{"@context":{"@language":"en","AIPUUID":"https:\/\/open.library.ubc.ca\/terms#identifierAIP","AggregatedSourceRepository":"http:\/\/www.europeana.eu\/schemas\/edm\/dataProvider","CatalogueRecord":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/isReferencedBy","Collection":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/isPartOf","Creator":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/creator","DateAvailable":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/issued","DateIssued":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/issued","Description":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/description","DigitalResourceOriginalRecord":"http:\/\/www.europeana.eu\/schemas\/edm\/aggregatedCHO","Extent":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/extent","FileFormat":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/elements\/1.1\/format","FullText":"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2009\/08\/skos-reference\/skos.html#note","Genre":"http:\/\/www.europeana.eu\/schemas\/edm\/hasType","Identifier":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/identifier","IsShownAt":"http:\/\/www.europeana.eu\/schemas\/edm\/isShownAt","Language":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/language","Notes":"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2009\/08\/skos-reference\/skos.html#note","Provider":"http:\/\/www.europeana.eu\/schemas\/edm\/provider","Publisher":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/publisher","Rights":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/rights","Series":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/isPartOf","SortDate":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/date","Source":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/source","Subject":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/subject","Title":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/title","Type":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/type","Translation":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/description"},"AIPUUID":[{"@value":"f3d031a0-3387-4a43-9dec-6c521e0695bc","@language":"en"}],"AggregatedSourceRepository":[{"@value":"CONTENTdm","@language":"en"}],"CatalogueRecord":[{"@value":"http:\/\/resolve.library.ubc.ca\/cgi-bin\/catsearch?bid=2760659","@language":"en"}],"Collection":[{"@value":"British Columbia Historical Books Collection","@language":"en"}],"Creator":[{"@value":"Lawson, Maria","@language":"en"},{"@value":"Young, Rosalind Watson, 1874-1962","@language":"en"}],"DateAvailable":[{"@value":"2017-06-20","@language":"en"}],"DateIssued":[{"@value":"1906","@language":"en"}],"Description":[{"@value":"\"(Gage's 20th Century series)
Also: Toronto, Educational Book Co., 1913. 156 p. (Dominion series).\" -- Lowther, B. J., & Laing, M. (1968). A bibliography of British Columbia: Laying the foundations, 1849-1899. Victoria, BC: University of Victoria, p. 214.","@language":"en"}],"DigitalResourceOriginalRecord":[{"@value":"https:\/\/open.library.ubc.ca\/collections\/bcbooks\/items\/1.0348597\/source.json","@language":"en"}],"Extent":[{"@value":"148 pages : illustrations, maps ; 20 cm","@language":"en"}],"FileFormat":[{"@value":"application\/pdf","@language":"en"}],"FullText":[{"@value":" History Mti W^o^^^iy\nritish Uolumbia\nLawson and Young\n1\ns\nJ\njgggg\nGage St Co* Limited THE UNIVERSITY OF\nBRITISH COLUMBIA\nLIBRARY\nThis book is a\nfrom\ntfeCen and\nVhiCip ftfzrigg GEOGRAPHY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA S^^ss\u00bb?^^ m\nfN (Sage's 20tb \u0152entur\u00e7 Scries.\n(T\n=\\\n-H-\n1foi8tor\\> anb \n-of-\nBritteb Columbia\n\\=\nj>\nFOR USE IN PUBUC SCHOOLS.\nHISTORY\u2014By MARIA LAWSON.\nGEOGRAPHY\u2014By rosalind watson young, ma.\nAuthorized for use in the Schools of British Columbia.\nW. J. GAGE & COMPANY, Limited\nTORONTO mksi[\nEntered according to Act of Parliament of Canada, in the office of the Minister of\nAgriculture, by W. J. Gage & Company, Limited, in the year\none thousand nine hundred and six. CONTENTS.\nHISTORY.\nChapter\nI.\nChapter\nIL.\nCnAPTER\nIII.\nChapter\nIV.\nChapter\nY.\nCnAPTER\nVI.\nChapter\nVII.\nChapter\nVIII.\nCnAPTER\nIX.\nChapter\nX.\nNootka Sound\t\nThe Hudson's Bay Company.\nExplorations Overland\t\nA Hudson's Bay Colony. . . . .\nHow We Are Governed\t\nA Crown Colony\t\nConfederation\t\nChurches and Schools\t\nLater Progress\t\nPAGE\n9\n15\n23\n30\n39\n45\n49\n57\n64\n70\nGEOGRAPHY.\nChapter\nChapter\nChapter\nChapter\nChapter\nChapter\nChapter\nI.\nII.\nIII.\nIV.\nV.\nVI.\nvn.\nChapter VIII.\n81\n87\n104\n110\n116\nVancouver Island\t\nThe Coast.\u2014Queen Charlotte Islands. . .\nAtlin\t\nNew Westminster District\t\nTale District - 123\nLillooet.\u2014Cariboo 130\nKootenay District 137\n 147 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.\nProvincial Parliament Buildings, Victoria J\u00ceYontispiece\nFirst Steamer on Pacific and Steamer\nof To-day .. 11\nNew Westminster in Early Days 12\nNew Westminster of To-Day .. 13\nIndian Cradle 11\nCaptain Cook 16\nLaunch of the \" North-west America.\" 17\nCaptain Vancouver 19\nVancouver's Ships in Noptk\u00e0 Sound .. 21\nFac-Simile of Hudson's Bay Company's\nStandard of Trade 23\nPrince Rupert 25\nStalking Seals 26\nRival Traders .. .. , 27\nAn Old Trapper 28\nSir Alexander Mackenzie 30\nFort St. James 31\nShips of the Hudson's Bay Company .. 32\nIndian Raid 33\nSir James Douglas .. 35\nEsquimalt Harbor 36\nFort Simpson\u2014Indians in foreground.. 37\nFur Brigade 38\nHudson's Bay Company's Fort, Victoria 40\nAn Aboriginal Stockade 42\nFirst Assembly in British Columbia .. 44\nToo Busy to \"Talk Politics\" .. .. 45\nYale, on the Fraser 50\nCoke Ovens, Comox .. .. .... 53\nOld Parliament Buildings, Victoria .. 56\nHome of the Buffalo 60\nBishop and Mrs. Cridge 65\nIndian Church, Metlakahtla .. .. 66\nCraigflower School, Vancouver Island. 67\nAn Indian Burial 70\nA Centre of Supplies 72\nChinaman 73\nKing Edward VIL .. 74\nThe Rocky Mountains\nOkanagan Lake\t\nA Glacier\t\nThe Fraser River \t\nSiwash Rock\t\nDevil's Club \t\nThe Olympic Mountains\nCity of Victoria\t\nRockside Orchard\t\nDry Dock, Esquimalt\t\nAerial Train way \t\nChemainus \t\nCoal Mine\t\nSteam Logging\t\nCable Station -\t\nQuatsinO Wharf \t\nNootka in 1778\t\nTotem Poles\t\nOolachans in Net \t\nHaida Types\t\nDredge at Gold Run ..\nHydraulic Mining\t\nDog Team\t\nTown of Atlin\t\nFishing Fleet in Fraser River ..\nFraser River Bridge, New Westminsi\nVancouver Harbor\t\nAshcroft %\nA \"Round-up\"\t\nHarvesting in Vernon\nCariboo Waggon Road\nQuesnel\t\n\" Cariboo Cameron's \" Cabin\nBarker ville \t\nKicking Horse Canyon, C. P. R..\nWashing Gold\t\nA Smelter\t\nTipple and Coke Ovens at Michel.\nBonnington Falls \t\nMAPS.\nHudson's Bay Company's Territory .. 8\nVancouver's Track along N.-W. Coast. 22\nNorthern British Columbia .. 51,115\nHaro Archipelago, Showing the Three\nChannels 62\nDisputed Territory 77\nMap of British Columbia\nVancouver Island\nQueen Charlotte Islands\nWestminster District.\nYale District\nKootenay District\n84\n85\n87\n89\n90\n91\n97\n99\n101 \u00ab\n103\n10)\n107\n109\n111\n112\n113\n114\n118\n120\n121\n125\n127\n129\n130\n133\n134\n136\n138\n140\n142\n144\n146\n108\n116\n123\n137 INTRODUCTORY.\nThis little book has been prepared for the use of the public schools\nof British Columbia, in the hope that the children who study it will\nderive both pleasure and profit from its perusal. Lts aim is to show\nhow, from a wilderness, this province has become the home of civilized\nmen, who are preparing the country for a much larger population.\nWe s*haH see how the explorers came here, first by sea, afterward by\nland ; how they were followed by the fur-traders, the fur-traders by the\ngold-seekers ; and they in their turn by the miners, lumbermen, manufacturers, fishermen and merchants, who now occupy the settled parts\nof the province. In the course of our story we shall learn how, from\na fur-trading territory, British Columbia became a province of the\nDominion of Canada and was linked to her sister provinces by the\ngreat railroad which has done so much toward making of the inhabitants of widely separated provinces a united people.\nIf, while reading these pages, the children learn to love better the\ngrand and beautiful province which is their home, and resolve that,\nby honest work and brave endeavor, they will do their part toward\nmaking it a great country, the earnest wish of the authors will have\nbeen accomplished. HISTORY\n..OF..\nBritish Columbia\nCHAPTER I.\nBRITISH COLUMBIA, the largest province of Canada, is\nsituated between the Rocky Mountains on the east and\nthe Pacific Ocean on the west. The States of Washington,\nIdaho and Montana lie to the south of it, while the Canadian i\nterritory of Yukon and the district of Mackenzie\n- n , , stretch from its northern limits to the Arctic\nOcean. For about three hundred miles along the\nnorthern part of the coast there is a fringe of islands and deeply\nindented rocky territory belonging to the United States. The\nextent of this strip of seacoast was a matter of dispute\nbetween Great Britain and the United States for many years.\nIn 1903 a commission, appointed by England, the United\nStates and Canada, settled the question of the position of the\nboundary line between Alaska and British Columbia.\nThe many fine harbors of the Pacific province and the\ngreat length of its seacoast have already made it noted for its\ncommerce. Its position on the border of the continent makes\nit the western gateway of Canada. A line of magnificent 10 History of British Columbia.\nCanadian steamships crosses the Pacific with wonderful regularity, to exchange the productions and manufactures of the\nyoung Dominion for those of the. ancient lands of India, China\nand Japan. Another line, not greatly inferior in size and accommodation, traverses more than a quarter of the distance\nround the globe, returning with fruits and Qther products of\nAustralia and the islands that lie along this great route across\nthe pathless ocean. Every week, the Pacific Steamship Company's steamers bring mails, passengers and freight from San\nFrancisco, the greatest western port of the United States,\nmeeting often on their way ships laden with coal from the\ncollieries of Vancouver Island.\nTo and from the cities on Puget Sound steamers ply daily\nto supply us with many things that the busy\nCommercial bming and skilM handg of Qur kinsfolk in the\nneighboring republic have prepared for our use,\ntaking in return such products of our mines, our fisheries\nand our forests as will find a market there.\nFrom Vancouver and Victoria, during summer, numbers\nof steamers carry to the miners of Northern British Columbia\nand the Yukon, food, clothing, machinery, furniture and books,\nand whatever else will help to make life in the far north\ncomfortable, prosperous and happy. All along the coast of\nVancouver Island and the mainland, are fur-trading, fishing\nand mining settlements which furnish a profitable trade to the\nmerchants of Victoria and Vancouver.\nBesides the ships bent on peaceful errands, gun-boats\nwere formerly seen in British Columbia waters, Esquimalt being\nuntil recently, the British naval station for the Pacific Coast. History of British Columbia. 11\nBut we have lingered too long outside. Pausing one moment\nto glance at the great sailing vessels or big steamships that,\nhaving crossed two oceans, bring merchandise from Great\nBritain or some other distant land, we turn our attention to\nthe province itself. The sides of the coast mountains, the islands,\nand the uncleared valleys, are covered with a magnificent growth\nof timber, which one might suppose would last forever, did he\nnot know that regions which half a century ago were clothed\nwith forests almost as vast, are now. timberless.\nTITE \"BKAVKB,\" PTRST STE\\MER ON THE PACIFIC, AND A STEAMER OF TO-DAY. .\nThe city of Victoria, at the south end of Vancouver Island,\nseems to welcome the traveller from his ocean voyage.\nIts lovely gardens, delightful climate, and picturesque surroundings\ninvite him to make his home there. A great deal of business is done\nin its quiet streets. Want is comparatively unknown\n-t i n-ur an<^ many \u00b0f its citizens are wealthy. It is, as the\nsplendid parliament buildings show, the capital of the\nprovince. The population of Victoria and its suburbs is at least 25,000.\nNanaimo, an important coal-mining centre, on the east coast, 12\nHistory of British Columbia.\nseventy miles from Victoria, has about six: thousand inhabitants. There\nare also several smaller towns on Vancouver Island.\nAs yet, only the southern portion of the island is inhabited.\nFarmers and coal-miners have been at work there for half a century.\nRecently, copper and silver were found between Victoria and Nanaimo.\nMines have been sunk and smelters erected to separate the metal from\nthe ore. On Texada Island is a marble quarry \u2022 there, also, are iron,\ncopper and gold mines.\nCrossing to Burrard Inlet we find spread out before us on\nthe mainland^ a rapidly grow- %SmS\u00c8\u00ef^mpss^\ning city. Its wide and well- .g\npaved, streets, large park, \/^^^^^^^j^Mi^^^B\nexcellent system of water- Jfj\nworks and many good fj^pw^^g^ppF^^^^^^Sl\nschool buildings testify to fijjjyl ^1111\nthe public spirit of its ^^P\u00e2aQ^^^^^^^^SS--\ncitizens. This is Vancouver, the '^^^^^^^^^^P^^\nlargest city in British Columbia. NEW ^stmfnster in early days.\nIt has a population of over forty thousand, and is the centre\nof the lumber trade in the Province.\nThe neighboring city of New Westminster, on the Fraser,\nis the oldest city on the mainland.\nThough it has not fulfilled the hopes of its founders, its lumber\nmills and salmon canneries give employment to a large number of\npeople. It is the centre of a fine agricultural district, and has a good\nmarket and considerable country trade.\nAt Vancouver we first see the Canadian Pacific\nRailway, which has climbed over the wall of mountains separating this province from the rest of Canada. Part of the\ngoods that come to Victoria and Vancouver from Asiatic ports for\neastern Canadian and United States cities, and even those for Great\nImportance of\nthe Cities. Histoey op British Columbia. 13\nBritain, are sent over this great continental road. To the south of\nthe railroad and along its route, mines have been developed and cities\nare growing up. Of mining towns, Rossland and Nelson are the\nlargest, though there are nearly a score more.\nThe silver, lead, copper and gold of Kootenay and Yale\nhave been heard of all over the world, while the fruit and\ngrain of Okanagan are finding markets both at home and\nabroad. There are great coal mines at the Crowsnest Pass\nand smelters in various places. Rich gold mines are operated\nin Cariboo, Omineea and the Boundary.\nNEW WESTMINSTER OF TO-DAY.\nBranch roads from the Canadian Pacific and the Great Northern\nRailroads have entered southern British Columbia in many places and\nothers have been projected. To the north, though there are great cattle\nranges in Cariboo, and a number of men employed in hydraulic mining,\nthe country is to a large extent uninhabited. With the exception of a\nfew missionaries, gold-seekers, fur-hunters and employees of the salmon\ncanneries, the great districts of Cassiar and Omineea have no civilized\ninhabitants ; and large tracts of land there are yet unexplored.\nUntil the beginning of the nineteenth century, no white\nman had made his home in all this region\u2014greater than any 14\nHistory of British Columbia.\nEuropean kingdom \u2014 that lies west of the Rocky Mountains\nbetween the 49th and 60th parallels of north latitude. At the\npresent time, however, the white population of the province is\nestimated at about 160,000.\nIts forests and valleys, the banks of its streams and the rocky\nislands near its coast, were the haunts of beautiful fur-bearing\nanimals. Beside the rivers, or in sheltered\ncoves, dwelt tribes of savages who dressed\nthemselves in the skins of these creatures and\nlived on the salmon that every summer sought\nthe fresh water in millions. Other tribes among\nthe mountains obtained a less certain livelihood\nby hunting. Many of the Indians were skilled\nin the arts of carving and weaving. The coast\ntribes were good canoe builders, and displayed\nmuch ingenuity in making fishing implements and\nweapons of warfare. Learned men tell us that the\nIndians west of the Rocky Mountains are descended\nfrom the inhabitants of the opposite coasts of\nAlaska, or of the islands in the Pacific Ocean, but no one\nhas yet discovered certain evidence of this, or of how or when\nthey found their way to our shores.\nINDIAN CRADLE. CHAPTER II.\nNOOTKA sound.\nIn the mighty battle that is ever going on between sea and land,\nthe western coast of the American continent has, throughout the\ngreater part of its extent, stood firm against the ceaseless onset\nof the waves of the Pacific Ocean. For hundreds of miles, in\nboth North and South America, there is scarcely a break in the\nshore line. But, as the mariner nears the forty-ninth parallel,\na very different scene presents itself. The land is everywhere\nindented with long narrow inlets, bordered by great rocks or overhanging precipices. Hundreds of islands have broken away from\nthe mainland, and against their rocky shores the first force of the_\nwestern waves is spent. It was on one of the inlets in the largest\n~of these islands, that the history of British Columbia began.\nIn 1774-5, three Spanish explorers sailed along the northwest coast of America, from California nearly\n-jvar y p ^0 ^ ^0Y^eY 0f Alaska, and claimed the terri\ntory for the king of Spain. In the course of\ntheir voyage they landed at Nootka Sound, on the west side of\nthe island now known as Vancouver.\nIn 1778, Captain Cook, a British navigator, reached the same\ninlet. This famous man had twice before sailed round the\nworld. He set out on his third voyage in order to find an\nopen passage between the Pacific and the Atlantic Oceans. For\nmore than two hundred years, captains of ships had tried to\nthread their way among the islands and icebergs of the North\n15 16\nHistory of British Columbia.\nCAPTAIN COOK, 1787.\nAtlantic Ocean, seeking the open sea, which was believed to\nlie near the North Pole. They had failed.\nCaptain Cook hoped to succeed by entering the Arctic Ocean\nfrom the west. He left England in 1776,\nand, after a-long cruise in the Southern\nSeas, crossed the Pacific. He first saw\nland near Lat. 44\u00b0 on the coast of Oregon.\nMissing the mouth of the Columbia and\nthe Strait of Juan de Fuca, he reached\nNootka. Here he found a safe harbor\nwhere he could repair his ships\u2014the\nResolution and Discovery. Soon great\nnumbers of Indians came in canoes to see\nthe strange white men and their wonderful ships. The natives were dressed in beautiful furs which\nthe explorers admired.\nBefore sailing away, Captain Cook gave to a friendly chief\na parting gift, and received in return a valuable beaver robe.\nThe Indians begged their visitors to return,\npromising to have a store of skins ready for\nthem. In this way began the fur-trade, which\nfor many years was the chief business, not only of the island,\nbut of the whole of British Columbia.\n\"When his ships were repaired, Captain Cook sailed north.\nHe reached the Arctic Ocean, but could see no sign of an open\npassage. However, it was late in the season, and he hoped to\nhave greater success in the spring. But he had taken his last\nvoyage. He was murdered hy the natives of the Sandwich\nIslands where he had gone to winter. Captain Clerke, who\nCaptain Cook\nSaw the IVand History of British Columbia.\n17\nsucceeded to the command of his ships, tried, but he also\nwas unable to find the open sea, and the expedition returned to\nEngland. The chief result of this voyage was the knowledge\ngained that the north-west coast of America abounded in valuable\nfur-bearing animals.\nNot long afterward British fur-trading ships from England,\nIndia and China appeared on the coast. The first of these came\nin 1785. Cape Scott, Barkley Sound, Dixon Entrance, Queen\nCharlotte Sound and other places were discovered and named by\nthe masters of these vessels.\nIn 1788 Captain Meares arrived at Nootka with two large\nships. He\nwas one of a\ncompany of\nEast India\nmerchants\nwho had pre-\npar ed in\nChina an expedition to\nthe northwest coast, to\nestablish a\ntrading post\nthere. Besides the\ncrews of the ships, he brought with him ninety men, among\nwhom were mechanics, both white and Chinese. The\nIndians were friendly, and Meares bought a site for his trading\nLAUNCH OF THE ' NORTH-WEST AMERJ History of British Columbia.\nMeares'\nExplorations.\npost. There he erected a large building to serve as storehouse, dwelling and workshop for his little colony. As\nsoon as possible he set his men to work to build\na ship\u2014the North-West America\u2014meanwhile\ngoing out to explore the coast and to purchase\nfurs. He entered the Strait of Juan de Fuca, examined the\ncoasts on both sides, and made friends with several tribes.\nLater, he launched his ship and then returned to China to\nsell, his furs and prepare for a still larger expedition the next\nyear. The new ship and another were left at Nootka with\ndirections to winter at the Sandwich Islands and return as\nearly as possible in the spring.\nIn May of the following year two Spanish ships arrived\nfrom San Bias in Mexico, destroyed Meares' establishment,\nseized his ships as they arrived from China and the coast, and\nsent two of them as prizes to San Bias. The indignant trader\ncomplained to his government of the insult to the British flag\nand of his loss of property. England remonstrated with\nSpain; but the government of that country declared Meares\nwas a trespasser on Spanish territory, and denied the right of\nany other nation than Spain to settle on the Pacific coast of\nAmerica south of the Russian possessions.\nThere was talk of war, but the quarrel was peaceably\nsettled. The Spaniards agreed to pay. Meares for his\nlosses, to abandon Nootka Sound and to allow\nthe British to trade, sail and settle wherever\nthey wished on the west coast north of San\nFrancisco. To satisfy the offended dignity of England, the\nSpanish fortifications at Nootka were to be destroyed, the\nA Dispute\nwith Spain History of British Columbia.\n19\nSpanish flag lowered, and that of England hoisted in its stead.\nThe harbor was then to be abandoned by both nations.\nThe British government commissioned Captain George Vancouver to proceed to North America to see that this ceremony\nwas duly performed, and to search the coast thoroughly for\nany waterway that could lead to the Atlantic Ocean.\nNear the end of April 1792, Vancouver entered the Strait\nof Juan de Fuca with two war ships\u2014the\nDiscovery and the Chatham. The officers of\nthese ships gave their names to so many\nplaces along the coast, that it is well to\nlearn who they were. On the Discovery were\nCaptain Vancouver and Lieutenants Mudge,\nPuget and Baker. The officers of the Chatham were Commander Broughton, Lieutenant\nHanson and Master Johnstone. The expedition left Falmouth on April 1st, 1791, so\nthat a year had passed before Vancouver\narrived at his destination. As they sailed up the strait, the\nvoyagers saw, away to the north-east, a splendid snow-covered\nmountain peak, which Vancouver named\nMount Baker, in honor of its discoverer.\nAs they coasted slowly along, capes, harbors, islands and bays received the names of places or people\nin the old land dear to those sailors who had roamed so far\nfrom home.\nSoon they entered the body of water that still bears the\nname of Lieutenant Puget, and spent weeks in following the\nwindings of its shores. They left Puget Sound about the end of\nCAPT. VANCOUVER.\nEnglish Captains\nExplore the Coast. 20\nHistory of British Columbia.\nMay and began the exploration of the islands and coasts of the\nStrait of Georgia. Strangely enough, Captain Vancouver\nmissed the mouth of the Fraser River, as, in coming along the\ncoast of what is now the- State of Oregon, he had passed,\nwithout noticing it, the mouth of the Columbia.\nIn June he met two Spanish captains, Don Valdez and\nDon Galiano. They told him that Quadra, the commander of\nthe\" west coast of Spanish America, had arrived at Nootka and\nawaited him there. Before meeting Vancouver, the Spaniards\nhad visited\u2014besides other places\u2014Victoria Harbor, Nanaimo\nand Burrard Inlet, but they, too, had missed the mouth of the\nFraser River. The English and Spanish captains were very\nfriendly, and together they explored many islands and inlets of\nthe Strait of Georgia, some of which such as Galiano Island\nstill retain their Spanish names ; while Johnstone Strait and\nCape Mudge recall the English explorers.\nWhen the lateness of .the season warned the English that\nthey must hasten on their way, the courteous Spaniards\u2014whose\nvessels were much slower \u2014 gave them charts of the waters\ntoward the northern end of the island.\nBy the close of August, Vancouver reached Nootka Sound,\nwhere he was hospitably entertained by General Quadra.\ntS ? When the British officer produced his\nInteresting History . , ,. AT *_\nof Earlier Days. instructions to receive Nootka from the\nSpanish commander, Quadra stated that\nhe had received no orders to deliver the place to him. Vancouver agreed to wait; and, in the meantime, the island,\nwhose coasts had now been thoroughly explored, received the\nname of the Island of Quadra and Vancouver. The two History of British Columbia.\n21\ncommanders spent some time pleasantly together, and parted\nin September when Quadra sailed for Monterey.\nIn October Vancouver went to the Sandwich Islands to\nwinter. The officers never met at Nootka again. When Van-\n\u25a0\nLTVER S SHIPS\u2014NOOTKA SOUND.\ncouver made his final call in 1794, he was grieved to learn\nthat Quadra had died the previous winter. General Alva\nsucceeded to his command, but still no orders had been sent\nfrom Spain concerning the delivery of Nootka to the British.\nIn 1793 Vancouver went on with his exploration of the\nwest coast of the mainland, again returning to the Sandwich\nIslands for the winter. The following spring he sailed directly\nfor the coast of Alaska, and proceeded southward till he\nreached the highest point gained the year before, thus com- .\npleting his survey of the coast from Cape Flattery to Alaska.\nHe was then able to report that no great body of water penetrated the continent of America above the forty-ninth parallel of\nnorth latitude. Vancouver's maps of the north-west coast and\nthe journals of his voyages have been relied upon by England History of British Columbia.\nin all disputes with\nforeign nations concerning her ownership of British\nColumbia.\nIn 1792 Vancouver had sent Captain\nBroughton home by\nway of China with\ndespatches. Not receiving any orders,\nhe sailed for England\nin the autumn of\n1794. He was promoted, but did not\nlive long to enjoy\nhis honors. In 1798\nthis brave and capable officer died at\nthe early age of forty.\nLieutenant Pearce\nand General Alva\nmet at Nootka in\nMarch 1795. The\nSpanish fort, there, was dismantled, the lands restored to the\nking of England, and the British flag hoisted. England had\nestablished her right to settle on the north-west coast of\nAmerica. Then both commissioners sailed away and the place\nwas left to its original owners\u2014the Indians.\nSECTION OF ONE OP VANC3UVERS MAPS.\nShowing Ms vessel's track along the north-west coast when he was seeking\nwaterway to the Atlantic. CHAPTER III.\nTHE HUDSON'S BAY COMPANY.\nAlthough it is little more than a hundred years since the\nfirst white man crossed the Rocky Mountains and entered\nn* xrx.\nSTANDARD of TRADE at the feveral Factories of the\nHUDSON'S BAY COMPANY, f\u00f9blifting this prefcntYear 1748,\nNAMES of GOODS.\nBends. Urge Milk\nof Colours\nof all Sorti \u2022\nKettles, Brefs, of all Sue\u00bb\nBlack-Lead - -\nPowder\nShot -\nSugar, Brown\nTobacco, Brazil - -\nLeaf\nRoll - '\nThread\nVermilion\nBrandy, EngUJb\nWaters, Wfae<\nor Bed\n7$0\nMO\ny\n f At first he declared\nthat the Hudson's\nBay Company had\n5^53?- an exclusive right to\ncarry freight and\npassengers and to\ntrade on the Fraser. When the Colonial\nSecretary was informed of this claim,\nhe wrote to Douglas and told him that the only monopoly the\nCompany could claim was that of the fur-trade. In 1858 the\nBritish Government created the colony of British Columbia, and\ntook from the Hudson's Bay Company all its exclusive privileges.\nAbout the same time England reimbursed the Company for all\nthe expenses which it had incurred for the colony of Vancouver\nIsland, and this; as well as British Columbia, became a Crown\n^\nYALE, ON THE FRASER. History of British Columbia.\n51\ncolony. Governor Douglas was made governor of each of the\ncolonies.\nWhen the miners first took possession of the gold bars of\nthe Fraser, the Indians resented their intrusion. The savages\nthought they had as good a right to the gold\n.\u201e . ~ - as to the furs in their wilderness home, and\nattempted to drive away those who were carrying\nit off. After many murders and more than one little battle,\nthe miners formed a small force under a humane and resolute leader named\nSnyder. The\nIndians were\nsoon convinced\nthat it was useless\nto try to overpower\nthe white men, and\nnumbers of them\nwent to work for\nthe miners at good\nwages. There were\nmany lawless characters among the\nminers, but\nDouglas promptly\nappointed officers\nof justice in all the\nprincipal camps.\nIn 1859 Matthew Begbie was made chief justice of British\nColumbia, and evil-doers, whether white or red, learned to\nA SECTION OF NORTHERN BRITISH COLUMBIA, SOUTHERN\nYUKON, AND ALASKA, SHOWING ROUTE TO DAWSON. 52\nHistory of British Columbia.\ntheir cost that in the wilds of the new colony the man who\ncommitted crime would be surely and severely punished. Those\nwho had come to the Fraser to make a living by deceiving and\nrobbing their neighbors, left the camps, and this province\nbecame distinguished among mining countries as a place where\nlife and property were safe.\nIn 1860, great quantities of gold were discovered in the\ncreeks tributary to the Cottonwood, the Willow, and the\nQuesnel (branches of the Fraser, in Cariboo), and a period of\nrenewed prosperity began for Victoria, as the miners spent their\nwinters, and a large part of their fortunes as well, in the little\ncity by the sea. From Cariboo, the gold-seekers went farther\nnorth, to the Omineea, the Stikine, the Liard and Dease Lake\ndistricts. Many of them remained from 1872 to 1876 in that\nnorthern country, in spite of th\u00e9 fact that scarcity of labor and\nthe difficulty of transporting supplies, made mining, except in\nthe very richest diggings, unprofitable. Twenty years passed\nbefore (in 1897) the discovery of the wonderfully rich gold\nfields in the Klondike, Yukon Territory, turned the eyes of the\nwhole world in that direction. The memory of that excitement\nstill remains, substantial evidences being the city of Dawson\nand the White Pass Railroad (built to accommodate the miners\nwho made their homes in that almost Arctic region), while,\nwithin the confines of British Columbia, is the beautifully\nsituated town of Atlin\u2014the centre of a rich mining area.\nBut though the gold of British Columbia is famed the world\nover, it was not the first of her mineral deposits whose extent\nand value became known. In 1835 a tribe of Indians visited Fort\nMcLoughlin on Milbank Sound. Seeing the blacksmith feeding History of British Columbia.\n53\nCoal on\nthe Surface\nthe forge fire with coal, they informed him that such black\nstones as he was using were to be found on the beach at the\nnorth end of Vancouver Island. Men were immediately sent to inquire into the truth of their\nstory, the result being that a fort was built at\nBeaver Harbor, Scotch miners were brought out, and in 1849\na mine was opened at Fort Rupert. The coal did not prove\nof the best quality, and in a year or two the mine was abandoned and the miners removed to Nanaimo, where a large seam\nof very fine coal had been discovered beside an excellent harbor.\nThe first mine\nBay Company was\nearliest shipment of\nm\nopened there by the Hudson's\ncalled the Douglas mine a$.d the\ncoal to San Francisco was made\nin 1853, when that trade\nbegan which is still\nNanaimo's chief source\nof prosperity. A memorial of the days of the\nHudson's Bay Company's\nrule, still exists in the old\nbastion which attracts\nthe attention of the visitor as he lands at the\nCoal City. In 1862 the Nanaimo mines were sold to the New\nVancouver Coal Company, an association of British capitalists.\nFor nearly twenty years the mines of this Company were\nunder the management of Samuel Robins, an English gentleman, who not only extended, developed and improved the\nmines, but carried out many plans for the good of the people\nCOKE OVENS, COMOX. 54\nHistory of British Columbia.\nof the town. In 1902 this group of mines was sold to the\nWestern Fuel Company.\nIn 1869 Robert Dunsmuir discovered coal mines at Departure\nBay, at Wellington and afterwards at Comox. These coal fields\nare of vast extent and the coal is of excellent quality. Their\ndiscoverer became a very wealthy man, and was for some years\nbefore his death a member of the legislature. These mines and\nothers since discovered, are now owned by the Wellington\nColliery Company, of which James Dunsmuir, son of the Hon.\nRobert Dunsmuir, is the largest shareholder.\nMore recently, great deposits of coal have been found in\nthe Growsnest Pass near the south-eastern border of the\nprovince. The coke made from the coal of this region is used\nin smelting the ores of Kootenay and the mines immediately\nsouth of the United States boundary line.\nIn 1858, when Douglas assumed the office of - governor\nof British Columbia, he, in obedience to the wishes of the\nImperial Government, resigned that of Hudson's Bay factor\nand severed his connection with the Company\nTo assist the governor in maintaining order\namong the miners and in preparing the colony\nfor settlement, the British Government sent out Richard\nClement Moody, colonel of the Royal Engineers and commander of Her Majesty's land forces in British Columbia, with\na corps of 400 men. On his arrival, Colonel Moody went at\nonce to the Fraser, and finding there was no need of their\nservices as soldiers, set his men to prepare the site for a\ntown to be the capital of the province. The place chosen was\non the bank of the Fraser, and a town was laid out which at\nGovernors of\nthe Colony. wm\nHistory of British Columbia.\n55\nfirst received the name of Queensborough, soon afterward\nchanged to New Westminster. The city was incorporated in\n1860.\nIn 1863 a legislative council was formed in the colony of\nBritish Columbia, consisting of thirteen members, only three\nof whom were elected by the people. With the assistance of\nthis Council the governor imposed taxes and carried on the\nbusiness of the colony. The taxes were heavy, for it cost a\ngreat deal to open up roads in the ' sparsely settled country\nand construct such public works as were absolutely necessary.\nIn this year Douglas' term of office as Governor of Vancouver Island expired, and Governor Kennedy was sent out to\nsucceed him\u2014though for another year he presided over the\ncolony of British Columbia, whose inhabitants had petitioned\nthat their government should be separated from that of the\nIsland colony. In April, 1864, Frederick Seymour went to\nrelieve Douglas, who received the order of knighthood and, as\nSir James Douglas, retired from public life followed by the\nbest wishes of the principal people of the colony.\nThe first governor of British Columbia served her long and\nwell. In the twenty-two years of his rule, the territory which\nhad been a vast hunting ground, became a great colony. By\nhis resourcefulness, foresight and firmness, the multitude of\ngold-seekers had been provided for and controlled. Government had ' been established and nowhere\nove^m?r, oug\u00bb a in the Queen's dominions were there more\nlaw-abiding people than those who dwelt by\nthe sea-coast of Vancouver Island or among the mountains and\nrivers of British Columbia. The many tribes of Indians inhabit- 56\nHistory of British Columbia.\ning the widely separated territories ruled over by Douglas,\nboth as chief factor of the Hudson's Bay Company and as\ngovernor of Vancouver Island and British Columbia, had been\ntreated by him with such humanity, justice and wisdom that\nthe majority of them had come to look upon the white men\nas friends. British Columbians, young and old, do well to\nhonor the name of James Douglas, the founder of the province.\nThe experiment of dividing the colony did not succeed.\nThe total population of Vancouver Island and British Columbia\nwas not more than fifteen thousand, and it cost twice as\nmuch to govern *two colonies as one. Accordingly, in 1866,\nthey were united\nunder the name of\nthe mainland colony, but it was considered best that\nVictoria, where\nGovernor Douglas\nOLD PARLIAMENT BUILDINGS, VICTORIA. ]la(J ereCted what\nat the time was considered a handsome and suitable. group\nof public buildings, should be the capital. Governor Seymour, who had succeeded Douglas as governor of the mainland,\nwas neither wise enough nor strong enough to govern the\nnew colony. He died in 1869, and was followed by Sir\nAnthony Musgrave, who for the previous five years had been\ngovernor of Newfoundland.\nF~~~Z\n13|5i\nsiil\u00c9R\u00eaJN&2!BS\u00bb\u00bb \" c.\"- . \u2014\t\nSUli %\nCHAPTER VIII.\nCONFEDERATION. .\nThe gold excitement which began in 1858, lasted about ten\nyears. At the close of that period, there were still some white\nminers and many prospectors at work. But the great majority\nhad abandoned the streams from which the coarse gold had been\ntaken, leaving to the more patient Chinaman or\np . - the stolid Indian, the task of sifting the sand for\nthe fine grains which remained. Many of the\nminers, the mechanics and the merchants who had brought their\nfamilies to the coast in the belief that great commercial cities\nwould grow up to minister to the wants of the miners, found\nthemselves without the means of subsistence in a country where\nliving was very expensive. Some of those who had the means\nsought a livelihood elsewhere, and the noisy mining camps and\nbusy seaport towns were alike deserted. Yet there remained\nmen of means and working men, too, who could see that in a\ncountry where the supply of timber was unlimited, whose rivers\nand seas teemed with the finest fish, where the rocks were rich in\ncoal and other minerals, and where there were areas (limited, it is\ntrue) of rich grazing and agricultural lands, there was room for a\nthriving, if not a wealthy population. These British Columbians\n'remained in the country and looked around them for some means\nof developing the vast resources of the colony. A few saw in\nannexation to the neighboring Republic the way to prosperity,\nbut the majority were loyal British subjects; and while they\n57 58\nHistory of British Columbia.\ncould not help admiring the energy and enterprise with which\ntheir American cousins were developing the resources and\nextending the commerce of California and Oregon, they\nwere determined, for their part, to live under the British flag.\nNorth of the forty-ninth parallel there was a territory whose\nextent and natural resources were sufficient to support a people\nthat, in the years to come, might be a great\nForec st nation, but which in its growing time would\nremain under the protection of England. In\n1867, Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia had\nunited to form the Dominion of Canada, and in 1870, Manitoba.\nWhy should not the Pacific colony cast her lot with them? The\nanswer to this question was that there lay between the Rocky\nMountains and the western border of Ontario a wilderness\nbelonging to the Hudson's Bay Company, which it was not to\nthe interest of that body to make the home of civilized man.\nBut even the greatest corporation cannot long prevent the\nprogress of the world, and in 1869 the Dominion purchased the\nNorth-West territory. In 1870 Dr. Helmcken and Messrs. Trutch\nand Barnard were sent to Ottawa to see if Canada would make\nBritish Columbia a member of her new household on terms that\nwould ensure the future prosperity of the Pacific province.- The\npremier of Canada, John A. Macdonald, was a wise and prescient\nstatesman. He foresaw that the prairies would in the not\ndistant future form one of the vast granaries of the world, and\nthat a great commercial, mining and manufacturing community\nwould inhabit the Pacific Slope. He determined that British\nColumbia and the North-West should form part of Canada.\nHe promised the delegates from British Columbia that if that i History of British Columbia.\n59\nBritish Columbia\nJoins Canada.\ncolony joined the Confederation a railroad would be built to\nconnect the Atlantic with the Pacific Ocean; that the eastern\nand western sections of the road would be\ncommenced together, and that it would be'\nbegun within two and finished within ten\nyears from the 'time of Confederation. The consent of the\nCanadian Parliament was obtained to this bargain in spite of\ngreat opposition, and on the 20th of July, 1871, British\nColumbia became a province of the Dominion of Canada.\nGovernor Musgrave, who was a man of much tact and\nability, helped to negotiate the terms of union and assisted in\nbringing about the introduction of Responsible Government,\nwhich took place on the eve of Confederation. He was\nsucceeded by Sir Joseph Trutch, the first governor of the\nprovince of British Columbia.\nThe work of building the road was even more difficult than\nhad been anticipated, and the surveyors had not decided upon\nthe best route when, in 1873, Sir John Macdonald resigned.\nA company of which Sir Hugh Allan was the head, was\ntrying to get a contract to build the great railroad. An\nelection must soon take place ; and Sir Hugh Allan and his\nassociates, thinking that the Macdonald party would be more\nlikely to favor their scheme than a Liberal Government, contributed a large sum to the Conservative election fund. The\nelectors, justly indignant that the Government should have\nput itself under an obligation to the company with whom it\nwas about to make a bargain in the people's name, returned\nits opponents to power. Alexander Mackenzie, the leader of\nthe Liberal party, changed the plan of beginning the road from 60\nHistory of British Columbia.*\nThe Great\nRailroad Built\nthe western end, and during the next four years not a sod was\nturned on the Canadian Pacific Railroad in British Columbia.\nThe people of the province were very angry at what they\nconsidered a breach of faith, and threatened to separate from the\nDominion. They sent petitions to the British Government, but\nEngland would not interfere. The Earl of Carnarvon, acting as\npeace-maker, drew up a fresh agreement which however, like\nthe first, was broken. Earl Dufferin, the Governor-General of\nCanada, visited the province and tried to convince the discontented British Columbians that the Mackenzie\nGovernment was doing its best to fulfil\nCanada's part of the bargain. Though the\ndisappointed people were not to be pacified, Lord Dufferin's\nvisit accomplished great good. His pen was as powerful as\nhis speech was eloquent and\nhe used both freely to\nmake the resources of\nwestern Canada\nknown to the British \u25a0\npublic and more\nhighly valued by the\npeople of the eastern\nprovinces of the Dominion. In 1878 Sir\nJohn Macdonald returned to power and resolutely set to\nwork to fulfil his pledge to British Columbia. The contracts\nfor the completion of the Canadian Pacific Railroad were\nmade in 1879, and in 1885 the last spike was driven at Eagle\nPass by Sir Donald Smith, now Lord Strathcona.\nHOME OF THE BUFFALO. History of British Columbia.\n?3W\u2122pPk\u00a3^\n^^^^^\u00a7.;\nThe Canadian Pacific Railroad has done all that\nwas hoped for from the North-west Passage so\nlong and so vainly sought. It has brought the East\nand the West together. The traveller from Liverpool can reach Vancouver in a fortnight. In three\nweeks more he can be in China, and in less than a\nmonth, in Australia. The great prairies, the home\nof the buffalo and the hunting-ground of the Indian,\nhave become immense wheat-fields, where a busy, a\nprosperous and a rapidly increasing population toils\ncheerfully to supply food to the cities of the East\nand West. In our own province, forest and mine,\nvalley, river and ocean have begun to yield a\ngenerous return to enterprise and industry.\nThe year 1871\u2014in which British Columbia became\na province of the Dominion\u2014saw the settlement of a\nvfc*^ dispute between England and the United States which\nhad lasted since 1846 and been the cause of much ill-feeling\nbetween the people of Vancouver Island and their neighbors\non the other side of the Strait of Juan de Fuca. To the south\nof Vancouver Island, lies a small group of islands of which\nthe largest is San Juan. The archipelago is separated from\nVancouver Island by a passage of water about seven miles 62\nHistory of British Columbia.\nTerritorial\nDispute.\nwide, called Haro Strait, and from the mainland of the United\nStates^ by a narrower channel named Rosario Strait. The question in dispute was: through which of these channels did the boundary line pass, or, in other words,\nwas the island of San Juan, with the smaller ones\nadjacent, United States or British territory? The Hudson's\nBay Company had made a settlement on San Juan about the\ntime that Fort Victoria was founded. -\nSettlers from the\nUnited States had\nalso more recently\nmade their homes\nthere, and the government of that\ncountry had declared the islands\npart of one of the\ncounties of Washington Territory.\nOfficials both\nfrom the colony of\nVancouver Island\nand from the\nUnited States,\ntried to exercise\n\"\u2022'*-\/\u25a0 1 authority on San\nSKETCH MAP OF HARO ARCHDP\u00c8LAGO, SHOWING THE THREE\nchannels. Juan. The subjects\nL Line claimed by the United States. 2. Proposed middle channel. \u00a3 ,\n3. Line claimed by Great Britain. 01 the tWO gOVem- History of British Columbia. 63\nments quarrelled, American soldiers took up their station on\nthe island and British ships threatened to drive them away,\nso that for a season there was real danger of war. Owing\nlargely to the forbearance of Rear-Admiral Baynes, commander of the ships at Esquimalt, the danger was averted,\nand it was agreed in 1860 that a company of British soldiers\nas well as a contingent from the United States, should occupy\nthe island until an agreement as to its ownership was reached.\nAs time went on, still graver causes of quarrel arose between\nthe two great nations so closely related in blood and speech.\nAmbassadors from England and the United States met at\nWashington with Sir John Macdonald, premier of Canada, and\nsettled the Alabama Claims and the Fisheries dispute. They\ndetermined to leave the matter of the San Juan boundary to\nthe arbitration of the German Emperor. He gave his decision\nin favor of the United States.\nMore than a third of a century has elapsed since British\nColumbia became a province of Canada. The old feeling of\nisolation has passed away. A very large number of its\ninhabitants are bound to the older parts of the Dominion by\nthe closest of all ties, that of Home. Yet while each holds\ndear the memory of his native province, he loves also the\nland of his adoption, the birth-place of his children; and in\nhis heart has grown up a feeling which he shares with the\nbest of those who live in this, the noblest colony of the British\nEmpire; for beneath the shadow of the everlast-\nXfOve for ^^ hills, on the broad wind-swept prairie, in the\nn valley of the St. Lawrence and on the shores where\nthe Atlantic billows make solemn music, men\neverywhere are proud to bear the name Canadian. CHAPTER IX.\nCHURCHES AND SCHOOLS.\nWe have seen that a Jesuit Missionary, Father Bolduc,\naccompanied the party of Hudson's Bay men who went in\n1843 to found Fort Camosun. In 1849 ,a priest\narrived in Victoria ; and from that time forward,\nmissionaries of the Roman Catholic Church have\nsettled in every part of the province. They\nhave been specially zealous in then work i\namong the Indians, and the majority\nof the natives of British Columbia\nReligious\nEfforts.\nprofess the Roman Catholic faith. In\nNATIVE BOY, CIVILIZE!*\nall the cities there are convent schools for girls,\nand hospitals where the good sisters wait \u00b0n the sick. St.\nAnn's Convent in Victoria, founded in 1858, is one of the\noldest institutions in the province.\nRev. Edward Cridge, an Episcopalian minister, went in\n1855 to Vancouver Island, as chaplain of the Hudson's Bay\nCompany, succeeding Rev. Mr. Staines. Mrs. Cridge opened a\nboarding and day school at the fort. Bishop Hills arrived in\nVictoria in 1860 as the first Bishop of the colonies of Vancouver\nIsland and British Columbia. The Baroness Burdett-Coutts endowed the Church of England in Victoria, and in 1860 sent out\nfrom England an iron church which is still in use. With the\nincrease of population during the mining excitement, clergymen\nof other denominations arrived, and very soon churches were\n64 mm\nHistory of British Columbia.\n65\nbuilt where each man could worship according to his belief or\ninclination. Bishop Hills and Rev. Edward Cridge could not\nagree concerning the doctrines and ritual of the Church of\n^.^\"~ England. Mr. Cridge,.\n^H |k therefore, left the\nJl Anglican and joined\nthe Reformed\nEpiscopal church.\nHe was afterward\nmade a bishop,\nand though now\nno longer in active\nservice as a minister, his venerable\nform is seen wherever\nkind-hearted people meet to make plans for the relief of those\nwho are in want or affliction.\nWhile the population was insufficient, the Government\nhelped to build churches, and paid for teaching in schools under\nChurch of England control; but as soon as people of other\ndenominations settled in considerable numbers in the colony, it\nwas considered unfair that public money should\nUnsectanan ^e g^ent ^ teaching the doctrines of any par-\n* ticular church. The practice was stopped, and\never since, British Columbian schools have been unsectarian\nand the churches supported by money freely given by the\nmembers of each.\nThe most noted of the Protestant missions was that founded\nby Mr. Duncan, who was sent out by the Church Missionary\nBISHOP AND MRS.-CRIDGE. 66\nHistory of British Columbia.\nSociety of England. He arrived at Fort Simpson in 1857 and\nfound the Tsimpshean Indians there a very savage race. Their\nevil passions had been made worse because of the liquor sold\nby the white traders who came to the coast in vessels. In 1862\nMr. Duncan persuaded a thousand of these people to remove to\nMetlakahtla, a village on the northern coast.\nHere the Indians, under his\ndirection, built a good church\nand a comfortable schoolhouse.\nThey erected shops, a storehouse\nand a salmon-cannery, all owned\nand managed by themselves. The\nlittle town was well lighted and\na musical band organized. There\nwere carefully cultivated gardens\nand potato-patches. Later, sawmills, and a factory for weaving\ncloth, were established, and the\nIndians learned how to make\nbarrels, to work at the forge and do many other things\nrequiring mechanical skill. Bishop Hills testified to the piety\nof the Indians of Duncan's mission. But this zealous and\nsuccessful missionary, intolerant of what he considered undue\ninterference on the part of Bishop Ridley, who was appointed\nin 1879 to preside over the northern diocese of Caledonia, went\nwith a great part of his flock to Annette Island in United\nStates territory, where he founded New Metlakathla.\nThe Episcopalians, Roman Catholics, Methodists and Presbyterians have missions in different parts of the province.\nDUNCAN'S INDIAN CHURCH, METLAKAHTL.4 History of British Columbia.\n67\nConnected with many of them are schools, for it is felt that\nmore lasting and better work can be done with the children\nthan with adults. In many a lonely station,\nj ^ -L. i both on the coast and in the interior, good\nand Schools. . . , .\nmen and women are quietly devoting their\nlives to the uplifting of the native races of the province.\nAllusion has been made to the schools taught by Mrs.\nStaines and Mrs. Cridge. The first public school in the colony\nwas on the Company's farm at Craigflower. During the time\nthat public affairs\nwere under the\ncontrol of Mr.\nDouglas, much\ninterest was taken\nin the schools, and\nprovision was made\nfor the education\nof the small number of children in\nthe colony. In the\nperiod between the\nretirement of Sir James Douglas and Confederation, little\n\" attention was paid to education ; but in 1872 a common school\nsystem was instituted in the province. Ever since, money has\nbeen liberally granted for the support of schools. The school\nlaw has been amended several times. High schools have been\nestablished in most of the cities; and in every part of the\nprovince where twenty children can be brought together,\nthere is a public school. As yet, British Columbia has no\nCRAIGFLOWER SCHOOL, OLDEST IN VANCOUVER ISLAND. 68\nHistory of British Columbia.\nuniversity; but in Vancouver, students can take the first two\nyears of the Arts Course of the University of McGill in\nMontreal, and in Victoria they can complete the First Year\nCourse. It is expected, however, that in the near future,\nBritish Columbia students will be able to graduate from McGill\nwithout the expense and inconvenience of leaving their own\nprovince.\nThe schools are under the management of - the Executive\nCouncil, which, when it turns its attention to the schools, is\ncalled the Council of Public Instruction. One\nSchools Well of tho members of tne Council is the Minister of\nEducation. Under him, are the Superintendent\nof Education and the inspectors. In addition to these officials, a\nCity Superintendent is engaged by the Board of Trustees in each\nof the cities of Vancouver and Victoria. A board of trustees is\nelected annually by each school district and by each of the cities.\nThe trustees in the cities have control of the expenditure of all\nthe money needed for the support of their schools ; and by an\nAct passed in 1905 the people of each rural school district are\nrequired to contribute directly to the payment of the teachers'\nsalaries and all other expenses of the school. The country\nschoolhouses were formerly built by the Government and the\nteachers received their pay from the same source. There are\nmanual training classes in the schools of the principal cities,\nand a provincial Normal School is established at Vancouver.\nThe people of the province spend a great deal of money\non education, and the boys and girls of British Columbia\nshould leave school well-prepared to enter upon the duties of\nmanhood or womanhood. \u2014\u2014\nHistory of British Columbia. 69\nThere are many teachers, besides those who conduct classes\nin a school-room, and in these days one of the most important\nis the daily paper. An honest, independent and truthful newspaper has an influence for good which it would be hard to\noverrate. The men who in 1858 and in succeeding years sought\ntheir fortunes in British Columbia, did not lose their interest\nin what was taking place in the countries from which they\nwere self-exiled. To satisfy their anxiety for\newspapers news an(j ^o afford a channel for the expression\nof public opinion, newspapers were established.\nThe first two had but a short existence. Then in December,\n1858, Amor de Cosmos published the British Colonist Mr.\nDe Cosmos was a man of talent, and the Colonist became a\nleader of public opinion. It is still one of the principal papers\nof this province, though it has now a score or more of contemporaries. It was, for a long time, owned and edited by\nHon. D. W. Higgins, formerly Speaker of the Legislative\nAssembly of British Columbia.\nNATIVE GIRL,, CIVILIZED. CHAPTER X.\nlater progress.\nSince the completion of the Canadian Pacific Railway the\ngrowth of the province, though not rapid, has been steady. By\nalmost every train immigrants have arrived, chiefly from Great\nBritain and the eastern provinces of Canada. In\nA - the ' mining districts and in the cities, are to be\nAdvance.\nfound many United States citizens whose money\nand enterprise have aided in the development of the province.\nAmong the working miners are Belgians and Italians. These\nwith the Chinese and Japanese form our foreign population.\nThe natives of the province, unlike\nthe Indian races of the Atlantic\ncoast or of the plains, readily learn\nthe occupations of civilized men.\nIf they had not also learned to i\ndrink the white man's whiskey\n(which, in spite of the law, is\nsupplied them by unprincipled\ntraders), they could support themselves and their families in comfort.\nThe directors of the Canadian Pacific\nRailway were soon dissatisfied with Port\nMoody, the western terminus at first\nchosen, and selected the site of the present city of Vancouver,\non a broad inlet, from whose northern shore the mountains\nrise in well-defined peaks. Very soon people arrived and the\nnew city was commenced. The Canadian Pacific Railway\n70\nAN INDIAN BURIAL. History of British Columbia. 71\nCompany owned considerable property in Vancouver, and was\naccordingly anxious for the progress of the city. The first\nsettlers were chiefly mechanics and business men from the\neastern provinces. They were enterprising, industrious, ambitious and persevering. When but a beginning had been\nmade, a fire destroyed riearly the whole town.\nA.-L. *'j.' The ashes were hardly cold before saw and\nthe Cities. _ J l\nhammer were again at work. In less than five\nyears Vancouver had grown into a prosperous little city\nwhich invited all who arrived at the Pacific coast to remain\nand share in its prosperity. Many of these thought they\ncould not do better than invest then capital and employ their\nskill, strength and knowledge where such a good beginning\nhad been made.\nIt must be hard for the visitor from a European or even,\nan eastern American city, to realize as he (in 1905) rides\naround Vancouver in a commodious electric car, that less than\ntwenty years ago its site was a dense forest.\nVictoria has grown more slowly, but it, too, has greatly\nincreased in wealth and population. What an eye for natural\nbeauty the Hudson's Bay factor, Douglas, must have had when\nhe chose Fort Camosun as the site of a future city! There are\nfew more delightful places in the world, and its situation as the\nfirst point of call from Pacific and Puget Sound ports, gives it\nan advantage as a commercial city which will always make it\nan important wholesale centre.\nAlong the line of railway, Revelstoke and Kamloops have\ngrown from stations into cities. New Westminster with its\nfisheries and lumber, and Nanaimo with its coal mines, have 72\nHistory of British Columbia.\nperhaps less for which to thank the great railroad. Farmers\nfrom Great Britain and from eastern Canada have settled on\nVancouver Island, on the smaller islands in the Strait of\nGeorgia, and in the valleys of the Fraser and the Okanagan.\nBut in none of these places can the traveller drive more than\na few miles before he passes through belts of forest or acres of\nuncultivated land. Excellent roads penetrate the southern part\nof the colony. The centre and north have yet been scarcely\n. touched by man.\nThe greatest progress, as might have been expected, has been\nmade in mining. The mountains that border the valleys of the\nColumbia, the Kootenay and their tributaries are\n1 . rich in gold, copper, silver and lead, as well as coal.\nThe rivers of this region, with their fine lake expan-\nsions, afford\nnatural means\nof communication.\nDuring the\ntime between\n1890 and 1900,\nthis mining\nterritory was\nopened up, and\nRossland, Nelson, Kaslo,\nGreenwood,\ni CENTRE OF SUPPLIES.\nPhoenix and many other places in the Kootenay country,\ngrew from mining camps into cities. History of British Columbia.\n73\nIt costs a great deal more to get minerals from the rocks\nthan to wash gold from the river bars, so that the richest of\nquartz mines must lie idle until a great deal of money is\nspent in buying machinery and hiring labor. In other words,\nmining cannot be carried on without capital.\nUnfortunately, here, as in other mining countries, the men\nwho work the mines and the men who own them have not\nagreed very well. He who has labor to sell is too prone to\nlook upon his employer as hard and grasping,\n\u2022^.\/\u00bb fe while the man who invests his money in what\nDifficulties. . \u201e I \/\nmay after all, turn out an unprofitable speculation, thinks the wage-earner unreasonable and exacting. The\nresult is that far less work has been accomplished than would have been, had there\nalways been good feeling between employers and workmen. The presence of a\nlarge proportion of Chinese among the\npopulation of the province, has added to\nthe difficulties of the labor problem. The\nChinese work cheaper, live on less, and\nsend more money out of the country than\nany other class of laborers. On the\nother hand they are industrious, sober\nand reliable. In 1903 an Act was passed\nby the Dominion Parliament exacting\nfrom every Chinaman an entrance fee of\nfive hundred dollars\u2014which will discourage further immigration.\nI Except for a little gold and copper mining in the district\nof Alberni, the twentieth century drew near before it was 74\nHistory of British Columbia.\nfound that the rocks in the southern part of Vancouver\nIsland contained copper, gold and silver in sufficient quantities\nto pay for working. A good beginning has been made, and\nsmelters have been erected at Crofton and Ladysmith\u2014small\ntowns between Victoria and Nanaimo. From what we have\nread, it is evident that British Columbia, though a rich\ncountry, will not yield its treasures easily. He who would\nsucceed in this province must be prepared to work hard and\nto spend much thought on his labor. To such, the immense\narea and vast resources of British Columbia offer a grand\nfield, and promise a great reward.\nEven since Confederation, the task of\nmanaging the public affairs of this great\nprovince has not been an easy one. It is\nthe duty of the provincial government to\nbuild roads and bridges and to keep them\nin repair. The education of the youth\nof the province is under its control.\nAlthough the Federal Government pays the\nsalaries of the judges and maintains the\npenitentiary, a great part of the cost of keeping order and\nadministering justice is borne by the provincial government.\nThese and many other expenses, made greater by the vast\nextent of land to be traversed and by the rugged character of\nthe country, must be met without overburdening the comparatively small population with taxation. To do this requires\nhonesty of purpose, wisdom and foresight. British Columbia\nneeds able and patriotic legislators in Victoria as well as at\nOttawa.\nKING EDWARD VII. History of British Columbia. 75\nDuring later years, as well as in the earlier period of her\nhistory, out* province has had reason to disagree with the\nUnited States. One of the industries of this province is sealing,\nand, in Victoria, a large amount of capital has been invested in\nbuilding and fitting out sealing schooners. The\nY TT ,. seal is a migratory animal, whose principal\nRights breeding grounds are the Pribilof Islands in\nBering Sea. Alaska, which borders that sea on\nthe east and south, is United States territory, having been\npurchased from the Russians in 1867. The seal-hunters were\naccustomed to follow the animals from California along the coast\nof Vancouver Island and the mainland into Bering Sea where\nthey hunted up to the three-mile limit, the waters inside of\nwhich are by international law the property of the country\nowning the land that borders the sea. About the^ year 1886\nthe United States declared that Bering Sea and all the seals\nin it were United States property, and that no one had any\nlight to enter it or hunt the seals without her permission. To\nenforce her claim she sent armed cruisers into the sea to seize\nall foreign sealers found there.\nBritish Columbia sealers, indignant that their trade should\nbe ruined by such high-handed proceedings, appealed to\nEngland. It was agreed that the dispute should be submitted to a number of learned gentlemen who had no interest\nexcept to see justice done. This assembly met in Paris in\n1893, and determined: that Bering Sea was part of the Pacific\nOcean, that it was open to all the world, and that seals were\nwild animals not owned by any nation. While deciding\nagainst the claims of the United States, the arbitrators advised\n1 76\nHistory of British Columbia.\nthat, for the sake of all who had an interest in preserving\nthe seal herds from extinction, the following rules should b\u00e7\nobserved: 1. No seals should be killed within sixty miles of\nPribilof Islands. 2. There should be a close season of three\nmonths\u2014June, July and August. 3. No firearms should be\nused in seal-hunting within the limits of Bering Sea.\nThe United States and England agreed that their sealers\nshould be bound by these rules for a period of five years when,\nif. found satisfactory, the experiment could be renewed. These\nrules do not affect other nations, nor the operations of an\nAmerican Company, who are allowed to kill one hundred thousand seals annually on the Pribilof Islands.\nThe question of the Alaskan Boundary which had been in\ndispute for many years, was settled near the close of the year\n1904 in favor of the United States, by a tribunal consisting\nof the Chief Justice of England, two commissioners appointed\nby Canada, and three by the United States. The question at\nissue concerned the width of that strip of seacoast\u2014west of\nBritish Columbia, between latitude 54\u00b0 40' and\nthe 60th parallel\u2014which with Alaska was\nbought from Russia by the United States.\nThe United States claimed that the strip was to be ten leagues\nwide, measured from the heads of the inlets, while Canada\ninsisted that the distance should be measured from the seacoast\nof the Pacific Ocean. The Canadian Commissioners refused to\naccept the finding of the majority of the commission, which\ngives every inlet north of the 55th parallel to the United\nStates and prevents Canada from having a harbor along three\nhundred miles of seacoast. One cannot help feeling, with\nThe Alaskan\nBoundary Case. History of British Columbia.\n77\nPortia, that it is not always right to take all that the law\nallows, for these inlets are of far more value to Canada than\nthey will ever be to her wealthy neighbor.\nNo history of\nthe province, however brief, should\nomit to mention\nthe fact that when\nhelp was needed\nduring the Boer\nwar in South\nAfrica (1899-1902),\nvolunteers from all\nparts of British\nColumbia joined\nthe Canadian regiment that went to\nreinforce the\nBritish troops. At\nPaardeburg, where\nCanadians proved\nthemselves worthy\nto take their places\nin\nDISPUTED TERRITORY.\nHeroes in the\nBoer War.\nthe ranks with England's heroes, British\nColumbia lads did their duty nobly, many of\nthe little band falling on the field. Afterward, in skirmishes, on many a long, hard march, during\nanxious nights of watching and in all that makes up the hard\nbut necessary routine of a soldier's life, they fulfilled their 78\nHistory of British Columbia.\nduty so as to win the approval of officers not easy to satisfy.\nThe Fifth Regiment of Victoria had to mourn the loss of their\ngallant and much-loved officer Captain Blanshard, who early\nin the summer of 1900 fell a victim to a Boer bullet.\nOne of the last acts of Queen Victoria was to thank the first\ncontingent of Canadian volunteers for its aid. Not one of these\nyoung men will ever forget the day when she, who had spent so\nlong a life in England's service, praised their loyalty to her\ntheir Queen, and to their country. The enthusiasm with which\nevery South African victory was greeted in British Columbia\nproved the warm and deep affection of the people\u2014not only\nfor the absent soldiers, but for the dear old Motherland.\nOur task is now accomplished. We have tried to bring before\nour young readers the beauty, the immensity and the varied\nresources of the province. The story of its settlement and\ndevelopment has been briefly told. Its past is short. What its\nfuture may be, depends (Who knows how much 1) on the generation of boys and girls into whose hands this little book will fall.\nIf they grow up industrious, intelligent, brave, honest and pure,\nthey will add many noble pages to the record. Nature has done\nher part, and as we look forward into the future, the hope arises\nthat here, as in the countries of the old world, the poet's words\nwill be fulfilled :\u2014\nTwo Voices are there ; one is of the Sea,\n. One, of the Mountains ; each a Mighty Voice :\nIn both from age to age Thou didst rejoice\u2014\nThey were Thy chosen music, Liberty. GEOGRAPHY\n.OF.\nBritish Columbia\nCHAPTER I.\nBRITISH COLUMBIA, the most westerly Province of the\nDominion. of Canada, lies between the 49th and 60th\nparallels of North Latitude. The Rocky Mountains\ndivide it from Alberta on the east ; on its west lie the Pacific\nOcean and a portion of Alaska. The region thus\nbounded exceeds every other Canadian province in\nsize. But, though the area is about 400,000 square miles, the\npeople number only 178,657. A comparison with England suggests the thought that an inhabitant of British Columbia has\na thousand times more room than an Englishman.\nNot only is British Columbia large, it is rich in natural\nresources. Whereas the wealth of Manitoba is in wheat-lands,\nthat of British Columbia is in minerals, forests, fisheries, and,\nto a lesser degree, fruit.\nRoughly speaking, British Columbia is a paral-\noun am ielogram twice as long as it is wide, and trending\nRanees\n\" from north-west to south-east. Conforming to the\ngeneral direction of the country are four chains of mountains.\nI 82\nGeography of British Columbia.\nThese are the Rocky, Selkirk; Coast, and Island re\nTaken together, they embrace a portion of the Cordillera or\ngreat mountain belt of the West.\nThe Rocky Mountains, 60 miles in average width, skirt our\nProvince along its eastern margin. Near the 49th parallel\nthey show peaks of 10,000 feet; at the 52nd, the peaks\napproximate 15,000; but in the neighborhood of the Peace\nRiver, the mountains dwindle into hills. Of the dozen or more\npasses that intersect the range, the Crow's Nest and Kicking\n^^g^^^SK^ Horse have been used as gateways\nfor railroads. The Yellow Head\nand Peace\u2014passes lower in elevation but farther north\u2014are likely\nto be selected in the future for a\n7 similar purpose. Separated from\n%^ the Rockies by a valley 700 miles\nlong, is a second range of mountains\u2014\nthe Selkirks. So broken is this range\nthat in different parts various names have been given :\u2014\nNorth of the \" big bend \" of the Columbia\u2014\" the Cariboo\nMountains\"; between the Okanagan and Arrow Lakes\u2014\n\"the Gold Range\"; between East and West Kootenay\u2014\"the\nPurcell Range.\" This broad mountain region averages eighty\nmiles in width, with many of its peaks surpassing 8,000 feet.\nTowards the 54th parallel it becomes lost in cross ranges.\nWhereas the Rockies are grand in aspect, their lofty crests\nseeming to form castles and cathedrals, the\nSeikirks are pleasing in their softer outlines,\ntheir forms being more rounded and their sides well timbered.\nOKANAGAN LAKE.\nThe Selkirks. Geography of British Columbia.\n83\nMany glaciers have their homes in the gorges, and avalanches\nhave often been the cause of loss of life. The rocks of the Selkirk Range are believed by geologists to be older than any others\nin the province, indeed to be part of the original crust of the\nearth. If so, then the Selkirks lifted up their heads above the\nwater when all else of what is now British Columbia was ocean.\nA third\" and parallel mountain system is the Coast Range.\nFor a width of 100 miles, it fringes the Pacific from the delta\n>. . - . \u2014^ of the Fraser\nI i\nto the head\n\u25a0--\u25a0\u25a0\u25a0\nof L y nn\njjlljljjjjj\nCanal. The\naverage alti\n1\u00bb- --\u25a0\u2022 s\njjjjiiiiii\ntude of the\nlH\u00a7jjH|jjji\nhigherpeaks\n^^^^^^3 is about\n%rs^i 6,000 feet.\nThe Is-\n1 land Range,\nbeing partly submerged, is\nrepresented by an archipelago\nthat includes Vancouver and\nQueen Charlotte Islands.\nSeveral summits on Vancouver Island exceed 6,000\nfeet, and on Queen Charlotte\nIslands 4,000 feet.\nThe great Interior Plateau of British Columbia lies between\nthe Selkirk and Coast Ranges. But lakes and rivers have cut\nA GLACIER. 84\nGeography of British Columbia.\nInterior\nPlateau.\nsuch deep channels in the lava rocks of which the plateau is\ncomposed that it closely resembles the mountainous tracts. This\nis the chief agricultural area of the province. Beginning about the southern boundary line, it extends\nnorthward for 500 miles until cut off by transverse mountains in the Stuart Lake region. Its average width\nis 100 miles, and its mean height 3,500 feet. It is drained\nprincipally by streams flowing south, of which the Fraser\nRiver is chief.\nTHE FRASER RTVER.\nA glance at the map suffices to show us how well provided\nour province is with waterways, without which so mountainous\na country would be inaccessible. The lakes, ribbon-like in\nlength and narrowness, are generally of great depth. Atlin\nin the extreme north-west, Babine and Stuart in the middle,\nand Shuswap, Okanagan, Arrow, and Kootenay Lakes in the Geography of British Columbia.\n85\nClimate.\nsouth of the province, are a few of the larger ones. The inlets\nor fiords of the coast, outrivalling those of any other part of\nthe world, with perhaps the exception of Greenland, are the\nsubmerged valleys of the coastal mountains. Of rivers, the\nFraser and the Columbia (with their tributaries), the Skeena,\nthe Nass, and the Stikine are of most importance.\nBritish Columbia being in the same latitude as the British\nIsles, a similar climate is experienced. Moisture-laden winds\nfrom the ocean are in both cases a moderating factor.\nThe part played by the Gulf Stream in modifying\nthe climate of the United Kingdom, is assumed by the warm\nJapan current, which sets southward along the North American\ncoast after crossing the North Pacific to the Aleutian Islands.\nOn the mainland the mountain ranges govern climate to some\nextent, for to them is due the alternate moist and dry belts.\nThe people that have made this province their home are\nlargely of English, Scotch, and Irish extraction. One-fourth\nof the population, however, consists of Indians, Chinese, and\nJapanese.\nSIWASH ROCK. CHAPTER II.\nVANCOUVER ISLAND.\nIf valued only by its area, Vancouver Island would not be\nof much importance. It is only half the size of Ireland.\nAnd, small as the island is, settlement is confined mainly to\nthe south-eastern p art.\nThis fact is not to be wondered at;\nNatural Wealth f or i0f ty\nof the Island. moun.\ntains, thick forests, and the\nmatted undergrowth of\nmoss, salal, and devil's-\nclub, make travelling in\nthe interior very difficult.\nYet Vancouver Island\nis important. Why? Because it has fields of coal which,\nthough worked for over half a century, show no signs of\ngiving out. Because it has timber\u2014fir, spruce and cedar\u2014\nequal to any in the world. Because it has rich deposits of\ngold, copper, and iron ; and because the capital is situated there.\nOver a great part of the island, there is but a shallow covering of soil ; indeed, in many places, bare rock forms the surface.\nTwenty per cent of the entire area may be said to be productive, and of that, only about two per cent is under\ncultivation. In the making and placing of soil, glaciers have\nDEVIL S - CLUB.\nSoil.\nJ 88 Geography of British Columbia.\nplayed an important part. A glacier is a river of ice which, as it\nmoves, makes a path for itself by breaking up or carrying along\nevery obstacle that it meets. Rocks thus carried in front or\non the sides of a glacier form moraines. When a glacier\nretreats, the moraines are left strewing the surface of the\ncountry. Water made by the melting of the ice carries them\nuntil power to do so is lost. As rocks of all kinds make up\nthe moraines, the soils produced afford great variety, for soil\nis just powdered rock to which decayed vegetable or animal\nmatter has been added. Once a glacier occupied the position\nof the Gulf of Georgia and the southern end of Vancouver\nIsland. When conditions changed, the glacier disappeared ; but\ngrooved and polished rocks, gravelly, sandy, and clay soils\nremain as evidence of its former activity.\nVictoria, the capital of British Columbia, is situated at the southeastern extremity of Vancouver Island. For age, natural beauty,\nand wealth, this city holds first rank. When the\nr., Hudson's Bay Company feared that they were going\nto lose their trading posts on the Columbia River, by\nreason of a more northern boundary line, they sent Sir James\nDouglas to select a spot suitable for a fort on undoubted British\nterritory. As a result of that gentleman's recommendations, Victoria\nwas founded in 1843. Fifteen years later, when gold was discovered\non the Fraser River, Victoria became a city of tents with as large\na population as she now possesses.\nIn the matter of climate Victoria is favored. The records of many\nyears indicate the mean annual temperature to be 49\u00b0. Southerly winds\nprevail throughout the year. Blowing from the ocean,\nClimate ^ey ^aVe ^e e^ect \u00b0^ lessenhig the heat of summer and the\ncold of winter. From the continent comes the hot wind\nof summer and the cold wind of winter\u2014the North wind. Its changed History of British Columbia.\n89\nnature is due to the ability of land to absorb heat and its inability to\nretain heat. Less rain falls here than elsewhere on the island. This\nis partly accounted for by the fact that the ocean winds leave\nmuch of their moisture on the Olympic range of Washington state,\nTHE OLYMPIC MOUNTAINS.\nand pass dry over Victoria. Lack of rainfall in the summer months\nrenders dust a nuisance. Rainy weather is prevalent during November, December, January and February. The thermometer never\ngoes below zero. If snow falls, it remains on the ground but a\nshort time.\nIn June the Capital City looks its best, when there is a\nwealth of roses on every cottage and gorgeous yellow broom in\nfields and hedges. Every day some steamer lands\nm . , its parties of tourists, to whom the English tone of\nTourists. r ' &\nthe city appears novel. The Parliament Building,\nof gray granite and sandstone, constructed in chaste and dignified\nstyle, and surpassing in beauty the buildings for similar purposes\nin other provinces of the Dominion, never fails to call forth their\nadmiring remarks. |>n:\\\u00a3\nBy tally-ho, these visitors drive along the Dallas Road, with\ntasteful cottages on their left, and Juan de Fuca Strait and the\nOlympic Mountains on their right, until they come to the gnarled 90\nGeography of British Columbia.\nand stately oaks, sombre firs, artificial lakes, deer park, aviary, and\nbear pits of Beacon Hill Park. Continuing along the water front\nthey pass the rifle range, and a succession of picturesque bays along\nwhose shores are many campers. Government House is seen occupying a commanding position on a rocky ridge.\nUpon returning to the city they go, perhaps, to.one of the boat\nhouses and secure seats in a naphtha launch. Speedily they are conveyed\nthrough the Inner Harbor with its varied craft of steamers, sealing\nCITY OF VICTORIA.\nschooners, and Indian canoes, into an arm of the sea. Many bathers ;\nare in sight, for the water of the \"arm\" is pleasantly warm. Among\nthe trees lining the bank attractive homes appear.\nDespite the quiet air of the town, much business is transacted.\nGovernment Street contains many retail houses that have a good\nreputation throughout the province. Of wholesale houses, such as the Geography of British Columbia. 91\nHudson's Bay, some have been established since the city's infancy.\n_ . . Shipbuilding is an important and growing industry, and,\nin conjunction with the iron works, gives employment\nto many men. Herej sealing has its headquarters; and also the\nwhaling industry which has lately been revived.\nThere are two hospitals of high standing, many well-built churches,\nand an efficient school system consisting of ward schools and the High.\nSchool (or Victoria College) which is in affiliation with McGill\nUniversity.\nBeyond the city limits and near the pumping station which\nelevates the water for Victoria mains, there are a number of fruit farms.\nROCKSIDE ORCHARD.\nA pretty sight it is to see row after row of straight, clean-\nbarked, trees, even when their leaves are off; but it is in spring\nthat orchards look their best, when bowed down by the weight of\nblossoms. As land is expensive, worth $175 an acre, all available\nspace is made use of. Small fruits, such as strawberries, raspberries,\nand logan berries, are planted between the rows of apple, plum, pear, and\ncherry trees. Trees bear early, even in their second year\n\u201e therefore are planted thickly and afterwards thinned out.\nIf shippers exercise proper care in packing, an abundanf\nmarket may be found in Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba,\nwhere the demand for fruit is very much greater than the supply. 92\nGeography of British Columbia.\nHaving touched at the Capital, we are now ready to begin\nour travels throughout the Province of British Columbia.\nWishing to see the\nSaanich Peninsula, which\nranks next to Comox as\nan agricultural district, we\nboard the\nThe Saanich Tr- ,\nAiic^aamv.11 Victoria\nPeninsula. m ,\nTerminal\nRailway. After passing\nthe lakes that provide\nwith water the city we\nhave just left, we come to\na cross-road leading to\nTod Inlet, where there is\na plant for the manufacture of Portland cement.\nThe rich valley lands\nwhich we see, consist of a DR\u00ce OOCK> ^uimalt.\nclay subsoil and a black loam. On the highlands strawberries are\ncultivated with wonderful success. At Sidney, the terminus of\nthe railway, connection is made with a ferry running to Port\nGuichon on the mainland ; and also with a steamer that makes\ncalls at Nanaimo, Crofton, and the neighboring islands.\nOf these islands, Salt Spring is the largest and most fertile. Its\nranchers make a living by dairying, fruit-growing, sheep-raising and\npoultry-keeping. Between Ganges Harbor and Vancouver Island there\nis telephone communication.\nPender Island is particularly suitable for sheep. Geography of British Columbia. 93\nMayne Island is a favorite summer resort. Between it and Galiano\nIsland lies Active Pass,* through which the daily steamer from Victoria\nto Vancouver runs. Because of its narrowness and tide-rips, this\nchannel is difficult, especially in foggy weather. Then, pilots keep the\nfog-horn blowing almost constantly that the echo may serve them as a\nguide.\nOn Darcy Island there is a lazaretto.\nSaturna Island has a quarry of excellent sandstone.\nThe* Esquimalt and Nanaimo Railway, 78 miles long, runs\nbetween Victoria and Wellington. For building the railway,\nin addition to a cash bonus, a land subsidy was granted.\nThis railway belt, represented on the map by a dotted line,\nextends from Otter Point to Cape Mudge. It includes mineral\nas well as surface rights, except in the case of the precious\nmetals, gold and silver.\nSoon after our train leaves Victoria, we come within sight of\nthe ideal harbor of Esquimalt which for many years was the\nheadquarters of the North Pacific squadron.\n+ ~ \"^oc^ed Flagship, cruisers, torpedo boats, gun boats\nand Commodious f *' j . ' , , [ ,\nHarbor an(* survev sniP lormerry lay at anchor in\nits waters. But in 1904 the Admiralty withdrew the naval forces. Henceforth the station will be frequented\nonly by flying squadrons.\nAt the time of the above change the Canadian Government\nundertook the maintenance of the military defences. The\ngarrison, about 400 strong, is divided between Work Point,\nMacaulay Point and Rod Hill, but the barracks and most of\nthe men are at Work Point. How complete the fortifications\nare we do not know, for on this point secrecy is necessary.\n* Commonly known as Plumper Pass. 94 Geography of British Columbia.\nWest of the entrance to Esquimalt harbor lie the Royal Roads,\na bay where any vessel can anchor three-quarters of a mile from\nshore.\nIn an adjoining bay the William Head Quarantine Station is\nsituated. Every steamer from the Far East must stop here, that its\npassengers with their effects may be fumigated. This\n<5, ,. delay irritates travellers, but it is necessary as a precau\ntion against the introduction of cholera, smallpox, and\nbubonic plague, diseases which are liable to come to us through Chinese\nand Japanese steerage passengers.\nThe head of the Saanich Arm is the prettiest bit of scenery\nalong the line of railway. At Shawnigan Lake we see trim summer\ncottages and well-patronized hotels.\nDuncan's, half way up the line, is the market town of the Cowichan\ndistrict, a fine farming section. The freight taken on board is chiefly\ndairy products and fruit, especially apples. Much of it, we observe, is\naddressed to Ladysmith. From Duncan's a road goes to Cowichan\nLake, a favorite resort for fishermen.\nAERIAL TRAMWAY.\nWestholm interests us, not on its own account but because from it\nwe can reach the copper mines of Mount Sicker and the smelter at\nCrofton.\nAt Chemainus we come in sight of the water of the Strait of\nGeorgia, a happy relief from the walls of sandstone and shale, or the firs\nof a second growth, which we have been looking at from the car window. Geography of British Columbia.\n95\nIn the bay are several vessels bound for Africa, Australia and South\nAmerica, taking on cargoes of lumber from the Chemainus mill.\nCars laden with coal, and immense coal bunkers, tell us that we\nhave arrived at a colliery town. It is Ladysmith. Though its foundations were laid during the Boer war, its growth has been so rapid\nthat it is now incorporated as a city. The coal mine upon which the\nprosperity of Lady-\nsmith largely depends is seven miles\ndistant. A copper\nsmelter adds an important industry to\nthe place.\nAs soon as we\narrive in Nanaimo\nwe make arrangements to visit the chemainus.\nunderground workings of the coal mine. We have not far to\ngo, for the shaft is within the city limits. Clad in waterproof\nand cap, we enter a cage and slowly drop down 650 feet, the\nsensation no worse than that of going down an elevator in a\nlarge building. When the cage stops, we walk out into a\nspacious, electric-lighted apartment with whitewashed walls. A motor with a long train of cars\nhappens to be going to Protection Island. We get\ninto an empty coal car and, seated on a sack of straw, are\nrattled along, amid a deafening noise, for two and a half\nmiles. To us, travelling through the \"level,\" comes the\nthought that several hundred feet overhead is the water of\nNanaimo Harbor. At Protection Island, through another shaft\nwe regain the surface, and return to Nanaimo by rowboat.\nA Coal\nMine. 96\nGeography of British Columbia.\nFifty years ago, the level through which we have just ridden, was a seam of coal.\nThe usual mode of mining is the pillar-and-stall system. The\nstalls represent the portion from which coal is removed, and the pillars,\nthe coal left as props. When any part of a mine is to\na &* .\u00b0 be abandoned the pillars are \" drawn,\" that is, the coal of\nwhich they are composed is taken out, the result being\nthat the roof caves. In those parts of the mine to which electric cars\ncannot go, hauling is done by mules.\nDanger in coal mining arises from various causes, but chiefly from\nexplosion due to coal-dust or to noxious gases, and from falling coal or\ntimbers. To secure pure\nair, when miles of levels,\nslopes, and inclines have\nto be ventilated, becomes a\ndifficult problem. Large\nfans are used to force the\nair to circulate. By a\ncareful system of compartments, the \"intake\"\nand the \" upcast \" air are\nkept from mixing.\nWellington, the terminus of the railway, is a\nforlorn-looking place.\nWhen its coal seam was\ni j j\u00b1 i i COAL MINE.\nworked out, new fields\nhad to be sought. Miners were withdrawn to Ladysmith and in\nmany cases their houses also were moved.\nLeaving the Nanaimo coal area behind us we go farther\nnorth, to the Comox coal area. The steamer lands us at Union,\nwhere there are wharves, bunkers, and ovens for the making\nof coke. By a mixed train composed of coal cars and one pas- Geography of British Columbia.\n97\nsenger coach, we proceed to Cumberland, a coal-mining town of\nabout 2,000 people. Here not long ago the discovery of a vein\nof hard coal or anthracite was reported. In all other places on\nthe island the coal is soft or bituminous.\nIn the Comox district, the valleys of the Comox and Courtenay\nrivers are wide, undulating, and composed of rich bottom land.\nSTEAM logging.\nConditions are most favorable for dairying. Cattle raising and\nvegetable gardening also receive attention. All agricultural\nproducts are easily sold to the local miners.\nNorth of Comox, logging camps are the chief scenes of\nactivity. The timber limits of Vancouver Island rank among\nthe most valuable in the whole province. On the east coast they\nextend from Cowichan to Nimpkish. Douglas fir and red cedar\nare the principal trees. Of these, the former\u2014named after David\nDouglas, a well-known botanist\u2014is the staple timber of com- 98 Geography of British Columbia.\nmerce. Average trees grow 150 feet high, clear of limbs, with\na diameter of 5 to 6 feet. The wood has great strength and\nis largely used for shipbuilding, bridge work, fencing, railway\nties, and furniture. As a pulp-making tree the fir is valuable.\nIts bark makes a good fuel.\nThe red cedar, unequalled as a wood for shingles, comes next\nto the fir in importance. Because of its variety of shading, and\nthe brilliant polish which it takes, it is prized for the interior\nfinishing of houses. As the cedar lasts well under-\nground it is used for telegraph poles and fence\nposts. An Indian war canoe is but a cedar tree the\nheart of which has been dug out. Well can this wood be called\nthe settler's friend, for from it he can with simple tools, such as axe\nand saw, build his house, fence his farm, and make his furniture.\nOn Malcolm Island, opposite the Mmpkish river, there is a\nFinnish community numbering about five hundred. These frugal\nand thrifty people engage in lumbering and farming. In their\nblacksmith shop they have the equipment for repairing small steamers\nthat have been disabled.\nAlert Bay is an Indian village noted for its totem poles, salmon\ncannery, and industrial school.\nAt Fort Rupert the Hudson's Bay Company in early days established\na fort in order to trade in furs with the Indians. In front of the fort\nfor a long time lay a pile of coal carried thither in sacks by the Indians.\nScotch miners were brought out by the Company to prospect and work\nthe coal but were soon transferred to Nanaimo. Though Fort Rupert\nis now of little importance, near at hand is Hardy Bay, which is expected to become some day the terminus of an island railway. A town\nsite has been blocked out and a wharf built.\nIn the region north of Comox there are areas which, if drained,\nwould make valuable meadows and cattle ranges. Geography of British Columbia.\n99\nThough we might reach the west coast of Vancouver Island\nby stage from Nanaimo to Alberni, or by trail from Hardy\nBay to Quatsino, we prefer to return to Victoria in order to\ngo by steamer. Our journey has just begun when we pass the\nCABLE STATION.\noldest lighthouse on the coast, that on Race Rock, built in 1861,\nand modelled after the Eddystone. At Sooke and\nw m \u2022 Otter Point we see fish traps, where sockeye\nsalmon are caught as they are about to enter\nthe Strait of San Juan de Fuca. An examination of the\nstomachs of these fish shows them to be devoid of food. This\nindicates that the unknown feeding ground of the sockeyes is\na long way off.\nOur first stop is at Port Renfrew (or San Juan), seat of a\nbotanical station and a lumber mill.\nThrough a choppy sea, we sail past Carmanah Point\nand Cape Beale into the smooth waters of Barkley Sound,\nand soon reach Bamfield Creek, where the Pacific Cable\nStation is located. We make fast to a wharf, the first\nsince leaving Victoria. Upon going ashore we climb a steep\nroad. Uncleared ground, with a confusion of stumps and\nbranches, stretches to right and left. The Cable Station is a 100\nGeography of British Columbia.\nPacific Cable\nStation.\nspacious building, shingled and stained, and commanding from\nthe height of rocks an exquisite view. The front door opens\ninto a long, broad hall that leads to the despatch\nroom. By the machine sits an operator, who\nseems to do nothing but receive into his hand\nlong, tape-like pieces of paper on which the instrument has\nrecorded a message, or press a button to flash a thought round\nthe world. We stand only a minute or two by his side, yet in\nthat time he cables to Fanning Island, 4,000 miles distant, and\nreceives his answer.\nProceeding, we pass on our left Tzartoos or Copper Island,\nupon which there is an enormous deposit of iron.\nAlberni Canal, as the upper part of Barkley\n^ r Sound is called, is always windy. Along its\nCumbering. '. J J , &\nsnores prospecting tor gold and copper has\nbeen carried on to some extent. Hills wooded from summit\nto base, rise abruptly from the water's edge. Alberni and\nNew Alberni, small rival towns two miles apart, are situated\nat the head of the canal. Their support is derived from\nagriculture and lumbering. The Alberni Road, through varied\nand beautiful scenery, crosses the island to Nanaimo. Along\nthis road are some fine specimens of the arbutus \u2014 a tree\nwhich, on account of its shiny evergreen leaves and red bark,\nis of striking appearance.\nBefore leaving Barkley Sound we enter Ucluelet Arm. The\nlarge Indian reserve is deserted except by a few old people,\nfor the younger portion of the population have gone sealing or\nto the canneries. The curing of halibut is carried on and\nshipments of the dried fish are made regularly. History of British Columbia.\n101\nWe are in open water now until we get to Clayoquot\n(Klak'-wat). Wreck Bay, where gold is washed from black\nsand, lies along our route. Midnight though\nit is, we land at Clayoquot in order to make\npurchases of Indian baskets and other curios.\nA Powerful\nUght.\nMining, fishing, and lumbering engage the people.\nFarming is carried on to\na small extent, but dyking\nis necessary to reclaim the\ntidal lands, of which there\nare thousands of acres.\nThe lighthouse in Clayoquot Sound contains a\nlight said to be the most\npowerful now in operation\nin America. Under favorable conditions it may be\nseen for twenty-five miles.\nBedwell Sound, the\nnorthern extension of\nClayoquot Sound, is impressive in its beauty.\nBordering the water are mountains higher than those hitherto\nseen. We turn in here to let off a couple of men who are\non their way to a copper prospect on Bear River. There\nis one empty house where they land. Forest surrounds it,\nand we breathe the fragrance of pine trees. Immense cedars\ngrow in the neighborhood.\n.-w*iS'!\u00c8H&f\u00f4ri\u00ab*\nQUATSINO WHARF. 102\nGeography of British Columbia.\nHistoric\nFriendly\nCove.\nAfter stopping at Sydney Inlet to put off supplies for the\ncopper mine, we proceed to Hesquoit (Hesk'-wit) Harbor.\nHere, a church gives evidence of a prosperous Roman Catholic\nMission. On the beach are native children playing in the\nsand. There is no wharf, so we anchor and wait for passengers, who come out in \" dugouts \" piled high with bundles\nand cedar baskets. Klootchmen (Indian, women) are in the\nmajority\u2014most of them neatly dressed, and not unattractive\nin feature.\nHistoric Nootka,\u2014noted in the 18th century on account of\nits fur trade and diplomatic correspondence! Here in 1778\nCaptain James Cook landed at Friendly Cove. Ten\nyears later came Captain Meares, who erected the\nfirst house in British Columbia and launched the\nfirst ship built in the colony. No opportunity is\nafforded us to go ashore, but we aie led to understand that\nFriendly Cove is an Indian village little different from what\nit was in Cook's time.\nAfter passing Kyuquot (Ki-u-kot) we steer far oceanward\nthat we may safely round the towering promontory of Cape\nCook. This part of the coast is rocky and dangerous, the\nscene of many a wreck. Off Solander Island we see a herd of\nsea-lions. In the open water are schools of spouting whales\nand darting porpoises.\nOn the south-east arm of Quatsino Sound, Yreka (Wi-r\u00e9-ka)\nis situated. Ore bunkers, a sawmill, shops and cabins have\nbeen built. Leading to the copper mine is a steep trail,\nshady with hemlock, spruce, and cedar. There is no Douglas\nfir. So humid is the atmosphere that ferns grow in rank Geography of British Columbia.\n103\nCoal and\nCopper.\nluxuriance. Other deposits of copper occur on the opposite\nside of the arm. These bodies of ore lend value to some\nworkable coal seams which have been exploited on\nthe north side of the Sound. If local smelting were\nadvisable the coal would be of inestimable importance.\nA pulp mill has been\nerected for making pulp\nout of spruce.\nThree and a half days\nafter leaving Victoria we\ngain sight of Cape Scott\nand drop anchor in Fisherman's Harbor. An inhospitable shore it looks.\nHaving heard of a Danish\nsettlement we expected to\nsee a village. Less than half a dozen houses are all that we\nfind. Others there are, however, on inland clearings. The\nDanes, about sixty in number, make a meagre living out of\nfishing, farming and hunting.\nThe west coast of Vancouver Island is an unsettled region,\nand one not likely to support a large population. Its future\ndepends on its minerals, its timber, and its harbors.\nNOOTKA IN 1778. CHAPTER III.\nNorthern I,imit\nof the Fir.\nTHE COAST.\u2014QUEEN CHARLOTTE ISLANDS.\nThe waters separating Vancouver Island from the Mainland\nare the Strait of Georgia, Discovery Passage, Johnstone Strait\nand Queen Charlotte Sound. Opening into\nthese on the Mainland side, is a series of\ninlets remarkable both for grandeur and size.\nHowe Sound is perhaps best known, because of its large copper\nmine and its fruit industry. Logging camps are thickly strewn\nas far north as Knight's Inlet where the Douglas fir disappears,\ngiving place to the yellow cedar.\nIn the Strait of Georgia the largest island is Texada. The\nname is of Spanish origin, and was originally spelled Tejada,\nwhich probably means the \" roofed \" island,\n\u00ab*\u00abexf' -i^T\\ Ci \u00c9 because the mountainous interior gives\n\"Roofed Island.'' | &\nthe appearance of a pointed roof. At\nGillies Bay iron has been mined for upwards of thirty-five\nyears, though not continuously. As there are hills of it, mining\ncan be carried on cheaply by means of open cuts. From the\niron mine a road crosses the island to Van Anda on the\neastern side, where there are copper mines, and kilns for\nmaking lime.\n104 GEOGRAPHY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. 105\nSeymour Narrows, less than half a mile wide, is the gate to Discovery Passage. Its tide-rips make careful navigating very necessary.\nIssuing from Queen Charlotte Sound we stop at Rivers Inlet. Seven\nsalmon canneries give employment to a large number of Indians,\nJapanese and Whites.\nBella Coola is an Indian\nvillage at the mouth of the\nBella Coola River. This river\naffords the best route into\nthe Ootsa and Chilcotin\ncountry. In the valley\nthere is a Norwegian colony.\nTotem poles and flags,\nmarking an Indian burial-\nground, catch our eye at\nBella Bella on Campbell\nIsland. The custom of interment not being practised, the\ndead are placed in wooden\nhouses.\nGardner Canal with its\nlofty perpendicular shores,\nits water-\nThe Kitimat \u201e ,, ,\n_ H falls and\nRailway. .\nglaciers, is\nvery beautiful. Near it is Douglas Channel, whose head\nis called the Kitimat Arm. From Kitimat, an all-Canadian\nrailway, to Hazelton, Atlin and Dawson, is projected. If built,\nthis line will open up coal land, mineral belts, and fertile valleys.\nThe Skeena, 300 miles long, is a difficult river to navigate by\nreason of its winding course, canyons, fierce rapids, bars, and\nTOTEM POLES. 106\nGeography of British Columbia.\nshoals. Salmon canneries and sawmills dot its shores. The\nBabine and Bulkley rivers are its chief tributaries. The former\ndrains Babine,* the second largest lake in British Columbia.\nThe Bulkley valley, containing many acres of good farming\nland, is already attracting settlers by the hundreds.\nPort Essington, situated at the mouth of the Skeena River, is the\nmonument of one far-seeing man who owned its canneries, sawmill\nand public buildings, but who died before realizing all his plans, f\nThough not a port of call for Alaskan steamers, it is visited by vessels\nin the coasting trade. One hundred and fifty miles higher up the\nstream, Hazelton occupies a picturesque spot hemmed in by mountains. ,\nGoods for the Omineea gold mines and the Hudson's Bay post at\nBabine are landed here by steamer, to be packed inland. Here, too,\nthe Dominion telegraph line crosses the Skeena.\nPrince Rupert, western terminus of the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway, is situated on Kai-en (Ki'-en) Island, thirty miles north of Port\nEssington.\nIt was selected as a terminal for the following reasons :\u2014\n(1) Its excellent harbor; (2) Lands were available for purchase at\na reasonable figure ; (3) Accessibility to the Skeena River down which\nthe railway must come ; (4) It is so situated half way between the\nSkeena and Nass rivers that it escapes in a measure the cold, moisture-\nladen winds that blow down these canyons.\nPrince Rupert harbor is sixteen miles long. It averages one mile\nwide and one hundred and fifty feet deep. It is land-locked. Its\nentrance is straight and contains few rocks\u2014two particulars in the\ninterest of shipping. The tide rises about twenty-five feet. Access to\nthe Pacific is through Dixon Entrance.\nMetlakahtla is the seat of an Anglican mission founded by Mr.\nDuncan, a missionary, who had pronounced success in teaching the\nIndians the industrial arts as well as religion. When superseded he\nfounded a New Metlakahtla in Alaska.\nPort Simpson\u2014at the entrance to Portland Inlet\u2014is an old\nHudson's Bay post. It is, also, the headquarters of a Methodist Indian\n*The name \" Babine,\" French-Canadian in origin, means \"lippy\"and refers to the Indian\ncustom of piercing the lip with wood or bone,\nt Cunningham. Geography qf British Columbia.\n107\nMission. The population, with the exception of a dozen white families,\nconsists of eight hundred Indians. Like other places on the coast, it\nhas the disadvantage of an excessive rainfall.\nPortland Inlet has a triple head\n\u2014Portland Canal, Observatory Inlet,\nand Nass River. With the Nass the\nname of oolachan (candle-fish) is\nclosely connected. In March, a\nmonth earlier than they appear in\nthe Fraser, the oolachans enter the\nNass. A superstition is current\namong the Indians that snow always falls at this time in order to\nkeep clean any fish that might touch\nthe ground\u2014for their\nregard for the oolachan amounts almost\nto reverence. In addition to the use\nof the flesh as food, the fat is collected by steaming the fish with hot\nstones. When cold this fat looks\nlike lard, and is used in much the\nsame way. Done up in boxes, it is\nin great demand among Indians living as far east as the Rocky Mountains. Another use of the oolachan\nis to provide light. For this purpose\nstrings of them two yards long are dried in the sun. Such a\nstring, nailed to a board and lighted, burns like a torch, hence\nthe name \"candle-fish.\"\nAn Indian\nSuperstition.\nOOLACHANS TN A NET. 108\nGeography of British Columbia.\nNow we are at the portals of Alaska. From Portland\nCanal northward, British Columbia is shut off from the coast\nby a narrow strip of United States territory. Survey parties\nare in the field marking the boundary line determined by\nthe Alaskan Boundary Commission of 1903.\nThe Queen Charlotte Islands are about one hundred and\npg fifty in number. Of these Graham\nE ^^lSxM?s\" 111 and- Moresby are of most importance.\nI 1 Though known to be mineral-bearing\nsince 1852, they have received little\nattention up to the present, because\nso hard to reach.\nOff Queen Charlotte Islands are\n\/o the halibut banks. An average fish\niS\u00c9fiW M wei&ns sixty pounds, but specimens\noccur five to six feet in length and of\ntwo hundred pounds weight. Steamers\nengaged in deep-sea fishing convey\ntheir cargoes to Vancouver in four or five days. Ice preserves\nthe fish while on the steamer ; at Vancouver the\nhalibut is repacked and sent in cold storage to\neastern cities.\nWest of Queen Charlotte the black cod (or skil)\nis abundant. Though a delicious pan-fish, the skil is difficult to\npreserve. Too delicate to be transported fresh, it is too fat to dry\nand salt. Pickling has been tried but without complete success.\nThe pungent yellow cypress or cedar, which in southern\nBritish Columbia is not found at sea level, here descends to the\ncoast. Of great durability, the, wood commands a higher price\nQueen\nCharlotte\nIslands. Geography of British Columbia. 109\nthan either Douglas fir or red cedar. Spruce and hemlock also\nare common.\nSkidegate (Sk\u00efd'-e-g\u00e0t) Inlet is rich in resources, abounding\nin fish, timber and anthracite coal. The waters just outside its\nentrance are the greatest resort on the coast, so far as known, of\nthe dog fish. From spring to fall the fish are caught continu-\nously and oil extracted from their livers. While\n* ' the liver oil is fine in quality and useful for\nlubricating purposes, a coarser oil is obtained by\nsteaming the bodies of the fish in ^<^^%!Lr>.\u201e\nretorts. Massett is another inlet J0mi ^\"\u2022^v\nof importance and the site of a \/ tg^\nlarge Indian village. A\nThe Queen Charlotte natives\nare the Haidas, a clever tribe\nwith character-\nNatives of . ,- t .- v\nt - istics distinct\nfrom the Coast\nIndians, towards whom they\nhave always been war-like and\naggressive. Strangely enough, %\nthe women have red hair. .1\nTheir mode of burial resembles\nthe Peruvian. The dead are placed\nin boxes in a sitting posture. haida types.\nThe climate is milder than that of the coast of the opposite\nmainland. In winter the sky is nearly always overcast.\nThough there are areas suitable for agriculture, a light, sandy\nsoil prevails.\nW CHAPTER IV.\nGold Discovered\nin Atlin.\nATLIN.\nIn the autumn of 1898, through the discovery of gold, Atlin\ncame before the world's notice. Previously, it was only the\nhunting ground of the Taku-Teslin Indians.\nSo little was known about it, that during\nits first year as a mining camp, there was\nuncertainty as to whether it was in British Columbia, the\nNorth-West Territories, or Alaska. Now, in 1906, it is the\nforemost Placer Camp in British Columbia.\nIt is easily reached. Car Cross, a station on \" The White\nPass and Yukon Route,\" 68 miles from Skagway, is the railway divisional point. Twice a week during the summer a\nsteamer plying on Lake Tagish makes connection with the train.\nIn the early morning we arrive at Taku, the stopping place\nof the steamer. After two and a half miles of railway portage\nwe come to Lake Atlin, and another steamer conveys us to\nthe town of Atlin on the opposite side of the lake. It has\ntaken twenty-four hours to come from Skagway.\nAtlin Lake is the largest and, wo believe, the most\nbeautiful lake in the province. It is encircled by snow-clad\n-& l\u00c9Sy mountains, and out of its limpid\nThe largest I,ake , . . , , mi . .\n. ,\u00ab _ . waters rise many islands. Through its\nin the Province. ,_ . - Axl.x & . , 6\noutlet\u2014the Atnnto River\u2014it becomes\none of the head waters of the Yukon River. The lake\nno Geography of British Columbia.\nIll\nruns north and south. Midway on its eastern side, it receives\nthe water of Pine Creek, the Creek where the first gold was\ndiscovered.\nPine Creek and its tributaries, especially Spruce, Gold Run\nand Boulder, have been\nthe mainstay of Atlin.\nTraces of gold, however,\ncan be found in every\ncreek. Without doubt, as\nrich ground as any worked\nwill yet be located. Atlin\ngold is generally coarse and\nis worth about $16.00 an\n' ounce. The largest nugget\nfound weighed 48 ounces\nand was valued at $875.00.\nThe methods of mining followed may be placed under four\nheads: (1) Individual Placer Mining, (2) Hydraulicing, (3)\nDredging, (4) Steam-shovel.\nIn Individual Mining the gold-bearing gravel is handled with pick\nand shovel. When the gravel is thrown into sluice boxes, the gold\nbeing heavy sinks to the bottom arid is held between \"riffles,\" while\nthe \"tailings\" (i.e. the gravel without the gold) are\ndumped at the end of the boxes. When a \" clean-up \"\nis made, the water is turned off, and the riffles\u2014either\npoles or blocks\u2014are taken out. Then the material in the boxes is\n\"panned,\" that is, washed with a peculiar rotary motion in a shallow\niron pan. Gradually the pan is emptied of its contents until naught\nremains but black sand and gold. The black sand is got rid of by\nblowing and using a magnet. If the gold is fine, quicksilver is used\nto collect it.\nWhere gravel is moved by hand, the ground must be very rich in\ngold in order to pay more than wages. Hydraulicing is a manner of\nDREDGE at gold run.\nSluicing and\nPanning. 112 Geography of British Columbia.\nworking ground that would not pay the individual miner. Water\nunder high pressure is directed through a \" giant \" or steel pipe against\na bank of gravel. By the force of the water the bank is broken down\nand passes as a muddy stream through the sluice boxes.\nHYDRAULIC MTNIN\u00d4.\nBut hydraulicing has its drawbacks. There must be a good head\nof water and adequate dump. These are often impossible on flat land.\nIn that case dredging becomes a feasible method of working. The\ndredge works by electricity. A chain of buckets lifts the gravel and\ntumbles it into a revolving cylinder fitted with jets of water. Through\nholes in the cylinder, the finer material drops into sluice boxes, whereas\nthe boulders, too big for the holes, roll into chutes which dump them at\nthe side of the dredge.\nGround that is too hard, or that contains too many boulders, to be\ndredged successfully is worked by steam-shovel. When the shovel has\nfilled itself, it empties its load into dump-cars which convey the gravel\nto sluice-boxes.\nThe town of Atlin is charmingly situated on the lake front.\nThough here and there tents remain as relics of pioneer days, they\nhave in general been replaced by comfortable cabins and houses.\nThe public buildings are well built with a view to permanence.\nDelicacies as well as necessities are found in the shops, for bacon\nand beans no longer form the staple diet. In the gardens all the Geography of British Columbia.\n113\ncommon vegetables are raised. Indeed potatoes, turnips, carrots\nand cauliflower have a sweetness and lettuce a crispness that is\nunusual. Atlin is a relay station of the Dominion Telegraph.\nOn account of leakage of current along the line, messages\nfrom Ashcroft to Dawson are here strengthened.\nDog-\nMushing.\nNo better roads are to be found anywhere than those leading\nto the principal creeks. A rubber-tired carriage and spirited\nhorse\u2014for Atlin is quite civilized\u2014enable these roads to be\nenjoyed. In winter, dogs are more used than\nhorses. One in front of another, with the most\nsagacious as leader, they are harnessed to a.narrow\nsleigh. Without rein or whip they trot steadily along the trail\nat the rate of six miles an\nhour. The \"musher,\" or\ndriver, runs behind the\nsleigh. \" Mush \" is a corruption of the French word\nmarche, and means \"go\nahead.\"\nDOG team.\nThe summer though\nshort is warm and full of\nsunshine. In June there is no night, for the sun rises about\ntwo and sets toward ten. Between sunset and sunrise there is\nbright twilight. Winter weather is on the whole moderate.\nSo dry is the air that even intense cold is not much felt.\nThree to four feet is the ordinary depth of snow. Spring is\nrather a tedious season, because, though the snow goes off the\nground in April, the ice in the lake does not break up until May. 114\nGeography of British Columbia.\nBefore leaving Atlin we must visit the Llewellyn Glacier, so\nfar as known, the largest inland glacier on this continent. We go\nto the south end of the lake, and, following a rough trail\nTOWN OF ATLIN.\nThe largest\nInland Glacier.\nfrom the lakeside, emerge upon a flat covered with gravel and\nsand. At every step our feet sink into the loose soil. Now we\nhave gained the ice! By cutting out steps\nwe climb to its surface. The ice looks black.\nThat is on account of the powdered rock.\nThough the walking is good, we have to be on the lookout\nfor crevasses or rents in the ice. To fall into one of these means\ndestruction. Some of them are narrow, and we can jump\nacross; at other times we have to retrace our steps. Lying\nat the edge of one crevasse, we look down upon a waterfall\nof thirty feet, imprisoned in ice of a heavenly blue. Hours\npass as we walk, but the air is so exhilarating that we feel\nno fatigue. This glacier extends for sixty miles as one continuous ice-field, out of which rise isolated mountain peaks.\nThe Atlin Electoral District extends as far south as the\nStikine River, up which many an expedition tried to gain the\nKlondike in 1898. Telegraph Creek is the head of navigation, a\nHudson's Bay post, and a station of the Dominion Telegraph.\nFrom it a pack-trail goes to Dease Lake. On Dease River, a Geography of British Columbia.\n115\ntributary of the Liard River, gold-mining has been carried on for\nmany years. The Liard country contains thousands of acres\nnever yet looked upon by a white man. It, as well as Atlin,\nforms part of the Cassiar mining district.\nThe whole of this northern country abounds in game. There\nare moose and caribou; mountain sheep and mountain goat;\ngrizzly, cinnamon, brown, black, and silver-tip\nbears; wolves and wolverines; black, silver, and\nred foxes ; lynx and -marten. Of the countless\nducks, the mallards, teal and butter balls are considered least\nfishy. Blue, willow, and spruce grouse; geese, and ptarmigan,\ncomplete the list of game birds. In the lakes aire trout,\ngrayling and white fish.\nAnimals\nand Birds. CHAPTER V.\nNEW WESTMINSTER DISTRICT.\nThe New Westminster District comprises sixteen municipalities, two of them urban, namely Vancouver and New Westminster. Each rural municipality is governed by a reeve and\ncouncil; the\ncities by a\nmayor and\ncouncil.\nThe Fraser\nRiver is the\nlife-giving\nartery of the dis- 5*\ntrict. By it the rich \u00b0^\nsoil has been deposited, and to it come countless salmon.\nFarming, fishing and lumbering are the main industries.\nThough agriculture is general, it is pursued with special\nsuccess in Chilliwack, Langley, Delta and Richmond municipalities. Hay, oats, and barley are\nthe usual crops. Vegetables are superior in\nquality and size. Fruit culture is most successfully carried on at\nChilliwack, Maple Ridge, and Mission. The fruit includes apples,\n116\nU.S.TERRITORY\nFertility of the\nlyower Fraser. Geography of British Columbia. 117\npears, peaches, grapes, plums, prunes, and cherries. At Chilliwack hops are grown to perfection.\nThe soil consists of clay covered by an alluvial deposit. This\nalluvial deposit is made up of gravel, sand, and mud, mixed with\nhumus, and varies in depth from one to six feet. In Delta\nmunicipality, however, the alluvium is much deeper.\nDyking has been necessary to protect this fertile land from\nthe river and from the sea. The Chilliwack dyke, following\nthe Fraser and Chilliwack rivers for twelve to fifteen\nCostly mil cogt the provincial Government $250,000. Rich-\nDykes.\nmond and Delta have been dyked to keep out the sea,\nthe expense of the undertaking being borne by the municipalities. In all, about one hundred miles of dykes have been\nconstructed. The work is done by means of steam dredges\nwhich cut out broad ditches on the inside of the dyke. The\nmaterial thus cut out is thrown up in the form of an embankment very much like that prepared for a railroad. Sluices and\nopenings under and through the dyke provide for the drainage\nof the reclaimed land.\nThe fishing industry centres round Steveston and New Westminster. Steveston, situated on the south side of Lulu Island,\nhas in summer a population of over 4,000, made up of Chinese,\nJapanese, Indians, and Whites, engaged at the canneries and in\nfishing. In a good season, from six to eight weeks, enough\nmoney is made to allow a fisherman to be idle, if so disposed,\nduring the rest of the year. Indians leave sometimes with\n$1,800 in cash, and ordinarily with $500 to $1,000.\nFive varieties of salmon run in the Fraser River. These are\nSockeye, Spring, Coho, Dog, Humpback. The first three are used for\ncanning, but the sockeye, on account of its rich flavor and the deep Geography of British Columbia.\njtink color of its meat, is most prized. Dog salmon, though never\ncanned, is dry-salted and exported to Japan. Humpback,\nthe smallest variety, is not of much value. There is a\ndifference between Pacific and Atlantic salmon. The former\ngo up rivers and lakes to spawn, but die after depositing\ntheir ova. The latter, after spawning, return to the salt water.\nTo maintain the supply of fish, hatcheries have been established.\nSpawn taken from some lake stream is placed in especially designed\ncases at the hatchery. After the fry come out and have attained\nPISHING FLEET AT THE MOUTH OP THE FRASER RIVER.\nsufficient size, they are towards spring put in large boxes which are\nthen placed in different parts of the river.\nDuring the fishing period there is a weekly close-season of thirty-\nsix hours. What more engaging sight than that of the fleet as it\nrides out to the sand-heads on a Sunday evening ! At least two men\nare in each boat, one to throw the net, the other to pull the boat. The\nnets are very long, some of them 1,200 feet. One end, having a buoy\nattached to it, is thrown out to drift with the tide; the other end is Geography of British Columbia.\n119\nsecurely fastened to the boat. When the buoy sinks, the net is taken\nup. If it does not contain enough fish with which to\nPantrht \u00a3\u00b0 ^\u00b0 ^e canneiy> another \" drift \" is taken. The\nnet is supplied by that cannery to which the boat is\nbound to deliver. On arrival at the cannery the fish are counted by a\nmarker, \u2022 for the fisherman is paid for each fish he delivers. The\nprincipal fishing ground is the mouth of the Fraser River as far as the\nsand-heads ; but fishing is allowable as far up as Sumas River.\nOther fish frequent the Fraser. Sturgeon are taken at some of the\ncanneries, and the roe shipped as caviare. They are also sent East in\ncold storage. Oolachans and smelts are caught in large quantities and\npreserved by salting.\nThe chief logging camps are along the Lillooet and Stave\nrivers. Douglas fir and cedar logs are hauled to the streams by\nmeans of horses and steam railways, then rafted\ndown to the mills at New Westminster. In the form\nof planks, boards, and square timber they are sold at\nhome and abroad. The smaller timber is well fitted for piling,\nand finds a ready market in San Francisco.\nThe Fraser River is tidal as far as Harrison River, a distance\nof seventy miles. Formerly, Yale was the head of navigation, but\nnow, owing to the sediment brought down from th\u00e9 mountains or\nas a result of mining operations, the river has become so filled\nbetween Yale and Chilliwack, that deep-draught steamers do not\nrun above the latter place. Even below Chilliwack, bars are constantly forming which require to be dredged to keep the passage\nclear. Between forty arid fifty years ago, vessels drawing twenty\nfeet of water went up to the Hudson's Bay fort at Langley\nto load salted salmon. At the present time, vessels of that\ndraught can go only to New Westminster, sixteen miles farther\ndown the river.\nhogging\nCamps. 120\nGeography of British Columbia.\nPRASER R\u00cfVKR BRIDGE, NEW WESTMINSTER.\nMagnificent\nBridge.\nA steel truss bridge, built by the province at a cost of one\nmillion dollars, spans the Fraser at New Westminster. The\nsubstructure consists of nine granite piers resting on a foundation of concrete and piles. Great\nsolidity is required to stand the strain during\nseasons of freshet. The bridge has two decks, the lower one for\nrailways, the upper for vehicles. Over it pass Great Northern\nRailway trains from Blaine (on the American side), from Port\nGuichon, and from Vancouver.\nAgassiz is the site of a Dominion experimental farm and the\nstarting place for Harrison Hot Springs.\nMission is a Canadian Pacific Railway junction, from which a\nbranch line runs to Seattle.\nLadner's Landing is the shipping-place for the Delta.\nNew Westminster\u2014the \"Royal City\"\u2014was the capital of\nBritish Columbia until 1866, the year of union with Vancouver\nIsland. It is superbly situated on terraced ground on the right bank\nof the Fraser, in full view of Baker and Rainier mountains. Since Geography of British Columbia.\nthe great fire of 1898, when a space six blocks long and four blocks\nwide was devastated, the business part of the city has been rebuilt.\nThe city's water supply is brought fifteen miles from\nThe Great\n\u201e. Coquitlam lake at a head of 400 feet. In July and\nAugust, all along the water front, canneries are running\nto their full capacity. The leading factories are for the making of\nboxes and cans. An inter-urban electric line provides an hourly\nservice with Vancouver.\nFriday is market day. Farmers come fifteen to twenty miles with\ntheir produce, and thither dealers from Nanaimo, Victoria, Vancouver\nand local centres repair to make their purchases.\nThe Royal City has an insane asylum capable of housing 500\ninmates ; it has also a penitentiary and a jail. The penitentiary\nis controlled by the Department of Justice, Ottawa ; the jail and the\nasylum by the Provincial Government.\n4Mi-\"=?!5j^^\nVANCOUVER HARBOR.\nVancouver is the Terminal City of the Canadian Pacific Railway\nand the commercial metropolis of British Columbia. Since the laying\nof its foundations in 1885, it has grown to be a city of 55,000\npeople, and its full growth is not yet attained. 122\nGeography of British Columbia.\nVancouver's\nShipping Trade.\nThe entrance to Vancouver harbor is known as \"The Narrows.\"\nThe harbor is all that could be desired\u2014land-locked, roomy and of\ngreat depth. The wharves and freight sheds that extend for a\nmile along the water front denote the importance\nof the shipping. Trade with the Orient steadily\nincreases. Steamers from China, Japan, Australia,\nCalifornia, and Alaska are often in port at the same time. The\nrailway station, substantially built of stone and brick, is within\neasy access to the wharves. \u00ef&\u00c8ir\nThe lumber and shingle mills on Burrard Inlet and False Creek are\nthe most complete of their kind. At the sugar refinery, raw sugar\nfrom Java, Fiji Islands, and South America, is purified. Foundries\n,and machine shops are numerous. Shipbuilding yards are growing\nin importance.\nPaved and boulevarded streets, fine houses and gardens mark the\nresidential section. Handsome business blocks are built on Granville,\nHastings, and Cordova Streets. The Coast mountains on the opposite\nside of the Inlet, afford a beautiful setting to this young seaport city.\nStanley Park, named-in honor of the Governor-General who performed the opening ceremonies, is Vancouver's chief pleasure resort.\nIt forms a peninsula of which Brockton Point is the apex. The\nseven-mile drive along the shore line is one continual feast\nof pleasure. Out of mountains, water, and forest an endless combination of beautiful pictures is furnished. For\nlarge ferns and gigantic trees the park is justly famous. The big trees,\n300 feet high, are Douglas firs.\nVancouver has a speedy car service, a mountain water supply,\nand an efficient sewerage system. Money has been lavishly spent in\nbuilding good school houses. Here the McGill University College\nof British Columbia is established. A Provincial Normal School\nprovides for the training of High School graduates who intend to\nmake a profession of teaching. CHAPTER VI.\nYALE DISTRICT.\nThe District of Yale contains five important valleys:\u2014\nThompson, Nicola, Similkameen, Okanagan, Kettle. Its\na resources are mainly agricultural and mineral.\nand Mineral \"^s ^ ^es amios^ wholly within the dry belt its\nYale. climate is exceptionally fine.\nBy Canadian Pacific\nRailway we\nemerge from\nthe New Westminster D i s-\ntrict. Following the canyon\nof the Fraser,\nwe at length\nstop at Yale\nStation. Within sight, are\nthe fine build-\ning and the\nwell -kept\ngrounds of a\ngirls' school\nconducted by\nMap of\nYale\nDistrict.\n123 124\nGeography of British Columbia.\nMild\nClimate,\nan Anglican Sisterhood. Above Yale all the \" bars \" or shallow\nplaces in the river were worked in the fifties for gold. Since\nthat time Indians and Chinese have, year after year, mined in\nthe same places by means of rockers.\nAt Lytton* the railway departs from the Fraser to follow\nits tributary, the Thompson. However, by waggon road we may\nfollow the Fraser from Lytton to Lillooet, a distance of\nforty-six miles. Many fine ranches lie along this route.\nSo mild is the climate that grapes, watermelons,\ntomatoes, and sweet potatoes can be raised. Three miles from\nLytton there is an industrial school for Indian boys where\npractical farming is taught. For several years gold-dredging\nin the Fraser has been tried. Heretofore, coping with boulders\nhas been the main obstacle in the way of success.\nSpence's Bridge is the station where connection is made\nwith the Nicola and Similkameen stage. The drive to Nicola\nLake is 45 miles; and to Princeton, situated at the junction of\nthe Similkameen and Tulameen rivers, 110 miles. Cattle raising\nis at present the chief industry both in Nicola and Similkameen.\nBut immense possibilities centre in the coal beds that underlie\nthe Nicola valley. In view of the great smelt-\nr i -Q fi m& industry which is being built up in the Yale\nDistrict, it will probably not be long before railway communication is obtained with Nicola, that her coal area\nmay be developed. No less keenly felt is the need for a railway\nin the Similkameen, where gold, copper, platinum and other\nminerals are found, but where mining is retarded because of\npoor transportation. In both valleys conditions are favorable\nfor fruit culture. Geography of British Columbia.\n125\nResuming our railway journey from Spence's Bridge, we\ncome to Ashcroft, important as the cattle-shipping point of the\ngrazing districts to the north. As we shall have to return to\nAshcroft if we wish to make our way into Lillooet and\nCariboo, we now pass on to Kamloops* at the forks of the\nNorth and South Thompson. By ranching, mining, trading, and\ntrapping, the city of Kamloops has attained its present\nimportance. Among its public buildings of more than\nlocal interest, are a jail and\nan old-man's home. It has\nsun s bine the year round,\nlittle rain, and mild, short\nwinters, and is thus a resort\nof health - seekers. On the\noutlying ranges are about\n40,000 head of cattle. The whole country north of\nKamloops for a hundred miles, is rich in gold and\nsilver. Deposits of copper, iron, quicksilver, and\ncoal have been more or less opened up.\nFollowing the shore of the beautiful Shuswap Lake we come\nto Sicamous, and there take the Shuswap and Okanagan railway\nin order to reach the greatest wheat producing\narea in British Columbia\u2014the Okanagan. Ender-\nby, on the Shuswapf River, has a mill where\nwheat, not only of the valley but of the region about Moose\nJaw, in the Province of Saskatchewan, is turned into flour. A\n* Kamloops is an Indian word meaning the \"meeting of the waters.\"\nf Formerly known as the Spallumcheen river.\nASHCROFT.\nA Health\nResort.\nGreat\nWheat Belt. 126\nGeography of British Columbia.\nday's output, when the mill is running to its full capacity,\nis two hundred and fifty barrels. Armstrong, 15 miles from\nEnderby, though small, is an important and busy town. Under\nthe co-operative system the farmers run their own flour mill and\nbutter factory.\nBetween Enderby and Armstrong the country is comparatively flat and the soil is for the most part a clay loam. The\nfarms therein situated are of moderate size. One of them,\nwhich will serve as a type, contains about 1,400 acres. Of this\namount 600 acres are arable. Timber and meadow lands make\nup the balance. All the wheat is fall sown, and the average\nyield is thirty to thirty-five bushels an acre. Two hundred\nsheep, eighty head of cattle, seventy-five horses, and one\nhundred hogs comprise the live stock. Coyotes are troublesome to sheep, the bounty of two dollars a head not serving\nto reduce their number.\nYernon, prettily situated and the terminus of the railway,\nis the most populous town in the Okanagan. Between it and\nArmstrong the country is rolling and made up of bush and\nwheatlands. Here are the big ranches, some containing 14,000\nacres. On a ranch of such size about a thousand head of cattle\nare kept, and approximately 600 tons of wheat\ngrown. These large holdings are a detriment to\nthe valley. Gradually they are being broken up\ninto smaller holdings, which can be more completely cultivated\nwithout their owners being at the mercy of laborers.\nSouth of Yernon there stretches an extensive fruit belt in\nwhich Coldstream and Kelowna are the largest producers. In\norder that fruit raising may be carried on with profit, great care\nVernon's\nBig Ranches Geography of British Columbia.\n127\nis required. Given the right location as to soil and temperature,\norchards must be thoroughly drained, cultivated, and fertilized.\nThe fruit planted ought to be suitable to the locality,\u2014only\nA ** ROUND-UP.\nFruit\nRaising\nafter practical tests can the best varieties be determined.\nFrequent and careful spraying are necessary to keep the trees\nclean and free from pests. There should also be\njudicious pruning, that the trees may be kept in\ngood shape and their fruitfulness insured. The Coldstream ranch, five miles from Yernon, is the property of Lord\nAberdeen. Many acres are set out with apple, pear, and apricot\ntrees. Hops are grown with success and in ever increasing\namount. . The hills that flank the ranch are used as ranges\nfor cattle.\nA steamer runs on Okanagan Lake, making calls, among\nother places, at Kelowna, Peaehland, and Penticton.\nKelowna is the centre of the Mission Valley, devoted to fruitgrowing and mixed farming. Sufficient fruit is raised to export to the 128 Geography of British Columbia.\nKootenays and to Alberta. In Kelowna there is a plant for the making\nof evaporated fruits; a cigar factory, in which the tobacco used is\nhome-grown; and a pork-packing establishment.\nPeaehland is on the opposite side of the lake. Thither the fine\nclimate has attracted many retired farmers from the North-west Provinces. As the name implies, the land is favorable for peach-growing.\nPenticton, at the south end of the lake, is the starting-place of\nstages into the Boundary. From it, also, a road goes to the mining\ncamps in Similkameen.\nThe Boundary is that country, between the divide of the\nOkanagan and the divide of the Columbia, drained by the\nKettle River. The drive from Penticton to\nGreenwood is 83 miles, but we need not enter\nthe Boundary by stage. We cau go to it by railway, not,\nhowever, from the Okanagan. The Columbia and Western\nRailway, a branch of the Canadian Pacific, runs from Robson\nin Kootenay to Midway in the Boundary; while a branch of\nthe Great Northern Railway goes to Grand Forks.\nWithin ten years the Boundary has advanced from obscurity to being the largest producer of copper in Canada.\nWere it not for cheap mining and smelting, Boundary ore\nwould be of too low grade to be profitably worked. But it is\nmined largely from open quarries by means of steam shovels,\nand smelted on a large scale in huge furnaces, all at small cost.\nGrand Forks and Greenwood are the chief cities. The\nformer is well situated at the junction of the Kettle River and\n\u2022 4 . \u201e A its North Fork, in a fertile valley favorable to\nChief Towns. ,, ,, \u00ab \u00ab ., , ,,\nthe growth ot fruit, vegetables, and gram.\nNear it, is the Granby Smelter, with a capacity for treating\n2,000 tons of ore a day. A Bessemer plant converts the forty- Geography of British Columbia.\n129\nfive per cent copper matte into a ninety-nine per cent blister\ncopper.* Up to the present there is no refinery in Canada foi\nextracting the gold and silver values. For refining, the blister\ncopper is sent to the United States.\nPhoenix is purely a mining town with the Granby mines on its\noutskirts. A railway spur to Eholt connects it with the Columbia and\nWestern.\n*The marketable product of copper smelting.\nHARVESTING TTST VERNON, m\nCHAPTER VII.\nA Coach-\nand-Four.\nLILLOOET.\u2014CARIBOO.\nOne summer morning before dawn, the Cariboo\nstands in front of the door of the Express Office at Ashcroft.\nSoon the coach-and-f our is clattering across\nthe Thompson River bridge, and with\nmany a sharp turn takes us up the\nriver terraces. On the light-colored, sandy-looking\nsoil nothing is growing but sage-brush and\nwormwood. Though seemingly barren, the\nsoil requires only water to\nmake it fertile. Proof\nof this is afforded at Cache\nCreek, where there are vegetable gardens from which\npotatoes and onions are taken\nto Ashcroft to be shipped by\nthe carload.\nAfter driving fifteen miles\nwe pass from the District\nof Yale into that of Lillooet.\nFrom Hat Creek a branch\nroad runs to the town of J^m\nLillooet. Perhaps in early days, when it was the base >of\nsupplies for the Cariboo gold diggings, this little town enjoyed\n130\nCARIBOO WAGGON ROAD. Geography of British Columbia.\n131\nChinese as\nButter-makers.\ngreater prosperity than now. The quartz and the placer\nmining on Bridge River, and the gold dredging near at hand\nin the Fraser, promote its present welfare.\nNorthward from Clinton, the chief town in the Lillooet\nDistrict, the main Cariboo road crosses a plateau, then by four\nhills it descends into the valley of Lac La Hache. Whereas up\nto this point the settled portions of land have been long distances\napart, along Lac La Hache farm adjoins farm. Dairying is the\nprincipal occupation of the people, all the\nbutter made being easily disposed of in the\nmining region to the north. Chinese are\nfrequently the butter-makers as well as the general farm\nlaborers. They are old residents, for they came from California\nwhen the white miners came, upon learning of the discovery\nof gold. Not only do they mine and farm, but also \" freight.\"\nAs there is no railway, goods have to be delivered by freight\nwaggons, large canvas-covered vans drawn by six or eight\nhorses. So large and profitable a business is by no means\nwholly in the hands of Chinese. They freight only for their\nown countrymen.\nThe divisional point for Horsefly and Bullion is 150-Mile-\nHouse. Though gold was discovered in the Horsefly country\nin 1859, it was not found in such quantities as to hold men\nin the face of richer strikes made farther north. Though\nwell-nigh abandoned, the Horsefly was never wholly so. On\nthe very ground where the first gold was taken out, an\nHydraulic Company is now operating. But the hard character\nof the gravel, poor dump, and difficulty in obtaining labor\nhave retarded development. 132\nGeography of British Columbia.\nThe road from 150-Mile-House to Bullion passes through a\nSparsely settled section well fitted for stock-raising. Even at\nan altitude of 3,000 feet, farming is successful. This is evident\nfrom the fields of fine oats we see at Big Lake.\nGreatest Bullion is purely a mining camp. Its cluster of\nM. houses, comprising offices, store, bunk houses,\nboarding house, hospital, shops and stables, form\nthe neatest little settlement in Cariboo. On account of the\nlarge extent of high-grade gravels and the magnitude of the\nhydraulic plant, Bullion surpasses all other properties of its\nkind on the continent. A visit to the camp garden reveals\nalmost every kind of vegetable. Wild fruits also abound\u2014\nstrawberries, raspberries, cranberries, blueberries, huckleberries,\nservice berries, and soap berries. The last mentioned are very\nbitter and used by Indians as a tonic. When stirred in a bowl\nthey froth like soapy water, hence the name.\nAbout the month of August, Pacific salmon, which have\ncome up the Fraser and Quesnel rivers, arrive at Quesnel Lake,\nfour miles from Bullion. Recently a fish-ladder has been made,\nto enable them to get above the dam at the lower end of the\nlake, because formerly the salmon were so tired out by their\nlong journey of about seven hundred miles up stream that-\nthey could not make headway against, the swift water coming\nthrough the sluice gates. Baffled again and again in their\nefforts, they at length died of exhaustion.\nFrom Quesnel Forks, a small settlement at the junction of\nthe north and south forks of the Quesnel River, a trail leads\nto Barkerville by way of Keithley Creek. The journey to\nBarkerville would be much shortened by taking this route, and, Geography of British Columbia.\n133\nmoreover, there would be the satisfaction of following in the\nfootsteps of the men who discovered Barkerville Creeks; nevertheless the stage returns to 150-Mile-House and continues by\nthe main Cariboo road.\nDown grade we go to Soda Creek, the next stopping place\nand the first point of contact of the road with the Fraser\nRiver. Here a wire rope ferry gives access to Chilcotin, one\nof the best grazing districts in the province. Another mode\nof entry is from 150-Mile-House by ferrying the Fraser at the\nmouth of Chimney Creek. Extensive meadow lands lie on\neither side of the Chilcotin River. Bunch grass provides feed\nfor large herds of cattle, and the climate is so tempered by\nChinook winds that the animals do not need shelter in winter. 134\nGeography of British Columbia.\nThe Fraser is navigable from Soda Creek to Quesnel, a\ndistance of sixty miles. So strong is the current that while\nthe stern-wheel steamer takes nine hours to make the trip up\nstream, the return is made in one-quarter of that time.\nPrecipitous banks, wooded to the top, border the river. When\nnavigation closes, the stage runs through to Quesnel, passing\non its way fine cattle ranches and farms. The altitude is\nsufficiently low to admit of wheat being ripened. At Quesnel\nthere is a floui* mill with all modern appliances, also a lumber\nmill. The timber is mainly fir, the largest trees measuring\nabout forty inches in girth, twelve feet from the stump.\nWell-stocked stores indicate that Quesnel is the base of supplies for a wide area.\nThe last section of the road is from Quesnel to Barkerville. Up, up we climb until we reach a summit of 5,000\nfeet, and the famous Lightning Creek comes in sight. Tailings, old timbers, and falling cabins tell us that here in years\ngone by hundreds ^gg\u00a7f|| H^fe^\nDeep Gravel \u00bb i j jdk \u00c8\u00c9*.\n* of men worked\nMining. .,T . , ,\nwith pick and\nshovel. But Lightning Creek is\nnot wholly deserted. Mining still\ngoes on, though the modern ^\nmethod differs from that of early\ndays. By boring, it has been discovered that below the thirty feet\nof surface-gravel worked by the old miners, there is a stratum\nof clay about seventy feet thick, beneath which are other\ngravels carrying gold. To work these deep gravels a shaft is\nCARIBOO CAMERON S Geography of British Columbia.\n135\nsunk to bed-rock, that the gravel may be hoisted to the\nsurface for sluicing. Deep gravel mining is likewise carried\non at Slough Creek and Willow River.\nOn the fourth day after leaving Ashcroft, the stage arrives at\nBarkerville, the end of the Cariboo Waggon Road. This road is\n280 miles long, and was originally longer, for it began at Yale.\nAs is well known, it was built in the time of Governor Douglas\nand was rendered necessary by the influx of miners in the opening\nsixties. To keep it in good repair, thousands of dollars are spent\nannually. Barkerville is situated among mountains, itself at an\naltitude of 4,000 feet, too high up for either vegetables or fodder\nto be grown. One long straggling street that runs by Williams\nCreek comprises the town. Williams, the richest creek in\nCariboo, has already produced $20,000,000. Nor has all the\ngold yet been taken out. Balsam, tamarac, spruce and pine\nare the timber trees.\nend of the stage line, a big northern\nIt is the New Caledonia of the early\nFrom Quesnel one may go by trail to\nmany a Hudson's Bay trading post established a\ncentury ago and still occupied to maintain the\ntrade in furs. Buffalo and elk are extinct, but marten, lynx,\nmink, otter, beaver, fox, bear, moose and caribou are plentiful.\nThe caribou or reindeer has an excellent food in the lichen\nthat hangs in threadlike masses from trees. In the sixties,\nthe Hudson's Bay forts were enlivened by the coming of\nprospectors who by hundreds drifted up from Barkerville\nand the Fraser River. As a result of the prospecting, gold\nwas discovered in the Omineea, the country north of Fort St.\nThough this is the\ncountry lies beyond.\nexplorers.\nNew\nCaledonia 136\nGeography of British Columbia.\nJames. By 1871 there were 1,200 people in Omineea, and the\noutput for the year was $400,000.\nLakes and mountains make up so large a portion of New\nCaledonia that the productive area is limited. Yet there are\nmany tracts suitable for agriculture and cattle raising. The\ngardens at the forts prove that .vegetables and grain can be\n__ __^^ grown. Summer frosts are prevalent,\nS^w but these will probably disappear\nJ\\ as the country becomes settled.\nSettlement is out of the question,\nhowever, until a railway is built\nand with it roads and trails made\nto connect.\nPart of this vast area will be\nopened up by the Grand Trunk\nPacific Railway which will enter\nthe province by the Yellowhead\nPass. Thence by following the\nFraser, Nechacco, Bulkley and\nSkeena rivers a water-grade can be\nmaintained to the coast.\nPeopling New Caledonia are about\n5,000 Indians called the Western D\u00e9n\u00e9s, among whom for\nmany years Oblate Missionaries have labored. At Fort St.\nJames there is a prosperous Mission. Stuart Lake, on which\nthe Fort is situated, is a beautiful expanse of water, surrounded\nby lofty hills, and with the Rocky Mountains in plain view.\nSalmon and sturgeon are found in its waters.\nBARKERVILLE. Kootenay\nDistrict.\n(BflW***-\nCHAPTER VIII.\nkootenay district.\n1. Columbia River Valley. 2. Kootenay River Valley.\nThe District of Kootenay occupies the south-eastern corner\nof the province. In shape it is a triangle, with the International\nBoundary as base and with its apex just above the \"big bend\"\nof the Columbia River. The Selkirk range of mountains\nbisects it lengthwise into East and West Divisions. East\n137 138\nGeography of British Columbia.\nKootenay differs from the Western Division in containing\nextensive coal deposits and a considerable amount of land fit\nfor cultivation. Too mountainous for agricultural lands, West\nKootenay is almost entirely devoted to gold-copper and silver-\nlead mining.\nThe Columbia River, with its tributaries, drains both\nDivisions. Taking its rise in Columbia Lake, situated in the\nvalley between the Rocky and Selkirk Mountains, it flows\nnorthward past Windermere and Golden. The Windermere\ncountry contains many fine farms and affords good pasturage\nfor cattle. Timber, consisting of fir, tamarac, pine and cedar,\nis plentiful ; and the mineral prospects are good. A waggon\nroad extends from Cranbrook on the south to Golden on the north. I\nGolden, at the junction of the Kicking Horse River and\nthe Columbia, may be called the first Canadian Pacific Railway\nstation in British Columbia, because the intervening\nstations between it and the Rocky Mountains\ncome within the boundaries of the Canadian\nNational Park. It is chiefly a distributing centre.\nLumbering, a little mining and stock-raising are carried on in\nits neighborhood. Below Golden the railway for a space\nparallels the Columbia. Then while the former makes its way\nthrough the Selkirks by Roger's Pass and the Illecillewaet\nRiver, the latter continues its course to the north until with a\ngigantic swerve the \" big bend \" is formed and the direction of\nthe stream is reversed. Railway and river come together again\nat Revelstoke. The Big Bend attracted thousands of miners\nin the sixties and produced in its best year about $5,000,000.\nPlacer mining still goes on, though not to the same extent.\nGolden,\nand the\nBig Bend. Geography of British Columbia. 139\nNorth and west, there is a large mica-bearing belt, but the\nexpense of production, where everything has to be packed\nin or out on mules' backs, is too great to permit of its development. In addition to minerals, there are agricultural lands,\nsome of which, however, are subject to overflow during\nhigh water.\nKICKING HORSE CANON, C.P.R.\nRevelstoke is a supply centre and divisional point. It\nspreads over a large area, for around the railway station a\ntown has grown up a mile and a half away from the\nold town. Workshops for the Pacific Division\nof the railroad are here on a large scale. In\nWorkshops.\nthem we see huge engines that have been smashed\nin snow-slide or in collision, awaiting repairs. From Revel- 140\nGeography of British Columbia.\nstoke a railway spur runs south to Arrowhead, where close\nconnection is made with the lake steamers.\nEast of Arrowhead is the Lardeau section, including Fish\nRiver and Trout Lake. Though this has long been recognized\na,s a mineral-bearing region, development was slow, until the\nWASHING GOLD.\ndiscovery of rich gold quartz near Poplar Creek, attracted\nboth men and capital. Improved means of travel being desirable, a railway has been built from Lardeau, on Kootenay Lake,\nto the lower end of Trout Lake. Thence by steamer and\nwaggon road the way is open to Arrowhead.\nThe Arrow lakes, two in number, are long and narrow.\nAs mountains rise abruptly from the shores, there is little\nland fit for cultivation except what may be at the mouth of\ncreeks flowing into the lakes, in the flats along the shores, or\nin the loamy slopes that here and there form the base of the\nmountains. Such fertile patches would be insignificant were Geography of British Columbia. 141\nit not for the value lent them by the extreme ruggedness of\nthe country and by the large mining population to be supplied\nwith fruit and vegetables. From Halcyon Hot Springs, a\nfavorite resort of Kootenay people, we steam ahead to Nakusp,\nwhere the steamers required for the Columbia River and Arrow\nLake service are built. These are fine boats of three decks,\nluxuriously furnished.\nNakusp is the terminal of a railway that taps the chief\nsilver-lead district in Kootenay, namely the Slocan, situated on\nthe eastern side of Slocan Lake, with Sandon as its centre.\nIt is in the slate which comprises the country rock over an area of\nabout one hundred square miles that the principal bodies of galena, or\nsulphide of lead, occur. South of the slate formation is the\n\u201e. \" dry ore '' belt, i.e., a granite formation containing quartz\nveins high in silver. Actual mining began in the Slocan in\n1891. After ten years of advancement there came a falling off in production owing to depression of the lead market and the low price\noffered for silver. Under the stimulus of a bounty granted by the\nDominion Government, for five years, on every ton of lead mined and\nsmelted in Canada, mines that have been shut down are being re-opened.\nThe Slocan is exceedingly mountainous. Because near the tops of\nmountains, rocks are more exposed than at lower levels, outcrops of ore\nhave usually been discovered at high altitudes. This has not been a\ndisadvantage ; for ore so situated can be mined by running tunnels, a\nmethod cheaper than that of sinking a shaft, inasmuch as expensive\nmachinery is not required.\nIn addition to the railway from Nakusp to Sandon, there is\na narrow-gauge line between Sandon and Kaslo. An outlet to\nthe south is provided by a steamer that runs on Slocan Lake,\nconnecting at Slocan City with a railway to Slocan Junction,\nhalf way between Nelson and Robson. 142\nGeography of British Columbia.\nFrom Nakusp there is an unbroken run down Lower Arrow\nLake to Robson, where two trains are waiting, one bound for\nNelson, the other for Rossland. We choose\nCS\u00d9\u00ebS^^' the latter because as far as Trail it follows\n~^9 WS\u00ca\u00ca\u00ca\u00ca tne Columbia River. On approaching Trail a\n;' -:~ group of buildings painted black may be seen.\n0\/cjj BlpllBdl These, covering a space of forty-five acres,\n^BSHlSBiW are ^e ^ar^es^ lead-copper reduction works\nin Canada. Refined silver and pig lead are\nproduced and a plant has been installed for\nthe manufacture of\nlead pipe.\nAs the crow\nflies, Rossland is\nabout five miles\nfrom Trail, but it\nis so much higher\nin elevation that\nthe railway, in its\nswitchback ascent,\ncovers double the\ndistance.\nSMELTER.\nIn 1894 the Rossland mining camp began active production. At\nthe close of ten years its total yield in gold, silver, and\ncopper amounted to $26,000,000, gross value. The chief\ncontributing mine has been \" Le Roi.\" And next to it in\nWar Eagle \" and \" Centre Star.\"\nRossland's\nOutput.\noutput, the\nA study of the rocks has shown that the city of Rossland Geography of British Columbia.\n143\nstands on the neck or central area of an old volcano. The\nore veins that are being exploited are above the town on the\nside of Red Mountain, not in the neck of the volcano but near\nits edge. The greatest depth so far reached in mining is 1,600\nA short distance beyond Trail the Columbia River crosses the\nInternational Boundary and makes its way to the Pacific Ocean\nthrough the State of Washington. The Le Roi smelter at Northport,\na few miles south of the boundary line, obtains almost all its ore\nfrom Rossland, with which place it is connected by the Red Mountain\nRailroad.\nThe Kootenay River rises in the Rocky Mountains, not far\nfrom the headwaters of the Columbia. Indeed so near do\nthese two rivers come that at Canal Flat they are separated\nby a low divide only one-quarter of a mile in width.\n~)\u00b0 enay The canal constructed across the divide, to divert\nthe water of Kootenay River into the Columbia,\nis closed by order of the Government; for the reason that, as\nthe Kootenay flows in part through United States, the diversion of the stream was likely to give rise to international\ncomplications. Throughout its length of 113 miles, from Canal\nFlat to Tobacco Plains, the Kootenay is navigable; and if the\ncanal were open, a steamer could go all the way from Tobacco\nPlains to Golden. When it becomes more widely known how\nfertile is the land of the upper Kootenay Yalley, settlers cannot\nfail to be attracted.\nBefore the coming of the Southern Railway, Fort Steele\non the left bank of the Kootenay, midway between Canal Flat\nand Tobacco Plains, was an important town. Since 1864,\nplacer mining has been carried on in its vicinity. Thither, to 144\nGeography of British Columbia.\nCrowsnest Pass\nCoal Mines.\naccommodate the early miners and to keep their gold from going\nacross the line, the Dewdney Trail was constructed from Yale.\nThe valley known as Tobacco Plains is fertile and sparsely\nsettled. Years ago it was employed by the Hudson's Bay\nCompany as a winter range for their horses. From it a trail\nleads to the petroleum fields of the Flathead. Another trail\ninto the same oil region starts at Elko. Both are well-worn\npaths used by the Kootenay Indians when they went to hunt\nbuffaloes east of the Rockies. The principal seepage of oil,\nso far as known, is at Sage Creek where, near a spring of\nwater, several pools are covered with a thick dark-green oil.\nThe British Columbia Southern, or\nCrowsnest Pass Railway, crosses Southern\nKootenay from east to west. In 1897,\nsimultaneously with\nrailroad construction\nwork, coal mining\nwas started in the\nregion of the Crowsnest Pass. When\nthe railway reached\nCoal Creek, several\nthousand tons of\ncoal were ready for\nshipment. Besides\nthe colliery at Coal\nCreek there are those at Michel and Morrissey. A fan estimate\nof the extent of the coal fields is two hundred and thirty\nsquare miles. One-half of the coal produced is made into\ncoke at Fernie, Michel and Morrissey.\nTIPPLE AND COKE OVENS AT MICHEL. Geography of British Columbia.\n145\nThe coke ovens are built of fire brick, in double rows, with supporting walls of masonry. A railway runs along the top of each battery.\nOver it cars are hauled to charge the ovens with slack coal, through a\ncircular hole at the top. For about seventy-two hours the coal is\nburned, that is, the gases are driven off. Almost pure carbon is left\nbehind. When drawn from the oven the coke is firm and has a\nmetallic lustre.\nThe City of Fernie, in the heart of the coal area, is the\nmost important place in East Kootenay. Into it Great Northern trains run. Thus two railways give markets to the coal\nfields for their products.\nCranbrook, farther west, situated on a prairie and within\nview of the Selkirks and Rockies, ranks next to Fernie in importance. It is a lumbering centre and has the railway workshops. From it a railway runs to the lead and silver mines of\nKimberley.\nThe chief lead producer in Canada is the St. Eugene silver-\nlead mine at Moyie. By means of machinery the ore is sorted\nin a huge concentrator, the largest in the\nprovince, and shipped as concentrates.\nAfter leaving Moyie the British Columbia\nSouthern passes through the Goat River mineral section to\nKootenay Landing, its terminus, whence a steamer runs all\nthe year round to Nelson.\nWhen we parted with the Kootenay River at Tobacco\nPlains we did so with the expectation of meeting it again,\nafter it had passed through the States of Montana and Idaho.\nUpon recrossing the boundary line the river expands into\nKootenay Lake, then issues from the west arm of the lake to\njoin its old neighbor, the Columbia. The confluence of the\ntwo streams is at Robson.\nMoyie\nSilver-lead Mine. 146\nGeography of British Columbia.\nNelson, on the west arm, is the third city in importance in\nthe province. In 1886 ore was accidentally discovered on\nToad Mountain, so in the following year, the townsite of Nelson\nwas located. The Hall Mines smelter was built for the treatment of copper-silver, but latterly its work has been confined\nto lead ores. Nelson is well built and beautifully situated. By\nrailway or steamer it is in close touch with the rest of\nKootenay and also with the Boundary. Southward is the\nYmir Camp, where the ore is chiefly free milling gold, and\nwhere the largest stamp mill in the province is to be found.\nEastward are orchards along the west arm as far as Procter;\nand westward, in the. Kootenay River, are the Bonnington\nFalls, which supply Trail, Rossland and Nelson with light\nand power.\nBONNINGTON FALLS, KOOTENAY RIVER. APPENDIX.\nDISTRICTS.\nBritish Columbia is divided for political purposes into Electoral and\nFederal Districts ; for judicial purposes, into Counties. There are in addition\nschool districts, mining and land divisions. From time to time the boundaries\nof the Districts are rearranged, the convenience of the people affected and the\n. geographical features being, as a rule, the determining factors in the rearrangement.\nA.\nelectoral districts.\n1.\nAlberni.\n13.\nGrand Forks.\n25.\nRichmond.\n2.\nAtlin.\n14.\nGreenwood.\n26.\nRossland.\n3.\nCariboo.\n15.\nIslands.\n27.\nSaanich.\n4.\nChilliwack.\n16.\nKamloops.\n28.\nSimilkameen.\n5.\nColumbia.\n17.\nKaslo.\n29.\nSkeena.\n6.\nComox.\n18.\nLillooet.\n30.\nSlocan.\n7.\nCowichan.\n19.\nNanaimo.\n31.\nVancouver City.\n8.\nCranbrook.\n20.\nNelson.\n32.\nVictoria.\n9.\nDelta.\n21.\nNewcastle.\n33.\nYale.\n10.\nDewdney.\n22.\nNew Westminster.\n34.\nYmir.\n11.\nEsquimalt.\n23.\nOkanagan.\n12.\nFernie.\n24.\nRevelstoke.\n147 148\nAppendix.\nB.\nfederal districts.\nCOUNTIES.\n1. Atlin.\n1. Comox-Atlin.\n2. Cariboo.\n2. Nanaimo.\n3. Nanaimo.\n3. New Westminster.\n4. Kootenay.\n4. Kootenay.\n5. Vancouver.\n5. Vancouver City.\n6. Victoria.\n6. Victoria City.\n7. Westminster.\n7. Yale-Cariboo.\n8. Yale.\npopulation of cities and towns.\n1st class\u2014Vancouver\nVictoria . . .\n2nd class\u2014New Westminster\nNanaimo . . . .\nNelson . . .\nRossland .\nFernie ....\nRevelstoke\nLadysmith\nKamloops\n55,000\n25,000\n6,500\n6,000\n6,000\n5,000\n4,000\n3,200\n3,057\n2,200\n3rd class-\n-Greenwood\n2,000\nTrail . . .\n1,800\nKaslo\n1,500\nGrand Forks .\n1,455\nCumberland\n1,149\nPhoenix\n1,050\nSlocan . . .\n950\nVernon . .\n800\nSandon . .\n551\nrailways.\nCanadian Pacific, main line and branches 1,265 miles.\nGreat Northern 180 1\nOthers . . . . 130 \"\nUnder construction : Total ; * \u2022 X'5^5\nSpence's Bridge to Nicola Valley by Canadian Pacific.\nBoundary to Similkameen by Great Northern.\nRoads 5,800 \"\nTrails 4,500 \" i?o6 l?\u00a7? ","@language":"en"}],"Genre":[{"@value":"Books","@language":"en"}],"Identifier":[{"@value":"LT305 1906 .L387","@language":"en"},{"@value":"I-1552","@language":"en"}],"IsShownAt":[{"@value":"10.14288\/1.0348597","@language":"en"}],"Language":[{"@value":"English","@language":"en"}],"Notes":[{"@value":"Pages 79-80 missing in print.
Other copies: http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/oclc\/17761915","@language":"en"}],"Provider":[{"@value":"Vancouver : University of British Columbia Library","@language":"en"}],"Publisher":[{"@value":"Toronto : W. J. Gage and Company, Limited","@language":"en"}],"Rights":[{"@value":"Images provided for research and reference use only. For permission to publish, copy, or otherwise distribute these images please contact\u00a0digital.initiatives@ubc.ca.","@language":"en"}],"Series":[{"@value":"Gage's 20th Century Series","@language":"en"}],"SortDate":[{"@value":"1906-12-31 AD","@language":"en"},{"@value":"1906-12-31 AD","@language":"en"}],"Source":[{"@value":"Original Format: University of British Columbia. Library. Rare Books and Special Collections. LT305 1906 .L387","@language":"en"}],"Subject":[{"@value":"Canada--History--Textbooks","@language":"en"}],"Title":[{"@value":"A history and geography of British Columbia : for use in public schools","@language":"en"}],"Type":[{"@value":"Text","@language":"en"}],"Translation":[{"@value":"","@language":"en"}],"@id":"doi:10.14288\/1.0348597"}