{"AggregatedSourceRepository":[{"label":"Aggregated Source Repository","value":"CONTENTdm","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/www.europeana.eu\/schemas\/edm\/dataProvider","classmap":"ore:Aggregation","property":"edm:dataProvider"},"iri":"http:\/\/www.europeana.eu\/schemas\/edm\/dataProvider","explain":"A Europeana Data Model Property; The name or identifier of the organization who contributes data indirectly to an aggregation service (e.g. Europeana)"}],"AlternateTitle":[{"label":"Alternate Title ","value":"The Deep Sea Life of Pacific Salmon by Henry Doyle, Vancouver B.C., January 15th 1905","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/alternative","classmap":"dpla:SourceResource","property":"dcterms:alternative"},"iri":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/alternative","explain":"A Dublin Core Terms Property; An alternative name for the resource.; Note - the distinction between titles and alternative titles is resource-specific."}],"CatalogueRecord":[{"label":"Catalogue Record","value":"http:\/\/resolve.library.ubc.ca\/cgi-bin\/catsearch?bid=3156917","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/isReferencedBy","classmap":"edm:ProvidedCHO","property":"dcterms:isReferencedBy"},"iri":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/isReferencedBy","explain":"A Dublin Core Terms Property; A related resource that references, cites, or otherwise points to the described resource."}],"Collection":[{"label":"Collection","value":"B.C. Historical Documents Collection","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/isPartOf","classmap":"dpla:SourceResource","property":"dcterms:isPartOf"},"iri":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/isPartOf","explain":"A Dublin Core Terms Property; A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included."}],"Creator":[{"label":"Creator","value":"Doyle, Henry, 1874-1961","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/creator","classmap":"dpla:SourceResource","property":"dcterms:creator"},"iri":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/creator","explain":"A Dublin Core Terms Property; An entity primarily responsible for making the resource.; Examples of a Contributor include a person, an organization, or a service."}],"DateAvailable":[{"label":"Date Available","value":"2018-08-07","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/issued","classmap":"edm:WebResource","property":"dcterms:issued"},"iri":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/issued","explain":"A Dublin Core Terms Property; Date of formal issuance (e.g., publication) of the resource."}],"DateCreated":[{"label":"Date Created","value":"1905-01-15","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/created","classmap":"oc:SourceResource","property":"dcterms:created"},"iri":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/created","explain":"A Dublin Core Terms Property; Date of creation of the resource."}],"Description":[{"label":"Description","value":"Writing by Doyle, received by the scientific inquiry, pertaining to the habitat, breeding, and behavioral attributes of the pacific salmon while in the deep sea. Damage to salmon habitats and the commercial attributes of the fish are also discussed","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/description","classmap":"dpla:SourceResource","property":"dcterms:description"},"iri":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/description","explain":"A Dublin Core Terms Property; An account of the resource.; Description may include but is not limited to: an abstract, a table of contents, a graphical representation, or a free-text account of the resource."}],"DigitalResourceOriginalRecord":[{"label":"Digital Resource Original Record","value":"https:\/\/open.library.ubc.ca\/collections\/hdoyle\/items\/1.0369847\/source.json","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/www.europeana.eu\/schemas\/edm\/aggregatedCHO","classmap":"ore:Aggregation","property":"edm:aggregatedCHO"},"iri":"http:\/\/www.europeana.eu\/schemas\/edm\/aggregatedCHO","explain":"A Europeana Data Model Property; The identifier of the source object, e.g. the Mona Lisa itself. This could be a full linked open date URI or an internal identifier"}],"Extent":[{"label":"Extent","value":"7 pages","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/extent","classmap":"dpla:SourceResource","property":"dcterms:extent"},"iri":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/extent","explain":"A Dublin Core Terms Property; The size or duration of the resource."}],"FileFormat":[{"label":"File Format","value":"application\/pdf","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/elements\/1.1\/format","classmap":"edm:WebResource","property":"dc:format"},"iri":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/elements\/1.1\/format","explain":"A Dublin Core Elements Property; The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource.; Examples of dimensions include size and duration. Recommended best practice is to use a controlled vocabulary such as the list of Internet Media Types [MIME]."}],"FullText":[{"label":"Full Text","value":" O  wfiwieiSnS\nft'    0^ THE PACIFIC,,SXIMOK.\ni 1075 m-?i\nIn  a rocent  article  from the pen  of Mr J Parlor Whitney, an expert  con-\nc   r\"ning fish and  their habit\u00a9,the  gentleman dealt   in  a very interesting\nmanne-- with the   salmon while  in Monterey Bay,in California.In  tMi article Mr Whitney  ascribes what we  call the   \"inherent  instinct  to return\nto the   stream of their nativity\", which the   salmon  exhibits,to  a marvellous development   of the   sense   of  smell, such as is possessed by most   of\nthe members of the  canine  tribe.The   streams of fresh water entering the\n\u2022an, and   swept   as  thep  sar\u00a9 \"by  th    currents, he  thinks presents  to  the\nfish,regular highways as well marked and as clearly defined,as good\nroads on land  are  to us.Along these paths the  salmon  travel,guided   ant-\nire ly by their marvellous   sense   of  smell,until  they   enter the   r.'ft-    .\n-rr Whitney also  advances another  original theory, abich. is both logical\nand probable. Salmon  ara  found only  -erom Japan northward   on   the  Asiatic\ncoast, and from the   Arctic   southward to Mont   \" .   Pay, in California, on ft-\nAmerican coast.\"following this  sane general direction, and flowing towards\nthe  rising  sun, is the  great  Japanese  current; the Furo  siwoft'r YThitney\nthinks\"this current  laminated more  or  lees with the brackish water....\nkeeps the   salmon  in touch with the   situation. ... and  when the  rise\"I'n   ,ft\nrivers,due  to the melting  snows, occur   \"the  increased peegnatior-   o^ fresh.\nwater. ... starts many of the   schools northward\",to  their native  rivers,\nwhich in Mr fhitBey-S thoughts,!  would take to be the  first  oat flowing\nstreams in the  direction  from which the  increased  fresh, water  is drifting. As each  school departs  for the river  from th    outer  fishing ground\nlying nearest  to  the river's mouth,thsir plaee is taken by other  schools\n\"from the  outside   sea\",and  this goes on more  or less  for  two months.\nMr Whitney is  of the  impression that  all the   salmon  found  around Monterey Bay,are  from the  Sacramento  and  Ran Joaquin rivers,although I do not\nsee how he  reconciles this   statement  with his account   of the  aver-\n'ft ts of the  California  and Columbia  river fish,and  his relation  of\nthe weight   of the   salmon caught   in the month  of July;whleh  average   is\nwenty  fi-  ;. ds  than  sixteen.\nown theory   of  salmon  life  in the  ocean  is  somewhat  different   than Mr.\nWhitney's, although somewhat  upon the   same   lines, and   while  I  would  n<\nfor  a moment  think of comparing my knowledge  of fish life,with that  of\na reeogi .ad  authority   such   as ft*,nevertheless it   is    nip by  a consideration  of all sid\"s  of ions of   ft a  ure,that   real knowledge  is\npossible,and  it   is  ft     Mr   in ft          ft.rft,:oid  ft.fth   fchls  object* that  I\nventure  to express my views  as followsj-\nThe Japanese current   sweeping along  some  three hundred miles off  shore,\nacts as  \u00a9 wall to retain in the  area lying between  the  current   and  the\nshore,the  freih water flowing from the various  streams  and rivers.'\"1 is\nis  on  somewhat   the   same principal that   as   see  free1 r distinctly\ndivided from the   salt  for  sometime  after  its entrance  into the  ocean;it\nis also noticeable  in rivers where different colored  fresh waters travel\nside by  side before  finally merging into  one.\nIn comparison with the   size  of the river,will naturally be  the  distance\ntoward the  ocean current  that  this fresh water is carried.I do not believe   salmon extend  any  further  seaward  than the  flow of their native\nstream, and  I  think this distance  is regulated by  the  freshets which, occur from time  to time  during the   spring and  summer.Those   salmon  that  enter  salt water when  tha  outflowing  stream is  strongest, .rill go much further than fish,  which nay descend later,when tha  flow is weaker.In ft\nouter  feeding grounds the   food   supply ma]   bo  na gr\u00a9at\u00a9r,hut  owing to th\nsmaller number '\"re aching there, it mag he  obtained with less exertion,and\nmore  regularity;which would probably result  in the   salmon fortunate  eno-\nngh to be  in  such a fish paradise,becoming much bigger and heavier than\nits  inshore brother;who  forced to hunt  its food from place  to place,and\nthen  sharing  it   with numerous other  species that   alwa; s reside   close   t\nthe   shores,shows the difference  in fare by its more   stunted growth.\nThe Japanese  current   stopping, the  outward  flow of the  river waters,diverts it  toward the  south,and I believe  the   salmon travel in this direction  as  long  as  their keen   sense  of  smell  shows  them they are   still  amongst  familiar  surrounding\u00a9. find the   scent  growing weaker th\nrecede  toward  its  source;descending again  as it  is augmented by   soms  increase  in the volume  discharged.Thus they fluctuate backwards  and  fore-\nwards, one year with another,until  their procreative   organs are   fully developed, and nature  calls upon them to make  their  last  long journ. \u00bb\n\u2022\n this difference In th\u00a9 size of the discharging streams enables one like\nthe Columbia to discharge its water much further seaward than the Sacramento or San Joaquin,while at the same time its volume would permit of\nits distinctive scent being carried,(when diverted in a southerly direction) as far as Monterey Bay,which is presumably the limit to which\nthe Sacramento-San Joaquin water is carried.The Columbia fish however a\nwould, in most instances, travel in a \u00b1im\u00b1jmd liquid pathway parallel with\nbut more off shore,than the salmon from San Francisco estuary waters\u00abThc\nresult would be that the Sacramento fish, would be the first to run into\nMonterey Bay}the California spring,with its accompanying melting of snoa\ncoming earlier than on the Columbia,its freshets would be the first to\nbecome perceptible at Monterep,and as its influence was felt by the adult salmon they would immediately commence their journey homeward.It has\nbeen mp observation that salmon, while following the brackish water, Skirt\nits da and avoid travelling where its effects would be most felt; and I\nbelieve in the first stages of the development of their genetical organs\nthis instinct would be still more pronounced.On this account when the\nadult Columbia river salmon starts on its northward course it takes tl\nedge - generally tha inshore edge- of his native stream.This brings it\ninto Monterey Bay shortly after the departure of the smaller specie of\nthe Sacramento, and as the Columbia freshet may not yet have abated its\nforce, the salmon undoubtedly spends some time in the waters of the bap-.\nThese are the larger fish found there in July.\nIt has been remarked on the ColuMbia river that in about twenty five\ndays from the time these fish leave Monterey bay,the big run in the Columbia commences.This has now happened for several years in succession,\nand appears to me lo be far more than a viore  coincidence.lt would strongly imply that unquestionably these fish were one and the same, corresponding as they do in weight and size more closely together than those\nfound in any other stream this side of the Yukon.It is probable that the\nabatement of the Columbia freshet becoming perceptible in the southern\nwaters,\u00a9auses these fish to migrate northward,developing their reproductive instincts as they advance,so that by the time the river's mouth is\nreached they lose no time in starting on their long journey to the spawning grounds.This same general movement I believe applies to all the\ncoast streams,and that the size of the fish depends largely upon the\ndistance ft  fresh water extends ocsanward.The Columbia and the Yukon\nare much larger than any other rivers on the coast,and their salmon are\nalso much biggerjwhile even in those two streams themselves there is a\ndifference in the size of the ascending salmon,that of the Yukon being\nproportionally larger than that of the Columbia.\nThe Rogue river in Southern Oregon is the only stream in that state which may be called a Chinook salmon river,the others along that coast\npossessing none of this variety in commercial quantities.The Rogue river\ndischarge being small,the flow would fall much short  of that of the\nColumbia in an oceanward direction,while when diverted southward its\neffects are probably not noticeable over seventy five miles away.As a\nconsequence this fish would not mix with the others, and no confusion\nwould exist concerning their native stream.\nIt is often said that chinook salmon marked at hatcheries on the Columbia river have been found in both the Sacramento river and in Puget Sound, and this has been held up as proof that salmon do not always return\nto their native stream.While I do not doubt for a moment that stray Columbia river salmon are found in those waters,! do not think their presence there necessarily implies that they ascend those streams and spawn*\nAnyone who has watched trap net fishing for salmon knows that they have\nmany of the characteristics of sheep or rabbits.They take alarm very\neasily, and while individually cautious, they will band together and blindly follow a leader of their own specie into snares which appear very\nsimple.They always travel in schools when in salt water,and while seemingly unmindful of their fellows, are very sure to go with the crowd.\nThere are of course times when certain schools of Sacramento and Columbia river salmon will be in Monterey bay at the same time;or one will be\ndeparting as the other enters.It is perfectly natural therefor for a few\nColumbia fish to mix with those of the Sacramento,and thus become detached from their own particular run.The scent each, run is following being\nboth In the waters south of the entrance to San ^rancisco bay, the straying fish will not parciev  their mistake until their fellow travellers'\nstart to leave them.Then their instinct to follow the crowd will take\n 3\nquite a few along with the multitude into the Sacramento's mouth,where\nbeing caught by f i she men; and exhibiting, as some of them may, hatchery\nmarks,they are proclaimed to be fish, going up to \u00a9pawn.However I believe\nthat like a well bred, hunting dog,which on losing the scent,continues\nranging in every direction until eventually it finds it again;these Columbia salmon on learning their error turn around,and ultimately work\ntheir way back to their native stream.\nThere is yet another reason why some Columbia river salmon are occasionally found in San Francisco bay.Just off the entrance of that inland sea\nare situated those celebrated seal rocks which help to make the city so\nattractive to sight seers.Like many other animals that are particularily\ndestructive to the conservation of food products, the sea liOn has value\nonly from a picturesque standpoint.Commercially it is not only lacking\nin value it self,but is a great destroyer of utillsable value in other\nforms of marine life.Permission has been asked,on more than one occasion\nby the California State Board of Fish Commissioners,for leave to destroy\na portion of the herd on some of the rookeries,on the ground that they\nwere wantonly exterminating large numbers of salmon,breaking up the schools, and scattering the fish in all directions.This permission has been\nwithheld through the interference of ignorant zoological societies,and\nothers too prompt at jumping at conclusions generally erroneous;and who\nwhile often men of knowledge on animal life under the actual range of\ntheir own observationsjdo not concede to others the same sincere motives\nand knowledge of conditions,which they arrogate to themselves.I have\nseen it estimated,! think on the authority of Br Bavid Starr Jordan,that\nin the open ocean one seal is supposed to destroy one hundred pounds of\nsalmon daily.! say destroy,as probably a third of that quantity only is\nnecessary for food,but with such bounteous chances of feeding as is afforded by fish travelling in the immense schools in which salmon are found, the seal developes into an epicurean,and only selects tid bits from\neach of his victims.At leas': we judge this to be the case owing to the\nlarge number of salmon \u00a9aught by the nets,which have been killed, after\nbeing netted,by marauding seals.Almost invariably these fish have only\none bite taken from them,and this what is known as the \"throat\".This Is\na vital spot, and It can'be easily he understood that a seal restricting\nits attack to one such place,would have to destroy a great many specimen\nof the salmon tribe before its appetite is satiated.lt may convey some\nidea of this vast waste,when we consider that those interested in th\u00a9\nsalmon fishing industry of the San Francisco bay region estimate \"that\nfrom twenty to forty percent of the fish entering the bays are destroyed\nby this means\",If such can be the case while the salmon are passing on\ntheir only return journey into inland waters,it is not hard to Imagine\nwhat a frightful loss must be sustained,during their three years residence in the open sea.\nA salmon terrorized over by the individuals of the seal family,while in\nthe waters more remote from shore,must be doubly alarmed when near those\nrookeries such as the ^arralones,and the Seal Rocks of San Francisco,\nwhere their enemies seem to congregate.lt is little wonder that they flee\nwith the multitude into whatsoever harbor of refuge seems to be nearest,\nand the Columbia river Chinook salmon found in Sacramento waters may\nhave flight,instead of preference,as the reason of its presence there.\nEven in sv-ch cases however,! doubt if they will ascend that river and\nspawn in its tributary waters, and would want the evidence of the fisheries authorities,before crediting such a supposition.\nIt has been advanced as an argument against the fish, always returning to\nthe parent stream,that the large run of Chinook salmon in Puget Sound\nduring the past, two years,have been those propagated in Columbia river\nwaters,but which mistook the Straits of Fuca for the entrance to the\nstream of their nativity.In my  opinion this may not be so far from the\ntruth,but for other reasons than those generally held to be the cause.\nAs I pointed out earlier in this article,! believe most of the salmon,\nwhen the time arrives for their return journey to the Columbia,take the\ninshore edge of the ocean pathway they have to follow.A minority number\nhowever I believe follow the outer,or oceanward border,and thus entering\nthe river would do so from its northern side.Fither from their habit of\nfollowing a leader,or from being scattered by their great deep sea enemies, or perhaps also from a retarded development of their genetive organr,\nthey may enter the waters of Puget Sound,but as the run of this specie\ndoes not seem to have increased in the Eraser, Skagit, and other s,;ch streams,which it ie known to ascend, it would, rather imply its stay in the\nftowfts! is only tewpefary-jand that \u00a9\u25bc'wrtwaii'\"' It worV\u00ab its w\u00b0y ^\u00a9cUc to th**\n O I O\nColumbia.\nWhile the above observations particularily refer to the quinaat salmon,\n( 0 tschawytscha ) it is more than probable they are applicable to all\nthe other species as well.As its spawning habits, and its seeking of streams of lake or snow origin is undoubtedly shared by the gocke.e* LO ne-\nrka ) there can be little question but that the ocean life of those two\nspecies are the same.We might doubt its application to the other vanities of salmon.owing t\u00a9 their spawning habits being much less select,(which might imply they entered the stream most handy to their purposes)\nware it not for the fact that even these poorer varitles exhibit signs\nof always returning to the streams in which they originated.Thus on Puget Sound it is a well authenticated fact that the humpbacks are only\ncaught there in commercial quantities every two years,when they appear\nin countless numbers.On the Naas river it is said they are extraordinary -\nly plentiful svsry fifth year,while in Alaska,and most other sections,\nthe runs are both steady and annual.Even in Bog salmon (O.keta) this variation in different regions is noticeablejraore however,I believa,in the\nappearance and weight of the fish.\nIn emptying its waters into the Gulf cf Georgia,the Fraser makes its\ndischarge almost at- right angles with the tidal sweep of the Gulf.As the\ntide rushes along on its southward journey It pushes this fresh water\nahead of it,diverting it from the direction of its original floe,and\nsending it past Point Roberts,and along the eastern mainland shore of\nPuget Sound.Pere it travels as a compact body,past Whltehorn and Cherry\npoints;gradually sheering to the southwest as the sinuosities of the\nshore corapelsjnntil it breaks full force upon the head of Ore as island.\nThis island resembles nothing so much as the how of a ship,facing toward\nthe oncoming flood of the Eraser's muddy discharge,and splitting the\nstream in two:one portion to seek an outlet through Posario Straits,while the other follows Bouglas {or  President's) Channel into Paro Straits.\nOn years of great freshets some of the Eraser flood is driven clear across the Gulf,and finds its way through Active (or Plumper's) Pass into\nthese same Paro Straitsjbut this is an occurence which is most uncommon.\nThrmt  the southern waters of this immense inland sea,the original Puget Sound,-although the name now applies in general to all the\nwaters south of the 49th Parallel - comes rushing the ebbing tide.It\nmeets the Eraser streams,descending now through its two channels, and\nturns them westward.As the Rosario portion passes the southern end of\nSan Juan island,it once more joins forces with that which came through\nParo Straits,and from henceforth it is undivided.Out through the funnel\nlike Straits of ^uca it rushes,precipitating itself far into the sea;\nhaving it is true been already carried for one hundred and fifty miles\nthrough salt water,which however,owing to the passage as above described,\nserved only to converge its flow and gives it a force on its entrance\ninto the ocean proper,but little short of what a straight discharge might have accomplished.\nIt is my belief that the noticeable effect of the Eraser stream, from a\nsalmon scent standpoint,is carried as far south as a point opposite to,\nor but shortly beyond the entrance to the Columbia.To the distance its\noceanward journey extends before It verges to the south,is probably due\nthe lack of this species in the coast streams of Washington;where the\nconditions cf water and spawning grounds must be equally as favorable as\non the west coast of \"Vancouver Island,where the sockeye is known to be\nin considerable numbers.\nThis Eraser water rushing into the sea,carries with it the young parr\nand smolt,to see what an ocean life can do for them.As its flood recedes\nthe adult salmon return to perform those functions nature has imposed as\ntheir task.The flood pressure from the southern inland sea,and the shape\nof the Straits of Ettca it self, keeps the Eraser water confined to the\nVancouver island shore.As with the Columbia end Sacramento streams,! believe the hulk,  of the incoming salmon follow the southern edge of this\nwatery pathway,coming up more towards the center of the Straits,while\nthose following the northern edge travel more in shore.It is probable\nhowever that until the inland sea itself is entered,there is no appreciable line of demarcation in the run of fish;but when San Juan island is\nreached,and the scent of the fresh water body becomes somewhat stronger,\nthe fish dividing on the southern point of the island,seek different channels to proceed ftlong.Those going through Rosario Straits,pass the\nSalmon Banks,turn Lopez Island point,and continue up past Cypress,Lummi,\nand the numerous smaller islands bordering that water passage.\n Those that take Haro Straits generally,I believe,hug the San Juan shore,\nand turning travel up Bouglas Channel to the prow like point of Orcas.\nHere I think the salmon are momentarily perplexed by finding they have\ncome into water more impregnated with the scent they have been following\nthan they are yet prepared to welcome.They therefor,instead of continuing to follow up  this strong scent of fresh water,swim through it and once more become united on the Cherry Point shore with those of their specie that travelled around by the inner channel.I think it strong confirmation of this theory that while there are several minor passages through these islands,and numerous hays of very fair size,practically no\nsockeyes are ever found to frequent those waters while swarming by the\nmillions about,and along,the outer edge of the group.That the great bulk\nof the fish do travel this way is further evidenced by the superior taking qualities of the traps along these channels to those farther out, and\nby the fact that almost the entire run of Eraser river sockeyes enter\nthe river after running the gauntlet of traps from Sandy Point to,and\nincluding,Point Roberts.There are some traps along Stuart and Waldron\nislands, and other such localities,but, their efforts have never  been crowned with the same measure of success as experienced by those traps situated in the former mentioned sections.\n^or the purpose of learning the sea life of the denizens of the deep,the\nUnited States Government maintain vessels equipped thoroughly for the\nalloted task.They are commanded by careful,painstaking,and thoroughly\nconscientious men,who have the pride of their work at heart,and who have\naccomplished much for our \u00a9nlightmsnt on all forms of marine life.Amongst these men,none have done more than the commander and his assistants\non the \"Albatross\",and in dean sea salmon research they have been especially prominent.If the \"Albatross\" has the available time for such, an\nundertaking,! would re sped, full, i suggest to the Pnited States Commission of 7l\u00a9h and Fisheries the advisability of employing her services in\nan investigation of the theory I advance. .Anything tending to increase\nour knowledge of the habits,food,and temporary habitations of the salmon\nat sea,will be of immense value to the community In general,and no legitimate means should be left untried to attain such a desire able end.\nIt has been observed by the fishermen at Monterey bay,that the\nfirst approach, of the salmon Is not made known by any sign of that fish\nit self,but by the surface disturbances caused by the smaller fish on which the salmon prey.This observation is important as it demonstrates a\ndifference in the salt water and. brackish water habits of the species.In\nthose waters more or less brackish, such as Puget Sound, one of the most\nnoticeable features of salmon life is their habit of frequently leaping\nclear out of the water,although this Is much more common to the sockeye\nand humpback than to the other varitles.\nIf however it is only the prey of the salmon that are noticed in the\ncomparitively shallow waters of Monterey bay,it is not unreasonable to\nsuppose that in the deep depths farther seaward,even the salmon food inhabit somewhat lower regions,and are not as prone to rise to the top\nwhore their iridescent colors,and shining scales may serve more to betray them.Salmon in river life are surface fish,rarely being captured be-\nl\u00a9w twenty feet in depth,unless driven to swim lower to avoid the implements of capture set in their pathway.Structurally they are not formed\nfor existing in any great depth,and we can readily dismiss the thought\nof their sea life having any different features in this respect.They undoubtedly swim some little deoper,perhaps one hundred feet or so below\nthe surface,but they would probably find their speed hindered considerably by the pressure of water when much lower than that.\nMy suggestion would be for the \"Albatross\" to commence an investigation\nin the Columbia river, above tidal waters, where all of the constituent\nparts of its fluid would unquestionably be of local origin.The examination should be both microscopical and chemical,while all distinctive features of whatever nature should be most oar\u00a9fully noted.Bescending the\nriver,and also in branches like the Clackamas - a great salmon stream -\nsimilar study should be made so as to learn what distinctive scent draws\nsalmon from the main river into the various tributaries.When tidal waters are first reached,the changes occuring in the composition of the\nfluid particles,must have careful consideration and study, in order to\ncalculate the rate of change which OOOure ftS the salt impregnation increases.This same minute observation,I imagine,would be necessary all\nthe way down the Columbia,but especially at the mouth, where the rate and\nforce of the seaward precipitation must he calculated, to estimate the\n ejects may extend; allowing fast\nmaximum distance  its ergects may extend; allowing \u00a9^course  for the back\npressure  exerted by the Japanese  current, and for the   southerly deviation\nwhich the   same  influence may cause.\nThese  calculations may be  tedious,difficult, and perhaps even  impossible\nto make,and personally I  am inclined to think frequent  analysis  of the\nwater beyond the  river's mouth - both westerly and  southerly -,will be\nfound the most practical way of learning how far into  the  sea the path\nof the Columbia can be  traced by the  nature  of its component particles.\nIt   is almost needless to add that  these  investigations can be\nsupplemented by the  frequent use  of purse   seines,trawls,and  other  suoh\nappliances,made  with the view of special adaptiveness for deep   sea operations; and while  it  is very probable   salmon  itself may not be   taken by\nthese means,owing to their tendency to   \"sound\"  or descend  at  the  first\nappearance  of danger,still their principal dietary fishes may be thus\ncaptured,Which will go to prove the track pursued   is the correct  one,and\nwould perhaps open up   the  way for further proof of the whereabouts and\nhabits of the   salmon  itself.\nIf such an  investigation respecting the  salmon of the  Columbia proved Of\nvalue,like   investigations  of the Eraser,Sacramento,Rogue,and   other rivers,could   subsequently be made  with equal  success.By  such means we may\nlearn what  the  constituent  parts of the watery fluid  are,that  cause  quinnat  and   sockeye   salmon to  frequent  one   stream and  avoid  others:we may\nalso  learn what  qualities  are  lacking  in certain rivers, or on certain\nfeeding grounds,that  cause   the  fish ascending  such rivers to be  inferior\nin  oil,color,and  flavor,from the   same   specie  in  a nearby but different\nlocality.lt might not be  too much to expect that  we can  supply,chemically or otherwise,this defect   of nature,(on the   same principal  as wo use\nfertilizers to enrich, the   soil to produce more  abundant  and  finer cropsj)\nand thus not   only by hatcheries rear   an  increased  quantity of the  impregnated eggsjbut \"by the   improving of the  natural conditions of a river\nproduce  a superior article  in the quality of the  fish as well.\nIt  is a well understood fact that  in fresh water the principal,in fact\nthe  only food, of young  sea going  salmon  are  insects  of various  sorts;\nwhile  when  in the  ocean they prey on herring,anchovies,sardines,squid,\nand  other  forms  of marine   life.As  a consequence  it   is  improbable  any Information as to their route  can be  obtained  from, the   study of the  food\nthey oartake  of in the rivers;although as the  investigation of this could be done   simultaneous with the  other,and  as  such investigation might\nlead to discoveries that  would help   solve  this question, it certainly\nwould be  advisable  to give  consideration  also to this phase  of  salmon\nlife.\nI  am aware that  the   \"Albatross\"  In years gone by,tried the use  of gill\nnets  some miles  off the mouth of the  Columbia in hopes  of locating  salmon,but without   success.To  anyone  acquainted with commercial  salmon fishing and the  great timidity  of the  fish,this will  occasion no   surprise,\nas  in day fishing the net  itself would be  clearly discernible,and  a salmon never tries going through an  obstruction it  can either pass under or\naround.At night  also It   is probable  the phosphorescence  so common to  our\nwaters,will light the net up  from bottom to top,and make  it   if anything\nmore easily distinguishable  than ever to  the  fish..! believe  all investigations of this nature would have  to be made  with purse  seines or trawls, with which the  fish could be  surrounded before becoming aware   of its\ndanger.\nI have no doubt but that   on first thought my idea will be written down\nas being too  fanciful,and  impractical of execution.Perhaps this may be\nso,but the  importance  of the question  is  such that  even  impractical\nideas  should he  given careful consideration before  discarding them,in\nthe hope  of something useful being evolved from their  study.Scientists\nhave been able  to correctly  ascertain the rate of travel,the direction,\nthe metes and bounds,and  other  salient   features of the great  ocean currents, and if these  can be  located in certain clearly defined paths through other liquid material  of exactly the   sama  component parts,we   surely\ncan hope that  equal  success would be met with in tracing the  flow of\nfresh water, or fresh water matter, for many miles beyond its point  of\ndischarge  into  the  ocean.It  is  said that the  freshening influence  of the\nAmazon  is perceptible five hundred miles from the  coast.If from this\ncause  alone   it  can be traced that  far, surely chemical  and  analytical research will define  its \u00a9curse  for a greater distance yet.Of course thera\nis no real comparison possible between the Amazon  and Columbia,but while\nthe  latter  is  a pigmy compared to the   former,its discharge  is probably\ntraceable for over one hundred miles by its freshening influence, and it\n o\no\nis by no means improbable   some kno?\/ledge  of salmon life could be  gained\nby  investigations carried  on  at  the point where  such influences would be\nreduced to a minimum.\nC-'\ni-\nft-\n&r\n o\no\nI\negfjel\n.\n)\u00a9\u2022!\n^\ngftft\n^\n","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2009\/08\/skos-reference\/skos.html#note","classmap":"oc:AnnotationContainer"},"iri":"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2009\/08\/skos-reference\/skos.html#note","explain":"Simple Knowledge Organisation System; Notes are used to provide information relating to SKOS concepts. 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