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Legislative Assembly","@language":"en"}],"DateAvailable":[{"@value":"2016-02-29","@language":"en"}],"DateIssued":[{"@value":"[1925]","@language":"en"}],"DigitalResourceOriginalRecord":[{"@value":"https:\/\/open.library.ubc.ca\/collections\/bcsessional\/items\/1.0225911\/source.json","@language":"en"}],"Extent":[{"@value":"Foldout Map: MAP Showing FOREST AREAS Intensively Examined 1923-1924 Tributary to Quesnel. -- p. E 13","@language":"en"}],"FileFormat":[{"@value":"application\/pdf","@language":"en"}],"FullText":[{"@value":" PROVINCE OF BRITISH COLUMBIA\nKEPOET\nTHE EOEEST BEANCH\nOF   THE\nDEPARTMENT  OF  LANDS\nHON. T. D. PATTULLO, Minister\nP. Z. Caverhill,  Chief Forester\nFOR THE YEAR ENDING DECEMBER 31ST\n1924\nPRINTED   BY\nAUTHORITY OF THE  LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY.\nVICTORIA,  B.C.:\nPrinted by Chaeles  F.   Banfield,  Printer to  the King's Most Excellent Majesty.\n1925.\n  Victoria, B.C., April 29th, 1925.\nTo His Honour Walter Cameron Nichol,\nLieutenant-Governor of the Province of British Columbia.\nMay it please Your Honour :\nHerewith I beg respectfully to submit the Annual Eeport of the Forest Branch\nof the Department of Lands for the year 1924.\nT. I). PATTULLO,\nMinister of Lands.\n The Hon. T. D. Pattullo,\nMinister of Lands, Victoria, B.C.\nSir,\u2014There are submitted herewith statistical tables with a brief comment,\ncovering the main activities of the Branch during the calendar year 1924.\nP. Z. CAVERHILL,\nChief Forester.\n Douglas fir, second growth\nNatural reproduction.    Tl\nfor saw material.\nse trees are already large enough\n RELATION\nLUMBER PRICES INDEX FIGURES\nAND ROYALTY\n1909-1924\n38\n36\n34\n32\n30        248\n28        228\nIf)\n26   ^ 208\ni_\n24 0-   188\nIf) 22    ID   168\nL           <f>\n(0           <\"\n\u2014 20   o   1-48\n\u00b0          >\nQ   ia S   i28\nq-\n0\n16           1 08\nX\n<D\n14 ~0     88\nC\n1 \u00a3           68\nIO          4-8\n8\n6\n4\n2\n- Average   1909-13.\nIndex Figure         95\n- Lumber Prices $ !4-ro\nRoyalty                           50\nLEGE\n- Sel ling Price\nCosts\n.   n    . ._ 1-1-. .\nND\nnoyaii-y\nj    \/\n\\ \/\n\\    \\\n\\   \\\n\/\/\n\\   \\\n\\\n1\n\/ \/\n\\\n\\\n\\\n\/\n1\n1\n1\nx\ns\n\/\n___.\n\/\n1    \/\n\/     \/\n\/\n\/\n\u2014 \u2014^^\n\t\n\t\n,80%-\n1\n1\n4-0%-\n^se.,\n1\n0^7.\nPre\nswa\nr B?\n\u25a0                                                                                                                                                                 <\u2014v-'\/o\n1\nC\nC\n0\n)0      -aico^-iosNODoio-ajtrit\n5\n REPORT OF THE FOREST BRANCH,\nDEPARTMENT OF LANDS.\nThe settlement of the royalty question was the premier event of the year in forestry. This\nperplexing question arose out of.the \" Royalty Act\" of 1914, under which an attempt was made\nto fix the royalties payable on timber cut for a period of forty years in advance. At the time\nof passing this Act it was considered that advances In wholesale lumber prices would be almost\nwholly due to increase in stumpage values or that stumpage values would follow closely wholesale prices. The possibility of rapid increase In cost of production was not foreseen. Almost\nimmediately after the passing of this Act the outbreak of the World War completely upset most\nideas on finance and we witnessed a rapid shrinkage in the purchasing power of the dollar,\nuntil in 1920 it was worth only 40 pre-war cents. This drove the cost of producing lumber in\ninverse ratio to approximately $30 per M.B.M. Since 1920 readjustments have taken place and\nat present our dollar has increased in value to 60 pre-war cents. This means that the whole\nbasis of production is still much higher than considered possible in 1914 and is likely to remain\nso for a long time to come. The old \" Royalty Act\" made no provision for these costs and\nwould have taken as royalty a sum larger than the spread between the present cost of production\nand the value received for the sawn product.\nAdmitting that the purchasing power of the dollar will vary in inverse ratio with the index\nof prices and that the whole cost of production will increase more or less m the same ratio\nas the index, we then find that lumber prices to-day are relatively the same as pre-war. For\nfive years, 1909 to 1914, the average selling-prices was about $14.70 per M.B.M. and the index\nfigure as given for wholesale prices by the Department of Labour 95. To-day this index figure\nis 160. Our ratio is 95; 160: $14.70; X or $24.75 as equivalent to $14.70 pre-war lumber. In\nthe same way royalty, during this pre-war period was 50 cents on all species and grades, would\nnow average 85 cents. In 1914 the Act provided for a royalty averaging 67 cents and an increase\nof $4 or an $18 base before any further increase was made in royalty. These variations can be\nbetter shown by diagrams as in Plate 1.\nThe new \" Royalty Act\" breaks away from the principle of a long period. Since it is only\nby costly appraisal of stumpage values that a true basis of future values can be found with\nany certainty, it fixes a definite royalty for ten years only, after which the question is left\nentirely open to be settled as conditions then dictate. For five years the average royalty is\napproximately 98 cents and thereafter for the second five-year period an increase approximating\n25 per cent, is provided. This Act then provides reasonable stability for development of the\nindustry. It secures all legitimate revenue for the present and leaves no impediment to overcome when the question comes up for consideration ten years hence.\nINDUSTRY.\nFrom the standpoint of production the year 1924 showed a satisfactory record, the scale\nof forest products including all material exceeding any previous years. The production of saw-\nlogs declined by 29,000,000 feet, board measure, but this was more than made up by increased\nproduction of ties and minor products. Market conditions, however, were far from satisfactory\nand remained weak throughout the year, with a corresponding reduction in price\u2014the average\nvalue received f.o.b. being a full $2 per M. lower than during the previous year. This was due,\npartially at least, to overproduction, and yet the year disclosed a programme of expansion,\neither in actual construction or in immediately planned construction of plants, which will add\n1,000,000 feet per day to the capacity of our lumber-mills.\nThe fact that 2,500,000,000 feet B.M. of our stumpage was manufactured and put on the\nmarket at a price that returned little more than the cost of manufacturing and marketing is\na question that concerns not only the industry itself, but all users of lumber products. When\none stops to consider that stumpage of the quality now being cut cannot be produced under any\nsystem of forestry except at costs so high as to be prohibitive, and that the quantity of such\n E 6\nDepartment of Lands.\n1925\nstumpage is limited, the question assumes an importance that deserves the most careful consideration.\nThe total value of lumber products produced in British Columbia was $80,702,000, as compared with $86,574,000 for 1923; the decrease of $6,000,000 being due to lower prices for sawn\nlumber and a reduction in pulp production resulting from the closing-down of the Whalen Paper\nMills, Limited, Swanson Bay mill.\nEstimated Value of Production.\nLumber\t\nPulp and paper..\nShingles\t\nBoxes..\nProduct.\nPiles, poles, and mine-props\t\nCordwood, fence-posts, and mine-ties\t\nTies, railway\t\nAdditional value contributed by the wood-using industry\nLaths and other miscellaneous products\t\nLogs exported\t\nTotals .\n$46,952,500\n21,611,681\n12,081,476\n2,650,000\n1,543,087\n1,405,729\n2,250,682\n2,580,000\n847,920\n615,732\n892,628,807\n1921.\n1922.\n$33,533,000\n$26,400,000\n13,500,000\n12,590,000\n7,032,000\n9,750,000\n2,000,000\n1,726,000\n1,479,000\n959,000\n1,180,000\n1,187,000\n2,314,000\n1,526,000\n2,034,000\n2,000,000\n250,000\n400,000\n1,648,000\n2,939,000\n864,970,000\n859,477,000\n600,000\n018,000\n869,000\n072,000\n200,000\n500,010\n715,000\n000,000\n500,000\n200,000\n886,674,000\n800,000\n938,000\n000,000\n272,000\n100,000\n400,000\n242,000\n100,000\n550,000\n300.000\n880,702,000\nLUMBER TRADE EXTENSION.\nThe Department continued its trade-extension work in Eastern Canada, paying particular\nattention to the railway-car shops, architects, and structural engineers.\nThe grade exhibit installed at the Toronto office has proved of great value and has been\nmost effective in aiding architects and engineers in drawing up their specifications. A free\ndistribution of the British Columbia Lumber Manufacturers' Grading Rules has also aided\ngreatly in the work. An exhibit of finished woods, shingles, etc., was again carried at the\nCanadian National Exhibition, Toronto, and was viewed by a steady stream of interested visitors.\nAs business conditions in the East improve the results of this work and that carried on\nfor the red-cedar shingle will be reflected in the timber industry of the Province.\nThe bungalow exhibit at the British Empire Exhibition at Wembley, England, the material\nfor which was provided by the lumber-manufacturers, proved a marked, success, creating a\nnew interest in British Columbia woods and the uses to which they might be put in England.\nThis exhibit is being continued for another year.\nWATER-BORNE  TRADE.\nWater-borne shipments, with a total of 531,262,318 feet B.M., showed an increase of\n10,000,000 feet or 2 per cent, over the record year 1923. The greatest increase was in shipments\nto the United States, this market absorbing 313,000,000 feet as against 248,000,000 the previous\nyear.\nThe success of the Wembley exhibit is reflected in an increase of 25,000,000 feet in European\nshipments, from 16,000,000 to 41,000,000, which is the largest since the heavy post-war years.\nThe situation was also assisted by the low prices ruling on this side, enabling exporters to\nmeet the European market on a better footing than for several years past.\nThere was a marked decrease in quantities shipped to Australia and Japan. Financial\nconditions in the latter country retarded business, but Australia bought much more heavily in\nOregon and Washington than in British Columbia, at prices which British Columbia exporters\ndid not feel inclined to meet. Shipments to Australia totalled 35,000,000, as against 78,000,000\nin 1923.\n 15 Geo. 5\nForest Branch:.\nE 7\nThe following table gives details of water-borne trade for the past five years:\nWateb-bobne Lumbee Teade, 1920, 1921, 1922, 1923, and 1924.\nDestination.\n1920.\n1921.\n1922.\n1923.\n1924.\nFeet B.M.\n32,218,155\n4,159,099\n5,523,102\n14,911,232\n5,990,266\n61,217,805\n7,380,531\n5,619,747\n4,162,845\n2,996,123\n1,479,950\n1,015,414\nFeet B.M.\n27,275,928\n4,553,603\n1,317,825\n41,944,011\n52,447,160\n13,592,562\n2,931,969\n8,429,403\n25,553,543\n1,158,805\n20,668\n941,422\n8,568,400\nFeet B.M.\n55,949,129\n4,516,862\n3,244,776\n24,640,268\n72,339,531\n12,698,383\n2,415,600\n7,249,487\n83,856,504\n94,764\n30,065\n1,841,578\n4,269,953\nFeet B.M.\n78,003,428\n11,262,890\n717,600\n36,398,234\n105,916,915\n16,201,290\n8,221,032\n4,803,236\n248,611,600\n4,361,139\n994,341\n3,665,241\n677,756\n1,705,394\n177,041\nFeet B.M.\n34,848,783\n12,169,230\n752,906\n25,595,993\n79,107,984\n41,527,008\n10,681,208\n2,228,150\n313,104,821\n134,690\n544,604\n3,454,183\nMexico\t\nForeign, Unclassiified\t\n6,883,160\n229,608\nTotals\t\n146,624,269\n188,733,299\n273,146,800\n521,707,132\n531,262,318\nPULP AND PAPER.\nThe production of newsprint decreased by 6,600 tons or 4% per cent, over the previous year.\nWrapping-paper, however, increased 24 per cent, during 1924, showing a greater production than\nany year since 1920. Sulphite-pulp production is down 10,000 tons, caused by the closing-down\nof the Whalen Paper Mills, Limited, plant at Swanson Bay.\nPulp.\nPulp.\nSulphite\t\nSulphate\nGround wood\n1919.\n1920.\n1921.\n1922.\nTons.\n80,347\n9,473\n99,769\nTons.\n92,299\n16,380\n108,665\nTons.\n68,502\n6,519\n89,725\nTons.\n86,894\n9,674\n100,759\nTons.\n99,878\n9,932\n107,266\n89,839\n14,403\n112,001\nPapee.\nNewsprint...\nOther papers.\n1919.\n1920.\n1921.\n1922.\nTons.\n123,607\n7,202\nTons.\n136,832\n9,792\nTons.\n110,176\n6,934\nTons.\n124,639\n7,945\n142,928\n7,709\n136,281\n9,653\nPERSONNEL.\nThe permanent staff was increased during the year by fourteen and now numbers 245. The\nincrease in field force was three men added to the scaling staff, and three junior Foresters were\nadded more particularly to carry on the investigative work now being undertaken. The staff\nat its maximum during the fire season numbered 509, of which 413 were fieldmen.\nFor aii organization such as the Forest Branch the question of recruiting, training, and\nmaintaining the personnel is an important problem. The examination system for selecting men\nand subsequent advancement has been invaluable in raising the standard of the personnel. Short\nRanger schools, where the Rangers of a region can get together under woods conditions and,\nin conjunction with the supervising officials, work out some of the many problems with which\nthey are faced, has been a marked success. Two such schools were held during the year, one\nfor Coast and one for Southern Interior Rangers. While these schools were only of one week's\nduration each, much good was accomplished in standardizing methods and in building up an\n E 8\nDepartment of Lands.\n1925\nesprit de corps. Scattered as our staff is, without some such contact they are bound to consider\ntheir many problems as individual and to treat them as such, and through lack of team-play\nmuch effort will lose in effect.\nDuring the year we have again lost a number of our most promising men. That their\nservice should be lost to the public is to be regretted; at the same time it is encouraging to\nsee that the industry, in looking for the best material for their own needs, comes to the Forest\nBranch.    We have also been fortunate in being able to supply their places through promotion.\nDlSTBIBUTION OF FOKCE,  1024.\nPermanent.\nTemporary.\n(M\n\u00a3\nk\"\no\nT3\na\na\n(B\n\u25a0a\nO\nm\nq fl\nC\n\u25a0a\n3\nO\nd\nCD\nc\nb\nForest District.\n+3  c\n0)  \u00ab\na\n.2\n.2\nB\no\na\na3\np\nCO\no\nDO   C\n9%\nS\n33 -\u2022\n\u25a05 J\na\ne\np.\no\no\nft\nto\nc\n-d\nPi\no\nq\nT3\na\na\nS. -\nft\na .\no q\no-g\nr\u00b0   CD\nB\nP\nS. a\n> a\na>\n13\no rt\n13\nen\n&>\nE\n\"-' tjj\nof P\n5 S\n\"a!\n|\n3\na d\n=5  ft\nc- a)\n\u25a0\u00a7-M\n2 o\n'Us\nu^\no<\nJ\n1\n1\n1\nm<\nco\n1\n1\n\u00ab s\nK^.\n3\n5\n3\n\u00ab\n1\n2\n2\n^\n5\n5\n6\nCm\n20\n17\n-IPS\nH\n30\nL\n1\nH\n4\niy\n14\n\u00ab8\n1\n1\n2\n5\n1\n3\nn\n9\n33\nPrince Rupert\t\n1\n5\n1\n2\n7\n9\n7\n3\n0\n40\n1\n3\n1\n36\n3\n1\n8\n4\n5\n20\n4\n1\n7\n28\n2\n35\n1\n3\n24\n6\n31\n0\n29\n44\n186\n1\n20\n4\ns\n2\n1\n\t\n\t\n\t\n.___\n.\t\n\t\n: .\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n6\n3\n3\n6\n4\n41\n17\n4\n9\n53\n9\n87\n3\n76\n107\n34\n44\nFOREST INVESTIGATIONS AND RESEARCH.\nThe forests of British Columbia have a wealth-producing capacity the possibilities of which,\nfrom a long-time view-point, have as yet been realized only in part. To transmute these possibilities into permanent actualities requires, however, the general acceptance of the fundamental\nprinciples that the forest is a crop rather than a mine and that the management of forest land\nmust be conducted always with a view to perpetuation of the forests as such. It must be\nacknowledged that the key-note of forestry is lumber production, and that future production\nfrom cut-over lands and young stands is just as important as production from the present mature\ncommercial stands. There is far too strong a tendency among the public and operators toward\ntaking only present production into consideration without due regard for future needs; public\ninterest from a long-time view-point as well as present needs should govern in.determining the\nconditions under which exploitation takes place. Forestry is a business proposition and business\nconsiderations place definite limitations on what is feasible to do in the direction of intensive\nmethods. The business of forestry works on so narrow a margin of profit that it is necessary\nto determine the most economical means of ensuring continuous production. The solution of\nthis problem is the work of forest research.\nLOWER COAST PROJECTS.\nThe investigative projects carried out on the Lower Coast during the past summer may\nbe classified as reproduction studies, growth and yield studies, and fire studies.\nThe reproduction projects started in 1923 were continued in 1924, the work being confined\nto areas logged by the present systems of high-lead yarding. One hundred and seventy-six\ntemporary plots representing various conditions were studied. This entailed seedling counts\nand detailed examination in over 40 miles of strip.\n 15 Geo. 5\nForest Branch.\nE 9\nThe following table, which has been compiled from the data gathered so far, gives a general\nidea of existing conditions:\u2014\nSeedlings per Acre.\nUnburned.\nBurned\nonce.\nBurned more\nthan once.\nPer Cent.\n57\n13\n17\n13\nPer Cent.\n30\n10\n18\n42\nPer Cent.\n1\n1,001 to 1,500\t\n6\n\u00a301 to 1.000\t\n25\n68\nThe average number of seedlings per acre on the unburned area was 2,415 for all species;\non areas burned once, Douglas-fir type 1,134 and in the cedar and hemlock types 580. When\nwe consider that planting 8 by 8 feet would require 700 trees per acre, the indications are that\nwe will have ample reproduction on most of the areas if the fire problem is solved. These\nseedlings, of course, will not be as evenly distributed as if planting took place, but at the same\ntime they are ample to ensure a new forest at the cost of protection, whereas to obtain equal\nresults through planting which costs from $15 to $20 per acre, or an outlay of nearly $1,000,000,\nwould be required to replace forests on the area cut annually.\nOther studies indicate that seed is disseminated long distances and that forest lands when\ncut over will eventually come back to forests even where the seed stored in the duff may \"be\ndestroyed by successive fires.\nThe following table shows the number of seedlings established each year on an area which\nwas cleared, cut, and severely burned in 1915:\u2014\nPer Cent.\nSpecies\nBY\nNumber of Seedlings\nESTABLISHED.\nF.\nH.\nc.\n1924.\n1923.\n1922.\n1921.\n1920.\n1919.\n1918.\n1917.\n1916.\n0-20  \t\n43\n42\n15\n2,450\n2,061\n1,809\n1,409\n1,249\n761\n534\n555\n478\n20-40\t\n61\n28\n11\n674\n508\n883\n299\n377\n105\n197\n90\n61\n40-61\t\n46\n48\n6\n208\n179\n203\n274\n236\n154\n138\n70\n12\n60-80\t\n47\n52\n1\n200\n317\n284\n234\n66\n83\n50\n17\nThe stand at the margin of the cut-over area was 75 per cent, fir, with the remainder hemlock and cedar.   The soil was deep, reddish loam, characteristic of the Douglas-fir type.\nAlthough nature in time will give us a fair crop on areas denuded of all tree-growth, this\nestablishment is often a slow process, resulting in a long period of little growth and great fire\nrisk, since the hazard on cut-over areas is not materially reduced until the young trees meet\nand form a crown canopy. Unless destroyed, rapid regeneration, however, can usually be\nexpected from seed left on the ground by the previous stand. On this account it is desirable\nto adopt for each year the method of slash-disposal which destroys least of this seed and which\nat the same time is consistent with the requirements of protection and general economy.\nDuring the summer thirteen permanent sample plots were established to obtain further\ndata on the effect of burning at different seasons; the rate of establishment on-burned, and\nunburned areas, the effect of seed-trees on regeneration and under what conditions they will\nremain wind-firm, and the effect of density on rate of growth and mortality. Planting studies\nwere also started to determine the results of artificial regeneration. Through the co-operatjon\nof the logging companies, who gave access to their plans and records, it was possible to prepare\ndetailed history maps covering ten operations. These represent experiments on a commercial\nscale and will be an aid in solving many of the Important problems.\nFor commercial reasons it is of importance that timber-owners, whether Government or\nprivate, know how fast the timber on any particular block of laud is growing or what the land\nis capable of producing under forest management. Data for yield tables were gathered on\neighty-six sample plots in Douglas fir, hemlock, and mixed stands. This will be supplemented\nby further studies next year. The following tentative table has, however, been prepared from\nthe data already in hand:\u2014 : \u2022\u2022\u25a0...\u2022       \u25a0 *   :   .\n E 10\nDepartment of Lands.\n1925\nPeeliminaey Noehal Yield Table.\nDouglas Fir.\nBased on forty-five sample plots taken in fully stocked Douglas-fir stands on Lower Coast\nand Vancouver Island. Site classification based on height-growth of trees forming the upper\ncrown canopy. Volumes computed from sample trees in cubic feet. Column A shows total yield\nof wood material per acre. Column B shows yield per acre after deductions are made for 2-foot\nstumps and tops above 5-inch diameter inside bark.    Basal area, 213 square feet per acre.\nSite I.\nTotal Age.\nAverage Maximum\nHeight.\nAverage D.B.H.\nNo. of Trees per\nAcre.\nA.\nVolume, Cu. Ft.\nB.\nVolume, Cu. Ft.\n50\n100\n11.2\n310\n8,750\n8,040\n70\n124\n15.2\n169\n10,850\n10,270\n90\n141\n19 2\n103\n12,340\n11,820\n110\n155\n23.0\n24\n13,570\n13,020\n130\n167\n26.5\n56\n14,620\n14,050\n150\n178\n29.5\n45\n15,680\n14,990\nSite II.\n50\n79\n8.1\n595\n6,830\n5,740\n70\n99\n11.9\n276\n8,670\n8,020\n90\n114\n15.4\n165\n9,980\n9,440\n110\n126\n18.3\n117\n11,030\n10,550\n130\n137\n2;.7\n76\n11,990\n11,450\n150\n145\n24.1\n67\n12,690\n11,190\nSite III.\n60\n60\n6.6\n890\n5,250\n4,040\n70\n77\n9.0\n482\n6,740\n5,860\n90\n89\n11.2\n311\n7,790\n7,140\n110\n98\n13.2\n224\n8,580\n8,020\n130\n105\n15 1\n171\n9,190\n8,680\n150\n110\n16.8\n138\n9,630\n9,160\nThese preliminary studies, though based on incomplete data, indicate the great productive\nvalue of immature forests and cut-over lands, from which the supply of future generations\nwhen the present virgin stands are exhausted must be drawn.\nNorthern Problems.\nForest management in the Northern Interior is faced with quite a different problem. The\nprincipal stand in this section is spruce in mixture with balsam, cedar, and lodgepole pine.\nSpruce is, of course, the superior tree for lumber or pulp production and at the same time it\nshows less ability in reproducing and maintaining its position in the stand. This is plainly\nindicated by the percentages of spruce in various sizes shown in the following study based on\ncount of eight-seven sample plots:\u2014\nSpecies.\nMature Trees,\n8 In. D.B.H.\nand over.\nPoles, 4 to 8 In.\nD.B.H.\nReproduction\nunder 4 In.\nD.B.H.\nPer Cent.\n58.0\n40.0\n1.6\n0.0\n0.4\nPer Cent.\n32.8\n64.0\n0.6\n1.0\n1.0\nPer Cent.\n14.2\nFir\t\n81.4\n0.1\n0.2\n4.1\nA casual survey will show that after a fire has run through a spruce stand the reproduction\nis scanty; or lodgepole pine comes in, in succession. Lodgepole, in fact, has become so general\nover former spruce-sites as to require treatment as a distinct type.    The selection system, by\n   15 Geo. 5 Forest Branch. E 11\nuse of a diameter limit, is not applicable to our mature forests, since it takes either too many\nor too few trees. In the East this system has led to a depreciation of the forest and to a conversion of the former spruce stands to one composed largely of the inferior balsam.\nThe solution of these various problems relating to spruce regeneration and the building-up\nof proper management plans for these stands now becoming important as a source of lumber-\nsupply, and offering still greater prospect for future pulp-wood, is the motive behind the undertaking of research in the Northern Interior.\nDuring the year a preliminary survey was made of the district and a progress report\nprepared. A reserve covering 6,400 acres of virgin forest was set aside for the study and\npractice of logging under various silvicultural methods.\nFOREST RECONNAISSANCE.\nForest reconnaissance work was continued with two parties in the field; one working east\nof Quesnel on the Cottonwood and Swift Rivers; the other completed the McKinley and Crooked\nRiver drainage-basins and started work on the McGregor watershed north-east of Prince George.\nThe projects are discussed in some detail below.\nCottonwood River Area.\u2014The Cottonwood is a tributary entering the Eraser from the east\nabout 12 miles above Quesnel. The drainage area is approximately 635 square miles and contains some areas of good timber. The party cruised 32,000 acres bearing commercial stands in\nthe main valley situated along the Carfboo-Barkerville Road and just south of Cottonwood\nPost-office. The area is estimated to contain a stand of 414,000,000 board-feet, an average of\n13 M.B.M. per acre, 67 per cent, of which is spruce, 22 per cent, lodgepole pine, 8 per cent, fir,\nand 3 per cent, balsam. Owing to the small size of the trees the timber is more suitable for\nthe manufacture of pulp and railway-ties than for logs for sawmilling purposes. This tract\nof timber should make an easy logging show. The Cottonwood River is considered drivable\nfor over a month each year and the timber may be taken down it to the Fraser River.\nOn the Swift, a tributary of the Cottonwood, the area of merchantable timber cruised\ncomprises nearly 10,000 acres. This tract lies on the headwaters of the Swift River and has\na stand estimated at 110,000,000, or 11 M.B.M. per acre, 68 per cent, of which is spruce, 25 per\ncent, lodgepole pine, and 7 per cent, balsam. There is at present an infestation of spruce bud-\nworm and tip-moth on this area, but the damage done to date is not serious. Owing to the\nscattered nature of the timber and its distance from suitable transportation facilities the area\ncannot be considered a satisfactory logging chance at present.\nMcKinley and Crooked River Areas.\u2014This was a continuation of the work commenced last\nyear, when 75,000 acres containing over 1,000,000,000 feet B.M. of timber were cruised. The\nparty this year covered 24,000 acres containing merchantable timber with a stand of 395,000,000\nfeet, distributed by species as follows: 51 per cent, spruce, 28 per cent. Douglas fir, 13 per cent,\nlodgepole pine, and 8 per cent, balsam. It averaged 16.4 M.B.M.. per acre. A considerable\namount of cedar is also present, but as this is very defective it has not been included in the\ncruise.\nThe above area, in conjunction with that cruised last year on the Horsefly River, shows\na total stand of merchantable Crown timber of nearly 1,500,000,000 feet, of which nearly\n1,000,000,000 feet is composed of species suitable for manufacture into pulp. The whole Horsefly\nRiver drainage-basin offers an excellent logging chance for development by a pulp-mill. In\naddition to the above timber-supply there is approximately 10,000 acres of timber land in\nprivate holdings.\nIn addition to the above merchantable timber there are large areas of young timber not\nyet of merchantable size, but which will be available when the mature timber has been cut out.\nIf the area is properly operated, sufficient raw material to supply a large pulp-mill for all time\nshould be obtainable.\nThere are sites suitable for a pulp-mill on the Quesnel River, and it is estimated that 32,000\nhorse-power may be developed at the west end of Quesnel Lake, while with storage this may\nbe increased to over 40,000 horse-power. At the Little Canyon, 20 miles up the Quesnel River\nfrom Quesnel, 9,600 horse-power can be developed, or by the construction of a dam SO feet high\nthis could be increased to 22,000 horse-power. The maximum towing and driving distance from\nthe heads of the McKinley and Crooked Rivers is about 60 miles.    The Horsefly River will be\n E 12 Department of Lands. 1925\na good driving-stream after several jams have been taken out and improvements constructed\naround a couple of small falls, while the Crooked and McKinley branches, with a reasonable\nexpenditure in clearing and controlling, will be drivafole. Except for one or two isolated tracts,\nthe maximum haul to the banks of a drivable stream will not exceed 3 miles. The area is better\nsuited for winter than summer logging, since the swampy nature of the site requires freezing\nweather to make proper surface conditions for horse-logging.\nMcGregor Area.\u2014The McGregor is the principal tributary of the Fraser above Prince\nGeorge. Rising in the main Rocky Mountains in several branches, it flows north-westward\nand joins the Fraser 40 miles east of Prince George.\nIn 1921 a start was made on securing definite information on the timber resources of this\nriver. One block of approximately 15,000 acres was covered and showed a merchantable stand\nof timber amounting to 150,000,000 board-feet.\nDuring February and March, 1924, under the Surveyor-General's direction, a traverse of\n43 miles was run on the lower river and a preliminary report made on the timber areas preparatory to further cruising. On the completion of the cruise on the McKinley and Crooked\nRivers in August one party was transferred to this area, where they worked until weather conditions in the early winter forced the closing of the camp.\nTwo tributaries of the main river, Otter and Seeback Creeks, were covered and found to\ncontain approximately 375,000,000 feet B.M., or 27,000 acres. The timber averaged 14,000 feet\nB.M. per acre\u201473 per cent, spruce and 27 per cent, balsam.\nOnly a preliminary examination has been made of a portion of the remaining timber areas\non the Lower McGregor River watershed, which indicates that upwards of 1,000,000,000 feet\nwill be found. With improvement, the lower part of the McGregor River and several streams\nemptying into it will be drivable for several months each year. Reconnaissance and cruising\nin this area will be continued early in the year 1925.\nRaft River.\u2014The Raft River is a tributary entering the North Thompson 71 miles above\nKamloops. A preliminary extensive reconnaissance was made of the timber on this river. The\nvalley has suffered very severely from fires and there was found to be only 9,000 acres of merchantable timber containing about 50,000,000 feet B.M. The areas are so scattered and transportation difficulties so great that the logging of timber is not at present an attractive proposition\nand for this reason does not warrant close cruising.\nFOREST RESERVES.\nThe programme of placing lands incapable of agricultural development, but suitable for\ntimber production, under reserve as Provincial forests was continued. The reserve does not\nmean that the lands are withdrawn from use. They are only set aside so that a stable policy\nmay be followed which will permit the continuous production of forest-crops. In selecting these\nareas an effort is made, in so far as is practicable, to exclude all areas required for higher\ndevelopment, and provisions are made for mining, grazing, recreation, and other uses within\nthe forest.\nDuring the year five reserves were proclaimed, covering an area of 2,500,000 acres, as\nfollows:\u2014\nThe YahTc Forest.\u2014This reserve covers 788.5 square miles of mountainous country situated\nand forming the upper valley of Yahk River. It is well timbered at present, the stands remaining\nlargely in the Government lands. The elevation and ruggedness of the country preclude agricultural development and as yet no highly mineralized belt has been located in this section.\nThe Kettle Valley Forest.\u2014This reserve covers some 2,426 square miles. It is situated\nacross the headwaters of Kettle River and is a continuation of the Dry Belt reserves, serving\nboth for timber production and watershed protection. The timber, largely lodgepole pine, is\nimmature but will be valuable for ties.\nThe Nehaliston Forest.\u2014This reserve forms the west divide of the North Thompson River.\nIt extends from the Dominion Railway Belt northward to the Mahood Lake and River, covering\n900 square miles, and is the source of many small streams used for irrigation in the valley\nbelow, such as the Whitewood, Skull, Peterson, Nehaliston, and Blackwater. The elevation,\nabout 4,000.feet, precludes agricultural development.    The reserve contains valuable stands of\n 15 Geo. 5\nForest Branch.\nE 13\n0  H ovsef ]y Cru I se 19Z3\n(*?) Oolrboriwooci Cruii\n\u00ae   Swift:   River  Crui\n\u00a9   F\u00b0wei;  Sites\nSc ale.\n 15 Geo. 5 Forest Branch. E 15\nspruce timber and lodgepole pine suitable for ties. In one tract, on- Skull and Peterson Creeks,\na cruise shows over 7,000,000 railway-ties.\nThe Aleza, Lake Forest:\u2014This is a small forest of 10 square miles situated just south of\nAleza Lake. It is a mature stand of spruce and is typical of the northern spruce type of forest.\nThe object of the reserve is an experimental area for securing data on regeneration in this type\nof forest.\nThe Hardwicke Island Forest.\u2014This reserve covers the major part of Hardwicke Island.\nThe area has been partially logged but still contains 200,000 M.B.M.\u201445 per cent, cedar, 25 per\ncent, hemlock, 16 per cent. Douglas fir, 14 per cent, balsam, and other species. The logged areas,\nexcept where heavily burned, are being reproduced and some excellent stands of seedlings and\nsmall poles 20 feet high are located in this forest.\nThe work preliminary on reserving several other islands has been done and these will be\nrecommended for reservation during 1925.\nSOIL AND LAND CLASSIFICATION.\nWork under this division consisted of:\u2014\n.  - (a.)  Special soil studies and soil typing of unalienated lands at Stuart Lake- and sec\ntions of the Yahk Forest Reserve.\n(&.)  Classification of unalienated surveyed lots on west coast of Vancouver Island,\n(c.)  Regular report from general staff on areas applied for under pre-emption or for\nsale.\n(a.) Stuart Lake Area.\u2014A special party made a careful survey and soil map of 64,000\nacres in the area reserved for settlement south-east of Stuart Lake. The report and map treats\nof the area under the following soil types : Good clay soils ; clay soils badly burned; clay loams ;\nsandy loams; sandy loams badly burned; gravel; peat soil; muskeg. Contour and cover maps\nwere also prepared from information secured by running strips every 40 chains across the blocks.\nSamples of soil definitely located and representative of the main types were kept for detailed\nanalysis, both physical and chemical, to determine their value and characteristics. One large\nsample, representative of 6-inch breaking on the most extensive type, was sent in to the Department of Agronomy of the University of British Columbia to be put through pot tests to ascertain\nthe need for fertilizer. Specimens of all plants encountered in quantity were taken to Victoria\nand identified, and valuable information was in this way obtained concerning the natural forage\nin the country.\nSpeaking generally of the area, a large portion having soil of sufficient \" body \" for general\nfarm practice may be easily cleared, half of which, with improved transportation, could be\nprofitably farmed. The report brings out very markedly the effect of burning. Owing to impaired quality through repeated fires the soil on 50 per cent, of the area will need some\nbuilding-up by fertilization.\nIn addition to this intensive study, a general survey was made of approximately 150 square\nmiles of non-mountainous land bordering on the lake itself for the purpose of defining areas\nwhich would support settlement with prospect of success. This latter work was only sufficiently\nintensive to allow for mapping the soil by broad physical divisions.\nIn the fall of 1924 a careful examination was made of certain lands within the Yahk Forest\nReserve to determine if any portions were suitable for agricultural purposes and what were\nthe possibilities of irrigation. The area of soil suitable for tilling was found to be limited to\n2,300 acres in the eastern portion of the reserve. The area is too arid for dry-farming and\nsufficient water is available to supply only a small portion of the 2,300 acres which has the soil\nfor cultivation.   The expense of installation of the irrigation system would be prohibitive.\n(6.) West Coast of Vancouver Island.\u2014To avoid delay in dealing with applications for\nsettlement it was decided to examine a number of lots on the west coast of Vancouver Island\nfor their timber values and general suitability for agricultural use. A small party of men\nspent the summer on this work, covering 391 lots with a total area of 63,000 acres. One hundred\nof these contained timber in excess of 8,000 feet per acre and were classified, therefore, as timber land; of the remainder, 206 were suitable for settlement. In addition, forty-eight small\nparcels of land containing 2,200 acres, applied for as reserves, were examined.\n E 16\nDepartment of Lands.\n1925\n(o.) Reports from Ranger Staff.\u2014Classification reports by the Ranger staff for miscellaneous\npurposes of the \" Land Act \" totalled 1,190 cases, covering 201,472 acres; 61,492 acres were\nclassed as agricultural land and 35,047 acres were recommended for reserve. The timber on\nthe reserved land was estimated at 87,462 feet B.M.   Details of these are given below:\u2014\nAreas examined for Miscellaneous Purposes of \" Land Act.\"\nForest District.\nCariboo\t\nCranhrook....\nFort George.\nKamloops\t\nNelson \t\nPrince Rupert\nVancouver ...\nVernon\t\nTotals\nApplications for\nCrown Grants.\n520\n360\n160\n555\n1,228\n621\n449\n3,893\nApplications for\nGrazing and Hay\nLeases.\nNo.\n45\n2\n47\nAcres.\n8,371\n282\nApplications for\nPre-emption\nRecords.\nNo.\n83\n100\n16\n16\n61\n110\n31\nAcres.\n12,679\n16,195\n2,575\n2,389\n8,531\n9,165\n5,628\n56,162\nApplications to\nPurchase.\nNo.\n24\n16\n27\n3\n16\n60\n39\n17\nAcres.\n1,632\n7,119\n9,681\n313\n1,998\n4,113\n5,458\n1.S91\n32,205\nMiscellaneous.\n21\n39\n323\n8\n2\n54\n43\n6\n496\nAcres.\n4,394\n34,507\n34,961\n1,049\n856\n9,138\n14,901\n753\n100,559\nClassification of Areas examined in 1924.\nForest District.\nCariboo\t\nCranbrook ..\nFort George..\nKamloops....\nNelson\t\nPrince Rupert\nVancouver....\nVernon \t\nTotals\nTotal Area.\nAcres.\n27,596\n41,986\n59,997\n3,937\n5,798\n23,010\n30,145\n9,003\n201,472\nAgricultural\nLand.\nAcres.\n4,593\n2,399\n31,986\n1,023\n1,021\n7,993\n11,025\n1,472\n61,492\nArea\nrecommended\nfor Reserve.\nAcres.\n320\n24,427\n2,602\n160\n1,532\n4,945\n1,161\n35,047\nEstimate of\nTimber on\nReserved Area.\n6,706\n8,688\n15,264\n905\n25,189\n23,351\n7,359\n87,462\nFOREST ENTOMOLOGY.\nDuring the spring of 1924 the work of controlling the epidemic outbreak of bark-beetles\n(Dendroctonus monticola and brevicomus) in western yellow pine in the vicinity of Merritt\nwas continued. The work began on April 5th and continued until June 27th, when the last\ncamp was closed down on account of general emergence of the beetles.\nThe total number of men employed varied considerably, but averaged over ninety. At four\nof the camps\u2014namely, those situated in Voght Valley, near Canyon House, at Spearing, and\neast of Kingsvale\u2014areas worked over in previous years were recleaned and the work extended\nto uncontrolled adjacent areas. A new camp was placed in the vicinity of Aspen Grove, first\non Otter Creek and later at Olson Lake, and a small, mobile crew was used in the latter part\nof June to dispose of scattered trees in the Kane Valley.\nA total of 13,002 trees were treated in the vicinity of Merritt. The average cost per tree\nwas $1.82 and the approximate average per M. board-feet was $4.88. These figures show a\nreduction of about 10 per cent, from the control costs of 1923. In addition, the infested logging-\nslash on 500 acres in the Midday Valley and on the Coutlee Plateau was piled and burned by\nthe Forest Branch as a control measure at a cost of $5 per acre.\n'The history, causes, and methods of control of this epidemic, together with the effect of\nlogging operations on the spread of the beetles, were discussed in the 1923 Annual Report. As\nthe result of the enforcement of certain regulations affecting logging operations and the levying\nof a portion of the control measure costs against the owners of timber lands, the Forest Branch\nreceived vigorous protests. The contention was that the control-work was not effective; that\nthe infestation had spread to the Coldwater Valley from the original Princeton outbreak and\nwas in no way influenced by the logging operations carried on in that valley.\nA committee was appointed to investigate and report on the results of the past five seasons'\ncontrol-work and to ascertain just what would constitute an equitable distribution of the costs.\n Mature yellow pine, British Columbia.    These are the stands endangered by bark-beetles\n(Dendroctonus).\n A cage enclosing a tree attacked by bark-beetles.    This is used to entrap the emerging insects for\nascertaining their life-history, their associates and parasites.\niHSiBl\nUPl\nI\nTreatment for control of bark-beetles.    Trees peeled ready for burning\n 15 Geo. 5 Forest Branch. E 17\nThis committee was composed of three men, representing the Mountain Lumbermen's Association,\nthe Timber Industries Council, and the Provincial Government. They held a public hearing at\nMerritt on September 17th and later visited several epidemic areas to personally observe the\nresults of the control-work.    Their findings are as follows:\u2014\n\" That it is possible that natural conditions in the Nicola Valley were ripe for an epidemic\nstage of the pine bark-beetle, irrespective of whether the Princeton outbreak was carried into\nthe Nicola Valley or not.\n\" That the committee is inclined to the belief that the Princeton outbreak died from its\nown severity and from the other parasites that multiply after the pine bark-beetle.\n\" That direct-control work is necessary and has been apparently effective.\n\" That the piling and burning of slash due to logging operations to the satisfaction of the\nForestry Department officials is necessary, except perhaps in the area known as the ' Midday\nValley.'\"\nA detailed survey made of the infected areas early in the fall of 1924 indicated that control\nmeasures had definitely abated the spread of the main epidemic, and, unless an exceptional\nincrease of the beetles occurred over the winter period, that expenditure might be materially\ndecreased during 1925 and the succeeding year.\nKelowna Watershed.\u2014The Dendroctonus beetle (monticola) has been attacking the lodgepole pine on the'Kelowna watershed, from which several important irrigation systems draw\ntheir water-supply. This outbreak was first observed in the summer of 1920 in a small patch\nof pine near Lorna. It was hoped that the attack would die out, but by 1923 it had spread\nand appeared to threaten the pine, which constitutes the chief species in the reserve; therefore\ntwo camps were undertaken, employing over twenty men on these areas during May and June.\nSome 5,290 trees were treated at an average cost of $1.08 per tree. A recent survey of the area\nshows that, allowing for a normal increase of the beetles over the winter period, probably 2,000\ntrees will have been treated in the spring of 1925 before the epidemic may be considered under\ncontrol.\nThe Coast Infestation.\u2014Beetle infestations in the Douglas fir on the Coast were first noticed\nabout the year 1921, but nothing approaching an epidemic condition existed at that time. On\nthe infestations becoming more evident, Ralph Hopping, Dominion Entomologist, who co-operates\nwith the Forest Branch and is technical adviser on all questions of entomology in the Province,\nwas requested to make an examination and report on the situation. The following are extracts\nfrom his report:\u2014\n\"From the Sechelt Peninsula to Vancouver Bay the Douglas fir is in a state of epidemic\ninfestation, caused by the Douglas fir bark-beetle (Dendroctonus pseudotsugw). The infestation\nis more or less in patches but is very widespread, being particularly bad on Nelson, Texada,\nand Lasqueti Islands. Real epidemics of the Douglas fir bark-beetle in standing timber have\nnot existed, as far as is known, in the past. There have been a few small outbreaks which have\nquickly subsided and in some few instances been controlled. Forest entomologists have not\nlooked upon this bark-beetle as being a particular menace to our Douglas-fir stands. The present\noutbreak is therefore not only something of a surprise, but seems to be an epidemic which may\nequal our epidemic in yellow pine (Pinus ponderosa). Most of the areas around Jervis Inlet\nhave been more or less logged and there is every indication that the infestation has slowly\ngathered strength, especially where logging has ceased for two or three years. This epidemic\nis so widespread that the cost of control of the whole area will be prohibitive.\n\" Epidemics in standing Douglas fir do not start as readily as in yellow pine. It is well\nknown that the Douglas fir bark-beetle prefers recently cut logs or windfalls. It seems probable\nthat the extensive logging, both by large concerns and hand-loggers, has for some years supplied\nthe needs of this bark-beetle, which has during several years been gradually gaining in numbers,\nuntil on the more or less cessation of logging in certain districts the beetle has been forced to\nattack standing timber and, having become epidemic, is spreading. Our efforts at control should\nbe confined, therefore, to stands of merchantable timber, especially those with natural\nboundaries.\"\nIn addition to the above infestation, a small one consisting of about sixty trees has been\nlocated farther north near Read Bay.   These trees will be destroyed early in the year 1925.\n E 18 Department op Lands. 1925\nAn epidemic among the white pine in the Nimpkish River Valley, caused by the bark-beetle\nDendroctonus monticola, was also discovered. Trees weakened by a light ground fire in 1922\nwere heavily attacked by beetles in 1923 and the infestation has spread to adjoining timber.\nA recent survey shows that 11,000 trees are infested. Such epidemics in white pine are\nalways dangerous, but the small amount of pine in this valley does not justify the cost of control.\nSpruce Bud-worm.\u2014An infestation of spruce bud-worm (Cacoceia. fumiferana Clem) and\ntip-moth exists over a large area of spruce and balsam stands east of Quesnel. It was first\nobserved about ten years ago, but evidently subsequently died down. During the past two\nsummers it has become very noticeable and if the epidemic, continues may cause considerable\ndamage. To date it has, on some areas, affected nearly all the balsam, but killing only a small\nproportion of the stand. The spruce has not suffered to the same extent. These insects are\ndefoliators and trees will generally endure their attacks for a number of years before succumbing. Even if not killed outright, the growth is retarded and the unhealthy condition of the\ntrees makes them more susceptible to attacks from other enemies. These insects show a preference for balsam, which is the first species attacked.\nLOG-SCALING.\nThe timber scaled during the year shows, in total volume, an increase of 28,000,000 feet.\nThis increase is due to more extensive operations in ties and poles, ties totalling 3,730,619 pieces,\nan increase of 30 per cent, over the previous year, while poles and piling increased 39 per cent,\ntotalling 23,360 M. lineal feet. The production of sawlogs, on the other hand, which includes\nlogs for the pulp-mill as well, dropped from 2,237,288 M. feet in 1923 to 2,208,817 M. feet board\nmeasure. The Coast produced 80 per cent, of the total cut; the Southern Interior, 13 per cent.;\nand the Northern Interior, 7 per cent. Cranbrook, Vernon, and Vancouver recorded a slight\nloss in production, while the production in Cariboo increased 84 per cent.; Fort George, 55 per\ncent.; Kamloops, 42 per cent.; Nelson, 41 per cent.; and Prince Rupert, 3 per cent.\nSpecies Cut.\u2014The distribution of the cut by species shows a marked falling-off in production\nof Douglas fir, white and yellow pine. Hemlock remained almost stationary, while a considerable\nincrease is recorded in the cut of cedar, spruce, and lodgepole pine. Since lodgepole pine has,\nat least until recently, been considered a tree of no value, it is of considerable interest to note\nthat it now stands fifth with regard to the quantity of lumber produced, the cut this year\nexceeding 75,000,000 feet and exceeding the combined cut of both white and yellow pine. It is,\nof course, used largely for ties and the increase in tie production accounts for the greatly\nincreased volume of this species. The increase in spruce production is largely due to the further\ndevelopment in the spruce belt along the line of the Canadian National Railway east from\nPrince George.\n 15 Geo. 5\nForest Branch.\nE 19\n\u2022 m\n- CO\nCO\nCM\n*\n.m\n\u25a0 o   -\n\u25a0 CO      \u25a0\nCO     \u2022\n.    .     . VI\n.\n1       '\n\u25a0w   \u25a0\n\u25a0       '\n\u25a0 o   \u25a0\n, CM     .\n\u2022O     \u25a0\n\u25a0 co    \u25a0\ncyf\na ^ m o n ^ m r> aj \u00ab n\n-tflTjlCJMi-HCOCOlU\u2014 mCO\n(MffiM^Hifl'tNiMOfflHeocici-iffitDcsoaaooi-ou\nia h n n * n f o f \u00ab a o -^ h ir, c x SJ ~ \/: n -t cs co i-h .h o\nw m n o oo oo n \u00bb n ih ic r. ^ m ~. c ^ ~ >~ i\u2014 t- o ocim m o a\ni-T ^\"i\u2014 in CO rjTrH \u2022* L-T r-T i-*\" L-T OtT ^ r-T f-T ^ 00* i-T \u00a9 i-T-*\"r-^\u00ab\nr\u2014        f- HO        H        lO        rH r-1  \u2014        t-t        O        i\u2014I i\u2014I        -H lO r\nX \"^ CO 00\nt- CO CM CD\nCO CM- CD\nt-rHt\u2014 COi\u2014 CMCOCO-'*\nC0OMC0NNMC0mPflO*^Mu3rJC0OTCC)C0Mr((ONOWfflC0i03TjiO^03C0OmiII'*\nTtt O CO Ol TH 'H CD iC  X .*.-  \u2014\u25a0 1- T-l  -1- '-O  -\u25a0 01 -M CO -1 '\" 00 1-  O if:  I- S S u1: \" IMOOO\u00ab \u00bbOa\u00ab5\n.5 o.\nin                      CO r-1        r_l I\u2014 CM                r-i CO               K5M               CO i-H               (MiN               O                             CM                lO\nftpj\nh\nH       3\nH^ioaNccwcOffl^OowwNi^HOMi-MMHOwaiMooraNnCffiMCOGOOoO\nts cb h h \u25a0* n >r. cNNNci-aati-xo-ix-t 71 1- :i s k :-i \u25a0* HOco^cs^r-ooMi\"-\nO        Mt'OHHIMHm'MO'CHnCC^        HCtCHlNiCIMHCCl'- CMS COC-\niODIiCOOOCOCt-i\nHiOHTJiiO'fCOCOO\nSC1W CN        i-h 00\nOS 00 \"\u00ab\u25a0 \u25a0\u25a0*\nOHHIO\nCO CM CO CO\nO\" CM*\" i-T of\nMOOHNNmH'*iOCOO*OCCC:,Mt<CO'#COC:t\"'J,XI,*(NiOttHCO\n\"* \u25a0* 10 \u25a0* n \u25a0m o>i c o-i \" \u25a0\u00bb -ii o m cc 1- n '^ c 0-1 l- 1)1 -t 00 h o \u25a0* i> to -^ go\nHCDCOC5000vH--OCOiO'*CC2MC^H'*MNCMH(>-Tr'MNafairi\n(SOCOnGOHOCO^SMCOa\u00a9\u00a9\nCO CO r-l w -* \u2022# CO co O  CO CS  \"M CO i\u2014I 1\u2014I 00\ni-Uir-NN-JiOOO-l'*CO(M3:NKiN\n00        rH(M\"of co'of I\u2014CM        rH\n1\u20141 <M\nHH-JNMOOt--C0t-O\n1^ CO 00 OS CO CD \u2014iT+fiO CO\nCM        CM m t\u2014 i\u2014I        OCO        \u2014i\nX-OSOCOX)OOOOOICOCSCO\noouiCR'V'oxi-rHHoai\nHIMCONW*        001- N\nr-T O\" O\"\nO CO I- CO CO CO UO\nCO CT 01 00 C CM 00\n\u25a0* CM CM 00 lO -tf 1-1\nH ITS ^ OS CM lO\n(DNWOO\ni\u2014l 0O OS CO\n\u25a0\u00bb# \u25a0* rH t\u2014\nO CO CO CO\niCOSHH'MNiMMTflaWHiMONiQCO\nHNOnHtOOWtCOoOMNiftWHN\nOOS        rHlQCq        1\u2014ICBi-\"I ri tj CC H H\nCO*\"cT ifOO-f t-Tco\" BO tH\nOhOUOC\n00 CO 00 r-i ** f\n-rf CM CO\nm-^t\u2014 COOOt-lfSX-^OOCO\nCMOSCOCOCOOmrHCOCO\nO OS c: OS cs co\nm CM CO CM\nCO I\u2014 CO 00\nNHCO|OOOifJO^CiH\u00abOOOCCCOO;WHOffiONOOa:cOO<l\nlO  r\u2014 CO 1- t\u25a0- CO C. l~- 1 - -* CO CO  C\u2014 ON  rH G>  >n CO 'C  00 o in CM CO LQ\nm h 00 n n      1\u20141 -* 00      t-ooco      o-d\"as      MMrt      comco\n^jT     co\"-* 'W      10 in \u25a0*#\"     <m co co      cm\"cm r-- cm co co o\"\nHHHCOBcCCSMCOiO'Jir-.rJ'CjLCiO^aiOi-icfllN\nIMHffi'*mc2OHTfmNNC0C0riKmOM5'U-H\nCM m 00        00 rH lO r-i co m        OSCOCO        CO I\u2014 -tf        OS (M\noTco\" cc\"t-     ho'n frfio\"    i-TecTi-r of\nOr! t\u2014 1\u2014I Or-( OS \u25a0* rH i\u2014I\no -* \"* CO\nrH 0O CO CO\nS3 J=        ajy .\u00a3\nJO     . 43        JO rt +=\n^s\u00a3\nS3\n\u00bb p\" S ?\nof P\ns;\u00a3i\n.SSC\nB\u00ab.\nIs;\nIIP II y II 1.1 Is 1.1 IIIIIIM Is \u00a7.s Is 1.2 is \u00a7.s |il.i |si f |sl 1\"\n; a +j \u2014 \u2014 o\n^=! \u00a9 43.3 W o \u25a0!\nSi    S\nM   .-     B\nS.rj i\u00bb c\n3\na\n111 J\nV\n\u2022*\n>\na\nu\n4\na\nd \u2014 -ja\nS   -   -   - 01\n- - o - -\n E 20\nDepartment of Lands.\n1925\nSpecies cut in 1924.\nForest District.\nCranbrook\t\nFort George\t\nCariboo\t\nKamloops\t\nNelson\t\nVernon\t\nTotals, Interior..\nPrince Rupert\t\nVancouver\t\nTotals, Coast\t\nGrand totals, 1924\nGrand totals, 1923\nGrand totals, 1922\n\u25a0&*!\nSB\nOS\n21,707\n6,635\n3,329\n24,241\n14,234\n11,634\n80,780\n2,435\n952,804\n955,239\n1,036,019\n1,139,149\n846,171\nT3\nuS\n\u25a0SB\nSt   \u2022\nMS\nSS\n\u00a3b\np.\u2122\nIs\n\u00a7\u00ab\nE S\nIs\nbS\nC\ns\n= B\na;    .\n^3\nS   .\no7\na\n'?-S\n\u25a0gB\nOS ^\n5,925\n29,816\njS\n\u25a0s\no\no\ns   .\nc5\no<*\nSB\nOS\n12\n\"'20\n40\n72\n\u25a0s\"\nS\n'o\n03\nft.*\n3\u00ab\n10,829\n78\n368\n186\n2,976\n4,073\n18,510\n6,025\n21,748\no\n'S\nO)\nft\n00*3\nt. *^\n.SB\nOS\n\"2\n3\n44\n49\n43\n117\n160\n209\n313\n243\n4,886\n2,682\n189\n13,678\n39,858\n7,880\n58,770\n59,478\n446\n12,869\n3,526\n1,912\n74\n1\n184\n14,310\n1,408\n5,698\n43\n40\n105\n6,683\n36\n4,648\n26,987\n38,354\n2,824\n584\n18,245\n1,231\n45,925\n582\n32\n1,062\n10,386\n685\n69,173\n32,145\n508,883\n137,001\n14,569\n7,294\n16,900\n41,875\n58,775\n22,884\n37,409\n56,896\n86,667\n44,231\n46,384\n261,762\n2,359\n32,116\n6,370\n3S,486\n75,895\n1,378\n3,467\n541,028\n130,898\n308,146\n2,359\n4,845\n26,773\n610,201\n267,899\n322,715\n66,069\n71,638\n38,904\n38,354\n61,790\n43,630\n25,243\n56,896\n4,917\n4,535\n45,283\n573,615\n209,017\n322,217\n31,183\n53,491\n44,887\n39,759\n461,265\n149,247\n238,891\n34,405\n43,774\n2,869\n5a\n159,045\n103,390\n4,414\n52,408\n108,340\n55,394\n482,991\n223,093\n1,843,616\n2,066,709\n2,549,700\n2,521,735\n1,899,158\nTotal Amounts or Timber scaled in British Columbia during Years 1923-24.\nForest District.\n1923.\n1924.\nGain.\nLoss.\nNet Loss.\nNet Gain.\n176,233,923\n66,372,353\n2,384,447\n36,915,462\n76,642,450\n63,314,250\n159,044,946\n103,390,428\n4,413,884\n52,407,521\n108,340,110\n55,393,898\n17,188,977\n37,018,075\n2,029,437\n15,492,059\n31,697,660\n7,920,352\n421,862,885\n482,990,787\n223,093,682\n1,848,616,712\n6,882,646\n61,127,902\n216,211,036\n1,883,661,360\n2,099,872,396\n2,521,735,281\n'40,045^648\n2,066,709,394\n2,549,700,181\n33,163,002\n\t\n27,964,900\n 15 Geo. 5\nForest Branch.\nE 21\nTIMBER    SCALED\nBY\nDISTRICTS\nCARIBOO\n1920\n1921\n1922\n1923\n1924\n1920\n1921\nCRANBROOK 1922\n19 23\n1924\n1920\n1921\nKAMLOOPS     1922*\n19231\n1924\nNELSON\nPRINCE\nGEORGE\nPRINCE\nRUPERT\n1920\n1921\n1922\n1923\n1924\n1920\n1921\n1922\n1923\n1924\n1920\n1921\n1922\n1923\n1924\n1920\n1921\nVANCOUVER 1922\n1923\n1924\nVERNON\n1920\n1921\n1922\n1923\n1924\no o o o o oo 6o 6 00666 5 o o\" 5~~ c\noooooooooooooooooooc\n- w to ^ 40 \\g n ro ,o) o - w  to: j 10 \u00a3 h; ro. g> c\n Figures indicats Millions of Feet B.M\n E 22\nDepartment of Lands.\n1925\nSPECIES     CUT\n1924\ni^^^fc:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::i||||||||||!lll\nI920IIIIIIII\n1921 llllll\nSPRUCE                   1922 llll II\nI925IIIIIIIII\nHEMLOCK               1922 llll llll\ni         vm. nil\nWESTERN          J92I II\nSOFT                       192211\nPINE                     1923 III\n1924 II\n1926 II\nLARCH                       1922II\n1923II\n1924II\n1920 llll\nALL                     1921 llll\nOTHER                 I922IIIII\nSPECIES               19231^1111\nI924IMIIIIH.                                __u\noooooooooooc\noooooooooooc\n-cum^io^Ncooo-a\nFigures indicate Millions of Feet B.M.\nSOURCES OF TIMBER CUT.\nCrown grants, especially those issued prior to 1887, remain the chief source from which\nour timber-supply is drawn. Twenty-four per cent, of the total cut is secured from this latter\nsource, which includes such grants as the Esquimau & Nanaimo Railway lands, Eagle Pass\nWagon-road lands, etc., and 40 per cent., or a total of 1,034,531 M. feet, is secured from all\n 15 Geo. 5\nForest Branch.\nE 23\nclasses of fee-simple lands. From special timber licences 20 per cent, of the total cut is secured\nand 10 per cent, from timber leases, 14 per cent, from lands under Dominion jurisdiction; that\nis, lands included within the Dominion Railway Belt, Indian reserves, etc. The timber-sale\nprovided for 301,064 M. feet for the year just closed, of which 230,184 M. was sawlog material,\nthe balance being railway-ties, poles, and for minor products.\nTotal Scale, 1924, segbegated, showing Land Status.\nForest District.\nCariboo\t\nCranbrook\t\nKamloops\t\nNelson\t\nFort George...\nPrince Rupert.\nVancouver ....\nVernon\t\nTotals\nm\nCrown\nGrants,\nj\n.2    (B\na. b.m.\n33\n0 ^\na, 053\n2%\nS s  -\nf  rd\nTo\n1887.\n1887-\n1906.\n1906-\n1914.\n1914\nto\n5\u00a7\nS3 a\nhS\nffi^S\nsM\nAh m S\nQhJ\n1,436\n1,441\n83\n81\n108\n956\n309\n40,675\n11,031\n180\n439\n52,528\n51,235\n2,957\n5,255\n8,172\n1,667\n54\n1,173\n1,929\n34,157\n27,033\n18,199\n5,177\n29,534\n24,555\n2,949\n894\n22,166\n31,867\n15,699\n35\n12,009\n21,614\n43,826\n15,436\n10,004\n95,252\n8,311\n16\n19,348\n21,737\n8,160\n1,004\n369,685\n241,770\n2,210\n124,286\n33,941\n606,102\n120,474\n25,262\n8,772\n311,113\n9,895\n518,535\n1,195\n258,401\n11,421\n6,172\n72,688\n3,053\n609,693\n5,769\n7,935\n5,664\n4,290\n12,214\n301,664\n227,823\n144,014\n53,001\n351,767\nHS\n4,414\n159,045\n52,407\n108,341\n103,390\n223,094\n1,843,615\n55,394\n2,549,700\nLOGGING INSPECTION.\nThe inspection of logging operations to prevent trespass, infraction of the \" Marketing Act,\"\nand other regulations governing the cutting of timber, fire-preventive appliances, etc., is an\nimportant work of the Forest Branch. During the year 7,466 reports were received on the 3,167\noperations which were active at some time during the year. These reports disclosed sixty-eight\ncases of trespass against Crown lands. Trespassers had cut over 570 acres and were penalized\nfor such unauthorized cutting a total sum of $8,539.86. The number of inspections received is\nthe largest on record and the area cut over in trespass the smallest. Field officers of the Branch\nare to be congratulated on this showing, and especially in the fact that the trespass area shows\na steady reduction during the past few years, and during 1924 was reduced to 570 acres, as\ncompared with 1,015 in the previous year. These figures appear to be conclusive evidence that\nour field inspections are bearing fruit. In addition to the trespass against Crown lands, thirty-\nseven cases of trespass against' privately owned timber were discovered and reported to the\nowner for settlement, as compared with forty-five such cases for 1923.\nLogging Inspection, 1924.\nOperations.\nForest District.\nTimber-sales.\nHand-loj^rer s'\nLicences.\nLeases, Licences.\nCrown Grants, and\nPre-emptions.\nTotals.\nNo. of\nInspections.\n31\n118\n45\n145\n145\n343\n325\n93\n53\n16\n63\n49\n128\n218\n308\n263\n596\n228\n94\n167\n173\n363\n453\n659\n937\n321\nCranbrook\t\n217\n830\n1,272\n3,464\nTotals, 1924   \t\n1,245\n69\n1,853\n3,167\n7,466\nTotals, 1923\t\n1,010\n166\n2,140\n3,316\n6,892\nTotals, 1922\t\n914\n691\n159\n1,579\n2,652\n4,654\nTotals, 1921\t\n186\n1,331\n2,208\n2,796\n4,053\nTotals, 1920\t\n605\n220\n1,961\n2,703\nTotals, 1919   \t\n365\n200\n757\n1,322\n1,884\n E 24\nDepartment of Lands.\n1925\nTREPASSES, 1924.\n>rest District.\nNo. of\nCases.\nAreas\ncut\nover\n(Acres).\nQuantity\nCUT.\n13 K\nEd v\nPS 5\n6 &o\nfc.S\nAmount.\nFeet B.M.\nLineal\nFeet.\nCords.\nTies.\n6\n5\n4\n10\n10\n12\n15\n6\n20\n80\n20\n46\n88\n143\n78\n95\n8,000\n278,223\n15,585\n229,318\n886,215\n197,603\n465,400\n102,464\n375\n7,245\n18,633\n18,690\n9,125\n172\n18\n24\n553\n635\n3,154\n218\n600\n1,367\n180\n1,592\n'i\nl\n$     201 42\n922 38\n337 84\n1,207 93\n1,841 11\nPrince'Rupert\n827 32\n1921    \t\n2,586 18\n615 68\nTotals,\n68\n570\n2,182,808\n6,712,868\n3,002,881\n3,222,673\n54,068\n121,202\n98,903\n209,395\n767\n7,646\n2\n$ 8,539 86\n1923\t\nTotals,\n105\n1,015\n1,598\n2,591\n20,082\n8\n16\n$27,860 08\n1922\t\n1921\t\n1920\t\n1919\t\nTotals,\n9S\n1,059\n27,022\n21,605\n$16,406 30\nTotals,\n98\n1,938\n1,639\n10\n$15,924 22\nTotals,\n73\n87\n1,788\n4,904,079\n12,708,365\n104,048\n1,882\n6,716\n10\n$17,119 85\nTotals,\n2,454\n48,860\n88\n87,120\n8\n$21,730 12\nTIMBER-SALES.\nThe number of timber-sales made and their estimated value show a reduction for the year.\nThis is due to a change in policy affecting the records in this work. Prior to 1923 the Department made a sale for a fixed period; if for any reason the logging was not completed during\nthis period a new sale must be secured. Since 1923 the contract provides, \" at the discretion\nof the Minister, for an extension not to exceed one year \" to cover any unforeseen delays and\nto permit completion of logging. This change permitted the cleaning-tip of many areas under\nthe original contract which formerly would have required a new sale.\nThe average stumpage price received for sales shows an increase of 6 cents per M. feet\non an average of all species as compared with the previous year. This price is very satisfactory\nwhen considered with the slower lumber market and general upset due to fixing a new royalty,\neffective over most of the timber sold.\nThe quantity of material cut and the revenue received from timber-sales both show a substantial increase. The cut of railway-ties increased 84 per cent.; poles, 65 per cent.; and saw-\nlogs, 11 per cent. The Vancouver District still leads in the timber-sale business, but Is closely\nfollowed by Prince Rupert. In fact, during the year more contracts were executed through the\nPrince Rupert office than through Vancouver.\nTimber-sales awaisded by Disteicts.\nDistrict.\nNo. of\nSales.\nAcreage.\nSaw-timber\n(Ft. B.M.).\nPoles and\nPiles\n(Lineal Feet).\nNo. of\nPosts.\nShingle-bolts\nand\nCordwood\n(No. of Cords).\nNo. of\nRailway-\nties.\nEstimated\nRevenue.\n15\n53\n97\n29\n77\n230\n225\n43\n2,949\n15,838\n17,825\n5,272\n12,849\n38,917\n43,399\n9,603\n922,860\n54,422,884\n38,266,605\n7,893,554\n18,045,122\n41,143,640\n125,256,784\n16,861,818\n32,500\n166,475\n484,979\n516,782\n1,290,120\n2,308,105\n678,060\n859,050\n2,075\n14,596\n120\n3,511\n1,736\n24,564\n1,038\n47,640\n24,125\n1,082,196\n393,517\n45,051\n179,883\n655,630\n16,400\n21,831\n$      5,287.25\n202,823 10\nFort George\t\n155,594 11\n40,231 60\nNelson :...\nVancouver\t\n97,835 82\n207,101 24\n446,026 73\n71,561 02\nTotals, 1924...\n769\n146,652\n163,464\n302,813,267\n6,336,071\n2,418,633\n2,304,161\n880,307\n993,417\n$1,226,460 87\nTotals, 1923...\n852\n516,397,438\n6,234,342\n23,150\n$1,513,970 84\nTotals, 1922...\n671\n108,501\n249,572,808\n188,971,774\n3,304,254\n2,479,096\n2,811,095\n149,300\n41,580\n%   862,888 49\nTotals, 1921...\n531\n91,614\n34,291\n$   646,487 65\nTotals, 1920...\n594\n121,690\n440,649,755\n245,209,300\n86,726\n62,557\n6,415,349\n957,804\n$1,799,039 03\nTotals, 1919...\n356\n61,809\n2,899,000\n378,080\n5,000\n$   654,372 09\nTotals, 1918...\n227\n34,257\n159,659,000\n240,307,057\n136,345,000\n20,000\n18,478\n701,654\n$   380,408 33\nTotals, 1917...\n255\n44,914\n1,517,450\n40,000\n43,756\n381,200\n$   483,281 50\nTotals, 1916...\n133\n23,318\n435,810\n26,666\n92,000\n$   259,765 12\n 15 Geo. 5\nForest Branch.\nE 25\nAverage Sale Peice by Species.\nDouglas fir\t\nCedar\t\nSpruce \t\nHemlock\t\nBalsam\t\nWhite pine\t\nWestern soft pine.\nTamarack\t\nOther species\t\nTotals    .\nFigures for 1924.\n74,708,507\n63,367,585\n74,064,508\n33,622,807\n13,295,185\n5,802,597\n9,446,869\n4,804,072\n23,701,137\n302,813,267\nPrice per M.\n$1 73\n2 28\n1 63\n1 21\n1 10\n2 63\n1 83\n1 63\n1 50\n$1 74\nFigures for 1923.\n75,915,023\n61,303,504\n101,703,592\n43,956,950\n17,580,743\n4,184,830\n28,211,030\n5,824,305\n6,402,401\n345,082,438\nPrice per M.\n$1 72\n2 25\n1 58\n1 14\n1 10\n2 85\n1 88\n1 80\n1 34\n$1 68\nFigures for 1922.\n58,467,465\n62,788,240\n42,207,248\n42,987,260\n16,757,880\n4,304,380\n9,704,385\n2,998,750\n9,357,200\n249,572,8\nPrice Per M.\n$1 43\n1 66\n1 46\n1 01\n1 04\n1 93\n1 47\n1 75\n78\nSI 39\nTimber cut from Timbee-sales during 1924.\nForest District.\nFeet B.M.\nLineal Feet.\nCords.\nTies.\n533,161\n7,293,419\n19,632,035\n3,918,068\n9,021,070\n62,817,974\n117,018,589\n9,914,259\n230,148,575\n207,473,848\n187,217,151\n179,780,056\n19,283\n49,851\n362,628\n824,266\n1,519,675\n862,788\n522,264\n390,716\n486.53\n2,189.79\n248.00\n21.00\n1,324.58\n2,129.53\n10,211.57\n683.00\n17,294.00\n19,283\n72,117\n439,804\n54,399\n108,826\n829,450\n8,697\n11,339\nTotals, 1924\t\n4,541,371\n2,753,532\n1,543,915\nTotals, 1923\t\n17,666.55\n856,628\nTotals, 1922\t\n1,523,744\n2,169,550\n37,345.91\n495,672\nTotals, 1921                     \t\n10,483.00\n831,423\nTotals, 1920   \t\n168,783,812\n1,638,549\n672,699\n499,589\n545,429\n17,703.00\n654,829\nTotals, 1919                                      \t\n107,701,950\n12,208.00\n15,539.00\n573,286\nTotals, 1918\t\n113,927,610\n146,807\nTotals, 1917 \t\n99,078,832\n14,862.00\n8,425.00\n34,937\nTotals, 1916                            \t\n63,055,102\n225,799\nAreas cbuised for Timber Sales, 1924.\nForest District.\nNumber\ncruised.\nAcreage.\nSaw-timber\n(M.B.M.).\nPoles and\nPiles\n(Lineal Feet).\nfehingle-bolts\narid\nCordwood\n(Cords).\nRailway-\nties\n(No.).\nCranbrook \t\nFort George\t\nNelson   \t\n27\n54\n113\n46\n92\n263\n299\n48\n5,511\n7,725\n26,315\n9,175\n11,084\n48,160\n61,503\n10,130\n6,318\n19,281\n84,417\n26,163\n15,110\n100,614\n169,473\n31,110\n32,660\n516.972\n1,170,607\n1,160,170\n3,046,665\n1,720,000\n818,850\n7,155\n5,387\n184\n4,060\n136\n22,219\n2,413\n109,069\n84,780\n423,766\n124,222\n235,825\n868,471\n11,600\n16,221\nTotals\t\n942\n179,609\n451,476\n8,465,924\n41,654\n1,873,954\n E 26\nDepartment of Lands.\n1925\nMILLING.\nThe sawmill capacity for the year was 14,C04 M.B.M. per day, an increase of 14 per cent.\nover the previous year and an increase of 25 per cent, in five years. Seventy-eight per cent,\nof the mills, representing 82 per cent, of capacity, operated during the year, the lumber produced\nrepresenting approximately 50 per cent, of the total possible production if these mills had\noperated \"throughout the year. Shingle-mills had a capacity of 17,400 M. shingles per day.\nTwenty mills, representing 10 per cent, of the capacity, remained closed throughout the year.\nSeventy-eight mills operated some time throughout the year.\nSaw and Shingle Mills of the Province. 1924.\nSawmills.\nShingle-mills.\nSawmills.\nShingle-mills.\nForeist District.\nd\n-0\nCJ\na\n3f >.\nA|\n* d\ntap-\na ea\n3\u00b0 si\n1\/3 ^\n60\n1,085\n541\n610\n698\n827\n7,711\n454\n11,986\n11,273\n9,683\n8,912\n10,729\nd\n01\nc a k\nceS\n345\n15,291\n15,636\n16,144\n16,544\nd\n13\nO)\n8.15\n\u201e o\n\u00a7a\n70\n425\n35\n240\n50\n280\n1,264\n254\n2,618\n1,493\n2,054\n2,029\n909\nd\nShut down, Estimated\nDaily Capacity,\nShingles, M.\n11\n29\n20\n36\n25\n23\n186\n29\n'8\n70\n15\n10\n1\n10\n1\n11\n48\n13\ni\n2\ni\n16\n120\n150\n200\n1,310\nTotals for 1924\t\n359\n78\n103\n20\n16\n1,780\nTotals for 1923 \t\n352\n107\n72\n745\nTotals for 1922\t\n292\n108\n90\n8\n680\nTotals for 1921\t\n289\n79\n10,885\n13,426\n78\n6\n788\n341\n109\n37\n2\n30\nExport of Logs during Year 1924.\nSpecies.\nGrade No. 1.\nGrade No. 2.\nGrade No. 3.\nUngraded.\nTotals.\nF.B.M.\n11,331,040\n11,561,554\n485,105\nF.B.M.\n37,030,624\n69,207,421\n5,115,814\nF.B.M.\n28,756,051\n18.625,221\n2,089,110\nF.B.M.\n2,589,756\n3,260,217\n38,933,105\n3,464,732\n7,526,050\n55,763,860\nF.B.M.\n79,707,471\nFir\t\n99,394,196\n10,940,246\n38,933,105\n26,845\n12,272\n23,416,816\n26,081,071\n281,118\n166,039\n111,801,016\n35,921\n42,832\n3,808,616\n7,747,193\nTotals, 1924\t\n49,549.135\n240,530,827\n107,815,949\n45,971,600\n53,789,421\n233,658,041\n 15 Geo. 5\nForest Branch.\nE 27\nShipment of Poles, Piling, Mine-props, Fence-posts, Railway-ties, etc.\nForest District.\nCranbrook\u2014\nPoles and piling..\nMine-props   ..\nCordwood\t\nFence-posts\t\nTies\t\nFort George-\nPoles and piling..\nMine-props\t\nFence-posts\t\nTies\t\nKamloops\u2014\nPoles and piling..\nMine-props\t\nFence-posts\t\nNelson \u2014\nPoles and piling..\nFence-posts\t\nShingle-holts\nVernon\u2014\nPoles and piling..\nRailway-ties\t\nPrince Rupert\u2014\nPoles and piling..\nFence-posts\t\nRailway-ties\t\nVancouver\u2014\nPoles and piling.,\nFence-posts\t\nShingle-bolts\nPulp-wood\t\nTotal value, 1924.\nTotal value, 1923.\nQuantit}' exported.\nLin. ft.,\nLin. ft.,\nCords,\nCords,\nNo.\n430,595\n615,100\n433\n4,595\n1,047,561\nLin. ft., 466,110\nLin. ft., 6,400\nCords, 492\nNo. 839,830\nLin. ft, 1,281,483\nLin. ft., 66,794\nCords, 108\nLin. ft., 4,620,638\nCords, 4,502\nCords, 1,587\nLin. ft.,\nNo.\n761,060\n510\nLin. ft., 2,234,109\nCords, 291\nNo. 765,730\nLin. ft., 7,315,289\nCords, 78\nCords, 614\nCords, 17,397\nApproximate\nValue, F.O.B.\n51,671\n61,510\n3,031\n36,760\n523,780\n55,933\n640\n5,328\n501,333\n179,417\n9,351\n675\n523,468\n35,452\n11,544\n102,619\n255\n303,483\n2,399\n417,466\n953,358\n706\n13,378\n173,978\n$3,967,535\n$3,037,365\nWhbrb marketed.\nUnited States.\nCanada.\n75,567\n355,02S\n615,100\n433\n4,595\n1,047,561\n437,330\n28,780\n6,400\n492\n839,830\n1,151,018\n130,465\n66,794\n108\n4,461,983\n158,655\n3,446\n1,056\n1,331\n256\n752,985\n8,075\n510\n1,021,765\n1,212,344\n291\n765,730\nOther foreign\ncountries.\n7,243,244\n72,045\n78\n83\n531\n17,397\nPRE-EMPTION INSPECTION REPORTS, 1924.\nPre-emption records examined by districts are:\u2014\nCariboo  76S\nCranbrook    66\nFort George   704\nKamloops   145\nNelson    '.  88\nPrince Rupert  574\nVancouver    480\nVernon  298\nTotal  :  3,123\nANALYSIS OF ROUTINE WORK.\nNumber op Tracings made.\nBlue-prints\nfrom Reference Maps.\nDitto\nPrints.\nMonth.\nTimber-\nsales.\nTimber-\nmarks.\nExamination\nSketches.\nHand-logger\nLicences.\nMiscellaneous.\nTotals.\n40\n10\n30\n23\n24\n11\n26\n21\n12\n30\n25\n19\n116\n157\n153\n92\n100\n65\n66\n22\n79\n81\n79\n92\n38\n29\n27\n32\n38\n28\n34\n35\n29\n37\n22\n15\n4\n5\n9\n17\n10\n20\n12\n4\n3\n4\n2\n13\n103\n25\n62\n152\n144\n197\n16\n27\n17\n16\n62\n58\n33\n223\n263\n371\n308\n369\n140\n155\n99\n139\n204\n186\n172\n2.629\n53\n56\n82\n170\n32\n160\n34\n41\n34\n74\n19\n167\n750\n206\n379\n349\nMay\t\n256\n220\nJuly \t\n402\n386\n191\n198\nTotals\n271\n1,092\n364\n799\n921\n4,282\n E 28 Department of Lands. 1925\nTIMBER-MARKS   ISSUED.\n1922. 1923. 1924.\nOld Crown grants  '.  129 146 133\nCrown grants, 1887-1906   120 147 131\nCrown grants, 190G-1914   132 188 168\n\"Royalty Act\"    291 392 310\nStumpage  reservations    26 64 57\nPre-emptions under sections 28a and 28b, \" Land Act\" 20 45 21\nTimber leases (50 cents royalty)   3 1          \t\nDominion lands   58 115 So\nTimber-sales    G71 853 769\nHand-loggers   58 55 30\nSpecial marks   3 11\nTotals      1,511       2,007       1,705\nTransfers and changes of marks        345 267 258\nHAND-LOGGERS' LICENCES.\n1922. 1923. 1924.\nNumber issued        288 198 93\nCORRESPONDENCE.\nLetters inward, numbered and recorded      39,800\nLetters, reports, etc., received, not numbered or recorded     15,000\nTotal      54,800\nOutward typed letters     20,0(10\nOutward circulars, form letters, etc     24.000\nTotal      44,000\nREVENUE AND EXPENDITURE.\nThe collection of revenue has been most satisfactory and exceeded 1923 by a small margin.\nLicence fees declined by an amount equal to $135,000. This, however, was made up in added\ncollections from active operations, both stumpage and royalty showing a substantial increase.\nThe total revenue for the year was $3,4S3,353.12, as compared with $3,482,365.29 for 1923. This\ndoes not include funds received through the Treasury Department for taxation of timber land\nnor funds collected for forest-protection and scaling. The receipts from operations were\n$2,271,890.61, an increase of 7 per cent, over the previous year and an increase of 47 per cent,\nin the past five years. Administrative expenditures amounted to $377,150.36. Some $16,000 of\nthis, however, was extraordinary expenditure for permanent improvements, including a new\nlaunch for the Vancouver headquarters staff and a residence for the District Forester at Williams\nLake. These items should properly be charged over the next fifteen or twenty years and would\nleave the net expenditure for the year at approximately $362,000, or 17.3 per cent, of the operating revenue, as against 17.5 per cent, for the previous years.\nThe expenditure on trade extension increased from $19,757 to $37,093.12. This large increase\nwas due, first, to the installation of a special exhibit at Wembley and the expenses of sending\na Lumber Commissioner to London; second, to the installation of an exhibit at the Toronto\nNational Fair at Toronto; and, third, to expenditures in connection with the Imperial Forestry\nConference.\nThe demand for information with regard to pulp areas enforced greater activity in reconnaissance, increasing the expenditures on this account from $28,000 to $50,000.\nThe insect-control vote was also increased, but it is to be noted that this expenditure has\nnow reached its maximum and will apparently decline beginning in 1925.\n 15 Geo. 5\nForest Branch.\nE 29\nForest Revenue.\nTimber-licence rentals\t\nTimber-licence transfer fees\t\nTimber-licence penalty fees -.\nHand-loggers' licence fees\t\nTimber-lease rentals\t\nPenalty fees and interest\t\nTimber-sale rentals\t\nTimber-sale stumpage\t\nTimber-sale cruising\t\nTimber-sale advertising\t\nTimber royalty and tax\t\nScaling fees(not Scaling Fund)\t\nScaling expenses (not Scaling Fund)..\nTrespass penalties\t\nSealers'examination fees\t\nExchange\t\nSeizure expenses\t\nGeneral miscellaneous\t\nGrazing fees\t\nTaxation from   Crown-grant   timber\nlands\t\nTotal revenue from forest sources\n12 Months to\nDec. 31, 1924.\n$1,180 179 55\n4,660 00\n64,653 05\n2,450 00\n99,974 25\n136 92\n19 ,943 01\n637,786 50\n7,491 04\n2,033 96\n1,521,001 39\n1,564 85\n763 27\n14,685 27\n430 00\n1,332 26\n654 92\n9,392 22\n83,469,112 46\n14,240 66\n298,973 97\n83,782,327 09\n12 Months to\nDeo. 81, 1923\n81,283,300 77\n3,750 00\n100,045 86\n5,300 00\n102,062 40\n72 22\n28,383 49\n431,007 99\n9,933 97\n3,509 00\n1,477,027 24\n1,160 89\n667 53\n11,362 99\n495 00\n3,168 40\n1,559 17\n5,907 36\n83,468,714 28\n13,651 01\n308,041 92\n83,790,407 21\n12 Months to\nDec. 31, 1922.\n81,390,999 64\n1,950 00\n83,376 60\n6,050 00\n94,392 31\n247 77\n26,790 12\n358,984 19\n8,699 50\n2,188 63\n1,203,884 89\n3,138 05\n1,061 94\n13,397 91\n175 00\n357 14\n454 35\n3,135 47\n83,199,283 51\n8,171 21\n83,526,865 23\n12 Months to\nDec. 31, 1921.\n81,193,654 58\n3,735 00\n50,859 19\n9,175 00\n81,840 61\n21 85\n12,059 91\n317.4S8 77\n4,040 39\n1,695 08\n990,326 99\n2,015 83\n765 98\n11,245 86\n455 00\n291 03\n330 80\n1,972 33\n82,683,174 20\n11,221 79\n261,896 49\n82,956,292 48\n12 Months to\nDec. 31, 1920.\n81,654,747 43\n4,855))\n232,309 85\n6,526 00\n81,989 68\n12 59\n17,881 40\n247,234 71\n7,642 80\n2,749 93\n879,003 16\n25,476 91\n5,041 71\n18,114 34\n670 00\n2,519 43\n530 03\n3,363 90\n83,190,667 87\n15,617 44\n302,557 26\n83,508,842 67\n12 Months to\nDec. 81, 1919.\n1,236,580 41\ni,7)l   00\n49,259 95\n7,260 00\n85,101 37\n345 10\n10,045 26\n219,012 08\n3,763 49\n1,929 71\n788,746 69\n64,571 19\n13,072 79\n7,464 12\n205 00\n3,550 80\n280 12\n1,055 67\n82,194,973 75\n9,500 41\n251,264 82\n82,755,738 98\nRevenue from Logging Operations, 1924.\n(Amounts charged.)\nRoyalty and\nTax.\nTrespass\nPenalties.\nSeizure\nExpenses.\nGovernment Scale.\nScaling Fond.\nStumpage.\nForest District.\nScaling\nExpenses.\nScaling\nFees.\nScaling\nExpenses.\nScaling\nFees.\nTotal.\nVancouver & Is.\nCariboo .\nCranbrook ....\nPrince Rupert.\nNelson   ...\nVernon \t\nFort George ...\n81,074,217 23\n2,091 79\n98,186 77\n158,834 44\n73,145 41\n35,594 36\n84,249 66\n15,751 30\n81,542,070 96\n81,499,355 83\n81,149,745 76\n81,005,261 61\n85,636 32\n358 77\n499 07\n1,338 42\n491 90\n563 98\n1,677 32\n294 44\n810,860 22\n825,508 75\n8489 65\n121 25\n39 87\n19 26\n38 21\n$213 44\n26 90\n281 03\n27 00\nS 548 37\n8 741 56\n81,933 72\n8 769 08\n8819 81\n1,359 61\n82,179 42\n81,175 22\n812,872 68\n23 68\n1,858 76\n5 00\n814,760 12\n815,743 96\n894,758 05\n8,933 66\n8 257,1*1 76\n2,333 85\n21,255 76\n141,720 16\n51,211 78\n25,193 51\n72,858 87\n25,302 96\n81,446,201 94\n4,784 41\n120,113 43\n314,365 95\n124,868 35\n61,356 85\n158,785 85\n41,413 91\nTotals\n8 708 24\n8 746 59\n8103,691 71\n8108,713 66\n8103,774 90\n8597,071 65\n8467,048 15\n82,271,890 69\nTotals, 1923\n$2,119,033 72\nTotals, 1922\n814,926 63\n81,326 80\n81,940 08\n81,256 70\n\u00a712,407 50\n811,396 11\n8375,607 42\n8396,303 19\n81,661,662 81\nTotals, 1921\n814,297 39\n8 516 85\n8114,450 43\n$1,544,251 36\nForest Expenditure, Fiscal . Year, 1923-24.\nHeadquarters .\nCariboo\t\nCranbrook   ...\nKamloops\t\nNelson\t\nPrince George.\nPrince Rupert.\nVancouver\nVernon\t\nTotals.\nForest District.\n,015 00\n745 00\n405 35\n474 52\n821 68\n781 79\n617 06\n471 29\n350 00\n8207,681 69\nTemporary\nAssistance.\nS 2,090 96\n1,116 58\n987 08\n1,097 03\n3,534 00\n1,570 50\n1,842 00\n500 00\n2,090 96\n814,828 11\nLumber-trade extension\t\nReconnaissance, etc\t\nInsect-eontrol\t\nContingencies\t\nBritish Empire Exhibition\t\nGrazing: range improvement .\nExpenses.\n8 29,925\n8,041\n6,357\n4,227\n6,674\n5,275\n22,469\n67,017\n4,650\n$154,640 56\n8115,\n14,\n16.\n11.\n21.\n18.\n45.\n117.\n15,\n031 29\n902 21\n749 61\n799 21\n030 66\n627 96\n928 64\n989 18\n091 60\n$377,150 36\n30,561 26\n50,109 65\n25,262 26\n2,673 02\n6,531  86\n7,169 84\nGrand total    8499,458 25\n E 30 Department of Lands. 1925\nIn addition to the above-named total the sum of $43,998.94 was expended by the Department\nunder special warrant in the purchase and shipment of lumber in relief of the sufferers from\nthe Japanese disaster.\nThe sums estimated as being required for the fiscal year 1924-25 were as follows:\u2014\nSalaries  $219,S2S 00\nTravelling expenses, Ranger stations, and wireless telephone       46,000 00\nLumber-trade extension       30,000 00\nReconnaissance, etc      60,000 00\nInsect damage:   investigation and control       35,000 00\n'Grazing:  range improvement      10,000 00\nTotal  $400,S2S 00\nIn addition to this total, sums were available from the main Lands Department votes for\ntemporary assistance, office supplies, maintenance of launches and autos, and miscellaneous\nexpenses; publicity, general investigations, and contingencies. The sum of $300,000 was also\nvoted as the amount of the contribution of the Government to the Forest Protection Fund.\nSCALING FUND.\nThe Scaling Fund remains in a satisfactory condition. The present fee of 6 cents is not\nmeeting all expenditures and during the nine months the surplus was reduced by $19,000. There\nstill remains a surplus at the end of the year amounting to $21,506.84.\nBalance brought down, April 1st, 1923  $ 50,092 72     \t\nExpenditure, fiscal year 1923-24  $141,386 29\nCharges, fiscal year 1923-24      132,229 3\u00ab    \t\nBalance, March 31st, 1924       40,935 81\n$182,322 10 $182,322 10\n\u2022   Balance brought down, April 1st, 1924   $ 40,935 81     \t\nExpenditure, 9 months, April-December, 1924         $10S,921 00\nCharges, 9 months, April-December, 1924       89,492 03    \t\nBalance, being excess of charges over expenditure        21,506 84\n$130,427 84 $130,427 84\nCROWN-GRANT TIMBER LANDS.\nArea of Private\nTimber Lands\n(Acres).\n1911   824,814\n1912  ,  874,715\n1913   922,948\n1914   960,464\n1915   913,245\n1916   022,206\n1917  .'.  916,726\n1918   896,188\n1919   SS3.491\n1920   867,921 .\n1921   S45,lll\n1922   887,980\n1923   883,344\n1924   654,668\n'eras\ne Value\nper Acre.\n$ 8\n72\n8\n60\n9 02\n9\n66\n9 55\n9 73\n9\n61\n9 60\n9\n48\n11\n62\n10\n33\n11\n99\n11\n62\n15\n22\n 15 Geo. 5\nForest Branch.\nE 31\nThe extent and value of timber land in the various assessment districts are shown by the\nfollowing table:\u2014\nAssessment District.\nAcreage,\n1924.\nIncrease or\nDecrease in\nAcreage over\n1923.\nAverage Value\nper Acre.\nChange in\nValue per\nAcre since\n\u25a0    1923.\n69,881\n149,140\n91,487\n46,900\n28,049\n4,914\n82,163\n17,744\n1,692\n47,861\n80,901\n2,660\n31,276\n054,66S\n+20,544\n-40,130\n-1,430\n+ 17,168\n-53,052\n+6\n-1,028\n-177,967\n+32\n-749\nNo change.\nNo change.\n+7,930\n-228,676\n824 63\n17 24\n19 07\n8 36\n6 12\n4 01\n15 26\n7 86\n23 24\n12 41\n5 10\n31 25\n23 03\n-80 64\n+ 3 19\n-     50\n-3 47\n+ 1 35\n+    09\n\u2022    - 1 39\n+ 4 28\n+ 9 34\n- 2 01\nNo change.\nNo change.\n+2 57\nTotals\t\n815 22\n+$4 00\nFOREST PROTECTION FUND.\nThe Forest Protection Fund shows a credit balance of $51,375.85 at December 31st, 1924.\nThe collections for nine months amounted to $162,151.56, which will be materially increased\nduring the last three months of the fiscal year.\nPatrol expenses were $14,000 less than during the previous year, but on account of severe\nfire hazard, fire-control was $249,382, as compared with $75,503 for 1923. It is encouraging,\nhowever, to note that this expenditure is only 50 per cent, of the 1923 costs and that last year\nthe hazard was closely comparable with 1922.\nThe following statement shows the standing of the Forest Protection Fund as of December\n31st, 1924:\u2014\nCollections, fiscal year 1923-24   $197,324 97\nCollections under special levy       92,183 94\nGovernment contribution      642,315 46\n$931,824 37\nLess amount transferred to Special Advance Account     59,195 45\n$872,628 92\nBalance (deficit) at April 1st, 1923  $283,616 10\nExpenditure, fiscal year 1923-24   $433,366 32\nLess refunds        13,962 17\n 419,404 15\nRefunds of revenue   567 94\n703,588 19\nBalance in hand  $169,040 73\nBalance at April 1st, 1924  $169,040 73\n'   Collections, April-December, 1924 (nine months)  $151,829 05\nCollections, special levy, ditto       10,292 51\nGovernment contribution, ditto    225,889 66\n \u2022   388,011 22\n$557,051 95\nExpenditure, April-December, 1924 (nine months)   $517,098 41\nLess refunds .'      11,422 31\n505,676 10\nBalance In hand    $ 51,375 85\n E 32\nDepartment op Lands.\n1925\nForest Protection Expenditure.\nFlSCAI\nYears.\n1917-18.\n1918-19.\n1919-20.\n1920-21.\n1921-22.\n1922-23.\n1923-24.\n9 months,\nApril to Dec,\n1924.\nPatrols and fire prevention \t\nTools and equipment.\nIm p r o ve m e n t s and\nmaintenance\t\n$81,531\n28,283\n91,470\n10,601\n8108,860\n68,114\n50,293\n18,969\n$135,452\n64,563\n165,688\n26,655\n$163,360\n121,353\n292,890\n68,239\n8:27,738\n118,973\n106,891\n17,779\n$471,341\n8202,994\n91,812\n508,992\n37,609\n$841,407\n8254,792\n81,408\n75,503\n21,667\n$240,426\n22,315\n249,382    \u201e\n4,975\nTotals\t\n$211,885\n$246,236\n$392,25 8\n8645,842\n8433,370\n$517,098\nExpenditure by Districts for Nine Months ended December 31st, 1924\nForest District.\nVictoria \t\nCariboo\t\nCranbrook ...\nKamloops\t\nNelson\t\nPrince George\nPrince Rupert\nVancouver ...\nVernon\t\nUndistributed\nTotals\nPatrols and\nFire-\nprevention.\n806 38\n935 51\n218 29\n072 13\n308 47\n029 63\n450 44\n698 76\n906 98\n000 00\nTools and\nEquipment.\n$ 2,836 95\n895 37\n2,217 04\n428 13\n4,148 42\n2,259 13\n2,028 89\n6,435 83\n1,065 68\n822,315 34\nFires.\n8 7,075 35\n24,168 75\n8,541 39\n59,122 53\n31,900 62\n8,433 05\n99,834 58\n10,305 90\n8249,382 17\nImprovements\nand\nMaintenance.\n$ 665 19\n1,514 21\n384 03\n951 60\n141 41\n385 34\n760 93\n171 60\n$4,974 31\n$ 29,643 33\n20,571 42\n50,118 29\n28,425 68\n89,531 02\n53,330 79\n21,297 72\n159,730 10\n24,450 06\n40,000 00\n$517,098 41\nFor Twelve Months, April 1st, 1923, to March 31st, 192k.\nForest District.\nPatrols and\nFire-\nprevention.\nTools and\nEquipment.\nFires.\nImprovements\nand\nMaintenance.\nTotal.\n$ 31,127 99\n17,265 49\n29,022 01\n22,244 68\n29,901 12\n23,886 21\n16,913 22\n108,840 90\n19,239 92\n5,960 34\n$304,401 88\n\u2022 $ 2,068 49\n3,416 49\n2,182 92\n2,269 50\n4,444 24\n2,391 51\n1,937 41\n14,568 82\n587 08\n$ 3,668 84\n13,742 23\n1,406 55\n12,695 02\n4,264 13\n4,995 86\n33,221 73\n1,508 70\n$ 1,855 61\n2,097 88\n1,667 65\n2,404 92\n812 84\n1,029 29\n6,827 66\n2,902 62\n$ 33,196 48\n26,206 43\n47,045 04\n27,588 38\nPrince George\t\nPrince Rupert   \t\n49,445 30\n31,354 69\n24,875 78\n163,459 11\n24,238 32\n5,960 34\nTotals .-\t\n$33,866 46\n$76,503 06\n$19,598 47\n$433,369 87\nFOREST-PROTECTION.\nThe year 1924 was one of abnormal fire hazard in all sections of the Province. Following\nthe disappearance of snow in the Northern and Southern Interior regions, the forest-cover dried\nout with extraordinary rapidity and numerous serious fire outbreaks were experienced before\nMay 1st. During the month of June the hazard was, however, appreciably lower, especially in\nthe south-eastern part of the Province, but this region, in common with the rest of the Province,\nexperienced drought conditions and low humidity during the month of July and August, the\ncrisis centring around the week commencing July 29th. To add to the normal hazard, numerous\ndry electrical storms occurred and many lightning-fires had to be contended with.\nThe hazard on the Lower Coast in the early part of the season was not abnormally high,\nbut precipitation during the months of May to August was extremely low, rainfall for these\nmonths totalling 3.81 inches, as compared with 6.16 inches for the previous year.   In this section\n 15 Geo. 5 Forest Branch. E 33\nconditions were such that many of the operators suspended logging activities during the months\nof June, July, and August. During this period no less than forty-four of the major Coast operations were closed down, resulting in the idleness of approximately 60 per cent, of the logging\nmachinery. This shut-down greatly minimized the fire risk from logging operation and was\na most important factor in reducing fire occurrence and fire loss. On the other hand, all reports\nindicate that the number of tourists and campers using the woods was the heaviest ever\nexperienced in the Province. Rainfall became general throughout the Province about September\n10th and there was no subsequent occurrence of serious hazard.\nFollowing the theories recently accepted by various Forest Protective Associations and\nagencies, that the measure of fire hazard in any season is determined largely by the number\nof days of low relative humidity, or what have previously been known as bad fire days, rather\nthan sustained periods of drought and high temperature, further studies were carried out by the\nBranch with a view to obtaining definite data regarding the relation between relative humidity\nand fire occurrence and fire spread. Hygro-thermographs were placed at the following points:\nVernon, Prince George, Williams Lake, Cranbrook, Smithers, Nanaimo, and Nelson; and, in\naddition, all Rangers were equipped with sling psychrometers. Humidity conditions as indicated\nby these instruments were used as a basis for issuing fire warnings, strengthening patrols, and\nto a limited extent for guidance in fire suppression.\n'Daily readings of the hygro-thermographs were telegraphed to the Director of the Dominion\nMeteorological Station at Gonzales Heights, Victoria, for comparison with weather reports\nobtained by him from other sources, with a view to their co-ordination in preparing weather\nforecasts. It is the intention of the Department to continue to send these reports to the\nMeteorological Station in 1925. They will tie considered with other meteorological data and,\non the combined basis, daily weather probabilities sent out. It is further planned to broadcast\nthese weather reports daily during the fire season from the Department's Wireless Station at\nVancouver, Myrtle Point, and Thurston Bay for the benefit of the general public, and especially\nthose operating logging camps. A day's shut-down during extreme low conditions may save\nmany thousands of dollars in fire loss. There is little doubt that such warnings, if taken\nadvantage of, will be extremely helpful in reducing fire occurrence.\nFIRE OCCURRENCE.\nThe number of fires occurring in the Province (2,174) in 1924 was the largest reported\nsince the organization of the Forest Protection Force, with the exception of 1922, when no less\nthan 2,591 fires were reported. This year is in sharp contrast to the preceding one, when 1,530\nfires occurred.\nOf the 2,174 fires in 1924, 767, or 35.28 per cent., were extinguished before they had reached\nan area exceeding one-quarter of an acre; 782, or 35.97 per cent., were extinguished under 10\nacres; and 625, or 28.75 per cent., exceeded 10 acres in size; 1,315, or 61 per cent., fires were\nextinguished by the patrol forces without help or additional cost. Further analysis shows that\n1,823 fires, or 83.84 per cent., caused damage less than $100 in extent; 259, or 11.92 per cent.,\ncaused damage between $100 and $1,000; and 92, or 4.24 per cent., destroyed over $1,000 worth\nof property. These standards, while not as favourable as attained in the previous year, are\nan improvement on the results obtained in 1922, which from a fire occurrence and hazard viewpoint is comparable to 1924.\nThe increase in the number of fires in 1924 presents a striking illustration of the relationship between \" fire occurrence \" and the seasonal conditions; while this, naturally, is very apparent in the case of fires due to unpreventable causes, such as lightning, it is also true in the case\nof fires due to purely accidental causes, such as smokers, campers, etc. It is true that weather\nconditions do not of themselves cause fires except in the case of lightning, but they do exert a\nmost important contributory influence in fire occurring from other agencies, inasmuch as when\nweather conditions are adverse, many potential fires, such as cigarette-stubs and lighted matches\ndiscarded by smokers, camp-fires, sparks from railway-locomotives, etc., left unextinguished,\ndie out, and inversely, when weather conditions are favourable for the rapid spread of fires,\nthese become real conflagrations which spread, burn until discovered, and must be extinguished\nby human agency.\n E 34\nDepartment of Lands.\n1925\nFires, 1924, classified by Size and Damage.\nTotal\nFires.\nUnder \\ Acre.\n\\ Acre to 10 Acres.\nOver 10 Acres in\nExtent.\nDamage.\nci co\nrf co\nForest District.\nH-S\nH-g\n\u00a35\nh|\nS3\nHf\nS3\no\n^\u00ab\n.4iia\nu2\n-jo\n\u00b0l\no|\no\no\n^\no\no\ng c\nB c\ne s\ng s\ng c\ne e\na e\n6\n.    0>\n6\no co\n5>.s\nQ to\n6\nQ to\nO to\nSi.S\nd\nD   CO\nO to\nCD\nE\nis o\n43 O\n&\nfcE\nto\nH.6.\nhb\nto\n&H fc,\nhb\nto\nPj&c,\n&- &H\nP\np4 4&\nO\nCariboo\t\n129\n5.93\n18\n13.95\n2.34\n35\n27.13\n4.47\n76\n58.92\n12.16\n78\n41\n10\nCranbrook\t\n238\n10.96\n112\n47.0\n14.61\n84\n35.3\n10.75\n42\n17.7\n6.72\n208\n21\n9\n173\n411\n7.96\n18.90\n75\n197\n43.3\n47.9\n9.78\n25.68\n64\n136\n36.9\n33.1\n8.18\n17.39\n34\n78\n19.8\n19.0\n5.44\n12.48\n155\n347\n13\n48\n5\nNelson\t\n16\nPrince George\t\n281\n12.93\n38\n13.5\n4.95\n112\n39.9    14.33\n181\n46.6\n20.96\n224\n36\n21\n156\n597\n7.18\n27.46\n45\n252\n29.0\n42.0\n5.86\n32.86\n48\n194\n30.3\n33.0\n6.14\n24.80\n63\n151\n40.7\n25.0\n10.08\n24.16\n131\n615\n16\n64\n9\nVancouver ,..\t\n18\nVernon\t\n189\n8.69\n100.0\n30\n15.9\n3.92\n109\n57.6\n13.94\n60\n26.5\n8.00\n165\n20\n4\n2,174\n100.0\n767\n35.28\n100.0\n782\n35.97\n100.0\n625\n28.75\n100.0\n1,823\n83.84\n259\n11.92\n92\nPer cent   \t\n4.24\nTotals, 1923..;......\n1,530\n673\n519\n338\n1,396\n82\n52\n100.0\n43.99\n33.92\n22.09\n91.24\n5.36\n3.40\nTotals, 1922\t\n2,591\n100.0\n637\n24.6\n909\n35.1\n1,045\n40.3\n2,171\n83.8\n253\n9.8\n167\n6.4\nNumber and Causes or Fiees, 1924.\nForest District.\n&\na\n\u25a0a\nto\n73\nS   CO\n2 \u00bb\ncu ;E\nP.0)\nOH\n3\nfa\nn>\np.\nO\n&\n\u25a0=        \u2022\nei O\n2\n45\n\"   71\n114\n37\n5\n29\n25\n328\n15.1\nfa\nCI\n\u25a02 d\ne o\n\u00a30   O\n^-. 3\n~ e\ncS  O\n\u00abC\n0>\no\nCO\nbe\nS &\n3 =:   .\n^\" ic\na =5 =\na lo\n9\n18\n18\n58\n37\n21\n69\n13\na\no\no\nt3\n3\n2 \u00a7\n01\nP.\no\nC.S\no\nCO   \u00b0\n\u00ab B\nSi\na)\n3\nD\nE\nO\no\n6\n37\n38\n132\n6\n4\n17\n67\n53\n43\n10\n26\n80\n42\n111\n17\n8\n24\n9\n45\n36\n20\n118\n42\n2\n1\n5\n4\n1\n3\n3\ni\nl\n7\n4\n10\n109\n2\n37\n4\n6\n2\n21\n27\n12\n4\n9\n11\n10\n6\n41\n5\n14\n55\n8\n12\n29\n20\n88\n11\n129\n238\n173\n411\n281\n166\n597\n189\n5.9\n10.9\n7.9\n18.9\n12.9\n7.3\n27.5\n8.7\n307\n14.1\n382\n17.6\n302\n13.9\n243\n11.2\n19\n0.9\n134\n6.1\n115\n5.3\n107\n4.9\n237\n10.9\n2,174\n100.0\n100.0\n 15 Geo. 5\nForest Branch,\nE 35\nFires, 1924, classified by Place of Origin and Cost of Fire-fighting.\nForest District.\nCariboo\t\nCranbrook\t\nKamloops    \t\nNelson\t\nPrince George   \t\nPrince Rupert\t\nVancouver \t\nVernon\t\nTotals\t\nPer cent\t\nTotals, 1923..\nPer cent\t\nTotals, 1922..\nPer cent\t\nB\nExtinguished\nWITH-\nCost Money to\nTotal Cost of\no.S\nc3   Oh\no\nE\nT3\nout Cost.\nextinguish.\nfighting\nFire.\n^     6\n\u20222-\u00a7\n>  E\nH.g\nH E\nH.S\nH S\ncu\no -11\n\u00a3 s x\nrf \u00bb c3\nT3^H\n\u20223^\n\u00b0 2\n^0,\n*S to\no o\n\u00b0 m\u00a3\nIce,\nM be\nc E\ng a\nE c\nE c\nCO\n8.9 c\n^\nS\u00bbH\nO co\nO m\nD'J\nD \u00bb\nO^ co\nO\nH\n.SeqI\n'5  c?\nO p.\n6\nQJ .3\nCufc,\nfa \u00a3\n6\nfa o>\nQJ .3\ncu .E\nP\nu 3 cu\n129\n85\n44\n81\n62.8\n3.72\n48\n37.2\n2.21\n7,075 35\n2.84\n238\n32\n206\n143\n60.0\n6.58\n95\n40.0\n4.37\n24,168 75\n9.69\n173\n64\n109\n130\n75.0\n5.98\n43\n25.0\n1.98\n8,541 39\n3.44\n411\n152\n259\n234\n56.9\n10.76\n177\n.43.1\n8.15\n59,122 63\n23.70\n281\n85\n196\n147\n62.3\n6.76\n134\n47.7\n6.16\n31,900 62\n12.81\n156\n64\n92\n104\n67.0\n4.78\n52\n33.0\n2.39\n8,433 05\n3.38\n597\n236\n361\n367\n61.0\n16 88\n230\n39.0\n10.68\n99,834 58\n40.00\n189\n62\n127\n109\n57.6\n5.02\n80\n42.4\n3.68\n10,305 90\n249,382 17\n4.14\n2,174\n780\n1,394\n1,315\n60.49\n859\n39.51\n100.00\n100.0\n35.88\n64.12\n60.49\n89.51\n1,530\n541\n989\n1,086\n70.98\n444\n29.02\n72,706 16\n100.00\n100.0\n35.36\n64.64\n70.98\n64.29\n29.02\n35.71\n2,591\n766\n1,826\n1,665\n926\n479,800 85\n100.00\n100.0\n29.5\n70.6\n64.29\n35.71\nAverage\nCost\ni'er Fire.\n54 84\n101 55\n49 37\n143 85\n113 52\n54 06\n167 22\n64 50\n114 71\nFIRE DAMAGE.\nThe total area burned over by forest fires in 1924 was 402,214 acres, 0.3 per cent, of area\npatrolled. While this exceeded by nearly three times the total area burned over in 1923, it\nwas only approximately 25 per cent, of the area burned in 1922.\nThe merchantable timber destroyed is estimated at 103,421 B.M., as against 49,380 B.M.\nfor 1923 and 611,935 B.M. for 1922. Valuable reproduction destroyed by fire amounted to 106,019\nacres, as against an area of 12,807 acres for 1923 and 210,474 acres for 1922.\nDamage to other forms of property, which includes partially manufactured forest products,\nlogging machinery, etc., amounted to $540,291, as compared with $617,649 for 1923 and $693,016\nfor 1922.\n E 36\nDepartment of Lands.\n1925\nDamage.   .\nPer\nCent.\n9.49\n10.07\n2.05\n17.13\n15.76\n3.42\n38.46\n3.62\no\nO\nO\no\no\np\n$    63,142\n67,010\n13,672\n113,873\n104,630\n22,783\n255,SOI\n24,107\n00\nco o\n<m   \u25a0\nit \u00bb\noo\nCO o\"\nr-\"\u00b0\n9\u00bb\nr-   \u25a0\noo\nto \u00b0\nCD\nCO\nE\na\nPer\nCent.\n0.16\n7.07\n1.13\n6.63\n11.91\n5.03\n66 90\n1.17\n\u00a9\n\u00a9\no\nO\no\no\no\n\u00a9\nM. Feet\nB.M.\n335\n14,663\n2,327\n13,764\n24,725\n10,434\n138,959\n2,444\n207,661\n100.0\n87,371\n100.0\n729,941\n100.0\nArea.\nPer\nCent.\n12.80\n9.94\n1.75\n19.04\n27.24\n4.61\n21.67\n2.95\nO\no\no\no\no\n\u00a9\no\no   \u25a0\no   \u25a0\nAcres.\n51,480\n39,986\n7,047\n109,559\n18,528\n87,158\n11,898\n^f c\nCM C\n3C\nCD G\nCrj\nK c\nrfg\nCO\nrH\n\u2022^uainacdsQ\nCO          rH\n\u25a0 to\n91=    -\nOS\nCO     -\n9&    \u25a0\nso\noi ^soy\no\nm\n\u2022pauanq\no>\n<\n-r\n722\n823\n3,494\n2,174\n286\n18,795\n295\n1C -*\no co\n1-   \u2022\nCO o\n-A 'n\no-i \"^\no cz\no\nt-^cc\nCO\no\nI\n\u20229J3buxcq\n| cot--      \u25a0\nM O n (M c M m ;\nOi3r-tC-f *r\nrH I>\n**      \u25a0\no g g S\nh g a\nh a * o a n co xi\n\u2022sSmiiifl\ns;s\no\n95=\n\u25a0N O\npa^mi^a\nifl             CO r- t-> m\nrH\n95=\nsi 3\n\u25a0     \u25a0 O CO o       \u2014 -*\nCO l>\n\u2022painn\nXo\n^i-iia'nft\n^\nrt-o\nO\na\n\u2022\u25a0bojv\nC-^-OlTjiClCOr-'-*\nKffl\ns*s\n*^\noo\nCSnOt-TflcMCS\u2014'CD\n\u2022aSmuua :\nCO     \u25a0\nO CD\nO     \u25a0\n1U9S3J^\nC\". OiQCJiOiMNm\n\u25a0^        CD m        ffin\n*j*\n~3\na\u2122\n95=\n\u00a3\n9&\n<#\nCDC0iO-*O5COTfiC~\n-i3ajy\ni-\nN00\nOJ\n\u2022sso^j\n1\u00bbH\n$       530\n16,661\n3,253\n11,372\n34,012\n5,800\n105,634\n2,240\nCM oa\nO Oc.\nlO     \u25a0\nS* CM\n<M CO\nO CO\n^'CO\n9?=\n\u25a0aiqBAj'BS\n121\n942\n6,148\n1,347\n3,892\n90,258\n1,124\nCM CO\nCO CO\n00\nee co\n00     \u25a0\nco eg\noo\no    \u25a0\nr\u00abS\n335\n14,663\n2,307\n13,701\n23,795\n10,434\n138,708\n2,310\nec co\nO OCl\nCM     \u2022\nCM\nW 00\n<N     \u25a0\nH Cs\nrf      \u25a0\nOS OS\n\u2022Bajy\nCD\n<;\ncd\n10,495\n758\n3,846\n4,955\n1,269\n6,720\n1,247\niO o\nr-   CD\nOS     \u25a0\n00 oi\nCO     \u25a0\no g i\n.Si-!\nOK\n3 E\n\u00a71\nOOMfcSSS;\n 15 Geo. 5\nForest Branch.\nE 37\nDamage to Pkoperty other than Forests, 1924.\nForest District.\nProducts in\nProcess of\nManufacture.\nBuildings.\nRailway and\nLogging\nEquipment.\nMiscellaneous.\nTotal.\nPer Cent.\nof\nTotal.\n$37,956\n1,870\n46,228\n2.816\n2,000\n70,394\n375\n$ 1,725\n32,650\n885\n64,980\n37,870\n470\n28,410\n28,200\n8    800\n5,258\n1,200\n7,020\n320\n128,462\n12\n$ 1,170\n681\n28,479\n775\n306\n7,385\n1,594\n$    3,695\n76,545\n3,955\n146,707\n41,781\n2,776\n234,651\n30,181\n0.68\n14.17\n0.74\n27.15\n7.73\n0-52\n43.43\n5.58\n$161,639\n$195,190\n8143,072\n$ 40,390\n$540,291\n100.00\nComparison of Damage caused by Forest Fires in the Last Seven Years.\n1924.\n1923.\n1922.\n1921.\n1920.\n1919.\n1918.\n2,174\n402,214\n207,651\n102,832\n$665,078\n540,291\n$1,205,369\n1,530\n157,601\n87,371\n37,891\n$74,238\n617,649\n2,591\n1,568,586\n729,941\n117,006\n$1,531,300\n693,016\n1,330\n145,838\n68,476\n39,553\n897,332\n195,221\n1,251\n389,846\n229,253\n49,575\n$485,963\n473,900\n$959,863\n1,141\n433,797\n287,520\n93,569\n$393,183\n345,787\n$738,970\n910\nStanding timber destroyed or damaged (M. ft. B.M.)\t\nAmount salvable (M. ft. B.M.)  \t\nDamage to other forms of property..\n140,085\n42,886\n22,387\n825,930\n200,335\n$691,887\n$2,224,316\n$292,553\n$226,265\nFIRE-FIGHTING EXPENDITURES.\nFire-fighting expenditures reached the sum of $249,382, as compared with $72,708 for 1923,\n$479,801 for 1922, and $146,527, the average for the past ten years.\nIn addition to the sum expended by the Department fighting fires, private interests spent\napproximately $153,515, making a total expenditure for fire-suppression purposes of $402,S97\nfor the Province, or an average of $185 per fire.\nThe total estimated damage caused by forest fires, including fire-control expenditures,\namounted to $1,608,266.\nFIRE  CAUSES.\nHuman agencies were again responsible for no less than 85.9 per cent, of the fires which\noccurred in the Province; lightning, the only unpreventable cause, being responsible for 14.1\nper cent. Analysis of the tables illustrating fire causes reveals that, with the solitary exception\nof \" industrial operations,\" there was a marked increase in the number of fires due to all other\nhuman agencies, such as campers, smokers, etc.\nReference has already been made to the minimized risk due to the suspension of logging\noperations in the Lower Coast during the fire season. There is no doubt that this shut-down,\nwhile due to economic reasons rather than the result of premediated action in the interests\nof forest-protection, was the principal factor in reducing fire occurrence from industrial causes.\nIt unquestionably kept down very substantially the damage previously suffered by Coast\n\u2022operators, and certainly bears out the oft-expressed conviction that during a season of abnormal\nhazard suspension of operations is advisable in the hazardous areas of the Lower Coast if\ndisastrous conflagrations are to be avoided.\nNumber and Causes of Forest Fires for the Last Nine Years.\nLightning\t\nCampers and travellers\t\nRailway operation\t\nRailways under construction\t\nSmokers\t\nBrush-burning (not railway-clearing) .\nPublic road-construction\t\nIndustrial operations\t\nIncendiary\t\nMiscellaneous known\t\nUnknown causes\t\nTotals.\n307\n382\n302\n243\n19\n134\n115\n107\n237\n274\n262\n199\niso\n154\n12\n170\n35\n71\n173\n1922.\n246\n626\n332\n355\n22\n203\n69\n202\n536\n2,591    1,330\n164\n308\n136\n20\n119\n40\n64\n204\n304\n246\n227\nI\n7\n104\n32\n\"69\n165\n1,251     1,141\n115\n310\n146\n22\n\"97\n5\n129\n21\n140\n156\n134\n158\n104\n1\n'166\n2\n80\n15\n72\n224\n48\n209\n335\n5\n59\n13\n55\n214\n1916.\n67\n268\n121\n148\n12\n59\n22\n19\n148\n E 38\nDepartment of Lands.\n1925\n05\nM\nP\nM\nluuaaj ^noq^Lu ^as saai^\n\u2022   ua cm co \u00bbn \u2022\n\u25a0[OJ^UOQ p3dB0S9 S3aij; ]     ji r~\":\nmqao pauanq i39ay\n00 O\n\u00b0-8\nOS  -H\nrH CM\n\u2022p9l!SSI S^UUJ3CJ\nCSOUOrfOOCOO-rtH\n\u25a0   o (M 'c c a l^ :: t--\no   m \u00ab \u25a0* r- w \u00ab oo co\n\"^ r-TrHOQ\ni^o rsg\n\"^uuaaj ^iioq}iA\\ ^as saaijj\nd\n\u25a0   CM   T-*   l-t        \u25a0        \u25a0\n-* CO\nCO\nCO\nCM CO\no\nqoaiuoQ padcosa saaj^\n6\n125\n\u25a0 lO CM      \u25a0 ri\n00 -*\nCO CS\nto\n\u2022joao pauanq uaay-\n<3J\n3\nlO CO\nI> CO\n\u25a0 T*   UO O   -*   00\n\u25a0 OO CO \u25a0* CO UO\n\u25a0 CM                rH\nO-l 00\n(M -*\nOI\nOS O\nCS      \u2022\nCM\n\u25a0panss; s^iiuaGfj\nd\nft\nco co\nrH  -rtf CO J> liO CO\nr-i (N         rH\nTt\" CO\nCO CS\nO\nCO W\nur; co\nC\u00a3  Ih\"\n5 is\npi 0\naft\n\u25a0}uuaaj ^noq^iA\\ ^as saai^\nNo.\ni\nCO UO\nCI\nCO\nCM 00\nO\n\u25a0[Oj^uoq padeosa saai^i\nd   :N : : : : : :\n\"a    :\nCMOS\n-* CO\n\u25a0J3AO pauanq uaay\n.\/     rHr-HOlCMCMWO \u2014\n2   coi-      co      ifl co uo\n\u00ab5\nCO iO\ntl OJ\nOS \u25a0*\n<-i HO\nCO     \u2022\n\u25a0panss; s^iuuaj\n^   eo co os ic: co o io co\nOS CO\n\u00b0\n^ CM\n-* CM\nCm  \u00ab\nla\n1IUU3J qnoq^iA\\ ^as saai^\n\u2022patuoo padrasa saatt>i\n-* t-        CO OS\nU9ao pauanqrajy ;\nr-OCSOMOWN        UO CO        COCO\nCM iC CM O-l CO CM O-l uO        COO        COO\n\u00b05H \u00ab.*-    Jjed     \u00a3=g\n\u25a0panssi scjnxiaaj\nco co     -* r~\n^uiuaj qnoq^iA\\ ^as saa;j[\n- CM CO r- 00 CO\nqoa^uoQ paduosa saay;\n\u25a0 CO CO rH CO O CO\n\u25a0J9AO pauanq TJeav\nCOOOt^rHCOCMCOxrO\nCOCCNtH'-COO\u00a9\nt-irs-^OCOiOirai-H\n\u2022panssj situuaj\nOCSnOOCOCDCOCO       Olio\nCMCOCOt-CMCMasCO oo\n-# CM \u25a0* CO CM CM t\u2014 CO \u00bb*\" mj\n. qj S a\n 15 Geo. 5 Forest Branch. E 39\nPUBLIC EDUCATION.\nIt has long been realized that the solution of the fire-prevention phase of the forest-fire\nproblem is largely an educational process, and since the establishment of the Forest Service\nin the Province it has been the aim to carry out an educational campaign in the interests of\nforest-tire prevention vigorous and wide enough in scope to arouse every citizen and every user\nof the forest to the realization of the fact that it Is his and his children's heritage he is risking\nby his careless match or camp-fire.\nThe educational programme in 1924 was the most diverse and comprehensive yet attempted.\nIt embraced many forms of written appeal, including, in addition to the usual legal posters\nand signs calling attention to the provisions of the fire law, newspaper advertising and a variety\nof specially designed posters, campers' guides, leaflets, road-signs, etc.\nThe week of April 27th to May 3rd was proclaimed \" Save the Forest Week\" by His\nExcellency the Governor-General of Canada. During this week an intensive publicity campaign\nwas put on by this Branch in the interests of forest-protection, in which every available officer\ntook part.\nThe campaign included special lectures illustrated by motion pictures, lectures to all schoolchildren of the Province, Boy Scout rallies, etc. An appeal to the general public to co-operate\nin making this campaign effective met with a most encouraging response. Window displays\nand free advertising were contributed by many firms. Moving-picture theatres exhibited forest-\nprotection slides and the film '; Red Enemy,\" and also offered the use of their theatres for forest-\nprotection lectures. In numerous other ways assistance was also given by public-spirited\ncitizens with a view to make the object sought by the originators of forest-protection week\npossible of accomplishment.\nMany Service Clubs and similar organizations were addressed on the subject of forest-\nprotection by members of the staff. Speeches on forest-protection topics were broadcasted each\nevening from the Department Radio Station at Vancouver. During the week, through the cooperation of the R.C.A.S., an aeroplane flight over the various settlements and logging camps\non the Coast was made and forest-protection propaganda in the form of leaflets distributed\nfrom the air.\nAn essay competition was held for school-children on the subject of \" Forest Fires, Their\nEffect, and How to Prevent Them \" ; gold, silver, and bronze medals and certificates being offered\nas prizes. A very large number of essays were received, many of which were of a very high\ngrade. This competition undoubtedly resulted in bringing the lesson of forest-protection into\nthousands of homes in the Province in a more effective way than it would be brought in any\nother way.\nCampsites.\u2014With a view to concentrating the risk and preventing fire-setting by campers,-\na number of additional Forest Branch camp-sites were established during the season at various\nplaces throughout the Province. Forest Branch camp-sites have been the subjects of much\nfavourable comment on the part of the users. At several of the camp-sites camp registers were\nkept, and the written comment of the visitors contained therein certainly indicates that this\nform of forest-protection publicity will undoubtedly bring in commensurate results in reducing\nthe risk from campers' fires wherever they are established.\nFIRE-LAW ENFORCEMENT.\nAfter making due allowance for the effect of abnormal weather conditions on fire occurrence,\nthe large increase in the number of fires in 1924 as compared with 1923 and years previous to\n1922, is, to say the least, disconcerting; moreover, this increase occurred in a year which saw\nprobably the greatest efforts of fire-prevention propaganda yet attempted in the Province.\nThe continued annual occurrence of large numbers of forest fires is not, however, a situation\npeculiar to British Columbia; in the neighbouring States to the south more fires occurred in\n1924 than in any year since forest-protection was placed upon an organized basis. No less\nthan 8,454 fires occurred, of which over 70 per cent, were man-caused as reported by the Western\nForestry and Conservation Association. Forest fires have not decreased in proportion to the\nprogress made in other forest-protective endeavours, and it is felt that more rigorous enforcement of the fire law in respect to careless fire-setting is essential if advancement in fire-prevention\nis to be achieved.   This was particularly emphasized at the fourteenth annual meeting of the\n E 40\nDepartment of Lands.\n1925\nWestern Forestry and Conservation Association held in Vancouver, December 2nd. to 4th, 1924,\nwhen the following resolution was passed:\u2014\n\" The discouraging number of man-caused fires indicates the existence in our population\nof a careless and criminal minority which cannot be reached by any argument except vigorous\nprosecution. We therefore propose the development of a forest constabulary assigned directly\nto enforcement of our forest-fire laws to the end that man-caused fires may be reduced.\"\nThe recommendation embodied in this report is worthy of serious consideration in so far\nas its adoption may be feasible in British Columbia. Prosecution procedure is a matter for\nwhich the ordinary forest officer has little aptitude. It would seem advisable, therefore, with\na view to ensuring that prosecution for fire-law violation will be made where circumstances\nwarrant, that special training be afforded forest officers in this work, and the forest-protection\nstaff be augmented by one or more men experienced in the technique of securing clues and\npreparing evidence. It is obvious that if we are to stop fire-setting, whether due to carelessness\nor rank incendiarism, we cannot depend on education alone. Strong disciplinary measures are\nthe only cure for the wilful and the criminally careless.\nProsecutions\nFOR  FlKE\nTbespass, 1924.\n-tf\n\u201ep\n_,_,\n3\nc\n\u00a3\n0)\n1\n\u00a3\n\u00a3\n1\nINES.\na\nai\nT3\na\no\n\u00a3\nO\nabfi\ng a c\n= 03\np\np Z.\no o\nCOrH\nlO.\nO\nP *4\no o\nIs\nOJ  rH\na \"5 -^\npa\nBhJ\nas\nO \u00a3\nbtft\nd  c\no\no -\no o\nIs\n\"5\no\nS 2\nE.\no\no\nV\n3\nJ?\n_e3\no\ncd\nft\nP\nO\nhe si\nC B\nhe\nre\np\nbo\ns\n0)\na\ng\np\nto\nV\na\ncy\n\"c\nGO\nT3\n0)\nTi\nP\nOJ\nft\n-6\n8\nCU\nC :\n-a\np\na>\nft\np\nForest District.\nNo.\nAmount.\n'5\n1\nd\n1\n*  OCR\nOgg<\nOm<\nO is\nOax;\nCCS,\nb,\n\u2014~\n1\n\u25a0 ...:.\n02\nGO\n1\no\nO\nCranbrook \u2014\n4\n1\n3\n2\n\u00a7375 00\n2\n1\nl\n1\n25 00\nNelson\t\n8\ni\n6\n1\n2\n50 00\n1\ni)\nPrince George .\n15\n9\n1\n5\n9\n225 00\n1\n5\nPrince Rupert.\nlb\ni\ni\nii\n2\nio\n350 66\n1\n2\n9\n1\n1\n1\nTotals    ,\n45\n83\n1\n2\n28\n4\n2\n7\n18\n7\n24\n$1,026 00\nSi,260 00\n2\n3\n13\n14\n15\n7\n2\nTotals, 1923.\n1\n9\n35\n14\n45\n3\nHAZARD  REDUCTION.\nDangerous Debris.\u2014The total area of slash burned over during the close season and the\nnumber of burning permits issued shows a considerable decrease as compared with the years\n1923 and 1922. This was due in part to the occurrence of favourable burning conditions, which\npermitted a larger amount of the clearing to be done and for wdiich no record is kept prior to\nthe announcement of the fire season.\nIndustrial Operations.\u2014The number of locomotive and donkey engines operating in the\nwoods was greatly reduced during the greater part of the fire season of 1924, but compliance,\non the part of the firms that did operate, with the regulations regarding maintenance of fire-\npreventive appliances was very satisfactory. A large quantity of additional fire-fighting equipment was purchased by logging companies, which included steel railway tank-cars equipped with\nhigh-power steam-pumps, portable gasolene fire-pumps, hand tank pumps, and In addition large\nquantities of the usual fire-fighting tools, such as mattocks, axes, shovels, etc.\nOne additional spark-arrester for donkey-engines was tested by the Department, in conjunction with the Boiler Inspection Department, and approved, making a total of seven types\nof arresters for locomotives and donkey-engines which have now received official registration.\nFIRE-CONTROL.\nThe general plan of organization followed in previous years was continued in 1924. Emergency lire-organization charts have now been compiled for every section of the Province. These\ncharts are an inventory of the resources, human and material, available in each section for\nfire-fighting purposes.   The work of developing this emergency fire organization into an efficient\n 15 Geo. 5\nForest Branch.\nE 41\nfire-fighting machine was continued with a view to not only securing prompt and efficient action\non every fire, but also in minimizing fire-suppression expenditures.\nIt is gratifying to note that a further substantial increase was made in enrolment of\nHonorary Fire Wardens and Fire Prevention Officers. The number accepting these appointments in 1924 being 894, as against 650 for the previous year. The interest taken by the public\ngenerally on the growth of this branch of the fire-protection staff is an encouraging augury for\nfuture progress not only in fire-fighting efficiency, but also in fire-prevention.\nFIRE-DETECTION.\nThe 1924 fire season again demonstrated the value of permanent lookouts established on\nprominent mountain points for rapid fire-detection purposes.\nA new standard lookout was constructed on Mount Swansea, in the Cranbrook Forest\nDistrict, which has a commanding view of all the country tributary to the headwaters of the\nColumbia and Kootenay Rivers.\nThe existing lookouts on B.X. and Little White Mountains, in the Vernon Forest District,\nwere also substantially improved. In addition, the Patrol Force established many lookout\npoints this year on high points of lands, which are visited during the course of the day's patrol\nand from which a commanding view of the patrol area is obtained. No permanent fixtures\nare placed at such points, but they act as temporary lookouts until replaced by the permanent\ntype on higher and more commanding elevations.\nIncreased service from the auxiliary Fire Prevention Force and Honorary Fire Wardens\nhas greatly strengthened the work of prompt fire-detection.\nBy arrangement with the R.C.A.F., flying-boats of the Jericho Beach Air Station were\nutilized on a small scale again this year for fire-detection and reconnaissance purposes on the\nLower Coast.\nCOMMUNICATIONS.\nThe Department's radio-telephone system again proved its indispensability, the number of\nmessages sent, including relays, totalling 7,026, and words 263,980. Minor alterations to the\nreceiving part of the sets resulted in greater range and better receptivity being obtained. A\nnew direct-connected crude-oil-power unit was installed at Myrtle Point Station, replacing a\ngasolene-engine, belt-driven generator set, and is giving much more satisfactory results at a\nconsiderably lower hourly operating cost.\nEfficient service was obtained over the various land telephone-lines in the Province operated\nby the Department for forest-protection purposes. The various lines were maintained in good\norder and some minor extensions made.\nMECHANICAL TRANSPORT AND FIRE-FIGHTING EQUIPMENT.\nTransportation service was obtained from Forest Branch owned mechanical transportation\nequipment as follows :\u2014\nLaunches.\nYear.\nNumber of\nUnits.\nTotal Miles\nrun.\nAverage Miles\nper Unit.\nTotal Cost.\nAverage Cost\nper Mile.\n1924 \t\n43\n40\n119,703\n106,500\n2,784\n2.662\n\u00a716,094\n19,493\nSO.134\n1923\t\n.183\n3*\n13,203*\n122*\n% 3,399t\n$0.049f\nMotor-cars.\n1924\t\n59\n52\n327,495\n275,000\n5,551\n5,288\n$14,105\n13,100\nSO.043\n1923\t\n.047\n7*\n52,495*\n263*\na 1,005*\n*0.004f\nRailway Speeders.\n1924\t\n16\n15\n45,696\n38,500\n2,856\n2,666\n$1,149\n1,614\n1923\t\n.041\n1*\n7,196*\n290*\n$   476t\n\u00bb.016t\nt Decrease.\nDoes not include depreciation.\n E 42 Department of Lands. 1925\nDepartmental transportation costs for 1924 were lower than in the year previous, taking\ninto consideration the increase in total mileage, in average mileage per unit, and in the number\nof units operated. It is believed that these costs and figures will compare very favourably\nwhen set against corresponding data available from private concerns operating similar equipment in the Province.\nThere are now three crude-oil-engine-powered vessels in the service\u2014the \" B.C. Forester,\"\nthe headquarters launch of the Vancouver Forest District, which was placed in commission\nearly in the year; the launch \" Euclataw,\" which was equipped with a new engine, replacing\none worn out in service; and the launch \" Scaler.\" All of these launches are giving satisfactory\nengine service at a considerably less operating cost than gasolene or distillate engines of similar\npower.\nFire-fighting Equipment.\u2014The value of portable fire-pumps in combating fires was again\ndemonstrated, the hours run totalling 4,063, equivalent to a quantity of over 6,000,000 gallons\nof water pumped. A new type of light-weight pump was tested out in the field. This pump,\nwhich weighs only about 40 lb., is mounted on a tripod, one leg of which is used as a suction-pipe.\nTwo of these units were purchased and through the season demonstrated their usefulness and\nportability under varying conditions at a low operation and maintenance cost.\nFire-hose to meet requirements for replacements of that expended and worn out in service\nand for additional fire units was purchased. Various samples offered (some fifteen in all) were\ngiven a rigid test with a view to determining the hose best suited for our needs. The grade\npossessing the best qualities was selected and purchased. Reports of its performance from the\nfield indicate that the choice was amply justified.\nThe old-type screw hose-couplings are being replaced, as the hose wears out, by a new\ntype instantaneous coupling specially developed for forest-fire use. These couplings permit\neither end of the hose to be used, do away with loose joints and hose-wrenches, and save considerable time in laying and taking up hose at a fire.\nA change in design of the 5-gallon hand tank pump in use was made for increased portability\nand usefulness. Numerous instances since it was adopted have proved the value of this piece\nof equipment as an adjunct to the equipment carried by patrolmen.\nEQUIPMENT, IMPROVEMENTS,  AND  MAINTENANCE.\n\u201e     . Caeiboo.\nEquipment-\nFour Ford cars  - - -  $ 2,580 00\nEight hand tank pumps     109 00\nFire-fighting tools - - -  594 00\nPortable telephone    112 00\nHygro-thermograph and screen   163 00\nThree sling psychrometers   36 00\nTotal   ? 3,594 00\nImprovements\u2014\nWilliams Lake Garage   ? 525 00\nQuesnel Lake Boat-house   525 00\nLac la Hache Camp-site   169 00\nCottonwood Camp-site   13 00\nTotal  $ 1,232 00\nMaintenance\u2014\nMount Begbie Lookout Cabin   ?      75 00\nQuesnel Lake Boat-house   33 00\nCarried forward.   $    108 00\n Result of repeated fires\u2014a statue to destruction.\nCompare with Frontispiece.\n  15 Geo. 5\nForest Branch.\nE 43\nCariboo\u2014Continued.\nBrought forward  ? 108 00\nMaintenance\u2014Continued.\nBear Lake Ranger Station Cabin   26 00\nMount Begbie Lookout Trail   22 00\nCanim Lake Boat-house \u2014- 17 00\nMiscellaneous     59 00\nTotal  % 232 00\nCbanbrook.\nEquipment-\nFive Ford cars   ? 3,016 00\nEighteen hand tank pumps  \u2014- 276 00\nOne Evinrude pump  (2-cylinder)  376 00\nOne Evinrude pump (single cylinder)  .....!  252 00\nHose for fire-fighting pumps   450 00\nFire-fighting tools, etc  547 00\nOne hygro-tkermograph and screen   163 00\nFour sling psychrometers   4S 00\nTotal   $ 5,12S 00\nImprovements\u2014\nBridge Creek Trail   ? 216 00\nSheep Creek Trail   900 00\nWard Creek Trail   725 00\nSwansea Mountain Lookout and Telephone Line   1,593 ,00\nFlathead Road   100 00\nCamp-sites     415 00\nTotal   $ 3,949 00\nMaintenance\u2014\nMoyie Mountain Lookout   $ 111 00\nElk Valley Telephone Line   325 00\nCamp-sites    135 00\nWhitefish Creek Trail   60 00\nWeary Creek Trail  !  80 00\nSummit Creek Trail   105 00\nPhillips Creek Trail   75 00\nWigwam River Trail   87 00\nCasey Mountain Telephone Line   75 00\nFlathead Trail   244 00\nLodgepole Creek Trail   50 00\nSt. Mary River Trail (East Fork)   65 00\nKootenay River Trail   150 00\nGoat River Trail   60 00\nCorbin Trail   54 00\nWildhorse  Trail     80 00\nMiscellaneous    42 00\nTotal   % 1,798 00\n E 44 Department op Lands. 1925\nKamloops.\nEquipment\u2014\u25a0\nThree sling psychrometers   $      36 00\nOne  Ford  ear    610 00\nThree- boats and shelter  139 00\nOne Evinrude outboard motor   124 00\nOne canoe   151 00\nEight hand tank pumps  .  125 00\nFire-fighting hose   112 00\nFire-fighting tools   61 CO\nTotal  :  $ 1,353 OO\nImprovements\u2014\u25a0\nMyrtle Crossing-Clearwater Trail   $    351 00\nDunn Lake Camp-site   72 00\nClearwater  Camp-site    34 00\nBear Creek Camp-site   31 00\nCanyon Ranger Station Cabin   24 00\nShelters for boats   52 00\nMiscellaneous    :  10 00\nTotal  $    580 00\nMaintenance\u2014\nBarriere-Adams Lake Trail   $    105 00\nNorth Thompson-Columbia River Trail  :.. 64 OO\nAdams Lake-Seymour Arm Trail   118 00\nCanoe River Trail    116 00\nAdams River Wagon-road  416 00\nUpper Thompson River Trail  158 00\nBlue River Ranger Station Cabin   114 00\nSeymour Arm Scow   55 00\nGrizzley Mountain Trail  72 00\nAvola Ranger Station Cabin   60 00\nClearwater Trail  142 00\nGreen Mountain Trail   64 00\nMica Lake Trail   98 00\nRawhide Trail   44 00\nRaft River Trail   50 00\nEast Barriere Lookout Trail  36 00\nColdstream Ranger Station Cabin   46 00\nClearwater-Blue River Trail   36 00\nBarriere Forks-Brennan Creek Trail   28 00\nBlucher Mountain Trail   -  36 00\nMiscellaneous     387 00\nTotal   $ 2,245 00\nNelson.\nEquipment\u2014\nFour Ford cars   $ 2,506 00\nOne Evinrude pump   376 00\nOne Pacific Ross pump   315 00\nCarried forward    $ 3,197 00\n 15 Geo. 5 Forest Branch. E 45\nNelson\u2014Continued.\nBrought forward   \u00a5 3,197 00\nEquipment\u2014Continued.\nFourteen hand tank pumps   212 00\nHose for fire-fighting pumps   1,600 00\nOne hygro-thermograph and screen   163 00\nSix sling psychrometers  72 00\nTotal   % 5.244 00\nImprovements\u2014\nFry Creek Trail   $ 1,043 00\nCampbell Creek Trail  2'il 00\nDavis Creek Trail   110 00\nLittle Slocan Telephone Line   136 00\nPingstou Creek Trail   120 00\nSaddle Mountain Trail   127 00\nWilson Creek Trail    285 00\nMidge Creek Trail    60 00\nBig Sheep Trail   116 00\nDuck Lake Cabin   30 00\nSalmon River Camp-site   62 00\nMiscellaneous  61 00\nTotal   ? 2,361 0O\nMaintenance\u2014\nEast River Cable Crossing   $ 35 00\nHowser-Lardeau Telephone Line   41 00\nMiscellaneous     76 00\nTotal   $     152 00\nPeince Geoege.\nEquipment\u2014\u25a0\nThree  cars     $ 1,954 00\nOne Elto outboard motor   171 00\nTwo new boats   110 00\nOne gasolene-speeder   485 00\nFire-fighting tools   1,739 00\nHand tank pumps  175 00\nOne hygro-thermograph and screen   163 00\nSeven sling psychrometers   84 00\nTotal   S 4,881 00\nImprovements\u2014\nTen semi-portable tool-caches  %    119 00\nPrince George Garage (proportionate payment)    500 00\nTotal   $    619 00\nMaintenance\u2014\u2022\nMiscellaneous   S      40 00\n E 46 Department of Lands. 1925\nPrince Rupert.\nEquipment\u2014\u25a0\nThree Ford cars-  $ 1,959 00\nLaunch \" Sycamore \"  1,350 00\nFourteen hand tank pumps   ISO 00\nHose for fire-fighting pumps   283 00\nFire-fighting tools  1,183 00\nFour boats and dinghies   329 00\nNew engine for \" Euclataw \"   4,388 00\nOne hygro-thermograph and screen  163 00\nFour sling psychrometers   48 00\nTotal   $ 9,883 00\nImprovements\u2014\nFrancois Lake Boat-house   $    550 00\nEndako Tool-cache   58 00\nTopley Tool-cache   64 00\nWalcott Tool-cache  65 00\nKitwanga Tool-cache   56 00\nTotal   $     793 00\nMaintenance\u2014\nMiscellaneous     $      30 00\nVancouver.\nEquipment-\nOne hygro-thermograph and screen   $    145 00\n,   Twenty-one sling psychroineters  252 00\nTen Ford cars   6,036 00\nFour bicycles   200 00\nOne Elto outboard motor   168 00\nOne Pacific Ross pump   332 00\nTwenty hand-pumps   470 00\nOne  Star car   836 00\nSeven gear-pumps   456 00\nAuxiliary engine for Thurston Bay   980 00\nLaunch  \"Check  Scaler\"  3,100 00\nLaunch \" Chestnut \"   700 00\nLaunch  \" Scaler \"    6,500 00\nSix dinghies   525 00\nFire-fighting hose,  etc  2,500 00\nFire-fighting equipment and tools   1,270' 00\nTotal   $24,470 00\nImprovements\u2014\nBig-Little Blackwater Trail   $     139 00\nShawnigan Lake-San Juan River Trail   200 00\nKitinat-Cowichan Lake Trail   135 00\nAlice Lake Trail   68 00\nCameron Lake Camp-site   112 00\nCamp-sites and camp fireplaces   997 00\nCarried forward   $ 1,651 00\n 15 Geo. 5 Forest Branch. E 47\nVancouvee\u2014Continued.\nBrought forward   $ 1,651 00\nImprovements\u2014Continued.\nMooring \" Beatrice R.\"   17 00\nSanitary equipment, Thurston Bay Houses   760 00\nTotal   $ 2,428 00\nMaintenance\u2014\nMyrtle Point Ranger Station and Mooring   $ 181 00\nBeaver Creek Ranger Station  98 00\nSquamish Ranger  Station    81 00\nThurston Bay Ranger Station   35 00\nOowichan Lake Boat-house   7 00\nLang Bay Tool-cache   35 00\nMyrtle Point Telephone Line   29S 00\nHaslam Lake Shelter  7 00\nTotal  $ 742 00\n\u201e    . . Vernon.\nEquipment-\nFive Ford cars   ? 3,165 00\nTwelve hand tank pumps   156 00\nFire-fighting hose, etc  298 00\nFire-fighting tools   250 00\nThree field telephone sets   ISO 00\nOne Evinrude pump   376 00\nMiscellaneous  45 00\nOne hygro-thermograph and screen   163 00\nFour sling psychrometers   48 00\nTotal   $ 4,681 00\nImprovements\u2014\nB.X. Telephone Line   $ 124 00\nLittle White Mountain Telephone Line   63 00\nMiscellaneous     16 00\nTotal   $ 203 00\nMaintenance\u2014\nMabel Lake Cabin   $ 42 00\nB.X. Trail   21 00\nMiscellaneous    53 00\nTotal  $ 116 00\n E 48 Department of Lands. 1925\nGRAZING.\nGeneral Range Conditions.\nThe forage-growth on the Crown ranges throughout the grazing country of the Province\nnorth of the Railway Belt was excellent during the past season. Rainfall was abundant and\nunusually evenly distributed, resulting in a very satisfactory hay-crop for the year. All live\nstock came off the ranges in good condition at the close of the grazing season. The large hay-\ncrop for the year, together with surplus supplies due to the two past winter seasons being very\nmild, renders it possible for stockmen to feed well this winter with a view to marketing early\nbeef during 1925.\nSouth of the Railway Belt, particularly in the Nicola District, where the grasshoppers\ngave considerable trouble this season, range conditions were not so good on the untimbered\nportions of the range. Throughout the balance of the southern ranges, however, conditions in\ngeneral can be said to have been satisfactory. The timber or midsummer ranges were all good\nand were not affected by grasshoppers in territory where they were particularly bad, as they\ninfest chiefly the open, warmer areas.\nLive-stock Prices.'\nLive-stock prices have, in general, shown a satisfactory advance during the past year, and\neven in the case of beef, the price of which on the hoof has been at a low point for some time.\nThere are indications of much better times for the grower who pays attention to uniformity\nand quality and the marketing of his beef.\nBetter care must be given to the winter-feeding of beef throughout the range country. Good\nwinter condition in the cattle means maximum growth on the range, where practically all the\ngrowth of the range animal is made. Growing condition at the opening of spring makes early\nbeef possible in districts from which such shipment can readily be made. Good condition\nthroughout the summer renders it possible to arrange for shipments at any time. Increased\nattention must also be given shipping to avoid glutting the market, and if effective efforts are\nexpended along these lines beef prices will be satisfactory.\nAuthorization.\nThe grazing of the following numbers of cattle and horses and sheep and goats was authorized in the various established grazing districts:\u2014\n!-,. .\u201e,\u201ef. Cattle and Sheep and\nDistrict. Horses. Goats.\nCariboo     30,000 4,000\nCranbrook  2,500 10,000\nFort George   500                  \t\nKamloops     4,000 1,500\nNelson  2,000 500\nPrince Rupert   300                  \t\nVancouver     200                  \t\nVernon  (Nicola and Princeton)   15,000 5,000\nVernon  (Okanagan-Similkameen)    5,500 5,000\nTotals       60,000 26,000\nPermits for the following numbers of live stock have been covered by applications for the\nseason of 1924 to date, November 30th:\u2014\nNumber of applications        295\nCattle and horses   40,292\nSheep and goats     4,270\nThe heavy slump of the past few years resulted in quite a cut in beef herds and the decrease\nin sheep values drove most of the range sheepmen out of business. The restocking has, however,\nbegun and prices are excellent at this time for both wool and mutton, with every indication of\nmaintaining a high figure for a long time. Efforts of ranchers to again engage in the sheep\nbusiness are handicapped through a scarcity of breeding ewes in Canada and the continuance\nof the embargo on shipments from the United States owing to the recent foot-and-mouth disease\nepidemic there.\n 15 Geo. 5 Forest Branch. E 49\nApplications were also received from 184 Indians, covering 2,136 horses and 1,077 cattle.\nEfforts are being made to allot the Indians community ranges upon which their live stock can\nbe gathered for summer grazing. This is having a tendency to reduce friction on the range\nowing to the disinclination of most of the range Indians to adopt progressive measures in cattle\nand range control.\nApproximately 3,000 head of milk cows and work-horses are using Crown range adjacent\nto the settlements in the range country under free permit.\nRange Improvements.\nGreat progress has been made in range-improvement work in co-operation with the permittees of the range during the past season. Preliminary discussion with the stockmen of each\nrange unit is providing for the most-needed improvements on each unit to build up the range\nand to facilitate the handling of the stock.\nThe following summary covers both completed and incomplete projects and the figures are\nindicative of the line being taken in this work by the stockmen:\u2014\nCompleted Improvements.\nTotal receipts to date (December 31st, 1924)   $21,571 96\nTotal expenditures\u2014\n33 drift-fences     $12,163 92\n46 mud-holes     4,432 52\n8 stock-trails    1,108 50\n8 water-developments     199 00\n9 corrals     477 20\n1 holding-ground    559 51\n1 bridge    47 85\n3 experimental reseeding   17 40\n2 salt demonstrations   49 00\n $19,054 90\nBalance, cash oil hand   $ 2,517 06\nPartially Complete and Improvements under Way.\nDrift-fences     14 Corrals     4\nMud-holes   24 Holding-ground   1\nStock-trails         4 Bridge  1\nWater-developments      5\nBurning and Reseeding on the Croion Ranges.\nWhile the reseeding experiments are being carried along with the end in view of ascertaining whether or not some cultivated species of forage can be found which will be superior\nto and which will replace the native vegetation on burns, there is little agitation from stockmen in the matter of burning over timber range. It is being noted that general burning is\nnot productive of good to the range, and that with the judicious placing of salt on even rough\ntimbered range cattle get a most satisfactory and even use of it, with benefit to both the cattle\nand the overgrazed open ranges. The timbered ranges of British Columbia are superior to\nany such ranges on the Pacific slope, and, as this is being realized, there is developing a keen\ndesire to conserve and use them properly.   The future welfare of the stock-ranches demands it.\nWild Horses.\nDuring the past eight to ten years there has been no demand for light horses of the range-\nhorse type, with the result that an amazing increase in these animals has taken place. Between\nthe actual wild bands and those permitted to roam at large for years without attention by\ntheir owners the range country to a great extent has become infested with these animals.\nThey are generally small, untractable, and usually worthless when captured.    They are doing\n E 50 Department of Lands. 1925\nheavy damage to the range in particular during the early spring when they first come down\nfrom the mountain meadows to the open range.\nA bad feature is the extraordinary number of stallions among them. These animals do\nnot hesitate to break down pasture-fences and drive away the good mares from the ranches.\nVery heavy losses have been occasioned the ranchers from this cause alone, for it is most\ndifficult for the horse-owners to recapture these animals after they get away with the wild\nbands.\nThe situation is so bad in the Chilcotin District that the ranchers in seven divisions have\npetitioned the Government Agent and have secured the appointment of seven men to destroy\nthese stallions during this winter. Through co-operative work with the Department it is\nreasonably certain that a large number of the most vicious animals will be destroyed.\nRound-up work carried on by the Department in the Okanagan and Similkameen country\nhas practically cleared those ranges of unbranded and wild horses. A sad phase of the\nsituation is the very noticeable number of old and crippled horses on the range. Undoubtedly\nthey suffer very much, particularly during long winter periods and periods of deep snowfall.\nIt would be merciful to destroy them.\nThe round-ups have resulted in the capture of many lost horses and the owners have\nbeen enabled to recover animals which otherwise it would not pay them to hunt for.\nGeneral.\nThe future of the range country in the matter of live-stock production is excellent. Great\ninterest has developed among sheepmen from the other Provinces and from the United States\nregarding the opportunities available in British Columbia to engage in a successful range-\nsheep business.\nMany experienced men have been looking over the available and suitable ranching properties and one firm has already become established in the  Province.\nUndoubtedly British Columbia can produce the best wool and mutton in Western America,\nand while there may never be many very large range outfits operating, there will take place\na most successful development in the farm and the \" one-band\" range flock throughout all\nparts of the Province. The locations of over 1,000 small flocks in British Columbia to-day\nindicates that every portion of the Province is suited to the production of superior mutton\nand wool.\nVICTORIA, B.C.:\nPrinted by Chahles F.   Banfield,  Printer to  the  King's  Most  Excellent Majesty.\n1925.\n","@language":"en"}],"Genre":[{"@value":"Legislative proceedings","@language":"en"}],"Identifier":[{"@value":"J110.L5 S7","@language":"en"},{"@value":"1925_V01_06_E1_E50","@language":"en"}],"IsShownAt":[{"@value":"10.14288\/1.0225911","@language":"en"}],"Language":[{"@value":"English","@language":"en"}],"Provider":[{"@value":"Vancouver : University of British Columbia Library","@language":"en"}],"Publisher":[{"@value":"Victoria, BC : Government Printer","@language":"en"}],"Rights":[{"@value":"Images provided for research and reference use only. For permission to publish, copy or otherwise distribute these images please contact the Legislative Library of British Columbia","@language":"en"}],"SortDate":[{"@value":"1925-12-31 AD","@language":"en"},{"@value":"1925-12-31 AD","@language":"en"}],"Source":[{"@value":"Original Format: Legislative Assembly of British Columbia. Library. Sessional Papers of the Province of British Columbia","@language":"en"}],"Title":[{"@value":"PROVINCE OF BRITISH COLUMBIA REPORT OF THE FOREST BRANCH OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LANDS HON. T. D. PATTULLO, Minister P. Z. CAVERHILL, Chief Forester FOR THE YEAR ENDING DECEMBER 31ST 1924","@language":"en"}],"Type":[{"@value":"Text","@language":"en"}],"Translation":[{"@value":"","@language":"en"}],"@id":"doi:10.14288\/1.0225911"}