{"@context":{"@language":"en","Affiliation":"http:\/\/vivoweb.org\/ontology\/core#departmentOrSchool","AggregatedSourceRepository":"http:\/\/www.europeana.eu\/schemas\/edm\/dataProvider","Campus":"https:\/\/open.library.ubc.ca\/terms#degreeCampus","Creator":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/creator","DateAvailable":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/issued","DateIssued":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/issued","Degree":"http:\/\/vivoweb.org\/ontology\/core#relatedDegree","DegreeGrantor":"https:\/\/open.library.ubc.ca\/terms#degreeGrantor","Description":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/description","DigitalResourceOriginalRecord":"http:\/\/www.europeana.eu\/schemas\/edm\/aggregatedCHO","Extent":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/extent","FileFormat":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/elements\/1.1\/format","FullText":"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2009\/08\/skos-reference\/skos.html#note","Genre":"http:\/\/www.europeana.eu\/schemas\/edm\/hasType","GraduationDate":"http:\/\/vivoweb.org\/ontology\/core#dateIssued","IsShownAt":"http:\/\/www.europeana.eu\/schemas\/edm\/isShownAt","Language":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/language","Program":"https:\/\/open.library.ubc.ca\/terms#degreeDiscipline","Provider":"http:\/\/www.europeana.eu\/schemas\/edm\/provider","Publisher":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/publisher","Rights":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/rights","RightsURI":"https:\/\/open.library.ubc.ca\/terms#rightsURI","ScholarlyLevel":"https:\/\/open.library.ubc.ca\/terms#scholarLevel","Title":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/title","Type":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/type","URI":"https:\/\/open.library.ubc.ca\/terms#identifierURI","SortDate":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/date"},"Affiliation":[{"@value":"Education, Faculty of","@language":"en"},{"@value":"Educational and Counselling Psychology, and Special Education (ECPS), Department of","@language":"en"}],"AggregatedSourceRepository":[{"@value":"DSpace","@language":"en"}],"Campus":[{"@value":"UBCV","@language":"en"}],"Creator":[{"@value":"Penner, Niomie Elaine","@language":"en"}],"DateAvailable":[{"@value":"2009-05-04T21:12:42Z","@language":"en"}],"DateIssued":[{"@value":"2009","@language":"en"}],"Degree":[{"@value":"Master of Arts - MA","@language":"en"}],"DegreeGrantor":[{"@value":"University of British Columbia","@language":"en"}],"Description":[{"@value":"The current study examined the applicability of an existing multidimensional sex motive typology with a young adolescent population (ages 13 \u2013 18).  As part of a larger longitudinal study, 394 adolescent students (195 male, 199 female) completed a self-report measure of sexual motives that had been developed for use with a slightly older adolescent and young adult sample. Of these students, 139 (76 male, 63 female) also completed a self-report measure of perceived mattering. Of interest was whether motives to engage in social sexual behaviour varied as a function of gender and grade level in a young adolescent population and whether such motives were related to self-perceptions of mattering to peers.\nFactor analyses completed separately for male\/female and older\/younger groups, indicated a less-differentiated, four-factor structure among sex motives reported by the younger adolescents (Grades 8 \u2013 10) and by male students. Both the younger adolescent and male groups appear to differentiate less between peers and partners when engaging in social sexual behaviour to gain approval and avoid social censure. \nResults further indicated that endorsement of self-affirmation, peer approval, and partner approval motives for sexual behavior was similar across grade levels, whereas endorsement of enhancement and intimacy motives was higher at higher grades. In addition, male students reported more sex for enhancement, self-affirmation, and peer approval motives than did female students. Peer approval motives varied significantly as a function of grade level for female students only. Results of regression analyses indicated that over and above gender and grade, the more students felt that they mattered to peers, the less likely they were to report having sex to gain peer and\/or partner approval. Results are discussed with reference to the theoretical and practical implications within the field of adolescent sexual health.","@language":"en"}],"DigitalResourceOriginalRecord":[{"@value":"https:\/\/circle.library.ubc.ca\/rest\/handle\/2429\/7836?expand=metadata","@language":"en"}],"Extent":[{"@value":"823836 bytes","@language":"en"}],"FileFormat":[{"@value":"application\/pdf","@language":"en"}],"FullText":[{"@value":"\u00a0 \u00a0 Sex\u00a0Motives\u00a0in\u00a0Adolescence:\u00a0Age\u00a0and\u00a0Gender\u00a0Differences\u00a0and\u00a0the\u00a0Role\u00a0of\u00a0 Perceived\u00a0Mattering\u00a0to\u00a0Friends\u00a0 \u00a0 by\u00a0 \u00a0 Niomie\u00a0Elaine\u00a0Penner\u00a0 B.A.\u00a0(Hons),\u00a0University\u00a0of\u00a0Manitoba,\u00a02001\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 A\u00a0THESIS\u00a0SUBMITTED\u00a0IN\u00a0PARTIAL\u00a0FULFILLMENT\u00a0OF\u00a0\u00a0 THE\u00a0REQUIREMENTS\u00a0FOR\u00a0THE\u00a0DEGREE\u00a0OF\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0 MASTER\u00a0OF\u00a0ARTS\u00a0 in\u00a0 THE\u00a0FACULTY\u00a0OF\u00a0GRADUATE\u00a0STUDIES\u00a0 \u00a0(School\u00a0Psychology)\u00a0 \u00a0 THE\u00a0UNIVERSITY\u00a0OF\u00a0BRITISH\u00a0COLUMBIA\u00a0 (Vancouver)\u00a0 April\u00a02009\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a9\u00a0Niomie\u00a0Elaine\u00a0Penner,\u00a02009\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 ii\u00a0 \u00a0 !\"#$%&'$( \u00a0 The\u00a0current\u00a0study\u00a0examined\u00a0the\u00a0applicability\u00a0of\u00a0an\u00a0existing\u00a0multidimensional\u00a0sex\u00a0 motive\u00a0typology\u00a0with\u00a0a\u00a0young\u00a0adolescent\u00a0population\u00a0(ages\u00a013\u00a0!\u00a018).\u00a0\u00a0As\u00a0part\u00a0of\u00a0a\u00a0larger\u00a0 longitudinal\u00a0study,\u00a0394\u00a0adolescent\u00a0students\u00a0(195\u00a0male,\u00a0199\u00a0female)\u00a0completed\u00a0a\u00a0self\u00ad report\u00a0measure\u00a0of\u00a0sexual\u00a0motives\u00a0that\u00a0had\u00a0been\u00a0developed\u00a0for\u00a0use\u00a0with\u00a0a\u00a0slightly\u00a0older\u00a0 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addition,\u00a0male\u00a0students\u00a0reported\u00a0more\u00a0sex\u00a0for\u00a0enhancement,\u00a0self\u00adaffirmation,\u00a0and\u00a0peer\u00a0 approval\u00a0motives\u00a0than\u00a0did\u00a0female\u00a0students.\u00a0Peer\u00a0approval\u00a0motives\u00a0varied\u00a0significantly\u00a0as\u00a0 a\u00a0function\u00a0of\u00a0grade\u00a0level\u00a0for\u00a0female\u00a0students\u00a0only.\u00a0Results\u00a0of\u00a0regression\u00a0analyses\u00a0 indicated\u00a0that\u00a0over\u00a0and\u00a0above\u00a0gender\u00a0and\u00a0grade,\u00a0the\u00a0more\u00a0students\u00a0felt\u00a0that\u00a0they\u00a0mattered\u00a0 to\u00a0peers,\u00a0the\u00a0less\u00a0likely\u00a0they\u00a0were\u00a0to\u00a0report\u00a0having\u00a0sex\u00a0to\u00a0gain\u00a0peer\u00a0and\/or\u00a0partner\u00a0 iii\u00a0 \u00a0 approval.\u00a0Results\u00a0are\u00a0discussed\u00a0with\u00a0reference\u00a0to\u00a0the\u00a0theoretical\u00a0and\u00a0practical\u00a0 implications\u00a0within\u00a0the\u00a0field\u00a0of\u00a0adolescent\u00a0sexual\u00a0health.\u00a0\u00a0 iv\u00a0 \u00a0 )&\"*+(,-(.,\/$+\/$#( \u00a0 Abstract\u00a0...............................................................................................................................\u00a0ii\u00a0 \u00a0 Table\u00a0of\u00a0Contents\u00a0...............................................................................................................\u00a0iv\u00a0 \u00a0 List\u00a0of\u00a0Tables\u00a0.....................................................................................................................\u00a0vi\u00a0 \u00a0 List of Figures-----------------------------vii\u00a0 \u00a0 Introduction------------------------------..4\u00a0 \u00a0 Sexual\u00a0Motivations\u00a0.............................................................................................................\u00a03\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Correlates\u00a0and\u00a0Consequences\u00a0of\u00a0Approach\u00a0Motives\u00a0................................................\u00a06\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Correlates\u00a0and\u00a0Consequences\u00a0of\u00a0Avoidance\u00a0Motives.\u00a0..............................................\u00a07\u00a0 \u00a0 The\u00a0Developmental\u00a0of\u00a0Sex\u00a0Motives\u00a0in\u00a0Adolescence\u00a0..........................................................\u00a09\u00a0 \u00a0 Measuring\u00a0Sexual\u00a0Motives\u00a0in\u00a0Adolescence.\u00a0.....................................................................\u00a012\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Correlates\u00a0and\u00a0Consequences\u00a0of\u00a0Sex\u00a0Motives\u00a0in\u00a0Adolescence\u00a0.............................\u00a015\u00a0 \u00a0 Gender\u00a0and\u00a0Age\u00a0Differences\u00a0.............................................................................................\u00a016\u00a0 \u00a0 Peer\u00a0Relationships\u00a0in\u00a0Adolescence\u00a0...................................................................................\u00a018\u00a0 \u00a0 Peer\u00a0Mattering\u00a0...................................................................................................................\u00a019\u00a0 \u00a0 The\u00a0Present\u00a0Study\u00a0.............................................................................................................\u00a023\u00a0 \u00a0 Method\u00a0..............................................................................................................................\u00a029\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Participants\u00a0.............................................................................................................\u00a029\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Procedures\u00a0..............................................................................................................\u00a030\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Measures\u00a0................................................................................................................\u00a031\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Demographic\u00a0Information\u00a0................................................................................\u00a031\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Sex\u00a0Motives\u00a0Scale\u00a0(SMS)\u00a0................................................................................\u00a031\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Mattering\u00a0to\u00a0Others\u00a0Questionnaire\u00adFriends\u00a0(MTOQ\u00adFriends)\u00a0........................\u00a033\u00a0 v\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Results\u00a0...............................................................................................................................\u00a035\u00a0 \u00a0 Preliminary\u00a0Data\u00a0Analysis\u00a0........................................................................................\u00a035\u00a0 \u00a0 Data\u00a0Analysis\u00a0............................................................................................................\u00a035\u00a0 \u00a0 Hypothesis\u00a01:\u00a0Factor\u00a0Analyses..............................................................................\u00a035\u00a0 \u00a0 Hypothesis\u00a02:\u00a0ANOVA\u00a0Analyses\u00a0.........................................................................\u00a044\u00a0 \u00a0 Hypothesis\u00a03:\u00a0Regression\u00a0Analyses\u00a0......................................................................\u00a048\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Regression\u00a01:\u00a0Enhancement\u00a0Motives\u00a0...............................................................\u00a049\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Regression\u00a02:\u00a0Intimacy\u00a0Motives\u00a0......................................................................\u00a050\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Regression\u00a03:\u00a0Peer\u00a0Approval.\u00a0..........................................................................\u00a051\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Regression\u00a04:\u00a0Partner\u00a0Approval\u00a0.......................................................................\u00a052\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Regression\u00a05:\u00a0Self\u00adAffirmation\u00a0........................................................................\u00a053\u00a0 \u00a0 Discussion\u00a0.........................................................................................................................\u00a055\u00a0 \u00a0 Approach\u00a0Sex\u00a0Motives\u00a0..............................................................................................\u00a056\u00a0 \u00a0 Avoidance\u00a0Sex\u00a0Motives\u00a0............................................................................................\u00a057\u00a0 \u00a0 Practical\u00a0Implications........................................................................................................\u00a058\u00a0 \u00a0 Limitations\u00a0........................................................................................................................\u00a061\u00a0 \u00a0 Future\u00a0Research\u00a0................................................................................................................\u00a063\u00a0 \u00a0 References\u00a0.........................................................................................................................\u00a067\u00a0 \u00a0 Appendix\u00a0A:\u00a0Demographic\u00a0Information\u00a0...........................................................................\u00a073\u00a0 \u00a0 Appendix\u00a0B:\u00a0Sex\u00a0Motives\u00a0Scale\u00a0.......................................................................................\u00a074\u00a0 \u00a0 Appendix\u00a0C:\u00a0Mattering\u00a0to\u00a0Others\u00a0Questionnaire\u00a0\u00ad\u00a0Peers\u00a0..................................................\u00a076\u00a0 \u00a0 Appendix\u00a0D:\u00a0Lord\u00a0Byng\u00a0Student\u00a0Life\u00a0Survey\u00a0Parental\u00a0Consent\u00a0Form.\u00a0...........................\u00a077\u00a0 ( vi\u00a0 \u00a0  \u00a0 01#$(,-()&\"*+#( \u00a0 Table\u00a01\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Principal\u00adAxis\u00a0Factoring\u00a0with\u00a0Oblimin\u00a0Rotation\u00a0for\u00a0Early\u00adMiddle\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Adolescents-------------------------...78\u00a0 \u00a0 Table\u00a02\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Principal\u00adAxis\u00a0Factoring\u00a0with\u00a0Oblimin\u00a0Rotation\u00a0for\u00a0Early\u00a0Adolescents\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0(Grades\u00a08\u00a0\u00ad\u00a049)------------------------..;4\u00a0 \u00a0 Table\u00a03\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Principal\u00adAxis\u00a0Factoring\u00a0with\u00a0Oblimin\u00a0Rotatation\u00a0for\u00a0Middle\u00a0Adolescents\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0(Grades\u00a011\u00a0\u00ad\u00a04<)------------------------;7\u00a0 \u00a0 Table\u00a04\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Sex\u00a0Motive\u00a0Reliabilities\u00a0and\u00a0Intercorrelations\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0Sex\u00a0Motives\u00a0and\u00a0Peer\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Mattering\u00a0Scales\u00a0among\u00a0Early\u00adMiddle Adolescents----------;>\u00a0 \u00a0 Table\u00a05\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Hierarchical Regression Predicting Enahncement Sex Motives-----..\u00a050\u00a0 \u00a0 Table\u00a06\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Hierarchical Regression Predicting Intimacy Sex Motives-------..\u00a051\u00a0 \u00a0 Table\u00a07\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Hierarchical Regression Predicting Peer Approval Sex Motives----.....\u00a052\u00a0 \u00a0 Table\u00a08\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Hierarchical Regression Predicting Partner Approval Sex Motives----\u00a053\u00a0 ( \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 vii\u00a0 \u00a0 01#$(,-(2134%+#( ( Figure\u00a01\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Grade\u00a0and\u00a0Sex\u00a0Differences\u00a0in Peer Approval Motives--------.48\u00a0 viii\u00a0 \u00a0 !'5\/,6*+73+8+\/$#( \u00a0 I\u00a0wish\u00a0to\u00a0express\u00a0my\u00a0sincerest\u00a0gratitude\u00a0to\u00a0my\u00a0research\u00a0committee\u00a0members,\u00a0Dr.\u00a0 Shelley\u00a0Hymel,\u00a0Dr.\u00a0Sheila\u00a0Marshall,\u00a0and\u00a0Dr.\u00a0Richard\u00a0Young.\u00a0Specifically,\u00a0I\u00a0would\u00a0like\u00a0to\u00a0 thank\u00a0Dr.\u00a0Shelley\u00a0Hymel\u00a0for\u00a0her\u00a0guidance\u00a0and\u00a0support\u00a0in\u00a0writing\u00a0and\u00a0editing\u00a0this\u00a0 document, and her willingness to help me Lsee this throughM.\u00a0I\u00a0would\u00a0like\u00a0to\u00a0thank\u00a0Dr.\u00a0 Sheila\u00a0Marshal\u00a0for\u00a0sharing\u00a0her\u00a0wealth\u00a0of\u00a0wisdom\u00a0and\u00a0expertise\u00a0in\u00a0the\u00a0area\u00a0of\u00a0adolescent\u00a0 development,\u00a0not\u00a0to\u00a0mention\u00a0the\u00a0exceptional\u00a0opportunity\u00a0to\u00a0work\u00a0with\u00a0data\u00a0pertaining\u00a0to\u00a0 sexual\u00a0motives\u00a0in\u00a0adolescence.\u00a0I\u00a0would\u00a0also\u00a0like\u00a0to\u00a0thank\u00a0Dr.\u00a0Bruno\u00a0Zumbo\u00a0for\u00a0his\u00a0 generous\u00a0statistical\u00a0support.\u00a0It\u00a0has\u00a0been\u00a0so\u00a0wonderful\u00a0to\u00a0have\u00a0such\u00a0a\u00a0helpful,\u00a0supportive,\u00a0 and\u00a0caring\u00a0team.\u00a0 \u00a0 I\u00a0would\u00a0like\u00a0to\u00a0thank\u00a0Eleanor\u00a0Chornoboy,\u00a0my\u00a0guide\u00a0and\u00a0mentor,\u00a0for\u00a0believing\u00a0in\u00a0 my\u00a0potential.\u00a0Finally,\u00a0I\u00a0would\u00a0like\u00a0to\u00a0thank\u00a0Sean\u00a0Gregory\u00a0for\u00a0his\u00a0love\u00a0and\u00a0understanding.\u00a0 His\u00a0patience\u00a0throughout\u00a0this\u00a0process\u00a0never\u00a0ceased\u00a0to\u00a0amaze\u00a0me.\u00a0I\u00a0could\u00a0not\u00a0have\u00a0done\u00a0it\u00a0 without\u00a0him.\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 Financial\u00a0assistance\u00a0was\u00a0generously\u00a0provided\u00a0by\u00a0the\u00a0Social\u00a0Sciences\u00a0and\u00a0 Humanities Research Council of Canada through a Master\u2019s Scholarship.  \u00a0 1\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 9\/$%,74'$1,\/( \u00a0 Societal\u00a0beliefs\u00a0and\u00a0opinions\u00a0about\u00a0sex\u00a0and\u00a0sexuality\u00a0are\u00a0woven,\u00a0intricately,\u00a0 within\u00a0the\u00a0moral\u00a0fabric\u00a0of\u00a0North\u00a0American\u00a0society,\u00a0a\u00a0society\u00a0which\u00a0has\u00a0historically\u00a0 conceptualized\u00a0sex\u00a0in\u00a0adolescence\u00a0as\u00a0negative\u00a0and\u00a0problematic,\u00a0a\u00a0problem\u00a0to\u00a0be\u00a0 controlled\u00a0and\u00a0optimally\u00a0repressed.\u00a0Influenced\u00a0by\u00a0this\u00a0long\u00adstanding\u00a0zeitgeist,\u00a0research\u00a0in\u00a0 the\u00a0area\u00a0of\u00a0adolescent\u00a0sexuality\u00a0has\u00a0focused\u00a0almost\u00a0exclusively\u00a0on\u00a0age\u00a0of\u00a0coitus,\u00a0sexually\u00a0 transmitted infections (STIs), and pregnancy rates as measures of sexual LhealthM (e.g.,\u00a0 Bruess\u00a0&\u00a0Greenberg,\u00a02004\u037e\u00a0Hyde,\u00a0DeLamater,\u00a0&\u00a0Byers,\u00a02004\u037e\u00a0Maticka\u00adTyndale,\u00a02001\u037e\u00a0 McGee\u00a0&\u00a0Williams,\u00a02000\u037e\u00a0Whitaker,\u00a0Miller,\u00a0&\u00a0Clark,\u00a02000).\u00a0Reducing sexual LhealthM to negative indices of disease, pregnancy, or LpromiscuityM neglects the myriad of underlying\u00a0personal,\u00a0interpersonal,\u00a0and\u00a0environmental\u00a0correlates\u00a0of\u00a0a\u00a0positive\u00a0and\u00a0healthy sexual\u00a0life\u00a0and\u00a0inaccurately\u00a0implies\u00a0that\u00a0adolescents\u00a0who\u00a0are\u00a0not\u00a0having\u00a0sex,\u00a0or\u00a0who\u00a0have\u00a0 not\u00a0been\u00a0impregnated\u00a0or\u00a0contracted\u00a0an\u00a0STD\u00a0are in fact, sexually LhealthyM.\u00a0 Moving\u00a0away\u00a0from\u00a0sexual\u00a0health\u00a0definitions\u00a0which\u00a0have\u00a0historically\u00a0discriminated\u00a0 according\u00a0to\u00a0marital\u00a0status,\u00a0sexual\u00a0orientation,\u00a0and\u00a0age,\u00a0a\u00a0consultation\u00a0team\u00a0convened\u00a0by\u00a0 the\u00a0World\u00a0Health\u00a0Organization\u00a0(WHO)\u00a0formulated\u00a0the\u00a0following\u00a0working\u00a0definition\u00a0of\u00a0 sexual\u00a0health:\u00a0\u00a0 Sexual\u00a0health\u00a0is\u00a0a\u00a0state\u00a0of\u00a0physical\u00a0emotional,\u00a0mental,\u00a0and\u00a0social\u00a0well\u00a0being\u00a0in\u00a0 relation\u00a0to\u00a0sexuality\u037e\u00a0it is not merely the absence of disease, dysfunction or infirmity [italics\u00a0added].\u00a0Sexual\u00a0health\u00a0requires\u00a0a\u00a0positive\u00a0and\u00a0respectful\u00a0approach\u00a0to\u00a0sexuality\u00a0 and\u00a0sexual\u00a0relationships,\u00a0as\u00a0well\u00a0as\u00a0the\u00a0possibility\u00a0of\u00a0having\u00a0pleasurable\u00a0and\u00a0safe\u00a0 2\u00a0 \u00a0 sexual\u00a0experiences,\u00a0free\u00a0of\u00a0coercion,\u00a0discrimination,\u00a0and\u00a0violence\u00a0(LSexual health,M 2004,\u00a0p.\u00a02).1\u00a0 If\u00a0adopted,\u00a0such\u00a0an\u00a0internationally\u00a0accepted\u00a0definition\u00a0serves\u00a0as\u00a0a\u00a0monumental\u00a0shift\u00a0in\u00a0 global\u00a0perceptions\u00a0of\u00a0sexual\u00a0health\u00a0during\u00a0adolescence.\u00a0 Consistent\u00a0with\u00a0World\u00a0Health\u00a0Organization\u00a0initiatives,(the\u00a0Canadian\u00a0Guidelines\u00a0 for\u00a0Sexual\u00a0Health\u00a0Education\u00a0defined\u00a0sexual\u00a0health\u00a0as\u00a0the\u00a0absence\u00a0of\u00a0disease\u00a0as 6ell as\u00a0the\u00a0 positive integration of healthy sexuality [italics\u00a0added]\u00a0(Health\u00a0Canada,\u00a02003). The\u00a0 Canadian\u00a0Youth,\u00a0Sexual\u00a0Health,\u00a0and\u00a0HIV\/AIDS\u00a0Study\u00a0(Boyce\u00a0et\u00a0al.,\u00a02003),\u00a0the\u00a0first\u00a0 cross\u00adCanada\u00a0study\u00a0on\u00a0adolescent\u00a0sexual\u00a0health\u00a0since\u00a01988,\u00a0further\u00a0emphasized\u00a0the\u00a0need\u00a0 for a comprehensive focus on students\u2019 sexual health. RecogniRing that behavioural patterns\u00a0established\u00a0in\u00a0early\u00a0romantic\u00a0relationships\u00a0may\u00a0have\u00a0lifelong\u00a0implications,\u00a0the\u00a0 study concludes that,  Lsuch a focus must go beyond an exploration of the Tnowledge,\u00a0 attitudes,\u00a0and\u00a0behaviour\u00a0of\u00a0youth,\u00a0to\u00a0an\u00a0exploration\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0contexts\u00a0under\u00a0which\u00a0they\u00a0 engage\u00a0in\u00a0sexual\u00a0activities\u00a0and\u00a0the\u00a0belief\u00a0systems\u00a0that\u00a0inform\u00a0both\u00a0positive\u00a0and\u00a0negative\u00a0 actionsM (Boyce\u00a0et\u00a0al.,\u00a02003,\u00a0p.\u00a03).\u00a0Moving\u00a0away\u00a0from\u00a0deficit\u00adbased\u00a0approaches\u00a0toward\u00a0a\u00a0 more\u00a0holistic\u00a0understanding\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0development\u00a0of\u00a0healthy\u00a0sexuality\u00a0(Boyce\u00a0et\u00a0al.,\u00a02003),\u00a0 the\u00a0current\u00a0study\u00a0investigated\u00a0the\u00a0developmental\u00a0profile\u00a0of\u00a0social\u00a0sex\u00admotives,\u00a0with\u00a0 reference\u00a0to\u00a0gender\u00a0and\u00a0grade,\u00a0as\u00a0well\u00a0as\u00a0possible\u00a0relationships\u00a0to\u00a0sex\u00a0motives\u00a0in\u00a0 adolescence.\u00a0Such\u00a0information\u00a0is\u00a0critical\u00a0to\u00a0inform\u00a0our\u00a0understanding\u00a0of\u00a0sexual\u00a0health\u00a0 among\u00a0this\u00a0population.\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1\u00a0This\u00a0is\u00a0a\u00a0working\u00a0definition\u00a0offered\u00a0as\u00a0a\u00a0contribution\u00a0to\u00a0advancing\u00a0understanding\u00a0in\u00a0the\u00a0field\u00a0of\u00a0sexual\u00a0 health.\u00a0It\u00a0does\u00a0not\u00a0necessarily\u00a0represent\u00a0the\u00a0official\u00a0representation\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0WHO\u00a0 3\u00a0 \u00a0 Se#ual\u00a0()t+,at+)-s\u00a0 Recognizing\u00a0that\u00a0sexual\u00a0behaviour,\u00a0risky\u00a0or\u00a0not,\u00a0may\u00a0serve\u00a0a\u00a0wide\u00a0range\u00a0of\u00a0 psychosocial\u00a0functions\u00a0in\u00a0adolescence\u00a0(Cohen,\u00a01995),\u00a0sex\u00a0researchers\u00a0have\u00a0begun\u00a0to\u00a0 move\u00a0beyond\u00a0investigating\u00a0overt\u00a0sex\u00a0behaviours\u00a0(e.g.,\u00a0age\u00a0of\u00a0coitus,\u00a0condom\u00a0use,\u00a0number\u00a0 of\u00a0partners),\u00a0to\u00a0focus\u00a0on\u00a0the\u00a0reasons or\u00a0motives behind\u00a0sexual\u00a0behaviour\u00a0(e.g.,\u00a0Carroll,\u00a0 Volk,\u00a0&\u00a0Hyde,\u00a01985\u037e\u00a0Cooper,\u00a0Shapiro,\u00a0&\u00a0Powers,\u00a01998\u037e\u00a0Davis,\u00a0Shaver,\u00a0&\u00a0Vernon,\u00a02004\u037e\u00a0 Gebhardt,\u00a0Kuyper,\u00a0&\u00a0Dusseldorp,\u00a02006\u037e\u00a0Gebhardt,\u00a0Kuyper,\u00a0&\u00a0Greunsven,\u00a02003\u037e\u00a0Hill\u00a0&\u00a0 Preston,\u00a01996\u037e\u00a0Impett\u00a0&\u00a0Peplau,\u00a02003\u037e\u00a0Impett,\u00a0Peplau,\u00a0&\u00a0Gable,\u00a02005\u037e\u00a0Leigh,\u00a01989\u037e\u00a0 Levinson,\u00a0Jaccard,\u00a0&\u00a0Beamer,\u00a01995).\u00a0To\u00a0date,\u00a0exploratory\u00a0research\u00a0(e.g.,\u00a0Carroll\u00a0et\u00a0al.,\u00a0 1985\u037e\u00a0Leigh,\u00a01989\u037e\u00a0Levinson\u00a0et\u00a0al.,\u00a01995\u037e\u00a0Regan\u00a0&\u00a0Dreyer,\u00a01999\u037e\u00a0Rosenthal,\u00a0Burklow,\u00a0 Lewis,\u00a0Succup,\u00a0&\u00a0Biro,\u00a01997)\u00a0has\u00a0identified\u00a0a\u00a0wide\u00a0range\u00a0of\u00a0sex\u00a0motives\u00a0including,\u00a0but\u00a0 not\u00a0exclusive\u00a0to,\u00a0the\u00a0pursuit\u00a0of\u00a0physical\/sexual\u00a0pleasure,\u00a0reproduction,\u00a0promoting\u00a0 intimacy, pleasing one\u2019s partner or peers, preventing relationship conflict, and relieving tension,\u00a0indicating\u00a0that\u00a0people\u00a0can,\u00a0and\u00a0do,\u00a0use\u00a0sex\u00a0strategically\u00a0to\u00a0meet\u00a0different\u00a0 psychosocial\u00a0needs.\u00a0Moreover,\u00a0there\u00a0is\u00a0evidence\u00a0to\u00a0suggest\u00a0that\u00a0sex\u00a0motives\u00a0may\u00a0be\u00a0 somewhat\u00a0stable\u00a0over\u00a0time\u00a0(Cooper\u00a0et\u00a0al.,\u00a01998\u037e\u00a0Impett\u00a0&\u00a0Peplau,\u00a02002\u037e\u00a0Rosenthal\u00a0et\u00a0al.,\u00a0 1997),\u00a0emphasizing\u00a0the\u00a0need\u00a0to\u00a0establish\u00a0positive\u00a0sexual\u00a0motives\u00a0early\u00a0on\u00a0when\u00a0social\u00a0 sexual\u00a0behaviours\u00a0are\u00a0emerging.\u00a0 Given\u00a0the\u00a0wide\u00a0array\u00a0of\u00a0psychosocial\u00a0motives\u00a0identified\u00a0within\u00a0the\u00a0literature,\u00a0 recent\u00a0attempts\u00a0to\u00a0provide\u00a0a\u00a0consistent\u00a0and\u00a0unified\u00a0theoretical\u00a0framework\u00a0for\u00a0 understanding\u00a0sexual\u00a0motives\u00a0(Cooper\u00a0et\u00a0al.,\u00a01998\u037e\u00a0Hill\u00a0&\u00a0Preston,\u00a01996)\u00a0have\u00a0been\u00a0 forthcoming.\u00a0Rooted\u00a0in\u00a0a\u00a0functionalist\u00a0perspective\u00a0of\u00a0behaviour\u00a0(Snyder\u00a0&\u00a0Cantor,\u00a01995),\u00a0 Cooper\u00a0and\u00a0colleagues\u00a0(1998)\u00a0hypothesized\u00a0that\u00a0whether\u00a0people\u00a0use\u00a0different\u00a0sexual\u00a0 4\u00a0 \u00a0 behaviours\u00a0to\u00a0attain\u00a0the\u00a0same\u00a0goal\u00a0or\u00a0the\u00a0same\u00a0sexual\u00a0behaviours\u00a0to\u00a0attain\u00a0different\u00a0goals,\u00a0 the\u00a0key\u00a0to\u00a0truly\u00a0understanding is\u00a0contained\u00a0within\u00a0the\u00a0particular\u00a0motivation behind\u00a0such\u00a0 behaviour.\u00a0\u00a0 Cooper\u00a0and\u00a0colleagues\u00a0(1998),\u00a0the\u00a0first\u00a0to\u00a0apply\u00a0prominent\u00a0motivational\u00a0 dimensions\u00a0to\u00a0sexual\u00a0behaviour,\u00a0hypothesized\u00a0that\u00a0two\u00a0primary\u00a0motivational\u00a0 Udimensions\u2019 underlie sexual behaviour in young adults. LApproach\u00adAvoidanceM, the first and\u00a0most\u00a0fundamental\u00a0dimension,\u00a0distinguishes\u00a0between\u00a0sexual\u00a0behaviours\u00a0that\u00a0are\u00a0 primarily\u00a0motivated\u00a0by\u00a0the\u00a0pursuit\u00a0of\u00a0positive\u00a0experiences\u00a0(Approach)\u00a0and\u00a0those\u00a0that\u00a0are\u00a0 motivated\u00a0by\u00a0the\u00a0evasion\u00a0of\u00a0negative\u00a0experiences\u00a0(Avoidance).\u00a0The\u00a0second\u00a0hypothesized\u00a0 motivational dimension, entitled LIndividual\u00adSocialM, distinguishes\u00a0between\u00a0behaviours\u00a0 that\u00a0are\u00a0motivated\u00a0by\u00a0a\u00a0self\u00adfocused\u00a0concern\u00a0(Individual)\u00a0and\u00a0those\u00a0that\u00a0are\u00a0motivated\u00a0by\u00a0 an\u00a0interpersonal\u00a0or\u00a0other\u00adfocused\u00a0concern\u00a0(Social).\u00a0Cooper\u00a0and\u00a0colleagues\u00a0argued\u00a0that\u00a0 together\u00a0these\u00a0motivational\u00a0dimensions\u00a0combine\u00a0to\u00a0form\u00a0a\u00a0four\u00ad\u00a0factor\u00a0matrix\u00a0(i.e.,\u00a0 appetitive\u00a0self\u00adfocused\u00a0motives,\u00a0appetitive\u00a0social\u00a0motives,\u00a0aversive\u00a0self\u00adfocused\u00a0motives,\u00a0 and\u00a0aversive\u00a0social\u00a0motives),\u00a0under\u00a0which\u00a0discrete\u00a0sex\u00a0motives\u00a0could\u00a0be\u00a0adequately\u00a0 categorized.\u00a0 As\u00a0a\u00a0first\u00a0step\u00a0toward\u00a0validating\u00a0their\u00a0hypothesized\u00a0framework,\u00a0Cooper\u00a0and\u00a0 colleagues\u00a0(1998)\u00a0asked\u00a0undergraduate\u00a0students\u00a0(17\u00ad21\u00a0years)\u00a0to\u00a0list\u00a0the\u00a0most\u00a0important\u00a0 reasons\u00a0for\u00a0having\u00a0sex\u00a0on\u00a0a\u00a0recent\u00a0occasion\u00a0of\u00a0intercourse.\u00a0Through\u00a0subsequent\u00a0factor\u00ad analytic\u00a0work\u00a0in\u00a0three\u00a0samples,\u00a0including\u00a0a\u00a0college\u00a0student\u00a0and\u00a0community\u00a0sample,\u00a0they\u00a0 developed\u00a0their\u00a0Sex\u00a0Motives\u00a0Scale\u00a0which\u00a0rests\u00a0on\u00a0a\u00a0six\u00adfactor\u00a0model\u00a0of\u00a0sexual\u00a0motives\u00a0 including\u00a0intimacy,\u00a0enhancement,\u00a0partner\u00a0approval,\u00a0peer\u00a0approval,\u00a0coping,\u00a0and\u00a0self\u00ad 5\u00a0 \u00a0 affirmation.\u00a0Each\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0motives\u00a0were\u00a0categorized\u00a0along\u00a0the\u00a0two\u00a0hypothesized\u00a0 dimensions\u00a0(approach\u00adavoidance\u00a0and\u00a0individual\u00adsocial).\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \/0e)ret+2al\u00a0u-derp+--+-5s\u00a0)6\u00a0se#ual\u00a0m)t+,at+)-s. Theoretically,\u00a0Cooper\u00a0and\u00a0 colleagues (4VV8) stipulated that both the LApproach\u00adAvoidanceM and LIndividual\u00ad SocialM motivational\u00a0dimensions\u00a0are\u00a0thought\u00a0to\u00a0originate\u00a0as\u00a0a\u00a0deeper\u00a0desire\u00a0to\u00a0manage\u00a0 one\u2019s emotions. While the Approach\u00adAvoidance\u00a0dimension\u00a0depicts\u00a0an\u00a0underlying\u00a0 motivational\u00a0feeling\u00a0state,\u00a0the\u00a0Individual\u00adSocial\u00a0dimension\u00a0depicts\u00a0the\u00a0means\u00a0through\u00a0 which\u00a0one\u00a0manages\u00a0these feelings, either directly, through manipulation of one\u2019s own feeling\u00a0state\u00a0(Individual)\u00a0or\u00a0indirectly,\u00a0by\u00a0obtaining\u00a0value\u00a0through\u00a0relationship\u00a0(Social)\u00a0 (Cooper\u00a0et\u00a0al.,\u00a02006). Arguably, the LApproach\u00adAvoidanceM dimension may then, in fact, underlie the LIndividual\u00adSocialM dimension. Founded\u00a0on\u00a0a\u00a0history\u00a0of\u00a0both\u00a0physiological\u00a0and\u00a0psychological\u00a0theory,\u00a0the\u00a0 Approach\u00adAvoidance\u00a0dimension\u00a0has\u00a0been\u00a0widely\u00a0accepted\u00a0within\u00a0motivational\u00a0theory.\u00a0As\u00a0 has\u00a0been\u00a0outlined\u00a0by\u00a0Cooper\u00a0and\u00a0colleagues\u00a0(1998),\u00a0Gray\u00a0(1972,\u00a01981)\u00a0contended\u00a0that\u00a0 two\u00a0neurologically\u00a0independent\u00a0motivational\u00a0systems\u00a0underlie\u00a0all\u00a0human\u00a0behaviour.\u00a0The\u00a0 behavioural\u00a0approach\u00a0system\u00a0(BAS)\u00a0controls\u00a0positive\u00a0emotion\u00a0and\u00a0regulates\u00a0the\u00a0 movement\u00a0towards\u00a0goals\u00a0(appetitive)\u00a0whereas\u00a0the\u00a0behavioural\u00a0inhibition\u00a0system\u00a0(BIS)\u00a0 controls\u00a0negative\u00a0emotion\u00a0and\u00a0regulates\u00a0the\u00a0motivation\u00a0to\u00a0escape\u00a0from\u00a0negative\u00a0 experiences\u00a0(avoidance\/aversive).\u00a0As\u00a0outlined\u00a0by\u00a0Cooper\u00a0(2000),\u00a0Gray\u00a0hypothesized\u00a0that\u00a0 these\u00a0two\u00a0systems\u00a0are\u00a0independent\u00a0(i.e.,\u00a0BIS\u00a0sensitivity\u00a0has\u00a0no\u00a0effect\u00a0on\u00a0BAS\u00a0sensitivity)\u00a0 and that an individual\u2019s BISYBAS sensitivity is stable and trait liTe. People high in BAS sensitivity\u00a0are\u00a0especially\u00a0responsive\u00a0to\u00a0reward\u00a0cues\u037e\u00a0that\u00a0is,\u00a0their\u00a0behaviour\u00a0is\u00a0controlled\u00a0 by\u00a0positive\u00a0affect\u00a0and\u00a0they\u00a0are\u00a0more\u00a0likely\u00a0to\u00a0engage\u00a0in\u00a0behaviour\u00a0to\u00a0attain\u00a0positive\u00a0 6\u00a0 \u00a0 experiences\u00a0(e.g.,\u00a0reward\u00a0seeking\u00a0behaviour).\u00a0In\u00a0contrast,\u00a0people\u00a0high\u00a0in\u00a0BIS\u00a0sensitivity\u00a0 are\u00a0especially\u00a0responsive\u00a0to\u00a0punishment\u00a0cues.\u00a0Behaviour\u00a0of\u00a0highly\u00a0BIS\u00a0sensitive\u00a0people\u00a0is\u00a0 controlled\u00a0by\u00a0negative\u00a0affect\u00a0and\u00a0is\u00a0more\u00a0likely\u00a0focused\u00a0on\u00a0avoiding\u00a0negative\u00a0experiences\u00a0 (e.g.,\u00a0punishment)\u00a0or\u00a0alleviating\u00a0a\u00a0negative\u00a0mood.\u00a0\u00a0 Baumeister\u00a0and\u00a0Scher\u00a0(1988)\u00a0argued\u00a0that\u00a0aversively\u00a0motivated\u00a0behaviours\u00a0(i.e.,\u00a0 behaviour with roots in the BIS) are more liTely to be risT prone and Lself\u00addestructiveM, suggesting\u00a0that\u00a0behaviours\u00a0motivated\u00a0by\u00a0a\u00a0need\u00a0to\u00a0control\u00a0negative\u00a0affect\u00a0are\u00a0more\u00a0likely\u00a0 to\u00a0lead\u00a0to\u00a0problematic\u00a0outcomes.\u00a0Supporting\u00a0this\u00a0line\u00a0of\u00a0thinking,\u00a0research\u00a0has\u00a0shown\u00a0that\u00a0 people\u00a0who\u00a0drink\u00a0to\u00a0cope\u00a0with\u00a0negative\u00a0emotions\u00a0(avoidance\u00a0motives)\u00a0experience\u00a0more\u00a0 alcohol\u00adrelated\u00a0problems\u00a0even\u00a0though\u00a0they\u00a0do\u00a0not\u00a0necessarily\u00a0drink\u00a0more\u00a0(Cooper,\u00a0Frone,\u00a0 Russell,\u00a0&\u00a0Mauder,\u00a01995).\u00a0Similarly,\u00a0eating\u00a0as\u00a0a\u00a0coping\u00a0strategy\u00a0is\u00a0thought\u00a0to\u00a0contribute\u00a0 to\u00a0the\u00a0development\u00a0of\u00a0eating\u00a0disorders\u00a0(Ganley,\u00a01989\u037e\u00a0Heatherton\u00a0&\u00a0Baumeister,\u00a01991).\u00a0 Within\u00a0the\u00a0domain\u00a0of\u00a0sexual\u00a0behaviour,\u00a0avoidance\u00a0motives\u00a0have\u00a0been\u00a0used\u00a0to\u00a0understand\u00a0 problematic\u00a0outcomes\u00a0with\u00a0regard\u00a0to\u00a0risky\u00a0sexual\u00a0behaviour\u00a0(Cooper\u00a0et\u00a0al.,\u00a01998\u037e\u00a0 Gebhardt\u00a0et\u00a0al.,\u00a02006\u037e\u00a0Gebhardt\u00a0et\u00a0al.,\u00a02003),\u00a0sexual\u00a0compliance\u00a0(see\u00a0Impett\u00a0&\u00a0Peplau,\u00a0 2003\u00a0for\u00a0review),\u00a0as\u00a0well\u00a0as\u00a0interpersonal\u00a0well\u00adbeing\u00a0and\u00a0relationship\u00a0quality\u00a0(Impett\u00a0et\u00a0 al.,\u00a02005).\u00a0The\u00a0following\u00a0review\u00a0emphasizes\u00a0the\u00a0differential\u00a0correlates\u00a0and\u00a0consequences\u00a0 of\u00a0sexual\u00a0behaviours\u00a0as\u00a0a\u00a0function\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0underlying\u00a0affect\u00a0(i.e.,\u00a0positive\u00a0or\u00a0negative)\u00a0they\u00a0 serve.\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a08)rrelates\u00a0a-d\u00a02)-se9ue-2es\u00a0)6\u00a0appr)a20\u00a0m)t+,es. Cooper and colleagues\u2019 (1998)\u00a0higher\u00adorder\u00a0factor\u00a0model\u00a0of\u00a0sexual\u00a0motives\u00a0among\u00a0young\u00a0adults\u00a0includes\u00a0two\u00a0 approach\u00a0motives,\u00a0Enhancement\u00a0(Individual)\u00a0and\u00a0Intimacy\u00a0(Social).\u00a0Whereas\u00a0:ntimacy\u00a0 refers to the extent to which one has sex to feel connected to one\u2019s partner, to strengthen 7\u00a0 \u00a0 an\u00a0emotional\u00a0bond,\u00a0or\u00a0to\u00a0express\u00a0love,\u00a0Enhancement refers\u00a0to\u00a0the\u00a0extent\u00a0to\u00a0which\u00a0one\u00a0has\u00a0 sex\u00a0because\u00a0it\u2019s exciting, feels good (physically or emotionally), or is adventurous (Cooper\u00a0et\u00a0al.,\u00a01998,\u00a02006).\u00a0 In\u00a0their\u00a0review\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0extant\u00a0literature\u00a0focusing\u00a0on\u00a0the\u00a0correlates,\u00a0consequences,\u00a0 and\u00a0trajectories\u00a0of\u00a0each\u00a0SMS\u00a0sex\u00a0motive,\u00a0Cooper\u00a0and\u00a0colleagues\u00a0(2006)\u00a0found\u00a0that\u00a0both\u00a0 intimacy\u00a0and\u00a0enhancement\u00a0motives\u00a0increase\u00a0with\u00a0age\u00a0and\u00a0are\u00a0associated\u00a0with\u00a0positive\u00a0 feelings\u00a0about\u00a0sex\u00a0(i.e.,\u00a0high\u00a0erotophilia\u00a0and\u00a0low\u00a0erotophobia).\u00a0Intimacy\u00a0motives\u00a0are\u00a0 found\u00a0to\u00a0be\u00a0associated\u00a0with\u00a0fewer,\u00a0less\u00a0risky,\u00a0better\u00a0known\u00a0sexual\u00a0partners\u00a0and\u00a0lower\u00a0 rates of unplanned pregnancies, whereas Lapproach motivations unfettered by concerns with\u00a0intimacy-appear to translate into a pattern of promiscuous sexM (Cooper\u00a0et\u00a0al.,\u00a0 2006,\u00a0p.\u00a0253).\u00a0Although\u00a0Cooper\u00a0and\u00a0colleagues\u00a0(1998)\u00a0failed\u00a0to\u00a0look\u00a0at\u00a0individuals\u00a0who\u00a0 were\u00a0high\u00a0in\u00a0both\u00a0intimacy\u00a0and\u00a0enhancement,\u00a0they\u00a0found\u00a0that\u00a0individuals\u00a0with\u00a0high\u00a0 intimacy\u00a0motives\u00a0were\u00a0more\u00a0likely\u00a0to\u00a0stay\u00a0in\u00a0committed\u00a0relationships\u00a0over\u00a0time\u00a0whereas\u00a0 individuals\u00a0high\u00a0in\u00a0sex\u00adfor\u00adenhancement\u00a0motives\u00a0were\u00a0less\u00a0likely\u00a0to\u00a0stay\u00a0in\u00a0committed\u00a0 relationships.\u00a0In\u00a0general,\u00a0Enhancement\u00a0motives\u00a0alone\u00a0have\u00a0been\u00a0found\u00a0to\u00a0be\u00a0associated\u00a0 with\u00a0more\u00a0acceptance\u00a0of\u00a0casual\u00a0sex,\u00a0more\u00a0frequent\u00a0and\u00a0risky\u00a0sex,\u00a0more\u00a0sexual\u00a0partners,\u00a0 and\u00a0higher\u00a0rates\u00a0of\u00a0STIs\u00a0(please\u00a0see\u00a0Cooper\u00a0et\u00a0al.,\u00a02006\u00a0for\u00a0review).\u00a0It\u00a0seems\u00a0that\u00a0high\u00a0 enhancement\u00a0motives\u00a0may\u00a0not\u00a0be\u00a0inherently\u00a0problematic.\u00a0Rather,\u00a0it\u00a0may\u00a0be\u00a0that\u00a0high\u00a0 enhancement\u00a0motives\u00a0for\u00a0sex\u00a0in the absence of intimacy motives\u00a0may\u00a0be\u00a0associated\u00a0with\u00a0 more\u00a0risky\u00a0outcomes.\u00a0 8)rrelates\u00a0a-d\u00a02)-se9ue-2es\u00a0)6\u00a0a,)+da-2e\u00a0m)t+,es: Cooper\u00a0and\u00a0colleagues\u2019 (1998)\u00a0Sex\u00a0Motives\u00a0Scale\u00a0includes\u00a0four\u00a0avoidant\u00a0motives\u00a0for\u00a0sexual\u00a0behavior.\u00a0Peer\u00a0and\u00a0 Partner Approval\u00a0motives\u00a0for\u00a0sex\u00a0assess\u00a0the\u00a0extent\u00a0to\u00a0which\u00a0one\u00a0has\u00a0sex\u00a0to\u00a0gain\u00a0approval\u00a0 8\u00a0 \u00a0 and avoid social censure from a social significant LotherM, from one\u2019s peer\u00a0group\u00a0(Peer\u00a0 Approval)\u00a0or\u00a0from\u00a0a\u00a0sexual\u00a0partner\u00a0(Partner\u00a0Approval).\u00a0Coping motives\u00a0refer\u00a0to\u00a0the\u00a0extent\u00a0 to\u00a0which\u00a0one\u00a0uses\u00a0sex\u00a0to\u00a0avoid,\u00a0escape,\u00a0or\u00a0minimize\u00a0negative\u00a0internal\u00a0emotional\u00a0states,\u00a0 whereas\u00a0Affirmation\u00a0sex\u00a0motives\u00a0refer\u00a0to\u00a0the\u00a0extent\u00a0to\u00a0which\u00a0one\u00a0uses\u00a0sex\u00a0to\u00a0alleviate\u00a0 feelings\u00a0of\u00a0inadequacy\u00a0specifically\u00a0(Cooper\u00a0et\u00a0al.,\u00a01998,\u00a02006). In\u00a0their\u00a0review\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0correlates,\u00a0consequences\u00a0and\u00a0distinct\u00a0trajectories\u00a0of\u00a0sex\u00a0 motives,\u00a0Cooper\u00a0and\u00a0colleagues\u00a0(2006)\u00a0found\u00a0that\u00a0individuals\u00a0high\u00a0in\u00a0avoidance\u00a0motives\u00a0 reported\u00a0negative\u00a0feelings\u00a0about\u00a0sexuality\u00a0(i.e.,\u00a0high\u00a0erotophobia)\u00a0as\u00a0well\u00a0as\u00a0dysfunctional\u00a0 patterns\u00a0of\u00a0behaviour,\u00a0presumably\u00a0due\u00a0to\u00a0the\u00a0fact\u00a0that\u00a0such\u00a0motives\u00a0are\u00a0rooted\u00a0in\u00a0the\u00a0BIS.\u00a0 Coping motives were often associated with a pattern of promiscuous but LsafeM sex whereas Partner Approval motives were associated with LrisTyM sexual practices as well as\u00a0a\u00a0failure\u00a0to\u00a0take\u00a0precautions\u00a0(e.g.,\u00a0no\u00a0birth\u00a0control),\u00a0thus\u00a0leading\u00a0to\u00a0higher\u00a0unplanned\u00a0 pregnancies.\u00a0Individuals\u00a0high\u00a0in\u00a0Affirmation\u00a0motives\u00a0were\u00a0also\u00a0more\u00a0likely\u00a0to\u00a0have\u00a0an\u00a0 unplanned\u00a0pregnancy.\u00a0Finally,\u00a0peer\u00a0motives,\u00a0although\u00a0rare,\u00a0seemed\u00a0to\u00a0be\u00a0associated\u00a0with\u00a0 increased\u00a0sexual\u00a0risk\u00adtaking.\u00a0Combined,\u00a0such\u00a0evidence\u00a0suggests\u00a0that\u00a0avoidance\u00a0motives\u00ad for\u00adsex\u00a0are\u00a0more liTely to be LrisT proneM, consistent\u00a0with\u00a0Baumeister and Scher\u2019s (4V88) Lself\u00addestructiveM theory,\u00a0 Lending\u00a0further\u00a0support\u00a0to\u00a0the\u00a0distinction\u00a0between\u00a0approach\u00a0versus\u00a0avoidance\u00a0 motives\u00a0for\u00a0sex,\u00a0in\u00a0the\u00a0two\u00a0studies\u00a0to\u00a0date\u00a0that\u00a0have\u00a0explored\u00a0the\u00a0relationship\u00a0between\u00a0 approach\/avoidance\u00a0motives\u00adfor\u00adsexual\u00a0behaviour\u00a0and\u00a0relationship\u00a0satisfaction,\u00a0Impett\u00a0 and\u00a0colleagues\u00a0(2002,\u00a02005)\u00a0found\u00a0approach\u00a0motives\u00a0(e.g.,\u00a0it\u00a0feels\u00a0good,\u00a0to\u00a0express\u00a0love\u00a0 for\u00a0a\u00a0partner)\u00a0to\u00a0be\u00a0positively\u00a0associated\u00a0with\u00a0positive\u00a0personal\u00a0(positive\u00a0affect,\u00a0 satisfaction\u00a0with\u00a0life)\u00a0and\u00a0interpersonal\u00a0(satisfaction\u00a0with\u00a0relationship,\u00a0closeness\u00a0to\u00a0 9\u00a0 \u00a0 partner,\u00a0fun\u00a0in\u00a0the\u00a0relationship)\u00a0affect\u00a0and\u00a0negatively\u00a0associated\u00a0with\u00a0relationship\u00a0conflict\u00a0 (Impett\u00a0&\u00a0Peplau,\u00a02002\u037e\u00a0Impett\u00a0et\u00a0al.,\u00a02005).\u00a0Impett\u00a0and\u00a0colleagues\u00a0(2005)\u00a0found\u00a0that\u00a0 avoidance\u00a0sex\u00a0motives\u00a0as\u00a0reported\u00a0by\u00a0college\u00a0couples\u00a0were\u00a0associated\u00a0with\u00a0increased\u00a0 reports\u00a0of\u00a0negative\u00a0affect\u00a0and\u00a0relationship\u00a0conflict\u00a0and\u00a0decreased\u00a0relationship\u00a0satisfaction\u00a0 and\u00a0fun\u00a0in\u00a0the\u00a0relationship.\u00a0Furthermore,\u00a0avoidance\u00a0sex\u00a0motives\u00a0were\u00a0negatively\u00a0 associated\u00a0with\u00a0relationship\u00a0longevity.\u00a0In\u00a0a\u00a0pilot\u00a0study,\u00a0Impett\u00a0(2002)\u00a0found\u00a0that\u00a0having\u00a0 sex\u00a0for\u00a0avoidant\u00a0reasons\u00a0(e.g.,\u00a0to\u00a0cope\u00a0with\u00a0negative\u00a0emotions,\u00a0to\u00a0prevent\u00a0my\u00a0partner\u00a0 from\u00a0becoming\u00a0angry\u00a0at\u00a0me)\u00a0was\u00a0associated\u00a0with\u00a0subsequent\u00a0feelings\u00a0of\u00a0anger,\u00a0shame,\u00a0 and\u00a0fear.\u00a0Consistently,\u00a0having\u00a0sex\u00a0to\u00a0avoid\u00a0tension\u00a0and\u00a0to\u00a0prevent\u00a0a\u00a0partner\u00a0from\u00a0losing\u00a0 interest\u00a0was\u00a0associated\u00a0with\u00a0less\u00a0relationship\u00a0satisfaction.\u00a0 Although\u00a0sex\u00a0motives\u00a0have\u00a0been\u00a0studied\u00a0extensively\u00a0in\u00a0older\u00a0adolescent\u00a0and\u00a0adult\u00a0 populations\u00a0(Cooper\u00a0et\u00a0al.,\u00a01998,\u00a02006\u037e\u00a0Impett\u00a0et\u00a0al.,\u00a02005\u037e\u00a0Schachner\u00a0&\u00a0Shaver,\u00a02004),\u00a0it\u00a0 is\u00a0not\u00a0yet\u00a0clear\u00a0whether\u00a0early\u00a0adolescents\u00a0endorse\u00a0the\u00a0same\u00a0sex\u00a0motives.\u00a0Further,\u00a0it\u00a0is\u00a0not\u00a0 yet\u00a0clear\u00a0how\u00a0sex\u00a0motives\u00a0may\u00a0differ\u00a0by\u00a0age\u00a0or\u00a0gender.\u00a0A\u00a0developmental\u00a0understanding\u00a0 of\u00a0sex\u00a0motives\u00a0is\u00a0critical\u00a0across\u00a0adolescence\u00a0,\u00a0a\u00a0time\u00a0when\u00a0physical,\u00a0behavioural,\u00a0 psychological, and social changes prepare individuals for LmatureM intimate relationships in\u00a0adulthood.\u00a0The\u00a0following\u00a0section\u00a0outlines\u00a0normative\u00a0developmental\u00a0changes\u00a0that\u00a0 emerge\u00a0across\u00a0adolescence.\u00a0 :d)les2e-2e:\u00a0:\u00a0<e,el)pme-tal\u00a0=rame>)r?\u00a0 Introduced\u00a0by\u00a0G.\u00a0Stanley\u00a0Hall\u00a0(1904)\u00a0as\u00a0a\u00a0distinct\u00a0developmental\u00a0period\u00a0between\u00a0 childhood and adulthood, LadolescenceM has become widely\u00a0accepted\u00a0as\u00a0a\u00a0period\u00a0of\u00a0life\u00a0 marked\u00a0by\u00a0unique\u00a0physiological,\u00a0cognitive,\u00a0psychological,\u00a0and\u00a0social\u00a0changes\u00a0in\u00a0which\u00a0 children are LtransformedM into adults. Physically, adolescence is marTed by considerable 10\u00a0 \u00a0 growth\u00a0and\u00a0reproductive\u00a0maturation\u00a0leading\u00a0to\u00a0the\u00a0capacity\u00a0for\u00a0reproduction\u00a0(Hyde\u00a0et\u00a0al.,\u00a0 2004).\u00a0\u00a0Increases\u00a0in\u00a0the\u00a0levels\u00a0of\u00a0hormones\u00a0cause\u00a0changes\u00a0in\u00a0physical\u00a0size\u00a0and\u00a0shape\u00a0as\u00a0 well\u00a0as\u00a0the\u00a0development\u00a0of\u00a0secondary\u00a0sex\u00a0characteristics\u00a0(Hyde\u00a0et\u00a0al.,\u00a02004\u037e\u00a0Sprinthall\u00a0&\u00a0 Collins,\u00a01988). Generally, this sequence of events referred to as LpubertyM, occurs between\u00a0eight\u00a0and\u00a018\u00a0years\u00a0of\u00a0age.\u00a0Although\u00a0female\u00a0students\u00a0tend\u00a0to\u00a0reach\u00a0puberty\u00a0about\u00a0 two\u00a0years\u00a0earlier\u00a0(approximately\u00a08\u00a0!\u00a012\u00a0years\u00a0of\u00a0age)\u00a0than\u00a0male\u00a0students,\u00a0there\u00a0are\u00a0wide\u00a0 variations\u00a0in\u00a0individual\u00a0experiences\u00a0(Bee,\u00a0Boyd,\u00a0&\u00a0Johnson,\u00a02005).\u00a0By\u00a0about\u00a015\u00ad16\u00a0years\u00a0 of\u00a0age,\u00a0nearly\u00a0all\u00a0adolescents,\u00a0male\u00a0or\u00a0female,\u00a0have\u00a0developed\u00a0adult\u00a0physical\u00a0 characteristics,\u00a0indicative\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0final\u00a0stage\u00a0(Tanner,\u00a01990)\u00a0of\u00a0puberty.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Accompanying\u00a0these\u00a0physical\u00a0changes\u00a0is\u00a0the\u00a0emergence\u00a0of\u00a0social\u00adsexual\u00a0 behaviours\u00a0(Katchadourian,\u00a01990),\u00a0with\u00a0sexual\u00a0attraction\u00a0being\u00a0reported,\u00a0on\u00a0average,\u00a0at\u00a0 ten\u00a0years\u00a0of\u00a0age\u00a0(McClintock\u00a0&\u00a0Herdt,\u00a01996).\u00a0Prevalence\u00a0rates\u00a0suggest\u00a0that\u00a0social\u00adsexual\u00a0 behaviours\u00a0generally\u00a0emerge\u00a0developmentally,\u00a0progressing\u00a0from\u00a0kissing,\u00a0through\u00a0french\u00a0 kissing,\u00a0breast\u00a0and\u00a0genital\u00a0fondling,\u00a0to\u00a0intercourse\u00a0and\u00a0oral\u00adgenital\u00a0contact\u00a0(King\u00a0et\u00a0al.,\u00a0 1988).\u00a0Although\u00a0most\u00a0adolescents\u00a0have\u00a0engaged\u00a0in\u00a0some\u00a0form\u00a0of\u00a0social\u00adsexual\u00a0behaviour\u00a0 by\u00a0the\u00a0time\u00a0they\u00a0enter\u00a0high\u00a0school\u00a0(Katchadourian,\u00a01990),\u00a0only\u00a05\u00a0percent\u00a0of\u00a0male\u00a0 adolescents\u00a0and\u00a01\u00a0percent\u00a0of\u00a0female\u00a0adolescents\u00a0in\u00a0Canada\u00a0report\u00a0having\u00a0engaged\u00a0in\u00a0 sexual\u00a0intercourse\u00a0by\u00a0the\u00a0age\u00a0of\u00a012\u00a0(Maticka\u00adTyndale,\u00a01997).\u00a0According\u00a0to\u00a0the\u00a0Canadian\u00a0 Youth,\u00a0Sexual\u00a0Health,\u00a0and\u00a0HIV\/AIDS\u00a0study,\u00a023%\u00a0of\u00a0male\u00a0youth\u00a0and\u00a019%\u00a0of\u00a0female\u00a0 youth\u00a0report engaging in sexual intercourse Lat least onceM by grade V and ;9\\ of male\u00a0 youth\u00a0and\u00a046%\u00a0of\u00a0female\u00a0youth\u00a0report engaging in sexual intercourse Lat least onceM by Grade\u00a011.\u00a0Similarly,\u00a0with\u00a0regard\u00a0to\u00a0oral\u00a0sexual\u00a0behaviour,\u00a032%\u00a0of\u00a0male\u00a0youth\u00a0and\u00a028%\u00a0of\u00a0 female\u00a0youth\u00a0report having engaged in oral sex Lat least onceM in Grade V and >7\\ of 11\u00a0 \u00a0 male\u00a0youth\u00a0and\u00a052%\u00a0of\u00a0female\u00a0youth\u00a0report having had oral sex Lat least onceM by Grade 11\u00a0(Health\u00a0Canada,\u00a02003).\u00a0Taken\u00a0together,\u00a0although\u00a0the\u00a0prevalence\u00a0rates\u00a0for\u00a0oral\u00a0sex\u00a0are\u00a0 slightly\u00a0higher,\u00a0roughly\u00a0half\u00a0of\u00a0all\u00a0Canadian\u00a0male\u00a0and\u00a0female\u00a0students\u00a0report\u00a0having\u00a0had\u00a0 sexual\u00a0intercourse\u00a0and\u00a0oral\u00a0sex\u00a0by\u00a0Grade\u00a011.\u00a0In\u00a0contrast,\u00a0at\u00a012\u00a0years\u00a0of\u00a0age\u00a0(Grade\u00a07\u00ad8)\u00a0 only\u00a05%\u00a0of\u00a0male\u00a0and\u00a01%\u00a0of\u00a0female\u00a0students\u00a0report\u00a0having\u00a0had\u00a0sexual\u00a0intercourse\u00a0 (Maticka\u00adTyndale,\u00a01997).\u00a0Although\u00a0statistics\u00a0demonstrate\u00a0change\u00a0in\u00a0the\u00a0rate\u00a0of\u00a0social\u00ad sexual\u00a0behaviours\u00a0with\u00a0age,\u00a0little\u00a0is\u00a0known\u00a0about\u00a0whether\u00a0motives\u00a0to\u00a0engage\u00a0in\u00a0social\u00ad sexual\u00a0behaviors\u00a0change\u00a0during\u00a0adolescence.\u00a0Moving\u00a0away\u00a0from\u00a0a\u00a0limited,\u00a0dichotomous\u00a0 understanding of adolescent sexual behaviour (i.e., Ldid they or didn\u2019t they?M), the present\u00a0study\u00a0seeks\u00a0to\u00a0investigate\u00a0motives\u00a0behind\u00a0social\u00adsexual\u00a0behaviours\u00a0as\u00a0potential\u00a0 indicators\u00a0of\u00a0sexual\u00a0health.\u00a0\u00a0 Accompanying\u00a0physical\u00a0and\u00a0behavioural\u00a0development\u00a0in\u00a0adolescence,\u00a0is\u00a0a\u00a0process\u00a0 of\u00a0self\u00addifferentiation\u00a0from\u00a0parents\u00a0(Paikoff\u00a0&\u00a0Brooks\u00adGunn,\u00a01991).\u00a0In\u00a0preparation\u00a0for\u00a0 adulthood,\u00a0adolescents\u00a0must\u00a0create\u00a0their\u00a0own\u00a0sense\u00a0of\u00a0cohesive\u00a0identity\u00a0autonomous\u00a0from\u00a0 their\u00a0caretakers.\u00a0Newly\u00a0developed\u00a0capacities\u00a0for\u00a0self\u00adanalysis\u00a0and\u00a0reflection\u00a0allow\u00a0for\u00a0 critical\u00a0psychological\u00a0processes\u00a0such\u00a0as\u00a0autonomy,\u00a0role\u00a0differentiation,\u00a0and\u00a0identity\u00a0 formation\u00a0(Harter,\u00a01991).\u00a0Socially,\u00a0adolescents\u00a0are\u00a0required\u00a0to\u00a0adapt\u00a0to\u00a0an\u00a0increasing\u00a0 diversity\u00a0(i.e.,\u00a0identity\u00a0differentiation)\u00a0of\u00a0roles\u00a0(Bowlby,\u00a01969\/1982)\u00a0while\u00a0combining\u00a0 these\u00a0roles\u00a0into\u00a0a\u00a0coherent\u00a0and\u00a0consistent\u00a0sense\u00a0of\u00a0self\u00a0(Harter,\u00a01990).\u00a0Developing\u00a0 capacities\u00a0to\u00a0differentiate\u00a0self\u00a0from\u00a0others\u00a0and\u00a0to\u00a0differentiate\u00a0Self\u00a0into\u00a0multiple\u00a0social\u00a0 roles\u00a0and\u00a0contexts\u00a0emerge\u00a0across\u00a0adolescence.\u00a0Associated\u00a0with\u00a0enhanced\u00a0capacities\u00a0for\u00a0 self\u00addifferentiation\u00a0and\u00a0self\u00adawareness,\u00a0adolescents\u00a0may\u00a0also\u00a0develop\u00a0enhanced\u00a0 awareness\u00a0and\u00a0understanding\u00a0of\u00a0their\u00a0own\u00a0motives\u00a0to\u00a0engage\u00a0in\u00a0sexual\u00a0behaviours.\u00a0If\u00a0so,\u00a0 12\u00a0 \u00a0 we\u00a0would\u00a0expect\u00a0older\u00a0adolescents\u00a0to\u00a0be\u00a0better\u00a0able\u00a0to\u00a0differentiate\u00a0between\u00a0the\u00a0subtleties\u00a0 of\u00a0their\u00a0own\u00a0motivations\u00a0for\u00a0sex.\u00a0\u00a0 :d)les2e-2e:\u00a0:-\u00a0@mp+r+2al\u00a0=rame>)r?\u00a0 As\u00a0might\u00a0be\u00a0expected\u00a0given\u00a0the\u00a0vast\u00a0historical\u00a0and\u00a0cultural\u00a0variations\u00a0of\u00a0 LadolescenceM (Hyde\u00a0et\u00a0al.,\u00a02004),\u00a0there\u00a0are\u00a0wide\u00a0variations\u00a0in\u00a0how\u00a0adolescence\u00a0has\u00a0been\u00a0 empirically\u00a0defined\u00a0within\u00a0the\u00a0literature.\u00a0Perhaps\u00a0due\u00a0to\u00a0the\u00a0accessibility\u00a0of\u00a0college\u00a0 populations, LadolescenceM is often broadly represented by older adolescent and young adult\u00a0populations\u00a0(Browning\u00a0et\u00a0al.,\u00a02000\u037e\u00a0Cooper\u00a0et\u00a0al.,\u00a01998).\u00a0Whereas\u00a0the\u00a0establishment\u00a0 of\u00a0independence\u00a0and\u00a0identity\u00a0characterizes\u00a0adolescence\u00a0(Harter,\u00a01991),\u00a0young\u00a0adulthood\u00a0 is\u00a0a\u00a0period\u00a0of\u00a0life\u00a0marked\u00a0by\u00a0cohabitation,\u00a0marriage,\u00a0and\u00a0procreation\u00a0combined\u00a0with\u00a0 increased\u00a0independence\u00a0from\u00a0parents.\u00a0It\u00a0is\u00a0therefore\u00a0unlikely\u00a0that\u00a0findings\u00a0from\u00a0young\u00a0 adult\u00a0populations\u00a0would\u00a0generalize\u00a0to\u00a0a\u00a0younger\u00a0adolescent\u00a0population.\u00a0Further,\u00a0given\u00a0the\u00a0 wide\u00a0variations\u00a0in\u00a0physical,\u00a0social,\u00a0and\u00a0psychological\u00a0development\u00a0across\u00a0adolescence,\u00a0a\u00a0 more\u00a0developmentally\u00a0specific\u00a0understanding\u00a0of\u00a0sex\u00a0motives\u00a0across\u00a0the\u00a0adolescent\u00a0years\u00a0 is\u00a0imperative.\u00a0On\u00a0average,\u00a0both\u00a0male\u00a0and\u00a0female\u00a0students\u00a0have\u00a0entered\u00a0the\u00a0final\u00a0stage\u00a0of\u00a0 puberty\u00a0by\u00a015\u00a0years\u00a0of\u00a0age\u00a0and\u00a0roughly\u00a0half\u00a0of\u00a0Canadian\u00a0youth\u00a0(males\u00a0and\u00a0female)\u00a0report\u00a0 having\u00a0had\u00a0sexual\u00a0intercourse\u00a0and\u00a0oral\u00a0sex\u00a0by\u00a0Grade\u00a011\u00a0(Health\u00a0Canada,\u00a02003).\u00a0As\u00a0such,\u00a0 the\u00a0current\u00a0study\u00a0seeks\u00a0to\u00a0understand\u00a0how\u00a0younger\u00a0adolescents\u00a0(Grades\u00a08\u00a0!\u00a010)\u00a0differ\u00a0 from\u00a0older\u00a0adolescents\u00a0(Grades\u00a011\u00a0!\u00a012)\u00a0in\u00a0their\u00a0approach\u00a0to\u00a0social\u00a0sexual\u00a0behaviours.\u00a0 Se#ual\u00a0()t+,es\u00a0+-\u00a0:d)les2e-2e: The\u00a0first\u00a0to\u00a0apply\u00a0a\u00a0variation\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0SMS\u00a02\u00a0to\u00a0a\u00a0 younger\u00a0adolescent\u00a0population,\u00a0Gebhardt,\u00a0Kuyper,\u00a0and\u00a0Greunsven\u00a0(2003)\u00a0examined\u00a0 sexual\u00a0motives\u00a0in\u00a0a\u00a0sample\u00a0of\u00a0Dutch\u00a015\u00adto\u00ad\u00a023\u00adyear\u00adolds.\u00a0Factor\u00a0analytic\u00a0results\u00a0for\u00a0their\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 2\u00a018\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0original\u00a029\u00a0items\u00a0were\u00a0used\u00a0for\u00a0data\u00a0reduction\u00a0purposes.\u00a0Only\u00a0the\u00a0three\u00a0highest\u00a0loading\u00a0items\u00a0for\u00a0 each\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0original\u00a0factors\u00a0were\u00a0maintained\u00a0in\u00a0the\u00a0scale.\u00a0 13\u00a0 \u00a0 sample\u00a0(n\u00a0=\u00a0470)\u00a0indicated\u00a0four\u00a0distinct\u00a0factors:\u00a0(a)\u00a0the\u00a0motive\u00a0to\u00a0experience\u00a0pleasure,\u00a0(b)\u00a0 the motive to express love, (c) the motive to enhance one\u2019s mood, and (d) the motive to please\u00a0others.\u00a0\u00a0 Although\u00a0the\u00a0Gebhardt\u00a0and\u00a0colleagues\u00a0(2003)\u00a0study\u00a0yielded\u00a0two\u00a0fewer\u00a0factors\u00a0 than Cooper and colleagues\u2019 (4VV8) study, their motives seem highly consistent with the four\u00adfactor\u00a0matrix\u00a0(i.e.,\u00a0Approach\u00adIndividual,\u00a0Approach\u00adSocial,\u00a0Avoidance\u00adIndividual,\u00a0 and\u00a0Avoidance\u00a0Social)\u00a0proposed\u00a0by\u00a0Cooper\u00a0and\u00a0colleagues.\u00a0Whereas\u00a0the\u00a0motive\u00a0to\u00a0 experience\u00a0pleasure\u00a0and\u00a0the\u00a0motive\u00a0to\u00a0express\u00a0love\u00a0are\u00a0consistent\u00a0with\u00a0the\u00a0enhancement\u00a0 and intimacy motives observed by Cooper and colleagues, the motive to Lplease othersM appears\u00a0to\u00a0combine\u00a0the\u00a0partner\u00a0and\u00a0peer\u00a0approval\u00a0motives, and the motive to Lenhance one\u2019s moodM appears to combine self\u00adaffirmation\u00a0and\u00a0coping\u00a0motives.\u00a0The\u00a0four\u00adfactor\u00a0 solution\u00a0regarding\u00a0sex\u00a0motives\u00a0was\u00a0subsequently\u00a0replicated\u00a0in\u00a0a\u00a0second\u00a0Dutch\u00a0sample\u00a0of\u00a0 16\u00adto\u00ad\u00a024\u00adyear\u00adolds\u00a0(Gebhardt\u00a0et\u00a0al.,\u00a02006).\u00a0There\u00a0are\u00a0many\u00a0possible\u00a0reasons\u00a0why\u00a0factor\u00a0 analysis in Gebhardt and colleagues\u2019 study yielded a less differentiated set of sex motives,\u00a0some\u00a0of\u00a0which\u00a0include\u00a0translation\u00a0issues\u00a0and\u00a0cultural\u00a0differences\u00a0between\u00a0Dutch\u00a0 and\u00a0American\u00a0adolescents.\u00a0It\u00a0is\u00a0possible,\u00a0however,\u00a0that\u00a0their\u00a0studies\u00a0yielded\u00a0a\u00a0less\u00a0 differentiated\u00a0factor\u00a0structure\u00a0because\u00a0their\u00a0sample(s)\u00a0included\u00a0both\u00a0young\u00a0adults\u00a0and\u00a0 older\u00a0adolescents\u00a0(similar\u00a0to\u00a0Cooper\u00a0et\u00a0al.)\u00a0as 6ell as\u00a0a\u00a0number\u00a0of\u00a0younger\u00a0subjects,\u00a0who\u00a0 may\u00a0not\u00a0have\u00a0differentiated\u00a0sex\u00a0motives\u00a0in\u00a0a\u00a0manner\u00a0similar\u00a0to\u00a0older\u00a0adolescents\u00a0or\u00a0 young\u00a0adults.\u00a0Variations\u00a0as\u00a0a\u00a0function\u00a0of\u00a0age\u00a0were\u00a0not\u00a0examined\u00a0in\u00a0the\u00a0Gebhardt\u00a0et\u00a0al.\u00a0 studies.\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 Only\u00a0two\u00a0studies\u00a0to\u00a0date,\u00a0both\u00a0unpublished\u00a0theses,\u00a0have\u00a0attempted\u00a0to\u00a0describe\u00a0sex\u00a0 motives\u00a0in\u00a0younger,\u00a0exclusively\u00a0early\u00admiddle\u00a0adolescent\u00a0samples\u00a0using\u00a0the\u00a0SMS.\u00a0Balter\u00a0 14\u00a0 \u00a0 (2005)\u00a0examined\u00a0sex\u00a0motives\u00a0in\u00a0244\u00a0Canadian\u00a0adolescents\u00a0(ages\u00a013\u00a0!\u00a018)\u00a0and\u00a0Sing\u00ad Barrett\u00a0(2005)\u00a0examined\u00a0sex\u00a0motives\u00a0in\u00a045\u00a0and\u00a055\u00a0American\u00a0adolescents\u00a0(ages\u00a014\u00a0!\u00a018),\u00a0 who\u00a0reported\u00a0prior\u00a0engagement\u00a0in\u00a0sexual\u00a0intercourse\u00a0(n\u00a0=\u00a045)\u00a0or\u00a0oral\u00a0sex\u00a0(n\u00a0=\u00a055).\u00a0In\u00a0the\u00a0 Balter\u00a0study3,\u00a0factor\u00a0analytic\u00a0results\u00a0indicated\u00a0five\u00a0distinct\u00a0factorial\u00a0dimensions\u00a0for\u00a0sex\u00a0 motives:\u00a0(a)\u00a0enhancement,\u00a0(b)\u00a0intimacy,\u00a0(c)\u00a0self\u00adaffirmation,\u00a0(d),\u00a0partner\u00a0approval,\u00a0and\u00a0(e)\u00a0 peer\u00a0approval.\u00a0Although\u00a0the\u00a0sample\u00a0was\u00a0too\u00a0small\u00a0to\u00a0complete\u00a0factor\u00a0analysis\u00a0in\u00a0the\u00a0Sing\u00ad Barrett\u00a0study,\u00a0intercorrelations\u00a0reported\u00a0for\u00a0sexual\u00a0motives\u00a0indicated\u00a0that\u00a0items\u00a0reflecting\u00a0 coping\u00a0motives\u00a0were\u00a0strongly\u00a0correlated\u00a0with\u00a0items\u00a0reflecting\u00a0self\u00a0affirmation\u00a0motives\u00a0for\u00a0 intercourse\u00a0(.81\u00a0to\u00a0.84)\u00a0and\u00a0oral\u00a0sex\u00a0(.88\u00a0to\u00a0.90)\u00a0as\u00a0well\u00a0as\u00a0items\u00a0reflecting\u00a0partner\u00a0 pressure\u00a0motives\u00a0for\u00a0intercourse\u00a0(.78\u00a0to\u00a0.82)\u00a0and\u00a0oral\u00a0sex\u00a0(.62\u00a0to\u00a0.78).\u00a0The\u00a0high\u00a0magnitude\u00a0 of\u00a0these\u00a0correlations\u00a0raises\u00a0questions\u00a0concerning\u00a0the\u00a0distinctiveness\u00a0of\u00a0these\u00a0various\u00a0 motives.\u00a0Items\u00a0reflecting\u00a0partner\u00a0approval\u00a0motives\u00a0were\u00a0moderately\u00a0correlated\u00a0with\u00a0peer\u00a0 approval\u00a0motives\u00a0(.42\u00a0\u00ad\u00a0.56)\u00a0for\u00a0sex.\u00a0Combined,\u00a0these\u00a0findings\u00a0may\u00a0suggest\u00a0that\u00a0younger\u00a0 individuals\u00a0differentiate\u00a0some\u00a0sex\u00a0motives\u00a0less\u00a0than\u00a0older\u00a0individuals.\u00a0\u00a0 The\u00a0present\u00a0study\u00a0examined,\u00a0more\u00a0directly,\u00a0the\u00a0hypothesis\u00a0that\u00a0younger\u00a0 adolescents\u00a0differentiate\u00a0between\u00a0avoidance\u00a0sex\u00a0motives\u00a0less\u00a0than\u00a0older\u00a0adolescents.\u00a0 Although\u00a0there\u00a0is\u00a0extensive\u00a0evidence\u00a0to\u00a0suggest\u00a0that\u00a0the\u00a0expression,\u00a0correlates,\u00a0and\u00a0 consequences\u00a0of\u00a0sexual\u00a0behaviour\u00a0are\u00a0largely\u00a0influenced\u00a0by\u00a0the\u00a0underlying\u00a0function\u00a0that\u00a0 the\u00a0behaviour\u00a0serves,\u00a0underscoring\u00a0the\u00a0importance\u00a0of\u00a0understanding\u00a0adolescent\u00a0sex\u00a0 motives\u00a0more\u00a0thoroughly,\u00a0the\u00a0majority\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0research\u00a0has\u00a0been\u00a0undertaken\u00a0with\u00a0an\u00a0older\u00a0 adolescent\u00a0(17\u00adto\u00ad18\u00adyears\u00adold)\u00a0and\u00a0young\u00a0adult\u00a0population\u00a0(e.g.,\u00a0Browning,\u00a0Hatfield,\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 3\u00a0In\u00a0this\u00a0study,\u00a0using\u00a0the\u00a0same\u00a0data\u00a0set\u00a0as\u00a0the\u00a0current\u00a0study,\u00a0only\u00a024\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0original\u00a029\u00a0items\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0SMS\u00a0 were\u00a0used.\u00a0Specifically,\u00a0the\u00a0four\u00a0items\u00a0thought\u00a0to\u00a0measure\u00a0coping\u00a0were\u00a0removed,\u00a0as\u00a0they\u00a0were\u00a0not\u00a0 thought\u00a0to\u00a0be\u00a0relevant\u00a0in\u00a0middle\u00a0and\u00a0early\u00a0adolescent\u00a0populations.\u00a0Another\u00a0item\u00a0was\u00a0removed\u00a0as\u00a0it\u00a0was\u00a0 reported\u00a0to\u00a0load\u00a0poorly\u00a0across\u00a0all\u00a0components.\u00a0 15\u00a0 \u00a0 Kessler,\u00a0&\u00a0Levine,\u00a02000\u037e\u00a0Cooper\u00a0et\u00a0al.,\u00a01998\u037e\u00a0Hill\u00a0&\u00a0Preston,\u00a01996\u037e\u00a0Levinson\u00a0et\u00a0al.,\u00a0 1995).\u00a0Literature\u00a0linking\u00a0sex\u00a0motives\u00a0to\u00a0specific\u00a0correlates\u00a0and\u00a0consequences\u00a0of\u00a0sexual\u00a0 behaviour\u00a0in\u00a0adolescence specifically\u00a0is\u00a0only\u00a0beginning\u00a0to\u00a0emerge.\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 8)rrelates\u00a0a-d\u00a02)-se9ue-2es\u00a0)6\u00a0se#\u00a0m)t+,es\u00a0+-\u00a0ad)les2e-2e.\u00a0Findings\u00a0from\u00a0the\u00a0 handful\u00a0of\u00a0studies\u00a0linking\u00a0sexual\u00a0motives and LrisTyM sexual behaviours in a younger adolescent\u00a0population\u00a0have\u00a0been\u00a0inconsistent.\u00a0Gebhardt\u00a0and\u00a0colleagues\u00a0(2003)\u00a0found\u00a0that\u00a0 adolescents\u00a0and\u00a0young\u00a0adults\u00a0(ages\u00a015\u00a0!\u00a023)\u00a0who\u00a0reported\u00a0intimacy\u00a0motives\u00a0were\u00a0less\u00a0 likely\u00a0to\u00a0participate\u00a0in\u00a0casual\u00a0sex\u00a0and\u00a0were\u00a0more\u00a0likely\u00a0to\u00a0consistently\u00a0use\u00a0condoms\u00a0with\u00a0 casual\u00a0sex\u00a0partners.\u00a0They\u00a0also\u00a0found\u00a0that,\u00a0amongst\u00a0adolescents\u00a0who\u00a0had\u00a0experience\u00a0with\u00a0 casual sex, engaging in sex to either Lenhance one\u2019s moodM or to Lplease othersM (avoidant\u00a0motives)\u00a0was\u00a0positively\u00a0related\u00a0to\u00a0the\u00a0number\u00a0of\u00a0reported\u00a0casual\u00a0sex\u00a0partners\u00a0(p\u00a0 ^ .94). Further, female adolescents who reported sex to Lplease othersM were less liTely to use\u00a0condoms\u00a0with\u00a0casual\u00a0sex\u00a0partners.\u00a0In\u00a0Singh\u00adBarrett\u2019s (<99>) unpublished dissertation, no\u00a0significant\u00a0linTs were found between sex motives and LrisTyM sexual behaviours (i.e., multiple\u00a0sex\u00a0partners,\u00a0lack\u00a0of\u00a0STD\u00a0protection,\u00a0and\u00a0influence\u00a0of\u00a0drugs\u00a0or\u00a0alcohol\u00a0during\u00a0 sexual\u00a0behaviour)\u00a0with\u00a0a\u00a0middle\u00a0adolescent\u00a0population\u00a0(ages\u00a014\u00a0!\u00a018).\u00a0The\u00a0Singh\u00adBarrett\u00a0 results\u00a0must\u00a0be\u00a0interpreted\u00a0with\u00a0caution\u00a0because\u00a0the\u00a0lack\u00a0of\u00a0significant\u00a0findings\u00a0may\u00a0be\u00a0 attributable\u00a0to\u00a0the\u00a0small\u00a0convenience\u00a0sample\u00a0(n\u00a0=\u00a055)\u00a0utilized\u00a0in\u00a0her\u00a0study.\u00a0\u00a0 The\u00a0literature\u00a0linking\u00a0sex\u00a0motives\u00a0to\u00a0specific\u00a0correlates\u00a0and\u00a0consequences\u00a0in\u00a0 adolescence\u00a0is\u00a0still\u00a0emerging.\u00a0Given\u00a0the\u00a0positive\u00a0implications\u00a0of\u00a0intimacy\u00a0and\u00a0the\u00a0adverse\u00a0 implications\u00a0of\u00a0avoidance\u00a0motives\u00a0demonstrated\u00a0in\u00a0later\u00a0life\u00a0however,\u00a0further\u00a0 investigation\u00a0into\u00a0the\u00a0motives\u00a0behind\u00a0sexual\u00a0behaviour\u00a0is\u00a0warranted\u00a0in\u00a0adolescence.\u00a0 Although\u00a0there\u00a0are\u00a0no\u00a0longitudinal\u00a0studies,\u00a0to\u00a0date,\u00a0that\u00a0have\u00a0investigated\u00a0the\u00a0 16\u00a0 \u00a0 developmental\u00a0trajectory\u00a0of\u00a0sex\u00a0motives\u00a0over\u00a0time,\u00a0it\u00a0is\u00a0possible\u00a0that\u00a0sex\u00a0motives\u00a0 developed\u00a0adolescence\u00a0may\u00a0continue\u00a0into\u00a0adulthood.\u00a0Investigating\u00a0grade\u00a0and\u00a0gender\u00a0 differences\u00a0may\u00a0help\u00a0create\u00a0a\u00a0better\u00a0understanding\u00a0of\u00a0sexual\u00a0motives\u00a0from\u00a0a\u00a0 developmental\u00a0perceptive\u00a0in\u00a0adolescence,\u00a0a\u00a0time\u00a0when\u00a0first\u00a0sexual\u00a0relationships\u00a0are\u00a0 forming.\u00a0 It\u00a0should\u00a0be\u00a0noted\u00a0that,\u00a0to\u00a0date,\u00a0the\u00a0majority\u00a0of\u00a0studies\u00a0looking\u00a0at\u00a0motivations\u00a0 behind sexual LbehaviourM in adolescence\u00a0have\u00a0exclusively\u00a0focused\u00a0on\u00a0sexual\u00a0intercourse\u00a0 (Browning\u00a0et\u00a0al.,\u00a02000\u037e\u00a0Cooper\u00a0et\u00a0al.,\u00a01998\u037e\u00a0Hill\u00a0&\u00a0Preston,\u00a01996\u037e\u00a0Horowitz,\u00a02000),\u00a0or\u00a0 sexual\u00a0intercourse\u00a0and\u00a0oral\u00a0sexual\u00a0behaviour\u00a0(Singh\u00adBarrett,\u00a02005),\u00a0neglecting\u00a0the\u00a0myriad\u00a0 of\u00a0other\u00a0sexual\u00a0activities\u00a0that\u00a0adolescents\u00a0engage\u00a0in\u00a0(Maticka\u00adTyndale,\u00a02001).\u00a0Given\u00a0the\u00a0 normative\u00a0progression\u00a0of\u00a0social\u00a0sexual\u00a0behaviours\u00a0in\u00a0adolescence\u00a0(King\u00a0et\u00a0al.,\u00a01988),\u00a0the\u00a0 current\u00a0investigation\u00a0examines\u00a0sex\u00a0motives\u00a0consistent\u00a0with\u00a0Balter\u00a0(2005),\u00a0broadening\u00a0the\u00a0 definition\u00a0for LsexM to include a wide variety of social sexual behaviours in adolescence.\u00a0 Ae-der\u00a0a-d\u00a0:5e\u00a0<+66ere-2es\u00a0+-\u00a0Bep)rted\u00a0Se#\u00a0()t+,es  To\u00a0date,\u00a0several\u00a0studies\u00a0appear\u00a0to\u00a0confirm\u00a0commonly\u00a0held\u00a0beliefs\u00a0that\u00a0men\u00a0and\u00a0 women\u00a0may\u00a0have\u00a0sex\u00a0for\u00a0different\u00a0reasons.\u00a0In\u00a0general,\u00a0research\u00a0has\u00a0suggested\u00a0that\u00a0men\u00a0 are\u00a0more\u00a0likely\u00a0to\u00a0report\u00a0physical,\u00a0pleasure\u00adbased\u00a0reasons\u00a0whereas\u00a0women\u00a0are\u00a0more\u00a0 likely\u00a0to\u00a0report\u00a0emotional,\u00a0interpersonal\u00adbased\u00a0reasons\u00a0for\u00a0sex\u00a0(e.g.,\u00a0Browning\u00a0et\u00a0al.,\u00a0 2000\u037e\u00a0Carroll\u00a0et\u00a0al.,\u00a01985\u037e\u00a0Hill\u00a0&\u00a0Preston,\u00a01996\u037e\u00a0Leigh,\u00a01989\u037e\u00a0Regan\u00a0&\u00a0Dreyer,\u00a01999).\u00a0 However,\u00a0in\u00a0a\u00a0recent\u00a0unpublished\u00a0dissertation,\u00a0Harowitz\u00a0(2000)\u00a0found\u00a0that\u00a0the\u00a0links\u00a0 observed\u00a0between\u00a0gender\u00a0and\u00a0sex\u00a0motives\u00a0(men\u00a0reporting\u00a0more\u00a0pleasure\u00a0motives\u00a0and\u00a0 women\u00a0reporting\u00a0more\u00a0love\u00adaffection\u00a0motives)\u00a0were\u00a0mediated\u00a0(explained)\u00a0by\u00a0the\u00a0 psychosocial\u00a0factors\u00a0of\u00a0sensation\u00a0seeking\u00a0(men)\u00a0and\u00a0communality\u00a0(women).\u00a0This\u00a0 17\u00a0 \u00a0 information\u00a0suggests\u00a0that\u00a0societal\u00a0norms,\u00a0rather\u00a0than\u00a0an\u00a0inherent\u00a0aspect\u00a0of\u00a0gender\u00a0may\u00a0 account\u00a0for\u00a0widely\u00a0held\u00a0beliefs\u00a0linking\u00a0gender\u00a0and\u00a0sex\u00a0motives.\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 Consistent with this notion, recent research has suggested that these LgenderedM differences\u00a0in\u00a0sex\u00a0motives\u00a0may\u00a0not\u00a0be\u00a0evident\u00a0at\u00a0all\u00a0ages.\u00a0Using\u00a0the\u00a0SMS\u00a0with\u00a0a\u00a0sample\u00a0 of\u00a0late\u00a0adolescents\u00a0and\u00a0young\u00a0adults,\u00a0Cooper\u00a0and\u00a0colleagues\u00a0(1998)\u00a0found\u00a0that\u00a0men,\u00a0as\u00a0 expected,\u00a0were\u00a0more\u00a0likely\u00a0to\u00a0endorse\u00a0pleasure\u00a0motives,\u00a0but\u00a0found\u00a0no\u00a0gender\u00a0differences\u00a0 in\u00a0reported\u00a0intimacy\u00a0motives\u00a0for\u00a0sex.\u00a0Consistent\u00a0with\u00a0this\u00a0finding,\u00a0no\u00a0gender\u00a0differences\u00a0 concerning\u00a0intimacy\u00a0motives\u00a0were\u00a0found\u00a0in\u00a0the\u00a0only\u00a0two\u00a0studies\u00a0(both\u00a0unpublished\u00a0 theses)\u00a0looking\u00a0at\u00a0sex\u00a0motive\u00a0differences\u00a0in\u00a0a\u00a0younger\u00a0adolescent\u00a0population.\u00a0 Specifically,\u00a0with\u00a0a\u00a0sample\u00a0of\u00a013\u00adto\u00ad18\u00adyear\u00a0olds,\u00a0Balter\u00a0(2005)\u00a0found\u00a0that,\u00a0although\u00a0male\u00a0 students\u00a0were\u00a0more\u00a0likely\u00a0to\u00a0endorse\u00a0enhancement,\u00a0peer\u00a0approval,\u00a0and\u00a0self\u00adaffirmation\u00a0 motives,\u00a0no\u00a0gender\u00a0differences\u00a0were\u00a0found\u00a0with\u00a0regard\u00a0to\u00a0intimacy\u00a0or\u00a0partner\u00a0approval\u00a0 motives.\u00a0In\u00a0a\u00a0sample\u00a0of\u00a014\u00adto\u00ad18\u00adyear\u00adolds,\u00a0Singh\u00adBarrett\u00a0(2005)\u00a0found\u00a0no\u00a0gender\u00a0 differences\u00a0in\u00a0motives\u00a0reported\u00a0for\u00a0either\u00a0intercourse\u00a0or\u00a0oral\u00a0sex,\u00a0with\u00a0the\u00a0exception\u00a0that\u00a0 male\u00a0youth\u00a0reported\u00a0pleasure\u00a0as\u00a0a\u00a0motive\u00a0for\u00a0oral\u00a0sex\u00a0more\u00a0often\u00a0than\u00a0female\u00a0youth.\u00a0 Taken\u00a0together,\u00a0these\u00a0findings\u00a0suggest\u00a0that\u00a0widely\u00a0held\u00a0beliefs\u00a0regarding\u00a0the\u00a0relationships\u00a0 between\u00a0gender\u00a0and\u00a0motives\u00a0for\u00a0sex\u00a0may\u00a0look\u00a0quite\u00a0different\u00a0in\u00a0younger\u00a0adolescent\u00a0 populations\u00a0owing,\u00a0perhaps,\u00a0to\u00a0differential\u00a0societal\u00a0norms\u00a0and\u00a0expectations\u00a0within\u00a0this\u00a0 population. With\u00a0regard\u00a0to\u00a0age\u00a0differences,\u00a0in\u00a0a\u00a0sample\u00a0of\u00a0older\u00a0adolescents\u00a0and\u00a0young\u00a0adults\u00a0 (ages\u00a017\u00a0!\u00a021),\u00a0Cooper\u00a0and\u00a0colleagues\u00a0(1998)\u00a0found\u00a0endorsement\u00a0of\u00a0intimacy\u00a0and\u00a0 enhancement\u00a0motives\u00a0(Approach)\u00a0to\u00a0be\u00a0positively\u00a0correlated\u00a0with\u00a0age\u00a0and\u00a0endorsement\u00a0 of\u00a0peer\u00a0and\u00a0partner\u00a0approval\u00a0motives\u00a0(Avoidance)\u00a0to\u00a0be\u00a0negatively\u00a0correlated\u00a0with\u00a0age.\u00a0 18\u00a0 \u00a0 Self\u00adaffirmation\u00a0motives\u00a0(Avoidance)\u00a0were\u00a0unrelated\u00a0to\u00a0age.\u00a0Despite\u00a0the\u00a0limited\u00a0age\u00a0 range\u00a0sampled,\u00a0these\u00a0findings\u00a0clearly\u00a0suggest\u00a0that\u00a0sex\u00a0motive\u00a0profiles\u00a0should\u00a0be\u00a0 interpreted\u00a0in\u00a0light\u00a0of\u00a0both\u00a0gender\u00a0and\u00a0age.\u00a0 Singh\u00adBarrett\u00a0(2005)\u00a0was\u00a0the\u00a0first\u00a0to\u00a0investigate\u00a0sex\u00a0motives\u00a0in\u00a0light\u00a0of\u00a0both\u00a0 gender\u00a0and\u00a0age\u00a0in\u00a0a\u00a0young\u00a0adolescent\u00a0(ages\u00a014\u00a0!\u00a018)\u00a0population\u00a0in\u00a0her\u00a0unpublished\u00a0 dissertation.\u00a0Although\u00a0no\u00a0gender\u00a0differences\u00a0were\u00a0found\u00a0in\u00a0motives\u00a0for\u00a0sexual\u00a0 intercourse,\u00a0she\u00a0found\u00a0that\u00a0male\u00a0adolescents\u00a0were\u00a0more\u00a0likely\u00a0to\u00a0endorse\u00a0pleasure\u00a0 motives\u00a0for oral sexual\u00a0behaviour.\u00a0Further,\u00a0she\u00a0found\u00a0that\u00a0older\u00a0adolescents\u00a0were\u00a0more\u00a0 likely\u00a0than\u00a0younger\u00a0adolescents\u00a0to\u00a0endorse\u00a0pleasure\u00a0motives\u00a0for\u00a0sexual\u00a0intercourse.\u00a0Given\u00a0 her\u00a0small\u00a0convenience\u00a0sample\u00a0(n\u00a0=\u00a055)\u00a0combined\u00a0with\u00a0highly\u00a0unequal\u00a0cells,\u00a0her\u00a0results\u00a0 are\u00a0suspect.\u00a0Further,\u00a0given\u00a0that\u00a0most\u00a0of\u00a0her\u00a0data\u00a0was\u00a0collected\u00a0in\u00a0public\u00a0libraries,\u00a0 replication\u00a0with\u00a0a\u00a0more\u00a0normative\u00a0sample\u00a0of\u00a0adolescents\u00a0may\u00a0be\u00a0warranted.\u00a0 Ceer\u00a0Belat+)-s0+ps\u00a0+-\u00a0:d)les2e-2e\u00a0 \u00a0 As\u00a0children\u00a0move\u00a0through\u00a0adolescence,\u00a0the\u00a0amount\u00a0of\u00a0time\u00a0spent\u00a0with\u00a0peers\u00a0 relative\u00a0to\u00a0the\u00a0amount\u00a0of\u00a0time\u00a0spent\u00a0with\u00a0family\u00a0increases\u00a0substantially\u00a0(Larson\u00a0&\u00a0 Richards,\u00a01991).\u00a0Indeed,\u00a0time\u00a0spent\u00a0with\u00a0family\u00a0members\u00a0has\u00a0been\u00a0found\u00a0to\u00a0decrease\u00a0by\u00a0 60%\u00a0from\u00a0the\u00a0fifth\u00a0to\u00a0the\u00a0twelfth\u00a0grade\u00a0(Larson,\u00a0Richards,\u00a0Moneta,\u00a0Holmbeck,\u00a0&\u00a0 Duckett,\u00a01996).\u00a0Peer\u00a0relationships\u00a0have\u00a0been\u00a0argued\u00a0to\u00a0serve\u00a0as\u00a0critical\u00a0sources\u00a0of\u00a0 intimacy,\u00a0attachment,\u00a0influence,\u00a0and\u00a0social\u00a0feedback\u00a0(see\u00a0Allen\u00a0&\u00a0Land,\u00a01999\u00a0for\u00a0\u00a0 review).\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 Within\u00a0the\u00a0peer\u00a0literature,\u00a0the\u00a0developmental\u00a0importance\u00a0of\u00a0peers\u00a0is\u00a0beginning\u00a0to\u00a0 receive\u00a0well\u00a0deserved\u00a0consideration\u00a0specific\u00a0to\u00a0emerging\u00a0romantic\u00a0relationships\u00a0(e.g.,\u00a0 Connolly\u00a0&\u00a0Goldberg,\u00a01999\u037e\u00a0Connolly\u00a0&\u00a0Johnson,\u00a01996\u037e\u00a0Furman,\u00a01999\u037e\u00a0Scharf\u00a0&\u00a0 19\u00a0 \u00a0 Mayseless,\u00a02001).\u00a0Unlike\u00a0parent\u00adchild\u00a0relationships,\u00a0peer\u00a0relationships\u00a0are\u00a0similar\u00a0to\u00a0 romantic\u00a0relationships\u00a0in\u00a0that\u00a0they\u00a0are\u00a0voluntary,\u00a0reciprocal,\u00a0and\u00a0affiliative\u00a0in\u00a0nature\u00a0 (Furman,\u00a01999).\u00a0Peer\u00a0relationships\u00a0are\u00a0therefore\u00a0thought\u00a0to\u00a0provide\u00a0children\u00a0and\u00a0 adolescents\u00a0with\u00a0developmentally\u00a0appropriate\u00a0opportunities\u00a0to\u00a0develop\u00a0reciprocity,\u00a0co\u00ad operation,\u00a0and\u00a0reciprocal\u00a0altruism\u00a0within\u00a0non\u00adhierarchical\u00a0relationships\u00a0(Furman,\u00a01999),\u00a0 each\u00a0of\u00a0which\u00a0are\u00a0important\u00a0social\u00a0competencies\u00a0for\u00a0romantic\u00a0relationships.\u00a0As\u00a0such,\u00a0peer\u00a0 relationships are often conceptualiRed both as a LprototypeM for romantic relationships as well\u00a0as\u00a0a\u00a0Lsecure baseM from which adolescents are able to explore these emerging relationships\u00a0(Connolly\u00a0&\u00a0Goldberg,\u00a01999\u037e\u00a0Furman,\u00a01999).\u00a0\u00a0 In\u00a0his\u00a0review\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0literature,\u00a0Furman\u00a0(1999)\u00a0found\u00a0perceived\u00a0support,\u00a0relational\u00a0 styles,\u00a0and\u00a0working\u00a0models\u00a0of\u00a0relationships\u00a0between\u00a0peer\u00a0and\u00a0romantic\u00a0relationships\u00a0to\u00a0 be\u00a0more\u00a0consistently\u00a0related\u00a0than\u00a0those\u00a0between\u00a0parents\u00a0and\u00a0romantic\u00a0partners.\u00a0Similarly,\u00a0 in\u00a0a\u00a0longitudinal\u00a0study\u00a0of\u00a0high\u00a0school\u00a0students,\u00a0Connolly,\u00a0Furman,\u00a0and\u00a0Konarski\u00a0(2000)\u00a0 found\u00a0ratings\u00a0of\u00a0support\u00a0in\u00a0best\u00a0friendships\u00a0to\u00a0be\u00a0predictive\u00a0of\u00a0ratings\u00a0of\u00a0support\u00a0in\u00a0 romantic\u00a0relationships\u00a0one\u00a0year\u00a0later.\u00a0Finally,\u00a0Shulman\u00a0and\u00a0Scharf\u00a0(2000)\u00a0found\u00a0affective\u00a0 intensity\u00a0within\u00a0romantic\u00a0relationships\u00a0to\u00a0be\u00a0related\u00a0to\u00a0concurrent\u00a0affective\u00a0intensity\u00a0with\u00a0 a\u00a0same\u00adgendered\u00a0friend\u00a0but\u00a0not\u00a0with\u00a0parental\u00a0relationships.\u00a0The\u00a0current\u00a0study\u00a0investigated\u00a0 the\u00a0possible\u00a0links\u00a0between\u00a0perceived\u00a0mattering\u00a0in\u00a0peer\u00a0relationships\u00a0and\u00a0motives\u00a0to\u00a0 engage\u00a0in\u00a0social\u00adsexual behaviour in LromanticM relationships.\u00a0 Ceer\u00a0(atter+-5  Marshall (<994, p. ;_;) defined perceived mattering as Lthe psychological tendency to evaluate the self as significant to specific other people `italics addeda.M Marshall\u00a0was\u00a0the\u00a0first\u00a0to\u00a0develop\u00a0an\u00a0empirically\u00a0validated\u00a0measure\u00a0of\u00a0perceived\u00a0mattering\u00a0 20\u00a0 \u00a0 to\u00a0significant\u00a0others\u00a0(i.e.,\u00a0mother,\u00a0father,\u00a0and\u00a0friends)\u00a0in\u00a0adolescence.\u00a0Mattering,\u00a0or\u00a0 perceived\u00a0significance\u00a0to\u00a0others,\u00a0is\u00a0one\u00a0aspect\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0social\u00a0component\u00a0of\u00a0self\u00adconcept\u00a0 that\u00a0is\u00a0thought\u00a0to\u00a0help\u00a0individuals\u00a0locate\u00a0themselves\u00a0socially.\u00a0Perception\u00a0that\u00a0one\u00a0 LmattersM is believed to foster a sense of relatedness, thereby reducing marginality within the\u00a0social\u00a0context\u00a0(Marshall,\u00a02001).\u00a0Although\u00a0a\u00a0sense\u00a0of\u00a0mattering\u00a0has\u00a0been\u00a0described\u00a0as\u00a0 important\u00a0for\u00a0psychosocial\u00a0well\u00a0being\u00a0across\u00a0the\u00a0lifespan\u00a0(e.g.,\u00a0Coopersmith,\u00a01967\u037e\u00a0 Rosenberg,\u00a01985\u037e\u00a0Rosenberg\u00a0&\u00a0McCullough,\u00a01981),\u00a0it\u00a0is\u00a0argued\u00a0to\u00a0be\u00a0of\u00a0critical\u00a0 importance\u00a0in\u00a0adolescence\u00a0(Marshall,\u00a02001\u037e\u00a0Rosenberg,\u00a01985),\u00a0a\u00a0time\u00a0of\u00a0profound\u00a0 cognitive,\u00a0emotional,\u00a0and\u00a0behavioural\u00a0transformation\u00a0(Allen\u00a0&\u00a0Land,\u00a01999)\u00a0as\u00a0well\u00a0as\u00a0the\u00a0 consolidation\u00a0of\u00a0identity\u00a0(Erickson,\u00a01968\u037e\u00a0Harter,\u00a01990).\u00a0Research\u00a0has\u00a0supported\u00a0the\u00a0 importance\u00a0of\u00a0mattering\u00a0in\u00a0adolescence,\u00a0demonstrating\u00a0that\u00a0adolescents\u00a0who\u00a0reported\u00a0 higher\u00a0mattering\u00a0to\u00a0parents\u00a0and\u00a0friends\u00a0were\u00a0more\u00a0likely\u00a0to\u00a0indicate\u00a0a\u00a0sense\u00a0of\u00a0belonging\u00a0 to\u00a0their\u00a0family\u00a0and\u00a0friends\u00a0(Marshall,\u00a02001).\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 As\u00a0part\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0social\u00a0self\u00adconcept,\u00a0perceived\u00a0mattering\u00a0is\u00a0thought\u00a0to\u00a0develop\u00a0 through\u00a0interpersonal\u00a0and\u00a0intrapersonal\u00a0processes\u00a0(Mak\u00a0&\u00a0Marshall,\u00a02004\u037e\u00a0Marshall,\u00a0 2001).\u00a0Specifically,\u00a0the\u00a0formation\u00a0and\u00a0maintenance\u00a0of\u00a0perceived\u00a0mattering\u00a0is\u00a0thought\u00a0to\u00a0 occur\u00a0through\u00a0attention\u00a0from\u00a0others\u00a0(interpersonal)\u00a0and\u00a0continuous\u00a0interpretations\u00a0 (intrapersonal)\u00a0of\u00a0attending\u00a0behaviours\u00a0from\u00a0others.\u00a0Regardless\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0objective\u00a0quality\u00a0 and\u00a0quantity\u00a0of\u00a0attention\u00a0received\u00a0from\u00a0significant\u00a0others,\u00a0perceptions\u00a0of\u00a0attending\u00a0 behaviours\u00a0are\u00a0thought\u00a0to\u00a0be\u00a0subjective,\u00a0influenced\u00a0by\u00a0both\u00a0individual\u00a0perceptive\u00a0and\u00a0 social\u00a0comparative\u00a0psychological\u00a0processes\u00a0(Mak\u00a0&\u00a0Marshall,\u00a02004\u037e\u00a0Marshall,\u00a02001).\u00a0An\u00a0 individual\u2019s subbective evaluations of attending behaviours\u00adto\u00adself\u00a0are\u00a0susceptible\u00a0to\u00a0 21\u00a0 \u00a0 distortion,\u00a0as\u00a0they\u00a0are\u00a0influenced\u00a0by\u00a0existing\u00a0self\u00adconceptions\u00a0which,\u00a0in\u00a0turn,\u00a0influence\u00a0 interpretations\u00a0of,\u00a0and\u00a0expectations\u00a0for\u00a0attending\u00a0behaviours\u00a0from\u00a0others.\u00a0\u00a0 Basing\u00a0their\u00a0theoretical\u00a0framework\u00a0on\u00a0the\u00a0extant\u00a0self\u00adverification\u00a0literature\u00a0and\u00a0on\u00a0 Rosenberg\u2019s (4VV9) worT on reflexivity, MaT and Marshall (<99;) argued that the development\u00a0of\u00a0perceived\u00a0mattering\u00a0is recursive.\u00a0People\u00a0tend\u00a0to\u00a0selectively\u00a0attend\u00a0to\u00a0and\u00a0 differentially\u00a0evaluate\u00a0attention\u00a0from\u00a0others\u00a0in\u00a0ways\u00a0that\u00a0reinforce their\u00a0established\u00a0self\u00ad conceptions\u00a0and\u00a0expectations\u00a0of\u00a0importance\u00a0to\u00a0the\u00a0other.\u00a0It\u00a0may\u00a0follow\u00a0that\u00a0self\u00ad conceptions\u00a0established\u00a0in\u00a0early\u00a0peer\u00a0relationships,\u00a0during\u00a0the\u00a0critical\u00a0time\u00a0of\u00a0identity\u00a0 formation\u00a0(Erickson,\u00a01968)\u00a0in\u00a0adolescence,\u00a0are\u00a0developmentally\u00a0important\u00a0as\u00a0they\u00a0may\u00a0 serve\u00a0to\u00a0influence\u00a0subjective\u00a0perceptions\u00a0and\u00a0the\u00a0development\u00a0of\u00a0perceived\u00a0mattering\u00a0in\u00a0 future\u00a0romantic\u00a0relationships.\u00a0\u00a0 At\u00a0the\u00a0same\u00a0time,\u00a0subjective\u00a0perceptions\u00a0are\u00a0thought\u00a0to\u00a0be\u00a0influenced\u00a0by\u00a0social\u00a0 comparisons.\u00a0Mak\u00a0and\u00a0Marshall\u00a0(2004)\u00a0suggest\u00a0that\u00a0social\u00a0comparisons\u00a0are\u00a0used\u00a0to\u00a0 establish a LbaselineM of personal\u00a0and\u00a0societal\u00a0expectations\u00a0of\u00a0relationship\u00a0that\u00a0serve\u00a0to\u00a0 influence\u00a0the\u00a0development\u00a0of\u00a0perceived\u00a0mattering.\u00a0Perceptions\u00a0of\u00a0attending\u00a0behaviours\u00a0 from a specific other (i.e., the giver) will depend on comparisons between the giver\u2019s attending\u00a0behaviours\u00a0and\u00a0(a)\u00a0attending\u00a0behaviours\u00a0the\u00a0individual\u00a0has\u00a0received\u00a0from\u00a0the\u00a0 giver or others in past or present relationships, (b) an individual\u2019s perception of the quality\u00a0and\u00a0quantity\u00a0of\u00a0attending\u00a0behaviours\u00a0the\u00a0giver\u00a0targets\u00a0at\u00a0others,\u00a0and\u00a0(c)\u00a0 perceptions\u00a0of\u00a0societal\u00a0norms\u00a0of\u00a0relationships.\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 In Marshall\u2019s (<994) model, then, a sense of peer mattering will largely depend on subjective\u00a0(intrapersonal)\u00a0evaluations\u00a0of\u00a0attending\u00a0behaviour\u00a0from\u00a0others.\u00a0Regardless\u00a0of\u00a0 the\u00a0influences\u00a0of\u00a0subjective\u00a0perceptions,\u00a0it\u00a0is\u00a0likely\u00a0that\u00a0those\u00a0who\u00a0perceive\u00a0themselves\u00a0as\u00a0 22\u00a0 \u00a0 mattering\u00a0less\u00a0will\u00a0seek\u00a0more\u00a0attention\u00a0from\u00a0others\u00a0(interpersonal\u00a0process)\u00a0in\u00a0an\u00a0effort\u00a0to\u00a0 boost\u00a0their\u00a0perceived\u00a0sense\u00a0of\u00a0mattering.\u00a0It\u00a0was\u00a0hypothesized\u00a0that\u00a0adolescents\u00a0who\u00a0 perceive\u00a0themselves\u00a0as\u00a0mattering\u00a0less\u00a0to\u00a0friends\u00a0will\u00a0be\u00a0more\u00a0likely\u00a0to\u00a0engage\u00a0in\u00a0social\u00a0 sexual\u00a0behaviours\u00a0for\u00a0attention\u00adseeking\u00a0purposes\u00a0(i.e.,\u00a0peer\u00a0approval,\u00a0partner\u00a0approval).\u00a0 No\u00a0studies,\u00a0to\u00a0date,\u00a0have\u00a0looked\u00a0at\u00a0the\u00a0relationship\u00a0between\u00a0mattering\u00a0to\u00a0peers\u00a0and\u00a0 motives\u00a0to\u00a0engage\u00a0in\u00a0sexual\u00a0behaviours\u00a0in\u00a0adolescence.\u00a0As\u00a0such,\u00a0the\u00a0current\u00a0study\u00a0 extends\u00a0the\u00a0literature\u00a0by\u00a0investigating\u00a0the\u00a0relationship\u00a0between\u00a0perceptions\u00a0of\u00a0peer\u00a0 mattering\u00a0and\u00a0peer\u00a0and\u00a0partner\u00a0approval\u00a0motives.\u00a0 23\u00a0 \u00a0 );+(<%+#+\/$(=$47>( Recognizing\u00a0that\u00a0behavioural\u00a0patterns\u00a0established\u00a0in\u00a0early\u00a0romantic\u00a0relationships\u00a0 may\u00a0have\u00a0lifelong\u00a0implications,\u00a0there\u00a0has\u00a0been\u00a0an\u00a0increased\u00a0urgency\u00a0in\u00a0sexual\u00a0research\u00a0to\u00a0\u00a0 L-go beyond an exploration of the Tnowledge, attitudes, and behaviour of youth, to\u00a0an\u00a0 exploration\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0contexts\u00a0under\u00a0which\u00a0they\u00a0engage\u00a0in\u00a0sexual\u00a0activities\u00a0and\u00a0the\u00a0belief\u00a0 systems\u00a0that\u00a0inform\u00a0both\u00a0positive\u00a0and\u00a0negative\u00a0actionsM (Boyce\u00a0et\u00a0al.,\u00a02003,\u00a0p.\u00a03).\u00a0 Researchers\u00a0have\u00a0begun\u00a0to\u00a0move\u00a0beyond\u00a0overt\u00a0sex\u00a0behaviours\u00a0(e.g.,\u00a0age\u00a0of\u00a0coitus,\u00a0 condom\u00a0use,\u00a0number\u00a0of\u00a0partners)\u00a0to\u00a0focus\u00a0on\u00a0the\u00a0reasons or\u00a0motives behind\u00a0sexual\u00a0 behaviour\u00a0(e.g.,\u00a0Cooper\u00a0et\u00a0al.,\u00a02006\u037e\u00a0Cooper\u00a0et\u00a0al.,\u00a01998\u037e\u00a0Davis\u00a0et\u00a0al.,\u00a02004\u037e\u00a0Gebhardt\u00a0et\u00a0 al.,\u00a02006\u037e\u00a0Gebhardt\u00a0et\u00a0al.,\u00a02003\u037e\u00a0Impett\u00a0&\u00a0Peplau,\u00a02003\u037e\u00a0Impett\u00a0et\u00a0al.,\u00a02005\u037e\u00a0Tracy,\u00a0 Shaver,\u00a0Albino,\u00a0&\u00a0Cooper,\u00a02003).\u00a0Rooted\u00a0in\u00a0a\u00a0functionalist\u00a0perspective\u00a0of\u00a0behaviour,\u00a0this\u00a0 line\u00a0of\u00a0research\u00a0has\u00a0suggested\u00a0that\u00a0the\u00a0antecedents,\u00a0correlates,\u00a0and\u00a0consequences\u00a0of\u00a0 sexual\u00a0behaviour\u00a0are\u00a0influenced\u00a0by\u00a0the\u00a0underlying\u00a0functions\u00a0or\u00a0motives\u00a0that\u00a0the\u00a0behaviour\u00a0 serves,\u00a0particularly\u00a0whether\u00a0these\u00a0behaviours\u00a0service\u00a0approach\u00a0or\u00a0avoidance\u00a0motivations.\u00a0\u00a0 Research\u00a0has\u00a0demonstrated\u00a0that\u00a0approach\u00a0motives\u00adfor\u00adsex\u00a0are\u00a0related\u00a0to\u00a0relationship\u00a0 satisfaction\u00a0and\u00a0longevity\u00a0(Impett\u00a0&\u00a0Peplau,\u00a02002\u037e\u00a0Impett\u00a0et\u00a0al.,\u00a02005),\u00a0and\u00a0it\u00a0seems\u00a0that\u00a0 it is intimacy, in particular, that may LbufferM the detrimental effects of having sex\u00a0for\u00a0 physical\u00a0pleasure\u00a0motives\u00a0alone\u00a0(see\u00a0Cooper\u00a0et\u00a0al.,\u00a02006\u00a0for\u00a0review).\u00a0In\u00a0contrast,\u00a0research\u00a0 has\u00a0demonstrated\u00a0that\u00a0avoidance\u00a0motives\u00adfor\u00adsex\u00a0are\u00a0consistently\u00a0associated\u00a0with\u00a0an\u00a0 increase\u00a0in\u00a0risky\u00a0sexual\u00a0behaviour\u00a0in\u00a0late\u00a0adolescence\u00a0and\u00a0adulthood\u00a0as\u00a0well\u00a0as\u00a0a\u00a0decrease\u00a0 in\u00a0relationship\u00a0satisfaction\u00a0in\u00a0adulthood\u00a0(see\u00a0Cooper\u00a0et\u00a0al.,\u00a02006\u00a0for\u00a0review).\u00a0Relative\u00a0to\u00a0 approach\u00a0motives,\u00a0avoidance\u00a0motives,\u00a0with\u00a0their\u00a0roots\u00a0in\u00a0BIS,\u00a0are\u00a0thought\u00a0to\u00a0be\u00a0more\u00a0 24\u00a0 \u00a0 motivating\u00a0(Cooper\u00a0et\u00a0al.,\u00a02006\u037e\u00a0Gray,\u00a01970,\u00a01987)\u00a0and\u00a0are\u00a0more\u00a0strongly\u00a0associated\u00a0 (albeit\u00a0negatively)\u00a0with\u00a0relationship\u00a0well\u00a0being\u00a0over\u00a0time\u00a0(Impett\u00a0et\u00a0al.,\u00a02005).\u00a0\u00a0 Although\u00a0variations\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0Sexual\u00a0Motives\u00a0Scale\u00a0(SMS)\u00a0have\u00a0been\u00a0used\u00a0 extensively\u00a0to\u00a0study\u00a0sex\u00a0motives\u00a0in\u00a0older\u00a0adolescent\u00a0and\u00a0adult\u00a0populations\u00a0(e.g.,\u00a0Cooper\u00a0 et\u00a0al.,\u00a02006\u037e\u00a0Cooper\u00a0et\u00a0al.,\u00a01998\u037e\u00a0Impett\u00a0et\u00a0al.,\u00a02005\u037e\u00a0Schachner\u00a0&\u00a0Shaver,\u00a02004),\u00a0it\u00a0is\u00a0not\u00a0 yet\u00a0clear\u00a0whether\u00a0early\u00a0adolescents\u00a0endorse\u00a0the\u00a0same\u00a0sex\u00a0motives.\u00a0Gebhardt\u00a0and\u00a0 colleagues\u00a0(2003)\u00a0were\u00a0the\u00a0first\u00a0to\u00a0apply\u00a0a\u00a0variation\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0SMS\u00a0to\u00a0a\u00a0population\u00a0(ages\u00a015\u00a0 !\u00a023)\u00a0which\u00a0included\u00a0middle\u00a0adolescence.\u00a0Factor\u00a0analytic\u00a0results\u00a0from\u00a0their\u00a0study\u00a0and\u00a0 subsequent\u00a0replication\u00a0(Gebhardt\u00a0et\u00a0al.,\u00a02006)\u00a0with\u00a016!to\u00ad24\u00adyear\u00adolds\u00a0indicated\u00a0four\u00a0 distinct\u00a0factors:\u00a0(a)\u00a0the\u00a0motive\u00a0to\u00a0experience\u00a0pleasure,\u00a0(b)\u00a0the\u00a0motive\u00a0to\u00a0express\u00a0love,\u00a0(c)\u00a0 the motive to enhance one\u2019s mood, and (d) the motive to please others. Interestingly, these\u00a0motives\u00a0seem\u00a0highly\u00a0consistent\u00a0with\u00a0the\u00a0four\u00adfactor\u00a0matrix\u00a0(i.e.,\u00a0Approach\u00ad Individual,\u00a0Approach\u00adSocial,\u00a0Avoidance\u00adIndividual,\u00a0and\u00a0Avoidance\u00a0Social)\u00a0developed\u00a0by\u00a0 Cooper\u00a0et\u00a0al.\u00a0(1998)\u00a0and\u00a0may\u00a0suggest\u00a0that,\u00a0although\u00a0younger\u00a0adolescents\u00a0endorse\u00a0sex\u00a0 motives\u00a0in\u00a0a\u00a0manner\u00a0similar\u00a0to\u00a0older\u00a0adolescents\u00a0or\u00a0young\u00a0adults,\u00a0they\u00a0may\u00a0differentiate\u00a0 between\u00a0avoidance\u00a0motives\u00a0(i.e.,\u00a0partner\u00a0vs.\u00a0peer\u00a0approval)\u00a0less\u00a0than\u00a0older\u00a0 adolescence\/young\u00a0adults.\u00a0\u00a0 Only\u00a0two\u00a0studies\u00a0to\u00a0date,\u00a0both\u00a0unpublished\u00a0theses,\u00a0have\u00a0attempted\u00a0to\u00a0describe\u00a0sex\u00a0 motives\u00a0in\u00a0younger,\u00a0exclusively\u00a0early\u00admiddle\u00a0adolescent\u00a0samples\u00a0using\u00a0the\u00a0SMS.\u00a0In\u00a0a\u00a0 population\u00a0of\u00a0adolescence\u00a0ages\u00a013\u00a0!\u00a018,\u00a0Balter\u00a0(2005)\u00a0found\u00a0five\u00a0distinct\u00a0factorial\u00a0 dimensions\u00a0for\u00a0sex\u00a0motives:\u00a0(a)\u00a0enhancement,\u00a0(b)\u00a0intimacy,\u00a0(c)\u00a0self\u00adaffirmation,\u00a0(d),\u00a0 partner\u00a0approval,\u00a0and\u00a0(e)\u00a0peer\u00a0approval.\u00a0Given\u00a0that\u00a0she\u00a0did\u00a0not\u00a0administer\u00a0the\u00a0SMS\u00a0items\u00a0 measuring\u00a0coping,\u00a0this\u00a0factor\u00a0structure\u00a0is\u00a0consistent\u00a0with\u00a0Cooper\u00a0and\u00a0colleagues\u00a0(1998)\u00a0 25\u00a0 \u00a0 original\u00a0study.\u00a0Singh\u00adBarrett\u00a0(2005),\u00a0in\u00a0a\u00a0small\u00a0sample\u00a0of\u00a0adolescents\u00a0aged\u00a014\u00a0!\u00a018,\u00a0 found\u00a0sex\u00a0motives,\u00a0in\u00a0particular\u00a0avoidance\u00a0motives\u00a0for\u00a0sex,\u00a0to\u00a0be\u00a0significantly\u00a0correlated.\u00a0 These\u00a0results\u00a0may\u00a0suggest\u00a0that\u00a0avoidance\u00a0motives\u00a0are\u00a0less\u00a0differentiated\u00a0within\u00a0a\u00a0middle\u00a0 adolescent\u00a0population.\u00a0The\u00a0present\u00a0study\u00a0examined\u00a0whether\u00a0a\u00a0younger\u00a0adolescent\u00a0 population\u00a0differentiates\u00a0between\u00a0avoidance\u00a0sex\u00a0motives\u00a0less\u00a0than\u00a0an\u00a0older\u00a0adolescent\u00a0\u00ad\u00a0 young\u00a0adult\u00a0population.\u00a0 Sexual\u00a0motives\u00a0may\u00a0also\u00a0vary\u00a0as\u00a0a\u00a0function\u00a0of\u00a0gender.\u00a0In\u00a0general,\u00a0research\u00a0to\u00a0date\u00a0 has\u00a0shown\u00a0that\u00a0men\u00a0are\u00a0more\u00a0likely\u00a0to\u00a0report\u00a0physical,\u00a0pleasure\u00adbased\u00a0reasons\u00a0whereas\u00a0 women\u00a0are\u00a0more\u00a0likely\u00a0to\u00a0report\u00a0emotional,\u00a0interpersonal\u00adbased\u00a0reasons\u00a0for\u00a0sex\u00a0(e.g.,\u00a0 Browning\u00a0et\u00a0al.,\u00a02000\u037e\u00a0Carroll\u00a0et\u00a0al.,\u00a01985\u037e\u00a0Hill\u00a0&\u00a0Preston,\u00a01996\u037e\u00a0Leigh,\u00a01989\u037e\u00a0Regan\u00a0&\u00a0 Dreyer,\u00a01999).\u00a0More\u00a0recently,\u00a0Harowitz\u00a0(2000)\u00a0suggested\u00a0that\u00a0psychosocial\u00a0factors\u00a0may\u00a0 help\u00a0explain\u00a0the\u00a0relationship\u00a0between\u00a0gender\u00a0and\u00a0sex\u00a0motives.\u00a0The\u00a0only\u00a0two\u00a0studies\u00a0that\u00a0 have\u00a0looked\u00a0at\u00a0gender\u00a0differences\u00a0in\u00a0an\u00a0exclusively\u00a0young\u00admiddle\u00a0adolescent\u00a0population\u00a0 have\u00a0not\u00a0found\u00a0the\u00a0expected\u00a0gender\u00a0differences\u00a0in\u00a0intimacy\u00a0(Balter,\u00a02005\u037e\u00a0Singh\u00adBarrett,\u00a0 2005).\u00a0Although\u00a0the\u00a0findings\u00a0of\u00a0her\u00a0unpublished\u00a0dissertation\u00a0are\u00a0questionable,\u00a0Singh\u00ad Barrett\u00a0found\u00a0that\u00a0older\u00a0adolescents\u00a0reported\u00a0more\u00a0pleasure\u00a0motives\u00a0than\u00a0younger\u00a0 adolescents.\u00a0The\u00a0present\u00a0study\u00a0examined\u00a0variations\u00a0in\u00a0sexual\u00a0motives\u00a0as\u00a0a\u00a0function\u00a0of\u00a0 both\u00a0sex\u00a0and\u00a0age.\u00a0 ( Finally,\u00a0the\u00a0current\u00a0study\u00a0investigated\u00a0the\u00a0relationship\u00a0between\u00a0perceptions\u00a0of\u00a0 mattering\u00a0in\u00a0peer\u00a0relationships\u00a0and\u00a0motives\u00a0for\u00a0engaging\u00a0in\u00a0social\u00a0sexual\u00a0behaviours\u00a0in\u00a0 adolescence.\u00a0Peer\u00a0mattering\u00a0is\u00a0thought\u00a0to\u00a0be\u00a0influenced\u00a0by\u00a0subjective\u00a0evaluations\u00a0of\u00a0 attending\u00a0behaviour\u00a0received\u00a0from\u00a0others\u00a0(Mak\u00a0&\u00a0Marshall,\u00a02004).\u00a0It\u00a0was\u00a0hypothesized\u00a0 that\u00a0adolescents\u00a0who\u00a0perceive\u00a0themselves\u00a0as\u00a0mattering\u00a0little\u00a0to\u00a0friends\u00a0would\u00a0be\u00a0more\u00a0 26\u00a0 \u00a0 likely\u00a0to\u00a0report\u00a0engaging\u00a0in\u00a0sexual\u00a0behaviour\u00a0for\u00a0attention\u00adseeking\u00a0purposes\u00a0(i.e.,\u00a0peer\u00a0 and\u00a0partner\u00a0approval).\u00a0 \u00a0 To\u00a0summarize,\u00a0the\u00a0purpose\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0current\u00a0study\u00a0was\u00a0threefold:\u00a0(1)\u00a0to\u00a0determine\u00a0 whether\u00a0sex\u00a0motives\u00a0in\u00a0a\u00a0young\u00admiddle\u00a0adolescent\u00a0population,\u00a0considering\u00a0a\u00a0broad\u00a0range\u00a0 of\u00a0social\u00adsexual\u00a0behaviours\u00a0(i.e.,\u00a0not\u00a0just\u00a0sexual\u00a0intercourse),\u00a0are\u00a0similar\u00a0to\u00a0those\u00a0reported\u00a0 by\u00a0older\u00a0adolescents\u00a0and\u00a0young\u00a0adults,\u00a0(2)\u00a0to\u00a0investigate\u00a0age\u00a0and\u00a0gender\u00a0differences\u00a0in\u00a0 motives\u00a0for\u00a0social\u00a0sexual\u00a0behavior\u00a0in\u00a0this\u00a0population,\u00a0and\u00a0(3)\u00a0to\u00a0investigate\u00a0the\u00a0 association\u00a0between\u00a0perceived\u00a0mattering\u00a0to\u00a0peers\u00a0and\u00a0motives\u00a0for\u00a0social\u00a0sexual\u00a0 behaviour.\u00a0Towards\u00a0this\u00a0end,\u00a0the\u00a0following\u00a0hypotheses\u00a0were\u00a0proposed\u00a0based\u00a0on\u00a0the\u00a0 existing\u00a0literature.\u00a0 ( ?@A(!*$;,43;(1$(6&#(;>B,$;+#1C+7($;&$(&(>,4\/3D8177*+(&7,*+#'+\/$(B,B4*&$1,\/( 6,4*7(+\/7,%#+(#+E(8,$1F+#(1\/(&(8&\/\/+%(#181*&%($,(,*7+%(&7,*+#'+\/$#(&\/7(>,4\/3( &74*$#G(1$(6&#(&*#,(;>B,$;+#1C+7($;&$($;1#(B,B4*&$1,\/(6,4*7(71--+%+\/$1&$+(*+##($;&\/(&\/( ,*7+%(&7,*+#'+\/$D>,4\/3(&74*$(B,B4*&$1,\/(\"+$6++\/(&F,17&\/'+(8,$1F+#(-,%(#+E:(This\u00a0 hypothesis\u00a0emerges\u00a0from\u00a0previous\u00a0studies\u00a0that\u00a0have\u00a0utilized\u00a0Cooper\u00a0and\u00a0colleagues\u00a0 (1998)\u00a0Sex\u00a0Motives\u00a0Scale\u00a0(SMS)\u00a0with\u00a0a\u00a0younger\u00a0adolescent\u00a0population.\u00a0Whereas\u00a0 Gebhardt\u00a0and\u00a0colleagues\u00a0(2003,\u00a02006)\u00a0found\u00a0only\u00a0four\u00a0distinct\u00a0factors\u00a0(experience\u00a0 pleasure, express love, enhance one\u2019s mood, please others) which mapped directly on Cooper\u00a0and\u00a0colleagues\u00a0(1998)\u00a0four\u00adfactor\u00a0model\u00a0(Approach\/Avoidance,\u00a0 Individual\/Social),\u00a0Balter\u00a0(2005),\u00a0in\u00a0her\u00a0study\u00a0of\u00a013\u00adto\u00ad18\u00adyear\u00adolds,\u00a0found\u00a0the\u00a0same\u00a0 factor\u00a0structure\u00a0as\u00a0Cooper\u00a0and\u00a0colleagues\u00a0(enhancement,\u00a0intimacy,\u00a0self\u00a0affirmation,\u00a0 partner\u00a0approval,\u00a0and\u00a0peer\u00a0approval),\u00a0although\u00a0she\u00a0did\u00a0not\u00a0administer\u00a0the\u00a0coping\u00a0factor\u00a0 items\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0SMS.\u00a0In\u00a0her\u00a0study\u00a0of\u00a055\u00a0students,\u00a0Singh\u00adBarrett\u00a0found\u00a0that\u00a0avoidance\u00a0 27\u00a0 \u00a0 motives\u00a0were\u00a0highly\u00a0correlated\u00a0within\u00a0her\u00a0middle\u00a0adolescent\u00a0population.\u00a0These\u00a0findings\u00a0 suggest\u00a0that\u00a0a\u00a0population\u00a0of\u00a0younger\u00a0adolescents\u00a0may\u00a0differentiate\u00a0avoidance\u00a0motives\u00a0 less\u00a0than\u00a0older\u00a0adolescents\u00a0and\u00a0young\u00a0adults.\u00a0This\u00a0hypothesis\u00a0is\u00a0consistent\u00a0with\u00a0the\u00a0 developing\u00a0capacity\u00a0for\u00a0both\u00a0self\u00adawareness\u00a0and\u00a0self\u00addifferentiation\u00a0characteristics\u00a0of\u00a0 adolescent\u00a0psychological\u00a0development\u00a0(Harter,\u00a01991).\u00a0 ?HA(9$(6&#(;>B,$;+#1C+7($;&$(\/,(3+\/7+%(71--+%+\/'+#(6,4*7(\"+(-,4\/7(',\/'+%\/1\/3( 1\/$18&'>(,%(+\/;&\/'+8+\/$(8,$1F+#(-,%(#+E(1\/(&(>,4\/3D$,D8177*+(&7,*+#'+\/$( B,B4*&$1,\/:(9$(6&#(+EB+'$+7($;&$(&BB%,&';(8,$1F+#(6,4*7(\"+(B,#1$1F+*>(&##,'1&$+7( 61$;(3%&7+(6;+%+&#(&F,17&\/'+(8,$1F+#(6,4*7(\/,$(\"+(&##,'1&$+7(61$;(3%&7+:(I,( ;>B,$;+#1#(61$;(%+3&%7($,(B,##1\"*+(&3+(\">(3+\/7+%(1\/$+%&'$1,\/#(6&#\u00a0B%,B,#+7G(&#($;1#( 6&#(B%18&%1*>(+EB*,%&$,%>:\u00a0No\u00a0gender\u00a0differences\u00a0have\u00a0been\u00a0found\u00a0with\u00a0regard\u00a0to\u00a0 intimacy\u00a0motives\u00a0in\u00a0the\u00a0two\u00a0studies\u00a0involving\u00a0a\u00a0younger\u00a0adolescent\u00a0population.\u00a0Balter\u00a0 (2005)\u00a0found\u00a0that\u00a0male\u00a0youth\u00a0endorsed\u00a0pleasure\u00a0motives\u00a0for\u00a0a\u00a0wide\u00a0range\u00a0of\u00a0social\u00a0sexual\u00a0 behaviour\u00a0more\u00a0frequently\u00a0than\u00a0females,\u00a0and\u00a0Singh\u00adBarret\u00a0(2005)\u00a0found\u00a0male\u00a0youth\u00a0to\u00a0 endorse\u00a0pleasure\u00a0motives\u00a0more\u00a0frequently\u00a0for\u00a0oral\u00a0sex\u00a0in\u00a0particular.\u00a0Consistent\u00a0with\u00a0 Cooper\u00a0and\u00a0colleagues\u00a0(1998)\u00a0original\u00a0study,\u00a0Singh\u00adBarrett\u00a0also\u00a0found\u00a0pleasure\u00a0motives\u00a0 to\u00a0be\u00a0positively\u00a0associated\u00a0with\u00a0age.\u00a0The\u00a0only\u00a0study\u00a0to\u00a0date\u00a0which\u00a0has\u00a0explored\u00a0sex\u00a0 motive\u00a0differences\u00a0as\u00a0a\u00a0function\u00a0of\u00a0both\u00a0gender\u00a0and\u00a0age\u00a0(Singh\u00adBarret,\u00a02005)\u00a0is\u00a0an\u00a0 unpublished\u00a0dissertation\u00a0based\u00a0on\u00a0a\u00a0small,\u00a0select\u00a0sample.\u00a0The\u00a0current\u00a0investigation\u00a0of\u00a0age\u00a0 by\u00a0gender\u00a0interactions\u00a0is\u00a0exploratory.\u00a0\u00a0 ( ?JA(9$(6&#(;>B,$;+#1C+7($;&$(B+%'+B$1,\/#(,-(B++%(8&$$+%1\/3(6,4*7(\"+( \/+3&$1F+*>(',%%+*&$+7(61$;(B++%(&\/7(B&%$\/+%(&BB%,F&*(8,$1F+#(-,%(#+E(1\/(+&%*>D 8177*+(&7,*+#'+\/'+:\u00a0A\u00a0sense\u00a0of\u00a0mattering\u00a0is\u00a0thought\u00a0to\u00a0foster\u00a0a\u00a0sense\u00a0of\u00a0relatedness,\u00a0 28\u00a0 \u00a0 reducing\u00a0marginality\u00a0within\u00a0the\u00a0social\u00a0context\u00a0(Marshall,\u00a02001).\u00a0Research\u00a0has\u00a0supported\u00a0 the\u00a0importance\u00a0of\u00a0mattering\u00a0in\u00a0adolescence,\u00a0demonstrating\u00a0that\u00a0adolescents\u00a0who\u00a0reported\u00a0 higher\u00a0mattering\u00a0to\u00a0parents\u00a0and\u00a0friends\u00a0were\u00a0more\u00a0likely\u00a0to\u00a0indicate\u00a0a\u00a0sense\u00a0of\u00a0belonging\u00a0 to\u00a0their\u00a0family\u00a0and\u00a0friends\u00a0(Marshall,\u00a02001).\u00a0The\u00a0formation\u00a0and\u00a0maintenance\u00a0of\u00a0perceived\u00a0 mattering\u00a0is\u00a0thought\u00a0to\u00a0occur\u00a0through\u00a0interpersonal\u00a0(attention\u00a0from\u00a0others)\u00a0and\u00a0 intrapersonal\u00a0(continuous\u00a0interpretations\u00a0of\u00a0attending\u00a0behaviours\u00a0from\u00a0others)\u00a0processes.\u00a0 It\u00a0is\u00a0therefore\u00a0likely\u00a0that\u00a0those\u00a0who\u00a0perceive\u00a0themselves\u00a0as\u00a0mattering\u00a0less\u00a0will\u00a0seek\u00a0more\u00a0 attention\u00a0from\u00a0others\u00a0(interpersonal\u00a0process),\u00a0in\u00a0an\u00a0effort\u00a0to\u00a0boost\u00a0their\u00a0perceived\u00a0sense\u00a0of\u00a0 mattering.\u00a0It\u00a0is\u00a0therefore\u00a0hypothesized\u00a0that,\u00a0over\u00a0and\u00a0above\u00a0the\u00a0influences\u00a0of\u00a0gender\u00a0and\u00a0 grade,\u00a0adolescents\u00a0who\u00a0perceived\u00a0themselves\u00a0as\u00a0mattering\u00a0less\u00a0to\u00a0friends\u00a0would\u00a0be\u00a0more\u00a0 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Only participants\u2019 Lfirst timeM responses to the questionnaire were used in the present\u00a0study,\u00a0yielding\u00a0a\u00a0total\u00a0sample\u00a0of\u00a0978\u00a0students.\u00a0Five\u00a0hundred\u00a0and\u00a0sixty\u00a0four\u00a0 students\u00a0were\u00a0taken\u00a0from\u00a0Wave\u00a01,\u00a0250\u00a0from\u00a0Wave\u00a02,\u00a0and\u00a0164\u00a0from\u00a0Wave\u00a03.\u00a0In\u00a0all\u00a0three\u00a0 waves,\u00a0only\u00a0students\u00a0who\u00a0indicated\u00a0that\u00a0they\u00a0had\u00a0engaged\u00a0in\u00a0social\u00adsexual\u00a0behaviours\u00a0 with\u00a0a\u00a0partner\u00a0(e.g.,\u00a0kissing,\u00a0fondling\u00a0genitals,\u00a0vaginal\u00adpenile\u00a0intercourse,\u00a0oral\u00a0sex\u00a0or\u00a0 touch\u00a0to\u00a0mouth\u00a0genitals,\u00a0and\u00a0masturbating\u00a0with\u00a0a\u00a0partner)\u00a0completed\u00a0the\u00a0sex\u00a0motives\u00a0 portion\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0questionnaire\u00a0and\u00a0were\u00a0included\u00a0in\u00a0the\u00a0final\u00a0sample.\u00a0\u00a0 A\u00a0total\u00a0of\u00a0396\u00a0participants\u00a0(41%)\u00a0reported\u00a0engaging\u00a0in\u00a0social\u00adsexual\u00a0behaviours.\u00a0 Two\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0cases\u00a0were\u00a0dropped\u00a0due\u00a0to\u00a0incomplete\u00a0or\u00a0invalid\u00a0data,\u00a0yielding\u00a0a\u00a0final\u00a0sample\u00a0 size\u00a0of\u00a0394\u00a0students.\u00a0Of\u00a0the\u00a0final\u00a0394\u00a0participants,\u00a0195\u00a0were\u00a0female\u00a0and\u00a0199\u00a0were\u00a0male.\u00a0 Ages\u00a0ranged\u00a0from\u00a012\u00a0to\u00a018\u00a0years,\u00a0with\u00a0a\u00a0mean\u00a0age\u00a0of\u00a015.02\u00a0years.\u00a0A\u00a0total\u00a0of\u00a083\u00a0students\u00a0 (43\u00a0boys,\u00a040\u00a0girls)\u00a0were\u00a0in\u00a0Grade\u00a08\u037e\u00a062\u00a0students\u00a0(40\u00a0boys,\u00a022\u00a0girls)\u00a0were\u00a0in\u00a0Grade\u00a09\u037e\u00a086\u00a0 students\u00a0(43\u00a0boys,\u00a043\u00a0girls)\u00a0were\u00a0in\u00a0Grade\u00a010\u037e\u00a084\u00a0students\u00a0(37\u00a0boys,\u00a047\u00a0girls)\u00a0were\u00a0in\u00a0 30\u00a0 \u00a0 Grade\u00a011\u037e\u00a0and\u00a079\u00a0students\u00a0(36\u00a0boys,\u00a043\u00a0girls)\u00a0were\u00a0in\u00a0Grade\u00a012.\u00a0Sixty\u00a0six\u00a0percent\u00a0(n\u00a0=\u00a0 260)\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0students\u00a0identified\u00a0themselves\u00a0as\u00a0Caucasian\/European,\u00a019.8%\u00a0(n\u00a0=\u00a078)\u00a0as\u00a0 Asian\u00a0(South\u00a0Asian,\u00a0East\u00a0Asian,\u00a0and\u00a0South\u00a0East\u00a0Asian),\u00a02%\u00a0(n\u00a0=\u00a08)\u00a0as\u00a0Latino\/Hispanic,\u00a0 1%\u00a0(n\u00a0=\u00a04)\u00a0as\u00a0African,\u00a0.5%\u00a0(n\u00a0=\u00a02)\u00a0as\u00a0First\u00a0Nations\/Native,\u00a0and\u00a08.4%\u00a0(n\u00a0=\u00a031)\u00a0as\u00a0mixed\u00a0 ethnic\u00a0background,\u00a0with(3%\u00a0(n\u00a0=\u00a011)\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0students\u00a0not\u00a0indicating\u00a0their\u00a0ethnic\/cultural\u00a0 background.\u00a0 Items\u00a0assessing\u00a0peer\u00a0mattering\u00a0were\u00a0only\u00a0administered\u00a0in\u00a0the\u00a0second\u00a0and\u00a0third\u00a0 waves\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0study.\u00a0As\u00a0a\u00a0result,\u00a0only139\u00a0(35.6%)\u00a0(76\u00a0boys,\u00a063\u00a0girls)\u00a0\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0original\u00a0394\u00a0 participants\u00a0were\u00a0included\u00a0in\u00a0analyses\u00a0addressing\u00a0mattering\u00a0to\u00a0peers.\u00a0\u00a0Of\u00a0these\u00a0students,\u00a0 38\u00a0(19\u00a0boys,\u00a020\u00a0girls)\u00a0were\u00a0in\u00a0Grade\u00a08,\u00a025\u00a0(19\u00a0boys,\u00a06\u00a0girls)\u00a0were\u00a0in\u00a0Grade\u00a09,\u00a036\u00a0(10\u00a0boys,\u00a0 17\u00a0girls)\u00a0were\u00a0in\u00a0Grade\u00a010,\u00a022\u00a0(12\u00a0boys,\u00a010\u00a0girls)\u00a0were\u00a0in\u00a0Grade\u00a011,\u00a0and\u00a018\u00a0(8\u00a0boys,\u00a010\u00a0 girls)\u00a0were\u00a0in\u00a0Grade\u00a012.\u00a0Ages\u00a0ranged\u00a0from\u00a012\u00a0!\u00a018\u00a0years\u00a0of\u00a0age\u00a0with\u00a0a\u00a0mean\u00a0age\u00a0of\u00a014.65.\u00a0 Of\u00a0the\u00a0students,\u00a066.2%\u00a0(n\u00a0=\u00a092)\u00a0identified\u00a0themselves\u00a0as\u00a0Caucasian\/European,\u00a020.1%\u00a0(n\u00a0=\u00a0 28)\u00a0as\u00a0Asian\u00a0(South\u00a0Asian,\u00a0East\u00a0Asian,\u00a0and\u00a0South\u00a0East\u00a0Asian),\u00a02.2%\u00a0(n\u00a0=\u00a03)\u00a0as\u00a0 Latino\/Hispanic,\u00a01.4%\u00a0(n\u00a0=\u00a02)\u00a0as\u00a0African,\u00a0and\u00a07.8%\u00a0(n\u00a0=\u00a011)\u00a0as\u00a0mixed\u00a0ethnic\u00a0background:( A\u00a0total\u00a0of\u00a02.2%\u00a0(n\u00a0=\u00a03)\u00a0students\u00a0did\u00a0not\u00a0indicate\u00a0their\u00a0ethnic\/cultural\u00a0background.\u00a0 Cr)2edures\u00a0 \u00a0 For\u00a0each\u00a0wave\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0study,\u00a0on\u00adline\u00a0data\u00a0collection\u00a0took\u00a0place\u00a0at\u00a0the\u00a0school\u00a0across\u00a0 several\u00a0days.\u00a0Trained\u00a0researchers\u00a0explained\u00a0the\u00a0purpose\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0study\u00a0and\u00a0issues\u00a0of\u00a0 anonymity\u00a0and\u00a0confidentiality\u00a0as\u00a0classes\u00a0were\u00a0filtered\u00a0through\u00a0two\u00a0computer\u00a0labs\u00a0in\u00a0a\u00a0 single\u00a0secondary\u00a0school.\u00a0Students\u00a0were\u00a0allotted\u00a0an\u00a080\u00adminute\u00a0class\u00a0block\u00a0to\u00a0complete\u00a0the\u00a0 online\u00a0survey\u00a0and\u00a0were\u00a0asked\u00a0to\u00a0return\u00a0to\u00a0their\u00a0classrooms\u00a0once\u00a0they\u00a0completed\u00a0the\u00a0 survey.\u00a0\u00a0 31\u00a0 \u00a0 (easures\u00a0 <em)5rap0+2\u00a0+-6)rmat+)-. Participants\u00a0reported\u00a0their\u00a0sex,\u00a0age,\u00a0grade,\u00a0birth\u00a0date,\u00a0 birth\u00a0country,\u00a0ethnicity,\u00a0and\u00a0family\u00a0constellation\u00a0(See\u00a0Appendix\u00a0A).\u00a0\u00a0 Se#\u00a0()t+,es\u00a0S2ale\u00a0DS(SE. The\u00a0SMS\u00a0(Cooper\u00a0et\u00a0al.,\u00a01998)\u00a0is\u00a0a\u00a0self\u00adreport\u00a0 questionnaire\u00a0designed\u00a0to\u00a0measure\u00a0the\u00a0underlying\u00a0psychosocial\u00a0motives\u00a0behind\u00a0sexual\u00a0 behaviour\u00a0in\u00a0adolescence\u00a0and\u00a0young\u00a0adulthood.\u00a0The\u00a0SMS\u00a0taps\u00a0six\u00a0broad\u00a0sex\u00a0motives,\u00a0 Intimacy,\u00a0Enhancement,\u00a0Peer\u00a0Approval,\u00a0Partner\u00a0Approval,\u00a0Self\u00adAffirmation,\u00a0and\u00a0Coping,\u00a0 each\u00a0of\u00a0which\u00a0are\u00a0categorized\u00a0along\u00a0the\u00a0two\u00a0major\u00a0motivational\u00a0dimensions\u00a0thought\u00a0to\u00a0 underlie\u00a0human\u00a0behaviour\u00a0which\u00a0are\u00a0approach\u00a0versus\u00a0avoidance\u00a0and\u00a0autonomy\u00a0versus\u00a0 relatedness.\u00a0These\u00a0two\u00a0dimensions\u00a0intersect\u00a0to\u00a0form\u00a0a\u00a0four\u00admotive\u00a0typology,\u00a0yielding\u00a0four\u00a0 broad\u00a0categories\u00a0of\u00a0motives\u00a0as\u00a0follows:\u00a0(1)\u00a0appetitive\u00a0self\u00adfocused\u00a0motives\u037e\u00a0(2)\u00a0appetitive\u00a0 social\u00a0motives\u037e\u00a0(3)\u00a0aversive\u00a0self\u00adfocused\u00a0motives\u037e\u00a0(4)\u00a0aversive\u00a0social\u00a0motives.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 On the SMS, respondents are asTed to rate to Lho6 often you personally have sex for each of theses reasons, on\u00a0a\u00a0five\u00adpoint\u00a0Likert\u00adtype scale (4 d LneverYalmost neverM and > d LalwaysYalmost alwaysM). The\u00a0SMS\u00a0is\u00a0unique\u00a0in\u00a0that\u00a0it\u00a0allows\u00a0individuals\u00a0to\u00a0 endorse\u00a0a\u00a0variety\u00a0of\u00a0motives\u00a0that\u00a0may\u00a0be\u00a0relevant\u00a0for\u00a0them,\u00a0as\u00a0different\u00a0motives\u00a0may\u00a0 simultaneously\u00a0inform\u00a0sexual\u00a0decisions.\u00a0Originally\u00a0consisting\u00a0of\u00a029\u00a0items,\u00a0factor\u00a0analytic\u00a0 work\u00a0revealed\u00a0six\u00a0motive\u00a0subscales,\u00a0each\u00a0of\u00a0which\u00a0could\u00a0be\u00a0categorized\u00a0into\u00a0one\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0 four\u00a0aforementioned\u00a0motive\u00a0classes.\u00a0Enhancement\u00a0(e.g., LI have sex because it feels good.M) and :ntimacy\u00a0(e.g., LI have sex to feel emotionally closer to my partner.M) motives\u00a0were\u00a0categorized\u00a0as\u00a0approach\u00adself\u00a0and\u00a0approach\u00adsocial\u00a0motives\u00a0respectively.\u00a0 Coping\u00a0(e.g., LI have sex to help me deal with disappointments in my life.M) and Self@ affirmation\u00a0(e.g., LI have sex to reassure myself that I am attractive.M) motives were 32\u00a0 \u00a0 categorized\u00a0as\u00a0aversive\u00adself\u00a0motives.\u00a0\u00a0Partner Approval\u00a0(e.g.,\u00a0LI have sex because I don\u2019t want my partner to be angry at me.M), and Peer Approval\u00a0motives (e.g., LI worry people will talT about me if I don\u2019t have sex.M) were categoriRed as discrete aversive\u00adsocial\u00a0 motives.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Three\u00a0validation\u00a0studies\u00a0involving\u00a0college\u00a0and\u00a0community\u00a0samples\u00a0have\u00a0 supported the psychometric quality of the scale, with Cronbach\u2019s alphas ranging from .8< to\u00a0.90\u00a0(Cooper\u00a0et\u00a0al.,\u00a01998).\u00a0The\u00a0scale\u00a0has\u00a0demonstrated\u00a0moderate\u00a0cross\u00a0time\u00adstability\u00a0 over\u00a0one\u00adyear.\u00a0Correlations\u00a0between\u00a0the\u00a0SMS\u00a0and\u00a0a\u00a0set\u00a0of\u00a0validity\u00a0measures\u00a0(e.g.,\u00a0 erotophobia,\u00a0erotophilia,\u00a0social\u00a0desirability,\u00a0and\u00a0sensation\u00a0seeking)\u00a0provided\u00a0clear\u00a0 evidence\u00a0of\u00a0convergent\u00a0and\u00a0discriminate\u00a0validity\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0scale,\u00a0whereas\u00a0prediction\u00a0of\u00a0 distinct\u00a0profiles\u00a0of\u00a0sexual\u00a0relationships\u00a0and\u00a0sexual\u00a0risk\u00a0has\u00a0supported\u00a0the\u00a0predictive\u00a0 validity\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0scale.\u00a0 In\u00a0this\u00a0data\u00a0collection,\u00a0the\u00a0SMS\u00a0was\u00a0modified\u00a0in\u00a0several\u00a0important\u00a0ways.\u00a0First,\u00a0in\u00a0 the\u00a0interest\u00a0of\u00a0including\u00a0the\u00a0diverse\u00a0sexual\u00a0behaviours\u00a0and\u00a0orientations\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0target\u00a0 population, the definition of LsexM was modified to include Tissing, fondling genitals, vaginal\u00adpenile\u00a0intercourse,\u00a0oral\u00a0sex\u00a0or\u00a0touch\u00a0mouth\u00a0to\u00a0genitals,\u00a0and\u00a0masturbating\u00a0with\u00a0a\u00a0 partner.\u00a0Participants\u00a0were\u00a0only\u00a0given\u00a0the\u00a0SMS\u00a0items\u00a0if\u00a0they\u00a0reported\u00a0engaging\u00a0the\u00a0 aforementioned\u00a0social\u00a0sexual\u00a0behaviours.\u00a0Second,\u00a0the\u00a0four\u00a0items\u00a0thought\u00a0to\u00a0measure\u00a0 Coping\u00a0were\u00a0not\u00a0administered\u00a0because\u00a0the\u00a0principal\u00a0investigator\u00a0did\u00a0not\u00a0consider\u00a0them\u00a0to\u00a0 be\u00a0appropriate\u00a0in\u00a0early\u00a0and\u00a0middle\u00a0adolescent\u00a0populations.\u00a0The\u00a0scale\u00a0as\u00a0it\u00a0appears\u00a0in\u00a0this\u00a0 study\u00a0contains\u00a024\u00a0items\u00a0(See\u00a0Appendix\u00a0B).\u00a0Of\u00a0interest\u00a0in\u00a0the\u00a0present\u00a0study\u00a0was\u00a0whether\u00a0 responses\u00a0to\u00a0the\u00a024\u00aditem\u00a0SMS\u00a0yielded\u00a0similar\u00a0categories\u00a0of\u00a0sex\u00a0motives\u00a0among\u00a0younger\u00a0 33\u00a0 \u00a0 adolescents\u00a0and\u00a0whether\u00a0endorsement\u00a0of\u00a0particular\u00a0sex\u00a0motives\u00a0varied\u00a0as\u00a0a\u00a0function\u00a0of\u00a0 age\u00a0and\/or\u00a0gender.\u00a0\u00a0 (atter+-5\u00a0t)\u00a0Ft0ers\u00a0Guest+)--a+reH=r+e-ds\u00a0D(\/FGH=r+e-dsE. Marshall\u00a0(2001)\u00a0 developed\u00a0the\u00a0Mattering\u00a0to\u00a0Others\u00a0Questionnaire\u00a0(MTOQ)\u00a0to\u00a0assess\u00a0perceptions\u00a0of\u00a0 mattering\u00a0among\u00a0adolescents\u00a0aged\u00a013\u00ad18.\u00a0The\u00a0MTOQ\u00a0is\u00a0an\u00a011\u00aditem\u00a0self\u00adreport\u00a0 questionnaire.\u00a0Each\u00a0item\u00a0can\u00a0be\u00a0altered\u00a0to\u00a0pertain\u00a0to\u00a0a\u00a0different\u00a0referent\u00a0(i.e.,\u00a0mother,\u00a0 father,\u00a0or\u00a0friends),\u00a0allowing\u00a0for\u00a0an\u00a0examination\u00a0of\u00a0perceived\u00a0mattering\u00a0within\u00a0different\u00a0 social\u00a0contexts\u00a0and\u00a0relationships.\u00a0\u00a0 The\u00a0MTOQ\u00a0has\u00a0demonstrated\u00a0strong\u00a0psychometric\u00a0properties\u00a0in\u00a0previous\u00a0 research.\u00a0Cronbach's\u00a0alphas\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0MTOQ\u00adFriends\u00a0scale\u00a0have\u00a0been\u00a0found\u00a0to\u00a0be\u00a0.93\u00a0 (Marshall,\u00a02001\u037e\u00a0Mak\u00a0&\u00a0Marshall,\u00a02004),\u00a0indicating\u00a0strong\u00a0internal\u00a0consistency.\u00a0 Furthermore,\u00a0correlations\u00a0between\u00a0the\u00a0three\u00a0original\u00a0versions\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0MTOQ\u00a0(reflecting\u00a0 mattering\u00a0to\u00a0mother,\u00a0father,\u00a0and\u00a0friends,\u00a0respectively)\u00a0and\u00a0a\u00a0number\u00a0of\u00a0validity\u00a0measures\u00a0 (i.e.,\u00a0self\u00adesteem,\u00a0relatedness\u00a0to\u00a0family\u00a0and\u00a0friends,\u00a0meaningfulness,\u00a0parental\u00a0attention,\u00a0 and\u00a0attention\u00a0from\u00a0peers)\u00a0have\u00a0provided\u00a0clear\u00a0evidence\u00a0of\u00a0convergent\u00a0and\u00a0discriminate\u00a0 validity\u00a0(Marshall,\u00a02001).\u00a0\u00a0 In\u00a0the\u00a0present\u00a0study,\u00a0students\u00a0were\u00a0asked\u00a0to\u00a0evaluate\u00a0mattering\u00a0in\u00a0relation\u00a0to\u00a0peers\u00a0 using\u00a0a\u00a0subset\u00a0of\u00a0four\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0original\u00a0eleven\u00a0items\u00a0as\u00a0identified\u00a0by\u00a0S.\u00a0Marshall\u00a0(personal\u00a0 communication,\u00a0September\u00a013,\u00a02008):\u00a0The\u00a0MTOQ\u00a0was\u00a0only\u00a0administered\u00a0to\u00a0students\u00a0in\u00a0 the\u00a0second\u00a0and\u00a0third\u00a0waves\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0study,\u00a0yielding\u00a0data\u00a0for\u00a0only\u00a0a\u00a0subset\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0students\u00a0 included\u00a0in\u00a0the\u00a0present\u00a0sample\u00a0(n\u00a0=\u00a0139).\u00a0\u00a0 Responses\u00a0to\u00a0the\u00a0four\u00a0items\u00a0on\u00a0the\u00a0reduced\u00a0MTOQ\u00adPeers\u00a0scale\u00a0were\u00a0made\u00a0on\u00a0a\u00a05\u00ad point LiTert scale (4 d Lnot muchM, and > d\u00a0La lotM). A copy of\u00a0the\u00a0mattering\u00a0to\u00a0peers\u00a0 34\u00a0 \u00a0 scale\u00a0as\u00a0used\u00a0in\u00a0the\u00a0present\u00a0study\u00a0is\u00a0presented\u00a0in\u00a0Appendix\u00a0C.\u00a0Following\u00a0Marshall\u00a0(2001),\u00a0 the\u00a0\u00a0MTOQ\u00adPeers\u00a0was\u00a0scored\u00a0by\u00a0calculating\u00a0the\u00a0mean\u00a0of\u00a0responses\u00a0(ranging\u00a0from\u00a01\u00a0to\u00a05)\u00a0 across\u00a0relevant\u00a0items.\u00a0Higher\u00a0scores\u00a0reflected\u00a0greater\u00a0or\u00a0more\u00a0positive\u00a0perceptions\u00a0of\u00a0 mattering\u00a0to\u00a0peers.\u00a0The\u00a0reduced\u00a0MTOQ\u00adPeers\u00a0scale\u00a0demonstrated\u00a0good\u00a0internal\u00a0 consistency\u00a0in\u00a0the\u00a0present\u00a0sample (Cronbach\u2019s alpha\u00a0=\u00a0.88,\u00a0n\u00a0=\u00a0139).\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 35\u00a0 \u00a0 L+#4*$#( Crel+m+-arI\u00a0<ata\u00a0:-alIs+s\u00a0  To\u00a0assess\u00a0whether\u00a0student\u00a0responses\u00a0varied\u00a0across\u00a0the\u00a0three\u00a0different\u00a0waves\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0 study, between group analyses of variance (ANOVA) were conducted with LwaveM serving\u00a0as\u00a0the\u00a0independent\u00a0variable\u00a0and\u00a0each\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0sex\u00a0motive\u00a0and\u00a0peer\u00a0mattering\u00a0items\u00a0 serving\u00a0as\u00a0the\u00a0dependent\u00a0variables.\u00a0As\u00a0no\u00a0significant\u00a0differences\u00a0were\u00a0found\u00a0\u00a0(a\u00a0>\u00a0.05)\u00a0 between\u00a0waves\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0study,\u00a0the\u00a0data\u00a0was\u00a0combined(so that only students\u2019 first response to\u00a0the\u00a0survey\u00a0was\u00a0included\u00a0in\u00a0the\u00a0present\u00a0study\u00a0(e.g.,\u00a0if\u00a0a\u00a0student\u00a0had\u00a0completed\u00a0the\u00a0 survey\u00a0in\u00a0both\u00a0waves\u00a02\u00a0and\u00a03\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0study,\u00a0only\u00a0their\u00a0wave\u00a02\u00a0results\u00a0were\u00a0included\u00a0in\u00a0the\u00a0 present\u00a0sample).\u00a0 <ata\u00a0:-alIs+s\u00a0 \u00a0 The\u00a0results\u00a0are\u00a0presented\u00a0in\u00a0sections\u00a0that\u00a0correspond\u00a0to\u00a0the\u00a0respective\u00a0hypotheses\u00a0 and\u00a0methods\u00a0of\u00a0analysis.\u00a0The\u00a0first\u00a0section\u00a0focuses\u00a0on\u00a0hypothesis\u00a01\u00a0which\u00a0explored\u00a0student\u00a0 responses\u00a0to\u00a0the\u00a0sexual\u00a0motives\u00a0survey\u00a0using\u00a0exploratory\u00a0factor\u00a0analyses.\u00a0The\u00a0second\u00a0 section\u00a0focuses\u00a0on\u00a0hypotheses\u00a02\u00a0and\u00a03\u00a0addressing\u00a0age\u00a0and\u00a0gender\u00a0differences\u00a0in\u00a0sex\u00a0 motives\u00a0as\u00a0well\u00a0as\u00a0the\u00a0relationship\u00a0between\u00a0perceptions\u00a0of\u00a0peer\u00a0mattering\u00a0and\u00a0motives\u00a0to\u00a0 engage\u00a0in\u00a0sexual\u00a0behaviour.\u00a0The\u00a0second\u00a0and\u00a0third\u00a0hypotheses\u00a0were\u00a0investigated\u00a0using\u00a0 analyses\u00a0of\u00a0variance\u00a0and\u00a0hierarchical\u00a0multiple\u00a0regression\u00a0analyses,\u00a0respectively.\u00a0 JIp)t0es+s\u00a0K:\u00a0=a2t)r\u00a0:-alIses\u00a0 \u00a0 The\u00a0first\u00a0hypothesis\u00a0predicted\u00a0that\u00a0although\u00a0a\u00a0young\u00admiddle\u00a0adolescent\u00a0population\u00a0 will\u00a0endorse\u00a0sex\u00a0motives\u00a0in\u00a0a\u00a0manner\u00a0similar\u00a0to\u00a0older\u00a0adolescents\u00a0and\u00a0young\u00a0adults,\u00a0this\u00a0 population\u00a0will\u00a0differentiate\u00a0less\u00a0than\u00a0an\u00a0older\u00a0adolescent\u00adyoung\u00a0adult\u00a0population\u00a0 amongst\u00a0avoidance\u00a0motives\u00a0for\u00a0sex.\u00a0A\u00a0series\u00a0of\u00a0factor\u00a0analyses\u00a0were\u00a0used\u00a0to\u00a0investigate\u00a0 36\u00a0 \u00a0 this\u00a0hypothesis.\u00a0In\u00a0the\u00a0interest\u00a0of\u00a0consistency,\u00a0principal\u00a0axis\u00a0factor\u00a0extractions\u00a0with\u00a0 oblique\u00a0rotations\u00a0were\u00a0utilized\u00a0in\u00a0the\u00a0current\u00a0study,\u00a0similar\u00a0to\u00a0Cooper and colleagues\u2019 (1998)\u00a0original\u00a0factor\u00a0analysis\u00a0of\u00a0their\u00a0Sex\u00a0Motives\u00a0Scale\u00a0with\u00a0older\u00a0adolescents\u00a0and\u00a0 young\u00a0adults.\u00a0Exploratory\u00a0factor\u00a0analyses\u00a0with\u00a0oblique\u00a0rotations\u00a0were\u00a0deemed\u00a0 appropriate\u00a0because\u00a0the\u00a0factor\u00a0structure\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0SMS\u00a0is\u00a0largely\u00a0speculative\u00a0within\u00a0a\u00a0young\u00ad middle\u00a0adolescent\u00a0population.\u00a0Previous\u00a0research\u00a0(Cooper\u00a0et\u00a0al.,\u00a01998)\u00a0has\u00a0suggested\u00a0that\u00a0 the\u00a0SMS\u00a0factors\u00a0may\u00a0be\u00a0correlated.\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 For\u00a0each\u00a0factor\u00a0analysis,\u00a0the\u00a0number\u00a0of\u00a0factors\u00a0extracted\u00a0was\u00a0determined\u00a0by\u00a0 haiser\u2019s criterion (Gardner,\u00a02001),\u00a0the\u00a0percentage\u00a0of\u00a0variance\u00a0accounted\u00a0for\u00a0by\u00a0each\u00a0 factor\u00a0(Tinsley\u00a0&\u00a0Tinsley,\u00a01987),\u00a0and\u00a0factor\u00a0(i.e.,\u00a0pattern\u00a0and\u00a0structure)\u00a0loadings.\u00a0Factor\u00a0 loadings\u00a0with\u00a0absolute\u00a0values\u00a0greater\u00a0than\u00a0or\u00a0equal\u00a0to\u00a0.30\u00a0were\u00a0considered\u00a0significant\u00a0 (Gardner,\u00a02001).\u00a0 \u00a0 =ull\u00a0sampleL Initially,\u00a0a\u00a0principal\u00a0factor\u00a0analysis\u00a0with\u00a0oblique\u00a0rotation\u00a0was\u00a0 conducted\u00a0with\u00a0the\u00a0full\u00a0sample\u00a0(n\u00a0=\u00a0394)\u00a0using\u00a024\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0original\u00a029\u00a0items\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0SMS.\u00a0As\u00a0 previously\u00a0mentioned,\u00a0the\u00a0five\u00a0items\u00a0measuring\u00a0coping\u00a0were\u00a0not\u00a0administered\u00a0in\u00a0the\u00a0 survey\u00a0because\u00a0the\u00a0principle\u00a0investigator\u00a0considered\u00a0them\u00a0inappropriate\u00a0for\u00a0a\u00a0young\u00ad middle\u00a0adolescent\u00a0population.\u00a0With\u00a0394\u00a0subjects,\u00a0the\u00a0full\u00a0sample\u00a0was\u00a0sufficient\u00a0in\u00a0size,\u00a0as\u00a0 suggested\u00a0by\u00a0the\u00a0guiding\u00a0principle\u00a0of\u00a010\u00a0subjects\u00a0per\u00a0scale\u00a0item.\u00a0Consistent\u00a0with\u00a0Cooper\u00a0 and colleagues\u2019 (4VV8) original study, five eigenvalues greater than one emerged (see Table\u00a01)\u00a0with\u00a0all\u00a0five\u00a0factors\u00a0well\u00addefined\u00a0and\u00a0conceptually\u00a0cohesive.\u00a0This\u00a0factor\u00a0solution\u00a0 accounted\u00a0for\u00a078.48%\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0total\u00a0variance\u00a0in\u00a0the\u00a0data.\u00a0Table\u00a01\u00a0identifies\u00a0the\u00a0SMS\u00a0items\u00a0 in\u00a0descending\u00a0order\u00a0of\u00a0structural\u00a0factor\u00a0loadings\u00a0within\u00a0each\u00a0factor.\u00a0\u00a0 37\u00a0 \u00a0 Factor\u00a01\u00a0(Self\u00a0Affirmation)\u00a0accounted\u00a0for\u00a037.3%\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0variance\u00a0and\u00a0was\u00a0defined\u00a0 by\u00a0five\u00a0items\u00a0(with\u00a0loadings\u00a0of\u00a0.74\u00a0or\u00a0higher),\u00a0with\u00a0all\u00a0items\u00a0pertaining\u00a0to\u00a0the\u00a0use\u00a0of\u00a0 social\u00adsexual behaviour to affirm or bolster one\u2019s sense of self (e.g., LI engage in social\u00ad sexual\u00a0behaviours\u00a0to\u00a0feel\u00a0better\u00a0about myself.M). Factor < (Partner Approval) accounted for\u00a020.5%\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0variance\u00a0and\u00a0was\u00a0defined\u00a0by\u00a0four\u00a0items\u00a0(with\u00a0loadings\u00a0of\u00a0.85\u00a0or\u00a0higher),\u00a0 with\u00a0all\u00a0items\u00a0pertaining\u00a0to\u00a0using\u00a0social\u00adsexual behaviour to please or appease one\u2019s partner (e.g., LI engage in social\u00adsexual behaviours because I\u2019m afraid my partner will leave me.M). Factor 7 (Intimacy) accounted for V.4\\ of the variance and was defined by five\u00a0items\u00a0(with\u00a0loadings\u00a0of\u00a0.67\u00a0or\u00a0higher),\u00a0with\u00a0all\u00a0items\u00a0pertaining\u00a0to\u00a0using\u00a0social\u00adsexual\u00a0 behaviour\u00a0for\u00a0intimacy (e.g., LI engage in social\u00adsexual\u00a0behaviours\u00a0to\u00a0make\u00a0an\u00a0emotional\u00a0 connection.M). Factor ; (Enhancement) accounted for _.9\\ of the variance and was defined\u00a0by\u00a0five\u00a0items\u00a0(with\u00a0pattern\u00a0loadings\u00a0of\u00a0.61\u00a0or\u00a0higher),\u00a0with\u00a0all\u00a0items\u00a0pertaining\u00a0to\u00a0 using\u00a0social\u00adsexual behaviour for enhancement purposes (e.g., LI engage in social\u00adsexual\u00a0 behaviours for excitement.M). Finally, Factor > (Peer Approval) accounted for ;.>\\ of the variance\u00a0and\u00a0was\u00a0defined\u00a0by\u00a0four\u00a0items\u00a0(with\u00a0loadings\u00a0of\u00a0.63\u00a0or\u00a0higher),\u00a0with\u00a0all\u00a0items\u00a0 pertaining\u00a0to\u00a0using\u00a0social\u00adsexual behaviour to please or appease one\u2019s peers (e.g., LI engage\u00a0in\u00a0social\u00adsexual behaviours because other people will Tid me if I don\u2019t have sex.M). One item was removed (i.e., LI engage in social\u00adsexual\u00a0behaviour\u00a0because\u00a0my\u00a0 friends are having sex.M) because its factor loadings were weaT across all five components.\u00a0The\u00a0remaining\u00a023\u00a0items\u00a0loaded\u00a0on\u00a0the\u00a0same\u00a0factors\u00a0as\u00a0in\u00a0Cooper\u00a0and\u00a0 colleagues\u2019 (4VV8) original study. Although the factors were distinct, several cross\u00ad loadings\u00a0were\u00a0found\u00a0suggesting\u00a0potential\u00a0overlap\u00a0across\u00a0specific\u00a0types\u00a0of\u00a0motives.\u00a0 Specifically,\u00a0cross\u00a0loadings\u00a0of\u00a0.5\u00a0or\u00a0greater\u00a0were\u00a0found\u00a0between\u00a0the\u00a0partner\u00a0and\u00a0peer\u00a0 38\u00a0 \u00a0 approval\u00a0motives\u00a0and\u00a0between the intimacy and enhancement motives. These LoverlapsM were\u00a0further\u00a0supported\u00a0by\u00a0correlations\u00a0of\u00a0.63\u00a0and\u00a0.50,\u00a0respectively.\u00a0 Table\u00a01.\u00a0 Results of Principal@Axis Factoring 6ith Dblimin Rotation for Early@Middle Adolescents  Factor Loadings :tem              Factor G  Factor H  Factor I  Factor J Factor K 13.\u00a0Feel\u00a0more\u00a0 interesting\u00a0to\u00a0 others\u00a0 :MN(?:MHA( .33\u00a0 \u00a0 .40\u00a0 .40\u00a0 12.\u00a0Feel\u00a0better\u00a0 about\u00a0myself\u00a0 :OM(?:OPA( \u00a0 .34\u00a0 .46\u00a0 .40\u00a0 15.\u00a0Feel\u00a0 desirable\u00a0 :OP(?:OQA( \u00a0 .35\u00a0 .46\u00a0 .36\u00a0 14.\u00a0Feel\u00a0more\u00a0 self\u00adconfident\u00a0 :OR(?:OQA( .32\u00a0 .33\u00a0 .43\u00a0 .37\u00a0 11.\u00a0Prove\u00a0I\u00a0am\u00a0 attractive\u00a0 :ON(?:PQA( .33\u00a0 .33\u00a0 .43\u00a0 .35\u00a0 18.\u00a0Worry\u00a0 partner won\u2019t want\u00a0me\u00a0 .33\u00a0\u00a0 :MH(?:OOA( \u00a0 \u00a0 .61\u00a0 17.\u00a0Afraid\u00a0 partner\u00a0will\u00a0be\u00a0 angry\u00a0 .32\u00a0 :M@(?:M@A( \u00a0 \u00a0 .58\u00a0 19.\u00a0Afraid\u00a0 partner\u00a0will\u00a0 leave\u00a0me\u00a0 .33\u00a0 :M@(?:OSA( \u00a0 \u00a0 .64\u00a0 16.\u00a0Afraid\u00a0 partner won\u2019t love\u00a0me\u00a0 .34\u00a0 :OM(?:OPA( \u00a0 \u00a0 .58\u00a0 9.\u00a0Feel\u00a0closer\u00a0to\u00a0 partner\u00a0 .40\u00a0 \u00a0 :MH(?:OMA( .50\u00a0 \u00a0 10.\u00a0Feel\u00a0 emotionally\u00a0 closer\u00a0to\u00a0partner\u00a0 .37\u00a0 \u00a0 :MH(?:MJA( .43\u00a0 \u00a0 8.\u00a0Make\u00a0 emotional\u00a0 connection\u00a0 .35\u00a0 \u00a0 :M@(?:M@A( .46\u00a0 \u00a0 7.\u00a0Express\u00a0love \u00a0 \u00a0 :OM(?:OMA( .45\u00a0 \u00a0 6.\u00a0Be\u00a0more\u00a0 intimate\u00a0with\u00a0 partner .32\u00a0 \u00a0 :ON(?:RRA( .60\u00a0 \u00a0 3.\u00a0For\u00a0 excitement\u00a0 .43\u00a0 \u00a0 .44\u00a0 :MN(?:MJA( \u00a0 4.\u00a0Thrill\u00a0of\u00a0it\u00a0 .48\u00a0 \u00a0 .41\u00a0 :OR(?:OQA( \u00a0 2.\u00a0Feels\u00a0good\u00a0 .34\u00a0 \u00a0 .48\u00a0 :OJ(?:O@A( \u00a0 5.\u00a0Satisfy\u00a0sexual\u00a0 needs .47\u00a0 \u00a0 .47\u00a0 :ON(?:PNA( \u00a0 1.\u00a0Feel\u00a0horny .40\u00a0 \u00a0 .43\u00a0 :PN(?:R@A( \u00a0 20.\u00a0Worry\u00a0 people\u00a0will\u00a0talk\u00a0 .40\u00a0 .62\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 :OM(?:ORA( 39\u00a0 \u00a0  Factor Loadings :tem              Factor G  Factor H  Factor I  Factor J Factor K if I don\u2019t have sex\u00a0 22.\u00a0Other\u00a0people\u00a0 will\u00a0kid\u00a0me\u00a0if\u00a0I\u00a0 don\u2019t have sex\u00a0 .37\u00a0 .52\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 :OP(?:M@A( 21.\u00a0People\u00a0will\u00a0 think\u00a0less\u00a0of\u00a0me\u00a0 If I don\u2019t have sex\u00a0 .37\u00a0 .60\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 :OR(?:ONA( 24.\u00a0Have\u00a0sex\u00a0so\u00a0 others won\u2019t put me\u00a0down\u00a0 .43\u00a0 .57\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 :PO(?:RJA( 23.\u00a0Friends\u00a0are\u00a0 having\u00a0sex\u00a0 .33\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 .35\u00a0 Eigenvalues\u00a0 8.95\u00a0 4.93\u00a0 2.18\u00a0 1.69\u00a0 1.09\u00a0 %\u00a0of\u00a0variance\u00a0 37.29\u00a0 20.52\u00a0 9.09\u00a0 7.04\u00a0 4.54\u00a0 Note.\u00a0Numbers\u00a0in\u00a0bold\u00a0type\u00a0represent\u00a0significant\u00a0factor\u00a0loadings.\u00a0Numbers\u00a0in\u00a0(\u00a0)\u00a0represent\u00a0factor\u00a0loadings\u00a0 within\u00a0pattern\u00a0matrix. \u00a0 !\"#$%&'\u00a0)*$+,+\u00a0!-.\/\/%*'\u00a0#\/0%*+1*23\u00a0+#-4%*5 To\u00a0explore\u00a0the\u00a0potential\u00a0impact\u00a0of\u00a0 grade\u00a0differences\u00a0on\u00a0the\u00a0factor\u00a0structure,\u00a0the\u00a0early\u00admiddle\u00a0adolescent\u00a0group\u00a0was\u00a0split\u00a0into\u00a0 LearlyM (Grade 8 !\u00a049; n d <74) and LmiddleM (Grades 44 !\u00a012\u037e\u00a0n\u00a0=\u00a0163)\u00a0adolescent\u00a0 groups.\u00a0Although\u00a0the\u00a0sample\u00a0size\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0middle\u00a0adolescent\u00a0(n\u00a0=\u00a0163)\u00a0group\u00a0was\u00a0 somewhat\u00a0small,\u00a0as\u00a0suggested\u00a0by\u00a0the\u00a0guiding\u00a0principle\u00a0of\u00a010\u00a0subjects\u00a0per\u00a0item,\u00a0 exploratory\u00a0factor\u00a0analysis\u00a0was\u00a0undertaken\u00a0with\u00a0this\u00a0group\u00a0for\u00a0comparative\u00a0purposes\u00a0 only.\u00a0With\u00a0231\u00a0subjects,\u00a0the\u00a0early\u00a0adolescent\u00a0sample\u00a0was\u00a0sufficient\u00a0in\u00a0size\u00a0for\u00a0a\u00a0factor\u00a0 analysis\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a023\u00aditem scale, given that the item LI engage in social\u00adsexual\u00a0behaviour\u00a0 because my friends are having sexM had been dropped from the analysis. Accordingly, factor\u00a0analyses\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a023\u00a0SMS\u00a0items\u00a0were\u00a0conducted\u00a0with\u00a0the\u00a0early\u00a0and\u00a0middle\u00a0adolescent\u00a0 groups\u00a0separately,\u00a0using\u00a0principal\u00adcomponents\u00a0analysis\u00a0followed\u00a0by\u00a0oblique\u00a0rotations\u00a0in\u00a0 each\u00a0case.\u00a0Results\u00a0of\u00a0these\u00a0analyses\u00a0are\u00a0presented\u00a0in\u00a0Tables\u00a02\u00a0and\u00a03.\u00a0 As\u00a0hypothesized,\u00a0the\u00a0early\u00a0(Grades\u00a08\u00a0!\u00a010)\u00a0adolescent\u00a0sample\u00a0produced\u00a0a\u00a0less\u00a0 differentiated\u00a0four\u00adfactor\u00a0solution\u00a0(see Table <). Whereas the five LintimacyM, five 40\u00a0 \u00a0 LenhancementM, and five Lself\u00adaffirmationM items loaded on the same factors as in the original and full sample factor analysis, the four Lpeer approvalM and the four Lpartner approvalM items loaded on one single\u00a0factor\u00a0(with\u00a0pattern\u00a0loadings\u00a0of\u00a0\u00a0.68\u00a0or\u00a0higher)\u00a0in\u00a0 the\u00a0younger\u00a0adolescent\u00a0sample.\u00a0\u00a0 41\u00a0 \u00a0 Table\u00a02.\u00a0 Results of Principal@Axis Factoring 6ith Dblimin Rotation for Early Adolescents (Grades O - GP)\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Factor\u00a0Loadings\u00a0 Item\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Factor\u00a01\u00a0 Factor\u00a02\u00a0 Factor\u00a03\u00a0 Factor\u00a04\u00a0 13.\u00a0Feel\u00a0more\u00a0interesting\u00a0 to\u00a0others\u00a0 :MH(?:MQA( .38\u00a0 .36\u00a0 .50\u00a0 14.\u00a0Feel\u00a0more\u00a0self\u00a0 confident\u00a0 :MN(?:OPA( .36\u00a0 .40\u00a0 .54\u00a0 15.\u00a0Feel\u00a0desirable\u00a0 :OM(?:OOA( .37\u00a0 .40\u00a0 .49\u00a0 12.\u00a0Feel\u00a0better\u00a0about\u00a0 myself\u00a0 :OO(?:ORA( .31\u00a0 .44\u00a0 .53\u00a0 11.\u00a0Prove\u00a0I\u00a0am\u00a0attractive\u00a0 :ON(?:PQA( .38\u00a0 .42\u00a0 .46\u00a0 48. Worry partner won\u2019t want\u00a0me\u00a0 .34\u00a0\u00a0 :MN(?:M@A( \u00a0 \u00a0 19.\u00a0Afraid\u00a0partner\u00a0will\u00a0 leave\u00a0me\u00a0\u00a0 .32\u00a0 :MN(?:M@A( \u00a0 \u00a0 4j. Afraid partner won\u2019t love\u00a0me\u00a0 .33\u00a0 :OM(?:OOA( \u00a0 \u00a0 17.\u00a0Afraid\u00a0partner\u00a0will\u00a0be\u00a0 angry\u00a0 .32\u00a0 :OS(?:ORA( \u00a0 \u00a0 21.\u00a0People\u00a0will\u00a0think\u00a0less\u00a0 of me If I don\u2019t have sex \u00a0 .36\u00a0 :ON(?:PMA( \u00a0 \u00a0 20.\u00a0People\u00a0will\u00a0talk\u00a0if\u00a0I\u00a0 don\u2019t have sex\u00a0 .32\u00a0 :ON(?:ONA( \u00a0 \u00a0 24.\u00a0Have\u00a0sex\u00a0so\u00a0others\u00a0 won\u2019t put me down\u00a0 .43\u00a0 :PQ(?:ROA( \u00a0 \u00a0 22.\u00a0Other\u00a0people\u00a0will\u00a0kid\u00a0 me if I don\u2019t have sex\u00a0\u00a0 .37\u00a0 :PH(?:RMA( \u00a0 \u00a0 9.\u00a0Feel\u00a0closer\u00a0to\u00a0partner\u00a0 .50\u00a0 ( :MJ(?:OOA( .50\u00a0 8.\u00a0Make\u00a0emotional\u00a0 connection\u00a0 .43\u00a0 ( :MJ(?:MHA( .46\u00a0 10.\u00a0Feel\u00a0emotionally\u00a0 closer\u00a0to\u00a0partner\u00a0\u00a0 .45\u00a0 ( :MH(?:M@A( .45\u00a0 7.\u00a0Express\u00a0love\u00a0 .40\u00a0 ( :OO(?:OQA( .51\u00a0 6.\u00a0Be\u00a0more\u00a0intimate\u00a0with\u00a0 partner .41 \u00a0 :PR(?:RQA\u00a0 .57 3.\u00a0For\u00a0excitement .52  .44 :OP(?:OQA\u00a0 2.\u00a0Feels\u00a0good\u00a0 .42 .57 .45 :OS(?:OOA\u00a0 5.\u00a0Satisfy\u00a0sexual\u00a0needs .54  .56 :OQ(?:PHA\u00a0 4.\u00a0Thrill\u00a0of\u00a0it .58  .43 :OQ(?:PQA\u00a0 1.\u00a0Feel\u00a0Horny .50  .45 :PH(?:R@A\u00a0 Eigenvalues\u00a0 9.77\u00a0 4.58\u00a0 2.06\u00a0 1.51\u00a0 %\u00a0of\u00a0variance\u00a0 42.46\u00a0 19.93\u00a0 8.93\u00a0 6.55\u00a0 Note.\u00a0Numbers\u00a0in\u00a0bold\u00a0type\u00a0represent\u00a0significant\u00a0factor\u00a0loadings.\u00a0Numbers\u00a0in\u00a0(\u00a0)\u00a0represent\u00a0factor\u00a0loadings\u00a0 within\u00a0pattern\u00a0matrix.\u00a0 42\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 As\u00a0shown\u00a0in\u00a0Table\u00a03,\u00a0results\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0factor\u00a0analysis\u00a0conducted\u00a0for\u00a0the\u00a0middle\u00a0 (Grades\u00a011\u00a0!\u00a012)\u00a0adolescent\u00a0sample,\u00a0yielded\u00a0a\u00a0five\u00adfactor\u00a0solution\u00a0with\u00a0all\u00a023\u00a0items\u00a0 loading\u00a0on\u00a0the\u00a0same\u00a0factors\u00a0as\u00a0was\u00a0found\u00a0in\u00a0the\u00a0original\u00a0full\u00a0sample\u00a0analysis.\u00a0\u00a0 Results\u00a0of\u00a0these\u00a0analyses\u00a0indicated\u00a0that\u00a0middle\u00a0adolescents\u00a0distinguished\u00a0between\u00a0 peer\u00a0and\u00a0partner\u00a0approval\u00a0items\u00a0whereas\u00a0younger\u00a0adolescents\u00a0did\u00a0not.\u00a0Thus,\u00a0younger\u00a0 adolescents\u00a0differentiate\u00a0less\u00a0between\u00a0peers\u00a0and\u00a0partners\u00a0when\u00a0engaging\u00a0in\u00a0social\u00a0sexual\u00a0 behaviours to gain approval and avoid social censure from a socially significant LotherM.\u00a0 43\u00a0 \u00a0 Table\u00a03.\u00a0 Results of Principal@Axis Factoring 6ith Dblimin Rotation for Middle Adolescents (Grades GG@ GH)  Factor Loadings :tem              Factor G  Factor H  Factor I  Factor J) Factor K 12.\u00a0Feel\u00a0better\u00a0about\u00a0 myself\u00a0\u00a0 :M@(?:OMA( \u00a0 \u00a0 .35\u00a0 .42\u00a0 13.\u00a0Feel\u00a0more\u00a0interesting\u00a0 to\u00a0others\u00a0 :OS(?:OPA( \u00a0 .32\u00a0 \u00a0 .39\u00a0 14.\u00a0Feel\u00a0more\u00a0self\u00ad confident\u00a0 :OJ(?:ONA( \u00a0 \u00a0 .33\u00a0 .32\u00a0 15.\u00a0Feel\u00a0desirable\u00a0 :OH(?:PMA( \u00a0 .33\u00a0 .32\u00a0 .32\u00a0 11.\u00a0Prove\u00a0I\u00a0am\u00a0attractive\u00a0 :PM(?:PSA( \u00a0 \u00a0 .36\u00a0 .33\u00a0 9.\u00a0Feel\u00a0closer\u00a0to\u00a0partner\u00a0 \u00a0 :MH(?:OOA( \u00a0 .45\u00a0 \u00a0 10.\u00a0Feel\u00a0emotionally\u00a0 closer\u00a0to\u00a0partner\u00a0 \u00a0 :M@(?:MJA( \u00a0 .37\u00a0 \u00a0 8.\u00a0Make\u00a0emotional\u00a0 connection\u00a0 \u00a0 :MN(?:OOA( \u00a0 .42\u00a0 \u00a0 7.\u00a0Express\u00a0love\u00a0 \u00a0 :OM(?:M@A( \u00a0 .35\u00a0 \u00a0 6.\u00a0Be\u00a0more\u00a0intimate\u00a0with\u00a0 partner\u00a0 ( :OJ(?:PNA( ( .61\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 17.\u00a0Afraid\u00a0partner\u00a0will\u00a0be\u00a0 angry\u00a0 .32\u00a0 ( :M@(?:OMA( \u00a0 .48\u00a0 48. Worry partner won\u2019t want\u00a0me\u00a0 .31\u00a0 ( :MN(?:OMA( \u00a0 .47\u00a0 19.\u00a0Afraid\u00a0partner\u00a0will\u00a0 leave\u00a0me\u00a0 .32\u00a0 ( :OM(?:OJA( \u00a0 .54\u00a0 4j. Afraid partner won\u2019t love\u00a0me\u00a0 .35\u00a0 ( :OM(?:MNA( \u00a0 .41\u00a0 3.\u00a0For\u00a0excitement\u00a0 \u00a0 .42\u00a0 \u00a0 :MN(?:MNA( \u00a0 4.\u00a0Thrill\u00a0of\u00a0it\u00a0 .34\u00a0 .37\u00a0 \u00a0 :OO(?:OOA( \u00a0 2.\u00a0Feels\u00a0good\u00a0 \u00a0 .48\u00a0 \u00a0 :OS(?:ONA( \u00a0 5.\u00a0Satisfy\u00a0sexual\u00a0needs .37\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 :PQ(?:PQA( \u00a0 1.\u00a0Feel\u00a0horny \u00a0 .34\u00a0 \u00a0 :RQ(?:RNA( \u00a0 20.\u00a0Worry\u00a0people\u00a0will\u00a0talk\u00a0 if I don\u2019t have sex\u00a0 .39\u00a0 \u00a0 .52\u00a0 \u00a0 :MQ(?:MHA( 22.\u00a0Other\u00a0people\u00a0will\u00a0kid\u00a0 me if I don\u2019t have sex\u00a0 .36\u00a0 \u00a0 .46\u00a0 \u00a0 :M@(?:MHA( 21.\u00a0People\u00a0will\u00a0think\u00a0less\u00a0 of me If I don\u2019t have sex\u00a0 .39\u00a0 \u00a0 .46\u00a0 \u00a0 :OR(?:OHA( 24.\u00a0Have\u00a0sex\u00a0so\u00a0others\u00a0 won\u2019t put me down\u00a0 .40\u00a0 \u00a0 .44\u00a0 \u00a0 :O@(?:PJA( Eigenvalues\u00a0 7.35\u00a0 5.52\u00a0 2.24\u00a0 1.92\u00a0 1.45\u00a0 %\u00a0of\u00a0variance\u00a0 31.96\u00a0 24.00\u00a0 9.76\u00a0 8.37\u00a0 6.32\u00a0 Note.\u00a0Numbers\u00a0in\u00a0bold\u00a0type\u00a0represent\u00a0significant\u00a0factor\u00a0loadings.\u00a0Numbers\u00a0in\u00a0(\u00a0)\u00a0represent\u00a0factor\u00a0loadings\u00a0 within\u00a0pattern\u00a0matrix. \u00a0 (ale\u00a0,ersus\u00a06emale\u00a0sampleL For\u00a0exploratory\u00a0purposes,\u00a0follow\u00a0up\u00a0factor\u00a0analyses\u00a0 were\u00a0conducted\u00a0by\u00a0gender\u00a0(n\u00a0=\u00a0199\u00a0male,\u00a0195\u00a0female\u00a0participants)\u00a0in\u00a0order\u00a0to\u00a0determine\u00a0 44\u00a0 \u00a0 whether\u00a0sex\u00a0motive\u00a0differentiation\u00a0would\u00a0change\u00a0as\u00a0a\u00a0factor\u00a0of\u00a0gender.\u00a0While\u00a0the\u00a0female\u00a0 group\u00a0yielded\u00a0a\u00a0five\u00adfactor\u00a0solution,\u00a0in\u00a0which\u00a0all\u00a023\u00a0items\u00a0loaded\u00a0on\u00a0the\u00a0same\u00a0factors\u00a0as\u00a0 the\u00a0older\u00a0adolescent\u00a0and\u00a0full\u00a0sample\u00a0analyses,\u00a0the\u00a0male\u00a0group\u00a0yielded\u00a0a\u00a0less\u00a0differentiated\u00a0 four\u00adfactor\u00a0solution\u00a0in\u00a0which\u00a0all\u00a023\u00a0items\u00a0loaded\u00a0on\u00a0the\u00a0same\u00a0factors\u00a0as\u00a0the\u00a0younger\u00a0 adolescent\u00a0analysis.\u00a0Similar\u00a0to\u00a0the\u00a0younger\u00a0sample,\u00a0peer\u00a0and\u00a0partner\u00a0approval\u00a0items\u00a0 loaded\u00a0on\u00a0one\u00a0factor\u00a0(with\u00a0pattern\u00a0loadings\u00a0of\u00a0.65\u00a0or\u00a0higher)\u00a0in\u00a0the\u00a0male\u00a0sample.\u00a0 Although\u00a0the\u00a0results\u00a0are\u00a0preliminary,\u00a0given\u00a0the\u00a0small\u00a0sample\u00a0size\u00a0of\u00a0both\u00a0groups,\u00a0this\u00a0 information\u00a0may\u00a0suggest\u00a0that\u00a0male\u00a0youth,\u00a0like\u00a0the\u00a0younger\u00a0adolescent\u00a0group,\u00a0differentiate\u00a0 less\u00a0between\u00a0peer\u00a0and\u00a0partners\u00a0when\u00a0engaging\u00a0in\u00a0social\u00a0sexual\u00a0behaviour\u00a0to\u00a0gain\u00a0approval\u00a0 and avoid social censure from a socially significant LotherM. \u00a0 \u00a0 Factor\u00a0analysis\u00a0as\u00a0a\u00a0function\u00a0of\u00a0both\u00a0grade\u00a0and\u00a0gender\u00a0could\u00a0not\u00a0be\u00a0conducted\u00a0due\u00a0 to\u00a0an\u00a0inadequate\u00a0sample\u00a0size.\u00a0Follow\u00a0up\u00a0investigation\u00a0is\u00a0clearly\u00a0warranted.\u00a0 JIp)t0es+s\u00a02:\u00a0:-alIs+s\u00a0)6\u00a0Nar+a-2e\u00a0D:OFN:E\u00a0\/ests  The\u00a0second\u00a0hypothesis\u00a0suggested\u00a0that\u00a0gender\u00a0differences\u00a0would\u00a0not\u00a0be\u00a0associated\u00a0 with\u00a0intimacy\u00a0or\u00a0enhancement\u00a0motives\u00a0for\u00a0sex.\u00a0Further,\u00a0it\u00a0was\u00a0expected\u00a0that\u00a0these\u00a0 approach\u00a0motives\u00a0would\u00a0be\u00a0positively\u00a0associated\u00a0with\u00a0grade\u00a0whereas\u00a0the\u00a0avoidance\u00a0 motives\u00a0would\u00a0not\u00a0be\u00a0associated\u00a0with\u00a0grade.\u00a0A\u00a0series\u00a0of\u00a02\u00a0(gender)\u00a0by\u00a05\u00a0(grade)\u00a0analyses\u00a0 of\u00a0variance\u00a0(ANOVA)\u00a0tests\u00a0were\u00a0used\u00a0to\u00a0evaluate\u00a0the\u00a0relationship\u00a0between\u00a0gender\u00a0and\u00a0 grade,\u00a0analyzing\u00a0the\u00a0mean\u00a0differences\u00a0of\u00a0several\u00a0categorical\u00a0independent\u00a0variables\u00a0on\u00a0a\u00a0 single\u00a0dependent\u00a0variable.\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 Besp)-se\u00a0,ar+ables:\u00a0Se#\u00a0m)t+,es\u00a0a-d\u00a0peer\u00a0matter+-5. For\u00a0these\u00a0analyses,\u00a0student\u00a0 responses\u00a0to\u00a0relevant\u00a0items\u00a0from\u00a0each\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0sex\u00a0motive\u00a0subscales\u00a0(i.e.,\u00a0Enhancement,\u00a0 Intimacy,\u00a0Self\u00adAffirmation,\u00a0Partner\u00a0Approval,\u00a0and\u00a0Peer\u00a0Approval,\u00a0respectively)\u00a0which\u00a0 45\u00a0 \u00a0 emerged\u00a0from\u00a0the\u00a0earlier\u00a0factor\u00a0analysis undertaTen with the LfullM sample, as well as the four\u00a0items\u00a0from\u00a0the\u00a0MTOQ\u00adFriends were used as dependent variables. Subbects\u2019 scores on\u00a0each\u00a0dependent\u00a0variable\u00a0were\u00a0an\u00a0average\u00a0of\u00a0scores\u00a0on\u00a0relevant\u00a0items\u00a0for\u00a0,each\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0 scales\u00a0respectively.\u00a0Each\u00a0of\u00a0these\u00a0composites\u00a0were\u00a0evaluated\u00a0in\u00a0terms\u00a0of\u00a0internal\u00a0 consistency using Cronbach\u2019s alpha. Intercorrelations among the subscales were also examined.\u00a0Results\u00a0of\u00a0these\u00a0analyses\u00a0are\u00a0presented\u00a0in\u00a0Table\u00a04.\u00a0\u00a0 Table\u00a04.\u00a0 Sex Motive Reliabilities and :ntercorrelations among the Sex Motive and Peer Mattering Scales among Early@Middle Adolescents\u00a0\u00a0 Scale\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 a\u00a0 1\u00a0 2\u00a0 3\u00a0 4\u00a0 5\u00a0 1.\u00a0Enhancement\u00a0 .91\u00a0 \u00ad\u00a0 .\u00ad\u00ad\u00a0 .\u00ad\u00ad\u00a0 \u00ad\u00ad\u00a0 \u00ad\u00ad\u00a0 2.\u00a0Intimacy\u00a0 .95\u00a0 .55**\u00a0 \u00ad\u00a0 .\u00ad\u00ad\u00a0 \u00ad\u00ad\u00a0 \u00ad\u00ad\u00a0 3.\u00a0Self\u00adAffirmation\u00a0 .94\u00a0 .50**\u00a0 .39**\u00a0 \u00ad\u00ad\u00a0 \u00ad\u00ad\u00a0 \u00ad\u00ad\u00a0 4.\u00a0Partner\u00a0Approval\u00a0 .95\u00a0 .12*\u00a0 .13*\u00a0 .36**\u00a0 \u00ad\u00a0 \u00ad\u00ad\u00a0 5.\u00a0Peer\u00a0Approval\u00a0 .91\u00a0 .21**\u00a0 .07\u00a0 .42**\u00a0 .67**\u00a0 \u00ad\u00a0 6.\u00a0Peer\u00a0Mattering\u00a0 .88\u00a0 \u00ad.02\u00a0 .01\u00a0 \u00ad.05\u00a0 \u00ad.25**\u00a0 \u00ad.20*\u00a0 Note.\u00a0Responses\u00a0were\u00a0made\u00a0on\u00a0a\u00a05\u00adpoint\u00a0scale\u00a0(1\u00a0=\u00a0almost\u00a0never\/never\u00a0engage\u00a0in\u00a0sex\u00a0for\u00a0this\u00a0reason,\u00a05\u00a0=\u00a0 almost\u00a0always\/always\u00a0engage\u00a0in\u00a0sex\u00a0for\u00a0this\u00a0reason).\u00a0*p\u00a0<\u00a0.05,\u00a0**p\u00a0<\u00a0.01\u00a0 \u00a0 As\u00a0shown\u00a0in\u00a0Table\u00a04,\u00a0the\u00a0individual\u00a0sex\u00a0motives\u00a0exhibited\u00a0high\u00a0internal\u00a0 consistency\u00a0(all\u00a0as\u00a0\"\u00a0.91)\u00a0as\u00a0did\u00a0peer\u00a0mattering\u00a0(a\u00a0=\u00a0.88).\u00a0Albeit\u00a0significant,\u00a0the\u00a0majority\u00a0 of\u00a0the\u00a0sex\u00a0motives\u00a0subscale\u00a0intercorrelations\u00a0with\u00a0a\u00a0younger\u00admiddle\u00a0adolescent\u00a0sample\u00a0 were\u00a0low\u00a0in\u00a0magnitude,\u00a0consistent\u00a0with\u00a0the\u00a0notion\u00a0that\u00a0these\u00a0are\u00a0distinct\u00a0motives.\u00a0 Enhancement\u00a0motives\u00a0demonstrated\u00a0moderate\u00a0intercorrelations\u00a0with\u00a0intimacy\u00a0motives\u00a0 (.55)\u00a0and\u00a0self\u00adaffirmations\u00a0motives\u00a0(.50)\u00a0suggesting\u00a0some\u00a0overlap\u00a0but\u00a0not\u00a0complete\u00a0 redundancy.\u00a0The\u00a0stronger\u00a0intercorrelations\u00a0(.67)\u00a0between\u00a0peer\u00a0and\u00a0partner\u00a0approval\u00a0 motives,\u00a0on\u00a0the\u00a0other\u00a0hand,\u00a0may\u00a0suggest\u00a0that\u00a0a\u00a0young\u00admiddle\u00a0adolescent\u00a0sample\u00a0does\u00a0not\u00a0 distinguish\u00a0between\u00a0these\u00a0two\u00a0motives.\u00a0This\u00a0information\u00a0would\u00a0be\u00a0consistent\u00a0with\u00a0the\u00a0 less\u00a0differentiated\u00a0factor\u00a0structure\u00a0as\u00a0found\u00a0with\u00a0the\u00a0early\u00a0(Grades\u00a08\u00a0!\u00a010)\u00a0vs.\u00a0middle\u00a0 (Grades\u00a011\u00a0!\u00a012)\u00a0adolescent\u00a0samples\u00a0above.( 46\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 :-alIs+s\u00a0)6\u00a0,ar+a-2e\u00a0D:OFN:E\u00a0testsL\u00a0In\u00a0order\u00a0to\u00a0evaluate\u00a0whether\u00a0sex\u00a0motives\u00a0 varied\u00a0as\u00a0a\u00a0function\u00a0of\u00a0sex\u00a0and\u00a0grade,\u00a0a\u00a0series\u00a0of\u00a02\u00a0x\u00a05\u00a0analyses\u00a0of\u00a0variance\u00a0(ANOVA)\u00a0 were\u00a0conducted\u00a0with\u00a0gender\u00a0(Male,\u00a0Female)\u00a0and\u00a0grade\u00a0(8,\u00a09,\u00a010,\u00a011,\u00a012)\u00a0serving\u00a0as\u00a0the\u00a0 independent variables (IVs) and each of Cooper\u2019s original sex motives(serving\u00a0as\u00a0the\u00a0 dependent\u00a0variables\u00a0(DVs).\u00a0Individual\u00a0analyses\u00a0of\u00a0variance\u00a0for\u00a0each\u00a0motive\u00a0were\u00a0 considered\u00a0more\u00a0appropriate\u00a0than\u00a0a\u00a0multivariate\u00a0analysis\u00a0of\u00a0variance\u00a0given\u00a0our\u00a0interest\u00a0in\u00a0 each\u00a0specific\u00a0motive\u00a0and\u00a0given\u00a0the\u00a0exploratory\u00a0nature\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0research\u00a0(Huberty\u00a0&\u00a0Morris,\u00a0 1989).\u00a0\u00a0 ( :ppr)a20\u00a0()t+,esL As\u00a0hypothesized,\u00a0results\u00a0indicated\u00a0a\u00a0significant\u00a0main\u00a0effect\u00a0 for\u00a0sex,\u00a0F\u00a0(1,\u00a0375)\u00a0=\u00a023.42,\u00a0p\u00a0<\u00a0.05,\u00a0for\u00a0enhancement\u00a0motives.\u00a0Male\u00a0students\u00a0(M\u00a0=\u00a03.55,\u00a0 SD\u00a0=\u00a01.03)\u00a0reported\u00a0more\u00a0sex\u00adfor\u00adenhancement\u00a0motives\u00a0than\u00a0female\u00a0students\u00a0(M\u00a0=\u00a03.07,\u00a0 SD\u00a0=\u00a01.04).\u00a0Male\u00a0and\u00a0Female\u00a0students\u00a0did\u00a0not,\u00a0however,\u00a0differ\u00a0significantly\u00a0in\u00a0terms\u00a0of\u00a0 their\u00a0reports\u00a0of\u00a0intimacy\u00a0motives\u00a0(M\u00a0=\u00a03.46,\u00a0SD\u00a0=\u00a01.19\u00a0for\u00a0male\u00a0students\u037e\u00a0M\u00a0=\u00a03.41,\u00a0SD\u00a0=\u00a0 1.08\u00a0for\u00a0female\u00a0students).\u00a0Results\u00a0indicated\u00a0significant\u00a0variations\u00a0as\u00a0a\u00a0function\u00a0of\u00a0grade\u00a0 for\u00a0both\u00a0enhancement,\u00a0F\u00a0(4,\u00a0375)\u00a0=\u00a06.72,\u00a0p\u00a0<\u00a0.05,\u00a0and\u00a0intimacy\u00a0F\u00a0(4,\u00a0374)\u00a0=\u00a03.84,\u00a0p\u00a0<\u00a0.05\u00a0 motives.\u00a0Post\u00a0hoc\u00a0analysis\u00a0(Scheffe)\u00a0indicated\u00a0that\u00a0Grade\u00a08\u00a0students\u00a0were\u00a0significantly\u00a0 less\u00a0likely\u00a0to\u00a0report\u00a0enhancement\u00a0motives\u00a0for\u00a0sex\u00a0than\u00a0students\u00a0in\u00a0Grades\u00a09,\u00a010,\u00a011,\u00a0or\u00a012,\u00a0 with\u00a0no\u00a0significant\u00a0differences\u00a0between\u00a0the\u00a0latter\u00a0four\u00a0grade\u00a0levels.\u00a0Tamhane\u2019s t2\u00a0was\u00a0 used\u00a0for\u00a0intimacy\u00a0post\u00a0hoc\u00a0analysis\u00a0due\u00a0to\u00a0violation\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0homogeneity\u00a0assumption\u00a0as\u00a0 suggested by a significant Levene\u2019s test. Significant\u00a0differences\u00a0were\u00a0found\u00a0between\u00a0 Grade\u00a08\u00a0(M\u00a0=\u00a03.09,\u00a0SD\u00a0=\u00a01.20)\u00a0and\u00a0Grade\u00a010\u00a0(M\u00a0=\u00a03.59,\u00a0SD\u00a0=\u00a01.09)\u00a0as\u00a0well\u00a0as\u00a0Grade\u00a08\u00a0 and\u00a0Grade\u00a012\u00a0(M\u00a0=\u00a03.69,\u00a0SD\u00a0=\u00a01.04)\u00a0students,\u00a0with\u00a0Grade\u00a010\u00a0and\u00a0Grade\u00a012\u00a0students\u00a0 reporting\u00a0greater\u00a0intimacy\u00a0motives.\u00a0In\u00a0summary,\u00a0results\u00a0suggest\u00a0that\u00a0as\u00a0hypothesized,\u00a0 47\u00a0 \u00a0 both\u00a0enhancement\u00a0and\u00a0intimacy\u00a0(approach\u00a0motives)\u00a0increase\u00a0as\u00a0a\u00a0function\u00a0of\u00a0grade,\u00a0 although\u00a0the\u00a0effect\u00a0sizes\u00a0were\u00a0small\u00a0to\u00a0modest\u00a0(Eta\u00a0squares\u00a0ranging\u00a0from\u00a0.04\u00a0to\u00a0.07).  :,)+da-2e\u00a0()t+,esL\u00a0No\u00a0significant\u00a0grade\u00a0or\u00a0sex\u00a0differences\u00a0were\u00a0found\u00a0in\u00a0student\u00a0 reports\u00a0of\u00a0partner\u00a0approval\u00a0motives.\u00a0However,\u00a0a\u00a0significant\u00a0main\u00a0effect\u00a0for\u00a0sex\u00a0was\u00a0found\u00a0 for\u00a0self\u00adaffirmation\u00a0motives,\u00a0F\u00a0(1,\u00a0374)\u00a0=\u00a023.81,\u00a0p\u00a0<\u00a0.05\u00a0and\u00a0peer\u00a0approval\u00a0motives,\u00a0F\u00a0(1,\u00a0 362)\u00a0=\u00a019.04,\u00a0p\u00a0<\u00a0.05.\u00a0Female\u00a0students\u00a0were\u00a0significantly\u00a0less\u00a0likely\u00a0to\u00a0report\u00a0peer\u00a0 approval\u00a0motives\u00a0for\u00a0sex\u00a0(M\u00a0=\u00a01.39,\u00a0SD\u00a0=\u00a0.67)\u00a0than\u00a0were\u00a0male\u00a0students\u00a0(M\u00a0=\u00a01.78,\u00a0SD\u00a0=\u00a0 .95).\u00a0Female\u00a0students\u00a0(M\u00a0=\u00a02.38\u00a0,\u00a0SD\u00a0=\u00a01.09)\u00a0were\u00a0also\u00a0significantly\u00a0less \u00a0likely\u00a0to\u00a0report\u00a0 having\u00a0sex\u00a0for\u00a0self\u00adaffirmation\u00a0motives\u00a0than\u00a0male\u00a0students\u00a0(M\u00a0=\u00a02.98\u00a0,\u00a0SD\u00a0=\u00a01.22).\u00a0\u00a0 Although\u00a0no\u00a0significant\u00a0grade\u00a0differences\u00a0were\u00a0found\u00a0for\u00a0either\u00a0self\u00adaffirmation\u00a0or\u00a0 peer\u00a0approval\u00a0motives,\u00a0a\u00a0significant\u00a0interaction\u00a0between\u00a0sex\u00a0and\u00a0grade\u00a0was\u00a0found\u00a0for\u00a0peer\u00a0 approval\u00a0motives\u00a0F\u00a0(4,\u00a0362)\u00a0=\u00a03.27,\u00a0p\u00a0<\u00a0.05,\u00a0as\u00a0shown\u00a0in\u00a0Figure\u00a01.\u00a0Separate\u00a0ANOVA\u00a0tests\u00a0 and\u00a0appropriate\u00a0post\u00a0hoc\u00a0analyses\u00a0were\u00a0conducted\u00a0for\u00a0male\u00a0and\u00a0female\u00a0students\u00a0 separately.\u00a0Results\u00a0indicated\u00a0a\u00a0significant\u00a0main\u00a0effect\u00a0for\u00a0grade\u00a0F\u00a0(4,\u00a0183)\u00a0=\u00a02.97,\u00a0p\u00a0<\u00a0.05\u00a0 for\u00a0female\u00a0students\u00a0only\u00a0suggesting\u00a0that\u00a0females\u00a0were\u00a0less\u00a0likely\u00a0to\u00a0report\u00a0peer\u00a0approval\u00a0 motives\u00a0at\u00a0higher\u00a0grades.\u00a0\u00a0Follow\u00a0up\u00a0post\u00a0hoc\u00a0analyses\u00a0with\u00a0the\u00a0female\u00a0student\u00a0group\u00a0was\u00a0 undertaTen with Tamhane\u2019s t2\u00a0\u00a0test\u00a0as\u00a0the\u00a0homogeneity\u00a0of\u00a0variance\u00a0assumption\u00a0had\u00a0been\u00a0 violated\u00a0(significant\u00a0Levene\u2019s test).\u00a0No\u00a0significant\u00a0post\u00a0hoc\u00a0comparisons\u00a0were\u00a0found.\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0 ( ( ( 48\u00a0 \u00a0 ( (( \u00a0 Figure\u00a01:\u00a0Grade\u00a0and\u00a0Sex\u00a0Differences\u00a0in\u00a0Peer\u00a0Approval\u00a0Motives\u00a0 JIp)t0es+s\u00a03:\u00a0Be5ress+)-\u00a0:-alIses  The\u00a0third\u00a0hypothesis\u00a0stated\u00a0that\u00a0perceptions\u00a0of\u00a0peer\u00a0mattering\u00a0would\u00a0be\u00a0negatively\u00a0 associated\u00a0with\u00a0peer\u00a0and\u00a0partner\u00a0approval\u00a0motives\u00a0for\u00a0sex\u00a0over\u00a0and\u00a0above\u00a0the\u00a0influences\u00a0 of\u00a0gender\u00a0and\u00a0grade.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0To\u00a0evaluate\u00a0the\u00a0association\u00a0between\u00a0peer\u00a0mattering\u00a0and\u00a0sex\u00a0 motives\u00a0over\u00a0and\u00a0above\u00a0the\u00a0influences\u00a0of\u00a0gender\u00a0and\u00a0grade,\u00a0a\u00a0hierarchical\u00a0multiple\u00a0 regression analysis was employed for each of Cooper\u2019s original sex motives with a reduced\u00a0sample\u00a0(n\u00a0=\u00a0139),\u00a0which\u00a0included\u00a0those\u00a0subjects\u00a0who\u00a0completed\u00a0the\u00a0peer\u00a0 mattering\u00a0scale.\u00a0In\u00a0all\u00a0regressions,\u00a0gender\u00a0(coded\u00a0as\u00a01\u00a0for\u00a0female,\u00a02\u00a0for\u00a0male)\u00a0and\u00a0grade\u00a0 (8,\u00a09,\u00a010,\u00a011,\u00a012)\u00a0were\u00a0entered\u00a0in\u00a0the\u00a0first\u00a0step\u00a0as\u00a0main\u00a0effects.\u00a0To\u00a0investigate\u00a0the\u00a0 49\u00a0 \u00a0 possibility\u00a0of\u00a0a\u00a0compensatory\u00a0model,\u00a0a\u00a0coded\u00a0interaction\u00a0term\u00a0(gender\u00a0x\u00a0grade)\u00a0was\u00a0 entered\u00a0in\u00a0the\u00a0second\u00a0step.\u00a0To\u00a0avoid\u00a0multicollinearity\u00a0between\u00a0the\u00a0independent\u00a0variables,\u00a0 the\u00a0independent\u00a0variables\u00a0were\u00a0centered\u00a0before\u00a0creating\u00a0the\u00a0interaction\u00a0term\u00a0(Aiken\u00a0&\u00a0 West,\u00a01991).\u00a0\u00a0Mattering\u00a0to\u00a0friends\u00a0was\u00a0added\u00a0in\u00a0the\u00a0third\u00a0and\u00a0final\u00a0step\u00a0to\u00a0investigate\u00a0 whether\u00a0perceived\u00a0sense\u00a0of\u00a0peer\u00a0mattering\u00a0influenced\u00a0social\u00a0sex\u00a0motives\u00a0over\u00a0and\u00a0above,\u00a0 age,\u00a0gender,\u00a0or\u00a0the\u00a0interaction\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0two.\u00a0Boxplots\u00a0and\u00a0scatterplots\u00a0were\u00a0inspected\u00a0for\u00a0 irregularities\u00a0in\u00a0the\u00a0residuals.\u00a0Outliers\u00a0were\u00a0found\u00a0to\u00a0be\u00a0non\u00a0influential.\u00a0The\u00a0results\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0 seven\u00a0hierarchical\u00a0regressions\u00a0follow.\u00a0 \u00a0 Be5ress+)-\u00a0K:\u00a0@-0a-2eme-t\u00a0()t+,es. \u00a0The\u00a0first\u00a0regression\u00a0was\u00a0used\u00a0to\u00a0evaluate\u00a0a\u00a0 model\u00a0predicting\u00a0enhancement\u00a0sex\u00a0motives\u00a0from\u00a0sex,\u00a0grade\u00a0level\u00a0and\u00a0perceived\u00a0mattering\u00a0 to\u00a0peers.\u00a0As\u00a0shown\u00a0in\u00a0Table\u00a05,\u00a0only\u00a0the\u00a0first\u00a0model\u00a0was\u00a0statistically\u00a0significant,\u00a0F(2,\u00a0129)\u00a0 =\u00a04.432,\u00a0p\u00a0<\u00a0.05,\u00a0RH\u00a0=\u00a0.064,\u00a0explaining\u00a0only\u00a06.4%\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0variance\u00a0in\u00a0enhancement\u00a0 motives.\u00a0\u00a0Within\u00a0this\u00a0model,\u00a0only\u00a0grade\u00a0had\u00a0a\u00a0significant\u00a0unique\u00a0effect\u00a0(b\u00a0=\u00a0.248,\u00a0p\u00a0<\u00a0 .01),\u00a0consistent\u00a0with\u00a0the\u00a0ANOVA\u00a0results,\u00a0with\u00a0students\u00a0in\u00a0higher\u00a0grades\u00a0reporting\u00a0more\u00a0 sex\u00a0for\u00a0enhancement\u00a0motives\u00a0than\u00a0younger\u00a0students.\u00a0Peer\u00a0mattering\u00a0entered\u00a0in\u00a0Step\u00a03,\u00a0did\u00a0 not\u00a0add\u00a0significantly\u00a0to\u00a0the\u00a0prediction\u00a0of\u00a0enhancement\u00a0motives\u00a0for\u00a0sex.\u00a0Thus,\u00a0grade\u00a0 differences\u00a0accounted\u00a0for\u00a0approximately\u00a06%\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0variance\u00a0in\u00a0reports\u00a0of\u00a0enhancement\u00a0 motives\u00a0for\u00a0sex,\u00a0but\u00a0neither\u00a0sex\u00a0of\u00a0subject\u00a0nor\u00a0peer\u00a0mattering\u00a0contributed\u00a0further\u00a0to\u00a0this\u00a0 prediction.\u00a0 50\u00a0 \u00a0 Table\u00a05.\u00a0 Rierarchical Regression Predicting Enhancement Sex Motives Independent\u00a0Variables\u00a0 R2\u00a0$\u00a0 Adjusted\u00a0R2\u00a0 b\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Step\u00a01:\u00a0Main\u00a0Effects\u00a0 .064*\u00a0 .050*\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Gender\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 .061\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Grade\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 .248**\u00a0 Step\u00a02:\u00a0Two\u00adway\u00a0interactions\u00a0 .003\u00a0 .045\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Gender\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 .075\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Grade\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 .251**\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Gender\u00a0x\u00a0Grade\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 .055\u00a0 Step\u00a03:\u00a0Peer\u00a0Mattering\u00a0 .001\u00a0 .068\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Gender\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 .080\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Grade\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 .256*\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Gender\u00a0x\u00a0Grade\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 .055\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Peer\u00a0Mattering\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 .030\u00a0 *p <\u00a0.05.\u00a0**p\u00a0<\u00a0.01.( \u00a0 \u00a0 Be5ress+)-\u00a02:\u00a0R-t+ma2I\u00a0()t+,es. The\u00a0second\u00a0regression\u00a0was\u00a0undertaken\u00a0to\u00a0 predict\u00a0intimacy\u00a0motives\u00a0as\u00a0a\u00a0function\u00a0of\u00a0sex\u00a0and\u00a0grade\u00a0(Step\u00a01)\u00a0and\u00a0then\u00a0peer\u00a0mattering\u00a0 (Step\u00a03).\u00a0As\u00a0see\u00a0in\u00a0Table\u00a06,\u00a0no\u00a0statistically\u00a0significant\u00a0relationships\u00a0were\u00a0observed\u00a0for\u00a0this\u00a0 analysis,\u00a0although\u00a0a\u00a0marginally\u00a0significant\u00a0trend\u00a0was\u00a0observed\u00a0between\u00a0grade\u00a0and\u00a0 intimacy\u00a0(b\u00a0=\u00a0.164,\u00a0p\u00a0=\u00a0.06).\u00a0Consistent\u00a0with\u00a0results\u00a0reported\u00a0previously\u00a0for\u00a0the\u00a0ANOVA\u00a0 test\u00a0with\u00a0the\u00a0larger\u00a0sample,\u00a0intimacy\u00a0motives\u00a0tend\u00a0to\u00a0be\u00a0positively\u00a0associated\u00a0with\u00a0grade.\u00a0\u00a0 51\u00a0 \u00a0 Table\u00a06.\u00a0 Rierarchical Regression Predicting :ntimacy Sex Motives Independent\u00a0Variables\u00a0 R2\u00a0$\u00a0 Adjusted\u00a0R2\u00a0 b\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Step\u00a01:\u00a0Main\u00a0Effects\u00a0 .027\u00a0 .012\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Gender\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00ad.020\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Grade\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 .164t\u00a0 Step\u00a02:\u00a0Two\u00adway\u00a0interactions\u00a0 .000\u00a0 .004\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Gender\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00ad.019\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Grade\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 .164\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Gender\u00a0x\u00a0Grade\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 .006\u00a0 Step\u00a03:\u00a0Peer\u00a0Mattering\u00a0 .001\u00a0 \u00ad.003\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Gender\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00ad.014\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Grade\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 .168\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Gender\u00a0x\u00a0Grade\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 .005\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Peer\u00a0Mattering\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 .031\u00a0 *p\u00a0<\u00a0.05.\u00a0**p\u00a0<\u00a0.01.\u00a0t\u00a0\u00a0p\u00a0%\u00a0.10.\u00a0 \u00a0 Be5ress+)-\u00a03:\u00a0Ceer\u00a0appr),al\u00a0m)t+,es. 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Among younger\u00a0adolescents,\u00a0then,\u00a0peers\u00a0may\u00a0be\u00a0as\u00a0influential\u00a0as\u00a0potential\u00a0sexual\u00a0partners\u00a0when\u00a0 sexual\u00a0behaviour\u00a0is\u00a0undertaken\u00a0in\u00a0order\u00a0to\u00a0please\u00a0others\u00a0rather\u00a0than\u00a0oneself.\u00a0 \u00a0 Although\u00a0results\u00a0must\u00a0be\u00a0interpreted\u00a0with\u00a0caution\u00a0given\u00a0limited\u00a0sample\u00a0sizes,\u00a0 analyses\u00a0revealed\u00a0that\u00a0male\u00a0students,\u00a0regardless\u00a0of\u00a0age,\u00a0also\u00a0failed\u00a0to\u00a0differentiate\u00a0 between\u00a0peers\u00a0and\u00a0partners\u00a0with\u00a0regard\u00a0to\u00a0motives\u00a0to\u00a0engage\u00a0in\u00a0social\u00adsexual\u00a0behaviours.\u00a0 Whereas\u00a0a\u00a0five\u00adfactor\u00a0solution\u00a0was\u00a0found\u00a0for\u00a0sex\u00a0motives\u00a0among\u00a0female\u00a0students,\u00a0only\u00a0a\u00a0 four\u00adfactor solution, consistent with the LyoungerM (Grades 8 !\u00a010)\u00a0sub\u00adsample,\u00a0was\u00a0 found\u00a0with\u00a0the\u00a0male\u00a0subsample.\u00a0Thus,\u00a0although\u00a0preliminary,\u00a0it\u00a0appears\u00a0that\u00a0both\u00a0age\u00a0and\u00a0 gender\u00a0may\u00a0influence\u00a0sex\u00a0motive\u00a0endorsement\u00a0among\u00a0adolescents.\u00a0Follow\u00a0up\u00a0 investigation\u00a0is\u00a0warranted\u00a0with\u00a0adequate\u00a0sample\u00a0sizes\u00a0to\u00a0allow\u00a0for\u00a0an\u00a0examination\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0 interaction\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0two\u00a0variables.\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 The\u00a0discussion\u00a0proceeds\u00a0with\u00a0an\u00a0interpretation\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0results\u00a0with\u00a0regard\u00a0to\u00a0 Approach\u00a0motives\u00a0(i.e.,\u00a0enhancement,\u00a0intimacy),\u00a0followed\u00a0by\u00a0results\u00a0with\u00a0regard\u00a0to\u00a0 Avoidance\u00a0motives\u00a0(i.e.,\u00a0self\u00adaffirmation,\u00a0peer\u00a0approval,\u00a0partner\u00a0approval).\u00a0\u00a0 :ppr)a20\u00a0Se#\u00a0()t+,es\u00a0 \u00a0 Consistent\u00a0with\u00a0results\u00a0reported\u00a0by\u00a0Cooper\u00a0and\u00a0colleagues\u00a0(1998),\u00a0both\u00a0 enhancement\u00a0and\u00a0intimacy\u00a0motives\u00a0were\u00a0found\u00a0to\u00a0increase\u00a0significantly\u00a0as\u00a0a\u00a0function\u00a0of\u00a0 grade\u00a0in\u00a0the\u00a0present\u00a0study.\u00a0Gebhardt\u00a0and\u00a0colleagues\u00a0(2003)\u00a0have\u00a0found\u00a0levels\u00a0of\u00a0reported\u00a0 intimacy\u00a0motives\u00a0to\u00a0be\u00a0inversely\u00a0related\u00a0to\u00a0casual\u00a0sex\u00a0within\u00a0an\u00a0adolescent\u00a0and\u00a0young\u00ad 57\u00a0 \u00a0 adult\u00a0(ages\u00a015\u00a0!\u00a023)\u00a0populations.\u00a0Moreover,\u00a0research\u00a0indicates\u00a0that\u00a0approach\u00a0motives\u00a0 (i.e.,\u00a0enhancement\u00a0and\u00a0intimacy)\u00a0are\u00a0associated\u00a0with\u00a0greater\u00a0relationship\u00a0satisfaction\u00a0and\u00a0 longevity\u00a0(Impett\u00a0&\u00a0Peplau,\u00a02002\u037e\u00a0Impett\u00a0et\u00a0al.,\u00a02005)\u00a0in\u00a0adulthood.\u00a0Given\u00a0that\u00a0intimacy\u00a0 motives\u00a0may\u00a0in\u00a0fact\u00a0LbufferM the detrimental effects of having sex for physical pleasure motives\u00a0alone\u00a0(see\u00a0Cooper\u00a0et\u00a0al.,\u00a02006\u00a0for\u00a0review),\u00a0it\u00a0follows\u00a0then\u00a0that\u00a0younger\u00a0 adolescents\u00a0who\u00a0engage\u00a0in\u00a0social\u00a0sexual\u00a0behaviours\u00a0for\u00a0motives\u00a0other\u00a0than\u00a0intimacy\u00a0may\u00a0 be\u00a0at\u00a0a\u00a0higher\u00a0risk\u00a0for\u00a0developing\u00a0and\u00a0maintaining\u00a0a\u00a0pattern\u00a0of\u00a0risky\u00a0sexual\u00a0practices.\u00a0\u00a0 Studies\u00a0exploring\u00a0gender\u00a0differences\u00a0in\u00a0sexual\u00a0motives\u00a0(e.g.,\u00a0Carroll\u00a0et\u00a0al.,\u00a01985\u037e\u00a0 Cooper\u00a0et\u00a0al.,\u00a01998\u037e\u00a0Leigh,\u00a01989\u037e\u00a0Murstein\u00a0&\u00a0Tuerkheimer,\u00a01998)\u00a0have,\u00a0by\u00a0and\u00a0large,\u00a0 served\u00a0to\u00a0support\u00a0widely\u00a0held\u00a0beliefs\u00a0that\u00a0men\u00a0report\u00a0higher\u00a0physical\u00a0or\u00a0pleasure\u00a0based\u00a0 motives\u00a0for\u00a0sex\u00a0whereas\u00a0women report higher love or LintimacyM motives for sex. The one\u00a0study\u00a0assessing\u00a0sex\u00a0motives\u00a0in\u00a0an\u00a0exclusively\u00a0younger\u00a0adolescent\u00a0population\u00a0(Balter,\u00a0 2005)\u00a0did\u00a0not\u00a0find\u00a0expected\u00a0gender\u00a0differences\u00a0with\u00a0regard\u00a0to\u00a0intimacy.\u00a0In\u00a0the\u00a0present\u00a0 study,\u00a0male\u00a0students\u00a0reported\u00a0significantly\u00a0more\u00a0enhancement\u00a0motives\u00a0than\u00a0female\u00a0 students.\u00a0No\u00a0gender\u00a0differences\u00a0were\u00a0found\u00a0for\u00a0intimacy\u00a0motives.\u00a0The\u00a0diminished\u00a0 Lgender effectM concerning intimacy motives in younger adolescent populations may suggest\u00a0a\u00a0shift\u00a0in\u00a0psychosocial\u00a0gendered\u00a0values\u00a0within\u00a0the\u00a0larger\u00a0sociocultural\u00a0climate.\u00a0\u00a0 :,)+da-2e\u00a0Se#\u00a0()t+,es\u00a0 \u00a0 Contrary\u00a0to\u00a0expectations,\u00a0results\u00a0indicated\u00a0that\u00a0male\u00a0students\u00a0were\u00a0more\u00a0likely\u00a0 than\u00a0female\u00a0students\u00a0to\u00a0report\u00a0sex\u00a0for\u00a0peer\u00a0approval\u00a0and\u00a0self\u00adaffirmation\u00a0motives.\u00a0Male\u00a0 students\u00a0reported\u00a0significantly\u00a0higher\u00a0self\u00adaffirmation\u00a0and\u00a0peer\u00a0approval\u00a0motives\u00a0than\u00a0 female\u00a0students\u00a0across\u00a0grade\u00a0levels\u00a0(8\u00ad12).\u00a0Sex\u00a0for\u00a0peer\u00a0approval\u00a0motives\u00a0were\u00a0found\u00a0to\u00a0 decrease\u00a0with\u00a0higher\u00a0grade\u00a0levels\u00a0for\u00a0female\u00a0students\u00a0only.\u00a0Although\u00a0gender\u00a0differences\u00a0 58\u00a0 \u00a0 in\u00a0self\u00adaffirmation\u00a0and\u00a0peer\u00a0approval\u00a0motives\u00a0may\u00a0be\u00a0developmentally\u00a0connected,\u00a0it\u00a0is\u00a0 plausible that such gender differences may be partially explained, or LmediatedM, by societal\u00a0norms\u00a0within\u00a0the\u00a0high\u00a0school\u00a0environment.\u00a0If,\u00a0for\u00a0example,\u00a0engaging\u00a0in\u00a0social\u00a0 sexual\u00a0behaviour\u00a0is\u00a0associated\u00a0with\u00a0peer\u00a0popularity\u00a0for\u00a0male\u00a0but\u00a0not\u00a0female\u00a0students,\u00a0 male\u00a0students\u00a0may\u00a0be\u00a0more\u00a0likely\u00a0to\u00a0engage\u00a0in\u00a0social\u00a0sexual\u00a0behaviours\u00a0for\u00a0self\u00ad affirmation\u00a0and\u00a0peer\u00a0approval\u00a0motives.\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 With\u00a0the\u00a0exception\u00a0of\u00a0peer\u00a0approval\u00a0motives\u00a0for\u00a0female\u00a0students,\u00a0avoidance\u00a0 motives\u00a0for\u00a0sex\u00a0did\u00a0not\u00a0decrease\u00a0across\u00a0grade\u00a0level.\u00a0In\u00a0contrast,\u00a0approach\u00a0motives\u00a0(i.e.,\u00a0 enhancement\u00a0and\u00a0intimacy)\u00a0increased\u00a0with\u00a0grade\u00a0level.\u00a0These\u00a0findings\u00a0may\u00a0suggest\u00a0that\u00a0 avoidance\u00a0motives,\u00a0once\u00a0developed,\u00a0are\u00a0more\u00a0resistant\u00a0to\u00a0change\u00a0over\u00a0time.\u00a0The\u00a0need\u00a0for\u00a0 comprehensive\u00a0sexual\u00a0health\u00a0efforts\u00a0targeted\u00a0at\u00a0preventing\u00a0adolescents\u00a0from\u00a0developing\u00a0 behavioural\u00a0patterns\u00a0that\u00a0utilize\u00a0social\u00a0sexual\u00a0behaviour\u00a0for\u00a0avoidance\u00a0purposes\u00a0is\u00a0 emphasized.( Over\u00a0and\u00a0above\u00a0gender\u00a0and\u00a0grade,\u00a0perceptions\u00a0of\u00a0peer\u00a0mattering\u00a0were\u00a0 significantly\u00a0related\u00a0to\u00a0peer\u00a0and\u00a0partner\u00a0approval\u00a0motives.\u00a0Specifically,\u00a0the\u00a0more\u00a0students\u00a0 felt\u00a0that\u00a0they\u00a0mattered\u00a0to\u00a0peers,\u00a0the\u00a0less\u00a0they\u00a0reported\u00a0peer\u00a0and\/or\u00a0partner\u00a0approval\u00a0 motives\u00a0for\u00a0social\u00a0sexual\u00a0behaviour:\u00a0As\u00a0would\u00a0be\u00a0expected\u00a0from\u00a0Marshall\u2019s (<994) model of\u00a0perceived\u00a0mattering,\u00a0it\u00a0seems\u00a0that\u00a0adolescents\u00a0who\u00a0perceive\u00a0themselves\u00a0as\u00a0mattering\u00a0 less\u00a0are\u00a0more\u00a0likely\u00a0to\u00a0seek\u00a0interpersonal\u00a0attention\u00a0(i.e.,\u00a0attention\u00a0from\u00a0others)\u00a0in\u00a0an\u00a0effort\u00a0 to\u00a0boost\u00a0their\u00a0sense\u00a0of\u00a0perceived\u00a0mattering.\u00a0( Cra2t+2al\u00a0Rmpl+2at+)-s\u00a0 \u00a0 The\u00a0findings\u00a0of\u00a0this\u00a0study\u00a0have\u00a0several\u00a0implications\u00a0with\u00a0reference\u00a0to\u00a0the\u00a0 development\u00a0of\u00a0positive\u00a0and\u00a0healthy\u00a0approaches\u00a0to\u00a0sexuality\u00a0and\u00a0sexual\u00a0relationships\u00a0in\u00a0 59\u00a0 \u00a0 adolescence,\u00a0adding\u00a0to\u00a0our\u00a0understanding\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0belief\u00a0systems\u00a0that\u00a0inform\u00a0social\u00a0sexual\u00a0 behaviour\u00a0in\u00a0teens.\u00a0Within\u00a0the\u00a0sex\u00a0motive\u00a0literature,\u00a0there\u00a0is\u00a0evidence\u00a0to\u00a0suggest\u00a0that\u00a0 avoidance\u00a0motives\u00a0for\u00a0sexual\u00a0behaviour\u00a0are\u00a0related\u00a0to\u00a0problematic\u00a0outcomes\u00a0in\u00a0the\u00a0areas\u00a0 of\u00a0risky\u00a0sexual\u00a0behaviour\u00a0(Cooper\u00a0et\u00a0al.,\u00a01998\u037e\u00a0Gebhardt\u00a0et\u00a0al.,\u00a02006\u037e\u00a0Gebhardt\u00a0et\u00a0al.,\u00a0 2003),\u00a0and\u00a0sexual\u00a0compliance\u00a0(see\u00a0Impett\u00a0&\u00a0Peplau,\u00a02003\u00a0for\u00a0review)\u00a0as\u00a0well\u00a0as\u00a0 interpersonal\u00a0well\u00adbeing\u00a0and\u00a0relationship\u00a0quality\u00a0(Impett\u00a0et\u00a0al.,\u00a02005).\u00a0The\u00a0current\u00a0results\u00a0 indicate\u00a0that\u00a0approach\u00a0motives\u00a0(i.e.,\u00a0enhancement\u00a0and\u00a0intimacy)\u00a0increase\u00a0with\u00a0grade\u00a0 level,\u00a0but\u00a0avoidance\u00a0motives,\u00a0with\u00a0the\u00a0exception\u00a0of\u00a0peer\u00a0approval\u00a0motives\u00a0for\u00a0female\u00a0 students,\u00a0remain\u00a0stable\u00a0across\u00a0grade\u00a0levels.\u00a0From\u00a0a\u00a0behavioural\u00a0perspective,\u00a0it\u00a0may\u00a0be\u00a0 argued\u00a0that\u00a0once\u00a0sexual\u00a0behaviours\u00a0are\u00a0utilized\u00a0as\u00a0an\u00a0effective\u00a0strategy\u00a0to\u00a0avoid\u00a0negative\u00a0 affect,\u00a0they\u00a0may\u00a0be\u00a0reinforced\u00a0over\u00a0time,\u00a0developing\u00a0into\u00a0a\u00a0behavioural\u00a0pattern\u00a0that\u00a0 becomes\u00a0more\u00a0resistant\u00a0to\u00a0change.\u00a0Longitudinal\u00a0research\u00a0is\u00a0needed\u00a0to\u00a0further\u00a0investigate\u00a0 the\u00a0developmental\u00a0trajectory\u00a0of\u00a0sexual\u00a0motives\u00a0from\u00a0adolescence\u00a0through\u00a0to\u00a0adulthood.\u00a0\u00a0 Results\u00a0from\u00a0the\u00a0present\u00a0study\u00a0also\u00a0demonstrate\u00a0that\u00a0male\u00a0students\u00a0engage\u00a0in\u00a0 sexual\u00a0behavior\u00a0more\u00a0for\u00a0self\u00adaffirmation\u00a0and\u00a0peer\u00a0approval\u00a0motives\u00a0than\u00a0female\u00a0 students.\u00a0The\u00a0current\u00a0research\u00a0also\u00a0suggest\u00a0that\u00a0male\u00a0students,\u00a0similar\u00a0to\u00a0younger\u00a0 students,\u00a0are\u00a0less\u00a0likely\u00a0to\u00a0differentiate\u00a0between\u00a0partners\u00a0and\u00a0peers\u00a0when\u00a0engaging\u00a0in\u00a0 social\u00a0sexual\u00a0behaviour\u00a0for\u00a0the\u00a0approval\u00a0of\u00a0a\u00a0socially\u00a0significant\u00a0other.\u00a0Taken\u00a0together,\u00a0 this\u00a0information\u00a0may\u00a0underscore\u00a0the\u00a0influential\u00a0effect\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0peer\u00a0group\u00a0for\u00a0male\u00a0students\u00a0 in\u00a0particular.\u00a0Normative\u00a0information\u00a0pertaining\u00a0to\u00a0sexual\u00a0behaviour\u00a0and\u00a0motivations\u00a0 across\u00a0age\u00a0and\u00a0gender\u00a0groups\u00a0may\u00a0serve\u00a0to\u00a0challenge\u00a0erroneous\u00a0belief\u00a0systems\u00a0(e.g.,\u00a0 LEveryone else if doing it.M or LI\u2019m\u00a0the only one my age who\u2019s still a virgin.M) Educational activities that challenge erroneous beliefs may also increase adolescents\u2019 60\u00a0 \u00a0 awareness\u00a0of\u00a0possible\u00a0socio\u00adcultural\u00a0variables\u00a0(e.g.,\u00a0peer\u00a0culture,\u00a0media)\u00a0that\u00a0may\u00a0serve\u00a0to\u00a0 perpetuate\u00a0these\u00a0beliefs.\u00a0 The\u00a0current\u00a0study\u00a0suggests\u00a0that\u00a0the\u00a0level\u00a0of\u00a0sex\u00a0for\u00a0peer\u00a0approval\u00a0motives\u00a0 decrease\u00a0for\u00a0female\u00a0students\u00a0at\u00a0higher\u00a0grades.\u00a0This\u00a0is\u00a0a\u00a0heartening\u00a0finding\u00a0given\u00a0that\u00a0 Gebhardt and colleagues (<997) found that female students who reported higher Lsex\u00adto\u00ad please\u00adotherM\u00a0motives\u00a0were\u00a0less\u00a0likely\u00a0to\u00a0use\u00a0condoms\u00a0with\u00a0casual\u00a0sex\u00a0partners.\u00a0\u00a0 Nonetheless,\u00a0it\u00a0is\u00a0likely\u00a0that\u00a0both\u00a0male\u00a0and\u00a0female\u00a0adolescents\u00a0would\u00a0benefit\u00a0from\u00a0 education\u00a0and\u00a0discussion\u00a0pertaining\u00a0to\u00a0the\u00a0implications\u00a0of\u00a0sex\u00a0for\u00a0particular\u00a0motives.\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Given\u00a0that\u00a0previous\u00a0research\u00a0has\u00a0demonstrated\u00a0that\u00a0adolescents\u00a0who\u00a0utilize\u00a0sex\u00a0to\u00a0 please\u00a0others\u00a0(e.g.,\u00a0peer\u00a0approval,\u00a0partner\u00a0approval)\u00a0or\u00a0to\u00a0enhance\u00a0their\u00a0own\u00a0mood\u00a0(e.g.,\u00a0 self\u00adaffirmation)\u00a0report\u00a0a\u00a0higher\u00a0number\u00a0of\u00a0casual\u00a0sex\u00a0partners\u00a0if\u00a0they\u00a0are\u00a0engaging\u00a0in\u00a0 casual\u00a0sex\u00a0relationships\u00a0(Gebhardt\u00a0and\u00a0colleagues,\u00a02003),\u00a0sexual\u00a0health\u00a0education\u00a0 addressing\u00a0the\u00a0implications\u00a0of\u00a0sexual\u00a0motives\u00a0is\u00a0imperative.\u00a0Male\u00a0students\u00a0may\u00a0 particularly\u00a0benefit\u00a0from\u00a0such\u00a0efforts.\u00a0Information\u00a0pertaining\u00a0to\u00a0the\u00a0implications\u00a0of\u00a0 approach\/avoidance\u00a0motives\u00a0for\u00a0sex\u00a0with\u00a0reference\u00a0to\u00a0relationship\u00a0well\u00adbeing,\u00a0 satisfaction,\u00a0and\u00a0longevity\u00a0in\u00a0adulthood\u00a0(Impett\u00a0&\u00a0Peplau,\u00a02002\u037e\u00a0Impett\u00a0et\u00a0al.,\u00a02005)\u00a0may\u00a0 be\u00a0particularly\u00a0informative.\u00a0By\u00a0supporting\u00a0self\u00adawareness\u00a0of\u00a0underlying\u00a0sex\u00a0motives\u00a0as\u00a0 well\u00a0as\u00a0the\u00a0possible\u00a0immediate\u00a0and\u00a0long\u00adterm\u00a0implications\u00a0of\u00a0such\u00a0motives,\u00a0adolescents\u00a0 may\u00a0be\u00a0empowered\u00a0to\u00a0make\u00a0informed\u00a0sexual\u00a0choices.\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 Peer\u00a0mattering\u00a0results\u00a0further\u00a0underscored\u00a0the\u00a0relationship\u00a0between\u00a0the\u00a0peer\u00a0group\u00a0 and\u00a0sexual\u00a0motives\u00a0in\u00a0early\u00admiddle\u00a0adolescence.\u00a0In\u00a0particular,\u00a0the\u00a0present\u00a0results\u00a0showed\u00a0 that one\u2019s sense of mattering to peers is associated with social sexual motives to attain the approval\u00a0from\u00a0a\u00a0socially\u00a0significant\u00a0other\u00a0(peers,\u00a0partner),\u00a0lending\u00a0further\u00a0support\u00a0for\u00a0the\u00a0 61\u00a0 \u00a0 developmental\u00a0importance\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0peer\u00a0group\u00a0with\u00a0regard\u00a0to\u00a0romantic\u00a0relationships,\u00a0as\u00a0has\u00a0 been\u00a0suggested\u00a0in\u00a0the\u00a0field\u00a0(e.g.,\u00a0Connolly\u00a0&\u00a0Goldberg,\u00a01999\u037e\u00a0Connolly\u00a0&\u00a0Johnson,\u00a0 1996\u037e\u00a0Furman\u00a0&\u00a0Wehner,\u00a01997\u037e\u00a0Scharf\u00a0&\u00a0Mayseless,\u00a02001).\u00a0The\u00a0fact\u00a0that\u00a0younger\u00a0 adolescents\u00a0and\u00a0male\u00a0adolescents\u00a0were\u00a0less\u00a0likely\u00a0to\u00a0differentiate\u00a0between\u00a0peer\u00a0and\u00a0 partner\u00a0approval\u00a0motives\u00a0for\u00a0sex\u00a0in\u00a0the\u00a0current\u00a0study\u00a0may\u00a0suggest\u00a0that\u00a0peers\u00a0are\u00a0as\u00a0 influential\u00a0as\u00a0potential\u00a0sexual\u00a0partners\u00a0when\u00a0sexual\u00a0behaviour\u00a0is\u00a0undertaken\u00a0to\u00a0gain\u00a0 approval\/avoid\u00a0social\u00a0censure\u00a0from\u00a0others.\u00a0Given\u00a0the\u00a0adverse\u00a0implications\u00a0of\u00a0sex\u00a0to\u00a0 Lplease othersM for both male and female adolescents (Gebhardt et al., <997) efforts to facilitate\u00a0student\u00a0interconnectedness\u00a0and\u00a0belonging\u00a0may\u00a0be\u00a0beneficial.\u00a0Students\u00a0who\u00a0 experience\u00a0a\u00a0fundamental\u00a0sense\u00a0of\u00a0mattering\u00a0to\u00a0others\u00a0may\u00a0be\u00a0less\u00a0likely\u00a0to\u00a0engage\u00a0in\u00a0 behaviours\u00a0to\u00a0gain\u00a0the\u00a0approval\u00a0of\u00a0others.\u00a0\u00a0 U+m+tat+)-s\u00a0 \u00a0 The\u00a0following\u00a0section\u00a0discusses\u00a0methodological\u00a0and\u00a0theoretical\u00a0limitations\u00a0within\u00a0 this study. Methodological limitations pertain to the study\u2019s sample, design, and measures\u00a0 used.\u00a0Drawn\u00a0from\u00a0a\u00a0single\u00a0secondary\u00a0school\u00a0in\u00a0an\u00a0area\u00a0considered\u00a0to\u00a0be\u00a0of\u00a0high\u00a0socio\u00ad economic\u00a0status,\u00a0the\u00a0sample\u00a0may\u00a0be\u00a0somewhat\u00a0limited\u00a0in\u00a0terms\u00a0of\u00a0its\u00a0representativeness\u00a0 and,\u00a0by\u00a0extension,\u00a0limiting\u00a0the\u00a0generalizability\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0present\u00a0results.\u00a0Participation\u00a0rates\u00a0 were\u00a0also\u00a0less\u00a0than\u00a0ideal.\u00a0Of\u00a0the\u00a0student\u00a0population\u00a0approached\u00a0for\u00a0participation,\u00a0roughly\u00a0 56%\u00a0returned\u00a0forms\u00a0indicated\u00a0consent\u00a0in\u00a0Wave\u00a01,\u00a065%\u00a0in\u00a0Wave\u00a02,\u00a0and\u00a0only\u00a037%\u00a0in\u00a0Wave\u00a0 3.\u00a0The\u00a0drop\u00a0in\u00a0Wave\u00a03\u00a0was\u00a0partially\u00a0attributed\u00a0to\u00a0one\u00a0teacher\u00a0declining\u00a0to\u00a0collect\u00a0consent\u00a0 forms\u00a0as\u00a0well\u00a0as\u00a0a\u00a0change\u00a0in\u00a0administration\u00a0at\u00a0the\u00a0school.\u00a0Particularly\u00a0heartening\u00a0is\u00a0the\u00a0 fact\u00a0that\u00a0the\u00a0present\u00a0results\u00a0are\u00a0consistent\u00a0with\u00a0those\u00a0of\u00a0other\u00a0researchers\u00a0in\u00a0this\u00a0area\u00a0 (Gebhardt,et\u00a0al.,\u00a02006\u037e\u00a0Gebhardt\u00a0et\u00a0al.,\u00a02003)\u00a0with\u00a0regard\u00a0to\u00a0peer\/partner\u00a0approval\u00a0 62\u00a0 \u00a0 motives\u00a0being\u00a0distinguished\u00a0less\u00a0with\u00a0younger\u00a0adolescents.\u00a0Nevertheless,\u00a0replication\u00a0is\u00a0 warranted\u00a0with\u00a0a\u00a0larger\u00a0and\u00a0more\u00a0diverse\u00a0sample\u00a0to\u00a0improve\u00a0the\u00a0generalizability\u00a0of\u00a0these\u00a0 findings\u00a0 A\u00a0second\u00a0methodological\u00a0limitation\u00a0was\u00a0that\u00a0the\u00a0sample\u00a0size\u00a0for\u00a0the\u00a0older\u00a0(Grades\u00a0 11\u00a0!\u00a012)\u00a0adolescents\u00a0was\u00a0insufficient\u00a0to\u00a0satisfy\u00a0the\u00a0guiding\u00a0principle\u00a0of\u00a010\u00a0subjects\u00a0per\u00a0 item\u00a0for\u00a0factor\u00a0analysis.\u00a0Given\u00a0that\u00a0the\u00a0focus\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0study\u00a0was\u00a0the\u00a0factor\u00a0structure\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0 younger\u00a0(Grades\u00a08\u00ad10)\u00a0adolescent\u00a0population,\u00a0factor\u00a0analysis\u00a0was\u00a0undertaken\u00a0with\u00a0the\u00a0 older\u00a0(Grades\u00a011\u00a0!\u00a012)\u00a0sample\u00a0for\u00a0comparative\u00a0purposes\u00a0only.\u00a0The\u00a0sample\u00a0size\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0 younger\u00a0(Grade\u00a08\u00a0!\u00a010)\u00a0sample\u00a0was\u00a0sufficient.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 Although\u00a0drawn\u00a0from\u00a0a\u00a0larger\u00a0longitudinal\u00a0project,\u00a0the\u00a0cross\u00a0sectional\u00a0design\u00a0of\u00a0 the\u00a0current\u00a0study\u00a0assessed\u00a0inter\u00adindividual\u00a0differences\u00a0only,\u00a0accounting\u00a0for\u00a0the\u00a0 relationship\u00a0between\u00a0gender,\u00a0grade,\u00a0perceptions\u00a0of\u00a0peer\u00a0mattering\u00a0and\u00a0sex\u00a0motives\u00a0at\u00a0a\u00a0 particular\u00a0point\u00a0in\u00a0time.\u00a0By\u00a0the\u00a0nature\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0design,\u00a0inferences\u00a0regarding\u00a0specific\u00a0intra\u00ad individual\u00a0differences\u00a0or\u00a0broad\u00a0developmental\u00a0process\u00a0could\u00a0not\u00a0be\u00a0made.\u00a0Further,\u00a0as\u00a0the\u00a0 study\u00a0was\u00a0correlational,\u00a0causal\u00a0conclusions\u00a0could\u00a0not\u00a0be\u00a0made.\u00a0However,\u00a0the\u00a0results\u00a0of\u00a0 this\u00a0study\u00a0do\u00a0contribute\u00a0to\u00a0our\u00a0understanding\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0role\u00a0of\u00a0grade,\u00a0gender,\u00a0and\u00a0peer\u00a0 mattering\u00a0with\u00a0reference\u00a0to\u00a0motives\u00a0for\u00a0social\u00a0sexual\u00a0behaviour\u00a0in\u00a0early\u00admiddle\u00a0 adolescence.\u00a0 \u00a0 Self\u00adreport\u00a0measures\u00a0such\u00a0as\u00a0those\u00a0used\u00a0in\u00a0this\u00a0study,\u00a0are\u00a0limited\u00a0in\u00a0several\u00a0ways.\u00a0 The\u00a0potential\u00a0for\u00a0inaccuracies\u00a0is\u00a0inherent\u00a0in\u00a0all\u00a0self\u00adreport\u00a0data.\u00a0Information\u00a0pertaining\u00a0to\u00a0 sexual\u00a0motives,\u00a0however,\u00a0is\u00a0of\u00a0particular\u00a0concern\u00a0given\u00a0the\u00a0possibility\u00a0of\u00a0social\u00a0 desirability\u00a0bias\u00a0(e.g.,\u00a0Weiderman,\u00a02004),\u00a0in\u00a0which\u00a0participants\u00a0respond\u00a0to\u00a0questions\u00a0in\u00a0a\u00a0 63\u00a0 \u00a0 LdesirableM rather than an accurate manner. Given the personal and subbective\u00a0nature\u00a0of\u00a0 sex\u00a0motives\u00a0however,\u00a0self\u00adreport\u00a0measures\u00a0were\u00a0virtually\u00a0unavoidable.\u00a0\u00a0 Another\u00a0significant\u00a0methodological\u00a0limitation\u00a0lies\u00a0in\u00a0the\u00a0fact\u00a0that\u00a0four\u00a0coping\u00a0 items\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0SMS\u00a0were\u00a0not\u00a0administered.\u00a0Although\u00a0the\u00a0principal\u00a0investigator\u00a0omitted\u00a0 these\u00a0items\u00a0for\u00a0ethical\u00a0reasons\u00a0given\u00a0the\u00a0young\u00a0age\u00a0of\u00a0some\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0sample,\u00a0administration\u00a0 of\u00a0the\u00a0coping\u00a0items\u00a0would\u00a0have,\u00a0nonetheless,\u00a0provided\u00a0a\u00a0clearer\u00a0understanding\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0 SMS\u00a0factor\u00a0structure\u00a0within\u00a0a\u00a0young\u00admiddle\u00a0adolescent\u00a0population.\u00a0Further,\u00a0 administration\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0coping\u00a0items\u00a0would\u00a0have\u00a0allowed\u00a0for\u00a0a\u00a0more\u00a0complete\u00a0 developmental\u00a0profile\u00a0of\u00a0avoidance\u00a0motives\u00a0in\u00a0this\u00a0population.\u00a0Given\u00a0time\u00a0constraints,\u00a0 only\u00a0four\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0most\u00a0pertinent\u00a0items\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0MTOQ\u00adPeers\u00a0were\u00a0administered,\u00a0limiting\u00a0the\u00a0 study\u00a0further.\u00a0 \u00a0 The\u00a0current study altered the definition of LsexM on the SMS to include social sexual behaviours. As such, students responded to the SMS with reference to LTissing, fondling\u00a0genitals,\u00a0vaginal\u00adpenile\u00a0intercourse,\u00a0oral\u00a0sex\u00a0or\u00a0touch\u00a0mouth\u00a0to\u00a0genitals\u00a0and\u00a0 masturbating with a partnerM. Given the diverse implication of these behaviours (e.g., kissing\u00a0vs.\u00a0intercourse),\u00a0it\u00a0may\u00a0be\u00a0argued\u00a0that\u00a0motivations\u00a0for\u00a0these\u00a0behaviours\u00a0are\u00a0quite\u00a0 different\u00a0and\u00a0should\u00a0not\u00a0be\u00a0combined\u00a0theoretically.\u00a0Future\u00a0research\u00a0is\u00a0needed\u00a0to\u00a0 determine\u00a0whether\u00a0motives\u00a0may\u00a0differ\u00a0as\u00a0a\u00a0function\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0particular\u00a0social\u00a0sexual\u00a0 behaviour\u00a0it\u00a0serves.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 24$4%+(L+#+&%';( (( \u00a0 The\u00a0findings\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0present\u00a0study\u00a0have\u00a0several\u00a0theoretical\u00a0implications\u00a0concerning\u00a0 sex\u00a0motives\u00a0within\u00a0a\u00a0young\u00admiddle\u00a0adolescent\u00a0population.\u00a0Although\u00a0results\u00a0demonstrate\u00a0 a\u00a0less\u00a0differentiated\u00a0model\u00a0of\u00a0sex\u00a0motives\u00a0for\u00a0younger\u00a0adolescents,\u00a0the\u00a0evidence\u00a0is\u00a0 64\u00a0 \u00a0 somewhat\u00a0tentative\u00a0given\u00a0the\u00a0insufficient\u00a0sample\u00a0size\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0middle\u00a0adolescent\u00a0(Grades\u00a0 11\u00a0!\u00a012)\u00a0sample.\u00a0Preliminary\u00a0evidence\u00a0also\u00a0suggests\u00a0that\u00a0gender\u00a0may\u00a0influence\u00a0the\u00a0factor\u00a0 structure\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0SMS.\u00a0Future\u00a0research\u00a0with\u00a0larger\u00a0sample\u00a0sizes\u00a0is\u00a0needed\u00a0such\u00a0that\u00a0the\u00a0 factor\u00a0structure\u00a0can\u00a0be\u00a0analyzed\u00a0in\u00a0light\u00a0of\u00a0both\u00a0grade\u00a0and\u00a0gender\u00a0concurrently.\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Overall,\u00a0the\u00a0current\u00a0study\u00a0suggests\u00a0that\u00a0male\u00a0students\u00a0are\u00a0more\u00a0likely\u00a0to\u00a0report\u00a0sex\u00a0 for\u00a0enhancement,\u00a0self\u00adaffirmation\u00a0and\u00a0peer\u00a0approval\u00a0motives.\u00a0Future\u00a0research\u00a0is\u00a0needed\u00a0 to\u00a0determine\u00a0the\u00a0extent\u00a0to\u00a0which\u00a0societal\u00a0norms\u00a0may\u00a0be\u00a0contributing\u00a0to\u00a0higher\u00a0self\u00ad affirmation\u00a0and\u00a0peer\u00a0approval\u00a0motives\u00a0for\u00a0male\u00a0students.\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 To\u00a0inform\u00a0a\u00a0developmental\u00a0understanding\u00a0of\u00a0sex\u00a0motives\u00a0in\u00a0adolescence,\u00a0 longitudinal\u00a0research\u00a0is\u00a0critical.\u00a0By\u00a0measuring\u00a0sex\u00a0motives\u00a0over\u00a0time,\u00a0longitudinal\u00a0 research\u00a0may\u00a0help\u00a0determine\u00a0the\u00a0developmental\u00a0trajectory\u00a0of\u00a0approach\u00a0and\u00a0avoidance\u00a0 motives\u00a0as\u00a0well\u00a0as\u00a0inter\u00a0or\u00a0intra\u00a0personal\u00a0factors\u00a0contributing\u00a0to\u00a0the\u00a0emergence\u00a0and\u00a0 maintenance\u00a0of\u00a0particular\u00a0motivations\u00a0over\u00a0time.\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 Although\u00a0perceived\u00a0mattering\u00a0to\u00a0peers\u00a0was\u00a0significantly\u00a0related\u00a0to\u00a0peer\u00a0and\u00a0 partner\u00a0approval\u00a0motives\u00a0for\u00a0sex\u00a0in\u00a0the\u00a0current\u00a0study,\u00a0the\u00a0variance\u00a0accounted\u00a0for\u00a0was\u00a0 quite\u00a0low.\u00a0Future\u00a0research\u00a0is\u00a0needed\u00a0to\u00a0create\u00a0a\u00a0more\u00a0complete\u00a0picture\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0contextual\u00a0 factors\u00a0that\u00a0influence\u00a0motives\u00a0for\u00a0social\u00a0sexual\u00a0behaviour\u00a0in\u00a0adolescence.\u00a0For\u00a0example,\u00a0 parent\u00adadolescent\u00a0attachment\u00a0is\u00a0argued\u00a0to\u00a0be\u00a0the\u00a0primary\u00a0relationship\u00a0in\u00a0adolescence\u00a0 (Allen\u00a0&\u00a0Land,\u00a01999\u037e\u00a0Bowlby,\u00a01969\/1982\u037e\u00a0Paterson,\u00a0Pryor,\u00a0&\u00a0Field,\u00a01995)\u00a0even\u00a0though\u00a0 attachment\u00a0relationships\u00a0are\u00a0expanding\u00a0to\u00a0include\u00a0family\u00a0members,\u00a0friends,\u00a0and\u00a0romantic\u00a0 partners\u00a0(Bowlby,\u00a01969\/1982\u037e\u00a0Trinke\u00a0&\u00a0Bartholomew,\u00a01997)\u00a0in\u00a0adolescence.\u00a0The\u00a0 inclusion\u00a0of\u00a0mattering\u00a0to\u00a0parents\u00a0and\u00a0romantic\u00a0partners\u00a0in\u00a0future\u00a0research\u00a0may\u00a0create\u00a0a\u00a0 65\u00a0 \u00a0 clearer\u00a0understanding\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0kinds\u00a0of\u00a0relationships\u00a0that\u00a0serve\u00a0to\u00a0influence\u00a0affectively\u00a0 based\u00a0motives\u00a0for\u00a0social\u00a0sexual\u00a0behaviour.\u00a0 \u00a0 Further,\u00a0research\u00a0is\u00a0needed\u00a0to\u00a0delineate\u00a0the\u00a0specific\u00a0process(es)\u00a0by\u00a0which\u00a0 perceptions\u00a0of\u00a0peer\u00a0mattering\u00a0are\u00a0related\u00a0to\u00a0peer\u00a0and\u00a0partner\u00a0approval\u00a0motives.\u00a0Although\u00a0 Marshall\u2019s (<994) model suggests that those low in perceived mattering\u00a0will\u00a0seek\u00a0more\u00a0 attention\u00a0from\u00a0others,\u00a0investigation\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0process\u00a0by\u00a0which\u00a0perceived\u00a0peer\u00a0mattering\u00a0 influences\u00a0peer\/partner\u00a0approval,\u00a0and\/or\u00a0whether\u00a0peer\/partner\u00a0approval\u00a0influence\u00a0 perceptions\u00a0of\u00a0mattering\u00a0to\u00a0peers\u00a0is\u00a0needed.\u00a0 \u00a0 Finally,\u00a0it\u00a0would\u00a0be\u00a0wise\u00a0for\u00a0future\u00a0research\u00a0to\u00a0investigate\u00a0whether\u00a0differences\u00a0 exist\u00a0between\u00a0SMS\u00a0motives\u00a0depending\u00a0on\u00a0the\u00a0target\u00a0behaviour\u00a0(e.g.,\u00a0kissing\u00a0vs.\u00a0oral\u00a0sex)\u00a0 in\u00a0an\u00a0early\u00admiddle\u00a0population.\u00a0Although\u00a0the\u00a0functionalist\u00a0perspective\u00a0suggests\u00a0that\u00a0the\u00a0 implications\u00a0of\u00a0behaviour\u00a0rests\u00a0in\u00a0the\u00a0underlying\u00a0motive\u00a0it\u00a0serves,\u00a0it\u00a0seems\u00a0critical\u00a0to\u00a0 understand\u00a0whether\u00a0these\u00a0motives\u00a0differ\u00a0depending\u00a0on\u00a0the\u00a0specific\u00a0social\u00a0sexual\u00a0 behaviour\u00a0in\u00a0question.\u00a0This\u00a0remains\u00a0a\u00a0critical\u00a0question,\u00a0both\u00a0methodological\u00a0and\u00a0 theoretical,\u00a0for\u00a0future\u00a0research.\u00a0 66\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0  In\u00a0summary,\u00a0the\u00a0current\u00a0study\u00a0demonstrated\u00a0that\u00a0younger\u00a0adolescents\u00a0distinguish\u00a0 less\u00a0between\u00a0peer\u00a0and\u00a0partner\u00a0motives\u00a0for\u00a0social\u00a0sexual\u00a0behaviour\u00a0than\u00a0older\u00a0adolescents\u00a0 and\u00a0young\u00a0adults.\u00a0With\u00a0reference\u00a0to\u00a0grade\u00a0and\u00a0gender\u00a0differences,\u00a0the\u00a0two\u00a0approach\u00a0 motives,\u00a0enhancement\u00a0and\u00a0intimacy,\u00a0were\u00a0found\u00a0to\u00a0increase\u00a0with\u00a0grade.\u00a0Male\u00a0students\u00a0 reported\u00a0significantly\u00a0more\u00a0enhancement\u00a0(approach),\u00a0self\u00adaffirmation\u00a0(avoidance)\u00a0and\u00a0 peer\u00a0approval\u00a0(avoidance)\u00a0motives.\u00a0More\u00a0specifically,\u00a0the\u00a0endorsement\u00a0of\u00a0peer\u00a0approval\u00a0 motives\u00a0decrease\u00a0with\u00a0grade\u00a0for\u00a0female\u00a0students\u00a0only.\u00a0The\u00a0endorsement\u00a0of\u00a0peer\u00a0and\u00a0 partner\u00a0approval\u00a0motives\u00a0for\u00a0sexual\u00a0behaviour\u00a0were\u00a0positively\u00a0related\u00a0to\u00a0perceptions\u00a0of\u00a0 peer\u00a0mattering,\u00a0suggesting\u00a0that\u00a0the\u00a0peer\u00a0group\u00a0may\u00a0influence\u00a0sexual\u00a0decision\u00a0making\u00a0in\u00a0 adolescence.\u00a0The\u00a0fact\u00a0that\u00a0the\u00a0younger\u00a0adolescent\u00a0(Grades\u00a08\u00a0!\u00a010)\u00a0group\u00a0were\u00a0less\u00a0likely\u00a0 to\u00a0differentiate\u00a0between\u00a0peer\u00a0and\u00a0partner\u00a0approval\u00a0motives\u00a0for\u00a0sex\u00a0further\u00a0emphasizes\u00a0the\u00a0 importance\u00a0of\u00a0peers\u00a0in\u00a0earlier\u00a0adolescence.\u00a0The\u00a0current\u00a0research\u00a0contributed\u00a0to\u00a0the\u00a0 theoretical\u00a0understanding\u00a0of\u00a0sex\u00a0motives\u00a0within\u00a0a\u00a0young\u00admiddle\u00a0adolescent\u00a0population\u00a0 while\u00a0underscoring\u00a0the\u00a0importance\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0peer\u00a0group\u00a0when\u00a0addressing\u00a0issues\u00a0of\u00a0 adolescent\u00a0sexual\u00a0health\u00a0and\u00a0decision\u00admaking.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 67\u00a0 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sample.\u00a0Unpublished\u00a0doctoral\u00a0dissertation,\u00a0University\u00a0of\u00a0Southern\u00a0 California,\u00a0California.\u00a0 Huberty,\u00a0C.\u00a0J.,\u00a0&\u00a0Morris,\u00a0J.\u00a0D.\u00a0(1989).\u00a0Multivariate\u00a0analysis\u00a0versus\u00a0multiple\u00a0univariate\u00a0 analyses.\u00a0Psychological Vulletin,\u00a0GPK,\u00a0302\u00ad308.\u00a0 Hyde,\u00a0J.\u00a0S.,\u00a0DeLamater,\u00a0J.\u00a0D.,\u00a0&\u00a0Byers,\u00a0E.\u00a0S.\u00a0(2004).\u00a0_nderstanding human sexuality\u00a0 (2nd\u00a0ed.).\u00a0Toronto:\u00a0McGraw\u00adHill\u00a0Ryerson\u00a0Limited.\u00a0 Impett,\u00a0E.\u00a0A.,\u00a0&\u00a0Peplau,\u00a0L.\u00a0A.\u00a0(2002).\u00a0Why\u00a0some\u00a0women\u00a0consent\u00a0to\u00a0unwanted\u00a0sex\u00a0with\u00a0a\u00a0 dating\u00a0partner:\u00a0Insights\u00a0from\u00a0attachment\u00a0theory.\u00a0Psychology of ^omen `uarterly, H],\u00a0360\u00ad370.\u00a0 70\u00a0 \u00a0 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Paikoff,\u00a0R.\u00a0L.,\u00a0&\u00a0Brooks\u00adGunn,\u00a0J.\u00a0(1991).\u00a0Do\u00a0parent\u00adchild\u00a0relationships\u00a0change\u00a0during\u00a0 puberty?\u00a0Psychological Vulletin, GGP,\u00a047\u00ad66.\u00a0 Paterson,\u00a0J.,\u00a0Pryor,\u00a0J.,\u00a0&\u00a0Field,\u00a0J.\u00a0(1995).\u00a0Adolescent\u00a0attachment\u00a0to\u00a0parents\u00a0and\u00a0friends\u00a0in\u00a0 relation\u00a0to\u00a0aspects\u00a0of\u00a0self\u00adesteem.\u00a0\\ournal of aouth and Adolescence, 24,\u00a0365\u00ad376.\u00a0 Sexual\u00a0health\u00adA\u00a0new\u00a0focus\u00a0for\u00a0WHO.\u00a0(2004).\u00a0Progress in Reproductive Realth Research, ]W,\u00a01\u00ad3.\u00a0 Regan,\u00a0P.\u00a0C.,\u00a0&\u00a0Dreyer,\u00a0C.\u00a0S.\u00a0(1999).\u00a0Lust?\u00a0Love?\u00a0Status?\u00a0Young\u00a0adults'\u00a0motives\u00a0for\u00a0 engaging\u00a0in\u00a0casual\u00a0sex.\u00a0\\ournal of Psychology and Ruman Sexuality, GG,\u00a01\u00ad24.\u00a0 Rosenberg,\u00a0M.\u00a0(1985).\u00a0Self\u00adconcept\u00a0and\u00a0psychological\u00a0well\u00adbeing\u00a0in\u00a0adolescence.\u00a0In\u00a0R.\u00a0 L.\u00a0Leahy\u00a0(Ed.),\u00a0The development of self\u00a0(pp.\u00a0205\u00ad246).\u00a0Toronto:\u00a0Academic\u00a0Press.\u00a0 Rosenberg,\u00a0M.,\u00a0&\u00a0McCullough,\u00a0B.\u00a0C.\u00a0(1981).\u00a0Mattering:\u00a0Inferred\u00a0significance\u00a0and\u00a0mental\u00a0 health\u00a0among\u00a0adolescents.\u00a0Research in Community and Mental Realth, H,\u00a0163\u00ad 182.\u00a0 Rosenthal,\u00a0S.\u00a0L.,\u00a0Burklow,\u00a0K.\u00a0A.,\u00a0Lewis,\u00a0L.\u00a0M.,\u00a0Succup,\u00a0P.\u00a0A.,\u00a0&\u00a0Biro,\u00a0F.\u00a0M.\u00a0(1997).\u00a0 Heterosexual\u00a0romantic\u00a0relationships\u00a0and\u00a0sexual\u00a0behaviours\u00a0of\u00a0young\u00a0adolescent\u00a0 girls.\u00a0\\ournal of Adolescent Realth, HG,\u00a0238\u00ad243.\u00a0 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Unpublished\u00a0doctoral\u00a0dissertation,\u00a0Seattle\u00a0Pacific\u00a0University,\u00a0Seattle.\u00a0 Sprinthall,\u00a0N.\u00a0A.,\u00a0&\u00a0Collins,\u00a0W.\u00a0A.\u00a0(1988).\u00a0Adolescent psychology: A developmental vie6\u00a0 (2nd\u00a0ed.).\u00a0New\u00a0York:\u00a0Random\u00a0House.\u00a0 Tinsley,\u00a0H.\u00a0E.\u00a0A.,\u00a0&\u00a0Tinsley,\u00a0D.\u00a0J.\u00a0(1987).\u00a0Uses\u00a0of\u00a0factor\u00a0analysis\u00a0in\u00a0counseling\u00a0 psychology\u00a0research.\u00a0\\ournal of Counseling Psychology, IJ,\u00a0414\u00ad424.\u00a0 Tracy,\u00a0J.\u00a0L.,\u00a0Shaver,\u00a0P.\u00a0R.,\u00a0Albino,\u00a0A.\u00a0W.,\u00a0&\u00a0Cooper,\u00a0M.\u00a0L.\u00a0(2003).\u00a0Attachment\u00a0styles\u00a0 and\u00a0adolescent\u00a0sexuality.\u00a0In\u00a0P.\u00a0Florsheim\u00a0(Ed.),\u00a0Adolescent romantic relationships 72\u00a0 \u00a0 and sexual behavior: Theory, research, and practical implications\u00a0(pp.\u00a0137\u00ad159).\u00a0 Hillsdale\u00a0NJ:\u00a0Erlbaum.\u00a0 Trinke,\u00a0S.\u00a0J.,\u00a0&\u00a0Bartholomew,\u00a0K.\u00a0(1997).\u00a0Hierarchies\u00a0of\u00a0attachment\u00a0relationships\u00a0in\u00a0 young\u00a0adulthood.\u00a0\\ournal of Social and Personal Relationships, J,\u00a045\u00ad56.\u00a0 Weiderman,\u00a0M.\u00a0W.\u00a0(2004).\u00a0Methodological\u00a0issues\u00a0in\u00a0studying\u00a0sexuality\u00a0in\u00a0close\u00a0 relationships.\u00a0In\u00a0J.\u00a0H.\u00a0Harvey,\u00a0A.\u00a0Wenzel\u00a0&\u00a0S.\u00a0Sprecher\u00a0(Eds.),\u00a0Randbook of sexuality in close relationships.\u00a0Muhwah,\u00a0NJ:\u00a0Lawrence\u00a0Erlbaum\u00a0Associates.\u00a0 Whitaker,\u00a0D.\u00a0J.,\u00a0Miller,\u00a0K.\u00a0S.,\u00a0&\u00a0Clark,\u00a0L.\u00a0F.\u00a0(2000).\u00a0Reconceptualizing\u00a0adolescent\u00a0sexual\u00a0 behavior:\u00a0Beyond\u00a0did\u00a0they\u00a0or\u00a0didn't\u00a0they?\u00a0Family Planning Perspectives, IH(3),\u00a0 111\u00ad117.\u00a0 \u00a0  73\u00a0 \u00a0 Appendix\u00a0A:\u00a0Demographic\u00a0Information\u00a0 1.\u00a0 Are\u00a0you\u00a0male\u00a0or\u00a0female?\u00a0 2.\u00a0 What\u00a0is\u00a0your\u00a0age?\u00a0 3.\u00a0 What\u00a0is\u00a0your\u00a0grade?\u00a0 4.\u00a0 What\u00a0is\u00a0your\u00a0cultural\u00a0background?\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 First\u00a0Nations\u00a0\/\u00a0Native\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Caucasian\u00a0\/\u00a0European\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Latino\u00a0\/\u00a0Hispanic\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 African\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 South\u00a0Asian\u00a0(e.g.,\u00a0India,\u00a0Pakistan,\u00a0Sri\u00a0Lanka)\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 East\u00a0Asian\u00a0(e.g.,\u00a0China,\u00a0Japan,\u00a0Korea,\u00a0Hong\u00a0Kong,\u00a0Taiwan,\u00a0Vietnam)\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 South\u00a0East\u00a0Asian\u00a0(e.g.,\u00a0Philippines,\u00a0Indonesia,\u00a0Thailand)\u00a0 \u00a0 74\u00a0 \u00a0 Appendix\u00a0B:\u00a0Sex\u00a0Motives\u00a0Scale\u00a0(Cooper\u00a0et\u00a0al.,\u00a01998)\u00a0 Sex includes many behaviours. These behaviours include kissing, fondling genitals, vaginal@penile intercourse, oral sex or touch to mouth genitals, and masturbating 6ith a partner. Rave you ever done a-I\u00a0of these behaviours 6ith a partnerb   No o  aes     o Listed belo6 are different reasons 6hy people have sex. For each, select the response 6hich best describes ho6 often you personally have sex for each of these reasons (on a scale 6here G c almost never, I c sometimes, K c almost al6ays).  1.\u00a0 I\u00a0feel\u00a0horny.\u00a0 2.\u00a0 It\u00a0feels\u00a0good\u00a0 3.\u00a0 For\u00a0excitement\u00a0 4.\u00a0 For\u00a0the\u00a0thrill\u00a0of\u00a0it.\u00a0 5.\u00a0 To\u00a0satisfy\u00a0my\u00a0sexual\u00a0needs.\u00a0 6.\u00a0 To\u00a0be\u00a0more\u00a0intimate\u00a0with\u00a0my\u00a0partner.\u00a0 7.\u00a0 To\u00a0express\u00a0love\u00a0to\u00a0my\u00a0partner.\u00a0 8.\u00a0 To\u00a0make\u00a0an\u00a0emotional\u00a0connection.\u00a0 9.\u00a0 To\u00a0feel\u00a0closer\u00a0to\u00a0my\u00a0partner.\u00a0 10.\u00a0To\u00a0feel\u00a0emotionally\u00a0closer\u00a0to\u00a0my\u00a0partner.\u00a0 11.\u00a0To\u00a0prove\u00a0I\u00a0am\u00a0attractive.\u00a0 12.\u00a0I\u00a0feel\u00a0better\u00a0about\u00a0myself.\u00a0 13.\u00a0I\u00a0feel\u00a0more\u00a0interesting\u00a0to\u00a0others.\u00a0 14.\u00a0I\u00a0feel\u00a0more\u00a0self\u00adconfident.\u00a0 15.\u00a0It\u00a0helps\u00a0me\u00a0feel\u00a0desirable.\u00a0 16.\u00a0I am afraid my partner won\u2019t love me if I don\u2019t \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0have\u00a0sex.\u00a0 75\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 17.\u00a0I am afraid my partner will be angry with me if I don\u2019t have \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0sex.\u00a0 \u00a0 18.\u00a0I worry my partner won\u2019t want me if I don\u2019t have \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0sex.\u00a0 \u00a0 19.\u00a0I am afraid my partner will leave me if I don\u2019t \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0have\u00a0sex.\u00a0 \u00a0 20.\u00a0I\u00a0worry\u00a0people\u00a0will\u00a0talk\u00a0about\u00a0me\u00a0if\u00a0I\u00a0don\u2019t have sex.\u00a0 \u00a0 21.\u00a0People will thinT less of me if I don\u2019t have sex.\u00a0 \u00a0 22.\u00a0Other people will Tid me if I don\u2019t have sex.\u00a0 \u00a0 23.\u00a0My\u00a0friends\u00a0are\u00a0having\u00a0sex.\u00a0 \u00a0 24.\u00a0I have sex so others won\u2019t put me down.\u00a0 76\u00a0 \u00a0 Appendix\u00a0C:\u00a0Mattering\u00a0to\u00a0Others\u00a0Questionnaire\u00a0!\u00a0Friends\u00a0(Marshall,\u00a02001)\u00a0 The\u00a0statements\u00a0listed\u00a0below\u00a0are\u00a0about\u00a0the\u00a0way\u00a0you\u00a0feel\u00a0about\u00a0your\u00a0closest\u00a0friends.\u00a0 Choose\u00a0the\u00a0rating\u00a0you\u00a0feel\u00a0is\u00a0best\u00a0for\u00a0you\u00a0(on\u00a0a\u00a0scale\u00a0where\u00a01\u00a0=\u00a0not\u00a0much,\u00a03\u00a0=\u00a0somewhat,\u00a0 and\u00a05\u00a0=\u00a0a\u00a0lot).\u00a0 \u00a0 1.\u00a0 I\u00a0am\u00a0important\u00a0to\u00a0my\u00a0friends\u00a0 2.\u00a0 I\u00a0am\u00a0needed\u00a0by\u00a0my\u00a0friends\u00a0 3.\u00a0 I\u00a0am\u00a0missed\u00a0by\u00a0my\u00a0friends\u00a0when\u00a0I\u00a0am\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0away\u00a0 \u00a0 4.\u00a0 I\u00a0matter\u00a0to\u00a0my\u00a0friends\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 77\u00a0 \u00a0 Appendix\u00a0D:\u00a0Lord\u00a0Byng\u00a0Student\u00a0Life\u00a0Survey\u00a0Parental\u00a0Consent\u00a0Form.\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Lord Byng Student Life Survey Parental Informed Consent 8orm  Principal Investigator:  Dr. Sheila Marshall  Social Work and Family Studies   (9:;) =>>-@9A>  Co-Investigators:  Grant Charles, Lisa Catto, Carla Haber, Alice Balter, J Derek Wun   Social Work and Family Studies   Phone: =>>-@9A>  Dear Parent,  We are writing to request permission for your son or your daughter to participate in a research proRect that is being conducting at Lord Byng School.  This proRect is a collaborative proRect between Lord Byng Secondary School and researchers from the School of Social Work J Family Studies at the University of British Columbia.  Part of this study is being conducted to fulfill the thesis requirements for a Master of Arts degree for Lisa Catto and Derek Wun under the direction of Dr. Sheila Marshall.  The overall purpose of the study is to attempt to understand whether the dress code and other programs over the school year are related to students\u2019 perceptions of safety and well-being and their day-to-day decision making.  The goal for embarking on the study, as established by Lord Byng Secondary School is:  &\u00a0 To improve levels of social responsibility in all students at Lord Byng in order to foster a positive school climate which stimulates student learning.  78\u00a0 \u00a0 The obRectives are:  &\u00a0 To reduce the amount of theft, vandalism, and graffiti by strengthening the bond between school and student. &\u00a0 To create awareness, through education and modeling positive language to build a safe and caring learning community. &\u00a0 Promote respectful and responsible attitudes and safe behaviours around sexuality including body image, sexual expression, and sexual orientation. &\u00a0 To strengthen student to student relationships.  The research study will examine how students make important decisions about what to wear to school, how to act with same sex and opposite sex friends, scheduling and sleep.   Additionally, the research proRect will track students\u2019 feelings of safety and well-being at school.  The information that we will acquire from this study will be useful for the educators at Lord Byng, counsellors, and parents of adolescents.  We write this letter to invite your adolescent child to participate in this study.  Participation is completely voluntary.  You may refuse to allow your child to participate without any consequences.  Whether your child participates or not will have no affect on his or her marks or grades.  Involvement in this study includes filling out a questionnaire at the beginning of the school year. In the next Y years (>::9, >::A, >::=), students will have an opportunity to continue participating in the study. Convenient times will be arranged with teachers to ensure that core curricula are not affected.  The questionnaires will take about Z hour to complete.  The questionnaires will not be linked to students\u2019 names, nor will students write their names on the questionnaires.  Students who do not participate will be engaged in self-assigned tasks related to their school work (e.g., finishing homework, reading) while the others complete the questionnaires.  Participants can refuse to answer any question, and may withdraw from the study at any time.  To maintain privacy, your child\u2019s name will not be recorded at any time.  There are no known risks associated with being involved in this study.  In the unlikely event that your child feels uncomfortable as a result of the questions, he or she will be provided with the opportunity to speak to a counsellor.  79\u00a0 \u00a0 All information collected for this research will be kept in a locked filing cabinet on the UBC Point Grey campus.  No names or other identifying information will appear in any reports of the completed study.  \\nly the research team will have access to the data.  All students who return a consent form will be included in the pi]]a party draw. The classes returning the largest proportion of consent forms (regardless of whether or not they participate in the survey) will be eligible to win a pi]]a party that will take place during a lunch hour at school.  If you have any questions or desire further information with respect to this study, you may contact Dr. Sheila Marshall or one of her associates at (9:;) =>>-@9A:.  If you have any concerns about your treatment or rights as a research subRect, you may contact the Research SubRect Information Line in the UBC \\ffice of Research Services at 9:;-=>>-=@_=.  Thank you for your time and consideration of this request.  Please sign the consent form on the following page and return it with your son or daughter to the school. 80\u00a0 \u00a0 Consent:\u00a0 \u00a0 !\"#r &hi)*\u2019s -arti&i-ati\"0 i0 this st#*1 is e0tire)1 3\")#0tar1 a0* 1\"# 4a1 re5#se t\" parti'ipate\u00a0)r\u00a0*it+dra*\u00a0-)ur\u00a0'+ild\u00a00r)1\u00a0t+e\u00a0stud-\u00a0at\u00a0a3-\u00a0ti1e\u00a0*it+)ut\u00a0pe3alt-4\u00a0 \u00a0 5)ur\u00a0si63ature\u00a07el)*\u00a0i3di'ates\u00a0t+at\u00a0-)u\u00a0+a8e\u00a0re'ei8ed\u00a0a\u00a0')p-\u00a0)0\u00a0t+is\u00a0')3se3t\u00a0 0)r1\u00a00)r\u00a0-)ur\u00a0)*3\u00a0re')rds4\u00a0 \u00a0 9lease\u00a0i3di'ate\u00a0*+et+er\u00a0-)u\u00a0')3se3t\u00a00)r\u00a0-)ur\u00a0s)3:dau6+ter\u00a0t)\u00a0parti'ipate\u00a0i3\u00a0t+e\u00a0 stud-\u00a0*it+\u00a0-)u\u00a07-\u00a0'+e';i36\u00a0t+e\u00a0appr)priate\u00a07)<\u00a07el)*:\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 6\u00a05>?@\u00a0A\u00a0\u00a0 6\u00a0BC@\u00a0A\u00a0d)\u00a03)t\u00a0')3se3t\u00a0t)\u00a01-\u00a0'+ildDs\u00a0parti'ipati)3\u00a0i3\u00a0t+is\u00a0stud-4\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 7hi)*\u2019s 0a4e 8-)ease -ri0t9: EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 9are3t\u00a0Ba1e\u00a0Fplease\u00a0pri3tG:\u00a0 EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE\u00a0 9are3t\u00a0?i63ature\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Hate\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Please\u00a0return\u00a0this\u00a0form\u00a0to\u00a0the\u00a0school.\u00a0 \u00a0","@language":"en"}],"Genre":[{"@value":"Thesis\/Dissertation","@language":"en"}],"GraduationDate":[{"@value":"2009-11","@language":"en"}],"IsShownAt":[{"@value":"10.14288\/1.0054410","@language":"en"}],"Language":[{"@value":"eng","@language":"en"}],"Program":[{"@value":"School Psychology","@language":"en"}],"Provider":[{"@value":"Vancouver : University of British Columbia Library","@language":"en"}],"Publisher":[{"@value":"University of British Columbia","@language":"en"}],"Rights":[{"@value":"Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International","@language":"en"}],"RightsURI":[{"@value":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/","@language":"en"}],"ScholarlyLevel":[{"@value":"Graduate","@language":"en"}],"Title":[{"@value":"Sex motives in adolescence : age and gender differences and the role of perceived mattering to friends.","@language":"en"}],"Type":[{"@value":"Text","@language":"en"}],"URI":[{"@value":"http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/2429\/7836","@language":"en"}],"SortDate":[{"@value":"2009-12-31 AD","@language":"en"}],"@id":"doi:10.14288\/1.0054410"}