{"@context":{"@language":"en","Affiliation":"http:\/\/vivoweb.org\/ontology\/core#departmentOrSchool","AggregatedSourceRepository":"http:\/\/www.europeana.eu\/schemas\/edm\/dataProvider","Campus":"https:\/\/open.library.ubc.ca\/terms#degreeCampus","Creator":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/creator","DateAvailable":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/issued","DateIssued":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/issued","Degree":"http:\/\/vivoweb.org\/ontology\/core#relatedDegree","DegreeGrantor":"https:\/\/open.library.ubc.ca\/terms#degreeGrantor","Description":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/description","DigitalResourceOriginalRecord":"http:\/\/www.europeana.eu\/schemas\/edm\/aggregatedCHO","FullText":"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2009\/08\/skos-reference\/skos.html#note","Genre":"http:\/\/www.europeana.eu\/schemas\/edm\/hasType","IsShownAt":"http:\/\/www.europeana.eu\/schemas\/edm\/isShownAt","Language":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/language","Program":"https:\/\/open.library.ubc.ca\/terms#degreeDiscipline","Provider":"http:\/\/www.europeana.eu\/schemas\/edm\/provider","Publisher":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/publisher","Rights":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/rights","ScholarlyLevel":"https:\/\/open.library.ubc.ca\/terms#scholarLevel","Title":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/title","Type":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/type","URI":"https:\/\/open.library.ubc.ca\/terms#identifierURI","SortDate":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/date"},"Affiliation":[{"@value":"Arts, Faculty of","@language":"en"},{"@value":"Social Work, School of","@language":"en"}],"AggregatedSourceRepository":[{"@value":"DSpace","@language":"en"}],"Campus":[{"@value":"UBCV","@language":"en"}],"Creator":[{"@value":"Bledsoe, Margaret Yolande","@language":"en"}],"DateAvailable":[{"@value":"2011-10-19T19:53:09Z","@language":"en"}],"DateIssued":[{"@value":"1963","@language":"en"}],"Degree":[{"@value":"Master of Social Work - MSW","@language":"en"}],"DegreeGrantor":[{"@value":"University of British Columbia","@language":"en"}],"Description":[{"@value":"\"Regions\" and regional development are accepted in British Columbia but there is no co-ordination of the regional boundaries for education, health, welfare, census enumeration, and technical survey districts. The available basic social and welfare data for some regions (in this instance, the Fraser Valley) have been compiled to indicate what these data will reveal about a region, as well as to indicate where there are gaps and discrepancies.\r\nCensus materials for the years 1951 and 1961 are the main types of social data, supplemented by some compilations of the Lower Mainland Regional Planning Board because of its special relevance to this region. The monthly reports of the Provincial Department of Social Welfare, dealing with six main areas of social welfare service, are the source of the welfare data, and these are analyzed over a ten-year period. The Department of Social Welfare's regional boundary was accepted in this study as the official regional boundary for the Fraser Valley: Welfare Region VI. Where the census material available did not coincide with this regional boundary, appropriate adjustments were made.\r\nAn examination of the social data shows clearly that this is an area undergoing rapid expansion, particularly in terms of urbanization and population increase. Forecasts indicate this will continue. The region itself now contains an urban portion, a portion in transition from rural to urban, and a rural portion. The area has examples of \"urban sprawl\" and the results of little physical or social planning. The welfare data indicate markedly higher rates of increase than the population increase. Examined together, both sets of data bring problems to light and suggest new areas for investigation. If homogeneity rather than availability of transportation or administrative convenience should be the objective of regional division, there are strong grounds for relating Surrey municipality to Greater Vancouver, which it is becoming increasingly a part, rather than to the agricultural domain of the Valley.\r\nThe welfare data is currently measured primarily on the basis of numbers of \"cases\". Measurement by the number of persons and families served, analyzed along with the special characteristics of each, i.e., age, sex, education, employment history, family structure, and so on, would be more productive for planning, administration, and public information. Also, if these facts were available, they could be related directly to the social data to show which segments of the total population are using welfare services. A review of the present deployment of staff time seems to be indicated, raising the question of \"maintenance\" service versus a \"rehabilitation\" focus, and the important question of differentiation of types of cases, and, perhaps, of social work personnel.\r\nThis is a beginning study of only one region. For clarification of the issues raised, and to determine the special as well as the common characteristics of this region, other regional analyses are needed, but these should become progressively easier.","@language":"en"}],"DigitalResourceOriginalRecord":[{"@value":"https:\/\/circle.library.ubc.ca\/rest\/handle\/2429\/38077?expand=metadata","@language":"en"}],"FullText":[{"@value":"A REGIONAL STUDY OF SOCIAL WELFARE MEASUREMENTS (No. 2: The F r a s e r V a l l e y ) An e x p l o r a t i o n of the r e g i o n a l assessment of demographic and s o c i a l welfare s t a t i s t i c s f o r B r i t i s h Columbia, 1951-1961 by MARGARET YOLANDE BLEDSOE and GRACE ELAINE CULLEY STOLAR T h e s i s Submitted i n P a r t i a l F u l f i l m e n t of the Requirements f o r the Degree of MASTER OF SOCIAL WORK i n the School of S o c i a l Work Accepted as conforming to the standard r e q u i r e d f o r the degree of Master of S o c i a l Work School of S o c i a l Work 1963 The U n i v e r s i t y of B r i t i s h Columbia In presenting t h i s thesis i n p a r t i a l fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of B r i t i s h Columbia, I agree that the Library shall, make i t freely available for reference and study. I further agree that per-mission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the Head of my Department or by his representatives. It i s understood that copying, or publi-cation of this thesis for f i n a n c i a l gain shall npt be allowed without my written permission. Department of S o c i a l Work  The University of B r i t i s h Columbia, Vancouver 8, Canada. Date May 8, 1963. - i i -ABSTRACT \"Regions\" and r e g i o n a l development are accepted i n B r i t i s h Columbia but there i s no c o - o r d i n a t i o n of the r e g i o n a l boundaries f o r education, h e a l t h , w e l f a r e , census enumeration, and t e c h n i c a l survey d i s t r i c t s . The a v a i l a b l e b a s i c s o c i a l and w e l f a r e data f o r some regions ( i n t h i s i n s t a n c e , the F r a s e r V a l l e y ) have been compiled to i n d i c a t e what these data w i l l r e v e a l about a r e g i o n , as w e l l as to i n d i c a t e where there are gaps and d i s c r e p a n c i e s . Census m a t e r i a l s f o r the years 1 9 5 1 and 1 9 6 1 are the main types of s o c i a l data, supplemented by some c o m p i l a t i o n s of the Lower Mainland Regional Planning Board because of i t s s p e c i a l r elevance to t h i s r e g i o n . The monthly r e p o r t s of the P r o v i n c i a l Department of S o c i a l Welfare, d e a l i n g with s i x main areas of s o c i a l w e l f a r e s e r v i c e , are the source of the w e l f a r e data, and these are analyzed over a ten-year p e r i o d . The Department of S o c i a l Welfare's r e g i o n a l boundary was accepted i n t h i s study as the o f f i c i a l r e g i o n a l boundary f o r the F r a s e r V a l l e y : Welfare Region VI. Where the census m a t e r i a l a v a i l a b l e d i d not c o i n c i d e with t h i s r e g i o n a l boundary, a p p r o p r i a t e adjustments were made. An examination of the s o c i a l data shows c l e a r l y that t h i s i s an area undergoing r a p i d expansion, p a r t i c u l a r l y i n terms of u r b a n i z a t i o n and p o p u l a t i o n i n c r e a s e . F o r e c a s t s i n d i c a t e t h i s w i l l c o n t i n u e . The r e g i o n i t s e l f now c o n t a i n s an urban p o r t i o n , a p o r t i o n i n t r a n s i t i o n from r u r a l to urban, and a r u r a l p o r t i o n . The area has examples of \"urban sprawl\" and the r e s u l t s of l i t t l e p h y s i c a l or s o c i a l planning* The w e l f a r e data i n d i c a t e markedly higher r a t e s of i n c r e a s e than the p o p u l a t i o n i n c r e a s e . Examined together, both sets of data b r i n g problems to l i g h t and suggest new areas f o r i n v e s t i g a t i o n . I f homogeneity rather than a v a i l a b i l i t y of t r a n s p o r t a t i o n or a d m i n i s t r a t i v e convenience should be the o b j e c t i v e of r e g i o n a l d i v i s i o n , there are strong grounds f o r r e l a t -ing Surrey m u n i c i p a l i t y to Greater Vancouver, which i t i s becoming i n c r e a s i n g l y a p a r t , rather than to the a g r i c u l t u r a l domain of the V a l l e y . The w e l f a r e data i s c u r r e n t l y measured p r i m a r i l y on the b a s i s of numbers of \"cases\". Measurement by the number of persons and f a m i l i e s served, analyzed along with the s p e c i a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of each, i . e . , age, sex, education, employment h i s t o r y , f a m i l y s t r u c t u r e , and so on, would be more p r o d u c t i v e f o r p l a n n i n g , a d m i n i s t r a t i o n , and p u b l i c i n f o r m a t i o n . A l s o , i f these f a c t s were a v a i l a b l e , they could be r e l a t e d d i r e c t l y to the s o c i a l data to show which segments of the t o t a l p o p u l a t i o n are using welfare s e r v i c e s . A review of the present deployment of s t a f f time seems to be i n d i c a t e d , r a i s i n g the question of \"main-tenance\" s e r v i c e versus a \" r e h a b i l i t a t i o n \" f o cus, and the important qu e s t i o n of d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n of types of cases, and, perhaps, of i i i -s o c i a l work p e r s o n n e l . T h i s i s a beginning study of only one r e g i o n . For c l a r i f i c a t i o n of the i s s u e s r a i s e d , and to determine the s p e c i a l as w e l l as the common c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of t h i s r e g i o n , other r e g i o n a l analyses are needed, but these should become p r o g r e s s i v e l y e a s i e r . - i v -We wish to acknowledge out indebtedness to Dr. L. C. Marsh f o r h i s d i r e c t i o n and encouragement; to Miss V i v i a n Harbord who shared many of her ideas as w e l l as much i n f o r m a t i o n ; to the Lower Mainland Regional Planning Board who gave us of t h e i r time and m a t e r i a l s ; and to the Department of S o c i a l Welfare who gave us access to t h e i r monthly r e p o r t s which comprise the b a s i s of our we l f a r e data. The co-opera.tion and i n t e r e s t of a l l these persons made the t h e s i s p o s s i b l e . - v-TABLE OF CONTENTS Page A b s t r a c t i i Acknowledgement i v Tables and Charts v i Chapter 1. The Case f o r Regional Measurement Regional measurement. S e l e c t i o n of a study r e g i o n . The F r a s e r V a l l e y as a r e g i o n : i t s sub-areas. Geographical and d e s c r i p t i v e f e a t u r e s . Scope, method, and l i m i t a t i o n s of the a n a l y s i s . 1 Chapter 2 . Who L i v e s i n the Region? General p o p u l a t i o n p a t t e r n . Density of r e s i d e n t i a l p a t t e r n s . Rural-urban d i s t r i b u t i o n . Family elements. E t h n i c o r i g i n s . Economic s t a t u s p r o f i l e . 20 Chapter 3 . S o c i a l Welfare Caseloads J u r i s d i c t i o n of the Department of S o c i a l W e l f a r e . The l o c a t i o n s of the t o t a l c a s e l o a d . The make-up of the wel f a r e c a s e l o a d s . Changes i n the i n c i d e n c e of we l f a r e c a s e l o a d . 5 3 Chapter 4 . I m p l i c a t i o n s of Regional Measurements S o c i a l and economic changes i n the r e g i o n . Present caseloads and s e r v i c e s . Regional boundaries. Measurement of cases and s e r v i c e s . S o c i a l planning and s t a t i s t i c a l development. The case f o r f u r t h e r studies,, 7 5 Appendices: A. A u x i l i a r y S t a t i s t i c a l Tables B. B i b l i o g r a p h y 91 96 - v i -TABLES AND CHARTS IN THE TEXT (a) Tables Table No. I . I I . I I I . IV. V. VI. V I I . V I I I . IX. X. X I ( a ) . X I ( b ) . X I ( c ) . X K d ) . X I I . X I I K a ) X I I K b ) XIV. F r a s e r V a l l e y and R e l a t e d Areas, 1941-1961 F r a s e r V a l l e y : P o p u l a t i o n of Component Areas 1951-1961 Area and Density of P o p u l a t i o n The Rural-Urban P a t t e r n R a t i o of Males to 1G0 Females, 1951-1961 P o p u l a t i o n of Key Age Groups Age Groups by M u n i c i p a l i t y f o r Region j3, 1951 D i s t r i b u t i o n of C h i l d r e n i n F a m i l i e s , by Age Groups i n 1951 Page 21a 23a 31a 33a 37a 38a 38b 39a 41a 42a M a r i t a l S t a t u s , f o r Region 6, 1951-1961 E t h n i c O r i g i n s of the P o p u l a t i o n , 1951-1961 Occ u p a t i o n a l D i s t r i b u t i o n of Working F o r c e , 1961 46a Occ u p a t i o n a l D i s t r i b u t i o n of R e s i d e n t s , 1951 47a Oc c u p a t i o n a l D i s t r i b u t i o n of Residents, 1951 49a Oc c u p a t i o n a l D i s t r i b u t i o n of R e s i d e n t s , 1961 49b F r a s e r V a l l e y P o p u l a t i o n & Caseload Comparisons, 1951-1961 57b D i s t r i b u t i o n of Caseloads by Major C a t e g o r i e s , a. Absolute Numbers 61a D i s t r i b u t i o n of Caseloads by Major C a t e g o r i e s , b. P r o p o r t i o n a t e 61b Estimated Number of Persons Served, by Major C a t e g o r i e s of S e r v i c e , f o r a l t e r n a t e years 1951 - 1961 62a v i i -T able No. Page XV. Numerical & Percentage Increase Comparison of Major C a t e g o r i e s f o r Region 6 66a XVI. D i s t r i b u t i o n of Caseloads W i t h i n the Region, 1951-1961. a. T o t a l Caseload b. Cases E x c l u d i n g Pensions 69a XVII. Percentage Increase of Cases and Workers f o r Region 6, 1951 - 1961 77a XVIII. Number of Workers and Average Caseloads i n Main S u b - D i s t r i c t s , 1951-1961 77b XIX. P o p u l a t i o n by Age Groups f o r Region and Com-ponent M u n i c i p a l i t i e s over 10,000, 1951-1961 92 XX. P r o p o r t i o n a t e D i s t r i b u t i o n of Caseloads by Category, f o r Surrey D i s t r i c t O f f i c e 93 XXI. P r o p o r t i o n a t e D i s t r i b u t i o n of Caseloads by Category, f o r C h i l l i w a c k D i s t r i c t O f f i c e 93 XXII. P r o p o r t i o n a t e D i s t r i b u t i o n of Caseloads by Category, f o r Abbotsford D i s t r i c t O f f i c e 94 X X I I I . P r o p o r t i o n a t e D i s t r i b u t i o n of Caseloads by Category, f o r Haney D i s t r i c t O f f i c e 94 XXIV. P r o p o r t i o n a t e D i s t r i b u t i o n of Caseloads by Category, f o r Langley D i s t r i c t O f f i c e 95 XXV. P r o p o r t i o n a t e D i s t r i b u t i o n of Caseloads by Category, f o r White Rock D i s t r i c t O f f i c e 95 (b) Charts F i g . 1 P o p u l a t i o n D i s t r i b u t i o n , 1961, Lower Mainland Region of B. C. 10a F i g . 2 Component Areas, Region VI and Census M e t r o p o l i t a n Vancouver 11a Schedule A. L o c a t i o n of Department of S o c i a l Welfare O f f i c e s , Region 6, 1951 and 1961 57a CHAPTER I The Case f o r Regiona l Measurement I t i s no longer a debatable c o n t e n t i o n that today's world i s i n v o l v e d i n an unprecedented r a t e of change* Only a comparatively few persons l i v i n g i n t h i s era have escaped d i r e c t c o n t a c t with the great s o c i a l , p o l i t i c a l , economic and t e c h n o l o g i c a l upheavals of our time; and these upheavals have u s u a l l y caused some form of a l t e r a t i o n i n t h e i r l i f e - s t y l e , even i f only i n the things they see, read about, and d i s c u s s among themselves* I t i s not l i k e l y t h a t any who have so f a r remained untouched by the \"new tw e n t i e t h century\" w i l l continue to be so f o r long. Nor i s i t l i k e l y t h a t r a t e s of change w i l l subside anywhere where there i s a p o p u l a t i o n g i v e n to commun-i c a t i o n with other p o p u l a t i o n s . I f the optimum development of r e s o u r c e s , i n c l u d i n g human re s o u r c e s , i s accepted as a major value i n s o c i e t y , then i t i s not enough to be \"aware\" that change i s going on w i t h i n the community. There must be p u b l i c i n f o r m a t i o n about t h i s change, and c r i t i c a l examination of i t , to determine i t s d i r e c t i o n s and i t s i m p l i c a t i o n s . T h i s i s necessary i f changes are to be used to advantage, i f they are to be d i r e c t e d and i f people are to be prepared f o r the f u t u r e , and f o r reasonable and democratic e f f o r t s at c o n t r o l l i n g i t . A l l of t h i s i m p l i e s p l a n n i n g \u2022 T r a d i t i o n a l l y , i n Canada, welfa r e programs have been organized a f t e r a need has b e e n w f e l t M . Programs have been dev i s e d to deal with \"problems\" - or even c r i s e s - as they have a r i s e n , one by one* In s p i t e of a long h i s t o r y of conferences and r e p o r t s , there have not been many comprehensive plans -c e r t a i n l y not to the extent that n a t i o n a l road systems have been planned, to say nothing of armed defense* Yet, however, w e l f a r e i s one of the community's b i g g e s t i s s u e s - s o c i a l l y and econom-i c a l l y * In terms of money spent and c i t i z e n s a f f e c t e d , the impact i s widespread. S o c i a l p l a n n i n g , i n the broad sense, a p p l i e d to the b e t t e r o r g a n i z a t i o n of human resources as w e l l as n a t u r a l r e s o u r c e s , i n d u s t r y , and urban growth, has not won much a l l e g i a n c e as yet i n Canada. As an area of p r a c t i c a l govern-ment a c t i v i t y i t i s s t i l l a r e c e n t , and somewhat debatable, e n t e r p r i s e f o r two reasons. F i r s t , there has been too much i m p r o v i s a t i o n and extemporization* Secondly, the l i n k s between broad w e l f a r e s e r v i c e s and o v e r a l l s o c i a l o r g a n i z a t i o n are not widely understood. For s o c i a l welfare s e r v i c e s , the s i t u a t i o n i s even more complicated. Yet a fund of important m a t e r i a l i s a v a i l a b l e to improve our knowledge and understand-ings to g i v e some i n d i c a t i o n of i n c i d e n c e - where the problems are -; of cause and e f f e c t - or, at l e a s t , c o r r e l a t i o n and a s s o c i a t i o n -; of the k i n d of work s o c i a l w e l f a r e personnel are doing, and of d i r e c t i o n a l t r e n d s . The Dominion Bureau of 3-S t a t i s t i c s C e n s u s s u p p l i e s i n c r e a s i n g l y c o m p r e h e n s i v e s o c i a l s t a t i s t i c s g a t h e r e d f r o m i t s n a t i o n w i d e p o p u l a t i o n s u r v e y c o n d u c t e d a t t e n y e a r i n t e r v a l s . T h e B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a D e p a r t m e n t o f S o c i a l W e l f a r e r e p o r t s c o m p i l e , m o n t h l y , a g r e a t d e a l o f i n f o r m a t i o n o n t h e i r o v e r a l l o p e r a t i o n s , a n d t h i s h a s b e e n much i m p r o v e d a n d e x p a n d e d s i n c e a r e v i s i o n u n d e r t a k e n i n 1 9 5 6 . I f t h e s e two c a n be e x a m i n e d a n d r e l a t e d w i t h i n a g i v e n g e o g r a p h i c a l a r e a , a p r o f i l e o f t h e \" w e l f a r e u n i v e r s e \" a n d t h e p a t h s i t h a s e m b a r k e d u p o n , may be i l l u s t r a t e d . T h i s i s no l o n g e r a new i d e a f o r B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a . I n a n e x p l o r a t o r y s t u d y o f t h e s u b j e c t i n 1960 e n t i t l e d , M e a s u r i n g t h e I n c i d e n c e o f W e l f a r e P r o b l e m s . W. J. K o c h s e t f o r w a r d t h r e e p o s s i b l e r e s u l t s f r o m a n a l y s i s o f t h i s k i n d o f m a t e r i a l . S t a t i s t i c a l r e s o u r c e s , h e s u g g e s t e d , \" . . . a r e n e e d e d ( a ) a s a i d s i n t h e d e f i n i t i o n o f w e l f a r e p r o b l e m s , ( b ) t o d e t e r m i n e t h e n a t u r e a n d d i s t r i b u t i o n o f w e l f a r e n e e d s , a n d ( c ) f o r e v a l u a t i n g t h e a p p r o p r i a t e n e s s a n d e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f e x i s t i n g w e l f a r e s e r v i c e a n d p l a n n i n g i n t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f new s e r v i c e s . \" 1 A y e a r l a t e r , a s i m i l a r v i e w was v o i c e d by M i c h a e l W h e e l e r i n A R e p o r t on N e e d e d R e s e a r c h i n W e l f a r e i n B r i t i s h  C o l u m b i a . a d d i n g a f o u r t h p o s s i b l e o b j e c t i v e : \" . . . ( d ) t o a d d t o t h e k n o w l e d g e n e e d e d f o r s o u n d 1 W. J. K o c h , M e a s u r i n g t h e I n c i d e n c e o f W e l f a r e P r o b l e m s , M a s t e r o f S o c i a l Work T h e s i s , U n i v e r s i t y o f B r i t i s h ( J o l u m D i a , 1 9 6 0 , v i . f o r m u l a t i o n of s o c i a l p o l i c y . \" ^ S t a t i s t i c a l Resources Two major s t a t i s t i c a l r esources r e a d i l y a v a i l a b l e f o r p lanning purposes are the Dominion Bureau of S t a t i s t i c s and the Department of S o c i a l W elfare. However, i n using the a v a i l a b l e s t a t i s t i c a l m a t e r i a l , a major d i f f i c u l t y must be overcome i f an examination of something more r e f i n e d than the e n t i r e province i s to be undertaken. For the c o m p i l a t i o n of Census m a t e r i a l , the p r o v i n c e of B r i t i s h Columbia, l i k e a l l the other p r o v i n c e s , i s broken up i n t o Census D i v i s i o n s . There are no f i x e d p o l i t i c a l d i v i s i o n s w i t h i n the western p r o v i n c e s s i m i l a r to the eastern c o u n t i e s so a r b i t r a r y Census D i v i s i o n s \"were e s t a b l i s h e d f o r the p r e s e n t a t i o n of s t a t i s t i c a l data f o r permanent areas smaller than a p r o v i n c e . These were designed to permit f u t u r e s u b d i v i s i o n where n e c e s s i t a t e d by p o p u l a t i o n i n c r e a s e s , without d e s t r o y i n g c o m p a r a b i l i t y of i n f o r m a t i o n c o l l e c t e d i n e a r l i e r c e n s us.\" 3 The Department of 2 M i c h a e l Wheeler, A Report on Needed Research i n Welfare  i n B r i t i s h Columbia. Community Chest and C o u n c i l s of the Greater Vancouver Area, Vancouver, 1 9 6 1 . p.5 6 . Emphasis added. 3 In N i n t h Census of Canada. 1 9 5 1 , Volume 1 , p. XIV. The boundaries f o r census d i v i s i o n s and s u b d i v i s i o n s are set by the F e d e r a l Census a u t h o r i t i e s a f t e r c o n s u l t a t i o n with a p p r o p r i a t e P r o v i n c i a l government r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s . At the same time most P r o v i n c i a l government departments designate separate r e g i o n a l boundaries f o r t h e i r own use. In s p i t e of e f f o r t s to c o - o r d i n a t e these, no s i n g l e set of boundaries i s yet e s t a b l i s h e d , r e n d e r i n g much v a l u a b l e s t a t i s t i c a l data, i n a c c e s s i b l e . S o c i a l Welfare has u t i l i z e d i t s own set of a d m i n i s t r a t i v e regions but r a r e l y i n B r i t i s h Columbia do these c o i n c i d e with census boundaries. P r i o r to 1943 there were three a d m i n i s t r a t i o n s and f i e l d s t a f f s s e r v i n g the w e l f a r e needs of the people of the t o t a l p r o v i n c e . These were the Welfare Branch, the Old Age Pension Board and the Unemployment R e l i e f Branch. On March . 1 , 1 9 4 3 , i n order to e l i m i n a t e d u p l i c a t i o n of f i e l d s e r v i c e s and to f a c i l i t a t e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n , the three separ-ate u n i t s were amalgamated i n t o the S o c i a l A s s i s t a n c e Branch under the A s s i s t a n t Deputy P r o v i n c i a l S e c r e t a r y . Then d e c e n t r a l i z a t i o n of the new a d m i n i s t r a t i o n was i n a u g u r a t e d . At f i r s t the p r o v i n c e was d i v i d e d i n t o f i v e major d i s t r i c t s w ith the boundaries e s t a b l i s h e d on the b a s i s of a c c e s s i b i l i t y of t r a n s p o r t a t i o n . Each d i s t r i c t was placed under a s e n i o r o f f i c i a l designated as R e g i o n a l S u p e r v i s o r . The headquarters f o r the r e g i o n s were e s t a b l i s h e d i n the c i t i e s of V i c t o r i a (Region I ) , Vancouver (Region I I ) , Kelowna (Region I I I - l a t e r moved to Vernon), Nelson (Region I V ) , and P r i n c e George (Region V ) . As work loads i n c r e a s e d beyond the p o i n t of e f f e c t i v e n e s s , two f u r t h e r r e g i o n s were added. The south-e a s t e r n t i p of Region I I was made Regibn VI i n 1952 with i t s d i s t r i c t o f f i c e nowiiin A b b o t s f o r d . And, i n 1 9 5 7 , a f u r t h e r n o r thern Region, Region VII was c r e a t e d by the t r a n s f e r of two o f f i c e s each (and t h e i r t e r r i t o r i e s ) from Region II and Region V. T e r r a c e was chosen as Region VII*s headquarters. F o l l o w i n g the i n i t i a l amalgamation and d e c e n t r a l -i z a t i o n , i n 1 9 4 6 , the h e a l t h and w e l f a r e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n s f o r the p r o v i n c e were amalgamated i n t o the Department of He a l t h and Welfare under the M i n i s t e r of H e a l t h and Welfare. A Deputy M i n i s t e r of H e a l t h and a Deputy M i n i s t e r of Welfare were placed i n charge of the P u b l i c H e a l t h Branch and the S o c i a l Welfare Branch, r e s p e c t i v e l y . However, i n 1 9 5 9 , the S o c i a l Welfare Branch, Department of H e a l t h and Welfare, ceased to e x i s t when an Order i n C o u n c i l proclaimed the we l f a r e s e r v i c e s w i t h i n the j u r i s d i c t i o n of a separate Department of S o c i a l W e l f a r e . Although there has been major a d m i n i s t r a t i v e r e - o r g a n i z a t i o n at the top l e v e l , s i n c e 1 9 4 3 , the s o c i a l w e l f a r e s e r v i c e s have continued to be ad m i n i s t e r e d on the d e c e n t r a l i z e d , r e g i o n a l b a s i s out-l i n e d above. In attempting to r e l a t e the s o c i a l data from the Census with the s t a t i s t i c s c o l l e c t e d by the B r i t i s h Columbia Department of S o c i a l Welfare, at present some inadequacies have to be accepted because the Census D i v i s i o n boundaries and the S o c i a l Welfare r e g i o n a l boundaries do not c o i n c i d e . A few adjustments are p o s s i b l e ; and some i n t e r p r e t a t i o n can a i d other d i s c r e p a n c i e s . These w i l l be d i s c u s s e d i n d e t a i l l a t e r but i f t h i s study waits u n t i l e x a c t l y c o i n -c i d e n t a l boundaries are set up, the i n i t i a l e x p l o r a t i o n s may never get done. - 7 -S e l e c t i o n of a Study Region I t has seemed reasonable to make a s t a r t with two re g i o n s , q u i t e d i f f e r e n t l y l o c a t e d , and c o n t r a s t i n g i n general c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s * S o c i a l Welfare Region V i n n o r t h e r n B r i t i s h Columbia i s being examined, simultaneously with the present study, by V i v i a n Harbord. Region V i s a \" f r o n t i e r \" area which presents many s p e c i a l problems f o r we l f a r e because of i t s sheer s i z e , i t s r u r a l c h a r a c t e r , and the impact of recent northern economic expansion. The present study, of S o c i a l Welfare Region VI, i s concerned with very d i f f e r e n t t e r r i t o r y : 'fhe Fr a s e r V a l l e y i s r u r a l a g r a r i a n r a t h e r than f r o n t i e r ; i t i s now undergoing uneven change towards u r b a n i z a t i o n ; i t i s a f f e c t e d by the great m e t r o p o l i t a n area of Vancouver, yet i t i s not **of i t t t ; and, whereas Region V i s a huge area with a small p o p u l a t i o n , Region VI i s a small area with a s i z e a b l e and r a p i d l y growing p o p u l a t i o n . The F r a s e r V a l l e y as a Region The F r a s e r V a l l e y i s a n a t u r a l geographic u n i t , i n the extreme southwest corner of the pro v i n c e ' s mainland. While i t s southern boundary i s cotangent with the United S t a t e s border, the a c t u a l v a l l e y continues i n t o U n ited S t a t e s t e r r i t o r y . The F r a s e r River D e l t a has f i l l e d out a wide bay, between the high r i d g e s of the Coast Mountains i n the north and i n the south the l e s s imposing but s t i l l s i z e a b l e mountains to the east of - 8 -Bellingham i n the United States. 5* These mountains enclose a l a r g e t r i a n g u l a r lowland. Because of the m i l d , wet winds from the P a c i f i c Ocean, which forms the t h i r d and western s i d e of the t r i a n g l e , the range of temperature over the lowlands i s q u i t e s m a l l . The p r o d u c t i v e s o i l p l u s the temperate c l i m a t e have made f o r e x c e l l e n t farming i n t h i s area. The c u r r e n t d i s t r i b u t i o n of p o p u l a t i o n i n B r i t i s h Columbia's Lower Mainland no longer r e f l e c t s the o r i g i n a l s e t t l e m e n t . In 1 8 2 7 , the Hudson's Bay Company, who had been granted monopoly r i g h t s i n the P a c i f i c Northwest by the B r i t i s h Crown during the previous century, b u i l t a f o r t and t r a d i n g post at F o r t Langley. However, \"the f i r s t l a r g e settlement ( i n B r i t i s h Columbia) was a t F o r t V i c t o r i a ( 1842 ) on Vancouver I s l a n d , and i t was not u n t i l 1860 that some farmers s e t t l e d near Stave R i v e r on the mainland. The d i s -covery of gold i n the F r a s e r R i v e r near Hope about 1854 soon l e d to the a r r i v a l of 1 0 , 0 0 0 miners i n the lower F r a s e r . . . In 1884 Van Home of the Canadian P a c i f i c Railway r e a l i z e d i In G r i f f i t h T a y l o r , Canada. New York, E. P. Dulton and Co., Inc., 1 9 4 7 , there i s e x t e n s i v e g e o g r a p h i c a l i n f o r m a t i o n on Southern B r i t i s h Columbia with some h i s t o r i c a l notes. the advantages of Coal Harbour as a t e r m i n a l p o r t , and suggested the name of Vancouver f o r the new settlement at the end of the t r a n s c o n t i n e n t a l r a i l w a y . \" ^ Vancouver was not important during these e a r l y events; but, soon a f t e r , through sawmilllng and seaport a c t i v i t i e s , became e s t a b l i s h e d as the l a r g e s t c i t y , and e v e n t u a l l y the i n d u s t r i a l center of the p r o v i n c e . Vancouver, and i t s adjacent m u n i c i p a l i t i e s : North Vancouver, West Vancouver, Burnaby, New Westminster, Richmond, D e l t a and Coquitlam; now combine to comprise one of the major urban complexes of Canada. (\"Metropolitan Vancouver\" i s an a c c e p t a b l e term with s e v e r a l p o s s i b l e d e f i n i t i o n s but does not, as y e t , have any c o r p o r a t e standing.) Although settlement of the P r o v i n c e began up the v a l l e y at F o r t Langley and M i s s i o n s i n c e Vancouver has been e s t a b l i s h e d , the growth of the area has branched out from t h i s c i t y . Many i n f l u e n c e s from t h i s urban complex have now spread across the F r a s e r and f a r up i n t o the v a l l e y h i n t e r l a n d . I t l o g i c a l l y f o l l o w s that i n the beginning the s o c i a l w e l f a r e s e r v i c e s f o r the e n t i r e Lower Mainland were administered from Vancouver. However, i n 1952, as p r e v i o u s l y s t a t e d , because of a heavy i n c r e a s e i n p u b l i c a s s i s t a n c e cases which hindered e f f e c t i v e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n , 5 I b i d . . P. 179 -10-th e area was d i v i d e d . M e t r o p o l i t a n Vancouver and p o i n t s n o r t h remained as Region II and the F r a s e r V a l l e y from Surrey to Hope became Region V I . 6 In the accompanying map ( F i g u r e I) the main f e a t u r e s are shown, i n c l u d i n g the \" n a t u r a l \" g e o g r a p h i c a l boundaries of Region VI; mountains to the n o r t h , east and south (United S t a t e s boundary), D e l t a - S u r r e y m u n i c i p a l boundaries to the west, and across the r i v e r to the northwest M e t r o p o l i t a n Vancouver. The demarcation between M e t r o p o l i t a n Vancouver and the F r a s e r V a l l e y with one q u a l i f i c a t i o n , i s the degree of u r b a n i z a t i o n r a t h e r than l e g a l boundaries. The u n i t s of \" M e t r o p o l i t a n Vancouver\" are r e c o g n i z a b l y urban. The F r a s e r V a l l e y i s p r i m a r i l y r u r a l , but u r b a n i z a t i o n i s i n c r e a s i n g , moving up the v a l l e y from the west to the east. The exception to r u r a l predominance i s the M u n i c i p a l i t y of Surrey. I t i s s i g n i f i c a n t l y , the area with the g r e a t e s t p r o x i m i t y and a c c e s s i b i l i t y to M e t r o p o l i t a n Vancouver. Although Surrey i s p a r t i c u l a r l y a f f e c t e d to date, i t i s not n e c e s s a r i l y the end of the spread. Already plans f o r new highways, such as the Port Mann Freeway, w i l l f u r t h e r open up the r e g i o n f o r suburban house b u i l d i n g and commuters. 6 From t h i s p o i n t on, \"Region\" c a p i t a l i z e d , r e f e r s to Region VI. FIGURE I : POPULATION DISTRIBUTION, 1961 L O W E R M A I N L A N D R E G I O N OF B.C. O N E DOT R E P R E S E N T S IOOO P E O P L E P R E P A R E D BY T H E LOWER M A I N L A N D REGIONAL P L A N N I N G B O A R D - 1 1 -In sum a c l e a r reason f o r studying Region VI would appear to be i t ' s c o n s t i t u t i n g a b a s i c a g r i c u l t u r a l r e g i o n a f f e c t e d by the adjacent, e v o l v i n g m e t r o p o l i s ; and i t ' s being an area undergoing r a p i d , but not uniform nor c l e a r l y understood,change. Region VI c o n t a i n s approximately 1 , 0 0 0 square m i l e s of the V a l l e y f l o o r . T h i s area now c o n t a i n s a pop-u l a t i o n of 1 8 8 , 3 0 0 d i s t r i b u t e d w i t h i n nine m u n i c i p a l i t i e s , four i n c o r p o r a t e d c i t i e s , and three v i l l a g e s . Involved here are the m u n i c i p a l i t i e s of Surrey, Langley, Matsqui, Sumas, C h i l l i w a c k , Kent, M i s s i o n , Maple Ridge and P i t t Meadows; C i t y of White Rock, Langley C i t y , C h i l l i w a c k C i t y and M i s s i o n C i t y ; and the v i l l a g e s of A b b o t s f o r d , H a r r i s o n and Hope. In F i g u r e 2 they are shown with some g e o g r a p h i c a l r e f e r e n c e , and s i z e . As the r e g i o n l i e s immediately adjacent to a m e t r o p o l i s i t s p r o d u c t i o n of food f o r the c i t y i s v i t a l . T r a d i t i o n a l l y , i t has served as the \"bread basket\" and \"milk shed\" f o r Greater Vancouver: i t s u p p l i e s d a i r y products, p o u l t r y , and truck garden produce. I t i s s i g n i f i c a n t that only t h i r t y percent of i t i s f i r s t c l a s s a g r i c u l t u r a l s o i l . Much of the r e s t i s peat bog, c l a y areas or timbered mountainous i n t r u s i o n s . The r e g i o n a l s o o f f e r s the b i g g e s t reserve of F I G U R E \" I I \u00bb C O M P O N E N T A R E A S REGION 5L A N < * CENSUS METROPOLITAN VANCOUVER MAP BY Z- LOWER MAINLAND REGIONAL PLANNING BD. METROPOLITAN VANCOUVER x x * * REGION Yl \u2022 = fooo PEOPLE: -12-b u i l d i n g l a n d . T h i s begs the 'question: reserved f o r what use? As B r i t i s h Columbia has very few s u i t a b l e farming areas and as t h i s r e g i o n i s i d e a l f o r a g r i c u l t u r e , i t should be set a s i d e as a green b e l t . ^ However, as M e t r o p o l i t a n Vancouver has expanded, i t s suburban f r i n g e s have been allowed to extend more and more i n t o the F r a s e r V a l l e y . \"Low down payment\" housing and s u b d i v i s i o n s and piecemeal b u i l d i n g have c r e a t e d a g r e a t network of \"urban sprawl\". T h i s has d r a s t i c a l l y changed the c h a r a c t e r of t h i s r e g i o n , and a l s o set a p a t t e r n which experience has shown hard to change. There i s no o v e r a l l development p l a n , although a Regional Planning Board was set up f o r the \"Lower Mainland\" area i n 1950 by the M i n i s t e r of M u n i c i p a l A f f a i r s under the a u t h o r i t y of the Town Planning A c t . I t i s one of the few Regional Planning Boards i n Canada. The Lower Mainland Regional Planning Board i s charged with the duty of preparing plans f o r the p h y s i c a l development of the r e g i o n , but i t has no complusory powers. The membership i s comprised of r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of the m u n i c i p a l i t i e s and unorganized areas of the Lower F r a s e r V a l l e y , p l u s executive and t e c h n i c a l s t a f f . The member m u n i c i p a l i t i e s and the Government of B r i t i s h Columbia, through the Department of M u n i c i p a l A f f a i r s , f i n a n c e the o p e r a t i o n s * 7 G r e e n b e l t i s i s not p e r m i t t e d . a t r a c t of land on which urban b u i l d i n g 1 3 -The f u n c t i o n of the Board i s to a c t as a l i a i s o n between m u n i c i p a l , p r o v i n c i a l and f e d e r a l l e v e l s of government with regard to c o - o r d i n a t e d planning and to act as a c o n s u l t a n t to i n d i v i d u a l m u n i c i p a l i t i e s f o r t h e i r own i n d i v i d u a l developmental problems. Planning i s beginning to be accepted as an i n t e g r a l p a r t of m u n i c i p a l a d m i n i s t r a t i o n e.g.. f o r zoning, s e l e c t i o n of school s i t e s , parks, e t c . ; but i t s e x t e n s i o n along m e t r o p o l i t a n l i n e s i s s t i l l f a r from an accomplishment. The Lower Mainland Region Planning Board accepts the f a c t t h a t the F r a s e r V a l l e y i s a w e l l d e f i n e d r e g i o n and has t h i s to say about i t s c u r r e n t development: \"The quest of cheap land has l e d the developer f u r t h e r and f u r t h e r from the c i t y c e n t r e l e a v i n g l a r g e t r a c t s of undeveloped lan d behind him to be f i l l e d i n slowly as the outer-most f r i n g e of development spreads. Consequently t o t a l area sprawl amounts t o . . . a hundred square m i l e s *\u2022\u2022 So much land i s i n v o l v e d and the o v e r a l l d e n s i t y i s so low, that i n one m u n i c i p a l i t y alone the sprawl area - as l a r g e as the C i t y of Vancouver - could accommodate, i n s i n g l e detached houses, the growth of the whole m e t r o p o l i t a n area f o r the next ten years i n a d d i t i o n to the people a l r e a d y l i v i n g t h e r e . \" 8 8 Lower Mainland R e g i o n a l Planning Board, F r o n t i e r , 1 9 6 2 , unpublished manuscript. The Urban - 1 4 -Th e F r a s e r V a l l e y ' s h i s t o r i c a l l y a g r i c u l t u r a l nature and i t s c u r r e n t trends to urban expansion are now i t s two o u t s t a n d i n g , and competing, c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . Both c o l o r the economic and s o c i a l p i c t u r e . At present, nowhere i n the F r a s e r V a l l e y does the farm p o p u l a t i o n n u m e r i c a l l y predominate. The h i g h e s t p r o p o r t i o n of commercially-producing f a r ms 9 occur at the e a s t e r n end of the r e g i o n from Langley to C h i l l i w a c k , where 41 percent of the p o p u l a t i o n are farm d w e l l e r s . T h i s decreases as one goes westward to 22 percent at the mid-zone of Haney, and i n Surrey at the western end and adjacent to M e t r o p o l i t a n Vancouver, i t i s only 12 percent. Of the nine thousand farmers i n Region VI, as many as 35 percent work elsewhere i n a d d i t i o n to farming. Thus, a l a r g e p a r t of the labour supply i n the F r a s e r V a l l e y has, as i t were, only one f o o t on the farm and the other i n work of other k i n d s . Because of these f a c t s , the economy of the Region presents a more complicated p i c t u r e than might be expected; but the main elements a r e : 1 . Farm l a b o u r , and food p r o c e s s i n g 2 . Lumbering 9 The 1951 Canada Census d e f i n i t i o n of a farm: 3 or more acres or p r o d u c t i o n of at l e a s t 3 2 5 0 . 1 5 -3 . D i v e r s i f i e d l i g h t i n d u s t r y 4 . Resident commuters Lik e w i s e , the Region may be d i v i d e d i n t o three a r e a s : (a) the Western, m e t r o p o l i t a n - o r i e n t e d , zone; (b) the E a s t e r n , engaged i n farming and food p r o c e s s i n g ; and (c) the Mid-zone, i n t r a n s i t i o n from farming and sawmilling to m e t r o p o l i t a n - o r i e n t e d areas* At the western end, the Region, p r i n c i p a l l y the m u n i c i p a l i t y of Surrey, i s c h a r a c t e r i z e d by m e t r o p o l i t a n -o r i e n t e d , d i v e r s i f i e d l i g h t i n d u s t r y . The d i v e r s i f i e d l i g h t i n d u s t r y which i s being s t e a d i l y a t t r a c t e d i n t o Surrey, c o u l d have e q u a l l y w e l l have l o c a t e d w i t h i n the M e t r o p o l i t a n area but chose t h i s l o c a t i o n because of the low c o s t of l a n d , a v a i l a b i l i t y of l a r g e p a r c e l s and other e s s e n t i a l f a c i l i t i e s , i n c l u d i n g two r a i l r o a d s , power, gas and an a c c e s s i b l e labour supply* In t h i s zone, mixed with the l i g h t i n d u s t r y , i s s a w m i l l i n g , o r i g i n a l l y e s t a b l i s h e d to process l o c a l timber now d e p l e t e d so l o g s must be pur-chased elsewhere. T h i s complicates lumbering o p e r a t i o n s and c r e a t e s ' a n economic handicap. T h i s i s a l s o the zone of the most concentrated \"urban sprawl\": from here a l a r g e p r o p o r t i o n of workers commute to jobs i n the Metro-p o l i t a n c e n t r e s . The e a s t e r n h a l f of the Region has w e l l e s t a b l i s h e d -16-f e r t i l e farms p r i n c i p a l l y i n d a i r y i n g , p o u l t r y and small f r u i t s and v e g e t a b l e s . In connection with farming there are two e s t a b l i s h e d a n c i l l a r y s e r v i c e s : \"seed and f e e d \" c h a i n s t o r e s f o r farming s u p p l i e s , and food p r o c e s s i n g p l a n t s . Many food p r o c e s s i n g p l a n t s r e l y only on the l o c a l B r i t i s h Columbia market. There are some major p l a n t s i n the area, however, which market t h e i r produce from coast to c o a s t , p r o v i d i n g added s t a b i l i t y to the l o c a l economy. As the e a s t e r n zone o f f e r s the same a v a i l a b l e f a c i l i t i e s necessary f o r l i g h t i n d u s t r y as the western end, there w i l l be i n c r e a s e d pressure to convert a v a i l a b l e a g r i c u l t u r a l land to i n d u s t r i a l uses as the outward f r i n g e s of i n d u s t r i a l and housing developments are extended, un l e s s planning c o n t r o l s are e x e r c i s e d to keep t h i s w i t h i n bounds. Planning f o r the f u t u r e i s p a r t i c u l a r l y important i n t h i s regard because the F r a s e r V a l l e y o f f e r s the only l a r g e t r a c t of f e r t i l e a g r i c u l t u r a l land i n B r i t i s h Columbia. Moreover, i t i s doubly s t r a t e g i c i n i t s p o s i t i o n adjacent to Metro p o l -i t a n Vancouver, the f o c a l p o i n t of the Pr o v i n c e . Wise planning can counte r a c t the many negative f a c t o r s i n the process of u r b a n i z a t i o n , so f a r co n s i d e r e d as i n e v i t a b l e . 17 Scope and Method of the Study While the argument f o r c l o s e examination of a v a i l a b l e measurements f o r r e g i o n s i s now c l e a r , and i t i s e q u a l l y c l e a r t h a t more u t i l i z a t i o n of a v a i l a b l e s t a t i s t i c a l m a t e r i a l than i s made at present i s an i m p e r a t i v e which good a d m i n i s t r a t i o n must f a c e , i t must be recognized that there are formidable l i m i t a t i o n s to what can be accomplished i n these \" p i o n e e r \" s t u d i e s . The two r e g i o n s which have been chosen to \"break the path\" recommend themselves on s e v e r a l grounds. The n o r t h e r n r e g i o n and the F r a s e r V a l l e y r e g i o n are completely d i f f e r e n t i n geography, l o c a t i o n , c l i m a t e , i n o c c u p a t i o n a l p u r s u i t s , i n e x p l o r a t i o n and p o t e n t i a l i t y of settlement. S i n c e i t i s s p a r s e l y populated, the northern r e g i o n i s simpler as a s t a r t i n g - p o i n t than most others would be. On the other hand, i t makes demands on i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of s t a t -i s t i c s which cannot be met except by people who know the r e g i o n and i t s s p e c i a l \"ways of l i f e \" . The F r a s e r V a l l e y recommends i t s e l f as the most b a s i c a l l y a g r i c u l t u r a l - a v i t a l matter f o r mountainous B r i t i s h Columbia - and as the most g e o g r a p h i c a l l y s e l f - c o n t a i n e d . But i t i s the c l o s e s t \"non-urban\" r e g i o n to the dynamic and h i g h l y concentrated m e t r o p o l i t a n c e n t r e of B r i t i s h Columbia, Vancouver. As the chapters which f o l l o w w i l l i n d i c a t e abundantly, i t i s c r u c i a l l y a f f e c t e d s t a t i s t i c a l l y as w e l l as economically and s o c i a l l y . In other words, i n order to make a s t a r t on -18-the r e g i o n a l measurements f o r t h i s area, a number of com-promises and approximations have had to be accepted i f the s t a t i s t i c a l m a t e r i a l a v a i l a b l e i s to be worked on at a l l . Some of these w i l l be i n d i c a t e d as they a r i s e . But a major d i f f i c u l t y must be s t a t e d at the beginning. The c l o s e s t census s u b d i v i s i o n to the F r a s e r V a l l e y r e g i o n i s \" D i v i s i o n 4\", which encompasses the V a l l e y , but a l s o i n c l u d e s the v a r i o u s m u n i c i p a l i t i e s c l u s t e r i n g around Vancouver (to the north as w e l l as to the e a s t ) . T h i s i s a reasonable s u b d i v i s i o n from some p o i n t s of view, and the term \"Lower Mainland a r e a \" i s f r e q u e n t l y used to encompass t h i s a r ea. Moreover, i t i s arguable t h a t the \"urban\" and \" r u r a l \" s e c t o r s of t h i s l a r g e r area complement each o t h e r . Whether or not t h i s i s t r u e , i t i s c e r t a i n l y c l e a r by 1963 that the boundaries, as already p o i n t e d out above, have become merged and confused. In s t a t i s t i c a l terms, however, i t would be h i g h l y d e s i r a b l e to maintain separate s t a t i s t i c s f o r the m e t r o p o l i t a n area which, of course, r a i s e s constant problems of d e f i n i t i o n , and f o r the V a l l e y which, at l e a s t i n e s s e n t i a l s , i s a r u r a l - a g r i c u l t u r a l r e g i o n . T h i s i s , i n f a c t , r e c o g n i z e d by th Census a u t h o r i t i e s and f o r c e r t a i n t a b u l a t i o n s census D i v i s i o n 4 i s d i v i d e d i n t o S e c t i o n A and S e c t i o n B (the l a t t e r being m e t r o p o l i t a n Vancouver, with c e r t a i n t e r r i t o r y to the n o r t h and e a s t : - 1 9 see map, F i g u r e l ) . A O But not a l l t a b u l a t i o n s i n the great range of modern census data are a v a i l a b l e f o r S e c t i o n B alone* Recourse has had to be had, t h e r e f o r e , to f i g u r e s f o r , D i v i s i o n 4 reduced by f i g u r e s f o r M e t r o p o l i t a n Vancouver whenever a v a i l a b l e . T h i s works reasonably w e l l , but at times i s troublesome: i t adds much however, to the work of c o m p i l a t i o n * U n f o r t u n a t e l y , a. f u r t h e r circumstance c o m p l i c a t e s t h i s s o l u t i o n * The Census demarcation between m e t r o p o l i t a n and r u r a l was drawn at Surrey, mid-way i n 1951 and i n c l u s i v e l y i n 1 9 6 1 . At the same time, a d m i n i s t r a t i v e l y , Surrey i s i n c l u d e d i n the Department of S o c i a l Welfare's Region VI and needed to be i n c l u d e d i n the study area socio-economic s t a t i s t i c s . F u r t h e r , i t turned out to be s t a t i s t i c a l l y a very s i g n i f i c a n t a r e a . The w e l f a r e s t a t i s t i c s , on the other hand, are comparatively s t r a i g h t f o r w a r d . The m o d i f i c a t i o n s i n t h e i r c o l l e c t i o n has been due to a d m i n i s t r a t i v e changes but these are e a s i l y coped with at l e a s t f o r b a s i c f i g u r e s . The o b j e c t i v e of the present study i s to examine (a) the p o p u l a t i o n s t r u c t u r e ; then, (b) the r e l a t i o n of the w e l f a r e p a t t e r n to i t ; and, then, <c) to determine i f there are o b s e r v a t i o n s t h a t can be made r e l a t i n g the p o p u l a t i o n changes and the w e l f a r e changes, and p o s s i b l e f u t u r e t r e n d s * 10 In the 1961 Census, D i v i s i o n 4 was d i v i d e d i n t o S u b d i v i s i o n s : A - H a r r i s o n Lake, B-Howe Sound, C-Vancouver, D-New Westminster, E - C h i l l i w a c k . -20-CHAPTER II Who L i v e s i n the Region? A knowledge of the people of Region VI i s e s s e n t i a l f o r two r a t h e r obvious but q u i t e d i f f e r e n t reasons. F i r s t , the nature and composition of the p o p u l a t i o n w i l l decide the s p e c i f i c c o n s t e l l a t i o n of problems that a r i s e and the network of s o c i a l s e r v i c e s necessary. In a d d i t i o n , the community's p a r t i c u l a r s o c i a l w e l f a r e network i s , i n essence, the pro-v i s i o n of problem-solving measures, depending on how f a r i t has r e c o g n i z e d and committed i t s e l f to u n d e r w r i t i n g the w e l l -being of i t s members. As the composition of i t s membership and t h e i r problems of work and l i f e change, p o l i t i c a l , economic and s o c i a l f o r c e s w i l l i n f l u e n c e the community's commitments to s o c i a l w e l f a r e . On the other hand, i t may be e a s i e r to understand what s e r v i c e s should be developed and m o d i f i e d i f changes can be p e r c e i v e d or f o r s e e n . An a n a l y s i s of any R e g i o n a l composition should begin with p o p u l a t i o n s t a t i s t i c s and other r e l a t e d census data r e g u l a r l y compiled by the Dominion Bureau of S t a t i s t i c s . S i nce the Census years 1951 and 1961 were chosen as base f i g u r e s , i t was decided to d e s c r i b e the makeup of the Region as i t was i n 1 9 5 1 , then to examine the changes i n d i s t r i b u t i o n over the ten year p e r i o d . From t h i s , a f a i r l y contemporary p i c t u r e should emerge. However, as much of the 1961 census m a t e r i a l i s s t i l l being t a b u l a t e d at the time of w r i t i n g , a complete socio-economic p r o f i l e i s not p o s s i b l e . More d e t a i l e d f i g u r e s f o r census s u b d i v i s i o n s , m e t r o p o l i t a n Vancouver and Surrey would have been p r e f e r a b l e . S t i l l , there i s s u f f i c i e n t m a t e r i a l a v a i l a b l e to draw the g e n e r a l o u t l i n e s . The d i f f e r e n c e s i n boundaries f o r Region VI and Census D i v i s i o n 4 are i n d i c a t e d i n F i g u r e 2 ; and the problems t h i s c r e a t e d i n o b t a i n i n g a r e f i n e d f i g u r e f o r the study area have already been mentioned. Table I has been designed to show c l e a r l y the d i f f e r e n t working u n i t s which had to be used and the method pursued i n a r r i v i n g at a p o p u l a t i o n u n i t comparable to Region VI. From t h i s t a b l e i t can be a s c e r t a i n e d that Region VI f i g u r e s f o r s o c i o -economic data were obtained by s t a r t i n g with D i v i s i o n 4 census f i g u r e s and s u b s t r a c t i n g from them the Census M e t r o p o l i t a n Vancouver f i g u r e s e x c l u d i n g the Surrey p o r t i o n . The kinds of data here presented f o r Region VI, have had to be l i m i t e d to what could be obtained from \"Census T r a c t \" m a t e r i a l i n 1951 (ie., the s u b d i v i s i o n s of the m e t r o p o l i t a n area of Greater Vancouver which provided the d e t a i l f o r the p o r t i o n of Surrey t h a t f o r i t s purposes, the Census i n c l u d e d i n M e t r o p o l i t a n Vancouver f i g u r e s ) . In 1 9 6 1 , -21a-TABLE I : FRASER VALLEY AND RELATED AREAS 1941-1961 ( P o p u l a t i o n i n Thousands) P.C.Increase AREA 1941 1951 1961 1941-1951 1951-1961 Region VI(a) 75,300 110,900 188,300 47,4 69.7 D i v i s i o n 4 447,300 649,200 907,500 45.1 39.8 Census M e t r o p o l i t a n Vancouver 377,400 530,700 790,100 40. 6 48.9 M e t r o p o l i t a n Vancouver ( e x c l u d i n g S u r r e y ) ( b ) 3 74,000 497,000 719,300 32.8 44.7 Vancouver C i t y ( c ) 275,400 344,800 384,600 25.2 11. 5 Surrey M u n i c i p a l i t y ( c ) 13,200 33,700 70,800 127.0 110.4 B r i t i s h Columbia 817,900 1,165,200 1,629,000 42.5 40.0 (a) Region VI, using census data i s e q u i v a l e n t t o : D i v i s i o n 4 l e s s Census M e t r o p o l i t a n Vancouver, e x c l u d i n g Surrey. (b) T h i s f i g u r e excludes a p o r t i o n of Surrey i n 1941 and 1951, the whole of Surrey i n 1961. See t e x t Chapter 2. (c) P o p u l a t i o n of Vancouver C i t y i n 1956 - 362,000; Surrey M u n i c i p a l i t y i n 1956 - 48,900. - 2 2 -Region VI data are f e a s i b l e wherever f i g u r e s are o b t a i n a b l e f o r the whole of Surrey ( s i n c e i t was then wholly i n c l u d e d i n Census M e t r o p o l i t a n Vancouver). General P o p u l a t i o n P a t t e r n T o t a l p o p u l a t i o n s and ten - year i n c r e a s e s f o r the F r a s e r V a l l e y and a l l the r e l a t e d areas, from 1941 to 1961 , can g i v e some of the most important i n f o r m a t i o n i n the p e r s p e c t i v e . Taking 1951 as the base year, Region VI had 1 1 0 , 9 0 0 people, approximately one-tenth of B r i t i s h Columbia's t o t a l p o p u l a t i o n of 1 , 1 6 5 , 2 0 0 . By 1 9 6 1 , 1 8 8 , 3 0 0 people were l i v i n g i n Region VI, about o n e - f i f t h of the B r i t i s h Columbia t o t a l of 1 , 6 2 9 , 0 0 0 . C l e a r l y , there has been marked p o p u l a t i o n expansion. However, the growth f o r Region VI i s 20 per cent higher than t h a t o c c u r r i n g i n M e t r o p o l i t a n Vancouver. This i l l u s t r a t e s a c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of Region VI (and the F r a s e r V a l l e y as a whole): as a h i n t e r l a n d of a m e t r o p o l i s , i t may experience expansion at a f a s t e r r a t e than i n the c i t y proper. T h i s i s most ev i d e n t of a l l i n Surrey, which i n c r e a s e d 110 per cent. Such an i n c r e a s e i s more than twice as much as o c c u r r e d i n the r e s t of Census M e t r o p o l i t a n Vancouver: a l i t t l e under 50 per cent, and i s s t i l l a s i g n i f i c a n t r a t e of growth i n i t s own r i g h t . The p o p u l a t i o n of the component areas of Region VI can now be set out i n d e t a i l (Table I I ) . T h i s i s a fundamental - 2 3 -t a b l e , f o r b e s i d e s g i v i n g t h e o v e r a l l p o p u l a t i o n s o f t h e s t u d y a r e a i n 1951 a n d 1 9 6 1 . i t i s p o s s i b l e t o a d d a p r o j e c t e d i n c r e a s e t o 1 9 7 1 , t h a n k s t o t h e e s t i m a t e s made by t h e L o w e r M a i n l a n d R e g i o n a l P l a n n i n g B o a r d a n d k i n d l y made a v a i l a b l e f o r t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y . T o h e l p a s a \" b e n c h m a r k \" , t h e r e l a t i v e p o p u l a t i o n g r o w t h f o r B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a a n d f o r C a n a d a a s a w h o l e , h a v e b e e n i n c l u d e d . I n t h e t e n - y e a r s p a n f r o m t h e b a s e y e a r o f 1 9 5 1 , p o p u l a t i o n i n R e g i o n V I h a s g r o w n 6 9 . 7 p e r c e n t , a s a g a i n s t 3 9 . 8 p e r c e n t i n B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a a n d 3 0 . 1 p e r c e n t i n C a n a d a . U n d e n i a b l y , t h e F r a s e r V a l l e y i s an a r e a w h i c h h a s g r o w n , i n s i z e a n d i n r a t e o f i n c r e a s e , t w i c e a s f a s t a s t h e p r o v i n c e o r t h e n a t i o n . T o f a c i l i t a t e a n u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h e p a t t e r n o f t h e a r e a , R e g i o n V I i s shown a r b i t r a r i l y d i v i d e d i n t o a \" W e s t e r n S e c t o r \" a n d an \" E a s t e r n S e c t o r \" ; t h e l i n e c o m i n g a p p r o x i m a t e l y m i d - w a y . T h i s i s n o t s t a n d a r d p r a c t i c e b u t h e l p s i n c o m p r e h e n d i n g t h e f a c t s . T h e n o r t h - s o u t h d i v i s i o n w i t h i n e a c h \" s e c t o r \" i s t h e m o r e n a t u r a l one o f t h e F r a s e r R i v e r . T h e c o m p o n e n t a r e a s i n e a c h s e c t o r a r e t h e m u n i c i p a l i t i e s , c i t i e s , a n d v i l l a g e s w h i c h make up t h e R e g i o n a n d a r e d e s i g n a t e d by t h e i r l e g a l b o u n d a r i e s . U n d e r t h e h e a d i n g \" S p e c i a l A r e a s \" i s i n c l u d e d some u n o r g a n i z e d t e r r i t o r y a n d I n d i a n R e s e r v e s ; a m o r e d e t a i l e d e x p l a n a t i o n o f t h i s c a t e g o r y i s p r e s e n t e d f u r t h e r on i n t h e c h a p t e r . T h e s p e c i f i c p a t t e r n o f t h e s t u d y -23a-TABLE I I : FRASER VALLEY: P o p u l a t i o n of Component Areas 1951 - 1961 (with f o r e c a s t f o r 1 9 7 1 * ) LOCATION P o p u l a t i o n i n Thousands 1951 1961 1971 P.C. Increase 1 9 5 1 - 1 9 6 1 -1961 1971 Region 6 1 1 0 , 9 0 0 1 8 8 , 3 0 0 (---) 6 9 . 7 (\u2014) WESTERN SECTOR North of F r a s e r R i v e r P i t t Meadows 1 , 4 0 0 2 , 1 0 0 2 , 8 0 0 5 2 . 5 3 3 . 3 Maple Ridge 9 , 9 0 0 1 6 , 7 0 0 2 4 , 1 0 0 6 9 . 3 4 4 . 3 South of F r a s e r R i v e r Surrey 33 , 7 0 0 7 0 , 8 0 0 1 4 0 , 0 0 0 1 1 0 . 4 9 7 . 7 White Rock (---) 6 , 4 0 0 (---) ( \u2014 ) (---) Langley D i s t r i c t 1 2 , 3 0 0 1 4 , 6 0 0 2 4 , 7 0 0 1 8 . 9 6 9 . 1 Langley C i t y (---) 2 , 4 0 0 4 , 1 0 0 ( \u2014 ) 7 0 . 8 Matsqui 1 0 , 3 0 0 1 4 , 2 0 0 2 2 , 1 0 0 3 8 . 6 5 5 . 6 A b b o t s f o r d V i l l a g e 780 890 1 , 0 0 0 1 3 . 1 1 3 . 6 Sum as 4 , 0 0 0 5 . 1 0 0 6 , 6 0 0 2 8 . 1 2 9 . 4 EASTERN SECTOR North of F r a s e r R i v e r M i s s i o n D i s t r i c t 4 , 5 0 0 5 , 3 0 0 8 , 4 0 0 1 9 . 2 5 8 . 5 M i s s i o n C i t y 2 , 7 0 0 3 , 2 0 0 3 , 7 0 0 2 1 . 8 1 5 . 6 H a r r i s o n V i l l a g e South of F r a s e r R i v e r 500 500 1 , 1 0 0 ( \u2014 - ) 1 3 4 . O Hope 1 , 7 0 0 2 , 7 0 0 4 , 0 0 0 6 4 . 9 4 8 . 0 C h i l l i w h a c k D i s t r i c t 1 3 , 7 0 0 1 8 , 3 0 0 3 6 , 0 0 0 3 3 . 7 9 6 . 7 C h i l l i w a c k C i t y 5 , 7 0 0 8 , 2 0 0 1 2 , 2 0 0 4 5 . 8 4 8 . 8 Kent 1 . 7 0 0 2 . 1 0 0 3 . 0 0 0 2 7 . 2 4 2 . 9 SPECIAL AREAS Unorganized T e r r i t o r y 6 , 5 0 0 1 2 , 6 0 0 (---) 9 3 . 8 ( \u2014) Indian Reserve 1 , 6 0 0 2 , 1 4 0 (---) 3 3 . 7 ( \u2014 ) B r i t i s h Columbia 1 , 1 6 5 . 2 0 0 1 , 6 2 9 . 0 0 0 2 , 3 1 6 , 9 0 0 3 9 . 8 4 2 . 2 Canada 1 4 , 0 0 9 , 4 0 0 1 8 . 2 3 8 . 2 0 0 2 2 . 7 1 4 . 5 0 0 3 0 . 1 2 4 . 5 \u2022^Projected f i g u r e based on estimates of Lower Mainland Region a l Planning Board. (reproduced by permission) - 2 4 -area and i t s adjacent environs i s f u r t h e r i l l u s t r a t e d i n F i g u r e 2 . An examination of the Region on t h i s b a s i s i n d i c a t e s that w hile the Western Sector contained more than twice as many people as the E a s t e r n S e c t o r , by 1961 the r a t i o had grown to three times as many. Th i s e s t a b l i s h e s that the Western Sector has both the l a r g e s t p o p u l a t i o n of the Region and the g r e a t e s t expansion. Moreover, w i t h i n the Western Sector i t i s i n the M u n i c i p a l i t y of Surrey that the l a r g e s t p o p u l a t i o n i s l o c a t e d : 3 3 , 7 0 0 i n 1951 r i s i n g to 7 0 , 8 0 0 i n 1 9 6 1 . F u r t h e r , i t has a l s o had the most phenomenal percentage i n c r e a s e . I t must a l s o be con s i d e r e d that during the ten.year span, White Rock, a pa r t of Surrey M u n i c i p a l i t y seceded, t a k i n g 1 , 2 8 2 acres of i n h a b i t a b l e land and a po p u l a t i o n that numbered 6 , 4 0 0 i n 1 9 6 1 . While t h i s complicates the p r e c i s e percentage i n c r e a s e f o r Surrey, i t does not change the t r e n d . There can be l i t t l e doubt about the reason f o r t h i s t r e n d ; or about i t s s i g n i f i c a n c e . Surrey i s the m u n i c i p a l i t y d i r e c t l y adjacent to M e t r o p o l i t a n Vancouver and so the r a p i d r a t e of expansion i s i n great p a r t , a \" s p i l l over\" from Vancouver r a t h e r than i n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n of the F r a s e r V a l l e y . That i t i s the most urbanized p a r t of the Region has been recog n i z e d by the Census a u t h o r i t i e s , i n t h e i r i n c r e a s i n g 2 5 -i n c l u s i o n of i t w i t h i n Census M e t r o p o l i t a n Vancouver between 1941 and 1 9 6 1 . Other s p e c i a l circumstances around t h i s p o i n t w i l l be d i s c u s s e d l a t e r under r u r a l - u r b a n make-up. At the moment, the e s s e n t i a l s i t u a t i o n has been e f f e c t i v e l y summed up by the Lower Mainland Regional Planning Board: In any developing r e g i o n there are three p o p u l a t i o n sub-regions; urban, suburban and r u r a l . Tomorrow's urban areas w i l l extend i n t o today's suburbs and tomorrows suburbs i n t o today's r u r a l a reas. A comparison of b i r t h r a t e s i n d i c a t e s a h i g h e r trend i n r u r a l and suburban areas. As areas become b u i l t up, t h e i r r a t e s of growth u s u a l l y slow down, and b i r t h r a t e s drop off.. The Lower Mainland can be d i v i d e d i n t o three such p o p u l a t i o n sub-regions. The urban area c o n s i s t s of Vancouver, Burnaby and New Westminster, and i s ri n g e d by the suburban areas of Richmond, Surrey, Coquitlam and the North Shore m u n i c i p a l i t i e s . The remaining m u n i c i p a l i t i e s , v i l l a g e s and uni n c o r p o r a t e d areas to the east make-up the r u r a l region.-^ 11 Lower Mainland Regional Planning Board; The Lower  Mainland Looks Ahead. New Westminster, 1 9 5 2 . ( U n d e r l i n i n g added). - 2 6 -While \" M e t r o p o l i t a n Vancouver\" i s not yet a l e g a l e n t i t y , i t s e x i s t e n c e i s beyond d i s p u t e . Today, urban development spreads over the a r t i f i c i a l m u n i c i p a l boundaries with l e s s d i f f i c u l t y than ever before i n h i s t o r y . While formerly, m e t r o p o l i t a n communities grew c o n s i s t e n t l y from the i n s i d e outward at a l e i s u r e l y pace, today the speed and char-a c t e r of the growth have been completely a l t e r e d . Today, there i s a mass movement of p o p u l a t i o n to the suburbs due to the advent of such t h i n g s as the \"automobile,the car p o o l , the expressway, improved p u b l i c t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , the l a r g e s c a l e assembly and development of land by p r i v a t e e n t e r p r i s e and mass pr o d u c t i o n and \"packaging\" of h o u s i n g \" . ^ A l l these, together with the f a c t that o f t e n , there are no r e s t r i c t i o n s on b u i l d i n g , such as are imposed by p l a n n i n g , zoning or g r e e n b e l t p r o v i s i o n s ; have made i t p o s s i b l e f o r people of a l l kinds to l i v e i n the suburbs. No longer are suburbanites of the well-to-do= ;or problem-free segment of s o c i e t y , i n s t e a d we f i n d the same g r a d a t i o n s from wealth to poverty as i n the c i t y . A s s i s t e d by the a c c e s s o r i e s of modern l i v i n g , a wide segment of the p o p u l a t i o n i s able to f u l f i l one of the moral p r i n c i p a l s of North American l i f e : home-ownership; 12 Canadian A s s o c i a t i o n f o r A d u l t Education, Pamphlet  no. 3 f A p r i l , 1963, p. 5. - 2 7 -the a c q u i r i n g of a s i n g l e - f a m i l y d w e l l i n g . Together, these two f o r c e s c r e a t e the \" r a i s o n d ' e t r e \" of the suburbs. They a l s o c o l o r i t ' s e v o l v i n g c h a r a c t e r ; i t s l a c k of any f o c a l p o i n t , the formlessness c r e a t e d by masses of houses, s t r e e t blocks and s u b d i v i s i o n s that begin and end nowhere. The common denominator of these a r e a s , i n c l u d i n g M e t r o p o l i t a n Vancouver, i s of course t h e i r degree of urban-i z a t i o n : the c l o s e r e l a t i o n s h i p they hold to one another as a r e s u l t of the flow of people between them to work, to home, and to s o c i a l a c t i v i t i e s . There i s no homogeneous degree of a c t i v i t y , d e n s i t y of b u i l d i n g , socio-economic s t a t u s , or c u l t u r a l t i e s . I t i s very d i v e r s e ; but the r e l a t i o n s h i p does add up to a m e t r o p o l i t a n c e n t r e . The r e c o g n i t i o n and measurement of such r e l a t i o n s h i p s i n the r e g i o n a l study area, are mainly based on c o n s u l t a t i o n between knowledgeable l o c a l people, the Dominion Bureau of S t a t i s t i c s and the Lower Mainland Planning Board, e t c . M e t r o p o l i t a n government has more than once been urged between the a f f e c t e d communities but so f a r no a c t i o n has been taken. However, a beginning can be seen i n the co - o p e r a t i v e e f f o r t s of such t h i n g s as the Lower Mainland Regio n a l Planning Board's standing committee on i n t e r -m u n i c i p a l and m e t r o p o l i t a n a f f a i r s . However, r e g i o n a l policy-making as a n e c e s s i t y i s slow to be accepted. -28-H. B. Mayo states the case clearly i n a Citizens Forum pamphlet, Big Citv: wAn area that i s economically, geographically and socially one i s divided i n i t s municipal jurisdiction. For purposes of planning, of orderly growth, of policing, of recreation, of roads and t r a f f i c , and other purposes, there ought to be unified government. Instead, govern-ment i s fragmented. What the facts of l i f e and the needs of people have joined together lo c a l government puts asunder. S13 That metropolitan expansion has important implications for the rural hinterland i s more and more apparent. As old highway f a c i l i t i e s are streamlined and new ones b u i l t , such as the Deas Island expressway now i n operation, and the Port Mann freeway now under construction, the feasible and tolerable distance from which to commute, w i l l increase, extending the urban complex and suburban construction eastward up the Valley. This process i s already under way and l i k e l y to continue. The projected pop-ulation increases to 1971 suggest the same, i f not a higher rate of increase, as has been experienced i n the l a s t ten years. Unless there are changes i n the planning machinery, this growth may be more of a l i a b i l i t y than an asset. The freeway development has further significance for 13 Ibid., p. 8. - 2 9 -Region VI. New i n n o v a t i o n s i n road design, such as c l o v e r l e a f s and i n d i r e c t approaches to entrances and e x i t s , use up v a l u a b l e l a n d , much of i t p r e v i o u s l y a g r i c u l t u r a l . F u r t h e r , adjacent t r a c t s tend to be fragmented and t h i s can \" s t e r i l i z e \" one of our most i r r e p l a c e a b l e r e s o u r c e s . Too o f t e n , not only i n Canada but i n many other, c o u n t r i e s , the negative f a c t o r s i n the process of u r b a n i z a t i o n have been accepted as i n e v i t a b l e . Many u n d e s i r a b l e f e a t u r e s c o u l d be e l i m i n a t e d with planning, that decides land uses and p r o t e c t s the land and the people who r e l y on i t , t h _ o u g h zoning and c o n t r o l l e d development. Whether t h i s happens i n the F r a s e r V a l l e y w i l l depend on the extent to which the v a r i o u s m u n i c i p a l i t i e s are w i l l i n g to accept and use r e g i o n a l policy-making. There i s f u r t h e r a n a l y t i c evidence of urban expansion up the nort h s i d e of the F r a s e r R i v e r : Maple Ridge has experienced the second l a r g e s t i n c r e a s e i n p o p u l a t i o n , jumping from 9 , 9 0 0 i n 1951 to 1 6 , 7 0 0 i n 1961 (Table I I ) . I t i s a f a i r l y l a r g e m u n i c i p a l i t y , over 2 7 , 0 0 0 acres i n s i z e and though the northern p a r t i s mountainous, i n c l u d e s one major town, Haney. With urban expansion l o o k i n g f o r a v a i l a b l e l a n d and with improvements i n a r t e r i a l highways l e a d i n g i n t o Vancouver and New Westminster, Haney has i n recent years a t t r a c t e d r e s i d e n t i a l housing developments, some secondary i n d u s t r y and, i n 1 9 5 6 , the establishment of a P r o v i n c i a l C o r r e c t i o n a l I n s t i t u t i o n . The economy of t h i s area r e c e i v e d 30-s t i m u l a t i o n from the l o c a t i o n of such an i n s t i t u t i o n i n i t s midst, both at the time of i t s c o n s t r u c t i o n and c u r r e n t l y i n the s t a f f needed f o r i t s o p e r a t i o n . In a d d i t i o n , o f t e n f a m i l i e s of the inmates, move to Haney to be near t h e i r menfolk. T h i s group forms a small part of the t o t a l p o p u l a t i o n but has s i g n i f i c a n c e f o r s o c i a l w e l f a r e , as the g r e a t e r percentage of them are \"dependent\" and tend to o c c a s i o n d i f f e r e n t types of problems from those otherwise to be encountered i n the average suburb; such as drug a d d i c t i o n , and the i n e v i t a b l e \" f l o a t i n g \" nature of a l i f e attendant on the v i c i s s i t u d e s of a c o n v i c t . The numbers of people l i v i n g i n the other component areas are n e a r l y always s m a l l , as one goes eastward i n t o the r u r a l sub-region, and t h i s needs to be kept i n mind when t h i n k i n g i n terms of percentage i n c r e a s e s . The f a c t t h at C h i l l i w a c k and Hope at the f a r end of the E a s t e r n S e c t o r , rank next to Surrey and Maple Ridge i n percentage i n c r e a s e (the d i s t o r t i o n s occasioned by the smallness of a b s o l u t e numbers notwithstanding) would appear to i n d i c a t e t hat the r a t e of p o p u l a t i o n expansion i s not simply a matter of \"urban overflow\" but a l s o some strengthening of r u r a l h i n t e r l a n d economy. U n f o r t u n a t e l y a measurement taken only at ten year i n t e r v a l s does not permit the r e g i s t e r i n g of ups and downs w i t h i n the p e r i o d , but only the o v e r a l l change. Consequently, although i t i s recognized that there has been an economic r e c e s s i o n and many r e s u l t a n t changes towards the 31 end of the decade, the measurement used here does not r e c o r d t h i s . However, one e f f e c t of the economic r e c e s s i o n r e l e v a n t here, has been the i n c r e a s e of the \"commuter t o l e r a n c e \" , the r e g u l a r d r i v i n g - time people are w i l l i n g to expend i f job s i t u a t i o n s demand i t . T h i s f a c t combined with the a v a i l a b i l i t y of low c o s t housing has tended to continue the r a p i d r a t e of p o p u l a t i o n expansion d e s p i t e the downward economic t r e n d . The two \" s p e c i a l areas\" (Table I I ) now need to be e x p l a i n e d . There are a number of Indian Reserves and pockets of p r o v i n c i a l Unorganized T e r r i t o r y , s c a t t e r e d throughout the V a l l e y . As each i s not l i s t e d s e p a r a t e l y i n Census volumes, i t i s not f e a s i b l e to r e t a i n t h e i r i d e n t i t y i n a l l measurements. Succeeding t a b l e s w i l l t h e r e f o r e i n c l u d e \" s p e c i a l area\" f i g u r e s i n the t o t a l s but not s p e c i f y them. Densit y of R e s i d e n t i a l P a t t e r n s A knowledge of p o p u l a t i o n p a t t e r n s and t h e i r r a t e of growth can be f u r t h e r i l l u m i n a t e d by examining t h e i r degree of c o n c e n t r a t i o n . Such p a t t e r n s take on more meaning when re v i e w e d i n r e l a t i o n to the l a n d area they occupy. Consequently, area and d e n s i t y are set out i n T a b l e I I I f o r a l l the component areas of the Region. The area f i g u r e s used, r e f e r to acres of i n h a b i t a b l e land as estimated by the Lower Mainland Planning Board. T h i s estimate seems more meaningful than using a c t u a l m u n i c i p a l f i g u r e s f o r t o t a l area l y i n g w i t h i n t h e i r boundaries, -31a-TABLE I I I : AREA and DENSITY of POPULATION LOCATION *Acres of In-h a b i t a b l e Land Persons per Acre 1951 Persons per Acre 1961 Region 6 3 7 4 , 6 1 9 30 46 WESTERN SECTOR North of F r a s e r R i v e r P i t t Meadows 1 2 , 8 7 5 11 17 Maple Ridge 2 7 , 0 4 5 33 62 South of F r a s e r R i v e r Surrey 7 5 , 9 0 0 44 93 White Rock 1 , 2 8 2 ( \u2014 ) 503 Langley D i s t r i c t 7 2 , 0 5 7 17 20 Langley C i t y 2 , 4 9 5 ( \u2014 ) 95 Matsqui 5 4 , 8 9 1 19 26 A b b o t s f o r d V i l l a g e 160 491 555 Sunias 3 0 , 9 1 8 13 I 7 EASTERN SECTOR North of F r a s e r R i v e r M i s s i o n D i s t r i c t 1 6 , 2 7 5 40 33 M i s s i o n C i t y 821 325 396 H a r r i s o n V i l l a g e 1 , 4 3 3 34 33 South of F r a s e r R i v e r Hope 1 2 , 0 0 0 14 23 C h i l l i w h a c k D i s t r i c t 4 1 , 0 3 3 33 45 C h i l l i w a c k C i t y 1 , 0 4 0 544 794 Kent 15 ,898 11 14 (Y Vancouver C i t y 2 8 , 1 6 0 1 , 2 2 5 1 , 3 6 5 \u2022Area f i g u r e s P lanning Board, f i g u r e s . obtained from the Lower Mainland Region a l and i n some i n s t a n c e s d i f f e r from m u n i c i p a l -32-s i n c e t h e i r f i g u r e s o f t e n i n c l u d e acres of water, mountains, e t c . Qln t h i s b a s i s , Region VI co n t a i n s roughly 375,000 acres on which., i n 1951. the 110,900 people were spread to a d e n s i t y of 30 persons per acre (Table I I I ) . T h i s i s a very low d e n s i t y when compared to the C i t y of Vancouver, having 1,225 persons per acre i n 1951. Thus the Region i s s t i l l e s s e n t i a l l y r u r a l i n terms of d e n s i t y . C h i l l i w a c k C i t y , A b b o t s f o r d V i l l a g e , M i s s i o n C i t y and White Rock are areas of p o p u l a t i o n c o n c e n t r a t i o n , although t h e i r land areas and p o p u l a t i o n s i z e s are s m a l l . There are, however, l i m i t a t i o n s to the \"t o w n - c l u s t e r \" measurement because of the circumstances i n v o l v e d i n the d e s i g n a t i o n of l e g a l boundaries. For i n s t a n c e , C h i l l i w a c k 14 C i t y i s d e f i n e d as the centre f o r C h i l l i w h a c k * D i s t r i c t , w hile Haney has no l e g a l e n t i t y and i s not i d e n t i f y a b l e , yet s t i l l accounts f o r the bulk of the f i g u r e s f o r Maple Ridge. S t i l l the t a b u l a t i o n does provide an o v e r a l l guide, and i t i s s i g n i f i c a n t to note again t h a t Surrey has the l a r g e s t l a n d area of the Region, the l a r g e s t s i z e p o p u l a t i o n and the 14 lib i s standard p r a c t i c e w i t h i n the area to s p e l l the town \" C h i l l i w a c k \" and the d i s t r i c t \" C h i l l i w h a c k \" . - 3 3 -h i g h e s t d e n s i t y , next to the major towns d i s c u s s e d above. A l s o as could be expected, the r a t e of p o p u l a t i o n i n c r e a s e over the decade has more than doubled. The d e n s i t y , i s hi g h by V a l l e y standards although low by m e t r o p o l i t a n standards. As one t r a v e l s eastward up the V a l l e y , excluding the towns, one f i n d s the d e n s i t y decreases to mid-region and then p i c k s up again i n the E a s t e r n S e c t o r . Thus i n 1951 Maple Ridge had 33 persons per acre, Langley 1 7 , Matsqui 1 9 , Sumas 1 3 , C h i l l i w h a c k 33 and M i s s i o n 4 0 . By 1961 Maple Ridge had 62 persons per acre, Langley 2 0 , Matsqui 2 6 , Sumas 17 and C h i l l i w h a c k 4 5 . I t i s evident t h a t , what was already p r o j e c t e d i n Chapter I , f i n d s c o n f i r m a t i o n here i n the p o p u l a t i o n a n a l y s i s . While expansion i s a \" s p i l l over\", the c o n c e n t r a t i o n of people i s so low i n r e l a t i o n to the land they occupy, that even a l l o w i n g f o r a doubling of p o p u l a t i o n s i z e , one or two w e l l -organized m u n i c i p a l i t i e s c o u l d e f f i c i e n t l y accomodate the whole urban expansion f o r the next ten ye a r s . Rural-Urban D i s t r i b u t i o n I t has been g e n e r a l l y agreed that the f e r t i l e land of the F r a s e r V a l l e y i s an i n v a l u a b l e a g r i c u l t u r a l r e s o u r c e . T h i s r a i s e s the qu e s t i o n of how much of t h i s i s being put to a g r i c u l t u r a l uses. While f i g u r e s f o r a c t u a l acres i n product! -33a-TABLE IV: The RURAL-URBAN PATTERN ( T h i s t a b l e comprises the whole of D i v i s i o n 4 ) 1 9 5 1 1 9 6 1 1 9 5 1 - 1 9 6 1 AREAS Population P.C. P o p u l a t i o n P.C. P.C.Increase URBAN Large Centres ( 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 and over) 3 4 4 , 8 3 3 5 3 . 1 7 2 8 , 7 2 6 8 0 . 2 1 1 1 . 3 Medium Cent-res ( 3 0 , 0 0 0 -1 0 0 , 0 0 0 ) 5 8 , 3 7 6 8 . 9 ( \u2014 ) * ( \u2014 ) ( \u2014 ) ( 1 0 , 0 0 0 -3 0 , 0 0 0 ) 1 0 7 , 6 6 8 1 6 . 5 ( \u2014 ) (---) ( \u2014 ) Small Centres ( 1 , 0 0 0 -1 0 , 0 0 0 ) 3 2 , 7 4 2 5 . 0 4 4 , 2 7 2 4 . 8 3 5 . 2 RURAL Farm 3 9 , 6 1 5 6 . 0 2 7 , 0 2 2 3 . 1 - 3 1 . 7 * * Non-farm 6 4 , 0 5 5 1 0 . 0 1 0 7 , 5 1 1 1 1 . 9 6 5 . 5 T o t a l Urban 5 4 4 , 6 6 8 8 3 . 8 7 7 2 , 9 9 8 8 5 . 1 4 1 . 9 T o t a l R u r a l 1 0 4 , 5 7 0 1 6 . 2 1 3 4 , 5 3 3 1 4 . 9 2 8 . 6 TOTAL 6 4 9 , 2 3 8 1 0 O . O 9 0 7 , 5 3 1 1 0 0 . 0 3 9 . 7 \u2022Not a v a i l a b l e . \u2022\u2022Decrease\u2022 are not a v a i l a b l e , the r u r a l - u r b a n d i s t r i b u t i o n of p o p u l a t i o n , as arranged i n Table IV, w i l l serve as a u s e f u l index. However, a note of warning must be sounded before proceeding: , The m a t e r i a l e x t r a c t e d from Ta b l e IV must be viewed i n the l i g h t of the changing Dominion Bureau of S t a t i s t i c s d e f i n i t i o n s of what was c l a s s e d as \"urban\" and what was \" r u r a l \" p o p u l a t i o n . These changes were necessary to take cognizance of the s h i f t i n g c h a r a c t e r of p o p u l a t i o n concen-t r a t i o n s , c r e a t i n g d i v e r s i f i e d p a t t e r n s of \" u r b a n i z a t i o n \" -i n formerly homogeneous r u r a l areas. P a t t e r n s of u r b a n i z a t i o n tend n e i t h e r to change the country i n t o a m e t r o p o l i s - l i k e c e n t r e nor l e a v e i t unchanged except by s i z e . Instead a new s y n t h e s i s of s o c i o l o g i c a l and economic f a c t o r s emerges. As data were not a v a i l a b l e f o r the ,component areas, Region VI, m a t e r i a l had to be t a b u l a t e d f o r the nearest u n i t , Census D i v i s i o n 4 , which roughly approximates Greater Vancouver and the F r a s e r V a l l e y considered together. Since most of M e t r o p o l i t a n Vancouver i s i n the f i r s t s e c t i o n of the t a b l e ( l a r g e c e n t r e s ) , i t i s s t i l l p o s s i b l e to read i n t o t h i s c o m p i l a t i o n s a l i e n t f e a t u r e s f o r the F r a s e r V a l l e y . For example, i n 1 9 5 1 , 8 4 per cent of the p o p u l a t i o n of the combined area was urban and about o n e - s i x t h r u r a l . Of a l l the r u r a l d w e l l e r s , only 3 8 per cent a c t u a l l y l i v e d on farms. These s t r i k i n g f i g u r e s are c h a r a c t e r i s t i c but not w e l l known. - 3 5 -By 1 9 6 1 , while the u r b a n - r u r a l r a t i o remained r e l a t i v e l y s t a b l e , a s i g n i f i c a n t change had occurred w i t h i n the r u r a l make-up: non-farm d w e l l e r s had r i s e n from 62 to 80 per cent. T h i s c l e a r l y r e f l e c t s suburban expansion and f r i n g e growth i n the smaller c e n t r e s and b r i n g s the farm p o p u l a t i o n down to only 3 per cent of the t o t a l . The o v e r a l l urban i n c r e a s e (42 per cent) over the ten year p e r i o d , needs some q u a l i f i c a t i o n by a l l o w i n g f o r adjustments of the Census d e f i n i t i o n s of \"urban\" and \" r u r a l \" : p r i o r to 1 9 5 1 , the p o p u l a t i o n r e s i d i n g w i t h i n the boundaries of an i n c o r p o r a t e d c i t y , town or v i l l a g e , r e g a r d l e s s of s i z e , was c o n s i d e r e d urban and the remainder r u r a l . However, i n the 1951 Census, the aggregate s i z e of p o p u l a t i o n , r a t h e r than p r o v i n c i a l l e g a l s t a t u s , was the main c r i t e r i o n . Here, \"urban\" i n c l u d e s a l l persons r e s i d i n g i n c i t i e s , towns and v i l l a g e s of 1 , 0 0 0 and over, whether Incorporated or u n i n c o r p o r a t e d , as w e l l as the p o p u l a t i o n of a l l p a r t s of those areas designated as \"census m e t r o p o l i t a n areas\". The remainder was c l a s s e d as r u r a l . By t h i s d e f i n i t i o n however, a l l m u n i c i p a l i t i e s - and there are e i g h t i n Region VI, i n v o l v i n g 55 per cent of the p o p u l a t i o n -r e g a r d l e s s of s i z e were con s i d e r e d r u r a l , except where i n c l u d e d i n a census m e t r o p o l i t a n area (as i n the case of the n i n t h R e g i o n a l M u n i c i p a l i t y , S u r r e y ) . The 1951 d e f i n i t i o n was designed to c r e a t e more or l e s s uniform demarcations between urban and r u r a l p o p u l a t i o n but i t does not r e f l e c t adequately the s i g n i f i c a n c e of western \" m u n i c i p a l i t i e s \" . -36-Further, Region VI contains two or three legally incorporated c i t i e s , such as Mission and Chilliwa'ck, which due to their size, are really towns, serving as centres for the municipal d i s t r i c t s of Mission and Chilliwhack. According to Census definitions, both c i t i e s are over 1,000 population and, therefore, urban, while the larger adjacent municipalities are rural. Such an anomaly means that there i s a scattering of \"urban\" population i n a distorted way Throughout Region VI; although i n 1951 i t i s not very large. By 1961, i t was recognized that this definition i s inadequate to cope with the expansion of even small towns across their legal boundaries. Consequently, i n the 1961 Census, \"urban\" means, as previously, the population residing i n c i t i e s , towns, and villages of 1,000 and over, whether incorporated or unincorporated, but now includes \"urbanized fringes\" of- a l l such centres of the agglomeration i s over 10,000. This means that the Districts of Langleyj Mission, and Chilliwhack, formerly considered rural, border on the c i t i e s of Langley, Mission, and Chilliwack, and as the agglomeration for each i s over 10,000, the population residing there i s now considered urban. The \"metropolitan areas\" used for Census purposes represent groups of urban communities that are i n close economic, geographic, and social relationship. As these groups of 37-communities expand, the Census boundaries must change, i f a reasonable measurement of \"urban\" i s to be achieved. Thus, i n 1 9 5 1 , there had been enough urban expansion i n Surrey m u n i c i p a l i t y f o r the Vancouver Census M e t r o p o l i t a n Area to i n c l u d e the western p o r t i o n (approximately o n e - t h i r d of the p o p u l a t i o n ) of Surrey, making o n e - t h i r d of the Surrey people urban and t w o - t h i r d s r u r a l . Since t h i s was found to be unreasonable, i n 1 9 6 1 , the m e t r o p o l i t a n boundary took i n a l l of Surrey, as w e l l as, i t s former t e r r i t o r y of the C i t y of White Rock which seceded from i t during the decade. W i t h i n the \" r u r a l \" areas, there i s a f u r t h e r s u b d i v i s i o n i n t o \"farm\" and \"non-farm\" p o p u l a t i o n . In 1 9 5 1 , a farm was taken to be a h o l d i n g on which a g r i c u l t u r a l o p e r a t i o n s were c a r r i e d out and which was e i t h e r 3 or more acr e s or,1 to 3 acres with a commercial p r o d u c t i o n of $ 2 5 0 . 0 0 or over. T h i s d e f i n i t i o n : w a s changed i n 1 9 6 1 , so that a farm i s now c o n s i d e r e d any 1-acre or more ho l d i n g having a g r i c u l t u r a l s a l e s of $ 5 0 . 0 0 or more. A l l the d e s c r i b e d changes tend to c r e a t e s l i g h t d i s t o r t i o n s i n the ten-year trend f i g u r e s and t h i s must be kept i n mind when comparisons are made* The r a t i o of male p o p u l a t i o n to females i s set out i n Table V. Mainly the r a t i o i s even, the lowest appearing i n White Rock and C h i l l i w a c k C i t y where there i s a r e l a t i v e l y - 3 7 a -TABLE V : RATIO?;of MALES to 100 FEMALES 1951 - 1961 LOCATION 1951 Vlales to Females 1961 Males to Females Region 6 107 104 WESTERN SECTOR North of the F r a s e r R i v e i P i t t Meadows 113 105 Maple Ridge 110 112 Surrey 105 104 South of the F r a s e r River White Rock <---) 90 Langley D i s t r i c t 110 107 Langley C i t y (---) 100 Matsqui 104 104 A b b o t s f o r d 84 100 Sumas 102 103 EASTERN SECTOR North of the F r a s e r R i v e r M i s s i o n D i s t r i c t 113 108 M i s s i o n C i t y 95 100 H a r r i s o n V i l l a g e 107 103 South of the F r a s e r R i v e r Hope 107 107 C h i l l i w h a c k D i s t r i c t 106 104 C h i l l i w a c k C i t y 90 92 Kent 111 104 - 3 8 -l a r g e p r o p o r t i o n of e l d e r l y people, many of whom are widows. The Haney C o r r e c t i o n a l I n s t i t u t e pushes the male r a t i o f o r Maple Ridge upward. On the whole, there i s no major d i s l o c a t i o n of groups i n the study area. I t can be speculated that the r e l a t i v e eveness i n d i c a t e s a predominance of f a m i l i e s i n Region VI. S o c i a l Components:  A. The Age Groups An a n a l y s i s of the p o p u l a t i o n by age groups can r e v e a l much p e r t i n e n t i n f o r m a t i o n on where the expansion i s o c c u r r i n g . Is i t evenly d i s t r i b u t e d throughout the v a r i o u s age groupings, or have some age-groups experienced g r e a t e r i n c r e a s e than o t h e r s ? The best approach to the dynamic aspects i n v o l v e d i s to d i s t i n g u i s h s i g n i f i c a n t groups such as: c h i l d r e n (0 to 1 4 ) , teenagers (15 to 1 9 ) , young a d u l t s ( 20 to 4 4 ) , middle age (45 to 6 4 ) , and the e l d e r l y (65 and o v e r ) . The p r o p o r t i o n a t e d i s t r i b u t i o n of these s i g n i f i c a n t s e c t o r s of the l i f e span are each noteworthy of study, as are the percentage i n c r e a s e s o c c u r r i n g i n each from 1951 to 1961 (Table V I I ) . To provide a \"touch stone\" the p o p u l a t i o n f o r Region VI has been arranged i n ab s o l u t e numbers f o r each 5 year group up to age 2 5 , then i n 10 year i n t e r v a l s (Table V I ) . -38a-TABLE V I : POPULATION OF KEY AGE GROUPS. For Region 6 and Component M u n i c i p a l i t i e s over 1 0 , 0 0 0 - 1 9 5 1 - 1 0 6 1 AGE [legion 6 Map 1 e Ridge Surrey Langley Matsqui C h i l l i w h a c k 0 -14 1951 P.C. 1961 P.C. P.C.Increase 3 3 , 7 6 2 3 0 . 6 58 , 8 8 3 3 1 . 2 7 4 . 4 2 , 9 4 1 2 0 . 7 5 , 4 1 7 3 2 . 3 8 4 . 1 0 , 8 4 0 2 0 . 2 2 6 , 3 5 0 3 7 . 2 1 6 7 . 8 3 , 6 0 8 2 0 . 4 5 , 0 0 1 3 4 . 2 3 8 . 6 3,474 3 3 . 4 4 , 8 7 5 3 4 . 1 4 0 . 3 4 , 3 1 6 3 1 . 5 6 , 6 1 8 36.1 5 3 . 3 1 5 - 1 9 1951 P.C. 1961 P.C. P.C.Increase 7 , 8 3 3 7 .1 1 6 , 0 8 1 8 . 5 1 0 5 . 2 608 6 .1 1 , 3 0 7 8 . 3 1 2 0 . 7 1 , 0 8 0 5 . 8 4 , 3 8 7 6 .1 1 2 1 . 5 881 7 .1 1 , 1 8 4 8 .1 3 4 . 3 915 8 . 8 1 , 3 0 3 9 . 1 4 2 . 4 1 , 1 3 7 8 . 3 1 , 5 4 8 8 . 4 3 6 . 1 2 0 - 4 4 1051 P.C. 1061 'S. C. P.C.Incr ease 3 5 , 4 2 7 3 2 . 2 6 0 , 4 1 1 3 2 . 0 70... 5 3 , 0 0 4 3 1 . 2 4 , 0 4 5 2 0 . 5 5 0 . 8 1 0 , 1 5 1 3 0 . 1 23 , 3 0 2 3 3 . 0 1 3 0 . 4 3 , 5 1 1 2 8 . 6 3 , 9 2 9 2 6 . 9 1 1 . 9 3 , 1 7 6 3 0 . 8 3 , 6 8 5 2 5 . 7 1 6 . 0 4 , 7 5 7 3 4 . 7 5 , 7 1 3 3 1 . 2 2 0 . 0 4 5 - 6 4 1951 P.C. 1961 P.C. P.C.Increase 2 1 , 1 4 5 1 0 . 2 3 2 , 2 1 7 1 7 . 1 5 2 . 3 2 , 1 1 2 2 1 . 3 3 , 0 7 7 1 8 . 3 45 . 6 7 , 1 5 4 2 1 . 2 1 0 , 5 4 2 1 4 . 8 4 7 . 3 2 , 6 8 7 2 1 . 0 2 , 8 2 3 1 9 . 3 5 . 0 1 , 0 3 0 1 8 . 7 2 , 8 4 8 1 9 . 0 4 7 . 5 2 , 4 6 8 1 8 . 0 3 , 0 4 5 1 6 . 6 2 3 . 3 65 and over 1951 P.C. 1061 P.C. P.C.Increase 1 1 , 8 3 2 1 0 . 7 18 , 2 3 9 9 . 6 5 4 . 1 1 , 1 3 6 1 1 . 4 1 , 0 2 3 1 1 . 4 6 0 . 2 4 , 5 4 5 1 3 . 4 6 , 1 5 8 8 . 6 3 5 . 4 1 , 5 8 0 1 2 . 8 1 ,648 1 1 . 2 4 . 3 813 7 . 8 1 , 5 8 2 1 1 . O 9 4 . 5 990 7 . 3 1 , 3 7 2 7 . 4 3 7 . 3 TOTAL 1051 P.C. 1061 P.C. P.C.Increase 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 8 8 , 3 3 0 1 0 O . 0 6 9 . 7 0 , 8 0 1 1 0 0 . 0 1 6 , 7 4 8 1 0 0 . 0 6 9 . 3 3 3 , 6 7 0 1 0 0 . 0 .70,838 1 0 0 . 0 1 1 0 . 4 1 2 , 2 6 7 1 0 0 . 0 1 4 , 5 8 3 1 0 0 . 0 1 8 . 9 1 0 , 3 0 8 1 0 0 . 0 1 4 , 2 9 3 1 0 0 . 0 3 8 . 6 1 3 , 6 7 7 1 0 0 . 0 1 8 , 2 9 6 1 0 0 . 0 33 . 7 TABLE V I I : AGE GROUPS by M u n i c i p a l i t y f o r Region 6 1 9 5 1 T o t a l 0 - 4 5 - 9 1 0 - 1 4 1 5 - 1 9 2 0 - 2 4 2 5 - 3 4 3 5 - 4 4 4 5 - 5 4 5 5 - 6 4 6 5 - 6 9 7 0 * P i t t Meadows 1 , 4 3 4 1 8 5 1 3 7 1 3 4 1 0 7 1 0 0 2 0 4 1 8 7 1 6 4 1 2 6 4 3 4 7 Maple Ridge 9 , 8 9 1 1 , 1 6 0 9 5 1 8 3 0 6 0 8 5 5 2 1 , 2 3 3 1 , 3 0 9 1 , 0 7 6 1 , 0 3 6 4 8 0 6 5 6 Surrey 3 3 , 6 7 0 3 , 7 7 6 3 , 3 1 0 2 , 7 5 4 1 , 9 8 0 1 , 6 0 7 4 , 4 1 2 4 , 1 3 2 3 , 5 1 8 3 , 6 3 6 2 , 0 5 9 2 , 4 8 6 Langley 1 2 , 2 6 4 1 , 2 1 1 1 , 2 6 3 1 , 1 3 4 8 8 1 5 6 0 1 , 4 0 5 1 , 5 4 6 1 , 3 6 9 1 , 3 1 8 6 9 3 8 8 7 Matsqui 1 0 , 3 0 8 1 , 2 4 8 1 , 1 3 6 1 , 0 9 0 9 1 5 6 4 0 1 , 3 0 3 1 , 2 3 3 1 , 0 4 2 8 8 8 4 0 0 4 1 3 Abbotsford 7 8 5 76 6 4 5 5 5 4 5 9 1 3 6 1 1 0 6 5 7 6 4 0 5 0 Sumas 4 , 0 1 5 5 1 0 4 7 5 4 0 8 3 6 9 2 6 3 5 1 3 5 2 7 4 1 2 2 6 3 1 2 0 1 5 5 Mi s s i o n D i s t r i c t 4 , 4 6 7 5 9 3 5 0 6 3 0 9 3 3 4 2 2 5 6 5 1 5 9 4 4 3 3 3 3 8 1 6 5 1 9 9 Mi s s i o n C i t y 2 , 6 6 8 2 7 2 2 3 3 2 0 1 2 0 0 1 9 5 3 8 1 4 0 1 2 7 9 2 3 4 9 6 1 7 6 H a r r i s o n H o t s p r i n g s 4 7 7 5 6 5 0 3 5 3 0 3 8 8 0 6 9 4 9 3 8 1 6 1 6 Hope 1 , 6 6 8 2 0 7 1 8 4 1 4 1 1 0 8 1 0 5 2 9 4 2 6 4 1 5 4 8 0 5 0 7 2 C h i l l i w h a c k D i s t r i c t 1 3 , 6 7 7 1 , 6 5 5 1 , 3 9 2 1 , 2 6 9 1 , 1 3 7 1 , 0 4 5 1 , 9 9 4 1 , 7 1 8 1 , 3 2 0 1 , 1 4 8 4 3 7 5 6 2 C h i l l i w a c k C i t y 5 , 6 6 3 5 3 1 4 3 1 3 9 3 3 72 3 8 8 7 6 7 7 7 0 6 0 9 6 1 9 3 3 7 4 4 6 Kent 1 , 7 2 5 2 1 7 1 8 2 1 5 0 1 1 8 9 6 2 2 5 2 4 5 1 8 5 1 6 4 5 9 8 4 TOTALS 1 0 0 , 9 9 9 1 2 , 8 5 2 1 1 , 2 0 4 9 , 7 0 6 7 , 8 3 3 6 , 4 4 1 1 4 , 8 6 4 1 4 , 1 2 2 1 1 , 5 0 0 1 0 , 5 8 2 5 , 2 4 1 6 , 5 9 1 - 3 9 From t h i s base s i g n i f i c a n t trends show up c l e a r l y . In 1 9 5 1 , i t i s i n t e r e s t i n g to note that each s p e c i f i c age-group's p r o p o r t i o n of the t o t a l p o p u l a t i o n , h e l d r e l a t i v e l y constant throughout the component areas of Region VI. For example,children to the age of 2 0 make up about 3 8 per cent of each areas' t o t a l p o p u l a t i o n ; young a d u l t s to age 4 5 averaged 3 0 per cent, middle age about 2 0 per cent and o l d age about 1 0 per cent. T h i s constant age group d i s t r i b u t i o n throughout the Region i n 1 9 5 1 i n d i c a t e s i t s r e l a t i v e homogeneity. But by 1 9 6 1 the changes that have so f a r been d e s c r i b e d , show up demographically. There i s a r i s e i n the p r o p o r t i o n of youngsters of 0 to 1 4 years i n Surrey, C h i l l i w h a c k and Maple Ridge while there was r e l a t i v e l y l i t t l e change i n the teenage group f o r the same p e r i o d . In Surrey the young a d u l t p o p u l a t i o n , aged 2 0 to 4 5 , rose s l i g h t l y but dropped 5 per cent i n Matsqui, 4 per cent i n C h i l l i w h a c k and 2 per cent i n Maple Ridge. With regard to percentage i n c r e a s e s over the decade, i t i s of l i t t l e s u r p r i s e that a l l age groups experienced an i n c r e a s e . However the most remarkable expansion occurred i n the c h i l d r e n , teenagers and at times i n the young a d u l t group. Surrey's p o p u l a t i o n i n c r e a s e d 1 6 7 . 8 per cent i n ages 0 to 1 4 and 1 2 1 . 5 per cent i n teenagers. The young a d u l t group i n c r e a s e d 1 3 0 . 4 per cent while the r a t e of expansion - 3 9 a -TABLE V I I I : DISTRIBUTION of CHILDREN i n FAMILIES by Age Groups i n 1951 AGE GROUPS Region 6 M e t r o p o l i t a n Vancouver D i v i s i o n 4 Under 6 P.C. 6 - 1 4 P.C. 1 4 , 2 4 3 3 5 . 1 2 1 , 8 1 4 5 3 . 8 6 0 , 5 0 1 3 8 . 0 7 0 , 7 7 7 4 3 . 0 7 6 , 7 4 4 3 7 . 4 9 2 , 5 9 1 4 5 . 1 1 5 - 1 8 P.C. At, School P.C. 1 5 - 1 8 at school 6 , 2 4 4 1 5 . 4 5 , 0 4 2 8 0 . 7 2 0 , 9 6 8 1 2 . 7 1 6 , 8 4 4 8 0 . 3 2 7 , 2 1 2 1 3 . 2 2 1 , 8 8 6 8 0 . 4 1 9 - 2 4 P.C. At,School P.C. 1 9 - 2 4 at school 4 , 2 8 5 1 0 . 5 8 1 7 1 9 . 0 2 3 , 5 8 9 1 4 . 3 4 , 7 5 2 2 0 . 1 2 7 , 8 7 4 1 3 . 6 5 , 5 6 9 1 9 . 0 TOTAL P.C. 4 0 , 4 8 6 1 0 0 . O 1 6 4 , 4 3 8 1 0 0 . 0 2 0 4 , 9 2 4 1 0 0 . 0 -40-of the o l d age was only 3 5 * 4 . Maple Ridge experienced i t s g r e a t e s t i n c r e a s e , 129.7 per cent, i n the teenage group. However, there was no c o r r e s p o n d i n g l y high i n c r e a s e i n the a d u l t p o p u l a t i o n , which f a c t would i n d i c a t e an expanding s i z e of i n d i v i d u a l f a m i l i e s . On the other hand, the e l d e r l y moved i n t o Matsqui and Maple Ridge i n g r e a t e r numbers than ever before* B. Family S t r u c t u r e The a n a l y s i s so f a r i n d i c a t e s a rapidly expanding p o p u l a t i o n m a i n t a i n i n g the same p r o p o r t i o n a t e d i s t r i b u t i o n s over the l i f e span as i t i n c r e a s e s . W i t h i n the age groups, the c h i l d r e n show the most r a p i d expansion. The d i v i s i o n between males and females i n the p o p u l a t i o n i s r e l a t i v e l y even, p a r t l y , i t may be suspected because of the s u b s t a n t i a l number of young \"new\" f a m i l i e s * Due to the ample land area over which the p o p u l a t i o n i s spread, the o v e r a l l d e n s i t y of the Region i s low, even i n Surrey, which c o n t a i n s n e a r l y h a l f of the Region's t o t a l p o p u l a t i o n . Although the Region i s i n d i g e n o u s l y a g r i c u l t u r a l , 8 5 per cent of the i n h a b i t a n t s l i v e i n urban areas. Moreover, w i t h i n the r u r a l areas, there has been a s i g n i f i c a n t s h i f t to \"non-farm\" d w e l l e r s , i n d i c a t i n g the suburban and f r i n g e expansion. - 4 1 -Since the f a m i l y isitfe b a s i c u n i t of s o c i e t y , no measurement i s more important; i t has v i t a l i m p l i c a t i o n s f o r s o c i a l w e l f a r e , c o l o r i n g the nature of i t s s e r v i c e s . M a r i t a l s t a t u s p a t t e r n s can give much evidence to guide the way. For i n s t a n c e , i n 1 9 5 1 , nearly h a l f Region VI's po p u l a t i o n ( 4 9 . 8 per cent) are married (Table IX). The gr e a t e r part ( 4 5 . 2 per cent) of the remaining i n h a b i t a n t s are s i n g l e . From the evidence gleaned from the preceding a g e - t a b l e s , approximately two-thirds of the s i n g l e group are c h i l d r e n under 1 8 years of age. The F r a s e r V a l l e y p o p u l a t i o n i s s u b s t a n t i a l l y a f a m i l y one, then, with a small f r a c t i o n of unattached r e s i d e n t s : 1 6 per cent s i n g l e persons over 18 years, 4 . 3 per cent widowed and a very small number d i v o r c e d . T h i s same o v e r a l l p a t t e r n holds true f o r M e t r o p o l i t a n Vancouver, although the married p o p u l a t i o n , i s s l i g h t l y higher and there are more widowed and d i v o r c e d persons. By 1 9 6 1 , the r i s e i n the newborn p o p u l a t i o n shows i t s e l f , as the s i n g l e group i n Region VI mounts to 4 8 . 1 per cent and the married group drops to 4 7 . 4 per cent. The widowed and d i v o r c e d s e c t o r s drop s l i g h t l y , making way f o r the \"newborn wave\". T h i s probably r e f l e c t s the evidence of young f a m i l i e s with c h i l d r e n more than other outstanding f a c t o r ? . - 4 1 a -TABLE IX: MARITAL STATUS For Region 6 1 9 5 1 - 1 9 6 1 AREA T o t a l M a r r i e d P.C. of T o t a l Widowed P.C. of T o t a l D i v o r c e d P.C. of T o t a l S i n g l e P.C. Of T o t a l 1 9 5 1 j Region 6 1 2 8 . 2 4 5 6 3 , 9 2 9 4 9 . 8 5 , 5 5 0 4 . 3 5 8 7 . 4 5 5 8 , 2 5 5 4 5 . 2 Met. Van.* 5 2 0 , 9 9 3 2 _ 7 1 , 3 0 4 5 2 . 1 3 2 , 3 7 8 6 . 2 4 , 3 8 0 . 8 4 2 1 2 , 8 5 5 4 0 . 9 Div. 4 6 4 9 , 2 3 8 3 3 5 , 2 3 3 5 1 . 7 3 7 , 9 2 8 5 . 8 4 , 9 6 7 . 7 6 2 7 1 , 1 1 0 4 1 . 8 1 9 6 1 Region 6 1 8 8 , 3 3 0 8 9 , 2 1 3 4 7 . 4 7 , 6 2 8 4 . 0 7 9 7 . 4 2 9 0 , 5 6 6 4 8 . 1 Met. Van. 7 1 9 , 3 2 7 3 5 0 , 6 0 0 4 8 . 7 4 3 , 1 5 8 5 . 8 6 , 9 7 8 . 9 2 3 1 8 , 5 9 1 4 4 . 6 Div. 4 9 0 7 , 5 3 1 4 3 9 , 8 1 3 4 8 . 5 5 0 , 7 8 6 5 . 6 7 , 7 7 5 . 8 5 4 0 9 , 1 5 7 4 5 . 1 'Refers to census M e t r o p o l i t a n Area l e s s Surrey p o r t i o n . - 4 a -C. E t h n i c O r i g i n s The next strand of evidence i n the u n r a v e l l i n g of Region VI *s \" t e x t u r e \" , i s that of e t h n i c o r i g i n s . To s t a r t with, the gen e r a l overview; i n 1 9 5 1 , the p r o p o r t i o n of n a t i v e -born Canadians as a g a i n s t immigrants was 6 9 . 3 per cent i n D i v i s i o n 4 as a whole. No f i g u r e could be worked out f o r Region VI, due to a l a c k of s p e c i f i c data f o r the base year. However, more i n f o r m a t i o n was a v a i l a b l e f o r 1 9 6 1 . By t h i s time, the p r o p o r t i o n of indigenous people i n D i v i s i o n 4 rose to 7 1 . 7 per cent, probably pushed upward by the expansing b i r t h ' r a t e . I n t e r e s t i n g l y , i n Region VI, the p r o p o r t i o n of n a t i v e - b o r n i s even h i g h e r : 7 5 . 7 per cent. In c l o s e r a n a l y s i s , Table X i n d i c a t e s that the m a j o r i t y of r e s i d e n t s are d e r i v e d from Anglo Saxon stock; somewhat more so i n M e t r o p o l i t a n Vancouver ( 7 1 per cent i n 1 9 5 1 ) than i n Region VI ( 6 5 percent i n 1 9 5 1 ) . In the same year, a s i g n i f i c a n t l y l a r g e group ( 1 1 * 4 per cent) l i v i n g i n the V a l l e y are of Dutch o r i g i n whereas they r e p r e s e n t only 1 . 8 of M e t r o p o l i t a n Vancouver's p o p u l a t i o n . While many Dutch people are n a t u r a l l y a t t r a c t e d by the a g r i c u l t -u r a l nature of the F r a s e r V a l l e y , there i s a l s o an area of reclaimed l a n d , P i t t P o l d e r , l o c a t e d adjacent to Maple Ridge and o r i g i n a l l y s e t t l e d by Dutch immigrants. TABLE X: ETHIC ORIGINS of the P o p u l a t i o n , 1 9 5 1 - 1 9 6 1 L 9 5 1 1 9 6 1 P.C,Increase ORIGINS Region 6 P.C. Met. * Van. P.C. Region 6 P.C. Met. Van. P.C. Region 6 Met. Van. B r i t i s h 7 2 , 2 0 9 6 5 . 1 3 7 0 , 6 8 4 7 1 . 1 1 0 0 , 8 6 6 5 3 . 5 4 5 0 , 4 5 4 6 2 . 6 3 9 . 6 2 1 . 5 French 4 , 4 8 9 4 . 0 1 8 , 3 7 3 3 . 5 7 , 7 5 1 4 . 1 2 6 , 9 3 5 3 . 7 7 2 . 6 4 6 . 6 I t a l i a n 8 1 0 . 7 6 . 5 1 8 1 . 2 1 . 7 8 0 . 0 1 7 , 7 4 3 2 . 4 1 1 9 . 7 1 7 2 . 2 German 1 0 , 9 8 8 9 . 9 1 8 , 0 1 6 3 . 4 2 0 , 3 3 4 1 0 . 8 4 5 , 1 1 6 6 . 2 8 5 . 0 1 5 0 . 4 Netherlands 1 2 , 7 3 5 1 1 . 4 9 , 5 5 4 1 . 8 1 7 , 2 1 0 9 . 1 2 0 , 3 2 3 2 . 8 3 5 . 1 1 1 . 8 Scandinavian 8 . 9 4 4 8 . 0 2 6 . 2 2 3 5 . 3 . 1 3 , 7 8 4 7 . 3 3 8 , 7 1 7 5 . 3 5 4 . 1 4 7 . 6 Jewish 8 4 . 0 7 4 , 4 1 4 . 8 1 0 9 . 0 5 4 , 7 2 8 . 6 2 0 . 7 7 . 1 P o l i s h 2 , 0 2 4 1 . 8 7 , 6 7 8 1 . 4 3 , 0 7 7 1 . 6 1 1 , 5 7 1 1 . 6 5 2 . 0 5 0 . 7 Russian 7 , 8 7 3 7 . 9 2 , 1 4 1 . 4 2 , 7 7 7 1 . 4 8 , 1 6 7 1 . 1 - 6 4 . 7 2 8 1 . 4 U k r a i n i a n 2 , 7 0 8 2 . 4 1 0 , 7 2 9 2 . 0 4 , 3 0 1 2 . 2 1 6 , 4 2 1 2 . 2 5 8 . 8 5 3 . 0 Other European 5 , 4 4 0 4 . 0 1 6 . 3 4 9 3 . 1 0 . 2 9 0 4 . 9 3 6 , 9 1 3 5 . 1 7 0 . 0 1 2 5 . 7 A s i a t i c 2 , 4 8 2 2 . 2 1 2 , 4 7 4 2 . 3 1 , 7 2 1 . 9 2 4 , 8 1 3 3 . 4 - 3 0 . 6 1 0 2 . 1 Others i n c l u d -ing I n d ian* 1 4 , 9 0 4 1 3 . 4 1 2 , 8 9 2 2 . 4 4 , 3 5 6 2 . 3 1 7 , 4 2 6 2 . 4 - 7 0 . 7 3 5 . 1 TOTAL 1 1 0 , 9 1 2 1 0 0 . 0 5 2 0 , 9 9 3 1 0 0 . 0 1 8 8 , 3 3 0 1 0 0 . 0 7 1 9 , 3 2 7 1 0 0 . 0 5 0 . 0 4 4 . 7 \u2022A f i g u r e f o r Indians only could not be obtained, but f o r D i v i s i o n 4 was 3 , 3 8 8 i n 1 9 5 1 . **In 1 9 6 1 , there were 1 4 2 , 6 4 2 Canadian - born persons i n Region VI; 5 0 8 , 1 9 2 Canadian -born i n M e t r o p o l i t a n Vancouver. - 4 3 -The t h i r d l a r g e s t e t h n i c group i n Region VI i s German, fo l l o w e d by Scandinavian and Russian. Scandinavian people come from a s i m i l a r c u l t u r a l t r a d i t i o n to Anglo Saxon, making emmigration to t h i s country more a t t r a c t i v e . The percentage of Germans and Russians found i n Region VI i s high compared to M e t r o p o l i t a n Vancouver and i s ex p l a i n e d by the presence i n Matsqui and C h i l l i w h a c k of a l a r g e Mennonite settlement whose members are of Russo-Germanic e x t r a c t i o n . In g e n e r a l , as i s usual i n North America, the e t h n i c t e x t u r e of the m e t r o p o l i s i s more widely fragmented, whereas the F r a s e r V a l l e y has more d i s t i n c t i v e e t h n i c group c o n c e n t r a t i o n s . By 1 9 6 1 , the Anglo Saxon segment of the Region VI p o p u l a t i o n , has dropped to 5 3 . 3 per cent, although there has been an ab s o l u t e i n c r e a s e of 3 9 . 6 per cent. The p o p u l a t i o n with Russian o r i g i n dropped from 7 , 8 7 3 to 2 , 7 7 7 whereas i n M e t r o p o l i t a n Vancouver i t i n c r e a s e d 2 8 1 per cent. Both German and I t a l i a n groups have i n c r e a s e d h e a v i l y i n the l a s t decade, but are more c h a r a c t e r i s t i c a l l y to be found i n M e t r o p o l i t a n Vancouver than i n the adjacent r u r a l areas. Economic P r o f i l e There i s no longer room f o r any doubt about the v i t a l r o l e the economic p a t t e r n plays today. I t spreads i t s impact i n t o every corner of our e x i s t e n c e , a l t e r i n g and reshaping the s t r u c t u r e of an area and f a s h i o n i n g the l i v e s - 4 4 -of the people who l i v e t h e r e . Consequently, the economic p r o f i l e has h i g h l y s i g n i f i c a n t s o c i a l i m p l i c a t i o n s f o r a l l who seek to understand the make-up of a r e g i o n . Such an understanding i s doubly important to s o c i a l w e l f a r e planners as they seek to know both the nature of \"needs\", and i n which d i r e c t i o n remedial a c t i o n s l i e . The economy has d i r e c t bearing on what problems are c r e a t e d and how much concerted e f f o r t w i l l be a p p l i e d to t h e i r r e s o l u t i o n . The c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s of the g a i n f u l l y occupied p o p u l a t i o n , as compiled by the Dominion Bureau of S t a t i s t i c s , have been improved from Cenlsus to Census; and the d e t a i l e d c o m p i l a t i o n s now supply enough d i s c r i m i n a t i o n between types of occupations to permit an approximate s t a t u s or s o c i a l -c l a s s t a b u l a t i o n . T h i s d e t a i l , however, i s not yet a v a i l a b l e f o r s u b d i v i s i o n s of the p r o v i n c e s , which would allow a c o n s i s -tent and i n t e l l i g i b l e p i c t u r e of the socio-economic s t r u c t u r e of the F r a s e r V a l l e y \"community\" as a whole. Compromise has been e f f e c t e d by a c c e p t i n g the occupations which are a v a i l a b l e f o r summary t a b u l a t i o n s and f o r sub-areas, such as D i v i s i o n 4. T h i s , n e v e r t h e l e s s , p r o v i d e s a number of u s e f u l i n d i c a t i o n s which are b a s i c to an understanding of the working l i f e of the Region. I t must be remembered that the f i g u r e s presented, i n d i c a t e the occupations of the residents\u00bb not n e c e s s a r i l y economic p u r s u i t s or i n d u s t r i e s l o c a t e d i n the r e g i o n . In - 4 5 -other words, i t i s p o s s i b l e to l i v e i n the Region but work elsewhere. The most important area to which t h i s a p p l i e s , as might be expected, i s that of Surrey. To help i n the i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s , a p r e l i m i n a r y c o m p i l a t i o n has been made, comparing the main dimensions f o r Canada as a whole and f o r B r i t i s h Columbia. A g a i n s t these f i g u r e s , i t i s e a s i e r to i n t e r p r e t s i m i l a r i t i e s and d i f f e r e n c e s f o r the F r a s e r V a l l e y and M e t r o p o l i t a n Vancouver. I t must be kept i n mind that few, i f any, of the o c c u p a t i o n a l groupings as brought together here, are s o r t e d out i n enough d e t a i l to make them c l e a r - c u t measurements of s o c i a l c l a s s , s o c i o - e c o n o m i c s t a t u s , or s k i l l and r e s p o n s i b i l i t y l e v e l . Thus, f o r example, foremen as w e l l as \" l i n e workers\" are i n c l u d e d i n c o n s t r u c t i o n or the e x t r a c t i v e p u r s u i t s ; while the manager and owner c l a s s i n c l u d e s small s t o r e operators as w e l l as business e x e c u t i v e s ; t r a n s p o r t a t i o n occupations i n c l u d e truck d r i v e r s and postmen as w e l l as p i l o t s and locomotive engineers; s e r v i c e occupations i n c l u d e o f f i c e r s as w e l l as \"other ranks\" and so f o r t h . The f i g u r e s u t i l i z e d here must be t r e a t e d as approximations or i n d i c a t i o n s o n l y . Showing f i g u r e s f o r women s e p a r a t e l y from those f o r men,is d e s i r a b l e because the o c c u p a t i o n a l s t a t u s i n d i c a t e d , i s not always the same w i t h i n the terminology employed f o r both groups. For example, there are f a r more t e c h n i c i a n s among the -46-\" p r o f e s s i o n a l and t e c h n i c a l \" t a b u l a t i o n s f o r women than men i n t h i s group. A l s o , teachers and nurses account f o r about t h r e e - q u a r t e r s of the \" p r o f e s s i o n a l \" c l a s s when t h i s i s a p p l i e d to women only. Telephone opera t o r s represent n e a r l y 90 per cent of the t r a n s p o r t a t i o n and communication c l a s s f o r women. In the craftsmen group, f a r more of the women are s e m i - s k i l l e d f a c t o r y workers than s k i l l e d a r t i s a n s . For the country as a whole, and f o r the p r o v i n c e s , there i s now a wealth of economic data, p a r t i c u l a r l y on i n d u s t r y , resources and employment. Labour f o r c e and unemployment counts are made q u a r t e r l y on a sample b a s i s by the Dominion Bureau of S t a t i s t i c s . In a d d i t i o n , the branch o f f i c e s of the N a t i o n a l Employment S e r v i c e and the Unemployment Insurance Commission, permit h i g h l y important measurements on a l o c a l or r e g i o n a l b a s i s . For a more extended study, i t would be most v a l u a b l e to draw t h i s m a t e r i a l i n t o the p i c t u r e ; but, as already i n d i c a t e d , i t has been necessary to c o n f i n e the review to Census s t a t i s t i c s . A major measurement which i s s t i l l a v a i l a b l e w i t h i n these l i m i t a t i o n s i s that of the o c c u p a t i o n a l p a t t e r n . The main dimensions are reasonably c l e a r . By f a r the l a r g e s t groups i n Canada nowadays are the i n d u s t r i a l wage-earners (around 30 per cent) who comprise the t h i r d s e c t o r of Table X I ( a ) , together with the white c o l l a r groups, which range from about - 4 6 a -TABLE X I ( a ) : OCCUPATIONAL DISTRIBUTION of WORKING FORCE; Comparative P r o p o r t i o n s : Canada and B r i t i s h Columbia, 1 9 6 1 . OCCUPATIONAL GROUP NUMBERS PERCENTAGE Canada B.C. Canada B.C. P r o p r i e t a r y and Managerial Male 4 8 1 , 3 7 9 4 9 , 9 0 0 7 . 0 8 . 6 Female 5 7 , 6 6 1 7 , 1 2 3 0 . 9 1 . 2 P r o f e s s i o n a l , t e c h n i c a l Male 3 5 6 , 5 7 8 3 3 , 3 3 2 5 . 0 5 . 5 Female 2 7 2 . 3 3 3 2 3 . 3 3 2 4 . 2 3 . 9 C l e r i c a l Male 3 2 4 , 8 1 1 2 4 , 1 2 0 5 . 0 4 . 0 Female 5 0 9 , 3 4 5 4 9 , 5 6 3 7 . 9 8 . 7 Sales,commercial Male 2 6 3 , 2 2 9 2 5 , 8 5 0 4 . 0 4 . 4 Female 1 4 7 , 4 8 6 1 6 , 3 2 5 2 . 3 2 . 8 S e r v i c e , r e c r e a t i o n a l Male 4 0 0 , 3 9 9 4 1 , 0 1 2 5 . 9 7 . 0 Female 3 9 5 , 9 4 8 3 7 , 1 8 7 6 . 1 6 . 4 T r a n s p o r t a t i o n , Communication Male 3 5 4 , 7 3 6 3 4 , 1 1 0 5 . 1 5 . 8 Female 3 7 . 9 6 8 3 . 5 4 1 0 . 6 0 . 7 A r t i sans,Craftsmen, F a c t o r y workers Male 1 , 3 5 4 , 5 9 4 1 3 0 , 0 2 4 2 0 . 0 2 2 . 4 Female 2 0 5 , 1 8 9 0 , 3 8 4 3 . 2 1 . 6 Labourers, i n d u s t r i a l Male 2 9 4 , 0 5 9 2 7 , 1 3 9 4 . 0 4 . 6 Female 2 0 . 9 4 3 1 . 5 6 0 0 . 3 0 . 3 Farmers, s t o c k r a i s e r s , e t c . Male 3 8 4 , 4 1 0 1 1 , 1 5 2 5 . 2 1 . 7 Farmcwbrkers Male 5 7 3 , 0 9 8 2 1 , 3 8 8 8 . 1 3 . 4 Female 7 5 , 8 6 8 3 , 0 6 7 1 . 1 0 . 5 Other e x t r a c t i v e * . workers Male 1 7 9 . 5 9 3 2 2 . 4 0 5 2 . 0 3 . 6 Undefined workers Male 1 2 3 , 0 4 2 1 2 , 5 0 9 1 . 3 2 . 0 Female 4 3 . 1 7 8 4 . 6 8 1 0 . 7 0 . 9 TOTAL Labour Force Male 4 , 7 0 5 , 5 1 8 4 2 1 J 7 8 6 7 2 . 6 7 3 . 0 Female 1 . 7 7 1 . 9 2 3 1 5 2 . 0 7 6 2 7 . 4 2 7 . O TOTAL Both Sexes 6 , 4 7 7 , 4 4 1 5 7 3 , 8 6 2 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 Source: Adapted from Census 1 9 6 1 , Advance Report AL -1-C94-500) p . 3 . - 4 7 -25 to 33 per cent depending on d e f i n i t i o n s . The t o t a l s i g -n i f i c a n c e of both of these groups i s c e r t a i n i n d i c a t i o n of Canada's growing i n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n and u r b a n i z a t i o n . I t should be compared with the group (15 per cent) whose l i v i n g i s fundamentally d e r i v e d from the primary e x t r a c t i v e i n d u s t r i e s such as farming, l o g g i n g , mining and f i s h i n g . T h i s i s only h a l f what i t was t h i r t y years ago. The d i s t r i b u t i o n f o r B r i t i s h Columbia, at f i r s t s i g h t , f o l l o w s almost e n t i r e l y the n a t i o n a l p a t t e r n . Small d i f f e r e n c e s , however, are s i g n i f i c a n t i n l a r g e s c a l e measure-ments of t h i s k i n d . For example, i n B r i t i s h Columbia there i s a higher p r o p o r t i o n of managers and owners, and of p r o f e s s i o n a l men; a c o n s i d e r a b l y higher p r o p o r t i o n of men i n s e r v i c e occupations and of women i n c l e r i c a l work; and a l a r g e r quota of normal wage earners. Even more s i g n i f i c a n t i s the low p r o p o r t i o n of farmers B r i t i s h Columbia has i n comparison with the r e s t of Canada; B r i t i s h Columbia i s not a major a g r i c u l t u r a l p r o v i n c e , whereas , there are f a r more l o g g e r s . What t h i s r e f l e c t s i n more gen e r a l terms, i s t h a t B r i t i s h Columbia, p a r t l y by reason of i t s topography, i s a much more urbanized and f a r l e s s r u r a l p rovince than most of the r e s t of Canada. T h i s makes the F r a s e r V a l l e y , as the most a g r i c u l t u r a l s e c t i o n of B r i t i s h Columbia, even more -47a-TABLE XI(b): OCCUPATIONAL DISTRIBUTION o f Residents 1 9 5 1 (Separate d i s t r i b u t i o n s f o r males and females, r e s p e c t i v e l y ) OCCUPATIONAL GROUP NUMBERS PERCENTAGE Region 6 Met.Van.* Region 6 Met.Van. P r o p r i e t a r y and Managerial Male 2 , 3 8 4 1 8 , 3 3 5 6 . 0 1 2 . 0 Female 3 3 1 2 , 1 2 1 7 . 0 4 . 0 P r o f e s s i o n a l \u2022 Male 1 , 0 0 8 1 0 , 8 2 5 9 . 8 7 . 2 Female 7 5 8 7 , 8 6 2 1 5 . 9 1 3 . 0 C l e r i c a l Male 1 0 , 6 5 4 1 , 6 7 3 2 6 . 5 1 . 4 Female 8 9 7 2 0 , 7 2 5 1 9 . 0 3 5 . 0 Commercial and F i n a n c i a l Male 5 4 7 1 3 , 3 8 9 1 . 3 9 . 0 Female 6 3 7 7 , 0 1 5 1 3 . 3 1 2 . 0 S e r v i c e Male 2 , 1 2 9 1 3 , 9 9 1 5 . 2 9 . 7 Female 1 , 3 5 4 1 1 , 3 9 5 2 8 . 3 2 0 . 0 T r a n s p o r t a t i o n , Communication Male 4 , 4 2 7 1 6 , 2 8 6 1 1 . 1 1 1 . 0 Female 1 9 6 2 , 7 2 3 4 . 0 5 . 6 Manufacturing Male 6 , 5 8 9 2 7 , 5 4 5 1 6 . 4 1 8 . 6 Female 1 3 9 4 , 9 7 0 3 . 0 8 . 0 C o n s t r u c t i o n Male, 2 , 3 4 9 1 3 , 0 6 8 6 . 0 9 . 0 Female 2 4 2 . 0 4 . 0 7 Primary ( E x t r a c t i v e ) Male 7 , 3 8 7 2 , 4 9 8 1 9 . 6 2 . 0 Female 5 4 0 1 2 4 1 1 . 3 . 2 Labour ers Male 2 , 2 2 5 1 2 , 9 0 7 6 . 0 8 . 2 Female 5 8 , 8 2 7 1 . 2 1 . 3 A l l Occupations Male 4 0 , 1 9 9 1 3 0 , 5 1 7 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 Female 4 , 9 1 2 5 8 , 3 0 4 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 ' C a t e g o r i e s summarized i n The Dominion Bureau of S t a t i s t i c s p u b l i c a t i o n s . * * R efers to census M e t r o p o l i t a n Vancouver l e s s Surrey p o r t i o n . - 4 8 -outstanding by c o n t r a s t . Many i n s i g h t s may be gained from a c l o s e study of the o c c u p a t i o n a l s t a t u s \"mosaic\". Every major d i f f e r e n c e between the F r a s e r V a l l e y r e s i d e n t s and B r i t i s h Columbia \"norms\" has a p o s s i b l e bearing on we l f a r e s e r v i c e s . T h i s w i l l ber clearer.' when d e t a i l e d f i g u r e s are a l s o a v a i l a b l e f o r 1 9 6 1 . But a h i g h l i g h t i s thrown on the s i t u a t i o n by a simple summary of the o c c u p a t i o n a l c a t e g o r i e s i n t o four groups, comparing Region VIHwith the province as a whole: Approximated Groups Region VI B. C. I P r o p r i e t a r y , Managerial 1 0 . 0 1 9 , 2 I I White C o l l a r and r e l a t e d 4 6 . 1 3 9 . 8 I I I I n d u s t r i a l Workers 2 0 . 1 3 1 . 8 IV Primary, E x t r a c t i v e and Labourers 2 3 . 8 9 . 2 1 0 5 1 T o t a l Working Force 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 (men and women) Two measurements are ou t s t a n d i n g . The high p r o p o r t i o n of white c o l l a r r e s i d e n t s on the one hand; and the most marked d i f f e r e n c e of a l l , the high p r o p o r t i o n of workers i n the e x t r a c t i v e i n d u s t r i e s ( i n c l u d i n g l o g g e r s ) and u n s k i l l e d workers (mostly dependent on c o n s t r u c t i o n f o r j o b s ) . I t must be kept i n mind that the o c c u p a t i o n a l p a t t e r n i s not n e c e s s a r i l y f a s h i o n e d by the l o c a l economy. T h e r e f o r e , i t i s l i k e l y that most of the white c o l l a r group \u2022 4 9 -are suburban commuters, as are many of the l o g g e r s and c o n s t r u c t i o n workers. I t i s a l s o noteworthy t h a t the female c l e r i c a l workers, who are so very l a r g e p r o p o r t i o n a t e l y i n M e t r o p o l i t a n Vancouver, are r e l a t i v e l y few i n the F r a s e r V a l l e y . U n f o r t u n a t e l y , only an even more truncated measurement i s a v a i l a b l e f o r 1961. The f i g u r e s a v a i l a b l e at the time of w r i t i n g were s p e c i a l l y r e l e a s e d by the Dominion Bureau of S t a t i s t i c s ; and these are reproduced here i n a form as c l o s e to that of the preceding t a b l e s as p o s s i b l e . F i g u r e s f o r D i v i s i o n 4, reduced by those f o r M e t r o p o l i t a n Vancouver, give a very rough approximation of the p i c t u r e f o r Region VI, ex c l u d i n g Surrey. I t w i l l be remembered that a l l of Surrey i s i n c l u d e d i n M e t r o p o l i t a n Vancouver f i g u r e s and that i t accounts f o r h a l f of the Regions p o p u l a t i o n . S t i l l , the trends can be a p p r e c i a t e d . The steady r i s e i n the number of white c o l l a r workers i s very s t r i k i n g (Table X I ( c ) ) . I t should be noted that more than o n e - t h i r d of the 48 ,000 C l e r i c a l l y occupied men and men l i v e o u t s i d e the C i t y . The same i s a l s o true of h a l f of the a r t i s a n s and i n d u s t r i a l wage-earners. These are a l l i n d i c a t i o n s of the s h i f t i n the l o c a l economy from primary a c t i v i t i e s to t e r t i a r y p u r s u i t s ; an i n c r e a s e i n s e r v i c e a c t i v i t i e s and manufacturing; and a l s o a marked 49a-TABLE XI<c): OCCUPATIONAL DISTRIBUTION of Residents 1951 OCCUPATIONAL GROUP* NUMBERS PERCENTAGE Region 6 Met.Van** Region 6 Met. Van. P r o p r i e t a r y and Managerial Male 2 , 3 8 4 1 8 , 3 3 5 5 . 3 0 . 8 Female 3 3 1 2 , 1 2 1 . 7 1 . 2 P r o f e s s i o n a l Male , 1 , 0 0 8 1 0 , 8 2 5 2 . 3 5 . 7 Female 7 5 8 7 , 8 6 2 1 . 7 4 . 2 C l e r i c a l Male 1 0 , 6 5 4 1 , 6 7 3 2 3 . 6 . 0 Female 8 9 7 2 0 , 7 2 5 1 . 0 1 0 . 0 Commercial and F i n a n c i a l Male 5 4 7 1 3 , 3 8 0 1 . 2 7 . 1 Female 6 3 7 7 , 0 1 5 1 . 5 3 . 8 S e r v i c e Male 2 , 1 2 9 1 3 , 0 0 1 4 . 7 7 . 4 Female 1 , 3 5 4 1 1 , 8 9 5 3 . 0 6 . 3 T r a n s p o r t a t i o n , Communication Male 4 , 4 2 7 1 6 , 2 8 6 0 . 8 8 . 6 Female 1 9 6 2 , 7 2 3 0 . 4 1 . 4 Manufacturing Male 6 , 5 8 9 2 7 , 5 4 5 1 4 . 6 1 4 . 6 Female 1 3 9 4 , 9 7 0 0 . 3 2 . 6 C o n s t r u c t i o n Male 2 , 3 4 9 1 3 , 0 6 8 5 . 2 6 . 9 Female 2 4 2 *\u00ab* Primary ( E x t r a c t i v e ) Male 7 , 8 8 7 2 , 4 9 8 1 7 . 5 1 . 3 Female 5 4 0 1 2 4 1 . 3 . 1 Labourers Male 2 , 2 2 5 1 2 , 9 0 7 4 . 9 6 . 8 Female 5 8 8 2 7 . 1 . 4 A l l Occupations Male 4 0 , 1 9 9 1 3 0 , 5 1 7 8 9 . 1 6 9 . 1 Female 4 , 9 1 2 5 8 , 3 0 4 1 0 . 9 3 0 . 0 TOTAL (Both Sexes) 4 5 , 1 1 1 1 8 8 , 8 2 1 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 \u2022 C a t e g o r i e s summarized i n Dominion Bureau S t a t i s t i c s p u b l i c a t i o n s . **Refers to Census M e t r o p o l i t a n Vancouver l e s s Surrey p o r t i o n . ***Less than one-tenth of one per cent. - 4 9 b -TABLE X I ( d ) : OCCUPATIONAL DISTRIBUTION of Residents 1 9 6 1 O c c u p a t i o n a l Group . NUMBERS PERCENTAGE.. Census Div. 4 Vancouver Met. C i t y Census Div. 4 Vancouver Met. C i t y Managerial Occupations P r o f e s s i o n a l and T e c h n i c a l 3 3 \u00bb 9 9 1 3 5 , 1 3 1 3 0 , 9 0 3 3 2 , 3 3 1 1 5 , 3 1 4 1 7 , 2 2 3 1 0 . 3 1 0 . 6 1 0 . 4 1 0 . 9 9 . 6 1 0 . 9 C l e r i c a l Occupations S a l e s Occupations S e r v i c e and R e c r e a t i o n T r a n s p o r t and Communications 5 0 , 5 0 2 2 7 , 7 9 0 4 3 , 9 4 9 2 1 , 3 0 7 4 8 , 0 7 2 2 5 , 8 6 3 3 8 , 9 7 6 1 9 , 0 3 7 2 9 , 2 0 9 1 3 , 2 9 4 2 4 , 1 0 6 9 , 8 5 1 1 5 . 2 8 . 4 1 3 . 3 6 . 4 1 6 . 5 8 . 8 1 3 . 2 6 . 4 1 8 . 4 8 . 4 1 5 . 2 6 . 2 Craftsmen and Pr o d u c t i o n 7 7 , 7 9 3 6 9 , 8 6 3 3 5 , 3 7 1 2 3 . 5 2 3 . 7 2 2 . 3 Farmers and Workers Loggers and Rela t e d Workers Fishermen and Hunter s Miners and R e l a t e d Workers 1 0 , 3 5 6 2 , 9 8 7 2 , 4 5 3 1 , 2 4 4 4 , 5 7 1 1 , 5 7 0 2 , 1 3 4 8 2 0 1 , 3 6 6 8 1 9 7 7 9 4 3 0 3 . 2 0 . 9 0 . 7 0 . 4 1 . 6 0 . 5 0 . 7 0 . 3 0 . 9 0 . 5 0 . 5 0 . 3 Labourers 1 3 , 9 0 2 1 1 , 9 5 1 6 , 0 8 9 4 . 2 4 . 1 3 . 8 Occupation Not Stated 9 , 8 4 5 8 , 6 6 8 4 , 8 7 0 2 . 9 7 2 . 9 3 . 0 6 TOTAL Labour Force 3 3 1 , 2 5 0 2 9 4 , 7 5 9 1 5 8 , 7 2 1 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 - 5 0 -c o n t i n u a t i o n of the suburban expansion. I t must be remembered that the measurements c o n s u l t e d here, do not r e c o r d short term but s i g n i f i c a n t s h i f t s , such as the economic r e c e s s i o n which a f f e c t e d employment everywhere i n Canada i n 1958. The Department of S o c i a l Welfare s t a t i s t i c s r e g i s t e r e d the r e c e s s i o n by the r a p i d i n c r e a s e s i n caseload,and changes i n c a s e l o a d s t r u c t u r e , a n d i n the segment of the p o p u l a t i o n i n need of h e l p . T h i s i s the essence of Chapter I I I , which can now be analyzed more meaningfully a g a i n s t t h i s Regional background'\u00a9 -51-CHAPTER I I I S o c i a l Welfare Caseloads The f u n c t i o n of the Department of S o c i a l Welfare has been s t a t e d as being \" to help people r e s t o r e themselves to a s t a t e of independence wherever that can be done\". Furthermore, \"...the personnel p o l i c i e s of the Department are based on two c o n s i d e r a t i o n s J Assurance of the wise use of p u b l i c money, and ... r e s t o r a t i o n of the i n d i v i d u a l to the p l a c e where he can stand comfortably and s a f e l y on h i s own f e e t . \" * As w e l l as i t s \" r e s t o r a t i o n \" o b j e c t i v e s , the Department has the r e s p o n s i b i l i t y to \"maintain\" persons i n need. To these ends, the Department of S o c i a l w e l f a r e i s r e s p o n s i b l e f o r the a d m i n i s t r a t i o n of more than f i f t e e n A c t s . To f a c i l i t a t e t h i s a d m i n i s t r a t i o n , the Department of S o c i a l Welfare has two major p a r t s : \"the f i e l d \" or Regional A d m i n i s t r a t i o n , which has already been r e f e r r e d to; and, the Head O f f i c e or D i v i s i o n a l A d m i n i s t r a t i o n . The D i v i s i o n a l A d m i n i s t r a t i o n operates out of the c e n t r a l o f f i c e of the Department l o c a t e d i n V i c t o r i a and i s sub-divided i n t o the d i f f e r e n t c a t e g o r i e s of s e r v i c e which the A c t s cover. I t has * Annual Report of the S o c i a l Welfare Branch of the Dept. of H e a l t h and Welfare, 1954, V i c t o r i a , B. C., p. 13. - 5 2 -the f o l l o w i n g i n t e r n a l d i v i s i o n s which denote c a t e g o r i e s of s e r v i c e : Family D i v i s i o n - S o c i a l Allowance, Family S e r v i c e ; C h i l d Welfare D i v i s i o n ; M edical S e r v i c e s D i v i s i o n ; Old Age A s s i s t a n c e , B l i n d Persons* Allowances, D i s a b l e d Persons* Allowances, and Supplementary A s s i s t a n c e . In a d d i t i o n , the Department i s r e s p o n s i b l e f o r the I n d u s t r i a l School f o r Boys, the I n d u s t r i a l School f o r G i r l s , the P r o v i n c i a l Home f o r the aged and i n f i r m at Kamloops, the Welfare I n s t i t u t i o n s Act ( L i c e n s i n g ) and the S o c i a l S e r v i c e Departments i n the D i v i s i o n of T u b e r c u l o s i s C o n t r o l and the P o l i o m y e l i t i s P a v i l i o n . P r i o r to 1 9 5 7 , there was a l s o a S o c i a l S e r v i c e Department i n the D i v i s i o n of Veneral Disease C o n t r o l and p r i o r to 1 9 5 5 , a P s y c h i a t r i c D i v i s i o n , S o c i a l S e r v i c e s , P r o v i n c i a l Mental S e r v i c e s which t r a n s f e r r e d to the Health S e r v i c e s Department. The Family D i v i s i o n looks a f t e r the a d m i n i s t r a t i o n of the S o c i a l A s s i s t a n c e A c t , which was r e v i s e d i n 1 9 4 5 ; formerly the Mothers* Allowance A c t , i t was i n c o r p o r a t e d i n t o the S o c i a l A s s i s t a n c e Act i n September 1 9 5 8 ; the Family S e r v i c e Program, which covers s o c i a l and c o u n s e l l i n g s e r v i c e s where no f i n a n c i a l a s s i s t a n c e i s necessary; and h e l p s e s t a b l i s h e l i g i b i l i t y , and sometimes a d m i n i s t e r s , Family Allowances and Old Age S e c u r i t y Pensions f o r the ( F e d e r a l ) Department of N a t i o n a l H e a l t h and Welfare. The S o c i a l A s s i s t a n c e Act of 1 9 4 5 e s t a b l i s h e d the p r i n c i p l e of -53-granting assistance on the basis of need and outlined the duties of the municipalities i n respect to granting social assistance i f they are to receive reimbursement from the Province for the cost of such' assistance. These latter terms were revised i n September, 1958. The Child Welfare Division of the Divisional Administration adminsters the Protection of Children Act, and looks after \"children i n care\", i.e.,, wards of the government j the Juvenile Delinquents Act; the Adoption Act; the Children of Unmarried Parents 1 Act; the Act for the Legitimation of Children; and, the Act for the Equal Guardianship of Infants. The Pension Division administers the Old Age Assistance Act; the Blind Persons' Act, which came into force i n January 1952 covering benefits which were previously administered through the Old Age Pension Act; the Disabled Persons' Allowances Act, which came into being i n April 1955j and,, Supplementary Assistance, which prior to 1958 had been known as the Cost-of-Living Bonus. Prior to 1952, this Division administered the Old Age Pension Act, but on January 1st, 1952 the Federal Old Age Security Act came into effect providing Dominion pensions for a l l people on reaching the age of 70. Any problems arising out of e l i g i b i l i t y requirements for the Old Age Security Act are also handled by the Family Division of the Department. The Victoria headquarters set the administrative - 5 4 -procedures and make the necessary a d m i n i s t r a t i v e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s under the A c t s . Each of the seven P r o v i n c i a l Regions i s r e s p o n s i b l e f o r c a r r y i n g the Acts i n t o p r a c t i c e f o r the people of t h e i r r e g i o n . The s e r v i c e s c a r r i e d out i n the f i e l d are c l a s s i f i e d and reported under a standard set of headings. Regional a d m i n i s t r a t o r s have d i s c r e t i o n i n a number of matters, with the f i n a l a u t h o r i t y r e s t i n g i n the Head O f f i c e . The Regional a d m i n i s t r a t o r s have r e g u l a r meetings to f a c i l i t a t e communication between themselves and Head O f f i c e and to f a c i l i t a t e u n i f o r m i t y of s e r v i c e between Regions. Each Region has s e v e r a l o f f i c e s ; these are designated to be e i t h e r a \" p r o v i n c i a l \" o f f i c e or a \" m u n i c i p a l \" o f f i c e a c c ording to the d i s t r i b u t i o n of p r o v i n c i a l - m u n i c i p a l w e l f a r e c o s t s f o r the area which the o f f i c e serves. Any m u n i c i p a l i t y , which wishes to do so, can set up i t s own o f f i c e ; m u n i c i p a l i t i e s whose p o p u l a t i o n i s over 25 ,000 persons must do so, by law. The m u n i c i p a l i t y i s then r e s p o n s i b l e f o r the a d m i n i s t r a t i o n of the\" o f f i c e i n c l u d i n g the p r o v i s i o n of a M u n i c i p a l A d m i n i s t r a t o r , o f f i c e space, equipment and s t a f f . In such cases, to help cover the f i n a n c i a l c o s t s , the p r o v i n c i a l government shares i n the s t a f f i n g of the o f f i c e on the b a s i s of \u2022\u2022- one m u n i c i p a l to one p r o v i n c i a l worker. The P r o v i n c e , i n these cases, a l s o provides a D i s t r i c t S u p e r v i s o r f o r casework and c h i l d welfare s e r v i c e s . T h i s person i s a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e of the p r o v i n c i a l government -- 5 5 -r a t h e r than of the m u n i c i p a l i t y - and through casework s e r v i c e s has something to say about o f f i c e standards. P r o v i n c i a l o f f i c e s are set up by the Provinc e i n unorganized t e r r i t o r i e s and areas where the p o p u l a t i o n i s too small to support i t s own o f f i c e though a P r o v i n c i a l - M u n i c i p a l agreement. The area then p a r t i a l l y reimburses the Provinc e on a per c a p i t a b a s i s . The Regional A d m i n i s t r a t o r i s the f i n a l f i e l d a u t h o r i t y over both types of o f f i c e s . C u r r e n t l y , i n Region VI, a l l the o f f i c e s are P r o v i n c i a l O f f i c e s except the Surrey O f f i c e which i s M u n i c i p a l . The o f f i c e s set up by the Department of S o c i a l Welfare throughout the province are p o s i t i o n e d to f a c i l i t a t e c o n t a c t between the workers and t h e i r c l i e n t s . T h i s means t h a t the d i s t r i c t o f f i c e s are most o f t e n e s t a b l i s h e d i n the communication and t r a n s p o r t a t i o n c e n t r e s of d i s t r i c t s , which are u s u a l l y a l s o the most populated area of the m u n i c i p a l i t y or m u n i c i p a l i t i e s to be served. I t i s from these o f f i c e s that the welfa r e s t a t i s t i c s are compiled. The \"welfare d i s t r i c t s \" are r e f e r r e d to by the l o c a t i o n of the a d m i n i s t r a t i n g o f f i c e r a t h e r than by the name of the g e o g r a p h i c a l area served. Thus, the name of a d i s t r i c t o f f i c e w i l l not n e c e s s a r i l y correspond i n g e o g r a p h i c a l terms with the Dominion Bureau of S t a t i s t i c s use of the same name. In a d d i t i o n , one o f f i c e sometimes serves more than one g e o g r a p h i c a l area, but the we l f a r e s t a t i s t i c s show the t o t a l area served with no break-- 5 6 -down by sub-areas. In the i n t e r e s t of c l a r i t y , from t h i s p o i n t on, the names used r e f e r to the d i s t r i c t o f f i c e s and, thereby, the e n t i r e area the o f f i c e s e r v e s , unless otherwise i n d i c a t e d . A c c o r d i n g l y , the \"Abbotsford O f f i c e \" serves the d i s t r i c t s of Matsqui, M i s s i o n , and Sumas, and the town of A b b o t s f o r d , and-M i s s i o n C i t y . The \" C h i l l i w a c k O f f i c e \" serves C h i l l i w h a c k Town-ship and D i s t r i c t , the v i l l a g e s of H a r r i s o n and Hope and the m u n i c i p a l i t y of Kent. C h i l l i w a c k J: Township had a s u b - o f f i c e u n t i l 1 9 5 7 ; i n 1 9 5 8 the Township o f f i c e was amalgamated with the D i s t r i c t o f f i c e . The \"Haney O f f i c e \" serves the m u n i c i p a l i t i e s of P i t t Meadows and Maple Ridge, where the p o p u l a t i o n c e n t r e of Haney i s l o c a t e d . The \"Langley O f f i c e \" c u r r e n t l y i n c l u d e s Langley C i t y and Langley D i s t r i c t . For the year 1 9 5 7 , Langley C i t y operated i t s own o f f i c e but decided t h e r e a f t e r that s e r v i c e and a d m i n i s t r a t i o n c o u l d be more e f f e c t i v e from one c i t y - a n d - d i s t r i c t o f f i c e . Up u n t i l 1 9 5 7 , White Rock was p a r t of the m u n i c i p a l i t y of Surrey and came under t h a t j u r i s d i c t i o n . However, i n 1 9 5 8 , when the C i t y of White Rock seceded from Surrey, they e s t a b l i s h e d t h e i r own o f f i c e which i s s u p e r v i s e d from the Langley O f f i c e . The \"Surrey O f f i c e \" serves the towns of C l o v e r d a l e and Whalley l o c a t e d w i t h i n Surrey M u n i c i p a l i t y . In order to f a c i l i t a t e r e f e r e n c e s to the w e l f a r e - 5 7 -o f f i c e s , the sections f o r Region VI as they were i n 1951 and 1961 are l i s t e d i n Schedule A* The L o c a t i o n s of the T o t a l Caseload The c a s e l o a d d i s t r i b u t i o n and the p o p u l a t i o n d i s t r i b u t i o n of Region VI are juxtaposed i n T a b l e X I I . The communities served by each o f f i c e are i n d i c a t e d ; the p o p u l a t i o n f i g u r e s are the p o p u l a t i o n t o t a l s which each o f f i c e has under i t s j u r i s d i c t i o n . In 1951, 102,880 persons l i v e d i n Region VI. By 1961, t h i s had r i s e n to 173,450 persons l i v i n g i n t h i s area; an i n c r e a s e of 59.3 per cent. In 1951, the c a s e l o a d t o t a l was 4,966. In 1961, the c a s e l o a d t o t a l was 11,155. T h i s i n c r e a s e - 128.3 per cent - i n other words, i s more than twice the p o p u l a t i o n i n c r e a s e . In every sub-area, except Surrey, the c a s e l o a d between 1951 and 1961 i n c r e a s e d f a r more than the p o p u l a t i o n change i n the same time p e r i o d . T h i s h i g h l i g h t s the d i f f e r e n t i a l types of change i n Region VI, and p o i n t s up the f a c t t h a t w e l f a r e caseloads are not n e c e s s a r i l y p r o p o r t i o n a l to p o p u l a t i o n . Surrey shows the h i g h e s t r a t e of p o p u l a t i o n i n c r e a s e - and a l s o the l a r g e s t a b s o l u t e f i g u r e s - i n Region VI, which must be remembered a g a i n s t the f a c t t h a t i t s percentage i n c r e a s e i n c a s e l o a d i s , with one e x c e p t i o n , the lowest. Arranging the D i s t r i c t O f f i c e s i n order of p o p u l a t i o n s i z e , caseload s i z e , and percentage i n c r e a s e of cases as a t 1961, the f o l l o w i n g p i c t u r e emerges: - 5 7 a -Schedule A: LOCATION OF DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL WELFARE OFFICES - Region 6 , 1 9 5 1 and 1 9 6 1 -O f f i c e 1 9 5 1 1 9 6 1 Abbotsford Operating Operating C h i l l i w a c k C h i l l i w a c k Township Operating) ) Operating) Amalgamated i n 1 9 5 8 : now part of C h i l l i w a c k O f f i c e Haney Operating Operating Langley C i t y Langley Operated i n ) 1 9 5 7 only ) Operating Amalgamated i n 1 9 5 8 : now par t of Langley O f f i c e Surrey Operating Operating White Rock P a r t of the ) Surrey O f f i c e ) E s t a b l i s h e d i n 1 9 5 7 as a pro-v i n c i a l o f f i c e - 5 7 b -TABLE X I I : REGION 6 : F r a s e r V a l l e y P o p u l a t i o n and Caseload Comparisons - 1 9 5 1 - 1 9 6 1 * DISTRICTS by OFFICE LOCATION Pop.inThousands P.C Increase Caseload T o t a l s P.C. Increase 1 9 5 1 1 9 6 1 1 9 5 1 - 6 1 1 9 5 1 1 9 6 1 1 9 5 1 - 6 1 OFFICE + TERRITORIES: 1 A b b o t s f o r d : Matsqui Abbotsford Sumas M i s s i o n C i t y M i s s i o n D i s t r i c t 2 2 , 3 0 0 2 8 , 7 0 0 2 8 . 7 9 6 2 2 , 2 4 9 1 3 3 . 8 C h i l l i w a c k : Har r i son Hope C h i l l i w h a c k D i s t . C h i l l i w a c k Twp. Kent 2 3 , 3 0 0 3 1 , 8 0 0 3 6 . 4 9 5 8 2 , 1 6 3 1 2 5 . 8 Haney: P i t t Meadows Maple Ridge 1 1 , 3 0 0 1 8 , 8 0 0 6 6 . 4 5 2 0 1 , 2 9 0 1 4 8 . 1 Langley: Langley C i t y Langley D i s t . 1 2 , 3 0 0 1 7 , 0 0 0 3 8 . 2 6 8 5 1 , 2 9 8 8 9 . 5 White Rock 6 , 4 0 0 5 5 6 1 . 1 * * S u r r e y : C l o v e r d a l e Whalley 3 3 , 7 0 0 7 0 , 8 0 0 1 1 0 . 4 1 , 8 4 1 3 , 5 9 9 9 5 . 5 TOTAL*** 1 0 2 , 8 8 0 1 7 3 , 4 5 0 6 8 . 6 4 , 0 6 6 1 1 , 1 5 5 1 2 8 . 3 \u2022Unweighted by \"p o i n t s \" system. \u00bb*Since 1 0 5 7 . * * * P o p u l a t i o n t o t a l s do not i n c l u d e unorganized t e r r i t o r y and Indian Reserve. - 5 8 -D i s t r i c t O f f i c e Surrey C h i l l i w a c k A b b o t s f o r d Haney Langley 1 9 6 1 P o p u l a t i o n 7 0 , 8 0 0 3 1 , 8 0 0 2 8 , 7 0 0 1 8 , 8 0 0 1 7 , 0 0 0 1 9 6 1 T o t a l Cases 3 , 5 9 9 2 , 1 6 3 2 , 2 4 0 1 , 2 9 0 1 , 2 9 8 1 9 5 1 - 1 0 6 1 Percentage Increase i n Caseload 0 5 . 4 0 1 2 5 . 7 8 1 3 3 . 7 8 1 4 8 . 0 7 8 0 . 5 0 White Rock D i s t r i c t O f f i c e i s omitted because there i s no 1 0 5 1 f i g u r e f o r comparison. The 1 0 5 1 - 1 9 6 1 percentage i n c r e a s e f o r Surrey i s underweighted because the 1 9 5 1 f i g u r e i n c l u d e s the White Rock area while the 1 9 6 1 f i g u r e does not. However, the caseload f i g u r e s r e f e r to \"cases\". A \"case\" r e f e r s to a s e r v i c e g i v e n , not n e c e s s a r i l y to a person. S i n c e many \"cases\" are couples or f a m i l i e s , a mother and c h i l d , and so on, there was contact with more persons than the caseload f i g u r e s i n d i c a t e . In a S o c i a l Allowance \"case\", f o r i n s t a n c e , one f a m i l y w i l l be regarded as a case, although c o n t a c t may be made with a l l f a m i l y members; s i m i l a r l y , f o r Family S e r v i c e cases. In the other c a t e g o r i e s of s e r v i c e , e.g., Pensions, C h i l d Welfare and H e a l t h and I n s t i t u t i o n a l , a \"case\" i m p l i e s d i r e c t s e r v i c e to an i n d i v i d u a l . Records are kept of the numbers of i n d i v i d u a l s r e c e i v i n g S o c i a l Allowances. Numbers are not kept of i n d i v i d u a l s r e c e i v i n g s e r v i c e through Family S e r v i c e . However, the term \" f a m i l y \" s t a t e s the f a c t t h a t such a case always r e f e r s to more than one -59 i n d i v i d u a l : a husband and a w i f e , a mother and her c h i l d ( r e n ) , or any combination t h e r e o f . A \" c o r r e c t e d \" f i g u r e can be computed that i s c l o s e r to the a c t u a l number of people served i f the numbers of i n d i v i d u a l s r e c e i v i n g S o c i a l Allowances f i g u r e i s s u b s t i t u t e d f o r the number of S o c i a l Allowance cases c a r r i e d , and i f the Family S e r v i c e f i g u r e i s doubled. A doubled Family S e r v i c e f i g u r e i s not r e a l l y a c c u r a t e , but i t i s at l e a s t c l o s e r to the number of persons r e c e i v i n g s e r v i c e than the cas e l o a d f i g u r e . Judging from t h i s k i n d of c o m p i l a t i o n , f o r example, 5,946 persons i n the Region r e c e i v e d s e r v i c e i n 1951 compared to the 4,966 cases shown. By 1961, 18,231 persons i n Region VI r e c e i v e d s e r v i c e compared to the 11,155 cases i n d i c a t e d . The d i f f e r e n c e between number of cases and number of i n d i v i d u a l s has i t s e l f i n c r e a s e d over the ten-year p e r i o d . A \"case\" r e f e r s to an i n d i v i d u a l , or to an i n d i v i d u a l and h i s or her dependants. Thus, the other persons i n d i c a t e d i n a d d i t i o n to the caseload f i g u r e are dependants. The spread between the number of cases and the number of i n d i v i d u a l s i n d i c a t e s t h a t more f a m i l i e s are coming into, c ontact with the S o c i a l Welfare Department than was the case ten years ago, when a higher p r o p o r t i o n of s o c i a l allowance r e c i p i e n t s had no dependants. Not only are more persons coming i n t o c o n t a c t with the S o c i a l Welfare Department i n ab s o l u t e numbers, but the - 6 0 -p r o p o r t i o n of the p o p u l a t i o n who r e c e i v e s e r v i c e i s a l s o h i g h e r . In Region VI, i n 1 9 5 1 , using the estimated f i g u r e f o r numbers of i n d i v i d u a l c l i e n t s , 5 . 8 per cent of the p o p u l a t i o n of Region VI were r e c e i v i n g some kind of s e r v i c e from the Department of S o c i a l W e l f a r e . By 1 9 6 1 the percentage had r i s e n to 1 0 . 5 per cent. An i n c r e a s e i s t y p i c a l f o r the P r o v i n c e . In 1 9 5 1 , an estimated 4 . 7 per cent of the p o p u l a t i o n of B r i t i s h Columbia had r e c e i v e d s e r v i c e from the Department; i n 1 9 6 1 , the percentage was 7 . 4 . Thus, although there was a g e n e r a l i n c r e a s e f o r the t o t a l Pro-v i n c e , the i n c r e a s e was d i s p r o p o r t i o n a t e l y high f o r Region VI. The Make-up of the Welfare Caseloads I f the d i s t r i b u t i o n of c a s e l o a d by c a t e g o r i e s of s e r v i c e f o r Region VI i s compared with the o v e r a l l p r o v i n c i a l d i s t r i b u t i o n ; i there are no outstanding d i f f e r e n c e s . For example, i n 1 9 6 1 the f i g u r e s were as f o l l o w s : Category of S e r v i c e B. C. Region VI Pensions 5 4 . 1 5 1 . 1 S o c i a l Allowance 3 4 . 5 3 6 . 0 Family S e r v i c e 1 . 6 1 . 5 C h i l d Welfare 8 . 9 1 0 . 4 H e a l t h & I n s t i t u t i o n a l 0 . 9 1 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 In Region VI, pension cases are l e s s important and there are more s o c i a l allowance and c h i l d w e l f a r e cases than average. The p r o p o r t i o n a t e d i s t r i b u t i o n of caseloads by major category f o r the ten year span being s t u d i e d i s shown i n Table X I I l a . The d i s t r i b u t i o n of caseloads i n terms of a b s o l u t e numbers i s shown i n Tab l e X l l l b . These two t a b l e s need to be examined t o g e t h e r . The Pensions category of s e r v i c e i n c l u d e s the aged, the b l i n d , and the d i s a b l e d who do not have the means to pr o v i d e f o r themselves. The aged and the d i s a b l e d are groups i n Canada whose need has been r e c o g n i z e d , and f o r whom s o c i a l r e s p o n s i b i l i t y has been acknowledge i n l e g i s l a t i o n . Old Age A s s i s t a n c e , B l i n d Persons' Allowances, D i s a b l e d Persons' Allowances and Supple-mentary A s s i s t a n c e are the A c t s which come under the j u r i s d i c t i o n of the Pensions s e r v i c e s . T r a d i t i o n a l l y , the Pensions category has been the l a r g e s t i n terms of numbers of cases. , The persons who are e l i g i b l e to r e c e i v e a pension are those people i n the community with the l e a s t earning c a p a c i t y : over 65 years of age, and permanently p h y s i c a l l y or emo t i o n a l l y d i s a b l e d . In f a c t , t h e i r earning c a p a c i t y i s estimated to be l e s s than what i s needed to provide the b a s i c e s s e n t i a l s f o r l i f e : food, c l o t h i n g , s h e l t e r . T h i s i s one of the c r i t e r i a of e l i g i b i l i t y . Furthermore, once an i n d i v i d u a l i s i n r e c e i p t of a \"pension\", i t i s probable t h a t he w i l l always be i n a p o s i t i o n where he w i l l r e q u i r e t h i s a s s i s t a n c e . ! - 6 1 a -TABLE X I I I ( a ) : D i s t r i b u t i o n of Caseloads by Major C a t e g o r i e s (As at December 3 1 s t - a l t e r n a t e years 1 9 5 1-1961) a. A b s o lute Numbers CATEGORY 1 9 5 1 1 9 5 3 1 9 5 5 1 9 5 7 1 9 5 9 1 9 6 1 Pensions 3 , 1 3 4 3 , 9 9 8 4 , 2 9 8 5 , 4 5 8 5 , 5 7 5 5 , 7 0 0 S o c i a l Allowance 1 , 0 0 3 9 4 9 1 , 2 6 1 1 , 4 8 0 2 , 5 5 9 4 , 0 1 8 Family S e r v i c e 2 0 4 2 7 1 2 3 6 1 8 8 1 8 8 1 6 8 C h i l d Welfare 5 3 6 7 5 7 8 8 1 9 2 9 1 , 1 1 5 1 , 1 5 9 H e a l t h and I n s t i t u t i o n a l 8 9 1 1 9 1 1 2 1 0 5 9 1 1 1 0 TOTAL 4 , 9 6 6 6 , 0 9 4 6 , 7 8 8 8 , 1 6 0 9 , 5 2 8 1 1 , 1 5 5 -61b-TABLE X I I K b ) : D i s t r i b u t i o n of Caseloads by Major C a t e g o r i e s (As at December 3 1 s t - a l t e r n a t e years 1 9 5 1 - 1 9 6 1 ) b. P r o p o r t i o n a t e CATEGORY 1 9 5 1 1 9 5 3 1 9 5 5 1 9 5 7 1 9 5 9 1 9 6 1 Pensions: Old Age A s s i s t a n c e 6 0 . 4 1 5 . 6 1 3 . 8 1 3 . 5 1 1 . 7 1 0 . 8 Supplementary S o c i a l A s s i s t a n c e 2 . 5 4 8 . 9 4 7 . 0 4 0 . 9 4 3 . 1 3 6 . 8 B l i n d & D i s a b l e d (-) 1 . 1 2 . 3 3 . 3 3 . 6 3 . 5 S o c i a l Allowance 2 0 . 3 1 5 . 6 1 8 . 6 1 8 . 1 2 6 . 8 3 6 . 0 Family S e r v i c e 4 . 1 4 . 4 3 . 5 2 . 3 2 . 0 1 . 5 C h i l d W e l f a r e : Adoptions 3 . 3 3 . 5 3 . 5 3 . 0 3 . 0 2 . 7 C h i l d Welfare 7 . 5 8 . 9 9 . 5 8 . 5 8 . 7 8 . 2 H e a l t h and I n s t i t u t l o n a l 1 . 8 2 . 0 1 . 6 1 . 2 1 . 0 1 . 0 TOTAL 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 62 Pension cases may r e q u i r e a good deal of time and e f f o r t on the p a r t of workers i n i t i a l l y to e s t a b l i s h e l i g i b i l i t y , i . e . , proving age, computing a s s e t s , and so on. However, once the pension i s forthcoming, the work diminishes to p e r i o d i c v i s i t s , though a d d i t i o n a l e f f o r t may be r e q u i r e d o c c a s i o n a l l y to secure a p p l i a n c e s , or to help deal with a fam i l y emergency such as death. Although p r o p o r t i o n a t e l y and i n absolute numbers of cases the Pension category i s l a r g e s t , i t i s not the area which takes up the g r e a t e s t amount of s o c i a l workers* time. The pensions caseload e x e m p l i f i e s the c l a i m that numbers of cases cannot be equated with a q u a n t i t a t i v e estimate - to say nothing of the q u a l i t a t i v e aspect - of s e r v i c e g i v e n . By the same token, a d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n i s r e q u i r e d between \"new\" pension cases and \" c o n t i n u i n g \" pension cases i n any attempts to measure s e r v i c e . S o c i a l Allowance cases, on the other hand, take more time than the p r o p o r t i o n a t e d i s t r i b u t i o n of s e r v i c e s i n d i c a t e s * A more r e a l i s t i c p i c t u r e of the s i t u a t i o n i s gained when numbers of i n d i v i d u a l s are s u b s t i t u t e d f o r number of S o c i a l Allowance cases (see Table XIV). T h i s arrangement i n d i c a t e s the i n c r e a s e d number of i n d i v i d u a l s on S o c i a l Allowance p a y r o l l s , and the in c r e a s e d percentage of co n t a c t s i n Department of S o c i a l Welfare o f f i c e s d e a l i n g with S o c i a l Allowances. In 1961, of the estimated 18,231 persons who became p a r t of Region VI's ca s e l o a d , 10,926 persons were S o c i a l Allowance r e c i p i e n t s . - 6 2 a TABLE XIV: Estimated Number of Persons Served. by Major C a t e g o r i e s of S e r v i c e f o r A l t e r n a t e Years 1 9 5 1 - 1 9 6 1 CATEGORY 1 9 5 1 1 9 5 3 1 9 5 5 1 9 5 7 1 9 5 9 1 9 6 1 Pensions 3 , 1 3 4 3 , 9 9 8 4 , 2 9 8 5 , 4 5 8 5^575 5 , 7 0 0 S o c i a l Allowance ( I n d i v i d u a l s ) 1 , 7 7 9 1 , 8 6 0 2 , 7 1 7 3 , 3 6 4 6 , 2 5 1 1 0 , 9 2 6 Family S e r v i c e s (Cases Doubled) 4 0 8 5 4 2 4 7 2 3 7 6 3 7 6 3 3 6 C h i l d Welfare 5 3 6 7 5 7 8 8 1 9 2 9 1 , 1 1 5 1 , 1 5 9 H e a l t h and I n s t i t u t i o n a l 8 9 1 1 9 1 1 2 1 0 5 9 1 1 1 0 TOTAL 5 , 9 4 6 7 , 2 7 6 8 , 4 8 0 1 0 , 2 3 2 1 3 , 4 0 8 1 8 , 2 3 1 (See t e x t f o r method of compiling these f i g u r e s . ) - 5 3 -Any person i n f i n a n c i a l need and without personal resources i s e l i g i b l e f o r a S o c i a l Allowance. However, the s e r v i c e i s not only f i n a n c i a l but i n c l u d e s c o u n s e l l i n g or casework s e r v i c e s . S o c i a l Allowance cases take more s o c i a l work time than other cases f o r at l e a s t two reasons. F i n a n c i a l need i n d i c a t e s j o b -l e s s n e s s , d i s a b i l i t y , or l o s s of the primary wage earner i n a f a m i l y , or some combination of these. By l e g i s l a t i o n , i t i s pa r t of the job of the person a d m i n i s t e r i n g S o c i a l Allowances to attempt to get the primary wage earner, and thereby h i s fa m i l y a l s o , back to a s t a t e of independence. To t h i s end, i t i s necessary f o r s o c i a l workers to see t h e i r S o c i a l Allowance r e c i p i e n t s f r e -q u e n t l y . In a d d i t i o n , f i n a n c i a l dependence i n t h i s country does not u s u a l l y remain an i s o l a t e d problem but o f t e n b r i n g s on f a m i l y s t r e s s and even d i s o r g a n i z a t i o n through f e e l i n g s of f e a r and inadequacy. In 1 9 5 1 , there were 7 7 6 dependants attached to S o c i a l Allowance cases; i n 1 9 6 1 , there were 6 , 9 0 8 dependants. I t i s the job of s o c i a l workers to deal with the problems of the dependants as w e l l as those of the head of a household. The i n c r e a s e d number of dependants i n r e c e i p t of s o c i a l allowance b e n e f i t s , a l s o i n d i c a t e s an i n c r e a s e d number of f a m i l i e s , as opposed to s i n g l e persons, i n r e c e i p t of S o c i a l Allowances. T h i s , i n t u r n , i n d i c a t e s an i n c r e a s e d amount of fa m i l y s e r v i c e work. The S o c i a l Allowance f i g u r e s p o i n t up a major i s s u e i n -64 the keeping of o f f i c e s t a t i s t i c s . Although the number of cases and the number of dependants now can be e s t a b l i s h e d , and although i n d i v i d u a l s o c i a l workers are very knowledgeable about the v a r y i n g s t a t u s of t h e i r c l i e n t s , from the o f f i c e s t a t i s t i c s there i s no way of knowing the f a m i l y c o n s t e l l a t i o n s being d e a l t w i t h . Numbers of males, females, s i n g l e , married, widowed, d i v o r c e d , d e s e r t e d , and so on, are not i n d i c a t e d . In planning a s e r v i c e - even to d e s c r i b e i t meaningfully - i t i s e s s e n t i a l to know, i n a systematic way, the \"make-up\" of the people being planned f o r . S o c i a l workers are used to t a l k i n g about \"cases\"; and at one time \" c a s e s \" r e f e r r e d more o f t e n to i n d i v i d u a l s than to f a m i l i e s . But t h i s i s changing, as i s the a t t i t u d e toward planning s e r v i c e s . In any planning i t i s e s s e n t i a l to know \"how many?\" and \"what are they l i k e ? \" i n order to know what they w i l l need. The category of Family S e r v i c e r e f e r s to any c o u n s e l l i n g s e r v i c e s to a f a m i l y not i n c l u d e d i n any other category. T h i s i s a r e c o g n i t i o n of the f a c t that f a m i l i e s can have problems which are not rooted i n f i n a n c i a l d i f f i c u l t i e s . However, as the pressures f o r f i n a n c i a l a s s i s t a n c e i n c r e a s e , and a c c o r d i n g l y , the problems which o f t e n accompany f i n a n c i a l d i s t r e s s i n c r e a s e , there i s l e s s worker time a v a i l a b l e to g i v e to Family S e r v i c e . S o c i a l workers i n the f i e l d are emphatic on t h i s p o i n t . They do not keep t r a c k of the cases not served. However, they can a l l g i v e examples of f a m i l i e s who have asked f o r help besides - 8 5 -others they see who could use help, on whom they have had to tu r n t h e i r backs or shut t h e i r eyes because there j u s t was ( i s ) not s u f f i c i e n t time to work with them. In p u b l i c agencies the f i r s t r e s p o n s i b i l i t y i s to c a r r y out l e g i s l a t i o n and, t h e r e f o r e , c o u n s e l l i n g s e r v i c e s take a back seat. C h i l d Welfare s e r v i c e s i n c l u d e a l l p r o t e c t i o n cases, f o s t e r c a r e , and adoption work. L i k e f a m i l y s e r v i c e work, a d o p t i placement and home f i n d i n g are o f t e n put to one s i d e because of the pressure of emergency work: people must be f e d , c h i l d r e n must be removed from dangerous s i t u a t i o n s . The expedient n e c e s s i t y takes precedence over long-range consequences. Because there i s only so much time and only so many hands, \" l u x u r y \" s e r v i c e s l i k e c o u n s e l l i n g and adoption are low on the p r i o r i t y l i s t . H e a l t h and I n s t i t u t i o n a l cases r e f e r to requests from o f f i c i a l s of recognized i n s t i t u t i o n s f o r r e p o r t s and s o c i a l h i s t o r i e s f o r p r o v i n c i a l i n s t i t u t i o n s , s e r v i c e s to f a m i l i e s of persons i n i n s t i t u t i o n s , and boarding and nur s i n g homes f o r i n s t i t u t i o n a l p a t i e n t s about to be discharged to the community. T h i s i s an a u x i l i a r y s e r v i c e to other w e l f a r e groups and i t i s not l i k e l y t h a t i t s importance w i l l i n c r e a s e as a category of s e r v i c e . P u b l i c H e a l t h Nurses are i n c r e a s i n g l y t a k i n g up t h i s s e r v i c e as s o c i a l workers \"cannot f i n d the time\". - 8 6 -Changes i n the Incidence of Welfare Caseload Between the years 1 9 5 1 and 1 9 6 1 there have been no major r e d i s t r i b u t i o n s i n the p r o p o r t i o n s of the c a t e g o r i e s of s e r v i c e , i f examined by numbers of cases. There are p e r c e p t i b l e t r e n d s , however (see Table XV). In 1 9 5 1 , S o c i a l Allowance cases comprised o n e - f i f t h of the c a s e l o a d . Then there was a very small decrease ( 2 per cent) u n t i l 1 9 5 8 . Since 1 9 5 8 there has been a c o n t i n u a l i n c r e a s e u n t i l , i n 1 9 6 1 , S o c i a l Allowance cases comprised over o n e - t h i r d of the c a s e l o a d . Pension cases have decreased as a p r o p o r t i o n of the t o t a l R egional caseload between 1 9 5 1 and 1 9 6 1 . In 1 9 5 1 , Pensions were 6 3 per cent of the c a s e l o a d . In 1 9 5 7 , they were 6 6 . 8 per cent of the caseload but s i n c e then there has been a steady decrease u n t i l i n 1 9 6 1 they had dropped to 5 1 . 9 per cent of the ca s e l o a d . If the S o c i a l A s s i s t a n c e and the Pension cases are com-bined, together i n 1 9 5 1 they were 8 3 . 3 per cent of the caseload; i n 1 9 6 1 they were 8 7 . 1 per cent of the c a s e l o a d . These two c a t e g o r i e s of s e r v i c e predominate i n p r o v i n c i a l s o c i a l w e l f a r e . F i n a n c i a l need r e c e i v e s f i r s t a t t e n t i o n as i t i s v i s i b l e and obvious. T h e r e f o r e , other c a t e g o r i e s of s e r v i c e come second -when and i f there i s time. The t i m e - a v a i l a b l e f a c t o r now d i c t a t e s t h a t there i s d i f f e r e n t i a l s e r v i c e a v a i l a b l e to persons who l i v e T A B L E X V : N u m e r i c a l a n d P e r c e n t a g e I n c r e a s e C o m p a r i s o n Ma.ior C a t e g o r i e s f o r R e g i o n 6 1 9 5 1 - B a s e 1 0 0 . CATEGORY N o . o f C a s e s : ( a s a t D e c . ) P e r c e n t a g e I n c r e a s e 1 9 5 1 1 9 5 6 1 9 6 1 1 0 5 1 - 1 0 5 6 1 9 5 1 - 1 9 6 1 1 0 5 6 - 1 0 6 1 T O T A L C A S E L O A D 4 , 9 6 6 6 , 9 8 6 1 1 , 1 5 5 1 4 0 . 0 3 2 2 8 . 2 8 1 5 0 . 6 7 F a m i l y S e r v i c e 2 0 4 2 3 2 1 6 8 1 1 3 . 7 2 8 2 . 3 5 7 2 . 4 1 S o c i a l A l l o w a n c e s 1 , 0 1 2 1 , 3 1 3 4 , 0 1 8 1 3 0 . 0 O 4 0 0 . 5 9 3 0 6 . 0 1 P e n s i o n s - S . S . A . 1 2 8 3 , 3 3 8 4 , 1 0 0 2 , 6 0 7 . 8 1 3 , 2 1 0 . 1 5 1 2 3 . 0 9 O l d A g e 2 , 9 9 7 9 0 1 1 , 2 0 6 3 0 . 0 6 4 0 . 2 4 1 3 3 . 8 5 B l i n d a n d D i s a b l e d C h i l d W e l f a r e 6 3 ( 1 9 5 3 ) 2 0 9 3 8 5 3 3 1 . 7 4 6 1 1 . 1 1 1 8 4 . 2 1 A d o p t i o n s 1 6 4 2 4 1 2 4 1 1 4 6 . 9 5 1 4 6 . 9 5 1 0 0 . 0 0 C h i l d C a r e a n d O t h e r s 3 7 2 6 5 0 0 1 8 1 7 4 . 7 3 2 4 6 . 7 7 1 4 1 . 2 3 H e a l t h a n d I n s t i t u t i o n a l 8 9 1 0 2 1 1 0 1 1 4 . 6 0 1 2 3 . 5 0 1 0 7 . 8 4 - 6 7 -i n m e t r o p o l i t a n centres where there are s p e c i a l i z e d , p r i v a t e a g e n c i e s . In the f i e l d s e r v i c e s of the Department of S o c i a l W e l f a r e , each o f f i c e i s r e s p o n s i b l e f o r a l l c a t e g o r i e s of s e r v i c e . In the l a r g e r c i t i e s p r i v a t e agencies may devote themselves to n o n - f i n a n c i a l s e r v i c e s , i . e . , f a m i l y s e r v i c e , e m o t i o n a l l y d i s -turbed c h i l d r e n , and so on. The above statement assumes that there i s c o n s t r u c t i v e work which c o u l d be done i n the n o n - f i n a n c i a l c a t e g o r i e s of s e r v i c e which now goes by the board because of l a c k of time. Workers i n the f i e l d s u b s t a n t i a t e t h i s , although no systematic r e c o r d i s kept of i n s t a n c e s i n which s e r v i c e might be given but i s not. Should t h i s not be a matter of r e c o r d ? Reference was made e a r l i e r to the f a c t t h a t Family S e r v i c e s i s one of the c a t e g o r i e s which has low p r i o r i t y on the urgency s c a l e . Over the ten years between 1 9 5 1 and 1 9 6 1 t h i s category shows a slow but steady decrease. The category of C h i l d Welfare, as a whole, has been f a i r l y steady as a p r o p o r t i o n of the c a s e l o a d . I n t e r n a l l y there has been a s l i g h t decrease i n adoptions and a s l i g h t i n c r e a s e i n care s e r v i c e s . T h i s i s another category of s e r v i c e that s u f f e r s under the pressure of work. The H e a l t h and I n s t i t u t i o n a l category shows a steady decrease, but here the f i g u r e s are very s m a l l . - 6 8 A d i f f e r e n t and i l l u m i n a t i n g p e r s p e c t i v e of the pro-p o r t i o n a t e d i s t r i b u t i o n of the Region's ca s e l o a d can be gained i f the S o c i a l Allowance cases are examined ac c o r d i n g to the number of i n d i v i d u a l s served. In 1951 the persons r e c e i v i n g S o c i a l Allowances comprised approximately o n e - f i f t h O f the estimated number of i n d i v i d u a l s r e c e i v i n g s e r v i c e s . There has been a steady i n c r e a s e i n the numbers of persons r e c e i v i n g S o c i a l Allowances u n t i l i n 1 9 6 1 , they were 5 9 . 9 per cent of the estimated number of i n d i v i d u a l s r e c e i v i n g s o c i a l welfare s e r v i c e s . T h i s i s not only a l a r g e number of people ( 1 0 , 9 2 6 ) , but the s e r v i c e s they r e c e i v e are time-consuming. U n l i k e pensions, e l i g i b i l i t y has to be r e - e v a l u a t e d each month, and a l l p o s s i b l e resources of both worker and c l i e n t are brought i n t o play to work on the economic and s o c i a l problems of t h i s group o f people. From t h i s view, the g r e a t e r s i g n i f i c a n c e of the S o c i a l Allowance category becomes c l e a r e r . T h i s i s important because i t g i v e s a more r e a l i s t i c view of the pressures on workers and, a l s o , i n d i c a t e s where much of t h e i r time i s spent. G e n e r a l l y , the p r o p o r t i o n a t e d i s t r i b u t i o n of each D i s t r i c t O f f i c e ' s caseload i s f a i r l y s i m i l a r to the d i s t r i b u t i o n f o r the 15 Region. The C h i l l i w a c k O f f i c e , p r o p o r t i o n a t e l y , has c a r r i e d 15 See Appendix A f o r the p r o p o r t i o n a t e d i s t r i b u t i o n of caseloads by category f o r each D i s t r i c t O f f i c e . - 6 9 fewer pension cases than average. In 1 9 5 1 , 7 5 per cent of the Langley O f f i c e cases were pensions but t h i s has decreased to around 5 0 per cent, the Region average. In the f i r s t year of i t s o p e r a t i o n , 1 9 5 7 , the White Rock O f f i c e had 8 0 per cent pension cases. T h i s has g r a d u a l l y decreased to 6 5 per cent i n 1 9 6 1 but t h i s i s s t i l l higher than the Region average. The other category which d e v i a t e s from the Region \"norm\" i s C h i l d W e lfare. In A b b o t s f o r d , 1 6 per cent of the s e r v i c e i n 1 9 5 1 was devoted to C h i l d W e l f a r e . In 1 9 6 1 , a l i t t l e over 8 per cent of the s e r v i c e went to C h i l d W e l f a r e . The c a t -egory which seems to have taken over t h i s p r o p o r t i o n of the s e r v i c e i s S o c i a l Allowance. The same s i t u a t i o n i s true f o r C h i l l i w a c k ; from 2 1 per cent i n 1 9 5 1 to 1 2 per cent i n 1 9 6 1 , with a s u b s t a n t i a l i n c r e a s e i n S o c i a l Allowance s e r v i c e . Haney i s the same. Langley i s the only o f f i c e which presents the r e v e r s e p i c t u r e : from a l i t t l e over 4 per cent i n 1 9 5 1 to 1 3 per cent i n 1 9 6 1 . When the c a t e g o r i e s of s e r v i c e are examined to e s t a b l i s h the changes i n amounts of s e r v i c e g i v e n between 1 9 5 1 and 1 9 6 1 , i n c r e a s e s predominate (see T a b l e XVI). I f 1 9 5 1 i s taken as the base year, the Supplementary A s s i s t a n c e caseload shows a phenomenal i n c r e a s e . However, t h i s f i g u r e needs to be reviewed along with the Old Age A s s i s t a n c e f i g u r e , which s h o w s a percentage decrease over the ten years. Up to and i n c l u d i n g 1 9 5 1 , a p p l i c a n t s under -69a TABLE XVI: D i s t r i b u t i o n of Caseloads W i t h i n the Region 1951 - 1961 a* T o t a l Caseload OFFICE Number of Cas e s ( a ) is P.C. Increase 1951 1956 1961 1951-56 1956-61 Abbotsford 962 1,433 2 ,249 148.9 156.9 C h i l l i w a c k (b) 958 1,410 2 ,163 147.2 153.4 Haney 520 741 1,290 142.5 174.1 Langley 685 872 1,298 127.3 148.9 Surrey 1,841 2 ,530 3 ,599 137.4 142.3 White Rock (---) 550 <c) 556 \"(\u00ab-) 101.1 TOTAL ' 4,966 6 ,986 11,155 (a) December of each year (b) I n c l u d i n g C h i l l i w a c k Township (c) 1957 f i g u r e b. Cases E x c l u d i n g Pensions OFFICE Number of Cases (a) P.C. Increase 1951 1956 1961 1951- 56 1956-61 Abbotsford 421 476 959 113. 1 201.5 C h i l l i w a c k (b) 415 609 1 ,160 146. 7 190.5 Haney 206 327 698 158. 7 213.5 Langley 183 274 646 149. 7 235.8 Surrey 744 852 1 ,800 114. 5 211.3 White Rock ( ) 115 192 ( _ _ _ ) 166.9 (c) TOTAL 1,969 2,653 5 ,455 (a) December of each year (b) I n c l u d i n g C h i l l i w a c k Township (c) 1957 f i g u r e 7 0 the Old Age Pension Act had to pass a means t e s t . In 1 9 5 2 , by f e d e r a l l e g i s l a t i o n , the Old Age S e c u r i t y A c t provided automatic b e n e f i t s f o r persons over 7 0 years of age with proof of age and r e s i d e n c e . Thereby, the l a r g e group of persons who were formerly c l a s s i f i e d under the Old Age Pension A c t r e c e i v e d t h e i r primary b e n e f i t s through the Old Age S e c u r i t y A c t and those without means r e c e i v e Supplementary A s s i s t a n c e . T h i s e x p l a i n s the s h i f t from the Old Age Pension group to the Supplementary A s s i s t a n c e group. P r i o r to 1 9 5 2 the B l i n d Pensions were administered under the Old Age Pension A c t . In 1 9 5 2 , with the passing of the B l i n d Pensions' A c t , they became a separate category. P r i o r to 1 9 5 3 there was no s p e c i a l l e g i s l a t i o n f o r D i s a b l e d Persons. However, t h i s was forthcoming i n 1 9 5 3 , and the percentages r e f l e c t the i n c r e a s e i n a p p l i c a t i o n s . The new l e g i s l a t i o n regarding the Pension c a t e g o r i e s makes comparisons over the ten years somewhat hazardous. Many of the people who were a c t u a l l y i n c l u d e d i n one or other of the Pension c a t e g o r i e s before 1 9 5 6 were p r e v i o u s l y on the caseload but under a d i f f e r e n t heading. Under the new l e g i s l a t i o n , the q u a l i f i c a t i o n s and income l i m i t a t i o n s became l e s s s t r i n g e n t f o r B l i n d Pensions, so not only d i d persons t r a n s f e r from the Old Age Pension category, but, i n a d d i t i o n , more people were e l i g i b l e . On the other hand, the e l i g i b i l i t y requirement f o r the D i s a b l e d -71 Pension i s t o t a l disablement. These pensions, t h e r e f o r e , are more d i f f i c u l t to a c q u i r e . However, there i s an i n c r e a s e i n t h i s category too, which i s a r e f l e c t i o n of the p o p u l a t i o n growth and, perhaps, p e r s i s t a n c e on the part of the a p p l i c a n t s to q u a l i f y . The D i s a b l e d Pension i s paid at a higher r a t e than S o c i a l Allowance which e x p l a i n s the e f f o r t s of a p p l i c a n t s . The h i g h e s t i n c r e a s e i n numbers of cases i s i n the S o c i a l Allowance c a s e l o a d . There are more people r e c e i v i n g S o c i a l Allowances i n ab s o l u t e numbers, and as a percentage of the pop-u l a t i o n , than ever b e f o r e . At f i r s t s i g h t t h i s i s p u z z l i n g . Region VI has been r e f e r r e d to as an area with much new b u i l d i n g , p a r t i c u l a r l y housing developments. The people who move i n t o the newest s u b d i v i s i o n s are not u s u a l l y to be seen on welfa r e case-l o a d s . Moving i n t o a new home i n a new community i m p l i e s a r e g u l a r income necessary to meet monthly payments. The s o c i a l s e r v i c e s t h i s group i s i n t e r e s t e d i n are apt to be s c h o o l s , churches, r e c r e a t i o n a l c entres and p l a y i n g f i e l d s . A t t h i s p o i n t , t h e i r needs are not f o r \"primary n e c e s s i t i e s \" but f o r the amenities of c i v i l i z a t i o n . Why then the high i n c r e a s e i n S o c i a l Allowance cases? The answer i s that low-income as w e l l as middle - and high - income groups move i n t o the \" r u r a l suburbs\". When there i s i n d u s t r i a l and highway b u i l d i n g , persons who want to get i n on the \"boom\" expansion move i n t o the ar e a . Some put t h e i r savings i n t o some type of marginal business -72-investment and attempt to l i v e o f f the \" e x t r a \" people i n the area because of the b u i l d i n g going on. As the boom moves - or di e s - as the highway system changes or i s re-zoned, persons with marginal incomes may f a i l to make a l i v i n g from t h e i r b u s i n e s s . Another major d i s l o c a t e d group are those persons who move out i n t o the f r i n g e s to f i n d the low p r i c e d land or \"low-cost\" d i s t r i c t s . Some are already s e m i - t r a n s i e n t , a l l of them are lo o k i n g f o r the lowest p o s s i b l e c o s t - o f - l i v i n g . If t h e i r employ-ment q u a l i f i c a t i o n s are of s e m i - s k i l l e d or u n s k i l l e d nature, t h e i r employment tenure may be short or s e a s o n a l . Some who move i n t o the \"boom\" areas to f i n d employment l i v e i n motels and t r a i l e r s . From the data on f a m i l i e s and ages i t can be seen that i t i s no longer only s i n g l e men who move l o o k i n g f o r jobs or low costs of l i v i n g . E n t i r e f a m i l i e s pick up t h e i r belongings and \"move on\". More r e p o r t i n g of i n f o r m a t i o n i s needed regarding the occu p a t i o n s , r e s i d e n c e s , and so on, of s o c i a l allowance f a m i l y breadwinners. T h i s i n f o r m a t i o n i s c o l l e c t e d on each a p p l i c a t i o n f o r s e r v i c e , but, as f a r as i s known, i t i s not t a b u l a t e d . A very i n t e r e s t i n g study could be made of the occupations and lengths of previous employment of s o c i a l allowance r e c i p i e n t s . These t a b u l a t i o n s could be compared by Regions and to the o c c u p a t i o n a l s t r u c t u r e of the ge n e r a l p o p u l a t i o n , and the above questions more d e f i n i t i v e l y answered. -73-The percentage i n c r e a s e s shown f o r C h i l d Welfare, Adoption, and H e a l t h and I n s t i t u t i o n a l s e r v i c e s are a r e f l e c t i o n of n u m e r i c a l l y small numbers. For accuracy and meaning they need to be seen as part of the t o t a l c a s e l o a d . The decrease i n the Family S e r v i c e category has already been r e f e r r e d t o . Looking a t the t o t a l caseloads by o f f i c e (Table XVIa), each d i s t r i c t or sub-area has doubled i t s c a s e l o a d . I n t e r e s t i n g l y , the percentage i n c r e a s e from 1956 to 1961 i s g r e a t e r than the i n c r e a s e between 1951 and 1 9 5 6 . The p o p u l a t i o n f o r e c a s t s i n d i c a t e t h a t the r a t e of p o p u l a t i o n i n c r e a s e i s going to continue f o r the next ten years i n the F r a s e r V a l l e y . What does t h i s mean f o r w e l f a r e planning f o r the f u t u r e ? If the pension cases are excluded, the percentage i n c r e a s e of cases v a r i e s c o n s i d e r a b l y by area (Table XVIb). Langley, Haney and C h i l l i w a c k i n d i c a t e the h i g h e s t i n c r e a s e s . Langley i s the area j u s t ahead of the area now undergoing the g r e a t e s t u r b a n i z a t i o n ( S u r r e y ) ; Haney i s a s p e c i a l case (an \" e x t e n s i o n suburb\"; besides housing the f a m i l i e s of persons i n t e r n e d at the Haney C o r r e c t i o n a l I n s t i t u t e ) ; and C h i l l i w a c k a t t r a c t s persons who want to \"get away from the c i t y \" , or who can gear t h e i r occupations to farming i n t e r e s t s , o f t e n on small acreage. White Rock, with i t s many r e t i r e d people, shows the lowest i n c r e a s e i n cases when pensions are excluded. - 7 4 -The most s i g n i f i c a n t i m p l i c a t i o n i n a l l the above f i g u r e s i s that the present s t a t e of w e l f a r e needs i s not going to \" n a t u r a l l y \" c o r r e c t i t s e l f ; there i s not going to be a r e v e r s a l of trends u n l e s s there i s a conscious e f f o r t to e f f e c t some changes. A combination of demographic, economic and w e l f a r e i n d i c e s w i l l be necessary to c h a r t the path, and suggest p o l i c y changes. - 7 5 -CHAPTER IV I m p l i c a t i o n s of Regional Measurements S o c i a l and Economic Changes i n the Region I t has been shown that the area of the province known as Region VI has undergone g r e a t changes i n terms of c o n s t r u c t i o n and p o p u l a t i o n i n c r e a s e s . There i s every reason to b e l i e v e t h i s w i l l c o n t i n u e . A l l f o r e c a s t s p o i n t to c o n t i n u i n g movement and growth up invto the F r a s e r V a l l e y . At the present time, there seems to be two kinds of new r e s i d e n t s moving i n t o the area* There i s the group that i s moving i n t o new housing developments* These are t y p i c a l l y , middle-income or high p a i d wage earners who r e q u i r e only a few of the s o c i a l w e l f a r e s e r v i c e s that are under the j u r i s d i c t i o n of the Department of S o c i a l Welfare. They do r e q u i r e s c h o o l s , r e c r e a t i o n and r e l a t e d f a c i l i t i e s . However, i t must be kept i n mind, p a r t i c u l a r l y where zoning or other planning c o n t r o l s or p o l i c i e s are n e g l i g i b l e , much of t h i s home b u i l d i n g i s not of the best q u a l i t y and twenty years hence some of these suburban f r i n g e s could become run-down areas. The other group of persons moving \"up the V a l l e y \" are m a r g i n a l l y s k i l l e d and sometimes m a r g i n a l l y employed who are attempting to \"keep ahead of the big c i t y \" or at l e a s t the higher c o s t of - 7 6 -f a c i l i t i e s i t b r i n g s with i t . Region VI has a d i s p r o p o r t i o n a t e l y high r a t e of socio-economic change and the d i s l o c a t i o n t h a t accompanies i t . C o r r e s p o n d i n g l y , there i s a d i s p r o p o r t i o n a t e l y high number of marginal f a m i l i e s who have moved i n and s e t t l e d t e m p o r a r i l y . I t i s l i k e l y , however, that as these l a t t e r persons resume t h e i r migratory p a t t e r n , they w i l l continue up the V a l l e y and thus present the same problems i n a s l i g h t l y d i f f e r e n t l o c a t i o n . One concludes that both i n the f o r e f r o n t and g r a d u a l l y behind the l o c u s of u r b a n i z a t i o n , there w i l l be h i g h - i n c i d e n c e areas of \"problems\" r e q u i r i n g s o c i a l w e l f a r e a t t e n t i o n . I t i s c l e a r that the nature of the economy i s s h i f t i n g i n the F r a s e r V a l l e y . Three major trends are d i s c e r n i b l e . The u r b a n i z a t i o n process i s c l a i m i n g an e v e r - i n c r e a s i n g p r o p o r t i o n of the labour f o r c e to commute to the t e r t i a r y p u r s u i t s of the me t r o p o l i t a n c e n t r e . At the same time, l i g h t i n d u s t r y expansion i s moving out i n t o the V a l l e y and i n time w i l l r e q u i r e a pool of a r t i s a n and white c o l l a r workers of i t s own. While the a g r i c u l t u r a l p a r t of the V a l l e y economy has had to make way f o r these changes, the p o p u l a t i o n expansion continues to r e q u i r e a ready food supply. F r a s e r V a l l e y a g r i c u l t u r e has now l e s s economic predominance but w i l l s t i l l continue to be important. These changes v i t a l l y a f f e c t the l i v e s of the F r a s e r V a l l e y r e s i d e n t s i n c o u n t l e s s ways. They a l s o a f f e c t the s t r u c t u r e - 7 7 -of s o c i a l welfare caseloads and the nature and d i r e c t i o n of remedial a c t i o n . Because the u n d e r l y i n g importance of such an understanding i s so b a s i c to p u b l i c w e l f a r e p o l i c i e s , an extended and comprehensive study of t h i s matter i s e s s e n t i a l . I t i s here suggested that t h i s would be the next step i n any i n t e n s i v e planning undertaken. Present Caseloads and S e r v i c e s The percentage i n c r e a s e i n numbers of cases to be c a r r i e d i n Region VI seems to be i n o r d i n a t e l y h i g h . However, when the percentage i n c r e a s e of cases i s juxtaposed with the percentage i n c r e a s e of workers between the years 1 9 5 1 and 1 9 6 1 (see Table XVII) i t i s evident that the p r o p o r t i o n a t e i n c r e a s e i n workers has almost kept pace with the caseload i n c r e a s e s . However, t h i s sets up a f a l l a c i o u s case. The year 1 9 5 1 i s used as the base year and the s i z e s of caseloads c e r t a i n l y were not i d e a l at that time. The average caseload i n 1 9 5 1 was 2 7 5 . 4 cases and the average caseload i n 1 9 6 1 was 3 1 0 . 9 cases per worker. I n t e r e s t i n g l y , t a k i n g the Provin c e as a whole, the average caseload f o r the Department i n 1 9 5 1 was 2 7 4 . 4 cases per worker and i n 1 9 6 1 the average was 3 3 9 . 8 cases per worker. In numbers of cases per worker, Region VI i s r e p r e s e n t a t i v e of the p r o v i n c i a l s i t u a t i o n . In at l e a s t one r e s p e c t , caseload f i g u r e s g i v e an 7 7 a -TABLE XVII: PERCENTAGE INCREASE OF CASES AND WORKERS FOR REGION 6 - Years 1 9 5 1 to 1 9 6 1 -Year Percentag e Increase of Cases ( 1 9 5 1 = 1 0 0 ) i Percentage Increase of Workers ( 1 9 5 1 = 1 0 0 ) 1 9 5 1 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 9 5 2 1 1 5 . 7 1 0 5 . 6 1 9 5 3 1 2 4 . 9 1 2 7 . 8 1 9 5 4 1 3 4 . 1 1 2 2 . 2 1 9 5 5 1 4 2 . 2 1 2 7 . 8 1 9 5 6 1 4 3 . 9 1 5 0 . 0 1 9 5 7 1 6 7 . 9 1 6 6 . 7 1 9 5 8 1 7 5 . 7 1 6 6 . 7 1 9 5 9 1 9 1 . 7 1 7 2 . 2 1 9 6 0 2 1 0 . 7 1 8 3 . 3 1 9 6 1 2 2 8 . 3 2 0 0 . 0 - 7 7 b -TABLE XVIII: NUMBER OF WORKERS AND AVERAGE CASELOADS IN MAIN SUB-DISTRICTS, 1 9 5 1 - 1 9 6 1 ( A l l f i g u r e s r e l a t e to month of December i n the year s t a t e d ) NO. OF WORKERS 1 9 5 1 1 9 5 3 1 9 5 5 1 9 5 7 1 9 5 9 1 9 6 1 E a s t e r n S e c t i o n : A b b o t s f o r d 4 5 5 5 5 6 Haney 3 3 3 4 4 4 C h i l l i w a c k D i s t r i c t 2 4 3 3 6 8 Township(a) 1 1 2 3 ( - ) ( - ) Western S e c t i o n ( b ) : Langley 2 3 3 5 5 5 Surrey 6 7 7 8 9 , 1 1 AVERAGE CASELOAD 1 9 5 1 1 9 5 3 1 9 5 5 1 9 5 7 1 9 5 9 1 9 6 1 E a s t e r n S e c t i o n : Abbotsford 2 4 0 . 5 2 3 6 . 8 2 7 2 . 4 3 0 8 . 4 3 9 4 . 8 3 7 4 . 8 Haney 1 7 3 . 3 2 1 3 . 3 2 3 7 . 7 2 0 6 . 0 2 3 4 . 2 3 2 2 . 5 C h i l l i w a c k D i s t r i c t 2 9 2 . 0 1 8 3 . 7 2 4 2 . 3 2 5 8 . 3 3 2 1 . 5 2 7 0 . 3 Township(a) 3 7 4 . 0 4 4 1 . 0 3 3 5 . 5 2 6 7 . 7 ( - ) ( - ) Western S e c t i o n ( b ) : Langley 3 4 2 . 5 3 0 9 . 7 2 9 6 . 7 2 6 5 . 4 2 4 0 . 6 2 5 9 . 6 Surrey 3 0 6 . 8 3 0 9 . 3 3 4 6 . 4 3 1 9 . 7 3 2 6 . 2 3 2 7 . 2 (a) Amalgamated with D i s t r i c t , 1 9 5 8 . (b) White Rock a separate o f f i c e from 1 9 5 7 ; 2 workers; average caseloads were 2 7 5 i n 1 9 5 7 and 2 7 8 i n 1 9 6 1 . 78 incomplete p i c t u r e because some workers do c a r r y \" s p e c i a l i z e d \" c a s e l o a d s , i . e . , a l l S o c i a l Allowance, a l l Unemployed Employables, or a l l C h i l d W e l f a r e . Sometimes the numbers of cases are l e s s -sometimes they are g r e a t e r - i n these l o a d s . T h i s i s r e c o g n i t i o n that some types of cases, i . e . , C h i l d Welfare, c o n s i s t e n t l y take more time per case than some other types, i . e . , Pensions, and, t h e r e f o r e , a worker can c a r r y a fewer - or g r e a t e r - number of cases i f h i s load i s made up from one s e r v i c e category o n l y . T h i s measure has been c a l l e d \"weighting\" c a s e l o a d s . However, to date, t h i s has been f e a s i b l e only where there are c o n c e n t r a t i o n s of p o p u l a t i o n and i t i s mainly a concession to expediency r a t h e r than to s e r v i c e . Although, of course, the s e r v i c e a l s o may g a i n . Here, with a l l due r e s p e c t to the p a l l i a t i v e measures that have been invoked, the c o n s i d e r a t i o n i s , i n terms of s e r v i c e to be g i v e n and work to be done, what would be most e f f e c t i v e ? Nothing takes the p l a c e , or removes the need, f o r adequate s t a f f i n g together with the w i s e s t p o s s i b l e deployment. A g r e a t deal has been w r i t t e n r e c e n t l y about p u b l i c w e l f a r e s e r v i c e s and \"multi-problem\" f a m i l i e s . The emphasis has been on how these r e l a t i v e l y few persons, who consume a high p r o p o r t i o n of a v a i l a b l e s e r v i c e , can be best served. Almost i n e v i t a b l y t h i s leads to a d i s c u s s i o n of what k i n d of s e r v i c e the non-multi-problem f a m i l y s h a l l r e c e i v e . T h i s opens the door to the many problems of s t a f f i n g and caseloads i n a p u b l i c w e l f a r e agency. The s u b j e c t i s not new; nor are the problems. One t h i n g -79-the years have proven i s that time alone w i l l not r e s o l v e the problems. The problem seems to be common to most communities on t h i s c o n t i n e n t . The i s s u e s have been examined by Maimo Sopp i n a recent t h e s i s , Optimum P r o f e s s i o n a l S t a f f i n g of a M u n i c i p a l 16 S o c i a l Welfare Department at the Caseworker L e v e l . She reviews s e v e r a l r e s e a r c h programs i n the United S t a t e s and Canada and proposes a p i l o t p r o j e c t f o r Vancouver. The p r o j e c t s reviewed, although g e o g r a p h i c a l l y widely separate, d i s c l o s e c e r t a i n common c o n c l u s i o n s : l a r g e caseloads w i l l continue i n p u b l i c w e l f a r e ; the m a j o r i t y of p u b l i c w e l f a r e s o c i a l workers w i l l not have degrees from graduate schools of s o c i a l work; and, some method needs to be d e v i s e d to cut down on the time-consuming r o u t i n e s of e s t a b l i s h i n g e l i g i b i l i t y , and so on. C l a s s i f i c a t i o n of cases and, subsequently, c l a s s i f i c a t i o n of workers i s the most common r e s u l t i n g theme that comes out of these s t u d i e s . Cases are c l a s s -i f i e d a ccording to the k i n d of s e r v i c e they r e q u i r e : s t r a i g h t -forward m a t e r i a l h e l p , systematic help f o r more complex problems, and s k i l l e d h e lp f o r problems of s p e c i a l d i f f i c u l t y . Workers are c l a s s i f i e d as a s s i s t a n t s to s o c i a l workers to deal with the s t r a i g h t f o r w a r d s i t u a t i o n s , workers with graduate t r a i n i n g f o r 16 Maimo Sopp, Optimum P r o f e s s i o n a l S t a f f i n g of a M u n i c i p a l  S o c i a l Welfare Department at the Caseworker L e v e l , Master of S o c i a l Work t h e s i s , U n i v e r s i t y of B r i t i s h Columbia, 1961. - 8 0 -the complex cases, p r o f e s s i o n a l l y t r a i n e d and experienced s o c i a l workers to undertake casework i n problems of s p e c i a l d i f f i c u l t y . Two-fold c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s have a l s o been suggested. Any a p p l i e d scheme would have to be adapted to the p a r t i c u l a r area where i t was to be used. The important l e s s o n t h a t emerges i s that i t i s not p o s s i b l e to d i f f e r e n t i a t e caseloads without c o n s i d e r i n g the type and c h a r a c t e r of the problem any p a r t i c u l a r k i n d of case p r e s e n t s . \"In a l l major s t u d i e s to date, one hundred \" d i f f i c u l t \" cases would be co n s i d e r e d a completely overwhelming number f o r one worker to handle on more than a s u p e r f i c i a l b a s i s and i t i s q u e s t i o n a b l e whether the small gains - not to mention the p o s s i b l e l o s s e s - l i k e l y to r e s u l t from t h i s r e d i s t r i b u t i o n j u s t i f y the major a d m i n i s t r a t i v e changes 1 7 i n v o l v e d . \" In s e l e c t e d caseloads of \" d i f f i c u l t \" cases, demon-s t r a t i o n p r o j e c t s have had from f i f t e e n to f i f t y cases c a r r i e d by each worker. (In the S t . Paul Study the permanent workers each c a r r i e d twenty cases.) In f a m i l y s e r v i c e type agencies the usu a l number of cases i s around t w e n t y - f i v e . There i s no reason to suppose the cases i n these s p e c i a l i n s t a n c e s take any more s k i l l or time or e f f o r t than those on the p u b l i c w e l f a r e c a s e l o a d s . By these standards, and by the statements of workers 1 7 I b i d . . p.7 9 - 8 1 who f e e l unable to cope adequately with the \" r o u t i n e work\", to say nothing of f a m i l y s e r v i c e and c h i l d w e l f a r e , the u n d i f f e r e n t i a t e d caseloads i n Region VI are too heavy. The same c o n c l u s i o n a p p l i e s to the p r o v i n c i a l s i t u a t i o n . Regional Boundaries The g e n e r a l case f o r p r e c i s i o n would not be so strong i f i t represented an i n o r d i n a t e amount of r e - o r g a n i z i n g of the methods of g a t h e r i n g and compiling data. The b a s i c data i s already gathered by both bodies but i t i s not presented f o r the b e n e f i t of e i t h e r . If the time was a l l o t t e d f o r r e s e a r c h i t would be easy to follow-up the leads which have a r i s e n at v a r i o u s p o i n t s i n t h i s e x p l o r a t o r y study. The present data w i l l i n d i c a t e how many f a m i l i e s there are; where most of them are, though not perhaps where they a l l are; f a c t s about f a m i l y s t r u c t u r e , e t h n i c back-grounds, employment, income, and so on, f o r l a r g e heterogeneous areas - notably p r o v i n c e s . But i f the vast amount of data now p u b l i c l y c o l l e c t e d i s to be u s e f u l , boundaries must c o i n c i d e reasonably w e l l with the \"working\" areas of other o f f i c i a l b o d ies. School D i s t r i c t s and P u b l i c H e a l t h D i s t r i c t s are f a i r l y synonomous, but when we l f a r e d i s t r i c t s , v o t i n g d i s t r i c t s and t e c h n i c a l survey d i s t r i c t s are added, the p i c t u r e i s no longer s t r a i g h t f o r w a r d . At many p o i n t s i n t h i s review, the attempt to u t i l i z e census s t a t i s t i c s along with Department of S o c i a l Welfare s t a t i s t i c s - 8 2 -f o r Region VI has h i g h l i g h t e d the major problem s t a t e d i n the be g i n n i n g : the boundaries decided on f o r the \"region\"do not e x a c t l y correspond. By v a r i o u s k i n d s of ma n i p u l a t i o n they have been brought c l o s e . But they are not c l o s e enough. What i s more important, i t i s q u e s t i o n a b l e whether the Welfare Department's r e g i o n i s l o g i c a l . If a \" r e g i o n \" i s understood to be an area with homogeneous c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , and not merely an a d m i n i s t r a t i v e and t r a n s p o r t a t i o n convenience, Surrey i s now \" l i k e \" , and a pa r t of, M e t r o p o l i t a n Vancouver. ' I t i s now u n l i k e the r e s t of the F r a s e r V a l l e y . T h i s suggests that the problems i t presents -a d m i n i s t r a t i v e l y and s o c i a l l y - can be expected to be s i m i l a r to those of M e t r o p o l i t a n Vancouver and, t h e r e f o r e , i t s w e l f a r e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n should be from the Vancouver area and not the F r a s e r V a l l e y . Measurement of Cases and S e r v i c e s The Department of S o c i a l Welfare and i t s r e f e r r a l o f f i c e s c o l l e c t t h e i r own wealth of data. Most of i t depends f o r a n a l y s i s on the V i c t o r i a r e s o u r c e s . The Research Department has compiled . some very i n t e r e s t i n g f a c t s i n recent years but more s t a f f would make p o s s i b l e b e t t e r use of t h i s data i n r e l a t i o n to other m a t e r i a l s . Comparison with the r e f e r r a l data of other Province's departments i s a l s o needed. Information could be used i n the D i s t r i c t o f f i c e s to -83-fui'ther s e r v i c e . I t i s not enough to use i t to b o l s t e r worker morale, because of the sheer volume of work and the s e v e r i t y of the problems handled. Some v i t a l s t a t i s t i c a l developments are needed i n t h i s d i r e c t i o n . I t i s time f o r Welfare personnel to stop t h i n k i n g i n terms of \"cases\" and to s t a r t t h i n k i n g i n terms of people and u n i t s of s e r v i c e . The P u b l i c Welfare D i v i s i o n of the Canadian Welfare C o u n c i l has been working on the s t a n d a r d i z a t i o n of minimum p u b l i c w e l f a r e s t a t i s t i c s f o r some time, and has con s u l t e d p r o v i n c i a l departments as w e l l as Schools of S o c i a l 18 Work. One \"case\" may c o n t a i n many u n i t s of s e r v i c e . I t i s l o s i n g s i g h t of the welfar e f a c t s i f one s o c i a l allowance case with an unemployed f a t h e r , a d i s a b l e d mother and s i x c h i l d r e n has to be recorded as one u n i t of s e r v i c e . I t i s not only s i g -n i f i c a n t f o r the a d m i n i s t r a t i o n to know how many persons an agency i s d e a l i n g w i t h : i t gives much more p r a c t i c a l i n d i c a t i o n s of workloads, of s t a f f time, and of s p e c i a l i z e d s k i l l s or f a c i l i t i e s needed. Of course the a c t u a l numbers are important, but i t i s the c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s they represent that are most r e l e v a n t . How many persons are married, s i n g l e , widowed, d i v o r c e d , separated? How many c h i l d r e n i n r e c e i p t of s o c i a l allowance have f a t h e r s i n t h e i r home? How does t h i s r e l a t e to the r e g i o n a l p o p u l a t i o n 1 8 The U n i v e r s i t y of B r i t i s h Columbia School has made strong r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s on the need to r e p l a c e \" cases\" by fa m i l y u n i t s and i n d i v i d u a l persons; but at the time of w r i t i n g i t i s not known whether such a change has been put i n t o o p e r a t i o n . - 8 4 -p a t t e r n ? Questions of t h i s k i n d make the d i f f e r e n c e i n p l a n n i n g . They must be c o n t i n u o u s l y answered, and comparative analyses made, i f knowledge of human behavior i s to be brought to bear on what these s t a t i s t i c a l i n f e r e n c e s mean f o r h e a l t h and w e l f a r e . Some-times the a p p r o p r i a t e data i s already being gathered and no new questions n e c e s s a r i l y need to be added. I t i s a question of p u l l i n g together and using the i n f o r m a t i o n . One development worth c o n s i d e r a t i o n i s to g i v e Regions more o p p o r t u n i t y to examine t h e i r own data a f t e r i t has been g i v e n some standard c o m p i l a t i o n . Personnel working i n a r e g i o n know t h e i r a r e a , and can a t t a c h the a p p r o p r i a t e s i g n i f i c a n c e and i n t e r p r e t a t i o n to data which a \" s t r a n g e r \" cannot always do. Furthermore, workers i n the f i e l d know \"what they need to know\". While t h i s may, and perhaps should, d i f f e r to some extent between r e g i o n s , some s i m i l a r measurements, e s p e c i a l l y i f continuous, w i l l g i v e food f o r thought and comparison, throw more l i g h t on standards, and a i d more en l i g h t e n e d o p e r a t i o n g e n e r a l l y . S o c i a l Planning and S t a t i s t i c a l Development A l l of the above m a t e r i a l r a i s e s the case f o r p h y s i c a l as w e l l as s o c i a l p l a n n i n g . Senior students of land-use, p o p u l a t i o n growth, the demands on a g r i c u l t u r a l and n a t u r a l resources i n the V a l l e y support the case f o r \"green b e l t s \" to be e s t a b l i s h e d at s t r a t e g i c p o i n t s i n the Lower Mainland Area. \"Green b e l t s \" , - 8 5 -fundamentally, are areas i n which the b u i l d i n g of housing and f a c t o r i e s , e t c . , i s prevented. Such areas may be zoned f o r farms, parks, lake and water with s i d e r e c r e a t i o n a l use, and even a i r -p o r t s . T h i s f o r e s i g h t e d e f f o r t to set a s i d e s i z a b l e pieces of l a n d f o r the f u t u r e , before i t i s too l a t e , i s not as yet r e c e i v i n g much support. Surrey o f f e r s man's example of what can happen without p l a n n i n g . Some f i n e a g r i c u l t u r a l l a n d , which i s r a r e i n B r i t i s h Columbia - and p r e c i o u s f o r food supply - has been b u i l t upon. There are case examples of \"urban sprawl\". The main roadways through and between the m u n i c i p a l i t i e s have been accom-panied by \" r i b b o n development\" of r e s i d e n c e s , s t o r e s , s i g n s , and so on; one of the most u n s i g h t l y , as w e l l as economically d i s -l o c a t i n g , outgrowths of the f r o n t - r u n n e r s of u r b a n i z a t i o n . I t i s too e a s i l y f o r g o t t e n that \"urban sprawl\" and \" r i b b o n develop-ment\" are not only u n s i g h t l y . They may be the accompaniment of marginal l i v i n g ; a p e r i p h e r a l r i n g of people seeking low-cost l i v i n g arrangements, which at the same time are c l o s e to employment sources. There seems to be l i t t l e doubt t h a t , i n the immediate f u t u r e at l e a s t , w e l f a r e demands are going to i n c r e a s e . In Region VI, 10 per cent of the p o p u l a t i o n are being d i r e c t l y a f f e c t e d by the s e r v i c e s of the S o c i a l Welfare Department. T h i s i s n e i t h e r a small nor an i s o l a t e d group. F u r t h e r , there are 8 6 -more f a m i l i e s being served than p r e v i o u s l y . T h i s has i m p l i c a t i o n s f o r the present and f o r the f u t u r e . I f a h o l d - t h e - l i n e p o l i c y i s adhered t o , more s t a f f w i l l be r e q u i r e d to merely maintain s e r v i c e s . If there are to be any a d d i t i o n a l \"casework\" s e r v i c e s to cover the cases now knov\/n to O f f i c e s , much planning and r e -a l l o c a t i o n of s t a f f time, plus a d d i t i o n a l s t a f f i s necessary. I t seems l i k e l y that there w i l l be i n c r e a s e d numbers of s o c i a l allowance and pension cases. What about the f a m i l y s e r v i c e and adoption cases? Are they to r e c e i v e s t i l l l e s s time than they now do? In developing a program, c e r t a i n questions i n p u b l i c p o l i c y need to be answered. Is the S o c i a l Welfare Department a c t u a l l y r e s p o n s i b l e only f o r ma i n t a i n i n g f a m i l i e s or does i t have a r e h a b i l i t a t i v e r o l e a l s o ? P r e s e n t l y i t s r e h a b i l i t a t i v e attempts are kept to a minimum because of the pressure of day-to-day work. Is r e h a b i l i t a t i o n a f u n c t i o n to be l e f t to p r i v a t e agencies? I t i s not l i k e l y that many we l f a r e o f f i c i a l s or p r o f e s s i o n a l s o c i a l workers would accept t h i s as a d e s i r a b l e p r i n c i p l e Yet, i t i s not always pointed out that d i f f e r e n t i a l s o c i a l s e r v i c e i s a v a i l a b l e to persons l i v i n g i n l a r g e p o p u l a t i o n c e n t e r s . Of course, t h i s i s always true to some extent, but the c u r r e n t dearth of any but maintenance s e r v i c e s i s very unevenly d i s t r i b u t e d . - 8 7 -Th i s i s not to suggest that a l l people who enter s o c i a l w e l f a r e o f f i c e s r e q u i r e \"casework\". The c a t e g o r i z a t i o n of \" k i n d s \" of cases by degree of d i f f i c u l t y and the c a t e g o r i z a t i o n of \" k i n d s \" of s o c i a l workers or a s s i s t a n t s by degree of competence, acknow-ledges the f a c t that d i f f e r e n t i a l cases r e q u i r e d i f f e r e n t i a l treatment. What i s suggested i s that s o c i a l workers and we l f a r e o f f i c i a l s use what they know i n order to e f f e c t the best s e r v i c e f o r c l i e n t s . Only the most b a s i c measurements have been reviewed and brought together i n t h i s study. However, \"cases\" and numbers of people served are not the only i n d i c e s of measurement of s e r v i c e . Interviews, kinds of i n t e r v i e w s , v i s i t s , miles t r a v e l l e d , l e t t e r s w r i t t e n , and so on, can be used - and are by some agencies. The Family S e r v i c e A s s o c i a t i o n of America have a h i g h l y developed system of c o l l e c t i n g , t a b u l a t i n g and r e l a t i n g t h e i r s t a t i s t i c s . One of the most i n t e r e s t i n g and \" b a s i c \" c o l l e c t i o n s they make i s to d i f f e r e n t i a t e i n Intake cases between \"new\"; \"reopened, l a s t c l o s e d p r i o r to t h i s year\"; and, \"reopened, l a s t c l o s e d w i t h i n t h i s year\". Some of these same f i g u r e s are being s y s t e m a t i c a l l y c o l l e c t e d by the S o c i a l Welfare Department; i n some p r o v i n c i a l o f f i c e s a d d i t i o n a l f i g u r e s are c o l l e c t e d because an i n d i v i d u a l f e e l s they are v a l u a b l e and u s e f u l . But what i s done with most of the data c o l l e c t e d ? -88-Perhaps the f i r s t q u e s t i o n that needs to be answered by a research study i s : Who are the people who v i s i t w e l f a r e o f f i c e s ? What are t h e i r common - and d i s s i m i l a r - c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s ? How do they earn a l i v i n g when they can? Where do they come from? What are t h e i r backgrounds, s o c i a l and e d u c a t i o n a l ? Where do they want to go themselves? How do they compare with the gen-e r a l p o p u l a t i o n ? A g r e a t deal of t h i s k i nd of c o m p i l a t i o n i s being done by the Research Department p a r t i c u l a r l y with regard to pensioners, but they are now l e s s than h a l f of the cases handled. Another aspect to be examined i s : What kinds of problems or \"types\" of cases do s o c i a l workers handle i n the D i s t r i c t o f f i c e s ? Can they be c l a s s i f i e d ? Although perusing a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e sample of cases would give some more p r e c i s e i d e a s , some beginning c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s might be according t o : the amount of s e r v i c e given i n terms of numbers of c o n t a c t s ; the d u r a t i o n of the s e r v i c e i n days, months, years; the number of hours of s e r v i c e ; the type of problem (economic, s o c i a l , e d u c a t i o n a l , e t c . ) ; or, according to the number of people d i r e c t l y served by each worker and\/or each o f f i c e . The importance of \"measurement\" becomes more obvious with the i n c r e a s e d emphasis on r e h a b i l i t a t i o n which i s c u r r e n t l y sweeping North America. To measure where \"treatment\" of any -89-k i n d has taken an i n d i v i d u a l , or group of i n d i v i d u a l s , i t i s necessary to know what they brought to the s e r v i c e and the nature of the treatment, before i t i s p o s s i b l e to \"measure\" where they went. No one has been able to do a comprehensive and complete measurement study to date, although there are 19 many encouraging beginnings. The Welfare personnel i n the Lower Mainland area have an e x t r a , perhaps unique, o p p o r t u n i t y i n the f i e l d of planning because t h i s area i s being slowly but e f f e c t i v e l y understood and developed as a r e g i o n . There are many i m p l i c a t i o n s f o r wel-f a r e i n u r b a n i z a t i o n : the economic and job s i t u a t i o n , where and how people move, ri b b o n developments, and f r i n g e area consequences. The \" p o s i t i v e s \" and \" n e g a t i v e s \" of urban expansion, open space, the p r e s e r v a t i o n of farming, a l l need to be b e t t e r understood. The Lower Mainland Planning Board have some of the answers to what i s going on and to what i s l i k e l y to happen. F u r t h e r , they know how to go about f i n d i n g out some of the other answers. Planners and welfare o f f i c i a l s should co-operate more and should use one another as r e s o u r c e s . Welfare personnel c o u l d a l s o p r o v i d e planners with important f a c t s . The e n t i r e case f o r planning and s t a t i s t i c a l review 19 B. B u e l l and Assoc., Community Planning f o r Human S e r v i c e s . New York, Columbia U n i v e r s i t y Press, 1952 and the a s s o c i a t e d work with the S t . Paul S t u d i e s i s one of the most f r e q u e n t l y c i t e d r e f e r e n c e s i n t h i s r e g a r d . \/ - 9 0 -r e s t s , of course, on the assumption that planning i s not only u s e f u l but necessary. Lack of planning i s w a s t e f u l , not only of resources but of human beings. There i s much room f o r co-o p e r a t i o n with planners and with other departments - as there i s f o r r e g i o n a l i n i t i a t i v e . When the p i c t u r e i s more f u l l y drawn, the people of the r e g i o n , and the s e r v i c e workers from many areas ( i n c l u d i n g h e a l t h and education as w e l l as w e l f a r e ) , could make a c r e a t i v e c o n t r i b u t i o n i n t h i s whole area of endeavor. The Case f o r Fu r t h e r S t u d i e s T h i s has been a study of only one r e g i o n . To get a comprehensive and b e t t e r d i f f e r e n t i a t e d view of the e n t i r e p r o v i n c e , each Welfare Region r e q u i r e s a s i m i l a r study. In such a d i v e r s e p r o v i n c e i t i s necessary to know the s p e c i a l f e a t u r e s of each area because, although there are some b a s i c s i m i l a r i t i e s , there are many d i f f e r e n c e s i n the needs of the people i n the v a r i o u s areas. I t i s perhaps not yet recognized how each r e g i o n can p r o f i t from the study of every other r e g i o n . To be v a l u a b l e , r e s e a r c h needs to be comprehensive, continuous and comparative. The present study has been an attempt to open up the su b j e c t and to s t i m u l a t e others by showing what might be done. APPENDIX A: A u x i l i a r y S t a t i s t i c a l T a h 1 o a - 9 2 -TABLE XIX: POPULATION by AGE GROUPS f o r Region and Component M u n i c i p a l i t i e s over 1 0 , 0 0 0 1 9 5 1 - 1 9 6 1 AGE Region 6 Met. Van. D i v . 4 Maple Ridge Surrey Langley Matsqui C h i l l i -wack T o t a l 1 9 5 1 1 9 6 1 % Increase 1 0 0 , 9 0 0 1 8 3 , 3 3 0 6 0 5 2 0 , 9 0 3 7 1 0 , 3 2 7 4 0 6 4 9 , 2 3 8 9 0 7 , 5 3 1 3 9 0 , 8 0 1 1 6 , 7 4 8 6 0 3 3 , 6 7 0 7 0 , 3 3 8 1 1 0 1 2 , 2 6 7 1 4 , 5 8 5 1 8 1 0 , 3 0 8 1 4 , 2 9 3 3 8 1 3 , 6 7 7 1 8 , 2 9 6 3 3 0 - 4 1 9 5 1 1 0 6 1 % Increase 1 2 , 8 5 2 2 4 , 0 1 1 8 6 5 1 , 1 8 5 7 2 , 5 4 5 4 1 6 6 , 0 0 9 9 6 , 5 5 6 4 6 1 , 1 6 0 1 , 3 6 0 6 0 3 , 7 7 6 1 0 , 2 4 4 1 7 1 1 , 2 1 1 1 , 6 7 0 3 7 1 , 2 4 8 1 , 6 5 1 3 2 1 , 6 5 5 2 , 2 8 6 3 8 5 - 9 1 0 5 1 1 0 6 1 % Increase 1 1 , 2 0 4 1 5 , 4 5 7 3 7 3 9 , 6 3 1 7 4 , 3 2 5 8 7 5 2 , 4 3 5 8 9 , 7 8 2 7 1 0 5 1 1 , 3 2 4 9 1 3 , 3 1 0 9 , 1 1 8 1 7 4 1 , 2 6 3 1 , 6 9 8 3 4 1 , 1 3 6 1 , 6 7 9 4 7 1 , 3 9 2 2 , 3 1 3 6 6 1 0 - 1 4 1 0 5 1 1 0 6 1 % Increase 0 , 7 0 6 1 0 , 4 1 5 1 0 0 2 0 , 2 7 3 6 0 , 7 8 7 1 0 7 4 0 , 1 5 6 8 0 , 2 0 2 1 0 0 8 3 0 1 , 7 3 3 1 0 8 2 , 7 5 4 6 , 9 9 7 1 5 4 1 , 1 3 4 1 , 6 3 3 3 9 1 , 0 9 0 1 , 5 4 5 4 1 1 , 2 6 9 2 , 0 1 9 5 9 1 5 - 1 0 1 0 5 1 1 9 6 1 % Increase 7 , 8 3 3 1 6 , 0 8 1 1 0 5 2 7 , 7 4 0 4 6 , 3 6 3 6 7 3 6 , 4 5 7 6 0 , 4 4 8 6 5 6 0 8 1 , 3 9 7 1 2 9 1 , 9 8 0 4 , 3 8 7 1 2 1 8 8 1 1 , 1 8 4 3 4 9 1 5 1 , 3 0 3 4 2 1 , 1 3 7 1 , 5 4 8 3 5 2 0 - 2 4 1 9 5 1 1 9 6 1 % Increase 6 , 4 4 1 1 2 , 3 9 9 0 2 3 5 , 2 3 0 3 8 , 8 4 2 1 0 4 2 , 8 2 4 5 1 , 2 4 1 1 0 5 5 2 8 9 5 6 2 1 , 6 0 7 3 , 5 8 9 1 1 4 5 6 0 6 1 4 9 6 4 0 7 6 4 1 9 1 , 0 4 5 1 , 0 1 9 - 2 2 5 * 3 4 1 9 5 1 1 9 6 1 % Increase 1 4 , 3 6 4 2 3 , 4 8 7 5 8 8 5 , 6 4 8 0 6 , 6 6 3 1 2 1 0 3 , 2 5 6 1 2 0 , 1 5 0 1 6 1 , 2 3 3 1 , 9 2 8 5 6 4 , 4 1 2 1 0 , 2 2 4 1 3 1 1 , 4 0 5 1 , 4 7 2 4 1 , 3 0 3 1 , 4 0 3 7 1 , 9 9 4 2 , 3 4 1 1 7 3 5 - 4 4 1 0 5 1 1 0 6 1 % Increase 1 4 , 1 2 2 2 4 , 5 2 5 7 3 7 9 , 8 4 8 1 0 5 , 1 6 3 3 1 9 6 , 5 4 1 1 2 0 , 6 8 8 3 4 1 , 3 0 9 2 , 1 2 2 6 2 4 , 1 3 2 9 , 5 7 9 1 3 1 1 , 5 4 6 1 , 8 4 3 1 0 1 , 2 3 3 1 , 5 1 8 2 3 1 , 7 1 8 2 , 3 5 3 3 6 4 5 - 5 4 1 0 5 1 1 9 6 1 % Increase 1 1 , 5 0 0 1 8 , 7 0 1 6 2 5 8 , 0 5 2 8 8 , 7 8 3 5 2 7 1 , 4 0 4 1 0 7 , 4 8 4 5 0 1 , 0 7 6 1 , 7 8 7 6 6 3 , 5 1 8 6 , 2 0 7 7 6 1 , 3 6 9 1 , 5 2 8 1 1 1 , 0 4 2 1 , 6 3 1 4 7 1 , 3 2 0 1 , 7 9 7 3 6 5 5 - 6 4 1 9 5 1 1 9 6 1 % Increase 0 , 6 4 5 1 3 , 5 1 6 2 7 5 2 , 1 9 8 5 8 , 5 7 9 1 2 6 4 , 3 6 8 7 2 , 0 0 5 1 2 1 , 0 3 6 1 , 2 8 8 2 3 3 , 6 3 6 4 , 3 3 5 1 9 1 , 3 1 8 1 , 2 9 5 - 2 8 8 8 1 , 2 1 7 3 7 1 , 1 4 8 1 , 2 4 8 8 6 5 - 6 9 1 9 5 1 1 9 6 1 % Increase 5 , 2 4 1 6 , 0 2 7 1 4 2 5 , 8 8 7 2 4 , 2 0 3 - 6 3 1 , 9 2 4 3 0 , 2 3 0 - 5 4 8 0 6 0 0 2 5 2 , 0 5 9 2 , 0 1 8 - 2 6 9 3 5 6 9 - 1 7 4 0 0 5 2 3 3 0 4 3 7 5 1 4 1 7 7 0 + 1 9 5 1 1 0 6 1 % Increase 6 , 5 0 1 1 2 , 2 1 2 8 5 3 6 , 1 9 0 5 7 , 4 4 3 5 8 4 3 , 8 5 8 6 0 , 6 5 5 5 8 6 5 6 1 , 3 2 3 1 0 1 2 , 4 8 6 4 , 1 4 0 6 6 8 8 7 1 , 0 7 9 2 1 4 1 3 1 , 0 5 9 1 5 6 5 6 2 8 5 8 5 2 - 9 3 -TABLE X X : PROPORTIONATE DISTRIBUTION OF CASELOADS BY CATEGORY, f o r Surrey D i s t r i c t O f f i c e - a l t e r n a t e years 1 9 5 1 - 8 1 Category 1 9 5 1 1 9 5 3 1 9 5 5 1 9 5 7 1 9 5 9 1 9 6 1 Pens ions 6 6 . 5 6 7 . 9 6 5 . 9 6 8 . 2 5 9 . 6 4 9 . 5 S o c i a l Allowance 2 1 . 4 1 6 . 7 2 0 . 4 1 8 . 7 2 6 . 1 3 7 . 8 Family S e r v i c e 3 . 2 5 . 2 2 . 6 1 . 7 1 . 8 1 . 5 C h i l d Welfare 7 . 3 8 . 3 9 . 2 1 0 . 3 1 1 . 7 9 . 9 H e a l t h & I n s t i t u t i o n a l 1 . 6 1 . 9 1 . 9 1 . 1 . 8 1 . 3 T o t a l 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 TABLE X X I : PROPORTIONATE DISTRIBUTION OF CASELOADS BY CATEGORY, f o r C h i l l i w a c k D i s t r i c t O f f i c e - a l t e r n a t e years 1 9 5 1 - 6 1 Category 1 9 5 1 1 9 5 3 1 9 5 5 1 9 5 7 * 1 9 5 9 1 9 6 1 Pensions 4 8 . 1 5 3 . 6 5 7 . 2 6 0 . 9 5 1 . 9 4 6 . 4 S o c i a l Allowance 1 7 . 6 1 1 . 6 1 9 . 5 2 0 . 9 3 1 . 7 3 8 . 3 Family S e r v i c e 8 . 6 8 . 6 6 . 6 3 . 9 3 . 2 2 . 5 C h i l d Welfare 2 1 . 1 2 3 . 1 1 5 . 6 1 3 . 0 1 2 . 3 1 2 . 1 H e a l t h & I n s t i t u t i o n a l I 4 . 6 3 . 1 1 . 1 1 . 3 0 . 9 0 . 7 T o t a l ] L O O . O 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 * C h i l l i w a c k Township amalgamated with the D i s t r i c t O f f i c e i n 1 9 5 8 . - 9 4 -TABLE XXII: PROPORTIONATE DISTRIBUTION OF CASELOADS BY CATEGORY, fo r A b b o t s f o r d D i s t r i c t O f f i c e - a l t e r n a t e years 1 9 5 1 - 8 1 Category 1 9 5 1 1 9 5 3 1 9 5 5 1 9 5 7 1 9 5 9 1 9 6 1 Pensions 5 7 . 2 5 9 . 2 6 6 , 2 6 7 . 4 6 0 . 8 5 7 . 4 S o c i a l Allowance 1 8 . 6 1 8 . 8 1 9 . 5 1 9 . 5 2 7 . 0 3 2 . 2 Family S e r v i c e 6 . 1 4 . 4 1 . 9 1 . 9 1 . 0 0 . 9 C h i l d Welfare 1 6 . 4 1 5 . 4 1 0 . 9 9 . 7 1 0 . 2 8 . 4 H e a l t h & I n s t i t u t i o n a l 1 . 7 2 . 2 1 . 5 1 . 5 1 . 0 1 . 1 T o t a l 1 0 G . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 TABLE XXI I I : PROPORTIONATE DISTRIBUTION OF CASELOADS BY CATEGORY, fo r Haney D i s t r i c t O f f i c e - a l t e r n a t e years 1 9 5 1 - 6 1 Category 1 9 5 1 1 9 5 3 1 9 5 5 1 9 5 7 1 9 5 9 1 9 6 1 Pensions 6 0 . 3 6 1 . 4 5 6 . 7 6 6 . 0 5 7 . 8 4 5 . 9 S o c i a l Allowance 1 8 . 0 1 5 . 0 1 9 . 5 1 7 . 5 2 6 . 4 3 9 . 7 Family S e r v i c e 3 . 3 4 . 1 3 . 5 1 . 8 1 . 4 1 . 8 C h i l d Welfare 1 7 . 4 1 6 . 7 1 7 . 8 1 2 . 9 1 3 . 2 1 1 . 4 H e a l t h & I n s t i t u t i o n a l ( - ) 2 . 8 2 . 5 1 . 8 1 . 2 1 . 2 T o t a l 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 - 9 5 -TABLE XXIV: PROPORTIONATE DISTRIBUTION OF CASELOADS BY CATEGORY, f o r Langley D i s t r i c t O f f i c e - a l t e r n a t e years 1 9 5 1 - 6 1 Category 1 9 5 1 1 9 5 3 1 9 5 5 1 9 5 7 1 9 5 9 1 9 6 1 Pensions 7 3 . 3 7 3 . 8 6 7 . 7 6 6 . 1 5 7 , 4 5 0 . 2 S o c i a l Allowance 1 8 . 0 1 0 . 5 1 0 . 6 1 5 . 1 2 3 , 9 3 5 . 9 Family S e r v i c e 2 . 9 1 . 9 3 . 1 1 . 9 2 . 8 1 . 3 C h i l d Welfare 4 . 2 1 2 . 7 1 8 . 0 1 6 . 5 1 5 . 4 1 3 . 0 H e a l t h & I n s t i t u t i o n a l 1 . 6 1 . 1 0 . 6 0 . 4 0 , 5 0 . 6 T o t a l 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 , 0 1 0 0 , 0 1 0 0 . 0 TABLE XXV: PROPORTIONATE DISTRIBUTION OF CASELOADS BY CATEGORY, f o r White Rock D i s t r i c t O f f i c e - a l t e r n a t e years 1 9 5 1 - 8 1 Category 1 9 5 1 1 9 5 3 1 9 5 5 1 9 5 7 1 9 5 9 1 9 6 1 Pensions (-, (-> <-> 7 9 , 1 7 1 . 4 6 5 . 5 S o c i a l Allowance (-> <-> (-> 1 6 . 3 2 0 . 7 2 5 . 7 Family S e r v i c e ( -> <-> ( -> 1 . 1 I ' l 0 . 5 C h i l d Welfare <-> (-> (-> 2 . 2 4 . 4 7 . 2 H e a l t h &. I n s t i t u t i o n a l <-> <-> <-> 1 , 3 1 . 1 T o t a l \u00ab-, <-> <-, 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 , 0 -96-BIBLIQGRAPHY B r i t i s h Columbia, Annual Reports of the Department of S o c i a l Welfare, 1951 - 1961, V i c t o r i a , Queen's P r i n t e r , 1952-1962. B u e l l , Bradley & A s s o c i a t e s , Community Planning f o r Human  S e r v i c e s , New York, Columbia U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , 1952. Canada, Dominion Bureau of S t a t i s t i c s , Ninth Census of Canada. 1951, V o l . 1, V o l . 3, V o l . 4, V o l . v, Ottawa, Queen's P r i n t e r , 1953. Canada, Dominion Bureau of S t a t i s t i c s , Census of Canada, 1961, Advance Reports, Ottawa, Queen's P r i n t e r , 1963, Canadian A s s o c i a t i o n f o r A d u l t E d u c a t i o n , Big C i t y , A p r i l , 1963. C a s s i d y , Harry M., P u b l i c H e a l t h & Welfare O r g a n i z a t i o n i n  Canada, Toronto, Ryerson P r e s s , 1945. Koch, W. J . , Measuring the Incidence of Welfare Problems, Master o f . S o c i a l Work t h e s i s , U n i v e r s i t y of B r i t i s h Columbia, 1960. Lower Mainland R e g i o n a l Planning Board, The Urban F r o n t i e r , 1962, unpublished manuscript. Sopp, Maimo, Optimum P r o f e s s i o n a l S t a f f i n g of a M u n i c i p a l S o c i a l  Welfare Department at the Casework L e v e l , Master of S o c i a l Work t h e s i s , U n i v e r s i t y of B r i t i s h Columbia, 1961. T a y l o r , G r i f f i t h , Canada, New York, E. P. Dulton & Co., Inc., 1947. Thomson, D. I . A., A Summary of Developments W i t h i n P r o v i n c i a l Welfare S e r v i c e s , Vancouver, Family S e r v i c e Agency of Greater Vancouver, 1960. Wheeler, M i c h a e l , A Report on Needed Research i n Welfare i n B r i t i s h Columbia, Vancouver, Community Chest and C o u n c i l s of the G reater Vancouver Area, 1961. ","@language":"en"}],"Genre":[{"@value":"Thesis\/Dissertation","@language":"en"}],"IsShownAt":[{"@value":"10.14288\/1.0302544","@language":"en"}],"Language":[{"@value":"eng","@language":"en"}],"Program":[{"@value":"Social Work","@language":"en"}],"Provider":[{"@value":"Vancouver : University of British Columbia Library","@language":"en"}],"Publisher":[{"@value":"University of British Columbia","@language":"en"}],"Rights":[{"@value":"For non-commercial purposes only, such as research, private study and education. Additional conditions apply, see Terms of Use https:\/\/open.library.ubc.ca\/terms_of_use.","@language":"en"}],"ScholarlyLevel":[{"@value":"Graduate","@language":"en"}],"Title":[{"@value":"A regional study of social welfare measurements (No. 2 : The Fraser Valley) : an exploration of the regional assessment of demographic and social welfare statistics for British Columbia, 1951-1961.","@language":"en"}],"Type":[{"@value":"Text","@language":"en"}],"URI":[{"@value":"http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/2429\/38077","@language":"en"}],"SortDate":[{"@value":"1963-12-31 AD","@language":"en"}],"@id":"doi:10.14288\/1.0302544"}