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Legislative Assembly","@language":"en"}],"DateAvailable":[{"@value":"2019-01-21","@language":"en"}],"DateIssued":[{"@value":"1975","@language":"en"}],"DigitalResourceOriginalRecord":[{"@value":"https:\/\/open.library.ubc.ca\/collections\/bcsessional\/items\/1.0376298\/source.json","@language":"en"}],"Extent":[{"@value":"Foldout Map: STATUS OF SUSTAINED-YIELD FORESTRY PROGRAMME AS AT DECEMBER 31, 1974 ","@language":"en"},{"@value":" Foldout Map: PROGRESS OF FOREST-COVER MAPPING BASED ON UNIT SURVEYS OF AREAS UNDER PUBLIC MANAGEMENT AS AT DECEMBER 31, 1974","@language":"en"}],"FileFormat":[{"@value":"application\/pdf","@language":"en"}],"FullText":[{"@value":" PROVINCE OF BRITISH COLUMBIA\nDepartment of Lands, Forests, and Water Resources\nHON. R. A. WILLIAMS,\nMinister\nJ. S. STOKES,\nDeputy Minister of Forests\nREPORT OF THE\nForest Service\nYear Ended December 31 1974\nPrinted by K. M. MacDonald, Printer to the Queen's Most Excellent Majesty\nin right of the Province of British Columbia.\n1975\n Victoria, B.C., March 1975\nThe Honourable Walter S. Owen, Q.C, LL.D.\nLieutenant-Governor of British Columbia.\nMay it Please Your Honour:\nHerewith I respectfully submit the Annual Report of\nthe Forest Service of the Department of Lands,\nForests, and Water Resources for 1974.\nR.A. WILLIAMS\nMinister of Lands, Forests, and Water Resources\n The Honourable R. A. Williams,\nMinister of Lands, Forests, and Water Resources,\nVictoria, B.C.\nSir: This is the Annual Report of the Forest Service\nfor 1974.\nJ. S. STOKES\nDeputy Minister of Forests\n  CONTENTS\nPage\nPersonnel Directory 1974    6\nChief Forester's Report    8\nTask Force on Crown Timber Disposal    12\nCoast Guidelines    15\nRecreation  17\nHigh Elevation Restocking Problems    19\nTree Improvement    22\nExpanding Capability for Forest Research 25\nBella Coola Regional Study 28\nSeed Production Program    33\nSmoke Management 36\nForest Range Seeding   38\nAppendix \u2014 Tabulated Detailed Statements to\nSupplement the Report of the Forest Service 43\n PERSONNEL DIRECTORY 1974\n(As of December 31st)\nVICTORIA HEADQUARTERS\nJ.S. Stokes Deputy Minister of Forests\nW.E.L. Young    Chief Forester\nW.G. Hughes   Assistant Chief Forester (Operations)\nW. Young Assistant Chief Forester (Resource Management)\nP.J.J. Hemphill Director of Services\nJ.A.K. Reid Staff Consultant\nStaff Division Heads\nR.W. Long  Departmental Comptroller\nResource Management Division Heads\nR.W. Robbins Forester i\/c Timber Division\nJ.B. Bruce  Forester i\/c Inventory Division\nW.C. Pendray Director, Range Division\nServices Branch Division Heads\nW.C. Phillips Forester i\/c Protection Division\nCJ. Highsted Forester i\/c Forest Service Training School\nL.W. Lehrle    Forester i\/c Engineering Division\nA.M. Brand    Personnel Officer\nOperations Branch Division Heads\nE. Knight Forester i\/c Reforestation Division\nC.C. Warrack   Forester i\/c Research Division\nE.H. Lyons Forester i\/c Information Division\nFOREST DISTRICTS\nVancouver Forest District\nH.M. Pogue    District Forester\nJC. Payne Assistant District Forester\nForest Rangers\nW.G. Howard (Cultus Lake); G.D. Bertram (Hope); J.R. Schmidt (Harrison Lake);\nJ.N. Nelson (Mission); M.H. Mudge (Port Moody); M.N. Neighbor (Squamish);\nR.S. Wilson (Sechelt); K.A. Northrup (Pender Harbour); S.B. Hollinshead (Powell\nRiver); V.J. Doerksen (Lund); T. Brooks (Campbell River North); W.G. Archer\n(Sayward); B.D. Horning (Port McNeill North); R.A. Campbell (Port McNeill);\nG.F. Hawkey (Port Hardy); D.E. DeHart (Campbell River); A.J. Teindl (Port\nAlberni); F. Vicen(Tofino); N.P. Gilgan (Pemberton) B.L. Custance (Gold River);\nM.W. Antonelli (Langford); H. Norbirg (Parksville); S.J. Sykes (Duncan); R.W.\nThomas (Cowichan Lake)\nPrince George Forest District\nM.G. Isenor   District Forester\nD.H. Owen    Assistant District Forester\n Forest Rangers\nG.W. Graham (McBride); W.E. Hall (Valemount); M.A. McRae (Prince George E.);\nG.E. Meents (Prince George N.); L.G. Espenant (Fort St. James); H.V. Hopkins\n(Dawson Creek); J.L. Younghusband (Aleza Lake); K. Arnett (Vanderhoof); S.\nAnderson (Fort St. John); P.F. Griffiths (Fort Fraser); Vacant (Summit Lake);\nH.L. Miskovich (Fort Nelson); G.E. Magee (Prince George W.); M. Wilkinson\n(Hixon); L. McQueen (Chetwynd); C. Nelson (Mackenzie)\nNelson Forest District\nJ.R. Johnston   District Forester\nJ.A.D. McDonald    Assistant District Forester\nForest Rangers\nG.M. Cartwright (Invermere); J.L. Humphrey (Fernie); Vacant (Golden); J.B. Gierl\n(Cranbrook E.) Vacant (Creston); H. Thompson (Kaslo); AC. Joyce (Lardeau);\nR.E. Robinson (Nelson); C.C. Jupp (New Denver); J.H. Raven (Nakusp); H.R. Wood\n(Castlegar); P.F. Russell (Grand Forks); W.R. Anderson (Kettle Valley); H.D.\nHamilton (Canal Flat); W.G. Benwell (Mica Creek); H. Osborne (Fauquier);\nVacant (Elko); Vacant (Cranbrook W.); J.A. Hogan (Beaverdell); C.N. Bellmond\n(Salmo); G.L. Benwell (Revelstoke)\nCariboo Forest District\nE.W. Robinson District Forester\nA.B. Robinson Assistant District Forester\nForest Rangers\nJ.H. Little (Quesnel); Vacant (Clinton); E.A. Bouchard (Williams Lake); C. Rohn\n(Quesnel); F.W. Hendy (Tatla Lake); J.F. Lynn (Horsefly); R.W. Donnelly (100\nMile House); P.O. Holitzki (Likely); F.A. Folliet (Riske Creek); R.J. Reeves (Alexis\nCreek)\nKamloops Forest District\nA.H. Dixon District Forester\nC.A. MacPherson Assistant District Forester\nForest Rangers\nD.J. Wittner (Lumby); M.E. Monteith (Birch Island); O.D. Parsey (Barrier); J.P.\nWeinard (Kamloops); V.D. Craig (Chase); W.O. Pistak (Salmon Arm); G.R. Webster\n(Sicamous); G. Stefanac (Lillooet); A.G. Cameron (Vernon); R.W. McDaniel (Penticton); G.F.M. Baker (Princeton); F. Pearce (Kelowna); J.O. Noble (Ashcroft);\nR.K.M.   Berard   (Merritt);   V.H.   Barge  (Blue  River); J.   Wanderer   (Enderby)\nPrince Rupert Forest District\nW.G. Bishop District Forester\nR.G. Gill Assistant District Forester\nForest Rangers\nV.H. Hernandez (Queen Charlotte City); H.W. Quast (Terrace); W.O. Neros (Kitwanga); F.L. Roe (Hazelton); A.R. Pement (Smithers); D.J. Neal (Houston); W.G.\nWaldron (Burns Lake); S.E. Hansen (Bella Coola); W.H. Jones (Southbank);\nJ.P. Dunlop (Lower Post); I. Brown (Kitimat); R.N. Keep (Stewart); W.O. Johnston\n(Prince Rupert)\n Chief Forester's Report\n Revenue to the province from its forest resource dropped substantially during 1974\nin marked contrast to the previous record-\nbreaking year.\nThe figures tell the story: Revenue collections were $197,200,142 \u2014 a decrease of\n19.5 percent over the previous calendar year.\nTimber sale stumpage, which comprised 92\npercent of the total, contributed\n$181,605, 129 \u2014 a decrease of 21.3 percent\nover 1973.\nThe revenue drop was due to various factors,\nthe most damaging being a world-wide\nslump in the lumber market. Reflective of\nthe situation was the severe decline in home-\nbuilding throughout North America. And\n1974 also saw a significant drop in plywood\nsales \u2014 down about 30 percent from the\nprevious year.\nOn the other side of the ledger, pulp and\npaper production, demand and sales reached\nnew peaks \u2014 but by the end of the year\nthey too were starting to level off and even\ndecline.\nThere is another strong factor which undoubtedly is going to have marked effects\non provincial revenue derived from the forest resource. Even if the general lumber market improves, that will be offset by higher\nadministration costs, and higher costs related to protecting the environment.\nHeading the extra-cost list are the new roads\nwhich will have to be built . . . roads established initially for the hauling of logs,\nbut also designed and built with a view to\nimmediate or future public use. And with a\nview to protecting streams, rivers, fisheries,\nwatersheds and other considerations which\nthe public  is  now  demanding.\nAs the cost of roadbuilding increases, the\nrevenue to the provincial government goes\ndown as logging firms are allowed to deduct\nsuch   costs   from   stumpage   payments.\nEncouraging progress has been made in our\n 10\nExpenditures (1965\/1974)\n300\n275\n250\n225\n200\n175\n150\n125\n100-\n75\n50\n25\n0\n66.4 -\n9\nlion\n22.0\nMillion\nMillion\n24.7\nMillion\nMillion\nMillion\n1965\/66 1966\/67 1967\/68 1968\/69 1969\/70 1970\/71 1971\/72 1972\/73 1973\/74\nForest Products Cut on All Lands (1966 to 1974)\n2.48\n1.89\n1.93\n2.00\n1.97^\n^.12\n1.60\nBil. Cu. Ft.\n1.57\n1.70\n2.5\no\n\u00a7  1.5-\no\nz\no\n1966   1967   1968   1969   1970   1971    1972    1973    1974\n forest resource productivity studies. This has\ninvolved establishment of numerous plots\nand detailed measurements from which we\nwill obtain valuable data on potential yields\nfrom managed timber stands in the future.\nRelated to this aspect of our planning for\nthe future, is the relatively new CARP system (computer assisted resource planning)\nwhich will play a dominant role in the future administration of our timber resource.\nThe system is quite complex and involves\ndata banks and computer analysis. It will\nenable the resource manager to actually\nsimulate long-term results of various alternative management policies or techniques.\nThe first region to come under the CARP\nmanagement system will be the 600,000\nacre Westlake Public Sustained Yield Unit\nin the Prince George Forest District. Studies\nthere commenced   two   years   ago.\nIt was a significant year for planning and\nestablishment of facilities in the forest recreation program. There are now 787 forest\nrecreation sites established throughout the\nprovince, an increase of 181 over 1973. An\nadditional 175 sites will be established in\n1975.\nIt has been conservatively estimated that\nsome 672,000 people used the recreation\nsites during the year \u2014 well above the\n153,000 recorded two years earlier when\nthe program got under full swing.\nThe special Task Force on Crown Timber\nDisposal completed and released two detailed reports during the year. They were\nentitled \"Crown Changes for Early Timber\nRights\" (royalties and other levies for harvesting rights on timber leases, licences and\nberths in British Columbia); and \"Timber\nAppraisal\" (policies and procedures for evaluating Crown timber in British Columbia).\nCopies of these reports are available from\nthe Information Division of the Forest Service in Victoria.\nBy year's end a third report, dealing with\nforest tenures, was  nearing completion.\nThere were 2,558 forest fires throughout the\nprovince during the year \u2014 covering more\nthan 53,650 acres and causing forest cover\nlosses of $1.86 million. The Forest Service\n11\ncost of fighting these blazes exceeded $6.7\nmillion.\nLightning caused 716 of the fires (28 percent of the total); 695 were started by careless recreationists and smokers; while the\nbalance were triggered by loggers, railroads\nand assorted other industrial operations.\nIn our reforestation program, 53.8 million\nseedlings were planted by the Forest Service and by industry, compared to 56.2 million in 1973. The decrease was due to unfavourable weather conditions in many parts\nof the province.\nA Seed Production Section was established\nwithin the Reforestation Division, and new\nseed production orchard sites were established at Saanich (near Victoria) and at Skimikin\n(near Salmon Arm).\nOur Inventory Division during the year produced more than 560 forest cover maps and\nreports for 21,000,000 acres which had been\nsurveyed in 1973.\nThe year also saw the establishment of a\nspecial interdepartmental task force on\nrangeland management. It started detailed\nstudies on three main issues: How to reorganize the approach to rangeland management to enable integrated management of\nthe grassland resource, trade-offs with the\nforest resource, and related problems; necessary staff additions to do the job effectively;   and  legislative  changes   required.\nRange forage production was generally\ngood, and use of Crown range by domestic\nstock increased slightly \u2014 reversing the\ntrend of the past several years.\nDuring the year there was a marked expansion in adoption and implementation of the\nresource planning folio system throughout\nthe province.\nIntroduced about three years ago as a trial,\nthe new resource planning system calls for\ninput from all land-use agencies involved\nbefore any Crown (publicly owned) land is\ncommitted to logging or any other form of\nindustrial operation. The system considers\nfish, wildlife, watersheds, recreation, soils,\nstream protection and a host of other factors\nrelated to the environment.\n Task Force on Crown Timber Disposal\n 13\nThe early-1975 appointment of the Task\nForce on Crown Timber Disposal was of\nparticular significance. Its members were\nDr. Peter H. Pearse, Department of Economics at the University of British Columbia,\nchairman; Edward L. Young, B.C.'s Chief\nForester: and Arvid V. Backman, prominent\nindustrial forester.\nThe Task Force was commissioned to investigate the policies, legislation, procedures\nand practices governing the disposal of\ntimber in the province, and to suggest\nchanges to protect the public interest in\nthe Crown forest resources.\nAn interim report was required before February 28, 1974, with recommendations for\nimprovements governing the Crown charges\nfor timber and harvesting rights on the five\nclasses of old temporary tenures \u2014 Timber\nLeases, Timber Licences, Pulp Leases, Pulp\nLicences, and Timber Berths. The task force\npublished two detailed reports during 1974\nwhich dealt essentially with charges for\nCrown timber.\nThe first dealt with royalties and taxes applicable to old temporary tenures. Its major\nrecommendations comprised:\n1. Basing Crown royalty charges upon individual appraisals of the timber values\nfor each timber tract rather than the\nprevious blanket royalty rates fixed by\nlegislation for groups of species on a\nregional basis. The change was to be\neffective September 30, 1974, and enabling legislation was approved by the\nlegislature in the Forest Amendment Act\n1974. The date for implementation, however, was left to the discretion of the\nLieutenant-Governor-in-Council and was\nwithheld pending an improvement in\nmarket conditions.\n2. Abolition of the forest land tax after the\nend of the 1974 calendar year. This is a\nmatter for the Department of Finance\nwhich administers this tax rather than the\nForest Service, and depends on implementation  of  recommendation  No.   1.\n3. Easing the burden of the special tax on\nlogging profits by reducing the rate from\n15 to 10 percent and increasing the provincial tax credit to 1\/3 of the logging\ntax paid, also by adopting the federal\ndefinition of logging income for tax purposes. This also comes under the Department of Finance and is awaiting implementation.\n The second report dealt with timber appraisals. In addition to numerous recommendations concerning the complex details of\nappraisal procedures, major recommendations included:\n1. Steps to improve the dependability of\nlog markets so the market could be expected to encourage the distribution of\nvarious types of logs to their best end\nuse and to promote public confidence that\nthe log market prices reflect the true log\nvalues.\nLegislation was enacted on this matter\nunder the \"Timber Products Stabilization\nAct\" and implementation is in progress.\n2. Modernization of coastal log grades to\nmake them more consistent with present\nindustrial practice and more compatible\nwith tree quality cruising requirements\nfor appraisal valuation purposes.\n3. Establishment of a Marketing Division\nof the Forest Service to strengthen the\nstaffing and attention assigned to the\ncruising, appraising, and scaling of Crown\ntimber. Steps were taken toward implementation of this recommendation early\nin 1975.\n4. That the cost of approved logging roads\nforming part of a basic road system to\nbe available for public use be borne directly by the government through direct\nstumpage credit  or  direct  payment.\nThis policy has been instituted and is\nbeing applied as rapidly as individual\nroad evaluations and other arrangements\ncan  be  completed  for   each   case.\n5. That various other procedures be adopted\nrespecting the technical aspects of appraisals. These relate to the methods of\ncalculating profit ratios; collection and\ncompilation of data on operating costs\nand product selling prices; treatment of\ncertain categories of costs in the appraisal, particularly those dealing with slash\ndisposal site rehabilitation; reforestation;\ndepreciation and interest on investments;\nthe determination of the point of appraisal where the log marketing or processing\nis assumed to occur; grouping of species\nor stand-as-a-whole appraisal concept;\nsale of timber on the basis of cruise\nvolume estimates rather than the scale\nvolume of timber recovered; utilization\nstandards; minimum stumpage rates;\npublicity of appraisal procedures; training of staff in appraisal methods; and\nprovisions for the training, examination,\nand  licensing of timber cruises.\nMost of these recommendations are being\nimplemented. Some have already been\ninstituted and others will be adopted during the coming year. Some cannot be\ncommenced until additional qualified personnel are available.\n Coast Guidelines\nr.\/. % iSr~-.\u25a0 '\u2122 V\nt#\u00a3 > ^r\n 16\nGood land use practices do not occur as a\nmatter of course. On the other hand, problems in land management can often be\navoided, sometimes quite simply, by the application of basic forestry and engineering\nprinciples. The Planning Guidelines For Coast\nLogging Operations, prepared and issued in\n1972, are intended to show generally how\ncompatibility can be reached and maintained\nbetween timber harvesting, soil protection,\nwatershed management, and the management and use of other resources within the\nforest.\nIn the preparation of the guidelines neither\nthe list of resource considerations nor the\nseries of statements on corrective and precautionary measures is complete. Resource\nmanagement is much too complex and difficult a subject to permit entirely satisfactory\nconsolidation in the form of guidelines. Nevertheless, the guidelines were prepared because land use problems existed and well\nknown forestry knowledge was often being\nneglected.\nIn spite of the brevity of the guidelines,\nmany aspects of land management are discussed. For instance, the forest industry is\nreminded that every setting, road plan, culvert, and bridge design must be examined\nfor its effect on all resource components.\nThey discuss road location and design in relation to landform, soils, and topographic\nfeatures the disturbance of which will be\ndetrimental. Methods of preventing soil\nmovement and stream siltation are discussed\ngenerally. Maintenance of stream and site\nstability is given special attention, particularly in the context of the logged area\nsize, shape, orientation and location in relation to areas withheld from logging for\nfirebreaks, animal migration corridors, and\naesthetics.\nFrom the outset it has been acknowledged\nthe guidelines are an interim measure only\nuntil site specific constraints can be specified for the planned forest harvesting operation. With the recently developed integrated planning system, commonly referred to\nas the resource folio system, now being introduced on the coast, the controversial\nCoast Guidelines may be given less promi-\nnance in 1975.\n Recreation\n 18\nThe forest recreation program expanded significantly in 1974 with 181 serviced sites\nadded to the previously developed 606 sites,\nfor a year end total of 787 sites. A further\n175 sites are planned for 1975, and upon\ncompletion of these most of the existing public recreation locations on forest lands will\nbe under maintenance.\nThe low-key concept, stressing a rustic type\nof site development, was again followed in\n1974. Public opinion about this approach\ncontinues to be most encouraging, as is the\nacceptance of rustic log picnic tables introduced during the year.\nPublic use of the sites increased greatly\nduring the year, showing a progression from\n153,000 in 1972, to 385,000 in 1973, to\n672,000 in 1974. All figures are conservative, due to incomplete tallies of visitors\nat many sites.\nA much larger maintenance load, resulting\nfrom more visitors and more sites, was competently handled by temporary help, with\nstudents working under ranger staff direction  once  again  performing  a   major   role.\nTrail systems, signposting, and map brochures were initiated and will receive increasing emphasis.\nRecreation inventory data was incorporated\nin a large number of P.S.Y.U. and folio\nplans. Delineation of sight zones in forest\nlands along travel corridors was expanded\nand will continue.\nA provincial guideline is in preparation covering recreation policy and operational procedures.\nParticipation in public meetings and seminars, and assistance with recreation education programs occupied a considerable\namount of staff time during the year, as\ndid interdepartmental liaison and co-operative  planning  on   recreation   issues.\n High Elevation Restocking Problems\n-   JiM.^JIKm lyfjt H\n 20\nResearch is necessary to solve the problems\nthat arise from the movement of logging\noperations away from the valley floor to\nhigher elevations. Here grow trees that are\nnot as well understood as those of species\nfrom lower elevations. The climate is generally colder and the growing and reproductive season is shorter. Natural regeneration\nmay be poor and too slow to support existing   sustained   yield   concepts.\nRemoval of the forest cover from high elevation sites, which are thinly covered by\nsoil and low in nutrients, may result in\nlosses due to erosion. There is added logging\nloss from the removal of nutrients which are\nin the tree and normally return to the soil\nduring decomposition. Logging regulations\nare needed if regeneration capabilities are\nlimited.\nThese matters are receiving the attention\nof the Research Division, which has studies\nin hand to provide some of the answers.\nThey fall into three categories: basic understanding of species that grow at high elevations, particularly in regard to seed production capabilities; site studies, to\ndetermine their capability of supporting future stands; and economic evaluation of\nenvironmental constraints and regulations.\nUnder the first category are studies being\ndone on yellow cedar and mountain hemlock. Results so far give encouraging indications that hormonal treatments may offer\na practical method of producing crops in\nyellow cedar orchards at a cost well below\nthat incurred for wild stand collections.\nHowever, all experimental treatments have\nfailed to produce cones on mountain hemlock. This species is being observed in its\nnatural state and sampled regularly for microscopic analysis to determine when changes\noccur in  the  reproductive cycle.\n Research on the rooting of yellow cedar\ncuttings started on a small scale in 1971\nand was repeated in 1972 and 1974. In the\nlast experiment, from 800 cuttings taken,\n89 percent are considered satisfactory for\nproduction planting. This may provide a satisfactory alternative  to raising seedlings.\nAnother study is being made of a species\nthat will grow up to 2,000 metres in elevation. (A metre is approximately 2>Vi feet)\nThis is amabilis fir, more commonly known\nas balsam. The study started this year in\nco-operation with the Canadian Forestry Service and its objective is an assessment of\nthe suitability of restocking upper elevations\nof the Vancouver Forest District with this\nspecies after logging. Removal of the dominant trees releases the smaller, suppressed\nones. Data on this growth response after\nlogging and susceptibility to fungal attack\nafter damage by logging equipment is needed. The study is not finished yet and there\nis much data to be analyzed. Preliminary\nresults indicate the threat is low from the\nIndian Paint fungus up to 30 years after\nlogging, probably due to enhanced growth\nrates   which   quickly   cover   the   wounds.\nIn the fall of 1974 two high elevation test\nsites were planted with coastal Douglas fir.\nThe seed from which these seedlings germinated came from high elevation areas.\nObservation and measurement of the trees\nwill provide information on suitability of\nhigh elevation regeneration with this species, which does not normally grow above\n1,300 metres.\nAn investigation to characterize sites with\nthe emphasis on forest management problems at high elevation was pursued this year.\nLandforms,   soils  and  vegetation  types   of\n21\nseveral areas including Templeton River at\n1,200 to 3,000 metres have been mapped on\nairphotos. Surveys on the ground were made\nto identify and describe soil and vegetation\nunits. Work is now being done on the interpretation of mapping units. These interpretations will include mass soil movement,\nwaterborne erosion, soil compaction, hydro-\nlogic characteristics, nutrient supply and\navailability. The vegetation data will be\nlooked at with silviculture, wildlife and recreation in mind.\nFor several years a scientist has been working on the development of mapping units\nsuitable for intensive forest management\npractices. As a result of his recent involvement with the high elevation problems occurring in the Vancouver District, he has\nbeen paying special attention to landforms\non these areas, their ability to withstand\nvarious forest harvesting techniques, and\nthe post-logging problems associated with\nthese landforms.\nIt is hoped that, with the co-operation of\nthe B.C. Forest Service, Inventory Division\nand the other specialists working on the various aspects of high elevation problems, criteria for delineating appropriate mapping\nunits that can be employed as a basic framework for the high elevation land management practices will be developed during\nnext year.\nThe third type of study, that of economic\nevaluation, is being conducted in two sample\ndrainage areas in the Chilliwack Provincial\nForest. Costs and benefits are being considered for the harvest period of the existing\ncrop and for the  next crop.\nPreliminary comparisons indicate there are\nheavy costs associated with increased road\nconstruction early in the harvesting sequence and with an increase in road maintenance charges over the period that the\nlarge blocks of timber must be allowed to\nmature. These costs tend to be very large\nwhen compared to the relatively minor benefits of improved regeneration performance\nand a relatively shorter period between logging than would be possible otherwise. The\nindirect benefits of recreation, fisheries and\nwildlife are yet to be assessed.\n Tree Improvement\nSteps involved in managed seed production for the\nreforestation program in British Columbia\nDouglas Fir Super Tree\nselected in Forest.\nScion is shot off.\nScion\ngrafted to\nroot stock\nScions from many Plus Trees\nof a region are selected\nand grafted to root stock.\nThe grafts are planted\nin an orchard at the coast\nfor seed production.\nmm\nThe seeds from the orchard Coast orchard\nare planted in the nursery.\nThe seeds from the\norchard are planted\nin the nursery.\n It is important to the logging industry that\nseedlings used for reforestation should grow\ninto trees of quality. These should be superior in volume and have good form, vigour\nand fine branching with a healthy, narrow\ncrown. To realise them, a suitable environment must exist coupled to basic characteristics which are determined by heredity.\nAt Cowichan Lake Experiment Station there\nis a stand of Douglas fir planted 20 years\nago. It has grown from seed collected from\ntrees displaying both good and bad form.\nThat individual trees in the stand\nresemble their female parent and their brethren, is evidence of the importance of understanding as much as possible about the\ngenetics of the trees upon which the forest\nindustry is based. Desirable characteristics\ncan then be perpetuated and undesirable\nones removed or reduced through breeding.\nThe Research Division of the B.C. Forest\nService has a two-pronged approach to the\nbusiness of tree improvement, through provenance   testing   and   tree   breeding.\nThe term provenance relates a species to a\nspecific geographic locality. Work is done\nto determine how seed will fare when planted in a different part of the province from\nits place of origin. It is important to establish\nseed transfer rules so that should it be necessary to use other than local seed (perhaps there aren't enough due to poor seed\nproduction and much logging) it will be\nknown  what  provenances  will  grow   well.\nTest sites of Douglas fir, spruce and lodgepole pine have been established in contrasting climates and elevations of the province\ncovering several hundred acres and including many seed sources. Information can be\nexpected to accumulate for many years to\ncome.\n23\nThe tree breeding approach to tree improvement also involves comparing the progency\nof known parents on different test sites.\nFrom 1966 to 1971, 28 such sites were established and data is being analysed. Results indicate there are highly significant\ndifferences in volume between six-year-old\ntrees on the same site even when only one\nparent is different. For example, some crosses made in 1963 had a common female\nparent, yet on good sites the volume produced by the best are almost three times\nthose of the poorest cross.\nThe selection of superior trees \u2014 those exhibiting superior growth and form, and\nknown as \"plus trees\" \u2014 are brought together to produce progency which will inherit some of those characteristics. To obtain\nseed from these specimens is not easy since\ngrowth characteristics and reproductive frequency is often opposed and, if cones are\nproduced, they are a long way from the\nground. Even when a cone is procured from\none of these giants, the resulting seedling would not be much value to the geneticist since only one parent is known, the\nother having possible inferior characteristics.\nThese problems are overcome by shooting\ndown branches with a rifle and grafting a\nsmall part, the scion, to a rootstock in the\nnursery. These are called clones and grow\nwell, often producing pollen and seed within\na few years. They can then be crossed with\ncones from other plus trees. The seedlings\nproduced are used for further genetic studies, their parents both being known, and as\nmaterial for future seed orchards.\nA breeding and reselection program was\nstarted involving 350 of the Douglas fir \"plus\ntrees\" from coastal B.C. and northern Washington. In 1974 the reproductive buds in the\nclonal seed orchards of Pacific Logging\nCompany and Tahsis Company in Saanich\nwere made available for the controlled pollination program. Together with those from\nthe Cowichan Lake Experiment Station, it\nwas possible to work on 235 crosses.\nParent trees are grouped in sixes and each\nsub-program, or diallel, consists of 15 crosses.\n V*'     \u00ab\u00a7>\u00ab..\n\u2022\u25a0If\ni \u201e*3'**:\nEight of these diallels were started in 1973\nand in 1974 a further 10 were attempted\nwith the result that 108 \"plus trees\" are now\nbeing included in the program. When the\nseed had been collected and cleaned, 11 of\nthese 18 diallels had sufficient seed in all\nthe crosses and a further three were deficient in only a single cross.\nIt will be possible to move on to the field\ntesting phase of the program in 1975 and\nseeds from 10 diallels will be raised for\nplanting out. The field design calls for 200\nseedlings from each cross which will be distributed widely across coastal British Columbia. The seed will be sown in the greenhouse at Cowichan Lake in styro foam\nseedling containers and will be ready for\nplanting in the fall of 1975 or spring 1976.\nThe selection of uniform test sites poses a\nproblem and already the process of screening recent logging areas for their suitability\nhas been started. These areas will have to\nbe selected and prepared by staking during\nthe summer of 1975. In the meantime the\ncontrolled pollination program will be continuing as rapidly as the occurrence of reproductive buds permits.\nA different study on Douglas fir has involved\nmaking controlled crosses from trees at different ends of their species range. Vigour\nis often achieved in plants by making wide\ncrosses. Another method to achieve vigour is\nto self-fertilize the plant and after producing an inbred strain, to cross with others.\nThis is how our corn is bred. Inbreeding with\nDouglas fir tends to produce dwarfs, which\nare sterile. A danger can be seen here in\nthat matings between closely related  trees\ncould be a problem in nurseries, seed orchards and  seed production areas.\nThe other two major species which concern\nthe Research Division at the genetic level\nare spruces from the interior of the province\nand lodgepole pine. While provenance testing has begun on the latter species, controlled crossing experiments await the arrival of\na geneticist, who is being hired to do the\nwork.\nResearch work on the interior spruces, mainly white spruce, is centred on the Forest\nService nursery at Red Rock near Prince\nGeorge. Selections have been made from\nstands of trees over a wide area and seedlings are being planted out. In 1974, 54,000\nseedlings were planted on 19 sites in the\nSmithers Selection Unit with over 95% survival, and in the East Kootenay Selection\nUnit 15 sites have been chosen for planting\nin 1975.\nA wide crossing program has been started\nsimilar to work being done with Douglas\nfir. Grafts are doing well and the arboretum\nnow includes 70 eastern white spruce families  and   other   exotic   white   spruces.\nClone banks have been established at the\nRed Rock Nursery using material from most\nof the 445 \"plus trees\" so far selected.\nThe oldest clones are now four years old\nand next spring will be planted in a newly\nestablished tree breeding area near Enderby\nin the Okanagan Valley. Here the climate is\nwarmer during the flowering period and conditions are more suitable for the production\nof cone crops than can be hoped for near\nPrince George.\n  26\nIn 1970 there were 15 foresters and 22\nsupporting staff in the Research Division\nof the B.C. Forest Service. Today there are\n26 regular professionals, nine on contract\nand 36 in support. The expansion has occurred due to pressures on the division for\nspecialized assistance and advice, and to a\nrestructuring to better meet the demands\ncreated by intensification of forest practices.\nThere has been a shift in emphasis in the\nwork of the Regional Research Officer, one\nof whom is stationed in each of the six Forest\nDistricts. His first responsibility is that of\ndefining the research needs and priorities of\nthe District, and has put some of these into\neffect through experimental work. However\nas the industry grows and Districts Headquarters expands, so his advisory and interpretation role increases.\nHis responsibilities include advising the District Forester on the acceptability of the cost\nof research by industry to ensure that the\ntaxpayer is the beneficiary. In practice, the\nRegional Research Officer obtains recommendations from headquarters in Victoria to\nguard against duplication and to ensure the\nwork fulfills a general provincial requirement, and that statistically relevant data is\nsought in a correct manner.\nIn addition to this Research Officer in each\nForest District, a pedologist or soil scientist\nwill soon be appointed to each headquarters.\nAlthough primarily concerned with soils in\ntheir District, these men have different backgrounds and specialties. One has 15 years'\nexperience in resource capability analyses\nand related soil problems, while another\nhas a strong ecological background. Their\nfunctions will not be limited within administrative boundaries \u2014 their expertise will be\nused wherever important needs are defined.\nSpecialized work of the division has resulted\nin the formation of several small groups\nover the past few years. Here there is a natural fit into which scientists and their assistants belong. They are: tree improvement,\nwhich includes provenance testing and tree\nbreeding sections; silviculture, which includes the Regional Research Officers and\nthose concerned with tree physiology and\nnursery practice,  spacing  and  fertilization;\nand site factors, which include ecology and\nintegrated resource management.\nThe work of forest mensuration (measurement to ascertain tree volume for timber\nyield purposes) is undertaken by a research\nscientist, who is also a member of the B.C.\nForest Service Productivity Committee, itself\nconcerned with maximum yield through fertilization, herbicide application and thinning.\nThe next group comes under the heading of\n\"site factors\". Here there is an authority\non landforms, an ecologist, an expert in\nland-use planning and a researcher concerned with problems of regeneration on high\nelevation sites.\nIn addition to the necessary but small administrative and clerical staff in Victoria,\nthere is a systems analyst and computer\nprogrammer. Recent strength to this sup- i\nporting staff has been added with the appointment of a biometrician who will be\nresponsible for the design and analysis of\nprojects with the emphasis on genetics and\nprovenance work. He will help ensure that\nonly statistically sound research is undertaken.\nFinally the research stations of the division\ncontinue to expand.\nThe Cowichan Lake Experiment Station controls a total area of 170 hectares, in which\n44 have been planted and a further 32\ncleared for planting, (a hectare is approximately 2Vi acres.) A fence surrounds 85 hec-\n 27\ntares in which there is a Douglas fir breeding\narboretum containing 320 provenances, a\nnative arboretum of 17 species from B.C.,\na yellow cedar plantation of some 20 provenances and Douglas fir clone banks containing 650 young trees. A lodgepole pine arboretum, almost five hectares in extent, is\nclose by. In addition to a small nursery and\nthe usual office buildings, a large greenhouse is used to raise seedlings under controlled   conditions.\nAt the North Road laboratory and greenhouse, near Victoria modernization and enlargement of the building is in progress.\nThis stands on a one-hectare site, half of\nwhich is kept as a nursery that presently\ncontains yellow cedar clonal material, rooted\nDouglas fir cuttings and weevil resistant\nspruce. Trials with various herbicides and\ngrowth studies are also conducted here.\nThe tree improvement group includes the\nwork of provenance testing, that is the testing of trees of diverse geographic origins\nwithin the species range to determine how\nthey fare outside their natural habitat in\ncomparison to the local variety. Data from\nthis work gives important information on the\nsuitability of reforestation after logging with\nother than the local provenance, should sufficient seed be unavailable or should a different provenance be more suitable by reason\nof resistance to local diseases or general\nvigour. This section is the responsibility of\na forester who now has one technician for\neach major species \u2014 Douglas fir, Sitka\nspruce and lodgepole pine.\nThe tree breeding section initially concentrated on Douglas fir, being the species that\nwas being logged principally on Vancouver\nIsland and the lower mainland, and much\nof the work was done at the Cowichan Lake\nExperiment Station near Duncan. Four years\nago a large genetic program was started\non white and Engelmann spruce at Red Rock\nnear Prince George. The young trees of\nthis program are likely to produce cones\nearlier if grown in a warmer climate and\na location near Vernon in the Okanagan has\nbeen selected as a suitable site in which\nto establish a research centre. Plans are in\nhand to move plant material there next\nspring. In addition, the amount of lodgepole pine being logged and available for\nlogging necessitates a program of genetic\nstudies, involving intraspecific crosses. A\ngeneticist  is  being  hired  for   this   work.\nIn the silviculture group, mention of the\nRegional Research Officers has already been\nmade. Traditionally these scientists spent\nmost of their time on silviculture, but with\nthe shift in their duties in the last two\nyears towards liaison functions and district\nresearch program planning, this pattern is\nchanging.\nThe work of the physiologists and biochemist in the division has expanded in response\nto increased production of nursery stock.\nFrom one full-time scientist in 1970 there\nare now four with additional contract backing. The North Road facility has expanded\nits technician staff to keep up with the work\ngenerated, particularly analysis of tissue and\nsoil samples, the latter soon to increase\nrapidly as a result of the hiring of the ped-\nologist in the Forest Districts.\nAt the Red Rock Nursery and Research\nCentre there is a nursery, greenhouse and\nlathhouse standing on a one-and-a-half-hectare site. Together with material belonging\nto the Reforestation Division in a 120-hec-\ntare cleared area, there is a 36-hectare\npinetum, 10 hectares of spruce breeding\nmaterial and four hectares ready for a spruce\nplanting stock trial in 1975. Nearby there is\na three-hectare picetum containing white\nand exotic spruce and two more spruce\nclone   banks   of   two   hectares   each.\n  The Bella Coola Regional Study was initiated in April 1974 and encompasses the\nDean, Rivers Inlet and Chilko Public Sustained Yield Units.\nThe purpose of the study was to establish\npriorities and set guidelines for forest development and ensure that such development be linked to and be compatible with\nthe social, economical, and environmental\nneeds of the region.\nThe Forest Service's Special Studies Division ;o-ordinated the study which was interdepartmental in nature. In addition a citizen\nparticipation program was instituted permitting the inclusion of locally elected representatives from the Regional Districts and\nIndian Band Councils in the planning and\non-going decision-making process.\nThere were three major phases to the study:\ncollecting and collating existing information\non the resources of the region; the analysis\nof data and the identification of integrated\nland use constraints and; the establishment\nof priorities and guidelines for development.\nResults of the study indicate that surveys\nof the wildlife and inland fish populations\nwere incomplete, with virtually no information available about many species. Other resources were better inventoried but none\ncompletely enough to be adequate for integrated land use planning. Although logging and pulp manufacturing have been major industries since the turn of the century,\ntheir impact on the region has been limited.\nThe rate of forest extraction was slow and\nimpacts on other resources were few and\nlocalized.\nThe isolation of the region has restricted\ndevelopment. Workers are reluctant to live\nin remote communities when there are alternate opportunities closer to more developed areas. Intra-regional transportation\nnetworks are inadequate to promote easy\ndistribution of goods and services and add\nto the costs of goods coming into and going\nout of the areas. The communities rely on\ndistant centres for supplies as well as markets for local products.\nThe local communities are faced with the\nproblem of outmigration of younger people\n29\nin search of employment opportunities.\nThose communities, which are dependent\nupon the fishing industry, have had a decline\nin their economic base. Many residents of\nthese communities do not have sufficient formal education or job skills to take advantage\nof alternate opportunities. These problems\nare most acute for  the  Indian  population.\nThe potential for development and constraints\nimposed by integrated use were identified as\nfollows:\nMineral Resource \u2014 Although a number of\nsmall mineralized showings were developed,\nno productive mine has ever operated in\nthe region. Despite the ruggedness of the\nterrain, the area has been extensively prospected but the chances of a major find\nappear small.\nWater Resource \u2014 Many of the rivers are\nsuitable for hydro-electric development but\nonly at Ocean Falls and Bella Coola has\nthere been any hydro-electric generation developed. Two rivers, the Dean and the Hom-\nathko, have been investigated by B.C. Hydro\nand Power Authority for large-scale development.\nFour communities have developed their own\nwater supplies. All are adequate for the\npresent needs of the communities. There are\nno apparent conflicts of use in any of the\nwatersheds.\nAgriculture Resource \u2014 Within the Dean\nand Rivers Inlet Public Sustained Yield Units\n(P.S.Y.U.) the Bella Coola Valley is the only\narea suitable for farming.\n 30\nAlthough the climate and soil conditions\nmake the valley suitable for horticulture and\nlivestock production, the area is limited and\ndevelopment is restricted due to lack of\nmarkets. The only agricultural activity in\nthe Chilko P.S.Y.U. is ranching. However,\nthere is sufficient rangeland suitable for expansion of the industry.\nFisheries Resource \u2014 The commercial fishing for anadromous fish achieves full utilization of natural production in the coastal\nportion of the study areas. Maintaining existing production will require protection of\nthe aquatic habitat' of all salmon producing\nwaters. Much of the potential damage to the\naquatic environment can be avoided or significantly reduced by applying dispersed\nlogging patterns and avoiding rapid removal\nof timber within single watersheds to minimize detrimental hydrologic changes.\nThe study emphasized that the Wannock River and Owikeno Lake watershed are particularly sensitive areas which must be intensively managed to prevent degradation of\nthe fishery resource. It is also indicated that\nthe present log handling facilities in the\nRivers Inlet estuary limit the volume of timber which can be extracted from the Owikeno Lake watershed.\nSalmon enhancement projects are being considered for the Atnarko and Wannock Rivers.\nWildlife Resource \u2014 Logging has a significant influence on the wildlife resource. It\nchanges the environment, variations in the\nabundance, distribution and species composition of the animal  community.\nOnly the grizzly bear, mountain caribou and\nmountain goat were selected by the Fish\nand Wildlife Branch for protection from the\nimpact of logging. Most other species will\nnot be endangered, or will be afforded protection by the same measures taken to ensure the well-being of anadromous fish and\nmammalian   species   mentioned   above.\nThe Chilko P.S.Y.U. contains large areas\nwith good capability for producing ungulates. The requirements of these animals\nmust be considered on a site-specific basis,\nby species, when plans are developed for the\narea.\nRecreation Resource \u2014 The Parks Branch\nidentified areas of prime potential for recreational boating and were concerned that\nall safe anchorages not become occupied by\nlog rafts. Another area of interest was the\nwest side  of  the  Talchako  River.\nIn the Chilko P.S.Y.U. the recreation potential was identified and should be given\nprimary consideration in land use plans by\nall government agencies.\nForest Resource \u2014 A deferment in the allowable annual cut was made for all low site\nlands. In the Dean and Rivers Inlet\nP.S.Y.U.'s an additional deferment in cut\nwas made for environmentally sensitive sites\nand marginal stands. The Forest Service\ndesignated the Chilcotin Block of the Chilko\nP.S.Y.U. as a no-logging unit where all logging is deferred until an integrated use plan\nis prepared.\nIn the Dean and Rivers Inlet P.S.Y.U.'s the\ndeferment in cut for low site, environmentally sensitive sites and marginal stands was\nmade because:\n\u2014 The majority of the poor sites which have\nstands older than 251 years and less than\n95 feet in height are located on steep\nterrain on shallow soil over bedrock. Erosion problems could be created if conventional  harvesting   practices   are   used.\n\u2014 Difficult soil conditions and the decadent\ncondition of poor and low site stands\nwould result in silvicultural problems if\nconventional logging practices were used.\n\u2014 Low and poor sites are dominated by low\ngrade cedar which has a market value\ninsufficient to offset the high development cost.\n\u2014 Past and current harvesting has not occurred on marginal sites. An annual allowable cut which includes these sites\nwill result in an overcut on the good and\nmedium sites.\nThe following table shows the allowable\nannual cut (all types, all sites, all access)\nand reflects the deferment in cut for low\nsites, environmentally sensitive sites and\nmarginal forest stands.\n Allowable\nDeferment\nDeferment For\nAnnual Cut\nFor Low\nEnvironmentally\n6\" Top D.I.B.\nSite Forest\nSensitive Sites &\nReduced\nCcf.\nTypes\nMarginal Stands\nAAC\nUnit Name\n(100 cubic feet)\nCcf.\nCcf.\nCcf.\nDean P.S.Y.U.\n519,480\n2,400\n113,758\n403,322\nRivers Inlet  P.S.Y.U.   575,130\n103,210\n42,000\n429,920\nChilko P.S.Y.U.\n484,000\n163,810\n66,860\n253,330\n After deferments, the Crown productive forest land was reduced by 280,716 acres, or\n29%, for the Dean P.S.Y.U.; and 427,914\nacres, or 47% for the Rivers Inlet P.S.Y.U.\nIn the Chilko P.S.Y.U. the deferment in acreage for the low site forest types and the Chilcotin no-logging subunit was 1,076,942\nacres, or 34%, of the total acres of Crown\nproductive forest land.\nAlthough the net allowable annual cut for\nthe Dean P.S.Y.U. is 403,322 Ccf., the Rivers Inlet 429,920 Ccf. and the Chilko 253,330\nCcf., constraints exist which could preclude\nfull realisation of the potential allowable\nannual cuts. These constraints are:\nExisting technology \u2014 At present the majority of operations have occurred on the\naccessible sites in the large river valleys.\nAs these valleys are rapidly being cut on\nthe first pass, future operations will have\nto move into the more rugged terrain on\nthe higher side slopes, smaller valleys,\nand upper reaches of the watersheds\nwhere road access and current harvesting techniques are too costly or environmentally unacceptable.\nOperations must become highly mobile\nand innovative. Logging systems, such as\nskyline yarding, aerial tramways, and balloon or helicopter logging will have to\nbe developed or a large portion of the\nland on which the A.A.C. is based will\nnot be  available  for  harvesting.\nPhysiography and climate \u2014 the rugged\ntopography of the coast fragments logging operations and hinders transportation and acts as a barrier to the transport of logs to the coast from the Interior Plateau. Heavy rainfall and snowfall on the west side of the Coast\nMountains shorten the operating season\nwhile the rainshadow on the east side\ninhibits the growth of commercial forests.\nThe steep terrain and heavy rains also\ncombine to create a sensitive hydrologic\nregime that must be intensively managed\nto prevent high peak stream flows, sedimentation and mass wasting.\nWatershed management and protection\nof   fish   and   wildlife   \u2014   The   needs   for\nmanagement and the requirements to protect fish and wildlife restricts the rate at\nwhich forest development can proceed in\nany one watershed. Because of the restrictions in rate of cut in watersheds,\noperations must be simultaneous on many\nfronts if the sum of the cuts from individual operations is to total the net allowable\ncuts.\nConclusions \u2014 The study provides a data\nbase for on-going planning. Large scale\nindustrial developments in the region will\nbe severely constrained by the lack of a\nlabour supply and adequate intra-regional\ntransportation infrastructure. To expand\nthe regional economy it is essential to\nupgrade Highway 20. Because of its position in the transportation network, Bella\nCoola is a logical regional center and\ndevelopment there would have an impact\non the whole region. Bella Bella is another   possible   growth    center.\nThe forest resources of the region are considered to be suitable for the manufacture of lumber and pulp. Based on the\nnext allowable annual cuts it is indicated\nthere is a significant potential for further\ndevelopment of the forest industry. However, economical, biophysical and technological constraints must be overcome before the full potential of the allowable\nannual cuts can be realised. Local communities will benefit from increased logging and sawmilling. However, if the forest resource is to be used to support a\nnew pulpmill, careful consideration\nshould be given to the location of the\nmill and the new pulping technologies\nbeing developed which can comply with\npollution standards. To maximize the benefits to the people of the province, it\nmay be advantageous to locate near labour supplies, markets or other plants\nrather than near the wood supply.\n   ilk, \"\u25a0$*   ^**\"*v4-\n 34\nSince the Crown controls 93 percent of\nthe productive forest land in British Columbia, the Forest Service has an overiding\nresponsibility to see that adequate supplies\nof quality seed are maintained. With the\nrecent expansion in artificial regeneration\nmainly by planting, this need has become\ncritical. To meet this need a seed production\nsection has been set up in the Reforestation\nDivision with the following objectives:\n1. to ensure procurement of sufficient seed\nfrom natural stands and to provide technical guidance and training assistance\nto enable improvement on the overall\nquality   of   seed   from   natural   stands,\n2. to process, test, register, store, and maintain an inventory of all seed and prepare\nfor use in nurseries, direct seeding, and\nother purposes,\n3. to establish first phase seed production\norchards either by grafting of scions or\nuse of seedlings from selected high quality parent trees to produce regular supplies of seed with high germinative vigour\nand    wide    adaptability,\n4. to review, integrate and control, and provide technical guidance to company programs which are on an approved forestry\ncosts basis,\n5. to establish second-phase seed orchards\nfrom progeny tested breeds of proven\nsuperior genetic quality produced by the\ntree improvement program of the Research Division.\nObjectives 3 and 5 are designed to progressively \u2014 over the next 20 to 40 years \u2014\nreduce dependence on chance collections\nfrom wild stands.\nIn the interim period seed requirements will\nbe met by upgrading collections from natural stands by selecting and improving\nthese stands, by seed production areas and\nby existing Forest Service and company seed\norchards. To date 30 S.P.A.'s have been established throughout the province on 134\nacres. In addition forest companies on the\ncoast have established an additional 24\nS.P.A.'s on another 134 acres.\nSeed production areas are generally portions\nof naturally established young stands with a\nhigh proportion of well formed trees. By\nremoving the more poorly formed trees,\nopening up the spacing to provide better\nair ventilation and more sunlight and by\nfertilization and other techniques enhanced\nseed production is expected. Some areas\nhave responded well to such treatment while\nothers have not.\nApproximately 2,000 \"plus\" or parent trees\nhave already been selected in the natural\nforests of British Columbia. These selections\nhave been made in coastal Douglas fir, western hemlock, Sitka spruce and in the interior\nspruce, lodgepole pine and Douglas fir.\nThe selection of these trees was made by\nforesters from companies, the University of\nBritish Columbia, the Research Division and\nthe Reforestation Division working both under the auspices of the Tree Improvement\nBoard in Plus Tree Weeks and individually.\n\"Plus\" trees are those selected as the one\nor two best growth-wise and form-wise in a\nforest stand which has been completely examined. Parent trees are those believed to\nbe the best in a portion of a  stand.\nThe Reforestation Division is charged with\nmaintaining a register of all \"plus\" trees\nand parent trees selected in the Province.\nInformation from this register will be used\nnot only in the establishment of seed production orchards, but also in the Research\nDivision program of developing superior\nbreeds. Scions from selected trees are grafted into clone banks for preservation and\nseed  collected   from   them   goes   into   cold\n storage where it may maintain its vigour for\n20 years or more.\nA number of seed orchards have already\nbeen established. The Reforestation Division\nhas established three Coastal Douglas fir\norchards at Campbell River and Duncan and\na lodgepole pine orchard near Prince\nGeorge. In addition several forest industrial\ncompanies have established seed orchards\nin coastal Douglas fir, western hemlock and\nSitka spruce occupying an area of 80 acres.\nOne of the main purposes of the seed production section is to avoid duplication of\neffort by Forest Service and company foresters. To this end a review is currently\nunder way to predict long term seed requirements, to establish priorities for seed\nproduction orchards and breeding programs\nfor the major species in  British  Columbia.\nConsiderable planning is necessary to establish a program of seed production orchards\nwhich will match the seed requirements\nof the reforestation program. At present,\nno information is available to indicate the\nlocation and elevation of areas to be cut-\nover and which will require reforestation\n20 to 40 years hence. Considerable informed\nguesswork is required.\nTo achieve its objectives the seed production section has three subsections operating\nunder the forester-in-charge. One of these\nis located at the Koksilah Nursery at Duncan; another is located at the Red Rock\nNursery and Research Centre near Prince\nGeorge; and a third section operates from\nthe Skimikin Nursery near Salmon Arm to\nserve the southern interior.\nTo achieve this objective considerable support will be necessary from the various\nRanger staffs, the forest districts and forester in industry throughout the province.\nStaff and facilities of the seed production\nsection will be attached to nurseries which\nwill enable joint use of facilities, equipment\nand direct consultation on matters of propagation, development and establishment of\norchards. Some orchards will be located\nadjacent to nurseries, others will be located\nin clusters close to a nursery which will\nserve as a headquarters for administrative\n35\nand maintenance purposes.\nConsiderable land reconnaissance has been\ndone to obtain land suitable for seed orchard sites. One 30-acre site has been secured in the Saanich peninsula (near Victoria) which is a desirable location because\nof the regular cone crops. This site will be\nused to establish a seedling of half-syb.\norchard to produce high elevation Douglas\nfir seed for the Harrison-Lillooet Lake region. The orchard will be planted in the\nspring of 1975.\nA 20-acre site adjacent to the Skimikin\nnursery near Salmon Arm has been cleared\nand fenced and planting of grafted interior\nspruce material will commence in 1976. This\norchard will provide spruce seed for the\ninterior   plateau   (Stuart   Lake   area).\nPlans for 1976 call for commencement of\nparent tree selection for an orchard to provide spruce seed for the Smithers-Babine\nregion and another to provide spruce seed\nfor the southern interior. It is hoped to\nestablish three orchards a year.\nIn an effort to try and stimulate flowering,\norchards are generally located in areas with\na warmer sunnier climate than the region\nwhere the parent trees were selected. To\nprevent contamination of the orchard by\nlocal pollen, it is necessary to delay flowering of the orchard by cooling with intermittent overhead irrigation. This requires\nconsiderable water and makes the location\nof  suitable  orchard   sites   more   difficult.\nWhile considerable expense is involved in\nthe establishment of these seed production\norchards it is warranted by the value to the\neconomy of an assured supply of high quality seed. And as the tested breed of known\ngenetic gain produced by the Research Division's tree improvement program begins to\nbe available in 20 to 40 years to replace\nthe seed production orchards, the required\nsites and facilities will be available and\nthe seed production potential of various regions and sites for various species will\nbe known.\n  37\nSo long as old decadent timber stands are\nbeing logged, it is necessary to reduce the\naccumulation of logging waste and debris.\nAt this stage, just about everything usable\nis being removed but in some areas the\nslash is too heavy to leave \"as is\" because\nof the fire hazard created and the difficulty\nfor replanting. Actually about one-third of\nthe   logged   areas   fall   into   this   category.\nMother Nature puts nutrients back into the\nsoil by the use of fire and the normal decomposition which is, in reality, an extremely slow process of allowing oxygen to decompose the residual wood. This rotting is\nactually a slow burning process.\nBy using proper burning procedures in certain logged areas, the ground can be quickly\nbrought back to grow a clean young stand\nof healthy trees relatively safe from a wildfire.\nSatisfactory burning cannot be done when\nthe debris and the weather is wet. Spring\nburning has been found to be far too risky.\nLate summer and the fall permit the best\nresults. Even at this period, timing is important. If the debris is too dry, the burn is too\nhot and soil or other damage occurs. On the\nother hand, if the debris is too wet, there is\nlittle beneficial effect and a subsequent wildfire is likely to destroy all the new\ntrees, many of which are planted by hand.\nThis means slash burns should be started\non clear sunny days and the nuisance of\nsmoke is present.\nWildfires continue to start. In excess of 2,000\noccur each year. More than one-third of them\nare started by lightning and the rest are\nstarted by people. Fast initial attack using\nfire suppression crews with air tankers and\nhelicopters, has reduced the extent of most\nof the wildfires so that little such smoke\npersists   to   obscure   the   summer   scenery.\nSlash fires lend themselves to control as to\nwhen they are started. This allows the privilege of restricting the number of fires in any\none locality. Some slash areas have a much\nheavier amount of slash than others. This is\nconsidered. The topography is a big factor\nwhen burning slash and the chance of the\nright kind of weather continuing is very\nimportant.\nThe main factor is the presence of an upper\nwind for scattering the slash smoke at a\nrelatively high altitude. A good slash burn\nproduces a fast-rising column of smoke. The\ntechnique employs the principle of a very\nfast light-up so the air is drawn to the centre\nand rises due to the higher temperature.\nIncidentally, slash smoke is mainly water\nvapour with a small percentage of fine wood\nfly ash.\nThe key to this quick evacuation of the\nsmoke is the altitude of the upper air flow.\nIt must be present and it must be at an\naltitude that the column of smoke can reach\nbefore slowing down to allow it to drift\naimlessly for several days.\nSpecial equipment and trained observers are\nused by the Atmospheric Environmental Service. These weather prediction crews are an\nimportant part of the program. Other weather predictors are needed to furnish a reliable\nweather forecast for the ground level situation.\nGood results of smoke management have\nbeen obtained for the Greater Vancouver\narea where most of the residents of the province live. This area often develops an undesirable air situation from the automobile and\nindustry in the area. To add wood smoke may\nnot increase the hazard but it certainly\nmakes the situation far more noticeable. The\nprinciples of smoke management have been\nused for the areas that could produce smoke\non the Vancouver area for the past two\nyears. The result has been that very little\nslash smoke was visible during the summer\nand fall.\nA start has been made on the Terrace-\nKitimat area and the North Okanagan. The\nprogram is being actively pursued with the\nidea of having it apply to all areas where\nit is necessary.\n Forest Range Seeding\n 39\nIn the more open timber stands found in\nthe interior drybelt, nature has provided\na ground cover of forage plants used by\nboth domestic stock and wildlife. More than\n80 percent of the range used by cattle in\nBritish Columbia is forest range. It is essential this multi-use forest land be managed\nfor the production of meat as well as wood,\nrecreation, clean water, and the maintenance of a desirable environment. The responsibility for such management rests with\nthe Forest Service.\nOur native forest range plans provide good\nforage. However, through plant selection\nand breeding, varieties of grasses and legumes have been developed which are higher producing, more nutritious and better\nable to withstand grazing by cattle. The\nseeding of such grasses and legumes can be\na valuable adjunct to good range management to improve forage production for both\nlivestock and wildlife. Seeding can also help\nprotect or repair the forest environment\nwhere it has been disturbed by industrial\nactivity or natural disasters such as wildfire. On the other hand, seeding has limitations and even creates problems under\ncertain circumstances. There are many factors the forest land manager must consider\nin  making   the   best   use   of   this   tool.\nFirst, even the best adapted grasses and\nlegumes for which seed can be obtained\nhave special requirements for their establishment and survival. They need a suitable\nseed-bed and reasonable amount of light.\nThe undisturbed forest which cannot be cultivated and casts deep shades presents little\nopportunity for forage improvement through\nseeding. Here we must rely on the shade-\ntolerant plants, which have developed in\nthis environment, and manage grazing to\nensure they are not destroyed and maintain both their forage producing and soil\nprotection roles.\nThe opportunity and need for seeding normally arises as a result of man's other activities in the forest such as logging, power-\nline and road construction, and similar\noperations. These activities result in the tree\ncover being removed or thinned and much\nbare soil being exposed. Wildfires often burn\n'\u2022 -;\".\n 40\nso intensely that both the overstory and the\nground cover of native plants is completely\ndestroyed.\nOccasionally, openings in the forest are deliberately created to improve conditions for\nboth cattle and wildlife. These are the sites\non which seed will germinate and introduced\ngrasses and legumes will survive for many\nyears. Thousands of acres of such sites are\nseeded by the Forest Service each year. In\n1974 approximately 98,000 pounds of grass\nand clover seed was used for this purpose.\nLost grazing values are not only restored but\nimproved \u2014 an obvious benefit to livestock\nand many kinds  of  wildlife.\nSeeding has many other benefits. When\nground is stripped of vegetation and left\nbare, valuable soil may be washed away\nleaving an ugly barren site and silted\nstreams. The seeding of fast-growing grasses can quickly bind the soil and prevent\nor greatly   reduce   this   serious  loss.\nBare ground is also an open invitation for\nweeds and other undesirable plants to become established. Many of our noxious weed\nproblems today are the result of carelessly\nleft bare ground. A sturdy growth of grass\nand clover gives weeds little chance to\ninvade the site.\nTrees and other plants draw mineral nutrients from the soil. As these plants die and rot\non the ground these nutrients are slowly released into the soil and taken up by growing plants. This is nature's way of \"recycling\" and conserving valuable plant food.\nHowever, many of the nutrients found in\nplants are converted to soluble compounds\nwhen burned and are scattered as ash. In\nthis form nutrients are readily washed away\nor leached out of the soil. Nature usually\nprovides some quick-growing plants in an\neffort to recapture these nutrients and hold\nthem in the cycle. But when a forest burns,\nvast quantities of nutrients are released and\nnature may need help. Seeded grasses and\nlegumes \u2014 clovers and the like \u2014 can provide this assistance.\nIn addition to their roles of erosion control\nand preventing weed invasion and nutrient\nloss, grasses and legumes are great builders of soil fertility. Their extensive root systems build up organic matter in the soil.\nThe legumes are among the few plants which\ncan capture free nitrogen from the air and\nconvert this essential nutrient to a form\nwhich they and other plants can use. They\nare natural fertilizer factories.\nIn spite of these advantages, not all burned\nor logged forest land is seeded. In some\ncases there are enough good native plants\nleft to quickly reproduce and restore lost\ngrazing values and protect the soil. In this\nsituation the native plants would prevent the\nintroduced grasses from becoming established and seeding would be a costly waste.\nGrasses and legumes compete with other\nplants for space, water, nutrients and light.\nThe degree to which grasses will compete\nsuccessfully with other plants varies widely\naccording to a variety of complex factors\nincluding the nature of the associated plants.\nFortunately, on most forest range sites competition by properly selected and seeded\ngrasses does not unduly impede tree regeneration or growth and the increased forage\nproduction and soil improvement more than\ncompensates for any slowdown in early tree\ngrowth.\nHowever, on some sites \u2014 particularly at\nhigher elevations \u2014 seeding of grass remains\na controversial issue. Here, tree regeneration\nis difficult anyway and when it does become\nestablished it will soon crowd out the grasses. On the other hand, grass grows so luxuriantly on these sites that some fear it will\nunduly delay tree regeneration. The Forest\nService, in co-operation with other agencies,\nis carrying out research to determine the\nadvantages of seeding on such sites without\nundue  adverse  effect  on   tree  production.\n 41\nGRAZING PERMITS ISSUED,\n1974\nForest District\nNumber\nof Permits\nIssued\nNumb\nCattle\ner of Stock Permitted\nHorses       Sheep\nAUM's*\nuse of\nCrown Range\nKamloops\n584\n77,920\n509\n850\n320,110\nNelson\n358\n19,216\n719\n12\n81,706\nPrince George\n390\n16,161\n1,835\n918\n57,793\nCariboo\n657\n69,634\n2,483\n37\n349,013\nVancouver\n11\n225\n\u2014\n4\n616\nTotals, 1974\n2,000\n183,156\n5,546\n1,821\n809,238\nTotals, 1973\n1,920\n177,785\n5,748\n1,616\n783,677\nTotals, 1972\n1,968\n174,617\n6,166\n1,432\n787,589\nTotals, 1971\n1,920\n178,772\n6,186\n1,484\n829,337\nTotals, 1970\n1,985\n178,332\n5,651\n2,739\n822,442\nTotals, 1969\n2,018\n180,579\n5,545\n5,106\n837,405\nTotals, 1968\n2,053\n188,183\n6,338\n7,090\n857,219\nTotals, 1967\n2,114\n188,126\n6,837\n6,272\n866,539\nTotals, 1966\n2,244\n189,286\n6,572\n8,970\nTotals, 1965\n2,218\n188,339\n6,677\n12,509\n* A.U.M. (Animal Unit Month) is the equivalent of one mature cow for one month.\nFigures not available prior to 1967.\n  APPENDIX\nTABULATED DETAILED STATEMENTS TO SUPPLEMENT\nTHE REPORT OF THE FOREST SERVICE, 1974\n REPORT OF THE FOREST SERVICE, 1974\nCONTENTS\nTable Page\nNo.\n1. Unit   Standard Inventory, 1974 Field Work          46\n2. Production of Final Forest Cover Maps for\n1973 Projects     46\n3. Status of Research Projects in 1974    :  47\n4. Research Publications  47\n5. Summary of Planting, 1965\u201474     49\n6. Planting by Forest District     50\n7. Summary of Basic Data for Tree-farm Licences\n(Private Sustained-yield Units)      51\n8. Summary of Basic Data for Certified Tree-farms\n(Private Sustained-yield Units Over\nCrown-granted Lands)         51\n9. Summary of Basic Data for Farm Wood-lot Licences\n(Private Sustained-yield Units)       51\n10. Summary of Basic Data for Public\nSustained-yield Units          52\n11. Total Amout of Timber Scaled in British Columbia,\n1973 and 1974 (in Cunits)    54\n12. Species Cut, All Products (in Cunits)    54\n13. Total Scale of All Products Billed in 1974 (in Cunits)\n(Segregated by Land Status and Forest Districts)     55\n13a. Acreage Logged 1974        55\n14. Number of Acres Operating Under Approved Annual\nAllowable Cuts, 1965\u201474       56\n15. Total Scale of All Products From Areas Operated\nUnder Approved Annual Allowable Cuts, 1965\u201474 ....      57\n16. Logging Inspections, 1974       58\n17. Trespasses, 1974          59\n18. Areas Cruised for Timber Sales and Timber Sale\nHarvesting Licence Cutting Permits, 1974          60\n19. Timber Sales and Cutting Permits (Timber Sale\nHarvesting Licences) Awarded by Forest Districts          61\n20. Average Stumpage Prices by Species and Forest\nDistricts on Cutting Permits of Timber Sale Harvesting\nLicences and Timber Sales Issued (per\nCunit Log Scale)         62\n21. Average Stumpage Prices Received by Species and\nForest Districts on Timber Scaled From Tree-farm\nLicence Cutting Permits      63\n Table\nNo.\n22.\n23.\n24.\n25.\n26.\n27.\n28.\n29.\n30.\n31.\n32.\n33.\n34.\n35.\n36.\n37.\n38.\n39.\n40.\n41.\n42.\n43.\n44.\n45.\n46.\n47.\n48.\n49.\n50.\nREPORT OF LANDS, FORESTS, AND WATER RESOURCES\nTimber Cut and Billed From Timber Sales and Timber\nSale Harvesting Licences  \t\nPage\n64\n65\n66\n66\n67\n67\n67\n68\n68\n68\n69\n70\n70\n71\n72\n72\n73\n74\n74\n74\n75\n76\n77\n77\n78\n78\n78\n79\n79\nWood-processing Plants of the Province   \t\nExports From the Province of Minor Forest Products   ..\nTimber Marks Issued, 1965\u201474   \t\nNumber of Weigh-scales by District . . . .\u2022\t\nGrazing Permits Issued, 1974\t\nFire Occurrences by Months, 1974  \t\nNumber and Causes of Forest Fires, 1974\t\nNumber and Causes of Forest Fires for the Last\n10 Years\t\nFires Classified by Size and Timber Loss, 1974   \t\nLoss of Property Other Than Forest, 1974  \t\nLoss to Forest Cover Caused by Forest Fires,\n1974 \u2014 Part I  \t\nLoss to Forest Cover Caused by Forest Fires,\n1974 \u2014 Part II   \t\nFire Causes, Area Burned, Forest Service Cost, and\nTotal Loss, 1974\t\nComparison of Loss Caused by Forest Fires in\nLast 10 Years   \t\nFires Caused by Forest District, and Cost of\nFire-fighting   \t\nSuspension of Campfires\t\nForest Revenue, 1970\u201474\t\nAmounts Charged Against Logging Operations, 1974 . .\nAmounts Charged Against Logging Operations,\nFiscal Year 1973\/74  \t\nForest Revenue, Fiscal Year 1973\/74   \t\nForest Service Expenditures, Fiscal Year 1973\/74   \t\nScaling Fund  \t\nGrazing Range Improvement Fund\t\nReservoir Waterway Improvements  \t\nAccelerated Reforestation Fund\t\nDistribution of Personnel, 1974\t\n 46\n(l)\nUNIT STANDARD INVENTORY\n1974 FIELD WORK\nPublic Sustained-yield Unit\nMaps\nClassified\nNumber of Samples\nMature      Immature\nTotal\nEstimated\nAcreage\nBabine   127 205 56 2,096,635\nCanoe   76 266 57 936,194\nDewdney   92 120 230 1,969.929\nKingcome (Cape Scott, Seymour)   62 118 793,223\nNarcosli   106 144 166 2,064,112\nRobson    73 169 168 1,400,360\nSalmo   41 71 320 867,813\nWindermere    52 145 209 1,070,323\nTotals   629 1,238 1,213 11,198,589\nm\nPRODUCTION OF FINAL FOREST COVER MAPS FOR 1974 PROJECTS\nPublic Sustained-yield Unit\nNumber\nof Maps\nForest and Nonforest Area in Acres\nCrown\nAlienated\nTotal\nVolume in\nCunits for\nMature\nCrown Area\n(Close \"U\")\nBell-Irving   28 1,580,988 15,657 1,596,645 1,981,506\nBoundary (Proposed, S '\/)*   49 3,038,153 3,038,153 1,493,936\nCarp*    76 1,517,024 6,120 1,523,144 2,269,965\nCreston*   36 748,369 31,100 779,469 522,270\nCrooked River*   45 673,269 2,393 675,662 1,229,261\nFernie*   81 1,399,920 138,941 1,538,861 1,021,938\nKechika (Proposed)   106 7,067,683 6,637 7,074,320 1,950,578\nl.iard (Proposed, W '\/;)   62 3,742,166 3,742,166 2,307,046\nNehalliston   26 390,372 19,594 409,966 596,825\nWilliams Lake*    52 776,093 180,495 956,588 617,889\nTotals   561 20,934,037 400,937 21,334,974 13,991,214\n*Area and Volume Figures Based on Earlier Surveys\n 47\n(3)\nSTATUS OF RESEARCH PROJECTS IN 1974\nActive at beginning of year   127\nTerminated      13\nNew Projects      13\nActive at end of year   127\nSubject\nPrince\nRupert\nPrince\nGeorge\nLand classification \t\nTree breeding   5\nPlant ecology   5\nSilvicultural systems \t\nNatural regeneration    1\nChoice and trial of species   10\nNursery practice   24\nDirect seeding   I\nPlanting   4\nSpacing   4\nForest fertilization   1\nTending of stands   10\nStatistics   2\nManagement: Economics  \t\nIntegrated Resource Management .... 5\nTotals   72\n17\n16\nKamloops\nNelson\nCariboo\n1\n-\n-\n1\n2\n\u2014\n1\n3\n1\n1\n1\n.2\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n2\n1\n-\n9\n10\n3\n(4)\nRESEARCH PUBLICATIONS\nClark, M.B. (1974): Effects of Cutting Method, Slash-Disposal Treatment, Seedbed Preparation, and Cone Habit on Natural Regeneration of Lodgepole Pine, in the South\nCentral Interior of British Columbia. (E.P. 698) B.C. For. Serv. Res. Note. No. 67.\n16 p.\n\u2014 and A. McLean. (1974): Compatibility of Grass Seeding and Coniferous Regeneration on Clearcuts in the South Central Interior of British Columbia. (E.P. 590.3).\nB.C. For. Serv. Res. Note 63. 10 p.\nDykstra, G.F. (1974): Undercutting Depth may Affect Root-Regeneration of Lodgepole\nPine Seedlings. Tree Planters Notes 24(l):21-22.\n (1974): Effect of Lifting Date of Electrical Impedance, Survival and Root- Regeneration of Lodgepole Pine (Pinus contorta Doug.) Seedlings. (E.P. 717) B.C. For. Serv.\nRes. Note 60. 7 p.\n (1974): Drought Resistance of Lodgepole Pine Seedlings in Relation to Provenance\nand Tree Water Potential. (E.P. 718). B.C. For. Serv. Res. Note 62. 11 p.\n(1974): Photosynthesis and Carbon Dioxide Transfer Resistance of Lodgepole Pine\nSeedlings in Relation to Irradiance,  Temperature and Water Potential. (E.P. 719).\nCan. J. For. Res. 4:201-206.\n 48\n(\u25a0\u00bb RESEARCH PUBLICATIONS\nIllingworth, K. (1973): Lodgepole Pine Genetics, British Columbia 1971-1973. In Proc.\n14th Meeting, Can. Tree Impr. Assoc. Fredericton, N.B. 1973. 3 p.\n- (1973): Lodgepole Pine Research and Breeding in British Columbia. Paper given at\nsymposium on Management of Lodgepole Pine Ecosystems, Oct. 1973, Wash. State\nUniv., Pullman, Wash. 28 p.\nKarlsson, I. (1974): Root Cuttings of Yellow Cedar (Chamacyparis nootkatensis D. Don.)\n(E.P. 750). B.C. For. Serv. Res. Note 66. 4 p.\n and M. Kovats. (1974): Effects of Rooting Medium, Container size, cover and\nplanting time on Container-Grown Douglas Fir Seedlings (E.P. 612) B.C. For. Serv.\nRes. Note 69.\nKeser, N., V. Parsons, J.R. Murphy, and D.J. St. Pierre. (1974). Soils of Prince George\nForest District. A compendium. B.C. For. Seiv. Res. Note. 58. 310 p.\nOrr-Ewing, A.L. (1974): The Incidence of Dwarfing in Inbred Douglas Fir. (E.P. 513).\nB.C. For. Serv. Res. Note 64. 26 p.\n\u2014 (1974): GoodSeedDoes Not Cost, It Pays. B.C. For. Serv. Forestalk 2(1):17-19.\nOwens, J.N. (1974): Cone Initiation and Development Before Dormancy in Yellow Cedar\n(Chamaecyparis nootkatensis D. Don.) Spach.) Can. Jour, of Botany Vol 52. (9)\n2075-2084.\n\u2014and M. Molder. (1974): Yellow Cedar Cone Production (E.P. 730) B.C. For.'.\nServ. Res. Note 68.\nSchmidt, K.L. (1974): A Provenance Test of Coastal Douglas Fir in British Columbia.\nPreliminary Results at Six Years. Paper given at meeting of the Pacific Northwest\nTree Grower's Assoc. Victoria, B.C. April, 1974. 10 p.\nSmith, J.H.G. and M.B. Clark. (1974): Results of Methods of Cutting and Related Studies\nInitiated in Engelmann Spruce-Subalpine Fir Forests near Bolean Lake, B.C. in\n1950. (E.P. 371). Faculty of Forestry, Univ. of B.C. 61 p.\nThompson, C.F. (1974): Tenth Year Remeasurements of Planting Trials with Ponderosa\nPine. (E.P.'s 552, 572 and 597). B.C. For. Serv. Res. Note 65. 13 p.\n (1974): Regeneration Problems at High Elevations in the Nelson Forest District, B. C.\nFor. Serv. Reforestation Notes Vol. No. 2 14 p.\nUtzig, G. and L. Herring. (1974): Factors Significant to High Elevation Forest Management. (E.P. 735). B.C. For. Serv. Report. 69 p.\nvan den Driessche, R. and M.B. Balderston. (1974): Trials with Selective Herbicides\nin Forest Service Nurseries. (E.P. 693). B.C. For. Serv. Res. Note 61. 44 p.\nVyse, A.H. (1974): Report No. 2 on the Labour Productivity of Planting Operations in B.C.\nIn-Service report, B.C. For. Serv. Feb. 1974.\n and D.E. Ketcheson. (1974): The Cost of Raising and Planting Containerized\nTrees in Canada. Paper presented at the North American Containerized Forest Tree\nSeedling Symposium, Denver, Colorado. Aug. 26-29, 1974.\n and J.D. Rudd. (1974): Sowing Rules for Container Nurseries. Paper presented at\nthe North American Containerized Forest Tree Seedling Symposium, Denver, Colorado Aug. 26-29, 1974.\n and D.Wallinger. (1974): Report No. 3 Labour Productivity of Planting Opera\ntions in B.C. In-Service Report. B.C. For. Ser., July 1974.\nvan   den   Driessche,   R.   (1974):   Reciprocal   Grafting  between   Three   Spruce   Species.\nN.Z. J. For. Sci. 4 (2): 448-53.\nBrix, H. and R. van den Driessche, (1974): Mineral Nutrition of Container-Grown Tree\nSeedlings. Great Plains Agri. Council Pub. 68: 77-84.\n 49\nU\nZ\nH\nZ\n<\nc\nu.\no\nj>\nK\n<<\ns\ni\np\nCO\nEg1\nHS.\nB !> 8\ntfJ  CJJ  CU\np. 73\nE\u00ab\n0\nO\nHS\n.a J\n\u00a7E\nB\u00ab\nE\u00bbH\no\nU\n|i\nu c\n2 5\ns3\n1- o\nHS\nHi5\nS S\"1\nS\n<\n\u2022a \u00ab>\u00ab5\nfli!\nO n u\nB. 2,0\nII\nyU<\nhi5\n\u00a9 \u2014 C^-intOO1)\u00a9)\u2014'\u00a9\u00a9OJ \u00a9\n\u00a9OJ\u00a9\u00a9tO\u00a9r~-GO \u2014 \u2014jiO o\nr~- to \u00a9 \u2014 ift -h if r^ -rr co >n \u20141\nco* co ^n to\" cc\" > rT \u00a9\" of in f\" o^ ^-~\n(Or-i> X 'X 'f) if; f t ^ - \u2014\nCO OI\nO-OC-I \u2014 IMWcOi>.i>'0 OI\nOi\u2014^ ir! r\u2014i \u2014 ed \u2014 \u00a9' if! 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O       i-*       Z       H\n SUMMARY OF BASIC DATA FOR TREE-FARM LICENCES (PRIVATE\nO) SUSTAINED-YIELD UNITS)\n51\nForest District\nNumber\nof\nTree-farm\nLicences\nProductive Area (Acres)\nSchedule\nB\nSchedule\nA\nTotal\nTotal\nArea\n(Acres)\nAllowable\nCut\n(Cunits)\nVancouver   171\nPrince Rupert   61\nPrince George   1\nCariboo    1\nKamloops   7\nNelson    5\nGrand Totals  34\n2,983,521\n3,541,531\n390,933\n80,643\n730,843\n1,389,164\n1,145,359\n204,556\n1,733\n671\n1,846\n38,730\n4,128,880   6,821,566   4,629,053\n3,746,087\n392,666\n81,314\n732,689\n1,427,894\n11,046,746\n447,946\n85,046\n781,645\n3,344,843\n1,778,100\n149,000\n44,000\n260,505\n566,350\n9,116,635   1,392,895  10,509,530  22,527,792   7,427,008\n1 Three tree-farm licences located in both districts.\nSchedule \"B\" is vacant Crown land.\nSchedule \"A\" is land for which the Tree-Farm Licence holder has cutting rights other than those conveyed by\nthe Tree-Farm Licence Agreement. This may include lands held in fee simple or temporary tenures; e.g., Timber\nleases, licences and berths. Following removal of the mature timber, lands held under temporary tenure are\ntransferred to Schedule \"B\".\nSUMMARY OF BASIC DATA FOR CERTIFIED TREE-FARMS  (PRIVATE\n<\u00ab) SUSTAINED-YIELD UNITS OVER CROWN-GRANTED LANDS) 1974\nWithin Tree-farm Licences\nForest District\nNumber\nof\nTree-\nfarms\nProductive Area (Acres)\nMature\nImmature\nN.S.R.\nand\nN.C.C.\nTotal\nTotal\nArea\n(Acres)\nEstimated\nProductive\nCapacity\n(Cunits)\nVancouver    14\nPrince George   1\nNelson    2\nTotal   17\n59,665 227,616\n33 1,033\n530 4,719\n60,228 233,368\n37,664\n155\n4,358\n42,177\n324,945\n1,221\n9,607\n335,773\n364,070 329,977\n1,280 458\n10,158 4,312\n375,508 334,747\nNot Included Within Tree-farm Licences\nVancouver  ....\nNelson \t\nTotal \t\nGrand Totals\n22\n10\n97.868\n108,752\n305,001\n212,191\n39,164\n96,527\n442,033\n417,470\n480,750\n486,903\n425,582\n84,489\n(339,596)\n32\n206,620\n517,192\n135,691\n859,503\n967,653\n510,071\n(339,596)\n49\n266,848\n750,560\n177,868\n1,195,276\n1,343,161\n844,818\n(339,596)\nFigures in parentheses ( ) are Christmas trees\nSUMMARY OF BASIC DATA FOR FARM WOOD-LOT LICENCES\n(9) (PRIVATE SUSTAINED-YIELD UNITS) 1974\nForest District\nNumber\nProductive Area (Acres)\nTotal\nArea\n(Acres)\nAllowable\nof Farm\nAnnual\nWood-lot\nCut\nLicences\nCrown\nPrivate\nTotal\n(Cunits)\n12\n1,860              220         2,080\n2,887\n851\n4\n1,274              147          1,421\n2,436\n284\n4\n997                                997\n1,032\n400\n10\n2,690              337         3,027\n3,586\n716\n3\n691                96            787\n859\n223\n4\n1,359              617          1,976\n2,071\n267\n37\n8,871\n1,417\n10,288\n12,871\n2,741\nVancouver \t\nPr. Rupert  ....\nPr. 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O\u00a9 \u00a9 O\u00a9 O\u00a9 <C2 \u00a9\nr oo Tt \u2014 \u00a9 Tt so cn in [^ so \u00a9 \u2014 ro \u2014 ro \u2014 p- r-\ni^TtcNcncc \u2014 asror^cN\u00a9rocNroincNONsoin fi^\nro\" ON no\" cn\" P-\" Tt\" vo\" \u2014 ro\" CN \u00a9' ro\" Tt\" r-\" CC ro\" \u00a9\" \u2014' \u2014' rs\nNOTtONoosocNCNON\u00a9cccNinTtr^in\u00a9Ttr^ro >n\nTt \u00a9 r- ro^ Tt \u00a9^ ro \u2014 r-w CN Tt CN \u00a9^sO^CN CO \u00a9 ro Tt rH\nt Tt\" \u2014 ro oo\" so\" ro\" \u00a9\" ro' so\" CN r-' \u2014 CN Tt so' r-\" fN\nOs\" ON Tt\" Tt \u2014 CO Oo\" so\" f\n\u00a9\u00a9\u00a9\u00a9\u00a9\u00a9\u00a9\u00a9\u00a9\u00a9\u00a9\u00a9\u00a9\u00a9\nfNro\u00a9inccr^oN\u00a9oP^inTtcNr~-\ncnror--\u00a9rorosoooin\u00a9inTtONCc\n\u00a9\" cn\" cn \u00a9\" on\" r-' cn\" ro\" o\" P* ro' ro' (N in\"\nr^r^cN' 'Oor^rorosooocNco \u2014\nO \u25a0> fN rn CN sD \u2014 in\u00a9ONONTtCN\u00a9\n\u2014,      \u2014 I--\n5 P    S\n^.\ncNONr^sooNrNNO \u2014 \u00a9q\nsDsOsOsOsOr^_-r-T^-sO\n\u00a9ONOs\u00a9Os\u00a9sO\u00a9\u00a9vT-\nooosr-orNo \u2014^oocnooor^T+r-rNrr-, ONOviin\nvO sO ^O  P*- sC r\u2014\u25a0 (^ sO sO r^ sO sC sO ^D sO sO ^D C\"^ sC\nON On \u00a9 Os \u00a9 \u00a9 ON ON CJs Os \u00a9 ON \u00a9 \u00a9 \u00a9 Os Os On On\ncNTtONr^-ror^rooNONp-CNr^cnvo\nsO sO in so sOsOsOsOsOsOsOsOsO.\u2014\nOnOOnONOsOsONOnONOnOnOnOnsO\nrt   ^   q\n\u201e \u00ab>!\no  oxj WJ g\n2 S S co\nss--_\n\u25a0- *- o J- H -i \u2014\nUUJZObS  -|\no.S   \u25a0\u25a0\u25a0Zt-\n:ocq \u00a7>rs3-\n;c:E\np\n: d ft\nrt rt e\nd\no\n*\u00a3 B\nc   rv <M    \u00b1i\n\\~0  <a  ca  rt-S'O re   rt u.y.^ OX rt^x:  5  O-rt\n!<<cofflpacDu^zzzzOa:75wi\/iw>'\nrt o . =\nu n O\nJ=   \u00a3   C   O\nJxi o J \u00bbj\no a t^ \u00ab'-\n,   i_ re oj oo\n\\f3E\nx 6\noj  JJT3\n2 o.'-c\na *\na,\n*!\n\u25a0cs\n^1\n 54\n(U)\nTOTAL AMOUNT OF TIMBER SCALE BILLED IN BRITISH COLUMBIA,\n1973 AND 1974 (IN CUNITS)\nVancouver  8,154,453.03 9,547,106.98 8,114,317.27 1,432,789.71\nPrince Rupert (C.)   1,527,211.33 2,009,909.98 1,730,047.20 279,862,.78\nTotals, Coast   9,681,664.36 11,557,016.96 9,844,364.47 1,712,652.49\nPrince Rupert (I.)   1,112,732.74 1,820,355.26 1,464.852.25 355,503.01\nPrinceGeorge'    3,285,187.44 4,010,602.51 3,886,380.18 124,222.33\nCariboo2   362,442.00 1,848,875.13 1,775,544.91 73,330.22\nKamloops'   2,593,483.31 2,957,948.08 2,216,576.88 741,371.20\nNelson   1,787,781.85 2,573,783.21 2,031,401.62 542,381.59\nTotals, Interior   9,141,627.34 13,211,564.19 11,374,755.84 1,836,808.35\nGrand Totals   18,823,291.70 24,768,581.15 21,219,120.31 3,549,460.84\n' Includes Cariboo District in previous years.\n2 Reported by Kamloops and Prince George Districts in previous years.\n(12)\nSPECIES CUT, ALL PRODUCTS  (IN CUNITS)\nForest District\nCedar\nSpruce\nLodgepole\nPine\nBalsam\nWhite\nPine\nVancouver   1,462,322.69 1,748,965.79    110,956.29        5,437.48 3,038,986.39 1,465,943.41 44,550.76\nPrince Rupert (C.)        34,366.11    304,155.68    305,191.25           908.58 830,055.16    197,716.09 129.18\nTotals, Coast     1,496,688.80 2,053,121.47    416,147.54        6,346.06 3,869,041.55 1,663.659.50 44,679.94\nPrince Rupert (Int.)                  .48      72,413.74    331,878.27    369,836.69 406,468.99    228,727.97 14,787.20\nPrinceGeorge        90,105.07      24,338.012,087,707.96 1,287,621.01 9,603.88    331,281.92 4.15\nCariboo      482,742.48      10,647.99    550,460.75    614,093.97 1,679.11     110,148.47\nKamloops      582,111.52    168,714.74    611,249.97    365,328.26 127,401.89    250,803.04 25,040.03\nNelson      220,697.53    283,580.52    528,151.75    331,876.52 290,604.43    220,168.44 35,614.57\nTotals, Interior  1,375,657.08    559,695.00 4,109,448.70 2,968,756.45 835,758.301,141,129.84 75,445.95\nGrant Totals  2,872,345.88 2,612,816.47 4,525,596.24 2,975,102.51 4,704,799.85 2,804,789.34 120,125.89\nForest District\nYellow\nPine\nCypress\nLarch\nHardwood\nCottonwood\nUnspecified\nTotal\nVancouver            205.34 176,245.21 23,804.34 26,785.63\nPrince Rupert (C.)                  .14 19,276.32 758.47 36,922.78\nTotals, Coast            205.48 195,521.53 \u2014      24,562.81 63,708.41\nPrince Rupert (Int.)   .54 7,174.99 33,561.77\nPrince George   .87      32,728.08 18,791.50\nCariboo            380.71 840.21 104.23\nKamloops   43,829.71 39.57 21,331.79        8,242.80 4,058.87\nNelson   10,044.77 97,802.17 184.10 4,021.89\nTotals, Interior    54,255.19 40.11 119,134.83      49,170.18 60,538.26\nGrand Totals   54,460.67 195,561.64 119,134.83      73,732.99 124,246.67\n10,113.94     8,114,317.27\n567.44      1,730,047.20\n10,681.38     9,844,364.47\n1.61\n4,197.73\n4,446.99\n8,424.69\n8,654.93\n25,725.95\n36,407.33\n1,464,852.25\n3,886,380.18\n1,775,544.91\n2,216,576.88\n2,031,401.62\n11,374,755.84\n21,219,120.31\n 55\nTOTAL SCALE OF ALL PRODUCTS BILLED IN 1974 (IN CUNITS) (SEGREGATED BY\n(13)\nLAND STATUS AND FOREST DISTRICTS)\nPrince\nPrince\nPrince\nGeorge\nLand Status\nVancouver\nRupert\nRupert\nCariboo\nKamloops\nNelson\nTotal\n(Coast)\n(Interior)\nTimber Licences ...\n1,783,625.95\n399,417.50\n_\n41,734.47\n__\n82,701.63\n26,035.58  2,333,515.13\nTimber Berths \t\n130,567.48\n\u2014\n\u2014\n\u2014\n\u2014\n90,742.94\n78,753.60     300,064.02\nTimber Leases \t\n213,537.68\n\u2014\n\u2014\n\u2014\n\u2014\n\u2014\n\u2014     213,537.68\nPulp Leases \t\n280,385.19\n50,521.94\n\u2014\n\u2014\n\u2014\n330,907.13\nPulp Licences \t\n36,413.03\n110,339.07\n\u2014\n\u2014\n\u2014\n\u2014\n146,752.10\nFarm Wood-Lots  .\n721.93\n\u2014\n302.66\n288.70\n246.10\n29.37\n79.55          1,668.31\nTimber Sales  \t\n470,787.58\n172,629.56\n240,923.48\n1,648.779.10\n608,401.10\n569,500.65\n373,676.79  4,084,698.26\nHarvesting\nLicences \t\n1,235,612.37\n297,909.98\n632,701.88\n1,518,495.07\n941,603.08\n891,686.05\n766,766.40  6,284,774.83\nTree-Farm\nLicences \t\n1,809,291.00\n501,786.96\n457,437.64\n143,484.25\n31,587.21\n256,296.13\n489,310.78  3,689,193.97\nBeachcomb,\nTrespass \t\n158,463.70\n24,320.53\n191.76\n\u2014\n\u2014\n\u2014\n182,975.99\nMiscellaneous \t\n8,763.65\n\u2014\n664.83\n299,972.93\n63,149.33\n35,595.70\n20,135.86     428,282.30\nSub-Totals,\nCrown Lands \t\n6,128,169.56\n1,556,925.54\n1,332,222.25\n3,652,754.52\n1,644,986.82\n1,926,552.47\n1,754,758.5617,996,369.72\nFederal Lands  \t\n41,959.85\n43,954.11\n985.66\n38,024.35\n900.95\n21,723.24\n2,395.81      149,943.97\nCrown Lands\nto 1887 \t\n1,509,250.73\n3,579.98\n303.68\n1,144.39\n68,183.43\n23,586.27   1,606,048.48\nCrown Lands\n1887-1906 \t\n85,982.73\n93,373.35\n924.74\n378.72\n11.650.85\n16,647.05\n94,523.46     303,480.90\nCrown Grants\n1906-1914 \t\n58,157.93\n13 997 88\n13 701 80\n21 614 88\n13 895 43\n57,018.26\n22,160.73     200,546.91\nCrown Grants\n290,796.47\n18,216 34\n117017 80\n173,304 03\n102 966.47\n126,452.43\n133,976.79     962,730.33\nTotals \t\n8,114,317.27\n1,730,047.20\n1,464,852.25\n3,886,380.18\n1,775,544.91\n2,216,576.88\n2,031,401.6221,219,120.31\n(13a)\nACREAGE LOGGED 1974\nForest\nClear\nSelective\nDistrict\nCutting\nCutting\nTotal\nVancouver \t\n                              62,883\n3,636\n66,519\nPrince Rupert \t\n                              47,066\n2,029\n49,095\nPrince George  \t\n                              97,200\n89\n97,289\nCariboo \t\n                              34,861\n19,317\n54.1 78\nKamloops \t\n                              32,511\n13,669\n46.180\nNelson \t\n                              42,161\n5,748\n47,909\nTotals, 1974 \t\n                            316,682\n44,488\n361,170\nTotals, 1973 \t\n                            368,792\n59,121\n427,913\nTotals, 1972 \t\n                            328,553\n48,005\n376,558\nTotals, 1971 \t\n                            334,994\n73,039\n408,033\n 56\nco\nH\nP\nw\n-J\naa\n<\nO\n\u25baJ\n\u25baJ\n<\n<\nP\nz\nz\n<\nQ\no\nsa\nc-\n<\nOS\nu\nQ\nz\nB\nZ\nH\nOS\nW\na.\nO\nC\/3\nW\nOS\nu\n<\no\nas\nu\noa\n2\nP\nz\no o\nfi\n3D\n3'?.\nii\nlb O\nI*\nz*\no <3\n11\n11\n3 H\n\u2022IS\n2\nBit\n\u2014 \u00a9rocN \u2014 -^-\u00a9sO \u2014 00\ncn\u00a9OroCNin\u00a9oO\u00a9ro\nON ^D <o \u00bb x \u25a0st in n no vn\n\u2014 TtroroinTtcjOTtsOsO\n\u00a9ONTtrooocOONONCNro\nmoo-~~^r~~oorfr~~rf-rf\nrrr--\u00a9r-ONCN\u00a9[^ONi>-\nTtro\u00a9\u00a9\u00a9\u00a9\u00a9mfN \u2014\n\u00a9CNCC\u00a9OOsO\u00a9Ttr^CN\n\u2014\" so\" p-\" in\" oo\" \u2014\" oo' cn \u2014\" r-*\ncccocNTtmONONTt \u2014 in\nt^irn-v-T) \u2014r^sD^f \u2014o\ncccNCNcncnoorop-oocc\nr^rocNsocnr-cNin\u00a9cc\non so in \u2014 \u2014 ro^ in r\u2014 \u2014 cn\nco\" CN* CN* \u2014' \u2014* \u2014' CN\" \u2014\" \u2014\" o\"\ncn m \u2014 Ttooro \u2014 t~- \u2014 \u2014\nsor~~cN\u00a9\u00a9Tto \u2014im \u2014\n\u00a9 \u2014 TtcnTtinTtTtcccN\nCN!^- \u00a9Tt \u2014 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tj\nT\n1\/1\nVO\nov\n\u25a0ti\n\u00a9P-CNoO\u00a9rocn\u00a9ONON   no\nVI\nrNsO-^\u00a9TtTt \u2014 oo-o\u00a9   tj\n4>\n.sa\n2'3\n33\n0\nON Tt Tt^ sO^ Tt ON \u2014 r^ sO \u2014   *\u25a0\nTtosininoooor^roONoo  o\u00ab\n3\nP- \u00a9 ON O OO CN T~~ OO OO CN    ON\nCfl\nu\noo Tp ro \u00a9 cn \"st so Tt no r-   f\nH\nso\" so\" no\" P-* P-* CC ON o\" CN \u00a9\"   CK\nP\n\">TJ\n\u2014 \u2014. \u2014\nsJ\n33\nfo\ns-\n1-\u00b0\nCD sO vO M^-CO OO OO O O    00\ni-l\nft.\nP^P^P-P-P-P-p^P^OOOO    P-\nCO\n<\n\u00a3\n13\no\nfo\no\nmOiOtNM^MO'th    ^\n*C\n\u00a9 r^ oo on o ro r-~ in r-so  no\n\u2022o\n\u2014 sOr^CCTtrorO\u00a9(NsO    C\nfo\n8\n3\nu\nCN\u2014\"ro\" cn'cn\"\u2014cn'cn\" ro\"\u2014   fN\n1\nis\np\nrt\nft\n\u2014i P- so ro ro cn in cn on t~~   cn\nZ\nz\nCnTtTtTtTtTtTtTtrOrO      TJ\n<\nOther\nSources 2\n(Number\nof Trees)\nrooo \u2014 OO \u2014 sOCN\u00a9r^CC   ON\nD\nw\nTtr^roos\u00a9\u00a9 \u2014 cNooin  no\nsOco\u00a9rocCTtr^r- \u2014 ro   r*\nr^\"oN\"Tt'ro'p-'-^\"cc\"os\"\u00a9\"co   t-\n>\no\n\u00a9coin \u2014 \u2014 Tt ocstONsO   oo\n6\nv\nCNCNTtTtroro        CNCNCN    CS\nOS\nft.\nH\nft.\nrt\nNO oo \u00a9 ro t O ro \u2014 P^P^   (N\nP^ONrot^TtcnsooONOin   nc\n<\nE\ncCc--ONro^O\u00a9ininroo   V\nJ3\non\" Tt \u2014 on* \u00a9* \u2014 \u00a9' \u00a9' \u00a9\" \u2014\u25a0\" r>\nas\n\u00a9ONTtONp^CCP^ONOOCC   \u25a0-\n\u00a3\nc\nZo\ninTtmTtTtcoroCNCNCN    TT\nQ\nZ\nU\nu\nfti\n\u00a3 .O\np\nCNP- \u2014o-stnoNr-TfTj-   p-\ninTtininTtror-cNvocN  \u2014\nQ\nw\nZ\nrorororocorocNro CNCN   C*-\nH\n-<\n\u2022ft\nt~~r~-ro\u00a9cn\u00a9\u00a9\u00a90\u00a9   fl\nOS\nw\nr^ooooTtsooNsooNr-\u00a9  v\nn\n'3\noo in o r-\u25a0* tt t - \u00a9 \u00a9  tj\nfo\nB\n3\nin \u00a9 ro in vO ro\" OO* P-\" ON* ro\" f\">\nfo\nO\nii\nu\nONinroinr^oo \u2014 TtcNro  p-\nat\n\u20222\nroTtTtsoinroTtTtinTt   TJ\n_o\n<\n6\nH\n\u2014 CN \u2014 \u2014 OCNroCNCNCN   (N\nO\n\u00a7\n5 v\nI*\nOS\nrorororororororororo   C\n<\nE\nS\nroTtoo \u2014 inTtccmoom  c\na\nu\nV)\nCNcosOsOroCNr^inrocc   fN\nc\no\nI\n\u2666J\nvocn_ccsooncooo \u2014 oo\u00a9 r-\nos\na\nO   SO' CO   Tt   O' CN\" Tt\" Tt\" Tt   \"*'    C\n3\n\u25a0rrinoNinoNTtsoossoo   oc\nfo\n3\nu\nr-\u00a9 Tt \u2014 \u00a9ONCNr^roO   e>\ncn\ng\nro\" Tt\" Tt\" in\" Tt\" Tt* in* Tt* so\" so\" \u25a0\"J\nI\nH\nU\nP\ng\ntA  \u00ab\nUJ    i\nC  cu\ns ^\nQ\nO\nOS\n^\nO 0O SO  so  u-i-st  Tf  Tj Tf Tf     NC\ny ~\nH\nTtrororocorororocoro   C\ns |\nCU\nfoS \u00a3>\ni-l\nCU \u2014\ni-l\n\u00a3 E\n<\nfo\no\nfo\nfo\n<:\nu\ncfl\nfo\nTt\nO  rt\n.5 ?> d\n\u2022o in ^\nCU  \"^   o\n\u00abs-s\nn.v-1 o\nt-\nu,   W  3\n<\nsC\nc u o\nE \u2014 tu\nO\nOv\nrt  ^ <L*\n**T   rt  w\nH\n\u00ab\nCD\nw \u00a3 \u00ab\n6          H \u2014: ra\n\"\u25a0c E\n\u20221 utj\n9\nfo\n\u2014s\n3-\u00a7_\nu\u2014 3\n\u2022rs\n>\ncnsor-oooNO \u2014 CNrOTt     '\nx ^ o\nsOsDsOvOsOi>i>r-r-r~~    c\nOnOnOnOn\u00a9\u00a9OnOnOnON    ,\u00b0*\nUJ J= r-\n 58\n(16)\nLOGGING INSPECTIONS, 1974\nForest District\nType of Tenure Operated\nTimber\nSale\nLicences\nCutting\nPermits\n(Tree-farm\nLeases,\nLicences,\nLicences,\nFarm\nCrown\nWood-lot\nGrants,\nLicences,\nand\nand\nOther\nTimber Sale\nTenures\nHarvesting\nLicences)\nTotal\nNumber of Inspections Made\nTimber\nSale\nLicences\nand\nCutting\nPermits\nOther\nTenures\nTotal\nVancouver  814 412 1,853 3,079 2,607 1,813 4,420\nPrince Rupert   172 330 970 1,472 2,406 1,914 4,320\nPrinceGeorge   266 839 1,100 2,205 3,725 1,571 5,296\nCariboo  110 356 1,432 1,898 1,741 801 2,542\nKamloops    170 505 549 1,224 1,537 1,800 3,337\nNelson   156 329 743 1,238 2,047 1,721 3,768\nTotals, 1974   1,698 2,771 6,647 11,116 14,063 9,620 23,683\nTotals, 1973   1,772 2,457 5,758 9,987 16,063 10,431 26,494\nTotals, 1972   1,821 2,162 5,593 9,576 16,158 8,974 25,132\nTotals, 1971   2,163 1,609 6,602 10,374 15,374 10.037 25,411\nTotals, 1970   2,881 1,272 6,230 10,383 16,080 10,112 26,192\nTotals, 1969   3,511 876 7,358 11,945 17,518 8,682 26,200\nTotals, 1968   4,719 (') 7,758 12,477 17,480 10,092 27,572\nTotals, 1967   5,118 (') 7,431 12,549 17,663 9,488 27,151\nTotals, 1966   5,566 (') 6,174 11,740 18,593 9,576 28,169\nTotals, 1965   6,231 (') 6,514 12,745 17,869 6,365 24,234\nTen-year average, 1965-74   3,548 \u2014 6,606 11,269 16,686 9,338 26,024\n' Figures not available prior to 1969.\n 59\no.\ncfl*\nfo\nCfl\nCfl\n<\nfo\nCfl\nfo\nOS\nfo\nK\n<A  O\n4-9\n        73              285           4,791                             2,028                19         28,107                               \u2014              4                154,816.34\n>ert         37               110           2,312                \u2014              30                                    \u2014                \u2014           \u2014               1                  25,123.53\nrge          39              231           4,603                                                                          \u2014                \u2014           \u2014            \u2014                 50,230.19\n        44              400           8,735                                                                          \u2014                \u2014                            \u2014                135,862.36\n        53              723           4,884                                    1                                   350              110                              1                  52,950.36\n        34              223           7,466                                                    400                                  853                              1                139,654.18\n1974        280           1,972         32,791                \u2014         2,059              419         28.457              963            \u2014              7                588,636.96\n1973        377           2.868         65,942                                292                             41,779           1,755            36              7             1.135,332.95\n1972        322           2,377         50,881                                  29              160                \u2014              704            74              3               479,300.53\n1971         321           2.636         58,046         20,327              53           6,839         23,412              900            29              6                270,451.85\n1970        380           3,545         60,958         23,093              70           2,800         34,759                \u2014              4              8               248,468.40\n1969        399           2.595         47,251           6,220              56         22,526        124,464           2,373              4             17               371,964.95\n1968        378           2.229         30,679         34,013            778           4,127          13,234         29,976          141               6                260,438.20\n1967        319            1,724         27,859           9,365         2,910           3.934         49.635              176              6               I                184,724.80\n1966        435           2,921          41,850         64,535              37          11,001        121,604           1.990          405              5                272,439.56\n1965        436           4,517         40,938         93,546            118          13,204         25,290                75          580              5                239,156.97\nverage, 1965-74       365           2,738         45,719         25,110           640           6,501         46,263           3,891          128              6               405,091.52\nNumber\nof Resulting\nSeizures\n3\nU\ntrt\n1\n3\n\u00a9\nes\nfa J\n11\nSJ(0\nlag\n6BH\nCfl\nu\na\n11\n3*\nt\/j\nc\n3\nu\nArea\nCut\nOver\n(Acres)\nIs\"\ns\n5\n(A\n4>\nh\n0\n\u00a3 jiy* f H  n  P\"        rtrtrtrtrtrtrtrtrtrt    l-\n3 \u00ab. *. o o e   oooooooooo   \u00a3\nccc-;^                                                   \u25a0\nrt\"i_ E  rt ra u                                                       S\n 60\n(IS)\nAREAS CRUISED FOR TIMBER SALES AND TIMBER SALE\nHARVESTING LICENCE CUTTING PERMITS, 1974\nForest District\nNumber\nCruised\nAcreage\nLogs\n(Cunits)\nPit-props,\nPoles, and\nPiles\n(Lin. Ft.)\nShingle-\nbolts and\nCordwood\n(Cords)\nCar Stakes,\nPosts,\nShakes,\nEtc. (No.)\nVancouver   361 40,503 2,196,053\nPrince Rupert    156 41,834 2,123,164\nPrince George   216 130,533 3,542,731\nCariboo   9 13,094 61,828\nKamloops   194 116,956 1,827,893\nNelson  :  118 49,819 1,544,611\nTotals, 1974   1,054 392,739 11,296,280\nTotals, 1973   1,049 489,345 11,176,582\nTotals, 1972   1,049 468,001 15,152,503\nTotals, 1971    427 112,668 2,369,910\nTotals, 1970   622 193,737 4,687,620\nTotals, 1969   732 233,491 4,451,260\nTotals, 1968   890 314,595 6,738,850\nTotals, 1967   848 310,325 5,498,070\nTotals, 1966   998 361,021 6,794,860\nTotals, 1965   1,357 495,254 9,519,950\nTen-year average, 1965-74   903 337,218 7,768,588\n10,000\n10,000\n2,461,100\n1,622,192\n9,500\n61,400\n15,300\n3,269,400\n6,014,850\n3,674,100\n2,650,400\n1,978,824\n(,052\n1,000\n9,052\n11,995\n7,104\n2,520\n5,277\n13,392\n6,769\n12,352\n25,675\n7,616\n10,175\n542,200\n10,000\n160,400\n712,600\n173,602\n721,045\n51,650\n225,850\n2,910,012\n704,950\n319,450\n837,244\n937,100\n764,350\n 61\n\u25a0gfi\nTtinrnp-r-in ro \u00a9 p-- \u2014 \u00a9 in cn r- on \u2014  v\nCC CN P- P^ \u00a9 On  nOnO \u2014 \u00a9 \u2014 sOONrONOco   sfi\n2 c\nEg\nro \u2014 oo \u00a9' no so' c^cNodsdinoo \u2014 in cn od   rr\nr^TtcNcNCNcc r^\u00a9inTtininr-p^p 1  fN\n\u2014 co no cn \u00a9 \u00a9  mrvicnoNTfrv \u2014sooco   i\/\"\n+j   V\n\u2014' ON* \u00a9\" in\" Tf\" co\" On \u2014 \u2014 \u00a9 Tt \u2014' ro Os so t~~    V\nS*\no m r- \u00a9 in \u00a9 ocsiTtoNscooNi>sor~-  nc\n\u00a9 ro ro r- cc oo  \u2014 in Tt m \u2014\u00ab \u00a9 fN vo \u2014 no^ v\n\u2014 oo\" \u2014 Tt\" no\" no\" On\" in on\" Tf\" \u00a9 \u2014 Tt ro\" Tt\" co*  f\nCN         CN- \u2014i          OOr-ONin \u2014 COCN \u2014 \u2014 CNV\n0   U   M \u2014   M\n1    ion \u2014 oo\u00a9ccsot^\u00a9inininTtccccp-\n1   r- \u2014' P^ \u00a9  sO OO (N sD CN CO P- OO ON cn   r-\ncnoncnon  rotn\u00a9cccNsoccincNso  C\ncn\" od \u2014* Tt  P-* no\" \u2014 so\" Tt\" Tt\" oo\" cn ro Tt\" e\nro \u2014i \u2014' \u2014  p^ \u2014 in                     \u2014      \u2014  tj\nCN\n\u00a9\u00a9\u00a9    1     |\u00a9\u00a9\u00a9cN\u00a9OTfin\u00a9\u00a9\u00a9rr\n*I1\n\u00a9Tf\u00a9|        l\u00a9Tf\u00a9I--\u00a9CCTtCNCOOONO(N\n\u00a9rOTt               \u2014   OO OO to if OO sD \u2014 ON n OO    X\no o 2\nro'so*\u2014           r^ r-\"on\"\u00a9 Tf*uo\"ro\"Tf\"\u00a9\"\u00a9 \u00a9\" CJ\nZU\u00a3\n\u2014 \u2014cn           [^CNso\u00abnTtccoorN \u2014 r-- Tf   o*\n\u2014 \u2014                   ro Tt r^- \u2014 ro \u00abn Tt fN       mTf\nCfl\nfo\nIM          w\n1\u00a9    1\u00a9    j     1    OOOOOOvDiOOO   f\nU\nO u.  >i\n1\u00a9   1\u00a9   1    1   \u00a9inino\u00a9\u00a9\u00a9 \u2014 in\u00a9p-\nso      \u00a9            socccN^Ttr^in\u00a9in\u00a9cNcN\nZ\nfo\n\u25a0 an\nSOS\nTt\"      \u2014\"               in\" so* CN* \u2014\u25a0' \u00a9\"Tt\"P^P-\"ro ro*  r^\np-                   \u2014  ^\nU\nfo\n^ i\nrj\n\u00b0jb 6,\"\n1   \u00a9    j     j     1     |    \u00a9\u00a9\u00a9ro\u00a9|\u00a9\u00a9\u00a9\u00a9C\n1 \u00a9   1              l\u00a9m\u00a9ON\u00a9l\u00a9msj5msc\nz\nfo\ncfl\nin                      in\u00a9iOTfin      ro r^ p- \u2014  sc\nfo\nr- Tt \u00a9 m m oc  ON<jsfNON\u00a9ooosNOooso  \u2022\u2014\n;>\n\u00a9rorocNvOCN   OCCNoorocNinsO \u2014 rose   r-\nOS -t\nESS\no' O\nco in \u2014 Tt Tt cc  \u00a9\nSO*                     CNCN*   rv\nCN ON\nCC oc\noo in oo o cc m^ r^ r>\np-\" on no' o' od \u2014 no* r*\n*~\nW Cfl*\no S\n\u00a9 f~-- nO \u00a9 co in   \u2014 ONOCOOONONTt\u00a9ro\u00a9   O\nro cc Tt \u2014 Tt r-   on \u2014 rNmcN\u00a9inTtinrN  rs\nfo fo\nPi*\n0 o\nSB*\non in cn so \u2022\u25a0-1 ro  cc so \u2014 \u2014\u2022 \u2014. oo \u00a9 in ro \u00a9  nc\non\" ro\" cn\" in os   \u00a9\" cn\" in \u00a9\" P-\" cn* ro\" \u00a9* Tf\" od ti\nOnl^O   CNCN\u00a9sO \u2014 \u2014\u2022 \u2014 nooncn   nc\n\u201e             \u2014   rorocNCNroCNCN \u2014i \u2014 Tf   CN\n\u2022d    y.\nfo Cfl\n!.5\u00a3\n! 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    0O \u2014 \u00a9CNTfin \u2014 CNrOP-fN\n>n              NO^                    \u2014 \u00a9 ro \u2014: CN \u00a9 \u00a9 Tf On 00   ^-\n\u2014           \u00a9                 oo\" r-' \u2014* ro* on no\" on* Tt\" no* cn\" od\"\n\u2014'          \u00a9                r-- \u2014^oocNP~-r-\u00a9\u00a9ON\u00a9ON\nCN                                        CNCNCN-^-rosoroCNCNP^rO\nCfl\nro                                    ro\" in\" Tf Tf\" Tf* m\" Tt\" ro\" Tt\" Tf\" TlT\nW\nCJ\nZ\n53,2\n1 1 1 1 1 1 1   1 1 1 1 IS 1 1 1 1 s\n00                           --1\n\u2014'                              no\"\nNO\no\n3\nIII\n1    1    imcNi    ip-ini    1    i-i    I    i    1   in\nII     IhVl    II    NOO    1           1  rf    |                  1    h\n0\nZ\nfo\nco\nW\nON  ON                       ON  r--                              TJ\"                                         ON\nP-\"               OOP-\"                   cn\"                           cnT\n.1\n\u00a9   1    1    1\u00a9 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  -j\na\n\u2014   ro                          \u2014 \u2014 CN \u2014 tN   H\n\u2014    1     jro\u00a9Ttro\u2014ONin\u00a9P-NO\u00a9\u00a9CC\u00a9Tr\n\u2022a\nsol    1       *nm\u00a9r-NO \u2014 TfrNTt \u2014 \u2014 inp-ON\nC-                  Ttror^rNrooOTfro\u00a9oor^inmTt\nt_\nQ\n6\n\u2014                                    ro' P-* ro' in* Tt* r-' p-* cc* cn\" Tf\"  (-\u00bb*\nZ\n<\nCfl\nM\n0O    1           1   P-forvl   OONtOOOsOvsDsO\u2014   vc\nW\nSt *t\n\u00a91    1    Isop-msom \u2014 co\u00a9\u00a9\u00a9p-Ttp-so\n\u00ab$\nro                  ooin\u00a9oocc\u00a9ro\u00a9ininooON\u00a9ro\nfo\nJS\nTf                ro p\u00bb \u00a9\" in\" in* o* in* od \u00a9\" cn\" p\u00bb\" tt\" cn\" \u00abn\n<\np-      ro  \u2014 oooNp- \u2014 oo no \u00a9 in ro  P-\n\u2014   CN \u2014 ror-Os(NCC \u2014 CN P-   \u00bb-\u00bb\ncfl\naS\nrt\n\u2014  \u2014                \u2014 ro ro no oo *n  ro\nj    1    1    1    |    1    1      1    1    | co ro \u2014 Tt \u00abn tt on  -t\n1\n00\n1        1        1        1        1        1        1           1        1        ION\u00a9ONSOON\u00a9inTP\n\u20226\ni\nONCN O00 CN CC \u2014   r-t\nr~- on \u00a9 so ro in* oo\" \u2014\ncn on in \u2014 oo o on   ro\nfo\n0\nto\nON \u00a9\nCN Tf \u00a9 p-\u2014   rO\nso\" no\" NO P--\" ro\"  i\/f\nro*ON\no\nON\u00a9cn0O\u00a9P~-ON    Tt P- On CN \u00a9 \u2014\"\u00a9OOrocO   fN\nsOTtrNcNinsor-   T+osor-int^Tfinro\u2014  o\nOS\n'a\nOvs_io \u2014sqoopv   so \u2014 \u00a9\u2014\u25a0(Ninooror^cN   Tt\nrt\n3\ncc \u00a9 ro r^ oo on no  Tt c^ cn\" in\" Tt* oo\" ro\" ro\" r-T in* o>\nu\nONr-r-so-^-mro   in-ONro\u00a9TfTfONCNoo   tM\nQ\nso^Tfoo \u2014 vTst\u2014  n-f cnoNOO \u2014> \u2014 \u2014 cn  oo\n\u2014           ro\" \u2014* \u2014* \u2014* \u00a9\" cn\" \u00a9\" on* on oo' r-\" so* p-* r-* od\"\nrt\nfo\n\u2014 \u2014 \u2014\nfo\ni-H\n00\nQ\nZ\n<\nfo\n0\no\n05\nS\nrt\nCQ\n._!\ns\na\nM\nH\nu\nfo\nTf\n0\ntu\nrt u\nNO\nON\n6a\nTfcocN      \u00a9ONoor^socn   _*\u201e\nr- p- r- r' r- no \u00a9 \u00a9 \u00a9 \u00a9   \u00a3r\n\u2014  *-    4J\nONONONI^ONONONONONON       g\nu-   fo   OH\noj oj ir\n______ ON  ______  _-        ^\nj_ cu a o\n&  d   c$   rt   crt   ez\nso  v\nV3  vi    cQ\n>c_c_0 -, e-\na re\n3                     X^e    OOOOOOOOOO    E\n8 u o 8-0-2 0  hhhhhhhhhh   Si,\n<N\n<N\nc c e e-n e__                                        i\nrt 'C 'C 'C rt rt oj                                                       4>\n>Q-Q.CLsJ--Z                                                            H\n 65\nrt\nO\nz\n>\no\nQ5\nfo\nrt\nX\nH\nrt\nO\nz\n<\nfo\nfo\n0\nz\nCfl\nrt\nO\no\nOS\nfo\nQ\no\no\nILi-\na\n6-\u00b0a \u00aboa\nWW   u\noo\n1\ns\ng\nI\/O\n\u00a7\n3\n3\nz\nnated\nt-hour\naily\nacity,\nB.F.\nn\n3\na\nEsti\nEigh\nD\nCap\nM\n10\ni\n3\nZ\nuS      13\n\u25a0O ET3 o t;\n2\u00a7\u00a3j\nZ'S  E*\n(\n\u2022\u00a73.2\nV  3        J.T\n11 *\u00a3w\n.2\nE\nWW   u\nA\nto\nM\n3\nE\n\u2022rl\nZ\na\nis   \"8 s\nO\nNumb\nof\nAttach\nBarke\n3   \u00a3\u00a3\nE'SSa\nrt\nCrt\nz <5\nmated\nt-hour\naily\nacity,\nB.F.\na-OS's\nWw    -\nu\n1\n1\n3\nz\nu\n.13\n0\nOJ\n0\nU.\nOn\u2014    I\u2014    IrOTf \u2014 oocN\u00a9r^coinroONro\nr-- r^ oo \u00a9oo ro cop^cnco \u2014 \u00a9p^ \u2014 Ttco no\noo cn co oo cn ~ cNinTtrooin\u00a9 \u2014 Tt\u00a9  oo\nCN P- P-. CN sO ro \u00a9\u00a9rOTtOOQOCNCNroON   ON\n\u2014' Tt\"co\"co'ro \u2014 \u2014\"cNro'co'cN\" fN\n\u2014 Tt CN CN Tf CN    mmsOsOrNONCN\u00a9ONCO   TT\nro \u00a9 CN Tf co nO   ONin\u00a9P^CN\u00a9rOTtCNP-   fN\n\u2014 cn -t Tt in in ro ro ro ro Tt Tt  tt\ni \u2014\u2014 \u2014   fN\n1 \u00a9 CN   ro\u00a9msO \u2014 roin-tsO\u00a9\n\u2014 \u00a9    Tt \\C co \u00a9 ro Tf\u00a90CCNCN\ncn  ONONOs\u00a9inscr^r^ococ\nso so ro no \u00a9 ro   Ttr^CNrocNTf^-Ttc^iTt   V\",\noo \u2014 in Tf r^ ro  \u00a9\u00a9r-Tt\u00a9ossOsocnTt   \u2014\ncorocNCNCN \u2014 \u2014 \u2014 (N\n~f-f rj o on i^- -OOi\/iNfOh-sDrvf, \u2014- oo\nCN \u2014 cn Tt in ro CNCv]\u00a9TtroCNCOONCOsC ro\n\u2014 rOrorOCNCNCN \u2014 \u2014 \u2014 \u2014    fNI\nccosomcNin   sooNrvunotNtNi^os \u2014\u25a0 ro\ncc \u2014 ro \u00a9 oo oo  \u00a9cNTt \u2014 r^rocNinrNTf on\noo Tt \u00a9^ ro^ cn in  in \u2014 oorosOTfoor^r^-so m\nOs  \u2014 Tt ro Tf ro so\" \u2014\" so\" Tf* ro\" ro\" CN CN so' P-\" <\/T\nCN ro CN CN CN CN CN CN CN fN fN\ncn \u00a9 in r^ \u00a9 ro  r-\u00a9ror- \u2014 TfcN \u2014 \u00a9 \u2014\u25a0  rN\nONOOrOsor^Tt    00 \u2014 O CN OO r^ \u00a9 ro \u2014 On    00\n_      _      \u2014. \u2014\u25a0   r-oosOsoooo^ONos~\u2014 oo\nTfrocN \u2014 \u00a9Osocr\u2014som\nr^r^-t--t~--t^-sososOsCsc\nOn On On Os Os Os CJs Os CJs ON\n5a^ o o\no oj tu 2 c S\nO   O   0 J- -S   0\nc fi C'C E_2\nrt 'C 'C  rt d  oj\n>c___0_-Z\nrtrtrtrtrtrtrtrtrtrt\noooooooooo\nhhhhhhHhhh\n 66\n(24)\nEXPORT OF LOGS  (IN CUBIC FEET)\nSpecies\nGrade 1\nGrade 2\nGrade 3\nUngraded\nand\nLumber\nReject\nTotal\nExportable!\nExported\nUnder\nPermits\nFir   55.72\nCedar    256.45\nSpruce  ,   3,401.36\nHemlock   1,175.29\nBalsam  \t\nLodgepole Pine \t\nCypress   1,268.33\nHardwood \t\nCottonwood   2.93\nTotals, 1974   6,160.08\nTotals, 1973   1,547.29\nTotals, 1972   7,170.96\nTotals, 1971     28,743.15\nTotals, 1970   32,223.51\nTotals, 1969   5,988.29\nTotals, 1968   36,195.62\nTotals, 1967   20,213.74\nTotals, 1966   16,251.72\nTotals, 1965   5,592.04\nTen-year  average,   1965-74 16,008.64\n1,182.11\n1,296.90\n15,642.23\n5,745.91\n119.91\n7,839.91\n79.38\n31,906.35\n6,379.71\n23,086.45\n60,941.92\n76,299.24\n30,313.47\n44,828.35\n68,868.00\n45,537.90\n17,943.67\n40,610.50      152,722.48\n9,637.57\n7,399.15\n23,751.94\n47,709.91\n1,160.63\n60,958.13\n4,924.10\n155,541.43\n32,746.90\n67,532.09\n168,170.90\n308,001.74\n172,708.17\n201,117.53\n214,992.39\n146,668.99\n59,744.62\n6,839.43\n9,584.03\n16,423.46\n6,834.56\n4,088.45\n23,244.25\n83,962.11\n50,402.81\n26,956.46\n34,954.73\n28,218.74\n14,401.05\n28,948.66\n10,875.40\n8,952.50\n42,795.53\n54,631.11\n6,839.43\n1,280.54\n70,066.37\n9,584.03\n5,006.41\n210,031.32\n47,508.46\n101,877.95\n281,100.22\n500,486.60\n259,412.74\n309,097.96\n339,028.86\n236,677.35\n97,681.38\n238,290.28\n7,548.46\n6,801.99\n23,275.36\n39,064.02\n5,517.13\n1,062.47\n17,108.91\n9,312.64\n3,576.54\n113,267.52\n32,679.96\n30,058.46\n46,304.25\n134,557.34\n106,553.49\n162,651.30\n114,189.13\n73,488.20\n64,589.26\n87,833.89\n3,326.94\n2,150.51\n19,520.17\n15,567.09\n1,322.30\n218.07\n52,957.46\n271.39\n1,429.87\n96,763.80\n14,828.50\n71,819.49\n234,795.97\n365,929.26\n152,859.25\n146,446.66\n224,839.73\n163,189.15\n33,092.12\n150,456.39\n1 Export privilege \u2014 Exported from lands Crown Granted prior to March 13, 1906\n2Exported under permit from Crown lands and lands granted after March 12, 1906 under authority of Section 97 of the\n\"Forest Act\"\n(25)      EXPORTS FROM THE PROVINCE OF MINOR FOREST PRODUCTS\nForest District\nQuantity\nExported\nApproximate\nValue\nF.O.B.\nWhere Marketed\nCanada\nUnited\nStates\nOther\nCountries\nVancouver\nPoles  Lin. Ft. 3,098,439 9,295,317.00\nPiling  Lin. Ft. 52,188 156,564.00\nShakes  Pieces 2,514,774 502,954.80\nPulp Chips  Units 321,590 10,612,470.00\nPrince Rupert\nPoles  Pieces 51,074 3,365,213.00\nShakes  Squares 180 5,670.00\nShakes  Pieces 47,041 9,408.20\nPosts  Pieces 1,775 3,728.00\nTies  Pieces 2,100 5,250.00\nPrince George\nPoles  Pieces 3,201 320,100.00\nPosts  Pieces 17,683 27,287.00\nRails  Pieces 1,125 900.00\nShakes  Pieces 68,000 13,530.00\nCariboo\nChristmas Trees  Pieces 18,512 27,405.44\nCedar Shakes  Bundles 1,815 12,705.00\nKamloops\nPoles  Lin. Ft. 211,200 73,920.40\nChristmas Trees  Pieces 35,483 30,160.55\nPosts  Cords 20 900.00\nNelson\nPoles & Piling  Lin. Ft. 1,463,862 59,046.00\nCorral Rails  Lin. Ft. 136,953 4,109.00\nMine Timbers   Lin. Ft. 4,500 135.00\nPickets  Cords 35 325.00\nFence Posts  Cords 2,892 123,807.00\nChristmas Trees  Pieces 604,176 598,134.00\nPulp Chips  Units 9,074 154,258.00\nTotal Value 1974   25,403,297.39\nTotal Value 1973   14,229,486.25\n864,474      2,184,181\n47,638 4,550\n601,005      1,913,769\n321,590\n26,048\n45\n47,041\n195\n2,100\n3,201\n17,683\n1,125\n68,000\n2,553\n1,463,862\n136,953\n35\n392\n166,711\n9,074\n25,026\n135\n1,580\n2,553\n1,815\n155,400 55,800\n3,531 31,952\n20\n4,500\n2,500\n437,465\n49,784\n13,406\n 67\n(26)\nTIMBER MARKS ISSUED, 1965-74\n1965      1966\n1967\n1968\n1969\n1970\n1971\n1972\n1973\n10-year\n1974 Average,\n1965-74\nOld Crown grants   328 341 277\nCrown grants, 1887-\n1906   150 130 147\nCrown grants, 1906-\n1914   172 144 163\nSection 58, Forest Act. 649 679 680\nStumpage reservations. 133 63 61\nPre-emptions   8 3 6\nTimber berths   14 10 4\nIndian reserves   24 27 11\nSection 24, Forest Act. \u2014 20 214\nTimber sales   1,614 1,126 1,149\nSpecial marks and\nrights-of-way   153 117 95\nPulp leases   3 12 4\nPulp licences   \u2014 4 1\nTotals  3,248 2,676 2,812\nTransfers and changes\nof marks   740 908 593\n328\n361\n220\n197\n280\n328\n258\n292\n173\n159\n82\n109\n120\n150\n139\n136\n190\n203\n111\n126\n144\n188\n171\n161\n805\n781\n540\n524\n561\n828\n749\n680\n48\n48\n19\n7\n8\n9\n12\n41\n9\n13\n10\n4\n2\n6\n1\n6\n1\n11\n6\n2\nI\nI\n1\n5\n24\n30\n14\n12\n12\n24\n20\n20\n347\n502\n418\n384\n346\n362\n285\n288\n1,241\n1,327\n1,199\n991\n1,002\n1,510\n1,823\n1,298\n101\n143\n89\n115\n114\n90\n74\n109\n5\n2\n\u2014\n\u2014\n2\n1\n1\n3\n1\n2\n1\n\u2014\n2\n\u2014\n\u2014\n1\n3,273\n3,582\n2,709\n2,471\n2,594\n3,497\n3,534\n3,040\n773\n554\n686\n548\n583\n506\n364\n626\n(27)\nNUMBER OF WEIGH-SCALES BY DISTRICT\nForest District\nNumber of Weigh Scales at December 31\u2014\n1965\n1966\n1967\n1968      1969\n1971\n1972      1973\n1974\nVancouver   1\nPrince Rupert    1\nPrince George   9\nCariboo \t\nKamloops   4\nNelson   1\nTotals   16\n12\n3\n40\n5\n8\n21\n17\n4\n55\n5\n10\n27\n19\n20\n81\n4\n16\n31\n20\n20\n91\n6\n20\n37\n26\n22\n111\n6\n20\n42\n33\n29\n130\n25\n44\n14\n27\n30\n148\n11\n35\n47\n18\n35\n37\n183\n20\n36\n50\n16\n36\n36\n194\n10-year\nAverage\n1965-74\n7\n18\n32\n5\n23\n20\n105\n(28)\nGRAZING PERMITS ISSUED, 1974\nForest District\nNumber\nof Permits\nIssued\nNumber of Stock Permitted\nCattle\nHorses\nSheep\nAUM's\nUse of\nCrown Range\nKamloops  584 77,920 509 850 320,110\nNelson   358 19,216 719 12 81,706\nPrince George   390 16,161 1,835 918 57,793\nCariboo   657 69,634 2,483 37 349,013\nVancouver   11 225 4 616\nTotals, 1974   2,000 183,156 5,546 1,821 809.238\nTotals, 1973   1,920 177,785 5,748 1,616 783,677\nTotals, 1972   1,968 174,617 6,166 1,432 787,589\nTotals, 1971    1,920 178,772 6,186 1,484 829,337\nTotals, 1970   1,985 178,332 5,651 2,739 822,442\nTotals, 1969   2,018 180,579 5,545 5,106 837,405\nTotals, 1968   2,053 188,183 6,338 7,090 857,219\nTotals, 1967   2,114 188,126 6,837 6,272 866,539\nTotals, 1966   2,244 189,286 6,572 8,970\nTotals, 1965   2,218 188,339 6,677 12,509\n'A.U.M. (Animal Unit Month) is the equivalent of one mature cow for one month. Figure not available prior lo 1967.\n 68\n(29)                               FIRE OCCURRENCES BY MONTHS,   1974\nForest District\nMarch\nApril\nMay        June\nJuly\nAugust\nSeptember\nOctober\nTotal\nPer\nCent\n\u2014               1               8           38           36            92           121             34       1     331      12 9\nPrince Rupert \t\nPrince George \t\nKamloops  \t\n4              13           14           16            58            42               1      \u2014     148       5.8\n1                8          119           40             74            44             15              301      11.8\n1               5             21          175         103           230            98           116       5     754     29.5\nI               3               9          158         106          223             86            72        1     659     25.7\n5               8             30           70           32           128            49            43              365     14.3\nTotals \t\nPer Cent \t\n7            22             89         574         333          805          440          281        7 2,558   100.0\n0.3           0.8             3.5        22.4        13.0         31.5          17.2          11.0      .3  100.0        \u2014\nTen-Year Average \t\nPer Cent \t\n16            68           374         418         658           794           220            57        1  2,606        \u2014\n0.6            2.6            14 4         16 0        75 3          30 5            8.4            7.2            100.0        \u2014\n(30)\nNUMBER AND CAUSES OF FOREST FIRES\n, 1974\n_\u25a0\n~\nU\nE\ni.S\nw\nE \u2014^\n^\u00a3\ni\/>\n\u00a7 B\na.Sf e\nan\n1)  Oil\n\u25a0j,\n3\nO E\n1= 1\nQ.\nEOJ'C\nB\n3 S\n^i\nH >\nForest District\nO\n?s\"\nE\nS-o.2\nO  DO\nO 3\nU\n\u00ab*- 0\nE\nO   t\/1   O)\nT3\n\u00a3\nS*3\n3\nXl\n0 So\n0.  M  3\nra o\n\u25a0\u00a3->\nra'U\n*\nE E\n31)\n3\nss-\n\u00ae r i 8?\n_y.s\nat\n0\nS\nIS)\n\u25a0E i ra\n3=S\noaoi o\nDO\nE\nra\nM S \u00a3\nsi \u00a7\nM\nc\nOJ\nfj\nC\nE\nB\nD\nra\no\nH\nU n\nO.U.\nVancouver \t\n26\n60\n22\n98\n6\n\t\nI\n77\n6\n34\n1\n331\n12.9\nPrince Rupert \t\n21\n27\n6\n21\n10\n1\nI\n30\n1\n28\n2\n148\n5.8\n74\n44\n15\n27\n38\nII\n2\n49\n9\n26\n6\n301\n11.8\nKamloops  \t\n183\n92\n67\n158\n22\n3\n12\n45\n30\n140\n2\n754\n29.5\nNelson \t\n344\n43\n35\n65\n8\n2\n10\n67\n7\n70\n8\n659\n25.7\nCariboo \t\n68\n22\n2\n38\n18\n17\n10\n51\n80\n57\n2\n365\n14.3\nTotals \t\n716\n288\n147\n407\n102\n34\n36\n319\n133\n355\n21\n2,558\n100.0\n28.0\n893\n11.3\n248\n5.7\n200\n15.9\n352\n4.0\n1 16\n1.3\n113\n1.4\n57\n12.5\n216\n5.2\n57\n13.9\n328\n.8\n26\n100.0\n2,606\nTen-year Average  \t\nPer Cent \t\n34.3\n9.5\n7.7\n13.5\n4.4\n4.3\n2.2\n8.3\n2.2\n12.6\n1.0\n100.0\n(3D NUMBER AND CAUSES OF FOREST FIRES FOR THE LAST TEN YEARS\nCauses\n1965  1966  1967\n1968  1969  1970\n1971\n972      1973      1974    Total\nLightning   1,000\nRecreational (Campers,\nhunters, fishermen, etc.)    315\nRailroads operating   89\nSmokers   310\nBrush-burning (not Railway\nor Right-of-way clearing) .... 89\nRange Burning   193\nRoad, Power, Telephone and\nPipe-line construction   89\nIndustrial operations\n(logging, etc.)   223\nIncendiary    24\nMiscellaneous known causes ... 309\nUnknown causes    44\nTotals   2,685\n374\n958\n708\n646     1,803     1,327\n583\n716    8,925\n230\n170\n281\n288\n455\n464\n131\n121\n179\n188\n238\n374\n302\n246\n501\n211\n175\n309\n188\n136\n267\n338\n218\n431\n288\n147\n407\n2,479\n1,995\n3,523\n156\n149\n128\n138\n65\n53\n133\n128\n146\n191\n129\n105\n70\n59\n145\n78\n102\n34\n1,163\n1,128\n101\n93\n34\n52\n30\n50\n44\n38\n36\n567\n164\n14\n292\n36\n248\n42\n348\n54\n126\n23\n193\n14\n206\n19\n313\n21\n255\n70\n432\n27\n205\n70\n303\n14\n189\n77\n277\n13\n224\n99\n462\n20\n319\n133\n355\n21\n2,159\n571\n3,284\n264\n1,967\n3,216\n1,647\n2,318\n4,003\n2,898\n1,903\n2,863\n2,558\n26,058\n 69\ncfl\nOJ\nO\n_\u25a0\nas\nso\nC\nZ\n<\nw\nss\nQ\nCC\nCfl\n<\n-J\nU\n09\nW\nOS\nooo'ii jsao\n000'I $ pue\n001$ U39\/H13H\n001$ \u00abpun\nai\n>\n0\nssBU siqx \u00ab!\nSOJIJ IBIOJ.\nJO JU30 J3<J\n1DU1SIQ UI\nS3JIJ |C]OX\nJO )U33 J3J\njaqtunf,!\nin\nii\n<\n8\nm\nO\n\u00a9\n0\nSSEO Stqx u!\nS3JIJ IOOX\nJO 1U33 J3<\u00a3\njaujsia ur\nS3JIJ [ElOX\nJO WO J3d\njsqtunjsi\nu\n<\n\u00a9\no\nSSBO SIU.XUI\nS3JIJ [BJOX\nJO 1U30 J3J\n1DU1SIQ UI\nS3JJJ i'biox\nJO JU33 J3.J\nasquint\nCJ\n<\nV\n\u25a0a\nE\n_\nssbo siux \"1\nS3JI j IEJOX\nJO 1U33 J3J\n13UJSIQ UI\nS3jig ,i'biox\nJO )U33 J3J\njoqiunM\nV\nE\nrt\n0\nH\n30UIAOJJ UI\nS3JIJ |B10X\nJO 1U33 J3d\njaquinfsj\nForest District\nTf  CN     \u00a9  Tf\n2<^  \u2014 \u00abn\nro \u2014   ro \"st\nro \u00a9 OO in so \u00a9\n\u00a9 \u2014 ro \u00a9 in \u00a9\ncn \u2014 cn no cn ro\noo oo ro oo cn oo\nro r^ so oo \u2014 ro\nIIII\n\u2014 \u2014 \u2014 in (N \u2014      <\u2014 oo  rf r-\nP> Tf \u00a9 oo OO ro\nTf p^ on (N \u2014I Tt\n\u2014 \u2014 CN CN \u2014\nr- \u00a9 on so \u00a9 cn\nCN Tt P^ OO \u2014\n\u00a9 r- \u2014 \u00a9 oo Tf\nTf   O   CO   ON   Tf   Tf\ncn so P- in \u2014 \u00a9\nno \u00a9 cn p\u00bb so m\nTf so \u2014 ro in \u2014\n\u00a9 oo in r\u2014 ro \u00a9\nrv]      \u2014 Tt Tt oi\n\u2014 co \u2014 Tf ov in\nro Tf \u00a9 in in \u00a9\nro \u2014 ro P- so ro\nI   I\ncn cn  cn co\nI I\n00 O    .O O\n\u00a3 B\nra 'i_\n> a.\nu. ra <u ra\nHO-  HO.\n 70\n(33)\nLOSS OF PROPERTY OTHER THAN FORESTS \u2014 1974\nForest District\nForest\nProducts\nCut, Logs,\nLumber,\nEtc.\nBuildings\nRailway,\nLogging,\nand\nSawmill\nEquipment\nMiscellaneous\nTotal\nPer Cent\nof\nTotal\nVancouver   $    77,727\nPrince Rupert   125,852\nPrince George    4,868\nKamloops   4,124\nNelson   3,923\nCariboo   1,159\nTotals   $ 217,653\nPer cent   44.3\nTen-year Average 1965-74   $ 226,427\nPer cent   38.3\n$\n139,650\n1,100\n140,750\n28.6\n142,214\n24.1\n43,120\n15,984\n1,720\n3,900\n64,724\n13.2\n154,217\n26.1\n$ 24,823\n100\n38,609\n3,163\n1,600\n$ 68,295\n13.9\n$ 67,859\n11.5\n$\n$ 285,320\n141,836\n4,968\n45,553\n7,086\n6,659\nS 491,422\n100.0\n$ 590,717\n100.0\n58.1\n28.9\n1.0\n9.3\n1.4\n1.3\n100.0\n(34)\nLOSS OF FOREST COVER CAUSED BY FOREST FIRES, 1974 \u2014 PART\nForest District\nMerchantable Timber\nNet Area\nKilled\nTotal\nVolume\nKilled\nSalvable\nVolume\nof Timber\nKilled\nNet\nStumpage\nLoss\nImmature Timber\nNet Area\nKilled\nPresent\nValue\nAcres      |   M Cu. Ft.   |   M Cu. Ft. $            |      Acres       | $\nVancouver   982 5,193 3,233 276,844 1,388 202,307\nPrince Rupert   2,450 8,859 6,583 45,604 413 24,542\nPrinceGeorge   1,897 5,199 2,440 216,893 3,101 223,810\nKamloops   5,002 19,725 18,571 39,148 2,i69 115,694\nNelson   2,435 63,830 50,478 212,225 2,077 104,154\nCariboo   1,559 1,047 301 115,477 1,251 92,921\nTotals   14,325 103,853 81,606 906,191 10,399 763,428\nPercent    26.7 100.0 78.6 48.7 19.4 41.0\nTen-year average 1965-74   44,759 111,216 41,656 2,445,412 60,854 1,642,819\nPercent   18.9 100.0 37.5 58.0 25.6 38.9\nlThe dollar value of losses in merchantable and immature timber represents only stumpage loss to the Crown.\nLoss to the provincial economy may be estimated at approximately 10 times the loss values shown.\n 71\n\u00a9cNinoOTtr-  NO on \u00a9\nin co CN co tJ- Tt   tt -_;   no _,\nooovjor-r- o^g oo^\nu \u00a3\n3 O\nM -i \u00ab*\n\u00a9'oo'oo \u00a9 no ^\u2014>   \u00a9 \u2014   ON \u2014\n>*s\nON OO \u00a9 CN CO CN    N\u00a9            \u2014\nTf       Tt CN co CN   00         CN\n\u2014T           Tt\nrt\nO\nH\ni.         3\n\u00a9\u00a9\u00a9TtfNso  t-Tt  \u2014in\nQuan\ntity\nM. C\nFt.\nsor-ininwoTt  Tf-  no\n\u2014 CN CN' \u2014 co'          CN          Os\n\u25a0o\nc\nCsl\n\u2014          CN          \u00a9\n0\nt\u00ab\n\u00a9 \u00a9 \u2014 oo \u2014 \u00a9  \u00a9 \u00a9  m\u00a9\nJ.   u\n<<\noo co Tt on co r-   in _\u25a0  oo_,\nTt cn Tt cn \u00a9 >n  NO_g  m \u00a3\nTt'so'in in t--'Tt' co\"\u2014  r-' \u2014\n\u2014 \u2014            m       cn\nCN\nCU\n3 O\n\u20223\u00ab4\u00ab\u00bb\nTt\u00a9COTtOOON     00\u2014     -vtCO\n\u00a9 \u00a9 \u00a9 Tt CN oo   tn    -oo\nos m \u2014 \u2014 \u00a9       Tt       cn\nt>\n>\u00ab\ncn co' oo' co' \u2014'        Os        cn'\n3  \u00ab5\n\u2022a <u\no .ti\n&\">\nsis\nc\nso r\u2014 On \u2014 co oo  Tt Tt  o\u00a9\n0\n<l<\nOO \u2014 CO co CN \u2014    i-H'   Os^\nH\nOi\nZ\nm r- oc no co       \u2022\u2014 __  ^ _\nCO                            NO           CN\nTt\n<\nfa\n,2\no>'3\n1\n\u25a0a\n0 ca\n-L-J\n3 o\nTt  Tt  \u2014 CN  \u2014 ON     HTj-     CO      1\n>\nI\nra-l\u00bb\u00bb\n>0\n\u2014 oo \u00a9 r~- Tt on   ^i    -oo   1\no\nCN CN \u2014 m cK   CN        -<t\nro'\u2014'\u2014' r--*      \u2014\no\\\n.|g\n_\nra 3\n\"O \u00ab\nCfl\"\n0 \u00ab\nOh\n1> c _.\ncNNo\u00a9inTtr-  Tfso  cnoo\no\nas\nc 5 s\nCQ\ninTtcN\u00a9ON  n_;  on _~\nNO CO CO    Tf CN    0^CO\nm      as\n8\n\u25ba-J\nfa\ncU v%\nTt cn r- in \u2014 r-  no Tt  \u2014 Tt\no\n1*.\nVI\nH\nOS\no\nfa\n13\n3 O\nco \u00a9 oo no \u2014 \u00a9  N\u00a9- in\nco m Tt Tt cn cn  cn^   Tt\n'u\nrt-J&\u00ab\n\"^ 0\nco      Tt      in\u2014  in       oo'\nCO                            Tf            \u2014\nSO \u2014 \u00a9 \u00a9 OO-^    Tt Tt    SOON\nO\nsy\nT3\nrt U Sfi\n>H\ne\n<u c ?:\nno \u2014 co os in co  \u00a9    \u25a0  in .,\nNO \u2014 OS           \u00a9 CN     -- ~Z     \"^  fN\nCo'       \u2014'          so          rf\nin\nPQ\nQ\n0\nZ\nflQ\nsU\nfa\n_o\nCfl\nP\n\u00abss\nco \u00a9 \u2014 m wo Tt  oo Tt   \u2014 Tt\n3 o\nm m co \u2014 oo m  oo.x  \u2014' *-s\n1\n<\nrt-J^\nTt Tt \u00a9 TtO-v.\u00a9,   CO *\u00b0     Tj-^\nsJ\n\u25a0a\nu\n>l5\n\u00abn co'in oo'\u2014' in  \u00a9C      \u00a9'\n\u2014 \u2014 in\u2014' \u2014    i-H          On\n^\nOS\nfa\nj_\nu\n0\n~\"\n^,\n5    9..\n>\nOldBu\n(Not\nLogge\nAcres\nr-   i r- \u00a9 o\\ \u2014  TtTt  sonc\no\no\nH\n1\/5\nfa\nOS\n>,\no\no\nrt\n\u2014   1 co \u00a9 cn r-  ir.   \u25a0  rf\nco co           t-~ *~  m^\noo'\nr-in oo r^ \u00a9 Tt  --\u00a9  so \u2014\nS s\n_. \"5\n\"O     \"a ,\u201e\ni> \u2014 <u \u00a3\n-t, C i_ 5\n\u00a9       \u00a9 ro Tt CN   00^   r~-\n^ >\no\nfa\n\u00ab\nO \u00ab 3 j\ntA   cq^\n\u2014       ~rOTt        \u00a9\"^m\"-\n\u2014'            rf      cn\nfa\n0\nsU     _\no\nz\n\u2022o    \"\"\u00bb \u00ab\nCNOO\u00a9OOinNO   CACN   CNCN\nS-5\nSj *\u25a0 u 8\nCOt^CNcOsO\u2014    Tf-    \u2014\nr- Tt \u2014 \u2014 \u00a9 \u00a9^ Tt ^j  r- ^\n02\n05\nOOOCh\n^ p\nBC7  I- S\ncn'cn in      \u2014  cn\"       Tt\no\nfa\n-j   ca\nTsC>\nC ~^\na*\n3 a\n2 \u00a3\nIs\ni a.\ns\nTt\nw\"^\n% a\n<u\nsO\n5.g\n\u00a9\no\n\"S>5\ntu\n<U\nSi ^j\n*-.    OJ\nrt\n^\u25a0o\na. n\n>\ns^\nv.-\nancouver\nrince Ru\nrince Gei\namloops\nc\nc\nc\n\u25a0       Csl\n3    \u2122   C\n1U      y   4,\n_   c\niS-     SJ\n>a.a._-2:s_) hcl h-a.\n-   (_\n 72\nE\n<3\nCOOQO \u2014 ONONCNTtCO\u00a9 \u2014    *->\nos\" r-'     \u2014               co cn co \u2014  2\ntu\nCU\n-H                                                                     V\u00a3>                                       \u00a9\nOS\ncs\ni\nO^OOr-OvMNO \u2014 \u00a9   *_;\n\u00a9 cn oo \u2014 r^ \u00a9 Tt \u00a9 \u00a9 m \u2014   n\u00a9\nco on r^ \u00a9 in oo \u2014 incNOsco  f*J,\nTt co' o\\ Tt' \u2014' \u2014' \u00a9' \u00a9' co' \u00a9\" in   \u00a3<\nin \u00a9 \u2014 cn cn cn      on m r^ cn   \"E\nTt \u2014                                    Tt                         \u00ab\n_T                        CN\n^j\nc\n6\nTtovco\u00a9 \u2014 Ttr^rNTtor^   \u00a9\nvS co cn \u2014\" cn \u2014    ' \u00a9 r-^ Tt       \u00a9\na\nCO               \u2014                      CO                         \u00a9\nCU\n^t\n\u00a3\no\\\n\u2014\nsOON \u2014 inOsONsCONsO\u00a9\u2014    \u00a9\nsOcOsCCOOCNCN \u2014 ~ \u00a9NO    CO\nCfl\ncn\nO\n0\ncNTtTtinooNO \u2014 m so h on   ph\n03\noo' in oo' oo' on in so' \u00a9' v> oo' m  on\nO\nr-sOinONCOOsTfCNOssOTt    ph\nco cn \u2014 r^ \u2014          \u00a9TtcN       r-\nfa\nCN                                           CNJ                        NO\nfa\n<\nH\n._\nO\n3\ntf\nH\n\u2014 o\u00a9\u00a9cN\u00a9\u00a9sor-ocin  \u00a9\nIh\n<U\na.\nOs' \u2014<        CN CN CO     ' Tt \u2014i \u2014i CN    \u00a9\nQ\nZ\n\u2014                                           \u00a9                        \u00a9\n<<\nH\nCfl\nO\nU\nCONOOONCNm\u00a9COQCCNCN    \u00a9\nin oo so co \u00a9 \u00a9 Tt r^ oo oo \u00a9  in\nu\n<\nCNTtTt\u00a9CNONCONOOOONCO     NO\n\u00a9         \u2014\"\u2014\"_-\"    rf         _r cn\nfa\n\u2014                                                         CO                                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6ft\n2\n3\nc-\nS\no\nu\nT3\ntU\u201e\nCfl\nrt\n6\nrt\n>s\nT3\n<u\no\n\u00a9j\na.\no\n\u25a0a\n3*\nQ-\no\nO\na>       *g\nS\nin\n,b 1a <u\n'r  o  u\nOJ\nO\n\u00ab  rt  cj    '__    M^-\nu- ^'J- ,\u2014. rt   *- i_\ng  C *=    .   cn    o g    s\nC^ B \u00b0 C    OO   nJ\n\u2014    \"5 -^ 3 *\"\" *\" \u2014\nc\"i_w\u00a3   boo\nhs.\n(-<V5          <    tJtJ    h\n 73\nU\nz\nfa\ns\no\nE\na\nes\nfa\nu.\no\nfa\n05\nCS\nfa\nfa\nfa\nCfl\no\nu\nQ\nz\n<\nfa\"\nfa\n2\nfa\ncfl\nfa\nV)\nfa\nos\nc\nfa\n>\nca\nQ\nfa\nCfl\nCfl\n<\n-J\nfa\n02\nfa\nOS\n2 2\nSSS*\nOOSfc\n6ft g,\n2o \u00ab\nuo\u00b0.2j\n&<\u00aba\n2    u\nsssse\nJ_\nuo|jgg\n3\n00\nc\nX\nUJ\n8\u00a98E\n**        P.\n>1\nu\nu\n\u00a3\n0\n% en rt       t-\n0  4)j_\u00a9:-\n6ft\no\nU\nti\u2014  r-  u\n\"h|\u00a7\n\u00a3'SB.fi\nS2-SS\n\"hSS\n\u00a3'SEQ\nu\n\u00a9\nB\n3\nz\nwH\u00a3'|\n0\n\u00a3oE\u00a3\n3\n4-\n\u25a0o\nu\n_-\n\u00a3oE5\n3\n0\n\u00a9\n><\ns\n3\nz\n1                   \u2014.\n8\n\u00a3|s3e|\n0)\n<cS2      a\n>\n_>\nc\nu\nU\nCfl\ntn\nCJ\nQh\nO\nu-\n73\n_5\nH\nD\nH&\no\na\n-\u2022j\nO\nPh\n\u00a9 cn \u00a9 Tt Tt r-  r-oc  \u00a9\u00a9\n\u00a9TtONOON\u2014   co.,-;   co-,;\nrs] \u2014 \u2014-   i\u2014 oo   |^ CXJ\nro r- \u2014 oc on \u00a9  t- ro  \u00a9co\nocosooscom  on^  \u00a9^\n\u2014 \u2014 \u2014        in        oc _.\nso as so oo \u00a9 r- no\nr-r-cNONooON   cn\u00a9   mo\no <n r- o fj on  ''*\u25a0\u00ab-.  oc_;\nCN \u2014 CN \u00a9m CN   -h\u00a3   \u00a9S\nco oc \u2014 r~~ c~~ \u00a9 cn\n\u2014 o \u2014 in Tt* cn   no\nco \u00a9 On CN OC OO\n\u00a9 Tt ON ON ~~ *\"\"\nin Os sO CN so CO i-h\nTt O CO \u00a9 \u2014 sO CO\nTt \u00a9 Nom \u00a9 cn Os_\nr--\"co Ttiftfio so\n- oo \u00a9 co in   \u00a9\nin on in \u00a9 co oc \u00a9\n\u2014 \u00a9 \u2014 O NO CN cO\niNSOOOsOr- HH\nCN* Tt \u2014' \u00a9' Tt in* On\"\non \u00a9 so \u00a9 on r~- H\nro cn cn r- \u00a9 on r-\nCiTsJi'li'lsV    \u00ab)U    vfa) ~\nro \u2014 co t^ \u00a9 co   in\u2014   sex\n- \u00a3-\u00b0\nj  3  a> \u25a0\n;oco|\nJ    ii    CJ\nj a tj\n:  c a\noco w g b \u00a3\n\u2014  C \u00a9 \u2014  u >> o\nrt  cj  cq O tu cj  cu\nUlZU HO. 1-0.\n^J.g   O\n^.S  SJ\n-^    c\n<\u00a3 ~\"\u00ab\nS 5 J;\n.- sj-s:\n8^jS\n\u25a0-J      ^\n^\u2014       h.\nr- *\u2022 \u00b0\nO.S \"\n1-1\n-s; _ -E\n 74\n(39)\nFOREST-USE RESTRICTIONS\nArea\nType of Closure\nDate\nImplemented\nDate\nTerminated\nEntire district-\t\nRestricted industrial\t\nTravel and recreation\nAug. 2\nAug. 2\nAug. 3\nSept. 12\nAug. 27\nAug. 221\nAug. 242\nAug. 19\nSept. 19\nZones Kl, Nl\t\nTravel and recreation_\t\n1 Zones N7, N8.\n2 Remainder of forest district.\n(40)\nSUSPENSION OF CAMPFIRES\nForest District\nDate\nImplemented\nDate\nTerminated\nOkanagan Lake watershed\nSimilkameen watershed excluding\nManning Provincial Park   Kamloops .\nVancouver Forest District\nexcept Zones 4, 5 & 6   Vancouver\nZone 8 ban lifted August 16\nVancouver Forest District except\nZones 4, 5 & 6 including Gulf\nIslands water front areas and beaches    Vancouver .\nAug. 2\nAug. 8\nAug. 29\nAug. 13\nAug. 20\nSept. 10\n(41)\nFOREST REVENUE, 1970-74\n12 Months\nto Dec. 31,\n1970\n12 Months\nto Dec. 31,\n1971\n12 Months\nto Dec. 31,\n1972\n12 Months\nto Dec. 31,\n1973\n12 Months\nto Dec. 31,\n1974\nTimber licence rentals and fees   668,254.04 640,458.88 623,153.52\nTimber berth rentals and fees    123,123.68 112,947.83 95,433.78\nTimber lease rentals and fees   92,895.76 93,633.27 91,731.48\nTimber sale rentals and fees   898,484.23 798,919.11 674,091.83\nTimber sale stumpage   53,524,665.0149,680,565.02 91,180,674.04\nTimber sale cruising and advertising ... 163,321.01 166,647.42 140,245.57\nTimber royalties   6,217,109.85 5,553,861.92 5,336,035.96\nGrazing permits and fees   438,003.68 469,636.16 532,992.78\nForest protection tax   1,006,742.58 1,123,517.24 1,185,179.11\nMiscellaneous   669,194.53 735,683.76 773,132.95\nWeight-scaling  1,149,637.48 1,514,347.62 2,004,105.62\nIndian Affairs Agreement \t\nTSHL fire-fighting costs standby\ncrews*\t\nTotals   64,951,431.85 60,890,218.23 102,636,776.64\n585,616.72\n87,545.48\n84,405.30\n736,073.92\n230,648,895.04\n132,227.44\n6,879,851.39\n542,090.28\n1,149,528.61\n1,056,014.21\n2,660,410.57\n569,850.39\n81,729.63\n86,412.80\n696,048.97\n181,605,129.21\n144,040.10\n7,459,614.20\n661,145.80\n1,028,180.35\n1,654,564.42\n2,772,736.05\n151,585.78\n282,596.87 283,095.50\n244,845,255.83  197,200,142.26\n 75\non\n2 S-S S3\n-3 .a .\u25a0\u00bb *\nn~Sgo\"i\ncfl\nZ\nO\nfa\n<\nOS\nfa\nfa\no\nu\nz\n3\nu\no\nfa\nfa\nCfl\nz\n\u25a0H\n<\nu\n<:\nq\no\nOS\n\u2022<\na\nu\nfa\nz\nfa\no\nS\n<\n\u25a0 3  U\n\u2014   U6ft\n00 u\n-\u00a3 C\nir\nSjg\n\u2014 sO\nTt CN\ncn in\nr-\"so\nr- os\nso m\nro oo r- in\nTt \u00a9 cn \u00a9\nno on cn oo\n\u00a9\"\u00a9\"no\"\u00a9\"\nO \u2014 CN CN\n<nro \u00a9 \u2014\n\u2014\" no\" r-\" co\"\nTt CN \u2014 CN\nCN \u2014\nm o\nCO CN\n\u2014 oo\"\nTt so\n\u00a9CN\nNc\"r~\"\noc sO\n\u2014 mmr--TtrocoQO\nOsONTtfONOTt \u2014 CN\nr-oct^ONinooooaN\nOn ON 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OONOOh-sOTi-st\n:         '    :    :    :r^r-r--r-sCsCsCscsoso\nt  \u2022_<   4>            ;          \u00a9 Os ov On Qs On On Os On \u00a9\n' oj \u00a3?   :    :    :                         \"\"\n\\T 3 2 vi        '~jd~J\u00a3J\u00a3J-ijdj2jdjd\n>j^q ti   :        rtrtrtrtrtrtrtrtrtrt\n2 *\u00bb \u00ab. O c c   occccooocc\n8 8 8doiHHhhhhhhhi-\n9\nc c e E _\u00bb'C\nd'Cu.  cd  tu  -j\n> a._._-ZU\n 77\n(44) REPORT OF LANDS, FORESTS, AND WATER RESOURCES\nFOREST REVENUE, FISCAL YEAR 1973\/74\nTimber licence rentals and fees \t\nTimber berth rentals and fees \t\nTimber lease rentals and fees \t\nTimber sale rentals and fees \t\nTimber sale stumpage         247\nTimber sale cruising and advertising \t\nTimber royalties    6\nGrazing permits and fees \t\nForest-protection tax   1.\nMiscellaneous    1.\nWeight-scaling    2.\nTSHL fire-fighting costs standby crews \t\nTotal 262\n612,239.59\n77,751.23\n86,884.30\n764,000.74\n550,107.93\n129,253.56\n895,105.19\n579,369.01\n198,382.80\n103,797.99\n823,727.19\n459,020.52\n279,640.05\n(45)\nFOREST SERVICE EXPENDITURES, FISCAL YEAR 1973\/74\nGeneral administration, protection, and management of forests   29,175,738.19\nReforestation and forest nurseries   5,425,101.01\nForestry and Correction Camp Programme   29,900.21\nForest research   351,918.63\nPublic information and education (Includes S.W. 10)   135,218.81\nForest Service Training School   139,259.06\nGrant to Canadian Forestry Association   30,000.00\nEngineering services and forest-development roads   3,491,995.93\nFire suppression  9,554,150.28\nForest inventory   1,950,907.12\nScaling Fund (1)   2,831,204.55\nSilviculture   1,954,583.70\nGrazing Range Improvement Fund1   271,935.48\nPeace River community pastures   19,039.29\nReservoir Waterway Improvements (I)   2,747,937.88\nAccelerated Reforestation Fund (1)   8,255,846.54\nSpecial Warrant 49 Relocation of H.Q. Office   39,481.81\nTotal   66,404,218.49\n4 Statements provided elsewhere\n 78\n(46) REPORT OF THE FOREST SERVICE, 1974\nSCALING FUND\n$\nDeficit, April 1, 1973   597,802.80\nCollections, fiscal year 1973-74          2,860,215.78\n2,262,412.98\nExpenditures, fiscal year 1973-74   2,831,204.55\nDeficit, March 31, 1974   568,791.57\nCollections, nine months, April to December, 1974   2,043,211.95\n1,474,420.38\nExpenditures, nine months, April to December, 1974   2,489,332.28\nDeficit, December 31, 1974  1,014,911.90\n(47) GRAZING RANGE IMPROVEMENT FUND\n$\nSurplus, April 1, 1973   1,690.62\nGovernment contribution (sec. 13, Grazing Act)   254,162.37\n255,852.99\nExpenditures, fiscal year 1973-74   271,935.48\nDeficit, March 31, 1974   16,082.49\nGovernment contribution (sec. 13, Grazing Act)   289,684.50\n273,602.01\nExpenditures, nine months, April to December, 1974   248,308.50\nSurplus, December 31, 1974   25,293.51\n(48> RESERVOIR WATERWAY IMPROVEMENTS\n$\nExpenditures, fiscal year 1973-74   2,747,937.88\nRecovered from British Columbia Hydro and Power Authority   2,509,411.92\nBalance   238,525.96\n(49) ACCELERATED REFORESTATION FUND\n$\nSurplus, April 1, 1973          9,349,556.97\nExpenditures, fiscal year 1973-74   8,255,846.54\nSurplus, March 31, 1974   1,093,710.43\nExpenditures, nine months, April 6 - December 1974   150,165.95\nSurplus, December 31, 1974   943,544.48\n 79\n(50)\nDISTRIBUTION OF PERSONNEL 1974\n>\nc_\nrt\nPersonnel\no\nu r;\nu ^\no\n\u00a3\nrt\n__\nC\nO\nO\no\nc\ncd\n>\nC   c_\nCL __\n.5 \u00b0\ne-G\nZ\nrt\n_>\n>\nrt\n0\nH\nContinuously Employed (Regular)\nDeputy Minister, Chief Forester, and\nAssistant Chief Foresters   \u2014\nDirector of Services   \u2014\nDistrict Foresters, Division Heads,\nForest Counsel, Staff Consultant   1\nAssistant District Foresters and\n2 i\/c Divisions   1\nForesters, Engineers, Agrologists,\nAgriculturist   18\nEconomists, Biologists, Research Officers   \u2014\nPersonnel Officers   1\nForest Protection Officers   2\nTechnical Forest Officers   49\nEngineering Technicians & Assistants    5\nForest Assistants & Engineering Aides   181\nCommunication Technicians   4\nComptroller, Audit Accountants, Administrative\nOfficers, Property Negotiators, Prog. Analysts   2\nPublic Information Officers, Photographers etc  \u2014\nMechanics and General Tradesmen   16\nTradesmen (Carpenters etc.), Bridgemen, Laborers   4\nScaling Supervisors (Coast)   15\nScalers (Coast)   147\nWeight Scaler Supervisors   \u2014\nWeight Scalers    \u2014\nSuperintendents & Assistant Superintendents\n(Scaling, Nursery, Mechanical etc.)   4\nForemen (Trades, Road, General etc.)   14\nDraughtsmen, Mapping Assistants and\nSurvey Assistants   10\nMachine Operators    10\nLaunch Crewmen   24\nAdministrative Support Staff  94\nTotal \u2014 Continuous Personnel   602\nNon-Continuous Employees (Auxiliary)\nPatrolmen and Lookoutmen   \u2014\nDispatchers, Radio Operators & Clerks   4\nReforestation, Snag-fallers, Planters etc  12\nMachine Operators   \u2014\nForest Assistants, Engineering Aides   3\nForemen (Trades, Road, General etc.)   4\nLaunch Crewmen   \u2014\nMechanics and General Tradesmen   \u2014\nTradesmen (Carpenters etc.)   1\nScalers (Coast and Interior)   15\nAdministrative Support Staff and others   I\nTotal \u2014 Auxiliary Personnel   40\nTotal \u2014 All Personnel    642\n23\n2\n35\n2\n83\n3\n6\n10\n2\n4\n38\n4\n9\n7\n39\n272\n25\n8\n527\n5\n124\n704\n976\n26\n1\n2\n44\n3\n123\n4\n1\n1\n10\n9\n1\n70\n24\n10\n57\n400\n28\n5\n450\n5\n181\n27\n5\n10\n40\n751\n1151\n26\n1\n1\n2\n45\n4\n96\n3\n1\n42\n42\n296\n17\n7\n16\n324\n19\n11\n2\n17\n3\n416\n712\n1 1\n1 1\n23        29\n1\n44\n4\n98\n4\n2\n43\n47\n299\n35\n7\n262\n26\n1\n40\n377\n676\n2\n30\n4\n74\n3\n5\n16\nI\n28\n3\n10\n44\n260\n13\n6\n475\n3\n110\n15\n4\n2\n6\n634\n894\n4\n1\n13\n6\n163\n5\n5\n6\n9\n36\n144\n10\n21\n8\n67\n30\n26\n23\n61\n14\n181\n833\n10\n3561\n55\n317\n218\n4\n12\n47\n82\n4\n1\n19\n12\n308\n5\n8\n17\n256\n58\n799\n31\n28\n9\n115\n75\n15\n149\n9\n221\n33\n66\n121\n67\n31\n504\n2962\n118\n40\n5041\n75\n1321\n309\n5\n23\n66\n50\n182\n4306     7228\n5139    10190\n Printed by K. M. MacDonald,\nPrinter to the Queen's Most Excellent Majesty\nin right of the Province of British Columbia.\n1975\n","@language":"en"}],"Genre":[{"@value":"Legislative proceedings","@language":"en"}],"Identifier":[{"@value":"J110.L5 S7","@language":"en"},{"@value":"1975_V01_11_001_079","@language":"en"}],"IsShownAt":[{"@value":"10.14288\/1.0376298","@language":"en"}],"Language":[{"@value":"English","@language":"en"}],"Provider":[{"@value":"Vancouver: University of British Columbia Library","@language":"en"}],"Publisher":[{"@value":"Victoria, BC : Government Printer","@language":"en"}],"Rights":[{"@value":"Images provided for research and reference use only. For permission to publish, copy or otherwise distribute these images please contact the Legislative Library of British Columbia","@language":"en"}],"SortDate":[{"@value":"1975-12-31 AD","@language":"en"},{"@value":"1975-12-31 AD","@language":"en"}],"Source":[{"@value":"Original Format: Legislative Assembly of British Columbia. Library. Sessional Papers of the Province of British Columbia","@language":"en"}],"Title":[{"@value":"REPORT OF THE Forest Service Year Ended December 31 1974","@language":"en"}],"Type":[{"@value":"Text","@language":"en"}],"Translation":[{"@value":"","@language":"en"}],"@id":"doi:10.14288\/1.0376298"}