURAL ROLE I N MYTHOLOGY O T H E R USES - 369 -GAMES ************************************************************ F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : L H K \/ * A M A A * L - K \/ A T S 1 2 - 1 ' B O U G H H A I R * PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T t O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) TWO OR MORE C L O S E L Y R E L A T E D S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N NAME: A L E C T O R I A J U B A T A GROUP * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : L H K \/ ' A M E L - K * I I t K ' I H ) 1 2 - 2 ' S H A R P BRANCH* PART OF P L A N T : BRANCH O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : P I C E A S I T C H E N S I S U S E AS F O O D : C A M B I U M C H E W I N G OR S M O K I N G P R E S E R V E D FOR W I N T E R U S E U S E I N T E C H N O L O G Y : WOOD F U E L OR T I N D E R F I B E R OR F I B R O U S T I S S U E U S E D M E D I C I N A L U S E : P O U L T I C E ( F O R B U R N S , S U N B U R N , WOUNDS, I N F E C T I O N S ) C H I L D B I R T H \u00a3 F E M A L E D I S O R D E R S R O L E I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : S U P E R N A T U R A L R O L E I N M Y T H O L O G Y N A T U R A L R O L E I N MYTHOLOGY L O V E CHARM ************************************************************ F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : L H K \/ * AA*MAA*L 22 ' E V E R G R E E N BOUGH* P A R T OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T t O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N M E D I C I N A L U S E : C O L D S , SORE N A M E : J U N I P E R U S COMMUNIS T H R O A T S , WHOOPING C O U G H , F L U , \u00a3 F E V E R S - 370 -U L C E R S \u00a3 STOMACH T R O U B L E S B L A D D E R \u00a3 U R I N A R Y A I L M E N T S U N S P E C I F I E D I N T E R N A L C O M P L A I N T S ( E . G . C A N C E R ) R O L E I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : C E R E M O N I A L P U R I F I E R - F O R O B T A I N I N G S U P E R N A T U R A L POWER I N V O L V E D I N A TABOO OR S U P E R S T I T I O N * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : L H T E * N N U U - K I L H K \u2022 U U J U U * 2 2 - 1 1 2 { L H T A * N N U U - ) ' E A G L E - D O W N WIND V A N E * PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E P A R T OF P L A N T ) TWO OR MORE C L O S E L Y R E L A T E D S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N NAME: ER IOPHORUM S P P . U S E AS F O O D : FOOD OF A P A R T I C U L A R A N I M A L ( A C T U A L OR B E L I E F ) U S E I N T E C H N O L O G Y : D Y E , D E C O R A T I O N , C O S M E T I C , T A T T O O I N G * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : L H U U G = A A * N A A ? ( N E ) PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : A C T A E A RUBRA S S P . ARGUTA F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : MA*TDELLAA*W 112 P A R T OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : RUBUS P A R V I F L O R U S U S E AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * - 371 -FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: MA*TDELLAA*W-LHK\/\u00bbAA*Y 112-1 PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: RUBUS PARVIFLORUS USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: MA*TDELLAA*W-XIL 112-1 PART OF PLANT: LEAVES ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: RUBUS PARVIFLORUS USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN ************************************************************ FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: NGAAL PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) TWO OR MORE RECOGNIZABLY DIFFERENT, BUT OBVIOUSLY SIMILAR SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: MACROCYSTIS INTEGRIFOLIA USE AS FOOD: COLLECTION OF HERRING SPAWN PRESERVED FOR WINTER USE ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: SUPERNATURAL ROLE IN MYTHOLOGY A FEW MORE (UP TO 3) IN ADDITION TO THOSE LISTED * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: NGAAL-GAANDAA 121 PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANTTOR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) TWO OR MORE RECOGNIZABLY DIFFERENT, BUT OBVIOUSLY SIMILAR SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: ALARIA MARGINATA USE AS FOOD: - 372 -COLLECTION OF HERRING SPAWN PRESERVED FOR WINTER USE BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: MICROCYSTIS INTEGRIFOLIA USE AS FOOD: COLLECTION OF HERRING SPAWN PRESERVED FOR WINTER USE ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: SUPERNATURAL ROLE IN MYTHOLOGY SEVERAL MORE SPECIES ARE INVOLVEDI4 TO 10) * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: NGAAL\u20147EEGIN\u2014SKAAWES 2-21-21 '-ROUND PART OF PLANT: FRUIT, FLOWER,CONE,SEED,OR FLOATS OF ALGAE ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: MACROCYSTIS INTEGRIFOLIA USE AS FOOD: COLLECTION OF HERRING SPAWN PRESERVED FOR WINTER USE ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: SUPERNATURAL ROLE IN MYTHOLOGY * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: SALHTAA*JIGAAY ? (NE) PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: RANUNCULUS OCCIDENTAL IS MEDICINAL USE: POULTICE (FOR BURNS, SUNBURN, WOUNDS, INFECTIONS) BLISTERING AGENT ************************************************************ FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: SAAJAA*N12 PART OF PLANT: FRUIT, FLOWER,CONE,SEED,OR FLOATS OF ALGAE ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: MAIANTHEMUM DILATATUM - 373 -USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN PRESERVED FOR WINTER USE MEDICINAL USE: POULTICE (FOR BURNS, SUNBURN, WOUNDS, INFECTIONS) SORE EYES LAXATIVE GENERAL TONIC ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: NATURAL ROLE IN MYTHOLOGY FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: SAAIAA*N-CHAA*LAA 22-21 '-SOFT* PART OF PLANT: DRIED OR PREPARED MATERIAL ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: MAIANTHEMUM DILATATUM USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN PRESERVED FOR WINTER USE MEDICINAL USE: POULTICE (FOR BURNS, SUNBURN, WOUNDS, INFECTIONS) SORE EYES LAXATIVE GENERAL TONIC ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: NATURAL ROLE IN MYTHOLOGY * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: SAAIAA+N-LHK\/\u2022AAYII * 12-12 PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: MAIANTHEMUM DILATATUM USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN PRESERVED FOR WINTER USE MEDICINAL USE: POULTICE (FOR BURNS, SUNBURN, WOUNDS, INFECTIONS) SORE EYES LAXATIVE GENERAL TONIC ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: NATURAL ROLE IN MYTHOLOGY - 374 -* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : S A A l A A * N - X I L 2 2 - 1 PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : MAIANTHEMUM D I L A T A T U M U S E AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N P R E S E R V E D FOR W I N T E R U S E M E D I C I N A L U S E : P O U L T I C E ( F O R B U R N S , S U N B U R N , WOUNDS, I N F E C T I O N S ) SORE E Y E S L A X A T I V E G E N E R A L T O N I C R O L E I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : N A T U R A L R O L E I N MYTHOLOGY * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : SAA*GWAA*L 22 PART OF P L A N T : R O O T , B U L B , OR O T H E R UNDERGROUND PART TWO OR MORE R E C O G N I Z A B L Y D I F F E R E N T , BUT O B V I O U S L Y S I M I L A R S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : P T E R I D I U M A Q U I L I N U M USE AS F O O D : UNDERGROUND P A R T S E A T E N B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : A T H Y R I U M F I L I X - F E M I N A A FEW MORE ( U P TO 3 ) I N A D D I T I O N TO T H O S E L I S T E D ************************************************************ F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : S A A * G W A A * L - X I L 2 2 - 1 PART OF P L A N T : L E A V E S TWO OR MORE R E C O G N I Z A B L Y D I F F E R E N T , BUT O B V I O U S L Y S I M I L A R S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : P T E R I D I U M A Q U I L I N U M U S E AS F O O D : UNDERGROUND P A R T S E A T E N - 375 -BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: ATHYRIUM FILIX -FEMINA A FEW MORE (UP TO 3) IN ADDITION TO THOSE LISTED FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: SAA*GWELEEY-K\/WAA*NG-GANG 212-21 PART OF PLANT: NUMEROUS INDIVIDUALS, PLURAL FORM TWO OR MORE RECOGNIZABLY DIFFERENT, BUT OBVIOUSLY SIMILAR SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: PTERIDIUM AQUILINUM USE AS FOOD: UNDERGROUND PARTS EATEN BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: ATHYRIUM FILIX\u2014FEMINA A FEW MORE (UP TO 3) IN ADDITION TO THOSE LISTED ************************************************************ FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: SAAT-G=AA*NAA (NE) PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: SEDUM DIVERGENS USE AS FOOD: \u2022GREENS* OR ABOVE-GROUND PARTS FLAVOURING MEDICINAL USE: CHILDBIRTH & FEMALE DISORDERS FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: SDLE*GUU-TLII*-DAA*NG-WEE 11-1-22 'LAND OTTER-* PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: POSTELSIA PALMAEFORMIS (?) MEDICINAL USE: RHEUMATISM, ARTHRITIS, MUSCULAR DISORDERS, PARALYSIS USED IN STEAM-BATH OR SWEAT-HOUSE - 376 -FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: SE*NGK(E ) SG=11*WEE 2(1)22 'WINTER-* PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: IRIDAEA SP. (?) USE AS FOOD: \u2022GREENS* OR ABOVE-GROUND PARTS * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: SGII*LH-LHK\/\u2022AAY ? \u00bb?WITHE BRANCH* PART OF PLANT: BRANCH ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: CORNUS STOLONIFERA USE IN TECHNOLOGY: WOOD * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: SGUU*SII*T 22 \"GOOD SEED\" PART OF PLANT: ROOT, BULB, OR OTHER UNDERGROUND PART LANGUAGE OF ORIGIN: ENGLISH ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: USE AS FOOD: UNDERGROUND PARTS IMPORTED, OR NOT USED SOLANUM TUBEROSUM* EATEN LOCALLY OR ABORIGINALLY ************************************************************ FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: SG=AA*LHAAN 12 PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANTIOR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: CHAMAECYPARIS NOOTKATENSIS USE IN TECHNOLOGY: WOOD FUEL OR TINDER FIBER OR FIBROUS TISSUE USED - 377 -ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: SUPERNATURAL ROLE IN MYTHOLOGY NATURAL ROLE IN MYTHOLOGY CREST, TOTEM, OR DANCE SYMBOL * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: SG=AA*LHAAN-LHK\/'A*MELEEY 12-221 PART OF PLANT: BRANCH ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME.: CHAMAECYPARIS NOOTKATENSIS USE IN TECHNOLOGY: WOOD FUEL OR TINDER FIBER OR FIBROUS TISSUE USED ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: SUPERNATURAL ROLE IN MYTHOLOGY NATURAL ROLE IN MYTHOLOGY CREST, TOTEM, OR DANCE SYMBOL * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: SG=AA*LHAAN\u2014TLAAS 12-2 PART OF PLANT: BRANCH ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: CHAMAECYPARIS NOOTKATENSIS USE IN TECHNOLOGY: WOOD FUEL OR TINDER FIBER OR FIBROUS TISSUE USED ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: SUPERNATURAL ROLE IN MYTHOLOGY NATURAL ROLE IN MYTHOLOGY CREST, TOTEM, OR DANCE SYMBOL ************************************************************ FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: SG=AA*N-XIILAA 2-11 \u2022KILLER WHALE LEAVES\/MEDICINE* PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT? ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES 378 -BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: HERB GROWING UNDER SALMONBERRY (FD) * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: SG=EEDLUU* 21 'RED-' PART OF PLANT: FRUIT, FLOWER,CONE,SEED,OR FLOATS OF ALGAE ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: VACCINIUM PARVIFOLIUM USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN USE IN TECHNOLOGY: FUEL OR TINDER * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: SG=EEDLUU*-LHK\/*AA*Y 21-2 PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANTTOR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: VACCINIUM PARVIFOLIUM USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN USE IN TECHNOLOGY: FUEL OR TINDER * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: SG=I*NAA*W 12 'GREEN* PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) TWO OR MORE RECOGNIZABLY DIFFERENT, BUT OBVIOUSLY SIMILAR SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: ULVA LACTUCA USE AS FOOD: \u2022GREENS' OR ABOVE-GROUND PARTS BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: ENTEROMORPHA INTESTINALIS A FEW MORE (UP TO 3) IN ADDITION TO THOSE LISTED - 379 -************************************************************ FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: SG=IW PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) TWO OR MORE CLOSELY RELATED SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: PORPHYRA SPP. USE AS FOOD: * GREENS* OR ABOVE-GROUND PARTS FLAVOURING PRESERVED FOR WINTER USE ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: INVOLVED IN A TABOO OR SUPERSTITION * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: SG=I*W-TL'ENGAA*NDAA 2-221 '-CAKES* PART OF PLANT: DRIED OR PREPARED MATERIAL TWO OR MORE CLOSELY RELATED SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: PORPHYRA SPP. USE AS FOOD: \u2022GREENS* OR ABOVE-GROUND PARTS FLAVOURING PRESERVED FOR WINTER USE ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: INVOLVED IN A TABOO OR SUPERSTITION ************************************************************ FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: SG=IIT 'RED* ALSO \"BIG CHITONS* PART OF PLANT: WHOLE. PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: CAREX MERTENSII * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: SIN 'GAMBLING STICKS?* PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME:1 ACER GLABRUM - 380 -USE IN TECHNOLOGY: WOOD ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: NATURAL ROLE IN MYTHOLOGY OTHER USES GAMES IMPORTED, OR NOT USED LOCALLY OR ABORIGINALLY FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: SKY'AAW *TAIL\u00bb PART OF PLANT: ROOT, BULB, OR OTHER UNDERGROUND PART NAME REFERS TO TWO OR MORE DISTINCTLY DIFFERENT, UNRELATED PLANT SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: DRYOPTERIS FILIX-MAS USE AS FOOD: UNDERGROUND PARTS EATEN USE IN TECHNOLOGY: ; DYE, DECORATION, COSMETIC, TATTOOING BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: ACHILLEA MILLEFOLIUM USE AS FOOD: FLAVOURING USE IN TECHNOLOGY: UNMODIFIED IMPLEMENTS OR CONTAINERS MEDICINAL USE: POULTICE (FOR BURNS, SUNBURN, WOUNDS, INFECTIONS) MEDICINE, BUT UNSPECIFIED A FEW MORE (UP TO 3) IN ADDITION TO THOSE LISTED FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: SKY\u2022AAW-LHK\/\u00bbAA*YII 1-21 \"TAIL PLANT* PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) NAME REFERS TO TWO OR MORE DISTINCTLY DIFFERENT, UNRELATED PLANT SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: ACHILLEA MILLEFOLIUM USE AS FOOD: FLAVOURING USE IN TECHNOLOGY: UNMODIFIED IMPLEMENTS OR CONTAINERS MEDICINAL USE: POULTICE (FOR BURNS, SUNBURN, WOUNDS, INFECTIONS) - 381 -MEDICINE, BUT UNSPECIFIED BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: DRYOPTERIS FILIX-MAS USE AS FOOD: UNDERGROUND PARTS EATEN USE IN TECHNOLOGY: DYE, DECORATION, COSMETIC, TATTOOING A FEW MORE (UP TO 3) IN ADDITION TO THOSE LISTED FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: SK\u2022AA*NGK\u2022II*S 22 'FISH AIR S A C PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: HALOSACCION GLANDULIFORME OTHER USES CHILDREN'S GAMES OR TOYS * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: SK*EGE-CHAA*Y 11-2 'DOG-SALMON EGGS' PART OF PLANT: FRUIT, FLOWER,CONE,SEED,OR FLOATS OF ALGAE ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: VACCINIUM VITIS-IDAEA USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN PRESERVED FOR WINTER USE FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: SK'EGE-CHAA*Y-LHK\/'AA*Y 11-2-2 PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: VACCINIUM VITIS-IDAEA USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN PRESERVED FOR WINTER USE - 382 -FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: SK\u2022EGE-CHAA*Y-XI I*L11 11-2-22 PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: VACCINIUM VITIS-IDAEA USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN PRESERVED FOR WINTER USE ************************************************************ FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: SK\u2022E*N-FLAA*WERSGEEY 2-211 \u2022SEAGULL FLOWERS* PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANTIOR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) LANGUAGE OF ORIGIN: ENGLISH TWO OR MORE CLOSELY RELATED SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: VIOLA LANGSDORF11 FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: SK*II*LHE 21 PART OF PLANT: LEAVES ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: GAULTHERIA SHALLON USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN PRESERVED FOR WINTER USE USE IN TECHNOLOGY: DYE, DECORATION, COSMETIC, TATTOOING * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: SK * I I*LHE-LHK\/\u2022AAY 21-2 PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: GAULTHERIA SHALLON USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN - 383 -PRESERVED FOR WINTER USE USE IN TECHNOLOGY: DYE, DECORATION, COSMETIC, TATTOOING ***********************************************************^ FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: SK\u2022IIT-DAA*N 1-2 PART OF PLANT: FRUIT, FLOWER,CONE,SEED,OR FLOATS OF ALGAE ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: GAULTHERIA SHALLON USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN PRESERVED FOR WINTER USE USE IN TECHNOLOGY: DYE, DECORATION, COSMETIC, TATTOOING FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: SK\u00bbIIT-DAA*N-XI*L 1-2-2 PART OF PLANT: LEAVES ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: GAULTHERIA SHALLON USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN PRESERVED FOR WINTER USE USE IN TECHNOLOGY: DYE, DECORATION, COSMETIC, TATTOOING **********************************************************.4T3{L. FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: SK\/AA*NGIT 21 ? PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT{OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: MAIANTHEMUM DILATATUM USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN PRESERVED FOR WINTER USE MEDICINAL USE: POULTICE (FOR BURNS, SUNBURN, WOUNDS, INFECTIONS) SORE EYES - 384 -LAXATIVE GENERAL TONIC ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: NATURAL ROLE IN MYTHOLOGY FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: SK\/I*L-TA*W 21 (SK\/E*L-) 'BLACK-COD GREASE* PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANTTOR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: CALYPSO BULBOSA USE AS FOOD: UNDERGROUND PARTS EATEN MEDICINAL USE: GENERAL TONIC ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: LOVE CHARM * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: SK\/II*SKII ? TNE) PART OF PLANT: BRANCH NAME REFERS TO TWO OR MORE DISTINCTLY DIFFERENT, UNRELATED PLANT SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: CORNUS STOLONIFERA USE IN TECHNOLOGY: WOOD BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: THUJA PLICATA USE IN TECHNOLOGY: WOOD FUEL OR TINDER DYE, DECORATION, COSMETIC, TATTOOING FIBER OR FIBROUS TISSUE USED LININGS, COVERINGS, STEAM GENERATION BEDDING, STUFFING, BANDAGING, TOWELLING MEDICINAL USE: CASTS, SPLINTS, POUTICE COVERINGS CAUTERIZING ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: INVOLVED IN SOME RELIGIOUS RITUAL ROLE IN MYTHS AS A 'HUMANIZED* FIGURE SUPERNATURAL ROLE IN MYTHOLOGY - 385 -NATURAL ROLE IN MYTHOLOGY CREST, TOTEM, OR DANCE SYMBOL FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: SK\/'AW PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: RUBUS SPECTABILIS USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN ' GREENS\u2022 OR ABOVE-GROUND PARTS USE IN TECHNOLOGY: BEDDING, STUFFING, BANDAGING, TOWELLING UNMODIFIED IMPLEMENTS OR CONTAINERS MEDICINAL USE: CASTS, SPLINTS, POUTICE COVERINGS ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: INVOLVED IN SOME RELIGIOUS RITUAL ROLE IN MYTHS AS A 'HUMANIZED' FIGURE NATURAL ROLE IN MYTHOLOGY CREST, TOTEM, OR DANCE SYMBOL OTHER USES HAIR TONIC * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: SK\/\u2022A*W-LHK\/'AAY 2-1 PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: RUBUS SPECTABILIS USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN \u2022GREENS' OR ABOVE-GROUND PARTS USE IN TECHNOLOGY: BEDDING, STUFFING, BANDAGING, TOWELLING UNMODIFIED IMPLEMENTS OR CONTAINERS MEDICINAL USE: CASTS, SPLINTS, POUTICE COVERINGS ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: INVOLVED IN SOME RELIGIOUS RITUAL ROLE IN MYTHS AS A 'HUMANIZED1 FIGURE NATURAL ROLE IN MYTHOLOGY CREST, TOTEM, OR DANCE SYMBOL - 386 -OTHER USES HAIR TONIC BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: AQUTLEGIA FORMOSA ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: INVOLVED IN A TABOO OR SUPERSTITION FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: SK\/'A*WWAN 21 PART OF PLANT: FRUIT, FLOWER,CONE,SEED,OR FLOATS OF ALGAE ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: RUBUS SPECTABILIS USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN \u2022GREENS' OR ABOVE-GROUND PARTS USE IN TECHNOLOGY: BEDDING, STUFFING, BANDAGING, TOWELLING UNMODIFIED IMPLEMENTS OR CONTAINERS MEDICINAL USE: CASTS, SPLINTS, POUTICE COVERINGS ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: INVOLVED IN SOME RELIGIOUS RITUAL ROLE IN MYTHS AS A 'HUMANIZED* FIGURE NATURAL ROLE IN MYTHOLOGY CREST, TOTEM, OR DANCE SYMBOL OTHER USES HAIR TONIC * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: SK\/\u2022A*WWAN-LHK\/'AAY 21-1 PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: RUBUS SPECTABILIS USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN \u2022GREENS' OR ABOVE-GROUND PARTS USE IN TECHNOLOGY: BEDDING, STUFFING, BANDAGING, TOWELLING UNMODIFIED IMPLEMENTS OR CONTAINERS MEDICINAL USE: CASTS, SPLINTS, POUTICE COVERINGS ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: - 387 -INVOLVED IN SOME RELIGIOUS RITUAL ROLE IN MYTHS AS A 'HUMANIZED* FIGURE NATURAL ROLE IN MYTHOLOGY CREST, TOTEM, OR DANCE SYMBOL OTHER USES HAIR TONIC * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: SK\/\u2022AA*WWAN-SG=E*T 21-2 *-RED\u2022 PART OF PLANT: FRUIT, FLOWER,CONE,SEED,OR FLOATS OF ALGAE FRACTION OF A SCIENTIFIC SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: RUBUS SPECTABILIS USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN \u2022GREENS' OR ABOVE-GROUND PARTS USE IN TECHNOLOGY: BEDDING, STUFFING, BANDAGING, TOWELLING UNMODIFIED IMPLEMENTS OR CONTAINERS MEDICINAL USE: CASTS, SPLINTS, POUTICE COVERINGS ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: INVOLVED IN SOME RELIGIOUS RITUAL ROLE IN MYTHS AS A 'HUMANIZED' FIGURE NATURAL ROLE IN MYTHOLOGY CREST, TOTEM, OR DANCE SYMBOL OTHER USES HAIR TONIC * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: SK\/*AA*WWAAN-GII*T7II 22-22 \u2022SALMONBERRY BABY* PART OF PLANT: FRUIT, FLOWER,CONE,SEED,OR FLOATS OF ALGAE ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: RUBUS I CULTIVATED RASPBERRY I * USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN IMPORTED, OR NOT USED LOCALLY OR ABORIGINALLY - 388 -FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: SK\/* AA*WWAAN-GI I*T7II-LHK\/\u2022AA*Y -1 PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: RUBUS (CULTIVATED RASPBERRY)* USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN IMPORTED, OR NOT USED LOCALLY OR ABORIGINALLY FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: SKWAA*NKAA 21 'SPONGE1 PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: LEATHESIA DIFFORMIS * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: SK\/WAAN-LHK\/'AA*Y ? (MA) PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANTIOR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: SANGUISORBA CANADENSIS * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: SNAA*LJAAT 22 'SCABBY GIRL* PART OF PLANT: YOUNG INDIVIDUAL TWO OR MORE CLOSELY RELATED SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: POLYSTICHUM MUNITUM USE AS FOOD: UNDERGROUND PARTS EATEN MEDICINAL USE: POULTICE (FOR BURNS, SUNBURN, WOUNDS, INFECTIONS) ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: ROLE IN MYTHS AS A 'HUMANIZED' FIGURE BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: BLECHNUM SPICANT USE AS FOOD: CONSIDERED INEDIBLE OR POISONOUS - 389 -FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: STIIT PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANTTOR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: SAMBUCUS RACEMOSA USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN USE IN TECHNOLOGY: CEMENT, BINDING SUBSTANCE MEDICINAL USE: LAXATIVE CHILDBIRTH \u00a3 FEMALE DISORDERS ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: CEREMONIAL PURIFIER-FOR OBTAINING SUPERNATURAL POWER NATURAL ROLE IN MYTHOLOGY CREST, TOTEM, OR DANCE SYMBOL * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: ST IIT-LHK\/\u00bbAA*Y11 2-12 TBERRY STEMS) PART OF PLANT: BRANCH ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: SAMBUCUS RACEMOSA USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN USE IN TECHNOLOGY: CEMENT, BINDING SUBSTANCE MEDICINAL USE: LAXATIVE CHILDBIRTH \u00a3 FEMALE DISORDERS ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: CEREMONIAL PURIFIER-FOR OBTAINING SUPERNATURAL POWER NATURAL ROLE IN MYTHOLOGY CREST, TOTEM, OR DANCE SYMBOL * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: STIIT-SK\/UUSAA*NGWEE*Y PART OF PLANT: ROOT, BULB, OR OTHER UNDERGROUND PART - 390 -ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: SAMBUCUS RACEMOSA USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN USE IN TECHNOLOGY: CEMENT, BINDING SUBSTANCE MEDICINAL USE: LAXATIVE CHILDBIRTH \u00a3 FEMALE DISORDERS ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: CEREMONIAL PURIFIER-FOR OBTAINING SUPERNATURAL POWER NATURAL ROLE IN MYTHOLOGY CREST, TOTEM, OR DANCE SYMBOL FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: STIIT-XIL 2-1 PART OF PLANT: LEAVES ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: SAMBUCUS RACEMOSA USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN USE IN TECHNOLOGY: CEMENT, BINDING SUBSTANCE MEDICINAL USE: LAXATIVE CHILDBIRTH \u00a3 FEMALE DISORDERS ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: CEREMONIAL PURIFIER-FOR OBTAINING SUPERNATURAL POWER NATURAL ROLE IN MYTHOLOGY CREST, TOTEM, OR DANCE SYMBOL * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: STLE-K\/* I*ST*AA 1-21 (7STLUU-) \u2022 ROUND THING DUG OUT WITH FINGER* PART OF PLANT: ROOT, BULB, OR OTHER UNDERGROUND PART ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: FRITILLARIA CAMSCHATCENSIS USE AS FOOD: ' UNDERGROUND PARTS EATEN - 391 -R O L E I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : S U P E R N A T U R A L ROLE I N MYTHOLOGY FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: STLE*GUU-XII*LAAY 11-22 * LAND OTTER LEAVES\u00ae PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT{OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: APARGIDIUM BOREALE * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: STL *AA*SKEJUU 211 (?) 'COW'S NIPPLE' PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: HALOSACCION GLANDULI FORME OTHER USES CHILDREN'S GAMES OR TOYS * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: STL'E*GUUDII*S 112 'TURN INSIDE OUT* PART OF PLANT: FRUIT, FLOWER,CONE,SEED,OR FLOATS OF ALGAE ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: RUBUS PARVIFLORUS USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: STL'E*GUUD11+S-LHK\/'AA*Y 112-1 PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANTTOR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES - 392 -BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: RUBUS PARVIFLORUS USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: STL *E*GUUD11*S-XIL 112-1 PART OF PLANT: LEAVES ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: RUBUS PARVIFLORUS USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: TAG=INAA*N-K* UU*K{GA) 112-2(1) \u2022MANY HEARTS' PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: DROSERA ROTUNDIFOLIA ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: LUCK OR PROTECTIVE CHARM * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: TAA*N-G=AA*NNAA 2-11 'BLACK-BEAR BERRIES' PART OF PLANT: FRUIT, FLOWER,CONE,SEED,OR FLOATS OF ALGAE NAME REFERS TO TWO OR MORE DISTINCTLY DIFFERENT, UNRELATED PLANT SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: STREPTOPUS AMPLEXIFOLIUS MEDICINAL USE: POULTICE (FOR BURNS, SUNBURN, WOUNDS, INFECTIONS) ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: INVOLVED IN A TABOO OR SUPERSTITION BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: VICIA GIGANTEA ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: SUPERNATURAL ROLE IN MYTHOLOGY - 393 -A SINGLE OTHER SPECIES IS INCLUDED FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: TAA*N-G=AA*NNAA-XIL 2-11-1 PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) NAME REFERS TO TWO OR MORE DISTINCTLY DIFFERENT, UNRELATED PLANT SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: STREPTOPUS AMPLEXIFOLIUS MEDICINAL USE: POULTICE (FOR BURNS, SUNBURN, WOUNDS, INFECTIONS) ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: INVOLVED IN A TABOO OR SUPERSTITION BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: VICIA GIGANTEA ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: SUPERNATURAL ROLE IN MYTHOLOGY A SINGLE OTHER SPECIES IS INCLUDED * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: TAA*N\u2014SKY'AAW 2-1 'BEAR-TAIL* PART OF PLANT: ROOT, BULB, OR OTHER UNDERGROUND PART NAME REFERS TO TWO OR MORE DISTINCTLY DIFFERENT, UNRELATED PLANT SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: PTERIDIUM AQUILINUM USE AS FOOD: UNDERGROUND PARTS EATEN BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: LUPINUS LITTORALIS USE AS FOOD: UNDERGROUND PARTS EATEN PRESERVED FOR WINTER USE ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: NATURAL ROLE IN MYTHOLOGY A SINGLE OTHER SPECIES IS INCLUDED ************************************************************ FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: TAA*N-SKY\u2022AAW-H\/AALEE*Y 2-1-12 PART OF PLANT: FRUIT, FLOWER,CONE,SEED,OR FLOATS OF ALGAE TWO OR MORE CLOSELY RELATED SPECIES - 394 -BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: LUPINUS LITTORALIS USE AS FOOD: UNDERGROUND PARTS EATEN PRESERVED FOR WINTER USE ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: NATURAL ROLE IN MYTHOLOGY BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: LUPINUS NOOTKATENSIS USE AS FOOD: UNDERGROUND PARTS EATEN PRESERVED FOR WINTER USE FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: TAA*N\u2014SKY *AAW\u2014LHK\/*AA*Y 2-1-2 PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANTTOR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) NAME REFERS TO TWO OR MORE DISTINCTLY DIFFERENT, UNRELATED PLANT SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: LUPINUS LITTORALIS USE AS FOOD: UNDERGROUND PARTS EATEN PRESERVED FOR WINTER USE ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: NATURAL ROLE IN MYTHOLOGY BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: LUPINUS NOOTKATENSIS USE AS FOOD: UNDERGROUND PARTS EATEN PRESERVED FOR WINTER USE A FEW MORE TUP TO 3) IN ADDITION TO THOSE LISTED * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: TAA*N-SKY\u00abAAW-XIL 2-1-2 * BEAR\u2014TAIL LEAVES9 PART OF PLANT: LEAVES NAME REFERS TO TWO OR MORE DISTINCTLY DIFFERENT., UNRELATED PLANT SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: USE AS FOOD: UNDERGROUND PARTS BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: USE AS FOOD: PTERIDIUM AQUILINUM EATEN LUPINUS LITTORALIS - 395 -UNDERGROUND PARTS EATEN PRESERVED FOR WINTER USE ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: NATURAL ROLE IN MYTHOLOGY A SINGLE OTHER SPECIES IS INCLUDED FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: TAA*N-SKY *AAW-XIL 2-1-2 PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT{OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) TWO OR MORE CLOSELY RELATED SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: LUPINUS LITTORAL IS USE AS FOOD: UNDERGROUND PARTS EATEN PRESERVED FOR WINTER USE ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: NATURAL ROLE IN MYTHOLOGY _ BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: LUPINUS NOOTKATENSIS USE AS FOOD: UNDERGROUND PARTS EATEN PRESERVED FOR WINTER USE * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: TAAN-TAGWAA*LAA 2-121 ? \u2022BEAR\u2014\u2022 PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: LATHYRUS JAPONICUS ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: SUPERNATURAL ROLE IN MYTHOLOGY ************************************************************ FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: T'AL PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANTCOR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) TWO OR MORE RECOGNIZABLY DIFFERENT, BUT OBVIOUSLY SIMILAR SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: FUCUS SPP. USE AS FOOD: - 396 -* G R E E N S ' OR A B O V E - G R O U N D PARTS M E D I C I N A L U S E : SORE E Y E S C H I L D B I R T H & F E M A L E D I S O R D E R S S E V E R A L MORE S P E C I E S ARE I N V O L V E D ^ T O 1 0 ) F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : T ' A L - K \/ A * W 11 OR - X \/ A * W ' - E G G S ' PART OF P L A N T : F R U I T , F L O W E R , C O N E , S E E D , O R F L O A T S OF A L G A E O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : F U C U S S P P . U S E AS F O O D : \u2022 G R E E N S ' OR A B O V E - G R O U N D PARTS M E D I C I N A L U S E : SORE E Y E S C H I L D B I R T H & F E M A L E D I S O R D E R S * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : T ' A A N U U * 12 ' = S A L T WATER* . PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T t O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) TWO OR MORE C L O S E L Y R E L A T E D S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : Z O S T E R A MARINA U S E AS F O O D : C O L L E C T I O N OF H E R R I N G SPAWN M E D I C I N A L U S E : U L C E R S & STOMACH T R O U B L E S C H I L D B I R T H & F E M A L E D I S O R D E R S R O L E I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : I N V O L V E D I N A T A B O O OR S U P E R S T I T I O N B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : P H Y L L O S P A D I X S C O U L E R I A S I N G L E O T H E R S P E C I E S I S I N C L U D E D * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : T ' I I * S - L H K \/ ' A A * Y 2 - 2 \u2022 R O C K - B R A N C H E S ' PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T t O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S - 397 -BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: AQUILEGIA FORMOSA ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: INVOLVED IN A TABOO OR SUPERSTITION * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: T'I I*S-X IL 21 'ROCK LEAVES\/MED.* PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) NAME REFERS TO TWO OR MORE DISTINCTLY DIFFERENT, UNRELATED PLANT SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: PELT IGERA CANINA BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: POTENTILLA VILLOSA A FEW MORE (UP TO 3) IN ADDITION TO THOSE LISTED * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: TLE*GAAY 21 'FISH-LINE* PART OF PLANT: STEM, STIPE, OR SPROUTS ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: NEREOCYSTIS LUETKEANA USE IN TECHNOLOGY: FIBER OR FIBROUS TISSUE USED UNMODIFIED IMPLEMENTS OR CONTAINERS ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: INVOLVED IN SOME RELIGIOUS RITUAL SUPERNATURAL ROLE IN MYTHOLOGY OTHER USES GAMES * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: TL\u2022AA*K\/*UU*S 21 (OR TL'AAK\/'AWS 22) PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANTIOR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ORIGINALLY A NATIVE PLANT - EXPANDED TO IMPORTED OR CULTIVATED COUNTERPART BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: RUMEX OCCIDENTAL IS USE AS FOOD: \u2022GREENS' OR ABOVE-GROUND PARTS - 398 -MEDICINAL USE: POULTICE (FOR BURNS, SUNBURN, WOUNDS, INFECTIONS) BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: RHEUM (GARDEN RHUBARB)* USE AS FOOD: \u2022GREENS* OR ABOVE-GROUND PARTS IMPORTED, OR NOT USED LOCALLY OR ABORIGINALLY A SINGLE OTHER SPECIES IS INCLUDED FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: TL'AA*K\/*UU*S-JAA*MGAA 21-11 '-JAM* PART OF PLANT: DRIED OR PREPARED MATERIAL LANGUAGE OF ORIGIN: ENGLISH ORIGINALLY A NATIVE PLANT - EXPANDED TO IMPORTED OR CULTIVATED COUNTERPART BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: RUMEX OCCIDENTAL IS USE AS FOOD: \u2022GREENS* OR ABOVE-GROUND PARTS MEDICINAL USE: POULTICE (FOR BURNS, SUNBURN, WOUNDS, INFECTIONS) BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: RHEUM (GARDEN RHUBARB)* USE AS FOOD: 'GREENS* OR ABOVE-GROUND PARTS IMPORTED, OR NOT USED LOCALLY OR ABORIGINALLY FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: TL * E PART OF PLANT: YOUNG INDIVIDUAL ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: THUJA PLICATA USE IN TECHNOLOGY: WOOD FUEL OR TINDER DYE, DECORATION, COSMETIC, TATTOOING FIBER OR FIBROUS TISSUE USED LININGS, COVERINGS, STEAM GENERATION BEDDING, STUFFING, BANDAGING, TOWELLING MEDICINAL USE: CASTS, SPLINTS, POUTICE COVERINGS CAUTERIZING ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: - 399 -INVOLVED IN SOME RELIGIOUS RITUAL ROLE IN MYTHS AS A * HUMAN!ZED1 FIGURE SUPERNATURAL ROLE IN MYTHOLOGY NATURAL ROLE IN MYTHOLOGY CREST, TOTEM, OR DANCE SYMBOL FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE:- TL\u2022ELH11*YINGEE*Y 1221 PART OF PLANT: ROOT,, BULB, OR OTHER UNDERGROUND PART ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: THUJA PLICATA USE IN TECHNOLOGY: WOOD FUEL OR TINDER DYE, DECORATION, COSMETIC, TATTOOING FIBER OR FIBROUS TISSUE USED LININGS, COVERINGS, STEAM GENERATION BEDDING, STUFFING, BANDAGING, TOWELLING MEDICINAL USE: CASTS, SPLINTS, POUTICE COVERINGS CAUTERIZING ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: INVOLVED IN SOME RELIGIOUS RITUAL ROLE IN MYTHS AS A 'HUMANIZED* FIGURE SUPERNATURAL ROLE IN MYTHOLOGY NATURAL ROLE IN MYTHOLOGY CREST, TOTEM, OR DANCE SYMBOL * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: TL\u2022ENJET-G=AA*NAA 11-22 * STELLER* S JAY BERRIES* PART OF PLANT: FRUIT, FLOWER,CONE,SEED,OR FLOATS OF ALGAE ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: RUBUS PEDATUS USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN ************************************************************ FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: TL\u2022ENJET-G=AA*NAA\u2014LHK\/\u2022AA*Y 11-22-1 - 400 -PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T t O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : RUBUS P E D A T U S USE AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : T L \u2022 E * N J U U T - G = A A N A A - X I * L 2 2 - 2 2 - 2 \u2022 S T E L L E R ' S J A Y BERRY L E A V E S * PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T t O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) NAME R E F E R S T O TWO OR MORE D I S T I N C T L Y D I F F E R E N T , U N R E L A T E D P L A N T S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : L I N N A E A B O R E A L I S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N NAME: ' RUBUS P E D A T U S U S E AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : T L * 1 1 * Y A A L 22 PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T t O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : E P I L O B I U M A N G U S T I F O L I U M U S E AS F O O D : UNDERGROUND P A R T S E A T E N \u2022GREENS* OR A B O V E - G R O U N D P A R T S U S E I N T E C H N O L O G Y : F I B E R OR F I B R O U S T I S S U E U S E D M E D I C I N A L U S E : L A X A T I V E G E N E R A L T O N I C * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : T L \u2022 1 1 * Y A A L - H \/ A A L E E * Y 2 2 - 1 2 PART OF P L A N T : F R U I T , F L O W E R , C O N E , S E E D , O R F L O A T S OF A L G A E O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S - 401 -BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: EPILOBIUM ANGUSTIFOLIUM USE AS FOOD: UNDERGROUND PARTS EATEN ' GREENS\u2022 OR ABOVE-GROUND PARTS USE IN TECHNOLOGY: FIBER OR FIBROUS TISSUE USED MEDICINAL USE: LAXATIVE GENERAL TONIC FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: TL'11*YAAL-LHTA*NEWEEY 22-111 \u2022-DOWN FEATHERS' PART OF PLANT: FRUIT, FLOWER,CONE,SEED,OR FLOATS OF ALGAE ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: EPILOBIUM ANGUSTI FOLIUM USE AS FOOD: UNDERGROUND PARTS EATEN \u2022GREENS' OR ABOVE-GROUND PARTS USE IN TECHNOLOGY: FIBER OR FIBROUS TISSUE USED MEDICINAL USE: LAXATIVE GENERAL TONIC * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: TL\u202211*YAAL-FLAAWE*RSGA 22-121 PART OF PLANT: FRUIT, FLOWER,CONE,SEED,OR FLOATS OF ALGAE LANGUAGE OF ORIGIN: ENGLISH ONE-TO-DNE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: EPILOBIUM ANGUSTIFOLIUM USE AS FOOD: UNDERGROUND PARTS EATEN \u2022GREENS' OR ABOVE-GROUND PARTS USE IN TECHNOLOGY: FIBER OR FIBROUS TISSUE USED MEDICINAL USE: LAXATIVE GENERAL TONIC - 402 -* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: TL'KUUNITS ? (NE) PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) NAME REFERS TO TWO OR MORE DISTINCTLY DIFFERENT, UNRELATED PLANT SPECIES .BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: SAGINA MAXIMA (?) USE AS FOOD: * GREENS * OR ABOVE-GROUND PARTS BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: GERANIUM RICHARDSON!! A SINGLE OTHER SPECIES IS INCLUDED * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: T S I I J A A ? (NE) PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: LIGUSTICUM SCOTICUM (?) FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: TSIITS-KWUUKAAMAA ? (NE) PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: ACHILLEA MILLEFOLIUM USE AS FOOD: FLAVOURING USE IN TECHNOLOGY: UNMODIFIED IMPLEMENTS OR CONTAINERS MEDICINAL USE: POULTICE (FOR BURNS, SUNBURN, WOUNDS, INFECTIONS) MEDICINE, BUT UNSPECIFIED * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: TS\u2022AA*GWAA*L 22 PART OF PLANT: ROOT,. BULB, OR OTHER UNDERGROUND PART ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES - 403 -BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: POLYSTICHUM MUNITUM USE AS FOOD: UNDERGROUND PARTS EATEN MEDICINAL USE-POULTICE (FOR BURNS, SUNBURN, WOUNDS, INFECTIONS) ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: ROLE IN MYTHS AS A 'HUMANIZED' FIGURE FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: TS\u2022AA*GWAA*L-XIL 221 PART OF PLANT: LEAVES ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: POLYSTICHUM MUNITUM USE AS FOOD: UNDERGROUND PARTS EATEN MEDICINAL USE: POULTICE (FOR BURNS, SUNBURN, WOUNDS, INFECTIONS) ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION-ROLE IN MYTHS AS A 'HUMANIZED' FIGURE ************************************************************ FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: TS*AAL PART OF PLANT: ROOT,, BULB, OR OTHER UNDERGROUND PART ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: POTENTILLA PACIFICA USE AS FOOD: UNDERGROUND PARTS EATEN FOOD OF A PARTICULAR ANIMAL (ACTUAL OR BELIEF) MEDICINAL USE: LAXATIVE MEDICINE, BUT UNSPECIFIED ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: NATURAL ROLE IN MYTHOLOGY ************************************************************ FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: TS'AAL-XIL PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES ) - 404 -BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: POTENT ILLA PACIFICA USE AS FOOD: UNDERGROUND PARTS EATEN FOOD OF A PARTICULAR ANIMAL (ACTUAL OR BELIEF) MEDICINAL USE: LAXATIVE MEDICINE, BUT UNSPECIFIED ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: NATURAL ROLE IN MYTHOLOGY * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * .FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: TS\u00bbELH-T\u2022A*W-SGIIT 122 'IT STICKS TO YOU' PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) TWO OR MORE CLOSELY RELATED SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME:' GALIUM APARINE ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: LUCK OR PROTECTIVE CHARM BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: GALIUM TRIFLORUM ********************** ************************************** FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: TS'ELHE11 PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) LANGUAGE OF ORIGIN: TLINGIT(ALASKA) ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: PINUS CONTORTA\" MEDICINAL USE: POULTICE (FOR BURNS, SUNBURN, WOUNDS, INFECTIONS) CASTS, SPLINTS, POUTICE COVERINGS COLDS, SORE THROATS, WHOOPING COUGH, FLU, \u00a3 FEVERS LUNG AILMENTS (PNEUMONIA, TUBERCULOSIS) HEART TROUBLES * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: TS\u2022ELHE-TLAAS 11-2 PART OF PLANT: BRANCH ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES - 405 -BOTANICAL TAXON NAMES PINUS CONTORTA MEDICINAL USE: POULTICE (FOR BURNS, SUNBURN, WOUNDS, INFECTIONS) CASTS, SPLINTS, POUTICE COVERINGS COLDS, SORE THROATS, WHOOPING COUGH, FLU, \u00a3 FEVERS LUNG AILMENTS (PNEUMONIA, TUBERCULOSIS) HEART TROUBLES * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: TS ' ELHEL-LHK\/\u2022A*MELEEY 11-222 PART OF PLANT: BRANCH ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: PINUS CONTORTA MEDICINAL USE: POULTICE (FOR BURNS, SUNBURN, WOUNDS, INFECTIONS) CASTS, SPLINTS, POUTICE COVERINGS COLDS, SORE THROATS, WHOOPING COUGH, FLU, \u00a3 FEVERS LUNG AILMENTS (PNEUMONIA, TUBERCULOSIS) HEART TROUBLES FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE:- TS\u00bbE*LHEL-TLAA*S 11-2 'PINE TREES* PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: EMPETRUM NIGRUM USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN MEDICINAL USE: LUNG AILMENTS (PNEUMONIA, TUBERCULOSIS) HEART TROUBLES MEDICINE, BUT UNSPECIFIED ************************************************************ FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: TS*E*TS\u00abE* II PART OF PLANT: ROOT, BULB, OR OTHER UNDERGROUND PART ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: DAUCUS CAROTA* - 406 -USE AS FOOD: UNDERGROUND PARTS EATEN IMPORTED, OR NOT USED LOCALLY OR ABORIGINALLY * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: TS'ETS\u2022E-K\/\u00abUUKE*M 11-12 \u2022CARROT-?' \"SOMETHING ROUND YOU BITE IT OFF\" PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT{OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: ACHILLEA MILLEFOLIUM USE AS FOOD: FLAVOURING USE IN TECHNOLOGY: UNMODIFIED IMPLEMENTS OR CONTAINERS MEDICINAL USE: POULTICE (FOR BURNS, SUNBURN, WOUNDS, INFECTIONS) MEDICINE, BUT UNSPECIFIED * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: TS'ITSIX ? (NE) PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: ANGELICA LUC IDA USE AS FOOD: UNDERGROUND PARTS EATEN ************************************************************ FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: TS'II*K'EP 21 PART OF PLANT: FRUIT, FLOWER,CONE,SEED,OR FLOATS OF ALGAE ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: CORNUS UNALASCHKENSIS\/CANADENSIS USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN PRESERVED FOR WINTER USE \/ - 407 -* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: TS\u202211*K\u2022EP-XI*L 21-2 PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: CORNUS UNALASCHKENSIS\/CANADENSIS USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN PRESERVED FOR WINTER USE * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: TS* 11*LHENJAAW 222 PART OF PLANT: STEM, STIPE, OR SPROUTS ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: OPLOPANAX HORRIDUM USE AS FOOD: CONSIDERED INEDIBLE OR POISONOUS USE IN TECHNOLOGY: UNMODIFIED IMPLEMENTS OR CONTAINERS MEDICINAL USE: COLDS, SORE THROATS, WHOOPING COUGH, FLU, \u00a3 FEVERS LUNG AILMENTS (PNEUMONIA, TUBERCULOSIS) LAXATIVE RHEUMATISM, ARTHRITIS, MUSCULAR DISORDERS, PARALYSIS ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: CEREMONIAL PURIFIER-FOR OBTAINING SUPERNATURAL POWER INVOLVED IN SOME RELIGIOUS RITUAL LUCK OR PROTECTIVE CHARM SUPERNATURAL ROLE IN MYTHOLOGY CREST, TOTEM, OR DANCE SYMBOL OTHER USES HAIR TONIC * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: TS'II*LHENJAAW-LHK\/\u2022AA*YII 222-21 (NOT GENERALLY USED - FD) PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANTIOR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: OPLOPANAX HORRIDUM USE AS FOOD-CONSIDERED INEDIBLE OR POISONOUS - 408 -USE IN TECHNOLOGY: UNMODIFIED IMPLEMENTS OR CONTAINERS MEDICINAL USE: COLDS, SORE THROATS, WHOOPING COUGH, FLU, \u00a3 FEVERS LUNG AILMENTS (PNEUMONIA, TUBERCULOSIS) LAXATIVE RHEUMATISM, ARTHRITIS, MUSCULAR DISORDERS, PARALYSIS ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: CEREMONIAL PURIFIER-FOR OBTAINING SUPERNATURAL POWFR INVOLVED IN SOME RELIGIOUS RITUAL LUCK OR PROTECTIVE CHARM SUPERNATURAL ROLE IN MYTHOLOGY CREST, TOTEM, OR DANCE SYMBOL OTHER USES HAIR TONIC FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E T S * 11*LHENJAAW-XIL 222-2 PART OF PLANT: LEAVES ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: OPLOPANAX HORRIDUM USE AS FOOD: CONSIDERED INEDIBLE OR POISONOUS USE IN TECHNOLOGY: UNMODIFIED IMPLEMENTS OR CONTAINERS MEDICINAL USE: COLDS, SORE THROATS, WHOOPING COUGH, FLU, \u00a3 FEVERS LUNG AILMENTS (PNEUMONIA, TUBERCULOSIS) LAXATIVE RHEUMATISM, ARTHRITIS, MUSCULAR DISORDERS, PARALYSIS ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: CEREMONIAL PURIFIER-FOR OBTAINING SUPERNATURAL POWER INVOLVED IN SOME RELIGIOUS RITUAL LUCK OR PROTECTIVE CHARM SUPERNATURAL ROLE IN MYTHOLOGY CREST, TOTEM, OR DANCE SYMBOL OTHER USES HAIR TONIC FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: TS'UU PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT I OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES - 409 -BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: THUJA PLICATA USE IN TECHNOLOGY: WOOD FUEL OR TINDER DYE, DECORATION, COSMETIC, TATTOOING FIBER OR FIBROUS TISSUE USED LININGS, COVERINGS, STEAM GENERATION BEDDING, STUFFING, BANDAGING, TOWELLING MEDICINAL USE: CASTS, SPLINTS, POUTICE COVERINGS CAUTERIZING ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY* TRADITION: INVOLVED IN SOME RELIGIOUS RITUAL ROLE IN MYTHS AS A 'HUMANIZED' FIGURE SUPERNATURAL ROLE IN MYTHOLOGY NATURAL ROLE IN MYTHOLOGY CREST, TOTEM, OR DANCE SYMBOL FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: TS*UU-LHK\/'A*MELEEY 2-221 PART OF PLANT: BRANCH ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: THUJA PLICATA USE IN TECHNOLOGY: WOOD FUEL OR TINDER DYE, DECORATION, COSMETIC, TATTOOING FIBER OR FIBROUS TISSUE USED LININGS, COVERINGS, STEAM GENERATION BEDDING, STUFFING, BANDAGING, TOWELLING MEDICINAL USE: CASTS, SPLINTS, POUTICE COVERINGS CAUTERIZING ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: INVOLVED IN SOME RELIGIOUS RITUAL ROLE IN MYTHS AS A 'HUMANIZED' FIGURE SUPERNATURAL ROLE IN MYTHOLOGY NATURAL ROLE IN MYTHOLOGY CREST, TOTEM, OR DANCE SYMBOL * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: TS'UU-TLAAS 21 PART OF PLANT: BRANCH ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES - 410 -BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: THUJA PLICATA USE IN TECHNOLOGY: WOOD FUEL OR TINDER DYE, DECORATION, COSMETIC, TATTOOING FIBER OR FIBROUS TISSUE USED LININGS, COVERINGS, STEAM GENERATION BEDDING, STUFFING, BANDAGING, TOWELLING MEDICINAL USE: CASTS, SPLINTS, POUTICE COVERINGS CAUTERIZING ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: INVOLVED IN SOME RELIGIOUS RITUAL ROLE IN MYTHS AS A 'HUMANIZED* FIGURE SUPERNATURAL ROLE IN MYTHOLOGY NATURAL ROLE IN MYTHOLOGY CREST, TOTEM, OR DANCE SYMBOL FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: XI PART OF PLANT: CAMBIUM TWO OR MORE RECOGNIZABLY DIFFERENT, BUT OBVIOUSLY SIMILAR SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: PICEA SITCHENSIS USE AS FOOD: CAMBIUM CHEWING OR SMOKING PRESERVED FOR WINTER USE USE IN TECHNOLOGY: X WOOD FUEL OR TINDER FIBER OR FIBROUS TISSUE USED MEDICINAL USES POULTICE (FOR BURNS, SUNBURN, WOUNDS, INFECTIONS) CHILDBIRTH & FEMALE DISORDERS ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: SUPERNATURAL ROLE IN MYTHOLOGY NATURAL ROLE IN MYTHOLOGY LOVE CHARM BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: TSUGA HETEROPHYLLA USE AS FOOD: CAMBIUM COLLECTION OF HERRING SPAWN PRESERVED FOR WINTER USE USE IN TECHNOLOGY: WOOD - 411 -BEDDING, STUFFING, BANDAGING, TOWELLING MEDICINAL USE: POULTICE (FOR BURNS, SUNBURN, WOUNDS, INFECTIONS) CHILDBIRTH \u00a3 FEMALE DISORDERS ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: LUCK OR PROTECTIVE CHARM SUPERNATURAL ROLE IN MYTHOLOGY NATURAL ROLE IN MYTHOLOGY CREST, TOTEM, OR DANCE SYMBOL A SINGLE OTHER SPECIES IS INCLUDED **********************************************************\u00a3,\u00a3 FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: XIL-GII*DLEGE*NS 2-212 'FLOATING MEDICINE\/LEAVES* PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: NUPHAR LUTEUM SSP. POLYSEPALUM MEDICINAL USE: COLDS, SORE THROATS, WHOOPING COUGH, FLU, \u00a3 FEVERS LUNG AILMENTS (PNEUMONIA, TUBERCULOSIS) HEART TROUBLES ULCERS \u00a3 STOMACH TROUBLES UNSPECIFIED INTERNAL COMPLAINTS (E.G. CANCER) RHEUMATISM, ARTHRITIS, MUSCULAR DISORDERS, PARALYSIS ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: LUCK OR PROTECTIVE CHARM INVOLVED IN A TABOO OR SUPERSTITION CREST, TOTEM, OR DANCE SYMBOL FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: XIL-K\u00abU*NLHELH 2-21 'YELLOW LEAVES' PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANTTOR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) NAME REFERS TO TWO OR MORE DISTINCTLY DIFFERENT, UNRELATED PLANT SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: RANUNCULUS ACRIS* BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: RANUNCULUS OCCIDENTAL IS MEDICINAL USE: POULTICE (FOR BURNS, SUNBURN, WOUNDS, INFECTIONS) BLISTERING AGENT SEVERAL MORE SPECIES ARE INVOLVED!4 TO 10) - 412 -* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: XIL-K\u2022U*NLHELH-LHK\/\u2022AAY 2-21-2 PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) NAME REFERS TO TWO OR MORE DISTINCTLY DIFFERENT, UNRELATED PLANT SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: RANUNCULUS ACRIS* BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: RANUNCULUS OCCIDENTALS MEDICINAL USE: POULTICE (FOR BURNS, SUNBURN, WOUNDS, INFECTIONS) BLISTERING AGENT SEVERAL MORE SPECIES ARE INV0LVED(4 TO 10) FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE:' XI*L-K\/E*GEN 2-11 PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANTTOR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) TWO OR MORE RECOGNIZABLY DIFFERENT, BUT OBVIOUSLY SIMILAR SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: LEDUM PALUSTRE SSP. GROENLANDICUM USE AS FOOD: BEVERAGE MEDICINAL USE: ' COLDS, SORE THROATS, WHOOPING COUGH, FLU, \u00a3 FEVERS BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: KALMIA POLIFOLIA MEDICINAL USE: LUNG AILMENTS (PNEUMONIA, TUBERCULOSIS) HEART TROUBLES UNSPECIFIED INTERNAL COMPLAINTS (E.G. CANCER) MEDICINE, BUT UNSPECIFIED ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: LUCK OR PROTECTIVE CHARM ************************************************************ FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: XIL-K\/WII*7AAWAA 2-211 \u2022CUMULUS CLOUD MEDICINE\/LEAVES* PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) TWO OR MORE RECOGNIZABLY DIFFERENT, BUT OBVIOUSLY SIMILAR SPECIES - 413 -BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: PELTIGERA CANINA BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: PELT IGERA APHTHOSA MEDICINAL USE: POULTICE (FOR BURNS, SUNBURN, WOUNDS, INFECTIONS) SEVERAL MORE SPECIES ARE INVOLVED{4 TO 10) FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: XIL-SG=I*NAAWAA ? 'GREEN LEAVES* PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: POTENTILLA VILLOSA * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: XIL-SKY'UUWA (NE) ?'TAIL LEAVES' PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: ACHILLEA MILLEFOLIUM USE AS FOOD: FLAVOURING USE IN TECHNOLOGY: UNMODIFIED IMPLEMENTS OR CONTAINERS MEDICINAL USE: POULTICE (FOR BURNS, SUNBURN, WOUNDS, INFECTIONS) MEDICINE, BUT UNSPECIFIED * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: XIL-7ANDA*N-TIDAA*LS 1-22-12 (-DELDAALS -12) 'CLIMBING LEAVES' PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) NAME REFERS TO TWO OR MORE DISTINCTLY DIFFERENT, UNRELATED PLANT SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: MIMULUS GUTTATUS SEVERAL MORE SPECIES ARE INVOLVED*4 TO 10) - 414 -* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: XI*LAAPS ? (MA) PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: TRIFOLIUM WORMSKJOLDII USE AS FOOD: UNDERGROUND PARTS EATEN FOOD OF A PARTICULAR ANIMAL (ACTUAL OR BELIEF) ************************************************************ FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: XILTLAN (NE) PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) BOTANICAL CORRESPONDENCE UNKNOWN BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: CLADONIA BELLIFLORA FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: XIT-HAWAA*TS ? (BO) PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: ARNICA CORDIFOLIA * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE:: XUU*J-X IILAAY 2-12 (XUUWEJ- 21-) \u2022GRIZZLY-BEAR LEAVES\/MEDICINE* PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANTIOR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) LANGUAGE OF ORIGIN: TLINGIT(ALASKA) ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: CALTHA BIFLORA * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: XYE*GE* 21 PART OF PLANT: CAMBIUM - 415 -TWO OR MORE RECOGNIZABLY DIFFERENT, BUT OBVIOUSLY SIMILAR SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: PICEA SITCHENSIS USE AS FOOD: CAMBIUM CHEWING OR SMOKING PRESERVED FOR WINTER USE USE IN TECHNOLOGY: WOOD FUEL OR TINDER FIBER OR FIBROUS TISSUE USED MEDICINAL USE: POULTICE (FOR BURNS, SUNBURN, WOUNDS, INFECTIONS? CHILDBIRTH \u00a3 FEMALE DISORDERS ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: SUPERNATURAL ROLE IN MYTHOLOGY NATURAL ROLE IN MYTHOLOGY LOVE CHARM BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: TSUGA HETEROPHYLLA USE AS FOOD: CAMBIUM COLLECTION OF HERRING SPAWN PRESERVED FOR WINTER USE USE IN TECHNOLOGY: WOOD BEDDING, STUFFING, BANDAGING, TOWELLING MEDICINAL USE: POULTICE (FOR BURNS, SUNBURN, WOUNDS, INFECTIONS) CHILDBIRTH \u00a3 FEMALE DISORDERS ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: LUCK OR PROTECTIVE CHARM SUPERNATURAL ROLE IN MYTHOLOGY NATURAL ROLE IN MYTHOLOGY CREST, TOTEM, OR DANCE SYMBOL A SINGLE OTHER SPECIES IS INCLUDED FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: X\/AA*LHK\u00bbETS*E-LHK\/'AA*Y 211-2 \u2022PORCUPINE BRANCHES' PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANTS ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: CAREX MACROCEPHALA - 416 -* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: X\/AA*YAAWAA 222 PART OF PLANT: THORNS,SLIVERS, OR SPINES LANGUAGE OF ORIGIN: TLINGITI ALASKA) ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: RIBES LACUSTRE USE AS FOOD: CONSIDERED INEDIBLE OR POISONOUS ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: LUCK OR PROTECTIVE CHARM * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: X\/AA*YAAWAA-LHK\/'AA*Y 222-1 PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT{OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) LANGUAGE OF ORIGIN: TLINGIT(ALASKA) ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: RIBES LACUSTRE USE AS FOOD: CONSIDERED INEDIBLE OR POISONOUS ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: LUCK OR PROTECTIVE CHARM * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: X\/UUT'AA*NGEL 222 'HAIR SEAL'S TONGUE' PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT{OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: CONOCEPHALUM CONICUM MEDICINAL USE: COLDS, SORE THROATS, WHOOPING COUGH, FLU, 6 FEVFRS LUNG AILMENTS {PNEUMONIA, TUBERCULOSIS) * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: Y*AALH\u2014GUUTLAA ? (NE) 'RAVEN 7W0MAN' PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANTTOR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES - 417 -BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: ARENARIA PEPLOIDES FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: Y* AALH-G=AA*NNA 2-11 'RAVEN * S BERRY* PART OF PLANT: FRUIT, FLOWER,CONE,SEED,OR FLOATS OF ALGAE ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: LONICERA INVOLUCRATA MEDICINAL USE: POULTICE (FOR BURNS, SUNBURN, WOUNDS, INFECTIONS) TOOTHACHES SORE EYES HEART TROUBLES ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: SUPERNATURAL ROLE IN MYTHOLOGY OTHER USES HAIR TONIC *********************************************************.*** FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: Y *AALH-G=AA*NNA-LHK\/* AAY 2-11-1 PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: LONICERA INVOLUCRATA MEDICINAL USE: POULTICE (FOR BURNS, SUNBURN, WOUNDS, INFECTIONS) TOOTHACHES SORE EYES HEART TROUBLES ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: SUPERNATURAL ROLE IN MYTHOLOGY OTHER USES HAIR TONIC * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ^ FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: Y\u2022AA*LH-SK\/A*WG\/AAY (SW) 'RAVEN'S KNIFE* PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES - 418 -BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: SCIRPUS MICROCARPUS ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: NATURAL ROLE IN MYTHOLOGY FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: Y'AA*LH-TLUUWAA 2\u201412 'RAVEN'S CANOE\u2022 PART OF PLANT: FRUIT, FLOWER,CONE,SEED,OR FLOATS OF ALGAE ORIGINALLY A NATIVE PLANT - EXPANDED TO IMPORTED OR CULTIVATED COUNTERPART BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: VICIA GIGANTEA ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: SUPERNATURAL ROLE IN MYTHOLOGY BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: PHASEOLUS VULGARIS* USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN IMPORTED, OR NOT USED LOCALLY OR ABORIGINALLY A FEW MORE (UP TO 3) IN ADDITION TO THOSE LISTED * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: Y * AA*LH-TLUUWAA-LHK\/'AAY 2-12-1 PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ORIGINALLY A NATIVE PLANT - EXPANDED TO IMPORTED OR CULTIVATED COUNTERPART BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: VICIA GIGANTEA ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: SUPERNATURAL ROLE IN MYTHOLOGY BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: PHASEOLUS VULGARIS* USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN IMPORTED, OR NOT USED LOCALLY OR ABORIGINALLY A FEW MORE (UP TO 3) IN ADDITION TO THOSE LISTED * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: 7AAGUN-XIL(A) ? (NE) '-LEAVES1 PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES - 419 -BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: CARDAMI NE ANGIJLATA ? ( MENYANTHES ?) MEDICINAL USE: POULTICE (FOR BURNS, SUNBURN, WOUNDS, INFECTIONS) COLDS, SORE THROATS, WHOOPING COUGH, FLU, 8 FEVERS HEART TROUBLES EMETIC ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: CEREMONIAL PURIFIER-FOR OBTAINING SUPERNATURAL POWER FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: 7AANYAAS \"ONIONS\" PART OF PLANT: ROOT, BULB, OR OTHER UNDERGROUND PART LANGUAGE OF ORIGIN: ENGLISH TWO OR MORE CLOSELY RELATED SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: ALLIUM CEPA USE AS FOOD: UNDERGROUND PARTS EATEN IMPORTED, OR NOT USED LOCALLY OR ABORIGINALLY * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: 7INNUU* 12 * HALF * PART OF PLANT: ROOT,. BULB, OR OTHER UNDERGROUND PART TWO OR MORE CLOSELY RELATED SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: BRASSICA CAMPESTRIS* ' USE AS FOOD: UNDERGROUND PARTS EATEN IMPORTED, OR NOT USED LOCALLY OR ABORIGINALLY - 420 -APPENDIX 7. AN ALPHABETICAL LISTING OF FOLK SEGREGATES FOR PLANTS IN BELLA COOLA. FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: AK\/U-LHP PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANTTOR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: CRATAEGUS DOUGLASII USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN PRESERVED FOR WINTER USE MEDICINAL USE: VENEREAL DISEASES ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: CEREMONIAL PURIFIER-FOR OBTAINING SUPERNATURAL POWER INVOLVED IN A TABOO OR SUPERSTITION CREST, TOTEM, OR DANCE SYMBOL * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: AK\/\u2022MI IX\/A-LHP PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: POPULUS TRICHOCARPA USE AS FOOD: CAMBIUM USE IN TECHNOLOGY: DYE, DECORATION, COSMETIC, TATTOOING MEDICINAL USE: POULTICE (FOR BURNS, SUNBURN, WOUNDS, INFECTIONS) COLDS, SORE THROATS, WHOOPING COUGH, FLU, S FEVERS LUNG AILMENTS (PNEUMONIA, TUBERCULOSIS) UNSPECIFIED INTERNAL COMPLAINTS (E.G. CANCER) RHEUMATISM, ARTHRITIS, MUSCULAR DISORDERS, PARALYSIS USED IN STEAM-BATH OR SWEAT-HOUSE ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: INVOLVED IN A TABOO OR SUPERSTITION SUPERNATURAL ROLE IN MYTHOLOGY CREST, TOTEM, OR DANCE SYMBOL OTHER USES HAIR TONIC * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * - 421 -FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: ALHAAK\/\u2022LIKW 'ALL INTERTWINED* PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: JUNIPERUS COMMUNIS MEDICINAL USE: COLDS, SORE THROATS, WHOOPING COUGH, FLU, \u00a3 FEVERS LUNG AILMENTS (PNEUMONIA, TUBERCULOSIS) ULCERS \u00a3 STOMACH TROUBLES FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: ALHAAK\/\u00bbLIKW-LHP PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: JUNIPERUS COMMUNIS MEDICINAL USE: COLDS, SORE THROATS, WHOOPING COUGH, FLU, \u00a3 FEVERS LUNG AILMENTS (PNEUMONIA, TUBERCULOSIS) ULCERS \u00a3 STOMACH TROUBLES * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: ALHK\/ 'SAUCE* PART OF PLANT: DRIED OR PREPARED MATERIAL NAME REFERS TO TWO OR MORE DISTINCTLY DIFFERENT, UNRELATED PLANT SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: SAMBUCUS RACEMOSA USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN PRESERVED FOR WINTER USE MEDICINAL USE: ULCERS \u00a3 STOMACH TROUBLES EMETIC ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: SUPERNATURAL ROLE IN MYTHOLOGY CREST, TOTEM, OR DANCE SYMBOL BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: RIBES DLVARICATUM USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN \u2022GREENS* OR ABOVE-GROUND PARTS USE IN TECHNOLOGY: - 422 -UNMODIFIED IMPLEMENTS OR CONTAINERS MEDICINAL USE: SORE EYES COLDS, SORE THROATS, WHOOPING COUGH, FLU, \u00a3 FEVERS MEDICINE, BUT UNSPECIFIED ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: CREST, TOTEM, OR DANCE SYMBOL SEVERAL MORE SPECIES ARE INVOLVED(4 TO 10) FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: ANTSNS \"ORANGES\" PART OF PLANT: FRUIT, FLOWER,CONE,SEED,OR FLOATS OF ALGAE LANGUAGE OF ORIGIN: ENGLISH ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN IMPORTED, OR NOT USED CITRUS AURANTICUM* LOCALLY OR ABORIGINALLY ************************************************************ FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: (A)STSLTSLI PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: VACCINIUM CAESPITOSUM USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN PRESERVED FOR WINTER USE IMPORTED, OR NOT USED LOCALLY OR ABORIGINALLY ************************************************************ FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: ATL'ANULH PART OF PLANT: FRUIT, FLOWER,CONE,SEED,OR FLOATS OF ALGAE ORIGINALLY A NATIVE PLANT - EXPANDEO TO IMPORTED OR CULTIVATED COUNTERPART BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN RIBES DIVARICATUM - 423 -'GREENS* OR ABOVE-GROUND PARTS USE IN TECHNOLOGY: UNMODIFIED IMPLEMENTS OR CONTAINERS MEDICINAL USE: SORE EYES COLDS, SORE THROATS, WHOOPING COUGH, FLU, \u00a3 FEVERS MEDICINE, BUT UNSPECIFIED ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: CREST, TOTEM, OR DANCE SYMBOL BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: RIBES (CULTIVATED GOOSEBERRY)* FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: ATL'TL*ANU-LHP PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ORIGINALLY A NATIVE PLANT - EXPANDED TO IMPORTED OR CULTIVATED COUNTERPART BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: RIBES DIVARICATUM USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN \u2022GREENS' OR ABOVE-GROUND PARTS USE IN TECHNOLOGY: UNMODIFIED IMPLEMENTS OR CONTAINERS MEDICINAL USE: SORE EYES COLDS, SORE THROATS, WHOOPING COUGH, FLU, \u00a3 FEVERS MEDICINE, BUT UNSPECIFIED ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: CREST, TOTEM, OR DANCE SYMBOL BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: RIBES (CULTIVATED GOOSEBERRY )'* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: AXTL'AK\/W-LHP PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: PSEUDOTSUGA MENZIESII USE IN TECHNOLOGY: FUEL OR TINDER MEDICINAL USE: POULTICE (FOR BURNS, SUNBURN, WOUNDS, INFECTIONS) COLDS, SORE THROATS, WHOOPING COUGH, FLU, \u00a3 FEVERS - 424 -ULCERS \u00a3 STOMACH TROUBLES LAXATIVE DIARRHOEA BLADDER \u00a3 URINARY AILMENTS VENEREAL DISEASES RHEUMATISM, ARTHRITIS, MUSCULAR DISORDERS, PARALYSIS ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: SUPERNATURAL ROLE IN MYTHOLOGY FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: AYTS\u2022AYM PART OF PLANT: DRIED OR PREPARED MATERIAL ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: EGREGIA MENZIESII USE AS FOOD: COLLECTION OF HERRING SPAWN PRESERVED FOR WINTER USE IMPORTED, OR NOT -USED LOCALLY OR ABORIGINALLY ************************************************************ FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: ILK PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: FRITILLARIA CAMSCHATCENSIS USE AS FOOD: UNDERGROUND PARTS EATEN ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: CREST, TOTEM, OR DANCE SYMBOL ************************************************************ FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: INDIAN LILAC PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) LANGUAGE OF ORIGIN: ENGLISH ONE-TD-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: USE IN TECHNOLOGY: WOOD SPIRAEA DOUGLASII - 425 -FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : I N K ' I P T - L H P PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T t O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E CORRESPONDENCE W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N NAME: SAMBUCUS RACEMOSA USE AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N P R E S E R V E D FOR W I N T E R USE M E D I C I N A L U S E : U L C E R S & STOMACH T R O U B L E S E M E T I C ROLE I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : SUPERNATURAL ROLE I N MYTHOLOGY C R E S T , T O T E M , OR DANCE SYMBOL * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : I N K \/ \u00ab I S - L H P PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T t O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) LANGUAGE OF O R I G I N : K W A K I U T L O N E - T O - O N E CORRESPONDENCE W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N NAME: R I B E S BRACTEOSUM USE AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N C O N S I D E R E D I N E D I B L E OR P O I S O N O U S M E D I C I N A L U S E : V E N E R E A L D I S E A S E S M E D I C I N E , BUT U N S P E C I F I E D -ROLE I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : C R E S T , T O T E M , OR DANCE SYMBOL * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : I P T S PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T t O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) NAME R E F E R S TO TWO OR MORE D I S T I N C T L Y D I F F E R E N T , U N R E L A T E D PLANT S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L TAXON NAME: MOSS ON GROUND, GENERAL - 426 -B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : S E L A G I N E L L A W A L L A C E I MANY O T H E R P L A N T S P E C I E S ARE I N V O L V E D { O V E R I O ) * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : I P T S - A A K ' L I M B M O S S ' PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) NAME R E F E R S TO TWO OR MORE D I S T I N C T L Y D I F F E R E N T , U N R E L A T E D P L A N T S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N NAME: A L E C T O R I A SARMENTOSA COMPLEX U S E I N T E C H N O L O G Y : D Y E , D E C O R A T I O N , C O S M E T I C , T A T T O O I N G B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : I S O T H E C I U M S T O L O N I F E R U M S E V E R A L MORE S P E C I E S ARE I N V O L V E D J 4 TO 1 0 ) * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : I T S ' Y A A X \/ W \u2014 L H P ' F L I C K E R P L A N T * PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T t O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : A C H I L L E A M I L L E F O L I U M M E D I C I N A L U S E : P O U L T I C E I F O R B U R N S , S U N B U R N , WOUNDS, I N F E C T I O N S ) C O L D S , SORE T H R O A T S , WHOOPING C O U G H , F L U , \u00a3 F E V E R S * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : I X P ' I X - L H P PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T t O R V I S I B L E P A R T O F P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : PYRUS F U S C A U S E AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N P R E S E R V E D FOR W I N T E R U S E U S E I N T E C H N O L O G Y : WOOD M E D I C I N A L U S E : SORE E Y E S R O L E I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : - 427 -CREST, TOTEM, OR DANCE SYMBOL FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: IX7IIX\/-LHP PART OF PLANT: NUMEROUS INDIVIDUALS, PLURAL FORM ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: CHAMAECYPARIS NOOTKATENSIS USE IN TECHNOLOGY: FIBER OR FIBROUS TISSUE USED MEDICINAL USE: POULTICE (FOR BURNS, SUNBURN, WOUNDS, INFECTIONS) CASTS, SPLINTS, POUTICE COVERINGS GENERAL TONIC IMPORTED, OR NOT USED LOCALLY OR ABORIGINALLY * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATEIX7LX\/ULMXMAYX 'TRAILING ON THE GROUND* PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANTIOR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) NAME REFERS TO TWO OR MORE DISTINCTLY DIFFERENT, UNRELATED PLANT SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: LYCOPODIUM CLAVATUM BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: LINNAEA BOREALIS A SINGLE OTHER SPECIES IS INCLUDED ************************************************************ FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: IX\/IIX\/WTA-LHP \u2022BURN PLANT* PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: ALNUS RUBRA USE IN TECHNOLOGY: WOOD FUEL OR TINDER DYE, DECORATION, COSMETIC, TATTOOING MEDICINAL USE: POULTICE (FOR BURNS, SUNBURN, WOUNDS, INFECTIONS) - 428 -L A X A T I V E E M E T I C F O L K PLANT S E G R E G A T E : I I X \/ - L H P PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T t O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E CORRESPONDENCE W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L TAXON NAME: C H A M A E C Y P A R I S N O O T K A T E N S I S USE I N T E C H N O L O G Y : F I B E R OR F I B R O U S T I S S U E USED M E D I C I N A L U S E : P O U L T I C E ( F O R B U R N S , S U N B U R N , WOUNDS, I N F E C T I O N S ) C A S T S , S P L I N T S , P O U T I C E C O V E R I N G S G E N E R A L T O N I C I M P O R T E D , OR NOT USED L O C A L L Y OR A B O R I G I N A L L Y * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : K A N A N I PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T t O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) LANGUAGE OF O R I G I N : K W A K I U T L TWO OR MORE R E C O G N I Z A B L Y D I F F E R E N T * BUT O B V I O U S L Y S I M I L A R S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N NAME: POLYPORUS O F F I C I N A L I S M E D I C I N A L U S E : V E N E R E A L D I S E A S E S ROLE I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : C R E S T , T O T E M , OR DANCE SYMBOL S E V E R A L MORE S P E C I E S ARE I N V 0 L V E D I 4 TO 10) * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : K I ( I ) N K I N - L H P PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T t O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E CORRESPONDENCE W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L TAXON NAME: C O N I O S E L I N U M P A C I F I C U M USE AS F O O D : UNDERGROUND PARTS E A T E N - 429 -FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: KIIDNKIN, SKINKIN PART OF PLANT: ROOT, BULB, OR OTHER UNDERGROUND PART ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: CONIOSELINUM PACIFICUM USE AS FOOD: UNDERGROUND PARTS EATEN * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: K'AK*PATUTS-LHP PART OF PLANT: YOUNG INDIVIDUAL ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: PICEA SITCHENSIS MEDICINAL USE: POULTICE (FOR BURNS, SUNBURN, WOUNDS, INFECTIONS) LUNG AILMENTS (PNEUMONIA, TUBERCULOSIS) ULCERS \u00a3 STOMACH TROUBLES LAXATIVE BLADDER \u00a3 URINARY AILMENTS VENEREAL DISEASES UNSPECIFIED INTERNAL COMPLAINTS (E.G. CANCER) RHEUMATISM, ARTHRITIS, MUSCULAR DISORDERS, PARALYSIS USED IN STEAM-BATH OR SWEAT-HOUSE ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: USED FOR BEATING OR WASHING IN PURIFICATION RITUAL INVOLVED IN SOME RELIGIOUS RITUAL * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: K'AMK* \u2022WATER HOSE* PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: NEREOCYSTIS LUETKEANA USE IN TECHNOLOGY: UNMODIFIED IMPLEMENTS OR CONTAINERS IMPORTED, OR NOT USED LOCALLY OR ABORIGINALLY - 430 -FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: K'AMKW'UK'S PART OF PLANT: NUMEROUS INDIVIDUALS, PLURAL FORM ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: NEREOCYSTIS LUETKEANA USE IN TECHNOLOGY: UNMODIFIED IMPLEMENTS OR CONTAINERS IMPORTED, OR NOT USED LOCALLY OR ABORIGINALLY ************************************************************ FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: K'IPT PART OF PLANT: FRUIT, FLOWER,CONE,SEED,OR FLOATS OF ALGAE ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: SAMBUCUS RACEMOSA USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN PRESERVED FOR WINTER USE MEDICINAL USE: ULCERS \u00a3 STOMACH TROUBLES EMETIC ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: SUPERNATURAL ROLE IN MYTHOLOGY CREST, TOTEM, OR DANCE SYMBOL * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: K\u2022TSAATSAY 'STRIKE OR CUT WITH AXE * PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANTTOR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: POLYPODIUM GLYCYRRHIZA USE AS FOOD: UNDERGROUND PARTS EATEN MEDICINAL USE: COLDS, SORE THROATS, WHOOPING COUGH, FLU, \u00a3 FEVERS ULCERS \u00a3 STOMACH TROUBLES ************************************************************ FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: K\/AK\/TA-LHP - 431 -PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: PHYSOCARPUS CAPITATUS USE AS FOOD: CONSIDERED INEDIBLE OR POISONOUS MEDICINAL USE: POULTICE (FOR BURNS, SUNBURN, WOUNDS, INFECTIONS) ULCERS \u00a3 STOMACH TROUBLES EMETIC VENEREAL DISEASES FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: K\/ALHK\/A PART OF PLANT: FRUIT, FLOWER,CONE,SEED,OR FLOATS OF ALGAE ORIGINALLY A NATIVE PLANT - EXPANDED TO IMPORTED OR CULTIVATED COUNTERPART BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: RUBUS IDAEUS USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN PRESERVED FOR WINTER USE ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: CREST, TOTEM, OR DANCE SYMBOL BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: RUBUS (CULTIVATED RASPBERRY)* USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN IMPORTED, OR NOT USED LOCALLY OR ABORIGINALLY * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: K\/AX\/MATS, K\/AMATS PART OF PLANT: OLD, OR DEAD INDIVIDUAL TWO OR MORE RECOGNIZABLY DIFFERENT, BUT OBVIOUSLY SIMILAR SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: PTERIDIUM AQUILINUM USE AS FOOD: UNDERGROUND PARTS EATEN ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: SUPERNATURAL ROLE IN MYTHOLOGY CREST, TOTEM, OR DANCE SYMBOL OTHER USES - 432 -FERTILIZER BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: ATHYRIUM F IL IX-FEMINA MEDICINAL USE: SORE EYES ************************************************************ FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: K\/AAX\/ PART OF PLANT: FRUIT, FLOWER,CONE,SEED,OR FLOATS OF ALGAE ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: RUBUS SPECTABILIS USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN \u2022GREENS' OR ABOVE-GROUND PARTS PRESERVED FOR WINTER USE ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: CREST, TOTEM, OR DANCE SYMBOL * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: K\/AAX\/AAX\/-LHP PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: RUBUS SPECTABILIS USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN \u2022GREENS' OR ABOVE-GROUND PARTS PRESERVED FOR WINTER USE ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: CREST, TOTEM, OR DANCE SYMBOL FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: K\/LHPUULX\/ PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANTIOR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) FRACTION OF A SCIENTIFIC SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: CICUTA DOUGLASII USE AS FOOD: UNDERGROUND PARTS EATEN - 433 -CONSIDERED INEDIBLE OR POISONOUS MEDICINAL USE: ULCERS \u00a3 STOMACH TROUBLES LAXATIVE EMETIC FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: K\/'-LHP PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) TWO OR MORE CLOSELY RELATED SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: ABIES AMABILIS MEDICINAL USE: SORE EYES COLDS, SORE THROATS, WHOOPING COUGH, FLU, \u00a3 FEVERS LUNG AILMENTS (PNEUMONIA, TUBERCULOSIS) ULCERS \u00a3 STOMACH TROUBLES ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: INVOLVED IN A TABOO OR SUPERSTITION SUPERNATURAL ROLE IN MYTHOLOGY OTHER USES PERFUME BOTANICAL TAXON NAMES' ABIES LASIOCARPA ************************************************************ FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: K\/'AKWTS PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: LUPINUS NOOTKATENSIS USE AS FOOD: UNDERGROUND PARTS EATEN * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: K\/\u2022AKWTS-NK '-FOOT' PART OF PLANT: ROOT, BULB, OR OTHER UNDERGROUND PART ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: LUPINUS NOOTKATENSIS \\ - 434 -USE AS FOOD: UNDERGROUND PARTS EATEN FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: K\/\u2022 AY 'POOR, HUMBLE' PART OF PLANT: FRUIT, FLOWER,CONE,SEED,OR FLOATS OF ALGAE ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: CRATAEGUS DOUGLASII USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN PRESERVED FOR WINTER USF MEDICINAL USE: VENEREAL DISEASES ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: CEREMONIAL PURIFIER-FOR OBTAINING SUPERNATURAL POWER INVOLVED IN A TABOO OR SUPERSTITION CREST, TOTEM, OR DANCE SYMBOL ************************************************************ FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: K\/\u00bbIS PART OF PLANT: FRUIT, FLOWER,CONE,SEED,OR FLOATS OF ALGAE LANGUAGE OF ORIGIN: KWAKIUTL ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: RIBES BRACTEOSUM USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN CONSIDERED INEDIBLE OR POISONOUS MEDICINAL USE: VENEREAL DISEASES MEDICINE, BUT UNSPECIFIED ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: CREST, TOTEM, OR DANCE SYMBOL * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: K\/'LS PART OF PLANT: CAMBIUM ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES - 435 -BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: POPULUS TRICHOCARPA USE AS FOOD: CAMBIUM USE IN TECHNOLOGY: DYE, DECORATION, COSMETIC, TATTOOING MEDICINAL USE: POULTICE (FOR BURNS, SUNBURN, WOUNDS, INFECTIONS) COLDS, SORE THROATS, WHOOPING COUGH, FLU, \u00a3 FEVERS LUNG AILMENTS (PNEUMONIA, TUBERCULOSIS) UNSPECIFIED INTERNAL COMPLAINTS (E.G. CANCER) RHEUMATISM, ARTHRITIS, MUSCULAR DISORDERS, PARALYSIS USED IN STEAM-8ATH OR SWEAT-HOUSE ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION-INVOLVED IN A TABOO OR SUPERSTITION SUPERNATURAL ROLE IN MYTHOLOGY CREST, TOTEM, OR DANCE SYMBOL OTHER USES HAIR TONIC FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: K\/\u2022SUSLMX\u2014LHP 'TIGHT TO THE GROUND PLANT' PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANTTOR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: JUNIPERUS COMMUNIS MEDICINAL USE: COLDS, SORE THROATS, WHOOPING COUGH, FLU, \u00a3 FEVERS LUNG AILMENTS (PNEUMONIA, TUBERCULOSIS) ULCERS \u00a3 STOMACH TROUBLES * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: K\/'X\/NX\/NA 'CRUNCH' PART OF PLANT: FRUIT, FLOWER,CONE,SEED,OR FLOATS OF ALGAE TWO OR MORE RECOGNIZABLY DIFFERENT, BUT OBVIOUSLY SIMILAR SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: MAIANTHEMUM DILATATUM USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: SMILACINA RACEMOSA A SINGLE OTHER SPECIES IS INCLUDED - 436 -* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: K\/'X\/NX\/NA-LHP PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT{OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) TWO OR MORE RECOGNIZABLY DIFFERENT, BUT OBVIOUSLY SIMILAR SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: MAIANTHEMUM DILATATUM USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: SMI LACINA RACEMOSA A SINGLE OTHER SPECIES IS INCLUDED FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: KWULULUUX\/WU PART OF PLANT: FRUIT, FLOWER,CONE,SEED,OR FLOATS OF ALGAE ORIGINALLY A NATIVE PLANT - EXPANDED TO IMPORTED OR CULTIVATED COUNTERPART BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: FRAGARIA VESCA USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION:. CREST, TOTEM, OR DANCE SYMBOL BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: FRAGARIA (GARDEN STRAWBERRY)* USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN IMPORTED, OR NOT USED LOCALLY OR ABORIGINALLY A SINGLE OTHER SPECIES IS INCLUDED * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: KWULULUUX\/WU-LHP PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANKOR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ORIGINALLY A NATIVE PLANT - EXPANDED TO IMPORTED OR CULTIVATED COUNTERPART BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: FRAGARIA VESCA USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN - 437 -ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITIONS CREST, TOTEM, OR DANCE SYMBOL BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: FRAGARIA (GARDEN STRAWBFRRY)* USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN IMPORTED, OR NOT USED LOCALLY OR ABORIGINALLY A SINGLE OTHER SPECIES IS INCLUDED FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: KWULH-PATS'ALHTA 'HAVING MANY AWLS' PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) TWO OR MORE RECOGNIZABLY DIFFERENT, BUT OBVIOUSLY SIMILAR SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: CIRSIUM VULGARE* BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: CIRSIUM BREVISTYLUM* A SINGLE OTHER SPECIES IS INCLUDED * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: KWUSI \"GOOD SEED\" PART OF PLANT: ROOT, BULB, OR OTHER UNDERGROUND PART LANGUAGE OF ORIGIN: ENGLISH NAME REFERS TO TWO OR MORE DISTINCTLY DIFFERENT, UNRELATED PLANT SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: SOLANUM TUBEROSUM* USE AS FOOD: UNDERGROUND PARTS EATEN ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: CREST, TOTEM, OR DANCE SYMBOL IMPORTED, OR NOT USED LOCALLY OR ABORIGINALLY BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: \"WILD POTATO\" (BELLA COOLA) USE AS FOOD: UNDERGROUND PARTS EATEN ************************************************************ FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: KWUSLTS'L PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANTTOR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) - 438 -TWO OR MORE RECOGNIZABLY DIFFERENT, BUT OBVIOUSLY SIMILAR SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: CIRSIUM VULGARE* BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: CIRSIUM BREVISTYLUM* A SINGLE OTHER SPECIES IS INCLUDED FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: K\/WALS PART OF PLANT: BRANCH TWO OR MORE RECOGNIZABLY DIFFERENT, BUT OBVIOUSLY SIMILAR SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: TSUGA HETEROPHYLLA USE AS FOOD: CAMBIUM COLLECTION OF HERRING SPAWN PRESERVED FOR WINTER USE USE IN TECHNOLOGY: DYE, DECORATION, COSMETIC, TATTOOING BEDDING, STUFFING, BANDAGING, TOWELLING MEDICINAL USE: POULTICE (FOR BURNS, SUNBURN, WOUNDS, INFECTIONS) CASTS, SPLINTS, POUTICE COVERINGS CAUTERIZING ANTISEPTIC OR DEODORANT ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: CEREMONIAL PURIFIER-FOR OBTAINING SUPERNATURAL POWER INVOLVED IN SOME RELIGIOUS RITUAL BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: PSEUDOTSUGA MENZIESII USE IN TECHNOLOGY: FUEL OR TINDER MEDICINAL USE: POULTICE (FOR BURNS, SUNBURN, WOUNDS, INFECTIONS) COLDS, SORE THROATS, WHOOPING COUGH, FLU, \u00a3 FEVERS ULCERS \u00a3 STOMACH TROUBLES LAXATIVE DIARRHOEA BLADDER \u00a3 URINARY AILMENTS VENEREAL DISEASES RHEUMATISM, ARTHRITIS, MUSCULAR DISORDERS, PARALYSIS ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: SUPERNATURAL ROLE IN MYTHOLOGY SEVERAL MORE SPECIES ARE INVOLVED(4 TO 10) - 439 -* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: K\/WAAX\/K\/WI-LHP PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: SORBUS SITCHENSIS MEDICINAL USE: SORE EYES ULCERS \u00a3 STOMACH TROUBLES LAXATIVE RHEUMATISM, ARTHRITIS, MUSCULAR DISORDERS, PARALYSIS ************************************************************ FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: K\/WUTS'ULHKW PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: TAXUS BREVIFOLIA USE IN TECHNOLOGY: WOOD MEDICINAL USE: LUNG AILMENTS (PNEUMONIA, TUBERCULOSIS) IMPORTED, OR NOT USED LOCALLY OR ABORIGINALLY FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: K\/W'ALX\/S PART OF PLANT: ROOT, BULB, OR OTHER UNDERGROUND PART ORIGINALLY A NATIVE PLANT - EXPANDED TO IMPORTED OR CULTIVATED COUNTERPART BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: PASTINACA SATIVA* USE AS FOOD: UNDERGROUND PARTS EATEN IMPORTED, OR NOT USED LOCALLY OR ABORIGINALLY BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: ANGELICA LUCIDA USE AS FOOD: UNDERGROUND PARTS EATEN - 440 FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: K\/W'LAX\/W PART OF PLANT: LEAVES ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: RUBUS PARVIFLORUS USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN \u2022GREENSVOR ABOVE-GROUND PARTS PRESERVED FOR WINTER USE ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: CREST, TOTEM, OR DANCE SYMBOL * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: LK'LAY PART OF PLANT: BARK ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: BETULA PAPYRIFERA USE IN TECHNOLOGY: FIBER OR FIBROUS TISSUE USED ************************************************************ FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: LK\u2022LAY-LHP PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANTTOR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: BETULA PAPYRIFERA USE IN TECHNOLOGY: FIBER OR FIBROUS TISSUE USED * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: LK\/'LLIS PART OF PLANT: DRIED OR PREPARED MATERIAL LANGUAGE OF ORIGIN: KWAKIUTL ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: MACROCYSTIS INTEGRIFOLIA USE AS FOOD: - 441 -C O L L E C T I O N OF H E R R I N G SPAWN P R E S E R V E D FOR W I N T E R U S E I M P O R T E D , OR NOT USED L O C A L L Y OR A B O R I G I N A L L Y * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : L K W ' L U - L H P P A R T OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T t O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) NAME R E F E R S T O TWO OR MORE D I S T I N C T L Y D I F F E R E N T , U N R E L A T E D P L A N T S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N NAME: M Y R I C A G A L E M E D I C I N A L U S E : B L A D D E R & U R I N A R Y A I L M E N T S V E N E R E A L D I S E A S E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : S P I R A E A D O U G L A S I I U S E I N T E C H N O L O G Y : WOOD * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : ; LK\/W* L A X \/ W - L H P PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T t O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : RUBUS P A R V I F L O R U S U S E AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N * G R E E N S * OR A B O V E - G R O U N D P A R T S P R E S E R V E D FOR W I N T E R U S E R O L E I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : C R E S T , T O T E M , OR DANCE SYMBOL * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : L H A K \/ \u2022 S PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T t O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) L A N G U A G E OF O R I G I N : K W A K I U T L TWO OR MORE C L O S E L Y R E L A T E D S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N NAME: PORPHYRA S P P . U S E AS F O O D : - 442 -'GREENS* OR ABOVE-GROUND PARTS PRESERVED FOR WINTER USE MEDICINAL USE: GOITRES, MINERAL DEFICIENCIES IMPORTED, OR NOT USED LOCALLY OR ABORIGINALLY ******************************************************** **** FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: LHMK'M-LHP PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANTFOR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: PINUS CONTORTA MEDICINAL USE: POULTICE (FOR BURNS, SUNBURN, WOUNDS, INFECTIONS) LUNG AILMENTS (PNEUMONIA, TUBERCULOSIS) HEART TROUBLES LAXATIVE EMETIC RHEUMATISM, ARTHRITIS, MUSCULAR DISORDERS, PARALYSIS FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE:1 LHUK\/'ALHT PART OF PLANT: BARK TWO OR MORE RECOGNIZABLY DIFFERENT, BUT OBVIOUSLY SIMILAR SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: THUJA PLICATA USE IN TECHNOLOGY: WOOD DYE, DECORATION, COSMETIC, TATTOOING FIBER OR FIBROUS TISSUE USED MEDICINAL USE: POULTICE (FOR BURNS, SUNBURN, WOUNDS, INFECTIONS) CASTS, SPLINTS, POUTICE COVERINGS COLDS, SORE THROATS, WHOOPING COUGH, FLU, \u00a3 FEVERS HEART TROUBLES ULCERS \u00a3 STOMACH TROUBLES RHEUMATISM, ARTHRITIS, MUSCULAR DISORDERS, PARALYSIS ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: INVOLVED IN SOME RELIGIOUS RITUAL BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: CHAMAECYPARIS NOOTKATENSIS USE IN TECHNOLOGY: FIBER OR FIBROUS TISSUE USED - 443 -MEDICINAL USE: POULTICE (FOR BURNS, SUNBURN, WOUNDS, INFECTIONS} CASTS, SPLINTS, POUTICE COVERINGS GENERAL TONIC IMPORTED, OR NOT USED LOCALLY OR ABORIGINALLY * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: MAXMIKA-LHP, MIXMIKA-LHP PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANTIOR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: PICEA SITCHENSIS MEDICINAL USE: POULTICE (FOR BURNS, SUNBURN, WOUNDS, INFECTIONS) LUNG AILMENTS (PNEUMONIA, TUBERCULOSIS) ULCERS \u00a3 STOMACH TROUBLES LAXATIVE BLADDER \u00a3 URINARY AILMENTS VENEREAL DISEASES UNSPECIFIED INTERNAL COMPLAINTS (E.G. CANCER) RHEUMATISM, ARTHRITIS, MUSCULAR DISORDERS, PARALYSIS USED IN STEAM-BATH OR SWEAT-HOUSE ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: USED FOR BEATING OR WASHING IN PURIFICATION RITUAL INVOLVED IN SOME RELIGIOUS RITUAL FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: MAXWUULI PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANTIOR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) LANGUAGE OF ORIGIN: KWAKIUTL ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: CICUTA DOUGLAS 11 USE AS FOOD: UNDERGROUND PARTS EATEN CONSIDERED INEDIBLE OR POISONOUS MEDICINAL USE: ULCERS \u00a3 STOMACH TROUBLES LAXATIVE EMETIC - 444 -FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: MIKW'LH PART OF PLANT: FRUIT, FLOWER,CONE,SEED,OR FLOATS OF ALGAE LANGUAGE OF ORIGIN: KWAKIUTL ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: GAULTHERIA SHALLON USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN PRESERVED FOR WINTER USE MEDICINAL USE: POULTICE TFOR BURNS, SUNBURN, WOUNDS, INFECTIONS) ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: CREST, TOTEM, OR DANCE SYMBOL ************************************************************ FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: MILIXW PART OF PLANT: FRUIT, FLOWER,CONE,SEED,OR FLOATS OF ALGAE ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: ARCTOSTAPHYLOS UVA-URSI USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN CHEWING OR SMOKING PRESERVED FOR WINTER USE ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: SUPERNATURAL ROLE IN MYTHOLOGY CREST, TOTEM, OR DANCE SYMBOL * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: MILMILIXW-LHP PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANTTOR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: ARCTOSTAPHYLOS UVA-URSI USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN CHEWING OR SMOKING PRESERVED FOR WINTER USE ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: SUPERNATURAL ROLE IN MYTHOLOGY CREST, TOTEM, OR DANCE SYMBOL - 445 -FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: MILMILIXW\u2014LHP-AAK \u2022 KINNIKINNI CK PLANT BRANCHES' PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANTIOR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: PACHYSTI MA MYRSINITES MEDICINAL USE: MEDICINE, BUT UNSPECIFIED * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: MIXMIKW'-LHP (MIXMIKW*LH-LHP) PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) LANGUAGE OF ORIGIN: KWAKIUTL ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: GAULTHERIA SHALLON USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN PRESERVED FOR WINTER USE MEDICINAL USE: POULTICE (FOR BURNS, SUNBURN, WOUNDS, INFECTIONS) ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: CREST, TOTEM, OR DANCE SYMBOL ************************************************************ FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: MNMNTSA (MMNTSA) PART OF PLANT: FRUIT, FLOWER,CONE,SEED,OR FLOATS OF ALGAE ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: RIBES LACUSTRE USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN CONSIDERED INEDIBLE OR POISONOUS MEDICINAL USE: LAXATIVE ANTIDOTE FOR POISONING ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: LUCK OR PROTECTIVE CHARM OTHER USES - 446 -HAIR TONIC FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: MNMNTSA-LHP PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: RIBES LACUSTRE USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN CONSIDERED INEDIBLE OR POISONOUS MEDICINAL USE: LAXATIVE ANTIDOTE FOR POISONING ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: LUCK OR PROTECTIVE CHARM OTHER USES . HAIR TONIC FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: MNMNTS'-LHP 'BLOND PLANT* PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANTIOR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: HOLODISCUS DISCOLOR FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: MTM 'SEA URCHIN' PART OF PLANT: FRUIT, FLOWER,CONE,SEED,OR FLOATS OF ALGAE TWO OR MORE CLOSELY RELATED SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: ARCTIUM MINUS* FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: MUXWMUKWLX-LHP 'RED PLANT' PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANTIOR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES - 447 -BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: ARUNCUS SYLVESTER MEDICINAL USE: COLDS, SORE THROATS, WHOOPING COUGH, FLU, \u00a3 FEVERS ULCERS \u00a3 STOMACH TROUBLES VENEREAL DISEASES FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: MUXWMUK\/W* LA\u2014LHP 'LOUSE PLANT' PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT{OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: GEUM MACROPHYLLUM MEDICINAL USE: POULTICE (FOR BURNS, SUNBURN, WOUNDS, INFECTIONS) ULCERS \u00a3 STOMACH TROUBLES FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE:' NAXNAAX\/WM-LHP (NAAX-) 'DANCING PLANT' PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: POPULUS TREMULOIDES MEDICINAL USE: BLADDER \u00a3 URINARY AILMENTS VENEREAL DISEASES ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: INVOLVED IN A TABOO OR SUPERSTITION CREST, TOTEM, OR DANCE SYMBOL FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: NU-PIPK\/'-LK\/S 'WIDE FINGER' PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANTTOR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: PLANTAGO MAJOR - 448 -FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: NUK\/W\u2022PI IPK\/W-LHP 'BALD-HEAD PLANT' PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: MATRICARIA MATRICARIOIDES* ************************************************************ FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: NUNANTA 'GRIZZLY'S DEN* PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ORIGINALLY A NATIVE PLANT - EXPANDED TO IMPORTED OR CULTIVATED COUNTERPART BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: AQUILEGIA FORMOSA BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: AQUILEGIA (GARDEN COLUMBINE)* ************************************************************ FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: NUSLALHX\/-AAK 'BRANCHING, BUNCHED* PART OF PLANT: FRUIT, FLOWER,CONE,SEED,OR FLOATS OF ALGAE FRACTION OF A SCIENTIFIC SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: LYCOPODIUM CLAVATUM * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: NUSUSKW'IIK\/W 'IT FLIES* PART OF PLANT: FRUIT, FLOWER,CONE,SEED,OR FLOATS OF ALGAE NAME REFERS TO TWO OR MORE DISTINCTLY DIFFERENT, UNRELATED PLANT SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: BROMUS ERECTUS* ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: INVOLVED IN A TABOO OR SUPERSTITION BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: ANTENNARIA NEGLECTA MEDICINAL USE: UNSPECIFIED INTERNAL COMPLAINTS (E.G. CANCER) A FEW MORE (UP TO 3) IN ADDITION TO THOSE LISTED - 449 -FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: NUT\u2022K\/K\/LK\/SAKI 'SMALL, NARROW PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT{OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: STELLARIA MEDIA* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: NUX\/NUX\/WSKI-LHP PART OF PLANT: NUMEROUS INDIVIDUALS, PLURAL FORM LANGUAGE OF ORIGIN: KWAKIUTL ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: SHEPHERDIA CANADENSIS USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN PRESERVED FOR WINTER USE MEDICINAL USE: ULCERS \u00a3 STOMACH TROUBLES LAXATIVE ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: NATURAL ROLE IN MYTHOLOGY CREST, TOTEM, OR DANCE SYMBOL ************************************************************ FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: NUX\/WSKI PART OF PLANT: FRUIT, FLOWER,CONE,SEED,OR FLOATS OF ALGAE LANGUAGE OF ORIGIN: KWAKIUTL ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: SHEPHERDIA CANADENSIS USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN PRESERVED FOR WINTER USE MEDICINAL USE: ULCERS S STOMACH TROUBLES LAXATIVE ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: NATURAL ROLE IN MYTHOLOGY CREST, TOTEM, OR DANCE SYMBOL - 450 -FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: PIPK\/'AAK 'WIDE-' PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANTTOR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: PLANTAGO MAJOR * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: PLHTKKN-LHP PART OF PLANT: NUMEROUS INDIVIDUALS, PLURAL FORM ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: PRUNUS EMARGINATA USE AS FOOD: CONSIDERED INEDIBLE OR POISONOUS USE IN TECHNOLOGY: DYE, DECORATION, COSMETIC, TATTOOING LININGS, COVERINGS, STEAM GENERATION MEDICINAL USE: LUNG AILMENTS (PNEUMONIA, TUBERCULOSIS) HEART TROUBLES * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: PLHTKN PART OF PLANT: BARK ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: PRUNUS EMARGINATA USE AS FOOD: CONSIDERED INEDIBLE OR POISONOUS USE IN TECHNOLOGY: DYE, DECORATION, COSMETIC, TATTOOING LININGS, COVERINGS, STEAM GENERATION MEDICINAL USE: LUNG AILMENTS (PNEUMONIA, TUBERCULOSIS) HEART TROUBLES - 451 -FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: PLHTKN-LHP PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: PRUNUS EMARGINATA USE AS FOOD: CONSIDERED INEDIBLE OR POISONOUS USE IN TECHNOLOGY: DYE, DECORATION, COSMETIC, TATTOOING LININGS, COVERINGS, STEAM GENERATION MEDICINAL USE: 'LUNG AILMENTS (PNEUMONIA, TUBERCULOSIS) HEART TROUBLES ************************************************************ FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: PUTSK\/' PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: VERATRUM ESCHSCHOLTZ11 USE AS FOOD: CONSIDERED INEDIBLE OR POISONOUS MEDICINAL USE: POULTICE (FOR BURNS, SUNBURN, WOUNDS, INFECTIONS) COLDS, SORE THROATS, WHOOPING COUGH, FLU, S FEVERS ULCERS \u00a3 STOMACH TROUBLES LAXATIVE VENEREAL DISEASES PAIN-KILLER, ANAESTHETIC ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: CEREMONIAL PURIFIER-FOR OBTAINING SUPERNATURAL POWER LUCK OR PROTECTIVE CHARM * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: PUTSK\/*~LH '-PREPARED* PART OF PLANT: ROOT, BULB, OR OTHER UNDERGROUND PART ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: VERATRUM ESCHSCHOLTZI I USE AS FOOD: CONSIDERED INEDIBLE OR POISONOUS MEDICINAL USE: - 452 -POULTICE (FOR BURNS, SUNBURN, WOUNDS, INFECTIONS) COLDS, SORE THROATS, WHOOPING COUGH, FLU, \u00a3 FEVERS ULCERS \u00a3 STOMACH TROUBLES LAXATIVE VENEREAL DISEASES PAIN-KILLER, ANAESTHETIC ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: 1 CEREMONIAL PURIFIER-FOR OBTAINING SUPERNATURAL POWER LUCK OR PROTECTIVE CHARM FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: PUTSK\/\u00bb-LH-IIXW PART OF PLANT: LEAVES ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: VERATRUM ESCHSCHOLTZII USE AS FOOD: CONSIDERED INEDIBLE OR POISONOUS MEDICINAL USE: POULTICE (FOR BURNS, SUNBURN, WOUNDS, INFECTIONS) COLDS, SORE THROATS, WHOOPING COUGH, FLU, \u00a3 FEVERS ULCERS \u00a3 STOMACH TROUBLES LAXATIVE VENEREAL DISEASES PAIN-KILLER, ANAESTHETIC ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: CEREMONIAL PURIFIER-FOR OBTAINING SUPERNATURAL POWER LUCK OR PROTECTIVE CHARM * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: PUUYAS (PU7YAS) PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) LANGUAGE OF ORIGIN: KWAKIUTL TWO OR MORE RECOGNIZABLY DIFFERENT, BUT OBVIOUSLY SIMILAR SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: LEDUM PALUSTRE SSP. GROENLANOICUM USE AS FOOD: BEVERAGE MEDICINAL USE: ULCERS \u00a3 STOMACH TROUBLES IMPORTED, OR NOT USED LOCALLY OR ABORIGINALLY BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: KALMIA POLIFOLIA - 453 -FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: P'ANI-LHP PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) TWO OR MORE CLOSELY RELATED SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: ALNUS INCANA MEDICINAL USE: POULTICE (FOR BURNS, SUNBURN, WOUNDS, INFECTIONS) UNSPECIFIED INTERNAL COMPLAINTS (E.G. CANCER) MEDICINE, BUT UNSPECIFIED BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: ALNUS CRISPA SSP. SINUATA, A. SINUATA MEDICINAL USE: MEDICINE, BUT UNSPECIFIED ************************************************************ FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE:8 P'X PART OF PLANT: FRUIT, FLOWER,CONE,SEED,OR FLOATS OF ALGAE ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: PYRUS FUSCA USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN PRESERVED FOR WINTER USE USE IN TECHNOLOGY: WOOD MEDICINAL USE: SORE EYES ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: CREST, TOTEM, OR DANCE SYMBOL ************************************************************ FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: P\u00bbX\/WLHT PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANTIOR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN CORNUS UNALASCHKENSIS\/CANADENSIS - 454 -ROLE I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : C R E S T , T O T E M , OR DANCE SYMBOL F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : SAKWM PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T t O R V I S I B L E P A R T OF P L A N T ) L A N G U A G E OF O R I G I N : K W A K I U T L O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : P T E R I D I U M A Q U I L I N U M U S E AS F O O D : UNDERGROUND P A R T S E A T E N ROLE I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : S U P E R N A T U R A L R O L E I N M Y T H O L O G Y C R E S T , T O T E M , OR DANCE SYMBOL O T H E R U S E S F E R T I L I Z E R * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : S A K W ' N I K ' S - L H P P A R T OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T t O R V I S I B L E P A R T OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : L O N I C E R A I N V O L U C R A T A U S E AS F O O D : C O N S I D E R E D I N E D I B L E OR P O I S O N O U S M E D I C I N A L U S E : P O U L T I C E ( F O R B U R N S , S U N B U R N , WOUNDS, I N F E C T I O N S ) C O L D S , SORE T H R O A T S , W H O O P I N G C O U G H , F L U , \u00a3 F E V E R S V E N E R E A L D I S E A S E S * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : SAT* L A - L H P ' H E M L O C K - C A M B I U M P L A N T * P A R T OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) TWO OR MORE C L O S E L Y R E L A T E D S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : T S U G A H E T E R O P H Y L L A U S E AS F O O D : C A M B I U M C O L L E C T I O N OF H E R R I N G SPAWN - 455 -PRESERVED FOR WINTER USE USE IN TECHNOLOGY: DYE, DECORATION, COSMETIC, TATTOOING BEDDING, STUFFING, BANDAGING, TOWELLING MEDICINAL USE: POULTICE (FOR BURNS, SUNBURN, WOUNDS, INFECTIONS) CASTS, SPLINTS, POUTICE COVERINGS CAUTERIZING ANTISEPTIC OR DEODORANT ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: CEREMONIAL PURIFIER-FOR OBTAINING SUPERNATURAL POWER INVOLVED IN SOME RELIGIOUS RITUAL BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: TSUGA MERTENSIANA MEDICINAL USE: POULTICE (FOR BURNS, SUNBURN, WOUNDS, INFECTIONS) FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: SAXSAKWM-LHP PART OF PLANT: NUMEROUS INDIVIDUALS, PLURAL FORM LANGUAGE OF ORIGIN: KWAKIUTL ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: PTERIDIUM AQUILINUM USE AS FOOD: 1 UNDERGROUND PARTS EATEN ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: SUPERNATURAL ROLE IN MYTHOLOGY CREST, TOTEM, OR DANCE SYMBOL OTHER USES FERTILIZER * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: SAXSAKWM\u2014LHP-NK '-ROOT* PART OF PLANT: ROOT, BUL8, OR OTHER UNDERGROUND PART LANGUAGE OF ORIGIN: KWAKIUTL ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: PTERIDIUM AQUILINUM USE AS FOOD: UNDERGROUND PARTS EATEN ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: SUPERNATURAL ROLE IN MYTHOLOGY CREST, TOTEM, OR DANCE SYMBOL - 456 -OTHER USES FERTILIZER FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: SISKWUULH * PEEL * PART OF PLANT: FRUIT, FLOWER,GONE,SEED,OR FLOATS OF ALGAE ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: CITRUS AURANTICUM* USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN IMPORTED, OR NOT USED LOCALLY OR ABORIGINALLY * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: SI II)M ? PART OF PLANT: DRIED OR PREPARED MATERIAL TWO OR MORE RECOGNIZABLY DIFFERENT, BUT OBVIOUSLY SIMILAR SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: THUJA PLICATA USE IN TECHNOLOGY: WOOD DYE, DECORATION, COSMETIC, TATTOOING FIBER OR FIBROUS TISSUE USED MEDICINAL USE: POULTICE (FOR BURNS, SUNBURN, WOUNDS, INFECTIONS) CASTS, SPLINTS, POUTICE COVERINGS COLDS, SORE THROATS, WHOOPING COUGH, FLU, \u00a3 FEVERS HEART TROUBLES ULCERS \u00a3 STOMACH TROUBLES RHEUMATISM, ARTHRITIS, MUSCULAR DISORDERS, PARALYSIS ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: INVOLVED IN SOME RELIGIOUS RITUAL \/ BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: CHAMAECYPARIS NOOTKATENSIS USE IN TECHNOLOGY: FIBER OR FIBROUS TISSUE USED MEDICINAL USE: POULTICE (FOR BURNS, SUNBURN, WOUNDS, INFECTIONS) CASTS, SPLINTS, POUTICE COVERINGS GENERAL TONIC IMPORTED, OR NOT USED LOCALLY OR ABORIGINALLY - 457 -F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : S I I S X M I PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T t O R V I S I B L E P A R T OF P L A N T ) TWO OR MORE C L O S E L Y R E L A T E D S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : MNIUM S P P . M E D I C I N A L U S E : P O U L T I C E { F O R B U R N S , S U N B U R N , WOUNDS, I N F E C T I O N S ) * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : S K I P * PART OF P L A N T : R O O T , B U L B , OR O T H E R UNDERGROUND PART O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : DAUCUS C A R O T A * U S E AS F O O D : UNDERGROUND P A R T S E A T E N R O L E I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : C R E S T , T O T E M , OR DANCE SYMBOL I M P O R T E D , OR NOT U S E D L O C A L L Y OR A B O R I G I N A L L Y * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : S K L H 7 A N S - T S I - X \/ W N X \/ W N U M * M E N S T R U A L PAD OF T H E H U M M I N G B I R D \" PART OF P L A N T : ABNORMAL GROWTH OF SOME K I N D , O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : A C E R GLABRUM U S E I N T E C H N O L O G Y : WOOD F U E L OR T I N D E R F I B E R OR F I B R O U S T I S S U E U S E D * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : S K ' A L K PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T t O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : O P L O P A N A X H O R R I D U M - 458 -USE AS FOOD: FOOD OF A PARTICULAR ANIMAL I ACTUAL OR BELIEF) CONSIDERED INEDIBLE OR POISONOUS MEDICINAL USE: ULCERS \u00a3 STOMACH TROUBLES LAXATIVE EMETIC RHEUMATISM, ARTHRITIS, MUSCULAR DISORDERS, PARALYSIS USED IN STEAM-BATH OR SWEAT-HOUSE GOITRES, MINERAL DEFICIENCIES ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: LUCK OR PROTECTIVE CHARM LOVE CHARM OTHER USES HAIR TONIC FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: SK'AWLHT PART OF PLANT: OLD, OR DEAD INDIVIDUAL ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: ALNUS RUBRA USE IN TECHNOLOGY: WOOD FUEL OR TINDER DYE, DECORATION, COSMETIC, TATTOOING MEDICINAL USE: POULTICE IFOR BURNS, SUNBURN, WOUNDS, INFECTIONS) LAXATIVE EMETIC FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: SK\/ALA PART OF PLANT: FRUIT, FLOWER,CONE,SEED,OR FLOATS OF ALGAE ORIGINALLY A NATIVE PLANT - EXPANDED TO IMPORTED OR CULTIVATED COUNTERPART BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: VACCINIUM PARVIFOLIUM USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN PRESERVED FOR WINTER USE ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: CREST, TOTEM, OR DANCE SYMBOL - 459 -BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: RIBES (RED GARDEN CURRANTS)* FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: SK\/ALUTS 'BERRY, GENERIC* PART OF PLANT: FRUIT, FLOWER,CONE,SEED, OR FLOATS OF ALGAE ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: VACCINIUM MEMBRANACEUM USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN PRESERVED FOR WINTER USE ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: CREST, TOTEM, OR DANCE SYMBOL * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: SK\/ALUTS-TI-NAN 'GRIZZLY'S BERRIES* PART OF PLANT: FRUIT, FLOWER,CONE,SEED,OR FLOATS OF ALGAE ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: OPLOPANAX HORRIDUM USE AS FOOD: FOOD OF A PARTICULAR ANIMAL (ACTUAL OR BELIEF) CONSIDERED INEDIBLE OR POISONOUS MEDICINAL USE: ULCERS \u00a3 STOMACH TROUBLES LAXATIVE EMETIC RHEUMATISM, ARTHRITIS, MUSCULAR DISORDERS, PARALYSIS USED IN STEAM-BATH OR SWEAT-HOUSE GOITRES, MINERAL DEFICIENCIES ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: LUCK OR PROTECTIVE CHARM LOVE CHARM OTHER USES HAIR TONIC * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: SK\/ALUTS-TI-NUTSAKWAAX\/ 'WOLF'S BERRIES' PART OF PLANT: FRUIT, FLOWER,CONE,SEED,OR FLOATS OF ALGAE ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES - 460 -BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: CLINTONIA UN I FLORA USE AS FOOD: FOOD OF A PARTICULAR ANIMAL (ACTUAL OR BELIEF) MEDICINAL USE: POULTICE (FOR. BURNS, SUNBURN, WOUNDS, INFECTIONS) COLDS, SORE THROATS, WHOOPING COUGH, FLU, \u00a3 FEVERS ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: CEREMONIAL PURIFIER-FOR OBTAINING SUPERNATURAL POWER ************************************************************ FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: SK\/ALUTS-TI-T\u2022IXLHALA * ROB IN* S BERRIES * PART OF PLANT: FRUIT, FLOWER,CONE,SEED,OR FLOATS OF ALGAE ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME:' LONICERA INVOLUCRATA USE AS FOOD: CONSIDERED INEDIBLE OR POISONOUS MEDICINAL USE: POULTICE (FOR BURNS, SUNBURN, WOUNDS, INFECTIONS) COLDS, SORE THROATS, WHOOPING COUGH, FLU, \u00a3 FEVERS VENEREAL DISEASES * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: SK\/AAK\/LA-LHP (SK\/AAX\/LA-LHP5 PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANTTOR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ORIGINALLY A NATIVE PLANT - EXPANDED TO IMPORTED OR CULTIVATED COUNTERPART BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: VACCINIUM PARVIFOLIUM USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN PRESERVED FOR WINTER USE ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: CREST, TOTEM, OR DANCE SYMBOL BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: RIBES (RED GARDEN CURRANTS)* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: SK\/AAX\/LUTS-LHP PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANTTOR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) - 461 -ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: VACCINIUM MEMBRANACEUM USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN PRESERVED FOR WINTER USE ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: CREST, TOTEM, OR DANCE SYMBOL ****************************************** FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: SK\/*SK PART OF PLANT: FRUIT, FLOWER,CONE,SEED,OR FLOATS OF ALGAE ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: AMELANCHIER ALNIFOLIA USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN PRESERVED FOR WINTER USE MEDICINAL USE: VENEREAL DISEASES ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: CREST, TOTEM, OR DANCE SYMBOL ************************************************************ FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: SK\/\u00bbSK-LHP PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANTS ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: AMELANCHIER ALNIFOLIA USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN PRESERVED FOR WINTER USE MEDICINAL USE: VENEREAL DISEASES ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: CREST, TOTEM, OR DANCE SYMBOL ************************************************************ FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: SK\/'TA-LHP PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANTTOR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) - 462 -ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: ACER GLABRUM USE IN TECHNOLOGY: WOOD FUEL OR TINDER FIBER OR FIBROUS TISSUE USED FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: SKWUKWPIK-LHP PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANTIOR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ORIGINALLY A NATIVE PLANT - EXPANDED TO IMPORTED OR CULTIVATED COUNTERPART BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: ROSA NUTKANA USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN MEDICINAL USE: SORE EYES LAXATIVE USED IN STEAM-BATH OR SWEAT-HOUSE ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: CREST, TOTEM, OR DANCE SYMBOL BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: ROSA GYMNOCARPA A SINGLE OTHER SPECIES IS INCLUDED * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: SKWUPIK, SKWUKWPIK ' PART OF PLANT: FRUIT, FLOWER,CONE,SEED,OR FLOATS OF ALGAE ORIGINALLY A NATIVE PLANT - EXPANDED TO IMPORTED OR CULTIVATED COUNTERPART BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: ROSA NUTKANA USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN MEDICINAL USE: SORE EYES LAXATIVE USED IN STEAM-BATH OR SWEAT-HOUSE ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: CREST, TOTEM, OR DANCE SYMBOL - 463 -BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: ROSA GYMNOCARPA A SINGLE OTHER SPECIES IS INCLUOED FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: SKW'ANIKS PART OF PLANT: FRUIT, FLOWER,CONE,SEED,OR FLOATS OF ALGAE ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: LONI CERA INVOLUCRATA USE AS FOOD: CONSIDERED INEDIBLE OR POISONOUS MEDICINAL USE: POULTICE (FOR BURNS, SUNBURN, WOUNDS, INFECTIONS) COLDS, SORE THROATS, WHOOPING COUGH, FLU, & FEVERS VENEREAL DISEASES * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE : SK\/W*ALK\/W*ALM-LHP * SK\/W* ALM PLANT* PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANTTOR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: DRYOPTERIS FILIX-MAS USE AS FOOD: UNDERGROUND PARTS EATEN MEDICINAL USE: GENERAL TONIC ANTIDOTE FOR POISONING ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: CREST, TOTEM, OR DANCE SYMBOL ************************************************************ FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: SK\/W'ALM PART OF PLANT: ROOT, BULB, OR OTHER UNDERGROUND PART ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: DRYOPTERIS FILIX-MAS USE AS FOOD: UNDERGROUND PARTS EATEN MEDICINAL USE: GENERAL TONIC - 464 -ANTIDOTE FOR POISONING ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: CREST, TOTEM, OR DANCE SYMBOL FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: SK\/W\u2022ALM-IIX\/W PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: DRYOPTERIS FILIX-MAS USE AS FOOD: UNDERGROUND PARTS EATEN MEDICINAL USE: GENERAL TONIC ANTIDOTE FOR POISONING ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: CREST, TOTEM, OR DANCE SYMBOL * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: SK\/W'PIIPK\/W 'BALD8 PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: MATRICARIA MATRICARIOIDES* ************************************************************ FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: SLAWS PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANTTOR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) NAME REFERS TO TWO OR MORE DISTINCTLY DIFFERENT, UNRELATED PLANT SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: GRASS, GENERAL BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: CAREX SPP. MANY OTHER PLANT SPECIES ARE INVOLVEDT OVERIO) ************************************************************ - 465 -FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: SLT'LS-LHP PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) LANGUAGE OF ORIGIN: KWAKIUTL ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: VIBURNUM EDULE USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN PRESERVED FOR WINTER USE MEDICINAL USE: COLDS, SORE THROATS, WHOOPING COUGH, FLU, \u00a3 FEVERS LUNG AILMENTS (PNEUMONIA, TUBERCULOSIS) ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: SUPERNATURAL ROLE IN MYTHOLOGY CREST, TOTEM, OR DANCE SYMBOL FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: SLHXWMLH 'BUSTLING* PART OF PLANT: DRIED OR PREPARED MATERIAL ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: SAMBUCUS RACEMOSA USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN PRESERVED FOR WINTER USE MEDICINAL USE: ULCERS \u00a3 STOMACH TROUBLES EMETIC ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: SUPERNATURAL ROLE IN MYTHOLOGY CREST, TOTEM, OR DANCE SYMBOL * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: SMNAASUS 'CHILD-' PART OF PLANT: YOUNG INDIVIDUAL ORIGINALLY A NATIVE PLANT - EXPANDED TO IMPORTED OR CULTIVATED COUNTERPART BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: FRAGARIA VESCA USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: CREST, TOTEM, OR DANCE SYMBOL i - 466 -BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: FRAGARIA (GARDEN STRAWBERRY}* USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN IMPORTED, OR NOT USED LOCALLY OR ABORIGINALLY A SINGLE OTHER SPECIES IS INCLUDED ****************************************************** FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: SNKNIXS\u2014TI\u2014MATSKW' 'FROG* S FOOD* PART OF PLANT: FRUIT, FLOWER,CONE,SEED,OR FLOATS OF ALGAE LANGUAGE OF ORIGIN: KWAKIUTL ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: CORNUS UNALASCHKENSIS\/CANADENSIS USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: CREST, TOTEM, OR DANCE SYMBOL * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: SNUK\/AK\/AYTIIK\/W K\/AYT * HAT * PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANTTOR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) TWO OR MORE RECOGNIZABLY DIFFERENT, BUT OBVIOUSLY SIMILAR SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: MUSHROOM, GENERAL * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: SNUK\/LX\/LAYK (SNUK\/LK\/-) \"WATERY* PART OF PLANT: FRUIT, FLOWER,CONE,SEED,OR FLOATS OF ALGAE ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: VACCINIUM ALASKAENSE USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN PRESERVED FOR WINTER USE ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: CREST, TOTEM, OR DANCE SYMBOL - 467 -* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: SNUK\/LX\/LAYK\u2014LHP PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT{OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: VACCINIUM ALASKAENSE USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN PRESERVED FOR WINTER USE ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: CREST, TOTEM, OR DANCE SYMBOL * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: SNUK\/WLIK\/WLIYALS *YELLOW\/GREEN-\u2022 PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANTIOR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: RHAMNUS PURSHIANA MEDICINAL USE: LAXATIVE IMPORTED, OR NOT USED LOCALLY OR ABORIGINALLY * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: SNUK\/WLK\/WLIIK 1YELLOW\/GREEN-* PART OF PLANT: ROOT,. BULB, OR OTHER UNDERGROUND PART TWO OR MORE CLOSELY RELATED SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: RUMEX OCCIDENTAL IS USE AS FOOD: \u2022GREENS' OR ABOVE-GROUND PARTS MEDICINAL USE: POULTICE (FOR BURNS, SUNBURN, WOUNDS, INFECTIONS) RHEUMATISM, ARTHRITIS, MUSCULAR DISORDERS, PARALYSIS USED IN STEAM-BATH OR SWEAT-HOUSE BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: RUMEX CRISPUS* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: SNUK\/WLK\/WLIIK-LHP PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) - 468 -TWO OR MORE C L O S E L Y R E L A T E D S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : RUMEX O C C I D E N T A L S U S E AS F O O D : \u2022 G R E E N S ' OR A B O V E - G R O U N D P A R T S M E D I C I N A L U S E : P O U L T I C E ( F O R B U R N S , S U N B U R N , WOUNDS, I N F E C T I O N S ) R H E U M A T I S M , A R T H R I T I S , M U S C U L A R D I S O R D E R S , P A R A L Y S I S USED I N S T E A M - B A T H OR S W E A T - H O U S E B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : RUMEX C R I S P U S * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : S N U K \/ W L K \/ W L Y A A L S ' Y E L L O W \/ G R E E N - ' PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T t O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : RHAMNUS P U R S H I A N A M E D I C I N A L U S E : L A X A T I V E I M P O R T E D , OR NOT U S E D L O C A L L Y OR A B O R I G I N A L L Y * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : S N U T A T I I K \/ W PART OF P L A N T : F R U I T , F L O W E R , C O N E , S E E D , O R F L O A T S OF A L G A E O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : RUBUS P A R V I F L O R U S U S E AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N \u2022 G R E E N S ' OR A B O V E - G R O U N D P A R T S P R E S E R V E D FOR W I N T E R U S E R O L E I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : C R E S T , T O T E M , OR DANCE SYMBOL ************************************************************ F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : ' S N U 7 A Y T S ' AYMAK\/W\u2022 S PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T t O R V I S I B L E P A R T OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S - 469 -B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : EGREGIA M E N Z I E S I T U S E AS F O O D : C O L L E C T I O N OF H E R R I N G S P A W N P R E S E R V E D FOR W I N T E R U S E I M P O R T E D , OR NOT USED L O C A L L Y OR A B O R I G I N A L L Y FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : S P S A Y X T PART OF P L A N T : G U M , P I T C H O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : P S E U D O T S U G A M E N Z I E S I I USE IN T E C H N O L O G Y : F U E L OR T I N D E R M E D I C I N A L USE: P O U L T I C E (FOR B U R N S , S U N B U R N , W O U N D S , I N F E C T I O N S ) C O L D S , S O R E T H R O A T S , W H O O P I N G C O U G H , F L U , \u00a3 F E V E R S U L C E R S \u00a3 S T O M A C H T R O U B L E S L A X A T I V E D I A R R H O E A B L A D D E R \u00a3 U R I N A R Y A I L M E N T S V E N E R E A L D I S E A S E S R H E U M A T I S M , A R T H R I T I S , M U S C U L A R D I S O R D E R S , P A R A L Y S I S R O L E IN R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : S U P E R N A T U R A L R O L E IN M Y T H O L O G Y * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K PLANT SEGREGATE:' S P U U X \/ A L T S W A \u2022 M O L D Y * PART OF P L A N T : F R U I T , F L O W E R , C O N E , S E E D , O R F L O A T S O F A L G A E O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : V A C C I N I U M O V A L I F O L I U M U S E AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N P R E S E R V E D FOR W I N T E R U S E R O L E IN R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : R O L E IN M Y T H S AS A ' H U M A N I Z E D ' F I G U R E C R E S T , T O T E M , OR D A N C E S Y M B O L * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : S P U U X \/ A L T S W A - L H P - 470 -PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANTIOR V I S I B L E PART OF PLANT) ONE-TO-ONE C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: VACCINIUM O V A L I F O L I U M USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN PRESERVED FOR WINTER USE ROLE IN RELIGION, M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : ROLE IN MYTHS AS A 'HUMANIZED* F I G U R E CREST, TOTEM, OR DANCE SYMBOL * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: STUX\/WSULI PART OF PLANT: WHOLE P L A N T T O R VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) LANGUAGE OF ORIGIN: KWAKIUTL TWO OR MORE CLOSELY RELATED SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME:' RUMEX OCCIDENTAL IS USE AS FOOD: 'GREENS' OR A B O V E - G R O U N D PARTS M E D I C I N A L USE: POULTICE (FOR B U R N S , S U N B U R N , W O U N D S , INFECTIONS) R H E U M A T I S M , A R T H R I T I S , M U S C U L A R D I S O R D E R S , P A R A L Y S I S USED IN S T E A M - B A T H OR S W E A T - H O U S E BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: RUMEX C R I S P U S * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: STXWTS* PART OF PLANT: GUM, PITCH ONE-TO-ONE C O R R E S P O N D E N C E WITH A B O T A N I C A L SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: POPULUS TRICHOCARPA USE AS FOOD: CAMBIUM USE IN TECHNOLOGY: DYE, D E C O R A T I O N , COSMETIC, T A T T O O I N G MEDICINAL USE: POULTICE (FOR BURNS, SUNBURN, WOUNDS, INFECTIONS) COLDS, SORE T H R O A T S , WHOOPING COUGH, FLU, \u00a3 FEVERS LUNG AILMENTS (PNEUMONIA, T U B E R C U L O S I S ) UNSPECIFIED INTERNAL C O M P L A I N T S (E.G. CANCER) R H E U M A T I S M , A R T H R I T I S , MUSCULAR DISORDERS, PARALYSIS - 471 -USED IN S T E A M - B A T H OR SWEAT-HOUSE ROLE IN RELIGION, M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N ; INVOLVED IN A TABOO OR S U P E R S T I T I O N SUPERNATURAL ROLE IN MYTHOLOGY CREST, TOTEM, OR DANCE SYMBOL OTHER USES HAIR TONIC FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: ST'ALA PART OF PLANT: CAMBIUM TWO OR MORE CLOSELY RELATED SPECIES B O T A N I C A L TAXON NAME: TSUGA H E T E R O P H Y L L A USE AS FOOD: CAMBIUM C O L L E C T I O N OF H E R R I N G S P A W N PRESERVED FOR WINTER USE U S E IN T E C H N O L O G Y : DYE, D E C O R A T I O N , C O S M E T I C , T A T T O O I N G BEDDING, STUFFING, B A N D A G I N G , T O W E L L I N G MEDICINAL USE: POULTICE (FOR BURNS, SUNBURN, W O U N D S , INFECTIONS) CASTS, SPLINTS, P O U T I C E COVERINGS C A U T E R I Z I N G ANTISEPTIC OR DEODORANT ROLE IN R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : CEREMONIAL PURIFIER-FOR O B T A I N I N G S U P E R N A T U R A L POWER INVOLVED IN SOME R E L I G I O U S RITUAL B O T A N I C A L TAXON NAME: TSUGA M E R T E N S I A N A MEDICINAL USE: POULTICE (FOR BURNS, S U N B U R N , W O U N D S , INFECTIONS) * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: ST*LS PART OF PLANT: FRUIT, F L O W E R , C O N E , S E E D , O R FLOATS OF ALGAE LANGUAGE OF ORIGIN: KWAKIUTL ONE-TO-ONE C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: VIBURNUM EDULE USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN PRESERVED FOR W I N T E R USE - 472 -M E D I C I N A L USE: C O L D S , S O R E T H R O A T S , W H O O P I N G C O U G H , F L U , \u00a3 F E V E R S L U N G A I L M E N T S ( P N E U M O N I A , T U B E R C U L O S I S ) R O L E IN R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : S U P E R N A T U R A L R O L E IN M Y T H O L O G Y C R E S T , T O T E M , OR D A N C E S Y M B O L * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : ST* L S - T I - N A N ' G R I Z Z L Y ' S H I G H B U S H C R A N B E R R I E S ' PART OF P L A N T : F R U I T , F L O W E R , C O N E , S E E D , O R F L O A T S O F A L G A E O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : O P L O P A N A X H O R R I D U M USE AS F O O D : FOOD OF A P A R T I C U L A R A N I M A L ( A C T U A L OR B E L I E F ) C O N S I D E R E D I N E D I B L E OR P O I S O N O U S M E D I C I N A L U S E : U L C E R S \u00a3 S T O M A C H T R O U B L E S L A X A T I V E E M E T I C R H E U M A T I S M , A R T H R I T I S , M U S C U L A R D I S O R D E R S , P A R A L Y S I S USED IN S T E A M - B A T H OR S W E A T - H O U S E G O I T R E S , M I N E R A L D E F I C I E N C I E S R O L E IN R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : LUCK OR P R O T E C T I V E C H A R M L O V E C H A R M O T H E R USES HAIR T O N I C * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : S T ' U M T S ' A PART O F P L A N T : D R I E D OR P R E P A R E D M A T E R I A L O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : P Y R U S FUSCA USE AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N P R E S E R V E D FOR W I N T E R USE USE IN T E C H N O L O G Y : WOOD M E D I C I N A L U S E : S O R E EYES R O L E IN R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : - 473 -C R E S T , T O T E M , OR D A N C E S Y M B O L FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : S T L \u00bb A K \/ W T L I T S ' PART OF P L A N T : BARK O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : P S E U D O T S U G A M E N Z I E S I I U S E IN T E C H N O L O G Y : F U E L OR T I N D E R M E D I C I N A L U S E : P O U L T I C E (FOR B U R N S , S U N B U R N , W O U N D S , I N F E C T I O N S ) C O L D S , S O R E T H R O A T S , W H O O P I N G C O U G H , F L U , \u00a3 F E V E R S U L C E R S \u00a3 S T O M A C H T R O U B L E S L A X A T I V E D I A R R H O E A B L A D D E R \u00a3 U R I N A R Y A I L M E N T S V E N E R E A L D I S E A S E S R H E U M A T I S M , A R T H R I T I S , M U S C U L A R D I S O R D E R S , P A R A L Y S I S R O L E IN R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : S U P E R N A T U R A L R O L E IN M Y T H O L O G Y * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : S T S K ' PART OF P L A N T : T H O R N S , S L I V E R S , OR S P I N E S O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : P S E U D O T S U G A M E N Z I E S I I U S E IN T E C H N O L O G Y : F U E L OR T I N D E R M E D I C I N A L USE: P O U L T I C E (FOR B U R N S , S U N B U R N , W O U N D S , I N F E C T I O N S ) C O L D S , S O R E T H R O A T S , W H O O P I N G C O U G H , FLU, \u00a3 F E V E R S U L C E R S \u00a3 S T O M A C H T R O U B L E S L A X A T I V E D I A R R H O E A B L A D D E R \u00a3 U R I N A R Y A I L M E N T S V E N E R E A L D I S E A S E S R H E U M A T I S M , A R T H R I T I S , M U S C U L A R D I S O R D E R S , P A R A L Y S I S R O L E IN R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : S U P E R N A T U R A L R O L E IN M Y T H O L O G Y - 474 -F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : S T S * I - T S ' X \/ W A - T ' W A L A - L H P ' W H I T E P L A N T ' PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T I O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) NAME R E F E R S T O TWO OR MORE D I S T I N C T L Y D I F F E R E N T , U N R E L A T E D P L A N T S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N NAME: S Y M P H O R I C A R P O S A L B U S U S E AS F O O D : C O N S I D E R E D I N E D I B L E OR P O I S O N O U S U S E I N T E C H N O L O G Y : D Y E , D E C O R A T I O N , C O S M E T I C , T A T T O O I N G M E D I C I N A L U S E : V E N E R E A L D I S E A S E S R O L E I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : S U P E R N A T U R A L ROLE I N MYTHOLOGY B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : CORNUS S T O L O N I F E R A U S E AS F O O D : C H E W I N G OR S M O K I N G U S E I N T E C H N O L O G Y : WOOD M E D I C I N A L U S E : P O U L T I C E ( F O R B U R N S , S U N B U R N , WOUNDS, I N F E C T I O N S ) SORE E Y E S * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : ( S > T S ' I X T S ' I K M - L H P ' D I R T Y P L A N T ' PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T t O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) NAME R E F E R S T O TWO OR MORE D I S T I N C T L Y D I F F E R E N T , U N R E L A T E D P L A N T S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : C H E N O P O D I U M ALBUM* B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : ARUNCUS S Y L V E S T E R M E D I C I N A L U S E : C O L D S , SORE T H R O A T S , WHOOPING C O U G H , F L U , \u00a3 F E V E R S U L C E R S \u00a3 STOMACH T R O U B L E S V E N E R E A L D I S E A S E S * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : I S ) T S ' I X T S ' I X W T A - L H P ' S A N D P A P E R P L A N T * PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T t O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) - 475 -T W O OR M O R E R E C O G N I Z A B L Y D I F F E R E N T , BUT O B V I O U S L Y S I M I L A R S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : E Q U I S E T U M A R V E N S E USE IN T E C H N O L O G Y : U N M O D I F I E D I M P L E M E N T S OR C O N T A I N E R S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : E Q U I S E T U M H Y E M A L E USE IN T E C H N O L O G Y : U N M O D I F I E D I M P L E M E N T S OR C O N T A I N E R S A FEW M O R E (UP TO 3) IN A D D I T I O N TO T H O S E L I S T E D F O L K P L A N T SEGREGATE: 4 S T S ' W A K T - A A K \u00ab-LIMB\u00bb P A R T OF P L A N T : W H O L E P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E P A R T OF P L A N T ) T W O OR M O R E C L O S E L Y R E L A T E D S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : L O B A R I A P U L M O N A R I A B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : L O B A R I A O R E G A N A A FEW M O R E (UP TO 3) IN A D D I T I O N T O T H O S E L I S T E D * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : S U K W ' L T - L H PART OF P L A N T : D R I E D OR P R E P A R E D M A T E R I A L -O R I G I N A L L Y A N A T I V E P L A N T - E X P A N D E D TO I M P O R T E D OR C U L T I V A T E D C O U N T E R P A R T B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : R U B U S L E U C O D E R M I S U S E AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N P R E S E R V E D FOR W I N T E R USE R O L E IN R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : C R E S T , T O T E M , OR D A N C E S Y M B O L B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : R U B U S P R O C E R U S * USE AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N P R E S E R V E D FOR W I N T E R U S E I M P O R T E D , O R NOT U S E D L O C A L L Y OR A B O R I G I N A L L Y - 476 -FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: SUPUS-LHP PART OF PLANT: YOUNG INDIVIDUAL TWO OR MORE CLOSELY RELATED SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: SALIX SITCHENSIS BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: SALIX SPP. MEDICINAL USE: P O U L T I C E (FOR BURNS, SUNBURN, W O U N D S , INFECTIONS) DIARRHOEA M E D I C I N E , BUT U N S P E C I F I E D * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: SUTS'WAKT PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT I OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) TWO OR MORE CLOSELY RELATED SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: ALECTORIA SARMENTOSA COMPLEX USE IN T E C H N O L O G Y : DYE, D E C O R A T I O N , COSMETIC, T A T T O O I N G BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: U S N E A LONGISSIMA A FEW MORE (UP TO 3) IN ADDITION TO T H O S E L I S T E D * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : SWANALHKW PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANTTOR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) NAME REFERS TO T W O OR MORE DISTINCTLY D I F F E R E N T , UNRELATED PLANT SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: GREEN ROCK ALGAE (?RHIZOCLONIUM) MEDICINAL USE: LAXATIVE U N S P E C I F I E D INTERNAL C O M P L A I N T S (E.G. CANCER) RHEUMATISM, A R T H R I T I S , MUSCULAR D I S O R D E R S , PARALYSIS USED IN STEAM-BATH OR SWEAT-HOUSE BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: FONTINALIS SP. MANY OTHER PLANT SPECIES ARE INVOLVED(OVER1Q) - 477 -* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : S X N X N T S - L H P ' H E R M A P H R O D I T E P L A N T ' PART OF P L A N T : O L D , OR DEAD I N D I V I D U A L TWO OR M O R E CLOSELY R E L A T E D S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : SALIX L A S I A N D R A M E D I C I N A L USE-P O U L T I C E (FOR B U R N S , S U N B U R N , W O U N D S , I N F E C T I O N S ) D I A R R H O E A R O L E IN R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : R O L E IN M Y T H S AS A ' H U M A N I Z E D ' F I G U R E C R E S T , T O T E M , OR D A N C E S Y M B O L B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : SALIX S P P . M E D I C I N A L U S E : P O U L T I C E (FOR B U R N S , S U N B U R N , W O U N D S , I N F E C T I O N S ) D I A R R H O E A M E D I C I N E , BUT U N S P E C I F I E D FOLK P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : S X \/ I X \/ I M U U T S P A R T O F P L A N T : N U M E R O U S I N D I V I D U A L S , P L U R A L FORM N A M E R E F E R S TO TWO OR MORE D I S T I N C T L Y D I F F E R E N T , U N R E L A T E D P L A N T S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : S O L I D A G O S P A T H U L A T A V A R . N E O M E X I C A N A B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : V I O L A L A N G S D O R F I I MANY O T H E R PLANT S P E C I E S ARE I N V O L V E D ( O V E R I O ) * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : S X \/ T S , SX\/TSI PART OF P L A N T : S T E M , S T I P E , OR S P R O U T S TWO OR M O R E R E C O G N I Z A B L Y D I F F E R E N T , BUT O B V I O U S L Y S I M I L A R S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : R U B U S P A R V I F L O R U S U S E AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N \u2022 G R E E N S ' OR A B O V E - G R O U N D P A R T S P R E S E R V E D FOR W I N T E R USE R O L E IN R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : C R E S T , T O T E M , OR D A N C E S Y M B O L - 478 -B O T A N I C A L T A X O N NAME: R U B U S S P E C T A B I L I S U S E AS F O O D : F R U I T S EATEN \u2022 G R E E N S ' OR A B O V E - G R O U N D P A R T S P R E S E R V E D FOR W I N T E R USE R O L E IN R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : C R E S T , T O T E M , OR D A N C E S Y M B O L F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : S X \/ W A X \/ W T A A X \/ - L H P P A R T OF P L A N T : W H O L E P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E P A R T OF PLANT5 O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : A N G E L I C A G E N U F L E X A U S E AS F O O D : U N D E R G R O U N D PARTS E A T E N USE IN T E C H N O L O G Y : U N M O D I F I E D I M P L E M E N T S OR C O N T A I N E R S * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : S X \/ W L H T \u2022 U T \u00bb U S - L H P P A R T OF P L A N T : W H O L E P L A N T T O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) N A M E R E F E R S TO TWO OR M O R E D I S T I N C T L Y D I F F E R E N T , U N R E L A T E D P L A N T S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : A P O C Y N U M A N D R O S A E M I F O L I U M U S E IN T E C H N O L O G Y : F I B E R OR F I B R O U S T I S S U E U S E D U N M O D I F I E D I M P L E M E N T S OR C O N T A I N E R S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : ARAL IA N U D I C A U L I S U S E AS F O O D : B E V E R A G E M E D I C I N A L U S E : U L C E R S \u00a3 S T O M A C H T R O U B L E S * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : T A N A * P S PART OF P L A N T : R O O T , B U L B , OR O T H E R U N D E R G R O U N D PART L A N G U A G E O F O R I G I N : E N G L I S H T W O OR M O R E C L O S E L Y R E L A T E D S P E C I E S - 479 -B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : B R A S S I C A C A M P E S T R I S * USE AS F O O D : U N D E R G R O U N D P A R T S EATEN ROLE IN R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : C R E S T , T O T E M , OR D A N C E S Y M B O L I M P O R T E D , OR NOT U S E D L O C A L L Y OR A B O R I G I N A L L Y FOLK P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : T \u2022 AT * K A N A - L H P PART OF P L A N T : W H O L E P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : N U P H A R L U T E U M S S P . P O L Y S E P A L U M M E D I C I N A L U S E : L U N G A I L M E N T S (\"PNEUMONIA, T U B E R C U L O S I S ) H E A R T T R O U B L E S V E N E R E A L D I S E A S E S R O L E IN R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : C E R E M O N I A L P U R I F I E R - F O R O B T A I N I N G S U P E R N A T U R A L P O W E R I N V O L V E D IN S O M E R E L I G I O U S R I T U A L LUCK OR P R O T E C T I V E C H A R M I N V O L V E D IN A T A B O O OR S U P E R S T I T I O N S U P E R N A T U R A L R O L E IN M Y T H O L O G Y * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : T 4 K W U S K W S T A - L H P * B L E E D I N G - F A C E P L A N T ' P A R T OF P L A N T : W H O L E P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E P A R T O F P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : A P O C Y N U M A N D R O S A E M I F O L I U M USE IN T E C H N O L O G Y : F I B E R OR F I B R O U S T I S S U E U S E D U N M O D I F I E D I M P L E M E N T S OR C O N T A I N E R S * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : T ' X \/ W S U S PART OF P L A N T : R O O T , B U L B , OR O T H E R U N D E R G R O U N D PART L A N G U A G E O F O R I G I N : K W A K I U T L O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S - 480 -B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : T R I F O L I U M W O R M S K J O L D I I U S E AS F O O D : U N D E R G R O U N D P A R T S EATEN FOOD OF A P A R T I C U L A R A N I M A L (ACTUAL OR B E L I E F ) R O L E IN R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : N A T U R A L R O L E IN M Y T H O L O G Y C R E S T , T O T E M , OR D A N C E S Y M B O L * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : T ' X \/ W S U S U S - 1 1 X\/W ' C L O V E R - R O O T LEAVES* PART O F P L A N T : W H O L E P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E P A R T OF PLANT) L A N G U A G E OF O R I G I N : K W A K I U T L O R I G I N A L L Y A N A T I V E P L A N T - E X P A N D E D T O I M P O R T E D OR C U L T I V A T E D C O U N T E R P A R T B O T A N I C A L T A X O N NAME:- T R I F O L I U M R E P E N S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : T R I F O L I U M P R A T E N S E * M E D I C I N A L U S E : P O U L T I C E (FOR B U R N S , S U N B U R N , W O U N D S , I N F E C T I O N S ) C H I L D B I R T H & F E M A L E D I S O R D E R S A S I N G L E O T H E R S P E C I E S IS I N C L U D E D * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : T' X \/ W S U S U S - N K ' - F O O T * P A R T OF P L A N T : R O O T , B U L B , OR O T H E R U N D E R G R O U N D PART N A M E R E F E R S TO TWO OR MORE D I S T I N C T L Y D I F F E R E N T , U N R E L A T E D P L A N T S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : A G R O P Y R O N R E P E N S * B O T A N I C A L TAXON N A M E : T R I F O L I U M W O R M S K J O L D I I U S E AS F O O D : U N D E R G R O U N D P A R T S EATEN F O O D OF A P A R T I C U L A R A N I M A L (ACTUAL OR B E L I E F ) R O L E IN R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : N A T U R A L R O L E IN M Y T H O L O G Y C R E S T , T O T E M , OR D A N C E S Y M B O L ************************************************************ - 481 -FOLK P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : T L ' A K \/ W ' T PART OF P L A N T : BARK O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L TAXON N A M E : P S E U D O T S U G A M E N Z I E S I I USE IN T E C H N O L O G Y : FUEL OR T I N D E R M E D I C I N A L USE: P O U L T I C E (FOR B U R N S , S U N B U R N , W O U N D S , I N F E C T I O N S ) C O L D S , SORE T H R O A T S , W H O O P I N G C O U G H , FLU, \u00a3 F E V E R S U L C E R S \u00a3 S T O M A C H T R O U B L E S L A X A T I V E D I A R R H O E A B L A D D E R \u00a3 U R I N A R Y A I L M E N T S V E N E R E A L D I S E A S E S R H E U M A T I S M , A R T H R I T I S , M U S C U L A R D I S O R D E R S , P A R A L Y S I S R O L E IN R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : S U P E R N A T U R A L R O L E IN M Y T H O L O G Y * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : T L * A W K \/ W \u00bb PART OF P L A N T : L E A V E S L A N G U A G E OF O R I G I N : K W A K I U T L O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : NICOTI ANA T A B A C U M * U S E AS F O O D : C H E W I N G OR S M O K I N G M E D I C I N A L USE: P O U L T I C E (FOR B U R N S , S U N B U R N , W O U N D S , I N F E C T I O N S ) I M P O R T E D , OR NOT U S E D L O C A L L Y OR A B O R I G I N A L L Y * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : T L ' A X T L \u2022 A K \/ W ' - L H P P A R T OF P L A N T : W H O L E P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E P A R T OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : P S E U D O T S U G A M E N Z I E S I I U S E IN T E C H N O L O G Y : F U E L OR T I N D E R M E D I C I N A L USE: P O U L T I C E (FOR B U R N S , S U N B U R N , W O U N D S , I N F E C T I O N S ) C O L D S , S O R E T H R O A T S , W H O O P I N G C O U G H , F L U , \u00a3 F E V E R S - 482 -U L C E R S \u00a3 S T O M A C H T R O U B L E S L A X A T I V E D I A R R H O E A B L A D D E R \u00a3 U R I N A R Y A I L M E N T S V E N E R E A L D I S E A S E S R H E U M A T I S M , A R T H R I T I S , M U S C U L A R D I S O R D E R S , P A R A L Y S I S R O L E IN R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : S U P E R N A T U R A L R O L E IN M Y T H O L O G Y F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : T L ' I K \/ ' L H K N PART OF P L A N T : F R U I T , F L O W E R , C O N E , S E E D , O R F L O A T S OF A L G A E O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : V A C C I N I U M C A E S P I T O S U M U S E AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N P R E S E R V E D FOR W I N T E R U S E I M P O R T E D , OR N O T U S E D L O C A L L Y OR A B O R I G I N A L L Y * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : T L \u00ab I N T L \u00bb I K \/ * L H K N - L H P PART OF P L A N T : W H O L E P L A N T T O R V I S I B L E P A R T O F P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : V A C C I N I U M C A E S P I T O S U M U S E AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N P R E S E R V E D FOR W I N T E R U S E I M P O R T E D , OR NOT U S E D L O C A L L Y OR A B O R I G I N A L L Y * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : T L ' X \/ W T S N PART O F P L A N T : R O O T , B U L B , OR O T H E R U N D E R G R O U N D PART O R I G I N A L L Y A N A T I V E P L A N T - E X P A N D E D TO I M P O R T E D OR C U L T I V A T E D C O U N T E R P A R T B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : A L L I U M C E R N U U M U S E AS F O O D : U N D E R G R O U N D P A R T S EATEN - 483 -B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : ALLIUM CEPA U S E AS F O O D : U N D E R G R O U N D PARTS E A T E N * G R E E N S * OR A B O V E - G R O U N D P A R T S A SINGLE OTHER S P E C I E S IS I N C L U D E D F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : T L ' X \/ W T S N - I I X W ' - L E A V E S \u2022 PART OF P L A N T : L E A V E S O R I G I N A L L Y A N A T I V E P L A N T - E X P A N D E D TO I M P O R T E D OR C U L T I V A T E D C O U N T E R P A R T B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : A L L I U M C E R N U U M U S E AS F O O D : U N D E R G R O U N D P A R T S E A T E N B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : A L L I U M C E P A U S E AS F O O D : U N D E R G R O U N D P A R T S E A T E N \u2022 G R E E N S ' OR A B O V E - G R O U N D P A R T S A S I N G L E O T H E R S P E C I E S IS I N C L U D E D * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : T S A L T X W PART O F P L A N T : BARK T W O OR M O R E R E C O G N I Z A B L Y D I F F E R E N T , BUT O B V I O U S L Y S I M I L A R S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : THUJA P L I C A T A U S E IN T E C H N O L O G Y : W O O D DYE, D E C O R A T I O N , C O S M E T I C , T A T T O O I N G F I B E R OR F I B R O U S T I S S U E USED M E D I C I N A L U S E : P O U L T I C E (FOR B U R N S , S U N B U R N , W O U N D S , I N F E C T I O N S ) C A S T S , S P L I N T S , P O U T I C E C O V E R I N G S C O L D S , S O R E T H R O A T S , W H O O P I N G C O U G H , FLU, \u00a3 F E V E R S H E A R T T R O U B L E S U L C E R S \u00a3 S T O M A C H T R O U B L E S R H E U M A T I S M , A R T H R I T I S , M U S C U L A R D I S O R D E R S , P A R A L Y S I S R O L E IN R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : I N V O L V E D IN S O M E R E L I G I O U S R I T U A L B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : C H A M A E C Y P A R I S N O O T K A T E N S I S - 484 -U S E IN T E C H N O L O G Y : F I B E R OR F I B R O U S T I S S U E U S E D M E D I C I N A L USE: P O U L T I C E (FOR B U R N S , S U N B U R N , W O U N D S , I N F E C T I O N S ) C A S T S , S P L I N T S , P O U T I C E C O V E R I N G S G E N E R A L T O N I C I M P O R T E D , OR NOT U S E D L O C A L L Y OR A B O R I G I N A L L Y F O L K P L A N T SEGREGATE:: T S A T S T A W - L H P P A R T OF P L A N T : W H O L E P L A N T T O R V I S I B L E P A R T OF PLANT) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : T H U J A P L I C A T A U S E IN T E C H N O L O G Y : W O O D D Y E , D E C O R A T I O N , C O S M E T I C , T A T T O O I N G F I B E R OR F I B R O U S T I S S U E USED M E D I C I N A L U S E : P O U L T I C E (FOR B U R N S , S U N B U R N , W O U N D S , I N F E C T I O N S ) C A S T S , S P L I N T S , P O U T I C E C O V E R I N G S C O L D S , S O R E T H R O A T S , W H O O P I N G C O U G H , F L U , \u00a3 F E V E R S H E A R T T R O U B L E S U L C E R S \u00a3 S T O M A C H T R O U B L E S R H E U M A T I S M , A R T H R I T I S , M U S C U L A R D I S O R D E R S , P A R A L Y S I S R O L E IN R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : I N V O L V E D IN S O M E R E L I G I O U S R I T U A L * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : T S A T S T A W - L H P - A A K ' - L I M B ' PART OF P L A N T : B R A N C H O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N NAME:' T H U J A P L I C A T A U S E IN T E C H N O L O G Y : W O O D DYE, D E C O R A T I O N , C O S M E T I C , T A T T O O I N G F I B E R OR F I B R O U S T I S S U E U S E D M E D I C I N A L U S E : P O U L T I C E (FOR B U R N S , S U N B U R N , W O U N D S , I N F E C T I O N S ) C A S T S , S P L I N T S , P O U T I C E C O V E R I N G S C O L D S , S O R E T H R O A T S , W H O O P I N G C O U G H , F L U , \u00a3 F E V E R S H E A R T T R O U B L E S U L C E R S \u00a3 S T O M A C H T R O U B L E S - 485 -R H E U M A T I S M , A R T H R I T I S , MUSCULAR D I S O R D E R S , P A R A L Y S I S ROLE I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : I N V O L V E D I N SOME R E L I G I O U S R I T U A L FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : TSA7YAMUUS { T S A Y A M U U S ) PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T t O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) TWO OR MORE R E C O G N I Z A B L Y D I F F E R E N T , BUT O B V I O U S L Y S I M I L A R S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L TAXON NAME: CAST I L L E J A U N A L A S C H E N S I S X M I N I A T A OTHER USES C H I L D R E N ' S GAMES OR TOYS B O T A N I C A L TAXON NAME: C A S T I L L E J A M I N I A T A A S I N G L E OTHER S P E C I E S I S I N C L U D E D * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : T S K ' A L H K W PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T t O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E CORRESPONDENCE W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N NAME: OPLOPANAX HORRIDUM USE AS F O O D : FOOD OF A P A R T I C U L A R ANIMAL { A C T U A L OR B E L I E F ) C O N S I D E R E D I N E D I B L E OR P O I S O N O U S M E D I C I N A L U S E : U L C E R S \u00a3 STOMACH T R O U B L E S L A X A T I V E E M E T I C R H E U M A T I S M , A R T H R I T I S , MUSCULAR D I S O R D E R S , P A R A L Y S I S USED I N S T E A M - B A T H OR S W E A T - H O U S E G O I T R E S , M I N E R A L D E F I C I E N C I E S ROLE I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : LUCK OR P R O T E C T I V E CHARM LOVE CHARM OTHER USES H A I R T O N I C * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : TSNA - 486 -PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ONE-TO-ONE C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A BOTANICAL S P E C I E S BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: URTICA DIOICA USE IN T E C H N O L O G Y : FIBER OR FIBROUS T I S S U E USED MEDICINAL USE: C A U T E R I Z I N G ULCERS \u00a3 S T O M A C H T R O U B L E S R H E U M A T I S M , A R T H R I T I S , MUSCULAR D I S O R D E R S , PARALYSIS USED IN S T E A M - B A T H OR SWEAT-HOUSE G E N E R A L TONIC ROLE IN RELIGION, M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : USED FOR BEATING OR WASHING IN P U R I F I C A T I O N R I T U A L S U P E R N A T U R A L ROLE IN MYTHOLOGY C R E S T , T O T E M , OR D A N C E S Y M B O L OTHER USES C H I L D R E N ' S GAMES OR TOYS FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : T S U M T S U M I S PART OF PLANT: STEM, STIPE, OR SPROUTS TWO OR MORE CLOSELY R E L A T E D S P E C I E S BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: EQUISETUM A R V E N S E U S E IN T E C H N O L O G Y : ^ UNMODIFIED\" IMPLEMENTS OR C O N T A I N E R S BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: EQUISETUM T E L M A T E I A USE IN T E C H N O L O G Y : U N M O D I F I E D IMPLEMENTS OR C O N T A I N E R S * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: T S ' A L H PART OF PLANT: WHOLE P L A N T I O R VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) TWO OR MORE CLOSELY RELATED SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: FUCUS SPP. USE IN TECHNOLOGY: LININGS, C O V E R I N G S , STEAM G E N E R A T I O N MEDICINAL USE: USED IN S T E A M - B A T H OR SWEAT-HOUSE - 487 -FOLK P L A N T S E G R E G A T E T S ' A P ' A X \/ PART OF P L A N T : L E A V E S T W O OR M O R E R E C O G N I Z A B L Y D I F F E R E N T , BUT O B V I O U S L Y S I M I L A R S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : T H U J A P L I C A T A USE IN T E C H N O L O G Y : W O O D . DYE, D E C O R A T I O N , C O S M E T I C , T A T T O O I N G F I B E R OR F I B R O U S T I S S U E U S E D M E D I C I N A L U S E : P O U L T I C E (FOR B U R N S , S U N B U R N , W O U N D S , I N F E C T I O N S ) C A S T S , S P L I N T S , P O U T I C E C O V E R I N G S C O L D S , S O R E T H R O A T S , W H O O P I N G C O U G H , F L U , & F E V E R S H E A R T T R O U B L E S U L C E R S 6 S T O M A C H T R O U B L E S R H E U M A T I S M , A R T H R I T I S , M U S C U L A R D I S O R D E R S , P A R A L Y S I S R O L E IN R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : I N V O L V E D IN S O M E R E L I G I O U S R I T U A L B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : C H A M A E C Y P A R I S N O O T K A T E N S I S U S E IN T E C H N O L O G Y : F I B E R OR F I B R O U S T I S S U E U S E D M E D I C I N A L U S E : P O U L T I C E (FOR B U R N S , S U N B U R N , W O U N D S , I N F E C T I O N S ) C A S T S , S P L I N T S , P O U T I C E C O V E R I N G S G E N E R A L T O N I C I M P O R T E D , OR NOT U S E D L O C A L L Y OR A B O R I G I N A L L Y * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K PLANT S E G R E G A T E : T S \u00bb A T S \u2022 K \/ A L U S U U L H 'LIKE W H I T E S P R I N G - S A L M O N ' P A R T OF P L A N T : A B N O R M A L G R O W T H OF S O M E KIND N A M E R E F E R S TO TWO OR M O R E D I S T I N C T L Y D I F F E R E N T , U N R E L A T E D PLANT S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : S H E P H E R D I A C A N A D E N S I S U S E AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N P R E S E R V E D FOR W I N T E R USE M E D I C I N A L U S E : U L C E R S \u00a3 S T O M A C H T R O U B L E S L A X A T I V E - 488 -ROLE IN RELIGION, M Y T H O L O G Y , TRADITION: NATURAL ROLE IN MYTHOLOGY CREST, TOTEM, OR DANCE SYMBOL BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: RUBUS SPECTABILIS U S E AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN * GREENS' OR A B O V E - G R O U N D PARTS PRESERVED FOR WINTER USE ROLE IN RELIGION, M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : C R E S T , TOTEM, OR DANCE SYMBOL A FEW MORE (UP TO 3) IN ADDITION TO T H O S E LISTED FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: T S ' A Y X \/ PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT(OR V I S I B L E PART OF PLANT) TWO OR MORE RECOGNIZABLY DIFFERENT, BUT OBVIOUSLY SIMILAR SPECIES B O T A N I C A L TAXON NAME: EPILOBIUM A N G U S T I F O L I U M USE AS FOOD: \u2022GREENS* OR A B O V E - G R O U N D PARTS M E D I C I N A L USE: POULTICE (FOR B U R N S , SUNBURN, W O U N D S , INFECTIONS) M E D I C I N E , BUT U N S P E C I F I E D B O T A N I C A L TAXON N A M E : EPILOBIUM LATI FOLIUM * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : T S \u2022 A Y X \/ - L H P PART O F PLANT: WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) TWO OR MORE RECOGNIZABLY D I F F E R E N T , BUT OBVIOUSLY SIMILAR SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: EPILOBIUM A N G U S T I F O L I U M . USE AS FOOD: \u2022GREENS' OR A B O V E - G R O U N D PARTS MEDICINAL USE: POULTICE (FOR B U R N S , SUNBURN, W O U N D S , INFECTIONS) M E D I C I N E , BUT U N S P E C I F I E D BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: EPILOBIUM L A T I F O L I U M - 489 -* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: TS * AYX\/-NK *-FOOT\u2022 PART OF PLANT: ROOT, BULB, OR OTHER U N D E R G R O U N D PART TWO OR MORE RECOGNIZABLY DIFFERENT, BUT OBVIOUSLY SIMILAR SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: EPILOBIUM A N G U S T I F O L I U M USE AS FOOD: ' GREENS' OR A B O V E - G R O U N D PARTS MEDICINAL USE: POULTICE (FOR BURNS, SUNBURN, W O U N D S , INFECTIONS) MEDICINE, BUT U N S P E C I F I E D BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: EPILOBIUM L A T I F O L I U M FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: T S * I N T S * I P S X I L I - L H P PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ORIGINALLY A NATIVE PLANT - EXPANDED TO IMPORTED OR C U L T I V A T E D C O U N T E R P A R T BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: RIBES LAXIFLORUM U S E AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN M E D I C I N A L USE: SORE EYES ROLE IN RELIGION, M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : CREST, T O T E M , OR DANCE S Y M B O L BOTANICAL T A X O N NAME: RIBES (BLACK G A R D E N C U R R A N T S ) * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: TS'IXWTA 'SANDPAPER' PART OF PLANT: STEM, STIPE, OR SPROUTS O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E WITH A B O T A N I C A L SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: EQUISETUM H Y E M A L E USE IN T E C H N O L O G Y : U N M O D I F I E D IMPLEMENTS OR C O N T A I N E R S - 490 -* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : T S ' P S X I L I PART OF P L A N T : F R U I T , F L O W E R , C O N E , S E E D , O R F L O A T S OF A L G A E O R I G I N A L L Y A N A T I V E P L A N T - E X P A N D E D T O I M P O R T E D OR C U L T I V A T E D C O U N T E R P A R T B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : R I B E S L A X I F L O R U M U S E AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N M E D I C I N A L U S E : SORE E Y E S ROLE I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : C R E S T , T O T E M , OR DANCE SYMBOL B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : R I B E S { B L A C K GARDEN C U R R A N T S ) * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : T S * P S X I X L I - L H P PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T t O R V I S I B L E P A R T OF P L A N T ) O R I G I N A L L Y A N A T I V E P L A N T - E X P A N D E D T O I M P O R T E D OR C U L T I V A T E D C O U N T E R P A R T B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : R I B E S L A X I F L O R U M U S E AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N M E D I C I N A L U S E : SORE E Y E S R O L E I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : C R E S T , T O T E M , OR DANCE SYMBOL B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : R I B E S I B L A C K GARDEN C U R R A N T S ) * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : T S * X \/ W T A - L H P ' W H I T E P L A N T * PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T t O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : CORNUS S T O L O N I F E R A U S E AS F O O D : C H E W I N G OR S M O K I N G U S E I N T E C H N O L O G Y : WOOD M E D I C I N A L U S E : - 491 -P O U L T I C E (FOR B U R N S , S U N B U R N , W O U N D S , I N F E C T I O N S ) SORE EYES FOLK P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : T S ' X \/ W T A T A - L H P ( R E D U P L I C A T E D ) P A R T OF P L A N T : N U M E R O U S I N D I V I D U A L S , P L U R A L FORM O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : C O R N U S S T O L O N I F E R A USE AS F O O D : C H E W I N G OR S M O K I N G U S E IN T E C H N O L O G Y : W O O D M E D I C I N A L U S E : P O U L T I C E (FOR B U R N S , S U N B U R N , W O U N D S , I N F E C T I O N S ) SORE E Y E S * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK P L A N T SEGREGATE:' U K \/ ' A L PART O F P L A N T : ROOT, ! B U L B , OR O T H E R U N D E R G R O U N D P A R T O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : P O T E N T I L L A P A C I F I C A U S E AS F O O D : U N D E R G R O U N D P A R T S E A T E N R O L E IN R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : R O L E IN M Y T H S AS A ' H U M A N I Z E D * F I G U R E S U P E R N A T U R A L R O L E IN M Y T H O L O G Y * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : U K \/ \u2022 K \/ \u2022 A L - 1 1 X \/ W PART OF P L A N T : L E A V E S O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : P O T E N T I L L A P A C I F I C A U S E AS F O O D : U N D E R G R O U N D PARTS E A T E N R O L E IN R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : R O L E IN M Y T H S AS A 'HUMANIZED* F I G U R E S U P E R N A T U R A L R O L E IN M Y T H O L O G Y - 492 -FOLK P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : U K \/ ' K \/ \u2022 A L - L H P P A R T OF P L A N T : W H O L E P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF PLANT) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : P O T E N T I L L A P A C I F I C A USE AS F O O D : U N D E R G R O U N D P A R T S E A T E N R O L E IN R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : R O L E IN M Y T H S AS A 'HUMANIZED* F I G U R E S U P E R N A T U R A L R O L E IN M Y T H O L O G Y * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : U K W ' U K ' PART OF P L A N T : W H O L E P L A N T I O R V I S I B L E P A R T OF P L A N T ) L A N G U A G E OF O R I G I N : K W A K I U T L O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : L Y S I C H I T U M A M E R I C A N U M U S E AS F O O D : F O O D OF A P A R T I C U L A R A N I M A L (ACTUAL OR B E L I E F ) USE IN T E C H N O L O G Y : LININGS,. C O V E R I N G S , S T E A M G E N E R A T I O N U N M O D I F I E D I M P L E M E N T S OR C O N T A I N E R S M E D I C I N A L U S E : U L C E R S \u00a3 S T O M A C H T R O U B L E S R O L E IN R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : S U P E R N A T U R A L R O L E IN M Y T H O L O G Y C R E S T , T O T E M , OR D A N C E S Y M B O L O T H E R USES HAIR T O N I C * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : U K W ' U K * - N K ' - F O O T * P A R T OF P L A N T : R O O T , B U L B , OR O T H E R U N D E R G R O U N D PART L A N G U A G E OF O R I G I N : K W A K I U T L O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : L Y S I C H I T U M A M E R I C A N U M - 493 -USE AS FOOD: FOOD OF A PARTICULAR ANIMAL (ACTUAL OR BELIEF) USE IN TECHNOLOGY: LININGS, C O V E R I N G S , STEAM G E N E R A T I O N UNMODIFIED IMPLEMENTS OR CONTAINERS MEDICINAL USE: ULCERS \u00a3 STOMACH TROUBLES ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: S U P E R N A T U R A L ROLE IN MYTHOLOGY CREST, TOTEM, OR DANCE SYMBOL OTHER USES HAIR TONIC FOLK P L A N T - S E G R E G A T E : USUKW'LT PART OF PLANT: FRUIT, F L O W E R , C O N E , S E E D , O R FLOATS OF ALGAE ORIGINALLY A NATIVE PLANT - EXPANDED TO IMPORTED OR C U L T I V A T E D COUNTERPART B O T A N I C A L TAXON NAME: RUBUS L E U C O D E R M I S USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN P R E S E R V E D FOR WINTER USE ROLE IN R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : CREST, TOTEM, OR DANCE S Y M B O L BOTANICAL T A X O N NAME: RUBUS P R O C E R U S * USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN P R E S E R V E D FOR WINTER USE IMPORTED, OR NOT USED LOCALLY OR A B O R I G I N A L L Y * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : USUKW'LT-LHP PART O F PLANT: WHOLE PLANTTOR VISIBLE PART O F PLANT) ORIGINALLY A NATIVE PLANT - EXPANDED TO IMPORTED OR C U L T I V A T E D COUNTERPART BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: RUBUS LEUCODERMIS USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN PRESERVED FOR WINTER USE ROLE IN R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , TRADITION: CREST, TOTEM, OR DANCE SYMBOL - 494 -B O T A N I C A L T A X O N NAME: RUBUS P R O C E R U S * U S E AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N P R E S E R V E D FOR W I N T E R U S E I M P O R T E D , OR NOT U S E D L O C A L L Y OR A B O R I G I N A L L Y F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : X \/ A L A PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : A T H Y R I U M F I L I X - F E M I N A M E D I C I N A L U S E : SORE E Y E S * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : X \/ 1 M U T S PART OF P L A N T : F R U I T , F L O W E R , C O N E , S E E D , O R F L O A T S OF A L G A E NAME R E F E R S T O TWO OR MORE D I S T I N C T L Y D I F F E R E N T , U N R E L A T E D P L A N T S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : S O L I D A G O S P A T H U L A T A V A R . N E O M E X I C A N A B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : V I O L A L A N G S D O R F 1 1 MANY O T H E R P L A N T S P E C I E S ARE I N V O L V E D ( O V E R 1 0 ) ************************************************************ F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : X \/ S A A S A Y * S T R U N G S A L M O N - R O E PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T t O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : SEDUM D I V E R G E N S * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : X W I K \/ \u00ab PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T t O R V I S I B L E P A R T OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S - 495 -B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : H E R A C L E U M L A N A T U M USE AS F O O D : 'GREENS* OR A B O V E - G R O U N D P A R T S M E D I C I N A L U S E : P O U L T I C E (FOR B U R N S , S U N 8 U R N , W O U N D S , I N F E C T I O N S ) R O L E IN R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : I N V O L V E D IN A T A B O O OR S U P E R S T I T I O N C R E S T , T O T E M , OR D A N C E S Y M B O L FOLK P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : Y A N A H U PART OF P L A N T : R O O T , B U L B , OR O T H E R U N D E R G R O U N D P A R T L A N G U A G E OF O R I G I N : B O R R O W E D , BUT S O U R C E U N K N O W N T W O OR M O R E C L O S E L Y R E L A T E D S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : B R A S S I C A C A M P E S T R I S * U S E AS F O O D : U N D E R G R O U N D P A R T S E A T E N R O L E IN R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : C R E S T , T O T E M , OR D A N C E S Y M B O L I M P O R T E D , OR NOT USED L O C A L L Y OR A B O R I G I N A L L Y * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : Y U L Y U M A L X W - L H P P A R T OF P L A N T : N U M E R O U S I N D I V I D U A L S , P L U R A L F O R M O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : R U M E X A C E T O S E L L A * U S E AS F O O D : \u2022GREENS* OR A B O V E - G R O U N D P A R T S I M P O R T E D , OR NOT U S E D L O C A L L Y OR A B O R I G I N A L L Y ************************************************************ F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : Y U M A L X W - L H P 'SOUR PLANT\u2022 P A R T OF P L A N T : W H O L E P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : RUMEX A C E T O S E L L A * U S E AS F O O D : \u2022 G R E E N S ' OR A B O V E - G R O U N D P A R T S - 496 -IMPORTED, OR NOT USED LOCALLY OR ABORIGINALLY - 497 -APPENDIX 8. AN ALPHABETICAL LISTING OF FOLK SEGREGATES FOR PLANTS IN FRASER RIVER LILLOOET. FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: A*Y\u2022TSK\/W-AZ* PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) LANGUAGE OF ORIGIN: SHUSWAP TWO OR MORE CLOSELY RELATED SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: RUBUS IDAEUS USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN PRESERVED FOR WINTER USE BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: RUBUS (CULTIVATED RASPBERRY)* USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN PRESERVED FOR WINTER USE IMPORTED, OR NOT USED LOCALLY OR ABORIGINALLY ************************************************************ FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: HA*KWA7 PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) LANGUAGE OF ORIGIN: THOMPSON ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: HERACLEUM LANATUM USE AS FOOD: \u2022GREENS* OR ABOVE-GROUND PARTS PRESERVED FOR WINTER USE MEDICINAL USE: GENERAL TONIC MEDICINE, BUT UNSPECIFIED * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: HO*AL-AZ* (NE) PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANTIOR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) TWO OR MORE CLOSELY RELATED SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: ALNUS CRISPA SSP. SINUATA, A. SINUATA BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: ALNUS INCANA - 498 -F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : K A * W K E W - A Z ' P A R T OF P L A N T : W H O L E P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E P A R T OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : A R T E M I S I A T R I D E N T A T A U S E IN T E C H N O L O G Y : F U E L OR T I N D E R F I B E R OR F I B R O U S T I S S U E U S E D M E D I C I N A L USE: A N T I S E P T I C OR D E O D O R A N T * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK P L A N T SEGREGATE:' K A * W K W U P A R T O F P L A N T : W H O L E P L A N T { O R V I S I B L E PART O F P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : A R T E M I S I A T R I D E N T A T A U S E IN T E C H N O L O G Y : F U E L OR T I N D E R F I B E R OR F I B R O U S T I S S U E U S E D M E D I C I N A L U S E : A N T I S E P T I C OR D E O D O R A N T ************************************************************ FOLK P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : K E M U * S PART OF P L A N T : L E A V E S O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : A R C T O S T A P H Y L O S U V A - U R S I U S E AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N C H E W I N G OR S M O K I N G F O O D OF A P A R T I C U L A R A N I M A L I A C T U A L OR B E L I E F ) \\ ************************************************************ FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : K E M U * S - A Z \u2022 - 499 -PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANTIOR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ONE-TO-ONE C O R R E S P O N D E N C E WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: ARCTOSTAPHYLOS UVA-URSI U S E AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN CHEWING OR S M O K I N G FOOD OF A PARTICULAR ANIMAL < ACTUAL OR BELIEF) FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: KEWKA\u00bbWKWU PART OF PLANT: NUMEROUS INDIVIDUALS, PLURAL FORM ONE-TO-ONE C O R R E S P O N D E N C E WITH A B O T A N I C A L SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: ARTEMISIA TRIDENTATA USE IN T E C H N O L O G Y : FUEL OR TINDER FIBER OR FIBROUS TISSUE USED MEDICINAL USE: A N T I S E P T I C OR DEODORANT * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : K\u00bbA*TL-AZ* PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANTIOR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) LANGUAGE OF ORIGIN: T H O M P S O N O N E - T O - D N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E WITH A B O T A N I C A L SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: OPLOPANAX HORRIDUM MEDICINAL USE: R H E U M A T I S M , A R T H R I T I S , MUSCULAR D I S O R D E R S , PARALYSIS IMPORTED, OR NOT USED LOCALLY OR ABORIGINALLY * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : K\/EL* K\/ PART OF PLANT: FRUIT, F L O W E R , C O N E , S E E D , O R FLOATS OF ALGAE LANGUAGE OF ORIGIN: COAST SALISH, GENERAL TWO OR MORE RECOGNIZABLY DIFFERENT, BUT OBVIOUSLY SIMILAR SPECIES - 500 -B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : ROSA A C I C U L A R I S U S E AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N R O L E I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : L U C K OR P R O T E C T I V E CHARM N A T U R A L R O L E I N MYTHOLOGY B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : ROSA GYMNOCARPA F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : K \/ E L { * ) K \/ - A * Z * t K \/ E L X \/ - A * Z * > PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) L A N G U A G E OF O R I G I N : C O A S T S A L I S H , G E N E R A L TWO OR MORE R E C O G N I Z A B L Y D I F F E R E N T , BUT O B V I O U S L Y S I M I L A R S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N NAME: ' ROSA A C I C U L A R I S U S E AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N R O L E I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : L U C K OR P R O T E C T I V E CHARM N A T U R A L R O L E I N M Y T H O L O G Y B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : ROSA GYMNOCARPA * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : K \/ E X W M ' - A * L H P * BREAKS E A S I L Y P L A N T * PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T t O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) L A N G U A G E OF O R I G I N : BORROWED, B U T SOURCE UNKNOWN O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N NAME: RHODODENDRON A L B I F L O R U M M E D I C I N A L U S E : G E N E R A L T O N I C C O N T R A C E P T I V E , A B O R T I V E M E D I C I N E OF A P A R T I C U L A R A N I M A L R O L E I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : I N V O L V E D I N A T A B O O OR S U P E R S T I T I O N * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : K \/ ' A * M ' K \/ W * \u2014 A Z * - 501 -PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T t O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E CORRESPONDENCE W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L TAXON NAME: TYPHA L A T I F O L I A USE I N T E C H N O L O G Y : F I B E R OR F I B R O U S T I S S U E USED B E D D I N G , S T U F F I N G , B A N D A G I N G , T O W E L L I N G * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : K\/\u2022 A*M\u00abK\/W*A7 PART OF P L A N T : F R U I T , F L O W E R , C O N E , S E E D , O R F L O A T S OF A L G A E O N E - T O - O N E CORRESPONDENCE W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L TAXON NAME: T Y P H A L A T I F O L I A USE I N T E C H N O L O G Y : F I B E R OR F I B R O U S T I S S U E USED B E D D I N G , S T U F F I N G , B A N D A G I N G , T O W E L L I N G F O L K PLANT S E G R E G A T E : ' K\/\u2022 AN PART OF P L A N T : F R U I T , F L O W E R , C O N E , S E E D , O R F L O A T S O F ALGAE O N E - T O - O N E CORRESPONDENCE W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L TAXON NAME: C R A T A E G U S DOUGLAS 11 USE AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N P R E S E R V E D FOR W I N T E R USE * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : K \/ \u2022 A * N - A Z * PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T t O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E CORRESPONDENCE W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L TAXON NAME: C R A T A E G U S D O U G L A S I I USE AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N P R E S E R V E D FOR W I N T E R USE - 502 -* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : K \/ * A P X \/ W 'NUT, G E N E R I C ' PART OF P L A N T : F R U I T , F L O W E R , C O N E , S E E D , O R F L O A T S O F A L G A E L A N G U A G E OF O R I G I N : INTERIOR S A L I S H , G E N E R A L O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : C O R Y L U S C O R N U T A U S E AS F O O D : S E E D S OR NUTS FOOD OF A P A R T I C U L A R A N I M A L {ACTUAL OR B E L I E F ) I M P O R T E D , OR N O T USED L O C A L L Y OR A B O R I G I N A L L Y * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : K \/ ' A P X \/ W - A Z * 'NUT P L A N T 1 P A R T OF P L A N T : W H O L E P L A N T { O R V I S I B L E PART OF PLANT) L A N G U A G E OF O R I G I N : INTERIOR S A L I S H , G E N E R A L O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : C O R Y L U S C O R N U T A U S E AS F O O D : S E E D S OR NUTS FOOD OF A P A R T I C U L A R A N I M A L {ACTUAL OR B E L I E F ) I M P O R T E D , OR N O T U S E D L O C A L L Y OR A B O R I G I N A L L Y * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : K \/ ' A * 7 X \/ - L H E P PART OF P L A N T : W H O L E P L A N T I O R V I S I B L E PART O F P L A N T ) L A N G U A G E OF O R I G I N : B O R R O W E D , BUT S O U R C E U N K N O W N O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : R H A M N U S P U R S H I A N A M E D I C I N A L U S E : L A X A T I V E I M P O R T E D , OR N O T USED L O C A L L Y OR A B O R I G I N A L L Y * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : K \/ ' E M ' L - A Z ' PART OF P L A N T : W H O L E P L A N T { O R V I S I B L E P A R T OF PLANT) L A N G U A G E OF O R I G I N : C O A S T S A L I S H , G E N E R A L O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S - 503 -B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : ACER M A C R O P H Y L L U M USE IN T E C H N O L O G Y : WOOD I M P O R T E D , OR NOT USED L O C A L L Y OR A B O R I G I N A L L Y ************************************************************ FOLK P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : K\/\u00ab E T S * U S N I * N I N A 'TANGLED* PART OF P L A N T : W H O L E P L A N T I O R V I S I B L E P A R T OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : C L E M A T I S L I G U S T I C I F O L I A M E D I C I N A L U S E : M E D I C I N E , BUT U N S P E C I F I E D * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ^ * \u00a3 ^ ^ . j ! 5 5 2 C FOLK P L A N T SEGREGATE:' K \/ \u2022 E T S ' Y U 7 A * 7 - L H E P ( K \/ * E T S * Y U Y A * 7 - ) PART O F P L A N T : W H O L E P L A N T I O R V I S I B L E P A R T OF PLANT) L A N G U A G E OF O R I G I N : S H U S W A P O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : A C H I L L E A M ILLEFOL IUM M E D I C I N A L U S E : H E A R T T R O U B L E S C H I L D B I R T H \u00a3 F E M A L E D I S O R D E R S G E N E R A L T O N I C * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *****************************,,. ^ FOLK P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : K W E L U * L - 7 A Z * PART OF P L A N T : W H O L E P L A N T I O R V I S I B L E P A R T OF P L A N T ) L A N G U A G E OF O R I G I N : I N T E R I O R S A L I S H , G E N E R A L O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : A L N U S R U B R A U S E AS F O O D : C A M B I U M U S E IN T E C H N O L O G Y : D Y E , D E C O R A T I O N , C O S M E T I C , T A T T O O I N G R O L E IN R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : R O L E IN MYTHS AS A \u2022 H U M A N I Z E D ' F I G U R E - 504 -FOLK P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : K W O L M A * K S T ' Y E L L O W \/ G R E E N B R A N C H * PART OF P L A N T : W H O L E P L A N T { O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : L E T H A R I A V U L P I N A USE IN T E C H N O L O G Y : DYE, D E C O R A T I O N , C O S M E T I C , T A T T O O I N G * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : K W U T A * L I X W P A R T OF P L A N T : W H O L E P L A N T T O R V I S I B L E P A R T O F PLANT) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : U S E IN T E C H N O L O G Y : F I B E R OR F I B R O U S T B E D D I N G , S T U F F I N G , T Y P H A L A T I F O L I A ISSUE USED B A N D A G I N G , T O W E L L I N G * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : K \/ W A L \u00bb T S PART O F P L A N T : B R A N C H O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : P S E U D O T S U G A M E N Z I E S I I U S E IN T E C H N O L O G Y : F U E L OR T I N D E R L I N I N G S , C O V E R I N G S , STEAM G E N E R A T I O N B E D D I N G , S T U F F I N G , B A N D A G I N G , T O W E L L I N G C E M E N T , B I N D I N G S U B S T A N C E R O L E IN R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : N A T U R A L R O L E IN M Y T H O L O G Y ************************************************************ FOLK P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : K \/ W E K \/ W E L \u2022 I * P PART OF P L A N T : N U M E R O U S I N D I V I D U A L S , P L U R A L FORM O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S - 505 -B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : A L E C T O R I A F R E M O N T I I USE AS F O O D : \u2022 G R E E N S ' OR A B O V E - G R O U N D P A R T S P R E S E R V E D FOR W I N T E R U S E USE IN T E C H N O L O G Y : F I B E R OR F I B R O U S T I S S U E USED R O L E IN R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : N A T U R A L R O L E IN M Y T H O L O G Y FOLK P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : K \/ W E K \/ W E L ' I * Y T P A R T OF P L A N T : N U M E R O U S I N D I V I D U A L S , P L U R A L FORM O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : P I N U S C O N T O R T A U S E AS F O O D : C A M B I U M P R E S E R V E D FOR W I N T E R U S E U S E IN T E C H N O L O G Y : W O O D * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : K \/ W E L A * W A - U * L 'REAL O N I O N S ' P A R T O F P L A N T : R O O T , B U L B , OR O T H E R U N D E R G R O U N D P A R T L A N G U A G E OF O R I G I N : T H O M P S O N O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N NAME:' A L L I U M C E R N U U M U S E AS F O O D : U N D E R G R O U N D P A R T S E A T E N * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : K\/WEL 'AK\/I*N PART OF P L A N T : Y O U N G I N D I V I D U A L O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : P S E U D O T S U G A M E N Z I E S I I U S E IN T E C H N O L O G Y : FUEL OR T I N D E R L I N I N G S , C O V E R I N G S , S T E A M G E N E R A T I O N - 506 -B E D D I N G , S T U F F I N G , B A N D A G I N G , T O W E L L I N G C E M E N T , B I N D I N G S U B S T A N C E R O L E IN R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : N A T U R A L R O L E IN M Y T H O L O G Y FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : K \/ W E L ' I * Y T , K \/ W E L I Y T P A R T OF P L A N T : W H O L E P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART O F P L A N T ) L A N G U A G E O F O R I G I N : S H U S W A P O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : P I N U S C O N T O R T A U S E AS F O O D : C A M B I U M P R E S E R V E D FOR W I N T E R U S E U S E IN T E C H N O L O G Y : WOOD * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : K \/ W E * L H 7 I N ' B I R C H - B A R K C O N T A I N E R ' P A R T O F P L A N T : B A R K L A N G U A G E OF O R I G I N : S H U S W A P O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : B E T U L A P A P Y R I F E R A U S E IN T E C H N O L O G Y : F I B E R OR F I B R O U S T I S S U E U S E D U N M O D I F I E D I M P L E M E N T S OR C O N T A I N E R S R O L E IN R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : N A T U R A L R O L E IN M Y T H O L O G Y ************************************************************ F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : K \/ W E L H 7 I N - A * Z ' PART OF P L A N T : W H O L E P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E P A R T OF PLANT) L A N G U A G E OF O R I G I N : S H U S W A P O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N NAME: BETULA P A P Y R I F E R A U S E IN T E C H N O L O G Y : F I B E R OR F I B R O U S T I S S U E USED - 507 -U N M O D I F I E D I M P L E M E N T S OR C O N T A I N E R S R O L E IN R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : N A T U R A L R O L E IN M Y T H O L O G Y FOLK P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : K \/ W E N - A * L H P P A R T OF P L A N T : W H O L E P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E P A R T OF PLANT) L A N G U A G E OF O R I G I N : B O R R O W E D , BUT S O U R C E U N K N O W N O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : V E R A T R U M E S C H S C H O L T Z 1 1 U S E AS F O O D : C O N S I D E R E D I N E D I B L E OR P O I S O N O U S U S E IN T E C H N O L O G Y : F I B E R OR F I B R O U S T I S S U E U S E D M E D I C I N A L USE: S O R E EYES C O L D S , S O R E T H R O A T S , W H O O P I N G C O U G H , FLU, \u00a3 F E V E R S L A X A T I V E E M E T I C U N S P E C I F I E D I N T E R N A L C O M P L A I N T S (E.G. C A N C E R ) G E N E R A L T O N I C * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : K \/ W E T S X \/ M - A * Z ' ' R A T T L I N G P L A N T ' P A R T O F P L A N T : W H O L E P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E P A R T OF PLANT) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : C E A N O T H U S V E L U T I N U S M E D I C I N A L U S E : P O U L T I C E (FOR B U R N S , S U N B U R N , W O U N D S , I N F E C T I O N S ) U N S P E C I F I E D I N T E R N A L C O M P L A I N T S (E.G. C A N C E R ) * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : K \/ W N U * X \/ W X A L ' S I C K - ' P A R T OF P L A N T : W H O L E P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E P A R T OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : ACTAEA RUBRA S S P . A R G U T A U S E AS F O O D : - 508 -C O N S I D E R E D I N E D I B L E OR P O I S O N O U S M E D I C I N A L U S E : GENERAL T O N I C M E D I C I N E , BUT U N S P E C I F I E D FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : K\/W7UP PART OF P L A N T : F R U I T , F L O W E R , C O N E , S E E D , O R F L O A T S OF ALGAE LANGUAGE OF O R I G I N : COAST S A L I S H , GENERAL O N E - T O - O N E CORRESPONDENCE W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L TAXON NAME: PYRUS F U S C A USE AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N I M P O R T E D , OR NOT USED L O C A L L Y OR A B O R I G I N A L L Y * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K PLANT S E G R E G A T E : K \/ W 7 U * P - A Z f PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T t O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) LANGUAGE OF O R I G I N : COAST S A L I S H , GENERAL O N E - T O - O N E CORRESPONDENCE W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L TAXON NAME: PYRUS FUSCA USE AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N I M P O R T E D , OR NOT USED L O C A L L Y OR A B O R I G I N A L L Y * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : K \/ W ' E K \/ W ' I * L A PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T t O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) LANGUAGE OF O R I G I N : I N T E R I O R S A L I S H , GENERAL O N E - T O - O N E CORRESPONDENCE W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N NAME: L O M A T I U M MACROCARPUM USE AS F O O D : UNDERGROUND PARTS E A T E N M E D I C I N A L U S E : HEART T R O U B L E S GENERAL T O N I C ROLE I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : - 509 -R O L E IN MYTHS AS A ' H U M A N I Z E D ' F I G U R E FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : K \/ W \u00bb E X \/ W K \/ W * I*K\/W* X \/ W - U S 'BLACK F A C E ' PART OF P L A N T : F R U I T , F L O W E R , C O N E , S E E D , O R F L O A T S O F A L G A E O R I G I N A L L Y A N A T I V E P L A N T - E X P A N D E D TO IMPORTED OR C U L T I V A T E D C O U N T E R P A R T B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : R U B U S U R S I N U S U S E AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : R U B U S P R O C E R U S * \/ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : K \/ W * E Y K \/ ' I * X \/ X A * N P A R T OF P L A N T : W H O L E P L A N T I O R V I S I B L E P A R T OF PLANT) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : U N I D E N T I F I E D Y E L L O W C O M P O S I T E M E D I C I N A L U S E : S O R E EYES * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : L A G \/ E * S - 7 A Z \u00bb P A R T OF P L A N T : W H O L E P L A N T I O R V I S I B L E P A R T OF PLANT) L A N G U A G E OF O R I G I N : T H O M P S O N O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : R I B E S C E R E U M U S E AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N P R E S E R V E D FOR W I N T E R U S E * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : L A G \/ E * S A 7 - 510 -PART OF P L A N T : F R U I T , F L O W E R , C O N E , S E E D , O R F L O A T S O F A L G A E L A N G U A G E OF O R I G I N : T H O M P S O N O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : R I B E S C E R E U M U S E AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N P R E S E R V E D FOR W I N T E R USE FOLK P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : L H E K \/ M \u2022 A * - L H P PART OF P L A N T : W H O L E P L A N T T O R V I S I B L E P A R T OF PLANT) L A N G U A G E OF O R I G I N : B O R R O W E D , BUT S O U R C E U N K N O W N O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N NAME:' RHUS R A D I C A N S U S E AS F O O D : C O N S I D E R E D I N E D I B L E OR P O I S O N O U S * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : L H E K W \u00ab P I * N P A R T O F P L A N T : R O O T , B U L B , OR O T H E R U N D E R G R O U N D P A R T L A N G U A G E O F O R I G I N : T H O M P S O N T W O OR M O R E C L O S E L Y R E L A T E D S P E C I E S 'BOTANICAL T A X O N N A M E : L E W I S I A R E D I V I V A U S E AS F O O D : U N D E R G R O U N D PARTS E A T E N P R E S E R V E D FOR W I N T E R U S E R O L E IN R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : I N V O L V E D IN A T A B O O OR S U P E R S T I T I O N I M P O R T E D , OR N O T U S E D L O C A L L Y OR A B O R I G I N A L L Y * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : L H E + T X A 7 \u2022SLIMEY\u2014\u2022 PART OF P L A N T : W H O L E P L A N T T O R V I S I B L E P A R T OF PLANT) L A N G U A G E OF O R I G I N : T H O M P S O N O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S - 511 -B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : H Y G R O P H O R U S E B U R N E U S ? USE AS F O O D : \u2022 G R E E N S ' OR A B O V E - G R O U N D P A R T S P R E S E R V E D FOR W I N T E R USE FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: 1 M A K \/ A * 7 PART OF P L A N T : R O O T , B U L B , OR O T H E R U N D E R G R O U N D PART O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : Z Y G A D E N U S V E N E N O S U S U S E AS F O O D : C O N S I D E R E D I N E D I B L E OR P O I S O N O U S * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : M A * W A S - A Z \u00ab 'DEER P L A N T ' P A R T OF P L A N T : W H O L E P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART O F PLANT} L A N G U A G E O F O R I G I N : C H I N O O K O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : KALMIA P O L I F O L I A M E D I C I N A L USE: H E A R T T R O U B L E S * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : M E K \/ W 7 U * 7 S A 7 'HOLD IN T H E M O U T H \" P A R T OF P L A N T : R O O T , B U L B , OR O T H E R U N D E R G R O U N D PART L A N G U A G E OF O R I G I N : T H O M P S O N O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : C A L O C H O R T U S M A C R O C A R P U S U S E AS F O O D : U N D E R G R O U N D P A R T S E A T E N * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : M E L A * N - L H P P A R T OF P L A N T : W H O L E P L A N T T O R V I S I B L E P A R T OF PLANT1 - 512 -L A N G U A G E OF O R I G I N : S H U S W A P T W O OR M O R E CLOSELY R E L A T E D S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : ABIES A M A B I L I S M E D I C I N A L U S E : SORE EYES U N S P E C I F I E D I N T E R N A L C O M P L A I N T S (E.G. C A N C E R ) G E N E R A L T O N I C B O T A N I C A L T A X O N NAME: A B I E S L A S I O C A R P A FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : M U * X W A N P A R T OF P L A N T : W H O L E P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E P A R T OF PLANT) T W O OR M O R E C L O S E L Y R E L A T E D S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : E Q U I S E T U M H Y E M A L E M E D I C I N A L U S E : SORE EYES B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : E Q U I S E T U M L A E V I G A T U M * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : N A P A * W A L T S K Z A 7 * S W O L L E N LEAF* P A R T OF P L A N T : W H O L E P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E P A R T O F PLANT) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : G O O D Y E R A O B L O N G I F O L I A M E D I C I N A L USE: P O U L T I C E (FOR B U R N S , S U N B U R N , W O U N D S , I N F E C T I O N S ) U L C E R S \u00a3 S T O M A C H T R O U B L E S * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : N E K \/ \u2022 N A K \/ W ' U * K \/ W ' S A 7 * R O T T E N B E R R I E S ' PART OF PLANT: FRUIT, F L O W E R , C O N E , S E E D , O R F L O A T S O F A L G A E F R A C T I O N OF A S C I E N T I F I C S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : A M E L A N C H I E R A L N I F O L I A - 513 -U S E AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N P R E S E R V E D FOR W I N T E R U S E U S E I N T E C H N O L O G Y : WOOD L I N I N G S , C O V E R I N G S , S T E A M G E N E R A T I O N F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : : NEK\/W *NI*K\/W * - A Z \u00bb PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T I O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T } TWO OR MORE C L O S E L Y R E L A T E D S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N NAME:\u2022 P O P U L U S T R I C H O C A R P A U S E I N T E C H N O L O G Y : WOOD F I B E R OR F I B R O U S T I S S U E U S E D B E D D I N G , S T U F F I N G , B A N D A G I N G , T O W E L L I N G C E M E N T , B I N D I N G S U B S T A N C E R O L E I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : R O L E I N MYTHS AS A ' H U M A N I Z E D ' F I G U R E N A T U R A L R O L E I N M Y T H O L O G Y * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : N E K \/ W ' T S A M U * M ' L H ' T H I E F ' PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T t O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T S O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N NAME- RHUS GLABRA M E D I C I N A L U S E : R E M O V I N G WARTS * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : N E X W T I * N - A Z ' ' R O P E - P L A N T * PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T t O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T } O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : S A L I X E X I G U A U S E I N T E C H N O L O G Y : F I B E R OR F I B R O U S T I S S U E U S E D - 514 -F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : N K X M A * M L E K \/ W ' W A L K I N G A L O N G A STICK* PART OF P L A N T : F R U I T , F L O W E R , C O N E , S E E D , O R F L O A T S O F A L G A E O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N NAME: RIBES B R A C T E O S U M USE AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N P R E S E R V E D FOR W I N T E R U S E * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : N K X M A * M L E K \/ W - A Z * P A R T OF -PLANTS W H O L E P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E P A R T O F PLANT) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : RIBES B R A C T E O S U M U S E AS F O O D : F R U I T S EATEN P R E S E R V E D FOR W I N T E R USE * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E D N K \/ A Y X W - X N * M A N \/ B O Y F O O T 8 P A R T OF P L A N T : S T E M , S T I P E , OR S P R O U T S O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L TAXON N A M E : H E R A C L E U M L A N A T U M U S E AS F O O D : ' G R E E N S ' OR A B O V E - G R O U N D P A R T S P R E S E R V E D FOR W I N T E R USE M E D I C I N A L USE: G E N E R A L T O N I C M E D I C I N E , BUT U N S P E C I F I E D * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : N M U * L H A T S - X N ' W O M A N \/ G I R L FOOT* PART OF P L A N T : S T E M , S T I P E , OR S P R O U T S - 515 -ONE-TO-ONE C O R R E S P O N D E N C E WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: HERACLEUM LANATUM USE AS FOOD: * GREENS' OR ABOVE-GROUND PARTS PRESERVED FOR WINTER USE MEDICINAL USE: GENERAL TONIC MEDICINE, BUT U N S P E C I F I E D * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE:' (N )P'U7TN{')-A*LHP 'FART PLANT* PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANTTOR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) LANGUAGE OF ORIGIN: SHUSWAP ONE-TO-ONE C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: C H R Y S O T H A M N U S N A U S E O S U S MEDICINAL USE: BLADDER \u00a3 URINARY AILMENTS * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: PA*TS-7AZ* 'DIGGING-STICK PLANT* PART O F PLANT: WHOLE PLANTTOR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ONE-TO-ONE C O R R E S P O N D E N C E WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES B O T A N I C A L TAXON NAME: HOLODISCUS DISCOLOR U S E IN T E C H N O L O G Y : WOOD \u2022 \u2022 F R * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ^ FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: PA*XELAK\/W PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) ONE-TO-ONE C O R R E S P O N D E N C E WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: C H A M A E C Y P A R I S N O O T K A T E N S I S USE AS FOOD: CONSIDERED INEDIBLE OR POISONOUS USE IN TECHNOLOGY: WOOD , - 516 -I M P O R T E D , OR NOT U S E D L O C A L L Y OR A B O R I G I N A L L Y F O L K PLANT S E G R E G A T E : P A * 7 S E M PART OF P L A N T : W H O L E P L A N T { O R V I S I B L E P A R T OF PLANT) T W O OR M O R E R E C O G N I Z A B L Y D I F F E R E N T , BUT O B V I O U S L Y S I M I L A R S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L TAXON N A M E : M O S S , G E N E R A L U S E IN T E C H N O L O G Y : L I N I N G S , C O V E R I N G S , STEAM G E N E R A T I O N B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : SELAGI NELLA W A L L A C E I MANY O T H E R P L A N T S P E C I E S ARE I N V O L V E D { O V E R I O ) * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K PLANT SEGREGATE:; P E K \/ P K \/ - A * Z \u00bb PART OF P L A N T : W H O L E P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART O F PLANT) F R A C T I O N OF A S C I E N T I F I C S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : A M E L A N C H I E R A L N I F O L I A U S E AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N P R E S E R V E D FOR W I N T E R U S E U S E IN T E C H N O L O G Y : W O O D L I N I N G S , C O V E R I N G S , S T E A M G E N E R A T I O N * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : P S N ' U L H T N ' ( P S N * U 7 L H T N ) P A R T OF P L A N T : W H O L E P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E P A R T O F PLANT) L A N G U A G E O F O R I G I N : S H U S W A P F R A C T I O N OF A S C I E N T I F I C S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : E L Y M U S C I N E R E U S U S E IN T E C H N O L O G Y : L I N I N G S , C O V E R I N G S , S T E A M G E N E R A T I O N - 517 -FOLK P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : P S 0 * S - 7 A Z ' PART OF P L A N T : W H O L E P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF PLANT) L A N G U A G E OF O R I G I N : T H O M P S O N O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : PRUNUS E M A R G I N A T A USE A S F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N USE IN T E C H N O L O G Y : DYE, D E C O R A T I O N , C O S M E T I C , T A T T O O I N G FIBER OR F I B R O U S T I S S U E USED R O L E IN R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : N A T U R A L ROLE IN M Y T H O L O G Y * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK P L A N T SEGREGATE: ! PTOK P A R T OF P L A N T : ROOT, BULB, OR O T H E R U N D E R G R O U N D P A R T L A N G U A G E OF O R I G I N : E N G L I S H O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : S O L A N U M T U B E R O S U M * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K PLANT SEGREGATE:' P U * N L H E P PART OF P L A N T : W H O L E P L A N T I O R V I S I B L E P A R T OF PLANT) L A N G U A G E O F O R I G I N : S H U S W A P O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : J U N I P E R U S S C O P U L O R U M USE AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N U S E IN T E C H N O L O G Y : W O O D M E D I C I N A L U S E : A N T I S E P T I C OR D E O D O R A N T ************************************************************ FOLK P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : P U P T S K \/ N L * ) * D O W N Y H E A D ' PART OF P L A N T : W H O L E P L A N T T O R V I S I B L E P A R T OF PLANT) - 518 -T W O OR MORE C L O S E L Y R E L A T E D S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L TAXON N A M E : A N E M O N E MULT IFI DA M E D I C I N A L USE: P O U L T I C E (FOR B U R N S , S U N B U R N , W O U N D S , I N F E C T I O N S ) B L I S T E R I N G A G E N T B O T A N I C A L TAXON N A M E : A N E M O N E C Y L I N D R I C A USE AS F O O D : C O N S I D E R E D I N E D I B L E OR P O I S O N O U S M E D I C I N A L USE: P O U L T I C E (FOR B U R N S , S U N B U R N , W O U N D S , I N F E C T I O N S ) B L I S T E R I N G A G E N T * * * * * * * * * * FOLK P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : P ' U N I * L H - A Z * P A R T O F P L A N T : W H O L E P L A N T T O R V I S I B L E P A R T OF PLANT) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : A R T E M I S I A F R I G I D A M E D I C I N A L USE: L U N G A I L M E N T S ( P N E U M O N I A , T U B E R C U L O S I S ) * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : P ' U * P \u00bb U K \/ W *GRAY \u2022 PART OF P L A N T : F R U I T , F L O W E R , C O N E , S E E D , O R F L O A T S O F A L G A E O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : V A C C I N I U M O V A L I F O L I U M U S E AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N P R E S E R V E D FOR W I N T E R USE I M P O R T E D , OR NOT U S E D L O C A L L Y OR A B O R I G I N A L L Y * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K PLANT S E G R E G A T E : P \u2022 U * P \u2022 U K \/ W - A Z \u2022 P A R T OF P L A N T : W H O L E P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E P A R T OF PLANT) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S - 519 -BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: VACCINIUM OVALIFOLIUM USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN PRESERVED FOR WINTER USE IMPORTED, OR NOT USED LOCALLY OR ABORIGINALLY FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: P'USTN' PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANTTOR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) F R A C T I O N OF A S C I E N T I F I C SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: ELYMUS SP. USE AS FOOD: FOOD OF A PARTICULAR ANIMAL (ACTUAL OR BELIEF) U S E IN T E C H N O L O G Y : DYE, DECORATION, COSMETIC, T A T T O O I N G FIBER OR FIBROUS TISSUE USED FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : P\u00bbU*TL\u2022N-AZ\u2022 PART OF PLANT: WHOLE P L A N T ( O R VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) TWO OR MORE CLOSELY RELATED SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: TSUGA HETEROPHYLLA USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: TSUGA MERTENSI ANA FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: P'U*TL*TN-AZ* PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANTTOR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) TWO OR MORE CLOSELY RELATED SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON N A M E : TSUGA HETEROPHYLLA USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN B O T A N I C A L TAXON NAME: TSUGA MERTENSIANA - 520 -FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: SA*7AK PART OF PLANT: ROOT, BULB, OR OTHER U N D E R G R O U N D PART O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: PTERIDIUM A Q U I L I N U M USE AS FOOD: U N D E R G R O U N D PARTS EATEN ***********************************************************.\u00a3 FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: SEGA*P-U*L 'REAL TREE* PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANTIOR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES B O T A N I C A L TAXON NAME:8 PSEUDOTSUGA MENZIESII USE IN T E C H N O L O G Y : FUEL OR TINDER LININGS, COVERINGS, STEAM GENERATION BEDDING, S T U F F I N G , BANDAGING, T O W E L L I N G C E M E N T , BINDING SUBSTANCE ROLE IN RELIGION, M Y T H O L O G Y , TRADITION: N A T U R A L ROLE IN MYTHOLOGY *****************************************************\u00a3\u00a3. 4..\u00a3 ) F : : { T 3 }. FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: SHAPATU*XSI-LHP (NE) ? PART OF PLANT: ROOT,. BULB, OR OTHER UNDERGROUND PART LANGUAGE OF ORIGIN: BORROWED, BUT SOURCE UNKNOWN BOTANICAL C O R R E S P O N D E N C E UNKNOWN BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: FRITILLARIA PUDICA USE AS FOOD: C O N S I D E R E D INEDIBLE OR POISONOUS *********************************************************,\u00a3.\u00a3\u00a3 FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: SHITS-LHP (NE) PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANTIOR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) LANGUAGE OF ORIGIN: T H O M P S O N - 521 -ONE-TO-ONE C O R R E S P O N D E N C E WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: ACER CIRCINATUM FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: SKEZ'K PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANTTOR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) TWO OR MORE RECOGNIZABLY D I F F E R E N T , BUT OBVIOUSLY SIMILAR SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: OPUNTIA POLYCANTHA USE AS FOOD: \u2022GREENS' OR A B O V E - G R O U N D PARTS USE IN T E C H N O L O G Y : DYE, DECORATION, C O S M E T I C , T A T T O O I N G B O T A N I C A L T A X O N NAME: OPUNTIA FRAGILIS USE AS FOOD: \u2022GREENS' OR A B O V E - G R O U N D PARTS U S E IN T E C H N O L O G Y : DYE, D E C O R A T I O N , C O S M E T I C , T A T T O O I N G * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * \u00a3 FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: SKI*M\u00bbWET PART OF PLANT: ROOT,, BULB, OR OTHER UNDERGROUND PART ONE-TO-ONE C O R R E S P O N D E N C E WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: LILIUM C O L U M B I A N U M USE AS FOOD: UNDERGROUND PARTS EATEN * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: S K ' A M ' T S P A R T OF PLANT: ROOT, BULB, OR OTHER UNDERGROUND PART L A N G U A G E OF ORIGIN: T H O M P S O N ONE-TO-ONE C O R R E S P O N D E N C E WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON USE AS FOOD: NAME 2 ERYTHRONIUM GRAND IFLORUM - 522 -UNDERGROUND PARTS E A T E N ROLE I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : NATURAL ROLE I N MYTHOLOGY I M P O R T E D , OR NOT USED L O C A L L Y OR A B O R I G I N A L L Y FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : S K \/ A * 7 A L ' (SKA*7EW) PART OF P L A N T : F R U I T , F L O W E R , C O N E , S E E D , O R F L O A T S OF A L G A E O N E - T O - O N E CORRESPONDENCE W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L TAXON NAME: V A C C I N I U M P A R V I F O L I U M USE AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N P R E S E R V E D FOR W I N T E R USE I M P O R T E D , OR NOT USED L O C A L L Y OR A B O R I G I N A L L Y FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : S K \/ A * 7 L - A * Z \u00bb ( S K A W \u00bb - A * Z \u00bb ) PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T t O R V I S I B L E PART OF PI A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E CORRESPONDENCE W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N NAME: V A C C I N I U M P A R V I F O L I U M USE AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N P R E S E R V E D FOR W I N T E R USE I M P O R T E D , OR NOT USED L O C A L L Y OR A B O R I G I N A L L Y FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : S K \/ ' E M * SA*LEK\/W ' S T I C K K \/ ' E M ' S ' PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T t O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E CORRESPONDENCE W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N NAME: POLYPORUS O F F I C I N A L I S M E D I C I N A L U S E : GENERAL T O N I C M E D I C I N E , BUT U N S P E C I F I E D A FEW MORE ( U P T O 3 ) I N A D D I T I O N TO T H O S E L I S T E D - 523 -FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: SKWENKWI*N PART OF PLANT: ROOT, BULB, OR OTHER UNDERGROUND PART LANGUAGE OF ORIGIN: INTERIOR SALISH, GENERAL ONE-TO-ONE C O R R E S P O N D E N C E WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: C L A Y T O N ! A LANCEOLATA USE AS FOOD: UNDERGROUND PARTS EATEN FOOD OF A PARTICULAR ANIMAL (ACTUAL OR BELIEF) ROLE IN RELIGION, M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : INVOLVED IN A TABOO OR S U P E R S T I T I O N NATURAL ROLE IN MYTHOLOGY * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: SK\/WELI*P PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANT(OR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) TWO OR MORE CLOSELY RELATED S P E C I E S BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: ALECTORIA FREMONTII USE AS FOOD: * GREENS* OR A B O V E - G R O U N D PARTS PRESERVED FOR WINTER USE USE IN T E C H N O L O G Y : FIBER OR F I B R O U S TISSUE USED ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION: N A T U R A L ROLE IN MYTHOLOGY A FEW MORE (UP TO 3) IN ADDITION TO THOSE LISTED * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: SK\/W*ELA*P PART OF PLANT: FRUIT, F L O W E R , C O N E , S E E D , O R FLOATS OF ALGAE ORIGINALLY A NATIVE PLANT - EXPANDED TO IMPORTED OR C U L T I V A T E D C O U N T E R P A R T BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: FRAGARIA VESCA U S E AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN ,PRESERVED FOR WINTER USE BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: FRAGARIA (GARDEN S T R A W B E R R Y ) * USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN - 524 -P R E S E R V E D FOR W I N T E R USE I M P O R T E D , OR NOT USED LOCALLY OR A B O R I G I N A L L Y ************************************************************ FOLK P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : ( S ) K \/ W ' E L A * P - A Z * PART OF P L A N T : W H O L E P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E P A R T OF PLANT) O R I G I N A L L Y A N A T I V E PLANT - E X P A N D E D T O IMPORTED OR C U L T I V A T E D C O U N T E R P A R T B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : F R A G A R I A V E S C A U S E AS F O O D : F R U I T S EATEN P R E S E R V E D FOR W I N T E R USE B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : F R A G A R I A (GARDEN S T R A W B E R R Y ) * U S E AS FOOD: F R U I T S E A T E N P R E S E R V E D FOR W I N T E R USE I M P O R T E D , OR N O T USED L O C A L L Y OR A B O R I G I N A L L Y * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : S L E * K \/ E M - U L 'REAL HAY* PART O F P L A N T : W H O L E P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E P A R T OF P L A N T ) TWO OR M O R E C L O S E L Y R E L A T E D S P E C I E S ' B O T A N I C A L TAXON N A M E : A G R O P Y R O N S P I C A T U M USE A S F O O D : FOOD OF A P A R T I C U L A R A N I M A L (ACTUAL OR B E L I E F ) U S E IN T E C H N O L O G Y : L I N I N G S , C O V E R I N G S , S T E A M G E N E R A T I O N R O L E IN R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : N A T U R A L R O L E IN M Y T H O L O G Y ************************************************************ F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : S L U * W - A Z * P A R T OF P L A N T : BARK T W O OR M O R E R E C O G N I Z A B L Y D I F F E R E N T , BUT O B V I O U S L Y S I M I L A R S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L TAXON N A M E : THUJA P L I C A T A - 525 -U S E IN TECHNOLOGY: WOOD FUEL OR TINDER FIBER OR FIBROUS TISSUE USED ROLE IN RELIGION, MYTHOLOGY, TRADITION:' ROLE IN MYTHS AS A 'HUMANIZED' FIGURE NATURAL ROLE IN MYTHOLOGY IMPORTED, OR NOT USED LOCALLY OR A B O R I G I N A L L Y B O T A N I C A L TAXON NAME: C H A M A E C Y P A R I S N O O T K A T E N S I S USE AS FOOD: C O N S I D E R E D INEDIBLE OR POISONOUS USE IN T E C H N O L O G Y : WOOD IMPORTED, OR NOT USED LOCALLY OR A B O R I G I N A L L Y FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: SMAN'X 'SMOKING' PART OF PLANT: LEAVES L A N G U A G E OF ORIGIN: INTERIOR SALISH, GENERAL ORIGINALLY A NATIVE PLANT - EXPANDED TO IMPORTED OR C U L T I V A T E D COUNTERPART BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: NICOTIANA TABACUM* U S E \/ A S FOOD: C H E W I N G OR SMOKING BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: NICOTIANA ATTENUATA USE AS FOOD: CHEWING OR SMOKING * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: SMETL'E*K\/A7 PART OF PLANT: WHOLE PLANTIOR VISIBLE PART OF PLANT) TWO OR MORE CLOSELY RELATED SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: A G A R I C U S ? SP. USE AS FOOD: \u2022GREENS' OR A B O V E - G R O U N D PARTS PRESERVED FOR WINTER USE - 526 -FOLK P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : S N I * L H K \/ E N PART OF P L A N T : D R I E D OR P R E P A R E D M A T E R I A L O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : B A L S A M O R H I Z A SAG ITTATA U S E AS F O O D : U N D E R G R O U N D PARTS EATEN * G R E E N S * OR A B O V E - G R O U N D P A R T S P R E S E R V E D FOR W I N T E R USE R O L E IN R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : N A T U R A L R O L E IN M Y T H O L O G Y * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : S P E * K \/ P E K \/ 'WHITE* PART OF P L A N T : F R U I T , F L O W E R , C O N E , S E E D , O R F L O A T S OF A L G A E F R A C T I O N OF A S C I E N T I F I C S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : A M E L A N C H I E R A L N I F O L I A U S E AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N P R E S E R V E D FOR W I N T E R U S E U S E IN T E C H N O L O G Y : W O O D L I N I N G S , C O V E R I N G S , S T E A M G E N E R A T I O N * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : S P E L ' K W A * P PART OF P L A N T : GUM, P I T C H O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : PINUS P O N D E R O S A U S E AS F O O D : FOOD OF A P A R T I C U L A R A N I M A L (ACTUAL OR B E L I E F ) U S E IN T E C H N O L O G Y : WOOD C E M E N T , B I N D I N G S U 8 S T A N C E M E D I C I N A L U S E : P O U L T I C E (FOR B U R N S , S U N B U R N , W O U N D S , I N F E C T I O N S ) R O L E IN R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : R O L E IN M Y T H S AS A 'HUMANIZED* F I G U R E - 527 -FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : (S)PSOS PART OF P L A N T : F R U I T , F L O W E R , C O N E , S E E D , O R F L O A T S OF A L G A E L A N G U A G E O F O R I G I N : T H O M P S O N O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L TAXON N A M E : P R U N U S E M A R G I N A T A U S E AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N U S E IN T E C H N O L O G Y : DYE, D E C O R A T I O N , C O S M E T I C , T A T T O O I N G F I B E R OR F I B R O U S T I S S U E U S E D R O L E IN R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : N A T U R A L R O L E IN M Y T H O L O G Y * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : S P * A * T S \u2022 E N - U * L 'REAL N E T , TWINE* P A R T OF P L A N T : W H O L E P L A N T T O R V I S I B L E P A R T OF PLANT) L A N G U A G E O F O R I G I N : I N T E R I O R S A L I S H , G E N E R A L T W O OR M O R E C L O S E L Y R E L A T E D S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : A P O C Y N U M A N D R O S A E M I F O L I U M U S E IN T E C H N O L O G Y : F I B E R OR F I B R O U S T I S S U E U S E D R O L E IN R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : S U P E R N A T U R A L R O L E IN M Y T H O L O G Y N A T U R A L R O L E IN M Y T H O L O G Y B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : A P O C Y N U M C A N N I B I N U M ' U S E IN T E C H N O L O G Y : F I B E R OR F I B R O U S T I S S U E U S E D R O L E IN R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : S U P E R N A T U R A L R O L E IN M Y T H O L O G Y N A T U R A L R O L E IN M Y T H O L O G Y * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : S T E X \/ L U * S 'BITTER EYE* PART OF P L A N T : BARK F R A C T I O N OF A S C I E N T I F I C S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : A M E L A N C H I E R A L N I F O L I A U S E AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N - 528 -PRESERVED FOR WINTER USE USE IN TECHNOLOGY: WOOD LININGS, COVERINGS, STEAM GENERATION FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: (S)TL*AK\/W'M PART OF PLANT: FRUIT, F L O W E R , C O N E , S E E D , O R FLOATS OF ALGAE LANGUAGE OF ORIGIN: THOMPSON O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: RUBUS PARVIFLORUS U S E AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN PRESERVED FOR W I N T E R USE MEDICINAL USE: DIARRHOEA * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: S T L \u2022 E X E L ( 1 > U * S *SWEETEYE* PART OF PLANT: FRUIT, F L O W E R , C O N E , S E E D , O R FLOATS O F ALGAE FRACTION OF A SCIENTIFIC SPECIES B O T A N I C A L TAXON NAME: AMELANCHIER ALNIFOLIA USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN PRESERVED FOR WINTER USE USE IN T E C H N O L O G Y : WOOD ! LININGS, C O V E R I N G S , STEAM GENERATION * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK PLANT SEGREGATE: STSAK\/WM PART OF PLANT: FRUIT, F L O W E R , C O N E , S E E D , O R FLOATS O F ALGAE LANGUAGE OF ORIGIN: INTERIOR SALISH,' GENERAL O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E WITH A BOTANICAL SPECIES BOTANICAL TAXON NAME: USE AS FOOD: FRUITS EATEN AMELANCHIER ALNIFOLIA - 529 -P R E S E R V E D FOR W I N T E R U S E U S E I N T E C H N O L O G Y : WOOD L I N I N G S , C O V E R I N G S , S T E A M G E N E R A T I O N F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : ( S ) T S A * K \/ W M - A Z \u2022 PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T t O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) L A N G U A G E OF O R I G I N : I N T E R I O R S A L I S H , G E N E R A L O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : A M E L A N C H I E R A L N I F O L I A U S E AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N P R E S E R V E D FOR W I N T E R U S E U S E I N T E C H N O L O G Y : WOOD L I N I N G S , C O V E R I N G S , S T E A M G E N E R A T I O N * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : I S ) T S A T S - 7 U * S 7 - A Z \u00ab PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T t O R V I S I B L E P A R T OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N NAME: RUBUS L E U C O D E R M I S U S E AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N P R E S E R V E D FOR W I N T E R U S E * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : S T S E K \/ W M - U * L ' R E A L S A S K A T O O N S \u2022 PART OF P L A N T : F R U I T , F L O W E R , C O N E , S E E D , O R F L O A T S OF A L G A E F R A C T I O N OF A S C I E N T I F I C S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : A M E L A N C H I E R A L N I F O L I A U S E AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N P R E S E R V E D FOR W I N T E R U S E U S E I N T E C H N O L O G Y : WOOD - 530 -L I N I N G S , C O V E R I N G S , STEAM G E N E R A T I O N * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : STS'EK* \u2022 W H I T E B A R K \u2014 P I N E NUT* PART OF P L A N T : F R U I T , F L O W E R , C O N E , S E E D , O R F L O A T S OF A L G A E O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N NAME: PINUS A L B I C A U L I S U S E AS F O O D : S E E D S OR N U T S FOOD OF A P A R T I C U L A R A N I M A L (ACTUAL OR B E L I E F ) \\ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : S T S ' E K * K \/ I * N * ' W H I T E - B A R K P I N E CONE* PART OF P L A N T : F R U I T , F L O W E R , C O N E , S E E D , O R F L O A T S O F A L G A E O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : P I N U S A L B I C A U L I S U S E AS F O O D : S E E D S OR NUTS F O O D OF A P A R T I C U L A R A N I M A L (ACTUAL OR B E L I E F ) * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : S T S \u2022 E * K \/ W T S * E K \/ W 7 A K \/ W PART O F P L A N T : W H O L E P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E P A R T OF PLANT) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : P H R A G M I T E S C O M M U N I S (?) * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FOLK P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : S T S * E * P - A Z \u2022 P A R T OF P L A N T : W H O L E P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART O F P L A N T ) N A M E R E F E R S TO TWO OR MORE D I S T I N C T L Y D I F F E R E N T , U N R E L A T E D P L A N T S P E C I E S - 531 -B O T A N I C A L T A X O N NAME: G R A S S , GENERAL U S E AS F O O D : FOOD OF A P A R T I C U L A R A N I M A L ( A C T U A L OR B E L I E F ) R O L E I N R E L I G I O N , MYTHOLOGY, \" T R A D I T I O N : N A T U R A L ROLE I N MYTHOLOGY B O T A N I C A L T A X O N NAME: CAREX SPP\u00ae MANY O T H E R P L A N T S P E C I E S ARE I N V O L V E D ( O V E R I O ) F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : S U X W S K \/ A * K \/ X \/ A T N PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T t O R V I S I B L E P A R T OF P L A N T ) L A N G U A G E OF O R I G I N : SHUSWAP O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : LEDUM P A L U S T R E S S P . G R O E N L A N D I C U M U S E AS F O O D : B E V E R A G E M E D I C I N A L U S E : D I A R R H O E A G E N E R A L T O N I C * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : SU*X\/WEM PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T t O R V I S I B L E P A R T OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : B A L S A M O R H I Z A S A G I T T A T A U S E AS F O O D : UNDERGROUND PARTS E A T E N * G R E E N S * OR A B O V E - G R O U N D P A R T S P R E S E R V E D FOR W I N T E R U S E R O L E I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : N A T U R A L ROLE I N M Y T H O L O G Y ************************************************************ F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : S W E L H K W A 7 - 7 U * 7 S A 7 ( S W A L H \u2014 ) PART OF P L A N T : F R U I T , F L O W E R , C O N E , S E E D , O R F L O A T S OF A L G A E F R A C T I O N OF A S C I E N T I F I C S P E C I E S - 532 -B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : A M E L A N C H I E R A L N I F O L I A U S E A S F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N P R E S E R V E D F O R W I N T E R U S E U S E IN T E C H N O L O G Y : W O O D L I N I N G S , C O V E R I N G S , S T E A M G E N E R A T I O N F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : S W I W ' X W P A R T O F P L A N T : B A R K O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : P R U N U S E M A R G I N A T A U S E AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N U S E IN T E C H N O L O G Y : D Y E , D E C O R A T I O N , C O S M E T I C , T A T T O O I N G F I B E R O R F I B R O U S T I S S U E U S E D R O L E IN R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : N A T U R A L R O L E IN M Y T H O L O G Y * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : ; S W U 7 P U * S ' H A I R Y F A C E ' P A R T OF P L A N T : F R U I T , F L O W E R , C O N E , S E E D , O R F L O A T S O F A L G A E L A N G U A G E OF O R I G I N : T H O M P S O N O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : R I B E S L A C U S T R E U S E A S F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N P R E S E R V E D F O R W I N T E R U S E * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : I S ) W U 7 P U * S - A Z \u2022 P A R T O F P L A N T : W H O L E P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E P A R T O F P L A N T ) L A N G U A G E O F O R I G I N : T H O M P S O N O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : R I B E S L A C U S T R E - 533 USE AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N P R E S E R V E D FOR W I N T E R USE * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * . , . FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : S X I * L X E L PART OF P L A N T : ROOT\u00bb B U L B , OR OTHER UNDERGROUND PART LANGUAGE OF O R I G I N : I N T E R I O R S A L I S H , GENERAL O N E - T O - O N E CORRESPONDENCE W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L TAXON NAME: P O T E N T I L L A A N S E R I N A USE AS F O O D : UNDERGROUND PARTS E A T E N P R E S E R V E D FOR W I N T E R USE * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K PLANT S E G R E G A T E : S X N I * Z 7 - A Z \u00bb PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T t O R V I S I B L E PART OF PLANT5 , O N E - T O - O N E CORRESPONDENCE W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N NAME: R I B E S D I V A R I C A T U M U S E AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N P R E S E R V E D FOR W I N T E R USE * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : S X N I Z \u2022 PART OF P L A N T : F R U I T , F L O W E R , C O N E , S E E D , O R F L O A T S OF ALGAE O N E - T O - O N E CORRESPONDENCE W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N NAME: R I B E S D I V A R I C A T U M USE AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N P R E S E R V E D FOR W I N T E R USE F O L K PLANT S E G R E G A T E : S X \/ A K * T - 534 -PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T t O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : E P I L O B I U M A N G U S T I F O L I U M U S E AS F O O D : \u2022 G R E E N S ' OR A B O V E - G R O U N D PARTS F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : S X W A L H - P U * L \u00ab M E X W \u2022 G R O U N D - G H O S T 4 PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T t O R V I S I B L E P A R T OF P L A N T ) TWO OR MORE C L O S E L Y R E L A T E D S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : L Y C O P E R D O N S P P . U S E AS F O O D : \u2022 G R E E N S ' OR A B O V E - G R O U N D PARTS M E D I C I N A L U S E : P O U L T I C E ( F O R B U R N S , S U N B U R N , WOUNDS, I N F E C T I O N S ) R O L E I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : I N V O L V E D I N A T A B O O OR S U P E R S T I T I O N * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : SX\/WU*SUM ( S X \/ W U * S E M ) ' F O A M ? * PART OF P L A N T : F R U I T , F L O W E R , C O N E , S E E D , O R F L O A T S OF A L G A E L A N G U A G E OF O R I G I N : I N T E R I O R S A L I S H , G E N E R A L O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : S H E P H E R D I A C A N A D E N S I S U S E AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N B E V E R A G E P R E S E R V E D FOR W I N T E R U S E M E D I C I N A L U S E : G E N E R A L T O N I C G O I T R E S , M I N E R A L D E F I C I E N C I E S ************************************************************ F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : S Z A K \/ ' - U * L ' R E A L B R E A D ' PART OF P L A N T : D R I E D OR PREPARED M A T E R I A L TWO OR MORE R E C O G N I Z A B L Y D I F F E R E N T , BUT O B V I O U S L Y S I M I L A R S P E C I E S - 535 -B O T A N I C A L T A X O N NAME: C R A T A E G U S D O U G L A S I I U S E AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N P R E S E R V E D FOR W I N T E R U S E B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : A M E L A N C H I E R A L N I F O L I A U S E AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N P R E S E R V E D FOR W I N T E R U S E U S E I N T E C H N O L O G Y : WOOD L I N I N G S , C O V E R I N G S , S T E A M G E N E R A T I O N F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E S 7 A N K \/ ' PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E P A R T OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N NAME: L O M A T I U M N U D I C A U L E U S E AS F O O D : \u2022 G R E E N S ' OR A B O V E - G R O U N D P A R T S F L A V O U R I N G C H E W I N G OR S M O K I N G I M P O R T E D , OR NOT U S E D L O C A L L Y OR A B O R I G I N A L L Y * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : S 7 A * P L H K \/ W - A Z \u2022 OR - E Z ' PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N NAME: P I N U S PONDEROSA U S E AS F O O D : FOOD OF A P A R T I C U L A R A N I M A L ( A C T U A L OR B E L I E F ) U S E I N T E C H N O L O G Y : WOOD C E M E N T , B I N D I N G S U B S T A N C E M E D I C I N A L U S E : P O U L T I C E ( F O R B U R N S , S U N B U R N , WOUNDS, I N F E C T I O N S ) R O L E I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : R O L E I N MYTHS AS A \u2022 H U M A N I Z E D ' F I G U R E - 536 -FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : S 7 A Y \u00bb T S K \/ W ( S 7 A * Y T S E K \/ W ) PART OF P L A N T : F R U I T , F L O W E R , C O N E , S E E D , OR F L O A T S OF ALGAE LANGUAGE OF O R I G I N : SHUSWAP O R I G I N A L L Y A N A T I V E PLANT - EXPANDED TO IMPORTED OR C U L T I V A T E D COUNTERPART B O T A N I C A L TAXON NAME: RUBUS I D A E U S USE AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N P R E S E R V E D FOR W I N T E R USE B O T A N I C A L TAXON NAME: RUBUS ( C U L T I V A T E D R A S P B E R R Y ) * USE AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N P R E S E R V E D FOR W I N T E R USE I M P O R T E D , OR NOT USED L O C A L L Y OR A B O R I G I N A L L Y * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K PLANT S E G R E G A T E : T A K \/ A PART OF P L A N T : F R U I T , F L O W E R , C O N E , S E E D , O R F L O A T S OF ALGAE LANGUAGE OF O R I G I N : COAST S A L I S H , GENERAL O N E - T O - O N E CORRESPONDENCE W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N NAME: G A U L T H E R I A S H A L L O N U S E AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N P R E S E R V E D FOR W I N T E R USE I M P O R T E D , OR NOT USED L O C A L L Y OR A B O R I G I N A L L Y * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : T A K \/ A 7 \u2014 A Z \u2022 PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T t O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) LANGUAGE OF O R I G I N : COAST S A L I S H , GENERAL O N E - T O - O N E CORRESPONDENCE W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N NAME: G A U L T H E R I A S H A L L O N USE AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N P R E S E R V E D FOR W I N T E R USE I M P O R T E D , OR NOT USED L O C A L L Y OR A B O R I G I N A L L Y - 537 -* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : T E X \/ W 7 A T S - A * L H P 'BOW T R E E ' PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N NAME: U S E AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N U S E I N T E C H N O L O G Y : WOOD I M P O R T E D , OR NOT U S E D T A X U S B R E V I F O L I A L O C A L L Y OR A B O R I G I N A L L Y * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : T E X \/ W 7 A T S - A * Z ' 'BOW T R E E * PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : T A X U S B R E V I F O L I A U S E AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N U S E I N T E C H N O L O G Y : WOOD I M P O R T E D , OR NOT U S E D L O C A L L Y OR A B O R I G I N A L L Y * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : T X \/ A * L H P - A Z \u00bb PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : S A L I X S I T C H E N S I S * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : T L ' A * K \/ W U 7 P A R T OF P L A N T : F R U I T , F L O W E R , C O N E , S E E D , O R F L O A T S OF A L G A E O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : L O M A T I U M N U D I C A U L E U S E AS F O O D : \u2022 G R E E N S ' OR A B O V E - G R O U N D PARTS - 538 -F L A V O U R I N G C H E W I N G OR S M O K I N G I M P O R T E D , OR NOT U S E D L O C A L L Y OR A B O R I G I N A L L Y F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : T L \u2022 A * K \/ W \u2022 M - A Z \u2022 ' PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) L A N G U A G E OF O R I G I N : THOMPSON O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : R U B U S P A R V I F L O R U S U S E AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N P R E S E R V E D FOR W I N T E R U S E M E D I C I N A L U S E : D I A R R H O E A > * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : T L ' E K W L - A * Z \u00bb \" B A L S A M GUM\" P A R T OF P L A N T : GUM, P I T C H TWO OR MORE C L O S E L Y R E L A T E D S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : A B I E S A M A B I L I S M E D I C I N A L U S E : SORE E Y E S U N S P E C I F I E D I N T E R N A L C O M P L A I N T S ( E . G . C A N C E R ) G E N E R A L T O N I C B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : A B I E S L A S I O C A R P A * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : T L \u2022 E M * K \/ \u00bb - A * Z * PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T TOR V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) F R A C T I O N OF A S C I E N T I F I C S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N NAME: T A X U S B R E V I F O L I A U S E AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N U S E I N T E C H N O L O G Y : WOOD - 539 -I M P O R T E D , OR NOT U S E D L O C A L L Y OR A B O R I G I N A L L Y F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : T L ' K \u00ab L A W ( \u2022 ) S - X N ( 7 - F O O T ) PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) O R I G I N A L L Y A N A T I V E P L A N T - EXPANDED T O I M P O R T E D OR C U L T I V A T E D C O U N T E R P A R T B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : C I R S I U M U N D U L A T U M M E D I C I N A L U S E : T O O T H A C H E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N NAME: ' C I R S I U M B R E V I S T Y L U M * A FEW MORE ( U P T O 3 ) I N A D D I T I O N TO T H O S E L I S T E D * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : T L \u2022 K \/ * A L H T U * M X \" S T I C K Y B U R S \" P A R T OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) O R I G I N A L L Y A N A T I V E P L A N T - EXPANDED T O I M P O R T E D OR C U L T I V A T E D C O U N T E R P A R T B O T A N I C A L T A X O N NAME: A R C T I U M M I N U S * B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : H A C K E L I A S P . ? * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : T S A * T A W - A Z \u00bb PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : T H U J A P L I C A T A U S E I N T E C H N O L O G Y : WOOD F U E L OR T I N D E R F I B E R OR F I B R O U S T I S S U E U S E D R O L E I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : ROLE I N MYTHS AS A ' H U M A N I Z E D * F I G U R E N A T U R A L ROLE I N MYTHOLOGY I M P O R T E D , OR NOT U S E D L O C A L L Y OR A B O R I G I N A L L Y - 540 -F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : T S A T S - 7 U * S A 7 * B L A C K BERRY* PART OF P L A N T : F R U I T , F L O W E R , C O N E , S E E D , O R F L O A T S OF A L G A E O R I G I N A L L Y A N A T I V E P L A N T - E X P A N D E D TO I M P O R T E D OR C U L T I V A T E D C O U N T E R P A R T B O T A N I C A L T A X O N NAME: RUBUS L E U C O D E R M I S U S E AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N P R E S E R V E D FOR W I N T E R U S E B O T A N I C A L T A X O N NAME: RUBUS P R O C E R U S * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : T S A * X \/ - A Z * PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T t O R V I S I B L E P A R T OF P L A N T ) TWO OR MORE C L O S E L Y R E L A T E D S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : P I C E A E N G E L M A N N I I U S E I N T E C H N O L O G Y : WOOD F I B E R OR F I B R O U S T I S S U E U S E D B O T A N I C A L T A X O N NAME: P I C E A G L A U C A U S E I N T E C H N O L O G Y : F I B E R OR F I B R O U S T I S S U E U S E D * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : T S I * K T S E K T - A Z * PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T t O R V I S I B L E P A R T OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : J U N I P E R U S COMMUNIS M E D I C I N A L U S E : C O L D S , SORE T H R O A T S , WHOOPING C O U G H , F L U , \u00a3 F E V E R S H E A R T T R O U B L E S U N S P E C I F I E D I N T E R N A L C O M P L A I N T S ( E . G . C A N C E R ) - 541 -F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : T S ' A L U I MAN PART OF P L A N T : BARK. O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : ACER GLABRUM U S E I N T E C H N O L O G Y : WOOD F I B E R OR F I B R O U S T I S S U E U S E D * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : T S * A * Y \u00bb L U P PART OF P L A N T : D R I E D OR P R E P A R E D M A T E R I A L O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N NAME: P S E U D O T S U G A M E N Z I E S I I U S E I N T E C H N O L O G Y : F U E L OR T I N D E R L I N I N G S , C O V E R I N G S , S T E A M G E N E R A T I O N B E D D I N G , S T U F F I N G , B A N D A G I N G , T O W E L L I N G C E M E N T , B I N D I N G S U B S T A N C E R O L E I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : N A T U R A L ROLE I N M Y T H O L O G Y * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : TS * E X \/ E M - A * L H P PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) L A N G U A G E OF O R I G I N : BORROWED, BUT SOURCE UNKNOWN O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : U R T I C A D I O I C A U S E AS F O O D : \u2022 G R E E N S ' OR A B O V E - G R O U N D PARTS C O N S I D E R E D I N E D I B L E OR P O I S O N O U S M E D I C I N A L U S E : P O U L T I C E ( F O R B U R N S , S U N B U R N , WOUNDS, I N F E C T I O N S ? B L I S T E R I N G AGENT U S E D I N S T E A M - B A T H OR S W E A T - H O U S E P A I N - K I L L E R , A N A E S T H E T I C - 542 -F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : T S * E * X \/ W T S * E X \/ W ' R E D * PART OF P L A N T : F R U I T , F L O W E R , C O N E , S E E D , O R F L O A T S OF A L G A E L A N G U A G E OF O R I G I N : SHUSWAP O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N NAME: CORNUS S T O L O N I F E R A U S E AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : T S \u2022 E X \/ W T S \u2022 X \/ W - A Z \u2022 ' R E D P L A N T * PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T { O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) L A N G U A G E OF O R I G I N : SHUSWAP O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : CORNUS S T O L O N I F E R A U S E AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : T S ' I W K \/ * PART OF P L A N T : F R U I T , F L O W E R , C O N E , S E E D , O R F L O A T S O F A L G A E L A N G U A G E OF O R I G I N : C O A S T S A L I S H , G E N E R A L TWO OR MORE R E C O G N I Z A B L Y D I F F E R E N T , BUT O B V I O U S L Y S I M I L A R S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : SAMBUCUS RACEMOSA U S E AS F O O D : C O N S I D E R E D I N E D I B L E OR P O I S O N O U S I M P O R T E D , OR NOT U S E D L O C A L L Y OR A B O R I G I N A L L Y B O T A N I C A L T A X O N NAME: SAMBUCUS C E R U L E A U S E AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N I M P O R T E D , OR NOT U S E D L O C A L L Y OR A B O R I G I N A L L Y * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : T S * I * W K \/ * \u2014 A Z * PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T I O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) - 543 -L A N G U A G E OF O R I G I N : C O A S T S A L I S H , G E N E R A L TWO OR MORE R E C O G N I Z A B L Y D I F F E R E N T , BUT O B V I O U S L Y S I M I L A R S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L TAXON N A M E : SAMBUCUS RACEMOSA U S E AS F O O D : C O N S I D E R E D I N E D I B L E OR P O I S O N O U S I M P O R T E D , OR NOT U S E D L O C A L L Y OR A B O R I G I N A L L Y B O T A N I C A L T A X O N NAME: SAMBUCUS C E R U L E A U S E AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N I M P O R T E D , OR NOT U S E D L O C A L L Y OR A B O R I G I N A L L Y * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : T S ' K ' - A Z ' ' P I N E - N U T T R E E ' PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T I O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : P I N U S A L B I C A U L I S U S E AS F O O D : S E E D S OR N U T S FOOD OF A P A R T I C U L A R A N I M A L I A C T U A L OR B E L I E F ) ***************A******************************************** F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : T S ' 0 * L ' T S ' E L ' ' T A R T * PART OF P L A N T : F R U I T , F L O W E R , C O N E , S E E D , O R F L O A T S OF A L G A E L A N G U A G E OF O R I G I N : I N T E R I O R S A L I S H , G E N E R A L TWO OR MORE C L O S E L Y R E L A T E D S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : BERBER I S A Q U I F O L I U M U S E AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N U S E I N T E C H N O L O G Y : D Y E , D E C O R A T I O N , C O S M E T I C , T A T T O O I N G M E D I C I N A L U S E : G E N E R A L T O N I C B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : B E R B E R I S NERVOSA - 544 -F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : T S ' 0 * L \u2022 T S \u2022 E L ' - A Z * PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T t O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) L A N G U A G E OF O R I G I N : I N T E R I O R S A L I S H , G E N E R A L TWO OR MORE C L O S E L Y R E L A T E D S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N NAME: BERBER I S A Q U I F O L I U M U S E AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N U S E I N T E C H N O L O G Y : D Y E , D E C O R A T I O N , C O S M E T I C , T A T T O O I N G M E D I C I N A L U S E : G E N E R A L T O N I C B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : BERBER I S NERVOSA * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : T S \u2022 W A * L H T N - A Z \u00bb PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T t O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) L A N G U A G E OF O R I G I N : SHUSWAP O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : ACER GLABRUM U S E I N T E C H N O L O G Y : WOOD F I B E R OR F I B R O U S T I S S U E U S E D * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : U * S - 7 A Z \u00bb P A R T OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T t O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : V A C C I N I U M MEMBRANACEUM U S E AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N P R E S E R V E D FOR W I N T E R U S E I M P O R T E D , OR NOT U S E D L O C A L L Y OR A B O R I G I N A L L Y * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : U*SA7 ' B E R R Y , G E N E R I C - 545 -PART OF P L A N T : F R U I T , F L O W E R , C O N E , S E E D , O R F L O A T S OF ALGAE O N E - T O - O N E CORRESPONDENCE W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L TAXON NAME: V A C C I N I U M MEMBRANACEUM USE AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N P R E S E R V E D FOR W I N T E R USE I M P O R T E D , OR NOT USED L O C A L L Y OR A B O R I G I N A L L Y F O L K PLANT S E G R E G A T E : WAWELTSKEZA7 ( C F . L I 0 5 O ) PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E CORRESPONDENCE W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L TAXON NAME: POPULUS T R E M U L O I D E S M E D I C I N A L U S E : A N T I S E P T I C OR DEODORANT M E D I C I N E OF A P A R T I C U L A R ANIMAL ROLE I N R E L I G I O N , M Y T H O L O G Y , T R A D I T I O N : v ROLE I N MYTHS AS A ' H U M A N I Z E D * F I G U R E * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K PLANT S E G R E G A T E : WA*X\/W-AZ* PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) LANGUAGE OF O R I G I N : THOMPSON O N E - T O - O N E CORRESPONDENCE W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L TAXON NAME: P H I L A D E L P H U S L E W I S I I USE I N T E C H N O L O G Y : WOOD OTHER U S E S SOAP * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : X \/ A L A * X W E Z A 7 PART OF P L A N T : R O O T , B U L B , OR OTHER UNDERGROUND PART LANGUAGE OF O R I G I N : THOMPSON O N E - T O - O N E CORRESPONDENCE W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S - 546 -B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : . F R I T I L L A R I A P U D I C A U S E AS F O O D : C O N S I D E R E D I N E D I B L E OR P O I S O N O U S a*********************************************************** F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : X \/ E K * T - A * L H P ' F I R E W E E D P L A N T * PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) L A N G U A G E OF O R I G I N : BORROWED, BUT SOURCE UNKNOWN O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : S O L I D A G O S P A T H U L A T A V A R . N E O M E X I C A N A M E D I C I N A L U S E : P O U L T I C E ( F O R B U R N S , S U N B U R N , WOUNDS, I N F E C T I O N S ) F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : X \/ E K * T N - A * L H P * F I R E W E E D P L A N T * PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) L A N G U A G E OF O R I G I N : BORROWED, BUT SOURCE UNKNOWN O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N NAME: S O L I D A G O S P A T H U L A T A V A R . N E O M E X I C A N A M E D I C I N A L U S E : P O U L T I C E ( FOR B U R N S , S U N B U R N , WOUNDS, I N F E C T I O N S ) * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : X \/ E T K \/ A * L H M X A L \u2022 I T MAKES A H O L E I N YOUR G U T S * PART OF P L A N T : F R U I T , F L O W E R , C O N E , S E E D , O R F L O A T S OF A L G A E O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : L O N I C E R A I N V O L U C R A T A M E D I C I N A L U S E : C O N T R A C E P T I V E , A B O R T I V E F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : X \/ E T K \/ A * L H M X A L - A Z * P A R T OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) - 547 -O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L TAXON NAME: L O N I C E R A I N V O L U C R A T A M E D I C I N A L U S E : C O N T R A C E P T I V E , A B O R T I V E F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : X W U L ' - A Z * ' M A T C H T R E E ' PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : S A L I X A M Y G D A L . 0 I D E S U S E I N T E C H N O L O G Y : F U E L OR T I N D E R * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : X \/ W E K \/ W ' T N ' A * - L H P (X\/WEK\/W* T N A * - L H P ) P A R T OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T { O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) L A N G U A G E OF O R I G I N : BORROWED, BUT SOURCE UNKNOWN TWO OR MORE C L O S E L Y R E L A T E D S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : A R T E M I S I A C A M P E S T R I S M E D I C I N A L U S E : C O L D S , S O R E T H R O A T S , WHOOPING C O U G H , F L U , \u00a3 F E V E R S U S E D I N S T E A M - B A T H OR S W E A T - H O U S E B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : A R T E M I S I A D R A C U N U L U S M E D I C I N A L U S E : C O L D S , SORE T H R O A T S , WHOOPING C O U G H , F L U , \u00a3 F E V E R S ************************************************************ F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : X \/ W E T L \u2022 M A * M ' - L H P P A R T OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) L A N G U A G E OF O R I G I N : BORROWED, BUT SOURCE UNKNOWN O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N NAME: \" M O U N T A I N S H E E P G R A S S \" - 548 -fr****************************************************^^,,,^ F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : X \/ W I * K \/ W * - U S A 7 * B L A C K BERRY* PART OF P L A N T : BARK O R I G I N A L L Y A N A T I V E P L A N T - E X P A N D E D T O I M P O R T E D OR C U L T I V A T E D C O U N T E R P A R T B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : R I B E S HUDSON IANUM U S E AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : R I B E S ( B L A C K GARDEN C U R R A N T S ) * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : X \/ W U * S U M - A Z * P A R T OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T { O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) L A N G U A G E OF O R I G I N : I N T E R I O R S A L I S H , G E N E R A L O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N NAME: ' S H E P H E R D I A C A N A D E N S I S U S E AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N B E V E R A G E P R E S E R V E D FOR W I N T E R U S E M E D I C I N A L U S E : G E N E R A L T O N I C G O I T R E S , M I N E R A L D E F I C I E N C I E S * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : Z A * S A W - A Z * PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) TWO OR MORE C L O S E L Y R E L A T E D S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : A L N U S C R I S P A S S P . S I N U A T A , A . S I N U A T A B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : ALNUS I N C A N A * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * - 549 -FOLK PLANT S E G R E G A T E : Z A X A L M I * X W - A Z ' ' T A L L TREE* PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E CORRESPONDENCE W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L TAXON NAME: P I N U S MONT I COLA USE I N T E C H N O L O G Y : F I B E R OR F I B R O U S T I S S U E USED M E D I C I N A L U S E : P O U L T I C E ( FOR B U R N S , SUNBURN, WOUNDS, I N F E C T I O N S i FOLK P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : ZEKK\/WTN PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T t O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T } TWO OR MORE C L O S E L Y R E L A T E D S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L TAXON NAME: PENSTEMON F R U T I C O S U S B O T A N I C A L TAXON NAME: PENSTEMON D A V I D S O N ! I * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K PLANT S E G R E G A T E : Z E K \/ W Z E K \/ W U * K \/ W - S A 7 ' C O R P S E B E R R I E S ' PART OF P L A N T : F R U I T , F L O W E R , C O N E , S E E D , O R F L O A T S OF ALGAE O N E - T O - O N E CORRESPONDENCE W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L TAXON NAME: SYMPHORICARPOS ALBUS USE AS F O O D : C O N S I D E R E D I N E D I B L E OR P O I S O N O U S M E D I C I N A L U S E : SORE E Y E S * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K PLANT S E G R E G A T E : Z E K \/ W Z E K \/ W U * K \/ W S - A Z ' PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T t O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E CORRESPONDENCE W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N NAME: SYMPHORICARPOS USE AS F O O D : C O N S I D E R E D I N E D I B L E OR P O I S O N O U S ALBUS - 550 -M E D I C I N A L U S E : S O R E E Y E S ************************************************************ F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : ZELKWU*7 ( R E D AND BLACK K I N D S ) P A R T OF P L A N T : F R U I T , F L O W E R , C O N E , S E E D , O R F L O A T S OF A L G A E L A N G U A G E OF O R I G I N : THOMPSON O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : PRUNUS V I R G I N I A N A U S E AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N P R E S E R V E D FOR W I N T E R U S E M E D I C I N A L U S E : D I A R R H O E A * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : Z E L K W U * 7 - A Z \u00bb PART OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T I O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) L A N G U A G E OF O R I G I N : THOMPSON O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : PRUNUS V I R G I N I A N A U S E AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N P R E S E R V E D FOR W I N T E R U S E M E D I C I N A L U S E : D I A R R H O E A * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : Z E X Z E X A L M I * X W - A L H ' T A L L T R E E ' P A R T OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T I O R V I S I B L E PART OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N NAME: P I N U S M O N T I C O L A U S E I N T E C H N O L O G Y : F I B E R OR F I B R O U S T I S S U E U S E D M E D I C I N A L U S E : P O U L T I C E ( F O R B U R N S , S U N B U R N , WOUNDS, I N F E C T I O N S ) - 551 -F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : 7 E L 7 A * L M I X W PART OF P L A N T : F R U I T , F L O W E R , C O N E , S E E D , O R F L O A T S OF A L G A E O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L TAXON NAME: V A C C I N I U M C A E S P I T O S U M U S E AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N P R E S E R V E D FOR W I N T E R USE * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F O L K P L A N T S E G R E G A T E : 7 E L 7 A * L M I X W - A * Z * P A R T OF P L A N T : WHOLE P L A N T ( O R V I S I B L E P A R T OF P L A N T ) O N E - T O - O N E C O R R E S P O N D E N C E W I T H A B O T A N I C A L S P E C I E S B O T A N I C A L T A X O N N A M E : V A C C I N I U M C A E S P I T O S U M U S E AS F O O D : F R U I T S E A T E N P R E S E R V E D FOR W I N T E R U S E - 552 -Appendix 9. General Botanical Terminology in the Skidegate Dialect of Haida. The terms are listed in alphabetical order of their English equivalents. Bark - k'aal 'skin' Berry - j*aan A Branch - lhk'aayii Cones (of conifer or alder) - sk'aandaa-sk'yuu71 Flower - flawers-gaa (< English) Forest - lhky'in Leaf - xil (also 'medicine') Limb - tlaas (or 'bough') Log, rotten - k'aaxwuu Needle (of a conifer) - t'aaw7aa Pitch - k'aas Root - lhlngaa Tree (approximately) - kaayt Wood (firewood) - ts'aanuu (also 'fire') - 553- -Appendix 10. General Botanical Terminology in the Masset Dialect of Haida. The terms are listed in alphabetical order of their English equivalents. Bark - k\/al 'skin'; kiiyt-k'al 'tree-skin' Berry - gaan Branch (or bush) - lhk'aay Cone (of conifer or alder) - stl'aaskamaal 221; (kiiyt-) stl'aaskamaaleey (2-) 2212 Flower - helleey 12; xil-kwiiyaas 'precious-leaves'; flawers-gaa ((English) Forest - lhky'an-lhegaay 2-12 Leaf ~ xil (also 'medicine') Limbs, small - lhk'amaal-lhk\/aay 22-1 Limbs, large (boughs) - tlaas Needle (of a conifer) - sk'aa Pitch - k'aas Root, large or special kind - skuusaanguu 121 \u2022 * Root, small (especially spruce root) - lhiiying 21 Tree (approximately) - kiiyt Trees, krummholtz (at edge of muskeg) - gyahgetdaang 112 Wood (firewood) - ts'aanuu 22 (also 'fire'), or kuukgaa 21 Wood, rotten - kuugaa-gaalaang-gaa 11-122; ts'aanuu-gwen-ga 22-12 - 55V -Appendix 11. General Botanical Terminology in the Bella Coola Language. the terms are presented in alphabetical order of their English equivalents. Bark - st'winlits' \u00abst'win 'animal hide') Berry - skaluts Berries, dried - slhp'klh Berry sauce - alhk Branch - slhip'nakt Branch, with berries on it - askaluts-aak Burl, on a tree trunk - spulh; or sukw'alakt (also 'lymph glands') Cone (of a conifer or alder) - slalimtskak Flower - sjciximuuts; (or when blooming - ximuts) Gum, from a tree - snanik (also 'chewing gum') Leaf - s-pus (<pus 'to grow') Leaf, dead - kamats (applied specifically to dead fern fronds) Log - asp'uyaax Needle (of a conifer) - kwals Pitch, in wood - psayxt Root - skitilhp Seed - skwtl'lhp Seed, from berries - snut'xtitk Snag - stuk' Stump, cut by humans - sts'kyaaxaksta Stump, from natural falling - t'imiixw Timber - stntnaax (Cstn 'tree') Tree, log, or pole - stn - 555 -Underbrush - asikaax (also 'forest') Underbrush, impenetrable - tak'aax Wood (firewood) - kwmlh Wood, kindling - sisxwmtnamak Wood, rotten - ut'p - 556 -Appendix 12. General Botanical Terminology in the Fraser River Dialect of Lillooet. The terms are listed in alphabetical order of their English equivalents. Bark - sikil Berry - skw'el ( kw'el 'ripe, cooked'); or Insal Bloom, to p'ak'em Branch - kexmakst XT Bud - kwemkinam Burl, on tree - s-k'ip Bush, bearing fruit - kw'el-az Cone (of conifer or alder) - sts'ek'kin Driftwood - zanuts Flower - sp'ak'em Leaf - petsklh Leaf, on ground - lhukwel Log - szik Needle (of a conifer) - k'ama7 Pitch (clear) - kwelilh Pitch, in wood - kw'i7xw Root - tl ekw amlawxw Seed - selep'xal (lit. 'the one that is buried-'); or nk'mank Seed, conifer - sts'ek' Stick - mulex (plural - mlmulex 'bushes, woods') Stump - nk'wus Tree - segap - 557 -Trunk - s7a7tsek Vegetation, dead - kw'al Weeds - swa7puimexw 'hair (of the) ground* Wood (firewood) - sp'ams (also 'fire') - 558 -Appendix 13. Index of Common Names of Plant Species Included in the Study. Abies amabilis - amabilis fir Abies grandis - grand fir . Abies lasiocarpa - subalpine fir Acer circinatum - vine maple Acer glabrum - Rocky Mountain maple, Douglas maple Acer maerophyllum - broad-leaved maple Achillea millefolium - yarrow Aconitum delphinifolium - monk's hood Actaea rubra ssp. arguta - baneberry Adiantum pedatum - maidenhair fern Agaricus sp. - field mushroom Agropyron repens - quack grass Agropyron spicatum - bunch-grass Ahnfeltia plicata - marine alga (no common name) Alaria marginata - marine alga (one of the kelps) Alectoria fremontii - black tree lichen Alectoria jubata - black tree lichen Alectoria sarmentosa - \"old man's beard\" lichen Allium cepa - cultivated onion Allium cernuum - nodding onion Alnus crispa ssp. sinuata \u2014 Sitka alder Alnus incana - mountain alder Alnus rubra - red alder Amelanchier alnifolia - Saskatoon berry, service berry, Junebush, shad-bush Ammophila arenaria - a type of dune-grass Anaphilis margaritacea - pearly everlasting Anemone cylindrica - anemone Anemone multifida - anemone Angelica genuflexa - an umbelliferous plant (no common name) Antennaria neglecta - pussy-toes Apargidium boreale - no common name Apocynum androsaemifolium - spreading dogbane Apocynum cannibinum - Indian hemp - 559 -Aquilegia - columbine Aquilegia formosa - red columbine Aralia nudicaulis - sarsaparilla Arbutus menziesii - arbutus, Pacific madrone Arceuthobium campylopodum - dwarf mistletoe Arctium minus - burdock Arctostaphylos uva-ursi - kinnikinnick, bearberry Arenaria peploides - sand chickweed Arnica cordifolia - arnica Artemisia campestris - a type of sage Artemisia dracunulus - a type of sage Artemisia, frigida - a type of sage Artemisia tridentata - big sagebrush Aruncus sylvester - goatsbeard Asarum caudatum - wild ginger, ginger-root Asplenium trichomanes - a fern (no common name) Aster conspicuus - aster Athyrium filis-femina - lady fern Avena - oats Balsamorrhiza sagittata - balsam-root, spring sunflower Berberis aquifolium - Oregon grape, tall mahonia Berberis nervosa - Oregon grape Betula occidentalis - western birch Betula papyrifera - paper birch Blechnum spicant - deer fern Bovista pila - puffball Brassica campestris - garden turnip Bromus erectus - brome grass Callitriche heterophylla - no common name Calochortus macrocarpus - mariposa lily, desert lily Caltha biflora - marsh marigold Calypso bulbosa - calypso, false ladyslipper Campanula rotundifolia - blue harebell Cardamine angulata - cress Cardamine oligosperma - bitter-cress Carex lyngb-yei kyngby's sedge - 560 -Carex macrocephala - a beach sedge Carex ,mertensii - Mertens' sedge Carex sedge Castilleja hispida - Indian paint-brush Castilleja miniata - Indian paint-brush Castilleja unalaschensis x miniata - Indian paint-brush Ceanothus velutinus - buck-brush, snow-brush Cetraria glauca - a lichen Chamaecyparis nootkatensis - yellow cedar Chenopodium album - pigweed, lamb's quarters Chrysothamnus nauseosus - rabbit-brush Cicuta douglasii - water hemlock Cirsium brevistylum - wild thistle Cirsium undulatum - wild thistle Cirsium vulgare - bull thistle Citrus auranticum - orange Cladonia belliflora - \"British soldiers\" lichen Cladonia pacifica - a reindeer lichen Clavaria - \"dryad's broom\" mushroom Claytonia lanceolata - spring beauty, \"Indian potato\" Clematis ligusticifolia - white clematis Clintonia uniflora - queen's cup Comandra umbellata - bastard toadflax Conioselinum pacificum - an umbelliferous plant (no common name) Conocephalum conicum - a thallose liverwort Constantinea subulifera - a marine alga Coptis asplenifolia - fairy's lamp-post Corallina - coral alga Cornus nuttallii - Pacific flowering dogwood Cornus stolonifera - red-osier dogwood, western dogwood Cornus unalaschkensis (C. canadensis) - dwarf dogwood, bunchberry Corylus cornuta - hazelnut Costaria costata - a marine alga (one of the kelps) Crataegus douglasii - black hawthorn, thornberry Daucus carota - garden carrot - 561 -Desmarestla - a marine alga Digitalis purpurea - foxglove Dodecatheon jeffreyi - shooting-star, peacock Drosera rotundifolia - sundew Dryopteris austriaca - spiney wood-fern Dryopteris filix-mas - male fern Echinodontium tinctorium - Indian paint fungus Egregia menziesii - boa kelp Elaeagnus commutata - silver buffalo-berry Eleocharis macrostachya - a water rush Elymus cinereus - wheat-grass Elymus mollis - American dune-grass Elymus - wheat-grass Empetrum nigrum - crow-berry Enteromorpha intestinalis - a green alga (no common name) Epilobium angustifolium - fireweed Epilob ium glandulosum \u2014 willow\u2014herb Epilogium latifolium - willow-herb Equisetum arvense - scouring rush, mare's tail Equisetum hyemale - horse-tail Equisetum laevigatum - horse-tail Equisetum telmateia - scouring rush, giant horse-tail Eriophorum - cotton-grass Erythr onium grandiflorum \u2014 yellow dogtooth violet, avalanche lily, \"Indian sweet-potato\" Eurhynchium oreganum - Oregon feather-moss Fauria crista-galli - deer cabbage Fomes pinicola - bracket fungus, shelf fungus, pine-rot Fomes - bracket fungus, shelf fungus Fontinalis - an aquatic moss Fragaria - strawberry Fragaria chiloensis - beach wild strawberry Fragaria vesca \u2014 tall wild strawberry Fragaria virginiana - wild strawberry Franseria chamissonis - wormwood - 562 -Fritillaria camschatcensis - mission bells, rice-root Fritillaria lanceolata - chocolate lily, rice-root Fritillaria pudica - yellow-bells Fucus - sea wrack Galium aparine - bedstraw Galium triflorum - sweet-scented bedstraw Ganoderma - bracket fungus, shelf fungus Gaultheria shallon - salal Geranium richardsonii - wild geranium Geum macrophyllum - large-leaved avens Glehnia littoralis ssp. leiocarpa - an umbelliferous plant (no common name) Goodyera oblongifolia - rattlesnake plantain Gymnocarpium dryopteris - oak-fern Hackelia - bur-weed Halosaccion glandiforme - a marine alga Heracleum lanatum - cow parsnip, \"Indian rhubarb\", \"Indian celery\" Heuchera chlorantha - alum-root Heuchera cylindrica - alum-root Holodiscus discolor - ocean-spray, \"iron-wood\" Hygrophorus eburneus - a mushroom Hylocomium splendens - step-moss Ipomoea batatas - sweet potato Iridaea - iridescent seaweed Isothecium stoloniferum - stolon moss Juncus effusus - rush Juncus - rush Jungermanniales - leafy liverworts Juniperus communis - creeping juniper Juniperus scopulorum - Rocky Mountain juniper Kalmia polifolia - swamp laurel Lactuca biennis - wild lettuce Laminaria - a marine algae (a kind of kelp) Larix laricina - tamarack, larch Larix lyallii - Lyall's larch Larix occidentalis - western larch - 563 -Lathyrus japonicus - sea pea Leathesia difformis - a marine alga Ledum\" palustre ssp. groenlandicum - Labrador tea, Hudson's Bay tea Letharia vulpina - wolf moss Lewisia rediviva - bitter-root Ligusticum scoticum - lovage Lilium columbianum - tiger lily Linnaea borealis - twinflower Lobaria oregana - lung lichen Lobaria pulmonaria - lung lichen Lomatium macrocarpum - an umbelliferous plant (no common name) Lomatium nudicaule - Indian consumption plant, \"Indian celery\" Lonicera involucrata - black twinberry, twinflower honeysuckle Lupinus littoralis - beach lupine Lupinus nootkatensis - blue lupine Luzula multiflora - wood-rush Luzula parviflora - wood-rush Lycoperdon - puffball Lycopodium annotinum - club-moss Lycopodium clavatum - running club-moss Lycopodium selago - club-moss Lysichitum americanum - skunk cabbage Macrocystis integrifolia - giant kelp Maianthemum dilatatum - wild lily-of-the-valley Malaxis paludosa - an orchid (no common name) Matricaria matricarioides - pineapple weed Mentha arvensis - wild mint Menziesia ferruginea - false azalea Mimulus guttatus - yellow monkeyflower Mnium - a moss Moneses uniflora - single delight, \"snowflower\" Montia sibirica - Siberian miners' lettuce Musci - mosses Myosotis laxa - wild forget-me-not Myrica gale \u2014 sweet gale Nereocystis luetkeana - bull kelp - 564 -Nicotiana attenuata - wild tobacco Nicotiana quadrivalvis - Haida tobacco Nicotiana tabacum \u2014 commerical tobacco Nuphar luteum ssp. polysepalum - yellow pond-lily Oenanthe sarmentosa - Water parsley Oplopanax horridum - devil's club Opuntia fragilis - prickly-pear cactus Opuntia polycantha - prickly-pear cactus Oryza sativa - rice Osmorhiza chilensis - sweet cicely Pachystima myrsinites - false box, boxwood Parmelia - a lichen Pastinaca sativa - garden parsnip Peltigera aphthosa - rock tripe lichen Peltigera canina - dogtooth lichen Peltigera polydactylon - dogtooth lichen Penstemon davidsonii - penstemon Penstemon fruticosus - penstemon Phacelia hastata - phacelia Phaseolus vulgaris - garden green bean Philadelphus lewisii - mock-orange, syringa Phragmites communis - reed-grass Phyllospadix scoulerii - sea-grass Physocarpus capitatus - ninebark Picea engelmannii - Engelmann spruce Picea glauca - white spruce Picea sitchensis - Sitka spruce Pinguicula vulgaris - butterwort Pinus albicaulis - white-bark pine Pinus contorta - lodgepole pine, \"jackpine\" Pinus monticola - white pine Pinus ponderosa - ponderosa pine, yellow pine Pisum sativum - garden pea Plagiomnium insigne - a moss Plahtago macrocarpa - large-fruited plantain Plantago major - broad-leaved plantain - 565 -Plantago maritima - seaside plantain PlQurotus sapidus - angel-wing mushroom Polypodium glycyrrhiza - licorice fern Polyp orus officinalis \u2014 bracket fungus, shelf fungus Polyporus versicolor - a small bracket fungus Polystichum munitum - sword fern Polytrichum juniperinum \u2014 juniper-leaved hair-moss Populus tremuloides - trembling aspen, \"white poplar\" Populus trichocarpa - black cotton Porphyra - red laver (marine alga) Postelsia palmaeformis - palm-tree seaweed Potamogeton epihydrus - pond-weed Potentilla anserina - silverweed, cinquefoil Potentilla pacifica - silverweed, cinquefoil Potentilla palustris - marsh cinquefoil Potentilla villosa - woolly cinquefoil Prenanthes alata - a composite (no common name) Prunella vulgaris - self-heal, heal-all Prunus - peaches, plums, cherries Prunus emarginata - wild bitter cherry Prunus virginiana - choke-cherry Pseudotsuga menziesii - Douglas fir Pteridium aquilinum - bracken fern Pyrus fusca - wild crabapple Pyrus malus - orchard apple Quercus garryana - garry oak Ranunculus acris - buttercup Ranunculus flammula - creeping buttercup Ranunculus occidentalis - western buttercup Rhamnus purshiana - cascara Rheum - rhubarb Rhododendron albiflorum - white rhododendron Rhus glabra - smooth sumac Rhus radicans - poison ivy Rhytideadelphus triquetrus - a moss - 566 -Rib es \u2014 gooseberries and currants Ribes bracteosum - stink currant Ribes cereum - squaw currant Rib es divaricatum \u2014 wild gooseberry Ribes hudsonianum - northern black currant Ribes lacustre - swamp gooseberry Rib es laxiflorum \u2014 wild blue currant Ribes sanguineum - red-flowering currant Rosa - rose Rosa acicularis - wild rose Rosa gymnocarpa - dwarf wild rose Rosa nutkana - wild rose Rubus - raspberries, blackberries, and others Rubus chamaemorus - cloudberry Rubus idaeus - wild raspberry Rubus leucodermis - blackcap, black raspberry Rubus parviflorus\u2022- thimbleberry Rubus pedatus - trailing wild raspberry Rubus procerus - Himalayan blackberry Rubus spectabilis - salmonberry Rubus ursinus - trailing wild blackberry Rumex acetosella - sourgrass, sheep sorrel Rumex crispus - dock Rumex occidentalis - western dock, yellow dock Sagina maxima - pearlwort Salix amygdaloides - \"match\" willow Salix exigua - interior willow, \"rope\" willow Salix lasiandra - Pacific willow Salix scouleriana - Scouler's willow Salix sitchensis - Sitka willow Salix - willow Sambucus cerulea - blue elderberry Sambucus racemosa - red elderberry Sanguisorba canadensis - no common name Saxifraga ferruginea - saxifrage - 567 -Scirpus americanus \u2014 American bulrush, tule Scirpus microcarpus - \"cut-grass\", bulrush Scirpus validus - bulrush, tule Sedum divergens - no common name Sedum spathulifolium - stonecrop Selaginella wallacei - selaginella Shepherdia canadensis - soapberry, \"soopalallie\", russet Smilacina racemosa - false Solomon's seal Smilacina stellata - star-flowered Solomon's seal Solanum tuberosum - Irish potato. Solidago spathulata var. neomexicana - goldenrod Sorbus sitchensis - mountain ash Sparrassis radicata - puffball Sphagnum - peat-moss Spiraea douglasii - hardhack Spirogyra - green water alga Stachys cooleyae - hedge nettle Stellaria media - chickweed Sticta anthrapsis - a foliose lichen Streptopus amplexifolius - twisted stalk Streptopus roseus ssp. curvipes - rose-flowered twisted Streptopus streptopoides - a small twisted stalk Symphoricarpos albus - waxberry, snowberry Tanacetum huronense - beach tansy Taraxacum officinale - common dandilion Taxus brevifolia - western yew Thuja plicata - western red cedar Tofieldia glutinosa - false asphodel Trautvetteria caroliniensis - false bugbane Trifolium pratense - red clover Trifolium repens - white clover, alsike clover Trifolium wormskjoldii - wild clover Triglochin maritimum - saltgrass, \"goose-tongue\" - 568 -Tsuga heterophylla \u2014 western hemlock Tsuga mertensiana - mountain hemlock Typha latifolia - cat-tail, \"bulrush\" Ulva lactuca - sea lettuce Urtica dioica - stinging nettle Usriea longissima - \"old man's beard\" lichen Vaccinium alaskaense - Alaska blueberry Vaccinium caespitosum - low blueberry Vaccinium membranaceum - black mountain blueberry Vaccinium ovallfolium - oval-leaved blueberry Vaccinium oxycoccus - bog cranberry Vaccinium parvifolium - red huckleberry Vaccinium uliginosum - bog blueberry Vaccinium vitis-idaea - low-bush cranberry Veratrum eschscholtzii - Indian hellebore, false hellebore Viburnum edule - high-bush cranberry Vicia gigantea - giant vetch Viola langsdorfii - wild blue violet Zostera marina - eelgrass Zygadenus venenosus - white camas, death camas Biographical Information NAME: Nancy Jean Turner PLACE AND DATE OP BIRTH: Berkeley, California November 7, 1947 EDUCATION : University of Victoria 1965-69 Honours BSc. Degree POSITIONS HELD: Research technician, Department of Plant Science, University of British Columbia, Spring 1970 Teaching assistant, Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Fall 1970 to Spring 1973 PUBLICATIONS: Eaton, G.W., C. Meehan & N. Turner (1970). \"Some Physical Effects of Post-harvest Gamma Radiation on the fruit of Sweet Cherry, Blue-berry, and Cranberry\". Canadian Institute of Food Technology Journal, _3: 152 - 156. Eaton, G.W., O.A. Bradt & N. Turner (1970). \"Embryo Sac Development in Relation to Poor Fruit Set in Agawam Grape\". Horticultural Research Institute of Ontario, Report for 1969. pp. 56 - 59. Eaton, G.W. & N. Turner (1971). \"Embryo Sac Development in Relation to Virus Infection of Four Red Raspberry Cultivars\". Journal of the American Society of Horticultural Science, 96: 159 - 161. Taylor, Roy L; , Stephen Sziklai & Nancy J. Turner (1970). An Automated Information Filing System for Plants Desired for Botanical Garden Components. Botanical Garden of the University of British Columbia Technical Bulletin No. 1 (October 1970), 37 pp. Turner, Nancy Chapman & Marcus A.M. Bell (1971). \"The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island\". Economic Botany, _25 (1): 65 - 105. Turner, Nancy J. (1971). \"Native Economic Plants of Totem Park\". Davidsonia, 2 (2): 22 - 28. Turner, Nancy J. & Roy L. Taylor (1972). \"A Review of the Northwest Coast Tobacco Mystery\". Syesis, .5: 249 - 257. PUBLICATIONS, continued: Turner, Nancy J. ( 1 9 7 3 ). \"The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia\". Syesis, 6_ (in press). Turner, Nancy Chapman & Marcus A.M. Bell (1973). \"The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia\". Economic Botany, 27 (in press). AWARDS: 1965 - 66 Home Oil Scholarship (for University of Victoria) 1966 - 67 President's Undergraduate Scholarship (UVIC) 1967 - 68 B.C. Hydro & Power Authority Scholarship (UVIC) 1967 - 68 Freeman King Biology Scholarship (UVIC) 1968 - 69 University of Victoria Special Biology Scholarship 1968 - 69 President's Undergraduate Scholarship (UVIC) 1965 - 69 Government of British Columbia first class scholarships 1969 Birk's Gold Watch Award July 1970 - October 1973 National Research Council of Canada Postgraduate Scholarships ","type":"literal","lang":"en"}],"http:\/\/www.europeana.eu\/schemas\/edm\/hasType":[{"value":"Thesis\/Dissertation","type":"literal","lang":"en"}],"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/spatial":[{"value":"Northwest, Pacific","type":"literal","lang":"en"}],"http:\/\/www.europeana.eu\/schemas\/edm\/isShownAt":[{"value":"10.14288\/1.0107164","type":"literal","lang":"en"}],"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/language":[{"value":"eng","type":"literal","lang":"en"}],"https:\/\/open.library.ubc.ca\/terms#degreeDiscipline":[{"value":"Botany","type":"literal","lang":"en"}],"http:\/\/www.europeana.eu\/schemas\/edm\/provider":[{"value":"Vancouver : University of British Columbia Library","type":"literal","lang":"en"}],"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/publisher":[{"value":"University of British Columbia","type":"literal","lang":"en"}],"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/rights":[{"value":"For non-commercial purposes only, such as research, private study and education. Additional conditions apply, see Terms of Use https:\/\/open.library.ubc.ca\/terms_of_use.","type":"literal","lang":"en"}],"https:\/\/open.library.ubc.ca\/terms#scholarLevel":[{"value":"Graduate","type":"literal","lang":"en"}],"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/title":[{"value":"Plant taxonomic systems and ethnobotany of three contemporary Indian groups of the Pacific Northwest (Haida, Bella Coola, and Lillooet)","type":"literal","lang":"en"}],"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/type":[{"value":"Text","type":"literal","lang":"en"}],"https:\/\/open.library.ubc.ca\/terms#identifierURI":[{"value":"http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/2429\/42513","type":"literal","lang":"en"}]}}