{"AIPUUID":[{"label":"AIP UUID","value":"1a24f588-2b0e-4ceb-b6c2-71f946541122","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"https:\/\/open.library.ubc.ca\/terms#identifierAIP","classmap":"oc:DigitalPreservation","property":"oc:identifierAIP"},"iri":"https:\/\/open.library.ubc.ca\/terms#identifierAIP","explain":"UBC Open Collections Metadata Components; Local Field; Refers to the Archival Information Package identifier generated by Archivematica. This serves as a link between CONTENTdm and Archivematica."}],"AggregatedSourceRepository":[{"label":"Aggregated Source Repository","value":"CONTENTdm","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/www.europeana.eu\/schemas\/edm\/dataProvider","classmap":"ore:Aggregation","property":"edm:dataProvider"},"iri":"http:\/\/www.europeana.eu\/schemas\/edm\/dataProvider","explain":"A Europeana Data Model Property; The name or identifier of the organization who contributes data indirectly to an aggregation service (e.g. Europeana)"}],"AlternateTitle":[{"label":"Alternate Title ","value":"REPORT ON AGRICULTURE.","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/alternative","classmap":"dpla:SourceResource","property":"dcterms:alternative"},"iri":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/alternative","explain":"A Dublin Core Terms Property; An alternative name for the resource.; Note - the distinction between titles and alternative titles is resource-specific."}],"CatalogueRecord":[{"label":"Catalogue Record","value":"http:\/\/resolve.library.ubc.ca\/cgi-bin\/catsearch?bid=1198198","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/isReferencedBy","classmap":"edm:ProvidedCHO","property":"dcterms:isReferencedBy"},"iri":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/isReferencedBy","explain":"A Dublin Core Terms Property; A related resource that references, cites, or otherwise points to the described resource."}],"Collection":[{"label":"Collection","value":"Sessional Papers of the Province of British Columbia","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/isPartOf","classmap":"dpla:SourceResource","property":"dcterms:isPartOf"},"iri":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/isPartOf","explain":"A Dublin Core Terms Property; A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included."}],"Creator":[{"label":"Creator","value":"British Columbia. Legislative Assembly","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/creator","classmap":"dpla:SourceResource","property":"dcterms:creator"},"iri":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/creator","explain":"A Dublin Core Terms Property; An entity primarily responsible for making the resource.; Examples of a Contributor include a person, an organization, or a service."}],"DateAvailable":[{"label":"Date Available","value":"2014-11-19","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/issued","classmap":"edm:WebResource","property":"dcterms:issued"},"iri":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/issued","explain":"A Dublin Core Terms Property; Date of formal issuance (e.g., publication) of the resource."}],"DateIssued":[{"label":"Date Issued","value":"[1893]","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/issued","classmap":"oc:SourceResource","property":"dcterms:issued"},"iri":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/issued","explain":"A Dublin Core Terms Property; Date of formal issuance (e.g., publication) of the resource."}],"DigitalResourceOriginalRecord":[{"label":"Digital Resource Original Record","value":"https:\/\/open.library.ubc.ca\/collections\/bcsessional\/items\/1.0065840\/source.json","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/www.europeana.eu\/schemas\/edm\/aggregatedCHO","classmap":"ore:Aggregation","property":"edm:aggregatedCHO"},"iri":"http:\/\/www.europeana.eu\/schemas\/edm\/aggregatedCHO","explain":"A Europeana Data Model Property; The identifier of the source object, e.g. the Mona Lisa itself. This could be a full linked open date URI or an internal identifier"}],"FileFormat":[{"label":"File Format","value":"application\/pdf","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/elements\/1.1\/format","classmap":"edm:WebResource","property":"dc:format"},"iri":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/elements\/1.1\/format","explain":"A Dublin Core Elements Property; The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource.; Examples of dimensions include size and duration. Recommended best practice is to use a controlled vocabulary such as the list of Internet Media Types [MIME]."}],"FullText":[{"label":"Full Text","value":" SECOND   REPOET\nOF   THE\nDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE\nOF   THE   PROVINCE   OF\nBRITISH   COLUMBIA,\n1892.\nVICTORIA, B.C.:\nPrinteil by Richard WOfcFBNpBN, Printer to the Queen's Most Excellent Majest; 56 Vict. Report on Agriculture. 717\nDepartment of Agriculture, British Columbia,\nVictoria, June 13th, 1893.\nSir :\nI have the honour to  transmit  herewith  for  your approval  the Second  Report of the\nDepartment of Agriculture of British Columbia.\nI have the honour to be,\nSir,\nYour most obedient servant,\nJames R. Anderson,\nStatistician.\nThe Honourable J. 11. Turner,\nMinister of Agriculture,\nVictoria. 56 Vict. Report on Agriculture. 719\nCONTEXTS.\n1.\u2014Letter of Transmittal.\n2.\u2014Introductory  Remarks.\n3.\u2014Reports.\n4.\u2014Diseases and Pests.\n5.\u2014Imports and Exports.\n6,\u2014Dairying.\n7.\u2014Fruit.\n8.\u2014Lathyrus, Silvestris, Wagneri, a new Fodder Plant.\n9.\u2014Meteorological.\n10.\u2014Conclusion. 56 Vict. Report on Agriculture. 72l\nSECOND   REPORT\nOF   THE\t\nDEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE,\nBRITISH   COLUMBIA.\n1892.\nI have to explain that the tardiness in presenting this my Second Report is due to the\nduties I had to perform in connection with the World's Columbian Exposition. It is much to\nbe deplored that the same causes which prevented me from giving as full statistical information\nin my last Report as I wished, prevail in the present case, viz., the want of fuller returns\nfrom those whose interests are most closely affected by Reports of this nature, and who should\nbe the first to come forward with the fullest information on matters of such vital importance\nto themselves in particular and to the Province in general. It is quite evident that in consequence of the apathy evinced under the system heretofore pursued other means will have to\nbe adopted in the future in order to arrive at reliable conclusions. It is a curious fact that\nmany of the more remote districts furnished interesting data much more freely than some of\nthose near the Capital. To the Correspondents of the Department, whose reports appear in\nthe following pages, and to many of the residents, I have to tender my thanks for the courtesy\nextended to me during my visits to the different parts of the Province, and for the valuable\nassistance afforded me in acquiring the interesting information which I am enabled to give,\nand which, I trust, will be of service to the public generally. T regret that I had to leave\nsome important agricultural and pastoral portions of the country unvisited, particularly that\npart between Ashcroft and Cariboo, and also the Kootenay District, and which I offer as my\napology in part for the meagre reports from those parts.\nThe climate during the past season has been rather a peculiar one throughout the Province;\non the whole I should pronounce it unfavourable. In the south-eastern portion the winter\n_ was mild, with but little snow. The spring was wet, late, and cold, with some late frosts,\nwhich in places damaged the young fruit, causing a severe loss; on the whole, however, it was\ngood for seeding. The summer was hot and dry after June, the previous part being rather\nmore moist than usual. The autumn was fine in the early part, the harvest weather being\ngood throughout; but the cold set in early, more rain than usual, a great deal of fog and\nflurries of snow as early as the middle of October, and setting in, in earnest, about the 18th of\nNovember. In the central portion (up the Fraser Valley in the direction of Cariboo) the\nwinter was mild and the snow light. The spring was cold and dry, but good seeding weather.\nThe summer generally favourable, some excessively hot weather after June, damaging some\ngrain. The autumn was good and harvest weather favourable, except in the vicinity of\nWilliams Lake. As in the south-eastern portion snow came on early. In the region of the\nLower Mainland (that portion to the westward of the Coast Range) the winter was mild, with\nlittle snow and frost, but a heavy rainfall. The spring was late, wet, and generally unfavourable, for seeding, with a late frost which injured fruit blossoms ; on some of the higher lands,\nhowever, the seeding  time  was good.    The summer was a fair average one, some wet spoilt a 722 Report on Agriculture. 1893\nlittle hay. The autumn was medium ; the first part of the harvest being good and the latter\npart bad, occasioning loss in some instances of fifty and sixty per cent. Some snow fell about\nthe 24th November, but it did not lie very long. On Vancouver Island and the Islands of\nthe Gulf the winter was mild in the extreme ; absolutely no snow and little frost, but a good\ndeal of rain. The spring was late and wet, but, as a rule, fair seeding weather. Late spring\nfrosts occasioned some loss in fruit. The summer was moderate; rather wet early, but good\nlater on. The autumn was good in the early part for harvesting, but the rain set in earlier\nthan usual, then dry and cold, but no snow.\nThe yield of grain, hay, and root crops in the south-eastern portion was good to moderate;\nof fruit, in the Okanagan and the country south of it, good ; in the east, fair, and the quality\nwas good. In the central portion the yield of crops generally was good ; of fruit (where\ncultivated), good.\nIn the Lower Mainland the yield of grain was fair and average ; same of root crops,\nexcept potatoes, which was rather poor ; of hay, good; of fruit, medium ; quality, good and\nmedium. On the Islands there was a good average crop of hay and roots, a short crop of\ncereals and of fruit, the quality of the latter being medium.\nDiseases and Pests.\nAll throughout the Province, I regret to say, there seems to have been a marked increase\nin some of these enemies of the agriculturist and stock-raiser. In some places twenty-five per\ncent, and fifty per cent, loss by smut are reported. The aphis, both on fruit trees and hops, has\nspread in all directions. Apple and pear blight lias also occasioned severe loss. Potato rot and\nblight has been another fruitful source of loss. The wild-horse evil and the coyote pest have\nadded to the difficulties and losses of the stock-raiser. Noxious weeds, notably Canada and\nScotch thistles, are also spreading. All these things, and many others which will be found\nmentioned under the proper heads, demand instant attention if they are to be combated\nsuccessfully.\nA good deal of fall ploughing was done in the Upper Country, but the early snow\nprevented as much being done as usual. In some parts of the Lower County, also, where the\nland is high considerable ploughing was done, but the wet autumn interfered a great deal in\nthe lower parts.    On the Islands a moderate average only was put under crop.\nOn reference to the table of Imports it will be seen that again there has been a large\nincrease in the importations'of most things that we can as well raise in the Province. In the\nmatter of dairy products, poultry, eggs, bacon, hams and lard, flour, beef and mutton, it is\nevident that there is fearful drain on the country, and I feel constrained to reiterate some of\nthe remarks contained in my last report.\nCreameries on the same lines as those in the Eastern Provinces should be established at\nsuch points on the Lower Mainland and the Island as are so eminently adapted for dairying,\nthe Upper Country, in my opinion, being for the most part unsuitable, if I except that region\nin the vicinity of Lac La Hache and upwards along the valley of the Fraser, but which at the\npresent time is isolated. Travelling dairies, also, for the instruction of the uninitiated in the\nart of butter-making, such as are used in some of the Australian Colonies, a description of\nwhich I give further on, and which are there found to be of immense value, would, I have no\ndoubt, be of equal advantage to the farmers of this Province. Mr. Knight, correspondent,\nPopcum, says, \" dairying is followed by a few farmers, but the quality of the butter is poor,\nthey don't know how to make good butter.\"\nOn the other hand, almost any part of the Upper Country, and some dry portions of the\nIslands, seem intended by nature for the production of poultry. Turkeys especially, of which\nimmense quantities are imported, and which require a dry climate, would be immensely profitable on the high lands of the interior, where water is not available for irrigating and are\nconsequently lying idle. Where grasshoppers are numerous, also, fowls have been found to be\nof great service in reducing their numbers. There need be no fear of over-production at\npresent in this line, as the imports amply demonstrate.\nThe swine industry is, I believe, a profitable one in any part of the country, and it is all\nequally well adapted for the purpose. On the Lower Mainland, however, \"and on the Island,\npigs seem more subject to cholera and other diseases. In those parts also where salmon die\nand get washed ashore pig-raising should be avoided, as the tainted flesh of animals so fed\ncreates a very bad name, and has the effect of lowering prices. 56 Vict. Report on Agriculture. 723\nIn the matter of flour, I find that our production is far below our requirements. There\nare many thousands of acres of good grain land in the Upper Country especially adapted for\nthe purpose, and where sufficient could be grown for all our requirements. The growing of\ncereals in the Lower Country I hold to be utterly wrong from an economic point, for several\nreasons, the chief one of which is the uncertainty of the harvesting weather. Losses from\nthis cause occur every year, and in some years very heavy losses. A multitude of other\nreasons can be adduced, but I think the one given is enough.\nThis has always been considered, and I think rightly, a fruit-growing country; but what\ncan be thought when it is seen that 9,325 barrels of apples were imported last year. There\nseems to be something radically wrong in such a state of affairs. It is quite true that a very\nlarge proportion of the orchards of the Province are young and not in bearing, but very many\nare in bearing; sufficient, I imagine, to supply, the wants of the Province. The secret is, I\nbelieve, that diseases, pests, and want of care have so reduced the quantity and quality of\nfruit that people are forced to buy elsewhere.\nIt is urged that as sheep cannot be run on the same ranges as cattle, therefore the supply\nis limited, and hence the large importations. It is an open question as to which is the better\npaying branch. It is asserted by those in a position to know that sheep-raising is more\nprofitable; and as that is the main question to be considered, it seems to me most unreasonable that such large herds of cattle, in the face of the low prices complained of, should be\nkept. Another peculiarity is, that in spite of the large numbers of beef cattle in the country,\nthere should be so many imported. What all the particular causes are, I am not prepared to\nsay; but it is certain that the cattle men of the North-West sell good cattle in the markets of\nthe Province, when our own cattle are presumably too poor. My own opinion of the proper\nway to circumvent the difficulty is by the erection of cold storage warehouses at convenient\npoints in the interior\u2014say Vernon, Kamloops, or Ashcroft\u2014where all prime beef cattle could\nbe slaughtered about the month of December, and sent to the coast markets as they were\nrequired. There are so many obvious advantages in such a course, that I wonder it has not\nbeen taken up before; if not by a company, as a money-making concern, then by the ranchers\nthemselves, in self-protection.\nBitter complaints are made of the excessive freight rates on produce sent from interior\npoints to the coast markets, the charges, it is asserted, completely eating up any profit. This\nis a subject of great importance to all concerned, and one which should demand attention and\narranging as soon as possible.\nFrom personal observations during the last year, it appears to me that much valuable\ntime is lost by many farmers in attempts to raise unsuitable crops, by the injudicious selection\nof fruit trees, and by attempting to clear land intended for orchards of large stumps. As far\nas my experience goes, fruit trees will grow perfectly well between stumps, provided the\nground is kept well tilled about them and plenty of mulching applied. As regards unsuita-\nbility of crops, there is no doubt in my mind that if the farmers would confine themselves\nprincipally to dairying, fruit culture, and root crops in the Lower Country, leaving cereals to\nthose of the Upper Country, it would result much more favourably to the interests of all.\nI visited the Dominion Experimental Farm at Agassiz, where excellent work is being-\ndone in the way of demonstrating the capabilities of the country, and the adaptibility of\nvarious plants not indiginous to the country, and of the different varieties of fruit, grain and\nroots. I imagine much will be done to disprove certain preconceived ideas on these important\npoints, and many things heretofore believed to be unsuitable to the climate of this Province\nwill be proved to be well worth cultivating. Useful lessons on the distance that fruit trees\nshould be planted from one another, and the general management of orchards, can also be\nobtained here. People about to embark in the occupation of farming and fruit-raising could\nnot do better than to pay a visit to the farm and obtain many invaluable hints.\nA great portion of the lands of the Province, particularly those high wooded tracts\ncovered with a heavy growth of fir and other large trees, heretofore considered worthless, are,\nI am glad to say, gradually coming more and more into favour, and when brought into cultivation\u2014which, of course, is expensive\u2014are found to be very valuable. Some farmers told me\nthat they would not exchange this description of land, which they had brought under cultivation, for what they considered previously to be their best land. These lands, when reclaimed,\nwill add greatly to the agricultural area of the Province. It is a curious fact that the same\nerrors, or misconceptions, existed in Australia, where large tracts of country which were\nmarked on the early maps \" worthless \" are now considered to be amongst the best lands of that 724 Report on Agriculture. 189$\ncountry. A letter which appeared in a recent number of the Colonist shows that the same\nidea existed in New Brunswick, and in the State of Washington. The letter is so applicable\nto the case that I reproduce it: \u2014\n\" Farm  Land in British  Columbia.\n\" To the Editor :\u2014I have noticed several references to the amount of farm laud in\nBritish Columbia, and it has occurred to me that a leaf out of my experience might be of value\nto those who are trying to form an estimate.\n\" In 1870 I made a voluntary exploration of that part of New Brunswick which is now\nowned, I think, by the Canadian Pacific Railway, it having been given as a bonus to the New\nBrunswick Railway, and I reported upon it, my report being published in the Blue Book\nissued in 1871 by my father, who was then Secretary for Agriculture. The papers were\ninclined to ridicule it at the time, and to intimate that I did not know what I was talking\nabout when I said that there were a million acres of admirable farming land there. Since\nthen some of the finest settlements in New Brunswick have been established on that tract,\nand every available acre of it would be settled if the present owners were not holding it as a\ntimber reserve.\n': Mr. Andrew Inches, Deputy Surveyor-General of New Brunswick, told me that when\nhe entered the Crown Land Office the words 'This land is no good' were written across the\nmap where the splendid settlements of Glassville, Johnsville, Knowlesville, etc., are now\nlocated, and where is undoubtedly some of the best upland in Eastern Canada.\n\" When I came to tins State two years ago, the farmers of White River Valley told me\nthat the uplands of Washington were no good for farming. I have since seen three crops . of\nclover cut in one season from upland, and the finest roots and grain grown upon it. The\nuplands of Washington, so far from being no good, are of great value for agriculture.\n\" Prof. Johnston, F. R. G. S., says something in one of his papers to the following effect :\nThe first impressions of settlers in a new country in regard to the value of its farm lands are\nalmost invariably wrong.    They invariably condemn what experience proves to be valuable.\n\" It is just possible that observations of a similar character to the foregoing may be applicable to British Columbia.\n\" Seattle, May 30th. \"C.  II.  Lucrin.\"\nSurface-draining and under-draining is a subject which should engage more of the attention of our farmers. Its importance is probably not fully recognized, added to which, it is\nunquestionably expensive. Hence, I presume, it is almost altogether neglected, and the\nresults are wet, sour lands, which it is impossible to plough or crop in proper season, the\nconsequent lateness of the harvest often resulting (more particularly in the Lower Country) in\npartial or total loss. Mr. Jacob Zink's (Chilliwhack) remark is worthy of consideration. He\nsays :\u2014\" If farmers could have money at G per cent, on good security, to make improvements\nand buy useful machinery, there could be many more necessary improvements made.\"\nIrrigation and the saving and storing of water in those parts of the country where the\nrainfall is insufficient is a subject of the utmost importance, and I have, therefore, elicited\nopinions on the matter from correspondents and others, which will be found in their reports,\nand which I commend to notice.\nFurther necessary restrictions seem to be demanded for the regulation of stallions running\nat large, and for the protection of those having thoroughbred stallions. Mr. Bulman, correspondent at Upper Nicola, says that he has several mares in foal to two-year-old stallions,\nbefore May, which would seem to show that the law is defective in that respect.\nIn the following pages I have endeavoured to give in every instance the averages, or the\nquantity, or both, of cultivated land, woodland, swamp, rock, and pasture ; quantity of grain,\nhay, root crops, fruit, and other things produced, and number of head of live stock owned;\nthe number of ranchers\u2014by which I wish it understood that I mean owners and occupiers of\nlands, not the inhabitants generally of the country ; the altitudes of the different farming\nsections; the precipitation and temperature in the different parts of the country. In this\nconnection I wish it understood that what I mean by the greatest heat or cold is not the\nextraordinary heat or cold that may occur very rarely, but the usual highest or lowest temperature. The crops, fruit and stock most suitable to different localities; the diseases and pests\naffecting the agriculturist and stock-raiser, and the remedies most recommended; reports of\nthe Fruit Inspector and Inspector of Animals; imports and exports of agricultural products,\nand various other matters of interest. 56 Vict. Report on Agriculture.\nFrom the nature of the country and the circumstances attending getting up useful information, this report naturally partakes more of a description of the different farming localities,\ntheir means of communication, their products and general adaptability, than of an \"Agricultural Report\" in the usually accepted sense. Such as it is, I trust it will meet with the\napproval of the farming population, without whose co-operation and assistance it is impossible\nto present a true and valuable report. .Bearing this in mind, I trust their generous support\nwill be accorded in the future.\nThe following questions were asked in an autumn circular to correspondents :\u2014\n1. Grain.\u2014Can you state what the estimated yield is per acre of the following; also the\naverage prices obtainable or ruling:\u2014Wheat (Fall), wheat (Spring), barley, oats, rye, peas,\nIndian corn, other grain ?\n2. Miscellaneous.\u2014Hay, hops ?\n3. Roots and Vegetables.\u2014Potatoes, mangolds, carrots, turnips, onions, beets, parsnips,\ncabbages, other roots and vegetables ?\n(tt.) What kind of yield of above, good, bad, or indifferent 1\n(b.) State the particular name of the following which are considered best suited to your\npart, and which give the best results :\u2014Wheat, barley, oats, rye, peas, corn, grass,\nclover, hop, potato, mangold, carrot, turnip, onion, beet, parsnip, cabbage, other.\n4. Fruit. -Can you state the average prices obtainable for apples, pears, plums and\nprunes, cherries, peaches, quinces, apricots, nectarines, grapes, other ?\n(a.)  Was the season's crop good or bad ?\n(b.)  What was the quality of the fruit ?\n(c.)   Can you give any information as to soils best adapted and the cultivation of fruit?\n(tl.) Are the following fruits grown, and with what success : \u2014Peaches, apricots, nectarines, grapes, melons, and tomatoes ?\n(e.) Give the particular name of the following fruits which have been found to give the\nbest results :\u2014Apples, pears, plums, cherries.\nHave any attempts been made to cultivate the following, and with what success?\n5. Linseed or Flaxseed.\nG. Sugar Beet.\n7. Rape.\n8. Dairy.\n(a.) Is dairying followed to any extent, and with what results ?\n(b.)  What prices are obtainable for butter and cheese ?\n9. Wool.\n(a.) Is your part of the country well adapted for wool-raising ?\n(b.)  Is it entered into to any extent?\n(c.)  What is the quality of the wool ?\n('\/.) What is the average weight of fleece 1\n10. Live Stock.\n(a.) Are people generally going in for improved breeds of stock ?\n(\/\/.)   State  what  in  your  estimation  are the best breeds in your district of horses for\ndraught, saddle, or harness ; cattle for beef and dairy ; sheep for wool and mutton;\npigs and poultry.\n11. Poultry.\n(a.) Is this industry entered into to any extent, and with any system ?\n(b.) What is the average price of eggs ? (b.)\ntt\ni\nspring :\n(c.)\nii\n1\nsummer\n(d.)\nn\nautumn\n(e.)\nPercent\nige\nof\nloss throug\n726 Report on Agriculture. 1893\n12. Bees.\u2014Has apiculture been tried, and with what results?\n13. Weather.\n(a.) Character of last winter: snow, rain, or frost?\nwet or dry ; frosts.?\n: hot, cold, wet, &c?\n:  wet or dry, good or bad harvest weather; frosts ?\n:i unfavourable weather ?\n14. Diseases and Pests.\u2014It is of the utmost importance that all information throwing\nany light on this subject should be brought before the department, inasmuch as the loss\nentailed by these agencies is incalculable, and it should be everybody's aim to devise means\nfor the counteraction of the mischief wrought. If you can, therefore, report upon diseases of\nplant or animal life, noxious weeds and insects, means employed (if any), and the success\nattending them, to get rid of or mitigate the evils, it would be a great help towards the end\nin view. What percentage of loss of animals, fruit and other crops do you estimate to have\noccurred through diseases and pests?\n15. Labour.\n(a.)  Are labourers easily procurable?\n(b.)   White, Chinese, or Indian ?\n(c.)  Average wages paid ?\n10.  Ensilage. \u2014Has it been tried, and with what success?\n17. Ploughing.\u2014Is any fall ploughing done, and to what extent ?\n18. General Remarks.- - On the condition and prospects of agriculture generally, and\non such subjects as irrigation, ditching, draining, dyking, fencing, buildings, machinery,\nimplements, &c.\nREPORTS.\nGRAND  PRAIRIE,   KETTLE  RIVER,\nGrand Prairie, situated on a bend of Kettle River where it crosses the 49th parallel and\nre-enters the United States again about fifteen miles below. It is therefore bounded on one\nside by the International Boundary, which runs here along a precipitous range of mountains\nThis part of the country is practically cut off from the remainder of the Province by the\nabsence of a waggon road, the journey from Osoyoos to this point, when performed on wheels\n(as Mr. Lumby and I did it), having to be done mainly through American territory, the\ncourse of the Kettle River being followed from Rock Creek, along which numerous fords are\nencountered, some of which are by no means safe, even in the dry season, for strangers, and\nrendering this route impracticable in the wet season. The distance, in all, is .about sixty miles.\nHence the people of Grand Prairie have to procure all their supplies from Marcus, in Washington, on the Spokane and Northern Railway, but are shut out from the U. S. markets by\nthe prohibitory tariff of that country. They are, nevertheless, well situated, as any road\nfrom Marcus or Fort Shepherd, westward, will, from topographical reasons, have to pass\nthrough Grand Prairie, and with the waggon road which the Government proposes to build\nfrom the vicinity of Osoyoos, which will reduce the distance some fifteen or twenty miles, it\nseems to have good future before it.\nThere are about thirty-six ranchers hereabouts, with fine ranches, on which most of the\nordinary crops attain perfection. Being practically without a market, there has not, thus far,\nbeen any great inducement to attempt production on any great scale. Fruit of all kinds does\nwell, and a good many young trees are planted out. Irrigation is necessary for the successful\nproduction of crops in most localities, and a fair quantity of water is available for the purpose.\nGood crops are, however, also got in some parts without it. Mr. Sydney Almond, one of the\nmost enterprising farmers, gave me samples of bald and blue barley which are remarkably\ngood (see his remarks).     Other cereals and root crops also do well.     As a stock-raising country 56 Vict. Report on Agriculture. 727\nit is peculiarly well adapted, bunch grass on the hills growing most luxuriantly, and many\ncattle are raised. Coyotes are a drawback to sheep raising, and until they are thinned out the\nindustry cannot successfully be followed. The climate is good. When I was there, on the\n22nd October, we had beautiful sunny days and frosty nights. The snowfall is not heavy, and\ngenerally lies on the ground about three months. Rain, except for thunderstorms in summer,\nis very infrequent. The altitude of Christiana Lake, in the immediate vicinity of Grand\nPrairie, and whose waters flow into Kettle River there, is given at 996 feet in the Hon. J. W.\nTrutch's map, 1871, while the surrounding high lands are placed at from 1,800 to 4,000 feet;\nroughly, therefore, the altitude of Grand Prairie may be called 1,000 feet. The character of\nthe country is open, with pines scattered sparsely- over it, presenting a very picturesque\nappearance; the streams are edged with cottonwood, birch, etc. The rolling hills, covered\nwith grass, have more timber than the lower lands. By returns received, I find that 4| per\ncent, only of the land owned is under cultivation, 14 per cent, being woodland or forest, and\n81 if per cent, pasture land.\nThe following, is correspondent's report, and replies and remarks of some of the ranchers:\u2014\nReport of Mr. E. Spraggett, Correspondent.\n1. Wheat (spring).\u201416 bushels per acre; $30 per ton.\nBarley.\u2014Indifferent yield ; $30 per ton.\nOats.\u2014Good ; $30 per ton.\n2. Hay.\u2014One-half to two tons ; $15 per ton.\n3. Potatoes.\u2014Good ; $20 per ton.\nCarrots, n 30      n\nTurnips,         n 20\nOnions,           n         60      n\nCabbages.\u2014Indifferent; $40 per ton.\n3b. Spring Wheat, Bald and  Blue Barley, Timothy, Early Rose Potato, Danver Onion,\nbest suited.\n4. Apples, Pears, and Peaches.\u2014Average price, five cents per pound.\n4a & b.\u2014Crop and quality of roots and vegetables good.\n4d.   All fruits enumerated, except nectarines, grown with good success.\n4e.  The particular names of fruits best suited are not established here yet; a great many\nyoung trees are being set out this year.    The results will be known after a while.\n5-8. Linseed, Sugar Beet, Rape, and Dairying not attempted to any extent.\n8 b.  Price of butter, 50 cents.\n9a & b.  Wool-raising not adapted, and sheep-raising not attempted.\n10a.   People are generally going in for improved breeds of stock.\n10b.  Clydesdale horses  for draught,   Durham   cattle   for beef,   White  Chester pigs,   and\nBrown Leghorn chickens best suited to the district.\n11a.  Poultry kept only for house use.\n11b. Price of eggs, 35 to 50 cents per dozen.\n12.    Apiculture not attempted.\n13c  Heat in summer, 94\u00b0 in shade.\n13d. Good harvest weather.\n14.    Quite a few good horses died here last fall; in good condition ; sick about twenty-four\nhours; could not find any cause.    All the  horses  were from   the United  States\nside of the line.\n15a. Labour plentiful.\n15b. Whites and Indians principally.\n15 c Wages, $35 per month.\n16. Ensilage not tried.\n17. The ploughing mostly done in the fall. 728 Report on Agriculture. 1893\nS. Russell Almond says :\u2014I have a pedigreed Durham bull; my stock are graded.\nBlack flies, bull-dogs, and green flies are pests. Gophers are troublesome. Lambs-quarter\nand wild buckwheat are noxious weeds. The following grain I consider best suited to this\nlocality :\u2014Red Fife wheat, bald or blue barley, English side oat or White Russian oat,\nCanadian field peas, and early yellow corn. Any kinds of potato, and all kinds of roots do well.\nThe best grasses are Schroeder's broom, timothy, the fescues, and white clover. All breeds\nof horses do well from the Cayuse to the Clyde. I prefer Durham cattle for beef; medium\nYorkshire pigs, and a cross between Game and Dorking for poultry. There was about ten\ninches of snow last winter\u2014ten to twelve is the average ; there was no rain ; there was an\naverage amount of cold ; 18\u00b0 to 20\u00b0 below zero was greatest fall of the thermometer. The\nspring was late, generally favourable to seeding, but somewhat inclined to the cold side. The\nsummer was moderately warm, but very dry from June till August. The autumn was moist,\nwith cold nights and beautiful warm days. The harvesting season is always good. There\nwere frosts during the first week in June.\nParticulars regarding bald and blue barley are : Character of soil, sandy loam ; date of\nplanting, early part of April ; date of harvesting, close of July ; yield per acre, from 20 to 30\nbushels; weight per bushel, from 65 to 70 pounds; price at nearest market, home demand,\n2 cents per pound.\nMessrs. McInnis & Vaughan say:\u2014There was not much snow and no rain, it was a\nmild winter. Very favourable spring for seeding. The summer was warm and dry. The\nautumn was very dry with excellent harvest weather. The yield of crops was not an extra\ngood yield.    They were harvested in good condition.\n[In answer to tin enquiry as to the general weather, see Mr. Spraggett's letter under\nMeteorological.]\nROCK CREEK\nEmpties into Kettle River where the road from Osoyoos will probably cross on its way to\nGrand Prairie, Like the latter it is shut out at the present time by lack of roads, communication with Osoyoos being had by a horse trail across the mountains, or by the so-called\nwaggon road through Washington, some thirty-five or forty miles to Kruger's. There are some\nfine places in the vicinity, with extensive hill ranges covered with bunch grass, on which a\nnumber of cattle are kept ; there are also a good many horses. Mr. Macmyn n had a flock of\nsheep, but he had to give them up on account of the ravages of the coyotes; some few are\nkept for local use, but herding costs a great deal; otherwise it is a good country for sheep.\nSwine and poultry are only kept in limited numbers. On our way through here we were\ncharmed with the beauty and variety of the scenery. A trip clown the Kettle River, which\nis an ideal trout stream teeming with fish, and the country with game, cannot be surpassed,\nin my opinion, for a summer's outing. There are some thirteen settlers hereabouts. Cereals of\nall kinds, hay, and roots all yield largely, but fruit is not grown ; it would no doubt, however,\ndo well if tried. The crop of potatoes on Mr. Eholt's ranch was most phenomenal, but I regret\nto say that my note thereon has been mislaid. A market has been furnished for a limited\nquantity of produce by the mines on Rock Creek, and by the mining village at its confluence\nwith Kettle River, where there is a good hotel and several stores. With the mineral developments now taking place, however, and the prospects of a good road through to the Osoyoos\nValley, the probability is this will soon be a thriving settlement. Coyotes and wolves are the\nprincipal pests. The character of the climate is very similar to that of Grand Prairie. The\nprecipitation is light, snow lying on the ground from two and a half to three mouths. Irrigation is necessary to insure successful returns of crops. The soil in the valleys is a light loam,\nthe hills are rugged on the higher parts and pretty well covered with timber; on the lower\nparts timber is scarce, and bunch grass covers them in all parts. I have no means of ascertaining the altitude, it is possibly 1,500 feet. Some 44 per cent, of the land owned is cultivated,\naccording to returns, 31 per cent, is woodland or forest, 9 per cent, swamp, marsh, and rock,\nand 55 i per cent, pasture. 56'Vict. Report on Agriculture. 729\nCorrespondent's report and remarks of farmers are as follows :\u2014\nReport or W. G. Macmynn, Correspondent.\n1. Wheat (spring).\u20142,000 pounds per acre ;  2 cents per pound.\nOats. it it 2     it it\nRye. 1,750 pounds      tt 2 A- n n\n2. Hay.\u20142 tons per acre ; $20 per ton.\n3. Potatoes.\u201410 tons per acre ;  1A cents per pound.\nMangolds.\u201412 tons per acre.\nCarrots.\u20146 tons per acre;  11 cents per pound.\nTurnips. \u201415 tons per acre.\nOnions.\u20144 cents per pound.\nBeets.\u201410 tons per acre.\nCabbages.\u20148 tons per a^cre; 3 cents per pound.\n3a.  The yield was small, owing to dry summer and fall.\n3b.  Timothy grass, red clover, Ruta Baga turnip, and short white carrot are best suited\nto this part.\n4. Average price for apples, 6 cents per pound.\n4d.  Peaches, apricots, nectarines, grapes, and melons are  not  grown.    Tomatoes  are not\nalways a sure crop.\n5. Linseed has been grown with fair success.\n6. Sugar beet has been  cultivated; large crops, but fall  frost, I think, injures its sugar\nvalue.\n8.    Dairying not  much followed, both cattle and  bunch  grass  being better adapted for\nbeef-raising than dairying.\n8b.  Price of butter, 50 cents per pound.\n9a.  This section of country is well suited for wool-raising.\n9b.  Sheep-raising not carried on to any extent.\n9 c.  Wool is of good qualitv.\n9d.  Average weight of fleece is about 6 pounds.\n10a.  People are generally going in for improved stock.\n10b.  For this district I  consider  Clydesdale horses  best for draught, Cleveland bays best\nfor   saddle   and   harness.     Shorthorn   cattle   for   beef,   Herefords   for   dairying.\nMerinos   for   wool,   Leicesters   for   mutton.      Berkshire   pigs.      Plymouth   Rock\nchickens.\n11a.  Poultry-raising not extensively gone into.\n11b.  Average price of eggs, 35 cents to 50 cents per dozen.\n12.    Apiculture not tried.\n13a.  About 6 inches  of  snow on the  ground  from Christinas  until  the  15th of  March,\n1892.\n13b.  Spring cold and backward.\n13 c. Summer very dry.\n13d.  Autumn warm and dry.\n13e. Loss through unfavourable weather, backward spring, and dry summer, 25 per cent.\n15a. Labourers plentiful.\n15b. Whites, Chinese, and Indians.\n15c. Wages,   whites,  $30 to $40 and board per month; Chinese, $15 to $20 per month;\nIndians, $20 to $25 and board per month.\n16. Ensilage not tried.\n17. Owing to dry fall not much fall ploughing done.\n18. The prospects are good for agriculture, owing to the mineral development. 730 Report on Agriculture. 1893\nMr. Wm. G. Macmynn says:\u2014My young horses are graded from Cleveland Bay stallion.\nThere was a little distemper or epizootic amongst range horses this summer. Lost one mare\nand colt, Loss was probably five per cent. For this locality I consider timothy grass and\nred or alfalfa clover best suited. 1 like crosses from the Clyde for draught horses, and for\ngeneral purposes crosses from Cleveland Bay. I like Ayrshire cattle for dairying, Herefords\nor Shorthorn for beef. Leicesters for mutton. Berkshire pigs, and Plymouth Rock for\nchickens. There were a few wet clays in November; it was an exceptionally mild winter ;\nthe spring was late, being cold and backward. There was a slight touch of frost at the end of\nJuly, but no more until middle of September.\nJ ohn R. Jackson says :\u2014Coyotes are pests here. I consider the yield was fair were\nthe crops were irrigated ; the crops were harvested in good condition.\nOSOYOOS.\nSituated on the lake of that name, near the International Boundary, has, in conjunction\nwith the adjacent settlements, about seventeen settlers. The character of the country hereabouts is arid and sandy, covered in parts with cactus, greasewood, and sage. Where water\ncan be applied to the land, it grows good crops, but otherwise it is more fit for stock-raising.\nThe land along the valley of the Okanagan River towards Dog Lake is good, and with the\nabundance of water procurable might easily be brought into cultivation, if the chances of a\ngood market warranted it. This, I am hopeful, may soon be realized, as it is understood a\nline of railroad is to be built from the foot of Okanagan Lake to Osoyoos. Mr. R, G. Sidley\nWas very anxious that I should visit his place on Anarchist Mountain, in order that I might\njudge for myself of the capabilities of the land in the higher regions, but my time was so\nlimited that I was obliged to forego the pleasure. Mr. Sidley is a great believer in the\nfertility of the land on the high benches, and thinks these lands have been much neglected.\nHe says he cuts large quantities of hay from bunch grass, which grows to great perfection on\nthe hills. In a previous communication he says :\u2014\" I have tried most kinds of grain and\nvegetables during the last three years. Flax does best of all; next comes oats. Wheat\n(spring) and fall rye does splendidly if it does not bloom too early. Hardy vegetables do well\nif the sod is rotted. Potatoes yield a very well-flavoured tuber, but the yield is small on\naccount of summer frosts cutting clown the vines. Carrots and parsnips do best of root crops\non account of going deep for moisture. These crops are all grown without irrigation.\" Fruit\nis not cultivated to any extent, although a few trees that Mr. Kruger has yield well; peaches,\nespecially, attain great perfection, the climate being admirably suited to their cultivation. I\nhave no doubt the same remark would apply to grapes, and it is a pity that the cultivation of\nboth is not attempted on an extensive scale. Mr. Richter, on the road to Keremeos, has a\nsmall orchard which does well. Cattle are raised in abundance, and are usually driven through\nto Hope for shipment to the coast. If I may be permitted to digress, I will mention a curious\nfact in natural history related and vouched for by Mr. Kruger. It appears that wild geese\nhatch out their young in nests in the trees hereabouts, appropriating for the purpose the\ndisused nests of eagles, hawks, etc. This freak is attributed to the great prevalence of coyotes,\nrattlesnakes, and other ground vermin. Mrs. Kruger has a flock of domesticated wild geese,\nthe eggs from which they were hatched having been taken from nests in a tree.\nThe climate is equable, and not much snow falls on the lower lands. Good roads lead\nfrom this point to Penticton, distant between 35 and 40 miles, and also to Keremeos. That\npart of the road along Dog Lake was greatly improved last season by the Government, and it\nnow runs along the edge of and not much above the level of the lake. A good road also leads\nfrom Osoyoos into the adjacent State of Washington.\nThe Fairview mines are situated in this district, some ten to twelve miles from Kruger's,\non the road to Penticton, and promise well under the present efficient management. We\nspent one night there, and were hospitably entertained, and so had a chance of viewing the\nworks. It is rightly named, as the view from the manager's house is most exquisite; the\nvalley of the Okanagan River, Osoyoos Lakes, and away into Washington are all to be seen.\nThe soil is a light sandy loam. Timber is exceedingly scarce on the lower lands, but there\nis more on the hills,    The hills are  rugged  in the extreme, but on the top good bunch grass 56 Vict. Report on Agriculture. 731\ngrows. The altitude of Osoyoos Lake, judging by that of Okanagan Lake furnished me by\nMr. A. E. McKay, C.E., and which he places at 1,150 feet, must be in the neighbourhood of\n1,000 feet or less.\nAppended are the replies and remarks of some of the farmers :\u2014\nMr, Wm. Richter says :\u2014It was not a cold winter; there was no rain, and not much\nsnow. Spring was early, succeeded by a fine summer and autumn. We had a frost on 20th\nSeptember.     Crops were saved in good condition.\nMr. Frank Richter says :\u2014I have an imported pedigreed French Percheron Stallion,\nsix pedigreed Polled Angus bulls and three cows, three yearlings and two calves. Fall\nwheat will not do here, owing to the paucity of snow. All other kinds of grain, roots, and\nfruits do well here. Last winter was mild ; there was no rain, and not much snow. Spring-\nwas early, and favourable for seeding ; summer was dry, with a fine autumn and good harvest\nweather.    The yield of crops was shortened by the dryness of the season.\nKEREMEOS.\nSituated on the Similkameen River, by road about twenty-five miles from Osoyoos and\nthirty miles from Penticton, these roads affording ready means of communication with those\npoints. The trail, also, to Hope, used for driving cattle, passes through Keremeos and follows\nup the Similkameen. Parts of this valley are very fertile, no irrigation being required ; those\nparts situated in the higher benches, however, require water. The tops of the mountains\nwhich bound the river on both sides afford excellent summer ranges, being clothed with bunch\ngrass. The valley through which the river meanders is covered, where it is not cleared, with\na small growth of cottonwood, willow, and birch. Higher up the valley is the celebrated\nAshnola range, the home of the big horn (Oris Montana.) so eagerly sought after by sportsmen\nand would-be sportsmen. Cereals, root crops, and fruit all do equally well in this valley, and\nwe were regaled at Mr. Cawston's place with some of the finest apples it has been my fortune\nto taste, quite free from disease, and of very large size; the trees yield abundantly and\nregularly every year. Mr. Daly (correspondent) also has a fine place adjoining Mr. Cawston's,\nand is going in for great improvements. Cattle are raised in great numbers for the coast\nmarkets. As will be seen by the meteorological report, under the proper head, kept by Mr.\nE. Bullock-Webster, the extremes of heat and cold do not vary much. The snowfall is from\nsix to eight inches; temperature, max. about 95, and min. 15 below zero. The weather\nduring my visit there at the end of October was fine, sunshine during the day and frost at\nnight, whilst only a little further north, in the valley of the Okanagan, a dense fog enveloped\nthe country for days. This fog, I am bound to say, however, was seldom or never known\nbefore. The coyote is the scourge of this part of the country. Messrs. Daly and Bullock-\nWebster both concur in asserting that, although high enough, the bounty placed by the\nGovernment last year on them has not had the effect, as yet, of thinning them out materially.\nMr. Webster's remarks will be found under \"Diseases and Pests,\" and those of Mr. Daly in\nhis report. Other diseases . and pests reported are wild horses (see Mr. Cawston's remarks\nunder \"Diseases and Pests\"), big-jaw in cattle, potato bugs (Epicanta Maculata), Aphides, and\nwild buckwheat. Although no complaints reached me, I should think, from my personal\nobservations, that wasps or hornets must be a terrible nuisance in this part. Enormous nests,\nhappily, when I was there, untenanted, were to be seen everywhere suspended to the branches.\nIn one place, Mr. Lumby and I counted no less than eight in full view. Apiculture under\nsuch circumstances would, I imagine, be out of the question.\nThere are about twenty settlers hereabouts, who are principally engaged in raising cattle\nfor beef. Not many sheep, pigs, nor poultry are produced, and dairying is only carried on to\nsupply local demands. The soil in the bottom lands is a rich alluvial deposit, and on the\nhigher parts a sandy loam. The valley is bounded on. both sides with steep mountains, on\nwhich is some fair timber. From returns received, it appears that about 20 per cent, of the\nland owned is cultivated, 7 per cent, being woodland or forest, and 73 per cent, pasture. My\nown impression is that 20 per cent, as cultivated land is somewhat overstated. L\n732 Report on Agriculture. 1893\nThe following approximate estimates are supplied by Mr. Thos. Daly:\u2014\nQuantity of land owned , 24,620 acres.\nii              ii        cultivated  5,000    n\nNumber of tons grain produced  500 tons.\nii    hay          ti           2,000    ..\nit                ti     root crops ,  500    n\nii                ii    fruit  10     it\nit             cattle owned       4,000 head.\nti            horses      n       800    n\nit             sheep       it       200    n\nti             swine       n       150    n\nAltitude of Similkameen River at Keremeos, 900 feet above sea level.\nThe correspondent's report, and reports from several ranchers, are as follows :\u2014\nReport of Thos. Daly, Correspondent.\n1. Spring  wheat.\u20142,000 pounds per acre ; $40 per ton.\nOats. 2,000      ii H 40      n\nRye.                      2,400      n             ,. 40\n2. Hay.\u20142 tons per acre ; $20 per ton.\n3. Potatoes.\u20144 tons per acre; $15 per ton.\nTurnips,      8    \u201e    '    \u201e 20\nOnions,       1    u         n             60      n\nCabbages,   3    u         n 20      n\n3a. The yield of above was good.\n3b.  Red Fife wheat, Clydesdale oats, timothy and red top grasses, red clover, Early Rose\npotato,   short   red   carrot,   Yellow  Danver onion,    blood   beet,   and flat   Dutch\ncabbage are the best varieties for this locality.\n4. Apples, average in price, $80 per ton.\n4a. The fruit crop was good.\n4b.  The quality was very good.\n4c.  A sandy soil, with irrigation, is the best for fruit cultivation.\n4d. The climate specially adapted for peaches, which do very well.     Grapes do fairly\nwell.    Melons and tomatoes do very well.\n4e.  Red Astrachan, Twenty ounce pippin, and Snow apples, Bartlett pears, and Greengage\nplums give the best results.    Linseed, sugar beet, and rape not tried.\n8a.  Dairying practised to a very small extent; the butter made is of the finest quality\n8b. Butter is worth 50 cents per pound.\n9a. It is a good country for wool raising.\n9b. Sheep raising not extensively carried on.\n9 c.  The wool is of good quality.\n9d. Average weight of fleece is 4 pounds.\n10a. People are going in for improved breeds of stock.    Polled Angus doing well.\n10b. I consider the following the best breeds for this district:\u2014Percheron for draught,\nCleveland Bays for saddle; Shorthorns for beef, Holsteins for dairy ; Merinos for\nwool, Cotswolds for mutton ; Berkshire pigs, and Plymouth Rock chickens.\n11a. Poultry are only raised for home use.\n11b. Average price of eggs, 50 cents per dozen.\n12.    Apiculture not attempted.\n13a.  Fine winter, very little snow, rain, or frost,\n1 3b.  Dry spring ; no frosts.\n13c. Summer hot; no rain.\n13b. Good harvest weather, 56 Vict. Report on Agriculture. 733\n13e.  No loss through unfavourable weather.\n14.     Cattle are subject to big-jaw.\nCoyotes (see Diseases and Pests.\u2014J.R.A.)\n15a. Labourers are plentiful.\n15b. Whites, Chinese, and Indians.\n15 c.  Average wages, $1 50 per day with board.\n16. Ensilage has not been tried.\n17. Some ploughing is done in the fall.\nMr. Robert C. Armstrong says :- Blue bugs did considerable damage to beets and\npotatoes. Wild buckwheat is a bad weed. I consider the following the best suited to this\nlocality :\u2014Clydesdale oats, Early Rose potatoes, Timothy grass, Ayrshire cattle for dairying,\nand Berkshire pigs. There was not much snow or cold last winter, and no rain ; spring was\nlate, but good for seeding. The summer was fine with a good autumn for harvesting, no frosts\ntill October. Mosquitos were very bad. Crops yielded well, and were well harvested. This\nvalley is the best place I ever saw to live in. Less pests and no failures of crops. It is a\ngreat drawback allowing the Indians thousands of acres of the best land, as it is nearly all\nlying idle ; if they were allowed 160 acres to the family there would then be several thousand\nacres here for settlement. There are about fifteen Indians between Keremeos and the\nboundary, and they hold as many thousand acres of the best land in the world, nearly all\nbeing bottom land.\nPRINCETON, GRANITE CREEK, AND OTTER CREEK.\nThe former, situated on the Similkameen River about forty miles from Keremeos, the\ntwo latter being tributaries of the Tulameen, which in turn flows into the Similkameen.\nThere is no road to these points, and as I was not equipped for the journey on horseback, besides\nbeing pressed for time, I had to leave these places unvisited. The trail from Keremeos to\nHope goes through Princeton, which is distant from the latter, place sixty-five miles. There\nare trails also leading from Princeton to Granite Creek and Otter Creek, and thence northward\nto Nicola, some fifty-five to sixty miles. The latter route is probably the best for a road, as\nthat to Hope is very mountainous, and to go round by Keremeos would be making a long-\ndetour. A road is now in the course of construction between Nicola and Granite Creek. The\ncountry is hilly and not well adapted to grain growing ; root crops, however, do well; fruit\nhas not been proved to be successful ; well adapted for cattle-raising, which is the princi]Dal\noccupation of the ranchers, of which there are about twenty in and about the three places.\nThe altitude of Princeton is given by Capt. Parsons, R.E., at 1,650 feet. Mr. Hugh Hunter\ngives the average snowfall, about two feet, lying on the ground from about the 15th November\nto 15th March. Usual heat for three months, 75\u00b0; usual greatest cold for a month and a\nhalf, 25\u00b0 below zero (see his remarks under \" Meteorological \"). From returns received I find\nthat 4 per cent, of the land owned is cultivated, 17 per cent, being woodland or forest, 17 per\ncent, swamp, marsh or rock, 62 per cent, pasture.\nReport of Mr. Hugh Hunter, Correspondent.\n1. Wheat (spring).\u201430 to 40 bushels per acre; 90 cents per bushel.\nOats.\u201445 to 60 bushels per acre ; 1| cents per pound.\n2. Hay.\u20141| tons per acre.\n3. Potatoes, &c, $30 per ton.\n3a. The yield was good.\n4. Fruit not grown.    Linseed, sugar beet, and rape not cultivated.\n8a. Dairying not pursued to any extent.\n8b. Price of butter, 45 cents per pound ; cheese, 28 cents.\n9a. Better suited to cattle than sheep.\n9b. No sheep-raising.\n10a. People are improving their breeds of horned cattle. 734 Report on Agriculture. 1893\n10b. For this district I consider best: For the saddle, the native Cayuse, only having\ntrails we have no use for harness horses ; for beef, Shorthorn and Herefords ; for\ndairying, Jerseys ; for mutton, Southdowns ; Berkshire pigs ; Plymouth Rock,\nLeghorns, and Black Spanish chickens.\n11a.  Poultry almost entirely neglected, there being no market.\n11b. Average price of eggs, 40 cents to 50 cents per dozen.\n12.    No bees in this part of the country.\n13a.  Very mild winter, lasted four months; a good deal of snow, about three feet.\n13b.  A backward spring, with a good deal of frost.\n13c.  First part of summer very cold ; latter end fine.\n13d. Fine autumn, good harvest, little or no frost.\n15a.  Labourers plentiful.\n15b. Whites, Chinese, and Indians.\n15c.  Average wages : Whites, $30 to $40 per month ; Chinese and Indians, $1 per day\n16. Ensilage has not been tried.\n17. Some ploughing is done in the fall.\n18. This district is, as a rule, unfitted for tillage; cattle-raising is the principal industry\nMr. W. H. Holmes, 4 miles from Princeton, says :\u2014There was about two feet of snow\nlast winter; there was no rain, and there was not very much cold. Spring was late and not\nvery good for seeding. Summer was dry and hot, with a cloudy and cold autumn. Harvest\nweather was dry, getting frosty about the end of September. My crop yield was not very\ngood, as my irrigation was not completed.    It was harvested in good order.\nPENTICTON\nIs situated at the foot of Okanagan Lake. It is connected by good roads with Osoyoos and\nKeremeos, and by steamer with Vernon and all the places along the beautiful sheet of water\nabove mentioned. A fine steamer is to be placed on the lake this season, to take the place of\nthe little one heretofore used, and this will undoubtedly be an additional inducement for\npeople living near our border on the American side to take this route to the coast. It will\nthus be seen that Penticton is the natural outlet for all the country to the south of it, and it\nseems destined, in the near future, to become a place of some importance. There is no\nmeteorological station in this vicinity, so I am unable to give any definite information on this\npoint. I may state generally, however, that the precipitation is, in common with the rest of\nthis part of the country, light, the average depth of snow being about five to six inches, and\nlasting from about 1st January to 31st March. The temperature attains a maximum of about\n90\u00b0 in summer, and a minimum of about 15\u00b0 below zero in winter. The land is of excellent\nquality, and grows good crops. Like all this region, it produces fine fruit; the inducements\nfor its cultivation having, however, up to this time, been wanting, there is not much grown.\nMr. Ellis has some old trees, which bear abundantly and regularly. The apples and peaches\nare especially fine. Diseases and noxious insects are comparatively unknown. About twenty\nranchers are here and in the vicinity. The principal product is cattle, of which large numbers\nare sent to the coast, met Hope. With better steamer accommodation, however, it will be\npossible to send them via Vernon and the Canadian Pacific Railway. It is well adapted for\nsheep-raising, but coyotes render it impossible, even if one wished to enter into the business.\nPotato bugs are the only insect pest complained of. The altitude of the lake is given by Mr.\nA. E. McKay, C. E., at 1,150 feet, and the majority of the places are probably not more than\n50 to 150 feet higher. The soil is light and sandy and requires to be irrigated, except the\nlow-lying lands along the Okanagan. Above the plateaux near the lake, rise the rolling\nbunch-grass covered hills, so characteristic of this part of British Columbia. Timber is by no\nmeans plentiful on the lower lands, but is more abundant in some parts of the more elevated\ncountry. I find that only 1 per cent, of the land owned is under cultivation, 7 per cent, is\nwoodland or forest, 10 per cent, is swamp, marsh or rock, and 82 per cent, pasture.\nMr, John Whatlin says :\u2014Potato bugs about half an inch long, of a drab colour, were\nvery numerous in some sections of the country. 56 Vict. Report on Agriculture. 735\nTROUT CREEK AND WESTERN SIDE OF OKANAGAN LAKE.\nThese points are only reached by water, and as the steamer's movements are very uncertain, I deemed it best not to attempt to visit them. There are about twenty-five settlers\nscattered about, the majority of whom are at Trout Creek. With good steamer accommodation, these places might, and will doubtless, have daily communication with Vernon, Kelowna,\nand Penticton, thus opening up markets for their produce. Trout Creek is about 65 miles\nfrom Vernon, 30 from Kelowna, and 7 from Penticton. Naturally, from their heretofore\nisolated positions, not much in the way of agricultural products or fruit has been attempted;\nbut as the conditions of soil and climate are identical with those of other parts of the lake,\nall the usual crops and fruits do equally well at this point. Irrigation has to be resorted to,\nas the precipitation is not sufficient to insure successful returns of crops. A good many cattle\nare raised, but not much other stock.\nMr. Alex. McLennan, west side of Okanagan Lake, says :\u2014I only settled here last\nspring, so can't give you much information. I and my brother have 320 acres here, only\nabout 20 of the same being cultivable, the rest being pasture. There was not much snow\nlast winter.    Wages of ordinary farm labourers are\u2014\n$ 2.00 per day without board ; $  1.50 with board ;\n45.00 per month \u201e 35.00\n500.00 per year \u201e 400.00 \u201e\nSkilled labour,      3.00 per day 75.00 per month without board ;\n2.50      \u201e 60.00 tt with ,i\nIndians, 1.50       n 35.00 n without     n\n1.00      \u201e 25.00 \u201e        with\nChinese about the same as Indians, except for cooking.\nOKANAGAN MISSION\nIs situated on the eastern side of Okanagan Lake, about 40 miles from Vernon, and is accessible from that point both by water and land, a good road leading past Long Lake and through\nthe greater part of the settlement. During the last year, two townsites have been laid out,\nviz., Kelowna and Benvoulin, at both of which there are good hotels. Kelowna has the\nadvantage of being on the lake shore, at the steamboat landing, and is therefore taking the\nlead. Great improvements have been made in the past season ; orchards are being planted\neverywhere, and I am glad to say a good deal of care exercised in their management. This\nprobably arises from the good example set by Lord Aberdeen, whose place, \" Guisachan,\" is\nthe picture of neatness, the fruit trees, of which there were a great number set out last year,\nlooking remarkably healthy. There are some eighty settlers hereabouts, many of whose places\nare in a good state of cultivation. Provided water can be had, all ordinary cereals, root crops\nand fruits come to perfection. Luckily, there is no lack of water, although some have to\nbring it long distances, some ditches being eight to ten miles long. Even with this great cost,\nhowever, the farmer of these parts has, in my opinion, the advantage of his brother farmer of\nthe Lower Country, inasmuch as he does not require to dyke and ditch to keep the water out,\nand he is infinitely better off for roads, the character of the country rendering it much easier\nto maintain them. There is no meteorological station here, but the variations of temperature\nare not great and never very sudden, while the precipitation is, like the rest of this region,\nsmall. Under \"Meteorological\" will be found some observations of Mr. Postill on this subject.\nThe weather during harvest being almost invariably, I may say always, good grain, is threshed\non the fields, thus saving much in hauling and storing in barns. The altitude of this region\nis between 1,175 and 1,300 feet above sea level. That terrible pest, the aphis, has made its\nappearance in this section also. So far it has not attained great proportions, but, of course,\nit only requires time to develop and assume rank as a first-class pest, unless vigorous means\nare adopted for its suppression. Under \"Diseases and Pests\" will be found a letter from Mr.\nJ. H. Christie on the subject. The wild horse nuisance is another pest (see Mr. Postill's\nremarks under \" Diseases and Pests \"). In addition to the above, skunks, coyotes, moles, wild\noats, thistles, and smut in grain are complained of. Many beef cattle are produced; also\nhorses, and some sheep, swine and poultry.    Dairying is not carried on to any extent.    The 736 Report on Agriculture. 1893\nsoil is a rich black loam. The valleys are open in most places; in some parts, however, there\nis a growth of small timber, very useful for fences, etc. Timber for lumbering is to be had in\nfair quantities in jslaces. Bunch-grass on the ranges affords excellent feed for stock. From\nreturns received, it appears that 8 per cent, of the land owned is cultivated, 16A; per cent,\nbeing woodland or forest, 54 per cent, swamp, marsh and rock, and 70 per cent, pasture.\nReport of Me. Eustace A. Smith (Guisachan,   Agent   for   Lord   Aberdeen),\nCorrespondent.\n1. Wheat (spring),  1 ton per acre,  $22 per ton.\nBarley, 1    ,, \u201e 22\nOats, 1    it n 27       >,\n2. Hay,                      2    \u201e n 10 to $12 per ton.\nHops, 1,100 fts. n 50c. per ft.\n3. Potatoes,             12 tons n 20 per ton.\nMangolds,           20    n n\nCarrots, 13 n it 6 cents per ft.\nTurnips, 20 n n 4\nOnions, 10 n n 5 n\nBeets, 1G n n 2 h\nParsnips, 12. ii n 3 \u00bb\nCabbages, 5 n n 5 tt\n3a. Good yield on the whole; hay very good ; hops first-class in every respect,\n4. Average price of apples,  5c. per ft.    Small  quantities  of Astrachans  realized   25c.\nper lb.     Melons brought at the beginning of  the season   35c.  for musks and 30c.\nfor water; later on, 30c. and 25c. respectively.\n4a. The season's crop was very good.\n4b.  The quality of fruit was Al.\n4c Sandy loam seems to be best for apjsles, but the richer the soil the better for pears.\nWhen much irrigation has to be done, as with us, sandy loam is preferable all\nround, as there is the less chance of the water resting and souring the ground.\n4d. Peach trees are very prolific, but as yet fruit has not had a fair trial; seems to vary.\nApricots do fairly. Grapes are doing wonderfully well, considering frosts, but\nwill not, we think, ever amount to much. Melons and tomatoes are first-class;\ncould not be better.\n4e. The following fruits give the best results :\u2014Red Astrachan, Wealthy, Northern Spy,\nKing, Gravenstein, and Ben Davis apples ; Bartlett, Beurre d'Angou, and Sheldon\npears; Pond's seedling, Imperial gage, and Bradshaw plums; Windsor and Black\nTartarian cherries.\n5. Flax not tried.\nG.    Half an acre of sugar beet cultivated, with good results.\n8a. A dairy farm is started in this district, and will, no doubt, do well, but it is too early\nto judge yet.\n8b. Price of fresh butter is 50c. per ft.\n9a. Wool-raising might do well.\n9b. Sheep not raised to any extent.\n9c.  Wool is of fair quality.\n9d. Weight of fleece would average 5 to 6 fts.\n10a. People are imjiroving their breeds of stock.\n10b. I consider the following the best for this district:\u2014Shire horses, with Oregon mares,\nfor draught; Montana-bred horses for saddle ; light horse, with Oregon mares, for\nharness. Polled Angus, Shorthorn, Herefords, and Holsteins for beef and dairying. Merinos, or Oxford and Shropshires mixed, for wool; Oxford and Shrop-\nshires mixed, or black-faced, for mutton. Berkshire pigs. White Leghorn\nchickens. 56 Vict. Report on Agriculture. 737\n11a. There are, no systematic poultry farmers,  but poultry-raising is gone into  to. a  fair\nextent.\n11b.  Average price of eggs is 50c. to 75c. per dozen.\n13. Last winter there was more  snow  than usual; spring was wet; summer was hot,\nwith a good deal of rain ; the autumn was wet.\n14. Borer and grub, green aphis, and black knot are fruit tree pests; lice on hops, and smut\non grain. (See \"Diseases and Pests.\") It is almost impossible to give a percentage\nof loss, as some orchards are not touched at all by any pest, at least to do much\nharm, whilst others are much affected. I think over irrigation has a good deal to\naccount for, and also the perfect ignorance of many who have started fruit farming\nwithout the most rudimentary knowledge of either arboriculture or irrigation.\n15a. Labourers are plentiful.\n15b. Whites, Chinamen and Indians can be got for hop-picking.\n15c.  Average wages, $30 to $35 per month.\n16. Ensilage not tried yet.\n17. Some fall ploughing is done.\n18. Irrigation  we  certainly think  is,  on  the whole, overdone, and just sours the land ;\nalso, instead of irrigating only at sunrise or evening, many do it at midday, which\nis very bad for the trees. We think draining would do away with alkali, our\ngreatest drawback, but tiles can not be got. We have 100 acres fruit, and 25\nacres of hops ; the growth in both industries is really marvellous. There has been\nover three or four feet, in some cases five feet, in the peach trees, and the grapes\npromise well. The hops could hardly have possibly done better for the time they\nhave been laid. There can be no doubt that, barring any severe blight, that hops\nare to be the best paying things in this part, at least everything points to this\nconclusion.\nReport of Mr.  A. Postill, Correspondent.\n58 cents per bush.\n58     \u201e\n50     t,\n90     \u201e\n$10.00 per ton.\n45 cents per bush.\n$7.50 per ton.\nOther roots, grown in small quantities, very productive ; value from about A- a cent to\n3 cents per pound.    Onions, as a rule, are worth 2A to 3 cents per pound.\n\u25a03b.  The following are best suited to this locality:\u2014Red  Fife wheat,  Six-rowed barley,\nBlack-side  oats,  Fall  rye,   Timothy grass,  Red  June clover, Early Rose potato,\nSwedish turnips.\n4. Average price for apples, 4A cents per pound ; plums, 12 cents per pound.\n4a.  Season's crop was good.\n4b.  The fruit crop was of good quality.\n4d. Peaches do fairly well in choice locations.    The young apricots and nectarines planted\n.  seem to thrive.    Judging from appearance of young vines, grapes should succeed.\nMelons and tomatoes all grow most successfully.\n4e. Snow apple and Golden Russets are always certain to give a good crop.\n5. A little linseed was sown about two years ago; it did very well.\n6. Sugar beet have been grown for hogs with fair success.\n7. Rape sown as an experiment did well.\n8a. Dairying is not carried on extensively, the natural grasses and dryness of the climate\nbeing unfavourable.\n8b. Average price of butter, 50 cents.\n1.\nWheat (fc\ndl),\n35 bush, per acre\nWheat (sj\n.ring),\n35      ,,\nOats,\n60     .,\nRye,\n33     \u201e\n2.\nHay,\n3 tons         ,, $1\n3.\nPotatoes,\nMangolds\n400 bush.\n30 tons          ,,    $ 738 Report on Agriculture. 1893\n9a.  The country here is well adapted to wool-raising.\n9b.  Sheep-raising is not extensively carried on.\n9c.  Wool is of fine quality.\n9d. Average weight of fleece is 6 to 7 fts.\n10a.  People are going in for improved breeds of stock.\n1 Ob.  I consider the best breeds in this district are :  Clydesdales, crossed with native stock,\nfor draught; English   thoroughbred,  crossed  with native stock, for saddle ; Ham-\nbletonian, crossed  with  native  stock,  for harness; Polled Angus cattle for beef;\nCotswold sheep for wool,  Southdowns  for  mutton;  Berkshire  pigs; and White\nLeghorn for poultry.\nUa.  Dairying has been started by two or three parties in a systematic way.\n11b.  The average price of eggs is from 35 to 40 cents per dozen.\n12.    Apiculture not altogether successful.\n13a.  Last winter was fine ; some snow, no rain ; coldest about 14\u00b0 below zero.\n13b.  Good spring for seeding ; no frost to injure crops of any kind.\n13c.  A  medium  summer,   with  a  hot  spell  about  the  end  of June, which was bad for\niinirrigated crops; crops artificially watered did not suffer.\n13d.  Harvest  weather,  good;  first  frost  on the low land about September 1st; benches\nnearly two months later.    The autumn was wet.\n13e.  I am not aware of any loss from unfavourable weather.\n14.   .Aphides made their  appearance  on fruit  trees south of us in considerable numbers.\nCoyotes  are  troublesome;   the Government  bounty of   $2.50  per  head   will  do\naway with them.    Skunks have been  very  destructive  in  hen  roosts.    Moles or\ngophers have been particularly busy in  meadows  this  year  (See  Mr. Posthill's\nremarks under \" Diseases and Pests \").\n15a.  Labour is plentiful.\n15b.  Whites and  Indians are employed ;   Chinese not employed, except when there is no\npossibility of getting along without them.\n15c.  Wages are : Whites, $35.00 per month; Indians, $1.50 per day ; Chinese, $30.00 per\nmonth.\n16. Ensilage has not been tried.\n17. There is a good deal of fall ploughing done.\n18. Freight  rates  north  and  south  are  too  high   to  allow  the  carrying on of farming\nsuccessfully, and a great change will have to take place in respect to rates if we\nare to take the position as farmers, fruit-raisers, and stock-raisers that our soil\nand climate is abundantly able to sustain. Where water can be applied, there\nhas been no lack of enterprise in making a course for it, but the lakes and\nnatural reservoirs in the mountains will have to be utilized, and a better system\nfor the distribution of water be introduced, as larger areas are brought under\ncultivation, and increased settlement takes place. In regard to machinery, the\nsettlers are not behind much older countries in the east, in spite of high prices\nand cost of freight. It would not do to class all machine agents under the same\nhead, yet many of them may well be termed pests Many farmers are worried and\ncoaxed into buying machinery, and afterwards bullied and threatened into\npaying for it. If some better way than the present system could be devised of\nobtaining machinery, and the farmer only pay for his machinery, and not for\nthe support of a small army of men who are only interested in the farmer to the\nextent of the amount they can get out of him, farmers would be better off. If\nthe railway companies could take this matter up, and as they have to receive\nthe machines from the manufacturer and deliver them to the consumer, take\nthe orders direct from the farmers for the machinery, cash being paid for freight\nand goods when ordered, charging a small percentage on wholesale cash price,\nwe should have much less of hard times and mortgaged farms. 56 Vict. Report on Agriculture. 739\nMr. W. F. Bouvette, Mill Creek, says : --The aphis was very bad on fruit trees this\nyear. The Scotch and Canadian thistles and wild oats are bad in some places. I consider\nthe following best adapted to this locality :\u2014Red Fife spring wheat and fall wheat, Welcome\noafs, all kinds of beans, Early Rose potato, Purple Top Munich turnip, Yellow Globe Danver\nonion, sugar and early blood beets ; red clover and timothy ; Red Astrachan, Northern Spy,\nRussian crab, and Golden Russet apples, Bartlett pears, Greengage plums, Gov. WTood cherries ;\nBerkshire pigs; Plymouth Rock, Black Spanish, and White Leghorn poultry. Young orchards\nsuffered very much from a small green bug, which gets on the new wood of the trees and eats\nall the leaves of the tree, sometimes killing the trees. There was about eight inches of snow\nlast winter ; no rain ; 8\u00b0 below zero for three days. Spring was late, but was good for seeding.\nThe summer was good, with a very good autumn and good harvest weather. The yield of\ncrops was good, and crops were harvested in good order.\nMr. T. T. Davies says :\u2014I have three horses over 1,300 fts. apiece; the others are half-\nbred stock, suitable for general purposes. The wild sunflowers are a great nuisance, as they\nseem much on the increase wherever the grass is eaten off. I consider the following clovers\nand grasses best suited to this district : timothy, clover, orchard grass or cock's foot, and red-\ntop ; on the dry land of Okanagan, alfalfa or Lucerne. I think active horses like the Per-\ncherons or Cleveland Bays are best Shorthorns for dairying, and Polled Angus for beef. As\nI did not grow anything to speak of, except hay, I did not lose anything from diseases and\njjests. There was more snow than usual last winter; there was no rain, and not much cold.\nThere was too much rain during haying. There was a late frost in May. My land being\nbottom land is more independent of the weather than most, irrigation for first crop being\nentirely unnecessary. I consider the yield of crops was good, and they were saved in good\ncondition.\nMr. Thos. Murray says :\u2014My horses are half-bred Clyde. There was not much snow\nlast winter ; there was no rain, and there was not much cold. The spring was early and good\nfor seeding ; the summer was dry and hot; the autumn was very dry, with good harvest\nweather.    The crop was fair, and was saved in very good order.\nMr. Robert Munson says :\u2014I have one thoroughbred cow ; the rest are good grades.\nThe green aphis troubles the fruit trees, and coyotes are a pest. I consider the following the\nmost profitable and best adapted to this locality: Red Fife spring wheat, black oats, Early Rose\npotato, long red mangolds, Red Danver onions ; timothy, red clover; Russets, Gravensteins,\nKing, Red Astrachan, Duchess of Oldenberg apples; Orange quinces; Cleveland Bay or Per-\ncheron horses for draught; Holsteins for dairying, Durhams or Polled Angus for beef; Cots-\nwolds for wool, and Southdowns crossed with Cotswolds for mutton; Suffolk pigs; Leghorns\nand Plymouth rocks for poultry. I have lost some sheep from coyotes, and fruit has been\ntroubled with green aphis. We had about six inches of snow, no rain, and not much cold last\nwinter; the spring was early and good for seeding; the summer was dry, with a wet autumn.\nWe had good harvesting weather, with frost about 15th of October. The yield of crops was\ngood, and they were harvested in good order.\nMr. J. E. O. Robinson says :\u2014Smut has been bad here on wheat this year. Most of\nthe young trees here have been bothered with the aphis. Wild parsnip grows in the swamps\nhere, and is destructive to cattle. Last winter there was a month or so of cold weather; no\nrain to speak of, and not much snow. The summer was a good one, with occasional rains.\nWe had good harvest weather, with a slight frost on the 15th of September. Crops were\ngood, and were well harvested..\nMessrs. Postill Bros., Mission Valley, say :\u2014Our general band of cattle are native\nstock, crossed with Durhams. We are now crossing with Polled Angus. We have four head\nof pedigreed Polled Angus bulls, and ten head of cows, the same stock. Polled Angus seem to\nbe the best adapted to this climate. Coyotes are a pest, and our noxious weeds are wild buckwheat and fox-tail grass. All kinds of cereals, grasses, and hops do well here. We consider that\nCotswold sheep for wool, Southdowns for mutton, and White Leghorns for poultry are the best\nadapted to this locality, and are most profitable. We lost about 200 chickens, being destroyed\nby skunks. A number of our young pigs were destroyed by coyotes. Moles were very\ntroublesome in the meadows. About one-third of crop of twenty acres of oats was destroyed\nby smut. The greatest depth of snow last winter was six inches ; there was no rain. Last\nwinter was very mild.    We began ploughing about April 1st; seeding time was favourable. 740 Report on Agriculture. 1893\nThere were frosts on the low lands about the middle of May. The summer was good for\ngrowing crops. First and second week in July we had rain; after that fine till October 10th,\nwhen rain set in. Could not have had better harvest weather. There was frost about the 1st\nof September on the low land. The grain yield was above the average, and there was a full\ncrop of hay. On account of July rain, hay is not so bright a sample as other years. Grain\nwas stacked in good condition.\nMr. James Crozier says :\u2014The insect pests here are the green aphis on apples. I\nconsider the following grains and roots most profitable and best adapted to this locality : Red\nFife wheat, Welcome oats, Early Rose and Empire State' potatoes, Purple Swede, Yellow\nDanver onion, blood table beet, timothy and orchard grasses, and red clover.\nMr. Robert S. Hall says :\u2014The insect pests here are green aphis on apple trees, also\nflat-headed borers, newly imported, and the hooded mole or gopher (see \"Diseases and Pests.\"\n\u2014J.R.A.); wild oats, tumble weeds, and Canadian thistles are noxious weeds here. Red Fife\nwheat, two-rowed chevalier barley, black and white oats, all kinds of early corn, timothy, and\nred clover do well here, Winter varieties of apples viz., Northern Spy, Ribston Pippin, and\nGolden Russet are now being extensively planted. Not many pears are grown yet. Plums\nand prunes of all kinds seem to be very prolific so far as tried. Early peaches do well when\ngrown in sheltered spots. I consider the best suited to this locality : half-bred shire and\nClyde horses, half-bred Durhams for dairying, Durhams for beef, Berkshire pigs, Plymouth\nrocks and Wyandottes for poultry.\nOKANAGAN,\nIncluding Priest's Valley, White Valley, and the new settlements in the vicinity of\nMabel and Sugar Lakes, which are all more or less tributary to Vernon, which is on and near\nthe end of the Shuswap and Okanagan Railroad, and about three miles from the steamboat\nlanding on Okanagan Lake. Excellent roads lead from Vernon to Okanagan Mission to\nWhite Valley, and two to Spallumcheen, one. of which goes through Pleasant Valle}'. About\n125 settlers are in this neighbourhood, many of whom are engaged in the cultivation of cereals,\nwhich this part of the country is admirably adapted for. Many people are now turning their\nattention to fruit and hops\u2014both of which do well. There are no old fruit trees in the\ndistrict, if I except those in Mr. Girouard's garden at Vernon, and those are found to yield\nregularly and well. Hops also have only-recently been attempted as a crop, and.they have\nexceeded all expectations. A brewer at Vernon makes beer entirely from local productions,\nand he pronounces the hops of excellent quality. The soil is very rich, but requires irrigation;\nwater is abundant however, and with judicious management there should be plenty for all\npurposes. The altitude in the vicinity of Vernon is about 1200 feet above sea level, rising\nvery gradually up White Valley towards the mountains at Cherry Creek, which there attain\na height of about 2,500 feet. Timber is not scarce on the hill sides, but that on the lower\nlands is mostly small. There is no meteorological station hereabouts, but the precipitation is\nlight and the temperature very equable. Mr. Costerton's remarks under \"Meteorological\"\ngives a fair idea of it. Last autumn, in common with the rest of this region, fogs were very\nprevalent, completely obscuring the sun for days; something heretofore unknown. The open\nland is covered, in its natural state, with bunch grass, sage, and wormwood; the wood consisting in the low lands principally of willow, cottonwood, and birch, on the higher lands of\npine and larch. Considerable numbers of cattle have in the past been raised and marketed\nin the coast cities, but as the country is settling up and the ranges are getting circumscribed,\nso people are turning their attention to more profitable pursuits. Swine and sheep are raised\nin small numbers, and although it is generally conceded that the former are very profitable\nbut comparatively little attention is paid to the industry. Probably as wild animals decrease\nso sheep-raising will be entered into more extensively. As for poultry, no attention of any\nmoment is paid to them, although many parts are eminently suited for raising fowls. The\naphis has made its appearance on fruit trees and hop vines, but if taken in time will not, I\ntrust, assume very formidable proportions. The wild horse evil exists to a certain degree on\nthe .west side of the lake -(.See Mr. Costerton's remarks under \"Diseases and Pests.\") Smut\nin grain has occasioned much loss; wild oats, wild buckwheat, foxtail and Coyotes are also\nreported. 56 Vict. Report on Agriculture. 741\nFrom returns received I find that 12.A per cent, of the land owned is cultivated; 16A; percent, is woodland or forest;    9| per cent, is swamp, marsh, and rock, 61 A; per cent, is pasture.\nThe following approximate data is furnished by Mr. Costerton. It will be observed\nthat he has included Indian lands, which will account for the lower average of cultivated\nlands :\u2014\n1. Quantity of land cultivated      6,500 acres.\n2. Quantity of land owned (including Indian Reserve) 95,000    n\n3. Number of tons of grain produced      3.300 tons.\n4. Number of tons of hay produced      2,000    n '\n5. Number of tons of root crops  100     t.\nG. Number of tons of fruit     \t\n7. Number of cattle owned  5,200 head.\n8. Number of horses owned  500    n\n9. Number of sheep owned         200    n\n10.  Number of swine owned  GOO    tt\nThe following is the report of Mr. C. F. Costerton, correspondent:\u2014\n1.     Wheat (fall).\u20142,500fts. per acre; $24 per ton.\ni,     (spring) 2,000 ,,         ,, 24\nBarley, 2,400 \u201e ,, 25\nOats, 1,900 \u201e i, 25\no\nHops.\u201450 cents per ft.\n3. Potatoes.--$15 per ton.\nCarrots and Turnips.\u20141\u00a3 cents per ft.\nOnions.\u20143 J cents per ft.\nCabbages.\u20142 cents per ft.\n3a. The yield of above was very good.\n3b.  Australian wheat, chevalier barley, welcome oats, early and late  rose potatoes are, I\nconsider, best suited to this locality and give best results.\n4. Average prices obtainable for the following,  were;\u2014Apples,  4|  cents  per ft.; pears,\nG cents per ft.; plums and prunes, 8 cents per ft.; peaches, 10 cents per ft.\n4a.  Crop was good, but limited.\n4n.  The quality of the fruit was excellent.\n4c.  As a rule the light loams are found to be preferable for fruit growing,   but  in  nearly\nall soils fruit is beginning to be raised with success throughout the district\n4d.   Peaches, apricots, melons, and tomatoes are grown successfully.     The few experiments\nin grapes have been highly successful.\n4e. The following apples have been  found  to give the  best  results :  Russets, Northern\nspy, and Gravenstein.    Linseed, sugar beet, and rape have not been tried.\n8a.  Dairying not carried on to any extent.    There are  good opportunities in some parts\nof the district for this industry.     Excellent prices obtainable.\n8b.  Average price of local made butter, 40 to 50 cents.\n9.4.  This part of the country would be well adapted to wool-raising if the ranges were not\nused for cattle.\n9b. Sheep-raising not attempted to any extent.\n9c.  Wool is of good quality.\n9d. Average weight of fleece is about six pounds.\n10a. For the last five years wonderful improvements have been made in the breeds of\nstock.\n10b. T consider the following the best breeds for this district : Shire horses for draught ;\nHambletonians for saddle and harness ; Durham cattle for beef ; Cotswolds and\nSouthdown for mutton ; Berkshire pigs ; Plymouth Rock poultry. 742 Report on Agriculture. 1893\n11a.  Poultry raising not extensively carried on.\n11b.  Average price, of eggs, 35 cents per dozen.\n12.     Apiculture is now being tested.\n13a.  Last winter was mild throughout.    There was a medium amount of snow which lasted\nlonger than usual, till the beginning of March.\n13b.  Spring was good with light showers.\n13c.  In summer there  was  no  extremely   hot weather.     There  were more light showers\nthan usual in this district.\n13d.  The autumn was dry with good harvest weather, and no frosts until late.\n13e.  No loss through unfavourable weather.\n14.    The only loss in cereals so  far has  been  caused by  smut and wild  oats, which has\naffected about ten per cent, of the crop.    The aphis has appeared in some orchards\nto a slight extent.    The losses in  cattle were very light last winter, probably not\nmore than three per cent.\n15a.  Labourers are plentiful.\n15b. Whites.\n15c.  Average wages paid are $30 per month and board.\n16. Ensilage has not been tried.\n17. About 25 per cent, of the ploughing is done in the fall.\n18. Area   of   land   brought  under   cultivation  steadily increasing, and prospects in  all\nbranches of agriculture and fruit-raising especially bright, except cattle-raising,\nwhich on account of price and importation of cattle from the North-West Territory\nlooks blue.\nMessrs. Smytiie & Mitchell, White Valley, say :\u2014Our horses are of a superior grade.\nOur pigs are thoroughbred Berkshires. Coyotes and bear are animal pests. We have lost\nfifteen hogs in two years through bears. Our favourite wheat here is club wheat. We lost\nabout twenty-five per cent, of our oat crop through smut, which we attribute to change of seed\nlast winter. There was more snow than usual ; no rain; it was dry and pleasant, with not\nmuch cold weather. Spring was later than usual, and was good for seeding. We had an\nexcellent summer and autumn, with very favourable harvest weather. Our crop yield was\nlight, owing to late seeding.    Crops were harvested in good order.\nMr. John* Rusk says :\u2014I consider the following most profitable and best suited to this\nlocality : Red Fife wheat, 6-rowecl barley, black Tartar oats, early rose potatoes, alfalfa clover,\ngolden hops, tennant prunes, Pereheron horses, Shorthorns crossed with Jersey for dairying,\nblack Galloways for beef, Merinos for wool, Southdowns for mutton. Spring was not very\ngood for seeding. The summer and autumn were very fine. We had a frost on 17th of\nOctober.\nMr. Peter Bessett, White Valley, says :\u2014I have a thoroughbred shire stallion, and\nmy bulls are thoroughbred Herefords. Our only pests are crows. Fall wheat, two-rowed\nbarley, one-side oats, early rose and Rosedale potatoes, long red mangolds, timothy grass are,\nI consider, well suited to this locality, and are the most profitable. I think Durham cattle\nfor beef and dairying, Berkshire pigs, and Black Spanish chickens are the best suited to\nthis locality. There were twelve inches of snow last winter. Summer was dry, with a wet\nautumn, but good harvest weather.     Crops were good and harvested in good condition.\nMr. Benjamin Greene, Creighton Valley, says :\u2014My cows are graded Shorthorns ;\nmy chickens are light B rah mas and Plymouth Rocks. Smut is here a disease on plant life.\nThe following are noxious weeds : Wild carrot, pig weed, golden rod, wild cabbage, pigeon\nweed, and vetch. Australian spring wheat has done well here. Banner and Welcome oats,\nLgyptian mummy peas, early rose potatoes, long red English carrots, elephant Swede, silver\nking onion, timothy and meadow fescue grasses, red and alsike clovers are, I consider, all well\nsuited to this locality. Shorthorns for beef, Berkshire pigs, Leghorn and Plymouth Rock\nchickens are, I consider, the most profitable. SPALLUMCHEEN.\nThis is one of the richest portions of British Columbia, combining, as it does, an equable\nclimate, sufficient precipitation to ensure the successful cultivation of all ordinary crops without\nirrigation, a deep rich soil, and a sufficiency of timber for all purposes. Added to these\nadvantages are the facilities for transportation afforded by the S. &,. O. Railway, which passes\nthrough the district, and the excellent roads leading from Vernon on both sides of the valley\nand up the East Salmon River Valley to Grand Prairie. The principal centres are Enderby,\nArmstrong, Lansdowne, Pleasant Valley, Salmon River Valley, East and Sicamous, all\nconnected by rail and roads. Some 135 or 140 settlers are in this vicinity, the majority of\nwhom go in for the production of cereals, the flouring mill at Enderby affording a home\nmarket for all that is produced. Fruit is produced in very limited quantities, although it all\ndoes well; this arises from the fact that until quite recently there was no outlet for it. Root\ncrops and vegetables of all kinds can be grown most successfully. Cattle are not raised in\ngreat numbers, the ranges not being so suitable as elsewhere, but swine are raised in considerable numbers and are found to be most profitable. Some sheep are raised in the more settled\nparts, where coyotes cannot destroy them so easily. The poultry industry is not prosecuted\nto any extent; practically no dairying is carried on. Mr. A. E. McKay, C. E., gives the following altitudes : Sicamous, 1,170 feet; Enderby, 1,180 feet; T. Graham's, Pleasant Valley,\n1,320 feet above, sea level, but there are many farms, notably that of Mr. Patton, who has a\ngood orchard, considerably higher. There is a considerable quantity of good timber growing-\non the hillsides, such as cedar, larch, and pine of different varieties. The prevailing native\ngrass is bunch grass. There is no meteorological station hereabouts, but it is safe to assume\nthat the precipitation, due to topographical conditions and the greater quantity of timber, is\ngreater than it is further south. Mr. James T. Steele, correspondent, gives the rainfall for\nthe seven months from May to November, inclusive, in 1891 at 13.47 inches in the east valley of\nSalmon River. He says, however, that that season was a wetter one than usual. The temperature is probably not lower in winter than it is in Okanagan. Under Meteorological will\nbe found some further remarks from Mr. Steele and from Mr. Geo. R. Lawes, Enderby.\nFrom here also complaints reach the Department of the advent of the aphis. In weeds: wild\noats and thistles are bad, while coyotes, bears, and wolves are all more or less troublesome ;\ngophers, also, and chipmunks occasion much loss and annoyance. According to returns 24\nper cent, of the land owned is cultivated, 45 per cent, is woodland or forest, 9 per cent, is\nswamp, marsh, and rock, and 22 per cent is pasture.\nThe following is the report of Mr. Jas. T. Steele, Correspondent for Salmon River Valley\nEast, Spallumcheen:\u2014\n1. Wheat (fall). \u2014 1 to 2 tons per acre ; $24 per ton.\nWheat (spring), 1,800 pounds per acre ; $24 per ton.\nOats.\u20141,250 pounds per acre; about $25 per ton.\n2. Hay.\u2014About 1 ton per acre.\n3. Potatoes.\u20144 tons per acre.\nMangolds. \u20145 tons per acre.\nCarrots.\u201410 tons per acre.\nOnions.\u20143 cents per pound.\n3a.  The yield  was  an average  one, except  fall  wheat, which in  some places was very\nheavy.     Oats were not as good as usual.\n3b.  Red Fife wheat is the most in demand by millers.\n4a.  The crop of fruit was under the average.\n4b. The quality was also under the average.\n4d.  Peaches are not  grown  with  success.    Grapes are  doubtful.    In  ordinary seasons\nwater melons do well.    I have never come across a good  musk  melon.    Tomatoes\nare grown, but are subject to black spots.\n5. A number  of  years  ago  I  tried growing flaxseed for seed ; it did well.    I have no\nidea how it would answer for fibre.\n6. Several years ago I tried sugar beets ; they were not good.    This season I had four\nvarieties, from  the  Experimental  Farm,   Ottawa,    At first  they  grew well, but\nwhen hot weather came they failed. 744 Report on Agriculture. 1893\n7.    I tried rape one season ; it did very w-ell indeed, but I found  the winter did not kill\nthe roots and in the spring I had to gather the volunteer crop to prevent it being\na pest.\n8a.  There is very little dairying done so far; quite a number of  the farmer's wives make\nbutter, but none to send away.\n8b. Farmer's butter has hitherto sold for from 35 to 50 cents per pound.\n9 a. This part of the country is tolerably well adapted for wool-raising.\n9b.  Sheep not raised in any quantities.\n9c.  The quality of the wool is indifferent.\n9d. The average fleece is light.\n10a. The breeds of stock are being generally improved.\n10b.  I consider the following are the best breeds for the district:\u2014Clydesdales for draught;\nDurhams for beef, and grade Durhams for dairying; Berkshire pigs, and Plymouth\nRock for poultry.\n11a. The poultry industry is neglected.\n11b. Average price of eggs is 25c. to 50c. per dozen.\n12.    Apiculture not tried.\n13a. Last winter snow came in December and stayed.    The  fall  of  snow  for  the  winter\nwas lighter than the average, and the cold not as severe as in many seasons.\n13b.  There was plenty of rain in the spring,  but  not  too much  to  interfere  with  work.\nLate frosts injured fruit and apple trees somewhat.\n13c.  There was splendid harvest weather, and plenty of rain.\n15a. We are pretty well supplied with labourers.\n15b.  Whites and Indians do the general  farm  work.     Very few  Chinamen  engaged  in\ngeneral farm work.\n16. Ensilage has not been tried.\n17. There has been a good deal of fall ploughing, probably more than two-thirds for next\nseason's crop.\n18. I should say that agriculture was generally in a prosperous state.    There is no irriga\ntion here worth mentioning.    There has been considerable ditching on  swamp\nland ; so far very little drainage of uplands.\nCoyotes (See \"Diseases and Pests.\"\u2014J.R.A.).\nWheat and oats escape most of the insect pests that are prevalent in other parts.\nWe have no rust, but sometimes a good deal of smut, for which bluestone seems a\npretty effective remedy. Insects of various kinds trouble the root crops very\noften, more especially turnips, mangolds, and melons. The cut-worm I find most\ndestructive, and I think they sometimes do injury to wheat, oats and peas. There\nare a number of spring wheats grown. The Royal Australian has been extensively grown, with good results. Latterly, the roller mill wants Red Fife spring,\nand has taken considerable pains to introduce it among farmers. The past season\nit has done well, and probably larger breadth will be grown another season. The\nfall wheat here (I cannot give name) the millers complain of as being too soft, and\ndo not encourage its growth, but buy it. This season, in some instances, it yielded\nenormously\u2014over two tons to the acre ; but this is above average. In a general\nway, fall wheat yields more largely than spring wheat; still there is not nearly as\nmuch of it grown. If there was more summer fallowing there would be 'more fall\nwheat, Oats is the only other grain that is much grown in this neighbourhood,\nand is mostly for home use or local demand ; very little is sent away ; there is no\nregular market for this grain. White Cave and Egyptian are best. Barley sometimes does well, but is not a sure crop. It is often badly injured by heat when\nfilling. Peas sometimes do well, but are not a sure crop, and only few are grown.\nTimothy does the best of tame grasses; clover is not a success. Potatoes generally do well, as do all other ordinary root crops. I have tried sugar beets, and\nam satisfied not to try growing any more. 56 Vict. Report on Agriculture. 745\nReport of Mr. Geo. R, Lawes, Correspondent at Enderby for Spallumcheen Valley.\n1. WTheat (fall),       | ton per acre, $23 per ton.\nWheat (spring),  f    m n 23       n\nOats,                      |    H         it 25       it\n2. Hay (timothy),    1    .. \u00bb'\u25a0 15      h\nHay (wheat), 10       n\n3. Potatoes, 15      n\nOnions, beets, parsnips, cabbage, 2 cents per ft.\n3a. The yield was good all round.    An unusually early jfrost injured the  crop  of  vegetables on many farms.\n3b.  I think the following grasses and roots give the best results in this neighbourhood:\u2014\nTimothy and Kentucky blue grass, alsike and red cow-clover,  yellow  and  purple\ntop turnips, and white Spanish onion.\n4a. The season's crop of fruit was fairly good.\n4c. I think that the present uncultivated land at the foot of .the hills is best suited to\nfruit culture. The heavy clays where most of the fruit up to the present has been\nplanted are not likely to prove eventually satisfactory.\nAd. Peaches, apricots, nectarines and grapes are all being experimented with. Melons\nand tomatoes grow very well. The cultivation of linseed, sugar beet and rape has\nnot been attempted.\n8a. At present no one attempts to dairy  upon practical  lines.    If it  was  attempted,   I\nthink success is certain.\n8b.  Average price for butter is 30c.\n9a. This part of the country is not suitable for sheep.\n10a. People are going in for improved range stock.\n10b.  I consider Jersey cattle crossed with the native cow will be best  for dairying, but I\ndon't know the result yet.    Berkshire pigs and Plymouth Rock chickens, I think,\nare the best suited to this locality.\n11a. Poultry raising not embarked in in any large way.\n11b. Average price of eggs is 25c. per dozen.\n13a. Last winter the snow was heavy ; frost was less than usual.\n13b.  The spring was wet, with prolonged frost.\n13c.  The summer was hot, with good rains.\n13d. The autumn was very good weather; good harvest time.\n13e.  No loss from unfavourable weather.\n15a. Labourers are plentiful.\n15c. Average wages are $30 to $35 per month, or $2 per clay.\n16. Ensilage has not been tried.\n17. There is a good deal of fall ploughing done.\n18. This section must undergo a change from just grain  and  stock  to  mixed  farming.\nAny crop needed for ordinary farming can be grown in this district, and a very\nshort time of further experiment and people in this neighbourhood will produce\nmuch that they now import, All roots grow well. Corn for ensilage grows well\nhere. I think it is a pity that no inducement is offered for hop cultivation. This\nsection seems particularly favourable to their growth.\nMr, Donald Graham, Armstrong, says:\u2014My stock are graded and common stock,\nDurham and Polled Angus. My horses are common horses and graded Clydes. Our plant\ndisease is smut in cereals. Insect pests are green fly or aphis on plums, cut-worms and wire-\nworms. Our noxious weeds are wild oats, tumbling weed, milk thistles, pig-weed, and wild\nbuckwheat. I consider the following varieties of cereals, roots and fruits are the most profitable and best suited to this locality: Royal Australian, White and Red Fife wheats ; Chevalier 746 Report on Agriculture. 1893\nand English malting barley ; White Sovereign oats ; Early Rose potato ; Short-horn carrot;\nSwede turnips ; Long-field, Wallbridge, Duchess of Oldenberg, Salome, Pewaukee, Tetofsky,\nBen Davis, and Red Astrachan apples ; Bartlett and Flemish Beauty pears ; Italian and silver\nprunes; Moore's Arctic plum ; Black Tartarian and Early Richmond cherries. The average\ndepth of snow last winter was 15 to 18 inches; there was no rain, and it was a very mild\nwinter. The spring was rather late and cold ; it was good for seeding; it was a good growing\nsummer, plenty of sun and rain. The autumn was dry, with good harvest weather. There\nwas a frost when the blossom was on the fruit trees. This hurt the apples, plums, pears and\nstrawberries very much. The first fall frost was on the 2nd of September. The crop yield\nwas good, and it was harvested in good condition.\nMr. Donald Matheson, Lansdowne, says :\u2014My cattle are all graded. Among insect\npests are the wire-worm and grub worm. Gophers are troublesome, and millet is getting to be,\na very troublesome weed. I consider the following grain, roots, fruits, and stock the best and\nmost profitable for this district: Royal Australian and Red Fife wheat, Egyptian or White\nSovereign oats, Black Marrowfat peas ; Yellow transparent, Wealthy, Duchess, and Golden\nRusset apples, Bartlett pears; graded Cotswolds for wool and mutton, Berkshire pigs.\nMr. D. H. Cumming, Pleasant Valley, says:\u2014I consider the following cereals, roots,\nfruit, and stock the most profitable and best suited to this locality: Campbell's white chaff\nwheat, black or hulless barley, Burpee welcome oats, Burpee's quantity peas, early Goodrich\npotatoes, white carrots, Swedes, Yellow Danver onion, turnip or globe beets; English hops;\nRusset apples; Clydesdale horses, Jersey cattle for dairying, Durhams for beef, Cotswold\nsheep for mutton in quantity, Merinos for quality of mutton, Yorkshire pigs, and Brown\nLeghorn poultry. I lost two sheep from unknown disease, and two were killed by coyotes.\nThere was not much cold, no rain, and not much snow last winter. Spring was late, but very\ngood for seeding. The summer was dry, with a very good autumn, and good harvest weather.\nWe had a touch of frost in August. The crop yield was very good, and it was harvested in\nvery good order.\nMr. George Parkinson, Salmon River Valley, East, says :\u2014My horses are all general\npurpose stock, and my cattle principally are graded Durhams. The following are insect pests:\nHorse-flies, bot-flies, black flies, mosquitoes, and wood-ticks; and cinnamon bear, wolves,\ncoyotes, bush-tail rats, chipmunks, squirrels, mice, and gophers are animal pests. I consider\nthe following the best suited and most adapted to this locality : Royal Australian spring\nwheat, Treadwell fall wheat, Two-rowed barley, Early Rose potatoes, Swedes, orchard and\ntimothy grasses, alsike clover ; Ayrshire cattle for dairying, Durhams for beef, Southdowns\nfor mutton, Berkshire pigs, Black Spanish, Brown and White Leghorns for poultry. Gophers\nkilled fifteen apple trees last spring, and the winter and mice ten others. There was not as\nmuch snow as usual last winter; there was no rain, and not much cold. Spring was good for\nseeding, but cold. In the summer there were some long spells of great heat. Harvest\nweather was good.    I consider the yield of wheat was good ; the yield of oats was not good.\nMr. George R. Lawes, Enderby, says :\u2014I have been making trials with different kinds of\nfruit trees. I intend planting next fall. This summer I noticed a great destruction in the\nvegetable gardens, my own with the rest, made by a small beetle with a long thin body, and\nof bright copper colour, females a dusty colour. Larva: of daddy-long-legs are very numerous\nthis summer, and, as usual, very destructive. In weeds, I notice this summer for the first\ntime in this section the English dock. Groundsell and several kinds of thistles are here.\nThistles are much on the increase. Many noxious weeds seem to appear immediately after\nclearing land. Wild oats are more plentiful than ever in the district. Timothy, red top and\nblue grass I consider well suited to this locality. I am trying some Russian grass on burnt\nland, at present it looks well. Clovers all do well, especially alsike. Hops grow well in this\nsection, but the expense is too great for small holders to plant an experimental crop without\nsome aid. This winter there was the heaviest snow for the last three years. There was a\ngood deal of rain in the fall. The winter was very mild. Spring was late, but good for\nseeding. It was a first-class summer, with enough rain to keep everything growing. The\nautumn was very good, with good harvest weather. We had an early frost in September;\nopen weather after. First serious fall of snow, 18th November. Yield of all crops reported\ngood; possibly hay crop was a little light.    Crops were harvested in very good condition. 56 Vict. Report on Agriculture. 747\nMr. James Steele, Salmon River Valley East, says :\u2014Spring opened as early as usual\nfor ploughing, but growth very slow in starting. Foliage on trees fully ten to twelve days\nlater than usual. Ample rain for requirements till grain was filling, then a few very hot days\nthat affected the crops. But on the whole the season was fully up to the average in favour of\nthe farmer.\nMr. R. S. Pelly, Otter Lake, says:\u2014There are no sheep in this district. They would do\nwell if introduced and coyotes killed off. Cut worms were severe this spring on vegetables\nand oats. Gophers and chipmunks are animal pests, and buckwheat and millet are noxious\nweeds. Red Fife wheat seems to have done well here. Ensilage corn, I think, would prove a\nsuccess. All varieties of beans do well. Flax has been grown with success. The following\nare well suited to this locality : Telephone peas, Early Rose potatoes, Foxtail, Orchard and\nTimothy grasses, Alfalfa clover. I consider the French Percheron and Clyde horses the most\nuseful breeds, Holsteins and Shorthorns for dairying purposes, Shorthorns for beef, Black-faced\nsheep and Welsh sheep for mutton, Berkshire and Yorkshire pigs, Plymouth Rock and Leghorn\npoultry.\nMr. G. G. Lynn, Salmon River Valley, says:\u2014My stock are graded. There is a disease,\nblack comb, amongst chickens here ; they die before two years old ; I can't find any cure. I\nthink the following cereals, roots, and fruits the most profitable and best suited to this\nlocality : Red Fife spring wheat, Seneca fall wheat, Chevalier barley, Egyptian oats, Early\nRose potato, Bartlett pears, and German prunes.\nThe following approximate data was furnished by Mr. C. F. Costerton, of Vernon:\u2014\nfSpallumcheen District    80,500\nI 01\nQuantity of land owned     | Okanagan District. . .   112,000\n(including Indian Reserves)! White Valley      60,000\n(Osoyoos      16,100\n 413,500 acres.\nQuantity of land cultivated (including hay land)    14,400     n\nNumber of tons of grain produced      6,500 tons.\nNumber of tons of hay produced      4,500    u\nNumber of tons of root crops         500    n\nNumber of tons of fruit  5     n\nNumber of cattle owned    14,000 head.\nNumber of horses owned      2,000    n\nNumber of sheep owned      1,000    n\nNumber of swine owned      2,500     n\nSALMON ARM,\nOn the line of the Canadian Pacific Railroad, has about 40 settlers, including those in the\nvalley of Salmon River, which debouches into Shuswap Lake, at Salmon Arm. The climate\nhere is decidely more humid than it is either to the westward or southward; there being no\nmeteorological station however, it is impossible to speak definitely on the subject. According\nto Mr. A. J. Palmer (see \"Meteorological\"), the average rainfall is 40 inches, and snowfall 48\ninches, the latter lying for three months. Usual greatest heat 80\u00b0, and usual greatest cold 5\u00b0\nbelow zero. The country hereabouts is densely wooded with a fine growth of good timber,\nwhich will, in the near future, acquire a great value. The land is a deep sandy loam of great\nrichness, and especially adapted to the cultivation of root crops and fruit. Mr. A. J. Palmer,\ncorrespondent, showed me some fine specimens of onions, potatoes, &c, on his place; he also\nhas a fine young orchard. I regret that owing to his report having miscarried, I cannot give\nthe actual yield of his root crops, but it was very large. It is a good dairying district, but the\nindustry is not prosecuted. The humidity of the climate renders it .less suitable for raising\nturkeys and fowls, but very favourable for ducks and geese. It is also not so well adapted\nfor sheep, on account of the wooded country and the prevalence of the coyote pest, which here\nfinds good shelter and is difficult to grapple with. The smaller animals also are numerous,\nand are great enemies of the poultry yard.    The aphis is increasing, having been imported, it 748 Report on Agriculture. 1893\nis thought, on the young fruit trees. A road leads from the railway station on Salmon Arm\nup the valley about ten miles, giving an outlet to those living in that direction. The altitude\nis probably about 1,200 feet. According to returns, 7 per cent, of the land owned is cultivated; 74 per cent, is woodland or forest; 11 per cent, is swamp, marsh, and rock, and 8 per\ncent, is pasture.\nMr. A. J. Palmer furnishes the following approximate data:\u2014\nQuantity of land cultivated     200 acres.\nit                it       owned  4,800      n\nNumber of tons of grain produced  75 tons.\nit              it          hay           ii          120      n\nii               ii          root crops  200      n\nit             cattle owned  100 head.\nii              horses       n        40      n\nn             sheep       it       30      n\nit             swine       n       20      n\nMr. Alexander Paul says :\u2014I have some full-bred Pekin ducks. All sorts of roots do\nwell here. Hops do well; Red Astrachan, Fameuse, Northern Spy, and King of Tomkins\napples ; Keswick, Codlin, and Bartlett pears ; Bradshaw plums, and May Duke cherries are all\nwell suited to this locality. Any kind of poultry does well, but they are troubled a good deal\nby hawks. There was about eighteen inches of snow on the level last winter; there was not\nmuch rain ; there were about six weeks of cold weather; spring was late, and not good for\nseeding till late in April; the summer was short, with a good deal of rain; the autumn was\nvery good, with good harvest weather; there was a little frost about the 1st of September.\nVegetables were in the ground, yet in good order, on 12th October. From what I hear, I\njudge that the yield is very good indeed.\nMr. H. C. Eraser says:\u2014My stock are graded. The aphis is troublesome on the\napple trees. Grasshoppers and onion grubs are insect pests ; the animal pests are hawks,\ncoyotes, weasels, and mink. Of noxious weeds there are at present none, except the button\nberry. Something destroyed my onions, turnips, and other root crops just as they were\nappearing above ground ; supposed to be very minute grasshoppers, and also a worm or grub.\nThere was good harvest weather, with a very heavy frost on the 1st of September. The yield\nof crops was very good, and they were saved in first-class order.\nMr. C. B. Harris, Salmon Arm, says:\u2014Apple trees are bothered with lots of small\ngreen lice (probably aphis\u2014J.R.A.), mostly on the top of the tender shoots; if neglected, they\nspread very rapidly. Also caterpillars, but not numerous. Any kind of wheat, roots of all\nkinds, alsike and common red clover do well here.\nThe following is the report of Mr. A. J. Palmer, correspondent for Salmon Arm :\u2014\n1. Wheat (fall), 2,400 lbs. per acre ; $25 per ton.\nWheat (spring), 2,400   n          \u201e 25 \u201e\nOats, 2,000   ,i          \u201e            30\n2. Hay (timothy), 2\\ tons    \u201e 20        \u201e\n3. Potatoes, 7     n   '  n 20        u\nMangolds,                 20      ,t       ,,\nCarrots, 20 n n\nTurnips, 20 \u00bb n\nOnions, 15 n n 45 n\nBeets, 10 \u201e \u201e 40\nParsnips, 10 n n 40 n\nCabbages, 15 n n 40        n\n3b. Timothy grass, Common Red clover, Early Rose potatoes, Mammoth Red mangold,\nSwedes, Danver and Wethersfield onions, Hollow Crown parsnip, and Early\nWakefield cabbage are the best varieties for this part.\n4a.  The season's crop of fruit was fair.\n4b.  The quality of the fruit was excellent, 56 Vict. Report on Agriculture. 749\nId.  Peaches,   apricots,  nectarines,  and  grapes  are  not  grown;   melons  are grown with\nmedium success ; tomatoes have been grown, so far with poor success.\n5, 6, and 7.  Linseed, sugar beet, and rape are not cultivated.\n8a.  Dairying is only followed to a small extent, however with good results.\n8b.  The average price of butter is 30 cents per ft.\n9a,  This part is suitable for sheep and wool-raising.\n9b.  There is no quantity of sheep here.\n10a.  People are not going in much for improved breeds of stock.\n10b. Holsteins for beef and dairying, White Cheshire pigs, and Brown Leghorn fowls are\nthe best varieties for this locality.\n11a. Poultry are raised here to a considerable extent.\n11b. The average price of eggs is 30 cents per dozen.\n12. Apiculture is not tried.\n13a. Last winter was fine, with good sleighing.\n13b. The spring was late and cool.\n13c. The summer was hot and dry.\n13d. The autumn was fine, with good harvest weather.\n13e. There was no loss from bad weather.\n15a. Labourers are easily procured.\n15b. Whites and Indians.\n15c. The average wages is $30 per month.\n16. Ensilage has not been tried.\n17. All the ground that is available is ploughed in the fall.\nSHUSWAP, NOTCH HILL, AND TAPPEN SIDING,\nAll on the main line of the Canadian Pacific Railroad, between Salmon Arm and Ducks,\nhave from twenty-five to thirty settlers. Owing to the difficulty of getting from one place to\nanother, and the limited time at my command, I could not visit the two last-named places. I\nhave, therefore, to trust entirely to the reports received from them. As Shuswap is\napproached from the east so the climate changes most perceptibly as regards moisture. The\nlands hereabouts, in common with the rest of the valley of the Thompson, require irrigation to\nproduce crops, and, I regret to say, that water is not everywhere available for the purpose.\nThe waters of Thompson River are on too low a level to be utilized by natural gravitation,\nso that unless they could be made available by pumping they are practically useless. There\nbeing no meteorological station in the vicinity, it is impossible to say definitely what the\ntemperature and precipitation are. It is probably colder in winter than about Okanagan, and\nfully as hot, if not hotter, in summer, while the precipitation is very small at Shuswap, but\ngreater at the two other places. The snowfall is probably about fifteen inches, and it lies\nabout three months. Usual cold weather, about 17\u00b0; greatest, about 32\u00b0 below zero. Usual\ngreatest heat, about 80\u00b0 ; greatest heat, 113\u00b0 to 115\u00b0.\nThe altitude of Shuswap is about 1,550 feet above sea level; that of Notch Hill, 1,708.\nThe quality of the land is a heavy loam about Shuswap Lake, covered, as it is about Salmon\nArm, with an undergrowth of wild raspberries, hazel and other bushes. Proceeding west the\ntrees and underbrush get scarcer and the land is more of a sandy, porous nature ; good when\nirrigated, but easily dried up. Sage, wormwood, and bunch grass grow on all the open lands.\nMany cattle are raised about Shuswap for beef, but there is no dairying. Few or no sheep or\nswine are produced, and no poultry, although the country is well suited to these pursuits.\nRoot crops and hay are principally produced about Tappen Siding and Notch Hill, and but\nlittle or no grain. They are well adapted to fruit growing, but what orchards are planted are\nquite young. About Shuswap a good deal of grain is produced. Here again the aphis has\nmade its appearance, causing destruction amongst fruit trees. The wire worm is also troublesome in parts, otherwise this section is fairly free of all pests and diseases.    Wild horses do 750 Report on Agriculture. 1893\nnot give the trouble here that they do most other places. (See Mr. Sullivan's remarks under\n\"Diseases and Pests.\") I omitted to mention that there is no waggon road connecting Tappen\nSiding and Notch Hill with Shuswap, but there is a good road leading from the latter place\nto Kamloops.\nAccording to returns received, the land under cultivation at Shuswap was 25 per cent,\nof the amount owned, 7 per cent, is woodland or forest, 1| per cent, is swamp, marsh, and\nrock, and 66| per cent, pasture. At the two other places the proportions are 7A per cent,\ncultivated, 85 per cent, woodland or forest, and 7A; per cent, principally swamp and marsh.\nMr. M. Sullivan supplies the following approximate data :\u2014\nQuantity of land owned 3,100 acres.\nii cultivated     800     t,\nNumber of tons of grain produced     100 tons.\nhay t,  1,200     \u201e\nNumber of cattle owned 1,300 head.\nii horses      n          200     it\nThe following is the report of Mr. Sullivan, correspondent :\u2014\n1. Wheat (fall), 2,000 lbs. per acre,  $30 per ton.\nBarley, 3,000   ii     '   n 25\nOats, 2,500   i, ,t 30\nRye, 2,500   \u201e \u201e 40\nPeas, 3,500   n \u201e 50\n2. Hay, 1A tons n 18        n\n3. Potatoes, 10\"     ,i n 12 to $20 per ton.\nMangolds, 20       ,i n 10 per ton.\nCarrots, 15    . it n 15       n\nTurnips, 25      M n 15      tt\nOnions, 5       ti n 2 cents per ft.\nBeets, 10      \u201e \u201e 1-t\nParsnips and cabbage, 3 n\n3a. The yield was good.\n3b. Red Fife wheat, all varieties of barley, Challenge oats, Timothy grass, Red clover,\nhops, Early and Late Rose potato, all kinds of mangold and carrots, swedes,\nYellow Danver onion, all varieties of beets, parsnip, and cabbage are best suited\nto give best results.\n4. Average price obtainable for apples, 4c. per ft., pears, 5c. per ft.\n4a.  The season's crop was very good.\n4b.  The quality of fruit was good.\n4c.   Rich  black loam,  resting on  sand  or  gravel  subsoil,   I  find  to  be  best for fruit\ncultivation.\n4d.  Peaches, apricots, and nectarines are not grown here; grapes do fairly well; melons\nand tomatoes do very well.\n5. Flax not cultivated.\n6. In June last I received from the Experimental Farm,   Ottawa,   4  bags of seeds of\ndifferent varieties of sugar beet.    I tried some of each, but do not think it would\nbe advisable to try and raise them as a crop.\n7. Rape is not tried.\n8a. Dairying is carried on only on a very limited scale,    The results are very good.\n8b. Average price for butter is 35c. per ft.\nit cheese is 20c.      n\n9a. This district is'not suitable for wool-raising.\n9b. Sheep-raising not carried on to any extent,\n9c. The wool is of excellent quality,\n9d. The average weight of fleece is 9 lbs, 56 Vict. Report on Agriculture. 751\n10a.  People are going in for improved stock.\n10b. I consider the following the best breeds for this district: Clydes, for draught; for\nsaddle, fair-sized native mares bred to thoroughbred stallions ; Cleveland Bays for\nharness. Durhams for beef ; Holsteins for dairying. Cotswolds for wool;\nSouthdowns for mutton.    White Chester pigs.    Plymouth Rock poultry.\n11a. Poultry raising not carried on with any system, but successful, however, in a small\nway.\n11b.  The average price of eggs from 25c. to $1.50 per doz.\n12.    Apiculture not attempted.\n1 3a,  Last winter there was more snow than usual ; not so cold as usual ; on the whole a\nfavourable winter.\n13b.  There was considerable rain in the spring, not too much for crops.\n13c.  The summer was hot and dry during haying and harvest.\n13d.  There was no frost to hurt in the autumn.\n13e.  No loss through unfavourable weather.\n14.    The ivpple  aphis made  its  appearance early  in  the season, completely covering the\nleaves and tender wood.    Later on some  of  the  trees showed symptoms of fire.\nblight,   but it may   be  caused  by excessive  heat,  which prevailed at that time.\nLoss in fruit would be about 10 per cent.     We have taken steps to guard against\na repetition of it another season.\n15a.  Labourers are plentiful.\n15b.  Wrhite   labour   principally   on   farms,   Indians   as   herders,   Chinese   as   cooks   and\ngardeners.\n15c.  Wages :    Whites, $30 per month ; Chinese, $20 per month ; Indian herders,  $2 per\nday, at farm work, $1.     Board included in all cases.\n17. Very little ploughing done this fall.\n18. All crops here are irrigated.    There is a fairly good supply of water for all  land at\npresent cultivated.\nMr. John B. Newsom, Notch Hill, says :\u2014The potatoes here tire troubled with a worm\nwhich eats them in the ground. There is also a small insect which destroys fruit trees\n(probably the aphis\u2014J. R, A.) Rabbits are an annoyance, destroying cabbage and clover.\nThere was a good deal of snow last winter. There was not any rain. \u25a0 There was not much\ncold. Spring was late, but good for seeding. Summer was mild, with a changeable autumn\nand unfavourable harvest weather.    The yield was fair, and crops were saved in fair condition.\nMr. Chas. Castle, Notch Hill, says :\u2014I only came to this place last autumn. The\nrabbits gnawed my cabbages and carrots, but, as I had not much of either, the damage was\nnot very great. There was about 2 feet of snow last winter; there was not much cold.\nSjaring was late, but fairly good for seeding. The summer was rather wet. The autumn\nwas mild and wet. Harvest time was wet. We had frosts in June about the 20th, and on\nAugust 26th. This place is very high and much subject to early and late frosts. The yield\nof crops I consider was good and they were harvested in good condition.\nMr. Wm. Todd, Notch Hill, says :\u2014My horses are a cross between the Indian ponies\nand Percherons. Nettles here are a noxious weed. Last winter here the weather was very-\nfine ; there was 3 feet of snow. Seeding time was very fair, but there was too much rain for\nhaying.    There were a few light frosts on the 13th and 14th of June.\nMr. Michael Sullivan, Shuswap, says :\u2014My stock are all graded, although none are\npedigreed. We have been greatly troubled with the aphis on the apple trees. It made its\nappearance early in the season and retarded the growing trees. Diseases of plant and\nanimal life are nothing to mention\u2014of animal pests there is little to complain ; and noxious\nweeds are nothing unusual. Fall wheat does not do here. Red Fife spring wheat, Six-\nrowed barley for feeding, Welcome oats, and all other kinds of oats, rye, peas, corn, and\nbeans all do well. Early and Late Rose potatoes, all kinds of mangolds, carrots, and turnips,\nYellow Danver onions, all kinds beets, all grasses, especially timothy, red clover, and hops do 752 Report on Agriculture. 1893\nwell. All kinds of apples do well. Pears do fairly well: Plums, prunes, and cherries do\nvery well. Peach trees grow well, but not bearing any fruit yet. Grapes do fairly well.\nCleveland Bay horses bred to Provincial mares produce the most servicable horses for this\npart of the Province, Holsteins are the best for dairying, and Durhams for beef. Cotswolds\nfor wool, and Southdowns for mutton. Berkshire and White Chester hogs are both good.\nPymouth Rock chickens are a good variety. I estimate the loss in the fruit crop to be fully\n25 per cent., owing to the apple aphis. We had more snow last winter than usual, for a short\ntime it was 20 inches deep. It was not as cold a winter as usual. The glass for two days\nshowed 23 degrees below zero\u2014this was the coldest. The rest of the winter was quite mild.\nSpring began about the usual time, ploughing beginning about the 25th March, with a good\nperiod for seeding. The first part of the summer there was a great deal of rain. After the\n10th of July there were two months of fine weather, which was good for haying and\nharvesting. In the autumn there was more rain than usual. No frosts of any severity till\n6th of November. The yield of crops was, I think, very good, and they were saved in good\norder.\nDUCKS,\nOn the main line of the Canadian Pacific Railway, sixteen miles below Shuswap, has\nabout twenty-five settlers in its neighbourhood. It is about seventeen miles from Kamloops,\nthe principal town of the valley of the Thompson, with which it is connected by a good road,\nas well as by the railroad. The altitude is about 1,550 feet above sea level, but it rises\nrapidly at the back, towards Grand Prairie, with which it is also connected by a good road,\nso that many of the ranches are considerably higher. The land is of excellent quality, but it\nmostly requires irrigation, when it will produce good crops of roots and hay, and, on the lower\nlands, of grain. Fruit, also, does well on the lower lands, but is comparatively untried on the\nhigher levels. Cattle are raised in large numbers, the bunch grass covered hills affording good\nruns. Although well adapted to it, poultry raising is not entered into to any extent. Dairying, also is not carried on. There is a considerable quantity of timber on the hills, principally\nbull pine. This being in the dry belt, but little snow and rain falls, and it is never excessively cold in winter. There is no meteorological station in the neighbourhood, however, so\nthat I cannot speak with accuracy on the subject. The climates of Kamloops and Shuswap\nmay be taken as a fair index of that of Ducks, near the river. Irrigation has to be resorted\nto, and like most of the country in this vicinity water is not over plentiful. The aphis, wild\noats, and moles are complained of amongst diseases and pests. The proportion of cultivated\nland to the quantity owned is, according to reports received, only 2\\ per cent. ; woodland or\nforest, 15Aj per cent.; swamp, marsh, and rock, 7 A; per cent.; and pasture, 74J per cent.\nMr. F. Warren, Pennikintan, says :\u2014I have tried to raise cereals and roots for the\nlast three years, but I can't get them to do. There is too much frost; the thermometer was\ndown to freezing on 12th of August. There was about two feet of snow last winter; no rain,\nand three cold days, being 12\u00b0, 16\u00b0, and 20\u00b0 below zero. Spring was very late, and seeding\ntime was not very favourable; the summer was very wet, the rainiest since I have been in\nthe country. There was good harvesting weather. There were frosts in June, July, and\nAugust; there was more frost than usual. Hay crops were very good. (I am not aware of\nthe locality of Pennikintan, probably at some considerable elevation.\u2014J.R.A.)\nMr. Amos Herbert complains of chipmunks and moles.\nGRAND PRAIRIE,\nOn the road between Okanagan to Ducks, about fourteen miles from the latter, and\ntwenty-two from the former, has about twenty-five settlers, who are principally engaged in\ngrowing cereals and root crops, both of which do well with irrigation, and as water is available\nin most parts good crops are produced. Fruit growing is in its infancy, and until it has been\nmore fully tested it is impossible to say if all kinds will succeed; judging, however, from other\nplaces similarly situated, there is no reason to doubt that fruit will do well. Neither dairying\nnor poultry raising is attempted.    A large number of cattle are reared for beef, and probably 56 Vict. Report on Agriculture. 753\nmore swine than in any other district. The latter has been found to be a very profitable\nindustry. There being no meteorological records hereabouts, it is difficult to say what the\ntemperature is ; the average is probably lower than either at Spallumcheen or the valley of the\nThompson, and the precipitation somewhat greater, but it is not excessive. The land is open,\nwith a few trees scattered about, presenting a very picturesque appearance, while there is an\nabundance of timber on the surrounding hills, which are also covered with bunch grass. Smut,\nwild oats, and the now ubiquitous aphis are the principal diseases and pests complained of.\nThe altitude is probably about 500 feet higher than Ducks, which would make it about 2,000\nfeet. As I have no data, however, to go upon, my estimate of the rise from Ducks may be a\ngood deal out. According to returns, 15 per cent, of the land owned is cultivated, 28 per\ncent, is woodland or forest, 1|- per cent, is swamp, marsh, and rock, and 55 J; per cent, is\npasture.\nReport of Mr. W. H. Jones, Correspondent.\n1.    Wheat (fall),       2,000 fts. per acre ; l\\ cents per ft.\nWheat (spring), 2,000    i,    '      \u201e l|      \u25a0\u25a0\nBarley,\nOats,\n2,500   ,.\n2,000   ,i\nit\nii\nRye,\nPeas,\n3,000    i,\n2,500   \u201e\nii\n2\n2.\nHay,\n3,000   \u201e\nii\n3\n3.\nPotatoes,\n10 tons\nit\n$12 to i\nMangolds\n30   \u201e\ntt\nCarrots,\n30   ,,\nit\nTurnips,\nBeets,\n'25   ,,\n30    \u201e\nit\n3a\n. The yield\nwas fair and of excelleni\nquality.\n3(B.  White Fife and Australian wheat,  Chevalier barley, Golden Giant oats, Mummy\npeas, and Early Rose potato are the best suited, and give best results in this district.\n4.    The average  prices obtainable were :\u2014For apples, 3 cents per ft.; pears, plums, and\nprunes, 5 cents per ft.; cherries, 25 cents per ft.\n4a.  The season's crop was fairly good.\n4 b. The quality of the fruit was good.\n4d. Melons and tomatoes are grown, but cannot always be depended on to ripen ; linseed,\nsugar beet, and rape are not grown.\n8a. Dairying is carried on for home use only.\n8b.  Price obtainable for butter is 25 cents to 40 cents per lb.; for cheese, 18 cents to 20\ncents per ft.\n9a.  This part of the country is well adapted for wool-raising.\n9 b.  Sheep-raising not tried to any extent.\n9c.  The wool is of excellent quality.\n9d. The average weight of fleece is about 9 fts.\n10a.  Improved breeds of stock are being raised.\n10b.  I consider the following breeds the best for this district:\u2014Clydes for draught horses,\nthe offspring of native mares and thoroughbred stallions for saddle, French Coach\nor Cleveland Bays for harness;   Durhams or Polled Angus for beef;   Cotswold\nsheep for mutton ; Berkshire pigs ; Barred Plymouth Rocks for poultry.\n11a. Poultry raising not systematically carried on, nor in any extensive way.\n11b.  Average price of eggs is 25 cents per dozen.\n12.    Apiculture has not been tried.\n13a. Last winter was very mild, with very little snow.\n13b. The spring was wet, and the frost was light.\n13c.  The summer was hot and dry.\n13d. The harvest weather was good; the autumn was very wet. 754 Report on Agriculture. 1893\n13e.   No loss from bad weather.\n14.    Wild oats were troublesome; diseases: epizootic (among horses) not, however, causing\nany considerable loss,  and some  kind of  lice upon apple trees (probably aphis - -\nJ.R.A).\n15a.  Labourers are plentiful.\n15b.  Whites, Chinese, and Indians.\n15c.  Average wages, from $30 to $35 per month.\n16. Ensilage has not been tried.\n17. About 25 per cent, of the ploughing is done in the fall.\n18. The general prospects for success are good.     All the farmers in this district are going\nin for improvements to the extent of their means every year.\nMessrs. Frank C. and W. J. Jones say :\u2014We have eighteen half-bred Berkshire sows\nand a thoroughbred Berkshire boar. We have been troubled with smut in oats, and should\nlike to know a remedy. Sure preventitive for wheat is to pour over a solution of copperas, 5\nfts. to the ton, diluted in hot water, and thoroughly mixed with the wheat. Grasshoppers\nare very bad sometimes, and some insect on the apple tree leaves ; I don't know what it is.\nGophers do a good deal of harm to the irrigation ditches, and sometimes eat all the roots oft'\nthe fruit trees. Wild oats are very bad ; we know of no sure cure except to seed the land\ndown in timothy for three or four years. We consider the following most profitable and best-\nsuited to this locality :\u2014 Campbell's White Chaff wheat, Golden Giant (side oat) oats, Golden\nVine and Blue Prussian peas, Early Rose potatoes, Yellow Giant intermediate mangold, Short\nWhite carrot, Mammoth Ruta Baga turnips, Yellow Danver onions, Knight's Blood beet,\nTimothy, Sanfoin, Large Red and Alsike clovers ; Duchess of Oldenberg, Walbridge, Lady, and\nCrab apples, Lombard plums, Early Richmond cherries; Percheron and Clydesdale horses;\nJersey cattle for dairying, Shorthorns for beef; Graded Berkshire pigs ; Plymouth Rock and\nVTiite Leghorn poultry.\nKAMLOOPS,\nOn the main line of the Canadian Pacific Railroad, situated on Thompson River, at the\njunction of the South and North Forks, has, with Tranquille, Cherry Creek, the settlements\non the North and South Rivers, and those immediately at the back in a southwardly direction,\ntowards Nicola, about seventy-five ranchers. From its central position\u2014all the places I have\nmentioned, besides a great part of the Nicola Valley, being tributary to it\u2014 Kamloops is\ndestined to become one of the agricultural centres of the interior. Good roads lead up the\nSouth River, up both sides of the North River, the east side of which is reached by a fine\nbridge over the South Fork, and the west by a ferry, by which also Tranquille is reached.\nAnother road leads down the south side of the river to Cherry Creek, &c. Roads also lead to\nNicola\u2014one over the hills, and another, somewhat longer but with less elevation, through a\nvalley debouching about seven miles above Kamloops. Besides these, there is, of course, the\nrailroad, and, if required, good water navigation for light draught steamers down the river to\nSavona and up through the Shuswap Lakes. The North River is also navigable at certain\nstages of the water for a short distance. The land is mostly a sandy loam, capable of producing almost anything that will grow in this latitude, provided water can be put on it; and\nthe want of this most important requisite is the one great drawback to the agricultural prosperity of this section. Here, as at Shuswap, the river water is not available by natural\ngravitation, and it is only used in rare instances and in small quantities, by pumping, the cost\nof such a method being, of course, almost prohibitory. Recognizing the vital importance of\nwater to this district, I made it my business to make some inquiries into the matter, and have\nmuch pleasure in directing attention to the remarks of Mr. Noble, correspondent (see his\nreport further on), Mr. Thos. Love way, and to the following copy of a letter from Major J.\nW. Vaughan. All of these gentlemen, it will be observed, agree on the feasibility of bringing\nin water from Jamieson Creek, a tributary of the North Thompson; and although the cost\nwould, I dare say, be somewhat heavy, the rental of the water would probably leave a handsome profit, to say nothing of the great accession in value to adjoining lands, now practically-\nworthless, and the consequent impetus to agriculture. I hope to see this matter taken up\nbefore long in good earnest. 56 Vict. Report on Agriculture.\nThe following is the letter alluded to :\u2014-\n\"New Westminster, April 18th, 1893.\n\"Sir,\u2014In reply to yours of the 5th inst., regarding irrigation at Kamloops, I would say\nthat my reply must be necessarily meagre, owing to the fact that the gentleman who went\ninto the matter with me is now inland, and I am unable to get any communication with him\nfor some time.\n\" I may say, roughly, that 25 miles of ditch from Jamieson Creek, on the North Thompson,\nto a point about six miles below Kamloops, would enable the owners to bring about 6,000\nacres under cultivation.\n\" The cost of construction would not be more than $4 or $5 per acre ; consequently, a\nwater rental of $1 per acre per annum would yield about 25 per cent, upon the outlay, which\ncould go towards maintenance and interest and sinking fund. Of course, this is a much\nsmaller cost than reported from those portions of the United States utilizing the system, and\nmight not apply to other portions of this country, but in this particular locality the almost\ntotal absence of any rock cutting reduces the cost very materially.\n\"The people using this water could make their connection with the main at a very small\ncost, as the greater portion of lands lie close along the base of the first bench, and are of no\ngreat width.\n\"It is a matter of fact that these lands yield, with water, three tons of hay per acre, and\nit is seldom worth less than $20 per ton. This is altogether apart from the wonderful production of fruit of which this country is capable, of which you are personally aware. You\nprobably have more knowledge of its capabilities as a grain-producing country than I have.\nI have had some correspondence with the Hudson's Bay Company, who own a tract of this\nland, and I think they would undertake to pay an annual water rental. Other properties are\nalso held by people able and, I think, willing to pay a rental. These lands, at the present\ntime, are held at from $15 to $20 per acre, by private owners, and there is also an area;\nalthough not large, held by the Dominion Government at $5 per acre. Should the work be\nundertaken by the B. C. Government, these lands could be acquired by them, and should\nreadily sell at $50 per acre, in 20-acre allotments, and the enhanced value should go a long\nway toward paying the original outlay.\n\" These lands, lying, as they do, close to the railway, should be easily sold and brought\nunder cultivation, and would give a great impetus to agriculture in the interior, as it would\ndemonstrate the feasibility of bringing a large area of land now utterly barren into a\nproductive condition, and would support a population far in excess of any of those countries\nhaving a less favourable climate.\n\" I shall be glad to do anything possible to further a scheme to add to the population\nand wealth of the country, but you quite understand more definite information will involve\nan expenditure which I am not justified in undertaking, however philanthropic T may be.\n\" Apologizing for my delay in replying, owing to other business engagements,\n\" I have, etc.,\n\" J. R. Anderson, Esq., (Signed) \"J. W. Vaughan.\n\" Department of Agriculture,  Victoria.\"\nSome of the farmers of the North Thompson have been experimenting with fall grain and\nhave succeeded in getting some good crops, in spite of the dryness of the soil, off land which\nwas formerly considered valueless without water, showing that much can be done by intelligent\nworking of the soil. A large quantity of cereals is produced of the best quality. Rye is\nfound to do particularly well. Mr. Noble raises large quantities, and says his stock thrive well\non it. Root crops are not so much cultivated as in other parts, owing to the lack of moisture.\nAll fruits that have been tried mature well, and are of remarkably good quality. Some fine\nspecimens were shown at the exhibition of the Inland Association held at Kamloops last\nautumn. There are not many bearing orchards, that of Mr. Roper, at Cherry Creek, being\nprobably the oldest. A good many young trees have been planted out during the last year,\nhowever, and it will not be long before this district comes well to the front as a fruit-producing\nsection. Beef cattle are produced in large numbers, and a good many horses. Sheep, swine,\nand poultry are raised only in very inconsiderable quantities. Dairying, except in the\nimmediate vicinity of Kamloops for the local supply of milk, is scarcely touched. Timber is\nnot abundant in the valleys, being composed of scattered pines and a small growth of poplars,\nbirch, &c, along the water-courses.    Bunch grass is the principal grass, but in the immediate 756 Report on Agriculture. 1893\nvicinity of settlements it is eaten down very closely, and in the more arid portions the cactus\ngrows in profusion. The altitude of Kamloops is 1,500 feet, and there is very little difference\nin the surrounding country, except, to the southward, where it rises considerably. The precipitation is very light, there being little or no rain, snow being seldom over twelve to eighteen\ninches in depth and generally lasting from the end of December to 15th of March. The\nusual summer temperature is from 75\u00b0 to 80\u00b0, and the highest about 110\u00b0, the usual winter\ntemperature being about 15\u00b0, and the lowest 30\u00b0 below zero. Under \"Meteorological\" I give\nMr. Andrew Noble's remarks on the subject. The principal diseases and pests reported are\npotato bug (epicunta macuhtta), aphis, coyotes, wolves, rabbits (Arctic hare), wild oats, and\nbuckwheat, and smut in grain. According to returns I find that 14A per cent, of the land\nowned is cultivated, 10A per cent, is woodland or forest, 7| per cent, is swamp, marsh, and\nrock, and 67A per cent, is pasture.\nReport of Mr. Andrew Noble, Correspondent:\u2014\n1. Wheat (fall).\u201426 bushels per acre ; $30 per ton.\nWheat (spring) 26      n tt 30      n\nBarley,                33       ,,              n 30\nOats,' 42      ,, \u201e 30\nRye, 30       t, \u201e 40\n2. Hay.\u20142,000 fts.; $22 per ton.\n3. Potatoes.\u20145 tons 20 n\nTurnips, 30 \u201e 30 \u201e\nOnions.\u20143A cents per ft.\nOther roots and vegetables.\u2014One-half cent per ft.\n3a.  The yield was fair.\n3b. Red Fife wheat, Chevalier barley, Early Gotham oats, Fall rye, Timothy grass, Red\nclover, Daisy potato, Half Long carrot, Swedish turnips, Yellow Danver onion,\nDark Black Red beet, and Jersey Wakefield cabbage I consider the best suited to\nthis section.\n4. The following are the average prices obtainable:\u2014For apples,   3  cents  per ft.; for\nplums, 4 cents per ft.\n4a. The season's crop was fair.\n4b.  The quality of fruit was good.\n4c.  For fruit growing a light gravelly soil is the best.\n4n.  Peaches, apricots, nectarines, and grapes are  not grown.    Melons and   tomatoes do\nwell.\n4e.  The Northern Spy apples give excellent, results.    Linseed, sugar beet, and rape have\nnot been tried.\n8a.  Dairying is neglected.\n8 b.  The price obtainable for butter is 30 cents per ft.\n\u2022 9a.  This part is well adapted for wool-raising.\n9b.  Sheep-raising is not extensively carried on.\n9c. The wool is of good quality.\n9d.  The average weight of fleece is G fts.\n10a.  Improvements of breeding stock are taking place.\n10b.  I think the following the best breeds for this district :  Clydesdale for draught; native\nhorses for  saddle; cross  between  Hereford  and   Polled Angus for beef; Jersey\ncattle for dairying; Berkshire pigs and Black Spanish poultry.\n11 A.  Poultry-raising is neglected.\n1 Lb. Average price of eggs, 25 cents per dozen.\n12.    Apiculture not attempted.\n13b. The spring was frosty.\n13c. The summer was very hot. 56 Vict. Report on Agriculture. 757\n13d.  The harvest weather was good.\n14. There was smut in the wheat  and  oats.    There  is a  disease  amongst  cattle  (see\n\"Diseases and Pests \"\u2014J. R, A.)\n15. Labourers are plentiful.\n15b.  Indians.\n15c. Average wages are $30 to $40 per month.\n16. Ensilage not tried.\n17. There is considerable fall ploughing done.\n18. Regarding irrigation, water could be brought from Jamieson Creek to irrigate all the\navailable land on this side of the North Thompson to Mr. Roper's meadows, at a\ncost of about $15,000, which would return a large percentage to any company.\nFall rye is the most successful crop in this dry belt, either in hay or in grain.\nMr. J. T. Edwards, North Thompson, says:\u2014I have two pedigreed stallions, one a\nClyde and the other a Percheron. I have 7 pedigreed Polled Angus bulls, 23 graded Shorthorn, Hereford and Polled Angus bulls, 13 pedigreed Holstein cows and 1 bull. Lice\nappeared on fruit trees. Wild buckwheat is a noxious weed. I think the following breeds\nof stock are best for this district:\u2014Percheron horses, Holstein cattle for dairying, Shorthorn\nand Polled Angus for beef, Cotswolds for wool, Leicesters for mutton, Berkshires and White\nChester hogs, Plymouth Rock poultry. There was a good deal of snow last winter, no rain,\nand not much cold Spring was late, but pretty fair for seeding. Summer was good, with\nno frosts.    The yield of crops was good, and they were harvested in good condition.\nMr. James Mellors says :\u2014I have a pedigreed Shorthorn bull; the rest of my stock are\ngraded. Red Chaff' wheat, Rosedale oats, Egvptian Mummy peas, Snowflake potatoes, Canadian Giant mangolds, Carter's prize winner turnips, Yellow Danver onion, long red beet,\ntimothy grass, and common red clover, are, I consider, the best and most profitable varieties\nfor this locality. There was about 10 or 12 inches of snow last winter, no rain, and not much\ncold. The spring was rather late, with a good season for seeding. The summer was good,\nwith a wet autumn ; the harvesting weather, however, was good. Some of the grain got too\nripe and shelled a good deal.    The yield was fair, and crops were saved in good condition.\nMr. Alex. McGlasiian, Campbell Creek, says:\u2014Wolves and coyotes are animal pests\nhere. I consider the following breeds the best suited to this district:\u2014Clydesdales and\nThoroughbreds, Ayreshire cattle for dairying, Shorthorn cattle for beef, and Berkshire pigs.\nMrs. G. W. Jones, Kamloops, says:\u2014The aphis has been very prevalent this year, and\ndestructive to apple trees. Buckwheat, wild mustard, and lamb's quarter are the principal\nnoxious weeds. All cereals, roots, grasses, clovers, and hops grow to perfection, when irrigated. There was not a great deal of snow last winter ; there was about the average amount\nof cold. Spring was fairly early, with a very favourable seeding time. The summer was fine,\nwith a fine autumn and very good harvest weather. There were one or two frosty nights in\nthe latter end of August. The yield here was not good, owing to bad handling at seed-time.\nThe crop was harvested in good condition.\nMr. Alex. G. Gordan, North Thompson, says :\u2014Smut was very bad here. Buckwheat\nand sunflowers are noxious weeds. I consider the following cereals, roots, grasses and clover\nthe best for this locality: Campbell's White Chaff spring wheat, Red Fife fall wheat, Chevalier\ntwo-rowed barley, Potato oats and Fall rye, Horse-tooth corn, Lillooet white beans, Early Rose\npotatoes, Half-long carrots, Green-top Swedes, Yellow Danver onions, Long Reel beets, Timothy\ngrasses, and red clover. I think Clydesdale horses, Shorthorn for beef, and Berkshire pigs,\nthe best breeds of stock for here. There was about 18 inches of snow last winter, no rain,\nand not much cold. The summer was very dry and hot; the autumn was very wet, with good\nharvest weather; there were frosts in June. I consider the yield of crops was only middling.\nThe crop was saved in very good order.\nMr. Andrew Noble, North Thompson, says :\u2014Smut here is a disease in plant life,\nbesides disease of which the symptoms are described in my report. (Big-jaw\u2014see \" Diseases\nand Pests.\"\u2014J. R. A.) The horse-fly is an insect pest here; also grasshoppers, which did\ngreat damage to the oat crop three years ago.    The following cereals, roots, grasses, fruits and 758 Report on Agriculture. 1893\nbreeds I consider the most useful : Campbell's White Chaff spring wheat, Red Fife fall wheat,\nChevalier barley, Banner oats, Winter rye, Pride of the Market peas, White Flint corn, China\nRed-eye bean, Kaffir corn, half-long carrots, Swedes, Yellow Danver onions, Bassano beets,\nAlfalfa and Red clovers. Northern Spy apples, Greengage, McLaughlin plums, Tennant prunes,\nClydesdale horses, Jersey cattle for dairying, cross between Hereford and Polled Angus for\nbeef, Berkshire pigs, and Black Spanish poultry. The damage to my wheat crop from smut-\namounted to about $60. Last winter there was about two feet of snow; the winter was long,\nwith mixed weather. Spring was late, with light frosts ; it was not very good for seeding.\nDuring the summer the weather was very changeable, being very hot one day and the next\nday cool. This brought the crops to a standstill. The autumn was very short, with early\n'snow. Harvest weather was good. There were frosts in May. Crops yielded fairly well,\nand were saved in good condition.\nMr. John H. Willis, North Thompson, says :\u2014My stock are graded Shorthorn. The\nblue potato bug is a very destructive insect pest. Wild oats and buckwheat are noxious\nweeds here. All grain does well, if sufficient moisture. All roots do well, as far as tried. I\nthink the following fruit trees are the best for this locality :\u2014Duchess of Oldenbergh, Yellow\nTransparent, Golden Russet, and King of Tompkins apples; Bartlett and Beurre d'Anjou pears;\nMoore's Arctic plums ; Tennant prunes ; Black Tartarian and Whiteheart cherries, and Concord grapes. I had a small loss from the potato bug this year. There was very little snow\nlast winter, no rain, and very little cold. Spring was too dry for seeding. The summer was\nfavourable, but too hot before harvest for dry land. Harvesting weather was good. The\nyield of crops was fair, and they were harvested in good order.\nMr. Thomas Loveway, North Thompson, says:\u2014The potato bug is an insect pest here.\nOwing to the hot weather my crop was not so good as I expected, but cut about 1J- tons per\nacre. I think the water can be brought from Jamieson Creek to supply all the land on this\nside of the river for about $13,000, and I would like to pay the water company $60 per season\nfor my share of it. Spring was late, with a good seed-time, The summer was hot, with a\ngood autumn and harvest. There were frosts in April, May and June. Crops were harvested\nin good condition.\nMr. Donald McAulay, North Thompson, says:\u2014There were black lice on the apple\ntrees. I think the following are the best cereals, roots, etc., for this locality: Red Chaff spring-\nwheat, Red Fife fall wheat, Six-rowed barley, Potato oats, Winter rye, Beauty of Hebron\npotato, half-long carrots, Swedes, Turnip beets, Timothy grass, and red clover. The following\nbreeds of stock, I think, are best:\u2014Clyde horses, Ayreshires for dairying. Shorthorns for\nbeef, Southdowns for wool and mutton, Berkshire pigs, and Black Spanish poultry. My cows\nwere very sick and gave no milk ; my loss was about $200. There was a good deal of snow\nlast winter; there was no rain, and not much cold. The spring was late, but good for seeding.\nThe summer was hot, with a very good autumn and harvest weather. We had frosts in April\nand May. The summer was hot and dry and burnt up the crops, and there was only about\ntwo-thirds of a crop.     What there was was harvested in good order.\nMr, Jos. Zink, North Thompson, says :\u2014Rabbits are increasing greatly, and destroy the\ncrops. Wolves are troublesome with the calves. Last winter was mild, with not much snow.\nThe spring was backward and rather wet for seeding. The summer was good, not very hot.\nThe autumn was fair, but more wet than usual. The harvesting weather was very favourable.\nAbout June my potatoes were killed by the frost.\nThe Western Canadian Ranching Co. say :\u2014Irrigation is an absolute necessity, as the\ncountry is so dry. Very little water is to be had, however, as many who have water privileges do not economize it, and so it runs short. In our case, the Indians claimed all the\nwater out of Paul's Creek, but under the supervision of the Indian Department we constructed\na dam at the lake, and now there is plenty for both.\nMr. John Lawson says :\u2014A bluish green potato bug, quite different from the Colorado\nbeetle, is an insect pest here. 56 Vict. Report on Agriculture. 759\nUPPER NICOLA,\nComprising all that part on the Kamloops road as far as Quilchena, on Nicola Lake, and\nincluding Douglas Lake, in which there are about forty-five settlers. Good roads lead from\nQuilchena, and from Douglas Lake to Kamloops, one over the hills between forty-five and\nfifty miles in length, and another through a valley coming out on the Thompson between\nDucks and Kamloops, between sixty-two and sixty-five miles long ; in each case it is about\nten miles further to Douglas Lake. The gradients on the first-mentioned road are rather too\ngreat for heavy hauling, but on the last-named they are quite easy. Grain and root crops are\ngrown in all parts of this section and produce good returns. Fruit does well in most parts,\nbut as yet only a little is cultivated. Irrigation is necessary for the successful cultivation of\ncrops, and with judicious management there would, no doubt, be plenty of water for all\npurposes. Large numbers of beef cattle are raised for the markets of the coast, the Douglas\nLake Cattle Co. and the B. C. Cattle Co. both having extensive ranges. A considerable\nnumber of horses are also reared. The sheep, swine, and poultry industries are comparatively\nuntouched. Dairying is carried on to only a very limited extent, and in almost every case for\nhome use only. The altitude of Nicola Lake is given by Sandford Fleming at 2,120 feet.\nThe land rises slightly towards Stump Lake, and considerably towards Douglas Lake.\nThe temperature in the vicinity of Stump Lake, is usual: hottest, about 75\u00b0, and coldest,\n25\u00b0 below zero. Rainfall, about six inches, and snowfall, two feet six inches, and lying for\nabout two months.    (See Mr. Bulman's report under \" Meteorological.\"\u2014J.R.A.)\nOn some of the higher ranges of hills, timber is fairly plentiful, but on the lower levels it\nis principally scattered yellow pines with small poplars, birch, &.C., about the edges of lakes\nand streams. Bunch grass covers the hills, affording excellent pasturage. The soil is a heavy\nblack loam, here and there highly impregnated with alkali. Pests and diseases complained of\nare wild oats and buckwheat, fox-tail, wolves and coyotes, and big-jaw in cattle. It appears\nthat between 8 per cent, and 9 per cent, of the land owned is cultivated, nearly all the rest\nbeing- pasturage. Mr. Thos. Bulman in furnishing the following approximate data, adds :\u2014\n\" The answers may be misleading, as it takes considerable time to give them correctly, so much\nland being fenced which is not owned, and it is hard to get at the number of cattle.\nQuantity of land owned\u2014About 50,000 acres, not including the Douglas Lake Syndicate,\nwho own, it is said, as much more.\nQuantity of land cultivated\u2014About 8,307 acres.\nNumber of tons of hay produced\u2014About 7,000 tons.\nNumber of tons of root crops\u2014Only potatoes grown; of these there are about 800 tons\nraised.\nNumber of cattle owned\u2014About 28,000.\nNumber of horses owned n 2,000.\nNumber of sheep owned n 1,600.\nNumber of swine owned n 200.\nThe following is the report of Mr. Thos. Bulman, correspondent:\u2014\n1. Wheat (fall),       26 bush, per acre, 105c. per bush.\nH      (spring), 26 \u201e \u201e 105c.\nBarley,                 37 n ' n 72c. ii\nOats,                     50 11 ii 51c. it\nRye,                     33 n u 90c. ii\nPeas,                    30 n \u201e 90c. n\n2. Hay (timothy and clover), 2,500 fts. per acre, lc. per ft.\ntt    (wild), |c.       it\n3. Potatoes, 6 tons per acre, $18 per ton.\nCarrots, 7    ii n 15      u\n.   Turnips, 9 n n 20       h\nOnions, 2A; cents per ft.\nBeets and parsnips, 1       n n\nCabbages, 2A;    it n\n3a.  The yield of above was fair. 760 Report on Agriculture. 1893\n3b. White Russian and Red Fife wheats, Fall rye, Timothy, Large Red clover, and Early\nRose, Beauty of Hebron, and Early Sunrise potatoes are the best suited and give\nbest results here.\n4. The average prices obtainable for the following are :\u2014\nFor apples, 3 cents per ft., dried 16 cents per ft. ; for pears, 10 cents per ft.; for plums\nand prunes, dried, 18 to 22 cents per ft,; for cherries, 10 cents per ft.; for\npeaches, dried, 20 cents per ft.; for grapes, 12A; cents per ft.; for small fruits, red\ncurrants and gooseberries, 4 cents per ft.\n4a.  Small fruits were not extra good.    Apples were very good.\n4b.  The quality was very good, but the growth was not as large as in the previous year.\n4c Large fruits not much grown, but seem to give best results on sandy soils. Small\nfruits do well all through the district wherever the locality is sheltered from the wind.\n4d. Peaches, apricots, and nectarines are not grown. Grapes have been grown at\nKamloops. Melons grow well. Tomatoes grow very well on the Thompson\nRiver and in sheltered places.\n5. Linseed grows well, but I find great trouble with small birds threshing it out.\n6. Sugar beet  I  have seen   grown,  and it seems to yield well, but it is not grown for\nsugar manufacture.\n7. Rape is not grown.\n8a.  Dairying  not  carried  on  extensively,   but it  pays  well;  the butter is of excellent\nquality and flavour, and the milk from bunch-grass fed cows is very sweet.\n8b.  Price obtainable for butter, 35 cents per ft.    Cheese  is  not made; it is worth about\n10 cents per ft.\n9a.  This part is well suited for wool-raising.\n9b. No extensive sheep-raising.\n9c.  The wool is of medium quality, most of the flocks having merino blood.\n9d. Average weight of fleece in large flocks, 7 fts.; in small flocks of Cotswolds, 12 fts.\n10a.  The breeds of stock are being improved.\n10b.  I consider the following the best breeds for this district:    Shires and Clydesdales for\ndraught,    French    Canadian    horses    crossed    with    thoroughbreds    for    saddle,\nHambletonians for harness;   Polled    Angus  for  beef,   Holsteins   for  dairying;\nSouthdowns and   crosses of for mutton ; Big Yorkshire and White Chester pigs ;\nPlymouth Rock for table and laying, White Leghorns for laying.\n11a.  Poultry raising not attempted to any extent.\n11b.  The average price of eggs is 30 cents per doz.\n12.    Apiculture has not been attempted.\n13a.  Last winter was mild with not much snow.\n13b.  The spring was dry and cold.\n13c. The summer was cold on the average.\n13d. Harvest weather was good, not much frost.    The autumn was cold and windy.\n15a. Labourers are easily procurable.\n15b. Whites, Chinese, and Indians.\n15c. Average wages :    Whites, $30 per month ; Chinese, $20 per month.\n16. Ensilage not tried.\n17. Most of the ranchers plough all they can in the fall.\n18. Raising vegetables,  grain, and fruit pays well where it is near a railroad.    Our\npotatoes sell well at the Coast, being of a better quality than the Lower Country\npotatoes. A great deal might be said about irrigation, and the saving of water in\nthe spring being the great matter, as putting in large clams means expense which\nI think ought to be taken in hand by the Government, as ranchers who have\nprior rights object to the water being held on creeks. The matter requires to be\ncarefully studied out.    In our district especially the Russel fence is taking the lead. 56 Vict. Report on Agriculture. 761\nMr. E. O'Rourke, Quilchena, says :\u2014We are troubled with foxtail in meadows and wild\noats and buckwheat in grain. Red Fife wheat does very well. The Daisy and Early Rose\npotatoes, Large Red mangolds, White Belgian carrots, Swedes, Early Red onions, Early\nBlood turnip, Timothy grass, Alsike and Large Red clovers all do well. I think well-bred\ndraught or road horses would be the most paying to raise for the present market. Jerseys for\ndairying, Shorthorns and Herefords for beef, Cotswolds for wool, Southdowns for mutton,\nBerkshire pigs, Plymouth Rock chickens, and Bronze turkeys. Last winter there was about\n10 inches of snow ; not much rain. It was a mild winter here, 27\u00b0 being the coldest. Spring-\nwas early in opening, but kept very cold and backward in April. It was a good season for\nseeding. The summer was very dry till the end of June, then we had a couple of weeks of\nshowers. The autumn was fine and dry till the end of October; since then some heavy\nrains. Harvest weather was very favourable. There were frosts about May 5th and\nSeptember 15th. The yield of crops was generally considered above the average, and crops\nwere saved in good order.\nMr. Thomas Bulman, Stump Lake, says:\u2014I have one thoroughbred Durham bull and\nfour graded Durhams and Polled Angus. My breeding stock are Durham grades. My mares\nare from Grey Eagle, owned by J. Campbell, Cache Creek, and Emigrant, a stallion owned by\nJ. Hamilton, Nicola. The yearlings and sucking colts are by the Hambletonian stallion, Ike\nGroff Grasshoppers; June bugs, big-jaw, wolves, coyotes, foxtail, are bad. (See Mr. Bul-\nman's remarks under \" Diseases and Pests.\"\u2014J. R. A..) Our best grass for hay, when it can\nbe kept from growing into large bunches, is rye-grass. I have entertained the idea of breaking\nthe bunches and transplanting them. It yields a heavy crop and appears to be very nutritious, but does not seem to grow well from seed. Any information I can get on the subject\nwill greatly oblige. I think the following are the best adapted to this locality :\u2014White\nRussian and Red Fife wheat\u2014Ladoga and Club wheat yield the best crops, but are too soft\nto be good flouring wheats; Two-rowed barley\u2014we are trying Hulless barley ; it appears to be\ngood grain; Black Tartar oats; Fall rye; Early Rose, Early Sunrise, and Beauty of Hebron\npotatoes ; Mammoth mangolds ; Swedes ; long red beets ; timothy. Clover has not done well\nwith me. I think, of horses, that half-breed Clydes or Shires are easiest sold and fetch the\nbest price. I prefer a French coach-horse, 1,400 fts. Common grade Durhams are best for\ndairying, and half-breed Polled Angus' for beef. A cross between Horned Blackface and\nLeicesters for mutton. White Yorkshire pigs. White Leghorns are hardy and the best\nlayers, and are not easily caught by hawks. I consider the indiscriminate fencing of the large\ntracts of Government lands by private individuals a great evil. Another evil is men allowing\ntwo-year old stallions to run at large in the spring, A great -many men consider a two-year\nold will not get colts before May. I have myself several mares in foal to two-year olds before\nMay. There were about 18 inches of snow last winter. It was not very cold, but long.\nWinter set in about Christmas, and did not break up till the latter end of February. The\nspring was late, but March was very warm and fine, and seed-time was good. The summer\nwas cold and windy, with plenty of rain. The autumn was rather cold, with dry, windy\nweather. Harvest weather was good\u2014only two rain-storms. Our grain yield was very good,\nand also that of the neighbourhood, oats yielding 2,000 to 2,200 fts. per acre; in some places\nmy rye yielded 2,400 fts. per acre. Our fall wheat froze out in the spring. Most of the\ncrops in our locality were saved in excellent condition.\nMr. Richard Murphy, of Quilchena, says :\u2014I think the following cereals, roots, &c, are\nthe best adapted to this locality :\u2014Club spring wheat, Fife fall wheat, Blue barley, White\nbeans, Early Rose potatoes, Timothy and White clover, Clyde horses^ Holsteins for dairy\npurposes, Durhams for beef, Cotswolds for mutton and wool, Berkshire pigs, and Black\nSpanish poultry. We had twelve inches of snow here last winter, and it was 10\u00b0 below zero.\nThe spring was early, with a good time for seeding. The autumn was dry, with good harvest\nweather.    Frosts were early.    The yield of crops was very large, and were well harvested. 762 Report on Agriculture. 1893\nCENTRAL  NICOLA,\nComprising all that part between Quilchena and Lower Nicola, has about fifteen settlers,\nwho raise a considerable quantity of cereals, root crops, and hay. Fruit, from some unexplained reason, has thus far not generally succeeded as well as could be wished ; apple trees,\nespecially, do not attain any great size before the tops die off. The roots do not seem to be\naffected, however, as they continue to throw up suckers. The probability is that some kinds,\nheretofore untried, will succeed, as all the conditions for fruit growing seem favourable. A\ngood many young trees are being planted out, so that the problem should soon be solved. The\nsoil is excellent, and like all this region wants irrigating. Water is plentiful for all present\nwants, and the supply could no doubt be increased when the markets are more accessible,\nwarranting the production of larger quantities of produce. The proposed railroad from\nSpence's Bridge, if taken to the foot of the lake, would have the effect of draining all this part,\nand, with the aid of the lake, pretty well the whole of Upper Nicola. At present the major\nportion of the produce is consumed in the valley, the distance to either Kamloops or Spence's\nBridge being so great : equidistant from either place about fifty miles. The roads are good,\nbut some of the grades are very heavy. Large numbers of beef cattle are raised, some horses,\nand probably more sheep than in other districts. The swine, dairy, and poultry industries\nare not followed to any extent. The same characteristics, as regards timber, exist here as in.\nUpper Nicola. As will be seen by the meteorological tables, the precipitation is very light.\nAccording to Mr. Dalley (see his letter under \" Meteorological\"), snow lies on the ground\nbetween two and three months; usual greatest heat, 85\u00b0, seldom reaching 90\u00b0. Cold ranges\nfrom zero to 35\u00b0 below for one or two weeks, sometimes reaching 40\u00b0. The altitude is generally\nnot much above the level of the lake (2,120 feet\u2014Sandford Fleming). Under \"Diseases and\nPests \" will be found a letter from Mr. John Clapperton on the wild horse question; it does\nnot appear to be bad in Nicola. The aphis has appeared on fruit trees, besides which grasshoppers, gophers, wild buckwheat, and fox tail are the principal pests complained of. Mr.\nClapperton furnishes the following as the yield in 1892 :\u2014\nWheat  71,200 fts.\nOats  137,000    \u201e\nBarley  20,000    \u201e\nPeas  9,000    \u201e\nHay  620 tons.\nRoots  684;   II\nApples        2,000 fts.\nPlums  500    \u201e\nCherries  100    \u201e\nIt appears from returns received that about 4 per cent, of the land owned is cultivated,\n5J per cent, is woodland, 1A  per cent, is swamp, marsh, and rock, and 89 per cent, is pasture.\nThe report of Mr. J. Clapperton, Correspondent, is as follows :\u2014\n1. Wheat (fall), 1,500 to 2,000 fts. per acre ;  1A cents per ft.\nPeas, 2,000 to 4,000   n ,. if    n\n2. Hay, 1  to   H tons \u201e     $10 to $20 per ton.\n3. Potatoes, 5 to 10 n n 1 cent per ft.\nMangolds, 10 to 20 \u201e ,i \\ u u\nCarrots, 5 to 10 n n 1 n n\nTurnips, 10 to 20 ,. n \\ \u00ab \u00ab\nOnions, 5 to 10 n n 2 to 3 n n\nCabbages,                                                   2 to 3     n         n\n3a. The yield was fair average of other years.\n2b. Fife and White Australian wheat, Chevalier barley, Challenge White Russian oats,\nTimothy, Orchard and Red Top grasses, Red and Alsike clover, Long Red and\nGlobe mangolds, Purple Top swedes, Yellow Danver onions are the best suited to\nthis locality.\n4. The following  was the average price obtainable :\u2014For apples, 4 to 5 cents per ft,;\nplums and prunes, 5 to 8 cents per ft. 56 Vict. Report on Agriculture. 763\n4a.  The season's crop was fair.\n4b.  The quality of the fruit was good.\n4c. The general opinion is that sandy or gravelly soils are best for fruit culture. Apples,\nplums, and cherries appear to do well if planted where the morning sun does not\nshine on them too soon, so fruit growers say. I don't know anything of fruit\nculture.\n4d. Peaches, apricots, and nectarines are not grown here; melons do well some years ;\ntomatoes don't always ripen.\n5. Linseed  is  not grown  extensively ;   I  have sown some, once or twice for occasional\nfeeding to horses, and considered it grew fairly well.\nG. Sugar beet will grow well if properly cultivated.\n7. I have not seen rape grown here.\n8a. Dairying is not extensively attempted.\n8b. xVverage price obtainable for butter, 30 cents per ft.\n9a. This locality is well suited for wool-raising.\n9b. Only 1,100 sheep here.\n9c. The wool is of very good quality.\n9d. Average weight of fleece is 5 fts.\n10a. People are going in for improved breeds of stock.\n10b. I consider the following are the best for this district:\u2014Clydes and Percherons for\ndraught; Durham, Polled Angus and Herefords for beef, Holsteins, Jerseys, and\nAyrsbires for dairying; Shropshire Downs and Leicesters for wool, Shropshire\nDowns and Southdowns for mutton ; Berkshire and Chester White pigs ; Plymouth\nRock are considered the best general poultry breed.\n11a. Poultry raising is neglected.\n11b. Average price of eggs : in summer, 25 cents; in winter, 50 to 75 cents per dozen.\n12. Apiculture is not tried.\n13a. The winter was mild for this section, but spring was late.\n13b. The spring was backward, with late frosts.\n13c. The summer was dry and warm ; there was less rain than for many preceding years.\n13d. The harvest weather was good.\n13e. No loss from bad weather.\n14.     Last  year  was,  on  the whole, almost exempt from insect pests injurious to growing\ncrops.    Mosquitos were unusually prevalent.\n15a. Labourers are generally easily procurable.\n15b.  Whites, Chinese, or Indians can be had when wanted.\n15c.  The  average  wages  paid   are:   Whites, $1  to $1.50 per day ; Chinese, $1  to $1.25,\nwithout board, and in busy seasons with board.\n16. Ensilage has not been tried.\n17. An early snowfall  prevented  the fall  ploughing being entirely finished ; there was\nnot much left, however.\n18. Agriculture is on a limited scale at Nicola, owing to no market outside local wants,\nwhich are easily supplied, most people raising enough for their own use.\nMr. John Clapperton, Nicola, says :\u20141 have pure pedigreed Durham Shorthorns, Polled\nAngus, and Herefords. I keep the three breeds distinct. The range cattle are coupled with\nthoroughbred bulls of above breeds. I think the following the most profitable and best suited\nto the district:\u2014Red Fife, White Australian, and Golden Drop spring wheat, Chevalier\nbarley, Multiplier peas, Early Rose and Beauty of Hebron potatoes, Long Red and Globe\nmangolds, Purple Top swede, Kentucky Blue and Orchard grasses, Sanfoin and Alfalfa clovers;\nClydesdales, Percheron Coach horse, and thoroughbreds; Holsteins and Jerseys for dairying,\nDurham, Polled Angus, and Herefords for beef; Cotswolds and Southdowns, crossed, for wool\nand mutton ; White Chester and Berkshire pigs.    Fall wheat is not much grown; rye is only 764 Report on Ag iculture. 1893\ngrown for hay. All European grasses thrive well; I find orchard grass best for mixing with\nclover. Hops would do well if attended to. Apples, generally speaking, are not successful;\nthey produce well for two or three years, and then they die from some kind of dry rot; no\none, as yet, can intelligently give a reason why. Plum trees and cherry trees do just the same\nas the apple trees. I have now the third lot of fruit trees in twenty years, and some of them\nare dying out as the others did. I think the altitude is too high here for grapes. We have\nnot suffered this year from any vegetable or fruit pests. The winter was mild; only once did\nfrost register 20\u00b0 below zero. Spring was late and cold, such as usually follows a mild winter;\ncold windy weather, withering vegetation. This lasted all through April, consequently harvest\nis two to three weeks later than usual. The summer was very hot and dry ; hardly any rain.\nPasturage was poor and dry. We have had a peculiar year; terrible heat and no rain, with\nunusual high winds. The yield of crops was barely on an average with other years ; on low\nlying bottom lands it was better than the average, on high dry lands it was under the average.\nCrops were saved in very good order, as there was no rain.\nMr. Joseph Collett, head of Nicola Lake, says:\u2014Grasshoppers are insect pests hero,\ngophers and magpies are animal pests, and foxtail is a noxious weed.\nMr. Edwin Dalley, foot of Nicola Lake, says:\u2014My sheep are Cotswold and Southdown\ngrades. The apple trees are infested with the aphis this year for the first time. Wild buckwheat is a noxious weed here.\nLOWER NICOLA,\nComprising all that part between Spence's Bridge, the vicinity of Coldwater, and Voght's\nValley, has about sixty ranchers. The road from Central Nioola leads via Coutlie's to Spence's\nBridge, distant about forty miles from the confluence of the Coldwater with the Nicola River.\nAnother road now in the course of construction, and which will probably be completed this\nseason, leads to Otter Valley about fifty miles distant, in the direction of the Similkameen. A\nrailroad from Spence's Bridge, the early construction of which seems to be pretty well assured,\nwould tap the whole of this fertile valley and afford an outlet for its products. The precipitation is not sufficient in most parts to ensure good crops; therefore, as in the rest of Nicola,\nirrigation has to be resorted to. Water is available from some of the mountain streams, and\nthere is an abundance in Nicola River, but the level of the latter is so low that it is not much\nutilized. The altitude of parts of this section (notably Voght's Valley, which is between 2,000\nand 3,000 feet) is so great that little besides hay can be successfully cultivated ; the lower\npart, however, the altitude of which according to Sandford Fleming is 2,028 feet, is a good\ngrain-producing country, a good deal of wheat being raised and ground into flour at the mill\nat the foot of Nicola Lake. Root crops produce abundantly, and so do small fruits ; but large\nfruits, especially apples, are not everywhere successful. A good many cattle, horses, and\nswine are raised, and some poultry, the latter principally for home consumption, and but few\nor no sheep. Dairying is only carried on to a limited extent. The soil is good, the characteristics both of it and of the timber and native grasses are very similar to the rest of the\nNicola Valley. Diseases and pests reported consist principally of the aphis on apple trees,\nsmut in grain, Canada thistles, wild oats, and foxtail. I beg to refer to Mr. Dalley's letter\nunder the head of \" Meteorological,\" which gives an idea of the climate.\nFrom returns received I find that about 7| per cent, of the land owned is under cultivation, 12| per cent, is woodland or forest, 18A per cent, is swamp, marsh, and rock, and 61A\nper cent, is pasture.    The following approximate data is furnished by Mr. H. S. Cleasby :\u2014\n1. Quantity of land owned  35,000 acres.\n2. Quantity of land cultivated  2,500    n\n3. Number of tons of grain produced  350 tons.\n4. Number of tons of hay produced  2,000    n\n5. Number of tons of root crops  120    it\n6. Number of tons of fruit  \t\n7. Number of cattle owned    2,500 head.\n8. Number of horses owned  1,200    n\n9. Number of sheep owned\t\n10. Number of swine owned ,        750    n 56 Vict. Report on Agriculture. 765\nThe following is t\nle report of\nMr. H. S\nCleasby, Correspoi\n1.    Wheat (fall),\n1,200 fts.\nper acre\n$1.75 per cental.\nWheat (sprin\ny), 1,500   ,i\ntt\n1.75\nBarley,\n2,000   t.\ntt\n1.50      ,,\nOats,\n1,800   ,t\nit\n1.50      i,\nRye,\n1,000   ,i\nii\n2.00      ,,\nPeas,\n2,000   \u201e\nii\n1.50      \u201e\n2.    Hay,\n2,000   tt\nn\n$12 to $15 per ton\n3.    Potatoes,\n10 tons\nit\n$1 per cental.\nMangolds,\n20    \u201e\nn\nCarrots,\n25    \u201e\nn\nTurnips,\n20    \u201e\nii\n3a. There was about an average yield.\n3b. White Australian wheat, Chevalier barley, Short or Potato oats, Fall rye, Multiplier\npeas, Timothy and  Cocksfoot grasses,   Red, Sanfoin, Alfalfa, and Alsike clovers,\nEarly Rose potato, Long Red mangold,  Shorthorn carrot,  and Yellow Danver\nonion are the best for this locality.\n4d.  Peaches, apricots, nectarines and grapes are not grown.    Melons and  tomatoes some\nseasons do well, but we are liable to too early frosts here.\n5. Linseed is not grown.\n6. Sugar beet is grown by some for feeding hogs.\n7. Rape is not grown.\n8a. Dairying is being more extensively followed every year,  so far  as  butter-making  is\nconcerned.\n8b. The price obtainable for butter is 30c. per ft.\n10a. Improved breeds of stock are sought after.\n10b.  I consider the following the best for this district:\u2014Pure or half-bred Clydesdales or\nPercherons for draught; crosses of Morgan and Hambletonian  sires,  with  good\ncayuse mares, for saddle and harness; Shorthorn cattle for beef and dairying;\nSouthdown sheep for wool and mutton ; Berkshire pigs ; Leghorn and  Plymouth\nRock poultry.\n11a. Poultry are not extensively or systematically raised.\n11b. The average price of eggs is 25c. per dozen.\n1 3a. Last winter was mild, with very little snow.\n13b.  The spring was late and cold.\n13c.  The summer was very dry.\n13d. There was fine dry harvest weather, frost coming about the usual time.    Since 20th\nSeptember, rather wet but open weather.\n14.    Fall wheat and oats, some years, especially if wet, inclined to smut.    (See \"Diseases\nand Pests.\"\u2014J. R. A.)\n15a. Labourers are usually plentiful.\n15b.  Whites, Chinese, and Indians.\n15c. Average wages paid are : Whites, by the year, $25 per month, with board; Chinese\nand Indians, $1 per day.\n17.    Most of the ploughing is done in the fall.\nMr. Peter Marquart, Coutlie's, says :\u2014Four-rowed barley, Fall rye, and Timothy are\nvery well suited to this locality. I consider Holsteins the best cattle for dairying, and\nDurhams the best for beef. We had 18 inches of snow last winter, with no rain and no cold\nweather. Spring was late and rather cold for seeding. The summer was cold, with fine\nweather and good harvest weather. There were frosts about the latter end of August. I\nconsider the yield of crops was not very good; they were, however, saved in fine condition. 766 Report on Agriculture. 1893\nMr. W. H. Voght, Voght's Valley, says :\u2014Timothy and Red-top grasses do very well\nhere. I consider Shorthorns the best for beef. There was not much snow, and no rain or\ncold to speak of, last winter. The spring was late; the summer was warm and favourable ;\nharvest weather was good. There were frosts all the year except in July. This is too high\nto depend on any growth but that of hay; it is about 3,000 feet in altitude. The yield of\ncrops was good, and they were harvested in good order.\nMr. W. Voght, Nicola Valley, says:\u2014My stock are graded. Wild buckwheat is a\nnoxious weed here, and Canada thistles are also beginning to be a nuisance. I think the\nfollowing cereals, roots, &c, are the best suited to this district: Red Chaff spring wheat,\nPotato oats, Daisy potatoes, Shorthorn carrots, Swedes, Yellow Danver onions, Long Red\nbeets, Timothy and Red-top grasses, and Red and Sanfoin clovers. I prefer Berkshire pigs\nand Plymouth Rock poultry. There was not much snow, no rain, and no cold weather, last\nwinter. The spring was fairly early, with a good summer and autumn. Harvest weather\nwas good.    Crops yielded well, and were saved in good order.\nMr. H. D. Green-Armytage, Nicola Valley, says:\u2014My stock are graded. There was\nwidespread disease this summer among barndoor fowls ; also among turkeys. (See \" Diseases\nand Pests.\"\u2014J. R. A.) Among noxious weeds the Canada thistle is making its appearance.\nThe most numerous are squirrel (or fox-tail) grass, wild buckwheat, and wild oats. I have\ngrown rye here, with success, for fodder. Timothy, Common and Alsike clovers, Red-top,\nOrchard, Kentucky Blue-grass and Sanfoin are profitable and well suited to this locality. I\nthink Tetofsky and Crab apples are the best for here. Plymouth Rooks and Game poultry\nare the best for this district. My garden produce was poor this year, from failure of water.\nI have lost some of my currant crop from curled leaf. Last winter there was a good deal of\nsnow on the mountains, and owing to the cold spring the floods were exceptionally high when\nwarm weather came. There was the least cold I have experienced in fourteen winters. The\nspring was late, with a good seeding time, and the summer was an average one, with good\nharvest weather. About 15th August the potatoes were cut with frost; otherwise no damage.\nI have not heard of any wheat being hurt by frost.\nMr. C. M. Newkirk, Voght's Valley, South Nicola, says :\u2014This is too high for fruit\ntrees; it is about 3,000 feet above sea-level. Potatoes did not come, from frost. There was\nan accumulation of about 18 inches of snow last winter, and it was comparatively mild. The\nspring was late and too cold for seeding. The summer was cold and dry, with a wet autumn\nand good harvest weather. There were frosts all the time, except a few nights in July. Hay\nis the only certain crop.\nMr. H. Lindley, Coutlie's, says :\u2014Wild oats and wild buckwheat are noxious weeds\nhere. I think the following varieties are the best adapted to this locality : Royal Australian\nfall wheat, Early Rose potatoes, Long Red mangolds, Shorthorn carrots, Yellow Danver\nonions, Timothy and Red clover, Durham cattle for beef, White Cheshire pigs, and White\nLeghorn poultry. Last winter there was very little rain, no cold weather, and very little\nsnow. The spring was late and good for seeding. The summer was dry, with a good autumn\nand favourable harvest weather. There was ice on 6th July, and frosts at the end of September.    I don't consider the yield was up to mark.    Crops were saved in very good order.\nMessrs. A. Coutlie and Sons, Coutlie's, say :\u2014We consider the following best adapted\nto our locality : Red Chaff wheat, White oats, Early Rose and Early Goderich potatoes,\nShort Red carrots, Yellow Danver onions, Long Red beets, and, on low land, Red-top grass;\nHolstein cattle for dairying, Berkshire pigs, and Plymouth Rock and White Leghorn poultry.\nLast winter was not very cold; there was no rain and not much snow. The spring was late\nand favourable for seeding. The summer was dry, with good harvest weather. There was a\nslight June frost, and frosts at the end of September. I consider the yield of crops was good,\nand that they were well harvested.\nMr. John Marquart, Coutlie's, says:\u2014My mares are graded Clydes. I have a graded\nHambletonian colt and a graded Clyde gelding; the rest are native stock. My pigs are\ngraded Berkshires.     Grasshoppers are an insect pest here.\nMr. Thomas Woodward, Lower Nicola, says:\u2014My stock are graded. The insect pests\nhere are green lice on young wood of apple trees.    The following are the most profitable and 56 Vict. Report on Agriculture. 767\nbest suited to this locality : Royal Australian spring wheat, Beardless barley, Maine oats,\nGolden Vine peas, Sugar beets, Timothy grass, Red and Alsike clover, Ironclad apples, Red\nplums, and French prunes. I think graded Hamblotonian horses are the most useful; Wyandotte and Plymouth Rock poultry.\nMr. R. M. Woodward, Lower Nicola, says:\u2014Our apples have suffered considerably from\na little green louse that literally covers some of the trees, dest roying both fruit and foliage to\na certain extent, but not killing the trees. (Undoubtedly the aphis.\u2014J. R. A,) Last winter\nthere was eight to ten inches of snow, no rain, and not very severe cold. The spring was very\nlate; it was good for seeding. The summer was very variable, from very warm to very cold,\nalmost amounting to frosts some nights. Harvest weather was good. There were no frosts,\nin our locality, but in some parts frost occurred in August, doing only very slight damage.\nThe yield of crops was fairly good, and they were saved in excellent order.\nSAVONA,\nOn the main line of the Canadian Pacific Railroad, is situated at the foot of Kamloops\nLake, 25 miles from the town of Kamloops, and has about fifteen settlers. Good waggon\nroads lead from this point to Kamloops and to Cache Creek, on the Cariboo Road, distant\nabout 25 miles. The precipitation being very small, and the land being of that porous nature,\nin common with the rest of the Thompson Valley, irrigation is necessary, and like the country\nabove, available water is not abundant, consequently, not as much is produced as the quality\nof the soil, and the advantages of easy transport, would warrant. Grain, root crops and fruits,\nincluding peaches, grapes, apricots, &c, all do well. Considerable numbers of beef cattle and\nhorses are bred, and some poultry, but no sheep or swine to speak of. The dairying industry\nis not prosecuted to any extent. Timber in the valleys is not plentiful, and is much of the\nsame character as about Kamloops. Pasture land is extensive, covered, as a rule, with bunch\ngrass. The altitude is somewhat less than that of Kamloops\u2014probably in the neighbourhood\nof 1,400 feet.    No diseases and pests are reported from this district.\nMr. Chas. Pennie, says :\u2014All my land is cultivable, but I only have water enough for\n200 acres. My breeding stock are graded, and the bulls are pure Shorthorn. I think the\nfollowing varieties the best for this locality : Royal Australian spring wheat; Rough Five rowed\nand Chevalier barley; White Egyptian oats; Aitte corn; Pennie's Prolific White potato; Improved Short White carrots; Elephant Swedes; Yellow Danver onion; Long Red beets;\nTimothy and Orchard grass; Alfalfa, Red and Sainfoin clovers; Wealthy, Wallbridge, Ben\nDavis, Golden Pippin, Fall Pippin, Twenty Ounce, Alexander, Gravenstein, Maiden's Blush,\nWaxen, Mcintosh Red, Golden Russet, and other apples; Bartlett and Keifer's Hybrid pears;\nWellow Egg, Greengage, Coe's Golden Drop, and Damson plums; Black Tartarian cherries;\nRussian apricots. I think Brahmas and Leghorns the best poultry. There are no pests.\nLast winter there was no rain, not much cold weather, and not much snow; the spring was\nlate, it was good for seeding; the summer was dry without extreme heat; the autumn was\ncool and showery with good harvest weather, and no frost till the end of October. The yield\nof crops I consider was good, and was saved in excellent condition. Rate of wages for\nordinary farm labourers, stockmen, &c, with board, is $40 per month, and Chinese $1 per day\nwith board.\nASHCROFT,\nOn the main line of the Canadian Pacific Railroad, is 22 miles below Savona, on\nThompson River. The Cariboo waggon road starts from this point, crossing the river by a\nbridge. There are about twenty settlers in the neighbourhood. Irrigation is necessary for\nthe successful cultivation of crops, but unfortunately water is not available in sufficient\nquantities in all parts. Where it is to be had good returns are obtained of almost any crops.\nIn Venables Valley some fruits will not stand the winter; apples, however, do well everywhere,\nand in the lower parts all the more tender fruits attain great perfection, and a large quantity 768 Report on Agriculture. 1893\nis being produced. Hay and cereals, including beans, succeed well; this part of the Province\nbeing the only one in which any quantity of the latter is cultivated. Root crops of all kinds\nyield well where they get sufficient moisture. About 3,000 head of cattle and 500 horses are\nowned in the neighbourhood, but sheep, swine, poultry, and dairying are much neglected.\nThe precipitation is very light indeed, little or no rain falls; the average depth of snow is\nunder 12 inches, and lasts for about three months, viz., January, February, and March, The\nhighest temperature in the hottest part of summer is probably about 100\u00b0 to 110\u00b0, while [the\nusual highest is probably about 80\u00b0. In winter the temperature seldom falls below 15\u00b0 below\nzero, but on occasions it goes much lower, but generally only for a few hours. The altitude\nof Ashcroft is given at 1,075 feet by the Canadian Pacific Railway Company. Principal\ndiseases and pests reported are the aphis, rabbits (Arctic hare), potato beetle (not Colorado),\nsome ordinary weeds, and distemper anlongst horses. Under \"Diseases and Pests\" will be\nfound letters from Messrs. Cornwall and J. J. McKay on the wild horse evil. According to\nreturns 8J- per cent, of the land owned is cultivated, 8 per cent, is woodland, 2 per cent, is\nswamp, marsh, and rock, and 81 A- per cent, pasture.\nMessrs. Cornwall Bros., say :\u2014Our stallion is a Clydesdale, and the mares are well-\nbred; our bulls are thoroughbred and graded Durhams; our stock cattle are graded Durhams.\nThe insect pests here are a green fly on fruit trees, a grey beetle on potatoes, clover and garden\nstuff, and some years grasshoppers. Noxious weeds are plentiful. Kidney potato, Early Horn\nand Long Yellow carrots, Eclipse beets, Alfalfa, Red anil Alsike clovers, are the best varieties\nfor this district. We think horses as nearly thoroughbred as jiossible and Durham cattle for\nbeef the best.\nLong Shew, near Ashcroft Station, says :\u2014I have three hundred and seven acres all fit\nfor cultivation, but I am short of water for irrigation. My horses are graded. The potato\nbug is an insect pest. Buckwheat and hogweed tire noxious weeds. I think the following\nvarieties the most profitable: Ladoga wheat, Three-rowed barley, Potato oats, White and\nSugar corn, Brown or Chili beans, Early Rose and Kidney potatoes, White carrots, Yellow\nonions, Large Blue plums, and Large Red cherries. I think Hambletonian horses, Cheshire\npigs, and Wyandotte poultry, the most useful breeds. There were four inches of snow last\nwinter, no rain, and 12\u00b0 below zero for one day. The spring was late and not very favourable\nfor seeding, keeping cold until the middle of May. The summer and autumn were very good,\nwith very good harvest weather. The first frost was on the 10th of November. The crops\nyielded very well, and were harvested in good condition.\nMr. W. V. Kirkpatrick, Venables Valley, says :\u2014My stock are the ordinary scrub\nstock. It is impossible to raise the English gooseberry it mildews so badly, but the mildew\ndoes not bother the American varieties. Distemper is common in horses, but not bad. The\nplant louse or aphis is very troublesome to apple trees. Rabbits are very numerous and they\ngirdled or barked a good many of my apple trees last winter, several of which died. Both\nsalsify and chicory have become noxious weeds, having gone wild. They are becoming very\ntroublesome, especially as they are hardy perennial plants they are hard to exterminate. The\nfollowing are best adapted to the neighbourhood : Red Fife Spring wheat, Common Six-rowed\nbarley, Morning Star and Green Mountain potatoes, Yellow Danver onions, Timothy and\nKentucky Blue grasses, Sanfoin clover. For summer: Tetofsky, Red Astrachan apples.\nFor autumn: Duchess of Oldenburgh, Wealthy, Fameuse, and Salton apples. For winter:\nPlum Cider, Talman Sweet, Grospomare, and Ben Davis apples. Corn will not ripen here.\nPlums, prunes, cherries, peaches, quinces, apricots, nectarines, and grapes will not stand the\nwinter here.\nMr. T. G. Kirkpatrick, near Black Canon tunnel, says:\u2014I have one graded Gallowway\nbull and a few graded cows. There are no diseases of plant life. Horse distemper is quite\ncommon every two or three years among my horses ; some die with it. The apple aphis is the\nonly insect pest here worth mentioning. I use a strong decoction of tobacco of my own\ngrowing as a remedy. Gophers were bad in my orchard, but I got rid of them by placing\npoisoned parsnip in their runs. The following I consider the most useful varieties : Red\nFife spring wheat, Common Six-rowed barley, Bayo beans, Green Mountain (late variety),\nDaisy (early variety) potatoes, Guerande carrots, Yellow Danver onions, Timothy, Common,\nRed, Alsike, and Sanfoin clover, Tetofsky,  Yellow Transparent,   and  Red  Astrachan apples 56 Vict. Report on Agriculture. 769\nfor summer, Wealthy, and Fameuse for autumn, Wallbridge, Winesap, and Talman Sweet for\nmid-winter, Rawls' Gennet and Scots' Winter for late apples, Coes' Golden Drop plum,\nJefferson and Columbia plums, the next best being an unnamed seedling of my own, Early and\nMay Duke cherries, and Agawam grapes. My pear trees are only just coming into bearing.\nI don't yet know which are the best. I am trying all the early kinds of peaches that I can\nhear of and hope to get some kind that will do.\nMr. George Knappett, Venables Valley, says :\u2014My stock are the ordinary common\nstock. Distemper is a disease here. Grasshoppers and large horse-flies are insect pests.\nChipmunks are an animal pest.     Wild buckwheat is a noxious weed.\nRate of Wages.\u2014Ordinary farm labourers, $1.50 per day, or $35 to $40 per month and\nboard ; stockmen, etc., $1.50 per day, or $45 per month and board; skilled labour, $3 to $5\nper day without board, or $75 per month with board; Indians, $1.50 without board, and\n$1.25 per day with board, or $30 per month with board ; Chinese, $1.25 per day without\nboard, $1 per day with board, or $25 per month with board.\nSPENCE'S BRIDGE,\nOn the main line of the Canadian Pacific Railroad, twenty-six miles below Ashcroft on\nthe Thompson, has about twenty ranchers in its neighbourhood. The old Cariboo waggon-road\ncrosses the Thompson at this point and is still used by those living on its line. The road\nfrom Nicola also comes in here somewhere on the line of the proposed railroad to Nicola.\nThis also is a fine fruit-growing part of the country, and no trouble is experienced in ripening\npeaches, melons, and such things. Several orchards are owned in the vicinity, and Mr.\nMurray has also a nursery. Young orchards are being planted out, so that it will not be long\nere large quantities of fruit will be produced. All ordinary crops do well, the conditions\nbeing about the same as in the rest of this section. Cattle for beef are raised in considerable\nnumbers, and some sheep. As in other parts, no interest is taken in the swine, poultry, nor\ndairying industries. As will be seen by the meteorological reports furnished by Mr. Murray,\nthe observer, the climate is very equable and the precipitation trifling. Irrigation is therefore\nnecessary, especially as the soil is of that porous nature that moisture is not long retained.\nStreams from the steep hill-sides furnish a fair quantity of water. The altitude of Drynock,\nsix miles to the southward, is 700 feet, by the Canadian Pacific Railway Company. The\naphis has put in an appearance on the apple trees here, as elsewhere. Other diseases and\npests consist of distemper among horses, some grasshoppers, and the usual weeds. The\nfollowing data is furnished by Mr. John Murray, and is only an approximation :\u2014\nQuantity of land owned  2,000 acres.\nit ti    cultivated  400    n\nNumber of tons of grain produced       30 tons.\nii ii       hay produced  . , 400     ii\nii ii        root crops        80     n\nn \u201e       fruit       20     ,i\nii cattle owned '.  600 head.\nii horses      n             40    n\nii sheep       it             50    n\nii swine       n       \u25a0 \u2022 \u2022 \u25a0    .      50    n\n' According to returns the cultivated land amounts to 20 per cent, of the quantity owned,\n15 per cent, is woodland, 1 per cent, is swamp, marsh, and rock, and 64 per cent, is pasture.\nThe following is the report of Mr. John Murray, correspondent:\u2014\n1. Wheat (Fall),      1,500 fts. per acre ; $ 1.75 per 100 fts.\nWheat (Spring), 1,500   \u201e         \u201e ' 1.75 \u201e\nOats,                     1,500   ,i         \u201e 1.75\n2. Hay, 2 to 3 tons    ,, 9.00 to $13 per ton. 770 Report on Agriculture. 1893\n3. Potatoes, 7 tons per acre ; $18.00 per ton.\nMangolds, 12     n        n 1 cent per ft. (no market.)\nCarrots, 10.    n        n 1 n n\nTurnips, 12     n        n 1 n n\nOnions, 2 11\nBeets, 1 ii\nParsnips, 1 n\nCabbages, 1 11\n3b.  Sanfoin and Timothy, Red Clover, Alfalfa, White Kidney potato, Gate Post mangold,\nSwedes, Yellow Danver onion, and Winter Savoy cabbage are the best  suited to\nthis place.\n4. The average prices  obtainable  are:     For  apples, 2J cents; for plums and prunes, 6\ncents; for cherries, 12A   cents; for  grapes, 8 to 10 cents per pound ; for currants,\n4 cents.\n4a.  The season's crop was fair.\n4b.  The quality of the fruit was good.\n4c.  A deep sandy loam is the best soil for fruit culture.\n4d.  Grapes, melons, and tomatoes are all grown successfully.\n4e. Ben Davis and Janet apples give a good crop every year. Gravenstein, Fameuso,\nPewakee, Russet, and Duchess of Oldenburgh apples ; Flemish Beauty and Winter\nNelis pears ; Bradshaw, Yellow Egg, and Greengage plums, and Heart cherries\nhave been found to give best results.\n5. Flax is not tried.\n6. Very little sugar beet is grown.\n7. No rape is grown.\n8a. Dairying is only followed for family use.\n8b. The price for butter is 35 cents.\n9a. This part is well suited to wool-raising.\n9b. No large amount of sheep kept.\n10a. People are going in for improved breeds of stock to a small extent.\n11a. Poultry raising not largely attempted.\n11 n. The average price of eggs is 25 cents to 35 cents per dozen.\n12. Apiculture is not tried.\n13a. Last winter was mild.\n13b. The spring was wet with late frosts.\n13c. The summer was about the average.\n1 3d. The autumn was good.\n13e. The loss from unfavourable weather was very small.\n14. The aphis on apple trees are a pest with young trees; wash  in  a strong solution of\nsoap as a remedy.\n15a. Labourers can be procured fairly easily.\n15b. Whites, Chinese, and Indians.\n15c. The average wages paid are $20 to $30 per month with board.\n16. Ensilage has not been tried.\n17. About 33 per cent, of the ploughing is done in the fall.\n18. Farms are generally improving, good irrigation ditches, fair fences and buildings,\nand good improvements.\nMessrs. Wood & Campbell, Spatsum Station, C. P. R., say :\u2014Our stock are graded\nShorthorns. We have four thoroughbred Durham bulls. Small green insects feeding on\nyoung growth of apple trees are insect pests. (Probably aphis.\u2014J.R.A.) There are no\ndiseases of animal life or animal pests to speak of. Noxious weeds are jjlentiful. All outplace is under hay, such as Sanfoin and Alfalfa; also wheat, oats, and peas cut green for hay. 56 Vict. Report on Agriculture.\n11.\nBeans, potatoes, and carrots do well. We think the following fruits the best for this locality :\nBen Davis, Roxbury Russets, Mann, Grime's Golden, Salome, Wealthy, Gravenstein,\nDuchess of Oldenburgh, and Tetofsky apples ; Bartlett, Flemish Beauty, Winter Nelis pears;\nImperial Gage, Columbian, Greengage, and Peach plums; Italian and Felenbergh prunes ; May\nDuke, Governor Wood, and Royal Anne cherries ; Stump the World and Crawford peaches ;\nSalem and Concord grapes. We consider the following the best breeds of stock : Shorthorns\nfor beef ; Berkshire pigs ; Black Spanish and Leghorn poultry.\nLYTTON,\nOn the main line of the Canadian Pacific Railroad, at the confluence of the Thompson\nwith the Fraser twenty-two miles below Spence's Bridge, has about twenty-five settlers, most\nof whom are engaged in fruit raising and in the cultivation of cereals and root crops. The\nequable summer heat of the valley of the Lower Thompson, protected as it is by the high\nmountain ranges which keep narrowing the valley as you descend, makes it especially favourable\nfor maturing the more tender fruits, many tons of which are now cultivated and sent to the\ncoast markets. Mr. Earl says of peaches, however, that the winters are apt to injure them,\nand are therefore unprofitable. The fruit industry is being prosecuted vigorously by Mr.\nEarl, Mr. Seward and others in the vicinity. The precipitation being small, irrigation is\nnecessary for success in producing crops. The temperature of Lytton is probably about the\nsame as that of Spence's Bridge (see meteorological tables), perhaps a little colder in winter.\nThe altitude is 675 feet, by the C. P. R. It is not well adapted, on account of the rather\nprecipitous mountains, for cattle and sheep raising ; this remark does not apply to poultry,\nhowever ; nevertheless the industry is not followed. The aphis is the only pest reported.\nFrom returns received I find that 55 per cent, of the land owned is under cultivation, 30 per\ncent, is woodland, 11 per cent, is swamp and rock, and 4 per cent, is pasture. It will be seen\nthat Mr. Earl's estimate of cultivated land agrees very nearly with the above. The following\napproximate data and report were supplied by Mr. Earl, correspondent for Lytton and Foster's\nBar:\u2014\nQuantity of land owned  886 acres.\nQuantity of land cultivated     450     n\nNumber of tons of grain produced       140 tons.\nNumber of tons of hay produced ,  200    n\nNumber of tons of root crops  200     n\nNumber of tons of fruit         35     n\nNumber of cattle owned  150 head.\nNumber of horses owned  120    n\nNumber of sheep owned      20     tt\nNumber of swine owned  100     n\n1. Wheat (fall), 30 bushels per acre.\nWheat (spring), 30      tt \u201e\nBarley,             40 to 60      \u201e\nOats, 40 to 60      ,,\nPeas, 30      \u201e\nIndian Corn,    30 to 50      n n\n2. Hay.\u20142 tons per acre; $18 to $20 per acre.\n3. Potatoes.\u2014100 to 300 bushels per acre.\nMangolds, n n n\nCarrots, n n n\nTurnips, n n M\nOnions, 50 to 100 n n\nBeets, it it I,\nCabbages.\u20144 to 8 tons per acre.\nOther roots and vegetables.\u20144 to 8 tons per acre.\n3a. The crop of the above was middling good. 772 Report on Agriculture. 1893\n3b. I consider the following give the best results here :\u2014Spring wheat, Red clover, St.\nPatrick's potato, Swedish turnip, Yellow Dutch onion, and Drumhead cabbage.\n4. The following are the average prices obtainable :\u2014For apples and pears, 3 cents per\nft. by the ton; plums and  prunes,  4  cents  per  ft. by the ton; cherries, peaches,\napricots, nectarines, and grapes, 12 cents per ft.\n4a.  The season's crop was an average one.\n4b.   The fruit was of good quality.\n4d. Peaches, apricots, nectarines, grapes, melons, and tomatoes grow very well, but are\nsubject to damage from frost.\n4e. The following particular fruits give the best results :\u2014Blue Pearmain, Northern Spy,\nGreening, Newton Pippin, and Gravenstein apples; Seckel, Beurre d'Anjou,\nBartlett, and Winter Nelis pears ; Washington, Blue Imperial, and Golden Egg\nplums; Ox Heart, May Duke, and Black Eagle cherries.\n5. Linseed has not been tried.\n6. Sugar beet has not been grown to any extent.\n7. Rape has not been tried.\n8a. Dairying is only carried on to a very limited extent.\n8b. The average price obtainable for butter is 30 cents per ft.    No cheese is made.\n9a. This part is not very well suited to wool-raising; it is too mountainous.\n9b. The quality of the wool is good.\n10a. People are not troubling about improved breeding stock.\n10b. Durhams for beef, Jerseys for dairying, Southdowns for Wool, Leicesters for mutton,\nBerkshire pigs, and Brahma poultry are the best breeds for here.\n11a. Poultry-raising is not very extensive : it is carried on in the usual farming way.\n1 In. The average price of eggs is 35 cents per dozen.\n12. Bees have not been tried.\n13a. Last winter the snow was heavy.\n13b. The spring was dry; no late frosts.\n13c. The summer was cold in June, and hot in August.\n1 3d. The summer was dry ; the autumn was wet.\n13e. There was no loss to mention from unfavourable weather.\n14. The green aphis is quite troublesome; I am spraying with coal oil emulsion.\n15a. Labourers are easily procured.\n15b. Indians are preferred.\n15c. The average rate of wages is $1.50 per day.\n1G. Ensilage has not been tried.\n17. There is very little fall ploughing done.\n18. All crops have to be irrigated, and then with proper care crops are good.    Not much\nditching is required ; fences have to be good. This last winter (1892-93) has been\na severe one. On the 18th of November I was ploughing, and it commenced\nsnowing, with no frost. It snowed from time to time until we had three feet of\nsnow, which laid on the ground until the middle of January. The snow then\ndisappeared, and it was quite warm for three weeks; it then suddenly turned\ncold, and the glass went down to 20\u00b0 below zero. I lost all the grapes I had,\nfrom twelve to fifteen hundred, also losing some cherry trees, peaches, and a few\napple trees. I belie ve all who had grapes lost them, as well as many other trees.\nI have been here thirty-three years, and never experienced a winter like it. The\nsnow coming and lying so long kept the sap up, and then when the cold came it\nkilled the tree or vine. This may not happen again in a lifetime. I mean to\npurchase and set out one thousand grape vines in the spring, as I am satisfied\ngrapes will do well. 56 Vict. Report on Agriculture. 773\nMr. Thos. G. Earl says :\u2014The aphis is troublesome to fruit trees. The following are\nthe best and most profitable fruits for this locality :\u2014Northern Spy, Yellow Newton Pippin,\nHubartson's Nonesuch, Baldwin, Vandevere, Blue Pearmain, Spitzenburg, Greening, Roxbury\nRusset, Ribston Pippin, Smith's Cider, Duchess of Oldenbergh, Yellow Bell Flower, and Astrachan apples, Bartlett, Winter Nelis, Vicar of Winkfield, and Sekel pears, and Russian apricots,\ntill kinds of plums, prunes, cherries, and grapes. The green aphis is a pest. Last winter\nthere was not much snow ; there was a great deal of rain ; there was no cold weather. The\nspring was late, but it was good for seeding The summer was cold, with a wet autumn.\nHarvest weather was not good. There was frost about the 20th of October. The yield was\nvery poor, owing to cold winds in J une and July. Crops were saved in good order. 1 suppose\nyou are well aware that this is not much of a farming district, For many miles around here\nthe farms are mostly small and widely scattered. I would' suggest your visiting this vicinity\nin the spring.\nNORTH BEND,\nOn the main line of the Canadian Pacific Railroad, 27 miles below Lytton, on the Fraser.\nThis is about the dividing line between what I elsewhere designate as the Lower and the\nUpper Country, the former being all that part lying to the westward of the Cascade or Coast\nRange, the climate of which is much more humid than that of the Upper Country, or Dry-\nBelt, as it is also termed. North Bend partakes somewhat of the characteristics of both.\nThere are about six ranchers about here and Boston Bar, who principally raise root crops and\nfruit, the limited area of agricultural land rendering the production of grain unprofitable.\nThe mountainous character of the country is also against stock-raising to any extent. The\naltitude of North Bend is given by the Canadian Pacific Railway Co. at 425 feet. Before\nproceeding to report on the Lower Country, I will take those places along the Cariboo Road\nand the Fraser in a northerly direction, also in the Upper Country. This part of the country,\nin consequence of the lateness of the season and the heavy snow on the ground, which came\nmuch earlier than usual (18th November), I was unable to visit, and have, therefore, to trust\nto what reports I have.\nMr. John Lyons, North Bend, says :\u2014North Bend is a new district. Its settlers are\ndevoting their time to fruit and vegetable culture and poultry-raising. All root crops and\nevery variety of vegetable are of the very best grade. We have the best of mountain streams,\nwhich the travelling public admire when alighting from the trains at North Bend. It is\nadmitted to be the Vale of Avoca of North America. Its hotels, stores, and pleasure resorts\nare second to none on the Canadian Pacific Railway. The orchards are young, being a new\ndistrict. All fruit grown here is of the best quality. The soil is well adapted to roots and\nfruit culture. The summers are long and dry; irrigation is needed. There was very little\nsnow last winter; the thermometer registered zero on two nights. Spring was early, with a\ngood seed-time. The summer and autumn were good, with good harvest weather. The crops\nyielded very well, and were saved in excellent order.\nCACHE CREEK AND HAT CREEK,\nBoth emptying into the Bonaparte River, are on the Cariboo Waggon Road, the former\nabout 13 miles from Ashcroft, and the latter some 10 miles further. There are about 30\nranchers in the vicinity of the two places, the most of whom are engaged in raising cattle for\nbeef, the country about here being well adapted for the purpose. There are about 3,000 head\nof cattle in this neighbourhood, and but few or no sheep or swine. Irrigation is necessary,\nand water is not lacking, especially on the lower lands, where the waters of the main streams\nare used. Grain, root crops, and fruit of the hardier kinds all produce well. The potatoes of\nthe Bonaparte have a reputation all over the Province for their excellence, and are pronounced\nby many to be the best in the world. Upwards of 500,000 fts. per annum are produced,\nwhich always command the top market price in the coast cities.    The altitude of  Hat  Creek 774 Report on Agriculture. 1893\nValley, as given by Sandford Fleming, is 2,466 feet, and that of the, Bonaparte 1,847 feet.\nThere is no meteorological station nearer than Spence's Bridge, but it may roughly be stated\nthat little or no rain falls, and an average of probably 24 inches of snow, which lies on the\naround for about three months.     Rate of wages for ordinary farm labourers is $1.25 per day,\nor $35 per month, with board.\nLILLOOET\nIs situated on the Fraser, at the confluence of the river flowing out of Anderson and\nSeton Lakes and which is joined by the Cayoose River close by. It is off the main Cariboo\nRoad, and is reached from Lytton, distant about 46 miles, by a trail leading along the Fraser.\nA road leads northward past the Pavilion to Clinton, about 47 miles, where it joins the\nCariboo Road. The main outlet, however, is a road turning off at the Pavilion through the\nMarble Canon, and joining the Cariboo Road at the mouth of Hat Creek, the distance being\nG8 miles to Ashcroft. A road 3A; miles long leads to Seton Lake, some 16 miles long, which\nin turn is joined to Anderson Lake by a road 1A miles long, the latter being about the same\nlength as Seton Lake. A road from the southern end of Anderson Lake leads to Lillooet\nLake and Harrison Lake, which was the route followed to Cariboo before the road along the\ncanons of the Fraser was built. The altitude of Anderson Lake is given by Sandford Fleming\nat 875 feet, and Seton Lake at 802, Lillooet, at the river, being about 700 feet. The number\nof ranchers about Lillooet and Pemberton Meadows is about 30. Isolated as this part of the\ncountry is, with long stretches of road to haul over, it is to be expected that only sufficient for\nlocal wants, and of those points easily reached, is produced. Irrigation is necessary for the\nsuccessful production of crops. Water is to be had, but generally at some expense, on account\nof long distances. Cereals and root crops yield largely, but for fruit of all kinds this region is\nspecially adapted, peaches, apricots, grapes, melons, tomatoes, &c, all maturing well. A\nconsiderable number of beef cattle and horses are bred, but the sheep, swine, poultry and\ndairying industries are not prosecuted. Pests are not numerous, wild horses being probably\nthe worst (see Mr. Hoey's letter under \"Diseases and Pests\"). There is no meteorological\nstation nearer than Spence's Bridge, to the south-east about 40 miles as the crow flies, but the\nclimate may roughly be said to be much about the same. Precipitation light, snow lasting\nabout three months. Temperature, usual coldest about 15\u00b0 below zero, and usual hottest\nabout 90\u00b0. In correction of my report of last year, under this head, I beg to draw attention\nto a letter from Mr. Smith, M.'P. P. (see \"Meteorological\").\nThe following is the report of Mr. Hoey, correspondent :\u2014\n1. Wheat (fall),       1,800 fts. per acre, 1| cents per ft.\nWheat (spring), 1,400 n\nOats, 1,300 i, 2 ,i\nRye, 1,300 \u201e 2 \u201e\nPeas, 2,000\n2. Hay (first crop, clover and timothy), 3 tons per acre.\n3b.  Red clover gives a good first and second crop of hay.\n4.     Average price realized for apples, pears, plums, 4 cents per lb.; cherries, 10 cents per\nft.     Sales limited.\n4a. The crop was good.\n4b.  The quality of fruit was good.\n4c.   Our soil here is a warm dry soil, and requires irrigation.\n4d. Mr. Smith, our member, has both peaches, apricots, melons, and grapes, of different\nvarieties, and some are eatable at the present time (4th  September).    We  have\nmore tomatoes than we know what to do with.\n8a. No butter is made except for home consumption, as this is too far from any market.\n8b. Butter retails here at 40 cents per ft.\n8. Flax grows wild ; none is cultivated.\n9b. There are not many sheep in this part of the district. 56 Vict. Report on Agriculture. 775\n10a. Most farmers who own any quantity of stock have been improving the breeds.\n10b. The cayuse, when crossed with any American horse, makes a very serviceable animal.\nNo high-toned horses in this part of the district.\n11 A. Poultry only raised for home  consumption.    Transportation  too  heavy  to  pay  for\nraising poultry  for  the  outside market.    This is the best country I know of for\npoultry.\n12. Thirty-two years ago I brought in a hive of bees ; they did well.    I  did  not  under\nstand their management, and they eith'er died or left. The clover blossoms and\nwild flowers are covered with wild bees.\n13. We have it sometimes 98\u00b0 in the shade here.    About the 1st of September all grain.\nwas cut. Fall wheat is cut about the 1st of August. We never have any frost\nto do any damage to crops between seeding and harvest. We often can plough\nup to the 25th December.\n14. There was a slight disease among horses, but  it  was not  fatal  about  here.    Weeds\ngrow everywhere here ; the most troublesome is wild buckwheat, but summer\nfallowing would be a great means of getting rid of all troublesome weeds. As for\npests, I might say there are none, except yellow jackets and flies ; we have our\nshare of these.\n15b. Our labourers are whites, Indians, and Chinese.\n15c.  The average wages are :   Whites, $30 to $35 per month ; Indians and Chinese, about\n$1 per day and board.\n16. Ensilage has not been tried yet.\n17. Ploughing is generally done here in the spring.\n18. Broom corn, Sweet potatoes, and Sorghum grow  here well.    There is any amount of\nland between here and Lytton adapted to above products, if we had a road so as\nto give us an outlet to the seaboard. We have everything that is needed for home\nconsumption, and could stop some of the drain on the country, and it would benefit\nboth large and small farmers.\nMr. Richard Hoey says :\u2014We have no pests that I know of. Neither peach, apricot,\nnor grapes are affected by any pests. Caterpillars sometimes visit the apple trees ; they,\nhowever, go after the wild rose bush or alder most. We have to prop up our apple tree\nbranches or else they would break with the weight of fruit. There were about eight inches of\nsnow last winter, and it lasted about two and a half months. It was cold and dry, with very\nlittle rain. The coldest was 1 3\u00b0 below zero. It was a mild winter. There were cold winds\nin the spring which, however, did not interfere with seeding. The summer was often 98\u00b0 in\nthe shade ; it was good growing and ripening weather. The autumn days were warm in the\ndaytime, pleasant and cool at night. Harvest weather is always good ; it seldom rains. In\nthe spring the frosts come as late as the 1st or 10th of March, and light frosts in the fall\nfrom the middle of October to 1st of November, and sometimes not till the 20th December.\nCrops that were grown were good. We cut a second crop of clover. Potatoes were taken up\nby the 1st of November.\nPAVILION MOUNTAIN,\nOn the road between Lillooet, and Clinton, about twenty miles from either point, has\nabout twenty ranchers. Although the altitude is very great\u2014the summit being given by\nCapt. R. M. Parsons, R. E., at 5,012 feet, and the north base at 3,535\u2014good grain and root\ncrops are produced in abundance wherever water is to be had for irrigation. Unfortunately\nof late the water rights have proved to be a source of litigation amongst the farmers, and in\nconsequence but little has been done, or can be done, until this question is laid at rest. Cattle\nare raised in considerable numbers for beef, but sheep, swine, and poultry are not produced\nin any quantity. There being no meteorological station, I can not give definite data. The\nrainfall is small, however, and for the altitude (an average of probably 3,500 feet) the quantity\nof snow is not great,  probably two feet, and lying four months, December to March.    No 776 Report on Agriculture. 1893\nparticular pests are complained of. Barley, oats, and timothy hay are the principal crops\nproduced, and are chiefly used for feeding stock. The timothy hay raised here has a great\nreputation, and is considered as good as can be produced anywhere in the world. There is a\nsufficiency of timber of fair quality for all purposes. Tt appears from returns received that 41\nper cent, of the land owned is cultivated, nearly all the rest being given as pasture.\nMr. Thos. J. Cole says :\u2014I have one full-bred Galloway bull and one half-bred Durham,\nthe rest are common stock. As for diseases of plant life, they are very few, except mildew on\npeas. Wild buckwheat and cockle are noxious weeds. I generally seed half my ground and\nsummer fallow the other half to destroy weeds Nothing can be raised without irrigation.\nCommon Red chaff, Spring wheat, Early Rose potatoes, Half Short carrots, and Mammoth\nRed clovers are the best suited to this locality. I think Clyde horses and Berkshire and\nChester hogs are the best.\nRates of wages\u2014Indians, $1.50 per day, $35 per month, without board ; $1.25 per day,\n$30 per month, with board.    Chinese, $1.50 per day ; $30 per month with poard.\nCLINTON,\nAt the junction of the Lillooet road with the Cariboo road, about 32 miles from Ashcroft,\nand 47 by road from Lillooet. There are, about fifteen ranchers in the vicinity. Irrigation is\nnecessary, and water is available for the purpose in sufficient quantities. Fruit has not been\nproved to be a success as yet, but it is being tried ; small fruits I except, these doing well\neverywhere. Grain and root crops are cultivated to a certain extent and succeed well, but, of\ncourse, the production is limited by the demand. Good barley and oats are grown, but it is\ntoo cold for wheat. Cattle are raised for beef, about 2,000 head being owned in the vicinity,\nand about 500 horses. Few or no sheep, swine, nor poultry are raised, and dairying is quite\nneglected. The snowfall is about from 1| to 2 feet, and it lies about four months, say from\n1st December to 31st March. The usual hottest is 85\u00b0, or thereabouts, and usual coldest\nabout 25\u00b0 below zero\u2014See Mr. Soues' remarks under \" Meteorological.\" The altitude is in\nthe neighbourhood of 3,000 feet. The Mound, six miles east of Clinton, on the Bonaparte, is\nabout 800 feet lower. The average depth of snow there is about 12 inches; usual hottest,\nabout 90\u00b0 ; usual coldest, about 6\u00b0 below zero. The timber consists of White pine, Douglas\nfir, and Bull pine, scattered about the lower lands, and there is ample for local demands.\nPests, consist of wild horses, of which there are probably 1,000 head between this place, Big\nBar, and Bridge Creek ; wolves are rare, and coyotes are not numerous on the eastern side of\nthe river, but are plentiful on the western side. There are also a few bears. The aphis has\nmade its appearance. Mosquitoes, buffalo gnats, and wasps are very numerous, and are great\nnuisances. By returns received, I find that 30 per cent, of the land owned is cultivated, 14J\nper cent, is woodland or forest, 22 per cent, is swamp, marsh, and rock, and 33J per cent, is\npasture.\nThe Western Canadian Ranching Co., Clinton, say :\u2014We own 400 acres here, all in\nwild hay and timothy.\nThe following remarks were on an unsigned report from Clinton :\u2014I have a half-bred\nClyde and English cart mare stallion, a pedigreed Aberdeen Polled Angus bull, and a full-\nbred Berkshire boar. Insects on black currant bushes and apple trees (See \" Diseases and\nPests.\"\u2014J.R.A.) All varieties of barley, mangolds, carrots, turnips, onions, and beets, early\nvarieties of potatoes, Timothy, Rye grass, Orchard, Blue Joint, Red Top grasses, Alsike, Scarlet\nAlfalfa, Common and Red clovers are well suited to this locality. Peas do not do well except\nfor hay. Ironclad and hardy varieties of apples are. the best for here. Some people are commencing to try a few of these trees ; so far they are doing well, but they are not bearing yet.\nRate of wages\u2014Ordinary farm labourers, $2 per day, $30 to $45 per month with board.\nIndians, $1.50 per day with board.    Chinese, $1.25 per day ; $30 per month with board,\nMr. John Saul, The Mound (see remarks under \" Meteorological \"\u2014J. R. A.)\u2014The\nMound is an isolated valley. My nearest neighbours are on the north, or up the Bonaparte\n18 miles, south or down the river 12 miles by trail, and Clinton is 6 miles west. 56 Vict. Report on Agriculture. 777\nBIG BAR,\nSituated on Fraser River, about 35 miles from Clinton, with which it is connected by a\nwaggon road, has, with High Bar, Canoe Creek, etc., about 30 ranchers. The altitude, of the\nriver at this point is about 1,200 feet, so it'will be, seen that the descent from Clinton is very\ngreat, and the temperature is proportionately milder. Grain of all kinds are successfully\ncultivated, including wheat, beans, and Indian corn. Fruits, including peaches, melons,\ntomatoes, etc., also do remarkably well, and so do root crops of all descriptions. The soil\nbeing gravelly and porous, the small precipitation is not sufficient to insure good crops being\ngrown without the aid of irrigation. WTater, T am glad to say, is in sufficient quantities for\nall present needs.- There are some 3,000 head of cattle in the neighbourhood, and about\n7,000 head of sheep between this and Dog Creek. No swine nor poultry to speak of are\nproduced, and dairying is only carried on to a limited extent for local purposes. Timber is\nscarce near the river, but is more plentiful on the hills, where also good summer ranges are\nobtained for cattle.    Diseases and pests are just about the same as they are at Clinton.\nMr. Alexander Burnett, Crow's Bar, says :\u2014I don't farm for the want of water. The\nonly pests are a few potato bugs. About 10 inches of snow fell, but it did not remain long.\nCattle wintered without hay. It was a mild winter, and there was no rain. The spring was\nlate ; it was good for seeding. The summer was rather milder than usual. The autumn was\nmild, with good harvest weather. There were no frosts till 5th September. The yield of\ncrops was good, and they were harvested in good order.\nEMPIRE VALLEY,\nOn the western bank of the Fraser, is about 20 miles, as the crow flies, from Big Bar.\nAccess to the road from the last-named place is had by means of a ferry. A road is also in\nthe course of construction up the Fraser to Hanceville, in Chilcotin. Probably about ten\nranchers live here, who devote their time almost exclusively to stock-raising, the country\nbeing scarcely adapted, by reason of the scarcity of water for irrigation, for the cultivation of\ncrops, although the, soil is capable of producing most cereals and roots. The climate is\nsimilar to Big Bar, the precipitation being small, and the temperature comparatively mild.\nMr. J. N.J. Brown says :\u2014This portion of the Province is principally prairie or'open\nland, and there are many places that could be utilized but for want of water, as irrigation\nmust be resorted to for a successful growth of crops. All kinds of grain, potatoes, carrots,\nturnips, pumpkins, squish, and other vegetables do well.    Durham stock seem to do best.\nDOG CREEK AND ALKALI LAKE,\nOn the eastern side of the Fraser, the former about sixty-five miles from Clinton and the\nlatter about fifteen miles further. The stage road ends at Alkali Lake, and communication\nfurther up the country from this point is only had by trails. About twenty-five ranchers live\nin the vicinity of the two places. For the successful production of any kind of crops irrigation\nis an absolute necessity, but the water supply that is easily available is limited. The precipitation is light; there are usually spring rains about May, and fall rains about October; the\nsnow averages about eight or nine inches when packed, which lies on the ground for two to\nthree months, beginning generally about the end of December. The temperature is : Usual\ngreatest heat probably 90\u00b0, and the usual greatest cold between 20\u00b0 and 30\u00b0 below zero. The\nsoil is a sandy loam with clay subsoil, and in parts a heavy alluvial loam, which, with sufficient\nmoisture, will produce both large and small fruits in abundance, and grain and root crops.\nLarge quantities of hay are produced, of clover, timothy, wheat, oat, and wild grass. Some\n2,000 head of cattle are owned, chiefly for beef purposes, and probably between 200 and 300\nhorses. Some swine are bred, but not many, and about 4,000 sheep, but no poultry to speak\nof, and dairying is not carried on to any extent. The timber is principally fir, which is\nplentiful and good for all ordinary purposes.    The  principal pests are  wild  horses and some 778 Report on Agriculture. 1893\ncoyotes, but the latter are not very numerous. Some complaint is also made of the aphis,\ngrasshoppers, and mosquitoes. I commend Mr. Place's remarks on the subject of wild horses\nto the attention of the reader (see Diseases and Pests). By returns received it appears that 4\nper cent, of the land owned is under cultivation, 1 per cent, is woodland, 6 per cent, is swamp,\nmarsh, and rock, and 89 per cent, is pasture.\nThe report of Mr. J. D. Prentice, correspondent, is as follows :\u2014\n1. Wheat (spring).\u20141,500 to 2,000 fts. per acre; 2 cents per pound.\nOats, 1,000 to 1,500   ., \u201e 2    \u201e\n2. Hay (timothy).\u20141 to 2 tons per acre.\nHay (wild) \u20141 ton per acre.\n3. Very few roots and vegetables grown.\n3b.  Alfalfa, Sanfoin, Timothy, and Potato oats are considered best suited to this part.\n4. Too far from market to allow any quantity of fruit to be grown to advantage.\n4d. Melons and tomatoes grow successfully on the lower benches of the Fraser.\n4e.  Hardy winter apples are the best.    Linseed, sugar beet, and rape I don't think have\nbeen attempted.\n8a.  Too far from market for dairying.\n9a   The climate is too dry to carry any number of sheep.\n9b. There are about 4,000 sheep here.\n9 c.  Half merino wool.\n9d. The average weight of fleece is about 7 pounds.\n10a. Improved breeds of stock not much sought after.\n10b.  I think the following are the best breeds of stock  for this district :\u2014French Coach\nand  Half-bred  Clydes  for  draught; for  saddle, the native mare bred to a blood\nhorse gives a hardy, fast saddle horse; the standard   bred  trotters  are  preferred\nfor  harness; Shorthorns  for beef; Ayrshire  or  Durhams for dairying ; a  cross\nbetween Merinos and Lincolns for wool and mutton.\n1 1a.  Poultry raising is neglected.\n11b. The average price of eggs is 35 cents per dozen.\n12.    Apiculture is not attempted.\n14.    Grasshoppers destroy much valuable pasture.\n15a.  Labourers are usually easily procured.\n15b.  Whites, Chinese, and Indians.\n15c.  Average wages are :  Whites, $1.50 ; Chinese and Indians, $1 per day with board.\n16. Ensilage has not been tried.\n17. There is very little fall ploughing done.\n18. Attention is being given  to ditching for  irrigation, for hay chiefly.    The Western\nCanadian Ranching Company have done considerable fencing and  building, and\nhave modern implements and machinery, including a steam saw-mill.\nMr. J. S. Place, Dog Creek, says:\u2014Ants,, green flies, crickets, grasshoppers, sand flies,\nhorse-flies, and mosquitoes are insect pests here. All kinds of wheat, barley, oats, peas, carrots,\nand turnips, early varieties of corn, beans, onions, and beets, Early Rose potatoes, Timothy, and\nRye grasses are well adapted to this locality. Fruit culture is only in its infancy, and I can't\nsay what kinds are best. Durham cattle for beef; Merinos for wool; Cotswolds for mutton ;\nBerkshire pigs, and Plymouth Rock poultry are best suited to this locality. 56 Vict. Report on Agriculture. 779\nLOWER  CHILCOTIN.\nFor convenience I have divided Chilcotin into Lower and Upper. The former is that\npart in the elbow formed by the. Chilcotin River where it flows into the Fraser on its western\nside, beginning at about Meldrum's on the Fraser, and ending at Hance's, Timber or Saw Mill\nCreek, which flows into the Chilcotin. Access is had to it from Alkali Lake by trail to the\nconfluence of Chimney Creek with the Fraser, where there is a ferry across the latter; this\ntrail is about twenty miles long. Good roads also lead from Pinchbeck's, at the northern end\nof Williams Lake (about ten miles), and from Eagle's ranch, about three miles from the main\nCariboo road, near the southern end of Williams Lake (about fifteen miles), to the mouth of\nChimney Creek. Another waggon road, about forty miles in length, crosses the Fraser at\nSoda Creek by ferry, and leads down the western side to the Chilcotin post office. There\nare about 15 ranchers here, whose chief occupation is breeding cattle for beef. Probably\nthree thousand head are owned, but few sheep, and a good many swine. No dairying is\ncarried on, nor poultry-raising to speak of. The precipitation is not heavy ; in some seasons\nthunder storms are of frequent occurrence, but otherwise not much rain falls. The snowfall\nis in the neighbourhood of thirty inches ordinarily, and it lies from about the 20th November\nto the first week in March. No crops can be depended upon coming to anything without\nirrigation. Water is scarce in the immediate vicinity, but it is to be had by going long\ndistances, and to the consequent expense of ditches. The temperature is : usual greatest heat,\nabout 90\u00b0; greatest cold about 30\u00b0 below zero on the lower part, and probably 10\u00b0 lower\non the plateau, which is higher. The soil is a light sanely loam, with gravel or clay subsoil,\nwhich produces grain of all kinds in most places; root crops also do well, and tomatoes\nmature; green corn also does fairly well. Small fruits, like all the rest of these parts,\nproduce well, but it has not yet been proved what degree of success will attend the culture of\nlarge fruits. There seems to be no reason, however, why they should not do on the lower\nlands. There are two small flour mills and a saw-mill in the district. Timber is not scarce,\nand consists of fir on the lower lands and black pine on the hills away from the river, but it is\nall indifferent for lumbering purposes. On the open lands near the streams there is good\npasture, principally hunch grass, and in the timber pea-vine and swamp grass. A great deal\nof the water is impregnated with alkali, but stock like it and thrive well on it. Sufficient\nquantities of hay to feed stock are obtained from the beaver meadows, supplemented by\ntimothy, oat and wheat hay. Horses, however, of which there are many, generally winter\nout, there being good ranges for them. The altitude about Mr. Drummond's place, near the\nmouth of Risky Creek, is given by Sandford Fleming at 2,170 feet. The table land or prairie,\nsome miles further back from the Fraser, is considerably higher, probably 500 feet. The\nprincipal pests complained of are wild horses (see Mr. Prentice's remarks under \" Diseases and\nPests\"), coyotes, and wolves for calves and sheep, some bears for young pigs, grasshoppers,\nwild oats and buckwheat, foxtail, and smut in grain.\nThe following is the report of Mr. M. G. Drummond, correspondent:\u2014\n1. Wheat (spring),  1,000 to  1,800 per acre; 2 cents, on ranch.\nOats, 800 to  1,600 i, 2      i,\n2. Hay, | to 2 tons,      n        $5 per ton, swamp hay; $10, green feed.\n3. Potatoes, very good yield;  1 cent per ft.   '\nMangold and turnip, good yield.\nTurnips, fair yield.\nOnions, beets, and parsnips, good yield.\nCabbages, very good yield.\n3a. It is impossible to state yield per acre, as no one either measures land or weighs\ncrops ; one can only guess.\n3b. Red  Fife wheat,  English big straw oats, Timothy, Sanfoin, and Early Rose potato\nare considered the best varieties.\n4. No fruit  is  yet  grown  in  Chilcotin,  except  crab  apples ;   such trees as have been\nplanted seem to indicate that hardy apples, plums, etc., would grow satisfactorily.\n4c. A light volcanic soil, in sheltered hollows facing south, is the best for fruit culture. 780 Report on Agriculture. 1893\n4d. Tomatoes grow well when not frozen.\n4b.  Ironclad, Russian, and Crab apples are the most promising kinds.\nLinseed, sugar beet, and rape are not tried.\n8a. Dairying is not attempted.\n8b. Butter is worth 30 cents per ft.\n9a. The country is not well adapted for wool-raising.\n9b. Sheep are not raised here in any numbers.\n9c. The wool is very poor.\n9d. Average fleece is very light and dirty.\n10a. People are going in for improved stock.\n10b.  The following are the best breeds for this district:--Cleveland Bays for draught and\nharness, Shorthorns or Polled Angus for beef, Berkshire pigs.\n11a.  Poultry-raising not extensively carried on; they do well if properly housed.\n11b. The average price of eggs is 4'0 cents to 75 cents.\n12.    Apiculture has not been tried.\n14.    Grasshoppers  have  been  committing  great  damage at times to the ranges; smut is\nmost prevalent; distemper is a disease here amongst horses.\n15a. Labourers are plentiful.\n15b. Whites,'Chinese, and Indians.\n15c. The average wages are $30 to $40 per month.\n16. Too cold for ensilage.\n17. A certain amount of fall ploughing is done.\n18. Grain growing  does  not  pay,  stock  being the only means of livelihood.     Farming,\nowing- to expense of raising crop, wages, summer frosts, and bad markets, has been\nalmost abandoned, except for the production of hay.\nMessrs. Beecheii & Dester say :\u2014Our cattle are graded Shorthorns and our pigs are\nhalf-bred Berkshire. The following are noxious weeds : Foxtail growing amongst the timothy,\nbuckwheat and wild oats amongst the potatoes and garden stuff. Red Fife and Club wheat,\nFall rye, Early Yellow six-week bean, Early Rose potato, and timothy are the best for this\nlocality. Graded Shorthorns for dairying and beef, half-bred Berkshire pigs, and Plymouth\nRock poultry are the best for this locality. Last winter there was not much snow ; there was\nno rain and no cold weather. The spring was late and not good for seeding. The summer\nand autumn were cold. There was good harvesting weather. There was frost on the 1st\nSeptember. The last two winters have been mild, and cattle wintered out. There was an\naverage yield of crops; they were saved in good condition.\nUPPER   CHILCOTIN\nCovers a very large area, and besides all that part to the westward of Saw-Mill Creek, I\nhave included that part to the southward of Chilcotin River. A good waggon road leads\nfrom Chilcotin post office past the Hanceville post office, in Upper Chilcotin, which are about'\n35 miles apart. A bridge crosses the Chilcotin River at Hanceville, which gives access to the\nsouthern side of that river. A road from this point is also under construction to Empire\nValley, some 30 miles down the Fraser from the mouth of the Chilcotin. There are some 25\nranchers hereabouts. The principal industry is the rearing of cattle for beef, which, including\nthose of the Western Canadian Ranching Co., number between 4,000 and 5,000 head. The\nlast-named company has also about 3,000  head of sheep and  300 horses;   and scattered 56 Vict. Report on Agriculture. 781\nthroughout the district there are possibly 200 to 250 more, while the Indian ponies number\nperhaps 500 to 700. The swine, poultry and dairying industries are practically altogether\nneglected. Plenty of wild hay is to be had for stock, but horses, as a rule, winter out on the\nranges, there being excellent feed even when the snow is on the ground. The altitude of\nHanceville is between 2,400 and 2,500 feet, while Chilco Lake, some 70 miles to the southwest, is given by Mr. Sandford Fleming at 3,150 feet. That part, however, to the southward\nalong the Fraser is, of course, much lower; the Gang Ranch, belonging to Western Canadian\nRanching Co., some 12 or 15 miles below the Chilcotin, being about 1,800 feet. The temperature at the latter place, and along the Valley of the Fraser and Lower Chilcotin River, is\nabout the same as at Dog Creek, viz., 90\u00b0 usual greatest heat, and 20\u00b0 to 30\u00b0 below zero usual\ngreatest cold ; whilst on the higher levels, or Upper Chilcotin proper, it is usual greatest heat\nabout 90\u00b0, and usual greatest cold about 40\u00b0 below zero. The precipitation in the latter\nsection is heavier than at Lower Chilcotin, the snowfall being about 40 inches, and which lies\nabout four months. (See Mr. F. J, Nightingale's report, under \"Meteorological\") On the\nFraser, in the neighbourhood of the Gang Ranch, it is much lighter; probably about the same\nas at Dog Creek. To make sure of a crop it is necessary to irrigate, for which purpose available water is fairly plentiful in the upper part, by going to some expense for ditching, but\nabout the Fraser not enough can be obtained to irrigate all the arable land. The. valley of\nthe Lower Chilcotin River, which is low and warm, and that of the Fraser near the river,\nwill probably grow good fruit, but it has not yet been proved. The upper parts are undoubtedly too cold, and trees could not mature before the cold weather sets in. Grain of all kinds\ndoes well on the lower parts, but wheat often gets frosted in the upper parts. Root crops all\ndo well. Timber is plentiful, principally black pine on the hills, and cottonwood or poplar\nalong the rivers. None of it is much good for lumber, however. There are two small flouring\nmills in this district also.    Pests are wild horses, coyotes, grasshoppers, and foxtail.\nThe Western Canadian Ranching Co. say :\u2014Our stock are chiefly Shorthorn. Grasshoppers are an insect pest ; wild horses are an animal pest, and foxtail is a noxious weed when\nthere is too much water ; it kills cattle, cutting their lungs. The most profitable breeds of\nstock, we consider, are : Cleveland Bay and French coach-horses, Shorthorns for beef, Merinos\nfor wool, Cotswolds and cross between Lincolns and Merinos for mutton. Irrigation is necessary, but at present we have not enough water available.\nBRIDGE CREEK AND LAC LA HACHE,\nOn the main Cariboo road, the former about 50 miles from Clinton, and the latter about\n22 miles further, have about 25 ranchers. The altitude of Bridge Creek House is given by\nCapt. Parsons, R. E., at 3,086 feet, and Lac La Hache at 2,488 feet, whilst Sanford Fleming-\nplaces the latter at 2,682, by which it will be seen that Bridge Creek is slightly higher than\nClinton. The temperature is about 6\u00b0 lower, viz.: Probably usual greatest heat, 80\u00b0, and\nusual greatest cold, 36\u00b0 below zero. The snowfall is about 4|- feet, and lies on the ground for\nabout five months, viz., from 1st November to 31st March. The rainfall is inconsiderable. In\nconsequence of the prevalence of summer frosts, little or no grain besides rye is grown, and no\npotatoes; other root crops, however, do well. Large fruit cannot be grown successfully. At\nLac La Hache, however, most cereals and root crops can be grown, but not large fruit. The\nsnowfall is lighter and goes off about three weeks sooner. The temperature is also higher,\nprobably 6\u00b0 or 7\u00b0. (See Mr. Abel's report under \" Meteorological.\") Irrigation is necessary all\nthrough this section, although at Bridge Creek it is not much required, as little more than hay\nis raised. Sufficient water in most parts is available for the purpose, Many cattle are bred,\nboth for beef and dairying ; probably as many as 1,000 or 1,500 head between the two places.\nThere are also a good many horses, the ranges being very well adapted for them. Some few\nsheep are reared, and a good many hogs in connection with dairying. Dairying- is carried on\non a comparatively large scale ; also the production of hay, oats, and barley for local demands\nand for those of the mining camps. The land is generally a good loam with gravelly subsoil.\nThe character of the country is rolling hills with patches of timber, some of which is of very\nfair quality. Bunch-grass in the open land, with pea-vine amongst the timber, afford good\nsummer ranges for stock.    Pests are not numerous, coyotes being the worst. 1.\n2.\n3.\nBarley,     1,500 fts  per acre\nOats,        1,500   .>         ,,\nRye,         1,000   ,.\nHay,             1A tons      n\nPotatoes,      4       m          n\nOnions.\n782 Report on Agriculture. 1893\nThe following approximate data is supplied by Mr. W. Abel, 111-Mile House:\u2014\nQuantity of land owned , about 15,000 acres.\n,, ,.        cultivated      2,000    n\nNumber of tons grain produced  300 tons.\nti it     hay it       3,000     it\nii ii    root crops  100    n\nii it    fruit\t\nii cattle owned      4,000 head.\nii horses      n           1,000    n\nii sheep       ii              100    n\nii swine       n              400    n\nThe above is, as near as I can give, along the waggon-road from Bridge Creek to\n180-Mile House inclusive, but not including any of the Williams Lake Valley\u2014W. Abel.\nThe following is the report of Mr. W. Abel, correspondent:\u2014\n2A cents per lb.\n2|\n2\n| 8 per ton.\n30\n80       ,i\nMangolds,  carrots,  turnips,  beets,  parsnips,  cabbages\u2014We  raise good crops of all\nthese,  but  I can only guess at the average crop, and prices vary from | cent per\nft. to 1 cent per ft.\n4a.  The season's crop was very good.\n4d.  Neither peaches, apricots, nectarines, grapes, melons, nor tomatoes are grown here.\n8a.  Dairying is carried on extensively here with success.\n8b. The price obtainable for butter is 30 cents ; for cheese, 20 cents.\n9a.  I think this part of the country is well suited for wool-raising.\n9b.  Sheep-raising not extensively attempted.\n10a. There is enquiry after improved breeds of stock.\n10b. Durhams are the best for beef.\n11a. Poultry-raising is not extensively carried on.\n11 a. The average price of eggs is 50 cents per dozen.\n12.    Apiculture has been tried a little with good results.\n13b.  The spring was wet.\n13c  The summer was cool most of the time.\n13d. The early autumn was wet, later on it was cold.\n15a. Labourers are plentiful.\n15b. Whites, Chinese, and Indians.\n15c. The average wages are $25 to $40 per month.\n16. Ensilage has not been tried.\n17. There is a limited amount of ploughing done in the fall.\nMr. Dennis Murphy, Lac La Hache, says :\u2014I have one stallion and three mares, full-\nbred pedigreed Clydesdale ; my other horses are graded. My cattle are graded. The bulls\nare Shorthorn and half-bred Shorthorns. There are no diseases of plant or animal life.\nHouse flies are an insect pest. Buckwheat and wild oats are noxious weeds. Coyotes (see\n\"Diseases and Pests\"\u2014J.R.A.) Last winter was very mild; there was not more than 10 inches\nof snow ; there was hardly any cold, only below zero a few days. Ploughing commenced on\nthe 20th March. There was a good seeding time. The summer was very dry. The latter\nend of October was very wet. There was a frost on the 1st of October, not very heavy ; no-\ndamage was done to crops. The yield of crops was very good, and they were harvested in\nvery good order, 56 Vict. Report on Agriculture. 783\nMr. W. Abel, 111-Mile House, says:\u2014I have one pedigreed Shorthorn bull and three\nhalf-bred bulls. Barley, rye, and oats do best at this end of the valley. Potatoes, mangolds,\ncarrots, turnips, onions, and beets all do very well. Medium heavy hardy horses are best for\ngeneral work here. There was a moderate quantity of snow here last winter ; there were\nseveral heavy rains here in the early part of the winter ; there was not much cold. The\nspring came about the ordinary time, with a good time for seeding. The summer was rather\ncool, with very wet weather in the early autumn. We only had one frost to do any damage,\nand that was in August.    The yield of crops was good, and they were saved in good condition.\nWILLIAMS LAKE\nIs situated between the Main Cariboo Road and the Fraser. The Post Office of the\ndistrict is the 150-Mile House on the Cariboo Road, which is about forty miles by road from\nthe southern end of Lac La Hache. Pinchbeck's, at the northern end of Williams Lake, is\nconnected by a good road, about ten miles in length, with the 150-Mile House. There are\nabout fifteen ranchers in the vicinity. The altitude of Williams Lake Court House is given\nby Capt. Parsons, R.E., at 2,135 feet; that of the 150 is considerably higher. Cereals, except\nwheat, grow well at the 150, but at the Lake all cereals do finely. Root crops of all kinds do\nwell at both places. Fruit does not succeed well, at least the kinds that have been tried.\nAccording to Mr. Pinchbeck (see \"Meteorological\") the greatest summer heat is from 90\u00b0 to 95\u00b0;\nusual, 65\u00b0 to 70\u00b0; greatest cold, about 40\u00b0 below. Snowfall is about twenty inches, and\ndisappears about two weeks sooner than at Bridge Creek. Rainfall, about twelve inches.\nIrrigation has to be resorted to to insure any returns from crops. Water for that purpose is,\nhowever, rather difficult to obtain. A considerable number of cattle, are bred, there being\nprobably in the neighbourhood of 1,000 head hereabouts. A good many horses, a few sheep,\na fair quantity of swine, and a good deal of poultry are also raised. Dairying is carried on to\nsome extent, but all industries, except cattle and horse breeding, are cramped for want of\nsufficient outlets. A few coyotes, grasshoppers, and some of the ordinary weeds are the\nprincipal pests. From returns I find that 32A per cent, of the land owned is cultivated, 7 per\ncent, is woodland or forest, 8 per cent, is swamp, marsh, and rock, and 52A per cent, is pasture.\nThe report of Mr. W. Pinchbeck, correspondent, is as follows :\u2014\n1.    Wheat (fall), 1,500 to 2,000 fts. per acre ; 2A cents per ft.\nWheat (spring), 1,200 to 2,500   ., '     ii 2\\ to 21 cents per ft.\nBarley, 1,500 to 2,500   \u201e ,, 2\\ to 2-|-    ,.,\nOats, 1,200 to 2,000   ,, \u201e 2\\ to 2|    \u201e\nRye, 1,200 to 2,000   tt ,. 2\\ cents per ft.\nPeas, 2,000 to 3,000   ,, t, 3 cents to 4 cents per ft.\n2\nHay.\u20141 ton to 3 tons per acre; $10 to $12 per ton.\n3. Potatoes.\u201410 to 15 tons tt 1 cent, per ft.\nMangolds, 20 to 25 \u201e \u201e \\ \u201e \u201e\nCarrots, 15 to 20 t, tt 1 ' ,, ,,\nTurnips, 20 to 30 n n \\ n n\nOnions, 8 to 10 n n 3 n n\nBeets, 15 to 20 n n 1 n ii\nParsnips, 10 to 12 n m 1 h n\nCabbages,   10 to 15    n    n 2|- to 3 cents per ft.\n3a. Roots of all kinds do well; there is, however, no market. I feed mine to pigs and\ncattle.\n3b. Royal Australian wheat, English Two-rowed and Six-rowed barley, Winter rye, Stratagem peas, Timothy, Red clover, Beauty of Hebron potato, Long Red mangold,\nYellow Danver onion, and Hollow Crown parsnips are the best varieties for this\ndistrict.\n4. Apples are shipped here and sell for 10 cents per ft.\n8a.  Dairying pays well, but is not extensively carried on for want of a market.\n8b. The average price for butter is 25 cents to 30 cents per ft.    Cheese is 25 cents per ft. 784 Report on Agriculture. 1893\n9a.  This part is well adapted to wool-raising.\n9b.  No large quantity of sheep kept.\n9c.  The wool is of good quality.\n9d. The average weight of fleece is 3 to 5 fts.\n10a.  People are going in for improved breeds of stock.\n10b.  Half-bred Clydes for draught, and Shorthorns for beef, are  the  best  breeds in  this\ndistrict.\n11a.  Poultry-raising is not extensively followed for want of a market.\n11b. The average price of eggs is 50 cents per dozen.\n12.     Bees  have been tried here without success.     I think it is for want of proper knowledge.\n13a.  Last winter the snow was light, and there was but little frost.\n13b.  Spring was dry and frosty up to the 6th of   May ; then there were light showers and\nhot weather in the latter end of May.\n13c.  The summer was very hot by spells, and then cool with some heavy showers.\n13d.  Harvest weather is generally good.    There were some light frosts in   September and\nOctober.\n13e.  The loss from bad weather was small.\n14.    The loss of stock and crops from diseases and pests has not been over one per cent.\n15a.  Labourers are not easily procured  when  wanted, and  we get  a  very poor  class of\nlabourers.\n15c. The average wages paid are $25 to $40 per month with board.\n16. Ensilage has not been tried in this district.\n17. About two-thirds of the land is ploughed in the fall.\n18. There is plenty of laud for farming, but water is scarce for  irrigation, requiring the\nexpense of long ditches.     A fair average crop can be grown in this district without\nwater in most places.\nSt.  Joseph's Mission,   Williams  Lake, say :\u2014There   was a foot  of  snow last  winter.\nThere was very little  cold  weather, and  no rain.     Seeding  time  was  not favourable.     The\nsummer was late, and the autumn   was  fine. Harvest weather was  not favourable.    There\nwas a heavy frost on the 21st of September. The yield of crops   was very  good, except four\ntons of wheat that got frozen.\nMr. W. Pinchbeck, Williams Lake, says:\u2014My stock are mixed bred Shorthorns. Distemper is a disease here. Grub-worms or cut-worms, and small grasshoppers one year in every\nten or fifteen, horseflies and buffalo gnats are the insect pests. Pig-weed, stink-weed, wild\nmustard, and a small weed in this part called wild buckwheat tire the noxious varieties.\nRoyal Australian, White Australian, and Red Fife wheats, English Brewing Two-rowed and\nSix-rowed barley, White Side oats, Strategy and Bliss Ever Bearing peas, Beauty of Hebron\nand Early Puritan potatoes, Long Red mangolds, Short Red and White carrots, Swedes,\nYellow Danver onion, Timothy, are the best varieties for this locality. Clover freezes out\nmost winters and will not stand the climate here. We have the light coach horse here, and\nwe are mixing them with the Clydesdale. In the poultry line Plymouth Rocks appear to be\nthe favourite fowl, and White Aylesbury ducks ; there are but few turkeys or geese.\nSODA   CREEK,\nAt its junction with the Fraser, is about 27 miles from the 150-Mile House, on the main\nCariboo Waggon Road. The navigation from this point up the Fraser for some distance is\ngood for light draught steamers. The number of ranchers is about 18. The average altitude\nof the general run of the farms is somewhere about 1,500 feet. The greatest usual heat is\nfrom 80\u00b0 to 90\u00b0, and the greatest cold about 40\u00b0 below zero, but only for a few days. The\nprecipitation is decidedly light.    Some rain falls in summer, generally in the shape of thunder 56 Vict. Report on Agriculture. 785\nshowers. Average rainfall, probably about 10 inches, and .snowfall (packed) 12 to 15 inches,\nwhich lies from about 15th November to 20th March. (See Mr. Hawkes' report under\n\" Meteorological.\") To insure good crops, irrigation must be resorted to, and there is an\nabundance of water for the purpose. All cereals and root.crops come to perfection, as well as\nsmall fruits, but large fruits have, up to this time, not succeeded. It is thought the seasons\nare too short to allow of the trees maturing sufficiently before the winter sets in, and they get\nkilled down to the roots in consequence. Mr. Dunlevy says he has grown cherries, pears, and\ngrapes, but they have all been killed after one or two seasons. He considers this as good a\nsection for general farming as any in the Province. Timothy, clover and alfalfa yield large\ncrops of hay, furnishing food for the large numbers of live stock which are bred. About 500\nhead of cattle are sold yearly for beef. A fair number of horses, swine and poultry are also\nproduced. Dairying is carried on to some extent. The land is sandy loam, with some limestone and a clay subsoil. The country is mostly timbered, with patches of open land here and\nthere. The timber is generally red fir, but it is not much good for milling. Bunch-grass in\nthe open and pea-vine amongst timber afford good feed for stock. A few coyotes, wild oats,\nbuckwheat, and some Canada thistles are reported amongst pests.\nMr. J. F. Hawks supplies the following approximate data :\u2014\nQuantity of land owned  2,440 acres.\nii             cultivated  550     n\nNumber of tons of grain produced  140 tons.\nhay          \u201e           240     \u201e\nti                roots        ti           250     ti\nNumber of horses owned  55 head.\ncattle       i,        280     \u201e\nii          swine       n        25     n\nThe following is the report of Mr. J. F. Hawks, correspondent :\u2014\n1. Wheat (spring), 20 bushels per acre, 2| cents per ft.\nOats,        ' 30 ii 21\n2. Hay (Timothy),    1 ton n $15 per ton.\n3. Roots and vegetables.\u2014Only a moderate yield ; can hardly estimate amount.\n4. No fruit is raised ; a few trees are being tried.\nId. Peaches, apricots, nectarines and grapes are not grown. Melons are grown with\npoor success. Tomatoes are grown in favourable locations. Linseed, sugar beet\nand rape have not been tried.\n8a. More or less butter is made, but not enough to interfere with raising calves.\n8b.  Price obtainable for butter is 30 cents per ft. at the farm.\n9a. The country is well suited to sheep-raising.\n9b.  Sheep are not raised in any quantities.\n9c.  Wool is of good quality.\n10a, Improved breeds of stock are being sought after.\n10b.  Berkshire pigs seem to do well.\n11 a. There is not much system in the poultry-raising.     Most farmers have more or less to\nsupply themselves with eggs and poultry.\n11b.  The average price of eggs is 30 cents in summer and 50 cents in winter.\n12.    Bees have been tried a few times, but not with much success.\n13a. Last winter was rather mild, with a very light fall of snow.\n13b. The spring was cold, with much cold drying wind.\n13c.  The summer was very dry and moderately warm, except one hot week in June, which\ndid much damage to the grain.\n1 3d. In the autumn there was considerable wet weather, rather free from early frost.    A\ncold snap in the middle of October interfered with potato digging.\n14.    Wild oats is our worst weed, and is very hard to kill.    Wild buckwheat is the next\nworst.    There are a few Canada thistles, and in some locations mustard abounds. 786 Report on Agriculture. 1893\n15a. Labourers are not plentiful at busy times.\n15b.  Whites, Indians, and Chinese.\n15c.   The average wages for whites, $30 to $40 per month ; Indians and  Chinese,   $20  to\n$35 per month.\n1G.     Ensilage has not been tried.    I think the winters are too cold.\n17.     With some farmers a lot of fall ploughing is done.\nI much regret that you could not have extended your trip to this part of the country,\nas a personal visit would result much more satisfactorily.\nALEXANDRIA.\nA good agricultural section, extending on both sides of the Fraser ; is about twenty miles\nfrom Soda Creek by the Cariboo waggon road, and has about fifteen ranchers. The altitude\nand climate is much about the same as it is at Soda Creek, the precipitation being somewhat\nheavier. There is a fair supply of water for irrigation, which, however, is not always essential,\nfor raising crops, as the rainfall is sometimes sufficient. Some of the land is a light sandy\nloam with a gravel subsoil, and some a heavy soil with a clay subsoil, which, with sufficient\nmoisture, will produce large crops of all kinds of grain and roots. Fruit lias not yet been\nthoroughly tested, the same drawbacks occurring here as at Soda Creek. Good hay of timothy\nand clover is saved in sufficient quantities to feed the cattle, which are raised in large numbers\nfor beef. Horses and swine are also raised, as well as poultry, but very few sheep. But little\ndairying is carried on. Timber is plentiful and of fairly good quality. Bunch grass is the\nprevailing food for stock on the ranges, and pea-vine amongst the cottonwood trees on the\nriver flats.\nAUSTRALIAN   RANCH  AND  BOHANON'S,\nOn the main Cariboo waggon road, are about twenty miles above Alexandria, on the\nFraser. The altitude of the river is about 1,430 feet at the Australian, according to Captain\nParsons, R.E. The temperature is about as follows :- -Usual greatest heat, 84\u00b0; usual greatest\ncold, 25\u00b0 to 30\u00b0 below zero. The snowfall is probably about forty inches, and it lies generally\nabout four and a half months. The rainfall, except for the thunder storms, which are\nfrequent in all this part, may be said to be nil, and therefore irrigation here also is a matter\nof necessity if good crops are wanted. Good oats and barley are raised, but no wheat, as\nsummer frosts are frequent. Fairly good root crops are also produced, but no large fruit. A\nfew cattle, horses, and sheep are reared, and a good many swine, the sheep giving good heavy\nfleeces. Not much dairying is done, the attention of the farmers being principally turned to\nraising barley, oats, and potatoes for the supply of teams and of the mines. There is a good\ndeal of timber, and it is of pretty good quality. Bohanon's, somewhat further on, is about\n500 feet higher than the Australian.\nQUESNELLE,\nOn the Fraser, twenty-two miles from the Australian, on the main Cariboo road (which\nat this point leaves the Fraser at right angles, and goes in an easterly direction to the Cariboo\nmines), has about twenty ranchers. The altitude is in the vicinity of 1,800 feet, Captain\nParsons, R.E., giving that of the Fraser at this point at 1,490 feet. The climate is much the\nsame as it is at the Australian, perhaps a little colder. Good timothy hay, oats, and barley\nfor feed are raised, and some wheat. Small fruit does well, and some of the hardier kinds of\nlarge fruit are being tried. Vegetables and root crops are also grown successfully. There is\nsome good timber along the Fraser and Quesnelle rivers. Live stock of different kinds thrive\nwell, but not many are reared. Dairying is not prosecuted to any extent, although the\ncountry is well adapted to it. 56 Vict. Report on Agriculture. 787\nMr. P. C. Dunlevy, Soda Creek, says of this part of the country:\u2014The whole of the\ncountry from Bridge Creek to Quesnelle has splendid feed on the plateaux along the rivers and\non the margins of the swamps, where any number of cattle can get rich succulent grasses, and\nin time it will be the great dairying part of the Province. The prospective building of the\nCanada Western, or, as it is now called, the British Pacific Railroad, will tap the whole of this\nrich section, and promises in the near future to bring it in the foremost ranks of the agricultural sections of the Province.\nMr. W. A. Johnston, Quesnelle, says :\u2014My stock are fairly well bred, not full-bred.\nCut worms, horse flies, deer flies, mosquitoes, and other small flies are insect pests here ; mustard, Chinese turnip (wild), and many others, whose proper names are not known, are the\nnoxious weeds. Royal Australian and Red Fife wheat, Danish Chevalier barley, Early\nCluster oats, Lillooet beans, Early Rose and Beauty of Hebron potatoes, Steele's Short White\nand Early Horn carrots, Purple Top swedes, Yellow Danver and Red Wethersfield onions,\nShort Red beets, and Timothy are the varieties best suited to this locality. Hardy varieties\nof plums, prunes, cherries, and apples are the best, and crab apples. Berkshire pigs and a\ncross from Plymouth Rock are the best breeds.\nKOOTENAY,\nIn which is included Golden, Galena, Windermere, Fairmont Springs, Canal Flat, Fort\nSteele, Cranbrook, Tobacco Plains, on the boundary, and all the intervening- settlements, has\nabout ninety ranchers, including a few about Ainsworth and Nelson, on the Kootenay Lake.\n1 did not visit this part of the country, the time at my disposal not allowing of it. A good\nwaggon road leads from Golden up the Columbia River to Galena, and thence to Windermere,\nabout ninety-five miles, Galena being a little over half-way from Golden. From Windermere\nthe road proceeds to Fairmont Springs, sixteen miles further, where the Columbia takes its\nrise in the Upper Columbia Lake. The road here crosses Dutch Creek by a good bridge, and\nproceeds to the upper end of the lake, where it strikes the Kootenay River, which is also\ncrossed by a bridge at Canal Flat, about eleven miles from Fairmont Springs. Proceeding\ndown the Kootenay River, Fort Steele is reached about forty-six miles further. From this\npoint to Cranbrook, at St. Joseph's Prairie, is about twelve miles\u2014in all, one hundred and\neighty miles. From Fort Steele to the boundary there is only a trail, probably fifty-five to\nsixty miles further. For about four months in the year, when the water is high enough, the\nColumbia is navigable for light-draught steamers from Golden to the Upper Columbia Lake,\nand this route is used in preference when available. The valley is somewhat open, with\npatches of timber, some prairie and rolling country. About the rivers and in the bottoms the\nwood consists of cottonwood, alder, and birch, and about the bases of the mountains it is\nyellow fir, larch, and spruce, with some cedar. The timber is good for milling and other\npurposes. The principal grass is bunch grass, making good ranges for cattle. The soil is\ngenerally a rich black loam, which produces fruit of all ordinary kinds, both large and small,\ncereals and root crops, potatoes being especially good, and yielding very largely. Indian corn\nfor fodder does very well indeed ; alfalfa is also a good crop, and timothy yields good crops of\nhay; a large quantity of wild hay is also cut for fodder. There are no large herds of cattle,\neach man keeping a few, there being no inducement up to this time to raise large numbers.\nThere are probably 3,000 head between Wolf Creek and Cranbrook. There are a number of\nhorses kept, and some swine and poultry, but no sheep. The country is well adapted for\npigs and poultry, but not so well for sheep. Irrigation is not everywhere, at all times\nnecessary, much of the soil being naturally damp enough to raise good crops without it.\nThe precipitation of rain is light throughout, some heavy thunder storms occurring during the\nsummer. The snowfall between Windermere and Canal Flat is very light, the settlers rarely\nhaving to feed their cattle in winter; in the other parts probably an average of two feet lies\non the ground for about ten weeks. The greatest usual heat is probably 95\u00b0, and the greatest\nusual cold 4\u00b0 or 5\u00b0 below zero, the temperature occasionally going much lower, probably 30\u00b0\nbelow. The wild horse problem is solved here by an occasional rounding up, in which all\ninterested join, and those horses that are worthless or cannot be caught are shot. Pests\nreported are some coyotes (not bad) which get a few young calves, a few wolves, and gophers,\nthe latter are the worst, and destroy large quantities of crops. They are destroyed by means\nof wheat soaked in a solution of strychnine, which is found to be effectual. 788 Report on Agriculture. 1893\nMr. J. W Cockle, of Pilot Bay, Kootenay Lake says:\u2014Insect pests are larva? of\nPieris, Vanassa, Californica Grapta, etc.; animal pests, skunks, weasel, marten, and mink ;\nnoxious weeds, poison ivy, red dock, wild parsnip. The best grasses are timothy, and giant\nblue-point. Special note.\u2014\" I have had timothy under water for ten weeks, which is caused\nby the abnormal rise of the lake every spring, the water not receding until the latter part of\nJune.\" Snow last winter was three feet, no rain, 6\u00b0 frost, late spring, dry summer, late frost\n17th April.\nDELTA,\nAt the mouth of the Fraser, on its left or southern bank, has about 190 ranchers.\nLadner's, the principal shipping point, has good facilities for shipping produce to all the\nneighbouring markets. The main trunk road, partly corduroy and parti)7 gravelled, runs\nthrough the district, connecting with the neighbouring districts and with New Westminster.\nOn account of the nature of the soil, the humidity of the climate, and the absence of material\nwith which to construct roads, the difficulty and expense of making and maintaining them are\nenhanced enormously in most parts of the Lower Fraser, but more especially at the Delta,\nLulu Island, ifec. The gravel in some instances is brought down from Port Kells, some 23\nmiles up the river, and the wood for corduroy has also to be brought long distances. In spite\nof these disadvantages, the roads about the Delta are comparatively good, and although I did\nnot care about making fast time in a light buggy over corduroy, they are, for the most part,\nsolid and capable of withstanding heavy hauling. The whole of this district is formed by the\ndetritus washed clown in the course of ages by the Fraser; so it can easily be imagined what\na depth of soil there is, and how rich it is. Equally, it can also be understood that low-lying\nland like this, only a little above the level of the surrounding waters, should require an\nimmense amount of dyking and draining to keep the water at high stages from overflowing\nthe land and to allow the surface water a chance to escape. It seems odd that one part of\nthe Province should be so destitute of water as to necessitate enormous expense for irrigation,\nand that another should have such a superabundance, both naturally and from precipitation,\nas to necessitate an equal if not greater expense to get rid of it, The rainfall is heavy, the\naverage of Abbotsford, the nearest station on the same side of the river, being 54.79 inches\nper annum. I dare say that there would be 50 inches at the Delta; the snowfall is light,\nand scarcely ever remains on the ground for more than a day or two. The temperature is\nequable, seldom rising above 80\u00b0 nor falling to zero. There is no timber of any account on\nthe Delta proper, merely a fringe of poplars, a few spruce, &c, near the water. Most crops\nand fruits do well, and it is needless to say that the yield is enormous, and large quantities of\nwheat, barley, oats, root crops and fruit are grown. It is a district eminently adapted for\ndairying, but the industry is not prosecuted, except in a desultory manner. Poultry-raising is\nentered into more largely than in most other places. Swine and sheep are not produced in\nany quantity. Diseases and pests complained of are black scab on pears and apples, aphis\nand thistles. From returns received it appears that 53 per cent, of the land owned is cultivated, 10.A per cent, is woodland, 2\\ per cent, marsh, and 34 per cent, pasture. Mr. Hutcher-\nson's estimate places the cultivated land a good deal lower, I think too low. A good nursery\nis kept by Mr. Hutche: son, where native-grown trees are to be had.\nMr. E. Hutcherson gives the following approximate data :\u2014\nQuantity of land owned  40,000 acres.\nQuantity of land cultivated  10,000    n\nNumber of tons of grain produced      6,000 tons.\nNumber of tons of hay produced  10,000    n\nNumber of tons of root crops  12,000    n\nNumber of tons of fruit  100     n\nNumber of cattle owned  2,000 head.\nNumber of horses owned         1,000    n\nNumber of sheep owned         600    n\nNumber of ssvine owned  500     n 56 Vict. Report on Agriculture. 789\nThe following is the\nreport of Mr\nE.\nHutcherson\ncorrespondent:\n1.    Wheat (fall),\n2,500 fts. pei\n' acre,\n$30.00\npei\n' ton.\nWheat (spi\n\u2022ing),\n2,000   ,i\n,,\n27.50\ntt\nBarley,\n2,000   tt\n,,\n25\nii\nOats,\n2,000   ..\nii\n25\n..\n2.     Hay,\n91\n^2\nto   4 tons\n.1\n14\nII\n3.    Potatoes,\n7\n\u201e    8    t.\n,,\n14\n11\nMangolds,\n30\n,i 35    .1\nn\n6\nII\nCarrots,\n25\n\u201e 30    t,\nn\n10\n,,\nTurnips,\n35\n\u201e 40    ,i\nti\n5\nI,\nOnions,\n10\n\u201e  15    i,\nit\n25\nII\nCabbages,\n10\n\u201e  12     it\ntt\n20\ntt\n3a. The crop was a\nmedium one.\n3b. Red Fife and Democrat wheat, Peerless barley, Banner oats, Mummy peas, Timothy,\nAlsike clover, Early Rose potatoes, Long Red mangolds, Short WThite carrots,\nSwedes, Yellow Danver onions, and Hollow Crown parsnips are the best varieties\nfor this locality.\n4. The average price obtainable for\u2014\nApples, 4 cents per ft. for early, 3 cents for late ;\nPears, 6     11\nPlums and Prunes, 5    n\nCherries, 10    n\nStrawberries, 10     n\nRed and White Currants, 6     n\nGooseberries, 8    11\nBlack Currants, 8     n\nRaspberries, 10     11\nBlack Cap, 10     ,t\n4a. Crop of small fruits was good, of large fruit medium.\n4b.  The quality of fruit was good.\nIn. Peaches are  grown  with  poor success.    Apricot trees are doing well ; no fruit yet.\nNectarines do  well.    Grapes and  melons  do  not grow successfully.    Tomatoes\ngrow with fair success.\n4e.  The following are the particular kinds of fruits which give the best results :\u2014\nApples (early)\u2014Red Astrachan, Keswick's Codlin, Yellow Transparent, Wealthy,\nGravenstein, Maiden's Blush, and Duchess of Oldenberg; late varieties\u2014Blenheim\nOrange, Golden Russet, Baldwin, and Canada Red.\nPears\u2014Clapp's Favourite, Bartlett, and Madeleine.\nPlums\u2014Red Egg, Yellow Egg, Bradshaw, and Peach plum.\nPrunes   -Hungarian and Italian.\nCherries\u2014Early Richmond, Royal Anne, and Black Republic.\n5. Linseed has not been tried.\n6. Sugar beet grows a heavy crop, with a large percentage of sugar.\n7. No rape is grown.\n8a. Dairying is not followed to a great extent.\n8b. Price obtainable for butter is 30 cents. A co-operative system of creamery would be\nof great advantage.\n9a. This part is well suited for wool-raising.\n9 b. Sheep-raising is not extensive.\n9c. The wool is of medium quality.\n9d. The average weight of fleece is 8 fts.\n10a. People are going in for improved breeds of stock. 790 Report on Agriculture. 1893\n10b. The following are the best breeds of stock for this district: Clydesdale horses for\ndraught, Percherons for general purposes; Durhams for beef, Ayrshires for dairying, Cotswolds for wool, Southdowns for mutton, Berkshire pigs, and Plymouth\nRock chickens.\n11a. Poultry are raised extensively.\n11b.  The average price of eggs is 30 cents per dozen.\n14. The black scab on the apple and pear trees is our greatest pest or disease at present.\n(See \"Diseases and Pests.\"\u2014J.R.A.)\n15a. Labourers are plentiful.\n15b.  Whites, Chinese, and Indians.\n15c. The average wages are : Whites, $30 per month, with board ; Chinamen and Indians,\n$1 per day, without board.\n16. Ensilage has not been tried.\n17. But little ploughing was done last fall.\nMr. H. D. Benson, Boundary Bay, says :\u2014T have five pedigreed full-bred Shorthorns;\nthe rest of my stock are grades. Reel Fife wheat and Timothy are best adapted to this\nlocality. All kinds of clovers and apples do well. Last winter it was not very cold, and\nthere was not much snow. The spring was late and very wet; seed-time was not favourable,\nit was very cold and wet. The summer was cold, and the autumn was cold and wet. Harvest\nweather was good for early but bad for late grain. There were frosts in May. There was\nabout an average crop of hay. Grain was not quite up to the average. The hay and three-\nfourths of the grain were saved in good condition ; the balance in bad order.\nMr. Wm. B. Skinner, Boundary Bay, says : \u2014The insect pests here are a small green\ninsect and hop lice. The thistle is about the worst weed we have. The following are the most\nprofitable and best suited to this locality : Rough barley, Shonan and American Banner\noats, Early Rose potatoes, Intermediate carrots, swedes, Yellow Danver onions, Egyptian\nbeets, Timothy, Rye, Orchard, and Red Top grasses, and Alsike clover. Peas do not do well\non low land. The earliest kinds of corn will grow for table use, but it is no good as a field\ncrop. All kinds of mangolds do well. Hops need more shelter than we have. Apples do\nnot do very well on low lands. All kinds of pears do very well. Cherries don't do well;\ntrees don't live long. Peaches, apricots, nectarines, and grapes do not do well. The following\nare the best breeds for this district : Jerseys for dairying, Durhams for beef, Leicesters for\nwool, Shropshire.? for mutton, and Berkshire pigs. The fruit trees suffered considerably from\na small green insect similar to the hop lice. Last winter there was very little snow ; there\nwas not much cold, and very little rain. The spring was late and wet. Seed time was too\nwet until late. The summer was rather wet. Harvest weather was very good until late ; it\nwas too wet for late grain. There were late frosts in the spring, which destroyed a good deal\nof fruit. The yield of grain was comparatively light. Hay and roots were good. The\nmajority of hay and grain were saved in very good order.    There is considerable rot in potatoes.\nMr. August Anderson, Ladner's, says :\u2014There are no pests here and no disease. The\nfollowing are the best for this district : Red Fife and White Winter wheat, Black oats, Rose\npotatoes, Yellow Globe mangold, Belgian carrots, King of swedes, Large Red onions, Blood\nTurnip beets, Timothy and Alsike clover, Baldwin, Canada Red, Red Astrachan, Northern\nSpy, and Duchess of Oldenberg apples, Bartlett pears, Oxheart cherries, and Fidalgo peaches.\nMr. John McKee, Jr., Ladner's, says : \u2014My cattle are graded Holsteins, and horses are\ngraded. I consider the following the best for this locality : Rough barley, Red Fife wheat,\nEarly Rose potatoes, D. M. Ferry's Improved Long Red mangolds, Long W'hite Field carrots,\nTimothy, Alsike clover, Red Astrachan, Duchess, Golden Russet, and Early Harvest apples,\nBartlett pears, Lombard and Bradshaw plums. I think Holsteins for dairying, Durham for\nbeef, and Berkshire pigs are the best for here.\nMr. James Gilmore, Westham Island, says :\u2014Here buckwheat is a noxious weed. The\nfollowing I consider the best varieties of cereals, roots, and grasses for this locality. Gipsy or\nRosedale oats, Early and Late Rose potatoes, Mammoth Long Red mangold, Short White\ncarrots, swedes, Yellow Globe onions, Timothy and Rye grass, and White Dutch clover.\nNearly any sort of clover does well. 56 Vict. Report on Agriculture. 791\nELGIN.\nSituated on Mud Bay, by road about fifteen miles from Ladner's, is the centre of a fine\nagricultural district bordering on that bay, of euphonious appellation, and on the Serpentine\nand Nicomekl Rivers, which here debouche into the sea. About 45 ranchers live here, who\nraise a considerable quantity of grain, hay, root crops, and some fruit. The land is a rich\nalluvial deposit which produces largely with little trouble. Timber is plentiful except near\nthe bay. The climate is much the same as at the Delta, with probably more rain, on account\nof the proximity of the timber and the higher land in the vicinity. A good road leads to the\nFraser opposite to New Westminster, about ten miles distant. This same road, passing\nthrough Elgin, goes on to Blaine (about six miles) on the American boundary. It is also\nconnected with Ladner's by the road first mentioned, and with the settlements higher up the\ncountry.    Some cattle are reared, but very little dairying clone.\nMr. Daniel Johnson, Mud Bay, says:\u2014I have a team of heavy imported Clydes from\nOntario, and a yearling colt from pedigreed Clyde horse. I have also some British Columbia\nmares and saddle horses. My horned cattle are all graded Durhams and Ayrshires. Rough\nbarley, Dwarf peas, Early Rose potatoes, Large Red mangold, White Belgian carrots, swedes,\nSilver Skinned Danver onions, Short Blood beets, Timothy, Broad leaf, and Alsike clovers are\nthe best varieties for this district. I never heard of Fall wheat being tried here. All kinds\nof wheat and white oats, any hardy kind of corn, and all kinds of grasses. and clover do well.\nAll the varieties of apples that I know of do well and bear heavily when the trees are quite\nyoung. The tide lands, when well dyked and drained, are hard to beat for apples, but the\ntrees want to be kept clean of moss and all kinds of vermin. All kinds of pears do well ; the\nBartlett is the favourite and grows to great perfection ; the flats seem to be the home of the\npear. All varieties of plums and prunes do well; the trees make rapid growth and bear\nheavily when the spring frost does not kill them in blossom. I have not had experience\nenough with cherries; I think they will do best on the high gravelly land ; they do fairly\nwell on the flats. Shoemaker peaches do well with me ; they are a beautiful peach and don't\nkill with the frost. The Clydesdale is the best horse for the farm ; he is stong and walks\nfast. Ayrshires are my choice for milking. Durhams are the best for beef, and the best all-\nround stock to keep. Southdowns are the best for mutton. Wool does not pay. Berkshire\npigs are best. Leghorns for eggs, and Plymouth Rock for an all-round fowl. I have lost\nmany calves from a disease of the lungs (see \" Diseases and Pests.\"\u2014J.R.A.) Potatoes raised\non the flats have black lumps on them, and the longer I keep them the worse they get.\nLast winter snow only laid two or three days. There was a great deal of rain ; we\nalways get a great deal in the winter. There was no cold weather. We had fine ploughing\nweather in March. April was rainy, but where the land was drained it was a good spring to\nput in crops. The summer was as fine as could be wished. It was dry up to the 22nd\nSeptember, after that it was showery. Harvest weather was good, except for late grain.\nThere was no frost to do any harm this fall up to the 1st November ; but the frost in the\nspring, when the fruit trees were in blossom, destroyed all my fruits except small fruits ; one\npeach tree was entirely killed. The yield of crops was about an average one. All early\ngrain was saved in perfect condition.    The late grain was damaged by the rain.\nSURREY CENTRE,\nIncluding Kensington Prairie, Scott Road, South Westminster, and Brownsville, have in\nall about eighty-five ranchers. The Scott Road, which is a very good one, connects the first-\nmentioned places with South Westminster on the Fraser, Kensington Prairie, the furthest\nremoved, being about thirteen miles away. The country between the two places is for the\nmost part densely wooded. There are some open patches, however. Kensington Prairie, as\nits name indicates, is an open, low-lying bit of country in the valley of the Nicomekl. The\nland rises considerably on leaving the Fraser, attaining a height of perhaps 150 or 200 feet,\nand falling away -again towards the Nicomekl. The higher ridges are covered with fir, cedar,\nand the bottoms with alder, willows, and such trees. The climate is not materially different\nfrom  the Delta ; possibly a little more rain.    The soil on the ridges is a red  loam, and in the 792 Report on Agriculture. 1893\nbottoms a rich black loam, the former being admirably adapted for fruit growing, especially\napjoles, while the bottoms grow root crops and vegetables to great perfection. Grain, of\ncourse, yields largely, but the country, by reason of the uncertain climate and the expense of\nclearing it of timber, is hardly adapted for it. The land can be put to a great many much\nmore profitable uses, such as fruit and hop growing. The latter are being planted in considerable quantities. Swine and poultry raising are only carried on in a very small way.\nAlthough this is essentially a dairying country, but little butter is made; a considerable\nquantity of milk is, however, sent to New Westminster. Bee-keeping is also a profitable\nindustry, there being a large quantity of white clover, the flowers of which make excellent\nhoney. Mr. Boothroyd, who has several hives, says they do exceedingly well. The principal\ndiseases and pests complained of are aphides on hops and apples, wire worms, black rust on\napples, thistles, and sorrel. According to returns received 11 per cent, of the land owned is\ncultivated, 54 per cent, is woodland or forest, 1 OA\/ per cent, is swamp or marsh, and 24J? per\ncent, is pasture.\nThe following is the report of Mr. E. T. Wade, correspondent:\u2014\n1. Wheat (spring).\u2014$30 per ton.\nBarley.\u2014$20 to $25 per ton.\nOats.\u20141 ton per acre; $22.50 per ton.\nPeas.\u2014Just under 1 ton per acre; $25 to $30 per ton.\n2. Hay.\u20141A to 2 tons per acre; $10 to $12 per ton.\n3. Potatoes.\u2014$20 per ton.\nCarrots, 7 to $10 per ton.\nTurnips, 5 to $8\nOnions,          30 per ton.\n3a. The yield of grain was fairly good. Potatoes were only fair. Onions are grown on\na very small scale ; one man had rather less than one acre and gathered fourteen\ntons ; another man had two tons on less than a quarter acre.\n3b. The following are best suited to this part : Two-rowed and Chevalier barley, Egyptian\noats, Timothy, Red, and Alsike clover, White Elephant and Early Rose potato,\nWhite Belgian and Danver Orange carrots, Ruta Baga turnips, Red Wethersfiekl\nand Yellow Danver onions, and Hollow Crowned parsnips.\n4. The average price obtainable for the following  are :\u2014Apples, 2  cents  per  ft).; pears,\n2A to  3   cents  per ft.; plums  and  prunes, 3   to   5 cents per ft.; cherries, 8 to 10\nper ft.; raspberries, 8 to 12  cents per ft.; black currants, 6 to 8 cents per ft.; red\ncurrants, 5 to 6 cents per ft.\n4a.  The season's crop was bad, except in a few cases.\n4b.  The quality of the fruit was fair.\n4c.  Cherries do best on  a gravelly  soil.    Apples on a light loam or sandy soil.    Plums\nand pears do well on the bottom lands.\n4d.  Peaches  are grown   to-a small  extent  with  fair success.    Apricots  are very little\ngrown.    I don't think grapes will pay to grow in this district.    Melons are grown\nfor home use, and tomatoes do very well if started early in the season.\n1e.  The following varieties give the best results :  Baldwin, Wealthy, the Rusets, Northern\nSpy,   and Winter Pearmain apples ; Bartlett  pears ; Bradshaw plums ; Oxheart\nand Black Tartarian cherries.\n5. Flaxseed was tried in a few small patches as an experiment, and did very well.\n8a.  There is no large dairying, about twenty cows  being  the most where butter is made.\nNo cheese is made in   this district.    There are several large milk ranches which\nsupply the towns with milk, instead of making butter.\n8b. The average price for butter is 30 cents.\n9a. This part is well suited for sheep-raising.\n9b.  There are not many sheep, but the number is  increasing gradually, and farmers are\nadding to their stock.\n10a. People are going in for improved breeds of stock. 56 Vict. Report on Agriculture. 793\n10b. I consider the following the best breeds :\u2014Clydes for draught, Durhams and Polled\nAngus for beef, Jerseys and Ayrshires crossed with Durhams for dairying (half\nbred cows from Jersey bull and native cows are first-class for dairying), Berkshire\nand Poland-China pigs, Leghorn and Plymouth Rock poultry.\n11a. In a few cases the poultry industry is worked with some idea of system.    As a rule\nthe fowls are allowed to look after themselves.\n11b.  The average price of eggs is 30 cents per dozen the year round.\n12.    Bees have been tried with good results.\n13b.  The spring was wet, and late frosts did great damage to fruit buds.\n13c. The summer was hot.\n13d. The autumn was wet; harvest weather for those who had their seeding done early\nwas good.\n13e.  A large quantity sown late on account of bad weather was almost lost through the\nsame cause at harvest.    In these cases the loss was from 50 to 60 per cent.\n15a.  Labourers, as a rule, are easily procured.\n15b.   Whites and Chinese.\n15c.  The average wages paid are $25 to $40 per month.\n1G.    I only know of one trial this season of ensilage, and that is reported a success.\n17.    There is about 300 to 400 acres of fall ploughing done in Surrey.\nMr. Joshua Rice, Surrey, says:\u2014Blight injured the potato crop. Last winter the\nsurface of the soil was covered with snow for two weeks; there was lots of rain; there were\nvery few cold days. The spring began in March with a good seeding season; the summer\nfavoured the growth of crops; the autumn was wet; harvest weather was unfavourable. The\nyield of crops was light; they were saved in good order.\nMe. W. C. Bourns says:\u2014Any of the clovers are well suited to this locality. Rhode,\nIsland Greening, Ben Davis, Duchess of Oldenberg, Red Astrachan, and Tetofsky apples and\nBartlett pears all do first-rate here. Leghorns, Black Minorcas, and Plymouth Rocks are the\nbest strains of poultry.\nMr. T. Fallowfield, Kensington Prairie, says :\u2014My stock are graded. White Egyptian\noats, White Elephant potatoes, Shorthorn and Orange Giant carrots, Purple Top turnips,\nYellow Globe onions, Timothy grass, and Alsike clover are the best suited to this district. I\nconsider Berkshire pigs the best breed. Last winter there was not much snow or cold\nweather ; there was a good deal of rain. We had a medium spring, with good season for\nearly seeding. The autumn was broken ; there was good harvest weather for early crops.\nThe yield of crops was good, and they were harvested in good condition.\nMr. Wm. Collishaw, Kensington Prairie, says :\u2014My stock are graded. The aphis or\nplant louse on fruit trees is a pest; I lost three apple trees from aphis. Chevalier barley,\nWhite Elephant potato, Long Red mangold, Short White carrot, Elephant swede, Oregon Long-\nKeepers onion, Laing's Sugar beet, Timothy grass, and Alsike clover are the best varieties\nfor this district. Baldwin apples and Bartlett pears do well. I think the following breeds\nare the best:\u2014Percheron horses, Durhams for beef, Berkshire and Poland-China pigs, and\nPlymouth Rock fowls. Last winter there was not much snow, not much cold, but a great\ndeal of rain; the spring was late, but good for seeding; the summer was dry; the autumn\nwas wet; harvest weather was good for early crops. Crops were saved in good order and\nyielded well.\nMr. Wm. Smith, Surrey Centre, says :\u2014My stock are graded. Sorrel is a noxious weed.\nThe following I consider the most profitable varieties for this district:\u2014Black Tartarian oats,\nEarly Rose potatoes, Mammoth Long Red and Medium Yellow mangolds, Short White\ncarrots, Purple Top turnips, Timothy grass, Alsike clover; Red Astrachan and Wealthy apples\nfor summer, Duchess apples for fall. Last winter there was not much cold weather, and not\nmuch snow ; there was a great deal of rain. We had a medium spring, not good for seeding ;\nthe summer was rather wet, and the latter part of the autumn was rather wet; haying time\nwas rather wet.    The yield of crops was good, and the quality was good. 794 Report on Agriculture. 1893\nMe. R. A. Fallowfield, Surrey Centre, says:\u2014My cattle are graded, not pedigreed.\nDurhams and Jerseys do well; they are hardy. Crops did well, considering the late wet\nspring. This is a very good locality for roots, hops, and hay. Black flies and mosquitoes are\npests ; docks and sorrel are noxious weeds. Golden One-Side White oats, Elephant and Early\nRose potatoes, and Alsike clover are the best varieties. Last winter was mild, with very little\ncold, and not much snow, but considerable rain; spring was wet and late, and not very good\nfor seeding; the autumn was good, with fine harvest weather, but it was smoky and intermixed with fog. Good roads are needful. The yield of crops was fair, and they were saved\nin good order,\nMr. James McClennan says :\u2014My cattle are graded Shorthorns. The yield of crops\nwas good, and they were saved in good order. Last winter there was not much snow ; there\nwas not much cold weather, but there was a good deal of rain ; the spring was fair, with a\nfair time for seeding; the summer was good, with a broken fall ; harvest weather was gootl\nfor early crops.     There was frost in May ; none after then till November.\nMr. John Churchland says :\u2014I have only a garden and a small orchard, which is not\nproducing yet. Last winter there was not much snow, not much cold weather, but a good\ndeal of rain ; spring was late, and not good for seeding; the summer was short but dry, with\na broken autumn and unfavourable harvest weather.\nMr William Bell says :\u2014The yield of crops was fair, and they were generally saved\nin good condition.     (Report on weather was similar to Mr. James McClennan's.)\nMr. J. Dafoe says :\u2014My cattle are graded Durhams. The borer is an insect pest, and\nwas very bad on apple trees. Sorrel is a noxious weed. Beauty of Hebron potato, Timothy\ngrass, and all varieties of clover are well suited to this locality. Percheron horses, Shorthorn\nand Jersey cattle for dairying, and Shorthorns for beef I consider the best breeds. I am only\njust starting in farming; what amount of crops I raised did well. The yield of crops was\ngood, and early crops were saved in good condition. (Report on weather was similar to Mr.\nFallowfield's).\nMr. Christopher Brown says:\u2014My cattle are graded Durhams. My horses are\nPorcherous and Clydes mixed. Lice on apple trees are insect pests. Black Tartarian oats,\nAmerican Wonder peas, Late Rose potatoes, Half Long White carrots, Imperial Prize swede,\nTimothy grass, and Alsike clover are the best for this locality. I consider Cleveland Bays,\nGraded Durhams for beef, Berkshire pigs, and Plymouth Rock fowls the best breeds.\nMr. George Boothroyd says :\u2014My cattle are pretty well graded from Shorthorns.\nDiseases on plant life are leaf lice on fruit trees and black rust on apples, which stops growth\nand causes the fruit to crack. The following I consider the best varieties for this locality:\u2014\nLadoga wheat, Egyptian oats, Common Field pea, Eight-rowed Yellow corn, Large White\nbean, Early Rose, Late Rose, Imperial State and Early Ohio potatoes, Shorthorn Field, White\nor Orange Long carrots, Swede, Yellow Danver and Silver Skinned onions, Blood beets, Timothy\ngrass, Large English Red and Alsike clovers, Ben Davis, Northern Spy, Stark, Spitzenburg,\nBaldwin, Blenheim, Grime's Golden, Rhode Island Greening, Western Beauty, Mcintosh,\nAlexander, Mann, Astrachan, Oldenburg, and Gravensteiu apples, Bartlett, Winter Nelis,\nKeifer, Louise Bonne de Jersey pears, Yellow Egg, Large Blue and Red plums, Large Red\ncherries, Crawford peaches, Reas Mammoth quinces, Russian apricots, and Concord grapes.\nI think graded Durhams are best for dairying and for beef. Common chickens mixed with\nPlymouth Rock and Leghorns.    Black bees crossed with Italians.\nMr. Edmund T. Wade says :\u2014My cattle are graded Durhams. There is no disease\namongst stock in this neighbourhood. The noxious weeds are : wild parsnip, which is very\ndangerous to cattle (many are killed by it), sorrel, sowthistle, wild buckwheat. Thistles are\nbecoming a veritable plague in this district. We have a noxious weed by-law in this municipality, but it is not thoroughly carried out I am sorry to say. The following varieties of\ngrain, roots, fruits, &c, are the best for this district:\u2014Old Two-rowed and Chevalier barley,\nWelcome and Champion oats, Early Rose and White Elephant potatoes, Mammoth and Long\nRed mangolds, Danver Orange and White Belgian carrots, Ruta Baga turnips, Yellow Danver\nand Red Wethersfield onions, Timothy and Perennial Rye grasses, White Dutch, Medium\nRed and Alsike clover,  Red Astrachan, Northern Spy,  Gravenstein, Baldwin, and Russet 56 Vict. Report on Agriculture. 795\napples, Bartlett pears, Magnum Bonum, Yellow Egg, and Bradshaw plums, Oxheart and Black\nTartarian cherries. I think the best breeds of stock for here are : Clyde or Percheron, and\ncrosses of these ; Jersey and graded Jersey for dairying, Durhams for beef ; Berkshire and\nPoland China pigs ; Leghorn and Light Brahma chickens ; Bronze turkeys ; Rpuen and Pekin\nducks.\nMr.  E.  T.  Wade furnishes the following approximate data :\u2014\nQuantity of land cultivated     2,000 acres.\nNumber of tons of grain produced       607 tons.\nit ii hay ii               648      n\nit ii root crops\t\nit it fruit  About 2 tons.\nit cattle owned       876 head.\nit horses      n            224      n\nit swine       n            450      t>\nit sheep        ti              161       n\nCLAYTON AND CLOVER VALLEY,\nOn the Southern side of the Fraser, the former about nine miles from New Westminster\nby the Yale. Waggon Road, and the latter about five miles further (by road). Access is also\nhad by the Scott road, which makes the distance longer to Clayton and about thirteen miles\nto Clover Valley. The New Westminster Southern Railway also passes through these places,\ngiving them ample facilities to get their produce to market. About ninety ranchers live in the\nvicinity of the two places. The climate and character of the country are just about the same\nas that described under Surrey Centre. There is a good deal of low-lying open country about\nClover Valley running down to the Nicomekl River. The soil is of excellent quality, and\ncapable of producing any ordinary crops if only properly drained. The timber, of which there\nis a great quantity, is good for all purposes. Some grain and a large quantity of root crops\nare produced. Fruit also is produced in small quantities, most of the orchards being quite\nyoung. A large area is under hay, and a little under hops. Cattle are bred to a limited\nextent, and dairying is not carried on, except on a small scale. Some sheep and pigs are\nraised, but in inconsiderable numbers. Pests and diseases reported are potato blight, apple\ntree borers, thistles, daisies, fluke in sheep. According to returns received, I find that 15A;per\ncent, of the land owned is cultivated, 55 per cent, is woodland or forest, 13 J per cent, is\nswamp and marsh, and 16 per cent, is pasture.\nThe following is the report of Mr. E. W. Wiltshire, correspondent :\u2014\n1. Wheat (spring), 30 bush., $32.00 to $35.00 per ton.\nBarley, 50    \u201e 25.00\nOats,        40 to 100    \u201e $22.50 to   26.00\nPeas,                    40    ,, 25.00\n2. Hay,               2 to 3 tons, 10.00 to   15.00\n3. Potatoes,       5 to 6    \u201e 10.00 to    15.00      \u201e\nMangolds,            30    n\nCarrots, 25    n 8.00      n\nCarrots (red),      25    \u201e 10.00 to   12.50\nTurnips, 30    ,, 8.00 to     9.00\nOnions, 25.00      n    In small quantities, 1J to 2c. per ft.\nCabbage, 10.00      \u201e\n3a. Taken all round, the yield was good, but some potato crops were a good deal injured\nby blight.\n3b. The following are considered the best suited to this part :\u2014Six-rowed barley,\nEgyptian and Banner oats, Common peas, Timothy grass, Red clover, Early\nPuritan, Late Rose, and Empire State potatoes, Steele's Short White and\nShorthorn carrots, Purple Top turnip, Danver Globe onion, Hollow Crown\nparsnip, Fiat Dutch and Drumhead cabbages, 796 Report on Agriculture. 1893\n4. The average  prices  obtainable are :\u2014For apples, 1A to 2 cents per ft.; for pears,  3\ncents per ft.    The other fruits were a good deal damaged by frost.    A peach tree\nwhich bore 100 fine peaches two years ago, only had three on this season.\n4a.  Fair crop of apples.     Plums and peaches not up to the average.\n4b.  The fruit was of good quality.\n4c. I think the best fruit soils are found along the hillsides bordering on the flat land.\nThey need draining, but are not so badly infested with stumps as higher lands,\nand usually are pretty free from large stones.\n4d.  Peaches some years yield well.    Apricots, nectarines,  grapes,  melons,  and  tomatoes\nare uncertain.\n4e. The following  particular kinds give the best results :\u2014Baldwin, Gravenstein,  and\nRed Astrachan apples, Bartlett pears.\n5. Linseed has not been tried.\n6. There are not many  sugar beets raised.    For a root crop most people depend on\nturnips, which are a certain crop here, as the fly does not kill the young plants as\nin the East and the Old Country.\n7. There is no rape grown.\n8a.  Dairying is  only followed  in a small way, but this part of the country is especially\nadapted for this branch of agriculture, as we have first-class water, and,  in many\ninstances, both upland and lowland pasture, a great advantage,   as cattle do not\nappear to thrive as well when kept altogether on the bottoms.\n8b. Butter is worth  25 cents per ft.  in summer time,  and 30 cents per ft. in winter\n\u2022    months.\n9b.  There are but few sheep here, but they seem to do well, and are  free from fluke or\nliver root,   which  I hear is  showing itself in other parts.     (For Mr. Wiltshire's\nremarks under this head, see \" Diseases and Pests.\"\u2014J. R, A.)\n10b. I consider the following the best breeds of stock :\u2014Cleveland Bays and Suffolk\nPunches for draught; Durhams for beef, Ayrshire and Durhams for dairy (the\nmilking strain of Durhams does not appear to have been introduced into this\ncountry yet); Shropshire for wool. The Horned Dorsets I should prefer, if they\nwere obtainable, as wool is at such a low price it is hardly worth consideration,\nand as they raise two lots of lambs in one year, generally having twins, and sometimes triplets. They are also able to defend themselves against the attacks of\ndogs and wild animals by means of their horns, which they can handle very\nskilfully.     Berkshire pigs; Plymouth Rock and Leghorn poultry.\n11a. A good deal of poultry is kept. Returns seem to be better when the business is not\ncarried on too largely.\n11b. The average price of eggs is 25 cents to 60 cents per dozen.\n13a. The winter was mild with a good deal of rain.\n13b. The spring was early and fine ; the later part was rather wet ; there was only one\nlate frost which damaged plum and peach crops.\n13c. The summer was warm.\n1 3d. The early harvest was good ; no frosts.\n13e. Early crops were got in in good shape; some very late crops were damaged.\n14. The two worst diseases I have had to contend with were potato blight and the\nborer in fruit trees. The latter appears to be an exceptionally bad insect when,\nonce it has got a foothold, but I believe whitewashing the trees two or three\ntimes will prevent same. Fluke, this is one of the worst diseases to which sheep\nare liable (see \"Diseases and Pests.\"\u2014J.R.A.)\n15a.  Labour has been more easily procured this year.\n15b.  Chinese are employed in ditching, where, on account of wet, it is difficult to get the.\nmen to work.\n15c. The average wages are:\u2014Whites, $25 to $35 per month ; Chinese, by contract.\n17.     Ploughing is not done in the fall to any extent. 56 Vict. Report on Agriculture. 797\n18. What this country most wants is better drainage, and much better roads. There is\nlots of fine seasoned cedar for fencing ; the price of splitting rails being about $12\nper thousand; posts, 1 cent each. I am sorry to say that much land is held by\nnon-resident owners, which lies in its old primeval state, and is very discouraging\nto residents, who are thus shut in to a great extent.\nME. George W. Cann, Clayton, says :\u2014My cattle, are graded Shorthorns, and my pigs\na cross between Berkshires and Cheshires. Borers kill the fruit trees ; they have killed most\nof mine. A lotion should be discovered that would destroy the eggs without injury to the\ntrees. I consider the following the best varieties for this locality : Six-rowed barley, White\nEgyptian oats, Small White peas, Empire and Summit potatoes, Long Red mangolds, Short\nWhite carrots, Early Red onions; Russian Fall, English Russet, and Yellow Transparent\napples, Bartlett pears. I consider Cleveland Bays, Berkshire pigs, Plymouth Rock and\nHamburgh poultry are the best breeds for this locality. Last winter there was very little\nsnow, plenty of rain, and it was very mild. There was a medium spring, March and April\nbeing good for seeding. It rained the most of May. The weather was not very good for\nharvesting, but I have seen worse.    The yield of crops was fail-.\nMr. John F. Morton, Clayton, says :\u2014My cattle are graded Durhams. Early Yellow\nSix-week beans, and Baldwins, King, and Roxbury Russet apples are well suited to this\ndistrict. Bull thistles and barnyard daisies are bad weeds ; I lost about three days labour\ndestroying them. Last winter there was little snow, plenty of rain, and not much cold. The\nspring was late and fairly good for seeding. The summer was fair. The autumn was good\nuntil late. Harvest weather was good for this country. There was a frost when the plums\nwere green.    The yield of crops was middling, and they were saved in good order.\nMr, C. H. Duark, Clayton, says :\u2014My stock are graded Durhams. The potato blight is\na disease, and mice are a pest. Empire State potatoes, Long Red carrots, Timothy grass, and\nRed clover are best suited to this locality. I consider Durhams the best breed for dairying\nand for beef. Last winter there was not much snow, there was lots of rain, and very little\ncold weather. The spring was early, but was delayed by cold rain at the latter part. Early\nseeding was good. The summer was favourable. The fall was wet. Harvest weather was\nfavourable for early crcms. There were no frosts till very late in the autumn. The yield of\ncrops was good, and early crops were saved in good condition.\nMr, Enos Ellis George, Clayton, says :\u2014Rose potato, Long Orange carrot, swedes, any\nvarieties of onions, beets, and clovers, and Timothy grass are well suited to this locality. All\nkinds of apples, pears, plums, prunes, cherries, and peaches are suited to this district.\nHolsteins for dairying, Durhams for beef, Leghorn fowls, and Italian bees are the best breeds.\nLast winter there was not much snow, there was a lot of rain, and not much c*old weather.\nSpring was not early. Seed-time was wet. The summer and autumn were wet. Harvest\nweather was good.    The yield of crops I consider was good, and they were well saved.\nMr, B. Watkins, Clayton, says:\u2014My cattle are graded Durhams. My calves were\ntroubled with a swelling in the throat; one died, the others got over it. The symptoms are\nsimilar to quinsy. Borers are an insect pest, and ferns are a noxious weed. Late Rose\npotatoes are well suited to this locality. Plymouth Rock are the best poultry for table use,\nand Leghorns for eggs. Last winter there was not much snow, considerable rain, and no cold\nweather. The spring was late and unfavourable for seeding. The summer was short but\ngood. The autumn was wet, but harvest weather was good for early crops. There were no\nfrosts till the 16th of October. Crops did not yield up to the average, except timothy and\nclover.    Early crops were well saved.\nMr, T. A. Bothwell, Clayton, says:\u2014There is an insect injurious to turnips, destroying\nleaves, not black fly, but more like lice ; worst on dry ground. There are also lice on apple\ntrees. Last winter there was not much snow, there was considerable rain, and not much cold\nweather. Spring started in early, but there were cold rains in the latter part; it was\nfavourable for early seeding. The summer was good, and the autumn was fair. For early\ncrops the weather was fair.    The quality of crops was good and they yielded well.\nMr. George White, Clayton, says :\u2014The following are the most profitable for this\nlocality:   White Egyptian oats, Canadian yellow peas, Early Rose potatoes,  Short White 798 Report on Agriculture. 1893\ncarrots, Purple Top turnips, Yellow Globe onions, Timothy grass, and Red clover. I think\nthese are the best breeds of stock : Cleveland Bays, Durhams for dairying and beef, Leicesters\nfor wool, Shropshires for mutton, Berkshire pigs, Plymouth Rock poultry for table, and Leghorns for eggs. There was very little snow last winter; considerable rain ; the winter was\nmild. Spring was late; the early part was good for seeding, but the latter was wet. Tin;\nsummer was dry, with a wet autumn. Harvest weather was good for early crops ; there were\nno frosts till late in the autumn. The yield of crops was good. Early crops on drained land\nwere got in in good condition; late crops in some cases were damaged.\nMr. Charles W. McCallum, Clayton, says :\u2014Barley, oats, rye, peas, corn, beans, potatoes, mangolds, carrots, turnips, onions, beets, timothy, red clover and hops are all suitable for\nthis locality. There was no snow last winter. The spring was late and not very favourable\nfor seeding. The summer and autumn were very good. Harvest weather was good. We\nhad frost on 15th December. I consider the yield of crops was good, and they were saved in\ngood condition.\nMr. W.m. Routley, Clayton, says :\u2014Ferns are a noxious weed. Early Rose and Empire\nState potatoes, Greystone turnips, Timothy grass and Red clover are the best varieties for this\ndistrict. The crops were of good quality, and their yield was middling. (Remarks on the\nweather are similar to Mr. George White's.)\nMr. John M. Routley, Clayton, says:\u2014Ferns are noxious weeds. Most cereals, roots,\ngrasses, clovers and hops do well in this locality ; corn does not ripen very well. I have no\napple or pear trees bearing. Last winter there was not much snow ; there was quite a lot of\nrain ; there was not very much cold. Spring was late ; it was not very favourable for seeding.\nThe summer was very wet, and the autumn was wet. Harvest weather was good for early\ncrops. Frosts in the spring damaged small fruit. I consider that there was an average yield\nof crops, and that they were saved in very good condition.\nMr. C. C. Cameron, Clayton, says :\u2014I have no pedigreed stock ; they are all Galloways,\nJerseys, and Durhams. Any kinds of potatoes do well here. The earliest kinds of spring-\nwheat are best. All kinds of apples and pears do well. I have the Bartlett pear; they\ngrow large and good. I have the egg plum ; it is very fine and grows large. Concord grapes\nyield well. I think a general purpose horse suits this part best; a cross between Jerseys and\nDurhams for dairying, Durhams for beef, Leicesters for wool, and Berkshire pigs. Last winter\nthere was very little snow. November and December were wet; January, February and\nMarch were very fine. There was very little cold last winter. The spring was late and not\ngood for seeding; the summer was very good ; the autumn was fair; harvesting weather was\nvery fair; there were no early frosts. I think this climate next best to California. The\nyield of crops was fair, and they were saved in goocl condition.\nMr. J. Parks, Clayton, says :\u2014My cattle are graded Shorthorn. I have two troubled\nwith hard lumps the size of a large cup. (See \" Diseases and Pests.\") The following are the\nbest roots, cereals, &c, for this locality : Black Tartarian oats, Burbank Seedling and Empire\nState potatoes, Long Red mangolds, Long Red carrots, Purple Top turnips, Yellow Globe\nonions, and Timothy grass. I think the best breeds for here are the native horses, Jerseys\nfor dairying, Shorthorns for beef, and Berkshire pigs. There was not much snow last winter,\nthere was lots of rain, and not much cold. The early spring was good ; the latter part was\nwet and not good for seeding. The summer was good; the autumn was wet. Harvest\nweather was not good for late grain. I consider the yield was very good. Late crops were\nharvested in poor order.\nMe. E. M. Wiltshire, Clayton, says :\u2014I have found apple trees a good deal bothered by\nborers, but damage not very great as yet. There was very little snow, no cold, but a good\ndeal of rain, last winter. The spring was fair, but not so good as usual. The. early part was\ngood for seeding; the latter part was wet. There was no excessive heat during the summer ;\nthe weather was warm and agreeable. Harvest weather was favourable for crops put in\nearly. There was only one frost up to the 12th October, and that did me no damage. Crops\nyielded well, excejit potatoes, which were troubled with blight, for which their appears no\nremedy. Crops were saved in good order, except potatoes, many of which did not make full\ngrowth. 56 Vict. Report on Agriculture'. 799\nMr. George Whitfield Cann, Clayton, says :\u2014The following varieties are the best for\nthis locality : Rough Six-rowed Hulless Black barley, White Egyptian and Black Tartarian\noats, Blue Imperial peas, Empire State and Summit potatoes, Long Red mangolds, Short\nWhite carrots, Late Red onions, Timothy and Red-top grass, White Dutch clover, Wealthy,\nGravenstein, Ben Davis and Golden Russet apples, Keifer and Bartlett pears. I consider\nCleveland Bays and Suffolk Punch horses, Shorthorns for beef, Black Berkshire pigs, White\nCheshire pigs, and Plymouth Rock poultry, the best breeds of stock for this locality.\nMr. D. Sutherland, Clayton, says :\u2014Re weather (remarks are similar to those of Mr.\nGeorge White).\nMr. J. C. L. Mackenzie, Clover Valley, says :\u2014It was too wet for fall wheat. Chevalier\nbarley, Black oats, Blue Imperial and Common White peas, Yellow Squaw corn, Common\nWhite corn, Early Rose, Elephant and Garden .Chili potatoes, Swede and Yellow Danvers,\nTurnip beet and Timothy, Alsike and Alfalfa clovers, are the best varieties for this locality.\nAny kinds of apples, pears, plums, cherries and peaches do well. Clydesdale and French\ncoach horses, Jerseys and Durhams for dairying, Southdowns for wool, Leicesters for mutton,\nBerkshire pigs, Brown Leghorns and Plymouth Rock poultry, and Italian bees, are the best\nbreeds. Last winter there was about four inches of snow ; any amount of rain; no cold\nworth speaking of\u2014never below zero. Spring was rather late, and wet for seeding. The\nsummer and autumn were good and dry. Harvest weather was good for early crops, but foliate crops bad weather set in too soon. The yield of crops was just middling. Early crops\nwere saved in good order, the late crops in poor condition; some was not harvested at all.\nMr. Thomas Shannon, Cloverdale, says :\u2014My cattle are grades. Russian Red Chaff\nspring wheat, Chevalier barley, White Egyptian and Prize Cluster oats, Egyptian Mummy\npeas, Early Rose potatoes, Northern Spy and Gravenstein apples, and Bartlett pears are the\nbest varieties for this locality. I consider the following the best breeds of stock for here :\u2014\nClydes and Roadsters, Grade Shorthorns for dairying, Galloways for beef, Berkshire pigs,\nLeghorn and Hamburgh poultry, and Italian bees. Last winter there was no snow, there was\nconsiderable rain, and not verv much cold weather ; there was a medium spring, which was\nnot very good for seeding ; the summer was rather damp at first, but dry later on ; the autumn\nwas dry, with good harvest weather.    Crops were well saved and gave a medium yield.\nMr. Albert Mitton, Cloverdale, says :\u2014I consider Red spring wheat, White Kidney\nand Early Rose potatoes, Timothy grass, and Red and Alsike clovers the best varieties for\nthis locality.    (Remarks on weather similar to Mr. George White's.)\nMr. Elisiia Pickard, Nicomekl, says :\u2014Hop lice are a pest here. I should like to\nknow the best preventive, as we have six acres set out as a hop yard, which was a good deal\nbothered by these lice. Wire worms are a pest among potatoes. Last winter there was not\nmuch snow ; there was considerable rain ; no cold weather. Spring was fair, and good for\nearly seeding; the latter part was wet. The summer was good ; harvest weather was good\nfor early crops, but not for late. There were frosts in the early part of May, and after that\nnot till late in the fall.\nMr. N. D. Macdonald, Nicomekl, says:\u2014My stock are graded. Black flies are the\ninsect pests. The yield of crops was good. Early crops were saved in good order; late crops\nwere damaged. (Mr. N. D. Macdonald's report on the weather coincides with that of Mr.\nPickard.)\nMr. Richard Ludlow, Nicomekl, says :\u2014Animal life is free from disease. Large flies\nare pests; there are very few noxious weeds. Barley, oats, flax, hops, all kinds of roots,\ntimothy, and red top do well here. Percheron horses I consider the best, and Durham cattle\nfor beef.\nHALL'S   PRAIRIE,\nOn the southern side of the Fraser, adjacent to the International Boundary and Semi\"\nah moo Bay, is accessible by a very fair road, six or seven miles long, which leads through part\nof Clover Valley and joins the Coast Meridian Road at a point about thirteen miles from New\nWestminster.    The  Westminster  Southern  Railroad  also  runs  through  the  district.     The 800 Report on Agriculture. 1893\nridges are heavily timbered with Douglas fir, red cedar, and hemlock On the lower part\nthere is some open meadow land, interspersed with patches of alder, willow, vine maple, etc.\nThe soil is a rich heavy loam, which is capable of producing large crops of grain, hay, root\ncrops, and fruit. Extensive orchards have been planted out, but they are all as yet quite\nyoung and scarcely in bearing. Some dairying is done, but not as systematically as a country\nso well adapted for it, as this is, warrants. The altitude cannot be much above the level of the\nsea, although quite a high ridge is crossed by the road toward Clover Valley. The precipitation is, like all this region, heavy ; usually there is not much snow, and it seldom lies long.\nThe temperature is seldom below zero nor above 80\u00b0. There are about fifty ranchers here and\nat Glenwood, a new settlement adjoining the boundary line. The principal pests reported are\nthe aphis on hops and apples, borer, and bears. According to returns, 10), per cent, of the\nland owned is cultivated, 70J per cent, is woodland or forest, 10 per cent, is swamp and marsh,\nand 9 per cent, pasture. It will be observed that Mr. Thrift places the area of cultivated\nland at about 8 per cent.\nMr. Henry Thrift furnishes the following information and approximate data : - As\nnear as I can learn, there are about 12,300 fruit trees planted out, the major portion of which\nbeing prune trees, and there is, in addition to this, some eight or ten acres of small fruit\nplanted out. There are only two parties who have gone into hops extensively ; one has six\nand a half acres, and the other about four acres. There are quite a few who have planted a\nsmall piece by way of experiment.\nQuantity of land owned  9,070 acres.\nii              ii         cultivated  710     n\nNumber of tons of grain produced  228 tons.\nii              tt            hay           ii            402     n\nii              tt            roots         it \u25a0          182     tt\nfts.        fruit         .t           8,000 fts.\nii             cattle owned  276 head.\nit             horses      u       72     n,\nit             sheep      ii       30    n\nii             swine      n       342    n\nThere is a large amount of land in this vicinity that is unoccupied, the original settlers\nhaving left the neighbourhood.\nThe following is the report of Mr. H, T. Thrift, correspondent :\u2014\n1. Wheat (fall),       25 to 30 bush, per acre ; $25 per ton.\nWheat (spring), 25 ,, n 25 n\nBarley,                 30               ,,             \u201e           25\nOats, 45 to 60     \u201e n 20 to $26 per ton.\n2. Hay, 1 to    1J tons n 12 per ton.\n3. Potatoes, 150 to 600 bush.       \u201e 12 to $14 per ton.\nMangolds,         200 to 600    \u201e\nCarrots, 100 to 150    i,\nTurnips, 200 to 500    ,,\nOnions, 100 to 150    \u201e\n3a. Owing to the late wet spring and very dry weather through the summer, I do not\nthink there was quite an average crop ; in some places very good (especially oats\nand peas), in other places quite light.\n3b. Ladoga and Australian wheat, Chevalier barley, Egyptian and Welcome oats,\nMummy and Imperial peas, Timothy and Cocksfoot grasses, Alsike clover, English\nCluster hops, Empire State and Beauty of Hebron potato, Yellow Globe mangold,\nSwedes, Yellow Danver onion, and Student parsnip are considered the best for\nthis district.\n4. While fruit has been quite extensively planted, the orchards are all quite young yet,\nhence only small quantities of fruit have hitherto been available for sale.\n4a.  The season's crop was goocl. 56 Vict. Report on Agriculture. 801\n4b.  The quality of the fruit was good.\n4c  Apples appear to do best on good, rich, light loam, while pears and all varieties of\nplums thrive on somewhat heavier soil, if well under-drained ; cherries thrive where\napples do.\n4d. Peaches, apricots, nectarines, grapes, melons, and tomatoes are not extensively grown.\n4e.  The following particular fruits do best:\u2014Wealthy, Baldwin,   Western Beauty, Blue\nPearmain, Ben Davis, King of Tompkins County, Tetofsky, Gravenstein apples;\nBartlett and Keifer's Hybrid  pears; Italian prune; Coe's Golden Drop, Yellow\nEgg, and Black Imperial plums ; Black Heart and Duke cherries.\n5.    Linseed has been grown here for several years with good results.\n6 and 7.  Sugar beet and rape have been  grown with good success as an experiment, but\nnot extensively.\n8a.  A number of our residents are  engaged in dairying, with, so far as I can learn, very\nsatisfactory results, principally making butter.\n8b. Butter has brought from 25 cents to 35 cents per pound.\n9a.  This part of the country is well suited for wool-raising.\n9b. There is no quantity of sheep kept.\n9c. The wool is good and long.\n9d. Average weight of fleece is 5 to 8 fts.\n10a.  People are generally going in for improved breeds of stock.\n10b. I consider the following breeds the best for this district :   Suffolk Punch and Clydesdales for draught; Percheron crossed  with  native  mares for saddle ; Percheron\nand   Cleveland Bay  for  harness ; Shorthorn  and  Ayrshire for beef, Jersey  for\ndairy ; Dorsets for wool, Hampshire  Downs for mutton ;  Berkshire and Poland\nChina pigs; Brown Leghorns and Plymouth Rock poultry.\nHa.  Almost everyone has a flock of fowls, but have no system of breeding.\n11b.  The average price of eggs is 25 cents to 50 cents per dozen.\n12.    A few people have gone into bee-keeping with good results.\n13a. Last winter there was a good deal of rain, very little snow or frost.\n1 3b. The spring was wet; there were several sharp frosts that were Very detrimental to\nthe early fruit.\n13c.  The summer was dry; we had some spells of pretty warm weather.\n1 3d. There was very fine harvest weather until after the middle of September ; then heavy\nrains for several days ; then very fine days interspersed with wet; no frosts until\nwell on towards the end of November.\n14. The hop louse appeared in considerable numbers; there were also some insects (green\nlice) on apple trees, but as the orchards are young and generally very thrifty the\ndamage was very slight; some of the settlers resorted to spraying.\n15a.  So far all the labourers that have been required have been easily procurable.\n15b.  Whites.\n15c.  The average wages paid are $1 to $2 per diem.\n16.     Ensilage has not been tried.\n1 7.    A great many are taking to fall ploughing now ; some have done it hitherto.\n18. All our land is better for underdraining, some landowners are going into it quite\nextensively, and where done the most gratifying results follow. With our land\nunderdrained we have no need of irrigation. Fencing in this district is very good,\nexcellent material. Buildings not so good as may be desired, owing to remoteness\nfrom saw-mills. Generally speaking the settlers have all the implements they can\nmake satisfactory use of.\nMr. James Harding, Glenwood, says :\u2014I have an Oregon bred mare, a high grade\nNorman mare with a colt out of a Suffolk Punch. The cattle are more or less Shorthorn\nblood.    In this section Alsike clover is a splendid crop. 802 Report on Agriculture. 1893\nMr. Henby T. Thrift, Hazelmere, says :\u2014My stock are graded. Our land being good\nvirgin soil so far no diseases have made their appearance. There are no diseases of animal\nlife. The borer has made its appearance in the apple trees, not to any great extent ; also a\nsmall green louse has attacked the leaves and young shoots, but a liberal spraying seems to keep\nthem in check. The hop aphis is giving me more trouble than anything else at present. Bears\nhave got away with some of my pigs. I observe some of my neighbours are raising some very\nfine specimens of the Canada thistle, and just in this neighbourhood large Scotch thistles have\nmade their appearance. The following I consider the best varieties of cereals, roots, fruit, ifec,\nfor this locality :\u2014Ladoga and Campbell's White Chaff Spring wheat, Four-rowed barley,\nWelcome and White Egyptian oats, Mummy peas, Empire State and Blue Canada Victor\npotatoes, Giant Mammoth mangold, Yellow Danver onion, Timothy, Blue grass, and Cocksfoot\ngrasses, Alsike clover, Early English Cluster hops, Wealthy, Baldwin, King of Tompkins\nCounty, and Golden Pippen apples. I have raised good fall wheat, but forget the name. All\nkinds of carrots do well, and any variety of turnips. I consider the following the best breeds\nof stock :\u2014General purpose horses, Holstein cattle for dairying, Shorthorns for beef, Dorsets\nfor wool and mutton, Berkshire and cross of Berkshire with White Suffolk pigs, and Plymouth\nRock chickens.\nPORT KELLS\nIs situated on the southern bank of Fraser River some eight or nine miles above New\nWestminster, and has in its vicinity about thirty settlers. Access is had to it by steamer and\nby the Canadian Pacific Railway by crossing the river to Port Hammond. The land, like all\nof it along this part of the river, is of excellent, quality, being formed of the alluvial deposit\nof the Fraser. All ordinary crops are easily raised, more particularly fruit. Brush and trees\nof alder, maple, and cottonwood cover the ground pretty generally. The altitude, temperature\nand precipitation are much the same as that, of other places similarly situated in this region.\nPrincipal pests and diseases reported are red water in cattle, aphides, bears, and thistles.\nFrom returns received it appears that 5 per cent, of the land owned is cultivated, 72 per cent,\nis woodland or forest, and 23 per cent, is pasture.\nMr. P. McClarty says :\u2014My stock are graded Durhams. Aryshire cattle for dairying,\nDurhams for beef, and Berkshire pigs are the best breeds for this locality. Last winter there\nwas not much snow. There was considerable rain, and no cold weather. Spring was late, but\nfavourable for seeding. The summer, autumn, and harvest weather were good. No frost, till\nlate in the fall.    Crops were well harvested and yielded well.\nMr. Zenas Daniel Page says :\u2014My stock are a graded cross between Shorthorns and\nHolsteins. Red water is a disease of animal life here. Insect pests are mosquitoes and fruit\nlice. Animal pests are bears and lynx. Ferns and thistles are noxious weeds. The. following-\nare the best varieties of cereals, roots, fruits, &c, for this locality :\u2014Egyptian oats, Egyptian\npeas, Beauty of Hebron and Burbank's Seedling potatoes, Short White carrots, Purple Top\nswede, Yellow Danver onion, Timothy and Blue grasses, Red, White, and Alsike clovers,\nRusset, Baldwin, Red Astrachan, and Gravenstein apples ; almost all the leading varieties of\npears except Flemish Beauty and Winter Nelis ; all kinds of plums, prunes, and cherries, and\nearly varieties of peaches, which latter, however, are not a sure crop. Percheron and Suffolk\nPunch horses, Holsteins for dairying, Shorthorns for beef, Southdowns for mutton, and Berkshire pigs. Last winter there was not much snow; there was a great deal of rain ; not much\ncold weather. The spring was rather late, but for sound land was good for seeding, but seeding\nwas late for wet land. The summer was good for crops. The early autumn was good, with\nlots of rain later. Harvest weather was good. The first frost was on September 22nd, but\nvery light. There was no more till October 22nd. T think the yield was good considering the\nmany stumps there are on the land.     Crops were saved in very good order.\nMr. A. J. Gordon says :\u2014There was not much snow last winter. There was not much\ncold weather, but there was considerable rain. Spring was early, with heavy rains in the\nlatter part. Seed time was good for early crops. The summer was short but good. The\nautumn was fair. Harvest weather was good for early crops. Frost in May injured some\nfruits. The yield of crops was good. Early crops were saved in good order, but late crops\nwere somewhat damaged. 56 Vict. Report on Agriculture. 803\nMr. William A. Stone says :\u2014Wild parsnip is a noxious weed, and is injurious to cattle.\nThe following varieties of cereals, Arc, are the best for this locality :\u2014Black Tartarian and\nBlack Mane Side oats, Multiplier peas, Red Flint corn, Golden Wax beans, Green Mountain\nand Empire State potatoes, Short White carrots, Purple Top turnips, Danver Yellow Globe\nonion, and Timothy grass. All clovers are good. Graded Shorthorns for dairying and beef,\nBerkshire pigs, Brahma, Plymouth Rock, Leghorn, Minorca, and cross between Leghorn and\nMinorcas for poultry. Last winter there was not much snow ; there was considerable rain,\nbut not much cold. The spring was early and good for early crops ; it was wet for late crops.\nThe autumn was fair. Harvest weather was good for early crops. There were some rather late\nfrosts on the flats which injured some small fruits. The yield of fruits was good, and they\nwere saved in fair condition.\nMr. David Sutherland says :\u2014Empire State, Early and Late Rose potatoes, Swedes,\nOregon Long Keeper and Early Red onions, Sugar beets, Timothy and Red and Alsike clover,\nI consider to be the best varieties for this locality. All kinds of carrots do well, and I think\nhops would do well. I think almost all kinds of apples, pears, plums, prunes and cherries do\nwell ; no orchards in vicinity old enough to bear yet, but young trees which are set out are\nhealthy and thriving well.    The earlier sorts of peaches are best.\nLANGLEY PRAIR1E,\nOn the south side of the Fraser, is situated about five miles back from the landing at,\nLangley, with which it is connected by a very fair road. The Yale Waggon Road also passes\nthrough it. The character of the soil is a clayey loam well adapted for crops and fruits of all\nkinds, provided it is drained, a great deal of the countiy being flat and lying low. A large\nquantity of hay, grain and root crops are produced, and some fruit, the trees being older than\nin most of the adjoining places. Dairying also is followed, but not in tie systematic manner\nnor as extensively as it should be in a country so favourable, for the purpose as this is. Swine\nand poultry are also raised in some numbers There are about 150 ranchers within a certain\nradius, leaving out Langley and Shortreed. Much of the, country is open, some of it partly\ncovered with a small growth of alder, birch, etc., and on the higher ground fir and cedar\nabound. It has not much elevation, the altitude being only a little above that of the Fraser.\nThe precipitation is, like the rest of this region, considerably in excess of requirements. The\nsnowfall is, however, usually light, and the temperature very equable. The aphis is the only\npest complained of. By returns received, I find that 104 per cent, of the land owned is\ncultivated, 71A_ per cent, is woodland or forest, and 18 per cent, is swamp and marsh. It will\nbe seen that Mr. Riddell's estimate of cultivated land comes very close to the above.\nMr. George Riddell gives the following approximate data :\u2014\nLand owned 93,000 acres.\nLand cultivated 10,000    \u201e\nGrain produced       400 tons.\nHay produced    1,000     ,,\nRoots produced    4,000    n\nFruit produced  4     n\nCatte owned       800 head.\nHorses owned       100    n\nSheep owned       150    n\nSwine owned '    1,200    n\nThe following is the report of Mr. George Riddell, correspondent:\u2014\n1. Wheat (spring),    35 bush, per acre ; $35 per ton.\nOats, 60    i, t, 30\nPeas, 35    ,., ,, 40\n2. Hay, 2| tons        \u201e 13      \u201e\nHops,                         1     ,, n                    25 cents per ft.\n3. Potatoes, 250 bush. \u201e 20 per ton.\nOnions, 200    \u201e ,,                     2 cents per ft.\nParsnips,                                                              1 cent per ft. 804 Report on Agriculture. 1893\n3b. Spring- wheat, White oats, Egyptian peas, Timothy, Red \"and Alsike clover, Early\nRose and Chili potatoes, White Vosges carrot, swedes, Yellow Danver onion, and\nDrumhead cabbage are best suited to this locality.\n4. The average price for apples is  2   cents per ft. ; pears, 3 cents per ft. ; plums and\nprunes, 2 cents per ft. ; cherries, 5 cents per ft.\n4a.  The season's crop was fairly good.\n4b.  The quality of the fruit was medium.\n4c.  A light soil, a somewhat sandy loam, is the best for fruit culture.\n4d.  Peaches are successfully grown.    Grapes don't do very well.     Melons and tomatoes\ndon't ripen.\n4e.  Ben  Davis,   Russets,   Northern   Spy,   Astrachan,  and  Duchess of Oldenberg apples,\nBartlett and Lawson pears, Yellow Gage,   Imperial  Gage,   and  German plums,\nYellow Spanish and Black Tartarian cherries give the best results.\n5. Linseed has been grown with fairly good success.\n8a.   Dairying is carried on with fairly good success.\n8b.  Prices obtainable for butter and cheese are, 25 cents and 15 cents, respectively, per ft.\n9a.  This  part  is  well  suited   to sheep-raising if proper houses are erected for shelter of\nsheep.\n9b.  Sheep not raised to any extent.\n9d.  The average weight of fleece is 4 fts.\n10a.  People are going in for improved breeds of stock.\n10b. Clydes for draught, Cayuse or Hambletonians for saddle, grades for harness; Durhams for beef, Jerseys for dairying, and Brahmas and Plymouth Rock poultry, are\nthe best breeds.\n1 1a.  Poultry-raising is gone into.    The system is not so good as it might be.\nI 1b. The average price of eggs is 25 cents per dozen.\n12.     Apiculture has been tried and yields well.\n13a.  Last winter there was rain with little frost.\n13b.  The spring was wet with a slight frost.\n13o.   The summer was hot.\n13d.  The autumn was wet; no frosts.\n13e. There was a loss of about 10 per cent, from unfavourable weather.\n14.     No diseases and pests.\n15a.  Labourers are plentiful.\n15b.  Whites.\n15c. Average wages are $35 per month with board.\n16.     Ensilage has not been tried.\n1 7.    About 25 per cent, of the ploughing is done in the fall.\n18. This vicinity is suitable for hay-raising and dairying. The most of the land is\nundrained and will not be good for grain-raising till drained, on account of wet in\nwinter, spring and autumn.\nMr. Joseph Drinkwater says :\u2014Empire State, Pearl of Savoy, and Early Rose potatoes,\nSteele's Improved Short White carrot, Purple Top swede, Yellow Danver and Red\nWethersfield onions, Timothy, Kentucky Blue, and Rye grasses, Common Red clover,\nGravenstein, Red Astrachan, Golden Russets, Fameuse, and Wealthy apples, Bartlett pears,\nLombard and McLaughlen's Greengage plums, Ostheim and Black Tartarian cherries,\nHyslop peaches, and Concord, Worden, and Moore's early grapes are the best varieties for\nthis district. Suffolk Punch horses; Herefords, Durhams, and Holsteins for dairying;\nDurhams for beef; Berkshire pigs, and Plymouth Rock, Brahma and White Leghorn poultry,\nare the bests breeds for this district. Last winter there was not much snow, there was a\nmoderate amount of rain, and not much cold weather. Spring was early and very favourable\nfor seeding.    The summer was fair, and the autumn  was  good.    Harvest  weather was very 56 Vict. Report on Agriculture. 805\ngood if quickly made use of. This section could grow most magnificent fruit of all kinds. I\nconsider the yield of crops was moderate. Some crops were left too late and were caught by\nthe wet weather.\nMe. Benjamin Boake says :\u2014My young stock are graded. Green lice on the leaves of\nthe fruit, both apple and plum, trees are insect pests. Last winter there was scarcely any\nsnow, there was considerable rain, not much cold weather. The spring was late and very wet.\nSeeding time was too wet. The summer was very fair ; there was one rather dry spell. The\nautumn was very fair. Harvest weather was favourable. There was frost the first week\nin May. Draining is very needful here. I consider the yield of crops was good, and the\nquality of grain was very fair.\nLANGLEY,\nOn the south bank of the Fraser, some eighteen or twenty miles above New Westminster,\nhas about 130 ranchers. A great deal of the land lies low, and is subject to inundation by\nthe backwater of Salmon River when the Fraser River is in flood. The precipitation also\nbeing so great, makes it necessary to drain the land very thoroughly. There is a quantity of\nland, however, which is high and out of the reach of the floods. This land, as a rule, is\nwooded and has to be cleared, but when brought under cultivation makes, the best fruit-\nproducing land. The bottom lands are, of course, very rich, and afford excellent pasture for\ncattle ; they also produce goocl crops of hay, grain, and most kinds of root crops. The higher\nlauds are, however, better for potatoes and Red clover, the latter yielding most extraordinary\ncrops. This part of the country is also well adapted to hop-growing. Fruit is produced in\nfair quantities, some of the orchards being in bearing, but many are still too young. Hay and\nroot crops are also produced largely, and some grain. Dairying is carried on to some extent,\nas are also the poultry and swine industries. Langley is easily accessible by steamer, and by\nthe Canadian Pacific Railway by crossing the river to Port Haney. A road leads to and\njoins the Yale Waggon Road about seven miles back. No particular pests are complained of.\nFrom returns received, it appears that 8J per cent, of the land owned is under cultivation, 69\nper cent, is woodland or forest, 6 per cent, is swamj) and marsh, and 16|- per cent, is pasture.\nMr. John Pratt says :\u2014The following varieties of cereals, roots, etc., do well here :\nFife spring wheat, Hulless barley, Mane oats, McLean peas, Early Rose, Beauty of Hebron,\nand Garnet Chili potatoes, Early Horn and White Oscar carrots, Red and Turnip beets,\n\u25a0Timothy, Red Top, and Alsike clover. Hops do splendidly. All kinds of apples, pears, and\nplums grow luxuriantly and bear in great abundance. Quinces do well. The best breeds of\nstock for here are : Suffolk Punch and Clydesdale horses, Jerseys and Durhams for dairying,\nLeicesters for wool, and Southdowns for mutton, and Berkshire pigs. All kinds of poultry do\nwell, and bees do fairly well. Last winter there was very little snow, and no cause to grumble\non account of rain. There was not much cold weather. The spring was latish, and seed-time\nwas rather late.    The summer was pretty fair.     I consider the yield of crops was good.\nMr. Alexander Williams says :\u2014Early Rose potatoes, swedes, and Early turnips, Red\nand Yellow onions. Timothy and Red clover are the best varieties for this district. Berkshire\npigs and cross-bred chickens are the best breeds of stock for here. Last winter there was not\nmuch snow ; there was a great deal of rain ; there was not much cold weather. The spring-\nwas late on account of rain. Seed-time was not favourable. The summer up till the 30th\nJuly was wet.    There was a frost in the spring disastrous to fruit.\nMr. Geo. Rawlison, correspondent, furnishes the following approximate data :\u2014\nQuantity of land owned  60,000 acres.\nit                ii    cultivated (pasture land included.)  10,000     n\nNumber of tons of grain produced  1,000 tons.\nit               it       hay produced    2,500     it\nii               ii       root crops  600     n\nit               i,      fruit  30     ii\nii          cattle owned  1,200 head.\nti          horses owned  500     u\nii          sheep owned  500     n\nn          swine owned  750     h 806 Report on Agriculture. 1893\nALDERGROVE,\nThe post office, of Shortreed, which, I think, may be, considered about the centre of the\ndistrict, is on the Yale Waggon Road, some seven miles from Langley Prairie, about twelve\nby road from Langley, and about eight, miles from Mount Lehman. At the two last-named\npoints access is had to the river, with good facilities for shipping. Part of the road between\nLangley and Shortreed had been newly made-too late, I was told, in the year\u2014and the consequence was that when I went over it in October it was very bad for about two miles ;\notherwise, the road was in fair condition. The nature of the soil, combined with the humidity\nof the climate in this region, renders road-making and maintaining very expensive\u2014a fact\nwell recognized by the various municipalities. The land rises considerably between the river\nand Aldergrove, so that it is not subject to trouble by inundation, and the undulating surface\nof the country affords excellent opportunities for drainage. The major part has at some time\nbeen covered with a large growth of timber, principally cedar, but that has disappeared,\nevidently by the action of fires, with the exception of the blackened stumps and some of the\nhuge trunks, which remain to bear witness to the fact. Its place is now usurped by a young-\ngrowth, principally of alder, birch and maple. The soil is a red loam on the higher parts,\nwell adapted to fruit-growing, and in the bottom a rich black loam, where root crops and hops\ndo excellently. Little grain is raised, the farmers going in principally for root crops, hay, and\nhops. A considerable quantity of the latter is planted out. Pests complained of are thistles,\nfern, sorrel, rabbits, and the aphis on hops and fruit trees. Dairying is followed to a considerable extent, but the poultry, swine and sheep industries are not carried on much. The\nclimate is much as it is all over this section, heavy rainfall and not much snow, and the\ntemperature never very cold nor very hot. About two hundred and thirty ranchers live hereabouts. According to returns, it appears that 6 A per cent, of the land owned is cultivated,\n74 per cent, is woodland or forest, 12 per cent, is swamp, marsh and rock, and 7-J per cent, is\npasture.     It will be seen that Mr. Shortreed estimates the cultivated land at only 3| per cent.\nMr. R. Shortreed gives the following approximate data :\u2014\nQuantity of land owned about 23,000 acres.\nit tt    cultivated       n 800     n\nNumber of tons of grain produced  300 tons.\nit it        hay produced  700     n\nit it        root crops ?. . . . 600     n\n,i it        fruit.-   Fruit only coining into bearing.\nii. cattle owned .' 700 to 1,000 head.\nhorses      ..          50 to     100     \u201e\ntt sheep        ii           about     100     n\ni, swine       n         300 to     500      m\nThe following is the report of Mr. R, Shortreed, correspondent:\u2014\n1. Oats, 60 bushels per acre, 1A cents per ft.\nPeas, 40 ii ii 2 to 3 cents per ft.\n2. Hay,    3 tons n $15 per ton.\nHops,   1 to 1A tons  it 25 cents per ft.\n3. Potatoes, 300 bushels, $ :0 to $30 per ton.\nTurnips, $9 per ton.\nOnions, 3 cents per ft.\nCabbages, 2 cents per ft.\n3b.  Banner oats, Mummy peas, Timothy grass, June Red  clover,  White Belgian carrot,\nSwedes, Danver onions, Long Blood beet, and Late Drumhead  cabbage are  best\nfor this locality.\n4. The following are the average prices for\u2014\nApples, 2 cents per ft.\nPears 3 to 4      n it\nPlums and Prunes,  4      n h\nCherries, 7      n n\nThe cultivation of small fruits, berries, currants, etc., give the very best results, both\nas to quality and quantity. 56 Vict. Report on Agriculture. 807\n4a.  Last season's crop was fair; the very early blooms were frosted.\n4b. The fruit was of the best quality.\n4c.  For fruit culture a sandy clay loam, or very light clay loam for all but small fruits, is\nbest.    Currants, berries, etc., do best on a dark clay loam, not peat lands.\nId.  Peaches have not been successfully grown so far.    Apricots and  nectarines  are not\ngrown.    Grapes did well; but few missed.    Melons have not been successful so\nfar.    Tomatoes do fairly well.\n4e.  The following are the particular names of the varieties which  give  best  results :\u2014\nBaldwin,  Gravenstein,  Duchess of Oldenberg and Ben Davis apples; Bartlett,\nClapp's  Favourite  and  Flemish  Beauty pears; Washington  and  Imperial  Gage\nplums ; Black Tartarian and May Duke cherries.\n5. Linseed is not cultivated, so far, as an industry.\n6. The same of Sugar beet, but as an experiment, it yields well.\n7. Rape does well.\n8a.  Dairying is followed to a considerable extent, and results are good.\n8b.  The price obtainable for butter is from 22 cents in midsummer to 30 cents in winter;\nfor cheese, 13 to 14 cents.\n9.    Sheep have not been tried to any extent.\n10a.  People are going in. for improved breeds of stock.\n10b. I consider the following are the best kinds of stock for this district:\u2014Percherons,\nClydes and Shires for draught, Durhams for beef, graded Durhams and Ayreshires\nfor dairying, Berkshire pigs, and Yellow Leghorn poultry.\n11a. Poultry-raising is yet in its infancy, but is being gone into more every season, with\ngood success and system.\n11b. The average price of eggs is 25 to 30 cents per dozen.\n12.    Bees have been very little tried, so far with indifferent success.\n13a. Last winter was very wet.\n13b. The spring was wet and late.\n13c.  The summer was moderate.\n13d.  The autumn was wet and harvest weather uncertain.\n13e.  The percentage of loss was small.\n14. The loss among fruit trees by the \" woolly aphis\" was small, as last season was its\nfirst appearance here. The hop-louse caused a great deal of damage among the\nhop-vines last season, destroying nearly 50 per cent, of the crop.\n15a. Labourers are to be procured easily.\n15b. Whites.\n15c.  The average wages are $1.25 to $1.50 per day.\n16. Ensilage has not been tried.\n17. About 50 per cent, of the ploughing is done in the fall.\n18. The prospects for agriculture are good, though clearing the land of underbrush  is  a\ngreat impediment. Fences are good, plenty of rail and post timber being available. The same applies to building materials ; improved machinery being limited,\nas area cultivated as yet is small.\nMr. R, E. C. McGie says :\u2014I have one Holstein heifer; the others are scrub stock.\nFerns and a few thistles are the noxious weeds. Mammoth clover is the best for high land.\nLeghorn and Plymouth Rock poultry are the best strains. Last winter was fine, with not\nmuch snow, but a very great quantity of rain. The spring was late; it was good for seeding.\nThe summer was very wet, with a fine autumn and good harvest weather. I consider the\nyield of crops was very good.\nMe. C. C. Geeen says:\u2014My stock are graded Shorthorns. Rabbits are an animal pest.\nRed clover does very well here, 808 Report on Agriculture. 1893\nMe, James McDonald says :\u2014Fern is a noxious weed. Empire State potatoes, Red\nclovers, and Gravenstein apples are well suited to this locality. Durham cattle are the best\nfor beef.\nMe. Alex. MacConnell says:\u2014Thistles and sorrel are noxious weeds here.\nMr. F. B. Day says :\u2014Lice are coming on the hops. I am going to use whale oil, soap,\nand bearberry bark.     Do you know of anything better?\nMOUNT  LEHMAN,\nOn the southern bank of the Fraser, about thirty miles by water above New Westminster,\nhas in the neighbourhood of one hundred ranchers. Being at a considerable elevation above\nthe level of the river, probably two hundred feet, it is out of the reach of floods. It is\ngenerally heavily timbered, but with patches of semi-open land, covered with maple, alder, and\nsuch wood, which are comparatively easily cleared. A road runs through the settlement, and\njoins the Yale Waggon Road about seven miles back. The rainfall is probably about fifty-five\ninches, and the snowfall inconsiderable ; temperature probably goes up to 90\u00b0 occasionally in\nsummer, and a little below zero in winter. The soil is a rich black loam in the bottoms, and\na red loam on the ridges. Fruit is raised in considerable quantities, and of very fine quality.\nLittle grain is grown, but plenty of root crops and hay. Dairying is not carried on to any\nextent, and the same remark applies to raising sheep. A fair number of pigs are produced.\nNo diseases and pests are complained of. About 8 per cent, of the land owned is, according\nto returns received, under cultivation, 75^ per cent, is woodland or forest, 5^ per cent, is\nswamp and marsh, and 11 per cent, is pasture. Mr. Thompson, it will be observed, estimates\nthe cultivated land a little higher. I regret to say that some misleading reports were received\nfrom this section, but they were eliminated from this report.\nThe following approximate data was supplied by Mr. E. J. Thompson :\u2014\nQuantity of land owned about 9,000 acres.\nit             ii        cultivated  800 or 900 acres.\nNumber of tons of grain produced  50 tons.\nt,              tt             hay           ii            250     n\nii tt root crops 250    n\nti             it            fruit  20    it\nit             cattle owned  250 head.\n.1             horses     n  50    n\nti             sheep      t,       100    n\nit             swine      m       500    n\nThe report of Mr, E. J. Thompson, correspondent, is as follows :\u2014\n1. Oats,                      1  ton per acre; $30 per ton.\n2. Hay,                      1    \u201e           \u201e 10 to $12 per ton.\n3. Potatoes, 4 to 5    n          .. 12 to    15       m\nCarrots, 5 to 6    n          n\nTurnips,' 10 to 12    n M\n3b.  Early Rose potatoes are the best for this locality.\n4. The following are the average prices obtainable per box of about 50 fts,:\u2014For apples,\n$1.10 ; pears, $2 ; plums and prunes, $3 ; cherries, $5 to $6.\n4a. The season's crop was bad.\n4b.  The quality of the fruit was fair.\n4d. Peaches, apricots, nectarines, grapes, and melons are not successfully raised; tomatoes\nare not to be relied on.\n4e.  Gravenstein,  Baldwin,  and  Northern  Spy apples and Bartlett pears give the best\nresults. 56 Vict. Report on Agriculture. 809\n5, 6, and 7. Linseed, sugar beet, and rape are not tried.\n8a.  Dairying is not extensively followed.\n8b.  Butter fetches 25 cents per ft.\n9b.  There are no large numbers of sheep.\n10b.  I consider the following are the best breeds in this district:\u2014Percherons for draught,\nponies for saddle, Percherons for harness, Durhams for beef, Holsteins for dairying, and Berkshire pigs.\n11a.  Poultry-raising not extensively or systematically followed.\n11b.  The average price of eggs is 25 cents to 30 cents per dozen.\n12.    Apiculture has not been tried.\n15a.  Labourers are plentiful.\n15b.  Whites.\n15e.  The average wages are $2 and $1.50 and board.\n16. Ensilage has not been tried.\n17. About fifty per cent, of the ploughing is done in the fall.\nMr. George McRae says :\u2014Last winter there was not much snow; there was a good\ndeal of rain ; no cold weather. The spring was late, and not good for seeding; the summer\nwas wet, with a dry autumn and good harvest weather; there were no frosts.\nMr. James Mereyfield says:\u2014I consider the following varieties are the best for this\ndistrict:\u2014Royal Australian spring wheat, Hulless or Naked barley, Welcome oats, Egyptian\nand Mummy peas, King of the Earlies and Pearce's Prolific Kent corn, Japanese buckwheat,\nEarly Rose, Daisy, Snowflake, and Garnet Chili potatoes, Red and Yellow Tankard mangolds,\nWhite Belgian carrots, Carter's Prize Winner swede, Red Wethersfield and Yellow Danver\nonions, Red Turnip beets, Orchard and Timothy grasses, Alsike and Common Red clovers,\nGravenstein, Red Astrachan, and Duchess of Olclenberg fall apples, Northern Spy, Baldwin,\nRoxbury Russet and Rhode Island Greening winter apples, Vicar of Winkfield, Bartlett,\nKeifer's Hybrid, Beurre d'Anjou, and Winter Nelis pears, Peach, Columbia, Bradshaw, Lombard, Blue Denver, Yellow, and Egg plums, Royal Anne, Black Eagle, and Black Republican\ncherries, Hale's Early and Alexander peaches, Concord and Isabella grapes. Prunes with me\nare a total failure; when it is wet weather they crack and rot. White and Brown Leghorns\nand Silver Spangled Hamburg hens are the best poultry.    Italian bees are the best.\nRIVERSIDE,  OR  MATSQUI,\nOn the southern bank of the Fraser, at the crossing of the Canadian Pacific Railway Co.'s\nbranch line to Whatcom, in Washington, has some ten ranchers in its immediate vicinity. It\nis forty-three miles from Vancouver by rail, and about thirty-seven by water from New Westminster. The land lies very low, and was subject to inundations from the Fraser until a dyke,\nsome seven miles in length, was built, which now effectually shuts out the water, and a large\nextent of country is reclaimed. The soil is, of course, rich and deep, capable of producing all\nordinary crops. It is also a fine dairying section. There are semi-open patches, interspersed\nwith belts of wood and brush, which are easily cleared.\nMr. C. J. Sim, Riverside, says :\u2014My horses are of no particular breed; cows are a\ncross between Ayrshire and Shorthorn; my pigs are Berkshire and White Yorkshire. There\nare no very noticeable diseases of plant life; no disease is rife in this neighbourhood amongst,\nanimal life ; there are no insect pests of importance. A small, dusky, dark brown beetle\nappears in large numbers on the willow leaves, which it eats ; it has not attacked any other\nvegetation yet. Animal pests are an occasional bear in the outlying parts. Canadian thistle\nhas been seen in one spot\u2014at the old Mission Station, C. P. R. The land, as a rule, is newly\ncultivated, and weeds have not appeared; thistles, however, are threatening. Banner oats\nare as good as any. I am trying Red Astrachan, Mann, and Gravenstein apples, Bartlett\npears, Italian  prunes, Greengage plums, and  White Heart cherries.    Wool is not raised 810 Report on Agriculture. 1893\nhereabouts ; it is only worth ten cents per ft. The best breeds are heavy sheep for the low\nlands, and down sheep for the up lands. Berkshire pigs are the best; they require little feed\nto fatten. Last winter there was hardly any snow; there was a good deal of rain, but we did\na good deal of work ; there was very little cold weather, only three days' skating; spring\npromised well, but turned cold ; seed-time was goocl; the summer was rather wet, with a fine\nautumn ; harvest weather was good, and there were no frosts up to 28th of October. I\nconsider the yield of crops was good, and they were harvested in good condition.\nUPPER SUMAS,\nIncluding Abbotsford and Huntingdon, has about one hundred and thirty-five ranchers.\nThe Yale Waggon Road passes through Abbotsford, and thence through Upper Sumas proper,\nround the head of the lake of that name. Abbotsford and Huntingdon are on the Whatcom\nbranch of the C. P. Ry., the former about six miles from Riverside, and the latter about three\nmiles further; near the international boundary. A great part of Upper Sumas is subject to\ninundations from Vedder Creek, which empties into Sumas Lake. A scheme has been on\nfoot for some time to dyke the land about the lake and river, but it has thus far miscarried,\nand most of the land is therefore only used for pasture at low stages of the water. The lake\nitself is a curious sheet of water, being about six miles in length and four in width, and only\nfrom two to four feet deep. The land about it is scarcely above the level of the lake, which\nin turn is, I believe, very little above that of the Fraser, so that considerable difficulty would\nbe experienced in any attempt to drain it. The higher lands are rather heavily wooded ; the\nsoil is however goocl for fruit, and many orchards are being set out. Dairying is carried on to\nsome extent, but is not prosecuted to the degree it deserves. Principal pests reported are\naphides, caterpillars, mosquitoes, moles, ferns and thistles. According to returns received,\nfour per cent, of the land owned is cultivated, forty-two per cent, is woodland or forest,\ntwenty-two per cent, is swamp or marsh, and thirty-two per cent, is pasture.\nThe following is the report of Mr. Wm. Fadden, correspondent : \u2014\n1.    Spring Wheat, 20 to 30 bushels per acre, 1J cents per ft.\nBarley,\nOats,\n30\n40 to 70\ni              ii\nH\n1A\nII\n\"\nPeas,\n40\ni              it\n2\nII\n1!\nIndian Corn,\n70\ni              ii\n1A\n11\nn\nBuckwheat,\n40 to 50\n.              ii\n1\nII\nii\n2.    Hay (Timothy\nand Clover),\n2|-        tons\nper acre,\n$10 to $12 per ton\n3.    Potat oes,\n4\nit\n20\nMangolds,\nCarrots,\n6 to 10 it\n5\nit\n3\n3\nTurnips,\nOnions,\n6 to 8    ,i\n21           it\nn\nit\n3\n2 cents per ft.\nBeets,\n6\ntt\n$6 per ton.\nCabbages,\n3 to 4    it\nii\n1 cent, per ft.\n3b. Early Rose, Morning Star, and Blue potatoes, Alsike clover, Swedes, and Sugar beet,\ngive the best results. All kinds of roots and vegetables and nearly all kinds of\ngrain do well here.\n4.    The average prices obtainable for the following are :\u2014\nApples,\n1A\ncents per ft.\nPears,\n2\nit          it\nPlums and prunes,\n3\nit          ii\nCherries,\n5\nii          ii\nPeaches,\n5\nit          ii\nStrawberries,\n10\nii          ti\nBlackberries,\n8\nit          ti\nRaspberries,\n10\nii          ti 56 Vict. Report on Agriculture. 811\n4a.  The crop was a medium one.\n4b.  The quality of the fruit was very good.\n4c.   A ridge soil of sand and gravel; also a clay soil, with a sandy formation for drainage,\nare the best for fruit culture.\n4d. Peaches are grown with success.\nApricots and nectarines are not grown.\nGrapes are grown on a small scale and do well.\nMelons and tomatoes are grown.\nAll fruits suited to the temperate region,  and a good many of the tropical fruits, do\nwell.\n4e.  Gravenstein apples, I think, are the best, and big Red and Black cherries.\n5. Linseed is not cultivated with success.\n6. Sugar beets have been grown, and grow very well.\n7. Rape has never been tried.\n8a.  Dairying is gone in for considerably, with good results.\n8b. The average prices for butter and cheese are 25 cents and 15 cents per ft., respectively.\n9a.  I consider this part is well suited for wool-raising.\n9b. There are not many sheep raised here.\n10a.  People, as a rule, are going in for improved breeds of stock.\n10b.  I consider the following are the best breeds of stock for this locality :\u2014Clydesdale\nfor draught, French Coach for saddle and harness, Durhams for beef and dairying,\nSouthdowns and  Leicesters for wool and mutton,   Berkshire pigs   and   Brown\nLeghorns, Plymouth Rock and Black Spanish poultry.\n11a.  Poultry-raising is not systematically or extensively developed.\n11b. The average price of eggs is 25 cents per dozen.\n12.    Apiculture has been tried with goocl results.\n13a. Last winter there was more rain than snow or frost.\n13b. The spring was wet, with late frosts.\n13c. The summer was wet.\n13d.  The autumn was wet, with bad harvest weather, and no frosts.\n13c. There was a loss of about 10 per cent, from bad weather.\n14.    Caterpillars and mosquitoes are the pests, but not to any great extent.\n15a.  Labourers are plentiful.\n15b.  Whites principally.\n15c.  The average wages are $2 per day for white labour, and $1 to $1.50 for Chinese and\nIndians.\n16. Ensilage has not been tried.\n17. There is not'much fall ploughing done.    I don't think it is successful.\n18. Since one dyking company has fallen through the people are taking it into their own\nhands to form a dyking district, &e , and intend  to  push  the work vigorously so\nas to have a dyke completed before May or June, 1894.\nMr. David Manning, Abbotsford, says :\u2014My stock are graded. Lice on apple trees\nare insect pests. Sorrel is a noxious weed. Potatoes, mangolds, turnips, and onions do well\nhere. Red clover is the best variety. Red Astrachan, Newton Pippin, Baldwin, Duchess\nof Oldenberg, and Gravenstein apples, Bartlett pears, Italian and Silver prunes, Black Republican and Royal Anne cherries are, I consider, best suited to this locality.\nMr. William Millee, Abbotsford, says :\u2014I think bees would do well here. Blue jays\nare pests, and bull thistles and ferns are noxious weeds. This year there is a blight on the\npotatoes. Oats, peas, carrots, turnips, onions, and beets do well. I consider the following\nvarieties best for this district:\u2014Early Rose potatoes, Timothy for clay land, and Red Top\nand. Blue grass for gravelly land, Alsike and Common Red clovers, Ben Davis, Northern Spy, Gravenstein, Baldwin, Red Astrachan, Spitzenburgh, Bartlett and Beurre d'Anjou pears,\nSilver and Italian prunes, Snelling and Royal Anne cherries, and Crawford's Early peaches.\nPeaches don't do well here. Every homesteader in this part is going in for fruit trees. There\nwill be a large increase in orchards this coming fall which, I think, will be. a profitable investment.\nMr. M. G. Fadden says :\u2014Insect pests are fruit tree lice. Animal pests are moles. Ferns\nare noxious weeds. Early Rose potatoes are well suited to this locality. I consider Percheron\nand French coach horses, Jerseys and Holsteins for dairying, Durhams for beef, Berkshire\npigs, Leghorn poultry, and Italian bees, to be the, best breeds for this district.\nM. H. Fadden says :\u2014My stock are common graded stock. Mosquitoes for six weeks or\ntwo months after high water are insect pests. Noxious weeds are common bull thistle and\nsomething similar to wild mustard springing up quite freely this year No fall wheat is grown\nhere. Generally all kinds of grains, vegetables, grasses, potatoes, &c, do very well. There is\nno especial variety better suited than another. I think all kinds of apples, pears, plums,\nprunes, cherries, and peaches are suited to this district. There are no special breeds of horses\nhere, all breeds seem to do well. I consider the best breeds for here are Durhams for dairying\nand beef, Southdowns for wool and mutton, Berkshire pigs, Brown Leghorns and Black Spanish\npoultry, and Italian bees.\nThe average wages for skilled labour, such as carpenters, blacksmiths, and other\nmechanics is : Without board, $3.25 per day, $75 per month ; with board, $2.75 per day,\n$55 per month.\nCHILLIWHACK, SUMAS, AND POPCUM,\nOn the southern side of the Fraser, I have included under one heading, inasmuch as they\nform practically one settlement, the finest, most populous, and important in this part of the\nLower Fraser. The town of Chilliwhack, about the centre of the district, is about fifty miles\nfrom New Westminster by river, and five from Harrison River Station, on the Canadian\nPacific Railway, access to which is had by ferry. Sumas (sometimes called Lower Sumas) is\nabout six miles from Chilliwhack down the river, by an excellent road, and Popcum, about\nthirteen miles up the river, by the Yale waggon road, which here, owing to the clayey nature\nof the soil and the difficulty of obtaining material for constructing roads, was in places\nsomewhat soft and muddy when I went over it in November. Many settlers live along this\nroad and on the branch roads leading into it. Popcum being situated on the river is also\nreached by water. Most of the roads in and about Chilliwhack are good. One, however,\nleading back and across Vedder Creek, over which Mr. Webb took me, is not good. Vedder\nCreek is spanned by a beautiful bridge, but the Municipality has not yet made proper\napproaches to it. The low lands about Chilliwhack and Sumas are generally partly open,\nwith belts of small timber interspersed, forming a pleasing variety and affording plenty of\ntimber for all farm purposes. Further back and along the road to Popcum it is more heavily\nwooded, and there is less open country. The soil is a rich clayey loamy which produces good\ncrops of cereals and roots, of which a large quantity is raised; hops also do well, but thus far\nhave not been much cultivated ; fruit is the coming industry, however ; a great many young\norchards are being planted out, and a large quantity of fruit produced in the older ones.\nDairying is also an industry which is being pushed a good deal, and which will no doubt in\nthe future form one of the leading features of this section. This I believe is the only place in\nthe Province where cheese is manufactured. A considerable quantity of swine and poultry is\nproduced and some sheep. This is also the only place where honey is produced in any\nquantity, Mr. J. S. Smith, the principal producer, having probably 100 hives, from which\nhe gets a very fine quality of honey. There are in the neighbourhood of two hundred and\nfifty farmers in the district. Although not lying high above the level of the Fraser, it is not\nsubject to inundation from that river ; some trouble has however been experienced by the\nunruly conduct of the Luckakuck and Chilliwhack rivers, when they are in flood, sometimes\nbreaking through their banks. The principal diseases and pests reported are hog cholera,\naphides, thistles, wild oats, and potato and pear blight. According to returns received, I find\nthat  26| per cent,  of the land owned is cultivated, 48 per cent, is woodland or forest, 3 per 56 Vict. Report on Agriculture. 813\ncent, is swamp and marsh, and 22J per cent, is pasture. Mr. Webb's estimate of cultivated\nland in Chilliwhack it will be seen is about 16 per cent., and Mr. Chadsey's, of Sumas, 13 per\ncent. The difference can be accounted for in part or in whole from the fact that many\nowners of unimproved land (some being away and others not thinking it worth while) have\nnot made returns.\nThe following approximate data is furnished by  Mb.  Horatio Webb for Chilliwhack\nproper:\u2014\nQuantity of land owned about 45,000 acres.\nii tt     cultivated  u 7,000     n\nNumber of tons of grain produced  n 1,500 tons.\nit it hay  produced  \u00bb 5,000     n\nii ii root crops  n 2,000     tt\nii ti fruit  ii 175     ii\nii cattle owned      u 3,000 head.\nit horses owned  n 1,200     n\nit sheep owned  n 500     n\nti swine owned  n 4,000     n\nThe following is the report of Mr. H. Webb, correspondent for Chilliwhack :\u2014\n1. Wheat (fall),       25 bushels per acre, $30 per ton.\nWheat (spring), 35      \u201e \u201e 30      \u201e\nBarley,                 50      n             n 25      n\nOats,                    GO      ii             tt           25      ti\nPeas,                    35      \u201e             \u201e           25\n2. Hay, 2\\ tons \u201e 10\nHops, 1,500 fts. tt                 18c. per ft.\n3. Potatoes, 150 bushels n 15 per ton.\nMangolds, 30   tons n              6    . ii\nCarrots, 30      n n             6      n\nTurnips, 35       n n               4       n\nOnions, 15       it n 30       n\nParsnips and beets, 1 cent per ft.; cabbages, | cent per ft.\n3b. Democrat Fall wheat, Red Fife Spring wheat, Six-rowed barley, Banner oats,\nMummy and Golden Vine peas, Timothy grass, Red clover, Early Rose and Stray\nBeauty potatoes, Long Red and Globe mangold, the Perfection carrot, Purple Top\ncarrot, Wethersfield and Danver onions, Blood Turnip beet, Hollow Crown\nparsnip and Wakefield cabbage are best suited to this part, and give the best results.\n4. The following are the average prices obtainable :\u2014\nFor apples, 2 cents per ft.\nii    pears, 3    n n\nit    plums and prunes, 3    n n\nit    cherries, 5    n h\nii   peaches, 6    n n\n4a.  The season's crop was generally light.\n4b. The quality of the fruit was good.\n4d. Peaches are grown, but they are not a success. Grapes have not proved satisfactory.\nMelons do well some seasons. Tomatoes do well, but do not ripen without good\ncare.\n4e. The following are the particular fruits which give best results : Apples\u2014Duchess of\nOldenberg, Gravenstein, Bethel, Keswick Codlin, Ben Davis, Baldwin, Roxburry,\nRusset, Golden Russet, and all varieties of Pippins; pears\u2014Bartlett, Beurre\nd'Anjou, Seckel, Winter Nelis, and Kieffer; plums\u2014Imperial Gage, Peach, Lombard, and Egg ; cherries\u2014Black Tartarian and Royal Anne.\n5. 6, 7. Linseed, sugar beet and rape have not been tried.\n8a. Dairying is pursued extensively, and with good results. 814 Recort on Agriculture. 1893\n8b.  The average price for butter is 28 cents per ft., and for cheese 13 cents.\n9a.  This part is well suited for wool-raising.\n9b. Sheep are not extensively raised.\n9c. The wool is of good quality.\n9d. The average weight of fleece is 6 fts.\n10a.  People are generally going in for improved breeds of stock.\n10b.  I consider the following the best breeds for this district:\u2014Clydesdales for  draught,\nRoadsters crossed with common mares for saddle-horses,  Coach  and  Hambleton-\nians for harness ; Shorthorns for beef, Ayrshires and Jerseys for dairying ; Down\nsheep for mutton :  Berkshire, Yorkshire, and  Poland-China  pigs,  and  Plymouth\nRock and Leghorn poultry.\n11a.  Poultry-raising is carried on by quite a few people.    Incubators  are  quite  common,\nand are satisfactory.\n11b. The average price of eggs is 25 cents per dozen.\n12.    Several parties are trying bees,  some having as many as 75 hives.    Last summer\nbeing a cloudy one, the results were not so good as were expected.\n13a.  Last winter there was not much snow, but very cold, and rather a wet season.\n13b.  The spring was fine in the early part, but afterwards cold and wet.\n13c.  The summer was good, not very hot; a good deal of cool cloudy weather.\n13d. The autumn was very wet after the early harvest was in.; the late harvest was a\nfailure.\n13e.  There was a loss of about 10 per cent, through unfavourable weather.\n14.    We have been pretty free from pests of any kind,   and  the  disease  among  pigs,   so\nprevalent this time last year, has left us.    The hop-louse did great destruction to\nthe hops.\n15a. Labourers are to be easily procured.\n15 b. Whites, Chinese, and Indians.\n15c.  The average wages are from $15 to $30 per month and board.\n16. Ensilage has been tried, with better results than last year.\n17. There was not much fall ploughing done ; it was too wet.\n18. Improvements are going on in all directions, large tracts being cleared of timber and\nbrush, also a large tract being reclaimed by ditching and draining.    Goocl fences\nand buildings are being built.    All kinds of machinery are in use for farming.\nMr. W. H. DeWolf, Chilliwhack, says :\u2014I have a half-bred Ayrshire and Durham cow,\ntwo graded cows, a registered Durham heifer, and a graded heifer. The following are the\nbest varieties of cereals, roots, fruits, etc.:\u2014Red Fife Spring wheat, Rough barley, Banner\noats, Mummy peas, Chili potatoes, Swedes; Roxbury Russets, Mann, Wealthy, Yellow\nTransparent, King Tompkins, Baldwin and Gravenstein apples; Bartlett pears, Italian\nprunes, Royal Anne cherries, and Early Crawford peaches. I think the best breeds of stock\nfor here are : Clydesdales, Durhams for dairying and beef, White Chester pigs, and Plymouth\nRock poultry. Last winter there was not much snow; there was a good deal of rain ; there\nwas not much cold weather. The spring was late; it was goocl for seeding. The summer\nwas very good, and the autumn also till 20th September; after that there was considerable\nrain. Harvest weather was not good. I consider crops were harvested in good order, and\nthey yielded very well.\nMe. W. H. Bayly, Chilliwhack, says :\u2014My cattle are graded Ayrshires. I consider the\nfollowing the best varieties of roots, grasses, and fruits:\u2014Garnet Chili and Red Dakota\npotatoes; Large Red clover; Gravenstein, Duchess of Oldenberg and Wealthy for early fall\napples; Baldwin, Golden Russet and Ben Davis for winter apples; Bartlett pears, Bradshaw\nplums, and Napoleon or English Ox-heart cherries. Timothy does well where the land is\nproperly drained. The following breeds of stock are the best for this locality :\u2014Ayrshires for\ndairying, Berkshire pigs, and Brown Leghorn poultry. From January to December there\nwere 238 wet or showery days, and 128 cloudy and fine days.    (For fuller particulars about 56 Vict. Report on Agriculture. 815\nthe weather (see Mr. Bayly's remarks under \"Meteorological.\"\u2014J. R. A.) There were frosts\non the 7th and Sth of April. I consider the yield of crops was good, and they were saved in\ngood order.\nMr. George Good, Chilliwhack, says :\u2014The insect pests are green lice on trees and curl\nleaf on peaches. Hog cholera is a disease here. The following varieties are the best for\nthis locality :\u2014Colorado Spring wheat, American Banner oats, Egyptian Mummy peas, Early\nRose and Rural New Yorker potatoes, Alsike clover, Golden Russet, English Russet, King's\nGreening and Maiden's Blush apples. Clydesdale horses, Jerseys for dairying, Durhams for\nbeef, Berkshires and Chester White pigs. There was not much snow last winter; there was\na good deal of rain and not much cold weather. The spring was late and unfavourable for\nseeding. The summer was changeable, the autumn was wet. The harvest weather was pretty\nfavourable. There was frost on the 10th of October. I consider the crops yielded very well,\nand were saved in fair condition.\nMr. Jacob Zink, Chilliwhack, says :\u2014My stock are of no particular breed. Ferns are a\nnoxious weed. Dakota Red potatoes, Swedes, Timothy, and Red clover are all well suited to\nthis district. Last winter there was a medium fall of snow ; there was plenty of rain. The\nspring was late, seed time was pretty favourable. The summer and autumn were good.\nHarvest weather was favourable. We had a frost that killed the peaches. If farmers could\nhave money at six per cent, on good security to make improvements and buy useful machinery\nthere could be many more necessary improvements made. I consider the yield of crops was\ngood, and that they were saved in good condition.\nMr. R. Wt. Prowse, Chilliwhack, says :\u2014My horses are common grades. My cattle are\nbred from pedigreed Holsteins, Jerseys, and the milk strain of Durhams. Scotch thistles are\nnoxious weeds. The best kinds of cereals, roots, fruit, &c, for this locality are Swamp Spring\nwheat, Banner oats, Egyptian Mummy peas, Long Red mangolds, Steel's Short White carrots,\nPurple Top swede, Yellow Danver onion, Timothy grass, Alsike clover, Duchess of Oldenberg\napple, Royal Anne and Yellow Spanish cherry, and Early Crawford peaches. The best breeds\nof stock are Percheron horses, Jerseys and the milk strain of Durhams for dairying; Leicesters\nfor wool, Southdowns for mutton; Berkshire pigs; Light Brahmas, Brown Leghorns, and\nPlymouth Rock poultry. Last winter there was not much snow ; there was a good deal of\nrain; there was not much cold weather. The spring was late and not very good for Wet land.\nThe summer was rather wet for low land, and autumn was wet. The weather was favourable\nfor early harvest. I think there was a full average crop, and the crops were saved passably\nwell; they would have been harvested better if good weather had prevailed at the right time.\nMr. Henry Jespersen, Chilliwhack, says :\u2014My bull is three-quarter bred Holstein ; my\nother cattle are graded Jerseys and Durhams. Smut occurred here in barley. I never seem\nto have noticed it before, but this is the first time I have tried barley. Hog cholera is a\ndisease of animal life. Last year hundreds of hogs were destroyed by it here. This year I\nhave not yet heard of the disease at till. The noxious weeds here in Chilliwhack are Canadian\nthistles, but only in small spots ; and also wild oats. I have none on my farm. The following\nI consider the best varieties of cereals, roots, and grasses for this locality : Six-rowed barley,\nBanner and Egyptian oats, Mummy peas, Dakota Red potatoes, White Belgium carrots,\nMammoth swede, Yellow Danver onion, and Timothy grass. The following breeds of stock\nare the best for this district:\u2014Suffolk Punches, Holsteins for dairying, Durhams for beef, Berkshire pigs, Brahmas and Plymouth Rock poultry.\nMr. Eugene F. Smith, Sardis, says:\u2014My cattle are grade Durhams and Holsteins. The\ndiseases of plant life here are pear leaf blight, potato blight, curl leaf, and yellows in peaches.\nDiseases of animal life are hog cholera, as it is called here. They have a high fever and\nlooseness of bowels, no appetite, and dwindle away and die. Insect pests are tent caterpillars,\ngreen and brown lice. Noxious weeds are chick-weed and crab-grass. The following are the\nbest varieties of cereals, roots, fruit, &c, for this district:\u2014Banner oats, Partridge peas, Navy\nbeans, Early Rose and Blue Halleys potatoes, Long Red mangolds, Improved Short White\ncarrots, Purple Top swedes, Yellow Globe Danver onions, Flat Egyptian beets, Timothy\ngrass, Red and White clovers, Yellow Transparent and Astrachan apples; for summer\nGravenstein, Duchess of Oldenberg, Wealthy, and Maiden's Blush, and for fall, Golden Russet,\nBaldwin, Ben Davis, Northern Spy, Rhode Island Greening, and Esopus Spitzenbergs; for\nwinser Bartlett, Clap's Favourite, Beurre d'Anjou pears; German, Royal George, Golden Drop, Sib Report on Agriculture. 1893\nPeach, Yellow Egg and Red Egg or Magnum Bonum plums, Governor Wood, which, however,\nis liable to crack, Napoleon or Royal Anne is the best, Black Tartarian, Snelling and Early\nRichmond cherries ; Alexander, Ansden and Globe peaches ; Champion quinces ; Moorpark\napricots ; Isabella and Niagara grapes. The best breeds of stocks for here are Norman horses,\nHolsteins for dairying, Durhams for beef, Merinos for wool, Southdowns and Shropshire\nDowns for mutton, Berkshire pigs, Brown and White Leghorns, and Plymouth Rock fowls.\nMr. Samuel Mellard, Chilliwhack, says :\u2014All kinds of cereals, roots, grasses, clovers,\nand hops are adapted to this locality. The following are the best varieties of fruit for here :\nBen Davis, Baldwin, Twenty Ounce Pippin, Alexander, Canada Red, Duchess of Oldenberg,\nGravenstein, and Golden Russet apples ; Bartlett and Beurre Claregunn pears ; Peach, Brad-\nshaw, Reine Claude and Yellow Egg plums; Italian and German prunes ; Royal Anne and May\nDuke cherries; Early Crawford, Foster, Early Charlotte, and Hales Early peaches; Royal\nand Moorpark apricots, and Boston nectarines. The best breeds of stock are Clyde and\nSuffolk Punch horses, Holstein and Jersey cattle for dairying, Chester White, Berkshire and\nPoland-China pigs, Black Spanish, Brown and White Leghorn, and Wyandotte chickens, and\nall kinds of bees.\nMr. Levi McCumber, Sardis, says:\u2014I find a large caterpillar on the fruit trees ; also a\nshort black one that makes a web and forms it large bunch and seems to kill the tree. I have\na large number of peach trees, the leaves and tops of which are blighted. Last winter there\nwas not much snow, there was a good deal of rain, not much cold. The spring was late. The\nsummer was fine, pleasant weather. The last part of July and the first part of August was\ngood harvest weather. The yield was good, and was of good quality, with the exception of\nsome that was sowed late and harvested late. I have only just started on a bush ranch, and\nI find nearly all kinds of fruit trees grow very fast and look very healthy.\nMr. Arthur Mennell, Chilliwhack, says :\u2014The diseases of plant life here are potato\nblight, curl leaf on peaches, and a bark disease on plum trees, blue jay (see \" Diseases and\nPests.\"\u2014J.R.A.) Noxious weeds are sorrel, chickweed, and Scotch thistle. The following are the best varieties of cereals, roots, grasses, fruits, etc. : Ladoga and Campbell's\nWhite Chaff spring wheat, Kinver Chevalier barley, Banner oats, Common Grey peas, Cory\ncorn (for table), Early Rose, Schoolmaster, and Chili potatoes, Long Red mangolds, all kinds\nof carrots, Elephant swede, Yellow Danver onion, Orchard, Perennial Rye, Meadow Fescue,\nand Timothy grasses, White Dutch, Alsike, and Common Red clovers; Blue Pearmain,\nGravenstein, Baldwin, Golden Russet, Red Astrachan, Maiden's Blush, Spitzenberg, and\nDuchess of Oldenburg apples ; Winter Nelis, Bartlett, and Flemish Beauty pears; Imperial\nGage, Bradshaw, Coe's Golden Drop, and Yellow Egg plums, Italian prunes, Queen Anne,\nEarly Richmond, and Black Tartarian cherries ; Crawford's Early and Late, and Alexander\npeaches, and Niagara grapes. The following I consider to be the best breeds of stock for this\ndistrict : Clydesdale horses, Jerseys for dairying, Durhams for beef, Southdowns for wool,\nShropshires for mutton, White Yorkshire pigs, Plymouth Rock and Black Spanish chickens.\nMr. John Maynaed, Chilliwack, says :\u2014My stock are all graded. I have been using\nthoroughbred bulls of my neighbours, and have Holsteins, Durhams, and Ayrshires. The\nborers are insect pests; they have tackled my trees, and something stung or made a small\nhole in the gooseberries, causing them to rot and drop off. Noxious weeds are chickweed, pigweed, sowthistle, and flat-bottom summer grass. Banner oats, Mummy peas, Early Dwarf\ncorn, Timothy, and Alsike clover are the best varieties. All kinds of roots are prolific on our\nsoil. All our orchards are young, and we have very little idea as to what kinds are best.\nDuchess of Oldenberg and Red Astrachan are the first to bear with me. Peaches are a total\nfailure on our low or peat soil. I consider the following breels of stock are the best :\nClydes or Punches, as they step easily and carefully in the mud (Percherons we do not like as\nthey are too excitable), Ayrshires for dairying, Durhams for beef, and Black Berkshire pigs.\nMe. Charles Cremer, Chilliwack, says :\u2014Mosquitoes are insect pests. Noxious weeds\nare thistles, wild parsnip, and burdock. Millet does well and is good feed for cattle.\nMummy peas, Chili potatoes, White carrots, White Danver onions, Orchard grass, Roxbury\nRusset, Crab, Gravenstein, Ben Davis, and English Russet apples, Bartlett pears, Magnum\nBonum, Italian, and Greengage plums, Black Tartarian cherries, and Early Charlotte peaches,\nare the best varieties of grain, fruit, etc., for this part of the district. Percheron horses and\nWhite Yorkshire pigs are the best breeds for this part. 56 Vict. Report on Agriculture. 8i7\nMr, G. W. Chadsey furnishes the following approximate data for Lower Sumas :\u2014\nQuantity of land owned about 15,000 acres.\nit               it        cultivated  2,000    n\nNumber of tons grain produced  200 tons.\n,i    hay           i, *         1,200    \u201e\nii                ii    root crops ,  100    n\nii                ii    fruit  50    ti\nit             cattle owned  750 head.\nit             horses      n       300     n\nii             sheep       ii  100    n\nn             swine       n  200    n\nThe following is the report of Mr. G. W. Chadsey, correspondent for Sumas:\u2014\n1. Wheat (fall),       40 bush, per acre; $35 per ton.\nWheat (spring), 33    ,, n\nBarley, 50 n n 30 n\nOats, 60 it it 25 n\nPeas, 30 ,, \u201e 30 \u201e\n2. Hay, 3 \u201e \u201e 12\nHops.\u2014Some growers claim they can raise 1 ton per acre.\n3. Potatoes 5 tons per acre ; $30 per ton.\nMangolds, 30     n           n                5         t>\nCarrots, 30    n           n               5         n\nTurnips, 30     n             n                  5          n\nOnions, 5    n           n             30 to $40 per ton.\nParsnips, 15 to 20    M           n             20 per ton.\nBeets, 25    n           n             15         n\nCabbages, 8     n           n              12         n\n3b. Red Fife and Ladoga wheat, Rough Six-rowed barley, American Banner oats,\nBlack-eyed Susan peas, Timothy, Alsike clover, Early Rose potato, Elephant\nswede, and Long Red beet are the best for this district.\n4. The following are the average prices obtainable for fruit :    For apples, $1 per box of\n45 fts.; pears, $1.25; plums and prunes, $1.25; cherries, 6 cents per ft.; Peaches,\n4 cents per ft. ; quinces, 5 cents per ft. ; apricots, 4 cents per ft.\n4a. The season's crop was far below the average.\n4b.  The fruit was of good quality.\n4c. Baldwin, Northern Spy, Golden Russet, King of Tompkins, Seek no Further,\nWealthy and many other apples do well on a light soil such as a sandy loam;\nothers succeed on a clay loam.\n4d. Peaches are grown with medium success. Apricots and nectarines are not yet\nbearing.    Grapes of hardy variety do well.    Melons and tomatoes do well.\n4e. The following particular fruits give the best results : Gravenstein, King, Ben Davis\n(medium), Baldwin, Northern Spy, Golden Russet, Roxbury Russet, Seek no\nFurther, Lemon, Porter, and Wealthy apples, Bartlett, Louise Bonne de Jersey\n(splendid), Beurre d'Anjou, and Sekel pears, Magnum Bonum, Coe's Golden Drop,\nRed Egg, Yellow Egg, and Greengage plums, and Queen Anne cherries.\n5. Linseed has been cultivated with good success.\n6. Sugar beets are successful.\n7. Rape has been grown without much success.\n8a. This is a grand dairy country, with cool nights and no weeds to cause a taint of\nbutter or milk.\n8b.  The prices obtainable for butter are 25 to 30 cents per ft. ; for cheese, 12 to 17 cents.\n9a.  This locality is well adapted for sheep ; they do very well. 818 Report on Agriculture. 1893\n9b.  No extensive flocks of sheep are raised.\n9c.  The wool is of good quality.\n9d.  The average weight of fleece is 4 to 5 fts.\n10a.  People are going in for improved breeds of stock.\n10b. I   consider   the  following  are  the   best  breeds  for  this  district :     Clyde,   Shire,\nPercheron, and Suffolk Punches for draught, Cayuse for saddle, French Coach for\nsaddle; Durhams and Polled Angus for beef, Holsteins  for dairy; Cotswolds for\nwool,    Southdowns   for   mutton;   Berkshire   pigs,   and   White   Plymouth   Rock\npoultry.\n11a.  Poultry-raising is carried on to a considerable extent,\n11b.  The average price of eggs is 25 cents per dozen.\n12.    Bees have been tried with success.\n14. Stock are pretty healthy, except some distemper among horses. There are some\nfruit pests, but nothing serious. Canadian thistles are getting a foothold, also\nburdock.\n15a.  Labourers are plentiful.\n15b. Whites, Chinese, and Indians.\n15c.  The average wages are $25 per month.\n16. Ensilage has been tried with good results.\n17. Fall ploughing is done to the extent of about one-twentieth.\n18. There is $15,000 to be expended on ditching in Chilliwack,  $250,000  on  dyking on\nSumas.    Indian Home school to be erected at Chilliwack at a cost of $20,000.\nMr. A. H. Wane, Sumas, says : \u2014My stock are half and quarter-bred Jerseys. Early-\npotatoes are showing some signs of blight, which did some damage last year. Aphides are\nrather numerous on young fruit trees. There are no animal pests to speak of. Ferns are\nvery troublesome. Bull thistles are making their appearance. Herrick, or wild mustard, is\nshowing in some, places. Banner oats, Egyptian Mummy peas, Yellow Danver onions,\nTimothy, Northern Spy, Golden Russet, Baldwin, King, and Maiden's Blush apples, Bartlett\npears, Royal George, Magnum Bonum, Peach, and Greengage of the old varieties of plums,\nand Royal Anne cherries are the best varieties for this locality. I consider Jerseys for\ndairying, Durhams for beef, and Plymouth Rock and Brown Leghorn poultry are the best\nbreeds of stock for this district. Last winter there was very little snow. The winter was\nmild ; there was a large amount of rain up to January 1st, after that date no great amount.\nThe spring was late, but, on the whole, favourable for seeding. The summer was unusually\nshowery. The autumn was fine with two or three broken spells. Harvest weather was good\nfor early grain. The last frost in the spring was on the 1st of May, and the first in the\nautumn was on October 14th. There were no thunder storms during the summer ; there was\na slight one in September. On the whole, the crops were well saved. A small per cent, of\nhay was damaged.    There was about an average yield.\nMr. D. McGillivray, Sumas, says :\u2014I have four head of pedigreed Durhams, the\nbalance of my stock are grade Durhams. Hog cholera has been prevalent in some sections\nfor the last year, but it is about exterminated. All kinds of cereals and roots yield well.\nAlsike clover, Early Harvest, Duchess of Oldenberg, Pippins, Russets, Baldwin, and King of\nTompkins apples, Royal Anne and Napoleon cherries, Alexander, and Early and Late\nCrawford peaches are the best varieties for this district. For dairying, a cross from Durhams\nand Jerseys, and for beef, Durhams are the best breeds. Last winter there was very little\nsnow ; there was a goocl deal of rain, and no cold weather. The spring was early, but, being-\nwet and cold, it was bad for seeding.    The summer was wet and cold.\nMessrs. Chester & L. L. Chadsey, Sumas, say :\u2014We keep three pure bred pedigreed\nJersey bulls and two pedigreed Jersey cows, and the most of our other stock are Jersey\ngrades, crossed between Jersey and graded Durhams, and they make a profitable dairy cow.\nThe following are the best varieties of cereals, roots, etc.: Ladoga or Red Fife wheat, Egyptian,\nWhite Cluster, and Banner oats, Egyptian peas, Morning Star potatoes, Long Red mangolds,\nWhite carrots, Purple Top swedes, Timothy grass, Northern Spy, Seek no Further, Wine Sap, 56 Vict. Report on Agriculture. 819\nKing, Twenty-Ounce Pippin, Mann, Bottle, Greening, Walbridge, Swaar, Fameuse, Haas,\nEarly Harvest, and Astrachan apples; Royal Gage, Peach, English Gage, and Chadsey's Pride\nplums; Late Duke, Kentish, and Yellow Spanish cherries. The best breeds of stock for here\nare : Graded Clydes and mixed bred horses ; Durham, Jersey, and graded cattle for dairying,\nDurhams for beef ; Poland China and Berkshire pigs.\nMr. George W. Chadsey, Sumas, says :\u2014I have five head of pedigreed or full blood\nHolsteiu-Freisians ; a large percentage of the other cattle are graded Holsteins. My horses\nare graded Clydes, Percherons, and Cleveland Bays. Plant life seems wonderfully free from\ndisease. For a period of two years, hogs have been afflicted in some parts of the settlement\nwith hog cholera. We have an abundance of pests that pester the sweet life out of us, and\ngive the poor animals trouble ; I do not know if they attack the plants or not. I refer to\nthe mosquito. There have been a great many flies here for the past two or three years, similar\nto the common house fly, but longer, that trouble horses and cattle severely, as they extract\nblood. (For remarks about thistles and burdocks see Mr. Chadsey's remarks under \"Diseases\nand Pests.\") The following varieties of cereals, roots, grasses, and fruit are the best suited to\nthis locality:\u2014Ladoga, Red Fife spring wheat, Red Chaff fall wheat, Two-rowed Chevalier\nbarley, Banner and Egyptian oats, Canadian Yellow and Stowe's Evergreen corn, Butter\nbeans, Morning Star, Chili, and Late and Early Rose potatoes, Mammoth or Elephant swede,\nYellow Danver onion, Sugar and Long Blood beet, Timothy and Italian Rye grasses, Red\nclover, Wealthy, Northern Spy, Gravenstein, Baldwin, Golden Russet, Roxbury Russet, Wine\nSap, Seek no Further, Porter, Maiden's Blush, and Trancendent apples are suitable for our\nclimate, and we should try and educate the people who intend to raise fruit not to try every\nmiserable tree agent's new kinds, as in most cases they are no good ; Bartlett, Idaho, a few\nSeckel, Flemish Beauty, Clapp's Favourite, Duchess d'Angouleme, P. Barry, Beurre d'Anjou,\nand Vicar of Winkfield pears, Coe's Golden Drop, Yellow Egg, Greengage, Washington,\nLombard, Red Egg, and Magnum Bonum plums. Fellenberg or Italian prune, and Foster,\nGlobe, Early and Late Crawford peaches. The best breeds of stock are French Coach,\nShires, Morgan, and Cleveland Bay horses, Holstein-Freisians for dairying, Durhams for beef,\nSouthdowns and Hampshire Downs for mutton Berkshire and Poland-China pigs, White\nLeghorn and Wyandottes for poultry.\nThe following is the report of Mr. Knight, correspondent for Rosedale and Popcum :\u2014\nbush, per acre ;  1| cents per ft.\nii $28 per ton.\nit 1-J cents per ft.\nWheat\n(fall),\n25\n3US\nWheat\n(spring\nI), 20\nit\nBarley,\n40\nit\nOats,\n60\ntt\nPeas,\n20\ntt\nHay,\n2\nto 4 t\nons\nPotatoes,\n6\nti\nu  \u25a0\u25a0\ni,\nlitol\nJ- cents\nper\nft\n$10 to $10 pei\nton\n9 to\n20\n,\n4 to\n5\n,\n7 to\n10\n,\n3 to\n5\n,\n7 to\n8   '\n, .\nMangolds, 15 to 30 ,, ,,\nCarrots,     15 to 30 tt n\nTurnips,    30 to 40 ,,\nBeets,        15 to 20 i.(sugar)n\n3a.  The yield was good where properly cultivated.\n3b. Red Fife wheat, Chevalier barley, Egyptian, Banner, and WTelcome oats, Mummy\npeas, Timothy, Alsike clover, Rural New Yorker No. 2, Vosges, and Large Orange\ncarrot, Swedes, Vihnue's and Lane's Improved beet (heavy yielder), are the best\nfor this district.\n4. The following are the average prices obtainable per ft.:\u2014For apples, 1J to 3 cents;\npears, 2A to 4 cents; plums and prunes, A; to 4 cents (according to quality).;\ncherries, 4 to 5 cents; peaches, 6 to 8 cents.\n4a. The season's crop was below the average.\n4b.  The quality of the fruit was very good.\n4c. Trees in this locality do very well on good loamy soil, well subsoiled and drained,\nalso well manured with lime or ashes. 820 Report on Agriculture. 1893\n4d. Peaches I don't think ever can be grown successfully ; apricot trees have not yet\nfruited, so can't say how they will do ; melons not successful\u2014it is not warm\nenough ; tomatoes do fairly well.\n4e. The following particular fruits give the best results :\u2014Red Astrachan, Gravenstein,\nBaldwin, Golden Russet, Roxbury Russet, Mann, Walbridge, Rhode Island Greening, Montreal Peach, Hyslop, Transcendent, Twenty-Ounce Pippin, and Ben Davis\napples; Bartlett, Anjou, and Winter Nelis pears; Red Egg, Lombard, Peach, and\nCoe's Golden Drop plums; Royal Anne, Black Republican, English Morello,\nBlack Eagle, Early Richmond, Luelling, Governor Wood, and Knight's Early\nBlack cherries.\n5.    Linseed is not cultivated.\nG.    Sugar beet is cultivated for stock ; it increases the quality of the milk and butter.\n7.    No rape is grown.\n8a. Dairying is followed by a few farmers, but the quality of the butter is poor; they\ndon't know how to make good butter,\n8b.  The average price for butter is 25 to 30 cents per ft.; cheese is 15 to 18 cents per ft.\n9a.  This part is not suitable for sheep.\n9b.  No quantity of sheep is kept.\n9c.  Wool is of fair quality.\n9d. The average weight of fleece is 4 to 6 fts.\n10a.  People are going in for improved breeds of stock.\n10b.  The best breeds of stock for here are Shire and Clyde horses for draught, Percheron\nand Hambletonian for light work, Durhams for beef, Guernsey, Jersey, and Ayrshire for dairying, Shropshire for mutton, Berkshire and Improved Yorkshire pigs,\nBrown Leghorn and Barred Plymouth Rock poultry.\n11a.  Poultry only raised for home use.\n11b.   The average price of eggs is 25 to 50 cents.\n12.    Apiculture has been tried by a few on a small scale.\n13a.  Last winter there was about six inches of snow, and considerable rain, with thermometer never below zero\u2014the lowest 1\u00b0 above zero.\n13c. The thermometer registered 92\u00b0 in the shade.\n13d. The early part of  the harvest was good, but later on very poor; there was no frost\ntill November.\n13e.  There was a loss of about five per cent, from bad weather.\n14. The pests on fruit trees are woolly aphis, black aphis, green aphis, and tent caterpillar.\nIf people would spray their trees with any of the mixtures recommended, they\ncould easily be kept under. Black knot has also appeared in our orchards at Popcum ; the only remedy for that is to cut the tree down and burn it.\n15a. Labourers are plentiful.\n15b.  Indians and Chinese.\n15c.   The average wages are $1 to $2.25 per day.\n16. Ensilage has not been tried.\n17. Some ploughing is done in the fall, but not to any extent.\n18. Quite a large preparation is being made for spring planting in the shape of fall clear\ning, draining, &c., etc.\nMr. John Chapman, Rosedale, says:.\u2014My stock are all graded. Hog cholera is a\ndisease here ; ferns are a noxious weed. Red Fife spring wheat, American Banner oats,\nMummy peas, W^hite Sweet corn, Chili potatoes, Timothy grass, and Red clover are the best\nvarieties for this place. The best breeds of stock are Clyde horses, graded Ayrshires for\ndairying, Southdowns for wool and mutton, Berkshire pigs, and Plymouth Rock chickens.\nLast winter there was four inches of snow, a goocl deal of rain, and not much cold; spring\nwas early, and seed-time was good ; the summer and autumn were fine ; harvest weather was\ngood.     Crops yielded well, and were harvested in good order. With\n.   2 75      \u201e\n....   GO 00\nIndians\u2014\nWithout board. .\n.   1  37 A    n\n....   30 00\nWith           \u201e\n.   1  25      \u201e\n....   25 00\nChinese\u2014\nWithout board. .\n.   1  25      \u201e\n....   27 50\nWith           \u201e     . .\n.   1  00      t,\n....   19 00\n56 Vict. Report on Agriculture. 821\nThe following is a table of the average of wages paid in this district:\u2014\nOrdinary farm labour- -\nWithout board $2 00 per day $40 00 per month $400 00 per year.\nWith \u201e     ....   1  50      \u201e       ....   27 50 tt     .....   313 00\nSkilled labour, such as carpenters, blacksmiths, and other mechanics\u2014\nWithout board $3 25 per day $77 50 per month $900 00 per year.\n....   700 00\n....   350 00\n....   240 00\n....   360 00\n....   200 00\nHOPE.\nThere is no place higher up the Lower Fraser on its southern bank. It is about eighteen\nmiles above Popcum, and is accessible by the Yale waggon road and by steamer; it is also\nreached by the Canadian Pacific Railway, by ferry from the Hope Station. There are about\ntwenty-five ranchers in the vicinity. The land is good and capable of growing good root crops\nand fruit, some of which is produced. It is generally heavily timbered, near the river, with\ncottonwood, maple, alder, and such trees, and further back with fir and cedar. I regret that,\nowing to its isolated position and the short time at my command, I could not visit this\nsettlement.\nMr. C. F. Pound, St. Elmo, below Hope, says:\u2014I came here last fall and am starting on\nnew land. A disease of plant life is potato rot. About 1st August they began to wilt, and\nstalk died in about two weeks, as if killed by frost; some potatoes are rotting in the ground,\nthere will not be a good crop. Mosquitoes are the principal insect pest, they were.almost\nunbearable this year. Clover will grow if once sowed. Winter apples, such as Russets and\nNorthern Spies, are the best apples for this locality.\nMr. N. Yerex, St. Elmo, says :\u2014My stock are Graded Durhams and Polled Angus.\nSmut is a, disease of plant life; there was about fifty per cent, of smutty wheat here.\nMosquitoes here are very numerous. Clover is the best suited crop for this locality ; when\nonce sown it is almost impossible to kill it. The best kind of fruits for this locality are winter\nvarieties. The best breeds of stock for here are : Heavy Draught horses, Graded Jesseys for\ndairying, White and Brown Leghorns, Plymouth Rocks and Black Spanish.\nYALE AND SPUZZUM.\nOn the main line of the Canadian Pacific Railway are situated on the right or *western\nside of the Fraser, the latter 114 miles from Vancouver, and the former 11 miles nearer, have\nabout ten ranchers. The agricultural land in the vicinity of these places is very limited and\nin small patches, generally covered with timber. The soil is good and produces good root\ncrops, fruit and hay. The altitude of Yale is 200 feet, rising towards Spuzzum. The precipitation is heavy, and the temperature not very excessive either way.\n* By way of explaining the seeming anomaly of distinguishing the banks of the Fraser in part of my\nremarks as the East and West banks, and in others as the North and South, the river above Hope runs in\nalmost a southerly direction, and below that point in almost a westerly one ; therefore the western and the\nnorthern bank is one and the same, i. e., the right bank. AGASSIZ.\nOn the main line of the Canadian Pacific Railway, is situated seventy-one miles from\nVancouver, and has between it and Harrison Lake, from forty-five to fifty ranchers. The\nDominion Experimental Farm, under the direction of Mr. T. A. Sharpe, is situated at this\npoint. I regretted very much that Mr. Sharpe was absent during my brief visit there, and\nthat the rain prevented my seeing as much of the country as I wished. It is pretty generally\ncovered with a small growth of birch, willow, alder, and such trees, with a few larger pine\ntrees here and there, all of which, except the last named, are easily cleared. The soil is a\nreddish loam with a gravelly subsoil, well suited to fruit-growing and hop-raising, both of\nwhich are being entered into extensively. Grain is grown to some extent, some root crops,\nand a good deal of hay. Dairying, and swine, sheep, and poultry-raising are not prosecuted\nto any great degree. A good road leads from the station through the valley to the Harrison\nHot Springs, distant about five miles. As will be seen by the meteorological tables, the\nprecipitation is very heavy at this point, the rainfall averaging 60.43, and running up to\n66.53 in 1892, and the snowfall averaging 31.01, which however does not lie long. The\nhottest it attained in 1892 was 90\u00b0, and the coldest 23\u00b0 below zero, but only for short\nperiods. The heavy precipitation is no doubt due to the high mountains, which tower on all\nsides of the valley, and the heavy growth of timber on and about them. According to\nreturns, 17 par cent, of the land owned is cultivated, 50 per cent, is woodland or forest, 7A\nper cent, is swamp, marsh, and rock, and 25| per cent, is pasture. It will be seen that Mr.\nAgassiz's estimate of land under cultivation is very near the foregoing. The principle diseases\nand pests reported are smut in grain, blight on apples, curl on peaches, hop louse, and\nthistles.\nThe following data furnished by Mr. Agassiz is approximate :\u2014\nQuantity of land owned 5,000 to 6,000 acres.\nit it      cultivated 1,000     n\nGrain produced     300 tons.\nHay n         2,000     ,,\nRoot crops produced (mostly potatoes)     300      n\nFruit produced  G      n\nCattle owned     800 head.\nHorses \u25a0  \u201e     100     \u201e\nSheep       i,           400      n\nSwine       it           200      n\nHops cultivated . .          00 acres.\nThe report, of Mr  L. A. Agassiz, correspondent, is as follows : \u2014\n1. Wheat (spring),  2,100  fts. per acre ; $30 per ton.\nBarley, 2,600    \u201e   '     \u201e 20\nOats,'                     2,000    i,         ,i 20\nPeas, 2,300    ,i \u201e 25\n2. Hay (baled),        4,500    \u201e \u201e 12\n3. Potatoes,             4 to 8 tons n 15 n\nMangolds, 10 to 20    ., \u201e 6\nCarrots, 10 to 20    \u201e \u201e 10 ,,\nTurnips, 10 to 25   h n 6 n\nOnions,  .                3 to 6    n n 40 ,,\n3b. White Russian wheat, Banner and Welcome oats,  Mummy peas,  Timothy,  Dakota\nRed potatoes, White Vosges carrots, and Swedes are the best for this part.\n4. The following are the average prices obtainable for fruit:\u2014\nApples, $ 40 per ton, including boxes which cost $10.\nPears, 60      n u n 10.\nPlums and prunes,    60      n n u 10.\nCherries, 140      \u201e \u201e \u201e 10.\n4a. The season's crop was very fair. 56 Vict. Report on Agriculture. 823\n4b. The quality of the fruit was very fair.\n4c.  Dry hill-sides  well drained are best for apples, and bottom lands for plums.\n4d. Peaches  are  grown,  their success depending on the season.     Apricots,  nectarines,\ngrapes, melons, and tomatoes do very well.\n4e.  The following have been found to give the best results :    Red Astrachan (for early),\nGravenstein (for  late),  and Baldwin   (for  winter)   apples.     Heart cherries are\nbest.\n8a.  Three or four farms only go in for dairying; it is profitable when they do their own\nwork.    There is not enough pasture here to go into it extensively.\n8b. The average price for butter is 20 to 30 cents per ft. ; for cheese, 20 cents.\n9a. This part is well suited for raising wool.\n9b.  Sheep are not extensively raised.\n9c.   The quality of the wool is medium.\n9d. The average weight of fleece of 4 fts.\n10a.  People are going in for improved breeds of stock.\n10b. The following are the best breeds for this district :    Shire   or Suffolk Punch for\ndraught, Cleveland Bays for saddle, Shorthorn cattle for allround purposes, Jerseys\nfor dairying, Oxford Downs for mutton, and Berkshire pigs.\n11a.  Poultry is not extensively or systematically raised.\n11b.  The average price of eggs is 20 cents to 50 cents per dozen.\n12.    Bees have not been tried.\n13a.  Last winter was rainy.\n13b.  The spring was very wet.\n13c. The summer was warm and dry.\n13d.  There was a short spell of dry weather for harvest.\n13e. Some parties had their hay spoilt.\n14.    There was no loss of animals.    Hop lice were bad  (see Mr. Agassiz's remarks under\n\" Diseases and Pests \"\u2014J.R.A.)\n15a. Labourers are not easily procured.\n15b. Chinese.\n15c. The average wages paid are $1.25 for Chinamen, and $1.75 to $2.25 for white.\n16.    Ensilage has not been tried.\n18. Part of the valley needs draining ; the settlers think that the Dominion and Local\nGovernments should help them. There is no doubt that the Experimental Farm\nneeds draining badly, numbers of fruit trees standing in the water this fall, and it\nis hardly fair to expect the settlers to do it.\nMr. L. A. Agassiz says :\u2014My bull is a pedigreed Durham. The diseases of plant life are\nsmut in grain, scab on apples, black blight on apple tree bark, curly leaf on peach. The diseases\nof animal life are ringworm, for the first time on cattle last winter. They caught it from the\nneighbours' cattle. My sheep are healthy, but some in the neighbourhood have scab. The\ninsect pests are caterpillars on apple trees, and lice on hop plants. The noxious weeds are\nthistles (not Canadian), burdocks, and about all other known varieties. White Russian\nSpring wheat, Carter's Prolific barley, Welcome oats, Timothy grass, Baldwin, Gravenstein,\nand Astrachan apples, and Bartlett and Winter Nelis pears are the best for this district.\nShire horses, Durhams for beef, Cotswolds for wool, Oxford Downs for mutton, and Berkshire\nand Poland-China pigs are the best varieties for this district. 824\nReport on Agriculture.\n1893\nNICOMIN ISLAND AND HARRISON,\nBoth on the northern side of the Fraser, the former divided from the mainland by a\nnarrow slough, across which access is had to the Canadian Pacific Railway at Nicomin Station,\nfifty-three miles from Vancouver ; the distance by water to New Westminster being about\nforty miles. Harrison is on the main line, sixty-two miles from Vancouver. Between fifty\nand fifty-five ranchers are in the vicinity of the two places, nearly all on Nicomin Island.\nMost of the island is subject to inundation, and dyking has to be resorted to to keep the water\nout. It is pretty generally wooded with poplar and willow, but there are some semi-open\npatches with fringes of bushes, easily cleared. The soil being alluvial deposit, is of course of\nthe richest description and capable of growing heavy crops of cereals, clover, grass, root crops,\nand fruits. Dairying is carried on to some extent, while poultry and swine raising are\nneglected. The precipitation is heavy, and the temperature much the same as it is at Agassiz.\nFrom returns received, it appears that 6 per cent, of the land owned is cultivated, 72 per cent,\nis woodland or forest, and 22 per cent, swamp, marsh and pasture.\nThe following approximate data and report is from Mr, Thos. Gourley, correspondent,\nNicomin :\u2014\nQuantity of land cultivated  1,000 acres.\nti             grain produced  250 tons.\nii             hay produced  300    n\nii            root crops  400    n\n,i             fruit  10    ,i\nNumber of cattle owned     450 head.\nit          horses owned  80    n\nti           sheep owned  10     n\nit           swine owned  250    n\n1.    Fall   wheat,\n2,000 fts.\nper acre,\nH\nsents per ft\nSpring   it\n2,000    \u201e\nii\ni*\nii         it\nBarley,\n1,500    i.\n1!\nH\nii         n\nOats,\n2,400    t,\n. 11\nH\nit         n\nPeas,\n2,200    \u201e\nII\n1*\nit         ti\n2.    Hay,\n6,000    i,\nII\n1\n2\nii         ii\n3.    Potatoes,\n6,000    i,\n'1\nl\nit         ii\nMangolds,\n24,000    ..\nII\nCarrots,\n20,000    i,\nII\ni\n2\nii         ii\nTurnips,\n30,000    ,,\nII\n1\ni\nit         ii\nOnions,\n4,000    ..\nII\n1A\nit         ii\nParsnips,\n10,000    tt\nII\n1\nn         ii\nCabbages,\n12,000    \u201e\ntl\n1\nit         ti\n3a.  The yield of the above was good all round.\n3b. The following particular varieties are best for here :\u2014Red Fife wheat, American\nBanner oats, Egyptian Mummy peas, Timothy grass and Red clover, Early Rose\npotatoes, Long Tankard mangolds, Shorthorn carrots, Purple Top swedes, Weathers-\nfield onion, Hollow Crown parsnip, Early Jersey and Wakefield cabbage.\n4.    The following- are the average prices obtainable for :\u2014\nApples  2 cents per ft.\nPears :  3\nPlums and prunes    1\nCherries  4\nPeaches  3\nStrawberries  6\nRaspberries  6\nBlack currants  8\nRed currants   8\n4a.  The season's crop was a fair one.\n4b.  The quality of the fruit was averagely fair. 56 Vict. Report on Agriculture. 825\n4d.  Peaches are grown here, but they are very uncertain.\nApricots and nectarines are not grown.\nGrapes are grown with very fair success.\nMelons are rather a doubtful crop, a few are grown.\nTomatoes grow well and yield heavily.\n4e.  The  following particular varieties   give the   best  results :\u2014For  winter,   American\nGolden   Russet   and  Northern  Spy ;   for   summer, Gravenstein and  Duchess  of\nOldenberg apples, Bartlett pears, Red Egg plums, and Duke cherries.\n5. We have tried linseed, with good success.\n6. Sugar beet was grown from free samples; it does well.\n7. Rape is not tried.\n8a.  Dairying is carried on to a considerable extent, with varying results.\n8b. Butter fetches 25 cents per ft.\n9a. This part of the country is well suited for wool-raising, but better adapted for tearing\nit off.\n9b. Sheep are not raised extensively.\n9c.  The quality of the wool is not good.\n9d. The average weight of fleece is 6 fts.\n10a. People are going in for improved stock, to a certain extent.\n10b. The following I consider to be the best breeds for this part of the country :\u2014Horses\nof any kind weighing over 1,000 fts. ;  Shorthorns are decidedly the best for beef;\nfor actual dairying, Jerseys take the lead; Cots wold sheep for wool and mutton;\nPoland-China pigs, and Brown Leghorn poultry.\n11a. Poultry are merely raised in connection with farming, and not as a business of its\nown.\n11b.  The average price of eggs is 25 cents per dozen.\n12.    Bees are coming into more general use; they do well.\n13b. Last spring was moderate, with lots of showers.\n13c. The summer was sometimes hot, though generally cool.\n13d.  There was fair harvest weather.\n13k.  The loss from unfavourable weather was 5 per cent.\n14, About one-quarter of the total area under cultivation was lost on account of the overflowing of the banks of the Fraser River, known here as high water ; a second\npest is mosquitoes, weeds, &c, which are not to be, considered a pest in comparison\nwith mosquitoes.\n15a. Labourers are not easily procurable.\n15b.  Whites, Chinese, and Indians.\n15c.  The average wages paid are $20 per month.\n16. Ensilage has not been tried so far as I know.\n17. There is a considerable amount of fall ploughing practised here.\n18. Agriculture generally does not seem a profitable  way of gaining a livelihood.     Here\nland is not adapted for using the ordinary farming implements on account of\nstumps and roots, besides all the, agricultural land is too dear. At a cost of $80\nper acre the outlook is indeed a gloomy one for the farmers. 826 Report on Agriculture. 1893\nDEWDNEY.\nThe Municipality of Dewdney, on the northern side of the Fraser, about forty-seven miles\nby rail from Vancouver, comprises Hatzic Prairie and the adjacent country.\nThe following description is by Captain Livingston Thompson, correspondent:\u2014\nThe District of Dewdney lies north of the Fraser River, and extends as far as Stave\nLake, and comprises all sorts of soils, the lower portion being clay with a rich strata of\nblack loam on top. This portion is most fertile, but unfortunately is subject to the inundations of the Fraser. This is being remedied through dyking, and in 1893 there will be an\nextent of about 4,000 acres which will be reclaimed, and thus become more productive. The\nupper and northern portions of the district have been only lately opened up, and already vast\nimprovements have been made. This portion is very well adapted for fruit growing. The\nvalley of the Clearwater running north-west to Stave Lake will be a most productive country,\nbut is only in its infancy.\nThe figures given in my return are low and well within the margin, and there is no doubt\nbut that the yield is much larger. As yet but the most simple methods of agriculture have\nbeen tried, so that as times go on great strides will be made.\nIt will be seen by the foregoing that much of settlement is quite new, and part is subject\nto inundation ; the production, therefore, is not so great as it might be. Many people are\nplanting out fruit trees and hops. The precipitation and temperature is similar to that of\nAgassiz and Nicomin Island. Diseases and pests reported are hog cholera, mosquitoes, skunks,\ncoons, wild cats, leaf and bark lice, fern, and Canadian thistles. Under \"Diseases and Pests\"\nwill be found a copy of a letter from Mr. R. C. Garner on parasites of the aphis which he\nobserved on the hops. There are about seventy-five ranchers here. The proportion of cultivated land to quantity owned is, according to returns, 9 per cent., of woodland or forest, 68\nper cent., of swamp and marsh, 5 per cent., of pasture, 18 per cent.\nThe following is the report of Capt. Livingston Thompson, correspondent :\u25a0\u2014\n1. Wheat (fall), 30 bushels per acre ; $28 per ton.\nWheat (spring),     30       n n\nOats, 1    ton             ti             22       u\nPeas, lj    ii                it              25       n\n2. Hay, 21   t,               ..              10 to $12 per ton.\nHops, (Last crop fetched from 40 to 45 cents per ft.)\n3. Potatoes, 5 tons   per    acre;   15 to $20      .\"\nTurnips,                    20   n n 7 per ton.\n3a.  The yield of above was good.\n4. The following were the average prices for apples, $1 per box  of  50  lbs. (nominally) ;\npears, 3 to 4 cents per ft.; plums and prunes, 2 cents per ft.\n4a.  The season's crop was fair.\n4b.  The quality of the fruit was good.\n4c.  The higher benches and sandy loams are the best for fruit culture.\n4d.  Peaches have just commenced to crop; prospects are good.    Apricots and nectarines\nare not successfully grown.   A few grapes are grown.    Melons and tomatoes do well.\n4e. The following particular varieties of fruit give good results : Northern Spy, British\nColumbia, Reel Astrachan, and Russet apples; Bartlett pears; Greengage and\nEgg plums ; prunes, and White Heart cherries.\n5. 6, 7.  Linseed, sugar beet and rape are not cultivated.\n8a.  Dairying is considerably followed, and with success.\n8b. The average price for butter is 25 cents per ft.    No cheese is made.\n9.    This part is not suitable for sheep.\n10a. Some few farmers are going in for improved breeds of stock.\n10b. The following I consider are the best breeds of stock for this district:\u2014Shire and\nPercherons for draught, half-bred horses for saddle, and Cleveland Bays for\nharness; Shorthorns for beef and Jerseys for dairying; Berkshire, Cheshire and\nYorkshire pigs; Wyandottes, Plymouth Rock and Leghorns for poultry. 56 Vict. Report on Agriculture. 827\n11a. Poultry-raising is not systematically or extensively followed.\n11b. The average price of eggs is 25 cents per dozen.\n1 2. Apiculture has not been tried.\n13a. The winter of 1891-92 was very fair.\n13b. The spring was wet and late.\n13c. There were wet spells throughout the summer.\n1 3d. The autumn was not good for harvest.\n13e. The loss through unfavourable weather was 10 per cent.\n15a. Labourers are not easily procurable.\n15c. The average wages are $25 to $30 per month.\n16. Ensilage has not been tried.\n17. A certain amount of fall ploughing is done, but not to the extent it should be.\nMr. Richard' Brett says :\u2014My cattle are graded. There is a disease among hogs.\nSome of them take sick and die in three days; some last for a week and break out in sores\nand die. Mosquitoes are insect pests. Animal pests are skunks, coons and wild cats. I have\nlost 14 hogs, worth $6 apiece, from the above described disease. There was very little snow\nlast winter; there was quite a lot of rain; there was not much cold weather. The spring was\nlate; it was good for seeding. The summer was wet. Harvest weather was not very good.\nThere were some frosts in April. I consider the crops were well harvested and yielded very\nwell.\nMr. Thomas Moreau says :\u2014I have lost 50 pigs from disease. Last winter there was\nno cold weather; there was not any snow ; there was a lot of rain. The spring was early,\nbut not very favourable for seeding. The summer was pretty nice. The autumn was not\nvery agreeable ; there was lots of rain.    Crops were saved in good order and yielded first-class.\nMr. R. G. McKamey says :\u2014My bull is a Durham and my cattle graded Durhams. My\nhorses are Suffolk Punch and Percheron The diseases of plant life are borer in apples, and\nleaf and bark lice. A disease of animal life is hog cholera. Noxious weeds are ferns and\nCanadian thistles. The following varieties of cereals, roots, fruit, etc., are best suited to this\ndistrict:\u2014Red Fife Spring wheat; Welcome (largest crop) and Banner (the best price) oats;\nMummy (best selling) and Grey (largest crop) peas; Early Rose potatoes; Timothy grass;\nAlsike clover; Baldwin, Russet, and British Columbia seedling apples (this last is a new\napple, hardy, a heavy annual bearer); Golden Drop and Blue Egg plums; Early peaches, and\nConcord and Niagara grapes. The best breeds of stock for here are: Percheron and Suffolk\nPunch\u2014they are better than Clydes ; Durhams are the best general purpose animal; Berkshire pigs; Brown Leghorns for laying, and Italian bees. Last winter there was not much\nsnow to speak of; there was a good deal of rain; there was not much cold weather. Spring-\nwas late, and it was good for seeding; the summer and autumn were wet. Early harvest\nweather was good ; the late weather was not good. Crops were saved in fair order, and\nyielded fairly satisfactorily.\nMISSION AND HATZIC,\nOn the main line of the Canadian Pacific Railroad, 42 miles from Vancouver by rail, and\nabout 32 miles by water from New Westminster. The banks of the river hereabouts are\nhigh, and the country is therefore out of the reach of inundations. The timber also gets\nheavier, with a greater proportion of fir and cedar, and the common fern (pteris aquilina var\nIctnuginosa) growing rank and strong on the cleared portions. The land is particularly\nadapted to fruit-growing, being a red loam. Clover and peas also do remarkably well on this\nclass of land. Some cereals and root crops are raised, and a good deal of hay. Most of the\norchards are young and not bearing, the older ones giving good returns. Dairying is carried\non to some extent, the country being well adapted to the pursuit. Apiculture is also found\nto be successful. Poultry, swine and sheep are only raised in limited numbers, the latter\naveraging 5 fts. of wool per fleece.    About 95 ranchers are here and at Silverdale, a few miles 828 Report on Agriculture. 1893\nlower clown the river. The conditions being similar, there is little, if any, difference meteorologically between this and the rest of the places in this region. Diseases and pests reported\nare hog cholera, caterpillars, bot flies, mosquitoes, Canada thistles, ferns, sorrel, and potato\ndisease. Land under cultivation, according to returns received, is 11J per cent, of quantity\nowned ; of woodland or forest, 77 per cent. ; of swamp, marsh and rock, 54 per cent.; of\npasture, 6 per cent. It will be observed that Mr. Peen's estimate of cultivated land is much\nhigher, but he has given that part within the municipality only.\nThe following approximate, data was furnished by Mr. A. W. Peen :\u2014\nQuantity of land owned and settled on, about  4,000 acres.\nQuantity of land cultivated  2,000     it\nNumber of tons of grain produced  90 tons.\nNumber of tons of hay produced  600    n\nNumber of tons of root crops  650    n\nNumber of tons of fruit  30    n\nNumber of cattle owned  700 head.\nNumber of horses owned  60    n\nNumber of sheep owned  400    n\nNumber of swine owned  200    n\nMr. A. W. Peen, Mission, says :\u2014Innumerable caterpillars and flies of various kinds\nare insect pests. The Canadian thistle is a noxious weed. Thorp barley, Tartarian oats,\nEgyptian Mummy peas, Chili Garnet potatoes, Early Horn and Half Long White carrots,\nWhite Danver onion, Sugar beets, Orchard, Timothy, and Rye grasses, White, Red, and\nAlsike clovers, Northern Spy apples, Bartlett pears, and peach plums are the best varieties\nfor this locality. The best breeds of stock are Suffolk Punch horses, Jerseys for dairying,\nShorthorns for beef, Shropshire Downs for wool and mutton, Berkshire, and White Poland\npigs. Nothing has injuriously affected either stock or crops. Last winter was a very open\none, there was very little snow, and there was a great deal of rain. Spring was rather late,\nthe season was good for seeding on the high land, but too-wet on the low land. There was\ngood summer weather for all kinds of crops. The autumn was open and mild. Harvest\nweather was favourable. There were several keen frosts in the spring. Taken on the whole\nthe weather could not have been better for agriculturists. Crops were saved in good condition\nand yielded very well.\nMr, Duncan McRae, Mission, says :\u2014The following are the best varieties of cereals,\nroots, fruit, &c, for this district. Early Rose potatoes, White and Red carrots, Timothy and\nRed Top grasses; Duchess of Oldenberg, Spitzenberg, Tetofsky, Northern Spy, Baldwin,\nGolden Russet, Fall and Summer Pippins, Mammoth Pippin, and Gravenstein apples ; Damson, Greengage, and Yellow Egg plums. There was very little snow last winter; there was\na good deal of rain; no cold weather. The summer was very favourable, and the autumn\nwas pretty fair ; harvest weather was very good indeed. There were several frosts in April,\nbut the fruit blossoms were killed by frost on 5th May. Crops were harvested well, and\nyielded very well indeed. If the Chinese were prohibited from renting, leasing, or buying\nland for agricultural purposes, it would then pay the farmers to raise roots and vegetables,\nbut it does not pay at existing prices, except where the farmer is close to market.\nMr. C. L. Trommeb, Mission City, says :\u2014Mosquitoes are pests. Leghorn poultry are\nthe best strain. Last winter there was not much snow ; there was a good deal of rain, and\nnot much cold weather; the spring was early, and good for seeding; the summer was wet,\nand the autumn was very wet. Harvest weather was not favourable; crops were not saved\nin good order.    The yield was good.\nMr. George Munro, Mission, says:\u2014Last winter there was a good deal of rain, and not\nmuch snow or cold weather. Seed:time was unfavourable ; the summer and autumn were\nwet.    Harvest weather was good ; crops were saved in good order.\nMr, John R, Wren, Mission, says :\u2014My bull is a registered Holstein, and my cows\nare graded Shorthorns; my mares are graded Clydes, and their colts from imported Clyde ;\nmy pigs are Berkshires, and sheep are Shropshires. Egyptian peas are the best for the low\nlands ; Alsike clover is best for flat lands, and  Red clover on high lands; Duchess of Olden- 56 Vict. Report on Agriculture. 829\nberg, Fameuse, Alexander, and Golden Russet apples are the best for this district; peaches\nare no good with me; Suffolk Punch or Percheron horses (Clydes and Shires are rather heavy,\nand have too much hair on their legs); Holsteins for dairying, Shorthorns for beef; Oxford\nDowns for wool, Shropshires for mutton ; Berkshire pigs ; Toulouse geese, White Leghorn hens,\nPekin duck, and Bronze turkeys are the best breeds for this district. My apple trees were\nhurt by the late frost last spring, making the crop only about half what it should have been.\nThere was also a rust on the apple trees and fruit. Last winter there was about six inches of\nsnow for four days, and there was a good deal of rain ; there was not much cold. The spring-\nwas very late ; the summer was fine; the early autumn was fine; the latter part was wet.\nHarvest weather was good ; there\" were no early frosts. Crops were saved in good condition ;\nthe yield was very good.\nMrs. Annie Solloway, Mission, says :\u2014There are no pests or diseases here whatever.\nThere was no snow last winter; it rained nearly all the time; there were a few days of cold\nweather. The spring was very early; the summer was splendid all round ; the first part of\nthe autumn was beautiful, and in every way good for harvest; the first frost was on the\n15th of October. The crops yielded well on the new land, and they were harvested in good\ncondition.\nMr. W. D. McMillan, Mission City, says :\u2014Flies are pests, and fern and sorrel are\nnoxious weeds. Early Rose potatoes, Purple Top turnip, timothy, and clover are well adapted\nto this locality.\nM'e. George Proud, Mission, says :\u2014Some kind of blight has blackened the tops of my\npotatoes, which are Early Rose and White Elephants. The tubers have kept all right; only\nthe tops appear to be affected. (For further remarks of Mr. Proud's on this subject see\n\" Diseases and Pests.\"\u2014J.R.A.)\nMr. John Moriarty, Misson, says :\u2014My stock are full bred Durhams Cattle troubled\nwith worms under the skin ; I apply brimstone and grease, and wash off' the next with\nsalt water. Peas, beans, potatoes, mangolds, carrots, turnips, onions, and beets do well here;\ncorn and clover are good for dry soil, and timothy for wet soil. King, Wealthy, Mann,\nNorthern Spy apples; Bartlett, Beurre d'Anjou, Clapp's, and Louise Bonne de Jersey pears ;\nBradshaw, Coe's Golden Drop, Quackenbush, and Yellow Egg plums; Early Crawford peaches,\nRed Mammoth apricots, and Concord and Niagara grapes are the best for this locality.\nMr. Edward Parris, Mission, says :\u2014My stock are all graded stock, mostly Shorthorn\nblood ; my sheep are graded Southdowns; my mares are graded Normans. The following are\nthe best varieties of cereals, roots, &c, for this part:\u2014American Banner oats, Egyptian\nMummy peas, Early Rose, and Chili Garnet potatoes, Long Red mangolds, Steele's Short\nWhite carrots, Long Purple Top swede, Yellow Danver onions, Timothy and Orchard grasses,\nand Red and Alsike clover. I consider the following breeds of stock are best:\u2014Norman\ngraded horses, graded Shorthorns for beef and dairying, and graded Poland-China pigs.\nMr. Robert H. Brett, Hatzic, says :\u2014I lost twelve sucking pigs this summer from hog\ncholera. Spring wheat, oats, potatoes, carrots, turnips, onions, timothy, and red clover are all\nwell adapted for this locality. Last winter there was very little snow ; there was a good deal\nof rain; there was not much cold weather; there was an average early spring; the summer\nwas warm, with an average amount of rain; there was an average autumn, and good harvest\nweather.    Crops yielded fairly well, and were saved in good condition.\nMaj.-Gen. J. C. Kinchant, Hatzic, says :\u2014Last spring was late, and not good for seeding ; the summer and autumn were wet.\nMr. William M'cEwen, Hatzic, says :.\u2014Peas, potatoes, carrots, timothy, and red clover\nare w-ell suited to this locality, and oats and onions are fairly well suited; Baldwin, Northern\nSpy, and Golden Russet apples, Bartlett pears, Yellow Egg, Red Egg, and Greengage plums,\nand Black Tartarian cherries are the best varieties for this district. There was not much\nsnow last winter; there was a good deal of rain, and not much cold weather; the spring was\nlate, and not very good for seeding ; the summer was an average one; the autumn was fair ;\nharvest weather was good.    Crops were saved in good order; the yield was not very good. 830 Report on Agriculture. 1893\nMr. William Watt, Hatzic, says :\u2014Wheat, spring or fall, would not do well here. All\nordinary vegetables, oats and potatoes, are suitable to this locality. Standard late apples are\nthe best for here. Last winter there was one foot of snow from Christmas to the middle of\nJanuary. There was a great deal of rain last winter ; it was an ordinary winter for cold.\nSpring was fairly early, earlier than that of 1890. Seed-time was wet. The early summer\nwas wet; later on it was fair. The autumn was wet. Early harvest weather was good ;\nlater on it was rainy.\nMr. William Scorey, Hatzic, says:\u2014The following is a disease among animal life\u2014\ncalves dying, they run at the nose and bleeding and heavy snoring from the nose, and they\nrefuse food. Early Rose and Morning Star potatoes, Timothy grass and red clover are all\nwell suited to this locality. All kinds of apples grow well, and all pears of strong habits.\nPlums and prunes grow very well and make vigorous stock, and cherries of any kind. Peaches\ndo not do well ; frost kills the buds. Quinces and apricots do fairly well. Grapes do well.\nThe following are the best breeds of stock :\u2014Horses which are not too heavy, or hairy on the\nhock, as the mud is bad ; Holsteins for dairying, Jerseys can hardly stand the weather;\nDurhams and Holsteins for beef; Cotswolds and Shropshire sheep; Poland-China and Berkshire hogs ; Plymouth Rock, Spanish and Brahmas for poultry, and Italian bees.\nThe following is the average scale of wages for this district:\u2014\nOrdinary farm labour\u2014\nWithout board $2 00 per day $42  50 per month .... $320 00 per year.\nWith \u201e     ....   1  50      ,,       ....   29 00        i, ....   240 00\nSkilled labour, such as carpenters, blacksmiths, and other mechanics\u2014\nWithout board $3 00 per clay.\nWith ,.     ....   2 50      i,\nIndians\u2014\nWithout board .... $1  75 per day.\nWith        ,,       ....   1  25\nChinese\u2014\nWithout board.... $1 00 per day .... $22 per month.\nWith ti     ....       75      \u201e       ....   15\nMr. Frederick Wallace Hughes, Silverdale, says :\u2014Early Rose potato, swedes,\nWeathersfield onions, Large Red beets, Timothy grass, Alsike clover, Bartlett pears, and\nEarly Crawford peaches, are the best varieties of roots, fruits, etc., for here. Berkshire and\nPoland-China pigs, Black Spanish and Plymouth Rock fowls are the best breeds for this place.\nThere was a blight on peach trees. Last winter there was just a shower of snow ; there was\na good deal of rain, not much cold weather. Spring was late and not good for seeding. The\nsummer and autumn were wet. Harvest weather was good. The summer has been bad for\nclearing land here.    I consider crops yielded very well, and they were saved in good order.\nWHARNOCK,\nOn the main line of the Canadian Pacific Railway, thirty-three miles from Vancouver by\nrail, and about twenty-three by water from New Westminster, has between seventy-five and\neighty ranchers. The high banks of the Fraser place the land out of reach of the floods. It is\ncovered for the most part with timber: a great deal of it fir. The soil is a dry red loam on the\nridges, and black in the hollows. People generally are planting out orchards, as it is found\nto be a favourable locality for the cultivation of fruit. They are, however, mostly young and\nnot in bearing. Grain is, of course, not much cultivated as the land can, as a rule, be put to\nmore profitable uses. Some peas are raised, as they are found to do well as a first crop on the\ndry fern land. Root crops, principally potatoes, hay, and clover, are produced in fair quantities.\nThis being a comparatively newly settled district, the want of roads is felt for access to the\nrailroad and river. The precipitation is plentiful, but not too much for this part, the land\nbeing high and dry. Snow is neither heavy, nor does it lie long. The temperature is\nprobably about 86\u00b0 highest, and a few degrees below zero  coldest.    Favourable  locality for 56 Vict. Report on Agriculture. 831\ndairying, but it is not much carried on. Poultry, swine, and sheep-raising not entered into,\nexcept in a very small way. Pests and diseases reported are aphides on apples and hops,\ncherry slug, potato disease, pear blight, mosquitoes, skunks, thistles, and sorrel. Only 5 per\ncent, of the land owned is cultivated, according to reports received, 85 per cent, is woodland\nor forest, 9 per cent, is swamp, marsh, and rock, and 1 per cent, is pasture.\nMr, Foster Carter, Stave Valley, says :\u2014Early English oats are the best for this\nlocality. Last winter there was 13 inches of snow ; there was a great deal of rain; there was\nnot much cold weather. There was a medium spring, with good seed-time. The summer was\ngood ; rather rainy for grain. The autumn was rainy. The weather was bad for haying, but\ngood for early grain. There were no summer frosts. The main drawbacks to farming in this\nsettlement are bad or no roads and the high price of Government wild lands. Crops were\nsaved in very fair condition.    The yield of grain was good, and of roots poor.\nMr. E. C. Carter, Stave Valley, says:\u2014Last winter there was not much snow ; there\nwas a good deal of rain, and not much cold weather. Seed-time was fairly good. The\nsummer was pretty good. Harvest weather was good. The want of a passable road in Stave\nValley settlement is one of the greatest drawbacks to farming. The rise of wild land from\n$1 to $5 per acre has completely stopped the rapid settlement of this part. Crops were very\nwell harvested.    Grain crops were good, root crops poor.\nMr. Robert Bradon, Wharnock, says :\u2014Oats, peas, beans, potatoes, carrots, turnips,\nonions, clovers, grasses, and hops all do well here. The following are the best varieties of\nfruits for this district : Baldwin, Astrachan, Duchess of Oldenberg, King, Wealthy, Golden\nRusset, British Columbia, Crab, Montreal Beauty, and Transcendent apples, Bartlett and\nBeurre d'Anjou pears, Lombard, Reine Claude, Bradshaw, Pond's Seedling, Red Egg, and\nYellow Egg plums, Early Richmond, Governor Wood, and Napoleon cherries, Alexander\npeaches, and Niagara and Moore's Early grapes. Poland-China pigs are the best. It is a\ngreat loss having no road to take produce to market. Last winter there was quite a bit of\nsnow ; there was a good deal of rain, and not much cold weather. Spring was not very early.\nSeed-time was not bad, and the summer was pretty good. The autumn was fair, and the\nweather for harvesting was good. There was a slight frost in October. Crops were saved in\nvery good order, and yielded very well.\nMr. Clement Stickney, Wharnock, says :\u2014My sheep are Merinos; my cows and calves\nhave a clash of good blood ; my horses came from the Upper Country. Insect pests are\nmosquitoes and clegs. The best varieties of grain, roots, fruit, etc., for this district are :\nBroad beans, Long and Globe mangolds, Sugar beets, Orchard, Oat, and Timothy grasses,\nRed and White clovers, Duchess of Oldenberg, Wealthy, Baldwin, Ben Davis, Russet,\nGreening, Mann, Spy, Twenty-Ounce, Astrachan, Yellow Transparent, Walbridge and some\nother apples, Bartlett, Comet, Sheldon, Seckel, and Anjou pears, Lombard, Red and Yellow\nEgg plums, German prune, Golden Drop, Greengage, Damson, and Magnum Bonum plums,\nSilver prune, Governor Wood, Tartar (big cherry), and Morello cherries, Shoemaker, Foster,\nGlobe, Crawford, Canada, and Alexandria peaches, Orange and Lemon quinces, Russian\napricots, and August Giant and Niagara grapes. Diseases and pests this year not so bad as\nother years ; the green louse on the apple tree, which is cultivated by the ant, and the black\nslug on the cherry tree and pear. The brush on the other side of the C. P. R. track keeps\nthe breed up. Last winter there was not much snow ; there was any amount of rain, and\nnot much frost, but it was very damp and clammy. Seed-time was not favourable. There\nwas frost from the 20th to 25th of May, 1892 ; it did me lots of damage with the fruit in\nblossom. After that rain came, the bees could not turn out; in fact, it is the worst year I\nhave experienced for six years in B. C. My potatoes were cut down three times with the\nfrost this year. I had new ones in the ground in the first week in June, now they are going-\nbad in the ground. My opinion is it is a very bad year this for all produce. There may be\nsome favoured districts.\nMr. Christopher Barker, Wharnock, says :\u2014There were a few lice on the hops, but\nthey were a good crop for all that; I had only six plants. There was a good deal of snow last\nwinter, and there was a good deal of rain; there was not much cold weather. The spring\nwas late, and it was good for seeding. The summer was wet. The autumn was favourable,\nwith good harvest weather. A moderate wet summer is more favourable than a dry one for\nthis soil. The yield of crops was not good, the soil requiring manure. Crops were saved in\ngood condition. 832 Report on Agriculture. 1893\nMr, A. C. Henry reports red water as prevalent  (see his letter under   \" Diseases and\nPests.\")\nMr. F. M. Phillips, Wharnock, says :\u2014Pear tree blight is a disease of plant life.\nAnimal pests are mice and skunks. Noxious weeds are sorrel, thistles, and nettles. Early\nRose potatoes, Timothy and orchard grasses, and Red and White clovers are the best varieties\nfor this district. The best breeds of stock for here are : Durhams for dairying and beef, and\nPlymouth Rock and Leghorn poultry.\nMr. H. G. Selby-Hele, Wharnock, says:\u2014My cattle are graded Shorthorns. One\npotato disease has become prevalent around here. (For further remarks on this subject, see\n\" Diseases and Pests \"\u2014J.R.A.) Yellow Globe Danver onion, Red Top and Orchard grass,\nand Alsike clover are the best varieties for here. Of the potatoes I have tried I like best-the\nRosedale and Rural New Yorker, No. 2. I am trying alfalfa, and will report on it next\nyear.    I find Leghorn chickens are very good layers, but, their eggs are small.\nThe following shows the average rate of wages for this district :\u2014\nOrdinary farm labour\u2014\nWithout board $2.00 per day  $45.00 per month $400.00 peryear.\nWith it      ....   1.50      ,i   \"... .$30.00 to   35.00        it ....   250.00      \u201e\nSkilled labour, such as carpenters, blacksmiths, and other mechanics\u2014\nWithout board $3.00 per day.\nMAPLE RIDGE.\nThis municipality includes Port Haney, Po.rt Hammond, and Pitt Meadows on the main\nline of the Canadian Pacific Railway, the two former on Fraser River, respectively twenty-seven\nand twenty-four miles by rail from Vancouver, and seventeen and fourteen miles by water\nfrom New Westminster. They have between them about one hundred and fifteen ranchers.\nThe land in the immediate vicinity of Ports Haney and Hammond is high and out of reach of\ninundations from the Fraser. It is for the most part heavily timbered\u2014on the higher parts\nwith fir and on the lower with maple, alder, and such trees. The lands about Pitt River and\nPitt Meadows are subject to inundation by the summer freshets of the Fraser backing up\nPitt River, and from the winter freshets of the Lillooet River, which flows through the\nmeadows into Pitt River. Dyking is therefore necessary, and it is being undertaken on an\nextensive scale by a company, who had up to last year built about six miles of dyke, reclaiming\nsome 2,500 acres of rich alluvial land, which is drained by natural gravitation, the river for\nnine months in the year being lower than the land. There are some 14,000 acres of this land\nwhich, when dyked, will add immensely to the importance of this section of country. Pitt\nRiver is navigable for steamboats, and with the canals which are being cut through the lands\nevery portion of the meadows will be of very easy access.\nMr. G. W. Henry has a good nursery of native grown fruit trees at Port Hammond.\nThe soil is good and produces good fruit, of which, however, there is not any great quantity\nraised as yet, the orchards being young. Root crops, especially potatoes, do well and a fair\nquantity is produced. Grain is not generally cultivated, except peas, which suit the fern land\nwell. Dairying is carried on quite extensively, but sheep, swine, and poultry have little or\nno attention bestowed on them. The climate is much the same as at Wharnock. Diseases\nand pests reported are red water amongst cows, a disease amongst calves, fluke amongst sheep,\nmosquitoes, wire-worms, pear slug, aphis, lung worms in calves, green worms on cherries, blue\njays, mice, rabbits, moles, wild cats, bears, Canada thistles, oxeye daisy, fern and potato blight,\na rather long list it must be confessed. Reports place the land under cultivation at 14 per\ncent, of the land owned, 48 per cent, being woodland or forest, 14 per cent, swamp, marsh,\nand rock, and 24 per cent, pasture. It will be seen that Mr. Ferguson does not estimate the\ncultivated land so high ; he is possibly nearer the mark. 56 Vict. Report on Agriculture1. 833\nThe following approximate data was supplied by Mr. Hector Ferguson:\u2014\nQuantity of land owned, about     50,000 acres.\ncultivated  5,000     \u201e\nNumber of tons of grain produced       500 tons.\ntt hay ti   1,500     n\nii roots n   1,000     ii\nfruit \u201e        100     \u201e\nNumber of cattle owned  1,500 head.\nit horses      n      (exclusive of Indians)       100     n\nit sheep      ti      75 per cent, have died of liver fluke)     500     n\nii swine       n        1,000     n\nThe following is the report of Mr. H. Ferguson, correspondent for Port  Haney and\nWharnock : \u2014\n1. Spring Wheat, 30 bushels per acre, 1A_ cents per ft.\nOats, 60 ii 1^    ii it\nPeas,                   35                 n              1|     n n\n2. Hay, ll tons      n $10 per ton.\n3. Potatoes, about 6    m n\nCarrots, 15    n n 10 n\nTurnips, 25     n n 6 n\n3a.  The yield of above was indifferent.\n3b,  Club wheat, Golden Vine peas, and Swedes are considered the best varieties.\n4. The following are the average prices obtained for apples, $1 per box of 50 fts.; pears\n$1.50 per box of 50 fts.; plums and prunes, $1.50 ; cherries, 10 cents per ft.\n4a. The season's crop was an average one.\n4c. Apples will do well on any soil that is deep and well drained, but do best on a porous\nsandy loam. Pears do best on a heavy, well drained clay soil. Plums do best on\na heavy soil.\n4d. Peaches, apricots, nectarines, grapes, melons, and tomatoes are grown on a small\nscale with uncertain success.\n4e. The following particular varieties give the best results :- \u2014Red Astrachan, Yellow\nTransparent, Duchess of Oldenberg, Ring, Gravenstein, Wealthy, Spy, Baldwin,\nGolden Russet, Rhode Island Greening apples, and Duchess d'Angouleme pears,\nand all other kinds of pears, plums, and cherries.\n5 & 6.  Linseed and sugar beet have been grown on a small scale, with success.\n7.     Rape has not been tried.\n8a. Dairying is gone in for considerably ; it is the principal branch of farming, and, next\nto fruit-growing, it is the most profitable.\n8b. The average obtainable price for butter is from 25 to 35 cents.\n9a.  Some parts here are well suited to wool-raising.\n9b.  In some places sheep are raised extensively.\n9c.  The wool is of a medium quality\n10a.  People are not generally going in for improved stock.\n10b. The following I consider the best breeds for this district: Clydes for draught, Shorthorns for beef, grade Jerseys and Holsteins for milk, Cotswolds and Leicesters for\nwool, Shropshires and Southdowns for mutton, Berkshire pigs, and Brown Leghorn\nand Plymouth Rock poultry.\n1 1a. Poultry-raising is not much gone in for.\n1 1b. The average price of eggs was from 25 to 50 cents per dozen.\n12. Apiculture has been tried, with very good results.\n13a. Last winter was very open.\n13b. The spring was wet. 834 Report on Agriculture. 1893\n13c.  The summer was wet in the forepart.\n13d. There was an average autumn.\n15a.  Labourers are plentiful.\n15b. Whites, Chinese, and Indians.\n15c.  The average wages are $1.25 per day and  $30  per  month,   with   board ; $1.75 to $2\nper day, without board.\n16. Ensilage has not been tried.\n17. Fall ploughing is not extensively followed.\n18. Dyking is being carried out on an extensive scale on Pitt Meadows, and so far with\ncomplete success.\nMr. Thos. Bosomworth, Port Haney, says :\u2014My stock are graded. The diseases of\nanimal life are red water, fluke, and some disease that kills cows when calving; they run at\nthe nose and their heads swell. Pear slugs and green lice are insect pests. All kinds of\ngrain, roots, grasses and clover do well. Yellow Transparent, Red Astrachan, Early Harvest,\nDuchess of Oldenberg, Gravenstein, Wealthy, King, Northern Spy, Baldwin, Golden Russet,\nRhode Island Greening, and Ben Davis apples do well. The blue jay is a pest (for remarks\non this head, see \" Diseases and Pests\"). Moles are bad, peeling the roots of fruit trees;\nwild cats are bad on poultry and hogs. Last winter there was very little snow ; there was a\ngreat deal of rain ; there were two weeks of cold weather, but it was not cold enough to freeze\nover the streams. The spring was late, with cold rains. Early in April it was good for\nseeding, but it turned cold and wet after. The autumn was fine part of the time, but, turned\nwet. Harvest weather was favourable. There were frosts from October 2nd to 5th. All\ncrops that were planted in good time and on high ground were well saved. Crops yielded\nfairly.\nMr. Hector Ferguson, Port Haney, says:\u2014My cattle are part graded and part scrubs;\nmy bull is a pure-bred Durham. Diseases of plant life are leaf blight and potato blight.\nRed water is very prevalent here in cattle ; lung-worm in calves, and fluke in sheep. Insect\npests are wood-ticks on hogs. The Canada thistle has got a foothold in two places near Port\nHammond. All kinds of oats, fall and spring rye, buckwheat, flax, and all kinds of potatoes\ndo well. The short-strawed varieties of peas are best. Mangolds, carrots, turnips, onions and\nbeets do best on river land. Timothy is generally grown, but Orchard grass and California\nMesquit do well. All kinds of clover do well, and hops do extra well. The following are the\nbest kinds of fruit for summer \u2014Yellow Transj:>arent, Red Astrachan, Early Harvest; for the\nfall\u2014King, Duchess of Oldenberg, Gravenstein, Wealthy ; for winter\u2014Baldwin, Northern\nSpy, Greening, Russet and Ben Davis apples; Bartlett, Louise Bonne cl'Jersey, Duchesse\nd'Angouleme, Beurre d'Anjou pears; all kinds of plums and prunes, and all kinds of cherries.\nPeaches do not do well, except one kind of seedling that is a good peach, which appears to\nstand the frost well. Nectarines are easily killed with the spring frosts. The following are\nthe best breeds of stock for this district: Common scrub horses till farming is more advanced,\nwhen, I think, Clydes will be best; Ayrshires for dairying, Durhams for beef, Shropshires for\nmutton, Berkshire pigs, Yellow or Brown Leghorn hens, and Italian bees. During August\nand September my pear trees were thickly covered with the pear slug The cherry trees had\na good number of green caterpillars on the leaves, which began at the points of the branches\nand ate the leaves only, leaving the fibres. Last winter there was not much snow. There\nwas very little rain from January 1st to April 1st, but a great deal from then till the middle\nof June. There was very little cold weather; spring was late and wet and unfavourable for\nseeding. The fore part of the summer was wet; the latter part was very good. Rain began\nearly in the autumn ; harvest weather was good. There was frost on llth of October. There\n-was a poor yield of all crops except peas.    Crops were harvested in good order.\nMr. Thomas Marshall, Port Haney, says :\u2014My cattle are grades. The following are\nthe best varieties of grain, roots, fruit, etc., for this district: Common WThite oats, Beauty of\nHebron potatoes, Long Orange carrots, Yellow Transparent, Wealthy, Gravenstein, King and\nWagner apples; Bartlett pears, Yellow Egg plums, Red prunes, Black Republic cherries, and\nConcord grapes. Berkshire pigs and Brahma poultry are the best for this locality. Last\nwinter there was scarcely any snow, there was a great deal of rain, and there was not much\ncold.    The spring was late, and seed-time was rather wet.    In the fore part of the summer 56 Vict. Report on Agriculture. 835\nthere was too much rain; the remainder was good. There was a good deal of rain in the\nautumn ; the harvest weather was very good. This soil gives better returns than that of any\nother part of Canada.    Crops yielded well and were saved in good order.\nMr. F. M. Webster, Webster's Corner, says :\u2014My cattle are graded, partially Holstein\nand Ayrshire. Disease of animal life : Red water in cattle ; it has carried off a number of\ncattle in this neighbourhood. A disease, name and remedy unknown, affects calves; their\nheads and noses swell, blood oozing through the skin on body, and dying in two or three days.\nI have lost ten from this disease. (For further remarks on this and red water see \" Diseases\nand Pests.\") Insect pests are wire worms, sometimes affecting the potatoes. The neighbourhood seems to be troubled with a kind of blight on fruit trees ; some kind of borer injures the\ntrees; you cannot notice anything wrong until you see the dark bark, which peels off. Noxious weeds are Oxeye daisy, making its appearance in imported seed. Early Rose and\nBurbank Seedling are the favourite potatoes, Early Horn carrots for garden, Long Blood beet,\nTimothy grass (it grows three to four feet high here), and Alsike clover are the best varieties\nfor this district. Any kind of spring and fall wheat and barley do well if the land is well\nprepared ; hops grow to immense size. Stark, Spy, etc., apples are the best; I have nearly\nevery variety, and as yet cannot say which will take the lead. I can't say which are the best\npears, as frost has killed blossoms for the last two years; plums and prunes were killed by\nfrost; peach blossoms were killed in March ; frost killed grapes, but otherwise they grow a\nlarge crop. I prefer Holstein cattle for dairying, and Black Spanish poultry for eggs ; I think\nthe latter may be called non-sitters. Last winter there was not much snow ; there was\nabundance of rain ; not much cold weather. Spring was late ; seed-time was not good ; it was\nwet. In the summer there were showers up till July. The autumn was dry ; harvest weather\nwas good. Frost in April and early in May killed peach, plum, and pear blossoms. The yield\nof crop was very good, generally, and were saved, I think, generally in good order.\nMb. J. W. Stoney, Webster's Corner, says :\u2014Fern is a noxious weed. The following I\nconsider to be the best varieties of cereals, roots, fruit, etc., for this locality :\u2014Scarlet Runner\nand Butter beans, Early Rose and Imperial Rose (English) potatoes, Yellow Danver, Multiplier, and Top onions, King of the Pippins, White Ball, and Northern Spy apples, Winter\nNelis and Bartlett pears, Imperial Gage plums, Wagner and Bell cherries, Early Crawford\npeaches, and Concord grapes. Plymouth Rock poultry are the best. Mosquitoes are a pest.\nLast winter there was no snow worth mentioning ; it was very rainy, anil there was no cold\nweather. The spring was late, but was good for seeding. There was some rain last summer,\nbut a good summer after. The autumn was fine ; harvesting weather was very favourable.\nThere were two nights' frost about 10th of May ; if it had not been for the frost, I should\nhave had some fruit,    Crops were saved in good condition, and yielded very well.\nMr. Origen Martin, Webster's Corner, says :\u2014The animal pests are blue jays, mice,\nand rabbits, also a few bear; the three former are an intolerable nuisance. In some parts of\nthe municipality, Canada thistle and Oxeye daisies have made their appearance, the former\nbeing sowed about the stations from the C. P. Ry., also along the side tracks where box-cars\nhave been swept out. All kinds of wheat will mature here; no fall wheat is raised here.\nThe best varieties for here.are Canada Field peas, Canada Early or 90-day corn, Red Valentine, Broad Windsor, and Dwarf Wax beans, Peruvian (a late kind without disease) potatoes,\nSteele Bros.' White Field carrots, Swedes, Yellow Danver and Red Wethersfield onions,\nEclipse beets, Timothy grass, Giant Red or Mammoth Red, Alsike and Alfalfa clovers,\nBaldwin, Golden Russet, King of Tomkins, and Rhode Island Greening apples, and Bartlett,\nand Flemish Beauty pears.    Any American-Russian apples will grow, but they are no good.\nMr. J. J. Wilson, Port Haney, says:\u2014My stock are graded. Insect pests are lice on\napple and plum trees. The following varieties of cereals, roots, and fruits are the best for\nthis section:\u2014Colorado Bearded wheat, Rosedale oats, Gold Vine and Mummy peas, Large\nReel mangolds, Large White carrots, Purple Top swedes, Red Wethersfield onion, Timothy and\nBlue Joint grasses, Alsike and Red clovers, Yellow Transparent, Red Astrachan, Duchess of\nOldenberg, Gravenstein, Wealthy, Fameuse, Canada Red, Greening, Golden Russet, Northern\nSpy, and Ben Davis apples, Bartlett and Idaho pears, Pond's Seedling, Hungarian, and Fellen-\nburgh plums, Silver prunes, Black Republican, Rockport, Yellow Spanish, and Governor\nWood cherries, Alexander and Crawford  peaches,  Orange quinces, and Niagara grapes.    I 836 Report on Agriculture. 1893\nthink the following are the best breeds of stock for this locality :\u2014Clyde horses, Ayrshire\ncattle for dairying, Durhams for beef, Leicesters for wool, Southdowns for mutton, Berkshire\npigs, and Plymouth Rock and Leghorn poultry.\nThe following is the report of Mr. G. W. Henry, correspondent for Port Hammond and\nPitt River : \u2014\nWTheat (sp\n\u2022ing), 25 bush.\npei\nacre ,\nS35 per ton\nOats,\n60    \u201e\nit\n30\nPeas,\n40    \u201e\n11\n30\nHay,\n2 to 3 tons\n,,\n12         i,\nPotatoes,\n6    \u201e\nit\n15\nMangolds.\n25    \u201e\n,,\nCarrots,\n20    \u201e\n,,\nTurnips,\n25    \u201e\n11\n4. The following are the average prices obtainable :   -For apples, $1 ; pears, $2, per box\nof 50 fts.; plums and prunes, 3 cents per ft.; cherries, 6 cents per ft.; peaches, 10\ncents per ft ; quinces, 5 cents per ft.; grapes, 12A, cents per ft.\n4a.  The season's crop was poor on the whole.\n4b.   The quality of the fruit was only medium.\n4c.  Good loamy bench laud gives the finest fruit; all kinds want good cultivation in this\npart, and but little fertilizing.\n4d. Peaches and apricots are grown with fair success ; nectarines are not much grown ;\ngrapes are good  some  seasons,  and   sometimes  not;   melons are  not successful ;\ntomatoes do fairly well.\n4e. Apples do well when properly cared for in the way of cultivation, pruning, etc.;\nplums all do exceedingly well; the sweet varieties of cherries, especially, do wonderfully well.\n5. Linseed is not grown.\n6. Sugar beets are but little grown ; they did very well as far as tested.\n7. Rape is not grown.\n8a. Dairying is carried on without much system, but would be very profitable if properly\ncarried out.\n8b. The average price obtainable for butter is 30 cents per ft.\n9a. This part, I should think, was rather too wet for wool-raising.\n9b. Sheep are not raised in any great numbers.\n9c. The wool raised here is of fair quality.\n10a. People are slowly going in for improved breeds of stock.\n10b. The following I consider the best breeds for this locality :\u2014Clydesdales for draught,\nShorthorns for beef, Shorthorns, Jerseys, and Holsteins for dairying, Shropshires\nand Leicesters for wool, Shropshires and Southdowns for mutton, Berkshire pigs,\nand Brahma poultry.\n11a.  Poultry-raising is very little carried on.\n11b. The average price of eggs is 30 cents per doz.\n12.    Some bees have been tried, with fair results.\n13a.  There was a great variety of weather last winter.\n13b. The spring was rather moist and frosty.\n13d. There was a fairly good autumn for harvesting.\n14. The pests and diseases are : Black spots on apples, causing a percentage of loss; trees\nshould be sprayed with ammoniacal carbonate of copper. Woolly and green aphis\nboth bothered tt little; should be sprayed with kerosene emulsion. Pear and\ncherry tree slugs very bad ; dust with air-slacked lime, or spray with arsenites\nwhen not in fruit.\n15a. As a rule, labourers are easily procurable. 56 Vict. Report on Agriculture. 837\n15b.   Chinese, principally.\n15c.  The average wages are $1 to $2 per day.\n16.     Ensilage has not been tried.\n. \/.\nThe ploughing is principally done in the spring.\nMr. John Trembath, Port Hammond, says :\u2014The following tire the best varieties of\ncereals and fruit:\u2014Six-rowed barley, Canadian Triumph oats; Northern Spy, Baldwin,\nAmerican and English Russets, Gravenstein, Kentish Pippin, Orange Pippin, Astrachan,\nMaiden's Blush, Rhode Island Greening, Wagners, Snow, and Ben Davis apples; Bartlett,\nBonne de Jersey, Duchesse d'Angouleme, and Beurre d'Anjou pears; Washington, Greengage,\nImperial Gage, Marianna, Weaver, Bradshaw, and Golden Drop plums ; Black Tartarian and\nCanadian Preserving cherries, Early Crawford and Shoemaker peaches, Concord and White\nNiagara grapes. The following I consider the best breeds of stock for here :\u2014Suffolk Punch\nhorses, Holsteins for dairying, Cotswolds for mutton, Berkshire pigs, Plymouth Rock hens,\nToulon geese, and Black bees. Potato blight affected my crop slightly ; the leaves turned\nblack, and the tubers rotted in the ground. There was not much snow last winter; there\nwas a good deal of rain ; there was not much cold weather. The spring was late and unfavourable for seeding. The summer was damp, with an average kind of autumn. Harvest\nweather was not good. There was a slight frost last May. Crops yielded, I consider, very\nwell, and were saved in first-class order.\nCOQUITLAM.\nThis municipality comprises all the country on and about the river of that name. The\nmain line and the Westminster branch line of the Canadian Pacific Railroad pass through it;\nthe principal point is the junction, distant eighteen miles from Vancouver and nine from New\nWestminster. About thirty-five settlers live here. Part of the land lies low, and is mostly\ncovered with a dense undergrowth of vine maple, salmon-berry bushes, and such like ; the\nlarge trees are cottonwood, spruce, alder, etc., the soil being a light sandy loam in places, and\nof a light peaty nature in others. Other parts are high ridges, covered with large fir and\ncedar trees, many of which have been destroyed by fire, and their places are being filled with\na thick undergrowth of small trees of the same varieties, the soil being a red gravelly loam.\nThis soil makes the best fruit lands, especially for apples, provided they are mulched to keep\nthe moisture in, pears and plums doing better on the lower lands ; the high lands also produce\nthe best potatoes, although perhaps not so abundantly as those lying lower. The average\nannual rainfall is between 68 and' 70 inches, and the snowfall probably 24 inches, and\ngenerally lying but a short time. The altitude is very little above sea level. Aphides,\npotato blight, flies, mosquitoes, pear tree blight, and Canada thistles, are the principal pests\ncomplained of.\nThe returns were small, but these go to show that 14| per cent, of the land owned is\ncultivated, 55 per cent, is woodland or forest, 6A per cent, is swamp or marsh, and 24 percent,\nis pasture.\nMr, W. R. Austin says :\u2014The insect pest here is the green aphis or leaf louse, especially\non apples ; coal oil emulsion is an effectual remedy, but must be used cautiously. Potato\nblight is a disease of plant life. All kinds of cereals do well, except barley, which failed\nthree successive years on dry land. Swedes, timothy and alsike clover are well suited to this\nlocality. I think the best breeds of stock for here are : Heavy draught and cross-bed horses,\nso as to have good movement with strength ; Shorthorns for dairying on rough pasture land;\nPlymouth Rock fowls, as I am near to market, to sell for table use; and Italian bees. Last\nwinter there were three days' snow ; there was lots of rain, and not much cold weather. The\nspring was late, heuce the seed-time was late ; the summer was pretty dry ; there was lots of\nrain in the autumn ; harvest weather was pretty good ; there were late spring frosts. I had\nexcellent hay without ploughing the land; seeding down clover and just harrowing and\nmanuring the land. All early crops were saved in good order; late crops were not well saved.\nCrops yielded well, but mine were necessarily light, except hay and clover, which was excellent\non high gravelly land. 838 Report on Agriculture. 1893\nMr. John Douglas Smith says :\u2014My bull is a pure bred Holstein ; my cows are mixed\nDurhams and Holsteins. Mosquitoes and flies are insect 23ests. It is too wet here for fall\nwheat. Short White oats, Timothy grass and Red clover are the best varieties for this locality.\nAny kinds of apples do well. Peaches, quinces, apricots, and nectarines, are not suited to\nthis locality ; grapes don't ripen very well. The following are the best breeds of stock for\nhere : Any good light horses about 1,500 fts. ; Holsteins for dairying, Durhams for beef,\nBerkshire pigs, Plymouth Rock and Brown Leghorn chickens.\nMr. John William Stein says :\u2014My stock are grades and thoroughbred Jerseys; I have\na thoroughbred Jersey bull. Diseases of plant life are : some little blight on leaves of several\npear and plum trees ; there were green lice on a few pear and apple trees. Noxious weeds\nwere a large number of Canada thistles ; this year I rooted them up and burnt in a special\nfire, so as to eliminate the seeds. The following varieties of roots, grasses and clover are well\nsuited to this locality : Yellow Danver onions, Kentucky Blue, and Timothy grasses, Big\nEnglish Red and Alsike clovers. I consider, for butter, Jerseys ; for beef, Holsteins and\nShorthorns ; for poultry, Cochin China and Brown Leghorns ; and for honey, Italian bees are\nthe best breeds.\nPORT MOODY AND BURRARD INLET,\nThe former being at the head of the South Arm of Burrard Inlet on the main line of the\nCanadian Pacific Railroad, thirteen miles from Vancouver, the rest being scattered along both\nshores of the Inlet down as far as Vancouver, have about seventy-five ranchers. The country-\nis all densely wooded with huge fir, cedar, and spruce trees, and a thick undergrowth of\nsmaller trees and shrubs. The soil is however good, especially about Port Moody and the\nestuaries of some of the streams debouching into the Inlet, that on the ridges being the red\ngravelly soil peculiar to this part, and which makes excellent fruit land. A good deal of fruit\nis produced, which finds a ready market in Vancouver. Root crops and dairy products,\nespecially milk, are also raised in fair quantities for the same purpose. Grain and hay are\nnot produced to any great extent, the quantity of cleared land being so limited. The precipitation in all this region is excessive, the average rainfall being 69.12 inches, the wet season of\n1891 having raised the previous average of 68.43. The snowfall averages 28.2 inches, sometimes remaining on the ground but a few hours. The temperature is very equable, seldom\ngoing below zero nor above 90\u00b0. No particular pests are reported, although no doubt some of\nthose affecting the surrounding settlements are also here. It is impossible to tell from the\nmeagre returns what the proportion of cultivated land is. It is safe to say that it is very\nsmall in comparison to the area owned.\nThe following is the report of Mr. John T. Scott, correspondent :\u2014\n1. Wheat (spring), 30 to 35 bushels per acre, $35 per ton.\nBarley, 35 to 40     \u201e \u201e 1.50 per 100 fts.\nOats,                     45               tt                 \u201e 1.50 \u201e\nPeas,                       (limited quantity),                     1.75 n\n2. Hay.\u20142 to 3 tons per acre.\n3. Potatoes.\u201410 to 12 tons per acre, $15 to $20 per ton.\nMangolds.\u201420 tons per acre, $8 per ton.\nCarrots.\u201412 to 20 tons per acre (as to quality), $14 per ton.\nTurnips.\u201420 tons per acre, $8 to $12 per ton.\nBeets.\u20148 to 10 tons per acre.\nCabbages.\u2014Large quantities, $15 to $20 per  ton.     Market  gardening  is profitable\nwhere followed.\n3a.  The yield of above was very goocl on high as well as low lands.\n\u25a0\\p. The following are the particular varieties which are best suited to this part:\u2014Early\nSpring wheat, Timothy, Red clover, Early Rose potato, Long Red mangold,\nGarden and Field carrots, Swedes, Yellow Danver onions, and Late and Early\ncabbage. 2 to   3 ce\nits per\n3 to   4    ,\n5 to   6    i\n10 to 20    i\n3\n10 to 15    ,\n10              ,\ni\n56 Vict. Report on Agriculture. 839\n4. The following are the average prices usually obtainable for-\nApples,\nPears,\nPlums and Prunes,\nCherries,\nQuinces,\nGrapes,\nStrawberries,\nRaspberries,\n4a.  The crop was not as good as last year.\n4b.  The fruit was of good quality.\n4c.  Dry sandy loam is the  best  soil  for  small  fruits ; higher lands are better for larger\nfruits, such as apples, pears, peaches, and plums.\n4d. Some years peaches are very successful.    G rapes are very limited.    Melons are grown\nin large quantities.    Tomatoes are plentifully grown.\n4e.  The following particular fruits give  the  best results :\u2014Gravenstein, Baldwin, Gloria\nMundi, Wealthy, and Early Harvest apples; Bartlett, Duchess of Oldenberg, and\nWinter Nelis pears, Magnum Bonum and Greengage plums\n5. No flax is grown.\n6. Only a small quantity of sugar beet is grown.\n7. No rape is cultivated.\n8a.  There are only a few settlers who make butter for market.\n8b. Butter sells for 25 to 30 cents per pound, and cheese is only made for home use.\n9a.  The country is not well suited for wool-raising.\n9b.  There are no quantity of sheep here.\n9c.  The wool is of good quality.\n10a. People are going in for improved breeds of stock.\n10b. The following I  consider are the best breeds of stock for this district:\u2014Percheron\nhorses for  draught, Provincial horses  for harness, Shorthorns for beef, Holsteins\nfor beef and milk, Shropshires for wool and mutton, Berkshire pigs, and Plymouth\nRock and Leghorn poultry.\n11a.  Poultry-raising is largely carried on, and is made very profitable.\n11b. The average price of eggs is 40 to 50 cents per dozen.\n12.     Apiculture is very successful.\n13a.  Last winter there was very little snow, plenty of rain, with late frosts.\n13b.  Spring was dry with frosts.\n13c. Summer was pleasant.\n13d. The autumn was good harvest weather, with early frosts.\n13e.  There was no loss from bad weather.\n15a. Labourers are plentiful.\n15b. Whites.\n15c. The average wages are from $25 to $30 per month.\n16. Ensilage has not been tried so far as I am aware of.\n17. There is quite a large acreage ploughed in the fall.\n18. A general improvement has taken place through the district. 840 Report on Agriculture. 1893\nLULU ISLAND, SEA ISLAND, AND NORTH ARM,\nAll in the Municipality of Richmond, at the mouth of the Fraser opposite to the Delta,\nhave about one hundred and thirty ranchers. There is good water communication to all parts,\na goocl road leads from Vancouver, which crosses the North Arm to Sea Island and thence to\nLulu Island by two fine bridges ; a road also leads from Westminster down the North Arm,\ncrossing the first-named road at its crossing to Sea Island and continues till it comes out on\nthe gulf. A third road, partly finished when I was there in September, crosses the North\nArm at the upper end of Lulu Island by a fine bridge. Roads are laid out within the\nmunicipality intersecting it everywhere, some of which are good and some unfinished. The\nsame conditions exist here as at the Delta regarding making and maintaining roads which, on\naccount of the nature of the soil, the heavy rainfall, and the absence of material are both\ndifficult and expensive. Lulu and Sea Islands lie low and require dyking and draining, the\nland being formed of alluvial deposit of the Fraser is, of course, of the richest description; it\nis for the most part open, but there are clumps and belts of timber, especially along the river.\nOn the mainland side of the North Arm the land is higher, and as a rule thickly covered with\nlarge timber and underbrush. Crops of all kinds and fruit attain great perfection. A large\nquantity of wheat, oats, root crops, hay, fruit, and dairy products are raised and marketed in\nVancouver and Westminster. Swine and poultry are only produced in very limited numbers.\nPrincipal diseases and pests reported are potato blight, caterpillars, aphides, bot-flies, gad-flies,\nmosquitoes, and Scotch thistles. The precipitation is probably 50 inches of rain ; snow light,\nperhaps 15 or 20 inches, generally thawing almost immediately; the temperature is very\nequable, 80\u00b0 being probably the usual hottest weather, and seldom very cold in winter. From\nreports received from the whole district it appears that 35 per cent, of the land owned is\nunder cultivation, 23 per cent, is woodland or forest, HA^ per cent, is swamp or marsh, and\n30J per cent, is pasture. Mr. Kidd's estimate of cultivated land for the south side of Lulu\nIsland it will be seen is only 12A_ per cent.\nThe following approximate data was supplied by Mr, Thomas Kidd for the south half of\nLulu Island :\u2014\nQuantity of land owned south half Lulu Island 12,000 acres.\nti             ii        cultivated  1,500    n\nNumber of tons of hay produced  1,000 tons.\nti             ii           grain        n           600    n\ntt              tt             roots         ii            800     ii\nii              ti             fruit          ti            4     it\nI.             cattle owned      500 head.\nn               horses        125     n .\nii             sheep       it       30    n\nii             swine      n       125     n\nThe following is the report of Mr. Thos. Kidd, correspondent for the south side of Lulu\nIsland :\u2014\n1. Wheat (fall), \\\\      tons per acre,   $28 per ton.\ni,      (spring,) \\\\ ii tt 28 u\nOats, 1 i. i, 22'i\n2. Hay, 2 to 3  \u201e ,, 11\n3. Potatoes, 5 to 8   n n 12 to $14 n\nMangolds, 15 to 20 .. ,, 8 n\nCarrots, 15 to 20 u \u00bb 9\nTurnips, 20 to 30 m n 6 n\n3a. The yield of above was an average one, or slightly below the average, except potatoes,\nwhich were a good deal below the average.\n3b. The following particular varieties are best suited to this part:\u2014Red Fife wheat,\nEgyptian oats, Timothy grass for hay, mixed grasses for pasture; Early Rose and\nLate Rose potatoes; Mammoth Red mangold, Belgian and Vosges (white) carrots,\nSwede and Purple Top turnips, and Yellow Danver onions.\n4a. The season's fruit crop was an average one. 56 Vict. Report on Agriculture. 841\n4b.  Cherries, plums and pears were of good quality; apples were not good.\n4d.  Peaches and apricots are grown in sheltered places with fair success.    Tomatoes are\ngrown, but it is difficult to ripen them.\n8a.  Dairying is carried on extensively with goocl results ; butter and cheese can be made,\nbut very little cheese is made.\n8b.  The price obtainable for butter is 30 cents per ft.\n9.    Sheep are not raised here to any extent.\n10a. People are going in for improved breeds of stock.\n10b. The best breeds for this district, I consider, are :\u2014Clydesdales and Suffolk Punches\nfor draught, Durhams for beef, Grade Durhams for general dairy purposes, Jerseys\nfor butter, and Holsteins for milk ;  Berkshire pigs ; and Leghorn,   Houdan and\nPlymouth Rock poultry.\n11a.  Poultry-raising is not extensively followed, except in a few cases it is not carried on\nwith any system.\n11b.  The average price of eggs is 25 to 30 cents.\n12.    Apiculture has not been tried by people with any experience.\n13a. Last winter was rainy and excessively wet.\n13b.  The spring was wet, with no frosts.\n13c.  The summer was an average one.\n13d.  The latter part of the autumn was wet ; early harvest was good,  the latter part was\nwet.\n13e.  One-half of the oat crop was spoiled from bad weather.\n14.    A blight on potatoes, and the caterpillar on fruit,   are the most noticeable pests and\ndiseases.    The Bordeaux mixture has not yet been tried here for the former,;\nseveral mixtures  have been tried for the latter, with some success.    Animals are\nremarkably free from disease.\n15a. Labourers are generally easily procurable.\n15b. Whites, Chinese and Indians, but not many Indians, are employed.\n15c.  The average wages are $30 per month for whites, with board ; $25 to $30 for Chinamen, without board,  for spring, summer and autumn.\n16c.   1 don't know of ensilage having been tried.\n17. The ploughing is done in the fall to a considerable extent.\n18. Old buildings are being improved and cultivation extended, but few new farms are\nbeing started. The farms now occupied are being improved as fast as the means of\nowners will admit of, by clearing, draining, fencing and building, and the prospects\ngenerally are fair. The high prices asked for land is likely the reason of so few\nnew farms being started. A large portion of Lulu Island, the eastern end, is\nbeing dyked, under the provisions of the Municipal Act, but it will take a number\nof years to prove the wisdom of the undertaking. A great deal of the land is\npeaty, and it will take a long time to rot down before it can be used for general\nfarming purposes.\nMr. A. Harding, Lulu Island, says:\u2014My bull is a full bred pedigreed Durham. Fire\nweed and chick weed are noxious weeds. Red Fife Spring wheat, Manchester Fall wheat, and\nBeauty of Hebron potatoes are the best varieties for here. The best breeds of stock for this\nlocality are Clyde horses, Jersey crossed with Durhams for dairying, Durhams for beef, Berkshire pigs, Brown Leghorns crossed with common barnyard fowls for poultry. I lost about\n$100 on two acres of land from potato disease. Last winter there was no snow ; there was a\ngood deal of rain, and not much cold weather. The spring was late, but not good for seeding.\nThe summer was not very good, the autumn was good. Harvest weather was good. Our\ngrain crops averaged a ton to the acre.\nMr. Thomas Kidd, Lulu Island, says :\u2014The only disease which affected crops this year\nwas potato blight. (See Mr. Kidd's remarks under \" Diseases and Pests.\"\u2014J.R.A.) Last\nwinter there was not much snow; there was a lot of rain; there was not much cold weather. Oats,\nl\n2\n2,\nHay,\n3\n3.\nPotatoes,\n6\nMangold,\n20\nCarrots,\n15\nTurnips,\n20\nOnions,\n10\n842 Report on Agriculture. 1893\nThe spring was rather late, and there was an average seeding time. The summer was goocl,\nand the autumn was very wet; the early harvest weather was goocl, the latter part was very\nbad ; there were no frosts to speak of till 1st of December. The vield of crops was fair. Hay\nwas saved in good condition ; grain also was saved before the rain came. After the rain it\nwas in bad order.    A good deal of oats was lost.\nThe following is the report of Mr.  O.   D.   Sweet,  correspondent for north  side of Lulu\nIsland : \u2014\n1.    Wheat (spring),   1 ton per acre ; $30 per ton.\nii 25      n\n12 \u201e\nit 6 it\nit 8 it\n6\n18 \u201e\n3a.  The yield of above on the whole was very light.\n3b.  The following varieties are best suited to this part :    Timothy grass,  Alsike clover,\nEgyptian oats, Early Rose jjotatoes, Long Red mangolds,  Swedes, and Danver\nonions.\n4. The average prices obtainable for the following are : For apples, 3 cents per ft.;\npears, 5 cents per ft. ; plums and prunes, 4 cents per ft.\n4a. The crop of hay was good ; oats were light; plums were good, and apples were a\nfailure.\n4d. Peaches are grown, and occasionally yield well.    Tomatoes  are grown,  but did not\nripen well this season.\n4e. The following particular varieties give the best results : Baldwin, Ben Davis,\nGreening, Duchess of Oldenberg apples, Bartlett and Olapp's Favourite pears,\nBradshaw, Yellow Egg, and Pond's Seedling plums.\n5, 6, and 7. Linseed, Sugar beet, and Rape have not been tried.\n8a.  Dairying is gone in for considerably, with the best of results.\n8b.  The price obtainable for butter is 30 cents per ft.\n9.    This part is not suitable for sheep, it is too low and damp.\n10a. A few farmers are improving their breeds of stock.\n10b. The following are the best breeds in this district :    Clydesdales for draught,  Grade\nDurhams for beef, and Holsteins for dairying.\n11a. Poultry-raising is only in a small way attempted, and without any particular system.\n11b. The average price of eggs in summer is 30 cents, in the autumn 50 cents, per dozen.\n12. Bees have not been sufficiently tried yet to give any useful results.\n13a. Last winter there was very little snow or frosty weather ; there was plenty of rain.\n13b. The spring was very wet.\n13c. The summer was short, and cold rain set in early in the autumn.\n13d. The autumn was very wet; the late harvest was damaged.\n15a. Labourers are plentiful.\n15b. Whites and Chinese.\n15c. The average wages paid are $30 per month and found.    Otherwise, $1 to $1.25 per day.\n16. Ensilage has not been tried.\n17. There was not much ploughing done this fall, it was too wet.\n18. The great need here is a more thorough system of draining.    Some have done a good\ndeal, while others are very far behind in this important work. 56 Vict. Report on Agriculture. 843\nMr. Robert McBride, North Arm, says :\u2014The weed known as the Scotch thistle is\ngetting troublesome. Egyptian oats, American Rose potato, Oxheart and Large White\ncarrots, Mammoth swede, Yellow Danver onions, Timothy and Red Clover are the best\nvarieties for this district. Large red and dark plums of every species do very well here. I\nbelieve a mixed breed of horses for general purposes are better than heavy draft horses.\nYorkshire pigs are the best. The Chinese I consider a pest, as they raise heavy crops of\npotatoes, vegetables, etc., and undersell the farmers, who cannot compete with the Celestials\nin the market garden line. Last winter there was a little snow, but not enough to carry a\nsleigh. There was a considerable amount of rain during October, November, December,\nMarch and April. There was not much cold weather last winter. The spring was a medium\none; it was a good seeding season in the latter part of April. It was wet during June and\npart of July, otherwise good weather. The autumn was good. The weather up to the middle\nof September was good. There were a few nights' light frost in November and January.\nCrops were saved in good condition. Oats yielded lighter per acre than they usually have\ndone in this locality.     Hay yielded well.     Other crops were of medium yield.\nMr. B. W. Garret, North Arm, says :\u2014There was no snow last winter; there was an\naverage amount of rain ; there was very little cold weather. The spring was a medium one,\nand the seed-time was favourable. The summer was wet. Crops yielded well and were\nharvested in fair condition.\nMr. Alexander Lochore, North Arm, says:\u2014I have a pedigreed Holstein-Friesian bull,\none pedigreed Chester White sow, and ten full-bred Chester White pigs. My cattle are\ngraded Durham and Holstein. I prefer the Holsteins, as they are the best milkers, and dairy\ncows pay best in this section. I have also a pedigreed Jersey cow, and two half-bred Jersey\nheifers. Our potatoes have been blighted and have rotted badly this season. The land is\nriver flats and is pretty dry ; I don't know the cause. Colorado White Spring wheat, English\nPedigree barley, Irish and Egyptian oats, Rosedale, Daisy, Burpee's Extra Early, and Early\nRose potatoes, Long Red mangolds, Half long and Short White carrots, Swedes, Timothy for\nhay, Rye for pasture, Alsike clover for hay, and Dutch clover for pasture are the best\nvarieties for this district. T consider the following are the best breeds for this district: A\ncross of a Clydesdale stallion and a common mare, so as to get horses weighing 1,200 to 1,400\nfts., are the best for farming; Holsteins for dairying, Durhams for beef, White Chester\npigs, and Plymouth Rock and Leghorn poultry.\nMr, J. R. Rowling, North Arm, says :\u2014Diseases of plant life are blight and rot some\nyears. This community is free from diseases of animal life. Caterpillars, grubs, and aphis\nare insect pests, but they are not bad; also bots, gad-flies, and mosquitoes. Almost any kind\nof wheat, corn, beans, and hops do well here. The best varieties of grain, roots, and grasses\nare the following :\u2014Egyptian or Surprise oats, Marrowfat peas, Early and Late Rose potatoes,\nLarge White or Short Red carrots, Purple Top swedes, Yellow Danver onions, Lentz beans,\nTimothy grass, and White Dutch and Large Red clover. Clyde horses, Durham cattle for\ndairying and beef, and Berkshire and Suffolk pigs are the best for this locality.\nHOWE  SOUND.\nBo wen Island, at the entrance, is about thirteen miles from Vancouver, the sound running\nup about twenty-seven miles further. It is accessible by water only, the rugged nature of the\ncountry between it and Burrard Inlet rendering road making an almost impossible undertaking. About forty ranchers live on the islands and on the mainland of the sound. The\ncountry is generally heavily wooded with fir and cedar. The land is good, principally for fruit\ngrowing; root crops and cereals also do well. The precipitation, owing to the proximity of\nthe mountains, which in the vicinity rise to a great height, is undoubtedly great, probably\neven heavier than on Burrard Inlet, where, in 1891, it went up to 77 inches of rain. Pests\nreported are sorrel, wire-worms, minks, wolves, and bears.\nMr. W. G. Mitchell writes as follows :\u2014This district is so young that we have mostly\nbeen experimenting to find out what will do best. Spring wheat, barley, and peas have been\ntried with success, and oats and buckwheat did pretty well, though not as well as expected ;\nhops did well, but were not harvested ; experts expect 2,500 to 3,000 fts. per acre.    Carrots, 90 or IOC\nacres.\n20 tons.\n50    i,\n70    tt\n75 head.\n9    \u201e\n844 Report on Agriculture. 1893\nturnips, onions, beets, and cabbages did well, but I cannot estimate the yield. Our orchards\nare too young to give any returns about fruits. All the trees planted in all parts of this\nvalley are in a fine healthy state, and are doing well, and I have great hopes of this place for\nall kinds of fruit.\nMr, W. G. Mitchell, correspondent, furnishes the following approximate, data and\nreport:\u2014\nQuantity of land owned, exclusive of timber limits and reserves,  8,500 acres.\nti it       cultivated\t\nNumber of tons of grain produced\t\nii hay it \t\nit root crops\t\nti fruit (small fruit only)\t\ncattle owned\t\nhorses     n\t\nsheep       it           ti\nswine      n       15     11\n2. Hay, 3 tons per acre; $10 to $20 per ton.\n3. Potatoes, 9'   ,, ., 15 to   30\n3b.   Egyptian Mummy peas, Timothy grass, Early Rose potatoes, and Prize Taker onions\ngive the best results for this locality.\n4a & b.  The crop and quality of the fruit were goocl.\n4c The soil best adapted for fruit in this valley is a light sandy loam.\n4d. Peaches have been tried  by one or two, and have failed; apricots, nectarines, and\ngrapes have not been tried ; melons have been tried, with partial success : tomatoes\nbear a very heavy crop, but do not ripen thoroughly.\n5, 6, & 7.  Linseed, sugar beet, and rape have not been tried.\n8a. Dairying is not extensively carried on, but it pays well.\n8b.  The average obtainable price for butter is 25 cents to 35 cents per ft.\n9a. This part is not suitable for sheep.\n9b.  There are no sheep here of any sort.\n10a.  People do not trouble about improving their breeds of stock.\n10b. The following are the best breeds for this district:\u2014Durhams for beef and dairying,\nMerinos for wool, Southdowns for mutton. All kinds of pigs and chickens seem\nto do well here, but light chickens are preferred to heavy birds.\n11a. Poultry-raising is neglected.\n11b.  The average price of eggs is from 25 cents to 35 cents per dozen.\n12.     Bees have not been tried.\n13a.  Last winter was snowy, with high cutting winds.\n13b.  The spring was dry and frosty.\n13c. There was a loss of about eight per cent, of cattle.\n14. The only pest here at present is the wire-worm in the potato (it cuts the top from\nthe set), but it is not here to any extent at present, and I am watching its movements very carefully.\n15a. Labourers are to be procured easily.\n15b, Whites and Indians.\n15c.  The average wages are $2 per day of ten hours.\n16. Ensilage has not yet been tried.\n17. There is no ploughing done in the fall.\nMr. George W. Gibson, Jr., Howe Sound, says :\u2014The following varieties of fruits are\nbest:\u2014Gravenstein, St. Lawrence, Baldwin, and Ben Davis apples; Bartlett, Winter Nelis,\nand Flemish Beauty pears; Italian prunes; Royal Anne, Black Republic, and Black Heart\ncherries ; and Concord grapes.    Peaches are a total failure, 56 Vict. Report on Agriculture. 845\nMr. Nils Frolander, Froak, says :\u2014I have only this year commenced clearing land\nand opening up my claim.    Mink, porcupine, wolves, bears, <tc, are the animal pests.\nMr. William Joseph Davis, Bowen Island, says :\u2014My stock are graded. Sorrel is a\nnoxious weed. The following are the best varieties of roots, grasses, fruits, &c, for this\nlocality:\u2014Golden Wax beans, Chili and Burbank potatoes, Shorthorn Nanthus carrots,\nPurple Top swede, Red Wethersfield onion, Egyptian beet, Timothy grass, and Alsike clover;\nWealthy, Red Astrachan, Gloria Mundi, Rhode Island Greening, and Red and Yellow Bell-\nflower apples; Bartlett and Sheldon pears; Yellow Egg, Washington, Peach, Damson, and\nYellowgage plums; Royal Anne, Early Black, and Yellow Spanish cherries, and Alexander\npeaches. The best breeds of stock for here are a cross between the Canadian French, and\nthe Clyde for horses, Cotswolds for wool, and Berkshire pigs. Last winter there was not\nmuch snow; there was not much rain, and there was the average amount of cold weather.\nSpring was late, and not good for seeding. The summer was wet and dry, to the extremes.\nThe autumn was very rainy. Harvest weather was very favourable, There were two frosts\nin May, which killed the fruit crop. Crops were saved in good order, but the yield was not\ngood.\nSOOKE,\nSituated on the southern end of Vancouver Island, is the most southerly settlement in\nBritish Columbia. It has a fine harbour, about 22 miles from Victoria, by water or road.\nAbout 60 ranchers are here and at Otter Point, a few miles further. The country is mostly\nhilly, the valleys generally covered with timber and the hills partly open, affording good runs\nfor sheep. Immediately about the harbour there is a quantity of level land, the soil being of\nexcellent quality, and on which are grown cereals, root crops, hay and fruit. Dairying is not\nentered into to any extent, nor with any system ; and the same may be said of poultry-\nraising. Some swine and sheep are raised, but not a great many. The precipitation is not\nheavy, probably about 37 inches of rain; snow is very uncertain, sometimes none at all, and\nat others two or three feet, and it does not generally lie on the ground more than a few days\nat a time. The highest point the temperature usually attains is probably about 80\u00b0, and the\nlowest usually a few degrees above zero. Situated as it is on the confines of a perfectly wild\ncountry, it is not to be wondered that there are many wild animal pests, such as panthers, or\nrather pumas, wolves, bears, and raccoons. About 12|- per cent, of the land owned is cultivated, 68| per cent, is woodland or forest, 12| per cent, is swamp, marsh and rock, and 6\\\nper cent, pasture.\nThe following approximate data is furnished by Mr. John Muir, correspondent:\u2014\n*Quantity of land owned  5,500 acres.\nii                ii    cultivated  700     n\nNumber of tons of grain produced ...... 90 tons.\nii                 it        hay              ii          300      ti\nit               ii       root crops  240     n\nit               it       fruit  20     ii\nit           cattle owned  300 head.\nit           horses       n       50     ii\nii          sheep        it       340     n\nti           swine        n       200     n\nThe following is the report of Mr. John Muir, corespondent:\u2014\n1. Wheat (spring), 30 bushels per acre, $35 per ton.\nOats, 40      ii ii 30      ,i\nPeas,                      1    ton            n           40      n\n2. Hay, 3      \u201e \u201e 15\n3. Potatoes, 7       n n 15       n\nCarrots,                 4      n             n\nTurnips, 10      n n\n*There is more land owned, but I cannot form an estimate of it. 846 Report on Agriculture. 1893\nOnions, beets, parsnips, cabbage, and other roots and vegetables.\u2014As these are only\ngrown by all for home and local use, I don't know what the yield was per acre ;\nbut I can say the crop was good of all kinds, and the yield was good.\n3a.  The above yielded well; nothing  extra,  but  those  I  have  talked  with  were  well\npleased with the yield.\n3b. The following particular kinds are best for this part:   Red  and  White clovers, Red\nand White carrots, White Rutabaga turnips, Yellow Danver onions, and Hollow\nCrown parsnips.\n4.    The following prices were obtainable for fruit:\u2014Apples, 1 to 1{ cents per ft.; pears,\n1 to 1|- cents ; plums and prunes, 1A; cents.\n4a.  The fruit crop was a good average crop.\n4b.  The quality of the fruit was good.\n4d.  Peaches are planted to a limited extent, with fair prospects.    No apricots, nectarines,\ngrapes or melons are grown.    Tomatoes are grown, with fair success.\n4e.  All kinds of ajiples, pears, plums and cherries appear to do well,  and  in  some  cases\nare larger than guaranteed by the original stock.\n5,- 6, 7.  Linseed, sugar beet and rape are not grown.\n8a.  Dairying, so far, is only tried in a small way, good hands  to  handle  cows  and  milk\nbeing hard to get.\n8b.  The average obtainable price for butter is from 25 to 30 cents per ft.\n9a.  This part is well suited for wool-raising.\n9b.  Only a small number of sheep are kept.\n9c. The quality of the wool is good.\n9d. The average weight of fleece is 4 to 5 fts.\n10b.  I consider the following are the best breeds of stock for this locality :  A cross from a\nClydesdale and native mare for draught; for saddle and harness, a cross between\na trotter and native mare; for beef,  a  cross-bred   Durham   and  native  cow; for\ndairying, a cross between Ayrshire and native cow ; for wool, crosses of Leicesters\nand Southdowns; for mutton, Southdowns; Berkshire pigs.\n11a.  Poultry-raising is limited, but, so far as I can learn and judge, the results are good.\n11b.  The average price of eggs tlie year round is 30 cents per dozen.\n12.     Apiculture is not tried.\n13a.  Last winter there was light snow and frost, with heavy rains.\n13b. The spring was wet.\n13c.  The summer was in the early part wet and cold, later it was good growing weather.\n13d.  The autumn was goocl weather for harvesting, later the usual fall rains.\n13b.  There was a slight loss in apples from unfavourable weather in the early summer.\n14.    The principal pests are panthers, wolves and bears, for sheep, lambs and calves ; and\ncoons for chickens and the orchards.\n15a. Labourers are not easily procured.\n15b. Indians.\n15c.  The average wages are from $25 to $30 per month.\n16. Ensilage has not been tried.\n17. There is very little ploughing done in the fall.\nMr. Samuel Morrow, Sooke Road, says:\u2014My bull is a full-bred Durham ; the remainder\nof my stock are the common stock of the country. Last winter there was one inch of snow\non the ground for a short time. From September to January, 1892, there was a great deal of\nrain, there was not much cold ; the grass was green all winter.\nMr. J. Poirier, Sooke, says :\u2014Last winter there was no snow, there was lots of rain.\nThe spring was late and there was too much rain at seed-time ; the summer and autumn were\nvery fair ; harvest weather was good. The yield of crops was pretty fair, and they were saved\nin good condition, 56 Vict. Report on Agriculture. 847\nMessrs. Weeks and Sons, Jordan Meadows, say :\u2014Last winter there was about four feet\nof snow; there was a great deal of rain, and not much cold weather. There was a medium\nspring.    The summer was wet.    Harvest weather was not good.    There was no summer frost.\nMr. John Muir, Sooke, says :\u2014My cattle are a mixture of Durhams, Jerseys and Ayrshires ; my horses are cross-bred, and my poultry are a cross. Frosts in early spring are\ninjurious. There is a poisonous weed that stock sometimes eat; after eating they swell and\ndie in four to six hours. I don't know the name of the weed. Wolves, bears and panthers\nare animal pests. I don't think wheat has been tried. All kinds of peas and oats do well.\nRed and White carrots, White turnips and Swedes, Yellow Danver onions, Rye and Timothy\ngrasses, and Red and White clovers, are all suitable for this locality. The following breeds of\nstock are best for here :\u2014Cross between Clydesdale or Percheron and native mares ; they are\nmore hardy and not so heavy as thoroughbreds ; Jerseys or Ayrshires for dairying ; cross-bred\ncattle for beef ; Leicesters for wool and mutton, and black Berkshire pigs. From wolves,\npanthers and bears, my first loss was 16 sheep in one night; by straggling afterwards, 12 more.\nLast winter the snow was light ; there was a medium amount of rain and cold weather. The\nspring was late, owing to cold rains in April, and it was unfavourable for early seeding. The\nsummer was good growing weather; the autumn was fair, and good for harvesting; there were\nno frosts up till the 12th of October. Crops were saved in good condition, and, as far as I\ncan learn, yielded above the average.\nMETCHOSIN,\nWhich includes Rocky Point, Pedder Bay, and Hajspy Valley, has some fifty ranchers.\nMetchosin is accessible by water and by road from Victoria. Part of this district is open\ncountry, dotted over with beautiful oaks ; there are many alder bottoms near the margins of\nthe lakes and streams, and a good deal of heavily-timbered land ; some rocky hills also run\nthrough the district, which are partly open, and on which there is good feed for sheep. The\nsoil is varied ; on the oak land it is generally a black loam with gravel subsoil, in the alder\nbottoms and swamps a heavy clayey loam, and on the ridges it is generally a rather heavy red\nsoil. The precipitation being light, crops are apt to suffer from drought in many parts unless\nput in very early. A great deal of fruit and root crops are produced, and a considerable\nquantity of grain. There is not much dairying done; a fair number of sheep and swine are\nproduced, and a comparatively large quantity of poultry. The climate is much the same as at\nEsquimalt and Victoria; rainfall about 35 inches, and snowfall uncertain, sometimes none at\nall. Greatest heat usually about 81\u00b0, and greatest cold a little above zero. Diseases and\npests reported are aphides, fruit blight, camomile, sorrel, buckwheat, and thistle.\nThe following is the report of Mr. W. Fisher, correspondent :\u2014\n1. Wheat (spring), 23 bush, per acre ; $30 to $35 per ton.\n.,       (fall), 25     ,i\nBarley, 30    \u201e\nOats, 35    ti n\nPeas, 25     tt M\n2. Hay, 1| tons ,,\n3. Potatoes, 6     n t>\nMangolds,           20    \u201e\nCarrots,                30     n n\nTurnips,                25     n            n\nOnions\u20143 cents to 6 cents pei1 ft.\n3a. The yield of the above was a medium one.\n3b. The following are considered best suited to this locality and give best results : Red\nFall wheat, Chevalier barley, White oats, Grey peas, Cocksfoot and Timothy\ngrasses, Red clover, Late Beauty of Hebron potatoes, Long Red mangolds, White\ncarrots, Carter's turnips, and Danver onions.\n4. The following were the obtainable prices :    For apples, 2|- cents to 4A cents per ft.,\naccording to time of year ; pears, 2 cents per ft. ; plums and prunes, 2 cents to 3\ncents per ft. No cherries, peaches, quinces, apricots, nectarines, or grapes are\ngrown for sale.\n4a.  The crop of apples was good ; of other fruit, fair.\n30 to\n35\n30\n25 to\n30\n30\n15 to\n20\n15 to\n30\n5 to\n8\n7 to\n10\n5 to\n8 848 Report on Agriculture. 1893\n4b.  The quality of the fruit was good.\n4d.  Peaches, nectarines, apricots, grapes and melons are not grown.     A few tomatoes are\ngrown, they do not ripen well.\n4e.   Lemon Pippin, Duke of Tompkin's County and Gravensteins are the best  apples for\nthis locality.     Bartlett and Sekel pears.\n5 and 6.  Linseed and Sugar beet are not at all cultivated.\n7.     Rape is only cultivated to a small extent.\n8a.  Dairying is neglected.\n9a.  This part is not well suited for wool-raising.\n9b.  There are not many sheep raised here.\n9c.  The wool is of poor quality.\n9d. The average weight of fleece is 2| fts.\n10a.  People are only to a very small extent going in for improved stock.\n10b. The following I consider the best breeds for this district:  Shorthorns for beef, Jerseys\nfor dairying, Southdowns for mutton, Berkshire pigs, and Plymouth Rock poultry.\nUa.  Poultry-raising is only done to a moderate extent.\n11b.  The average price of eggs is 25 cents to 30 cents. ,\n12.    Apiculture has not been tried.\n13a.  Last winter it was very mild, and  there was no snow. . .\n13b.  The spring was rather wet.\n13c.  The summer was cool and moderately wet.\n13d   The autumn was good in the early part and wet later.\n13e.  There was no loss of consequence from bad weather.\n14.    There   was  no  loss  to stock or crops from disease.     There was a small loss of fruit\nfrom the aphis.\n15a. Labourers are easily procured.\n15b.  Whites or Chinese.\n15c.  The average wages paid are $20 to $25 per month.\n16. Ensilage has not been tried.\n17. Fall ploughing is only done for fall wheat.\nMr. W. Fisher says :\u2014I have a Jersey cow and bull. There was an amount of pear\nand apple blight or fungus. There was no disease of animal life of any consequence.\nThe aphis is an insect pest. There are no animal pests of any consequence. Noxious\nweeds are wild camomile, which is on the increase, and wild buckwheat, sorrel, and\nthistle, which are not very bad. Last winter there was no snow ; there was lots of rain ; not\nmuch cold weather. A medium spring with a fairly good seed-time. The summer was good.\nThe autumn was good, with rain enough to start the grass. Harvest weather was good.\nThere was no early or late frosts. Crops were saved in good condition, and there was an\naverage yield of grain.    Potatoes were not so good ; other roots were better.\nMr. Fisher also furnishes the following approximate data :\u2014\nLand owned\u2014Very nearly the whole of the land in this district is owned.    I can't give\nan idea of quantity.\nLand  cultivated From 900 to 1,000 acres.\nGrain produced  300 tons.\nHay produced  100    u\nRoots produced  200    n\nFruit produced  20     n\nCatte owned . . .  350 head.\nHorses owned  140    n\nSheep owned  1,000    n\nSwine owned  175    n\nThe above is as near as I can get for the District of Metchosin. 56 Vict. . Report on Agriculture. 849\nESQUIMALT AND HIGHLAND,\nAdjoining Victoria District, have about fifty ranchers. There is a good deal of open oak\nland in Esquimalt District, and a fair proportion of rocky hills; in Highland the latter\npredominate. There are numbers of lakes, streams, and swamps, about which there are\npatches of land covered with small brush, and alder, maple, etc., the soil of which is of\nexcellent quality and produces well. The hillsides are generally clothed with heavy timber,\nand the tops partially open, forming fair ranges for stock. The whole of these districts is\nwell adapted to fruit-raising and the culture of root crops. Grain also does well, but the\ncircumscribed area of cleared land naturally limits the production of cereals, but a large\nquantity of the two first-mentioned is produced. Butter is not produced in any quantity,\nand it is much the case with poultry. A good many sheep and pigs are raised, the country\nbeing particularly well adapted for the former. The Esquimalt & Nanaimo Railroad passes\nthrough the district, also the Nanaimo waggon road. The precipitation is small, and the\ntemperature very equable, as will be seen by the Meteorological tables. The aphis on apples\nis about the only pest reported.\nThe following is the report of Mr. A. H. Peatt, correspondent:\u2014\n1.    Wheat (fall),      30 bush, per acre ;       90 cents per bush,\n(spring) 25    n n 90    M n\nit 80    it ti\n60    \u201e\n90    \u201e\n$18.00 per ton.\n18.00      \u201e\n10.00      i,\n12.00      \u201e\n9.00      \u201e\n60.00      ,,\nBeets, parsnips, cabbage, and other vegetables are only raised for garden purposes.\n3a. The yield of above was very fair.\n3b. All cereals and roots can be grown with very good results.\n4. The following are the average prices obtainable : For apples, 2 Ay to 4 cents per ft.;\npears, 2 to 4 cents per ft.; plums and prunes, 2 to 4 cents per ft.; cherries, 3 to 10\ncents per ft.\n4a.  The season's crop of fruit was very fair.\n4b.  The quality of the fruit was very good indeed.\n4c. The soil in this district is very well adapted to fruit-raising.\n4d.  Peaches, apricots, nectarines, grapes, melons, and tomatoes don't do very well, as the\nweather is rather cool in the summer.\n4e. All kinds of apples give goocl results.    Bartlett pears do very well indeed,   and any\nkinds of plums and cherries.\n5, 6, and 7. Linseed, Sugar beet, and Rape have not been tried.\n8a.  Dairying, although not extensively carried on, has very good results.\n8b. Butter fetches from 25 cents to 50 cents per ft. Cheese, from 25 cents to 30 cents\nper ft.\n9a. This part is very well suited for wool-raising.\n9b. Sheep are not raised on an extensive scale.\n9c. The wool is of very good quality indeed.\n9d. The average weight of fleece is from 4 to 5 fts.\n10a.  People occasionally go in for improved stock.\n10b. The following I consider to be the best breeds of stock for this locality :\u2014Percheron\nhorses for draught, Cleveland Bays for saddle, Hambletonians for harness; Shorthorn cattle for beef, Holsteins for dairying, Leicester sheep for wool, Southdowns\nfor mutton, and Bershire pigs.\nBarley,\nOats,\nPeas,\n-   30    i,\n25    \u201e\n30    \u201e\n2.    Hay,\n1^ tons\n3.    Potatoes,\n6    \u201e\nMangolds,\nCarrots,\n10    \u201e\n8    \u201e\nTurnips,\nOnions,\n10    \u201e\n4    \u201e 850 Report on Agriculture. 1893\n11a.  Poultry-raising is not attempted to any great extent, but the  results are  very  good\nindeed.\n11b.  The average price of eggs is from 25 cents to 60 cents.\n12.    Apiculture has not been tried.\n13a.  Last winter there was a great deal of rain with very little frost or snow.\n13b.  The spring was very favourable..\n13c.  The summer was moderate and very favourable for crops.\n13d.  The autumn was very good, and harvest weather was very fine and dry.\n13e.  The loss from unfavourable weather was very small.\n14.    Animals of all kinds are very free of all disease.    Apple trees are often troubled with\naphis, but can be kept free by spraying with tobacco water.\n15a.  Labourers are easily to be procured.\n15b.  Whites and Chinese.\n15c:.  The average wages are $25 per month with board.\n16. Ensilage has been tried and with very good success.\n17. Fall ploughing has been done to a moderate extent,\n18. These districts are very well  suited  for agriculture, as the climate is very mild, and\nhigh prices and a ready market is obtained for all kinds of produce and meats.\nVICTORIA DISTRICT\nHas about one hundred and ten farmers. A great deal of the country within a radius of\nfive miles from the town is open oak land, interspersed with belts of fir, alder, maple, &c. The\nsoil is a rich black loam, except on pine land, where it is generally a heavy red loam, which\ngrows good crops of peas and red clover, and makes excellent land for apples and plums. The\nprincipal industries are fruit, root, vegetable, and milk producing, all of which find a ready-\nsale in Victoria City. Grain and hay of a superior quality are also raised in fairly large\nquantities. The cultivation of small fruits is largely entered into, especially strawberries and\nraspberries, for both of which this district is particularly well adapted. The production\nof butter is, of course, limited, owing to the milk being all sold in the town. Some sheep,\npigs, and a good deal of poultry is produced. More attention is probably paid to the latter\nindustry than in any other part of the Province, many going in for the best breeds of fowls.\nThe ordinary precipitation is very light, somewhere about twenty-seven inches. The extraordinary wet season of 1891, however, when 41.12 inches fell, raised the average to 36.06\ninches. The snowfall is usually trifling, none falling for some years, and then a heavy snow\nstorm bring up the average. The temperature is very equable, the monthly mean ranging\nfrom 58.51 to 37.41. The principal pest is the Scotch thistle, which has assumed formidable\nproportions. The other diseases and pests reported are turnip flies, cut-worms, caterpillars\ndandelion, plantain, oxeye daisy, and sorrel. The aphis on fruit trees is also very bad, and\nblight on apples and pears. Several nurseries are carried on, where fruit trees and bushes of\nall kinds are to be had.\nThe following approximate data was supplied by Mr. S. Pollock :\u2014\nQuantity of land owned      5,000 acres.\nii ii    cultivated         1,150     n\nNumber of tons of grain produced  350 tons.\nii it       hay produced           600     n\nti ti       root crops ^Impossible to make an\nii ii       fruit J estimate at this date.\nii cattle owned         300 head.\nn horses owned         120     n\nit swine owned  100     h\nit sheep owned '...'..'  300     ii 25 bushels\npei\n' acre\n$30 per ton.\n30       ,'.\nn\n30       \u201e\n40       ,,\nti\n28      \u201e\n45\nM\n25 to $30 per ton\n40       \u201e\nir\n30 per ton.\n1A   \u201e\ntt\n15 to $20 per ton\n56 Vict. Report on Agriculture. 851\nThe following is the report of Mr. S. Pollock, correspondent :-\n1. Wheat (fall),\nWheat (spring),\nBarley,\nOats,\nPeas,\n2. Hay,\n3. Potatoes, 300 to 500 bushels per acre ; $25 to $30 per ton.\nMangolds, \"j\nCarrots,     A These are chiefly consumed on the farms where grown.\nTurnips,    |\nOnions yield well, but not grown extensively.\nBeets grown on a small scale only.\n3a.  The yield of above is generally very good.\n3b. The following particular varieties give the best results :\u2014American Banner oats,\nTimothy grass, Mammoth or Red Clover, White Elephant potato, Mammoth Long-\nRed mangold, White Vosges carrot, King of Swedes, Yellow Danver onion, and\nDrumhead cabbage.\n4. The average price obtainable for apples is 3 cents per ft.\n4a.  The season s crop of fruit was good.\n4b.  The quality of the fruit was excellent.\n4c. 1 consider a light sandy soil best adapted to fruit culture with a south-western slope\nif possible ; in order to receive good returns good and thorough cultivation is\nnecessary.\n4d. Peaches are grown on a very small scale. Apricots are grown less than peaches, and\nI believe with very good success. Nectarines I think are not grown. A few\ngrapes are grown. Melons and tomatoes are grown with good success, but chiefly\nby Chinese market gardeners.\n5. Linseed is not grown.\n6. Sugar beet is not grown extensively, but with good success.\n7. Rape is not grown with success.\n8a. Dairying is followed, but not to any great extent, but, I believe, with good results to\nthose thus engaged.\n8b.  Butter is worth from 30 to 40 cents per 1b.\n9a.  This part is not well suited to the production of wool.\n9b. There are not many sheep kept.\n10a. People are going in for improved stock.\n10b. 1 consider the following are the best breeds of stock for this locality : Clydesdales\nand Shires for draught; Irish Hunters and Cleveland Bays for saddle ; Scotch\nShorthorns for beef; Jerseys for dairying; Berkshire pigs; and there are many-\ngood breeds of poultry, such as Brown Leghorns, Plymouth Rocks, Cochin Chinas,\neach fancier considering his own particular breed the best.\n11a. The poultry business is largely carried on, and, though I don't know as to system, I\nbelieve in most cases it is very successful.\n11b. The price of eggs is very variable, sometimes being as low as 20 cents per doz., and\nunder, and again as high as 60, 65, and 75 cents, but I think the average is about\n30 to 35 cents.\n12. Apiculture has not been tried, to my knowledge.\n13a. Last winter was very mild.\n13b. There was a medium spring; no frosts.\n13c. The summer was moderately dry.\n13d. The autumn rather wet. 852 Report on Agriculture. 1893\n14. In this section much loss occurred through  the  ravages  of the  wire-worm  on the\npotato crop, a great many losing one-half, and others even more,\n15a. Labourers are generally easily procurable.\n15b. Whites and Chinese.\n15c. The average wages are : for whites, $1.50 and  $2 ; for Chinese, $1 to $1.25 per day.\n16. Ensilage has not been tried, to my knowledge.\n17. Fall ploughing is largely done.\n18. The  general  prospects  of agriculture  in this district are very good.     Much  of  the\nland requires underdraining, more thorough cultivation, and the use of commercial\nfertilizers, and liberal application of barnyard manure.\nMr. A. Casanave says :\u2014Last winter there was not much snow, lots of rain, and not\nmuch cold weather. The spring was early, the autumn dry, and the harvest weather very\ngood.     Crops yielded well, and were saved in first-class order.\nMr. B. W. Pearse says :\u2014The diseases of plant life are very few. Flies eat the turnips\nat times; cut-worms are sometimes troublesome; caterpillars, in vast numbers, attack the\noaks and spin.webs, which kill spruce and fir trees at times. Epizootic is a disease of animal\nlife; it is found only very rarely amongst horses. The noxious weeds are dandelions of late\nyears, plantain and sorrel. The following are well suited to this locality, and are most profitable : Timothy grass, which, however, soon runs out; Italian rye; Cocksfoot makes good hay,\nand has a fine aftermath for this dry climate during the summer months; White and Red\nclovers. All kinds of fruits do well. I do not know the best kinds, as my orchard was\nplanted in 1860, when the market was ill supplied on the coast; we got them from Puget\nSound, in Washington Territory. Last winter there was no snow; there was a little on a\nhill 390 feet high, which disappeared in a few hours. There was 40 inches of rain, 11 inches\nin December. The usual fall here is 25 inches. There were about four days mild frost in\nall. The spring was early, no rain from January till March, but more cold north-east winds\nthan usual. Seed-time was very favourable. The summer was very changeable and generally\nwith a low temperature. The highest in the shade for two clays was 80\u00b0 Fahr. Crops yielded\nvery well, and were harvested in very fine condition.\nMr. J. D. Pemberton says:\u2014Thistles are at present a long way the worst weed in the\ncountry. Timothy and Alsike clover are very well adapted to this locality. Clydesdale\nhorses, and Durhams for beef, are the best breeds of stock for this section.\nMr. S. Pollock says :\u2014We have no pedigreed or pure bred stock at present, our herds\nbeing composed of graded Jerseys and Holsteins, which we find very well adapted to our\npresent needs, all being first-class milk and butter cows. Red Fife wheat does very well; a\ngood many varieties of fall wheat do well. The following are the varieties best suited for this\nlocality : Carter's Prolific barley, Egyptian Side oats, Mammoth Long Red mangolds, White\nBelgian and Long Red carrots, Aberdeen turnips and Swedes, Timothy and Cocksfoot grasses,\nMammoth Peavine and Red-top clovers. Almost all kinds of potatoes seem on a par, all\ndoing very well when the ground is well prepared and fertilized. The kinds of apples adapted\nto this section are too numerous to mention, all kinds seeming to grow perfectly and to be of\ngood size and flavour. The Bartlett pear is well suited here, and almost all varieties of\ncherries, plums and prunes The best breeds of stock for here are : Shire, Cleveland Bay and\nClyde horses, Jerseys for dairying, Holstein-Fresians for beef, Leicesters for wool, Shropshires\nfor mutton, and Berkshire pigs.    All kinds of poultry do very well.\nLAKE\nIs a district adjoining Victoria District to the north, and is reached by the Saanich roads,\nwhich pass through it, It has about fifty ranchers. Much of it was originally heavily timbered,\nbut there was some open oak land on that side nearest Victoria. Probably about twenty per\ncent, of the land owned is now under cultivation. The soil generally is a heavy loam, which\nyields large crops of roots and hay ; a considerable quantity of cereals also is raised. Dairying and market gardening is  also  carried  on  largely,  as  well  as  poultry, sheep, and swine- 56 Vict. Report on Agriculture. 853\nraising for the Victoria market. The climate is very similar to the rest of this peninsula,\npossibly more rain than about Victoria and Esquimalt, owing to more high land and heavy\ntimber. Diseases and pests reported are aphides, borers, caterpillars, sorrel, thistle, and ox-\neye daisy.    I append the following letter from Mr. Geo. W. Anderson, M.P.P.:\u2014\n\" Lake, December 23rd, 1892.\n\" Sir,\u20141 have the honour to receive a copy of your first Agricultural Report, and beg to\nsay that I think it a credit to the Department, as it imparts much useful information from\nmany parts of our magnificent Province, and amply proves its adaptability to the pursuits of\nagriculture, horticulture, and dairying. Those industries are taking a front rank in the\ncountry. This district is looking up ; the old farmers are busy clearing the land, and ditching-\nit to more thoroughly drain it than ever before ; many are subdividing their land into suitable\nsized lots, which is a good sign, as most of them have more acres than they can subdue and\nproperly cultivate. Many new settlers are coming in and starting gardening, orchards,\ndairies, kc, for which the land and situation are well adapted. There is no reason why many\ntimes its present population should not find profitable employment in the fertile soil. lam\nglad to be able to report that crops have been good, and prices fair again this year. WTages\nrange from $25 to $30, with board, per month, according to ability.\n\" I am, &c,\n\"Geo. W. Anderson.\n\" James R. Anderson, Esq.,\n\"Statistician, Victoria, B.C.\"\nMr. G. W. Anderson says:\u2014My stock are grade Jerseys. Caterpillars, green flies on\napple trees, and some borers are insect pests. There are no animal pests. There are many\nnoxious weeds, such as sorrel, thistle, chickweed, and many others that I cannot name. We\nkeep them under as much as possible. Last winter there was no snow ; there was an average\namount of rain ; there was very little cold weather. The spring was rather late, and seed-time\nwas fairly favourable. The early summer was wet; it was good later on. The autumn was\nfairly good. The weather was very good for early grain, but wet for late grain. Some grain\nwas damaged in low undrained places by late rains. Crops were generally saved in good order,\nand they yielded well.\nMr. J. R. Carmichael says :\u2014My stock are full bred Jersey and graded Jersey. Apple\ntree borers have shown themselves in my young orchard. I have had to cut them out and\napply lime-wash to prevent more coming. Noxious weeds are thistles, which are very numerous\nall over the district, and I don't think care enough is taken to cut them along the roads. Early\nRose and Flourball potatoes, Orchard grass on light and dry soil, Rye grass on heavy soil, if\ndrained, and Red clover are the best varieties for this district. Jerseys for dairying, Polled\nAngus and Durhams for beef, and Plymouth Rock poultry, as good layers and early maturing\nchicks for market, are the best breeds of stock for this locality.\nSOUTH  SAANICH,\nAdjoining Lake, is reached by two roads from Victoria, distant about twelve miles. The\nproposed Victoria and Saanich Railroad, now in the course of construction, will also pass\nthrough this district, as well as Lake. It has, with James Island, which is close to, about\nseventy ranchers. The country is generally wooded, with some hills of no great elevation.\nIt is well watered throughout by springs and streams. The soil is good, most of it black loam,\non which fruits of all kinds flourish, and of which a considerable quantity is produced. The\ngreater part of the lower lands are devoted to growing grain and hay, both of which give good\ncrops. Many orchards are being set out on the higher lands, which are found to be the best\nfor the purpose, and which in times past were much neglected and thought worthless, but are\nnow considered to be very valuable, although the cost of clearing them is somewhat great.\nDairying is carried on quite extensively, with the best of results. A considerable quantity of\npoultry and pigs is also produced. The climate is about the same as that of Lake. The\nusual weeds, such as thistle, oxeye daisy, &o., give much trouble; wire-worms and blue jays 854 Report on Agriculture. 1893\nare also reported amongst the pests, and, of course, the aphis, which seems to have overrun\nthe whole Province within the last year or two. I regret that, in consequence of the apathy\nof the farmers in this district, I am unable to give any statistical information regarding it.\nMr. Thomas Graham, South Saanich Road, says :\u2014Wire-worms and blue jays are insect\nand animal pests. White spring wheat, Chevalier and Two-rowed barley, White Side oats,\nWhite Marrowfat peas, Late Rose potatoes, and Swedes are the best varieties of cereals and\nroots for this district, The best breeds of stock for here are : Cayuse horses (common small\nbreed), common cattle for dairying, China-Poland and Berkshire pigs, and common poultry.\nJames Island, says :\u2014There are no diseases of animal life at present,\nThere are no insect pests, except that the few bushes of black currants were wormy, but they\nwere gobbled up by the hens. The following varieties of cereals, roots, and fruits are the best\nfor this district:\u2014Old Canadian oats, White peas, Early corn, Early Rose, Flourball, and\nElephant potatoes, Long Red carrots, Seed onions, Red clover, and Blue and Egg plums.\nHolsteins I consider to be the best cattle for dairy use here.\nNORTH  SAANICH,\nProbably the richest and most productive settlement in this part of the Province has, I\nregret to say, made such meagre returns that I cannot do justice to so fine a district. It is\nat the extreme end of the Saanich peninsula, so it is surrounded on three sides by water.\nThere are two roads leading to Victoria, about eighteen miles distant. Sidney, the terminus\nof the proposed Victoria and Saanich Railway, is situated on the, east coast, about the centre\nof the district. Much of the country is open oak land ; there is also a great deal covered with\nsmall trees and brush, which is easily cleared ; and lastly, there is some heavily fir timbered\nland, principally on the ridges. It is generally very level ; a low range runs partly across the\npeninsula, dividing it from South Saanich, and some, low rocky hills at the northern end being\nthe only parts of any elevation to speak of. The soil is principally a black loam of great\nrichness, which produces all the hardy and semi-tropical fruits to great jjerfection. It is\nprobably the best hop-growing district in the Province, the hops being of a very fine quality\nand ranking with the Kent hops in the English markets ; it is to be regretted that the inroads\nof the aphis last year curtailed the crop very materially. The Saanich hay is considered the\nbest that is put on the Victoria market. Root crops and cereals of all kinds yield well.\nDairying, and the sheep and swine industries, are all prosecuted to some extent. The precipitation is possibly a little greater than that of Victoria, but I do not think it is much more.\nThe average temperature is no doubt higher, the nights being warmer.\nThe following approximate data and report are furnished by Mr. J. T. McIlmoyl, correspondent :\u2014\nQuantity of land owned      9,830 acres.\nQuantity of land cultivated      2,905     n\nNumber of tons of grain produced              660 tons.\nNumber of tons of hay produced  530     n\nNumber of tons of root crops         450    m\nNumber of tons of fruit    35     n\nNumber of cattle owned            350 head.\nNumber of horses owned  147     n\nNumber of sheep owned         565    n\nNumber of swine owned         1,055     h\nI have used every effort to get as accurate replies to your questions as possible, yet in\nsome instances they are approximate, but on the whole I think they are pretty reliable.\nThe old hop fields that have been producing for some years consist of about twenty acres; in\naddition to those, nearly as much more were planted in 1892. The crops and quality have\nbeen good until last year, when the hop louse did such serious damage that some of the fields\nwere almost a total failure. All are prepared this year for spraying, with the hope of\npreventing, at least in part if not in whole, the ravages of the aphis. There is no butter\npacked in the district ; quite a quantity of fresh butter is made and marketed, but I could get\nno information with regard to quantity, whereon I could base a statement. 56 Vict. Report on Agriculture. 855\n1.    Wheat (fall),       20 bush, per acre ; $30 per ton.\nWheat (spring),\n25    \u201e\nit\n30      t\nBarley,\n30    ,i\nii\n25\nOats,\n40    tt\nn\n25\nPeas,\n25    ,i\nti\n28      i\n2_\nHay,\n1J tons\n\u201e\n15\n3.\nPotatoes,\n3    \u201e\ntt\n15\n4a & b. The season's fruit crop was a medium crop and was of medium quality.\n4d. Tomatoes are successfully grown.\n5, 6 & 7d.  Linseed, sugar beet and rape are not tried.\n8a,   Butter is made in small quantities.\n8b.  The price of butter ranges from 25 cents to 40 cents per lb.\n9a.  This part is very suitable for wool-raising.\n9b. Sheep are not raised to any extent.\n9c.  The wool is of good quality.\n9d.  The average weight of a fleece is 5 fts.\n10b.  I consider the following are the best breeds of stock for this country :\u2014A cross\nbetween the Suffolk Punch and mares of a lighter character make an excellent\ngeneral purpose horse;   Norfolk down sheep, if you wish to combine wool and\nmutton, and Berkshire pigs.\n11a.  Poultry-raising is carried on to a considerable extent, but without any system.\n11b. The average price of eggs is 25 cents per dozen.\n13c.  There was no loss from unfavourable weather.\nSHAWNIGAN.\nThe Esquimalt and Nanaimo Railroad runs through this district; also the Victoria-\nNanaimo waggon road. The principal points are Shawnigan Lake, Cobble Hill, and\nMcPherson's, the first being twenty-eight miles from Victoria, and the last thirty-five miles.\nRoads also connect Cobble Hill and McPherson's with Cowichan Bay. There are some semi-\nopen patches of low-lying land, but the majority of the country is wooded, the bottoms\nprincipally with alder, maple, and willow, and the higher lands with fir. There are large\nextents of swamp with deep rich soil, which require draining, the expense of which retards\ntheir reclamation. The higher portions make goocl fruit lands, whilst the lower parts are well\nadapted to root crops and hay. Very little fruit is produced (most of the orchards being-\nyoung), and little or no grain, the area of cleared land being too limited. Dairying, although\nthis a favourable locality, is not much followed. Poultry-raising is prosecuted to some extent,\nbut the prevalence of wild animals prevents the production of any large number of sheep and\nswine. The number of ranchers is in the neighbourhood of seventy-five. Panthers are a\nsource of great annoyance and loss. The other principal pests are aphides, borers, wire-worms,\nblight, oxeye daisies, and thistles. It is hard to say what the precipitation is, certainly\nheavier on account of its altitude and heavy timber than Quamichan, some ten miles away ;\nthe altitude of Shawnigan Lake being 430, Cobble Hill, 356, McPherson's, 175 feet, and that\nof Quamichan, about 70 feet. I dare say the average annual rainfall is about 40 inches ; the\nsnowfall is also heavier and lies longer. The usual temperature ranges probably between 90\"\nand a few degrees above zero. According to returns received the area of cultivated land is\nabout 9 per cent, of the whole amount owned, the rest being 53 per cent, of woodland or\nforest, 30 per swamp, marsh, and rock, and 8 per cent, pasture.\nThe following is the report of Mr. J. T. Porter, correspondent:\u2014\n2. Hay,        Small yield per acre.\n3. Potatoes, n n\nOnions, n n\nCabbages,          n n 856 Report on Agriculture. 1893\n3a.  The crop of above was medium, there were no returns to speak of.\n4. The following are the average prices obtained :\u2014For apples, 3 to 5 cents per ft.; for\nplums, 2 to 4 cents per ft.    The orchards are principally young, hence there are no\nreturns to speak of.\n4a.  The fruit crop was only a medium one,\n4b. The quality of the fruit was good.\n4d.  Peaches, apricots, nectarines, grapes, and melons are not grown.    Tomatoes are grown\nin limited quantities.\n5, 6, and 7. Linseed, Sugar beet, and rape are not cultivated.\n8a. Dairying is not followed to any extent.\n9a. This part is suitable for wool-raising if carefully done and with proper fencing.\n9b. There are no large numbers of sheep here.\n10a. People don't trouble about improved stock.\n10b. Berkshire pigs, Leghorn, Plymouth Rock, and  Black  Spanish  poultry are the best\nbreeds for here.\n11a.  Poultry are raised to a considerable extent, and with success.\n11b. The average price of eggs is 25 cents to 35 cents per dozen according to the season ;\n25 cents is the lowest ruling price.\n12.    Bees have not been tried yet.\n13a. Last winter there was but little snow, there was a great deal of rain, and no frost to\nspeak of.\n13b. The spring was late and wet.\n13c. The summer was good.\n13d.  The autumn was mild and favourable for farmers.\n15a.  There is no demand for labourers, except for cutting cordwood.\n16. Ensilage has not been tried.\n17. Fall ploughing is not done to any extent.\n18. Building, fencing, and draining is being steadily pushed forward ; there is plenty of\nroom in this district for energetic men with a little capital.\nMr. John Nelson, Cobble Hill, says :\u2014I lost three apple trees from borers, which are a\npest. Last winter there was very little snow. There was lots of rain, and it was very mild.\nThe spring was late, seed-time wet and late. The summer was favourable, the autumn mild,\nand harvest weather favourable. There were frosts about the middle of June. I consider\nthat crops yielded well and were saved in good condition.\nMr. A. W. Rogers, Cobble Hill, says:\u2014Young fruit trees have been affected with aphis\nand borers; consequently, there was an almost total loss of crop. Last winter there was\nscarcely any snow, a great deal of rain, and not much cold ; it was mild throughout. Early\nspring was favourable ; April and May were cold and wet. Early seeding time was good;\nafterwards it was too wet and cold. The summer was variable, but fair on the whole. The\nhaytime was wet; afterwards it was good harvest weather. There were frosts in September\nand later. The yield of crops, I think, was good. Some hay was slightly damaged by the\nwet; otherwise, crops were saved in fair order.\nMr. Henry Smith, Cobble Hill, says:\u2014I have one bull pure Jersey, and one pedigreed\nAyrshire. My cows are graded Shorthorns, \u25a0 and heifers are graded Jerseys. My pigs are\nBerkshires and graded Berkshires. I lost two good cows at Victoria of puerperal fever. The\nloss in Victoria and District is very heavy every year. Horse-flies are a nuisance in Shawnigan District for about two months, June and July. I only tried oats and peas; they crop\nvery well. We have plenty of manure, and mangolds, carrots and turnips grow very heavy\ncrops. Timothy, Alsike, Red and White clover do first-rate and crop very well. My orchard\nis only two years old. 56 Vict. Report on Agriculture. 857\nMr. James Farnsworth, Cobble Hill, says :\u2014Last spring was late, and the seeding\nseason was not good on low lands. The summer was a beautiful growing one. Last autumn\nthere was plenty of rain for all purposes, with fine weather for harvesting roots. There was\nrain at commencement of haying, with beautiful weather afterwards. There were no summer\nfrosts. I consider the yield of crops was very fair, according to circumstances. Crops were\nsaved in good order.\nMr. Richard Bazett, Cobble Hill, says:\u2014The green aphis gave a good deal of trouble\nall summer to young apple and plum trees; spraying with an emulsion of kerosene and\nsoapsuds destroyed them. Crows are a great nuisance here on the shore, attacking peas,\ntomatoes, etc. Last winter there was no snow to lie ; there was a great deal too much rain ;\nseven or eight degrees of cold was the lowest. The spring was early, but rather too wet to\ntake advantage of. In the summer there was no extreme heat, and there was rain at short\nintervals. The autumn was wet at commencement; subsequently it was fine. The weather\nwas good for harvest for early sown crops, but not for those sown late. There was no frost\nbetween 1st April and 15th October. Being so close to the sea insures an immunity from\nboth late spring and early winter frosts. I consider the yield of crops was first-class, and that\ncrops, with the exception of losing some late sown oats, were saved in good condition.\nMr. E. II. Forrest, McPherson's, says :\u2014My stock are graded. Panthers are taking all\nthe profits of sheep-raising from the farmer in this district (see \" Diseases and Pests.\"\u2014J. R.\nA.) Oxeye daisies and thistles are the worst weeds, and are increasing every year with\nalarming rapidity. About one per cent, of the farmers try to keep them down, and they get\ntheir places seeded down again from their neighbours' surplus. Shropshires and Southdowns\nare the best sheep here for mutton. I have lost five apple trees, two pears, two plums, and\nseven cherries, from some kind of blight, I think. Wire-worms ruined about half of my\npotatoes. Last winter there was very little snow, a great deal of rain, and not much cold\nweather. Spring was late; there was fine weather for getting the land ready from New\nYear's Day till the middle of March; from then it rained almost continually till the middle\nof May. The seed-time was good for those who had their land ready. The summer was very\nfavourable for everything. The autumn was very dry up till 3rd September. The harvest\nweather was good. The yield of crops, I think, was very good, and they were saved in splendid\norder.\nCOWICHAN,\nUnder which I include the districts of Comiaken, Cowichan, Quamichan, Somenos,\nSahtlam, and the Lake. The Esquimalt and Nanaimo Railroad and Victoria-Nanaimo waggon\nroad pass through it; good roads also lead through the settlement to Maple and Cowichan\nBays, and another through Sahtlam to the Lake, distant from the railroad about twenty miles.\nThe centre of these districts is about forty miles from Victoria, with which it also has communication by water. A portion is open oak land, and bottoms covered with alder, maple, etc.,\npart swamp and brush land, some of the usual fir-timbered high lands, a good deal of rock in\nthat part fronting on the sea, and low-lying meadow lands, sometimes subject to inundation,\nat the mouth of the Cowichan River. Towards the lake the country is almost altogether\nheavily wooded. In Sahtlam the land most cultivated is swamp land, the ridges being dry\nand gravelly. As may be imagined, there is a great variety of soil, and on which a great\nvariety of crops and fruit are produced. As is usual in this part of the Province, fruit\nsucceeds better on the higher lands. A large quantity of hay and root crops is produced, and\na moderate quantity of grain and fruit, the fruit trees being mostly young. Sheep do well,\nand are raised in fair numbers; but few or no swine. With the exception of Comox, there is\nprobably, in proportion to the number of settlers, as much butter produced as in any other\ncoast district, and of a very excellent quality ; nevertheless it is not carried on with any\ndegree of system. Poultry-raising is also carried on in a desultory sort of way. Including\nthe lake there are about one hundred and seventy-five ranchers. The climate of the first four\ndistricts (where the altitude ranges from 70 to 100 feet) is probably very much alike, viz.,\naverage rainfall, 35.41 inches; highest temperature, about 90\u00b0, and lowest about 6\u00b0 (see\nmeteorological reports for Quamichan); towards Sahtlam and the Lake, however, where the\nland rises greatly (I have not got the altitudes) and the timber increases in density, the 858\nReport on Agriculture.\n1893\nprecipitation is without doubt much greater. The whole district is well watered with streams\nand lakes. From returns received, I find that about 11 per cent, of the land owned is under\ncultivation in the first-named four districts ; 57 per cent, is woodland or forest, 14 per cent, is\nswamp marsh and rock, and 18 per cent, is pasture land. The principal diseases and pests\nreported are aphides on fruit trees and hops, bark louse, borers, currant worms, wire worms,\ncut worms, smut, thistles, sorrel, oxeye daisy, panthers, coons and minks.\nThe  following approximate data and report were supplied by Mr. John S. Shopland,\ncorrespondent for Comiaken : \u2014\nQuantity of land owned 3,000 acres.\nii ii        cultivated  355    n\nNumber of tons grain produced       25 tons.\nit it    hay ti   365    n\nit it     root crops  100    h\nit ii    fruit         2    it\nii cattle owned      125 head.\nti horses       n              30     n\nit sheep       ti       350    m\nii swine        n              30     h\n1. Wheat (fall),       25 bushels per acre, 2 cents per ft.\nWheat (spring), 30         n           n                       $30 per ton.\nBarley,                 25         n'          n\nOats, 40 it \u201e 25\nRye, very little grown, 3 cents per ft.\nPeas, 20 bushels per acre, $40 per ton,\n2. Hay, 2 tons per acre, 16 u\n3. Potatoes 6^ to 7 tons per acre, 15 to $16 per ton.\nMangolds,            \u00b0nly small patches grown.\nCarrots, 6 tons per acre, 10 per ton.\nTurnips, 10    n n\nOnions do well.\nt,       '.       !- for garden use, do very well.\nBarsmps, j\nCabbages, on low land, yield well.\n4. The following are  the average. prices obtainable :\u2014For apples, 2^ to 3 cents per ft. ;\npears, 5 cents per ft. ; plums, 3 to 5 cents per ft. ; cherries, 10 to 12| cents per ft.\n4a.  The season's fruit crop was medium.\n4b.  The quality of the fruit was good.\n4c.   I find a light loam with a clay bottom grows the best fruit.\n4d. Peaches, with some, do well.    I believe that grapes will grow and pay.    Tomatoes are\nvery prolific, but do not ripen well.\n4e.  The best pears for here are Bartletts.     The common Blue plum is the most grown ;\nbut there are a great lot of fruit trees being set out in this district and after two\nor three years we shall have something to judge from.\n5. Linseed has been cultivated here for the seed and gave very good returns.\n8a. Dairying is considerably followed here.    Some farmers do very little but tend their\ncows, pigs, and calves, and some make it pay.\n9a. This part is not well suited for wool-raising.\n9b.  There are no extensive flocks of sheep.\n9c.  The wool raised is of good quality.\n9d. The average weight of fleece is 5 fts.\n10a. People are going in for improved breeds of stock.\n10b. The general purpose horse is the best. Dairy cattle are the most useful, and sheep\ngrown for mutton are the most profitable. There are good Berkshire pigs. Each\nfarmer keeps from three to six dozen chickens. 56 Vict. Report on Agriculture. 859\n11a.  Poultry is not extensively raised.\n11b.  The average price of eggs is 30 cents per dozen.\n13a and b. Last winter there was a little snow, some frost, and considerable rain. The\nspring was wet.\n13c. There was a medium summer.\n13d.  Harvest weather was rather bad, being wet.\n14. We are troubled with the wire-worm. It gets into potatoes very bad, and eats the\nyoung roots of clover. I find that working the ground is the best way to get rid\nof them.    There is a weed called wild buckwheat, or bell vine, which is very bad.\n15a.  Labourers are not easily procurable.\n15b.  Whites, Chinese, and Indians.\n15c.  The average wages paid are $2 per day.\n16. Ensilage has not been tried.\n17. About 2| per cent, of the ploughing is done in the fall.\n18. This district is a good one, and the settlers are  at  work draining  and  fencing and\nputting up new buildings.    New  machinery  is  coming  into  the  district all the\ntime.\nMr. Ulric Lemon, Comiaken, says :\u2014Last winter there was not much snow, a good deal\nof rain, and not much cold weather. The spring was early. I consider that the yield of\ncrops was good.\nThe following is the report of Mr. G. T. Corfield, correspondent for Cowichan and\nCorfleld :\u2014\n1.    Wheat (spring), 30 bush, per acre; $35 to $40 per ton.\n25 to   30       ti\n30 to   40       it\n15 to   18\n20\nNo market.\nOnions, beets, parsnips, cabbages, etc., only grown in small quantities in gardens.\n3a.  The yield of hay and roots was good.    Grain was medium.\n3b. All kinds of cereals, roots, grasses, and hops do well, but there is not sufficient\nattention given to know which kinds give the best results.\n4. The following are the average prices obtainable :\u2014For apples, 2 cents per ft.; pearsj\n2 cents per ft.; plums and prunes, 3 to 5 cents per ft.; cherries, 5 to 7 cents per ft.\nPeaches, quinces, apricots, nectarines, and grapes, only a few trees for home use.\n4a.  The season's fruit crop was bad.\n4b. The quality of the fruit was poor.\n4c. Orchards should be well cultivated, but not too deep near the trees to cut the surface\nroots.    Root crops are best.    Almost any soil is good if well drained.\n4d. Peaches and apricots are only grown a tree here and there. Nectarines are not\ngrown. Grapes are not grown in any quantity. Melons and tomatoes do very\nwell if started in hot-beds and planted out as soon as all danger of frost is past.\n4e. The following fruits give the best results :\u2014Astrachan, Gravenstein, Northern Spy,\nBaldwin, Duchess of Oldenberg, and Wealthy apples; Bartlett, Winter Nelis, and\nKeifer pears; all the large varieties of plums; cherries all do well, but the crows\nand robbins take all the crop.\n5, 6, 7. Linseed, sugar beet and rape have not been cultivated here.\n8a.  Dairying is not followed to any extent; one or two ranchers milk 15 to 20 cows.\n8b. The average price of butter is 25 to 30 cents,    No cheese is made.\nOats,\n50    ,i\nPeas,\n50    \u201e\n2.\nHay,\n1A to    2 tons\n3\nPotatoes,\n4 to   6    ,i\nMangolds,\n25 to 30    i,\nCarrots,\n25 to 30    ii'\nTurnips,\n25 to 30   \u201e 860 Report on Agriculture. 1893\n9a.  This part is well suited for wool-raising, but the price is low.\n9b.  Sheep are not raised to any great extent.\n9c.  The wool is not very good, but if the price was higher it would be improved.\n9d.  The average weight of fleece is 8 fts.\n10a.  A few people are going in for improved stock.\n10b. The following, I consider, are the best breeds for this district:\u2014Percheron and\nClydesdales for draught; the native mares bred to a thoroughbred for saddle;\nPercherons make good saddle and harness horses; French coach for carriage use ;\nShorthorns and Herefords for beef, Jerseys for butter, Holstein-Fresians for milk ;\nLeicesters for wool, Shropshires and Oxford Downs for mutton ; Berkshire and\nYorkshire pigs ; Leghorns and Spanish fowls for eggs, Plymouth Rocks for table\nuse and winter laying.\n11a.  Poultry are not raised to any great extent'   or  with  any  system,   but  most  of  the\nso-called farmers keep from 20 to 100 fowls.\n11b.  The average price for eggs is 25 cents per dozen.\n12.    No bees are kept; flowers are too scarce, and what there are are deficient of honey.\n13a, b, c, d. Last winter, December was very wet; there was very little frost. January\nand February were very fine and dry, quite spring weather. The spring was very\nwet; there were no frosts. June was dry and hot; later on it was wet. The\nbeginning of the autumn was wet, the middle dry, and the end wet; there was no\nfrost-.\n13e.  Early grain was considerably damaged with rain.\n14. Diseases and pests are the following : Panthers are very destructive to sheep, and\nraccoons and minks to chickens. Grain is affected with smut and rust. Borer\nand bark louse are bad on fruit trees (see \"Diseases and Pests.\"\u2014J. R, A.).\n15a. Labourers are easily procurable.\n15b. Whites and Indians.\n15c. The average wages paid is $25 a month and board.\n16. Ensilage has not been tried.\n17. There is no fall ploughing done.\nMr. G. T. Corfield says:\u2014I have a pedigreed Percheron stallion, a Jersey and a\nHolstein-Fresian bull. My other cattle are Jerseys, Holstein-Fresians, common and native\nbred. My mares and colts are half-bred Percheron. Occasionally horses have distemper and\nepizootic ; I have heard of no case for over twelve months now. Noxious weeds are thistles,\noxeye daisies, and ferns. The following are the best varieties of cereals, roots, and fruits :\nEarly Rose potatoes, Long Red and Yellow Globe mangolds, White Belgian carrots, Swedes,\nYellow Danver onions, Timothy for hay and Cocksfoot for pasture, Red clover; Blue Pear-\nmain, Wealthy, Gravenstein, Northern Spy, Fall Pippin, Golden Russet and Ben Davis\napples ; Bartlett and Sheldon pears ; Yellow Egg and Red Magnum Bonum plums ; White\nHeart cherries; Percheron horses; Holstein-Fresians for dairying, Shorthorns for beef ;\nOxford Downs for wool and mutton; Berkshire pigs; Leghorn, Spanish and Plymouth Rock\nchickens. Last winter there was no snow, not much rain, and not much cold weather. The\nspring was early. All through February and up to the 20th of March it was good for seeding;\nfrom then until the middle of May it was very wet. The autumn was fairly good. A good\ndeal of early grain got wet, but later the weather was very good. I consider crops yielded\nwell, and were mostly well saved.\nMessrs. Thos. & Mat. J. Marshall, Corfield, say :\u2014Our cattle are the common stock of\nthe country. Diseases to plant life here are : frozen sap, blight in apples, and codlin moth.\nThistles are numerous, but not now increasing. Oxeye daisy is increasing very much in hay-\nfields and pastures, and promises to be great trouble to farmers. I may say all kinds of weeds\nare brought here by many buying cheap wheat for chickens. I may add that grain vine is\none of the worst weeds, and is spreading all over; there are very few places free of it, and I\nsee nearly all the chicken feed is full of it\u2014I mean that which is bought.    Oats and peas do 56 Vict. Report on Agriculture. 861\nwell here; White and Perennial Red clovers do very well. The best varieties of apples and\npears for here are the following: Canada Reinette, Rhode Island Greening, Northern Spy,\nGloria Mundi, Swaar, Keswick, Codlin and Gravenstein apples, and Bartlett pears. Cleveland Bay horses and Black Spanish poultry, I think, are the best for here.\nThe following is the report of Mr. Jos. Drinkwater, correspondent for Somenos :\u2014\n1.\nWheat (spring)\nOats,\nPeas,\n25\n35\n25\nbush.\nit\nper acre;\n2    cents per ft\n1-1     \u201e\nl-i-    \u201e\n2,\n3.\nHay,\nPotatoes,\n2\n6\n:ons\n\"\n$16 per ton.\n1     cent per ft\nMangolds,\nCarrots,\nTurnips,\nOnions,\n15\n6\n15\n10\nii\ntt\nti\nti\nti\ntt\n1    \u201e\n1     it\n\u25a0fj-        II                   M\n2A.    \u201e   \u25a0      \u201e\n3a.  Roots yielded well.    Hay was an average crop.    Grain was one-third short.\n4a.  Last season's fruit crop was a failure.\n4e.  The following  are  the  particular  kinds  of apples and  pears   that   do   best   here :\nBaldwin, Northern Spy,  Rhode Island Greening,  Gravenstein,   Red Astrachan,\nand Waxen apples, Bartlett pears.\n5.    Linseed grows very well ; I have grown a small plot of it.\n8a.  There  are  no  large  dairies.    About  twenty  cows is  the largest.     The results are\nsatisfactory.\n8b. The price for butter is 30 cents per ft.\n9a.  This part is well suited to wool-raising.\n9b. There are no large quantities of sheep here.\n9c.  The quality of the wool is good.\n9d. The average weight of fleece is 6 fts.\n10a.  People are not going in for improved breeds of stock much.\n10b. The following are the best breeds of stock for this district:    Suffolk Punch horses\nfor draught, Shorthorns for beef, Southdowns for wool and mutton, and Berkshire\npigs.\nUa.  Poultry are not raised to any great extent.\n11b.  The average price of eggs is 25 cents per dozen.\n12.    Bee-raising has not been tried.\n13a. Last winter was very wet.\n13b. The spring was very wet.\n13c.   The first part of the summer was cold and no sunshine; the  latter part  was good\nweather.\n13d. There was a loss of about one-third from unfavourable weather.\n15a. Labourers are not easily procurable.\n15b. Whites.\n15c.  The average wages are $1.50 per day with board.\n16. Ensilage has not been tried.\n17. There is not very much fall ploughing done here.\n18. The prospects are good generally.    There is a good average quantity of fencing,\nditching, and draining.    Buildings  are  good,  and  implements  are  of  the latest\npattern.\nMr. Alex. Blyth, Somenos, says :\u2014The following are the best roots, grasses, clovers,\nand fruits for this locality : Early Rose potatoes, Shorthorn carrots, Swedes, Yellow Danver\nonions, Long Red beets, Timothy and Orchard grasses, Red clover, and King of Tompkins\nCounty apples.    Ayrshire cattle for dairying, Durhams for beef, and Brown Leghorn poultry 862 Report on Agriculture. 1893\nare the best breeds of stock for here. There was not much snow last winter, considerable\nrain, but not much cold weather. The spring was late ; seecl-time too wet to be good ; the\nsummer variable ; the autumn very good, and the weather generally good for harvesting.\nThe yield of hay was good.    Some crops were damaged by rain.\nMr. Angus J. Bell, Somenos, says :\u2014I have a Durham bull; the rest of my cattle are\ngraded. The following are the best varieties of cereals, roots, grasses, and fruits : Potato\noats, Beauty of Hebron (early) and Rural New Yorker (late) potatoes, Yellow Danver onions,\nLong Blood Red beets, Timothy for hay, Large Red clover for dry and Alsike for wet land,\nGravenstein and King of Tompkins County apples, Bartlett pears, Red and .Yellow Egg\nplums, and Governor Wood cherries. The following are the best breeds of stock for here :\nPercheron and Clydesdale horses, half-bred Jerseys for dairying, Durhams for beef, Berkshire\npigs, and Brown Leghorn poultry. Last winter there was not much snow, a good deal of rain,\nand not much cold weather. The spring was early, but very wet. Seed-time was very\nunfavourable on account of the wet. A lot of my grain got flooded, and I only got half a\ncrop. The summer was rather damp ; the autumn was very nice, indeed ; harvest weather\nvery favourable. There were no late frosts, but we had frost in the spring which killed\nnearly all the fruit about the end of April. I consider the yield of crops was not very good,\nand that crops were saved in very good condition.\nMr. John Watson, Somenos, says : \u2014My stock are graded. Oats, peas, Timothy and\nOrchard grasses, and Red Top for wet ground, and Red clover are well suited to this\nlocality. Last winter there was not much snow, a good deal of rain, and not much cold\nweather. The spring was late, and seed-time was not favourable ; the summer and autumn\nwere good ; harvest weather was good. I consider that crops were saved in good condition,\nand that there was an average yield.\nMr. Joseph Drinkwater, Somenos, says :\u2014My stock are the common stock. Noxious\nweeds are oxeye daisy, rib grass, thistles, and dandelions. The best varieties of cereals, roots,\nclovers, fruits, etc., for this locality are\u2014Champion spring wheat, Exhibition oats, Whitetield\npeas, Early Maine and Rural New Yorker No. 2 potatoes, Oxheart carrots, Carter's Elephant\nturnips, Yellow Danver onions, Timothy, Red-top and Orchard grass, Red Alsike and White\nclover, Northern Spy, Rhode Island Greening, Baldwin and Waxen apples, and Bartlett pears.\nThe best breeds of stock for here are : Suffolk Punch horses, Southdown sheep and Berkshire\npigs. Last winter there was not much snow, very rainy, and not much cold. The spring was\nvery late and wet, and the seed-time the worst we ever had. The first part of the summer was\ncold, the last part was good weather. The autumn, up to the 13th October, was good. There\nwas good harvest weather. The crops were saved in good condition, but the yield was about\none-third short.\nMr. Wm. Drinkwater, Somenos, says :\u2014My cattle are supposed to be part Shorthorn;\nas to the sheep, I have had Southdown and Leicester rams, and now I have a grade Shropshire,\nthe ewes were of no particular breed that I know of. The worst weed that we have is the\noxeye daisy ; there are imported thistle, with sorrel, dandelions, and some native weeds. The\nlast mentioned are not nearly so bad as the imported.\nMr. James Evans, Quamichan, says :\u2014The following are the best varieties of cereals,\nroots, etc., for this locality : Welcome oats, Early Rose and Burbank's Seedling, Rural New\nYorker and Late Rose potatoes ; Sutton's, Sharp's and King of swedes ; Orchard, Timothy,\nMeadow, Tescue and Rye grass, and Red, Alsike, White Dutch and Trefoil clovers. I think\nthe following breeds of stock are best for this locality : Clydesdale or English Shire horses,\nsome prefer lighter horses ; good Grade Shorthorns for dairying, Shorthorns for beef, and\nBerkshire pigs every time. I lost a few pigs, one by overfeeding with milk, others probably\nby disease, and some by Railroad accident, through bad fences. Last winter was the finest\nwinter ever known ; there was not much rain and not much cold weather. Spring commenced\nearly and was followed by frequent heavy rain. Seed-time was good only on light sandy soil;\nit rained rather later than usual in the summer ; the autumn was fine up to 5th September ;\nthe weather was not good for early haying. I find cows and pigs are the most profitable;\ngrade Shorthorns and Berkshire pigs. I consider the yield was good, excepit on heavy clay\nland, where the late rains in spring prevented proper seeding. Crops were saved in good\ncondition, except early hay. 56 Vict. Report on Agriculture. 860\nMr. H. O. Wellburn, Comiaken and Somenos, says :\u2014My stock are a full-bred Shorthorn bull; my cows are graded and selected scrubs; my pigs are half-bred Berkshires ; poultry\nare Plymouth Rocks, and horses are ordinary roadsters. Disease and pests are: Mildew on\ngooseberries, scab on apples, blight of pear leaf, rust of rose leaf, smut of wheat and oats and\nrarely of barley, currant worms, borer in apple and other trees, sun scald of fruit trees, bursting\nof bark of cherries and plums. Insect pests are : Wire and cut worms, wasps as to apples and\nplums ; green, black and blue or slatish aphides ; caterpillars of several kinds, a very small\nbrown variety often perched on the top of the midrib of apple leaves, very destructive this\nyear ; leaf hoppers of several kinds, ox bot, horse bot and ticks on sheep. The animal pests\nare : Panthers on sheep, raccoons and mink on poultry. The noxious weeds are : Scotch\nthistles and other kinds, sorrel, wild buckwheat, plantain, oxeye daisy, chess or cheat grass,\nhorsetail in moist lands, brackens and ferns. Bird pests are : Robins and blue jays for cherries\nand small fruits ; woodpeckers and crows as to apples. The best varieties of cereals, roots,\nfruit, etc., here are : Chevalier Two-rowed barley, Thorburn, Beauty of Hebron, Late Rose\nand Empire State potatoes, Short White and Belgian carrots, Yellow Danver and Red\nWestersfield onions, Eclipse turnips, and Half Long Dark Red beets ; Timothy and Cocksfoot\ngrasses, Cow grass, Alsike clover, and Lucerne, on a dry deep sandy loam ; Winter Red\nPearmain, Blue Pearmain, Red Canada, Blenheim Pippin, Red Astrachan, Gravenstein, and\nAlexander apples ; Bartlett, Lawrence Beurre d'Anjou pears; Lombard, Rivers' Early Prolific,\nBradshaw, Reiue Claude and Yellow Egg plums ; Silver and Italian prunes; Royal Anne,\nGovernor Wood, Elkhorn, Montmorency and Ordinary English Morello cherries; Crawford\nEarly, Cooledge's Favourite, Oldmixon Freestone, Hale's Early and Alexander peaches; Rea's\nMammoth quinces ; Royal and Breda apricots; Rivers' Orange and Hardwick nectarines ;\nConcord, Worden, Barry, Niagara, Morres, Diamond and Lindley grapes. The best breeds of\nstock are : Suffolk Punch and Clydesdale horses, Jerseys and Holsteins for dairying, Shorthorns for beef, Southdowns for mutton; Berkshire and Poland-China pigs ; Plymouth Rocks,\nBrown Leghorns, Black Spanish and White Leghorn poultry. The green aphis are very\nnumerous on apple trees, and to a minor degree has attacked the pear and quince. The black\naphis has been troublesome, infesting cherry trees ; pear leaf blight is spreading, and the scab\non apples is becoming more general. The necessity for spraying is becoming more urgent.\nLast winter there was not much snow, a good deal of rain, and not much cold. The, spring\nwas late and rainy, the seed-time not good ; summer not quite so dry as the average; the\nautumn fine and open, and harvest weather good. The yield of hay was good ; grain fairly\ngood. Fruits generally, except cherries and plums in favoured localities, were a poor crop.\nThe crops were generally well saved ; grain was particularly well saved.\nThe Rev. David Holmes, Quamichan and Somenos, says :\u2014Last winter there was not\nmuch snow, only about eighteen inches ; one week of sleighing. I think there was more rain\nthan usual. It was rather wet for spring planting, and made some crops late this summer.\nThe spring was rather late. More under-draining will obviate the difficulty of getting crops\nin early. Seed-time was unfavourable for low land. The summer was good for growing ;\nthere was rain at intervals. The autumn was very fine and open till late ; roots were growing\ninto November. It was rather wet in the end of September, and injured late crops. I don't\nremember any frost before October. It is a fact that the Government must pay great attention\nto the development of agriculture, the raising of stock, sheep, pigs, etc., if we are to progress\nas a Province. Only that will save the Province from the periodical depressions. Much land\non the Island is fitted for sheep. If farm implements could be reduced in duty, and modern\nimplements used, the high price of labour might be met ; and, on the other hand, with a\nprotective tariff kept up, farmers would receive encouragement. The yield, in my opinion,\nwas very good, and hay and grain were saved in good condition, except the late grain, which\nwas caught in the rain.\nMr. Charles Jordan, Sahtlam, says :\u2014My stock are native stock. Mildew on English\ngooseberries is here a disease of plant life. Insect pests are bark lice on fruit trees. There\nare no bad noxious weeds. The following are the best varieties of cereals, roots, grasses,\nfruits, &c.:\u2014White Russian wheat, Two-rowed barley, Potato oats, Mummy peas, Early and\nLate Rose potatoes, Intermediate carrots, Yellow Danver onions, Timothy, Red Top, and\nOrchard grasses, Mammoth Peavine clover; King, Belle Fleur, Spitzenberg, Newton Pippin,\nBoston Russet, Gravenstein, Baldwin, and  Astrachan   apples; Doyenne and  Bartlett pears ; 864 Report on Agriculture. 1893\nYellow Egg and Jefferson plums ; Early Richmond and Oxheart cherries. The best breeds of\nstock for here are : Cleveland Bays, Holsteins for dairying, Devons for beef, Southdowns for\nmutton, Berkshire pigs, and Spanish and Leghorn fowls.\nMr. William Kingston, Quamichan, says:\u2014My stock are graded Jerseys and Shorthorns. The hops are attacked by a minute parasite in July for the last two years ; the leaves\nare covered with them, and the leaves get black at the end of August, which totally destroys\nthe hops for use. I have been here sixteen years, and my hops were always free from the\nanimals up to 1890. Early Snowflake and Medium Rose potatoes, Garden Favourite carrots,\nSwedes, Danver onions, Timothy grass, and Red clover are the best varieties for this locality.\nThe best breeds of stock for here are: Jersey cattle for dairying, Shorthorns for beef, Berk\nshire pigs, and Plymouth Rock poultry.\nMr. Thomas Anthony- Wood, Quamichan, says:\u2014My cattle are half-bred Jerseys.\nHorses and cattle are free from disease ; poultry are liable in summer to an unknown illness.\n(See \"Diseases and Pests.\"\u2014J.R.A.) Insect pests were green flies (aphides) in August. The'\nnoxious weeds are thistles and sorrel. All kinds of potatoes do well here. Timothy is the\nbest variety of grass for sale, but mixed grasses and clovers are best for home consumption.\nGiant Red and white Dutch clovers, King's, Red Astrachan and Baldwin apples, and Keifer's\nHybrid pears are the best varieties of clovers and fruits for this locality. Suffolk Punch and\ngeneral purpose horses, Jerseys crossed for dairying, Shorthorns for beef, Southdowns for\nmutton, and Leghorn and Plymouth Rock poultry are the best breeds for this locality.\nMr. Nicholas May, Somenos, says :\u2014My stock are all native bred. Common red clover\ngrows well, and late red yields abundantly. I have lost apple and plum trees by borers. Last\nwinter there was very little snow, but a great quantity of rain ; the winter was the mildest in\neight years. The spring was fairly early, and the seed-time was very favourable. The summer was not very hot, and very dry; the autumn wet. Harvest weather was not generally\nfavourable; there was considerable loss. I consider the yield of crops was fair. My crops\nwere well saved ; many others were not so fortunate.\nThe following is the report of Mr. Chas. Bayly, correspondent for Cowichan Lake:\u2014\n1. Oats (cut for hay),   3 tons per acre ; $25 per ton.\nPeas (used as hay),  3J\n2. Hay, 3\n3. Potatoes, 7\nCarrots, 8\nTurnips, 15\nOnions, 5\nCabbages,                 15\n3b. The following particular varieties are best suited to this district:\u2014Timothy and\nCocksfoot grasses, Alsike and White clovers, Early Rose potatoes, Long Red\ncarrots, King swedes, Spanish King onions, and London Market cabbage.\n4. The fruit orchards are too young to bear.\n4d. Peaches, apricots, nectarines, grapes, melons, and tomatoes are not grown.\n5. 6, & 7. Linseed, sugar beet, and rape have never beeii tried.\n9a. This part is well suited for sheep if panthers were banished.\n10.    No live stock are kept; oxen for work.\n12.    Bees have never been tried.\n13a.  Last winter was very fine; there was no frost or snow worth noticing.\n13b. The spring was wet.\n13c. The summer was favourable.\n13d. The autumn was rather wet.\n13e.  There was no loss through unfavourable weather.\n14.    I consider blue jays very great pests ; they are the only pests here worth speaking of.\n15a. Labourers are easily procurable.\nms per acre;\n$2o\ni           11\n25\n1                            M\n30\n1                            II\n20\n1                            '1\n20\n1                            M\n60\nt                            II\n30 56 Vict. Report on Agriculture. 865\n15b. Whites.\n15c. The average wages are from $2 to $3 per day.\n16. Ensilage has not been tried.\n17. Ploughing is done in the fall to the extent of ten acres.\n18. Agriculture has made very little headway here, as the country is heavily timbered,\nand there is a market for only a limited quantity of produce, and uncertain and\nunsatisfactory.\nCHEMAINUS,\nIncluding Thetis and Kuper Islands which adjoin it, have about thirty-five ranchers. It\nis on the line of the Esquimalt and Nanaimo Railway, about fifty miles from Victoria. It is\nalso reached by water. A large proportion of the country is heavily wooded with maple, alder\nand such trees on the bottoms, and fir trees on the ridges; there is also some half open land\non the islands. Fruit is being a good deal cultivated, but the orchards are generally young.\nSome hay is produced, and root crops. A good many sheep are raised on the islands. I\nregret that owing to the absence of returns 1 am unable to give any definite data and more\nparticular information respecting this section. The area of land under cultivation is small,\nprobably not more than 6 to 8 per cent, of the quantity owned. The high ranges of hills in the\nvicinity have, no doubt, the effect of increasing the precipitation, it being somewhat heavier\nI am told than that of Cowichan.\nThe following is the report of Mr. G. R. Porter, correspondent for Chemainus and\nOyster Bay :\u2014\n2. Hay.\u2014One-half to 2 tons per acre ; $18 per ton.\n3. Potatoes.\u20142J tons per acre ; $18 to $20 per ton.\n4. The average prices obtainable  for fruit are  as follows :\u2014For apples, 5 cents ; pears,\n5 cents; plums and prunes, 3 to 5 cents ; cherries, 10 cents.\n4a.  The season's crop was a medium one.\n4b.  The quality of the crop was medium.\n4d.  Peaches, apricots, nectarines, grapes, melons, and  tomatoes  are grown with not very\ngood results.\n4e.  The following particular varieties of fruit give the best results : \u2014Gravenstein apples,\nBartlett pears, Victoria and Egg plums, and White Heart cherries.\n5. Linseed is not cultivated in this district.\n6. Sugar beet is very little grown.\n7. No rape is grown.\n8a.  Dairying is not much followed.    The stock around are very poor.\n8b.  The price obtainable for butter is 33 cents per ft;  for cheese, 10 to 15 cents per ft.\n9a.  This part is not suited for wool-raising.\n9b.  There are no large numbers of sheep raised here.\n9c.  The quality of the wool is very good.\n9d. The average weight of fleece is 3 J pounds.\n10a. People are going in for improved stock.\n10b. The following are the best breeds for here :\u2014Clydes and Sampson horses for draught,\nShorthorns for beef and dairying, Leicesters for wool and mutton, Berkshire pigs,\nand Black Spanish poultry.\n11a. Poultry-raising is in some places extensively followed.\n11b. The average price of eggs is 25 cents per dozen.\n12. Bees have been tried with unsuccessful results.\n13a. Last winter was mild.\n13b. The spring was wet with late frosts. 866 Report on Agriculture. 1893\n13c. The summer was warm.\n13e.  There was a loss of 25 per cent, from bad weather.\n15a.  Labourers are plentiful.\n15b.  Whites.\n15c. The average wages paid was $30 per month and board.\n16. Ensilage has not been tried.\n17. There is a fair amount of fall ploughing.\nSALT SPRING ISLAND\nIs about 15 miles long, lying close to the coast of Vancouver Island and extending as far\nas Chemainus. Burgoyne Bay, about the centre of the island, is about 45 miles by the\nsteamer route from Victoria, and about 35 from Nanaimo. The principal points are Vesuvius\nBay, near the northern end; Burgoyne Bay, near the middle, on the west coast; and Beaver\nPoint, on the eastern side, near the southern end. A good road runs through the island,\nconnecting these places and the farms in their vicinity. It has a rugged appearance, having\nseveral high, rocky hills on it, generally bare of timber on the tops, but heavily wooded at\ntheir bases. The fact that nearly 100 farmers live on the island, goes to prove that there is a\ngreat deal of good land in the valleys. These valleys are for the most part wooded, in some\nparts lightly, and are of great fertility, the soil being a red sandy loam and a somewhat heavy\nblack loam, according to locality. This is a section peculiarly adapted to fruit-growing of all\nkinds, the high hills affording great protection to the valleys, where fruit matures to great\nperfection. I believe it will be found that the hot hill-sides, if terraced, will produce fine\ngrapes, and I am in hopes that the experiment will soon be tried. Most of the farmers\nhaving turned some of their attention to the fruit industry, there is a comparatively large\nquantity produced, but, the orchards being generally young, the production is not in proportion to the number of trees which are planted. A fair quantity of root crops and hay are also\nproduced, and some grain, all of which do well. A good many sheep are raised, but not many\npigs : and poultry only on a small scale. Dairying is not prosecuted to any extent. The\nprecipitation, like all the islands hereabouts, is light, and surrounded as they are by water,\nsnow seldom lies long, and the temperature is very equable. According to returns received,\n7 A per cent, of the land owned is cultivated, 58A is woodland or forest, 18 per cent, is swamp,\nmarsh and rock, and 16 per cent is pasture. The principal diseases and pests complained of\nare the aphis, borer, apple blight or scab, minks, coons, blue jays, and deer.\nThe following approximate data and report are furnished by Mr. R. A. R. Purdy,\ncorrespondent for Vesuvius Bay and vicinity :\u2014\nQuantity of land owned  20,000 acres.\nit                it     cultivated  600     n\nNumber of tons of grain produced  50 tons.\nii               ii        hay produced  250     n\nit               ii        root crops  100     n\nii                ii         fruit  15     it\nti            cattle owned  150 head.\nit           horses owned  25     n\nit           sheep owned    1,200     n\ntt             swine owned  200      n\n1. Wheat (Spring),  20 bushels per acre, 2 cents per ft.\nOats, 30      i, \u201e 11   \u201e\nPeas, 20       \u201e \u201e 2\"    \u201e \u201e\n2. Hay, 2 tons n $15 per ton.\nPotatoes, 4      n n 15 to $20 per ton.\nCarrots\u2014No large quantities\nTurnips\u201412 tons per acre.\nOnions, beets, parsnips, cabbages, etc.\u2014No large quantities raised. 56 Vict. Report on Agriculture. 867\n3a.  The yield of hay, grain and roots was good ; potatoes were poor.\n3b.  Ninety-day wheat is the best for here.\n4.    The following were the average prices : For apples and pears,   2  to  4  cents per  ft.;\nplums and prunes, 3 cents; cherries,   10 cents.\n4a.  The crop of apples was fair; the other fruit was short.\n4b.  The quality of the fruit was good.\n4c.  A rich  moist  loam  soil,   not  wet,   is  best  for  apples,   and  a dry loam for plums,\ncherries, etc.\n4d.  Peaches, apricots, nectarines, grapes, melons, and tomatoes are grown in small quantities with fair success ; they require much attention.\n4e.  The following particular varieties give  the  best  results :   Gravenstein,  Selina  and\nBrandy Pippins, Wealthy, Maiden's Blush, and King of Tompkins County apples;\nBartlett,   Le  Conte,   and  Jargonelle  pears; Bradshaw,  Yellow Egg,  and Japan\nplums; Black and White Heart cherries.\n8a.  Dairying is carried out on a small scale; it pays fairly.\n8b.  The price obtainable for butter is from 25 to 35 cents.\n9a.  This part is not suitable for sheep ; it is too heavily timbered.\n9b.  Small flocks only are kept, and for mutton pay fairly.\n9c.  The quality of the wool is poor.\n9d. The average weight of the fleece is 3 to 5 pounds.\n10b. The following are the best breeds for here :\u2014Herefords for beef, Jerseys for dairying,\nSouthdowns are the best all round  sheep, being hardy and productive, Berkshire\npigs, and mixed poultry.\n1 1a.  Poultry is kept on a small scale and pays fairly.\n11b.  The average price of eggs is from 25 to 40 cents per dozen.\n12.    Apiculture is a failure from want of pasture.\n13a.  Last winter was very rainy.\n13b.  The spring was wet with late frosts.\n13c.  The summer was moist with a few hot days.\n13d. There was excellent harvest weather.\n14. The pests are blue jays, minks, and raccoons. A small bounty should be placed on\nthese to ensure their destruction. Green aphides affect the apple trees and black\naphides the cherry trees.    Ferns and thistles are troublesome weeds.\n15a.  Labourers are not easily to be procured.\n17.    A little fall ploughing is done.\nMr, Wm. E. Scott, Vesuvius Bay, says :\u2014My sheep are Southdowns graded with Merinos\nand pure Southdowns. My pigs are Berkshires. Diseases and pests are borers in apples,\nwoolly aphis and scab in apples. Apples were somewhat blighted and plums exuded a resinous\nsubstance. Lice on pigs, and Twitch grass, which is a noxious weed. The following varieties\nof cereals, roots, grasses, fruits, etc., are the best for this locality :\u201490-day wheat, 2-rowed\nbarley, American Banner oats, Burbank Seedling potatoes, Swedes, Aberdeen turnips, Timothy\nand Red Top grasses, White clover, Dutch Alsike, and Mammoth Red, King of Tompkins,\nWealthy, Brandy Pippin, Duchess of Oldenberg, Smith's Cider, and Gravenstein apples, Louise\nBonne de Jersey pears, Vicar of Winkfield, Ribson and Pound pears, and Yellow Egg plums.\nThe.best breeds of stock are medium draught horses, Jerseys for dairying, Shorthorns for\nbeef, cross-bred Merino and Leicesters for wool, Southdowns for mutton, Berkshire pigs, and\nLeghorns and Plymouth Rock poultry. Last winter there was no snow, plenty of rain, and\nnot much cold weather. The spring was late and rainy, seed-time unfavourable. The summer\ngood and dry. The autumn fair, and harvest weather good. There were frosts in the early\nspring. The early frosts affected the fruit crops considerably. Plums and apples were a\nshort crop. The yield of crops I consider was fair, and crops were saved as a rule in good\norder. 868 Report on Agriculture. 1893\nMr. J. P. Booth, Vesuvius Bay, says :\u2014Blight has been very bad this season among apples,\npears, and peaches. It was the worst I have ever known, it almost destroyed the crop. Green\nfly, bark louse, and tent caterpillar are the insect pests. The animal j^ests are mink, raccoons,\nand sometimes wolves and panthers. The following are the best varieties of fruits for this\nlocality :\u2014King of Tompkins, Canada Reinette, Swaar, Lemon Pippin, Red Astrachan, and\nthe Russet apples, Bartlett, Vicar of Winkfield, Early Butter and Flemish Beauty pears. All\nkinds of plums, prunes, and cherries do well. The peaches are all blighted. The following\nbreeds of stock are best for this locality :\u2014Common horses, Shorthorns for beef, Southdowns\nfor mutton, Berkshire pigs, and mixed poultry. Last winter there was very little snow, a lot\nof rain, no cold weather. The spring was late and very wet, the summer wet and cold, the\nautumn fine, and harvest weather fair. There was a slight frost at the end of May. I consider\nthat the yield of crops was an average one, and they were mostly saved in good condition.\nMr. R. A. R. Purdy, Vesuvius Bay, says :\u2014Green aphides retard the growth of tipple\ntrees. Black aphides have the same effect on cherry trees. Blue jays and wasps destroy and\neat the fruit. Last winter there was not much snow ; there was a great deal of rain ; there\nwere cold winds and light frosts. Spring was late and wet. February was mild and dry.\nMarch and April were cold, wet, windy and frosty. May was warm, with frequent and heavy\nshowers. Seed-time was unfavourable. Last summer was good ; it was moister than other\nsummers ; there were frequent showers and a few hot days. The autumn was fair, and\nharvest weather very favourable for dry lands. There were slight frosts in October and\nNovember, and heavy and continuous rain and a little snow in November. I consider that\nthe yield of crops was fair.\nThe following is the report of Mr. Alex. Wilson, correspondent for Burgoyne Bay :\u2014\n1. Wheat (fall),        \u2022 200 bush. ; $30 per ton.\nti      (spring),    850 n 30      n\nBarley,                    160 \u201e 30\nOats,                    1,350 n 30      ,i\nPeas,                       500 \u201e 40\n2. Hay\u2014$12 to $18 per ton.\nMangolds, carrots, and turnips.\u2014Only a few raised.\n2a. The yield of the above was good.\n2b.  The following particular varieties are  the best for this locality :    Red Fife wheat,\nChevalier barley, early varieties of oats, Red clover, Crown Jewel potatoes, Vosges\ncarrots,   Red Top  swedes,   Yellow   Danver  onions,  Turnip beets, Hollow Crown\nparsnips, and Dutch cabbage.\n\u2022    4.    The following are the average prices obtained per hundred-weight :    For apples,  $2 ;\npears, $2 ; plums and prunes, $1 to $2.\n4a.  The season's crop was a medium one.\n4b.  The quality of the fruit was medium.\n4c  Any goocl dry and rich soil annually mulched around  the  trees ought  to give good\nresults.\n4d. Peaches,   apricots,   nectarines,  grapes,   and  melons are  not   grown.    Tomatoes   are\ngrown with moderate success.\n4e.  The following fruits give the best results :    Gravenstein and Canada Reinette apples,\nBartlett, Pound, Flemish Beauty and Winter Nelis pears, any grafted variety of\nplums, Black Republican, Governor Wood, Royal Anne and Oxheart cherries.\n5.    Linseed does well, but was only grown in small lots by myself for home use.\n8a.  Dairying is not extensively followed.\n9a.  This part is not particularly well suited for wool-raising.\n9b.  There are a considerable number of sheep here.\n9c.   The quality of the wool is good.\n9d.  The average weight of fleece is 2 fts.\n10a.  People are going in for improved stock as they can afford it. 56 Vict. Report on Agriculture. 869\n10b. All the horses here are scrubs. Cotswold sheep are the best for wool, Southdowns\nare best for mutton. Berkshire and scrub pigs, and Plymouth Rock, Leghorn\nand Dunghill fowls are the best varieties.\n11a.  Poultry are not raised to any extent.\n11b.  The average price of eggs is 25 cents per doz.\n14. Apple trees are infested with scale, lice, and borers. I apply a thorough wash every\nspring of concentrated lye, which is very efficacious so far as the trunk is\nconcerned, but dangerous if applied amongst the limbs and buds.\n15a.  Labourers are always procurable by paying .good wages.\n15b.  Whites, and half-breed Indians, if wanted.\n15c.  The average wages paid are $1.50 per day with board.\n17.     A good acreage is ploughed in the fall.\nMr. Theo. Trage,  correspondent  for   Beaver  Point,  supplies  the  following report and\napproximate data :\u2014\nQuantity of land owned    6,500 acres.\ncultivated  280    ,i\nNumber of tons of hay produced  220 tons.\nti it grain n   20     n\nii ii roots ti   150    it\nii n fruit it          30    it\ntt cattle owned         90 head.\nn horses     n              23    n\nti sheep       it       650     n\nii swine      n       65     n\n1. Wheat (fall),       20 bush, per acre ; 2 cents per ft.\nWheat (spring), 15    n ,, 2    n n\nOats,                    40    \u201e             \u201e          11  \u201e\nPeas, 40    \u201e \u201e If \u201e\n2. Hay, 2\\ tons n      $14 per ton.\n3. Potatoes, lj  \u00bb n 1 cent per ft.\nCarrots,        '       12    n             n I     n n\nTurnips,               20     n              n\n4. The average prices  obtainable pei'  ft.  are :   For apples,  2\\  cents; pears, 3 cents;\nplums and prunes, 3 cents.\n4a. The season's crop of fruit was bad.\n4b.  The quality of the fruit was middling.\n4c.  A rich sandy loam is the best for fruit culture.\n4d. Peaches, apricots, nectarines, grapes, melons, and tomatoes are not grown.\n4e. The following particular fruits give the best results :\u2014Gravenstein, Baldwin, Falla-\nwater, Canada Reinette, and Gloria Mundi apples ; Bartlett and Vicar of Wink-\nfield pears ; Japanese and Magnum Bonum plums ; Governor Wood and Luelling\ncherries.\n12. Bees have not been tried.\n13. Some rain and snow in winter, spring wet, summer wet, and autumn dry and good.\n14. There is every year of late a certain  blight which attacks fruit trees, particularly\napples; it destroys more than half the crop.    Several remedies will be tried this\nyear, with what success, time will show.\n15a.  Labourers are not easily procurable.\n15b. Whites and half-breeds.\n15c.  $1 per day.\n16. Ensilage has not been tried.\n17. There is very little fall ploughing done here. 870 Report on Agriculture. 1893\nMr, Samuel John Beddis, Beaver Point, says:\u2014The following varieties of roots, grasses,\nclovers, and fruits are the best for this locality : Early Rose potatoes, Yellow Aberdeen\nturnips (thev can be planted later than others), Timothy for hay, Cocksfoot, Bluegrass and\nFescue for pasture, Alsike and Red clover, Keswick's Codling, Duchess of Oldenberg,\nWealthy, Winter, Maiden's Blush, English Golden Russet, Blenheim Orange, Canada\nReinette, Lord Derby apples ; these are all reliable apples, early and heavy bearers, having no\noff years ; the Blenheim is a moderate but regular every year bearer. Bartlett pears are the\nbest, Jargonelle is a little later and requires to be ripened indoors, but the tree is a vigorous\nthough crooked grower and is not affected by blight or other pests ; it is a heavy bearer. The\nLe Conte is a vigorous healthy tree, but blossoms so early that there are no bees moving to\nfertilize the fruit. The Peach plum, for early, is the best; we have a delicious plum, which\ncomes next, it is a greenish yellow, some call it a Yellowgage, but I think it is a local\nseedling; it cannot be beaten for flavour. A Japan plum, variety unknown, is my favourite\nfor late plums, being very large and well flavoured ; the, tree is a wonderful grower. My best\nresults in cherries have been from a seedling which seems to be a cross between Governor\nWood and Royal Anne. The Snelling does very well, also Governor Wood and Royal Anne.\nSeedling peaches seem to do the best, the fancy sorts none of them seeming to succeed ; the\nWager and Canning peach is doing well with me. Quince trees do well, but the fruit does\nnot hold on. Moorpark apricots are the best, but they must be trained on a wall. The best\nbreeds of stock for here are : Jerseys for dairying, Herefords for beef, Berkshire pigs, and\nBrown Leghorn or Andalusian fowls ; I find best results from crossing back and forth with\nthese and Plymouth Rocks ; I get thoroughbred cocks and change them every year. Bees are\nnot a success ; the wasps are too numerous for one tiling. The worst pest I have to complain\nof are the deer; they have destroyed for me 500 young trees in five years. The wire-worm\nis pretty bad in spots, especially on shell land. The turnip fly, or flea, has visited me. this year\nfor the first time. Blue jays (see \" Diseases and Pests \"\u2014J.R.A.) Last winter there was a\nlittle flurry of snow which lay on tbe ground about two hours ; the rain was almost incessant.\nThe spring was late; seed-time fairly favourable. The summer, in my opinion, was very good,\nand the autumn also For my part, the weather was good for harvesting, though some of the\nwet land that could not be sown till late, was not harvested by the 1st of October. There\nwere no late or early frosts. Being right on the sea shore, we are rather favoured in the\nmatter of frost, our crops being untouched when those a little back from the water are cut\ndown. My own crops were very good, except potatoes. My first tomatoes failed, but the\nsecond planting are yielding well.     Crops were all saved in good condition.\nTHE  ISLANDS,\nComprising Galiano, Mayne, Saturna, Pender, and adjacent Islands, all situated in the\nStraits, between Vancouver Island and the mainland, have about seventy-five settlers. The\ngeneral characteristics of these islands are very much alike, high rocky ridges running through\nthe centres, on which there is good feed for sheep, thickly wooded with fir about the bases,\nand lightly wooded or bare on the tops, the bottoms covered with a thick growth of alder,\nmaple, and willow, the soil of which is a rich black loam. There are also semi-open patches,\ncovered with a rank growth of fern, and on the higher parts with sallal. There is no lack of\nwater, springs being found in every part, and frequently little lakes or pools. Any ordinary\ncrop and fruit succeed well ; the principal things grown are oats, hay, and fruit. Like all of\nthis region, the latter, both large and small, come to great perfection, and the industry is\nbeing entered into by most of the ranchers. Another branch that is extensively carried on is\nsheep-raising, for which these islands are particularly well adapted. A little dairying, swine\nand poultry-raising is also done. The temperature and precipitation are not excessive,\nprobably similar to the climate in the vicinity of Victoria and Esquimalt (see meteorological\ntables). Roads run through most of the islands, of a very fair character. The principal\ndiseases and pests reported tire borers, aphides, apple blight, caterpillars, thistles, and oxeye\ndaisy. According to returns received, the cultivated land amounts to 7 per cent, of the whole\nowned, the woodland or forest to 59 per cent., the swamp, marsh, and rock to 21J per cent.,\nand the pasture land to 12J per cent. 56 Vict. Report on Agriculture. 871\nndent,  per  Jacob\nThe   following   is   the   report   of   Mr.\nW.  H.\nMawdesley,\ncorrespo\nHeck :-\n1.\nWheat (spring), 1,800 to 2,000 fts.\nper acre\n$35 pei\nton.\nOats,                    1,500 to 2,000    \u201e\n,,\n30\nii\nPeas,                    2,000 to 3,000    \u201e\nii\n28 to $30\nper ton.\n2.\nHay,                                 2 to   3 tons\nii\n10 to\n15\nii\n3.\nPotatoes,                          5 to   7    n\nMangolds                          8 to    9     ,,\n1!\n20\n12\nII\nCarrots,                             5 to    7     n\nII\n15\n11\nTurnips,                           8 to 10    n\nIt\n9\nII\nOnions,                             2 to   3    n\n||\n50\nII\n4. The following were the average prices obtainable per ft.:\u2014For apples and pears, 2|\nto 3 cents ; plums and prunes, 2 to 3 cents, according to quality ; cherries, 5 to 8\ncents.\n4a.  The season's crop of fruit was an average one.\n4b.  The quality of the fruit was not as good as usual.\n4c.   High land well drained, with a rich soil and clay bottom, does well here for apples,\npears, plums, and cherries.\n4d.  Seedling peaches do well and bear in abundance.    Grapes do well, Concords ripen at\nthe latter end of September.    Melons do fairly well on choice land.    Tomatoes do\nwell, but ripen late.\n4e.  The following particular varieties of fruit give the best results : Bartlett and Winter\nNelis pears,  and   White Oxheart   and  Black  Tartar cherries  do well.    I   only\nmention those kinds that I grow myself.\n5. Linseed has not been attempted.\n6. Sugar beet, I planted a few of, and they did well.\n7. Rape is not grown.\n8.B.  The price obtainable for butter is 30 cents per pound.    No cheese is made.\n9a.  Sheep do fairly well here.\n9b.  There are not many sheep kept here.\n9c.  The wool is of good quality.\n9d. The average weight of fleece is from 5 to 8 pounds.\n10a.  Some people are going in for Jersey stock.\n10b. I consider the following breeds are best for here : Shorthorns for beef ; Southdowns\nare the best for mutton, and they are free of disease; Berkshire pigs do best;\nall kinds of poultry do well.\n11 a. The poultry industry is much improved. I think it pays well. There is always a\nready market for chickens and eggs.\n11b.  The average price of eggs is 30 cents on the farm.\n12.    Bees have not been tried.\n14.    Caterpillars are the only pests known, and they don't often come.\n17.    No ploughing is done in the fall.\nI have had Fall wheat on dry ground that yielded 70 bushels per acre, but I find it\nsafer to grow Spring wheat, on account of the wet winters we have. Beets, cabbages and\ntill roots doing remarkably well when saved in time ; never have failed for 23 years I have\nbeen on this island. Potatoes are a sure crop, and of the best quality. I think the Early\nand Late Rose the best, although other kinds do fairly well. We grow from 5 to 8 tons\nper acre. We grow roots only for home use. Tomatoes and melons do fairly well, but\nare not much grown for market. All grasses do well. Red clover brings the heaviest crop,\nand is usually cut twice; but Timothy is the leading hay we grow here, and always sells at\nthe highest price. Barley does well, but is not much grown, while other grain sells better.\nSmall fruit of till kinds grow abundantly. Strawberries, currants, and gooseberries never fail to\nbring a crop.   Stone fruit, cherries, and plums grow very vigorously and are not subject to disease. 872 Report on Agriculture. 1893\nApples and pears do well, but the apple tree is subject to a disease called borer, which is very\ninjurious if not attended to in time. The ground should lie sloping, and should be well\ndrained to succeed with fruit-growing.\nMr. W. H. Mawdsley, Mayne Island, says :\u2014My stock are Jersey cattle, and Suffolk pigs.\nNoxious weeds are a few thistles. The following varieties of roots, grasses and fruits are the,\nbest for this locality : Kidney,. Ashleaf and Abundance potatoes, Early Gem carrots, Italian\nonions ; Orchard, Timothy and Red Top grasses; Red and White clovers; Bartlett and Louise\nBonne de Jersey pears; Black Tartarian and Elton cherries, Amsden apricots, and Niagara,\nConcord and Moore Early grapes. The best breeds of stock are : Jerseys for dairying, crossbred Durhams for beef, Cotswolds for wool, Shropshires and Southdowns for mutton, and\nSuffolk or cross-bred pigs. Last winter there were two falls of snow, which melted at once.\nThere was not more rain than usual ; there was not much cold weather. The spring was late\nand unfavourable for seeding ; the summer was good, and there was good harvest weather. I\nconsider that crops yielded well and were saved in good order.\nMr. Wm. T. Collinson, Mayne Island, says :\u2014My stock are Grade Jerseys and common\nstock. Red water, a disease here in aged cattle, is rather more prevalent than it should be.\nInsect pests are : a colony of web caterpillars, common wasps in great numbers, at times\neating large quantities of plums, destroying the fruit for market; and there has been a great\nquantity of horse flies this season, we have not had such a visitation for twenty years. Animal,\npests are minks and coons, occasionally raiding the chicken roosts. Noxious weeds are Scotch\nthistles, which through careless neighbours have got quite a hold in places on the Island, and\nunless stringent measures are adopted they are going to give great trouble. The following-\nare the best varieties of grain, roots, grasses and fruit for this part of the country : Two-\nrowed barley, Mitchell's Early corn, Carter's London swede, Yellow Danver onions, Long-\nBlood and Turnip beets ; Orchard, Timothy and Mesquit grasses ; Red, Yellow and Alsike\nclovers ; Twenty-ounce and King of Tomkins County apples ; Bartlett and Winter Nelis\npears ; Columbia, Washington, Egg, and Damson plums; French and Italian prunes, and Red,\nBlack and Yellow Spanish cherries. All varieties of spring wheat and mangolds ; all the\nordinary varieties of apples, except Northern Spy, which don't yield at all, do very well here,\nThere are only two apricot trees on the island, these produce to perfection ; a few grapes are\ngrown and they ripen fairly well; peaches do fairly well, but there are not many grown;\nquinces don't yield heavily. The best breeds of stock for here are Jerseys and Grades for\ndairying ; Southdown sheep and a few white-faced crosses for wool and mutton ; and Leghorn,\nSpanish, Houdans and Brahma poultry. Some of my neighbours complain of having their\nplums stung by some insect, causing the gum to ooze out of the fruit, spoiling it. There were\ngood yields of gooseberries. Currants (red and black), raspberries, blackberries and dewberries yield well.\nMr. J. A. Seabrook, Galiano Island, says :\u2014My stock are Shorthorn grades, with pedigreed bull at head of the herd.    The pests here are apple tree borers and tree lice.\nMr. Robert Shaw, Galiano Island, says:\u2014My stock are common native stock. A\ndisease of plant life here is a species of mildew which covers the foliage of apple trees, which\ncauses the trees to dry up and shrivel in appearance, besides affecting the yield of fruit. Two\nyears ago our milch cows were troubled with a disease of the hoof which was offensive to the\nsmell, besides making them lame, but it has entirely disappeared. Mountain daises and\nCanadian thistles are noxious weeds. The following varieties are the best adapted to this\nlocality : Black Field peas, Burbank's Seedling and Red Canadian potatoes, Yellow Danver\nonions, Timothy and Cocksfoot grasses, and Common Red clover; Gravenstein and Blue\nPearmain and Baldwin apples, Red Egg and Yellow Ball plums, and Black Republican\ncherries. The best breeds for here are, Leicester sheep for wool, and white collared Black\nSpanish poultry.\nMr, Washington Grimmer, Pender Island, says :\u2014My stock are graded Shropshire sheep\nwith thoroughbred Shropshire rams. My lambs are marketed in New Westminster, as better\nprices are obtainable there. Ruta Baga turnips are the best; mixed English grasses and Red\nWhite, and Alsike clovers are the best. Shropshire sheep are the best for here, and common\npoultry. 56 Vict. Report on Agriculture. 873\nGABRIOLA ISLAND,\nIncluding DeCourcey, Mudge and Valdes Islands, on which there are some thirty-five\nranchers, lie close to the Vancouver Island shore, and extend as far as Nanaimo. The\ncountry on these islands is not generally heavily wooded, a great deal of it being partially\nopen, making good ranges for sheep. The valleys are mostly covered with small trees and\nbrush, not difficult to be cleared. The land is good, and grows excellent crops of roots, grain\nand hay. It is also a good fruit-growing section, but terribly infested with pests. All the\nproducts find a ready market in the adjacent City of Nanaimo. The precipitation is not\nheavy, but it is impossible to say exactly. Judging from that at Nanaimo, however, I should\nput it at about 30 inches of rain and very little snow, which seldom lies for more than a day\nor two. A good many sheep are raised and a few pigs. Some attention is paid to poultry-\nraising, but very little to dairying. The principal diseases and pests reported are the aphis\non apples and hops, scale bug, blight, borer, deer, coons, and minks.\nThe following- approximate data and report are supplied by Mr. McLay, correspondent:\u2014\nQuantity of land owned, about  16,940 acres.\nQuantity of land cultivated  593     n\nNumber of tons of grain produced  275 tons.\nNumber of tons of hay produced  225    n\nNumber of tons of root crops  275     n\nNumber of tons of fruit  32    n\nNumber of cattle owned  196 head.\nNumber of horses owned  33     n\nNumber of sheep owned  630    n\nNumber of swine owned  40     tt\n1. Wheat (spring), 30 to 35 bushels per acre, $35 per ton.\nOats, 30 to 50      ,i ti 30       ,.\n2. Hay, 1 to    2 tons, n 13       n\n3. Potatoes, 3 to   7      n n 20      n\nTurnips,                           10       n              n\n3b. The, following particular varieties are the best for this part: Welcome oats, Timothy\ngrass, Red clover, Peach Blow potato, Purple Top Swede, and Yellow Danver\nonion.\n4. The following were the average prices obtainable : \u2014 For apples, 3 cents per ft.; pears,\n5 cents ; plums and prunes, 4 cents ; cherries and peaches, 12J cents.\n4a.  The season's crop of fruit was poor.\n4b.  The quality of the fruit was poor.\n4c. I should not put apples on a clayey subsoil, unless the stocks are of native crab-apple;\ncrab-apple stocks then do splendidly.\n. 4d. Peaches are only grown with indifferent success. Apricots have not been properly\ntested. No nectarines are grown. Grapes are only grown with poor results.\nMelons grow well.    Tomatoes grow well in hot, dry seasons.\n4e. The following particular fruits give the best results : Gloria Mundi, Gravenstein,\nBaldwin, and Rhode Island Greening apples, La Couce, Bartlett, and Flemish\nBeauty pears, Bradshaw, Yellow Egg, and Greengage plums, Bigarreau, Napoleon,\nand Red Oxheart cherries.\n5. 6, and 7. Linseed, Sugar beet, and Rape have not been tried.\n8a.  Dairying is only carried on for home use.\n9a. This locality is fairly well suited for wool-raising.\n9b. There are a considerable number of sheep kept here.\n9c. The wool raised here is of a medium quality.\n10a. People are improving their breeds of horses. 874 Report on Agriculture. 1893\n10b. For this district I consider the best breeds are : Horses from common mares and\nClydesdale sires for draught, Shorthorns for beef, Ayrshires for dairying,\nBerkshire pigs, and Leghorns and Plymouth Rocks crossed for fowls.\n11a. Poultry are raised to a considerable extent, and quite systematically in several\ninstances.\n11b. The average price of eggs is 25 to 50 cents per dozen.\n12.     Apiculture has not been tried.\n13a. Last winter was very mild.\n13b. There were no frosts, nevertheless it was a backward spring, the weather being cold\nand damp.\n13c.  The autumn was fine, with no frosts.\n13d. There was a loss of about 1 per cent, from unfavourable weather.\n14. There was a loss of about 50 per cent, of the fruit crop from aphis. We have no\ndiseases, unless it is a little blight, on apple trees, but we are amply supplied with\ninsect pests, of which, to the fruit-grower, aphides are the chief. The scale,\nborers, fungi, etc., tire bad enough, but these leave you without the loathsome\nfeelings you must naturally have when coming in contact with the aphis plague ;\nwith these I have found nothing yet of much effect except crushing them, but I\nmean to get about it in earnest next spring.\n15a.  Labourers are easily procurable.\n15b. Whites.\n16.    Ensilage has not been tried.\n18. The prospects of agriculture are good, and being so near market we incline to raise a\nmiscellaneous class of products, as paying better than any particular branch.\nMr. Jas. McLay, Gabriola Island, says :-- My stock are mixed breed. Insect pests on\nfruit trees have been very destructive with me this year, viz., the green insect, and another\nthat is hatched in a sort of white frothy matter. This last is an abomination. From diseases\nno loss whatever. Animal pests are deer\u2014if I may be allowed to call that noble animal a\npest\u2014minks, coons, and hawks, likewise blue jays. Deer, raccoons, and minks have, as usual,\ncaused considerable loss ; of these, deer is the chief offender. Fruit trees of all kinds have\nsuffered much this season from aphis ; also hops, willows, and even pines, in fact, all trees,\nand especially those on where the ground has been much enriched has fairly swarmed with the\nabove pests. The following varieties of roots, grasses, and fruits I consider are the best for\nthis locality : Peachblows and Early Rose potatoes, Yellow Danver onions, Timothy grasses.\nI have turned most of my apples into Rhode Island Greenings, Gravensteins, and Baldwins\u2014\nthese seem to pay best. The Bradshaw, Yellow Egg, and Goliah plums give good returns. I\nthink that pure White Leghorn cocks put with any mixed breeds of healthy hens produce\ngood layers and hardy chickens. Last winter there was no snow worth mentioning-; there\nwas considerable rain, much as usual ; adding the usual snowfall, very mild. The spring was\nearly for well drained ground, it was late for damp or springy ground, according to nature of\nthe soil. The summer was exceedingly fine, and the autumn was fairly good. Harvest\nweather was favourable, except in one spot. I consider that the yield of hay and grain was\ngood, of fruit poor.     Crops were saved in good condition.\nNANAIMO,\nIncluding Cedar, Cranberry, Mountain, and Wellington Districts has about one hundred\nand twenty-five ranchers. Nanaimo, which is about the centre of these districts, is seventy-\nthree miles from Victoria, communication with which is had by railroad and water. It is also\nconnected with the different parts of the districts named by excellent roads. The country is\nalmost without any exception wooded, in some parts very heavily; on the low lying lands and\nin the vicinity of lakes and streams, which abound in this region, the timber is of a lighter\ndescription, sometimes only thick brush. Much of it is mountainous, rocky, and poor gravelly\nsoil; nevertheless there is a great deal of good soil in the valleys, which produces largely, and 56 Vict. Report on Agriculture. 875\nthat on some of the higher benches, making good fruit and clover land. Little in\nthe way of cereals besides oats is grown, but a fair quantity of roots, and on some of the\nolder places some fruit. Poultry, sheep, and swine are only raised in limited quantities.\nDairying, especially in the matter of milk, is carried on to some extent. All of these products\nfind a ready sale in Nanaimo. From returns received it would appear that 11 per cent, of the\nland owned is cultivated, 53 per cent, is woodland or forest, 16 per cent, is swamp, marsh and\nrock, and 20 per cent, is pasture land. The altitude of Nanaimo at the railway is 172 feet,\nbut the land rises at the back very considerably in places. It will be seen by the meteorological reports that the precipitation is very light, more in summer and less in winter than\nat Esquimalt, and the annual mean temperature slightly higher. The only pests reported are\nthe aphis and blue jay, though, as a matter of fact, I was told of many others whilst passing\nthrough the district, notably bears and panthers, and I also noticed Scotch thistles in some\nplaces.\nThe following is the report of Mr. E. Quennell, correspondent:\n1\nOats,\n35 bushels\nper\nacre,\n$30 per ton\n2.\nHay,\n1| tons\nti\n20      \u201e\n3.\nPotatoes,\n5\ntt\n20      \u25a0\u25a0\nMangolds\nCarrots,  .\n20      \u201e\n12      \u201e\n;;\n12\nTurnips,\nParsnips,\n25\n10      ,,\n,,\n10      \u201e\n15      \u201e\n4a. The season's fruit crop was good.\n4b. The quality of the fruit was good.\n4d. Peaches grow fairly well.    Tomatoes grow well.\n6. Sugar beet yields a good crop.\n9a. This part is not suitable for wool-raising.\n9b. The best horses for here are Clydesdales.\n13d. Last autumn was fine.\n15b. The labourers are white, Chinese, and Indians.\n17. There is very little fall ploughing done here.\nMr. William Sinclair, Nanaimo, says:\u2014There was no snow whatever last winter; a\ngreat deal of rain in December, and not much after; there was no cold weather. The spring\nwas early.\nMr. C. N. Young, Departure Bay, says :\u2014I have one pedigree Jersey cow and one half-\nbred Jersey calf. The following varieties of cereals, roots, and grasses are the best suited to\nthis locality :\u2014Red fall wheat, Chevalier barley, Banner oats, Early Rose potatoes, White\nDutch turnips, Yellow Danver onions, Rye and Orchard grasses, and Red clover. The best\nbreeds for here are : Jerseys for butter, Ayrshires for milk, Durhams for beef, Yorkshire pigs,\nand Leghorn- poultry. There was no snow last winter, a lot of rain, and not much cold\nweather. The spring was late, seed-time not favourable, and the summer was wet. I consider the yield of crops was good, and they were saved in good condition.\nMr. James N. Algar, Cranberry District, says:\u2014My mares are three-quarter bred\nClydes, and my bull is very nearly pure Shorthorn. The following varieties of cereals, roots,\n&c, are best adapted to this locality :\u2014Black-eyed Marrowfat peas, Early Rose potatoes,\nGolden Fleshed Tankard mangolds, Half Long White carrots, Champion swedes, Timothy\ngrass, and Alsike clover. The best breeds of stock are : Canadian French crossed by Cleveland Bay horses, Ayrshires for dairying, Cotswolds for wool, Berkshire or Suffolk pigs, and\nBrown Leghorn poultry.\nMr. George McGregor, Oyster District, says :\u2014My stock are graded, and my sheep\nare common. There has been no disease among my animals so far. My plums and peaches\nare nearly a failure, on account of insect pests ; both fruit and leaves are infested with them.\nThe blue jay is the worst pest we have to fight against here, both on small fruits and large. 876 Report on Agriculture. 1893\nNANOOSE.\nThe centre of this district is about twenty-five miles from Nanaimo, with which it is\nconnected by a good road. Most of the country is wooded, some pretty fairly open, some\nof it, especially along the sea coast, rather rocky, and some swamp land, covered generally with\nsmall dense brush. The soil is naturally much varied ; on some of the higher ridges it is very\npoor and gravelly, the porous nature of it causing it to be very arid in summer. The swamp\nland is of a peaty nature and is very rich. In the bottoms it is a deep stiff loam, and on the\nbenches a reddish sandy loam. The difficulty of getting produce to market and most of the\nplaces being quite newly settled, no great quantity is raised; hay, oats, and root crops being\nthe principal productions. There are a good many fruit trees, but as they are nearly all young\nthe production of fruit is small. The other branches of agricultural industry are almost\naltogether neglected. The precipitation was 34.68 inches of rain in 1892, and 14.6 inches of\nsnow, the latter not lying long. It is no doubt somewhat colder in winter than Nanaimo, but\nnot much, the summer temperature being about the same.\nThe principal pests reported are panthers, bears, blue jays, and blight on fruit trees.\nThere are some fifty-five ranchers in the district.\nThe following approximate, data and report were supplied by Mr. W. H. Lee, correspondent, Nanoose :\u2014\nQuantity of land owned, about 13,000 acres.\nii it      cultivated, about    1,000     n\nThe quantity of grain, hay, root crops, and fruit produced cannot be ascertained at present; 3 fts. oats from the Experimental Farm produced 101\nfts.; 3 fts. barley produced 96 fts. Crops suffered from rain during April\nand May. I enclose a letter from Mr. Saunders, Director of the Dominion\nExperimental Farrtis, referring to the sample sent him last fall.\nNumber of cattle owned, about    2,000 head.\nti horses ii        200     n\nit swine ii        500    n\n(The following is an extract from Mr. Saunder's letter :\u2014\" The samples of grain sent by\nyou last fall were very good and quite creditable to your island.\"\u2014J.R.A.)\n1.    Wheat (fall).\u2014$40 per ton.\nBarley, 30\nOats, 40       ti\n3. Potatoes, 15 n\nTurnips, 10 n\nOnions, 3 cents per ft.\nCabbages and other vegetables are chiefly grown for home consumption.\n3a.  The yield has been an average one; the unusually wet season has to a certain extent\ninjured the general crops.\n4. The fruit trees in this district as a rule are too  young to  bear; some apple orchards\nof the old settlers, however, bore well this year.    The price was variable and very\npoor.\n4a. The season's fruit crop was good.\n4b.  The quality of the fruit was fair.\n4c. The best orchards in this district are on sandy and gravelly soil.\n4d.  Tomatoes are grown for home consumption.\n6.    A very small quantity of sugar beet has been grown here.\n8a. There are some small dairies.\n8b.  The price obtainable for butter is 25 cents per ft.\n9b. There are not any sheep here on account of panthers.\n10a.  People are going in for improved breeds of stock.\n10b. I consider the following breeds are best for this district :\u2014Shorthorns for beef and\ndairying; Berkshire pigs ; Houdan, Brown and White Leghorns, and Plymouth\nRock poultry. 56 Vict. Report on Agriculture. 877\n11a.  Poultry-raising is not carried on to any very great extent ;  each rancher keeps from\ntwenty-five to one hundred fowls.\n11b.  The average price of eggs is three dozen for $1.\n1 3a. Last winter there was very little snow and frost; there was a good deal of rain.\n13b.  The spring was wet.\n13c.  The summer was hot.\n13d.  The autumn was very wet; it was bad for late crops; there was no frost.\n15a.  Labourers are plentiful.\n15b. Whites.\n15c.  The average wages are $30 per month and board.    .\n17.    About 200 acres were fall ploughed.\n\" I beg to submit to you my report for Nanoose District. Owing to our distance from a\nmarket, and also the small extent of most of the farms under cultivation, it is hard to determine the prices, and, except by guess work, the yield per acre. I have in the autumn circular\ngiven you, as far as I can ascertain, the ruling prices and the names of the crops most grown.\n* * * * Still I trust you will obtain information enough for your report.\nFruit growing, as you saw during your visit in the summer, is still in its infancy. Indeed I\nmay say that with the exception of the older settlers the time of all is taken up clearing and\ndraining, and, as a rule, only raise enough for their own wants. The number and quality of\nhorses, cattle, and pigs has very much improved. The land is much more cleared. Fencing\nand draining continues to advance, and I may say without fear of contradiction that the\ndistrict has vastly improved during the last year. There are very few pests noticed, except\nthe panther.\"    (For further remarks on this head see \" Diseases and Pests.\"\u2014J.R.A.)\nMr. Thos. Cooper, Nanoose Bay, says:\u2014The following varieties of cereals, roots, and\nclovers are best :\u2014Black oats, White Field peas, Early Rose potatoes, White carrots, Swedes,\nYellow Danver onions, Sugar beets, Timothy grass, and Red clover. The best breeds of stock\nare Clydesdale horses, Jerseys for dairying, Sussex for beef, Berkshire pigs, and Black Spanish\npoultry. The spring was later than usual. There was a continuation of rain nearly all\nsummer. It was bad for hay making generally. On October 14th there was a heavy fall of\nhail, followed at night by frost; it was unusual weather for this island.\nMr. James Louary, Parksville, says :\u2014Blue jays, bears, and panthers are animal pests\nhere.    Six-rowed barley is the best variety for here.\nMr. G. S. Plummer, Parksville, says :\u2014My stock are Shorthorns. Cut-worms are insect\npests. Panthers, bears, wolves, and blue jays are animal pests, and sorrel is a noxious weed.\nBerkshire pigs and Leghorn poultry are the best varieties.\nMr. Uttrick E. Dickinson, Notch Hill, Nanoose, says :\u2014My stock are Shorthorns.\nApple trees were affected this year with blight. Small fruits were a small crop, although well\nmanured and pruned in the spring.   -\nHORNBY, DENMAN, AND LASQUETI ISLANDS,\nNear the coast of Vancouver Island, the latter about twenty-five miles, and the two first\nnamed about forty-one miles north of Nanaimo and eleven from Comox, have about fifty-five\nsettlers on them. They are fairly open, with patches and belts of timber here and there.\nSheep thrive well, and a good many are raised, especially on Lasqueti Island. Fruit, grain,\nroot crops, and hay are also produced in fair quantities, principally for the use of the Union\nCoal Mines, nine miles distant on the Vancouver Island shore. I have no means of ascertaining the precipitation and temperature of these islands; probably a little more rain than at\nNanaimo, and much the same temperature. According to returns received, I find that only\n3 per cent, of the land owned is cultivated, 61 per cent, is woodland or forest, 14 per cent, is\nswamp, marsh, and rock, and 22 per cent, is pasture land. The principal diseases and pests\ncomplained of are potato blight, grasshoppers, currant worms, mice, deer, sorrel, thistle, fern,\nand hog cholera, 878 Report on Agriculture. 1893\nMr. Joseph Cameron, Hornby Island, says :\u2014 There is a blight on potatoes; grasshoppers are an insect pest, and there is a little bird which nips the early peas as they sprout\nout of the ground. The following varieties of cereals, roots, fruit, cfec, are best for this\nlocality :\u2014Stratagem peas, Black Wax beans, Rural No. 2 potatoes, Shorthorn carrots,\nSwedes, Egyptian Red beets, Alsike clover, Early Harvest, and Yellow Bellflower apples, and\nBartlett and Louise Bonne de Jersey pears. Last winter there were three inches of snow ;\nthere was a regular deluge of rain ; the winter was a warm one. The spring was not at till\ngood ; seed-time was unfavourable. The summer was showery, and a lot of hay was ruined.\nThe autumn and harvest weather was wet. There was frost on the 1st of November. I\nconsider that crops yielded well.    Potatoes rotted on account of the wet fall.\nMr. William Ford, Hornby Island, says:\u2014The insect pests are worms in black currants,\nblue flies, horse flies, and ticks on sheep. Sorrel, Scotch, Canadian and milk thistles, and\nferns are noxious weeds. The best varieties of cereals, roots, clovers, and apples are : Stratagem peas, Cory corn, Rural No. 2 potatoes, Oxheart carrots, Swede turnips, Yellow Danver\nGlobe onions, Eclipse beets, Timothy grass, Lucerne clover; Yellow Newton Pippin, Alexander, Yellow Transparent, and Early Harvest apples, Bartlett pears, Damsom plums, Royal\nAnne cherries, Globe peaches, Chinese quinces, Green Mountain grapes. The best breeds of\nstock are : Jersey cattle, Berkshire pigs, Brown Leghorn poultry. Potato rot, caused by wet\nsummer and a delicate variety of potatoes, caused a loss of 12A per cent. For wet weather\nthe best variety is Bliss' Red Triumph potato. There was no snow last winter ; there was a\ngreat deal of rain ; the winter was very mild and warm. The spring was rather wet and late ;\nseed-time was not favourable. It was the wettest summer yet for ten years. The autumn\nwas rainy ; the harvest weather was too wet to be good. The first frost was on the 1st of\nNovember. It was the best year I ever saw for grass growing, trees, crops, ifec. Some crops\nwere well harvested, others were not.\nMr. John Scott, Hornby Island, says :\u2014Fern is a noxious weed. The best breeds of\nstock for here are : Holsteins for dairying, Durhams for beef, Leicesters for wool, Southdowns\nfor mutton, Berkshire pigs, and Spanish poultry mixed with Brown Leghorns. Last winter\nthere was not much snow, quite a lot of rain, and not much cold weather. The spring was\nlate, seed-time good, summer and autumn wet, and harvest weather favourable. I consider\nthat crops yielded well, and were saved in good condition.\nMr. John Skinner, Hornby Island, says :\u2014Mice and deer are pests; the latter are\nuseful, and are kept fairly under control as the island becomes more settled. Fern and common bracken are noxious weeds. Spring and fall wheat, barley, oats, rye, and peas are not\ngrown ; corn is only grown in small quantities ; White Haricot beans do well; White Elephant\nand Early Rose potatoes do well; it is too dry for mangolds, but carrots, turnips, onions, and\nbeets do fairly well; Timothy, all the clovers, and hops do well. I think the best varieties of\napples and pears are : Red Astrachan, Keswick's Codlin, Wealthy, Alexander, Northern Spy,\nBaldwin, Yellow Bellflower, and Gloria Mundi apples, and Bartlett and Buerre Easter pears.\nThe best breeds of stock here are : Southdowns and Shropshires for mutton (wool is cheap\nhere), and Berkshire pigs. There are no bees on the island ; I think they would do well.\nLast winter there was very little snow ; very wet, and not much cold weather; it was wet\nand warm. The spring was late ; too wet and late for good seeding weather. The summer\nwas good for grass and crops in general. Wet weather set in rather early, in the middle of\nSeptember, and it was very wet and damp after for a month. Harvest weather was favourable, but the earliest crops had the best chance; very little was damaged on the island.\nSlight frosts in spring took part of the fruit blossom. The yield of wheat, peas, oats, and\ngrass I consider was good. Potatoes were, some good, and some not. Crops were not saved\nin such good order as usual, but they were not in bad condition.\nMr. W. Cheney, Denman Island, says :\u2014Bees do well here. I lost 210 hogs from hog\nc-holera. (For further remarks on hog cholera see \" Diseases and Pests.\"\u2014J.R.A.) All cereals,\nroots, grasses, clovers, and hops can be grown well here. The following varieties of fruits are\nthe best for this district:\u2014Crab, Transcendent, Siberian ; Summer\u2014Duchess ; Autumn\u2014\nWealthy; Winter\u2014Ben Davis, Fameuse, King, and Early Strawberry tipples ; Bartlett pears,\nEgg and Weaver plums, and Niagara grapes. The following breeds are the best for this\nlocality :\u2014Clydesdale horses, Jerseys and Durhams for dairying, Durhams for beef, Berkshire\npigs, and Plymouth Rock and Leghorn fowls. 56 Vict. Report on Agriculture. 879\nCOMOX.\nThis beautiful district on the East Coast of Vancouver Island, about one hundred and\ntwenty-five miles by water from Victoria, and fifty-two from Nanaimo, has about one hundred\nand fifty settlers. The principal points are Comox town, Sandwick, and Grantham, which\nare all connected by good roads, the last-named being the furthest outlying point, and is about\nten miles from Comox. About Sandwick, in the vicinity of the Courtenay River, the country\nis very picturesque, a great deal of it being open land, dotted over with oak trees. Towards\nGrantham one enters a forest of magnificent firs, cedars, &c, intersected with low-lying and\nswampy land of great'richness. These swamps, as a rule, are easily cleared and drained.\nThere is very little elevation in going towards Grantham from Comox, and the same character\nof country exists, 1 am told, for something like thirty miles in the direction of Campbell\nRiver to the northward. The soil, taking it all round, is good, most of it being a heavy black\nloam, even in the forest; on the higher ridges, like most of the other districts, it is in places\na red gravelly soil. Large fruit does not appear to be as successfully cultivated here as in most\nother places, on account, it seems, of the liability of late spring frosts injuring the bloom ;\nnevertheless a good many orchards are planted, and the quality of the fruit is good. Root\ncrops and hay are extensively cultivated, and some grain, principally oats. Not many sheep\nand swine are raised, but a fair quantity of poultry. The principal industry of the district is\ndairying, for which it is exceedingly well adapted, the majority of the home-made butter placed\non the Victoria market coming from here. There being no meteorological station nearer than\nNanaimo, and from which I believe the weather of Comox differs materially, I am unable to\nspeak definitely on this important point. The precipitation is undoubtedly heavier, the snow\nlying longer. The summer heat is probably as great, and perhaps a little colder in winter.\nAccording to returns, 13 per cent, of the land owned is under cultivation, 65 per cent, is\nwoodland or forest, 11 per cent, is swamp, marsh, or rock, and 11 per cent, is pasture land.\nThe principal diseases and pests reported are green and woolly aphis, borer, onion maggot,\nthistle, sorrel, red water in cows, and potato rot.\nThe following approximate data and report was supplied by Mr. A. Salmond, correspondent for the upper part of Comox :\u2014\nQuantity of land owned     4,960 acres.\nit                it    cultivated     580     m\nNumber of tons of grain produced . . .  90 tons.\nti                t.       hay produced  300     n\nit                ii       root crops  140     n\nti i.       fruit.\u2014None put on the market as yet, to speak of.\nNumber of cattle owned  400 head.\nn           horses owned  32      n\nti          sheep owned  100     n\nii          swine owned     200     n\n1. WTieat (spring), 25 bushels per acre,  2 cents per ft.\nOats, 40       ,i \u201e li- \u201e\n2. Hay, l-i- tons \u201e $15 per ton.\n3. Potatoes, 5 ii n 15 n\nCarrots, 20 n n 25 n\nTurnips, 30 n n 8 n\nOnions, 800 bushels n 2 cents per ft.\n3a. The yield of the above was good.\n3b. The following varieties are those best suited to this part: Timothy, Red Top and\nOrchard grass ; Red, White and Alsike clover; White Elephant potato, Purple\nTop Swede, Yellow Danver onion, and Winningstadt cabbage.\n4. Apples and pears usually fetch 3 cents per ft.\n4a.  The season's crop of fruit was bad; frosts in May nipped the blossom.\n4b.  The quality of the fruit was good.\n4n. Tomatoes planted here 3 feet apart yield from 10 to 20 fts. per plant.\n5. 6, 7.  Linseed, sugar beet and rape have not been tried. 880 Report on Agriculture. 1893\n8a.  Most of the farmers make butter, averaging from 125 to 170 fts. per cow.    No cheese\nis made.\n8b.  The price obtained for butter is from 25 to 40 cents per ft.\n9a.  This part would be well suited for wool-raising, if it were not for panthers.\n9b.  Sheep are not raised to any extent.\n9c.  The quality of the wool raised is good.\n9d. The average weight of fleece is 7 fts.\n10a.  People are going in for improved breeds of live stock.\n10b.  The best breeds of stock for here are:   Durhams for beef, crossed Jerseys and Ayrshires for dairying, Berkshire pigs, and Brown Leghorn poultry.\n11a.  There is one man here who makes a specialty of poultry.\n11b.  The average price of eggs is from 25 to 50 cents per dozen.\n12.    Bees have been tried, but have proved a failure.\n13a.  Last winter was mild, with little snow or frost.\n13b.  The spring was wet, and there were frosts as late as the middle of May.\n13c.  The summer was cold and wet.\n13d. The autumn was rather wet, and there was indifferent harvest weather; there were\nfrosts towards the end of September.\n14. The green aphis, woolly aphis and borer are the principal pests, and to these alone\nmust be attributed the fact that there is in this section scarcely an apple, pear or\ncherry tree of bearing age that is thoroughly healthy. I find an application of\nfish oil to the trunk in May prevents the borer, and the same in the fall destroys\nthe woolly aphis.\n15a.  Labourers are easily procurable.\n15b. White.\n15c.  The average wages are $25 to $30 per month, with board.\n16. Ensilage has not been tried.\n17. No ploughing is done in the fall here.\n18. This section, as yet, is in a backward state, but there is  every appearance of  steady\nimprovement.\nMr. William T. Grieve, Grantham, says :\u2014Last winter there was not much snow, but\nlots of rain. The spring was late ; seed-time very wet; summer and autumn wet, and harvest\nweather very wet.\nMr. Joseph Stuart, Oyster Bay, says:\u2014My cattle are of no particular breed, except the\nbull, which is a graded Jersey. I have noticed a few of my potatoes get black on the stem at\nthe tops and then rot, and in a week or so the potatoes rot also. The onion maggot is a pest,\nand has destroyed about one-eighth of my onions this year. Sorrel, chickweed, lamb's quarter,\nand a few thistles, are the principal weeds I have to contend with. Oats and peas are the\nonly grain I have tried, and they have clone well. Potatoes pay better with me than any\nother root crop, because there is a better demand for them than for other roots. Timothy is\nthe best grass for hay.\nThe following is the report of Mr. A. Urquhart, correspondent for Lower Comox :\u2014\n1. Barley, 2,000 fts. per acre.\nOats,' 2,500   \u201e \u201e        $25 to $30 per ton.\n2. Hay (timothy), 2 tons n 15 n\n3. Potatoes,                    5    n n\nTurnips,                   20    n n\n3b. Swedes are well suited to this locality.\n4a. Last season's fruit crop was poor.\n4b. The quality of the fruit was poor.\n4d.  Very few peaches or tomatoes are grown. 56 Vict. Report on Agriculture. 88i\n8a. Dairying is the chief industry here.    I milk about 30 cows here every summer, and\nI make about 5,000 fts. of butter.\n8b. The price obtainable for butter is 30 cents per ft.\n9a. This part is very well suited for wool-raising.\n9b. Sheep are kept by a good many farmers.\n9d. The average weight of the fleece here is 3 fts.\n10a. People are going in for improved breeds of stock.\n10b. The best breeds for here are :   Clydesdales  for  draught,  grade  Shorthorns  for beef,\nJerseys for dairying, Southdowns for mutton, and Berkshire pigs.\n15a. Good dairy hands are scarce.\n15c. The average wages paid is $25 to $30 per month.\n16. Ensilage has not been tried.\n17. There is very little fall ploughing done.\n18. Farm buildings are good in this district.\nMr. Walter Harvey, Comox, says :\u2014The noxious weeds are Canada thistles and another\nvariety cf thistle, and a small indigenous sorrel. Last winter there was not much snow, a\ngood deal of rain, and not much cold weather.    The spring was very late.\nMr. W. E. Harmston, Comox, says :\u2014Apple trees are liable to the borer, and gooseberries are liable to mildew.    Red water is a disease in cattle here.\nMr. A. O. Hellan, Comox, says :\u2014The following varieties of grain, roots and grasses are\nthe best for this locality :\u2014Early soft Oregon wheat, Rural New Yorker No. 2 potato, Yellow\nDanver onion, and Alsike and Red clover. The blossom on early fruit trees will, as a rule,\nget hurt on frosty nights in spring, so the late varieties are best for here. Leghorns and\nHoudans are the best fowls.\nALBERNI,\nOn the West Coast of Vancouver Island, or rather at the head of Alberni Canal, which\ndebouches into Barclay Sound on the West Coast. Alberni itself being really nearer the East\nCoast, has about eighty settlers. It is reached by a good waggon road, about fifty-five miles\nlong, from Nanaimo. The road is very level except for about ten miles before reaching\nAlberni, when it crosses a mountain range and where the gradients are very heavy. By\nwater from Victoria, really the only practicable way of taking produce to market, the distance\nis about one hundred and thirty-five miles. A very fair road leads from the village of\nAlberni up the Somas River, on its northern side, into the Beaver Creek district, and\nanother, which crosses the river by a good bridge, leads up its southern side to Sproat Lake.\nThere is some fine open meadow land at the head of the Canal, and a good deal of lightly\nwooded fern land, but the majority of the country is densely wooded, in parts with a young\ngrowth of fir, and in others with maple, cottonwood, and such trees, the latter class of land\nbeing near the river bottoms and on the low-lying lands. A paper mill, in the course of\nconstruction on the Somas River above Alberni, purposes, I am told, making pulp out of the\ncottonwood for the manufacture of paper. Oats, peas, potatoes, and hay are the principal\nproducts, all of which do well. A good many fruit trees are set out, but they are mostly\nyoung; the few which are in bearing, yield well. Sheep, swine, poultry, and dairying are not\nmuch attended to. The country, by reason of its wildness and consequent number of\npredatory animals, is probably not well adapted for the first named three industries, but its\nadaptability for dairying is unquestionable. It is hard to say anything definite about. its\nclimate. That it is wetter than Nanaimo is certain, but that the precipitation is anything\nlike that of Carmanah (86.88 inches in 1892) I do not believe ; it is probably between the\ntwo. The temperature is not excessive either way. The area of land under cultivation is,\naccording to returns received, only 4 per cent., that of woodland or forest 77 per cent., of\nswamp, marsh or rock 12^ per cent., and of pasture land 6| per cent. The only pests\nreported are cut-worms, blue jays, oxeye daisy, dock, thistle, and sorrel. 882 Reiort on Agriculture. 1893\nMr. William Leesen, Alberni, says :\u2014My stock are graded Berkshire hogs and common\ncattle. The noxious weeds are yellow docks, thistles, and ground sorrel. Orchard grass does\nwell in this locality. There was very little snow last winter, and not a great deal of rain ;\nthe winter was warm. The spring was backward, and seed-time fairly favourable. The\nsummer was cool and moist. The autumn very good, and harvest weather fair. The yield of\ncrops was fairly good.    Crops were saved in good condition.\nMr. Edmund Gill, Alberni, says :\u2014Part of my stock are graded Durhams, and part are\ngraded Jerseys. Red clover does well here. Last winter there was not much snow, a good\ndeal of rain, and not much cold weather. The spring was late ; seed-time not favourable;\nsummer wet and cold ; autumn very wet; harvest weather favourable. There was a slight\nfrost in May. The yield of crops was fair, considering the season. Hay was saved in poor\ncondition.\nMr. A. Cameron, Beaver Creek, says :\u2014Last winter there was very little snow, only a\nslight covering on three different occasions, a great deal of rain, and not much cold weather.\nSeed-time was not favourable, it rained pretty much till the middle of May. The summer was\nchangeable. The weather was fairly good for harvesting in August. 1 consider that there\nwas a pretty good crop, and that crops were saved in good condition.\nMr. Francis H. Stirling, Alberni, says :\u2014My stock are thoroughbred Durhams and\ngraded Durhams and Ayrshires. Timothy, Rye, and Orchard grasses and all clovers do well\nhere. The best breeds of stock for this locality are : Clydesdales, though they have one\nfault, the hair is too long, in wet weather this is bad ; Ayrshires for dairying, Durhams for\nbeef, Berkshire pigs, Yellow Leghorns, which are the most profitable for laying, and Italian\nbees.\nMr. F. P. Saunders, Alberni, says :\u2014Cut-worms are insect pests, and oxeye daisies are\na noxious weed. The best varieties of cereals, roots, grasses, and fruits for this locality are\nthe following : Two-rowed barley, Surprise oats, and Royal Anne cherries. The cherries are\n30 years old and bear a full crop every year. Peas, beans, all kinds of grasses and clovers do\nwell. Any kind of jJotatoes if well manured and taken care of do well. Mangolds and\ncarrots do well on bottom land, and turnips do well when not troubled with bugs.\nMr. Henry- Hills, on Somas River, says : There was not much snow last year, a good\ndeal of rain, and not much cold weather ; only two degrees of frost. The spring was very\nlate, and seed-time too wet to be favourable. The summer was very wet; the autumn very good.\nThe weather was good for early harvest. Hay crops were very heavy ; other crops were\nlight.    Crops were saved in very good order.\nVALDEZ ISLAND.\nOn reference to the report on Gabriola, it will be seen that a \" Valdez Island\" is there\nincluded; that is another island of the same name which lies to the south-west of Nanaimo.\nThe one now under consideration is about eighty miles to the northward ; the narrow channel\nbetween it and Vancouver Island forming Seymour Narrows, the proposed place of crossing\nof the British Pacific Railroad to the mainland. There are about twenty-five settlers on this\nand some of the adjoining islands. Having been unable to visit it, and the returns being very\nmeagre, I am unable to say anything about its capabilities, products, topography and soil. It\nmay be taken for granted that the precipitation is far heavier than that of Nanaimo, and the\ncold more intense in winter.\nMr. G. W. Joyce, Cape Mudge, says :\u2014Thistles here are noxious weeds. The best\nvarieties of cereals and roots for here are : Black Tartar oats, White Elephant and Late Rose\npotatoes, Long Red Surrey carrots, and Carter's Elephant swede. Any kind of onions do well.\nBerkshire and White Suffolk pigs crossed are the best. 56 Vict.\nReport\non Agriculture.\n883\nRUPERT,\nComprising all  that part at the northern end of the Island, is practically unsettled and\nthe capabilities unknown.    About fifteen settlers, possibly more\nat Alert Bay.    Grasses and clovers do well; so do barley,  oats\nare in the country, p\n,  root crops,  and sm\n-incipally\nall fruits,\nbut I cannot\nsay about large fruits.    A\ngreat deal of the coun\n^ry is mountainous ;\nIiere are\nsome large tr\nacts of level country, but as\na rule it is all heavily-\nwooded.\nNORTH-WEST COAST AND QUEEN CHARLOTTE ISLANDS\nHave  a\nfew  settlers,   those on the\nlatter mentioned bein\ng principally engaged\nin stock-\nraising, for w\nhich it is said these islands\nare well adapted.    It will be seen on reference to the\nmeteorologica\n1 tables that the precipitati\nm at Port Simpson is\nexcessive, that on Queen Char-\nlotte Islands\nis I imagine less.\nKAMLOOPS-OKANAGAN  INDIAN AGENCY.\nThrough\nthe courtesy of J. W. Mackay, Esq., Indian Agent,  I am enabled to\ngive the\nfollowing data :\u2014\nLands\u2014\n....        2,399 acres.\nYield of\nWoodland and forest....\n....   104,144      .,\ncrops, grain, etc.\u2014\nWheat (spring)\t\n           310 tons.\nOats\t\n5     ,i\n          146    ,,\nPeas\t\n            55    ,,\nCorn\t\n            37    .i\n            45    \u201e\nHay\t\n1,268    ii\nRoots and Vegetables\u2014\n           780     ii\n            20    ,,\n\u2022\nOnions\t\n            10    \u201e\nBeets\t\n            15    ,,\nCabbages\t\n16    \u201e\n            10    i,\nNumbet\nof Fruit Trees\u2014\nYield of\nApples\t\nPlums and prunes\t\n201\n            20\nFruit-\nLive Stc\nPlums and prunes     \t\n200 fts.\n            60  i,\nSmall fruits\t\n300 n\nck\u2014\nHorses\t\n....      5,518\nCattle\t\nPigs\t\n1,253\n727 884 Report on Agriculture. 1893\nAgricultural Machinery and Implements\u2014\nWaggons  47\nPloughs  189\nHarrows  80\nMowers  16\nThreshers    1\nHorse rakes  16\nSeeders    1\nFanning mills  21\nTotal value $10,050\nBuildings and Improvements\u2014\nDwelling-houses  585\nBarns and stables  262\nOther buildings  22\nFencing, miles  112\nIrrigation ditches, value . . $10,170.        Total value. . $38,306\nI regret to say that the rest of the Indian Agents did not send me any reports. 56 Vict. Report on Agriculture. 885\nDISEASES AND PESTS.\nThe last year has witnessed a terrible increase in some of the worst of our jiests,\nnotably the aphis, which has invaded the whole of the Province, causing such fearful loss in\nhops and fruit that one wonders where they all come from and whether, in the event of their\nnot being destroyed by artificial means, they would increase to such an extent as to consume\nall vegetation. Providentially there is generally some enemy in the shape of a parasite or\ndisease which come to the rescue. This fact, however, should not cause us to relax our\nefforts to combat them by those means which, thanks to the efforts of entomologists and\nscientists, are now so well known to be so efficacious in most cases. The insignificance of the\nappearance of some of the worst enemies of the agriculturist has frequently been the cause of\ntheir immunity from instant and uncompromising extermination, resulting sometimes in great\nloss and years of unremitting labour for their suppression. It therefore behooves everyone\nto use the utmost vigilance, and when any well-known disease or pest shows itself to instantly\nresort to those means which may be most available to combat them. Of course not everyone\nhas the necessary scientific knowledge to immediately recognize an enemy or a friend, and it\nis therefore requested that any strange disease or insect be reported, with, if possible, specimens,\nto this department and they will be submitted to the best experts available. For the information of those sending specimens of insects, I append the following instructions from Mr.\nFletcher, Dominion Entomologist:\u2014\nSpecimens of insect pests should be preserved in a mixture of alcohol and glycerine, or\neven in pure alcohol, the former being, however, much better. Or, in some cases when it is\nnot necessary to put the specimens in spirits, they may be rolled in paper or cotton and\nplaced in a small tin or wooden box, so that they will not get crushed. Or, if sending live\nspecimens, they can be placed in a tight box with some of the food plant. Air holes in the\nbox are not necessary.     Send by mail.\nThe losses inflicted upon a country by these agencies is incalculable, and not in the least\nrecognized by the majority of people.\nThe following extract is from the inaugural address of Mr. James Fletcher, president of\nthe Association of Economic Entomologists, on 17th August, 1891, at Washington, D. C. :\u2014\n\" But I have said the change for the better has even now set in. Already the most\nhighly civilized nations of the world nobly headed by the Government of the most practical\nand energetic peoples on the face of the globe, the inhabitants of the United States of\nAmerica, have seen the advantage of appointing specialists who can devise means for the\nprevention of enormous losses of revenue due to the attacks of injurious insects. Germany,\nEngland and her Colonies, notably Canada, and particularly the Province of Ontario, France,\nItaly, and other nations all have followed the lead, and our favourite science has now changed\nfrom a study and amusement of the few to one of the most important branches of practical\nagriculture, the elements of which must be known to the tillers of the soil or they will surely\nsuffer.\"    (Insect Life, Vol. IV., Aros. 1 and 2, p. 9.)\nMr. Fletcher further on points out the enormous losses sustained through injurious\ninsects, in connection with which he says :\u2014\n\" Now we find upon investigation that accurate estimates of damage done by insects are\nexceedingly difficult to arrive at, and the figures are so large that we are afraid to quote them\nourselves, lest it should prevent rather than encourage investigation ; and it has been the\ncustom of entomologists to minimize the estimates for fear they should not be believed.\"\nBy the foregoing it will be seen how much importance is attached to this most fruitful\nsource of loss to the agriculturist, and to the necessity of some knowledge of the habits and\nappearance of injurious insects. Scarcely less important is a knowledge of those insects of a\npredacious and parasitic nature which help to keep down the former by preying upon them. The following is a copy of \" The Ontario Agricultural Bulletin, No. LXXXVIL,\" (1st\nMarch, 1893), entitled Remedies for Common Plant and Insect Foes, by J. H. Panton, M.A.,\nProfessor of Natural History and Geology, which is of so useful a nature, and so concise, that\nI reproduce it in full, for general information :\u2014\nFungicides.\nFungicides may lie defined as chemical compounds or mixtures used for the purpose of destroying such\ninjurious forms of plant life as live upon other plants by absorbing their juices, whereby they affect their\nvitality. The rusts, smuts, mildews and blights are examples of such parasitic forms of plant life. Among\nthe mo.it common fungicides are the folio u'ing :\nBordeaux Mixture.    There are various forms of this mixture, the following being most commonly used :\n(1.) Consists of (ift. of copper snip ate, 4tti. lime and 22 gals, of water. This may be prep ired as follows':\nDissolve the capper compound in 16 gals, of water ; slake the lime in 6 g ds. of water, and when the latter is\ncooled pour it into the copper solution and mix thoroughly.\n(2.) A modified form is made by taking 4 ft\u00bb. of copper sulphate, 4 ft), of lime and 50 gals, of water\n(Green's formula).\n(3.) Another form is made by taking (i ft), of copper sulphate, 4 lt>. of lime and 50 gals, of water (Weed's\nformula).\nThese diluted mixtures have been proved to be very successful, and are now commonly used. An\nadvantage is gained by using Bordeaux mixtures, since Paris green may b.; added so as to combine insecticide\nand fungicide.    So far experience indicates the Bordeaux mixture lo lie one of the best fungicides known.\nPan Odette. Consists of 2 ft. of copper sulphate, 1 quart of ammonia and 50 gals, of water. Dissolve\nthe copper sulphate in 2 gals, of hot water ; as soon as cool add the 1 quart ammonia and dilute to 50 gals.\nA modified form has been very successful, viz. : 2 ft), copper sulphate dissolved in 2gals, of water, 2\u00a3 ft.\nof sodium carbonate (washing soda) dissolved in another vessel. Mix these and when chemical action has\nceased add 2 quarts of ammonia and dilute to 50 gals.\nCopper Sulphate. 1 fti. copper sulphate in 25 gals, of water ; spray early upon vines, etc., before leaves\nappear.\nAmmoniacal Solution of Copper Carbonate. Dissolve 3 oz. of copper carbonate in 2 quarts of ammonia,\nand when about to use dilute it to 50 gals.\nQaMoway's Mixture-No. 5. Equal parls ainmoniated copper sulphate and ammonia carbonate, used at\nthe rate of 8 to 12 ounces in 25 gals, of water.\nPotassium Sulphide.    Consists of 1 oz. potassium sulphide to 2 gals, of water.\nInsecticides.\nThese are compounds or mixtures used to destroy insects injurious to vegetation.\nParis Green. (Arsenite of copper, containing 50-00 per cent, of arsenic.) This is applied dry or in\nsolution. In the dry form it should be mixed with 50 to 100 parts of plaster, wood ashes, flour or air-slacked\nlime, and dusted upon the affected plants. The form in solution is usually 1 ft), of Paris green to 200 gals,\nof water, but if the foliage is tender 250 to 300 gals, of water may be used. This is the usual strength\napplied upon the plum and peach. As the green powder does not dissolve it requires to be kept thoroughly\nmixed by constant stirring.\nLondon Purple. This is an arsenite of lime obtained as a by-product in manufacturing dyes. It is\nlargely used instead of Paris green ; but being more soluble in water it is apt to injure the foliage, and\nbesides, its composition varies considerably, so that when used it is not likely to give as uniform results as\nParis green.\nThese arsenites are excellent against all leaf-eating insects.\nKerosene Emulsion. This is a mixture of coal oil and water. There are three formulas used to a considerable extent:\n(1.) Riley-Hubbard Emulsion. Consists of J ft. of hard soap in 1 gal. of water. Boil till dissolved, and\nthen add 2 gals, of coal oil, and mix thoroughly for about five minutes. When properly mixed it will\nadhere to glass without oiliuess. This can be done by forcing it through the nozzle of a force-pump repeatedly until the mixture appears complete. It will then form a creamy mass which thickens into a jelly-like\nsubstance on cooling.    In using, dilute with 9 parts of soft water.\n(2.) Cool's Emulsion (soft soap). Take 1 quart of soft soap and 2 quarts of boiling water, and while hot\nadd 1 pint of coal oil; mix thoroughly as above. In using, dilute with an equal amount of water, either\nhard or soft.\n(3.) Cook's Emulsion (hard soap). Take J ft. of hard soap, 2 quarts of hot water and 1 pint of coal oil;\nthoroughly mix while hot.    In using, dilute with twice the amount of either hard or soft water.\nEmulsions are successful against plant lice and scale insects. \u2022\nHellebore. This is the powdered root of a plant (Veratrum album). It may be applied dry, or in\nsolution at the rate of 1 oz. to 3 gals, of water.\nPyrethrum. M.ide from the powdered flowers of the genus pyrethrum, a plant of the sunflower family.\nIt should be fresh, and hence ought to be kept in closed vessels. It may be used in dry form, 1 part\npyrethrum to 5 or 8 parts of flour, or in liquid form in the proportion of 1 oz. in 3 gals, of water.\nCarbolic Acid Emulsion. Consists of 1 part carbolic acid to 7 parts of a solution consisting of 1 quart\nof soft soap or 1 ft. of hard in 2 gals, of water.\nTobacco. The refuse from cigar factories is good, either dusted on in the form of a powder, or used as\na solution in the proportion of 1ft. in 2 gals, of water.\nWhale Oil Soap.    This may be used in the proportion of 2 oz. of the soap to 1 gal. of water.\nAlkaline Wash.    A strong solution of washing soda mixed with soft soap until about as thick as paint. 56 Vict. Report on Agriculture. 887\nCarbolized Plaster.    Consists of 1 pint of carbolic acid and 50 ft), of land plaster.\nCombined Mixtures. By the combination of an insecticide with a fungicide we are able at the same\ntime to cope with injurious insect and plant life. A good example of this can be seen in the application of a\ncombined mixture to potatoes, in which case the beetle may lie destroyed and the blight prevented. While\ncombatting the \" spot\" of the apple the coddling moth may also be fought if a combined mixture be used.\n(I.) 4 oz. of Paris green added to Bordeaux mixture (No. 2 or 3) makes an excellent combination.\n(2.) The following is also recommended : 2 oz. of Paris green and 2 oz. of copper carbonate dissolved in\n3 pint-, ammonia, h ft), of lime added to 32 gals, of water, and the whole thoroughly mixed. It is necessary\nto add the lime, or the foliage will be damaged.\nPrecautions in Spraying.\n1. Keep poisons labelled, and out of the way of children.\n2. Do not spray so far into the season as to affect the fruit.\n3. In making emulsions, remember the inflammable nature of coal oil.\n4. Never spray trees in bloom.\n5. Try solutions on a small scale if likely to injure foliage, and watch results.\n6. Be careful and thorough in your work.\nCareful analyses show that there is no ground for alarm regarding the effect of spraying fruit trees with\nParis green.\nThe foregoing mixtures are usually applied by spraying machines, which can he procured through any\nresponsible seedsman. As copper compounds act upon tin and iron, it is well to prepare such mixtures in\nearthen, wooden or brass vessels.\nThe Bordeaux mixture is rather dirty to work with, and inclined to clog the jet. Nevertheless it is\nabout as effectual a fungicide as has yet been discovered. If used too long in the season it is apt to affect\nthe appearance of the fruit.    This can, however, be washed off with a dilute solution of vinegar.\nCost of the Mixtures. A fair idea of the cost of the various mixtures may be had upon an examination\nof the following price list of substances used in the different formulas :\nAmmonia, 25c. pel ft. Pyrethrum, 40c. per ft.\nCopper carbonate, 60c. per lb. Copper sulphate,      12c. per lb.\nParis green, 30c.      ,, Hellebore, 25c.      ,,\nLondon purple,       15c.      ,, Sodium carbonate,    5c.      ,,\nRemedies fob Certain Injurious Fungi.\n1. Apple Spot. (I.) Spray with Bordeaux mixture No. 2, making first application in spring before the\nblossoms open. Spray again as soon as the fruit is well formed. Now add 3 oz. of Paris green to the barrel\nand make three applications at intervals of two weeks. These last applications will destroy insects as well\nas the spores of the \" spot \" fungus.\n(2.) Copper carbonate ammoniacal solution referred to and Eau Celeste are also good remedies. With\nthese the first application should bo made previous to blossoming, the second when the fruit is about the\nsize of peas, and the third two or three weeks later.\n2. Brown Pot of plum, cherry, and peach. Use the Bordeaux mixture in the same way as for apple\n\"spot.\" Burn all affected fruit and leaves in tlie fall. If \" rot \" should set in make one or two sprayings\nwith copper carbonate solution.\n3. Pear Leaf Blight, which appears on both leaves and fruit, giving the leaves a spotted appearance\nand causing the fruit to crack.\n(1.) Spray with ammoniacal solution of copper carbonate as soon as the leaves begin to open, and repeat\ntwo or three times at intervals of two weeks.\n(2.) Use Bordeaux mixture as for apple \"spot.\"\n4. Strawberry Leaf Blight. Spray during July and August every two weeks with the following solution:\n4 oz. of copper carbonate and two quartz of ammonia in a barrel of water.\n5. Gooseberry Mildew. Spray with 1 oz. of potassium sulphide in two gallons of water. Begin as soon\nas the leaves are opening, and repeat about every three weeks.\n6. Grape. Black Rot. Spray with ammoniacal solution of copper carbonate of Bordeaux mixture (No. 2\nor 3) six times, every two weeks, commencing early in May. If the last two sprayings are with the copper\ncarbonate the fruit will not be disfigured.\n7. Grape Down Mildew. Spray with Eau Celeste about ten days before blossom ; give another application as soon as the berries are set, and a third about three weeks later.\n8. Raspberry Cane Rust. Spray with Bordeaux mixture (No. 2) before the leaves appear and two or three\ntimes after ; but not after the blossoms open.\n9. Potato Blight. Apply Bordeaux mixture (No. 2) three or four times, administering the first when\nthe plants are about six inches high. If \\ ft. of Paris green be added to the mixture beetles, may also be\ndestroyed as soon as they appear.\n10. Smut. (1.) Immersing seed in hot water of 135\u00b0 Fahr. for five minutes will destroy the spores of\nsmut.    5\u00b0 above or below that point will fail.\n(2.) Put 1 Th. of copper sulphate in 20 gallons of water and allow the seed to remain in this for about 15\nhours ; then put the seed for 10 minutes in lime water made by slaking the lime in ten times its weight of\nwater.\nRemedies for some Common Injurious Insects.\n1. All Leaf-eating insects, such as canker-worms, tent caterpillars, grape flea beetle, Tussock moth, fall\nweb-worm, etc., are readily destroyed by spraying with  Paris green, lib. to 200 gallons of water. 888\nReport on Agriculture.\n1893\n2. Borers of the apple tree trunk and peach can be overcome by applying late in May or early in June\nto the trunks and large branches the following solution : 1 quart of soft soap, or 1 ft. of hard soap, in 2\ngallons of water ; heat to boiling point and add 1 pint of crude carbolic acid. It is well to scrape off the\nrough bark first, and then rub the mixture well on.\n3. Bark Lice. Scrape off the bark during the winter and early spring, and rub on a solution made by\nadding one part of crude carbolic acid to 7 parts of a solution of soft soap 1 quart, or hard soap \\ ft., in 2\nquarts of boiling water. As soon as the young lice are hatched and begin to move (about June) spray the\ntree witb a kerosene emulsion.\n4. Codling Moth, or apple-worm. As soon as the petals have fallen, spray with a solution of 1 ft. of\nParis green in 200 gallons of water ; ten days later give a second application, and, if necessary, a third\nspraying may be given later on.\n5. Plum Curculio. Spray with 3 oz. of Paris green to 50 gallons of water as soon as the blossoms have\nfallen, and give two more applications at intervals of about ten days. Jarring the trees and collecting the\ninsects as they fall upon sheets is also much followed.\n6. Bud Moth. This insect destroys the flower bud of plums, pears, and apples. Spray with ordinary\nPat is green mixture when the buds begin to swell, and again in about ten days, that is, before the blossoms\nopen.    Kerosene emulsion is also recommended.\n7. Pear and Cherry Tree Slug. Spray with either Paris green, hellebore, or pyrethrum. Paris green\nin the proportion of 1 ft. to'250 gallons of water may be used for both broods if the trees are not bearing ;\notherwise use the Paris green for the second and either of the other remedies for the first brood.\n8. Potato Beetle.    Spray the vines with Paris green, using 6 oz. to 50 gallons of water.\n9. Squash Buff. The young ones can be destroyed with kerosene emulsion ; but those matured require\nto be hand-picked or caught under pieces of board placed among the plants where the bugs collect at night.\n10. Cucumber Beetle.    Cover the plants with netting so as to keep the beetles off.\n11. Plant Lice.    Use kerosene emulsion.\n12. Pea Weevil. (1.) Sow unaffected peas. (2.) Heat affected peas, as soon as gathered for 1 hour at a\ntemperature of 145\u00b0. (3.) Immerse affected seed peas, in hot water, adding almost at once cold water, and\nleave for 24 hours.\n13. Strawberry Slug.    Spray the first brood with pyrethrum and the second with Paris green.\n14. Currant Worm.    Spray with hellebore 1 oz. to 3 gallons of water.\n15. Onion, and Cabbage Maggots. Use kerosene emulsion, and apply it in the vicinity of the plants.\nCarbolic emulsion has been very successful against the \"radish maggot.\"\n16. Turnip Flea Beetle. Dust upon the attacked plants while the dew is still on them 1 part of Paris\ngreen and 50 parts of land plaster.    Tobacco dust is also effectual.\n17. Ground Cut-worms, etc. (1) Surround the stem of the plant with heavy paper. (2) Sprinkle Paris\ngreen upon small bunches of fresh clover, and then scatter them about where the worms are working. They\nwill serve as baits and poison many of the worms.\n18. Common Cabbage Worm. Spray with a solution of 1 oz. of pyrethrum in 4 gallons of water. Kerosene emulsion may also be used on young plants.\nIn order to make this bulletin as concise and simple as possible, many remedies have been omitted, and\nonly the most successful noted. No description has been given, and only the common names of injurious\nplants and insects referred to have been used, as being sufficient for practical purposes. If further information is required it will be readily given on application to the writer.\nIn conformity to the \"Horticultural Board Act, 1892,\" a Board was appointed, with Mr.\nE. Hutcherson as Inspector of fruit Pests, who was, as will be seen by the accompanying\nletter, directed to proceed with his duties, and whose report here follows :\u2014\nVictoria, B. C, 24th June, 1892.\nThe Hon. J. II. Turner,\nMinister of Agriculture,\nVictoria, B. G.\nDear Sir,\u2014At a meeting of the Provincial Board of Horticulture held in Victoria this\nday, the following resolution was passed :\u2014\n\" That instructions be given at once to the Inspector of Fruit Pests to proceed with the\nexecution of his duties, and that the Secretary notify him accordingly, and that a copy of this\nresolution be submitted to the Minister of Agriculture.\"\nIt was also resolved upon\u2014\" That the scale of charges for spraying trees and eradicating\ninsect pests by the Inspector be for the present %5 per day, in addition to the cost of the\nchemicals used.\"\nIt was further resolved\u2014\"That this Board respectfully request the Government to cause\nto be printed a sufficient number of copies of the Act known as ' An Act to create a Provincial Board of Horticulture,'for distribution through the post amongst the fruit-growers and\nfarmers; and that placards be printed, and posted on all the court-houses and post offices in\nthe Province, notifying the public of the aforesaid Act, and that the Inspector of Fruit Pests\nhas commenced his duties.\" 56 Vict. Report on Agriculture. 889\nIt was resolved also\u2014\" That the Secretary notify the Inspector to apply to the Minister\nof Agriculture for a field spraying pump, with San Jose nozzle, and the necessary set of\nchemicals; and that a copy of this resolution be submitted to the Minister of Agriculture.\"\nIn accordance with the above-mentioned resolution relating to the Inspector, I have notified him to commence his duties forthwith If you consider it necessary for the Lieutenant-\nGovernor in Council to notify the Inspector to commence his work, will you kindly give him\nthe necessary instructions.\nI remain, etc.,\n(Signed)        Henry Croft,\nSecretary, pro tern., for the Provincial Board of Horticulture.\nREPORT   OF   THE   INSPECTOR   OF   FRUIT   PESTS.\nLadner's, February 10th, 1893.\nThe Hon. J. H. Turner,\nMinister of Agriculture, Victoria.\nSir,\u2014I have the honour to submit, for your approval, an abbreviated account of my visits\nto the various Horticultural Districts of the Province, since June, 1892.\nI have, etc.,\n(Signed)        E. Hutcherson,\nInspector of Fmtit Pests.\nIt has been my endeavour to get a general impression of the condition of our orchards all\nover the Province, as far as the limited time at my disposal would allow. In my resume of\neach district, I have drawn attention to the existence of insect pests, as well as such points as\nmay prove of interest.\nIt has also been my object to become better acquainted with the fruit-growers of the\nProvince, and to bring under the notice of all interested in this important industry the\nexistence of insect pests, and the adoption of the best known methods in use for their extermination.\nThe work of subjugation has been retarded greatly by the need of enlightenment on the\npart of the growers regarding fruit pests.\nThe work of educating the fruit-growers in a knowledge of these important matters, thus\ncreating that public sentiment which is essential to the enforcement of the law, is, to a great\nextent, in the hands of the Horticultural Board and the Fruit-Growers' Association of the\nProvince.\nFruit-growers and nursery men, with but few exceptions, have given me a hearty welcome,\nand I trust that my suggestions, based upon practical experience of many years, may prove of\nvalue to our people.\nFrom my observations I feel confident that fruit-growers need not feel despondent concerning the subjugation of the various insect pests. Although by no means have we perfect\nremedies, yet we have made great progress in our knowledge of them during the past few\nyears, and in many instances may defy the insect wholly.\nIn a subsequent report I shall deal with the most important insect and fungus pests,\ngiving such information for their extermination as experience has taught us during the last\nyear. 890 Report ox Agriculture. \u2022 1893\nFirst District,\nComprising the Electoral   Districts of Victoria, Victoria City, Esquimalt, Cowichan, and  the\nIslands.\nSome of the oldest orchards in the Province exist in this district. My visit here was\nmade early in the season, and my acquaintance with the section is not as thorough as I should\nhave wished.\nA good many comparatively rare trees have been planted here, and are now showing\ntheir adaption to the climate. Among them are the Japanese plums, Medlar pears, nectarines, &c.; also all kinds of nut trees, such as Filberts, Spanish, and American sweet chestnuts,\nhard and soft shelled almonds, English and Japanese walnuts.\nThe condition of orchards in and around Victoria is very bad. The woolly aphis (Schi-\nzoneura lanigera) is present to an extraordinary degree, and in every orchard and nursery that\nI visited I found them all infested more or less with this pest. It is the most destructive\ninsect we have to contend with, and too long has the adoption of vigourous measures been\nneglected for their extirpation.\nGreen aphis or the apple tree aphis (Aphis Mali) is common all over the Province, and it\nwas particularly bad in this district this season, many of the trees being completely covered\nwith the smut and debris caused by it, rendering the surroundings disgusting to both sight\nand smell. No system of fighting them has been attempted, although individual owners have\ntried their best.\nOrchards inspected this winter, that were badly affected during the summer with green\naphis, were found to be entirely free from eggs. It may have been from some climatic cause,\nor that insect enemies such as larva of the golden-eyed flies and of the lady bug, the Syrphida,\nflies, and other friendly helpers in the good work, have increased in such numbers as to completely eradicate this pest.\nThe black spot or fungus (Fusicladium dentriticum) has injured the pear and apple crop\nto a great extent, the damp, cold spring and comparatively cool summer being favourable to\nthe growth of this disease. This fungus is sometimes called the Winter Nelis blight. Tt\nattacks the tree as well as the fruit. I found this disease very general throughout the first\nthree, districts.\nIt does not affect all varieties in the same manner. In some of the trees attacked, the\nbloom does not set; in others, again, the fruit grows to quite a size before showing any sign,\nand some kinds are entirely free from it. Those varieties mostly affected in apples are the\nWinter Pearmain, Snow Apple, Early Harvest, and Northern Spy ; those least affected, the\nGravenstein, Wealthy, Yellow Bellflower, and Alexander, while the Yellow Transparent,\nBaldwin, and Golden Russet are almost altogether free. In pears, the Winter Nelis, Fall,\nButter, and Flemish Beauty are most subject to it, and the Louise Bonne de Jersey, Bartlett,\nand Beurre d'Anjou were almost exempt.\nThe codlin moth (Carpocapsa pomonella) is beginning to show itself throughout this\ndistrict, but was not general this season. It is to be hoped that active measures will be\nresorted to to prevent it spreading to other districts.\nThere also was found the round-headed apple tree borer (Saperda Candida), the flat-headed\ntipple tree borer (Chrysobothris femorata), the apple tree tent caterpillar (Clisiocampa Americana), the forest tent caterpillar (Clisiocampa sylvatica), the gooseberry midge (Cecidomyia\ngrossularice), the currant fly (Epochra Canadensis).\nLater in the season, on visiting Victoria, I found the plum curculio (Conotrachelus nenuphar) had attacked the plums in some instances, but at that late season of the year it was\nimpossible to get specimens of the insect.\nWe are liable at all times to have accessions to our already too long list of pests brought\ninto the Province from abroad, as apricots from California were put upon our market this\nseason with living San Jose scale. The people here are just beginning to see the necessity for\naction. Those who have done thorough work have succeeded in checking the spread of pests\nthrough their orchards. It is evident that unless active co-operation exists, especially in\nthickly settled localities, certain insects will always remain a standing menace, and the diligent work of the enterprising will be thwarted in a great measure. To remove this evil, some\norganization is necessary in one form or another. 56 Vict. Report on Agriculture. 891\nSecond District,\nComprising the remaining Electoral Districts of Vancouver Island.\nAlong the line of the Esquimalt & Nanaimo Railway many fine young orchards are to be\nmet with.\nThe fruit interest of this part is undeveloped and in its early infancy, while the supply\nof choice fruit lands is almost inexhaustible.\nApples, pears, plums, cherries, and prunes should be the staple production of the soil in\nthis part of the Province, and by united, determined and persevering efforts resist the\nencroachment of insect pests.\nNanaimo.\nA good many young orchards have been set out in this section, and with them, some of\nthe insect pests have been disseminated, as the woolly aphis, green aphis, and black aphis. But\nfew persons have waged war against their ravages in a thorough manner. I also found the\nblack spot, or fungus, very bad, particularly on old trees of both apples and pears. Most of\nthe young orchards were discovered to be in a clean and healthy state.\nCedar District.\nIn company with J. Davis, gardener for S. M. Robins, Nanaimo, I visited this division,\nwhich contains many old as well as young orchards. There I saw the Medlar in perfection,\ngrown by E. Michael. With the exception of green aphis and moss, the orchards were in a\nhealthy thriving condition.\nThird District,\nComprising all Westminster Electoral District south of the Fraser River.\nDelta.\nThe Delta boasts of many things, among others the largest Bartlett pear orchard, and the\nlargest prune orchard that there is in the Province, and, if they do not, they should boast of\ntheir success in exterminating fruit pests, as this section to-day stands the peer of any in the\nProvince in this respect. All honour to those who through persevering efforts saved to their\nfamilies a valuable income, and to the Province one of its most promising sources of wealth.\nFor years the crab-apple belts have been the home of vast armies of caterpillars. They\nmultiplied in such numbers that in 1888, 1889, and 1890 they completely destroyed every\nvestage of leaf on many belts of timber. Having done this, they descended upon the orchards\nin millions. Then the fight began. Some fought them by digging ditches and filling them\nwith water, or by the use of tar and other sticky substances to arrest their progress ; some by\nthe liberal use of Paris green and London purple, while others used tins, strips of deer-skin\nand sheep-skin, hair side out, fastened around the trunks of the trees to prevent the ascent of\nthe caterpillars. Some struck at the root of the nuisance and destroyed their crab-apple belts.\nOther belts have never recovered from the effect. The task has become less and less each\nyear, for slowly but surely our native birds have come to our aid, and he who kills a bird kills\na friend in my estimation, a fact that should be recognized by every farmer and fruit-grower.\nOther parasites have developed from time to time, until to-day the caterpillars in this section\nare a thing of the past.\nW. J. Henry, of Vancouver, brought forward this matter at a meeting of the Fruit\nGrowers' Association held at Vancouver on January 26th and 27th, 1893, in the following\nwords : \"In regard to insect pests, what are you going to do about destroying the apple tree\nworm, or tent caterpillars, which infests the wild crab-apple, which are literally covered with\nthese pests, on Sea and Lulu Islands, so much so as to clean the foliage entirely off the trees?\"\nGreen aphis made its appearance in this locality in 1889, but by the use of coal oil\nemulsion and tobacco water this pest is one of the past.\nThe pear tree slug showed itself here this season. Some trees were badly infested. The\nfoliage, being deprived of its substance by this pest, became a dark brown, as if scorched by\nfire, and soon afterwards fell from the trees. Paris green, London purple, and white hellebore\nwere tried, each destroying the insects successfully. 89*2 Report on Agriculture. 1893\nSurrey.\nMany large orchards are being planted here, the'greater part of Surrey Municipality\nbeing specially adapted to fruit-raising. No insect diseases of any kind have made any serious\ninroads, still the woolly aphis, green aphis, and borer exist in sufficient quantities to very\nsoon infest a large area unless subdued. Considerable exertions have been made to prevent\ntheir spread, and it is to be hoped that it will be accomplished.\nI visited the large orchard of Dr. I. W. Powell, situated at Hall's Prairie, now a close\ncompetitor of the Aberdeen estate as to extent of acreage. I found the young trees in a\nhealthy vigorous condition, green aphis being the only pest noticeable,\nLangley, Aldergrove, and Mt. Lehman.\nHaving accepted the hospitality of D H. Nelson, in company with him I visited some of\nthe principal orchards of these sections, the chief one being that of John L. Broe, of\nShortreed. There we found seven acres of orchard, filled in 'between the rows with small\nfruits, mostly Black-cap raspberries and Black currants, the fruit of which is devoted to the\nmaking of wine. Mr. Broe is also interested in hops, having a yard of thirteen acres. The\nimportance of spraying hops has been settled in a quiet way by Mr. Broe in the purchase of a\ndouble-acting force pump with four nozzles, taking four rows at a time. It does effective\nwork on three acres per day, requiring seven men to operate it.\nIn other parts of these districts I found the woolly aphis has been scattered to a great\nextent, while the green aphis was general. My attention was called to both the round-headed\nand flat-headed borers. These sections have a great future in store in respect to horticulture.\nImmense numbers of trees are being planted throughout the municipalities, and so far most\nof the trees are doing well wherever the soil is sufficiently drained. The peach in particular\nreaches fine size and flavour.\nSumas,  Chilliwhack and Popcum.\nAt these places we find some of the oldest as well as most interesting orchards, embracing\nas they do all the fruits of the temperate zone, and especially are there many apple orchards,\nthe trees being large and old. More than one person has proved here, as elsewhere, that the\nold orchards can be kept clean and made profitable. Quite a number of the old trees are of\ninferior varieties and are liable on that account to be neglected and become the homes for\ninsect pests instead of being cut back and re-grafted with valuable sorts, thereby becoming a\nsource of revenue to their owners. As yet no co-operation between growers has been effected,\nbut I trust the coming season will witness a step in the right direction Owing to the close\nproximity of orchard to orchard, the owners, without this co-operation, will not succeed in\nkeeping clean orchards.\nIn no part of the Province is fruit-growing carried on to a greater extent than in the\nabove-named places, and to the casual observer it would appear that they were almost free of\npests. They exist in a certain degree, and little or nothing is being done to prevent their\nspread.\nIn the yard of the Rev. Mr. Allan I found the fall web-worm (hyphantria textor) for the\nfirst time in my experience in this Province. The codlin moth has appeared in several parts.\nThe plum curculio has plainly shown its work this last season, and I expect it will be general\nthroughout Westminster District this year.\nThe green aphis was not so destructive here as in other sections, while they seemed to be\nexempt from the woolly aphis. The black knot of the plum and cherry trees was discovered\non prune trees in the grounds of Knight Bros., Popcum, which had been imported from the\neast. It may be expected that other trees in this section from the same shipment will develop\nthe disease, and I would urge upon the people the necessity of vigilance in this matter.\nBlack spot or fungus has done a great deal of damage to the apples and pears, with the\nresult of poor crops. It is probably the greatest enemy they have to contend with. Two\nounces of carbonate of copper to twenty-five gallons of water will furnish a solution, and three\nsprayings at different periods will save at least eighty per cent, of the fruit.\nFourth District,\nComprising all of Westminster District north of the Fraser River, the Electoral District\nof New Westminster and Vancouver cities, and the Electoral District of Cassiar. 56 Vict. Report on Agriculture. 893\nVancouver.\nThis flourishing section is not as yet largely devoted to fruit culture, though many\norchards are being set out, yet the majority of them are too young to be annoyed with a very\ngreat number of pests, although the woolly and the green aphis are very troublesome. W. J.\nHenry, of Vancouver, brought to the notice of the Fruit Growers' Society, at their last meeting,\na new pest in this Province. The following note accompanied the insects : \" The cuttings\nhanded you, infested with the white grub or currant borer, were cut from black Naples and\nMoor's Ruby currants, which were on my place when I bought it, and which are claimed to\nhave been brought out from the Fonthill Nurseries, Ont. At present about one-tenth of all\nnew wood is affected, including cherry and Versailles currants, also gooseberries. I find from\none to three grubs in each stalk, and the only remedy I can find is to cut them off and burn\nthe wood.    Do any of the_ members know of any remedy or preventative 1\"\nThis is what is known as the imported currant borer (JEgeria tipuliformis). It is a very\ndestructive pest on the currant, and no means have yet been devised to destroy it except the\none mentioned by Mr. Henry, and also the trapping of the moth.\nLulu and Sea Islands.\nTrees in these parts were in a fair condition, though some of the older orchards were in a\nneglected condition, and considerably overgrown with moss. I would recommend a liberal\nuse of concentrated lye wash. The apple tree tent caterpillar and forest tent caterpillar are\nhere in vast numbers, and practical experience will be required to prevent their encroachment\non the orchards.\nNew Westminster City.\nThe woolly aphis is found in nearly all the old orchards of this city, a fact which most of\nthe owners were not aware of until their attention had been specially attracted to it. The\nmost difficult part of the work of eradicating insects does not lie with the large orchards, but\nwith the small ones where the owners are not dependent on the crop for their living, and care\nnot whether the trees are in a thrifty condition or eking out a miserable existence covered\nwith insects that are using them as brooding nests, whence they swarm out to infest larger and\nmore thriving orchards.\nSince writing the above, I have made other visits to this section, and was glad to notice\na great improvement. Young orchards were, as a rule, in a healthy growing condition,\nnoticeably those of Geo. Mead and Thos. Cunningham.\nPort Moody.\nOn the north side of the inlet there are situated several orchards, the most extensive\nbeing that of N. Butchart, who has brought under my notice the presence in that section of\nthe peach tree borer (JEgeria exitiosa), which he says is doing much damage to his trees.\nHammond, Haney, Wharnock, and Mission.\nThe fruit industry is the leading one in these parts, large quantities of large and small\nfruit being shipped each season over the C. P. R. to the mountains and North-West as far\neast as Winnipeg. The business being in the hands of active and intelligent horticulturists,\nknowing that if my services were required I would be called upon, I did not give these places\na thorough inspection. The old trees are in a fair state of preservation, but their tendency to\noverbear is very great, while the young orchards, in most cases, show the effect of careful and\njudicious management.\nPear tree slug and green aphis are the most obnoxious pests, while the tent caterpillars\nwere complained of in some parts. Curled leaf on the peach has been destructive, the yield,\nfrom that cause, being almost a failure.\nHarrison River.\nWhile here I visited the young orchard of A. W. Ross, M.P. for Lisgar, which is under\nthe management of T. Wilson. It comprises sixty acres, and of great variety of soil and\nfruits. This orchard is favoured by being isolated. The trees were in a healthy vigourous\ncondition, green aphis being the only pest noticeable. 894 Report on Agriculture. 1893\nAgassiz.\nIn this district I visited principally the Dominion Experimental Farm. This orchard,\nwith its large variety of fruit trees gathered from all parts of the world, it might reasonably\nbe expected that its manager, T. A. Sharpe, would have some experience with insect pests.\nThe plum aphis attacked the plum trees severely, and to prevent further damage tobacco\nwater was used, the work being most thoroughly done. No insects could be found. Other\nplaces, not so wisely managed, showed their presence in a great measure.\nFifth District,\nComprising all the rest of the Mainland of British Columbia.\nFor the want of time it was impossible for me to call at Yale, or on a short stay to visit\nall the valleys of Yale District, so it was thought best to call at what might be considered a\nrepresentative section.    I regret exceedingly that Nicola Valley had to be omitted.\nLytton.\nIn this section the orchards of any extent are few. The largest one, that of Thos. G.\nEarl, embraces apples, pears, plums, cherries, peaches, apricots, nectarines, and grapes, with\nsmall fruits of all kinds. Grapes grow to perfection here, while tomatoes and water-melons\nare staple crops. Fruits of all kinds are of excellent quality, and their culture has become a\nprofitable industry, quite large shipments of fruit being made from this place, principally to\npoints along the C. P. R. and east of the mountains. Mr. Earl has procured a No. 2 Bean\nSpray Pump with which to do battle with the green aphis, the only insect as' yet that he has\nbeen troubled with, and which, on account of the isolation of the orchard, will be a comparatively easy matter.\nThe orchard of Thos. Seward was also visited. The young apple orchard, though looking\nstrong and healthy, was badly infested with green aphis. The Bartlett pears were magnificent,\nand the crop was enormous. The large melon and tomato patch showed clearly that Mr.\nSeward kept abreast of the times.\nSpence's Bridge.\nI inspected the orchards of A. Clemes, John Murray, and R. Curnow. The fruit was an\nexcellent crop, bright and clean, admirably adapted for shipping purposes, being entirely free\nfrom fungus.\nKamloops and Salmon Arm.\nI regret that I was compelled to pass the interesting orchard of Chas. Pennie. Orchards\nin this section are few and far between. Some of the largest I did not have an opportunity\nof visiting, but from observations made I find the green aphis prevails all over these parts,\ndoing a vast amount of harm.\nSpallumcheen.\nThe orchards of Geo. Paten, G. J. Wallace, and J. Thompson were found almost free of\npests. Orchards in this district require special care and attention, with constant cultivation,\nthorough and often, to mature the later varieties of apples.\nVernon and Coldstream.\nThe orchard of Luc Girouard, the orchard of these parts, was, with the exception of\ngreen aphis, in a healthy, clean condition. Large orchards were planted here last spring, and\nmany are preparing to plant this coming season.\nOkanagan Mission.\nAn immense number of young fruit trees have been planted throughout the valley, and,\nso far, most of them have done well, although in some places, owing to the want of irrigation,\na number have been killed. My stay in this fertile section was also shorter than I wished,\nand my visits were confined to the Mission merely, and to the lands in the immediate vicinity\nof Kelowna, including the Aberdeen estate, which was in a high state of cultivation. The\nround and flat-headed borers being very destructive on the young apple trees; otherwise,  this 56 Vict. Report on Agriculture. 895\nlarge orchard is almost exempt from pests so far. In company with Foreman Conklin, I\nvisited several orchards in the immediate vicinity of the Aberdeen estate, and must add two\nmore pests to our already too long list of destructive insects in this Province. Scurfy bark-\nlouse (Chionaspis fnrfurus) were found in the orchard of A. B. Knox in such quantities as to\nkill the trees. In the orchard of James Crozier was found the work of the tree cricket\n(JEcanthus uricus), an insect that is more destructive on raspberries and blackberries than on\nlarger fruits. In this case they were working on the smaller branches of the apples and\nplums. Borers, both the round and the flat-headed, are common. I would advise the use of\nthe soap solution in the months of May and June. In the drier air here the black spot, or\nfungus, does not thrive as in the moist atmosphere of the coast. All the way from Lytton to\nOkanagan Mission I met with small plantations of grape-vines, which when planted on the\nhigher and warmer knolls, with good attention paid them, make a fine growth. Where water\nis plentiful, the growth compares favourably with that of any part of the Province. The\nfruit is bright and clear, of large size and excellent quality, ripening early in September. The\nonly clanger to vines is from frost. If they are protected the first two seasons and the warmer\nslopes selected, they may be considered safe. Such sites require, however, considerable local\nexperience.\nHop-plant Louse (Phorodon Humuli).\nDuring the latter part of June and the beginning of July I inspected the following hop-\nyards :\u2014Those of J. L. Broe, Shortreed; T. Dunvill, Chilliwhack; R. Garner, Nicomin; and\nthe yards of Messrs. Greene, Sich and Hamersly, of Agassiz, and in each case I found that\nthe louse existed in a more or less degree. I called the attention of those in charge to it,\ngiving information regarding the rapidity with which it multiplies. No arrangements had been\nmade with respect to spraying, with the exception of Mr. Broe, who has done thorough work.\nDuring the months of August and September I spent several days in these sections, for\nthe purpose of studying it and to find how serious the louse really was. I found it had\nincreased to an alarming extent, doing very great damage to the hops. The growers, now\nfully awake to the necessity of spraying, had provided pumps and were doing what they could\nto stop the ravages of the insect, with but little success, as at this late season the louse had\ngone into the hop, where the spray could not reach it. The hop-yard of the Earl of Aberdeen\nwas visited in September. At that time the louse was just making its appearance, being too\nlate to do any material damage.\nExhibitions Attended.\nI visited the following places during the time of their fall fairs, acting as judge in many\ncases, and giving such information regarding insect pests, what to plant in the way of fruit\ntrees, and naming varieties of fruit, as it lay in my power :\u2014\nChilliwhack Exhibition, at Chilliwhack.\nDelta ii Ladner's.\nIndustrial n New Westminster.\nBritish Columbia n Victoria.\nInland n Kamloops.\nSpallumcheen and Okanagan u Vernon.\nCedar District u Cedar District.\nExperimental Work.\nMy duties as Collector of Exhibits for Chicago has prevented me giving this matter the\nattention it requires.\nThe testing of Bordeaux mixtures on apples and pears for fungus has been satisfactory.\nI also experimented with Paris green, London purple and hellebore for killing the pear\nslug.    These were also satisfactory.\nArrangements have been made for the testing of different varieties of fruit in various\nparts of the Province, a piece of ground having been set apart here for the propagation of the\nsame. Scions of several varieties of seedling apples, pears and peaches have been secured, while,\nthrough the kindness of T. A. Sharpe of the Experimental Farm at Agassiz, a great many\nscions of Russian and other new and hardy kinds have been placed at my disposal for that\npurpose. It is proposed to act in unison with stations at different points, viz.: Ladner's\nwould show the coast climate; Thos. G. Earl, Lytton, the dry; while the Experimental Farm,\nAgassiz, the medium, showing the comparative value of the fruit for the different sections. 896 Report on Agriculture. 1893\nREPORT OF THE INSPECTOR OF CONTAGIOUS DISEASES.\nThe following is the report of Mr. F. S. Roper, Inspector of Animals, \" Contagious\nDiseases (Animals) Act, 1891:\"\u2014\nVictoria, B.C., llth January, 1893.\nTo the Hon. J. 11. Turner,\nMinister of Agriculture,  Victoria :\nSir,\u2014I have the honour to submit the following report of my proceedings in connection\nwith the inspection of animals under the \" Contagious Diseases Act\" from the date of my\nappointment until the 31st December, 1892, embracing as it does a period of thirteen months.\nShortly after entering upon my duties the first case requiring my attention was that of a\nbay mare belonging to Mr. Henry Butler, Victoria, which was said to be suffering from acute\nglanders. Having made a thorough examination, in conjunction with a veterinary surgeon, I\nhad no doubt that it was affected with that disease, and therefore I caused it to be immediately\ndestroyed, ordering at the same time the quarantining of a gelding that had been stabled with\nthe mare in question. At a subsequent visit I found that this animal was suffering also from\nthe same disease. Having instructed the owner to destroy the animal, and upon his refusal\nto carry out my instructions, I was compelled to take the case into court, and after several\nadjournments the Magistrate decided that the owner should have three days allowed him for\ndestruction of the animal. This not having been done within the prescribed time I was given\npossession of the horse, which I caused to be immediately destroyed\nHaving received information on the Ith of January, 1892, that several diseased animals\nbelonging to Mr. Carter, at St. George's Inn, Esquimalt Road, had been killed and sold in\nVictoria I proceeded to his premises and found eleven swine suffering from hog cholera. Upon\ninforming Mr. Carter of the fact he gave permission to have the animals destroyed, which was\naccordingly done.\nOn the following day I inspected the premises of Mr. John Parker, on Craigflower Road,\nand those of Mr. R. Porter, on Burnside Road, when I discovered that some of their hogs\nwere affected with disease, but as there was a difference of opinion among the veterinary\nsurgeons who were called in to report as to the nature of the disease the animals were not\ndestroyed.\nA visit was paid to the ranch of Mr. Robert Lewtas, at Ross Bay, when 1 ascertained\nthat a number of his hogs were suffering from disease. I at once ordered Mr. Lewtas to\nseparate the sound hogs from the diseased, and the placing of the former in strict quarantine.\nAlthough convinced that my diagnosis was correct, still with a view to avoid any possibility\nof contention I requested Surgeon Tolmie to accompany me to the ranch. We made two postmortem examinations and found that the animals had died from cholera. I made several\nsubsequent visits, and on finding that, notwithstanding all precautions taken, a large number\nwere affected I caused the destruction of twenty-one hogs. The total loss to Mr. Lewtas from\ndisease was forty-three hogs.\nEarly in March I proceeded to Vancouver and visited several stables, but did not find\nany cases of horses suffering from glanders.\nHearing of a suspicious case on Sea Island I visited the place on several occasions, but\nwas unable to trace the horse for some time. At last, however, I found the Indian who owned\nthe animal which, on inspection, was discovered to be affected with glanders. The horse was\nshot and its carcass destroyed by fire.\nDuring the same month I visited several ranches, but the only one in which there was\ndisease was in that of Mr. Bowman's, where I found two hogs suffering from cholera. I\nordered the destruction of same.\nDuring the month of April I visited Vancouver, New Westminster, Chilliwhack, Sumas,\nand Carter's Lake. Upon making enquiries at different ranches in New Westminster District I\nascertained that a considerable number of hogs (in all 290) had been carried off by hog cholera.\nAt Ah Poie's ranch I caused the destruction of four hogs, and gave orders for the quarantining\nof seventeen others. 56 Viot. Report on Agriculture. 897\nIn the months of May and June I made several visits to the farms in the neighbourhood\nof Victoria City, but more particularly to those in the Lake and Saanich Districts.\nIn Burnside Road I found at a Chinaman's ranch (Kee Yeune's) that his hogs were\nsuffering from cholera, On my return next day I learnt that two of the hogs referred to had\ndied. After making a post-mortem examination I had not the slightest doubt that they had\ndied of cholera.    I then caused the destruction of five others belonging to the same Chinaman.\nNext day I visited Tan's ranch in Glandford Avenue, and finding four of his hogs affected\nwith cholera caused them to be destroyed and buried.\nIn the Saanich District I was pleased to find that the animals of the different farmers\nhad escaped contagion. The only exception was that of a horse belonging to an Indian which\nappeared to be affected, but upon examination I came to the conclusion that it was suffering\nfrom nasal gleet, not contagious.\nI made my usual visit in Victoria District during the month of July, but the only case\nwhere it was necessary for me to exercise my authority was that of Hong Chop, of Edmond\nRoad, whose hogs were suffering from cholera. I ordered the destruction of four and the\nplacing of fifteen others in quarantine for twenty days. On my next visit a week later I\ncaused the destruction of five hogs.\nEarly in August I again visited Hong Chop's ranch, and finding the suspected animals\nfree from disease ordered them to be released from quarantine.\nLearning that a horse belonging to Mr. H. Lapierre was suffering from what seemed to\nbe an infectious disease, I visited the animal and found that it was affected with mange, for\nthe treatment of which I gave the necessary instructions.\nAfter visiting the different ranches belonging to Indians in Saanich District early in\nSeptember and finding no disease, I proceeded to James Island, where I saw a colt belonging to\nMr. R. H. Jameson suffering from glanders. There was no course left to me but to order its\ndestruction and burial. I also discovered a horse, the property of Ah See, similarly affected,\nwhich had to be disposed of in like manner.\nAfter my return I was called upon to proceed to Beecher Bay for the purpose of examining a horse belonging to Ah Suie, and as it was an unmistakable case of glanders I ordered\nthe destruction of the animal.\nDuring the month of November I paid several visits to places where it was said disease\nhad appeared among cattle, causing in some instances their death. On making a post-mortem\nexamination I found that death had resulted from an attack of malignant catarrh, not usually\ncontagious.\nI had no cases of disease during the month of December to report, although I made a\nstrict examination of the various ranches in and around the City of Victoria.\nTo this report I now append a short description of glanders and hog cholera, which I\ntrust may be of some practical advantage to those who are interested in the study of these\ndiseases.\nGlanders.\nThis seems to be primarily a disease of the lymphatic and nasal glands, and confined to\nthem ; but upon this my opinion is that all the air passages are affected, and that it is a kind\nof phthisic, or incipient pulmonary disorder, and that whether the ulcers appear on the\nmembranes of the nose prior or subsequent to the formation of tubercles in the lungs does not\ninvalidate the proposition that the earliest external manifestations are but the effects of\npulmonary derangement. The most tenable conclusion, however, is plainly this : Inflammation of the membrane of the nose, and confined to that membrane, at last results in ulceration;\nthat the matter discharged from these is poisonous and acts upon the glands by means of\nthe absorbents with which it comes in contact, and is also inhaled into the lungs with the air\nas it passes through the nasal cavities, till at length both the circulatory and respiratory\nsystems are generally diseased. Whence this poison is derived is not at all clearly defined.\nThe disease is both spontaneous (bred in the horse) and contagious, but it is doubtless due far\nmore frequently to predisposing causes than to contagion, and it will become a prevalent\ndisease where neglect, filth, and foul atmosphere exist. I may add that poisonous inhalations,\nacting upon the delicate and easily irritated membrane of the nose, produce that incipient\nulceration from which the subsequent general poisoning proceeds. In close stalls the\ncarbonic acid given off from the lungs (which gas is of a deadly poisonous character) passes\nagain and again into the lungs, mixed with other impurities of the stall itself ; this, acting\nperhaps  more  readily upon  the nasal membrane than upon the other linings of the air 898 Report on Agriculture. 1893\npassages, produces inflammation. This inflammation may long exist, and be unsuspected by\nthe ordinary observer, till some intense action is set up, when ulceration takes place It will\nbe produced by anything that injures and weakens the vital energy of this membrane, as\nviolent catarrh, accompanied by long continued discharge from the nostrils, a fracture of the\nbones of the nose, and the too frequent injection of stimulating and acid substances up the\nnostrils. Everything that weakens the constitution may, under peculiar circumstances,\nproduce glanders. Among the hurtful influences that may operate to this end, I may\nenumerate hardships and an exhausted condition, any interference with the due elimination\nor throwing off of morbid and waste matter from the system, want of regular exercise, sudden\nand violent exercise when the horse has not been previously prepared for it, placing a weak\nand worn out horse upon a course of diet that is too nutritious and stimulating, and\nhereditary predisposition to certain forms of disease. One point is deserving of special\nmention. It is sometimes present and contagious in animals apparently in fine condition.\nOther horses may contract the disease from such a one and die, while it is still difficult to\ndiscover unmistakable traces of it in the first. There may be inflammation and minute ulcers\nso far up the nasal passages as not to be seen. Those little hidden ulcers may discharge so\nsmall a quantity of matter as to escape notice, and yet the matter is so poisonous that when it\ncomes in contact with any thin and delicate membrane by which it may be absorbed it will\nproduce glanders. Weeks and months may intervene between the first existence of the\ninflamed membrane and the development of the disease. In this case there may be counteracting tendencies, requiring some violent action or sudden change to determine the issue. It\nmust be observed that its infectious nature is not general, but particular, depending upon\ninoculation with the matter exuded from glanderous ulcers, or at least from poison received in\nsome way from the glandered animal and communicated directly to a wound or to some\ndelicate membrane of another horse, or a human being.\nThe first stage of Glanders.\nThe first signs are those of heaviness, dullness, followed by fever; the eyes are red\nand unhealthy looking, while the light is seemingly painful to them. The hair is one day\ndry, and the next, perhaps, it resumes its natural ttppearance, and so alternating, until after\nawhile it becomes staring and unnatural. The flesh wastes away rapidly for a time, then, and\nparticularly if a change of food is introduced, showing some improvement, and so alternating,\ntill at length he begins to show signs of permanently failing health and of a general debility.\nIn this stage the discharge so much resembles that which attends some other nasal affection\nas sometimes to pass unnoticed, but examination will disclose a fact which has not been\naccounted for\u2014it will be found confined to one nostril, and that, in the vast majority of cases,\nthe left. Occasionally it is the right; very seldom both. This, however, must not be regarded\nas a peculiarity of the first only, as it is common to every stage of the disease.\nThe second stage is an increased flow, and it also becomes more mucous and sickly, while\nits colour changes from an almost transparent clearness to a whitish or yellowish tinge. It\noften begins now to drop from the nose in stringy clots. Some of the matter in this stage,\nnow more actively poisonous, being taken up by the absorbents, affects the neighbouring glands.\nIf both nostrils are discharging, the glands within the under jaw will be enlarged on both\nsides; if from one nostril only, the gland on that side. As other diseases will produce these\nswelled glands, as catarrh, for instance, it becomes necessary to look for some peculiarity in\norder to determine certainly as to the existence of glanders. At first the enlargement may\nbe spread over so much surface as not to make any distinctly marked lumps ; but these soon\nchange, and one or two small swellings remain, and these are not in the centre of the channel,\nbut adhere close to the jaw on the affected side.\nIn the third stage, the ulcers have become larger and more numerous ; and upon jjlacing\nthe ear to the horse's chest, a grating, choking noise will be heard at ever}' act of breathing.\nThe air passages being obstructed, every breath is drawn with difficulty. The skin of the\nforehead will be found somewhat thickened, and peculiarly tender; the membrane lining the\nfrontal opening of the nose will be not only ulcerated, but evidently inflamed ; the discharges\nare increased and become more sticky and of a darker colour, though still somewhat flecked\nwith blood.    The absorbents become more involved, and general ulceration has set in.\nIf the disease is in its first stage when the horse is taken in hand for the purpose of\nemploying remedial agencies, place him in a good, dry and airy stable, if in summer, or in an\nopen pasture where most of his food may be obtained by himself, observing the precautions 56 Yict. Report on Agriculture. 899\nalready laid down. If in winter, he should still have the dry stable, not too close, and\nsupplied with clean litter, and care should be taken to guard him against severe cold, and\nexposure to any sudden change. The matter of food may be regulated by this : it must be\nnutritious without being inflammatory; and the condition of the animal as to previous\ntreatment and present condition of flesh must regulate the quantity, as also, to some extent,\nthe quality.\nMalignant and Contagious Diseases of Hogs.\nThere are three principal forms of malignant diseases, called Hog Cholera. The first is\nmalignant epizootic catarrh ; the second stage is pneumo-enteritis ; the third, anthrax and\nsplenic fever. Closely allied to the last, if not identical with the same, I designate as intestinal\nfever, or hog cholera. This disease, if it does not originate in filthy yards and putrid pens is\namazingly developed there. The poisonous germs find a congenial home in the mucous\nmembrane of such hogs, and in those whose skins are so dirty that the natural perspiratory\nacts cannot take place. So if perspiration be checked during the prevalence of this epidemic,\nor the hogs be exposed to sudden changes, for instance cold nights or extreme heat, it will\nsurely predispose them to attacks.\nThe symptoms are as follows :\u2014There is a short, hoarse cough, difficulty of breathing, with\npanting of the flanks. The head is held in a stretched and drooping position; there is fever;\na stiff tottering gait; sometimes running at the nose ; frequent efforts to vomit; generally\nconstipation, but at all times diarrhoea. In this form the disease is-shown in the dead animal\nby inflammation of the lining membrane of the nose and upper part of the throat, thence to\nthe windpipe and lungs, which are more or less solidified. A second form of this disease has\na short cough, not so pronounced as in the first form, and there is less oppression in breathing,\nbut there is more decided paralysis in the hind quarters, and the gait is more tottering.\nThere is at first constipation, followed by a profuse and fetid diarrhoea, the disease spending\nitself in the stomach and bowels, and the animal arching its back and especially the loins\nfrom the intensity of the pain. The brain is often affected, so that there is partial or total\nblindness, and aimless movements. So also the glands will be enlarged and sometimes\nscrofulous ulcers will show in different parts of the body. The dead animal shows the lining\nmembrane of the intestines inflamed and degenerated, the spleen enlarged, dark and soft; the\nliver diseased, and often water exudation in the chest and abdomen. The duration of either\nform is from five to fifteen days.\nAnother form of hog cholera, which is intestinal hog cholera in relation to this disease, is\nundoubtedly analogous to the one last described. I think it is a specific contagious fever of\nhogs, attended by congestion, exudation, blood extravasation, and ulceration of the membrane\nof the stomach and bowels\u2014that is, fetid diarrhoea, general heat and redness of the surface,\nand on the skin and mucous membrane spots and patches of a scarlet, purple or black colour.\nIt is fatal in from one to six days, or ends in a tedious, uncertain recovery.\nSymptoms.\nIncubation ranges from a week to a fortnight in cold weather, to three days in warm.\nIt is followed by shivering, dullness, prostration, hiding under the litter, unwillingness to rise,\nhot dry snout, sunken eyes, unsteady gait behind, impaired or lost appetite, ardent thirst,\nincreased temperature (103\u00b0 to 109J F.) and pulse, with occurrence of heat and soreness of\nthe skin. It is suffused with red patches and black spots, the former disappearing on pressure,\nthe latter not. The tongue is thickly furred ; the pulse small, weak and rapid; the breathing-\naccelerated, and a hard dry cough is frequent. Sickness and vomiting may be present. The\nanimal grunts or screams if the belly is handled; the bowels may be costive throughout, but\nmore commonly they become relaxed about the third day, and an exhausting, fetid diarrhoea\nensues. Lymph and blood may pass with the dung. Before death the patient loses control\nof the hind limbs, and is often sunk in complete stupor, with muscular trembling, jerking and\ncopious and involuntary motion of the bowels.\nFor these forms of hog cholera, I have recommended a disinfectant and medicine to a\nnumber of hog dealers, who had disease among their hogs. This disinfectant and medicine\nhave proved successful where it has been used. Any person wishing to obtain this medicine\nand disinfectant can obtain them by applying either personally or by letter.\nThe following is a summary of the number of diseased animals that I caused to be\ndestroyed, viz., fourteen horses, one mule, and one hundred and sixty-three hogs. 900 Report on Agriculture. 1893\nIn conclusion, I may be permitted to say, without seeming to be egotistical, that had I\nnot taken active and vigorous measures at the commencement of the epidemic, a much greater\ndestruction of animals would have been rendered necessary.\nI have, etc.,\nF. S. Roper,\nInspector of Animals, Contagious Diseases Act.\nINSECT PESTS.\nAphis, Green Fly or Plant Louse (Aphis Mali)\nIs reported from Okanagan Mission, Okanagan, Spallumcheen, Salmon Arm, Shuswap,\nNotch Hill, Duck's, Grand Prairie, Kamloops, Central Nicola, Southern Nicola, Ashcroft,\nSpence's Bridge, Lytton, Clinton, Dog Creek and Alkali Lake, Delta, Surrey Centre, Clayton,\nHall's Prairie, Port Kells, Langley Prairie, Aldergrove, Upper Sumas, Chilliwhack, Sumas,\nAgassiz, Dewdney, Wharnock, Maple Ridge, Coquitlam, North Arm, The Islands, Metchosin,\nEsquimalt, Victoria, Lake, North Saanich, Shawnigan, Somenos, Salt Spring Island, Gabriola\nIsland, Nanaimo, and Comox ; in short, from every part of the Province.\nWoolly Aphis (Schizoneura Lanigera)\nIs reported from Aldergrove, Chilliwhack, Maple Ridge, Salt Spring Island, and Comox.\nHop Louse,  or Aphis (Aphis, or Phorodon Hamuli),\nIs reported from Okanagan Mission, Delta, Hall's Prairie, Aldergrove, Chilliwhack,\nAgassiz, Wharnock, North Saanich, and Quamichan.\nIt will be seen by the foregoing how widespread has been and is the range of this most\nrepulsive pest.\nMr. Eustace A, Smith, Okanagan Mission, says:\u2014\"The aphis (green) in this district is\nvery prevalent, but it, however, can be destroyed by spraying with tobacco juice and soap\nsuds ; also Paris green. This latter has to be used with caution. There were lice on the\nhops, but not enough to affect the crop, which was prolific in the extreme.\"\nThe following copy of a letter from Mr. J. H. Christie, Okanagan Mission, speaks for\nitself :\u2014\n\"J. R. Anderson,\n\" Department, of Agriculture,  Victoria.\n\" Dear Silt,\u2014Let me call your attention to the enclosed specimens of. wood and last\nseason's foliage, cut from the orchards here. The present state of affairs, I can assure you,\nare serious indeed, regarding the outlook for the fruit industry in the Okanagan District, I\naddress you on the matter, simply from the fact that one or two of the owners of orchards\nmost affected are really indifferent on the subject, and do not consider it incumbent upon\nthem to rid their trees of the parasites preying upon them, and it is my opinion that some of\nthe most advanced orchards, if not carefully treated and guarded this season, will be a thing\nof the past; in fact, there are trees now standing blackened and ruined monuments of the\nowner's want of care and attention.\n. \"I hope that you will not think from this that the state of affairs is in any way overdrawn. Although it is entirely beyond my powers of description to convey to you anything\nlike a picture of some of the grand old trees, but if you can conceive anything in your mind\nlike unto a tree that had received three coats of the blackest of black paint, and you will have\nthe fact. This description I would not myself believe, but ocular demonstration cannot be\nrefuted, and Government moneys cannot be better spent than in the visit of some officer in\nconnection with your department to the district.\n\" This opinion is given from five years' fighting these insect pests in the home of horticulture\u2014California. \" Remaining, etc.,\n(Signed)        \" J.  H. Christie.\" 56 Vict. Report on Agriculture. 901\nMr. T. G. Kirkpatrick, of Ashcroft, says :\u2014The apple aphis is the only thing worth\nmentioning.    I use a strong decoction of tobacco of my own growing.\nMr. R. Shortreed, of Shortreed, says :\u2014The loss among fruit trees by the woolly aphis\nwas small, as last season was its first appearance here. The hop louse caused a great deal of\ndamage among the hop-vines last season, destroying nearly 50 per cent, of the crop.\nMr. F. B. Day, of Shortreed, says:\u2014Lice are coming on the hops. I am going to use\nwhale oil, soap, and bearberry bark.    Do you know of anything better ?\nMr. A. Salmond, of Grantham, says :\u2014The green aphis, woolly aphis and borer are the\nprincipal pests, and to these alone must be attributed the fact that there is in this section\nscarcely an apple, pear or cherry tree of bearing age that is thoroughly healthy. I find an\napplication of fish oil to the trunk in May prevents the borer, and the same in the fall\ndestroys the woolly aphis.\nMr. L. A. Agassiz, of Agassiz, says :\u2014The hop louse was bad, and I think it was\nconclusively proved that it does not breed on the plums. Rooted plants imported from\nEngland had them bad, while plants from cuttings had hardly any, and then not until late.\nThere were plum trees near the cuttings, but none near the rooted ones.\nWith reference to Mr. Agassiz's remarks, I reproduce the life history of the aphis by\nMr. Fletcher, in order that the habits of this insect may be fully understood. I can only add\nthat where there are no plum trees I imagine the aphis would not be very particular as to\nwhat particular tree she selected whereon to deposit her eggs, and she has a wide range of\nselection in British Columbia. Bearing upon the subject also are copies of my letter to Mr.\nFletcher and his reply thereto, which I append. The paragraph referred to was copied from a\npaper published in the adjoining State of Washington, which stated that multitudes of\naphides were found on the ground in the hop fields, and that harrowing was resorted to to\ndestroy them.\n\" The life history of this insect is not yet completely worked out. The usual cycle of life\nin this order is for them to pass the winter as eggs, from which viviparous females hatch in\nthe spring; these, by a process of budding and without the sexes pairing (there are no males\nat this season), give birth to fully formed young, which in a few days mature and themselves\nbear young plant lice. There are several successive broods of females, until a certain time in\nthe year (varying slightly in different species), when perfect females and also males are\nproduced. This is the only time of the year when males appear. Some species of plant lice\nmigrate at certain times of their development to some other plant than that upon which they\nhad passed the summer months. Pairing now takes place, and, as a result, eggs are laid,\nwhich remain unhatched until the following spring. This is a general statement only of the\nlife history of plant lice, to which there are exceptions, a notable one of these being the hop\naphis (Phorodon humuli), the remarkable life history of which has been so carefully worked\nout by Prof. Riley, and recorded in his report of 1888 as follows : Of this species the winter\neggs are laid by the perfect female upon plum trees in autumn ; from these hatch the next\nspring wingless females, which have been called ' stem-mothers ' ; these produce young plant\nlice by a process analagous to budding in plants, and known as parthenogenesis (from the\nGreek parthenos, a virgin, and genesis, production), which means the production of young from\nimperfect and unimpregnated females, without the intervention of a male. There are three\nbroods of these parthenogenetic females produced on various kinds of plum trees, the third\nbecoming winged. This last is known as a ' migrant,' and it instinctively flies to the hop\nplant, which has been free from attack up to this time; A number of generations of wingless\nfemales are produced upon the hop, until autumn winged females, known as the ' return\nmigrants,' again appear. These return to the plum and produce some three or more young.\nThese have no wings, but are true sexual females. Somewhat later upon the hop the true\nwinged males, the only males of the whole series, are developed. These fly to the plum, and\ntowards the end of the season may be found pairing with the wingless females, which afterwards stock the twigs with winter eggs. The above life history will show how complex and\ndifficult to understand are the habits of some of our injurious insects. The importance,\nhowever, of this knowledge cannot be over-estimated. By the treatment of plum trees near\nhop gardens with a kerosene emulsion late in the winter, or very early in the spring, one of\nthe most injurious insects which harass the English farmer can now, to a large measure, be\nkept in check.\"\u2014(J. Fletcher's Report, 1889, p. 65.) 02 Report on Agriculture. 1893\nCorrespondence referred to.\nSir,\u2014I send you a copy of this morning's Daily News in which you will find a marked\nparagraph regarding the breeding of the aphis. While I am inclined to believe that it often\nbreeds on or in the ground, I doubt the efficacy of harrowing to kill them.\nMy reason for believing that they breed in the ground is that frequently they appear on\nthe shoots of bulbs from Holland, Japan, and other places, as soon as they appear above\nground, the young hatching out as soon as there is anything to feed on. I would like to hear\nyour opinion on the subject.\n1 have, &c,\nJ. Fletcher, Entomologist, (Signed)    James It.  Anderson.\nCentral Experimental Farm, Ottawa.\nCentral Experimental Farm,\nOttawa, April 4th, 1892.\nMy Dear Sir,\u2014Many thanks for the hop aphis cutting. 1 don't think there is anything\nin it, and certainly harrowing would not have the slightest effect on it. The life history of\nthe hop aphis has been worked out carefully, and although the discovery stated to have been\nmade is possibly the case, I don't think it is likely to be so anywhere in Canada. With regard\nto the aphides which appear on Dutch bulbs, these are entirely different from those which\noccur on the hop. In fact, almost every species has its own food plant, and they are confined\nfrequently exclusively to that plant. There are hundreds of different species of very various\nhabits.\nYours truly,\n.\/  R. Anderson,  Esq., J.   FLETCHER.\nVictoria, 11. C.\nOf the habits of the Aphidse, Mr. Bethune says, p. 162, Ontario Agricultural Commission, 1881 :\u2014\n\" In the early part of the summer the aphiche may be found in great abundance, and they\ncontinue very numerons until towards the close of the season. It has been found, by close\nobservation that the females require only to be fertilized by the male once during a very large\nnumber of generations, that is to say, one impregnation by the male will last through the\ndescendants of the original female for perhaps twenty-five or fifty generations. The males,\nconsequently, are not required very frequently, and they make their appearance usually\ntowards the close of the season.    The males possess wings.\n\" The excessive fertility of this insect may be imagined when I mention that each female\nproduces about four young ones a day, and these young ones are all females, and able to\nproduce offspring in like proportion when three clays old, so that it has been calculated that,\nin twenty days, the progeny of one female, provided there were no disease or accident in the\nfamily, would amount to 2,000,000 individuals. If it were not for the various checks imposed\nupon them, in a very short space of time the whole habitable portion of the earth would be\ncovered by these insects, and man would be quite driven off. There is probably no kind of\nvegetation that is exempt from their attacks.\n\" Some few of these insects pass the winter in hiding places out of doors. The impregnated females lay eggs in the autumn that survive the winter, and these hatch out in the\nspring. It is my opinion that these eggs all then hatch females, and the series of females\ncontinues until about the close of the season, when the males make their appearance.\n\" The insect's mode of life is the same from the time it is born until it dies. It has, as a\nrule, its proboscis inserted into the plant on which it lives, pumping out its juices; in fact, it\nneeds a constant supply of food to live, and if it were detached it would die. This does not,\n\u2022however, apply to the winged specimens ; their object is to establish new colonies, and to\nperpetuate their kind.\n\" In feeding, this insect takes in such a supply of liquid that it cannot assimilate it all,\nand is consequently obliged to part with some of it. This, dropping upon the surrounding-\nleaves of the plant, is a sweet, sticky substance, called ' honey-dew,' and ants and other sweet-\nloving insects are excessively fond of it.\n\" Ants are so intelligent that they make a regular business of looking after the aphidse,\nand getting them to part with their honey-dew, just as we obtain milk from a cow. They\nmay be often seen pressing the body of the aphis at the hinder part of the abdomen, thus 56 Vict, Report on Agriculture. 903\nforcing the latter to part with little drops of honey-dew, of which they immediately make use.\nIndeed, aphidie used for this purpose have been known to be enclosed in a regular pasture,\nover which the ants kept watch to ward off intruders.\"\nIn answer to the several questions and suggestions contained in the foregoing excerpts\nfrom the reports of the different people mentioned, I would remind my readers that the aphis\nobtains its food by inserting its proboscis through the bark, and sucking out the juices of the\nplant it lives upon ; hence many poisons, such as Paris green, probably have no effect upon it.\nAny mixtures which have the effect of stopping their breathing pores will be found to be\neffectual, hence oil emulsions are used, and the following formula recommended by Prof. Riley\nis probably the best:\u2014\nKerosene (coal oil)    2 gallons..\nRain water    1       n\nSoap      1 lb.\nBoil the soap in the water till all is dissolved, then, while boiling hot, turn in the kerosene,\nand churn it constantly and forcibly with a syringe or force pump for five minutes, when it\nwill be of a smooth, creamy nature. If the emulsion be perfect, it will adhere to the surfac\nof glass without oiliness. As it cools, it thickens into a jelly-like mass. This gives the stock\nemulsion, which must be diluted with nine times its measure of warm water before using on\nvegetation. The above quantity of three gallons of emulsion will make thirty gallons of wash.\nInsects breathe through small openings along their sides. The effect of kerosene emulsion is\nto suffocate them by stopping up these breathing pores.\nMr. Fletcher, in his report, 1887, p. 28, mentions the following as the natural enemies of\nthe aphis :\u2014\n\" These plant lice are so exceedingly prolific that, were there not some natural check\nimposed upon them, they would soon overrun all vegetation. We find, however, that they\nprovide food for several kinds of predacious insects, and there is seldom a heavy visitation of\naphis without a corresponding appearance of its enemies. Some of the most useful of these\nare the following :\u2014\n\" The larvse of the syrphicke, a class of beautiful and active flies, marked with yellow and\nblack, which may be seen in summer around flowers, poised apparently motionless in mid-air\nfor a few seconds, then darting a yard or so, stopping again, and dashing off suddenly in\nanother direction. The larvse are elongated brownish maggots, with the front segments much\nsmaller than the rest, and capable of being extended some distance to the right or left. These\nlarv;e, which may generally be found crawling upon the stems of plants infested with aphides,\ndestroy enormous numbers of plant lice.\n\" Perhaps the most industrious and business-like destroyers of these ingenious insects are\nthe numerous species of the lady-bird beetles (Coccine\/lidce), also the soldier beetle (Tele-\nphoridce). Besides these beetles, there is a family (Aphidius) of small parasitic flies\nbelonging to the Braconidce, which feed entirely on the green flies. In examining a colony of\naphides, some will generally be found which are much larger, of a different colour, and with\nthe body swollen and rounded. These, after a time, fasten themselves to the leaves and die,\nand a little later the parasite, a tiny four-winged fly, emerges through a hole in the back.\"\nIn connection with the foregoing, I append the following letter from Mr. R. C. Garner,\nDewdney :\u2014\nDewdney, B. C, June 5th, 1893.\nMr. J. R. Anderson,\nVictoria, B. C.:\nDear Sir,\u2014In reply to your letter I beg to say that after the time I was talking to you\nabout the aphis and other insects we have not been able to get a sample for your examination;\nhowever will give you a description of the three insects that are on my hops during picking\ntime. The hop louse or aphis is the same as is found on plum trees. The insect that I think\nis the enemy of the aphis is a long dove-coloured insect in the shape of a lizard, with tail and\nlegs, four or six I can't say, with three on a side. I think the longest about A of an inch long.\nThen there is a small black bug with a hard shell, nearly round, can run fast, will find it in 904 Report on Agriculture. 1893\nthe hop bur, seldom on the leaves. Whether it has anything to do with the aphis I can't\nsay. The other insect, a person can see it eating the aphis with the natural eye. We will\nsend you a sample of all those bugs next harvest.\nPlease excuse me for not answering sooner, as I was trying to do something that would\nbe interesting to you.\nYours truly,\nR. C. Garner.\nRegarding the use of bearberry bark Mr. Fletcher says : \"I hardly think it would be a\nvery valuable addition to the whale oil soap, which itself is a powerful insecticide. The\nquantity of bark of this shrub which would be available in Canada, however, would entirely\npreclude its use on an extensive scale however valuable it might be.\"\nBorer.\nOnly in one instance is the \" flat-headed apple tree borer \" (Chrysobothris femorata) distinguished from the \" round-headed apple tree borer\" (Saperda Candida). Reported from\nOkanagan Mission (the flat-headed borer), Clayton, Hall's Prairie, Chilliwhack, Dewdney,\nMaple Ridge, The Islands, Victoria, Sooke, Shawnigan, Cowichan, Salt Spring Island, Gabriola\nIsland, and Comox.\nMr, E. M. Wiltshire, of Clayton, says :\u2014The borer in fruit trees appears to be an\nexceptionally bad insect when once it has got a foothold. But I believe whitewashing the\ntrees two or three times will prevent them.\nMr. G. T. Corfield, of Corfield, says:\u2014The disease upon fruit trees is the worst we\nhave to contend with, and the loss is incalculable. The diseases are numerous,, the borer\nand bark louse being the worst. A very good remedy, and which I think would save three-\nquarters of the trees that are killed, is to wash or paint the trunks of the trees from the ground\nto the forks, and a little above, from the 1st of May to end of July once a month with lye and\ncoal oil mixed with clay to thicken.\nThe flat-headed apple tree borer is described by Mr. Fletcher (Bulletin No. 11, May, 1891,\np. 20), as follows :\u2014\" During June and July very active bronze beetles about half an inch in\nlength may be found laying eggs upon the trunks and large limbs of apple, mountain ash, and\nother trees. These eggs soon hatch into curious flat-headed, or horseshoe nail, shaped grubs.\nThese after a time eat into the trunk and bore broad flat tunnels, which seriously injure the\ntree.\n\" Remedies.\u2014Undoubtedly the best remedy for this and all other borers which, as a rule,\nconfine their depredations to a certain part of a tree, is of a preventive nature, and consists of\napplying an alkaline or poisonous wash to the trees just before the time the eggs are usually\nlaid.\"\nRound-headed Apple Tree Boker (p. 25).\n(Saperda Candida.\u2014Fab.)\n\" This borer nearly always works near the tree it infests. The grub is much thicker than\nthat of the flat-headed borer, and takes three years instead of one to complete its changes.\nThe beetle is pale brown, with two white stripes down the body about three-quarters of an\ninch long.\n\"Remedies.\u2014During.the first year the grub lives just beneath the bark in the sap wood,\nhollowing out a chamber about an inch or more in diameter. The bark becomes discoloured\nin a characteristic way, which is soon recognized. It is also betrayed to the experienced eye\nby the castings which it pushes out of its burrows. By cutting through the bark the grub\ncan be destroyed. If it has penetrated into the wood it can, be killed with a piece of stout\nwire.    The best remedy is undoubtedly a regular treatment every June with deterrent washes.\"\nAkaline Washes (p. 13).\u2014\"A wash largely used in Canada is that noted by Professor\nSaunders in his ' Insects Injurious to Fruits,' and consists of soft soap reduced to the consistence of thick paint by the addition of a strong solution of washing soda in water. If\napplied during the morning of a warm day this will dry in a few hours and form a tenacious\ncoating not easily dissolved by rain. Soap suds made from whale oil soap, one pound to eight\ngallons of water, is a useful remedy for the destruction of plant lice.\" 56 Vict. Report on Agriculture. 905\nCarbolic Acid (p. 13).\u2014\"I have not found this substance so generally useful as I\nanticipated from its powerful odour. Prof. A. J. Cook, however, has experimented extensively\n\u25a0 with it, and claims that no fruit-grower or lover of shade trees can afford to be ignorant of\nthe carbolic acid emulsion. He says :\u2014' I make it just as I do the kerosene emulsion, only\nstronger, one part of carbolic acid\u2014I use the crude material\u2014to from five to seven parts of\nsoap solution (one quart soft soap, or one pound of hard soap, in two gallons of water) is of\nthe proper strength. This is the best preparation I know of to protect against the apple tree\nbark lice and apple tree borers.' It is applied to the trunks and larger limbs by means of a\nstiff brush or cloth about twenty days after the trees blossom.\"\nProper Tree Wash (From Canadian Horticulturist, December, 1891, page 869.)\u2014\nWhitewash on trees is unsightly and less effective for expelling borers than common soft soap.\nWashed with soap three or four weeks after blossoming, they will show the treatment speedily\nin greater thrift and vigour. I have often used the following, which I think even better for\ntrunks and larger branches of fruit trees than soap : Heat to the boiling point two gallons of\nwater and one gallon of soft soap. When the soap is all dissolved, add one-half gallon good\nstrong crude carbolic acid, and stir until all is thoroughly and permanently mixed. This,\napplied with cloth or brush, kills bark lice, keeps off borers, and invigorates the trees. \u2014 Col-\nman's Rural  World.\nOyster Shell Bark Louse\n(Mytilaspis Pomorum\u2014Bouche)\nIs reported from Dewdney, Sahtlam, Cowichan, Salt Spring Island, and Gabriola Island,\nunder the general name of \" bark louse.\" This pest has become common, not only in the\nplaces reporting it, but in most of the places I visited on the Islands and the Lower Mainland.\nIt is easily enough recognized by those conversant with its appearance, but easily escapes\ndetection by many, who think it is simply a roughness of the bark. I have been several\ntimes asked the reason of the miserable appearance of apple trees, which, on examination,\nproved to be infested with bark lice. For the benefit of those who have not had experience,\nI would suggest a close watch on the young bark of apple trees, which should be smooth, and\nif any roughness appears, to immediately subject it to closer investigation.\nThe Rev. C. S. Bethune, President of the Entomological Society of Ontario, in his\naddress, November, 1891 (Twenty-Second Annual Report, p. 15), says:\u2014\"The oyster shell\nbark louse has become very injurious in orchards and gardens, but few fruit-growers seem to\nrealize how much injury it occasions, because it is so inconspicuous. Scraping the bark of the\ntrunk and limbs, or scrubbing them with strong soap suds, will be found useful, but when the\ninsect covers the smaller branches and twigs, as it soon does when undisturbed, it becomes\nnecessary to resort to some other method of treatment. Syringing with a kerosene emulsion\njust before the buds burst in the spring, or late in the autumn, immediatly after the fall of\nthe leaves, will be found most effective.\"\nMr. Fletcher says :\u2014\" Some might not at first recognize as insects the little roughness\non the bark of apple trees; such, however, they are, and extremely injurious too. Their life-\nhistory is peculiar. About the 1st June minute white mite-like insects, with six legs, emerge\nfrom beneath the scales on the bark, and for two or three days run about seeking for a\nsuitable place to attach themselves. They then pierce the young bark with their beaks and\nlive on the sap of the tree They never move from that place again. The waxy scale is\ngradually secreted, and by August the insect has transformed itself into a scale covering a\ncluster of eggs. These remain unchanged through the winter, and the young do not hatch\nagain until the next June.\n\"Remedies.\u2014This insect, like many others, thrives most on unhealthy trees. When\ndetected, therefore, measures should be adopted for inducing a vigorous growth, as well as for\nthe removal of the scale insects. Spraying just before the buds open with the kerosene emulsion (as used for aphis) will destroy many of the scales, and again at the time the young lice\nare active, for at this time they are most susceptible to injury. Scrubbing the trunks and\nbranches of young trees with alkaline washes (such as are used for borers) during the winter\nor early spring, will also keep down the numbers of this pernicious insect.\"\u2014,\/. Fletcher,\nBulletin No. 11, May, 1891, page 22. 906 Report on Agriculture. 1893\nCodling Moth\n(Carpocapsa pomonella.)\nIs again reported from Cowichan by Mr. Marshall. Mr. Fletcher, in his report, 1887,\np. 24, says of this pest: \" The caterpillar is white or pinkish, about three-quarters of an inch\nlong, boring into the centres of apples and injuring them considerably. These worms spin up\nand change to chrysalises inside close cocoons in the crevices of bark, or, when barrelled with\napples, in any crack or crevice of the barrel. The moth is a beautiful little insect, easily\ndistinguished by a bronze mark towards the end of each of its upper wings. I have no\nhesitation in saying that the most economical and certain remedy is spraying the trees with\nParis green and London purple. As being of a more uniform strength, the former is\npreferred. For codling moth, plum curculio, and the young canker worm, not more than two\nor four ounces in a barrel of water (40 gallons), or, in a smaller quantity, one-eighth to one-\nfourth of an ounce in a pail of water ; to be applied as a fine spray by means of a force pump.\nThe foliage must not be drenched, but the spray should only be allowed to fall upon the leaves\nuntil it begins to drop from the leaves. All washes containing Paris green must be constantly\nstirred to keep it in suspension, or it will sink to the bottom. For the codling moth, liquid\napplication should be sprayed upon the trees as soon as all the petals have fallen from the\nflowers.\n\"With the above, as with all attacks by injurious insects, the great secret of success is\nprompt action, and when making trial of this remedy let the spraying be done at the time and\nin the manner recommended. The spring applications are of the greatest importance. Prof.\nS. A. Forbes, State Entomologist, of Illinois, who was one of the first to systematically\ninvestigate these remedies, in comparing his operations for 1885 and 1886, writes to me:\n' Our work of 1886 differed in the time and number of applications from one to three early\nin the, season. The general result was almost the same as the year before, going to show that\nthese early applications are the only ones that are effective and necessary.'\n\" Another remedy suggested is as follows :\u2014By tying about the middle of the trunk a\nbandage of old cotton cloth, or even paper, a suitable hiding-place is presented to the larvse,\nwhich at once makes use of it by entering in and going into chrysalis there. If the bandage\nis applied to a tree on which there is a good crop of fruit, and tied in the middle, I have\nfound, as a rule, that there will be as many or even more larvse above the string than below,\nshowing that a large proportion of them leave the, fruit before it drops and crawl down the\ntree. The insect remains, during the summer months, about ten or twelve days or sometimes\na fortnight in the chrysalis state, and the bandages ought to be examined once a week so as to\nmake sure that none escape. In this way a very large number of pupse may be collected, and\nthe trees preserved in a great measure from the visitation of a second brood, which otherwise\nwould be shortly hatched.\"\u2014(Report of the Ontario Agricultural Commission, 1881, p. 180.)\nPear or Cherry Slug.\n(Selandria cerasi.)\nReported from Port Hammond, Port Haney, and Wharnock. Common also in other\nparts of the Lower Country.\nMr. Hector Ferguson, of Port Haney, says :\u2014The only pests appearing with me this\nyear are on fruit. Pear trees during August and September were thickly covered with the\npear slug.\nThe following description and remedy is from the Report of the Ontario Agricultural\nCommission, 1881, p. 182 :\u2014\n\"In the evidence now under review the peartree slug is the only one mentioned as\nparticularly affecting the pear. It also visits the cherry and plum. It is described as a\ndisgusting, slimy little creature, with the anterior segments enlarged, presenting an appearance\nsomething like a tadpole, and accompanied by an unpleasant odour. It destroys the leaves of\nthe tree and thus impairs the maturing of the fruit.    Mr. Saunders says :\u2014\n\" It is the progeny of a four-winged fly, of a blackish colour, with transparent wings,\nwhich is abroad early in the summer. The insect spends the winter in the chrysalis state in\nthe ground, and the flies emerge early in the season, laying their eggs on the pear, cherry, or\nplum, which hatch out into slugs. From what I have seen of the insect, I believe it to be\ndouble-brooded, but I am not quite sure.\" 56 Vict. Report on Agriculture. 907\nAmong many remedies, he has found that the use of hellebore is the most effectual. An\nounce of hellebore in a pailful of water, applied with a syringe, will soon rid the tree of them.\nThe following remedy is from the 22nd report of the Entomological Society of Ontario\u2014\nPresident's address : \" An effective remedy has been found in the application of a weak\nmixture of Paris green and water.\"\nCaterpillars.\n(Clisiocampa Americana\u2014Harris.     C. (Usstria\u2014lLuhev.)\nReported in most cases simply as caterpillars, and in a few cases as tent caterpillars,\nare reported from Salmon Arm, Lillooet, Upper Sumas, Chilliwhack, Agassiz, Mission, Maple\nRidge, Sumas, North Arm, The Islands, Victoria, and Sooke.\nThey were not numerous on the Islands, but quite so on some parts of the Lower Mainland.\nAn effectual way of getting rid of them is to burn them when they are feeding, with a torch\nmade of rags wired to the end of a long stick and saturated with coal oil. The stick should\nbe long enough to reach the highest branches. The eggs are deposited under the branches of\ntrees in winter in large groups, sometimes an inch in length, containing hundreds of eggs.\nSome of the bark washes recommended would no doubt be effectual in destroying them.\nGrasshoppers\n(Melanoplus femur ritbrum)\nAre reported from Salmon Arm, Grand Prairie, Kamloops, Upper, Central and Lower\nNicola, Ashcroft, Venables Valley, Dog Creek and Alkali Lake, Chilcotin, Williams Lake,\nand Hornby Island.\nThis species is often mistaken for the Rocky Mountain or hateful locust (M. Spretits).\nThe most apparent difference is that M. Spretus hits much longer wings, and by this means it\nis able to fly long distances, while the common red-legged locust is usually confined to the\nlocality where it is born. For this latter species, large broods of poultry are particularly\nuseful in keeping down the numbers, and should form part of the equipment of every prairie\nfarm. In addition to these assistants, all insectivorous birds, such as blackbirds, meadow\nlarks, and particularly the different species of grouse, should be jealously protected by the\nfarmer. I have dissected prairie hens, the crops of which were almost filled with the remains\nof locusts.\nMr. Thos. Bulman, Stump Lake, says:\u2014The grasshopper, a. local kind, is the worst\npest we have had. I do not think it is of any use fighting them when they come in vast\nnumbers.\nWire-worms\n(Melanotus communis and Agriotes mancus, for it appears by Bulletin No. 4 of the Experiment\nStation of Washington that there are both species in that country, and therefore\npresumably in this)\nAre reported from Spalluiucheen, Notch Hill, Surrey Centre, Maple Ridge, Howe Sound,\nVictoria, South Saanich, Shawnigan, Comiaken, Somenos, and Salt Spring Island.\nThis pest has occasioned severe losses, especially in potatoes. The best remedy seems to\nbe well cultivated land, as it thrives best in sods when not disturbed. The following is from\nReport of Ontario Agricultural Commission, p. 164 :\u2014\n\" The wire-worm (Agriotes mancus),\" says Mr. Bethune, \" is sometimes troublesome to\nwheat. This insect lives altogether out of sight, underground, and hence it is not much\nobserved by the farmers. It is a long, slender grub, with six legs under the anterior portion\nof the body, usually of an orange yellow or tawny colour, and is very hard, unlike our caterpillars, which are soft to the touch, consequently receiving its name, the 'wire-worm.' It feeds\nunderground upon the roots of vegetation, and is looked upon in England as one of the very\nworst foes of wheat. In Ontario we have not been able to estimate its ravages as resulting\nin any great loss, though this may be because they are carried on out of sight. It is frequently\nobserved in ploughing.\n\" The wire-worm, however, does not cease to be troublesome when it quits its larval state,\nand appears in the shape of the spring-back beetle, 908\nReport on Agriculture.\n1893\n\" The perfect creature,\" says Mr. Bethune, \" is very familiar ; it flies into the house at\nnight, attracted by the light, and may be found creeping about sap exuding from trees, ripe\nfruit, or anything sweet.\"\nHe recommends employing children to follow the plough and pick up the wire-worm, or\nto turn turkeys and ducks into the ploughed fields, as remedies for the too great numbers of\nthis creature.\nMr. Fletcher says (Report 1885, page 17):\u2014\"Most of my correspondents agree that\nthe attacks from wire-worms (sometimes called yellow-worms) are much less severe upon well\nmanured, highly cultivated, and well cleaned ground. Mr. William Miller, of Bridgetown,\nN.S., a gentleman of large experience and a successful farmer, tells me he can clear any ground\nfrom wire-worms by high culture and careful cleaning by the third crop. Where potatoes are\ngrown he says they should be picked up immediately they are dug, and most of the wire-worms\nwill be taken out with them and can be destroyed. He mentioned an instance of a piece of\nland he had just cleared which, when he took it, was so full of wire-worms that he had been\nable to gather them up by the handful from the bottom of the cart in which the potatoes\nwere drawn from the field. In confirmation of this I give the following quotation from the\nreport which has just been issued by Mr. C. Whitehead for the Agricultural Department of\nthe Imperial Privy Council Office in England : ' First and foremost among means of prevention (of wire-worms attacks on crops) is the abolition of weeds from the land and from the\noutsides of fields. This has been recognized and adopted long ago by some agriculturalists,\nfor we find the following passage in Vol. XV. of the Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society\nof England, in an essay upon the farming of light land, which is always more liable to attacks\nof wire-worms. 'There is a farm in the neighbourhood of Guildford which presents an instance\nof a perfectly clean farm, and kept so by deep ploughing and unsparing use of horse and hand\nhoes. It has often been remarked that root crops and corn are unmolested by wire-worms\nupon this farm. The owner asserts that he starved them long ago by growing no weeds to\nsustain them in the absence of a crop.'\"\nThe following is taken from the \"American Garden,\" December, 1891, page 776, and will\ndo for horticulturists :\u2014\n\"Remedy for Wire-worms:\u2014Add three or four pounds of unslacked lime to every\nbushel of soil. This will make the wire-worms so sick that they will give the seedling carnations a wide berth in the future; besides, the health and colour of the plants will be so much\nimproved that we will think that they belong to a new race of pinks. The best way to use\nlime is to spread the soil in a flat heap ten or twelve inches thick, then place the desired\namount of lime in lumps on the top. When the latter has become slacked and pulverised the\nsoil should be turned over two or three times and thoroughly mixed. It is then ready for\nuse.\"\u2014American Florist.\nIt is but fair to add that after three years experiment at the Cornell University by Prof.\nComstock, no really effective way of getting rid of wire-worms has been discovered. The\nfollowing is a description of the methods recommended by Prof. Comstock, taken from Bulletin\nNo. 4, Washington Experiment Station :\u2014\n\" Wire-worms.    (Melanotus communis and agriotes mancus).\n\" Destruction of the larvse and the beetle. For much of the information now possessed\nconcerning the life and habits of this pest, the agriculturists of this country are indebted to\nthe careful researches and valuable experiments conducted by Prof. J. H. Comstock, the\nentomologist of Cornell University, New York.\n\" Professor Comstock has conducted some specially interesting experiments with reference\nto the destruction of the larvse, the pupa?, and the mature beetles, and has arrived at conclusions that are noteworthy, as being of essential value to the farmers wherever the wire-\nworm has taken up its habitation. His experimentation extended over a period of about\nthree years, employing three methods of action : First, protection of the seed ; second, destruction of the larvse; and third, the destruction of the pupa; and matured beetles.\n\" Under the first head, the protection of the seed, experimentation was made by coating\nthe seed with Paris green and flour, and by a coating of tar ; also by soaking the seed in\nsolutions of salt, copperas, chloride of lime and copperas, kerosene oil, turpentine and strychnine. Without going into the specific results of these experiments which, while interesting,\nwould extend this bulletin unnecessarily, we will say that none of the processes employed were,\nsuccessful in preventing the worms from attacking the seed, 56 Vict. Report on Agriculture. 909\n\" Under the second head, the destruction of larvse, or worms, experimentation was made\nby the process of starvation, but it was found that the worms would remain healthy and active\nfor eighteen months (and how much longer it is not known, as the experiment was not continued beyond that period) in soil where there was no growing vegetation. Destruction was\nalso attempted by the use of insecticides, both by substances that act merely as insecticides\nand substances that act as fertilizers and incidently as insecticides, but both were without\navail.\n\" Then the destruction of the pupse and the, mature beetles was attempted, first by fall\nploughing the ground, and second by trapping. The former method was intended especially\nfor the pupse, and the latter for the click-beetles. The experiment of ridding the fields of the\npupal and the beetles by these methods has proved in a large degree successful.\n\" It has been ascertained that after the worm commences the process of pupation he loses\nhis power of action as a worm, and the slightest disturbance or interference will operate to\ndestroy him. This is likewise true of the pupa and of the young beetle. Assuming that the\nworm commences to pupate on July 1st, it is reasonably sure that any reasonable disturbance\nof the earth in which the cell is located up to perhaps the 1st of October will destroy a large\nproportion of pupse and young beetles. It is recommended that the ground be not only\nploughed, but that it be frequently stirred, and also rolled, as the worms do not thrive so well\nin soil that is compact.\n\" The process of trapping the mature beetles has also proven very successful, the best baits\nused being wads of green clover and pieces of cornmeal dough sweetened with sugar. It was\nafterwards ascertained that by clipping these baits into Paris green water and placing them\nunder boards in various parts of the field, that the beetles were readily poisoned, thus saying\nthe labour of collecting them from the traps.\n\" It is therefore suggested that these methods of prevention and destruction so carefully\nworked out by Prof. Comstock be employed by the, farmers in Washington, as they will\nundoubtedly prove the most effectual treatment that can be used, unless it be found that the\nhabits and operations of this pest are much different here than in other parts of the country.\nThe latter is hardly possible.\"\nCut-Worm\n(Agrotis Messoreia)\nIs reported from Spallumcheen, Williams Lake, Quesnelle, Victoria, Somenos, Nanoose,\nand Alberni. I give below a description of and remedies for this pest, taken from Mr.\nFletcher's Bulletin No. 11, May, 1891, p. 27 :\u2014\n\" These troublesome pests, which are doubtless the cause of more loss to farmers in the\nspring months than any other insects, are the caterpillars of a number of different dull-\ncoloured moths which fly at night. The worms, one kind, are smooth, greasy-looking, dark\ncaterpillars, ranging from about half an inch to two inches in length at the time they injure\ncrops. They feed at night and hide in the daytime. The eggs of most species are laid in\nautumn, and the young caterpillars make about a quarter of their growth before winter sets\nin. They pass the winter in a torpid condition, and are ready in spring to attack the young\ncrops as soon as they come up. The full growth of most species is completed by the first\nweek in July, when the caterpillar forms a cell in the earth and changes to a chrysalis, from\nwhich the moth appears about a month later on.\n\" Remedies.\u2014(1.) Clean Culture.\u2014As the young caterpillars of many species hatch in\nautumn, the removal of all vegetation from the ground as soon as possible in autumn deprives\nthem of their food supply, and also prevents the late flying moths from laying their eggs in\nthat locality. Fields or gardens which are allowed to become overgrown with weeds or other\nvegetation late in the autumn are almost sure to be troubled with cut-worms the next spring.\n\" (2.) Traps.\u2014Large numbers may be destroyed by placing between the rows of an\ninfected crop, or at short distances apart on infected land, bundles of any succulent weed or\nother vegetation which has been previously poisoned by dipping it, after tying in bundles, into\na strong mixture of Paris green. The cut-worms eat the poisoned plants and bury themselves\nand die. In hot and dry weather these bundles should be placed out after sundown, and a\nshingle may be placed on each to keep it from fading.\n\"(3.) Banding and Wrapping.\u2014(a.) It will be found to well repay the trouble and\nexpense to place a, band of tin around each cabbage or other plant at the time of setting out. 910      \u25a0 Report on Agriculture. 1893\nThese may very easily be made by taking pieces of tin six inches long and two and a half wide\nand bending them around a broom-handle; the two ends can be sprung apart to admit the\nplant, and then the tube should be pressed about half an inch into the ground. I have found\nthis a useful means of disposing of empty tomato and other cans. To prepare these easily,\nthey need only be thrown into a bonfire, when the tops and bottoms fall out and the sides\nbecome unsoldered. The central piece of tin can then be cut down the centre with a pair of\nshears, and forms two tubes.\n\" (b.) Wrapping a piece of paper round the stems of plants when setting out will also\nsave a great many.\n\"(c.) Hand-picking or digging out the cut-worms whenever a plant is seen to be cut off\nshould, of course, always be practised.\n\" Natural Enemies \u2014There are two enemies which deserve special notice, and from the\ngood service they do should be known by sight to every cultivator. They are the fiery ground\nbeetle or cut-worm lion (calosoma calidum\u2014Fab.) and the black ground wasp (ammophila.\nluctuosa). Both of these are desperate enemies of cut-worms, the former feeding on them in\nall of its stages; the latter digging them out and storing its nest with them as food for its\nyoung grubs.\"\nOnion Maggot\n(Phorbia ceparum\u2014Meigen.J\nIs reported from Salmon Arm and Comox. This pest, which has not previously been\nreported in the Province, I take to be that above mentioned, and regarding which I take the\nfollowing from Mr. Fletcher's report, 1885, p. 35 :\u2014\n\" This maggot is the larval stage of a small fly belonging to the Authomyiidte, to which\norder also belong the injurious flies that produce the maggots which commit such havoc\namongst both radishes and turnips, and cabbages when first transplanted. * * * For\nan intelligent application of remedies, it is necessary to know something of the life history of\nthe insect we wish to subdue, and it not infrequently happens that it would be a great\nadvantage to know exactly to what species of any genus the marauder might belong. There\nare, I believe, two or three of the Anthomyian flies almost identical in size and appearance,\nthe grubs of which destroy onions in all their varieties, and at all stages of growth, from the\nseedling to the mature bulb. But, although the perfect insects are so similar, the habits of\nthe grubs are different; the eggs of one species are laid at the base of the leaves, and those of\nanother on the bulb itself, the grubs attacking it from beneath. It is impossible to say for\ncertain, after the attack has progressed so far, to which species the insects under consideration\nbelong, but they will most probably prove to be the true onion fly (Phorbia ceparum). There\nare several broods during the season, so that constant vigilance is necessary. The parent fly,\nwhich lays the eggs of the first brood, passes the winter in the earth as a pupa, or chrysalis,\nand emerges as a perfect fly just about the time that the young onions are coming up ; the\neggs, five or six in number, are then laid at the bases of the lowest leaves, and about a week\nlater hatch out as white grubs, which eat their way down to the bulb between the stem and\nthe sheaf of the leaf ; they soon destroy the young bulb entirely, which, of course, is very\nsmall at this time, and then pass on from one root to another, their presence being made\nmanifest by the leaves turning yellow and fading. As soon as this is noticed every affected\nonion should be removed by means of a broad-bladed knife and burnt, so as to destroy the\ngrub inside it. The importance of raising the whole grub and a portion of. the ground round\nit, by means of some broad instrument, is very great, because if the plants are simply pulled\nup it is most likely the grubs will be left in the ground, for they are not always inside the\nbulb, but lie just outside in the earth. It is also most necessary to destroy the injured onions,\nas the following will clearly show : Miss Omerod, the entomologist to the Royal Agricultural\nSociety of England, cites an instance of one of her correspondents who noticed that some of\nhis onions showed signs of flagging, while still only about the diameter of a knitting needle.\nEvery onion so affected was carefully taken up and burnt. The beds were treated this way\nevery two or three days for three weeks, and the result was there was no further damage\nduring the summer, and the crop of onions was the only good one in the neighbourhood. One\nof the gardeners employed on this work had an onion bed in his own garden, and followed the\nplan so far as to pull up all the faulty onions, but threw them down a short distance from the\nbed, and the consequence was he lost his entire crop.      *     *      *      After many experiments 56 VicT. Report on Agriculture. 911\nwith these insects I have come to the conclusion that the best remedy is hot water. This can\nbe easily applied by means of an ordinary pot with a spout, and should be heated almost to\nthe boiling point and poured along the rows with the nozzle close to the roots, so that the hot\nwater may go directly on the bulbs but not on the leaves. It has baen found that this does\nnot injure the onions, but kills the grubs, and does not require any large expenditure of\nlabour or time. After this treatment the onions should be hoed, and the earth well drawn up\nover the bulbs so as to prevent further attacks. With reference to the earthing up of onions,\nmost satisfactory results have followed in England, where Miss Omerod has advised for some\nyears that the onion bulb should be covered up with earth up to the neck, or even higher, so\nthat the fly could not get at the bulb to lay its eggs upon it, When mature, the eggs must be\nlaid, and if the bulbs are well covered up they are laid too high on the foliage to do any injury,\nor are dropped on the earth and perish. This plan has actually been carried so far as to grow\nonions in a trench, and as the bulbs grew the earth was worked down upon them so as to keep\nthem buried throughout the season. The crop was found to be very fine, the onions large and\nsound, with scarcely any attack of the fly.\n\" When there has been a severe attack of'any insect which passes the winter in the ground,\na useful remedy is gas-lime. This is a waste product from gas-works, and should be easily\nobtained. It is of a most poisonous nature when fresh, both to plants and insects, but\nbecomes after some months' exposure, to the air a valuable fertilizer, and is harmless to\nvegetation. A dressing of this substance after the crop of the year has been removed would\nundoubtedly be of great service in killing all the pupa3 or hibernating larvte, and at the same\ntime enrich the soil.\n\" I may, in conclusion, mention that good results have been obtained this season in\nSfcewarton, near Ottawa, by sowing along the rows in onion beds sand saturated with coal oil\nevery two or three weeks, whilst the onions were small and until they were hoed up, the\nodour of the mineral oil evidently keeping off the flies when they came to deposit their eggs.\nGas-lime sown in between the rows would also answer the same purpose. This preventive\nremedy is, of course, the best means of securing a crop, and care should be taken at the time\nthe rows are thinned out to draw the soil well over the plants to prevent the deposit of eggs\non the bulbs. Any plant with a strong odour, as an onion, is doubtless more susceptible of an\nattack when being hoed or thinned out, for two reasons\u2014not only does the odour of the\nbroken plants attract insect enemies, but the vigour of the plant being- temporarily impaired\nby the root fibres being disturbed and broken, it is less able to withstand such injury.\"\nCurrant Worms,\nReported from Hornby Island. I cannot find an accurate description of this in any of\nthe Entomological Reports before me. That reported I believe to be a white worm which\nprincipally infests the black currant and is found inside of the berry. I know of no remedy ;\nbut probably hellebore used before the fruit has set would be found effective.\nInsect in Frothy Matter,\nAn insect hatched in a sort of frothy matter, which Mr. McLay reports from Gabriola\nIsland, and describes it as an abomination. This is a common pest on strawberries and\nspeedily kills the plant; it keeps near the base of the stalks and surrounds itself in a white\nfrothy substance. On referring to Mr. Fletcher, I got the following reply :\u2014\"Your letter\nenclosing figure of the insect you describe is to hand. These are the larvae of some kind of\nhomopterous insect, probably an Aphrophora. I think syringing with kerosene emulsion or\nstrong soap suds would probably be the best remedy.    They are seldom troublesome here.\"\nPotato Bug,\n(Probably Epicauta metadata,)\nReported from Keremeos, Penticton, Spallumcheen, Kamloops, Ashcroft, and Big Bar.\nI take it that all those reported are of the above named ; but as the descriptions in some\ninstances are somewhat vague, I may be wrong. It is not found to the westward of the Coast\nRange, but is confined to the dry belt of the, interior. Although designated as \"Potato Bug,\"\nit by no means confines itself to potatoes, but eats anything green in a garden. Mr. Fletcher\ndescribes it as a long, slender, gray beetle, with tiny black spots all over it, and he recommends\nas a remedy 1 lb. of Paris green to 100 gallons of water, or 1 11). to 50 11)8. of ashes or other\nfine powder, sprinkled over the foliage. 912\nReport on Agriculture.\n1893\nTurnip Fly, or Flea,\n('Phyllotreta vittata. \u2014Fab.y\nReported from Victoria and Salt Spring Island. Mr. Fletcher says of this, in his Report,\n1885, p. 10:\u2014\n\"There appear to be two or three species of Haltica which attack the turnip on Vancouver\nIsland. A black one (much like H Pubescens), which is troublesome in this part of Canada,\noccurs in large numbers and is very destructive in some localities. There is also a striped flea\nbeetle much resembling if not identical with Phyllotreta striolata.\n\" The treatment most successful in England with these insects appears to be to manure\nand plough the land in autumn, leaving the frosts of winter to reduce the surface to a fine\ntilth, which forms a suitable seed-bed. The surface, of course, needs cultivation in the spring,\nto destroy the weeds ; but ploughing should not be done at this time for turnips, as it only\nopens up the soil, allowing the necessary moisture to evaporate and leaving harbours for the\ninsects. The farmers who have been most successful say, ' manure well, disturb the surface\nas little as possible in spring,  and put in plenty of seed.\n\" Changing the time of sowing from that usually practised is said to be successful in some\nlocalities ; but evidence is rather contradictory on this point, as the following extracts will\nshow, and seem to indicate that each one must be guided by experience according to the\nconditions which hold good in his own district.\n\" When turnips are badly attacked by the flea, I have in one or two extreme cases advised\nthe sprinkling of a weak Paris green wash over them, so as to keep the beetles in check while\nthe rough leaves were forming. This has been effective in garden cultivation of early turnips.\nA useful dry application may be made by mixing one part Paris green with forty of common\nflour or plaster of paris. Dusting with lime and ashes in the early morning while the dew\nwas on the leaves is reported from different quarters as having been successful.\"\nJune Bug\n(Lachnosterna fusca\u2014FrShlj.\nReported from Upper Nicola. Mr. Fletcher, in his Report, 1885, p. 49, says of this\ninsect:\u2014The June bug, sometimes called the May bug, which is the perfect condition of the\nwhite grub, is so plentiful sometimes as to be a great nuisance, from so many flying into houses\nat night. Vast numbers of these may be destroyed by suspending a light over an open pan,\nhalf filled with water, upon the top of which has been placed some petroleum,\nflying against the lantern, fall into the pan beneath.\nMr. Thos. Bulman, Stump Lake, says:\u2014The June\nfeeding mostly on wild bean and peavine or wild vetches,\nleaves about the latter end of August.\nThe beetles,\nbug  is  a  very destructive  insect,\nIt comes early in the summer, and\nVarious Insect Pests.\nThe following are also reported, in some cases so indefinitely that it is impossible to\nidentify the pests :\u2014Insects on black-currant bushes\u2014Clinton. Something stinging gooseberries, making a hole in them and causing them to drop off- -J. Maynard, Chilliwhack.\nInsect injurious to turnips, destroying the leaves ; not the black fly, but more like lice; worst\non dry ground\u2014G. A. Bothwell, Clayton. A small, dusky, brown beetle appears in large\nnumbers upon the willow leaves, which it eats ; it has not attacked any other vegetation yet\n\u2014C. J. Sim, Riverside. Young orchards suffer very much from a small green bug, which gets\non the new wood of the trees and eats all the leaves of the tree, sometimes killing the tree\u2014\nW. F. Bouvette, Okanagan Mission Something destroyed my onions, turnips, and other root\ncrops just as they were appearing above ground; supposed to be very minute grasshoppers\nand also a worm or grub\u2014H. C. Fraser, Salmon Arm. Some of my neighbours complain of\nhaving their plums stung by some insect, causing the gum to ooze out of the fruit, spoiling it\n\u2014Wm. T. Collinson, Mayne Island Plums exuded a resinous substance\u2014Wm. E. Scott,\nVesuvius Bay, Salt Spring Island.\nWasps\nAre reported from Keremeos, Lillooet, Clinton, The Islands, Somenos, and Salt Spring-\nIsland, doing great damage to fruit. I saw numbers of apples in Mr. Trage's orchard on Salt\nSpring Island completely destroyed by these pests. 56 Vict. Report on Agriculture. 913\nHorse Fly or Bulldog,\nReported from Kettle River, Spallumcheen, Kamloops, Venables Valley, Dog Creek and\nAlkali Lake, Williams Lake, Quesnelle, Mud Bay, Sumas, Wharnock, The Islands, and\nShawnigan.\nMosquitoes,\nReported from Spallumcheen, Central Nicola, Clinton, Dog Creek and Alkali Lake,\nQuesnelle, Surrey Centre, Port Kells, Upper Sumas, Chilliwhack, Sumas, Dewdney, Mission,\nWharnock, Maple Ridge, Coquitlam, St. Elmo, North Arm, and Nicomin,\nMr. L. O. Howard read a paper at the fourth annual meeting of the Association of\nEconomic Entomologists at Rochester, N. Y., 15th August, 1892, in which he recommended\nthe use of coal oil sprinkled on the surface of stagnant or small pools of water (or, as he puts\nit, \"restricted and Ashless breeding ponds\"), where the mosquito breeds, and which he says he\nhas found effective in destroying large numbers.\nInsects on Black Currants.\nAn unsigned report from Clinton :\u2014Among the insect pests are insects on black currant\nbushes and apple trees. At first sight they are a whitish green, and then turn black. I\napplied with a brush a mixture of 1 quart water, 1 quart milk, and 1 pint coal oil, which\nalmost entirely rid the trees of the pests.\nGreen Worms.\nMr. Hector Ferguson, Port Haney, reports a considerable number of green worms on\nthe leaves of cherries, which began at the points of the branches, eating the leaves, leaving\nnothing but the fibres.\nBlack Flies.\nReported from Kettle River, Spallumcheen, Lillooet, and Surrey Centre.\nBuffalo Gnats.\nReported from Clinton, Williams Lake, and Quesnelle.\nSand Flies.\nReported from Dog Creek and Alkali Lake.\nGad Flies.\nReported from North Arm.\nBot Flies.\nReported from Spallumcheen, North Arm, and Somenos.\nMr. Fletcher, Dominion Entomologist, in an address before the Dairymen and Creameries\nAssociation of Ontario, Sixteenth Annual Convention, said regarding bots :\u2014\n\" The kerosene emulsion will effect a cure. The simplest way is to begin wherever you\nsee them and squeeze them out one by one. In England cattle seem to suffer more than they\ndo here. When they attain a certain size you can squeeze them out, but if you take the kerosene emulsion that would be better now at this time of year, because they are not large\nenough to be squeezed out. If you use the emulsion it will kill them, and then they will\nsuppurate out and the wound will heal.\"\nSheep Ticks.\nReported from Spallumcheen and Maple Ridge. Mr. Fletcher, during the address mentioned above, also said :\u2014\n* * * \"I might mention, too, that kerosene emulsion is a good sheep-dip. Most\nfarmers use a large quantity of sheep dip at $2 a gallon, and this quantity will make you fifty\ngallons of wash. Now this receipt that I have given you will do the work just as well and\nmuch cheaper.\" * * * \" I mentioned that it had been successfully used for that purpose\n(ticks). It can be used advantageously against every insect. There is one important thing\nto remember, and that is : no insect, however small, ever came by chance. It came from a\nmale and female before it, just like every other animal and plant.    The greatest man and  the 914\nReport on Agriculture.\n1893\nmost learned man cannot produce life ; he cannot make something from nothing. A learned\nman named Bastien has given his whole life trying to prove that he could produce something\nfrom nothing, and he has failed. These insects do not come by chance, and if a man clears\nhis stock of them thoroughly he will bo rid of their injuries. The best way is to be constantly\non the watch and ready to apply the remedy its soon as the insects appear. These insects\nmultiply very rapidly, and, as soon as they appear, their increase must be checked. The work\nmust be clone thoroughly, and it must be kept up until a cure is affected.\"\nHow to make and use the Emulsion.\u2014At page 903, under \"Aphis,\" will be found the\nformula for making kerosene emulsion. Regarding the use of it, Mr. Fletcher says in the\nsame address as that last mentioned :\u2014\n* * * \" When you want to use it, take as much of the emulsion as you desire and\nadd to it first of all three times the quantity of hot water, and it will dissolve ; then add\ntwice as much more water\u2014that is, in all, nine parts of water to one of emulsion. Three\nquarts is enough to treat a single animal. Using it in the way I have told you, it will cost\nyou one cent and one of the fractions you talk about for each animal. Call it even two cents.\nBy using it you can destroy every fly or parasite on that animal and save money. If you are\nusing it in the winter, or at any time, the best way to apply this emulsion to cattle is to use a\nspray pump.\"\nPLANT   DISEASES.\nPotato Blight and Rot,\nReported from Delta, Clayton, Upper Sumas, Mud Bay, Chilliwhack, Sumas, Mission,\nWharnock, Maple Ridge, Coquitlam, St. Elmo, Lulu Island, Hornby Island, and Comox, in\nsome instances as affecting only the tops, but stopping the growth, and in others as affecting\nthe tubers also. It will be observed that it is not reported from any point to the eastward of\nthe Coast. Range, showing pretty conclusively that the humidity of the lower country is very\nfavourable to the development of the disease.\nMr. George Proud, of Mission City, says :\u2014\"A blight of some kind is coming over my\npotatoes. At first I thought they were just ripening, but the last few days the tops have\nbeen dying, too rapidly, I think, for that. I have found none of the potatoes diseased yet.\nMany of the tops take on black spots before dying down ; I enclose a few leaves herein.\nPotatoes are early Rose and White Elephants. Will you please say whether you can form\nan opinion as to whether it is the common potato disease, and I shall feel greatly obliged.\"\nAnd in answer to a letter enquiring how the potatoes turned out the following answer was\nreceived:\u2014\"The foliage I sent cannot be of much service now, but at the time I sent it I\nthought that with the aid of a microscope, and in more scientific hands, it might be. I should\nnot have made the enquiry but for the fact that I had seen little of potato disease in this\ncountry, and the blight came on so early in the season and spread so rapidly. From what I\nhad seen in the Old Country, I expected my potatoes to go bad in the fall and winter, if it\nwas the ordinary potato disease. The tubers seemed to cease growing after the blight, but\nhave kept well. They were pitted in the ground, a light covering of ferns, a foot of soil, and\na few loose boards to shoot off the rain. Since writing to you I have seen some statements in\na lecture from a Professor of Agriculture in the States. He says there are two diseases which\nattack the potato; one early, which takes the top only, and a later, which causes the tubers\nto rot. I suppose he is right, and that it was the early disease which affected my potatoes,\nand, I think, a good many in this neighbourhood, last year.\" 56 Vict. Report on Agriculture. 915\nMr. A. G. Selby-Hele, Wharnock, says :\u2014One potato disease has become quite prevalent around here the last year or two. Black spots come on the leaves, and after that the\nplant soon fails, and the tubers do not grow any more, but do not seem to rot, probably\nbecause of our high, dry soil.\nMr. C. F. Pound, St. Elmo, says:\u2014Potatoes, about the 1st August, began to wilt, and\nthe stalk died in about two weeks, as if killed by frost. Some potatoes are rotting in the\nground.    There will not be a goocl crop.\nMr. Thomas Kidd, Lulu Island, says :\u2014The blight came on rather early, and checked'\nthe growth of late potatoes, reducing the yield by fully one-third, and injuring the quality. I\nthink the Bordeaux mixture mentioned in your report will be used next year in this locality.\nMr. Daniel Johnson, Mud Bay, says :\u2014My potatoes, raised in the flats, have black,\nlumps in them, and the longer I keep them the worse they get.\nPotato.\nThe blight of the tops and the dry rot of the tubers are simply different manifestations of\none and the same disease. This disease is caused by a parasitic plant or fungus, of which the\nbotanical name is Phytophthora infestans ( Peronospora infestans). We may trace the life\nhistory of the fungus briefly as follows :\u2014\n\" Examine a tuber affected with dry rot carefully under the microscope, and the mycelium\nof the fungus may be found running through it. The dry rot is simply death of the tissues of\nthe tuber from exhaustion, as a result of this mycelium feeding upon them. As soon as the\ntuber dies the mycelium of the fungus dies ; but until the tuber is killed the fungus lives and\nspreads through it. If the tuber is stored in a cool cellar the fungus may not grow fast enough\nto kill the tissues of the tuber; hence, although the mycelium of the fnngus is within the\ntuber, there may be no indications of its presence. Let the tuber affected with dry rot be\nplanted, or even such a tuber as just described, which contains the fungus but does not show\nany signs of its presence. Very many such are planted every year. As the potato sprout\ngrows the mycelium of the fungus grows and penetrates stem, branches and leaves of the\npotato plant. When the conditions of the weather are favourably warm and moist, the\nmycelium sends fruiting branches out through the breathing pores (stomata) on the underside\nof the potato leaves, and upon these branches, spores are produced in countless profusion.\nThese spore-bearing branches and spores form the whitish patches which look like frost on the\nunderside of the blighting leaves. The mycelium of the fungus makes an especial drain on\nthe tissues of the plant for food at the time of ripening its spores, and soon kills the leaf at\nthe spot where the spores are produced.\n\" These black spots on the loaves in July and August are a familiar sight to every potato\ngrower in the State. They are an indication that blight is present and ready to spread\nrapidly if the weather favours the rapid production and germination of the spores. The spores\nfrom a single affected plant are enough to carry the blight to a whole potato field in a short\ntime. Striking proof that blight does spread in this way from a single plant, or a few plants,\nis often seen in the Experiment Station potato field. In 1889 the blight broke out first in\none corner and spread diagonally across the field, following the direction of the wind. It is\nplain now that if any mixture is sprayed upon the potato leaves which will kill the spores, the\nspread of blight will be checked. It has been demonstrated by repeated trials during the last\nfew years that the mixture of copper sulphate (blue vitriol or blue-stone) and lime, known as\nthe Bordeaux mixture, is a very effective remedy when used in this way. The Bordeaux\nmixture consists of four pounds of copper sulphate (blue vitriol), six pounds of freshly slacked\nlime, and twenty-two gallons of water. Full directions for making and applying this mixture\nhave been published in Bulletin No. 24. (Fourth Annual Report of the Vermont State Agricultural Experimental Station, 1890, p. 181.)\nMr. Fletcher, in his examination before the Select Standing Committee of the House of\nCommons, 4th July, 1891, says :\u2014\n\"A serious plant disease, that has now been brought within control through the studies\nof scientific men, is the potato rot. The experiments in connection with this murrain, which\nhas caused more than one famine in Ireland, have been most satisfactory,  and consist of 916\nReport on Agriculture.\n1893\ntreating the plant with copper mixture. What is known as the Bordeaux mixture has been\nused extensively in France, and this year I read that the English Government is trying it\nboth at home and in Ireland. In the United States it has also been used successfully at some\nof the Experimental Stations. I have arranged a series of experiments at the farm, for\ntreating both the scab and rot of the potato. The Bordeaux mixture consists of 6 lbs. of\ncopper sulphate dissolved in 16 gallons of water, and 4 lbs. of fresh lime dissolved in 6 gallons\nof water, dissolved separately, but afterwards strained and mixed, and then sprayed over the\nfoliage. For the treatment of the potato beetle and potato rot at the same time, the article\nknown as \" London Purple,\" is to be used for mixing with the Bordeaux mixture, in preference\nto Paris green, on account of its chemical nature.\"\nThe following tire excerpts from \" Diseases of Field and Garden Crops,\" by Worthington\nG. Smith, p. 15 : \u2014\n\" (Peziza postuma, Berk, and Wils.). In the beginning of the month of August, 1880,\nMr. Ambrose Balfe, Secretary to the Royal Horticultural Society of Ireland, reported to us a\ndisease then invading certain crops of potatoes in the West of Ireland in a manner hitherto\nunknown to him. The potatoes had been bought as \" Champions,\" and planted in land which\nhad been reclaimed from bog eight years previous to the outbreak of the disease. When the\nground was reclaimed a coat of clay was spread over and incorporated with the soil. For the\nfirst three years potatoes were grown, followed by a year of oats ; next the ground was sown\nwith grass and meadowed ; and lastly \" Champion \" potatoes were planted. In preparing the\nground for the potatoes seaweed was first spread over the grass, and ten days afterwards it\nwas covered with farm-yard manure. The potato sets were laid on the manure and then\ncovered. Ridge planting was adopted. No doubt the mode of culture was defective, as it is\nbad in practice to place potato sets in immediate contact with decaying vegetable matter and\nfarm-yard manure ; such materials always contain an immense number of disease germs, both\nof animal and vegetable origin. The manure used for potatoes should always be old and\nthoroughly decayed, and it is perhaps best that the cut faces of the sets should be allowed to\ndry before they are planted. Some planters pass the cut surfaces rapidly across a hot iron\nwith good effect, but others maintain that it is better to place the freshly cut sets in the soil\nimmediately after cutting and whilst the wound is still quite fresh. Planting in rank\nundecayed material is not only destructive to the material which is stored up within the tuber\nor set (material which is the food of the future plant), but it is also injurious to the young-\nshoots and rootlets, for any hot, fermenting material acts its a poison to these growths and\ndiminishes the vigour of the infant plant. The conditions of planting in the instance here\nadverted to may, however, have had nothing to do with the disease which followed in the\nsummer.\n\" Until the attack now under description, the potato plants, as far as outward appearances\nwent, were free from any taint of the fungus of the potato disease proper, named Peronospora\ninfestans \u2014Mont. The disease was first noticed in the beginning of July at the time the\npotato flowers were opening ; but there can be little doubt that it was in or upon the plants\nseveral weeks previously, as by its nature it would not attract much attention at first. It is\nstrange that other potatoes named \"Protestants,\" growing close to the \"Champions,\" were not\nattacked. The appearance of the diseased plants was peculiar ; they were covered within and\nwithout with a thick felt of white fungus spawn or mycelium. The growth of this spawn was\nso rapid and profuse that in a week or two the whole of the steins and leaves were reduced to\ntinder, the entire moisture belonging to the stems and leaves being exhausted by the fungus.\nLeaves are of such vital importance to plants that the destruction of them is synonymous with\na cessation of a plant's growth.\n\" Remedy.\u2014The remedy for this state of disease is obvious. No infected stems should\nbe allowed to rot in the fields, but all should be carefully gathered together and burnt. If\nthe stems are allowed to rot on the ground the disease is almost certain to recur; but if they\ntire burnt not only will the Sc'erotia of the Peziza be destroyed, but the spawn, germs, eggs,\nand spores belonging to numerous other parasites perhaps equally as bad with the Peziza itself\nwill be destroyed at the same time. If on examination of the potato stems it is found that\nmany of the Sclerotia have dropped from them, the top surface of the ground should, if\npossible, be raked and burnt. Nothing is more common than to find hibernating reproductive bodies falling readily to the ground. This is clearly a natural provision for their\npreservation. 56 Vict. Report on Agriculture. 917\nDisease of Potatoes.\n(Fusisporium Solani.\u2014Mart.)\n\"When potatoes are destroyed by parasitic fungi in the, autumn it does not always happen\nthat the parasite is the dreaded putrefactive fungus of the murrain, named Peronospora infestans\u2014Mont. Another highly destructive fungus, named Fusisporium Solani\u2014Mart., is\nsometimes equally damaging to pptatoes with the Peronospora, itself. *        * * *\n\" It often happens that Fusisporium grows in company with Peronospora on potatoes ; at\nother times the two fungi grow apart.\n\"(Fusisporium Solani\u2014Mart.) is not peculiar to decaying potatoes, for it grows with\nrapidity on potatoes which are apparently undiseased if bruised or cut. To the unaided eye\nits growth bears such a close general resemblance to Peronospora that it might readily be\nmistaken for it. Indeed the use of a lens, even with practised observers, is often necessary to\ndistinguish between the two.\n\" The destruction of potatoes is complete when the Fusisporium works in company with\nthe Peronospora, and when the spawn threads of both fungi are interlaced, a condition very\noften observed in the midland and southern counties.\n\"In experimenting on the growth of this fungus, it is very easy to transfer the flocculent\nor semi-mucilaginous spawn from a diseased potato to a thin slice cut from an apparently\nsound one. If a very thin transparent slice of a sound potato is placed on a glass slide, and\nsome of the spores and threads of the Fusisporium placed near the edge of the apparently\nhealthy living slice, the rapid progress of growth in the fungus can be observed with ease if\nthe material under experiment is kept moist. The growth of the Fusisporium is extremely\nrapid, and the production of the compound spores most profuse. The small hibernating spores\nburst and produce a perfect Fusisporium in six hours. The mycelium appears to have the\nproperty of breaking up the cell walls, of injuring the contained starch, and of speedily\nreducing the potato to a loathsome mass of putridity. In certain instances, the presence of\nthe Fusisporium appears to cause the substance of the invaded potato to rot and become dry.\nThe fungi found under Fusisporium are not generally considered to be capable of producing\nputrescence of tissues, but F. Solani (Mart.) is an exceptional species; the mycelial threads of\nthe spores differ from typical species of the genus. A profuse growth of Fusisporium solani\n(Mart.), when seen under the microscope, looks like the surface of a field of corn, the ears\nbeing represented by the closely-packed Fusisporium, spores. For lessening the attacks of\nthis fungus, the only known plan is to destroy all affected material with fire, and not allow\nany decayed potato refuse to remain in the fields.\n\"Smut of Potatoes.\n\" (Tubercinia scabies.\u2014B.)\n\" The smut which produces one form of scab in potatoes is carried by an olive-green or\nbrownish fungus of subterranean habit, named Tubercinia scabies\u2014B., from tuber, an ancient\nRoman name for fungus; cineres, ashes ; and scabies, the itch.\n\" The presence of the fungus may be detected by discoloured blotches on the bark. As\nin the disease caused by the Peronospora, it often happens that no trace of the fungus is to be\nseen at the time of harvesting. It frequently shows itself during the winter in stored potatoes,\nwhich, at the time of digging, were apparently quite sound. In bad cases, small discoloured\nspots first appear on the bark of the tuber; these increase in size and become confluent, till\nat length the entire skin of the potato is discoloured. The cuticle then bursts in many places,\nand the olive-green spores are liberated. Like many other plant diseases, potato smut is in\nsome seasons rare; at other times it is very common and destructive. No potatoes showing\ntraces of smut should be planted as seed.\n\" Scab and Cracking of Potatoes.\n\" The brownish scab on the skin or bark, and the cracking of the bark in potatoes, are\nprobably due to one and the same cause, and that a mechanical one. Scab and cracking are\noften confounded with smut in potatoes ; but whereas the latter ailment is invariably caused\nby a fungus, there is seldom any fungus present (unless it be one of the species which so commonly follow injuries) in scab and cracking. Cracked and scabbed potatoes are not marketable,\nand as the fissures in the bark  expose the inner substance of the potato to the earth, it is 918 Report on Agriculture. 1893\ngenerally said that tubers so injured possess an earthy and disagreeable taste foreign to\nuncracked and unscabbed examples.\n\" Scabbing and cracking begin at a very early stage of growth in the tuber, and both are\nat first seen as small corroded spots or minute open pustules ; in bad cases the spots and cracks\nbecome confluent, and the whole bark of the potato presents au unsightly appearance. When\nthe inner substance of the potato is once exposed, minute insects, and sometimes fungi, add to\nthe injury. If such fungi as Peronospera or Fusisporium light on the exposed places, destruction of the tuber is soon complete. Scab and cracking are said, in the first instance, to be\ndue to the presence of some irritating or corrosive substauce in the soil. Continued drought,\nand possibly sudden and superabundant moisture, will also cause one form of scab. A natural\neffort is made by the potato to repair the injury, and so a hard scab originates; when insects\nand fungi light on the injured parts, repeated efforts are made to repair the damage, and so\nthe bark is brought into a scabbed and cracked condition. Lime rubbish, builders' refuse,\nrefuse from ashpits, and other materials of the same class, are said to cause corrosion, scab,\nand cracking of the bark of potato tubers by contact. When the bark is carefully removed,\nsmall depressions are clearly seen, answering to the scabs removed with the bark. Iii bad\ncases, the pits beneath the scabs tire excavated deeply into the substance of the potato, and\nwhen the bark is removed, the substance of the tuber, though frequently slightly discoloured,\nis left intact.\n\" It generally happens that a portion only of a crop of potatoes is scabbed, and this portion\ncan often be distinctly traced to one part of the field whence the potatoes were derived. On\nvisiting this position, the irritating substances in the. soil will usually be seen. When scab\nand cracking can be thus traced, the remedy is obvious.\"\nSmut in (train\nIs reported from Okanagan Mission, Okanagan, Spallumcheen, Grand Prairie, Kamloops,\nLower Nicola, Chilcotin, Chilliwhack, Agassiz, St. Elmo, and Cowichan.\nMr. H. S. Cleasby, of Coldwater, Lower Nicoia, says :\u2014Fall wheat some years, especially\nif wet, inclined to smut, although treated as usual with blue vitriol. Oats also inclined to\nsmut; have not used anything upon them. Have seen as much as five per cent, smut in\nwheat, and nearly ten per cent, in oats.\nMr. Corfield, of Cowichan, says :\u2014Grain is affected with smut and rust, but if the seed\nis wetted with a solution of sulphate of copper (not iron), say 2 oz. to the bushel, I find it\nnever fails to prevent it.\nMr. Eustace A. Smith, correspondent for Okanagan Mission, says :\u2014As regards grain\ncrops, smut was very bad indeed, and wild oats thick, but by the judicious use of bluestone\non the seeds, we expect to have no smut next year; it never fails to act in England.\nThe appearance of this fungous disease is so well known that I do not repeat a description.    I give the following remedies from Mr. Fletcher's Bulletin No. 3, p. 12 :\u2014\n\"1.  Sulphate of Copper\u2014also called '\u25a0Bluestone' or 'Blue Vitriol.'\n\" This substance can usually be procured in any part of Canada from druggists or general\nstorekeepers, at about 10 cents per lb., so that the cost of treating seed with the strongest\nsolution recommended below would not exceed 2^ cents per bushel. The different methods of\napplying this substance to the grain vary slightly, but the differences are merely with regard\nto the extent to which it is deemed advisable to wet the seed. Some advise soaking the grain;\nbut it would appear from the results of many experiments that this is not necessary. Mr.\nWorthington G. Smith advises the following :\u2014' 1 lb. of bluestone dissolved in five quarts of\nboiling water is sufficient for a sack of four Imperial bushels. The wheat is soaked for ten\nminutes, or the ten pints of solution may be poured over till all is absorbed.'\n\"Mr. S. A. Bedford, of Moosomin, N. W. T., who has had considerable experience as a\nfarmer in Manitoba and the North-West Territories, tells me that the following method has\nproved successful in his district:\u2014\n\" 'One pound of sulphate of copper is dissolved in a pailful of hot water, which is then\nsprinkled by one person over ten bushels of wheat placed in a wagon box, while someone else\nkeeps the grain well stirred. Should a large amount of smut be detected in grain required\nfor seed, the solution is made stronger, double the quantity of bluestone being used ' 56 Vict. Report on Agriculture. 919\n\" The chief advantage claimed for this method is that in a few hours the grain is sufficiently dry to sow with the drill.\n\"Mr. C. S. Plumb, of the New York Experimental Station, used 4 oz. of sulphate of\ncopper in one gallon of water, and reports that 'seeds soaked 17|- hours in this solution were\nfound to produce a slight amount of smut. Soaked 40 hours, all germs of the fungus were\nkilled.'\n\" It is to be noted that Mr. Plumb's experiments were with oats, in which, from the fact\nthat the seed is contained inside a comparatively loose husk, there is much more difficulty in\nremoving or destroying all the smut spores than is the case with the smooth and naked grains\nof wheat.\n\"2. Brine or Lime.\n\" A remedy generally available at country farm-houses, and from which good results have\nbeen secured, is to soak the grain for ten or fifteen minutes in brine of the ordinary strength\nused for pickling pork (i. e., in which a fresh egg will float). If well stirred, many of the\nsmut spores, smutty and imperfect grains, <fec., will rise to the surface, and can be skimmed\noff and destroyed. After the brine is poured off, the wheat must be dried by dusting lime\nover it until all the grains are white.\n\" It is claimed that sprinkling the brine on the grain instead of soaking it as above,\nbefore dusting it with lime, has been found successful, but I have never tried this method.\n\" 3.  Alkaline Water.\n\" It might happen that none of the above-mentioned materials were obtainable, and in\nsuch case the mere washing of the seed would be beneficial. Mr. Smith says : ' As the spores\nare lighter than water, steeping in brine, or even pure water, is often effectual, as the spores\nfloat and are easily washed away. Some alkaline ley should be added if water is used, as the\noil on the surface of the spores combines with the alkali and forms a soapy substance which is\nfatal to the effectual spore germination.'\n\" An alkaline ley suitable for the above purpose may be made by adding to three or four\ngallons of boiling water, in any suitable vessel, one gallon of hard-wood ashes, and stirring\nfrequently until the alkaline properties of the ashes are extracted; or an alkaline solution of\nsufficient strength may be made by dissolving about 2 lbs. of ordinary washing soda in a\npailful of water.\"\nPeach Yellows.\nReported from Chilliwack by Mr. Eugene F. Smith.\nIn reference to this disease 1 quote from the twenty-fourth report of the Fruit Growers\nAssociation of Ontario, 1892, p. 81, as follows:\u2014\n\" Another problem in horticulture, which, as yet, is unsolved, is the cause of the yellows\nin the peach. This mysterious disease originated in the peach orchards of some of the Middle\nStates a good many years ago. It has gradually spread from State to State throughout the\nlarger part of the Union, and across the borders into the peach orchards of our own country.\nPeriodically its visitations seem to be more severe in character, destroying orchards by\nwholesale. Then, after peach-growers have given up peach-growing for some time, they find\nthemselves able to begin again with some fair hopes of success. The Department of Vegetable\nPathology of the United States has taken this matter up and spent an immense amount of\nmoney in investigating into this disease, and to this work have appointed Professor Erwin\nSmith, who has made elaborate reports of his work. But, although a large amount of money\nhas been spent in this direction during the last three years, as yet no definite results have\nbeen obtained.\"\nA year ago last summer I had a call from Professor Burrill, of Champaign, TIL, who was\ndelegate to the American Association for the Advancement of Science, then meeting in\nToronto. He was looking up cases of yellows, which, he said, were not common in his State.\nHe is a man of most careful research, and his opinions are worthy of consideration. He\nbelieved that the disease was caused by bacteria, and in this most scientific men are in accord\nwith him.\nOne thing we do know about the yellows, and that is that it is of an infectious character,\nin which respect it equals scarlet fever and small-pox. It may be carried from tree, to tree,\neither by bees in their searches for honey, or by instruments used in pruning the orchard. 920 Report on Agriculture. 1893\nFrom the American Garden, November, 1891, p. 695, Professor B. F. Galloway says of\nthis disease :\u2014\n\" The cause of peach yellows is yet a mystery. The disease is transmissible. It cannot\nbe cured ; it can only be eradiated by means of the axe and fire.\"\nBlack Knot on Plums\n(Ploivrightia morbosa)\nIs caused by a fungus, according to Bulletin LIL, Ontario Department of Agriculture,\nby J. Hoyes Panton, M. A., F. G. S., who recommends the remedies mentioned below. This\ndisease is reported from Okanagan Mission and Chilliwhack. In connection with Professor\nPanton's recommendation to destroy wild choke cherry trees near orchards, I may mention\nthat I saw numbers of these trees in several parts of the Upper Country affected with the\ndisease.\nRemedies.\u20141. Hitherto most orchardists have found the best thing to do is to cut off\naffected limbs and destroy them.    Where the tree is badly attacked, destroy the whole tree.\n2. Some experiments in applying linseed oil to the knots with a small brush so as to\nsaturate the knot have been effective. This is done three or four times during the summer as\nsoon as the knots appear.\n3. Coal oil may be used, but it must be applied carefully. If it runs over the branch it\nwill kill it.\n4. Wild'choke cherry trees near orchards should be destroyed. It is unfortunate that\nso little regard is paid to the law, which requires affected trees to be destroyed. These trees\nare scattering millions of spores yearly, and thus spreading disease to all parts of the\nProvince. Blighted trees stand as monuments of the indifference and ignorance of those who\nshould co-operate in fighting against a common foe.\nGooseberry Mildew\nIs reported front Venables Valley, Ashcroft, Comox, Cowichan, and Sahtlam.\nMr. W. V. Kirkpatrick, of Venables Valley, says :\u2014It is impossible to raise the English\ngooseberry, it mildews so badly.    But the mildew does not bother the American varieties.\nMr. John Craig, Horticulturist of the Central Experimental Farm, Bulletin No. 10,\nApril, 1891, says of this disease :\u2014\n\" The great drawback to the successful cultivation of the European gooseberry in Canada\nhas been the annual loss occasioned by the prevalence of this disease (Sphoerotheca mors-uvce,\nB. and C). The external appearance of the fungus is well known, showing on young woods,\nleaves and fruit as a whitish downy coating, usually appearing soon after the leaves have fully\nexpanded.\n\" Treatment.\u2014Successful results are reported by Prof. Goff, of the Agricultural Experiment Station, Wisconsin, by the use of potassium sulphide (liver of sulphur) at the rate of one\nounce dissolved in four gallons of water. Spraying was commenced when the leaves were\npartly expanded, and repeated seven or eight times during the summer.\"\nWithout actual experiment it would not be wise to recommend the unrestricted use of\nany remedy for this disease, but from our present knowledge of the general efficacy of the\nammoniacal copper carbonate, it seems safe to advise a trial at any rate of this remedy in the\nsame proportions as those given for the apple. The effect on the foliage of the first application should be carefully noted, and if at all injurious the amount of copper carbonate should\nbe lessened to 1^ ounces.\nThe following remedy is recommended in the report of the Ontario Fruit Growers' Association, 1892, p. 85 :\u2014\" Early and frequent applications of flowers of sulphur are useful, but not\nso effective as in the case of the grape vine mildew. Experiments at the Geneva Experiment\nStation, conducted last summer, have resulted in the discovery that the most successful treatment of gooseberry mildew is with sulphuret of potassium. The bushes were sprayed at an\nearly date with a solution of one-half ounce of this substance dissolved in a gallon of hot\nwater.    It is, therefore, recommended as the best known remedy for this evil.\"\nMildew in Peas (Erysiphe Martii\u2014 Lk.),\nReported from Pavilion Mountain. From \" Diseases of Field and Garden Crops,\" by\nWorthington G. Smith, p. 267, I give the following: \"This destructive blight of peas invariably\ninvades the late varieties, and is especially  virulent in dry seasons.    In small gardens the 56 Vict. Report on Agriculture. 921\nattack of the fungus may be prevented by keeping the peas well supplied with water. This\ntreatment, however, cannot be adopted in the fields, and watering favours the growth of the\nPeronospora. Sometimes late peas are so badly attacked by this fungus that they appear as\nif thickly dusted with powdered chalk, and on the white surface thus formed the innumerable\nblack conceptacles of the Erysiphe may be readily seen with the unaided eye. An attack of\nthis fungus generally stops the growth of the invaded plants, and makes the production of pods\nimpossible. The mycelium is provided with the minute suckers termed haustoria, and these\nhaustoria pierce the epidermis of the attacked plant and cause decay. We have seen this\nfungus growing with its conceptacles inside the pods of the peas.\n\" It unfortunately happens that this parasite is not confined to peas ; it sometimes grows\non beans and melilot, plants belonging to the same family with the pea. It is, however, able\nto support itself on plants of St. John's wort (Hypericum), some unbelliferous plants, and the\nmeadow-sweet (Spiraea Ulmaria\u2014L.). It is thus capable of growing effectually upon plants\nbelonging to plants of four different natural orders.\n\" The only known preventive against attacks of this pest is the destruction by fire of all\ninvaded material. The fungus is preserved in decaying refuse ; in this material the little\nbrown conceptacles remain intact during the winter, and in the following summer they burst,\nand each example discharges about fifty little living transparent spores ready to grow on the\nleaves of peas, weave a spider-web-like mycelium over the surface, and pierce the epidermis.\"\nPear Leaf Blight\n(Micrococcus Atnylovorus)\nIs reported from Chilliwhack, Wharnock, Maple Ridge, Metchosin, Cowichan, and\nSomenos.\nPear Blight.\u2014Professor Galloway, in reply to a question about the nature of pear\nblight, says that it is caused by the work of a micro-organism which enters the tree through\na growing tip, or through a flower. These microbes are easily obtained, and can be bred like\ninsects or plants. What to do for their destruction is another thing. We do not yet know\nmuch about it. The leaf blight can be prevented by spraying with copper mixture, but this\ndoes not effect fire blight.\nBlack  Scab\n(Fusicladium dendriticum)\nOn apples and pears is reported from Mission, Cowichan, Gabriola Island, Nanoose,\nSurrey Centre, Ladner's, Agassiz, Maple Ridge, Somenos, and Salt Spring Island.\nMr. E. Hutcherson, Ladner's, Inspector of Fruit Pests, says :\u2014The black scab on the\napple and pear is our greatest pest or disease at present. We used the following as a spray\nlast season, and succeeded in checking its ravages. I sprayed three times ; once before the\nblossom, once just after, and a third application two weeks later : Four lbs. copper sulphate,\n4 lbs. fresh lime, 50 gals, water.\nThis disease has been a great source of loss in the lower part of the Province. It will be\nobserved that, like all fungus diseases, it does not seem to affect the trees in the Upper\nCountry, not an instance being reported from there.\nFungicides Recommended.\u2014The following mixtures are recommended:\u2014\n1 ammoniacal copper carbonate,\nCarbonate of copper, 8 oz.\nAmmonia, 1 gal.\nWater, 100 gals.\nHow to prepare :\u2014In an ordinary vessel, capable of holding a gallon or more, put 2 oz.\nof carbonate of copper and 1 quart of ammonia (ask your druggist for strong ammonia); when\nthe copper is completely dissolved, pour the mixture into a barrel and add 25 gallons of water.\nThe solution is then ready for use.\nMedium-sized trees will take about one gallon each, and large trees from one to two\ngallons. A convenient method when using this formula is to prepare the carbonate of copper\nby dissolving it in the ammonia at once in the full quantity ordered above, and keeping it\nready for use stored away in ordinary quart glass jars, these to be diluted with water as\nneeded.\u2014J. Craig, horticulttwist, Central Experimental Farm, Bulletin No. 1. 922\nReport on Agriculture.\n1893\nFrom the fourth annual report of the Vermont State Agricultural Experiment Station,\n1890, p. 142, I take the following :\u2014\n\"Black scab on apple is caused by the fungus (Fusicladium dendriticum). The spores\nare produced in olive green patches upon the fruit and leaves, and even upon the younger\nbranches of the trees. We found a luxurious growth of the fungus producing myriads of\nspores upon Greenings several weeks after they were stored in our cellar last fall. It is\npossible that conditions may be such that these spores may germinate and spread the disease\nto the uninfected fruit after storing. If so, this may explain in part the spotting of the\napples after they are barrelled.\"\nMr. Goff, of the Wisconsin Station, recommends, as the results of his experiments, the\nfollowing treatment :\u2014Dissolve one ounce of copper carbonate in one quart of ammonia\n(strength 22\u00b0 Baume). Keep corked tightly until ready for use, then dilute with 25 gallons\nof water. Spray once just before the flowers open, a second time just after the petals fall, and\nrepeat at intervals of two or three weeks until midsummer. Wait a few hours after spraying\nwith this before spraying with Paris green for the codling moth.\nThe following are also reported : \u2014\nMr. H. D. Green-Armytage, Lower Nicola, says :\u2014I have lost some of my currant crop\nfrom curled leaf.\nMessrs. Eugene F. Smith and A. Mennell, Chilliwhack, and L. A. Agassiz, Agassiz,\nreport peach leaf curl\nMr, H. O. Wellburn reports rose leaf rust from Somenos.\nMr. M. Sullivan, Shuswap, says :\u2014Some apple trees showed symptoms of fire blight,\nbut it may have been occasioned by the excessive heat which prevailed at that time.\nMr. A. Mennell, Chilliwhack, reports a bark disease on plums.\nSuggestions regarding Spraying,\nFor those who wish to do their own spraying, or who cannot bo reached by the Inspector\nof Fruit Pests, I give the following from The Canadian Horticulturist, April, 1893, p. 124 :\u2014\nHow to Spray.\nAs the treatment is entirely preventive, in order to make spraying effective it must be\ncommenced early. All parts of trees or plants must be reached with the preventive agent.\nDrenching is not necessary, and is expensive. A film or coating of the fungicide deposited\nupon the foliage will prevent the development of the spores as well as a complete soaking ;\nbut it is important that all the leafy surface should be wetted at least on the upper side. For\norchard work a good force pump, which may be fitted into a barrel\u2014side or end\u2014will give\nsatisfaction. Tt must be of sufficient strength, and fitted with a nozzle which will project the\nspray in a fine state of division, yet with sufficient force to enter the deeper recesses of the\nfoliage. More expensive pumps drawn and operated by horse power may be purchased, but\nare seldom necessary except for large orchards. The Vermoral nozzle is a very satisfactory\ninstrument for distributing the liquid.\nCo-operative Spraying.\nSome factors which act as deterrents to the progress of spraying may be enumerated as\nfollows : This work, like the introduction of spraying for the prevention of insect enemies, on\naccount of involving new lines of thought and action, is sometimes regarded by the farmer as\nimpracticable on a large scale. It involves the purchase of implements and material which\n\u25a0ire sometimes difficult to obtain just when required. The success of the work also depends\non intelligent adaptation of the treatment to the climatic conditions existing during the\nspraying period.\nTo obviate some of these difficulties I would suggest the adoption of a co-operative plan\nof spraying.\nFirst, where orchards are not large, a few farmers might combine and purchase a spraying\noutfit, which would serve the community, and if it were possible to have it continuously\noperated by the same individual, whom practice would lend superior facility in using it, an\nadditional advantage would be gained.    Another arrangement could be made as follows:\u2014 56 Vict. Report on Agriculture. 923\nA complete spraying outfit, including chemicals, might be purchased by a person who\nwould be prepared to spray under contract, by the acre, or at a stated figure per tree. If this\nsystem of combating fungus and insect enemies was introduced, it would obviate much of the\nprejudice and inconvenience now connected with the work, and spraying would probably in a\nfew years, to the great benefit of orchardists, become the general practice.\nSpraying  Mixtures.\n1. Diluted Bordeaux mixture:\u2014\nCopper sulphate  4 lbs.\nLime : . . . . 4   ii\nParis green ,  4 oz.\nWater  50 gallons.\nThis may be prepared by dissolving, in a barrel, 4 lbs. powdered copper sulphate.\nIn another vessel slake four pounds of fresh lime with as many gallons of water ; spread\na piece of coarse sacking, held in place by a hoop, over the top of the barrel in which the\ncopper sulphate has been dissolved ; strain through this the creamy mixture of lime and water.\nParis green may then be added, after which the barrel should be filled with water. This forms\nan excellent insecticide as well as fungicide, and therefore useful to destroy codling worm, bud\nmoth, and canker worm.    It should be used soon after being prepared.\n2. Ammoniacal copper carbonate :\u2014\nCopper carbonate      5 oz.\nAmmonia      2 quarts.\nWater    50 gallons.\nThis is more expensive than the former, is more easily applied, and is used as a substitute,\nespecially in the case of grapes, where the Bordeaux mixture might, by adhering to the fruit,\ninjure its sale.\nIt is prepared by dissolving the copper carbonate in the ammonia and diluting with water \u25a0\nto fifty gallons.    The concentrated solution should be poured into the water.    Care should be\ntaken to keep the ammonia tightly corked in glass or stone jars.\nTreatment of Apple and Pear spot.\n1. Before growth begins in spring, spray with a solution of copper sulphate, 1 lb. to 50\ngallons of water. On no account should this be applied after the foliage has appeared, as it\nwill severely injure it.\n2. Just before the blossoms open, spray with diluted Bordeaux mixture (No. 1). Repeat\nthis after the blossoms have fallen, and make a third application two or three weeks afterwards.\nTf the season is wet and rainy a later application may be advisable. 924\nReport on Agriculture.\n1893\nDISEASES   OF   ANIMALS.\nHORSES.\nDistemper and epizootic are reported from Kettle River, Grand Prairie, Venables Valley,\nAshcroft, Chilcotin, Williams Lake, Sumas, and Victoria, but not in a bad form in any instance.\nSome cases of glanders in Victoria, Sea Island, James Island, and Beecher Bay, and some\ncases of minor diseases, were discovered and attended to by Mr. Roper (see his report). I also\ncall attention to his description of glanders, which will be found of use. Mr. R. Hoey,\nLillooet, says : \"There was a slight disease amongst horses, but it was not fatal about here.\"\nMr. Ernest Spraggett, Kettle River, says: \" Quite a few good horses died here last fall, in\ngood condition ; sick about 24 hours ; could not find any cause. They were all from the U. S.\nside of the line.\"\nCATTLE.\nRed   Water\nIs reported from Port Kells, Wharnock, Maple Ridge, The Islands, and Comox. Mr.\nF. M. Webster, Webster's Corner, says : \" Troubled in this section of country with a disease\nin cattle called bloody water; no known remedy. Water, in advanced stage of disease, seems\nto turn all to blood. Have lost four head from said cause. Calves also die from a disease,\nname and remedy unknown; affects head; nozzle, swells; blood will oose through skin on\nbody.    They die in from two to three days     Have lost ten from this cause.\"\nMr. A. C. Henry, Wharnock, sends the following on the same subject: \u2014\n.\/. R. Anderson, Esq.,\n\" Department of Agriculture,\n\" Victoria, \u00a3. C.\n'Wharnock, B. G, 9th January, 1893.\ninformation respecting\nevalent  in  this district.\nthe cattle run in the\ntrike me as being prob-\ngiving  any  information\n\" A. C. Henry.\"\nJ. W. Robertson, Dairy\nbe  found   to  cover  the\n\" Dear Sir,\u2014I shall feel greatly obliged if you can give me any\nthe disease known amongst the farmers as red water, which is very pn\nIt is attributed by some to the use of clover hay as stall feed ; but as\nbush during the summer, and are only fed in winter, this does not s\nable, and you will be doing a great service to myself and others by\nupon the subject.\n\" Yours truly,\n(Signed)\nIn answer, I beg to reproduce the following, sent to me by Prof.\nCommissioner, Central Experimental Farm, which, I think, will\nground :\u2014\nExtract from \" The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser,\" by Prof.  Jas.  Law.\n\"WpoD Evil\u2014Red Water of Cattle, Sheep, and Pigs.\n\" Under this name we designate a malady generally described as bloody urine (hcema-\nturia), but as the liquid does not usually contain blood globules or clots, and as the liver is\nalmost invariably enlarged and softened and the blood elements are largely destroyed, it must\nbe conceded that the affection is more intimately associated with disorder of the hepatic functions than of any other. The cause, which may be stated as feeding on irritant and unwholesome food, is such as is calculated to disorder the digestive organs and liver. The blood seems\nto suffer secondarily, though it is by no means disproved that other blood-forming functions\nbesides those of the liver are involved. The blood itself is usually thin, watery and comparatively incoagulable, with a deficiency of fibrine,  albumen  and  red  globules\u2014the last named 56 Vict, Report on Agriculture. 925\nelements being smaller than natural and irregularly notched around their margins. The urine\nvaries in colour from a simple reddish tinge through the various shades of red and brown to\nblack. It contains albumen and various albuminoid agents, excess of urea, cholesterine and\nphosphates, implying hepatic disturbance and destructive changes taking place in the blood.\n\" This is essentially a disease of unimproved localities, and attacks animals fed too exclusively on products of such land, which are naturally stimulating to the digestive organs and\nliver. Turnips and other saccharine roots, though perfectly safe from ordinary soils, are\ndangerous from these, and in the natural meadows and woods the young shoots of resinous\ntrees (coniferce) and the acrid plants of the ranunculus, colchicum and asclepias families, etc.,\nare held to produce it. Its prevalence in woods and uncultivated meadows has procured for\nit in almosf all European countries some name equivalent to wood, disease. An important\nelement in the causation is the existence of soil, rich in organic matter and soured by the stagnation of water, owing to a clay or otherwise impervious subsoil. Cows are very susceptible\njust after calving, and often perish.\n\"Symptoms.\u2014Dullness, languor, weakness, especially of the hind limbs, trembling, surface\ncoldness, staring coat, dry muzzle, hot mouth and horns, and diminution of the milk, which is\nwhite and frothy and may throw down a reddish sediment; appetite is lost, thirst ardent,\npulse small and weak, beats of the heart tumultuous, amounting to palpitation in the parturient cases; bowels at first relaxed, afterward costive ; abdomen tender; urine passed\nfrequently in small quantity, and often with suffering. Colicky pains are often a marked\nsymptom when the irritation of the bowels is extreme. Delirium even will set in in bad cases,\nand death usually supervenes on a state of extreme prostration.\n\"Prevention may be sought in thorough drainage; in restricting the allowance of objectionable food and supplementing it with sound dry grain and fodder; in the avoidance of\ndamp, woody and natural meadows in spring until there is a good growth of grass, and in the\nrejection of hay from faulty pastures containing an excess of acrid plants.\n\" Treatment.\u2014At the onset of the disease nothing succeeds better than a free evacuation\nof the bowels and depletion of the portal vein and liver by an active purgative. When there\nis no abdominal pain or other sign of inflammation of the bowels, salts or any other active\npurgative will suffice, but with colic and tenderness of the abdomen, we must restrict our\nchoice to olive oil and other bland materials. In advanced and weak conditions, decoctions\nof linseed should be resorted to. The animal is to be. supported by diffusable stimulants and\niron tonics, with chlorate of potassa, and the bowels sheathed and protected by infusions of\nslippery elm, or mallow, decoctions of linseed, eggs, milk, or mucilage. Diet should consist of\nlinseed decoctions, well boiled gruels, bran mashes, and other nutritive and easily digested food.\"\nBig Jaw-\nIs reported from Keremeos, Kamloops, and Upper Nicola.\nMr. Thos. Bulman, Stump Lake, says big jaw in cattle is the worst disease we have to\ncontend with. It sometimes begins in between the skin and the flesh, which if cut out right\naway, mostly proves successful, but I have never cured a case when it has reached the bone.\nI often think it is caused by a bruise.\nMe. A. Noble, North Thompson, Kamloops, says :\u2014There is another disease in cattle\nwhich is common. A swelling forms under the lower jaw, and in all cases to my knowledge\nhas proved fatal.\nOther Diseases.\nThe following are also reported\u2014\nMr, J. Parks, Clayton, says :\u2014I have two cattle troubled with hard lumps the size of\na large cup, one in the neck and the other in the thigh. There is no matter coming from the\nsame, neither does the lump grow from the bone, as it can be grasped in the hand. The cattle\nhave been brought up on the low- land.    Would it be advisable to lance these lumps ?\nMr. Andrew Noble, Kamloops, says :\u2014There is a disease among the cattle. The animal-\nattacked looses its flesh and strength, and becomes weak and unable to travel. Should it\nrecover, the hind quarters are often affected.    It appears to be like spavin in a horse.\nThos. Bosomworth, Port Haney, says he is troubled with some disease which kills cows\nwhen calving.    They run at the nose and the head swells, Daniel Johnson, Mud Bay, says : \u2014For the last twelve years I have lost over fifty per\ncent, of my calves from a disease of the lungs in the wet weather of the fall and winter.\nThey take a wheezing cough, and towards spring it gets worse and the scours set in and they\ndie soon. I think it is brought on by the damp climate. I never lost a calf that was sucking\nthe cow.\nMr. William Scorey, Hatzic, says there is a disease amongst calves there which proves\nfatal.    They run at the nose, with bleeding and heavy snoring, and refuse food\nMr. B. Watkins, Clayton, says :\u2014My calves are troubled with a swelling in the throat.\nOne died, the others got over it.    The symptoms are similar to quinsey.\nMr. L. A. Agassiz, Agassiz, says :\u2014Ringworm amongst cattle for the first time last\nwinter.    They caught it from the neighbour's cattle.\nMr, Hector Ferguson, Port Haney, reports lung-worm in calves.\nMr. Henry Smith says :\u2014 I lost two good cows in Victoria from puerperal fever. The\nloss in Victoria District is very heavy every year.\nSHEEP.\nFluke\nIs reported from Clayton and Maple Ridge.\nMr. E. M. Wiltshire, of Clayton, says :\u2014There are but few sheep here, but they\nseem to do well and are free from fluke or liver roots, which I hear is showing itself in other\nparts. This disease is one of the worst to which sheep are liable, and it is a subject on which\nfurther information is greatly needed, as there are so many different opinions as to the causes\nof the disease. In the old country it has been found that sheep turned out on wet meadows\nin the fall of the year are sure to be affected, but this is not the case on land subject to overflow from the sea, and therefore the salt is considered a preventive. In a further report Mr.\nWiltshire says :\u2014In my report I stated that fluke in sheep had not made its appearance\nround here, but since that date a neighbour informs me that his sheep are affected.\nMr. H. Ferguson, of Port Haney, says :\u2014Seventy-five per cent, of the sheep here have\ndied of liver fluke.\nScab.\nMr. L. A. Agassiz, Agassiz, reports some scab in his vicinity.\nMr. D. G. Cumming, Spallumcheen, says he has lost two sheep from an unknown disease.\nThe following extracts are taken from Randall's Sheep Husbandry, pages 248 and 249 :\u2014\n\" Leenweirhock says that he has taken 870 flukes out of one liver, exclusive of those that\nwere cut to pieces or destroyed in opening the various ducts. In other cases, and where the\nsheep have died of the rot, there were not found more than ten or twelve, * * *\n\"Then, is the fluke worm the cause or effect of rot? To a certain degree, both. They\naggravate the disease ; they perpetuate a state of irritability and disorganization, which must\nnecessarily undermine the strength of any animal.        * * * Notwithstanding all\nthis, however, if the fluke follow the analogy of other entoza and parasites it is the effect and\nnot the cause of rot.        *        *        *\n\" The rot in sheep is evidently connected with the soil or state of the pasture. It is\nconfined to wet seasons, or to feeding on ground moist or marshy at all seasons. It has\nreference to the evaporation of water, and to the presence and decomposition of moist vegetable\nmatter. It is rarely or almost never seen on dry on sandy soils, and in dry seasons ; it is\nrarely wanting on boggy or poachy ground, except when that ground is dried by the heat of\nthe summer's sun, or completely covered by the winter's rain. On the same farm there are\nfields on which no sheep can be turned with impunity. There are others that seldom or never\ngive the rot. The soil of the first is found to be of a pervious nature, on which wet cannot\nlong remain.    The second takes a long time to dry, or is rarely or never so, * *        *\nL 56 Vict. Report on Agriculture. 927\n\" Some seasons are far more favourable to the development of the rot than others, and\nthere is no manner of doubt as to the character of those seasons. After a rainy summer or\na moist autumn, or during a wet winter, the rot destroys like a pestilence. A return and a\ncontinuance of dry weather materially arrests its murderous progress. Most of the sheep that\nhad been already affected die; but the number of those that are lost soon begins to be\nmaterially diminished. It is, therefore, sufficiently plain that the rot depends upon, or is\ncaused by, the existence of moisture. A rainy season and a tenacious soil are fruitful or\ninevitable sources of it. * * *        The mischief is effected with almost incredible\nrapidity.\"\nOf the treatment of rot Mr. Youatt says :\u2014\"If it is suited to the convenience of the\nfarmer, and such ground were at all within his reach, the sheep should be sent to a salt-marsh\nin preference to the best pasture on the best farm. There it will feed on the salt incrusted\non the herbage, and pervading the pores of every blade of grass. A healthy salt-marsh\npermits not the sheep to become rotten which graze upon it, and, if the disease is not considerably advanced, it cures those which are sent upon it with the rot. * * * Are\nthere any indications of fever-heated mouth, heaving flanks, or failing appetite ? Is the\ngeneral inflammation beginning to have a determination to that part on which the disease\nusually expends its chiefest virulence ? Is there yellowness of the lips and of the mouth, of\nthe eyes and of the skin ? At the same time, tire there no indications of weakness and decay ?\nNothing to show that the constitution is fatally undermined? Bleed\u2014abstract, according to\nthe circumstances of the case, eight, ten, or twelve ounces of blood. There is no disease of an\ninflammatory character at its commencement which is not benefitted by early bleeding. To\nthis let a dose of physic succeed\u2014two or three ounces of Epsom salts, administered in a\ncautious manner, so frequently recommended ; and to these means let a change of diet be\nimmediately added    good hay in the field, and hay, straw, or chaff in the straw-yard.\n\" The physic having operated, or an additional dose, perchance, having been administered\nin order to quicken the action of the first, the farmer will look out for further means and\nappliances        * * *        Two or three grains of calomel may be given daily, but mixed\nwith half the quantity of opium, in order to secure its beneficial and ward off its injurious\neffects on the ruminant. To this should be added\u2014a simple and cheap medicine, but that\nwhich is the sheet anchor of the practitioner here\u2014common salt.        * * *        In the\nfirst place, it is a purgative inferior to few, when given in a full dose, and it is a tonic as well\nas a purgative.    * * *    A mild tonic, as well as an aperient, is plainly indicated soon\nafter the commencement of rot. The doses should be from two to three drachms, repeated\nmorning and night. When the inflammatory stage is clearly passed, stronger tonics may be\nadded to the salt, and there are none superior to the gentian and ginger roots ; from one to\ntwo drachms of each, finely powdered, may be added to each dose of the salt, *\nThe sheep, having a little recovered from disease, should still continue on the best and driest\npasture on the farm, and should always have salt within their reach.     * * *     The rot\nis not infectious.\"\nSWINE.\nHog Cholera\nIs reported from Chilliwhack, Dewdney, Mission, Hatzic, and Denman Island.\nMr. W. Cheney, of Denman Island, says : - Last year I lost 210 hogs. I supposed it\nwas hog cholera. They would commence vomiting first, then turn red and get weak, and then\nthey would go for water and die in a few minutes after they took the drink.\nMr. Richard Brett, Dewdney, says :\u2014I have lost a number of hogs with cholera, some\nof them would break out with sores and smell worse than rotten carrion before they died ;\nothers would die in a few days from first taking sick.\nAs will be seen by Mr. Roper's report, he had numerous cases of the disease in all parts\nof the Lower Country, which he attended to. I wish to direct particular attention to his\ndescription of this malignant disease. 928 Report on Agriculture. 1893\nTreatment.\u2014As a preventive, the following will be found valuable:\u2014Flowers of sulphur,\nsix pounds ; animal charcoal, one pound ; sulphate of iron, six ounces ; cinchona, pulverized,\none pound. Mix well together in a large mortar ; afterwards give a large tablespoonful to\neach animal, mixed with a few potato peelings and cornmeal, three times a day. Continue\nthis for one week, keeping the animal at the same time in a clean dry place, and not allowing\ntoo many together.\nPOULTRY.\nMr. G. G. Lynn, of Spallumcheen, says :\u2014There is a disease called black comb amongst\nchickens here.    They die before they are two years old.    I can't find any cure.\nMr. H. D. Green-Armitage, Nicola, says :\u2014Wide-spread disease this summer among\nbarndoor fowls ; they dying shortly after showing symptoms of weakness ; much reduced in\nflesh at death. Also among turkeys, swollen head, and inside mouth granular matter;\nthought it glanders, and killed and burnt them.\nMr. Thomas Anthony Wood, Quamichan, says:\u2014Poultry liable in summer to an\nunknown illness. They seem unable to keep their heads still, and cannot get down to their\nfood, but keep moving their heads over their backs and all about.\nThe following extract is from the Experimental Farm's report,  1891, p. 227 :\u2014\n\" Diseases of Poultry.\n\" Except in the case of a very valuable fowl, it is not desirable for a farmer, or anyone\nelse, to lose time in attempting to doctor a sick fowl. In a case of roup it is better to at once\nkill the bird and burn its remains, as the disease makes rapid progress, and if once established\nin a flock is almost impossible to get rid of. Roup is known in its first stages by the fowl\nsneezing, wheezing, or snuffling, sometimes accompanied by a discharge from the nostrils.\nLater on the discharge becomes thicker and has a very offensive odour. Sometimes the head\nswells so as to completely close the eyes, the fowl refuses to eat, and eventually dies in a very\nemaciated condition. There are several forms of roup, all of which are infectious or\ncontagious. Should a fowl be running at the nostrils and escape detection, the virus is\nconveyed to the others by the sick one dipping its beak into the drink water and so\ncontaminating it.\"\nThe following is from the report of the Poultry Associations for the Province of Ontario,\n1890:\u2014\n\" Turkeys are particularly subject to cold in the head, causing swollen faces and sore eyes,\nwhich rapidly develops into roup, a most infectious and troublesome disease. Care must be\ntaken, therefore, not to allow the hens to wander with the young birds early in the morning\nbefore the sun has dried the grass. Although delicate when young, turkeys are particularly\nhardy when old, and may be allowed to roost in the trees, where they do much better than in\nhouses. For the market, it is not necessary to shut them up, but they may be fed on soft food\nmixed with skim milk, two or three times a day. In France, flocks of young turkeys are\nfrequently put under the care of a young girl, who drives them with a long pole on to the\nstubbles, where they feed on the corn which would otherwise be wasted. This method of\nusing the waste corn which is always knocked out in harvesting is very much neglected in\nEngland, although some farmers, by having moving poultry houses on wheels, endeavour to\ncarry it out. The rearing of turkeys is hardly to be recommended in damp localities, more\nespecially where the soil is heavy and clayey ; but in suitable situations, where sufficient\namount of attention can be given to the birds during the first few weeks of their lives, there is\nno form of poultry that pays better, as they always, about Christmas time or before, realise\nvery high prices in the market, and can usually be sold privately, when the profit does not go\ninto the hands of the middleman.\" 56 Vict. Report on Agriculture. 929\nANIMAL   PESTS.\nCoyotes.\nIn spite of the heavy bounty placed on these destructive pests last year, their numbers\ndo not seem to diminish sensibly, and they continue to be, in the words of a correspondent,\n\" the terror of the sheep-raiser \" in the Upper Country. They are also reported as destroying-\nmany newly-dropped calves. On the Upper Fraser, in the vicinity of Soda Creek, they are\nreported by Mr. Dunlevy to be suffering from a description of mange, which is doing good\nwork in carrying them off.\nThey are reported from Okanagan Mission, Keremeos, Okanagan, Spallumcheen, Salmon\nArm, Kamloops, Upper Nicola, Dog Creek and Alkali Lake, Chilcotin, Lac La Hache,\nWilliams Lake, Soda Creek, and Kootenay.\nMr. Thos. Daly, Keremeos, says :\u2014Notwithstanding the bounty on coyotes, they still\ncontinue very numerous, and are the terror of sheep-raisers.\nMr. J. T. Steele, Spallumcheen, says : \u2014In regard to pests, coyotes are the greatest ;\nthey are very hard on poultry, young pigs, and sheep. Tf they could be exterminated, it\nwould be a great benefit to the community.\nMr. Thos Bulman, Upper Nicola, says :\u2014Coyotes are very destructive among sheep and\nnewly-dropped calves.\nMr. Dennis Murphy, Lac La Hache, says :\u2014Coyotes, the only pest, killed thirteen\nsheep last year, worth $65. They kill more prairie chicken, when they are young and unable\nto fly, than all the guns in this neighbourhood. The Government have offered a bounty for\nthe destruction of coyotes, which will work well.\nMessrs. Postill Bros., Okanagan Mission, say they have lost a number of young pigs\nby coyotes.    The Government bounty of $2.50 will do away with them.\nMr. R. Munson lost some sheep by coyotes at Okanagan Mission.\nMr, It. S. Pelly, Otter Lake, Spallumcheen, says : \u2014Sheep would do well if the coyotes\nwere killed off.\nWith reference to the extermination of this pest, T append the following correspondence\non the subject, which I trust will be of use :\u2014\n\" Keremeos, Similkameen Vallev, B.C.,\n\" 16th January, 1893.\n\" J. R. Anderson, Esq.,\n\" Department of Agriculture,  Victoria.\n\" Sir,\u2014Knowing that you will be glad of tiny information regarding the destruction of\nour greatest pest, the coyote, I write to say that, owing to want of experience in poisoning,\nand also to the inferior quality of the strychnine to be obtained in the local stores, we, in this\ndistrict, have not been as successful as we could wish and, so far, very few have been killed.\n\" May I suggest, that your Department would greatly help the work if it were \u2014\n\" 1. To endeavour to obtain information from countries where coyotes have been successfully dealt with\u2014say California or Oregon \u2014as to the best means of destroying them, and to\npublish the facts in our Provincial papers for the general good; and\n\" 2. To keep a supply of really reliable poison, to be supplied at cost price on application.\nSince it is very evident that, once the .$2.50 bounty is being paid by the Government, it is the\nbest economy to get rid of as many coyotes as possible in the shortest time, I feel sure that\nmy suggestion will not be out of place.\n\" The Indians, I may add, in this, the Similkameen, Valley, who should be our greatest\nhelpers, will not buy strychnia if they find it of poor quality, as what they have got so far\nproves to be.\n\" I am, <fec,\n\" Edw.   Bullock-Webster.\" \" Washington Agricultural College and School of Science,\n\"Pullman, Washington, May llth, 1893.\n\" Mr. J. R. Anderson,\n\" Victoria, B. C.\n\" Dear Sir,\u2014Your enquiry of April 20th concerning coyotes has been handed to me to\nanswer. This section of the state was formerly fairly overrun with coyotes, but as it is now\nvery closely settled, but very few are now seen.    I have seen only one in the past year.\n\" From enquiry, I find that they were exterminated here mainly by being shot, and that\npoisoning was but seldom resorted to. Formerly many sheep were raised here, but now the\nwhole country is sown to wheat, and this, I presume, has much to do with the disappearance\nof the brutes.\n\" Is it not possible that your ranchmen use poison injudiciously, that is, use too much ?\nThe following method is recommended by an old frontiersman who has had much experience\nin poisoning wolves, etc. : Take a piece of tallow the size of a walnut, punch a hole in it and\nput a few grains of strychnine in, and plug up the hole with tallow. It is well to make a\nsqent trail to the bait by using a bloody sheep-skin or something similar. Care should be\ntaken that the bait is not too thickly placed, as three or more of the tallow balls would\nnauseate the coyote. If a carcass is used for bait, poison in about the same proportions in the\nspots on which the coyote would be more likely to feed.\n\" Trusting the above may prove of some use to you, I am\n\" Yours truly,\n\"Chas. V. Piper.\n\"I should be pleased to learn if the above recipe proves effective or not.\u2014C.V.P.\"\nWolves\nAre reported from Spallumcheen, Kamloops, Upper Nicola, Chilliwhack, Howe Sound,\nSooke, Salt Spring Island, and Nanoose.\nMr. Thos. Bulman, Upper Nicola, says :\u2014The most destructive animals are wolves. I\nhave known of a number of calves and young stock being- killed by them.\nJos. Zink, Kamloops, says wolves were troublesome with calves.\nBears\nAre reported from Spallumcheen, Chilliwhack, Hall's Prairie, Port Kells, Riverside,\nMaple Ridge, Howe Sound, and Sooke.\nSmith & Mitchell, Okanagan, say :\u2014Bears have taken away fifteen hogs.\nThis animal seems to have a great predilection for pork, especially young, and does a great\ndeal of mischief in the outlying settlements. A story is told of one rancher at Similkameen,\nwhose pigs came rushing into the house, followed by a huge black bear, so fearless do they\nbecome when in search of their favourite diet. The rancher got out of a window, but subsequently shot the bear.\nLynx,\nReported from Port Kells as being troublesome.\nWild Cats,\nReported from Dewdney and Maple Ridge (probably the same animal as the last).\nPanthers (or more properly the Puma),\nReported from Sooke, Shawnigan, Cowichan, Cowichan Lake, Salt Spring Island,\nNanoose, and Comox.\nMr. W. H. Lee, French Creek, says:\u2014Very few pests are noticed by the settlers, except\ntheir old enemy, the panther. I would strongly advocate that the bounty be raised on\npanther heads by the Government, as it may induce skilled hunters to spend more time in\nbanishing the terror of the Nanoose settler. 56 Vict. Report on Agriculture. 931\nMr. E. H. Forrest, McPherson's, Cowichan, says :\u2014Panthers are taking all the profits\nfrom the sheep farmer in this district, from ten to fifteen panthers have been killed within\nthe last twelve months inside a radius of two miles. Would suggest the bounty be raised to\n$25 or $30 a head for a few years, to encourage sheep-raising.\nThese destructive animals do not seem to occur much on the mainland. I heard of a\nfew at Rock Creek and at Similkameen ; at the latter place they were designated as mountain\nlions, there being I am informed some marked differences. The predatory nature and feline\nhabits of the puma makes it especially difficult to deal with, and in my opinion it would be a\ngood thing to increase the bounty on it.\n\u2022 Skunks\nAre reported from Okanagan Mission and Dewdney.\nMr. Postill, of Okanagan Mission, says :\u2014Skunks have been very destructive in hen\nroosts. I lost two hundred fowls by them. The only way to prevent damage by them is to\nbuild hen houses that they cannot get into.\nOther enemies of the hen roost are\u2014\nCoons,\nReported from Dewdney, Sooke, Sahtlam, Cowichan, Salt Spring Island, and Gabriola\nIsland.\nWeasels,\nReported from Salmon Arm.\nMinks,\nReported from Salmon Arm, Howe Sound, Salt Spring and Gabriola Islands.\nHawks,\nReported from Salmon Arm and Gabriola. All of the above named getting ayvay with\na large number of fowls.\nGophers\nAre reported from Kettle River, Spallumcheen, Grand Prairie, Central Nicola, Ashcroft,\nand Kootenay, as doing great damage to pastures and fruit trees.\nMr. T. G. Kirkpatrick, Ashcroft, says :\u2014Gophers were bad in my orchard, but I got\nrid of them by placing poisoned parsnip in their runs.\nMr. Harold Baker says they destroy large quantities of crops at Cranbrook, and\nrecommends wheat soaked in a solution of strychnine to poison them.\nMoles\nAre reported from Ducks, Upper Sumas, and Maple Ridge. They are very destructive\nto fruit trees, potatoes and other things. In England they are got rid of by means of traps\nplaced in the runs.    They could probably be easily poisoned in the same manner as gophers.\nMoles or Gophers,\nSo reported by Mr. A. Postill and R, S. Hall, of Okanagan Mission. The former\nsays :\u2014Moles or gophers have been particularly busy in meadows this year. Carrot or parsnip\ncut into pieces about an inch long, split, and a little strychnine put inside each piece, the baits\nthen put into the mole holes and carefully covered, will prove effective,\nMr. Robert S. Hall, Okanagan Mission, says:\u2014The hooded mole, or gopher, which\ndestroys the roots of the apple tree, is a bad pest, for which as yet we have no effectual remedy.\nRabbits,\n(I believe properly the Arctic Hare),\nReported from Notch Hill, Kamloops, Ashcroft, Aldergrove, Maple Ridge.\nMr. W. V. Kirkpatrick, of Venables Valley, Ashcroft, says:\u2014Rabbits are very numerous, and girdled or barked a good many of my apple trees last winter, several of which died. 932 Report on Agriculture. 1893\nThe arctic hare is to a large extent migratory, and if this is the animal reported I do not\nthink there is any fear of its ever becoming a very bad pest.\nDeer\nAre reported from Salt Spring Island, Gabriola Island, and Hornby Island. They are\nvery destructive to fruit trees, peas and garden crops. No ordinary fence can keep them out,\nand as they get to be very knowing, they only come out in the open to feed at night, keeping\nin the thick bush during the day. Many people shoot them at night by the aid of a torch or\nminer's lamp, by which means the position of the deer is betrayed by its eyes. This plan has\nits disadvantages, however, as one cannot always be sure that the eyes belong to a deer. In\none case at Alberni last year a man shot a calf by mistake. The best plan js to place barbed\nwire above a fence, which itself should be very high. Deer are very numerous on Vancouver\nand all the Gulf Islands.\nIn addition, the following are reported :\u2014\nMice\nFrom Spallumcheen, Maple Ridge, and Hornby Island.\nBush-tail  Rats\nFrom Spallumcheen.\nCllIPMONKS\nFrom Spallumcheen, Ducks, and Venables Valley ; and squirrels from Spallumcheen.\nThe following birds are reported as mischievous :\u2014\nCrows\nFrom Okanagan, Shawnigan and Cowichan.\nRobins\n(properly American Thrush)\nMagpies\nBlue .Jays\nFrom Cowichan.\nFrom Central Nice\nAre reported from Upper Sumas, Chilliwhack, Maple Ridge, South Saanich, Shawnigan,\nCowichan Lake, S.ilt Spring Island, Gabriola Island, Nanaimo, and Nanoose.\nMr. Thos. Bosomworth, Maple Ridge, says :\u2014The blue jay is one of the greatest pests\nwe have. They destroy till kinds of fruit, especially the best kinds of apples ; they are very\nfond of good-flavoured and well-coloured fruit ; they destroy a great quantity every year ;\nthey peck holes in them, and then they decay. They are also good at digging potatoes, they\ndestroy tons in this district every year ; in fact they are always in mischief.\nMr. A. Mennell, Chilliwhack, says:\u2014The animal pests are blue jays. I am troubled\nevery year with these birds stealing seed grain when sown.\nMr. Samuel John Bedims, Salt Spring Island, says:\u2014 * * * Other insect pests we\nare not much bothered with, as we allow no small birds to be killed on the place or nests\ndestroyed, so we have birds enough to keep them down ; the small amount of fruit the birds\nmay-take I think they fairly earn, and so do not begrudge it to them (the blue jays are the\none exception) ; we shoot a few of them while the peas are ripening, and I am not sure but\nthey destroy cut-worms and other grubs enough to pay the damage they do.\nMr. J. McGregor, Oyster District, Nanaimo, says :.\u2014The blue jay is the worst pest we\nhave to fight against here, both for small and large fruits.\nMr. It, A. R. Purdy, Vesuvius Bay, thinks a small bounty should be placed on. them to\ninsure their destruction.\nFor my own part, whilst not doubting the mischievous propensities of these birds, I think\nthe extermination of any bird is a dangerous experiment. I commend Mr. Beddis' remarks\nto the careful consideration of everybody ; he seems to think that even the execrated blue jay\nmay be capable of some good. 56 Vict. Report on Agriculture. 933\nWild Horses . .\nAre reported from Keremeos, Okanagan Mission, Okanagan, Clinton, Dog Creek and\nAlkali Lake, and Chilliwhack.\nIn view of the many complaints which reached the department of this greatly increasing\npest, and the desirability of legislative, enactments for its suppression, I addressed a circular\nletter to some of -the ranchers of the Upper Country, a copy of which follows. From the\nanswers received, which I hereunto append, I do not think there is any doubt that it is a\ngreat and growing evil in some parts, and that restrictive measures should be adopted without\ndelay. Some idea of the nature of these measures can probably be formed from the opinions\nexpressed in the correspondence. I should imagine that if a certain time were given, say two\nyears, for people to get in their horses and keep them away from the worthless hordes of\ncayuses, that then those worthless horses might be allowed to be shot or otherwise disposed of.\nIn the Kootenay country, Mr. Baker tells me, they got rid of them by all combining to round\nthem up ; after which, any that escaped were shot; and so the nuisance has been abated.\nThe measures adopted were certainly drastic, but they were effectual, and when everyone\ninterested was willing, there was no harm done. In certain parts of Australia the evil exists\nvery largelj', I am informed, and measures have been adopted for its suppression, but I am\nunaware of the nature of them.\nGopg of Circular Letter.\nThe question of the wild horse evil in the Upper Country having been repeatedly brought\nto the notice of the department, your opinion is solicited on the matter, with the view of\nlegislation for its mitigation.   .\nThe following are the questions which should  be considered :\u2014\n1. Is the evil a great one ?\n2. Is it growing ?\n3. What relative influence have these horses on ranges as compared  to other animals-\ncattle, sheep, &c. ?\n4. As to the effect of wild stallions on tame mares ?\n5. What -means do you recommend should be adopted for the suppression of the evil ?\nI have, &c,\n\u25a0 (Signed)        J. R, Anderson.\n\u25a0\u25a0'\u2022' C. F. Cornwall, Ashcroft, says:\u2014\n.1.  I believe the evil is, in parts, a considerable one.\n2. It is probably growing, although a long winter like the last has probably thinned them\nout a little.\n3. By keeping to the lightly wooded lands of considerable altitude they do not very much\ninterfere with the pasturage of other stock, excepting with the summer pasturage.\n4. Wild stallions may have a very deleterious effect on the breed of horses in any neighbourhood, tending to diminish in size the progeny, wild stallions often inveigling and driving\noff tame mares, which thus become as mischievous and difficult to catch as any.\n5. Any Whites or Indians claiming to have horses running at large might be required to\nassemble, on certain dates and round up the' wild stock under the directions of a capable\n\"captain,\" and, when corralled, the owners, by payment of so much per head, to take their\nstock, those stock with no proven owners to be destroyed. For this the middle of April\nwould be the best time of the year.\nJ. D. Prentice, Dog Creek, says :\u2014\n1.  The evil is a great one, destroying feed and interfering detrimentally with tame bands.\n4. The wild stallions not only get to the gentle mares and so deteriorate the band, but\nthey frequently run them off, when it is difficult and sometimes impossible to recover them.\nJ. S. Place, Dog Creek, says :\u2014\n1. The evil is certainly a great one, as the wild horses come in large bands on the cattle\nranges in the spring of the year and feed and tramp out the young green grass.\n,   2.  It is growing.    There  are  some  500   wild horses  on  Dog Creek Mountain, and the\nincrease will be 1*25 head or more per annum. 934 Reiort on Agriculture. 1893\n3. They destroy more grass by trampling over the range than cattle, but they are not so\ndestructful as sheep ; but wild horses have no market value, whereas sheep and horses have.\nWe consider them as worthless, and they depasture land that ought to be utilized by saleable\nstock.\n4. It is impossible to have tame mares on the range, as they are sure to get in the wild\nbands, when we always consider them lost, as it costs more than their-value to recapture\nthem, and they get away again on the first opportunity.\n5. The Indians have taken the chief interest in these wild horses, corralling and branding\nthe unbranded ones occasionally. The Whites would cause no trouble, and would all agree to\nthe total extermination of them. By fencing the ranges and excluding the wild horses, those\nrunning stock inside the fenced range to pay a tax per head of stock, the wild horses could be\nkept back in the timber, where they would be harmless. Let the Government buy the horses\nand then control them by legal measures by passing- laws that bands of horses running on\npublic ranges should be corralled at least once per month. Before any stringent laws are\npassed, giving interested parties twelve months to dispose of them and get them out of the\ncountry.     We are all of one opinion, that they ought to be totally exterminated\nIt, L. Cawston, Keremeos, says :\n1.  I consider wild horses a very great evil, causing great destruction to the ranges.\n3. They are much worse than cattle or sheep ; they not only clip the grass very short,\nbut also paw it out.\n4. The stallions are a great nuisance, often running off' tame mares, which it is impossible\nto recover.\n5. The gathering up of all wild horses and shipping them to the North-West or some\nother large grazing country, and T think sufficient would in this way be realized to defray cost\nof gathering.\nJ. J. Mackay, Ashcroft, says :\u2014\n1. The evil is a considerable one.\n2. It is growing, as the wild horses are good foragers and are inclined to monopolize the\nbest feeding ground on the range, and they realize little more than cost of catching and\nbringing them to market, and eat what would support a better class of animal.\n4. Catch colts resulting frequently, propagating inferior animals, besides losing the\nowner a season, who has good mares, and has imported at considerable expense good  stallions.\n5. The evil might be mitigated by some reasonable and practical regulations as to wild\ncolts and stallions. As these regulations would chiefly affect the Indians' horses, they should\ntie plain, brief and not too harsh.\nA. Postilt, Okanagan Mission, says : \u2014\n1. The evil is a great one, wild horses being unmitigated pests.\n2. I am of the opinion that it is growing.\n3. As bad as domestic animals, and not compensating with any returns.\n4. The demoralization of the horse-breeding business,\n5. Their destruction as quick as possible, giving Whites and Indians fair notice and\nreasonable time to secure any of their horses running with the wild ones, after which take\nmeasures to kill them off till the last one.\nJ. Clapperton, Nicola, says : \u2014\n1. I don't doubt their existence, but they confine themselves to high ranges where\nsettlers' stock seldom go, and the stealing of horses is often laid to the account of the wild\nhorses.\n2. My idea is the evil is not increasing, but my knowledge is only from hearsay\n3. They are more destructive to plant life than sheep or cattle, digging grass up by the\nroots where the ground is soft.\n4. The cross-breeding is bad.    \u25a0\n5. Kill or capture them. Try walking them down, keeping them moving till exhausted\nby relays of men, when they can be corralled ; castrating the stallions, killing the scrubs,\ndomesticating those of any value. 56 Vict. Report on Agriculture. 935\nC. F. Costerton, Vernon, says :\u2014\n1. Only a part of this district is troubled by wild horses ; they both eat down the ranges\nand trouble those running a better class of animal, as it is hard to prevent contamination\nwith the deteriorated wild stock.\n2. It is doubtful if they are increasing, a severe winter reducing them, and a mild one\nallowing them to increase.\n3. They are not as bad as sheep, but more injurious than cattle, as they crop closer.\n4. The wild stallions drive off tame mares into their bands, which are with difficulty, if\never, recovered. If served by wild stallions, the colts are valueless. The stallions even\ndriving off tethered and hobbled mares.\n5. By allowing no redress to Whites or Indians when their horses, if running in the wild\nbands, are shot or otherwise destroyed.\nM. Sullivan, Shuswap, says :\u2014\n1. As far as this part is concerned, the evil is not a great one.\n2. Neither is it growing.\n4. Wild stallions, where existing, would be bad, but I hear no complaints here now.\nFormerly this country was overrun with horses, more or less wild, but they have been mostly\nsold and got rid of since the C.P.R. opened a market in the North-West and Manitoba, and\nare now almost stamped out of existence.\nMr. R. Hoey, Lillooet, says :\u2014\n3. Wild horses are of no benefit, even to those that claim them, and they are injurious to\nthe pastoral ranges.\n4. Stallions are the worst kind of a nuisance, as they run off tame animals, which in a\nshort time become wild. 936 Report on Agriculture. 1893\nWEEDS.\nThe great increase of noxious weeds reported from all parts of the country, all, or nearly-\nall, not indigenous to the soil, seems to point out that restrictive measures should be adopted\nby the country generally, and by the municipalities particularly. At the present time the\nonly public Acts provide as follows :\u2014\nThistle Prevention Act,  1877.\n\" 2. This Act shall not apply to the Mainland north and east of the Cascade Mountains.\n\" 3. Any person may, by notice in writing, require any owner, agent, occupier, or holder\nof any land not within the limits of a municipality, or any person bound to keep in order any\nprivate road or by-road, to cut and destroy, between the 20th of June and the 1st of August,\nall thistles growing on the said land, or public road, or by-road ; and all thistles growing on\nthe public road abutting on land owned or occupied by any person aforesaid : Provided that,\nin the case of any owner of real estate being absent from the Province, a notice requiring him\nso to cut and destroy said thistles, affixed on some conspicuous place on the land, shall be\ndeemed good service.\n\"4. In case of refusal or neglect, any Justice of the Peace may, eight days after the notice\nhas been given, condemn the delinquent, upon complaint supported by the oath of one credible\nwitness, other than the complainant, or upon the confession of the party prosecuted, to a\npenalty of fifty cents for every day he so refuses or neglects, over and above the costs and\ncharges incurred in obtaining such judgment, and such judgment shall be rendered in a\nsummary manner.\"\nNoxious Weeds Act.\n\" 2. Any person who imports and offers for sale any grain, grass, clover, or other seed, or\nany seed grain, among which there is seed of Canada thistle, oxeye daisy, wild oats, rag-weed,\ncharlock, sorrel, burdock, wild mustard, or any other foul seeds, or who shall knowingly\nconvey from one farm to another any of the above-named noxious seeds or grains, upon\nconviction, be liable to a fine of not less than twenty dollars nor more than one hundred\ndollars, to be levied and recovered on summary conviction before any two Justices of the\nPeace having jurisdiction in that locality.\n\"3. This Act shall not apply to that part of the Province lying to the east of the Cascade\nRange of Mountains.\"\nAll or many of the municipalities also have, I believe, laws bearing on the subject, but in\nmany cases either they are not put into force or they are inoperative or ineffectual from\nseveral causes, such as adjoining municipalities not taking joint action, or large extents of\nwaste lands either within or adjoining the municipalities on which weeds have a chance of\nseeding, and so neutralizing the efforts made to overcome them. Hence it would appear that\nthe public Acts respecting weeds should be amended so as to make them more general in their\nprovisions and ^scope, and that there should be some concerted action on the part of the\nmunicipalities. As matters stand now the weeds have it all their own way. I was particularly impressed with this fact during my journeys last year ; large areas which a short time\nago were covered with wild grasses, ferns and bushes, all comparatively harmless, are now overrun\nwith thistles, oxeye daisies, and other interlopers, ousting with scant ceremony the native\nplants. Most of the correspondents seem to agree that summer fallowing is the best preventive\nin fields. It is asserted that many noxious weeds heretofore unknown in this Province are\nspread by sweepings from the cars bringing produce from the east. The following are some\nopinions and experiences in the destruction of weeds, well worth studying. The remedies are\ntaken from Experimental Farms Reports, 1891.\nThe. following is taken from Experimental Farms Reports for 1891, pp. 213 and 214.\n\" Weeds of the Farm.\u2014There has been considerable enquiry for information concerning\nweeds of the farm, and farmers generally seem to be alive to the necessity of stamping out a\nnew pest as soon as it appears. There are certain principles which must be borne constantly\nin mind by those who wish to clear their lands of noxious weeds. In the present age of\ngood and easy communication with all parts of the globe, there are frequent opportunities for\nseeds of weeds being introduced into previously uninfested districts.    This is, as a rule, with 56 Vict. Report on Agriculture. 937\nother seeds, or in hay and straw, used as packing. Perhaps the, most fertile source of weeds\nupon a previously clean farm is bought manure. Notwithstanding all efforts to the contrary,\nweeds will however be constantly introduced from outside sources, either with seed, manure,\nor carried by the elements, and it is well that farmers should understand a simple classification\nof all weeds by their modes of growth.\n\"Plants may be divided into the following classes: annuals, biennials, and perennials.\nIn eradicating weeds it is all important to know under which of these heads they come.\n\"Annuals.\u2014Are those plants which complete their whole growth in a year. As a rule,\nthey have small fibrous roots and produce a large quantity of seed. Examples of this class\nare found in wild mustard, penny cress (called in Manitoba stink-weed or French-weed),\nlamb's quarter, wild buckwheat, purslane, rag-weed. There are also some annuals which are\nbiennial in habit, that is, of which seeds ripened in the summer produce a certain growth\nbefore winter sets in, and then complete their development the following spring. Of these\nmay be mentioned shepherd's purse, penny cress (mentioned above), and chess.\n\"Biennials.\u2014Are those which require two seasons to complete their growth, the first\nbeing spent in collecting and storing up a supply of nourishment, which is used the second\nseason in producing flowers and seeds. Examples of these are burdock, wild parsnip, mullien,\nevening primrose, and viper's buglos or blue-weed.\n\" Perennials.\u2014Are those plants which continue growing for several years. Perennial\nweeds are propagated by various methods. The most troublesome are those which extend\nlong shoots beneath the surface of the ground, as sheep's sorrel, Canada thistle, perennial sow-\nthistle, chicory and couch grass. Some perennials extend, but very slowly, from the root by\nmeans of short stems or off-sets, but produce a large quantity of seed. Of these oxeye daisy,\ndandelion, golden rod, and perennial groundsel are examples.\n\"In adopting a method of extermination, the nature of the plant to be eradiated must first\nof all be taken into consideration. Any method by which the germination of the seed in the\nsoil is hastened, and then the young plants are destroyed before they produce fresh seed, will\nclean land infested by annual weeds The seeds of some annuals have great vitality, and will\ncontinue appearing for several years as fresh seeds are brought to the surface. Wild mustard\nand wild oats have been known to germinate after lying deep in the ground for twenty\nyears. Biennials must be either ploughed up or cut off previous to flowering. Where\nploughing is impracticable, they should be cut off below the crown of the root. For this\npurpose a large chisel in the end of a long handle (to obviate the necessity of stooping) is as\nconvenient a tool as can be used. Perennials are by far the most troublesome of all weeds\nand require very thorough treatment, and in some instances the cultivation of special\ncrops to ensure their eradication. Imperfect treatment, such as a single ploughing, frequently\ndoes more harm than good, by breaking up the underground and stimulating growth.\n\" There is no weed known which cannot be eradicated by constant attention, if only the\nnature of its growth be understood. Farmers should be constantly on the alert to prevent\nnew weeds from becoming established on their farms. There are some general rules which all\nshould remember : 1. Weeds do great harm by robbing the soil of the plant-food intended\nfor the crop. 2. They crowd out and take the place of more useful plants. 3. They cause\ngreat loss of time to eradicate, and frequently compel the farmer to change the best rotation\nof his crops, and perhaps grow crops which are not the most advantageous for his farm.\n4. Weeds of all kinds can. be eradicated by constant attention along the following lines :\n(I.) Never allow them to seed. (II.) Cultivate frequently early in the season, so as to destroy\nseedlings while of weak growth. (III.) For perennial weeds, the only means of destroying\nthem is to prevent them from forming leaves and storing up nourishment in their roots. This\ncan be done by constant cultivation.\"\nCanada Thistle.\n(Cnicus Arveusis.)\nAre reported from Okanagan Mission, Lower Nicola, Surrey Centre, Hall's Prairie,\nRiverside, Chilliwhack, Sumas, Dewdney, Mission, Maple Ridge, Coquitlam, Hornby Island,\nand Cowichan.\nMr. Geo. W. Chadsey, of Sumas, says :\u2014There are a few bull thistles and also a few\nCanadian thistles in the settlement of Chilliwhack. Corporations should have! by-laws\nenacted for the destruction of foul weeds, and the by-laws put into  force.    The burdock has 938 Report on Agriculture. 1893\nalso made its appearance.    If the Canadian thistle is allowed to get a hold on the land it will\nbe a serious drawback to the agriculturist.\nThe Canada thistle is perhaps the most difficult plant to conquer that the farmer has to\ncontend with ; but with determined persistence the worst patch may be killed out entirely.\nThe chief effort should be made by frequent hoeing or cultivation, to prevent the plant from\nforming leaves. In this way the roots soon become exhausted and the plant must die. In\nheavy land, of course, it is more difficult to destroy both thistles and couch grass, but two\nhoed crops well cultivated will generally be sufficient.\nScotch Thistle\nIs reported from Okanagan Mission, Hall's Prairie, Chilliwhack, Lulu Island, The\nIslands, Victoria, Lake, Nanaimo, and Hornby Island.\nThistles,\nNot particularly distinguished, are reported from Spallumcheen, Delta, Surrey Centre,\nClayton, Aldergrove, Upper Sumas, Sumas, Agassiz, The Islands, Metchosin, Shawnigan,\nHornby Island, Cowichan, Somenos, Salt Spring Island, Comox, Alberni, and Valdez.\nPerennial Sow Thistle,\n(Sonchus arvensis.)\nWhen this plant is established in a piece of land, it can only be eradicated by constant\ncultivation or hoeing.\nFoxtail\n(Setaria glanca ?)\nIs reported from Okanagan Mission, Quilchena, Upper Nicola, Lower Nicola, Central\nNicola, and Chilcotin.\nMr. Thos. Bulman, of Stump Lake, says :\u2014The worst weed or noxious grass is foxtail ;\nthere seems to be no way of getting rid of it unless by ploughing, which is not always convenient.    It grows from seed and matures very early, consequently the seed is always good.\nSorrel\n(Rumex acetosella )\nIs reported from Surrey Centre, Aldergrove, Upper Sumas, Chilliwhack, Mission, Howe\nSound, Hornby Island, Metchosin, Victoria, Lake, Somenos, Nanoose, Comox, and Alberni.\nFern\n(Pteris Aquilina var Lanuginosa)\nIs reported from Clayton, Aldergrove, Upper Sumas, Chilliwhack, Sumas, Dewdney,\nMission, Maple Ridge, Cowichan, Salt Spring Island, and Hornby Island.\nBurdock\n(Lappa officinalis)\nIs reported from Chilliwhack, Somenos, and Agassiz. The burdock is a biennial, and is\neasily eradicated by cutting it off below the collar, or by continuous mowing to-prevent the\nplant going to seed.\nMillet\nIs reported from Spallumcheen.\nDock\n(Rumex Crispus)\nIs reported from Spallumcheen, Surrey Centre, and Alberni.\nGroundsel\n(Senecio vulgaris)\nIs reported from Spallumcheen. 56 Vict. Report on Agriculture. 939\nNettles\nAre reported from Notch Hill.\nCrab Grass\nIs reported from Chilliwhack.\nFire Weed\n(Erechthites hieracifolia)\nIs reported from Lulu Island.\nCheat Grass\n(Bromus Secalinus)\nIs reported from Somenos.\nSalsify and Chicory\nAre reported from Venables Valley and Ashcroft.\nMr. W. V. Kirkpatrick, of Venables Valley, says :\u2014Both the salsify and chicory,\nwhich have gone wild, are becoming very troublesome weeds on my place. As they are hardy\nperennial plants, they are hard to exterminate.\nWild Chicory.\n(Chicorium Intybus.)\nThis perennial has strong, spreading root-stocks, but it is not a difficult plant to overcome\nby constant hoeing.\nWild Buckwheat\n(Gonvolvolus arvensis)\nIs reported from Okanagan Mission, Kettle River, Keremeos, Spallumcheen, Kamloops,\nQuilchena, Central Nicola, Lower Nicola, Ashcroft, Venables Valley, Lillooet, Pavilion\nMountain, Chilcotin, Lac La Hache, Williams Lake, Soda Creek, Surrey Centre, Metchosin\nComiaken, and Cowichan.\nWild Oats\n(Arena fatua)\nAre reported from Okanagan Mission, Okanagan, Spallumcheen, Duck's, Grand Prairie,\nKamloops, Quilchena, Lower Nicola, Chilcotin, Lac La Hache, Soda Creek, and Chilliwhack.\nThis is an annual grass, and is propagated entirely from seed. The seeds are said to have\ngreat vitality, and to lie dormant in the soil for many years if they be buried too deep to\ngerminate. Any method adopted to clean land of this pest must ensure that no seeds are\nallowed to ripen. Sowing fall rye as a soiling crop, and following with a crop of buckwheat\nto be ploughed in, and then following the next season with a hoed crop, may be suggested.\nSir William Hooker says :\u2014\"The use of the wild oat, with its brown hairy seed and twisted\nawn, as an artificial fly is well known, the uncoiling of the awn when wetted causing those\ncontortions by which it imitates a fly in trouble.    It is of common use with rustic fishermen.\"\nChickweed\n(Stellaria media)\nIs reported from Chilliwhack, Lulu Island, Lake, and Comox.\nPigweed\n(Amarantus retroflexus)\nIs reported from Okanagan, Spallumcheen, Ashcroft, and Williams Lake.\nWild Mustard\n(Sinapis arvensis)\nIs reported from Kamloops, Williams Lake, Soda Creek, Quesnelle, and Sumas.\nWild Parsnip\nIs reported from Okanagan Mission, Surrey Centre, Port Kells, and Chilliwhack. Oxeye Daisy\n(Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum)\nIs reported from Maple Ridge, Shawnigan, Cowichan, Somenos, and Alberni. Few pests\nof the farm are better known than this. It is a pernicious weed which has become well\nestablished in many parts of the country.    This is chiefly in hay fields and pastures.\nTo clean these, the sod must be turned under, and the land put into alternate husbandry.\nA great deal of good may also be done by digging up all plants found along the sides of farm\nroads &c.\nMr. E. H. Forrest, McPherson's, says :\u2014Oxeye daisy and thistle are the worst, and are\nincreasing every year with alarming rapidity. About one per cent, of the farmers try to keep\nthem down, and he has his place seeded down again from his neighbour's surplus.\nWild Sunflowers\nAre reported from Okanagan Mission and Kamloops.\nLamb's Quarter\n(Chenopodium album)\nIs reported from Kettle River, Kamloops, and Comox.\nTumble Weed.\n(Sisimbrium Sinapistrium)\nIs reported from Okanagan Mission and Spallumcheen.\nCockle\n(Lychnis githago)\nIs reported from Pavilion Mountain.\nStink Weed\n(Thlaspi arvense)\nIs reported from Williams Lake. It belongs to the Cress family, and has great vitality\nThere are two large successive crops of seed ripened in the summer, and frequently many-\nplants will be found in the autumn which pass through the frosts of winter unharmed and\nripen their seeds early next spring. It is an exhaustive weed, of a rank, unpleasant odour.\nIt is an annual, and should be destroyed whenever seen. It can at once be recognized by its\nsmall white flower, its large flat pods, frequently over half an inch across, and its pungent\nodour.    Thorough cultivation and hand pulling will destroy it.\nDaisy\nChinese Turnip\nIs reported from Clayton.\nIs reported from Quesnelle.\nPlantain and Dandelion\nAre reported from Victoria and Somenos.\nCamomile\nIs reported from Metchosin.\nWild Carrot and Golden Rod\nAre reported from Okanagan. 56 Vict. Report on Agriculture. 941\nIMPORTS AND EXPORTS.\nImportations from other Provinces in Canada and from other countries, and exportations\nto countries outside of Canada, of such products of agriculture and its branches as can be\nproduced in the Province, for the two fiscal years ending 30th June, 1892, I am enabled to\npresent through the courtesy of the Collectors of Customs and of the officials of the Canadian\nPacific Railway Company. These show not only the raw material, but such articles as can be,\nand in many instances are, manufactured in the Province. By the following tables it will be\nseen that in the year ending 30th June, 1892, we imported\u2014\nAgricultural products to the value of    $2,483,540\nDuty paid was         176,158\nTotal    $2,659,698\nFor the same period ending 30th June, 1891, the sum was    $1,908,381\nIncrease       $751,317\nWhile in exports, which at the best are insignificant,   there was an\nincrease of ,         $26,522\nIt is but fair to say, however, that the figures for fruits and other products sent over the\nCanadian Pacific Railroad to other Provinces were not procurable, and are therefore necessarily\nomitted.    This would materially swell the exports.\nIn almost every line there has been a material increase in the importations. In cattle\nthe increase was 2,565 head, principally from the North-West Territories, and this in face of\nthe fact that there are plenty of beef cattle in the Province. It is high time our cattle\nmen devised some means for their protection (I suggested cold storage in my prefatory remarks),\nor put the ranges to more profitable uses ; say the production of sheep, in which there was\nan increase of 5,553 head, we having imported 45,025 head, besides some mutton.\nOf swine we imported to the value of $27,502, against $9,850 the year before.\nPork, bacon, hams and lard, 3,558,935 lbs.; value, $401,745; against 3,107,813 lbs.,\nvalue $319,065, the year before ; in all for the year ending 30th June last, $429,247 ; or an\nincrease of $100,332 over the year previous in swine and its products alone.\nOf poultry we imported about 218,000 lbs.; value, $21,795; against 145,000 lbs., $14,488,\nthe year before, or an increase in poultry of 73,000 lbs., $7,307.\nOf eggs we imported 661,205 dozen; value, $102,510 ; against 379,702 dozen, $57,659,\nthe year before, or an increase in eggs of 281,503 dozen, $44,851.\nOf plums and prunes we imported 150,148 lbs.; value, $8,961; against 56,636 lbs., $5,681,\nthe year before, or an increase of 93,512 lbs., $3,280, in plums and prunes.\nOf butter we imported 1,677,970 lbs.; value, $409,372; against 1,424,297 lbs. $351,439,\nthe year before, or an increase of 253,673 lbs., $57,933, in butter.\nOf cheese we imported 387,470 lbs.; value, $41,043 ; against 243,250 lbs., $26,096, the\nyear before, or an increase of 144,220 lbs., $14,947.\nAnd so it goes on, almost everything showing an increase; a much greater increase than\nthe probable increase of our urban population would warrant, for I take it for granted the\nrural population raises at least enough for its own wants. In any case it will be seen at a\nglance that there is an unnecessary drain on the country for the necessaries of life, which\nshould be stopped without delay. The figures which are now presented should be a good index\nto the farmer of what he should mainly attempt to produce, with all due consideration of the\ncapabilities of his particular part of the country. 942\nReport on Agriculture.\n1893\no\n3\nTS\nO\n-.\nPh\nCD\nrQ\nC\nIB\no\n-3\ncS\na\nc\u00ab\nc8\nO\nr3\n-a\no\na\nrS\n4J\no\nCO\nir\ni\n55\no\n00\nQ rH IO,\n\u25a0oom\nTJ<\n1^\nCC\nc\nCD\nO\nco\no\nroots\nO CO 50\nOl\nOS\nCO\nCI\nc: cc tH m Q X IN CC\n\u00a9 \u00a9 o: i- --H \u00a9 o Tfi\nlOOK. CC Oi \u00a9\n) CI       -h (M\n. CI       \u00a9 -*\n\u00ab (M O N TC ^ a; -\nO CO O. \u00ab O t> (M -31\nCI O 1C -* iO -* \\f o\nc3\nj      ,-,.\u00ab-\nOWpHQCOrrjOO\nongo-oa Soo\niCCOOlOOi-'mCOO\nC^Jt^-jT-K cf\u00a9~ e XCO\n^ iO CO W M m   \" C CI\nO \u00a9 b^ O CC CO X i-O Ol \u00a9\n\u00a9 LO CI I-- CJ \u00a9 CO \u00a9 \u00a9 t~-\n\u00a9 CI \u00a9 cc- CC L\u2014 CI r-l LO x\nX \u00a9 \u00a9 CI \u00a9\n\u00a9 \u2014 ia W\n\u2014I  10 CI\n\u00a9 iO\nCI >~\n(N \u00a9 \u00a9 \u00a9 i-\n\u00a9 \u00a9 -H CO \u25a0\nLCt>GCC-\nfffl\n0.\n=0\na\n3\n\u2022c\nr-S\n\u25a0fa\nq\n-3\n3\no\no\ncc\nixi\nCD\nrJ\n_=)\nT3\nO\nu\nCD\na\nw\n0\nri\nti\nu\nes\n\u25ba>\na\n0\n3\nS-i\nO\nn\no\ncq\nr\u00bb\n.9 a\n-r=\nH\nO\na\nr-3\n-a\no\n\u00a9\nTf\nTf\n\u00a9\ncf\nCO\n^^\nr\u2014I      \u00a9     t^     \u00a9      X\nCCiOWCCCO\n3\n\u00a9 Tf   Tf  LO CI\n-h 00 <N CO t-\nCO CO -* t* tH\n\u00a9 \u00a9\n\u00a9 io\n\u00a9 X\nTf   X\nOS \u2014I\n1^\u00a9\nX\n.\n\u00a9\nCI\ncj\nLO\n\u00a9\n-r.\n~\nCO\nCJ\nOS\nCO\nl-~\n\u2014'  \u00a9  X t- \u00a9  -H   Tf  IO\nl- Tf \u2014i r- io \u00a9 cc \u00a9\no       cc       CI \u00a9       t^\n\u00a9\"     co of\n\u00a9\n\u00a9 iO\n\u00a9\nTf  -H\nX\noa \u25a0\u2014i\n\u00a9\nOl\nCO\nX\nTf  ^H\nTf  \u00a9\n\u00a9\u00a9\u00a9^\u00a9CO\u00a9\u00a9\u00a9X\u00a9ClCOtO\u00a9CI\u00a9\u00a9l-^\u00a9CCTfLOCC\u00a9X\u00a9\n\u00a9 \u2014i CC I-- CI \u00a9 \u00a9 co co X \u00a9 -f \u00a9 X iO X X \u00a9 rO CI Tf \u00a9 \u2014 \u00a9 IO cc\nX \u00a9 l>- \u00a9 \u00bb0 CI CC Tf .CC X \u00a9 X \u2014 CI \u00a9 LO Tf CI X I>> CC \u00a9 \u00a9 \u2014\u25a0 Tf C)\nCI \u2014 \u2014 '\nTf  \u00a9  \u00a9   Tf  \u00a9. OS  \u00a9  \u00a9  \u00a9\naoc*\u00a9coo\u00a9o\u00a9\u00a9\nr--r-*_\u00a9 \u00a9 \u00a9 i\u2014i \u00a9 co \u00a9\nof \u00a9 of ioT \u00a9 Tf\" o co of\n\u00a9\u00a9\u00a9XCC \u00a9 Tf \u00a9\n\u00a9\u25a0 X \u00a9 X \u00a9 \u2014i \u00a9 X CI \u00a9\n\u00a9LO-\u2014i \u00a9 \u00a9 \u00a9 LO \u00a9 \u00a9 X\n\u00a9 LO \u00a9 \u00a9 \u00a9 \u00a9 CI \u00a9 -h\n\u00a9   \u2014r\u00a9~\n\u00a9 \u00a9 -f Tf CC\n\u00a9\nx cc\nSfl\nOl\n-* o \u2014 to\noccc\nTf- O CO\n\u2022 13\n=     r\u00ab   jO      r,\nrO   \u00abrO\n\"*S     =\n\u00a3      O   -H      0.\u00ab      fj   \u25a0?-.=:   -r.      C>.S      O    -r.      O.\n^C-Hr.r.r,=H-,r.a-\"rj|r,r.\nfl>fl>r->r1_1-\nPoPoPoPP\nOCI-QPhQFmooqPhOPhOPhOFmoP-iC)\n3 o a o I\nC      r,      O      !_,      n\nO1^\na \u00b0 p\n-^ rf,  tn Tfl\nOJ      1)      CD      T,\nO    ,\"      O  .r.\n-.      --      -1      --\n.S -P.S P\nr- a > c\nr-     r3     r-      t 3     M\n\u25a0 3  -\u00b0 .9   ^     _ -3  +^\nB    -   ^   S    -    -\n-   O   -,   O\nPh O Pi O\n\u25a0a\nrlQ\n3\nc8\no\nw\n(OOP\n.^T    r. \u00bb      Sl_,\n.. rS     S -Ji     9     \u00ab\n3 O   Cti    Or.-,ii\ncc     <1 pq i-l M P5 pq \u00bb\no\nP-i\nr\n\u00b0TS\n\u201e\nothe\nmeal\nP\n+3\ned and\nit,\nwheat\n\u25a0D\ns\n\"3\nCO\nO\ncd    -g\n\"is  =S\n0)        0\n\u2022 bread\na   ro\n03\u00a7 =\npj\na\n\"\n53   r2\nB.r.-\"!\ntl\n-U\nr^                   (6\nj3  t;\n= S-3 2\n43)    CO\npq-yp-i\nOHPPPHOOP2\nOrC\n^=s\nn\n&\n*,\n0\nH\nb\nm\nH\nm\ncc\n3\nb\n\u00ab\n5\n3\nQ\nH\nO\n3\nfa'\nes\nPQPi\na 56 Vict.\nReport on Agriculture.\n943\n\u00a9\n\u00a9 LO \u00a9\nCO           HO  r-H\n\u00a9 IO CI\nLO Tf t>\nCI iO \u00a9 \u00a9\n\"O \u00a9 \u00a9\u00a9\nTf\u00a9Xr-HTf\u00a9lClTf\n\u00a9 \u00a9 X\n\u00a9\n!>\u2022\n\u00a9\n\u00a9\n00\n\u00a9   OO   Tf\nCI         1~- IO\n\u00a9  Tf  CC\n\u00a9  LO  \u00a9\nO-hIOCI\nCO  LO  \u00a9  r-H\nHoociaoooco\n\u00a9 X \u00a9\n\u00a9\niO\nt>\n\u00a9\n\u00a9   CD \u00a9 CO\niO \u2014 \u00a9\n\u00a9 r- l-\nTf  Tf  \u00a9  r-H\nX \u00a9 \u00a3-- X\n\u00a9  \u00a9  LO  r-H  CC X  Tf  \u00a9\n\u00a9\n\u00a9\n\u00a9\n\u00a9\nTf   _   Tf\n\u2014 cd oi ci\n\u00a9 \u2014 X\nLOCOC\nLO  r-H  r-H  CC\nr^ ci cc x ci io      x\nTf   Tf   CI\nTf\nr-\nCO\nTf\n> Oi' X\nhh:       \"\nTf CC \u00a9\n>o CO CI\n'O   Tf             Tf\n\u00a3-, [-.  ph             PH   CC             \u00a9\n\u2014i           d\nCI\nCO\n\u00a9\n\u20ac\u00a9>\nCI  r-H           CO\nCI                \u00a9\nTf\n\u00a9\nCI\n\u00a9lO\u00a9Cl\u00a9\u00a9l--XXCO\u00a9r-H\u00a9\u00a9\u00a9CC\u00a9Tf\n\u00a9COXL-jCOTft--Cl\u00a9iO\u00a9\u00a9TfOI\u00a901\u00a9Cl\n\u00a9\u00a9LO\u2014   ->\u2022\u00a9   \u2014   C!l~-COCl\u00a9r\u2014lr-HTfCSCCTf\n\u2022 \u00a9\u00a9X^t\u00a9\u00a9 \u2014 XCI\n'OCOCl\u00a9CCCO\u00a9Tf\u00a9COTfTf\u00a9ClCl\u00a9^H\u00a9\u00a900\u00a9r-H\u00a9Cl\u00a9CC\u00a9\u00a9\u00a9t--\nL-^X\u00a9r-HCC>\u00a9\u00a9Hfi_OClCli.OCO\u00a9\u00a9TfCOr-HO\u00a9TfiOXt-*\u00a9TfO--H\u00a9i-H\n01\u00a9 Xr\u2014iTf TfCl \u00a9 ~h Tf CC \u00a9 \u00a9 \u00a9\u00a9I>*C1\u00a9G0CC\u00a9\u00a9\u00a9X\u00a9\u00a9\nr m\"      Tf'\u00a9\" \u00a9 of r-HGO \u00a9\"lo co\" IO\nCI r\u2014i lO '0        CO       CO\n\u00a9 X \u2014i CO i\nM CI\nTf   CI   Tf   X   Tf   CC'   Ol   Tf\nlO 1- CO CO X cc \u00a9 \u00a9\n\u00a9\u00a9Tfr-Hi\u2014lOi--\u00a9\nr-f Tf 00 \u00a9\"\n01 CI CI LO\nCI\n^\u00a9XTf-H^fOTf\u00a9\nI- \u00a9 Tf lO \u00a9 CI \u00a9 i-O \u00a9\n\u25a0 \u00a9 \u00a9^ i-h CO L^ \u00a9 LO L\u2014 \u00a9\n! \u2014h\" \u00a9\"\u00a9\"\u00a9' l^ r-T zo CO\n. \u00a9 Tf LO \u00a9 r-H CO\nOl   HH\nCI CO iO CI  \u00a9 iO \u00a9 CI CO \u00a9 X 01 L-- i>. X cc H\n\u00a9 r-H iO lO \u00a9 Ol \u25a0\u00a9 Tf \u00a9 \u00bbo X Ol i>- \u00a9 ci CO \u00a9\nTfi--        \u00abOiOhhXhH\u00abK|>h\u00a9h\nIO   Tf\niO\n01\nOQ Tf t~- r\u20141  r-H CO\nTf Oi O \u00a9\nOl CI\n\u25a0 \u00a9 \u2014i Ol CI \u00a9 \u00a9 \u00a9 \u00a9 \u00a9 CO\u00a9 -h\n\u25a0 CO X CO I> \u00a9 l~- \u00a9 !>\u25a0 \u00a9 CC CI \u00a9\nCO O hO^O^CShho\ni-T      t^Tf'lO of t-T\u00a9 pH^t-Tco\"\n\u00a9 X Tf CO CO iO CN\n,j0 \u2014 CI Tf        CO\n\u00a9\n01 \u00a9 X\nX\nUO  H\n~I   Tf   X\nr-H lO LO IO CO \u00a9 \u00a9 \u00a9\n\u00a9\nLO t>\nC0Cl\u00a9C0iO\u00a9Tf\u00a9\n\u00a9 \u00a9 \u00a9\nCI\nt-\nLO\n\u00a9\n\u00a3** CO !>\u25a0\nCO\nCI CO\nr-H  \u00a9  01\n\u00a9  \u00a9  ^H  LO\n\u2022-H   t^  C-t   X\nCI\n\u00a9 \u00a9\n\u00a9 \u00a9 CI Tf CI CI \u00a9 Tf\nt-\nCI\nLO\nTf\n\u00a9  \u2014   X  CC  \u00a9  X  r-H\n\u00a9\n\u00a9 \u00a9 CO\n\u00a9\nifi\n_H\nCC         X\nr,\u00a9\n-H   LO   \u00a9\nX \u00a9 \u00a9\nCh. \u00a9 r\u20141 m\nTf\nCI \u00a9\n\u2014h X \u00a9 \u2014< iO iO\n\u00a9  Tf  CO\nCI\n\u00a9\nI\"\u2014\n\u00a9\n\u00a9 X\n\u2014   Tf\n\u00a9 r-        X\nIO\n1-- 01\nt-Tf             r-             r-\n>o\nCO\n\u00a9\nCO\nTf\nrH\nrH\nr\u2014.                        CC\nr\u2014|\n\u2014 CI\n\u00a9\nCI\nCI\ns=\n\u00a9 iO O ~* X \u00a9 Ol CC \u00a9 r- Ol\nH LC 30 CI C CI\nCI TfX CI -h-h-hX^h-h\nX \u00a9 CI i\u2014I \u00a9 \u00a9 \u00a9\u25a0 \u00a9 \u00a9 c\nr-\nci co co x \u00a9 cc r- Ol co co \u2014\n\u2014i x io. ci r->c\nX \u2014 CO C\u2014 \u00a9 \u00a9 \u00a9 Tf x \u2022\u2014\nTf\u00a9co\u00a9r-\u00a9cc\u00a9\u00a9C\n\u25a0 ft\nLO   \u00a9   \u00a9             \u00a9   \u00a9   r-H\n\u00a9   \u00a9   \u00a9   \u00a9   \u00a9   X   1.C   IO   r-H   \u00a9\nX \u00a9        \u00a9 01 CI\n-o ci \u00a9 oo cc cc co d t\u2014\nLO \u00a9 LO CI \u00a9 X \u00a9 iO \u00a9 \u00a9\nCO\nCI    \u00a9                            \u2014    Tf\nX \u00a9 GO \"O CI CO                X ^h\niO iO       r^ !>\u25a0 CO\nr- .\u2014.      Tf -h\nr-l   (-,   r-,             rH   Oi   \u2014   \u00a9   iO  <~\nOl\nOS CO \u00a3>\u2022 CO OS i> L -\n\u00a9\u00a9\u00a9\u00a9\u00a9COTfiOi-Hio\nCO CC t^ \u00a9 \u00a9 \u00a9\nCC CO \u00a9\nTf  Tf  r-H   LO  lO  10\nClC0\u00a9CC\u00a9r-\u00a9\u00a9C\n\u2022\niO\n\u00a9 CC X        l~~ \u00a9 lO\nl> O SC N X \u25a0* CO \u00ab H Lt\nr-i Tf  -f  OS- \u00a9  r-H\nco r\u2014 cc I\u2014 i - \u00a9\nOl \u00a9 CC 01 \u00a9 \u00a9 \u00a9 LO \u00a9\nio Tf co      co r-\nTf   \u00a9   \u00a9  t> \u00a9   r-H-   CI   Tf   CO   r-\nr-H  CO           CI  \u00a9  IO'\n\u00a9   Tf   01\n\u00a9   Tf   l\"-  \u00a9   CI\nCI CO X \u00a9 CI \u00a9 CI \u00a9\na.\n\u00a9\n\u00a9 Ol CD \u00a9 CI         \u00a9 \u00a9\nI-. (-V.             rH   -X   \u00a9\nX    O    Tf\n\u00a9   01   CI   r-H   iO\nCO        CO CO ffi CO cc- C\nIO\n\u00a9 \u00a9 iO CO                       Tf\n\u00a9                       CC   -H   CI\n\u00a9  CO  \u00a9  r-H  TO  \u2014\n--H   HH   CO   ^H             ft!\nS   S\noo\n- jg \u25a0\u00a3   OQ *\u00a3 JO   OQ\n3<        0*\n-   O\nOQ      -     -    g\n*sj|\nCD   CP   OJ\n'B.bB\nOHO\nUPrO\n=    !\u25ba    g\nS    I\nPhO\n02    03\nCD   qj\nS   HP\n>   0    =\n= =\u25a0\u00a3 a\nO     \u00a3\nc s\nPjO\nP.C-\n0.            CD\nx>\u00bbDa>cDCD<DCD<y\nS-S\nS np S 4-1.3 -t-3 .S \u25a0**\nP a =\n->9->9>S>-5\n0   3\nosospso?\ni-O\nhhO^UPhOPhO\n-3 r9\n3\nfa\nB\nfa\" co\n3 2\n\u25a0a 3\nT3   O   fa\n.S-c p\n\"0   cs   3\nO CMP3rS\nM -P   2\n=   S    OJ Jh\nEpqo\n-\u00b0 s\nCC   CD\n.-a     m\na M\n13    \u00bb\nr-    CQ\n- \u00abH   2   03   3   S     \"\n3  3<\n-5 8-\nmall\ntierr\nraub\nurra\neach\n<!<1\nX Q O CJ PU fin\nCD   S\n'3 I\nCO\n'S-S\ni^LJ   J  c;\n* ca\nao -fa \u00ab\nCD Cr o\n> <\u00b0 0 T3\nfaOfar3 , r   o  t, a ^a;^\ncs p-3 S c5r3 3\u00abo gqj.g\nO <10 Ph P- \"^ GfO \u00ab h-1 Iz ^\ns\ntl\n-   CD\n.  3\nr3\n' -3\n\" 0\nw\nO\nO\n=e^ 1\ncc fa 0\nn fa\nce\nfa\nS  H  ^\nas s p\n^2\n- < a - - -\n. . -\u201e\u00ab\n15   S   O    \"    -    -\n---go\nS m 3\n5 fa\n0\nPfa\nPP\nfa\ne2\ne\nD\nA\nO\nH\nPh\n3\nQ 944\nReport on Agriculture.\n1893\nS\n\u00a9 .\nOQ\nH\no\nPh\nlO \u00a9 Tf CO X\nLO\nco\n0.\n\u00a9 Tf co CO \u00a9        CO                      rH\nOS\n>>\nTjiHfCHO         \u00a9CD           a5lO\nCC'\n+\u00bb\nCO Tf CO CO \u00a9        hh<D          03ph\nI-t\nCM\nCllOHHt-d          05 Jh          r^\u00a9\n\"    -       ^              ft        ft      -\n\u00a9\n00\nR\nSO\nr~\ncd\"\nm\nPI\n3\nf-j\nCO !>\u2022 IO \u00a9 CI iO \u00a9 lO lO hH X                             CM \u00a9 \u00a9 \u00a9\n\u00a9\n5\nNONCOHCOCOC.Hr-0                                 !>\u25a0 1- \u00a9 Ir-\n\u2022*\n3\nCOOClrHCNOCOOCDH^                                           Tf X  Tf   Tf\nIC3\n\u00a9\nCO\n13\nr-ir^TfcOTfTfTfir^Tfr^co                  .    cos\nCO\nCl r-H          rH X          r-                                     rn\n\u00b0P\nbb\n>\n\u25a0S\nof\nd\nCD\n(H\nl\u00bb,\n43\nHi>coco:cooH^r-.oi                       \u00a9\u00a9Tf\n(3\n\u00a9CIXXlOTfLO\u00a9\u00a9\u00a9\u00a9                                           ^h  r-H  rH\nCD\n43\nSCODCOCCOOr-SOOClCO\na\nO        XTfX\u00a9\u00a9\u00bbOlOiOiO\n3\nr-H  CI  OlnHrHrHTf           \u2014\n3\nr-H  \u00bbC\nOr\n\u00a9   \u00a9   Tf  \u00a9   \u00a9\nLO\nas\n\u00a9   CI    -H   IO    HH\nCI\nCM\n>>\nio \u00a9 r-1-- hh\nCO   CD\n<D\no\nfa>\nX \u00a9 X Tf CI\n\u00a9   CD\nCD\n55\n3\nP\nCI hh CO iO Tf\nio\"\n-*\n8H\n\u25a0^1\noo\nL-\nffi\nee,\n3\nP\ni-s\n\u00a9r-HcciOio\u00a9cocit^r-\n00\nr3\n43\nce\nHHC0TfTfr-H\u00a9Tf\u00a9\u00a9I--\n\u00bbo\nr-^irj co^o^cDt^x ci co \u00a9?\nr~\nO\n\"3\n0\nOf       CO Cfcf0C r-fo't^Tf\nCO             CO ci\n\u00a9\nen\nCJ3\nL-\ng\n&?\n3\n0)\nse-\nfa\n>>\n\u00a9\u00a9LOX\u00a9\u00a9\u00a9TfXU0--\nccj\nOr\ntH\n43\nXTft^\u00a9CO\u00a9t^iOTf\u00a9rC\n\u00a9        !>ClHCOHCM^UC   \u00ae\n3\ncc      HXcoc.r^t>(NcM^\nce\n-h r\u2014. CO            \u00a9 X        a\nHH             fl\n3\nqp\no\nC3   Sp\n\"fi-2\nft \"3 '\nO   60\ntj\n3\n2?  M\nCD   cy\nIS\na\n3\n02 Oi\nCD   o\n3'fa\n3 -fa\n> s\no 5\nfa  o\nPhO     PhO\nB\nH\nb\"        3  -\na\nS cm\n\u25a0\u00ab  43    ffi\nCOrS-C\nrfa  t3   43\nr-tJ   43\na \u00ae ffi,\n'3 fa SP\n3 o) a\nC3   43    O\na 3\ntoco  3\nS      \u00ae.f\n*2  fa -3\nP   O   ffi\nr^\n-8JS|\n8 \u2014i\nJ2 TO   CD\n3 s\n> m *\",\n\u00a3   CD   CD\n\u25a0so\nt3   tcDpq\" CO\n-   .h a) a\n<<%*\nOJ\nH\nrH     fa\nCQ\nffi  is  fa:  \u00a7  C\na fa eh I P\n85 H I o\nfa.MO!\u00bbf^ 56 Vict.\nReport on Agriculture.\n945\nEXPORTS from British Columbia to countries outside of Canada, of products of Agriculture\nand its branches for the two years ending 30th June. 1892,\nThe exports to the other Provinces in the Dominion I am unable to obtain.\nLive Stock.\nHorses   (head)\nHorned cattle ...'. .-.       \u201e\nSwine '.        \u201e\nMeats, Etc.\nPoultry\t\nHides, horns, and skins (not fur)\t\nBacon (lbs.)\nBeef         \u201e\nHams      ii\nMutton      ,,\nPork\t\nSheep pelts (No.)\nWool (lbs.)\nGrain, Seeds, Etc., Breadstuffs and Products of.\nBran (cwt.)\nBarley   (bush.)\nBeans ,\n.Oats      ii\nPeas, split     \u201e\nWheat      \u201e\nFlour (bbls)\nBiscuits and bread   (lbs.)\nOatmeal (bbls).\nAll other meal       ,,\nFruits and Vegetables.\nApples, green\t\nFruits, canned\t\nOther fruit\t\nPotatoes\t\nAll other Vegetables .\nYear ending 30th\nJune, 1891.\nQuantity.\n... (lbs.)\n.'('bush.)\nHay\t\nTrees and Bushes .\n. (tons.)\n31\n64\n1,648\n104\n20,102\n37,300\n205\n4\n145\n900\n4\n556\n2\n10\n25\n37'\nDairy Products.\nButter  (lbs.)        3,188\nCheese      \u201e 6,214\n254\nValue.\n4,230\n705\n597\n70,248\n10\n183\n13\n11,055\n3,739\n82\n10\n105\n729\n21\n1,945\n15\n32\n85\n25\n45\n18\n795\n802\n973\n2,701\n106\n$99,269\nYear ending 30th\nJune, 1892.\nQuantity.\n24\n10\n13\n403\n425\n360\n43,596\n1\n1,687\n271\n6,501\n2,450\n61\n5,050\n440\n62\nValue.\n8,781\n531\n'    115\n97\n72,276\n55\n58\n33\n18,566\n2\n648\n183\n7,801\n10,967\n295\n3,181\n3\n3\n1,472\n53\n589\n81\n1125,791 946 Report on Agriculture. 1893\nDAIRYING.\nIt will be seen from the table of imports that we last year imported from all quarters\n1,677,970 lbs. of butter, valued at $409,372 ; of cheese, about 387,670 lbs., valued at $41,043 ;\nand condensed milk, 8,256 cases, valued at \u00a542,466. The duty paid during the year on such of\nthese articles as came from foreign countries amounted to $12,767.26. We therefore imported\ndairy products, including duty, to the value of $505,600. This is exclusive of cost of\ntransportation, which in itself amounts to a very large sum ; enough, one would imagine, in\nconnection with the duty which is paid on foreign importations, to leave a fair margin to the\nprovincial manufacturer. Of course he also would have to pay for transportation to the\nmarkets, but that in most cases would be but trifling in comparison to the charges from\nManitoba and Washington. Now there is no doubt that we have in our own Province a\ncountry most eminently fitted for dairying ; a country where in many seasons there is little\nor no snow, and very little cold ; where cattle can have the richest of grasses to the end of the\nautumn, and good grazing or browsing during the winter; which, supplemented with such\nother food as may be necessary, should in my opinion be a much better country for dairying\nthan many of those from which we import. I allude now particularly to the Lower Mainland\nand many parts of Vancouver Island. But what do we find ? Instead of these sections\nsupplying the whole of the Province with dairy products, there are over half a million of\ndollars worth imported. Condensed milk, it is true, is an article which might be left out, as\nI presume it requires a special manufactory, but after all it is but trifling in comparison to\nbutter. The fact is, that, with the exception of Mr. Wells at Chilliwhack, no cheese (to my\nknowledge) is manufactured. Mr. Wells, also, probably turns out more butter than any one\nman, and a good deal is turned out in the aggregate in the lower country and on the Island ;\nhowever, it is a mere drop in the bucket, after all, as compared with the requirements of the\ncountry, and nowhere is it carried on with any system, many people being probably ignorant\nof the art of making and curing butter properly. In connection with the matter of educating\nthe people, the subject is considered of such paramount importance in some of the Australian\ncolonies that they have started travelling dairies, with competent instructors, and the results\nhave been of a most satisfactory nature. In a recent letter from Mr. Peter McLean, Under-\nSecretary of Agriculture, Queensland, he says :\n\" Dairying\u2014This is made a special branch, the Department having a fully equipped\ndairy plant of the latest manufacture, with an experienced manager and staff, travelling from\nplace to place, and giving a course of instruction wherever sufficient interest is shown by the\nfarmers. I send you a copy of the conditions under which the dairy works, and also a copy\nof my last annual report, in which you will find a full detail of the operations for the year.\nYou may possibly wonder why the pupils at a course of instruction is limited to ten. The\nexplanation is, it has been found that this is the greatest number that can be actually\npermitted to handle the machinery without interfering with the movements of the staff. The\ngeneral public are welcomed, and every inquiry they make is answered, but only ten are\nallowed within the barrier.    *    *    *    *\nF. W. J. Mooke, Esq., Secretary for Agriculture, Tasmania, says :\u2014\n\"****.* For instance, dairying has been very much neglected here, and we decided\nto send out a Travelling Dairy, under an expert butter and cheese maker. The cost of this we\nestimated would be \u00a3700 for 12 months working, and we recommended the Government to\nadopt the scheme. ***** Our dairy has been out just six months, and has worked\nat eleven different places. Result:\u2014Upwards of 150 persons of all ages and both sexes\nhave received ten days' practical instruction in butter and cheese making on most modern\nprinciples. Three co-operative dairy factories have been started, and three more are in process\nof formation. We have been importing dairy products for years; the movement initiated by\nthis Department will put a stop to that, and we shall export instead    *    *    *    * \"\nWith the foregoing facts before us we should be up and doing, and if we cannot afford to\nstart dairy schools to educate the masses, we can at least start creameries and cheese factories\nat such centres as would be most convenient and to where milk could easily be taken. Lulu\nIsland, Delta, Surrey, Langley, Sumas, Chilliwhack, Cowichan, Saanich, and Comox, are all 56 Vict. Report on Agriculture. 947\ngood points I imagine for such a purpose. Then probably many people would turn their\nattention to what I conceive to be one of the industries, I may say the industry for which\nthis part of the country is best adapted, and it is my belief that it would not be many years\nbefore we could stop one great leak to the wealth of the Province, and perhaps be in a position\nto export as well.\nJ. VV. Robertson, Esq., Dairy Commissioner for Canada, in an address at Shoal Lake,\nManitoba, 21st August, 1890, said, in reference to Co-operative Dairying:\u2014\"As soon as possible\nmore co-operative creameries and cheese factories should be established. Detailed information,\nsketches of plans for buildings, particulars of equipment and management, will be furnished\nfree on application to the Dairy Commissioner, Ottawa. When the butter is made in\ncreameries, it will have a uniform quality and excellence, which will enable it to become an\narticle of commercial importance. The making of butter, by skilled workmen in factories,\nwill solve the problem to some extent of keeping more cows, while domestic help is scarce.\nCheese factories should succeed well in localities where the settlements are close enough to\npermit the economical gathering of the milk.\"\nBesides education in the art of practical dairying, such subjects as the effect of food on\nmilk and butter, the proper housing and treatment of milk, cattle and calves, the breeds of\ncattle most suitable to the country for dairying, are all subjects requiring great consideration,\nand on which education is required. Mr. Robertson, in the address at Shoal Lake aforementioned, also said :\u2014\" Too much care cannot be given to the selection of males. It will\npay the community for agricultural societies to introduce thoroughbred bulls from milking\nstrains of cattle, where private enterprise has not already done so, or is not likely to do so.\nThe value of inherited good qualities is so great that no farmer should use a sire which has\nnot both good points and good breeding.\"\nMr. Thomas Cunningham, of New Westminster, writes as follows :\u2014\"I shall be able to\nfurnish' you with some information re Jersey cattle, of which I am breeding extensively at\npresent. I own the following :\u2014'John Rioter,' a magnificent Jersey bull who took first prize\nat the Kansas State Fair; was bred by Richardson Bros., Davenport, Iowa, U. S. Also,\n' Dolly's John Bull,' the last son got in Canada by the great ' Canada's John Bull,' who was\nvalued at $15,000. This young fellow, now rising three years, took first at the Toronto\nIndustrial last year, and is said to be the most promising young bull in the Dominion. I\nhave also two grandsons of ' Stoke Pogis III.,' who is regarded as the best Jersey that ever\nwalked American soil, and was sold to his last owners for $17,500. So that British Columbia\nwill soon show up in first-class dairy stock, which is a matter of great, yes supreme, importance, for we have the finest dairy climate and soil on this continent. I purpose doing my\nshare in this line, which fits in very well with horticulture.\"\nFrom the First Annual Report of the Dairy Commissioner for Canada I take the following\nmemorandum of arguments in favour of dairying as an industry, presented by a deputation\nfrom the Dairyman's Association of the Dominion of Canada, who had the privilege of waiting\nupon the Right Honourable Sir John A. Macdonald, G. C. B., Hon. John Carling, Hon.\nMackenzie Bowell,  and Hon. John Costigan :\u2014      ********\n\" Since it is the farmers' special sphere, in the following of their occupation, to provide\nfood and the raw material for clothing for the rest of the race, whatever enables them to do\nthese best thereby operates for their profit and benefit.\n\" (a.) Dairy farming increases the available food supply per acre. Taking, for illustration, the wheat crop, it is evident that not more than half the possible life-sustaining value of\nthe crop resides in the flour prepared for human food. The other parts of the crop\u2014the\nstraw, the chaff, and the bran\u2014which are unpalatable, unsuitable, and indigestible for man,\ncan be profitably fed to dairy animals, and by them transformed into milk, butter, cheese or\nbeef. In that way, from the one crop, largely by the use of cows, the farmers are able to\nprovide both bread and butter.\n\"(b.) Dairy farming enables farmers to sell their labour and their skill to more advantage, while retaining the substances of plant food in the soil. When wheat, to the amount of\none million of bushels, is exported, at least $240,000 worth of the fertility of the fields has\nbeen removed in the grain. Whereas when fine butter, to the value of one million of dollars,\nis exported, not more than $750 worth of these valuable elements of plant food has been taken\nfrom the country. 948 Report on Agriculture. 1893\n\" (c.) Dairy farming provides remunerative occupation for a larger agricultural population. Since population alone gives value to property, dairy farming, when generally engaged\nin, increases the value of all properties in the locality.\n\" (d.) By means of dairy farming, the fertility may be restored to exhausted soils, and\nthose of virgin richness may be saved by it from becoming barren or impoverished. Instances\nof that beneficial result, from the method of farming that is being recommended, may be cited\nfrom those counties in Quebec and Ontario that have extensively engaged in dairying. The\ncondition of the lands in many other sections, where a sufficient number of cattle to consume\nthe fodders and course grains have not been kept, is full of admonition and warning for the\nsettlers in the Western Territories and Manitoba.\n\" (e.) Dairy farming enlarges the earning power of land per acre. By it the farms are\nmade to be more of the nature of mediums through which the farmers are able to dispose of\ntheir labour and skill to advantage, and less of the nature of mines, to be bagged up piecemeal and their virtue shipped off to other lands.\n\"(\/') Additional marketable value is thus also put into the lands devoted to such\nuses. Already it is safe to state that a suitable farm situated within three miles of a cheese\nfactory, or butter factory, will sell for $10 per acre more than the same farm, or one like it,\nwould bring twenty miles distant from either of these factories.\n11 (g.) The direct cash income of the farmers is added to from milk, butter, cheese, beef,\nand pork, without any lessening of the possible receipts from sales of cereals. A smaller\nacreage under cultivation will give a larger return in grain. The thoughtful improvement of\ndairy cows will make it possible to grow steers and produce beef at less cost. When a cow\nleaves a fair profit direct from the sales of her milk product, her calves can be reared at less\nexpense than when the whole milk of the cow of inferior milking power is consumed by her\noffspring.\n\" (h.) Dairy farming encourages and promotes co-operation among the farmers for their\nmutual profit. The confidence thus inspired in each for the others begets a desire for the\nexchange of information and judgments on all other matters relating to agriculture. The\nfarmers' institutes, which are now so popular all over this continent, are largely the outgrowth\nof the co-operation of dairymen, and they are everywhere found at the very front in that work.\n\" (i.) In the rearing and feeding of stock, there is offered scope for the application of the\nhighest order of intellect to farm work, and thus a love for agricultural pursuits may be\ngenerated in the minds of boys, who would otherwise flock to join the ranks of the city\ndenizens, who are less sure to aid in their country's development and in the securing of a\ncompetence for themselves.\n\" (k.) Dairy farming can be a hopeful means towards consolidating the factions of the\nDominion into one prosperous, contented, progressive people.\n\" (I.) The dairy industry has done more to adequately and successfully advertise the\nnature of our country as one desirable to live in than all other exports or advertising matter.\n********\n\" (m.) While dairy farming had in it such capabilities to serve our country well, both at\nhome and abroad, it languished until Provincial Dairymen's Associations were formed to\nfoster its development. These associations in Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba, and Nova Scotia,\nthrough means of conventions and the employment of experts, have sought to bring to light a\nknowledge of better methods of how to make richer fields, more suitable fodders and crops,\nmore productive cows, and improvement in the ways of managing, feeding and caring for\nstock, as well as in the processes of manufacturing and handling the product. By contributions\nof information, encouragement has been given to backward districts, and enthusiasm in the\nextention of the business has been created.\" 56 Vict. Report on Agriculture. 949\nFRUIT.\nOn reference to the tables of imports, it will be seen that a large quantity of dried apples\nand other fruit, plums and prunes dried, fresh apples, small fruits, cherries, cranberries,\npeaches, plums, canned fruits and vegetables (not distinguished), jams and jellies, melons and\ntomatoes, were imported, amounting in the aggregate in value to $149,096, the duty on that\nportion from foreign countries being $14,340, making a total of $163,436. In the item of\nfresh apples, I dare say that a proportion of the 7,701 barrels from foreign ports were imported\nfrom California at a time when our own were not ready for use. I find, however, that about\n75 per cent, came in between 1st September and 31st March, these being the months in which\nI can, I believe, safely say that our apples are better than those of California. Therefore, it\nis evident that at least 5,775 barrels from foreign ports, and 1,624 barrels from other\nProvinces, should not have entered the country. This is a matter which will, no doubt, in\nthe course of time right itself, as the young orchards come into bearing; still, a large quantity\nof apples are imported when there are plenty of local ones in the market, the dealers preferring them, even with the duty and transportation charges to pay. One has not to go far for\nan explanation, and it is this : The apples from California, Oregon and Washington are\ngraded : all under-sized, misshapen, scabby, or otherwise unmerchantable fruit being rigour-\nously excluded ; and then they are carefully packed (not thrown in) in clean, sightly boxes of\na uniform size (four of which are called a barrel); whereas most of our fruit is sent to market\nungraded, and often in packages of all descriptions, many of them not of the cleanest; and,\ntherefore, naturally, a dealer, who, as a rule, does business for anything but patriotic motives,\nprefers the foreign fruit, even if it costs a little more. In addition to fresh apples, there were\n332,000 lbs. of dried apples and other fruit imported, and of dried plums and prunes 150,148\nfts. Of the culture of the prune I take the following from the Canadian Gazette; I regret to\nsay I have not the report itself:\u2014\n\" A report on the prune industry in California, by Mr. Moore, British Vice-Consul at\nSan Francisco, which has been issued by the Foreign Office, should be read with profit in\nBritish Columbia. It is based on the annual report of the State Board of Horticulture. The\nprune appears to have been introduced to California from France in 1856, but little attention\nwas paid to its culture until 1881, since which time the growth of the industry has been\nphenomenal. Santa Clara County has from the beginning been its centre, and it is estimated\nthat when the trees now growing there shall have matured, the annual product will be over\n40,000,000 pounds of dried fruit. The prune tree is hardy, and will thrive in a wide range of\nsoil and climate, and at various elevations; it can be grown wherever the greengage grows;\nbut the prune with the prime requisites of solid, firm flesh, a rich fruity flavour, and a keeping-\nquality that will stand the test of months or years without serious loss from shrinkage, can be\ngrown only in places possessing peculiarities of soil and climate. The best soil, again, depends\nupon the stock used, light soil suiting one kind, heavy soil another, and so on. Similarly the\npreparation of the soil varies in its character. Mr. Moore describes in detail the methods of\ncultivation, the different systems of planting, the modes of propagation and irrigation, the\npests affecting the prune and the remedies, the process of gathering, of grading and curing,\nand of packing. The principal markets for the _prunes of California are Chicago and New\nYork, especially the former. They fetch already Id. to ljd. per pound more than the French\nprunes sold in competition with them. ' The proportion of pit and skin to meat in the California fruit is much less than in the French article, while the proportion of saccharine matter\nis much greater.' The French prune of California is, in fact, a different article from the\nimported French prune. The former are much like dates. It will be years before the demand\nin the United States can be supplied, for the quantity of prunes consumed there is enormous.\nThe importation of prunes into the country in 1890 was nearly 62,000,000 fts., valued at\n\u00a3600,000; while the production of California last year was 27,000,000 fts., valued at\n\u00a3424,480.\"\nThe climate and soil of this Province are well known to be highly favourable to the\ncultivation of this fruit, and, although at the present time a large number of trees are set out,\nthere is room for many more. There is no fear of flooding the market, we have the whole of\nthe North-West to supply, as well as our local demands.    Of canned fruits and vegetables, 950 Report on Agriculture. 1893\n1,542,352 fts. were imported, the latter not being distinguished from the former. Of jams\nand jellies, 57,525 fts. The factories for the manufacture of preserved fruit at Victoria,\nVancouver, Chilliwhack, and Vernon will no doubt have the effect, as soon as sufficient fruit\nis offered, of making a great change in the importation of that article. Peaches, apricots,\nnectarines, and grapes, of which large quantities are imported, can be successfully grown in\nmany parts of the country, but they are seldom or never attempted.\nThe failure of or indifferent crops of fruit in the Province of late years is no doubt\nlargely attributed to the prevalence of diseases and insect pests, and I would earnestly\nimpress upon all fruit growers the necessity of taking vigourous measures for their suppression.\nUnder \" Diseases and Pests\" will be found remedies from the best authorities. To intending\norchardists I would recommend that they should study, and so profit by, the experience of\nothers. In the first place, to find out what kind of apple, pear or other fruit does best in the\nparticular locality where they are ; which are the most saleable, and above which are good\ncarriers and good keepers. As an illustration, the Greengage is acknowledged to be one of\nthe best of plums, but its appearance is not in its favour in a shop window, and it is a very-\npoor carrier. The same may be said of the Black Tartarian cherry, and, in fact, of most\nblack cherries. Very late fruits, since we cannot compete with California in very early fruits,\nalways command better prices in our own and in the markets of the North-West. Take, for\ninstance, that beautiful bright red cherry, locally known as the Belle de Choisy (but which I\nbelieve to be wrong), which ripens about September, and that yellow plum called, I believe,\nCoe's Golden Drop, which comes in about October ; both are good keepers and command the\nvery highest prices. In planting an orchard, it is well to avoid having too great a variety of\neach kind of fruit, and this generally happens to the uninitiated when a fruit agent induces\nthem to give an order. In this connection, Mr. G. W. Chadsey, of Sumas, says : \" We\nshould try and educate the people who intend to raise fruit not to try every miserable tree\nagent's new kinds, as in most cases they are no good.\" People do not need to go out of the\nProvince for good fruit trees, there are goocl nurseries at Victoria, Delta, Westminster, Port\nHammond, Spence's Bridge and other places, where all kinds of acclimatized trees are to be\nhad, and where the principals are always at hand in case the trees are not such as they are\nrepresented. 56 Vict. Report on Agriculture. 951\nTHE NEW FODDER PLANT.\nlathyrus Sylvestris Wagneri.\nMr. F. E. Clotten, of London, Eng., has written several communications to this Department on the subject of this Fodder Plant, which he avers is of great value. It might be,\njudging from his description of it, that it would be a valuable addition to the fodder plants of\nthis country, and I therefore give some extracts from his letters. It is but fair to say that it\nhas been tried on the Experimental Farm at Agassiz, and, by Mr. Sharpe's account, the cattle\nand horses would not eat it. This is, however, explained by Mr. Clotten, as will be seen.\nMr. Sharpe, in his report of 1891, says :\u2014\" One hundred plants of this new fodder plant were\nreceived and planted in the fall of 1890. Only about 60 plants lived through the winter,\nowing to the heaving of the ground, but these made a strong, vigorous growth and fruited\nthis year, and the plants being now thoroughly rooted are not likely to suffer from frost this\nwinter. Owing to the scarcity of the plant and seed, it was thought best to leave ours to\nmature the seed, and we have now about 20 ounces of seed.\n\" The straw was still green and succulent when the seed was harvested, and we cut it\nand offered some to our cattle and horses, but they would not eat it, and we were unable to\ncure it owing to continued rainy weather. Next year it is proposed to try it in a silo. If it\nmakes good ensilage it will be valuable, on account of the large quantity which can be taken\noff the land.     The vines this year averaged from 4 to 6J feet in length.\"\nIn report, 1892 :\u2014\"This plant has made a vigorous growth again this year, and as there\nhas been considerably inquiry for seed, we let it ripen, so that there might be a quantity of\nseed for distribution.\n\"The seed raised last year was distributed in small quantities throughout the dry grazing\nlands of the interior, and as far east as Calgary, in the North-West Territories.\n\" A small quantity of seed was sown on the farm in April; it came up, but has only\nmade a growth of about ten inches.\n\" Reports have been received from two parties in the Territories, to whom were given a\nfew seeds, Mr. W. Pearce and Mr. Oscar Moorehouse, both of Calgary, and in each case a\ngrowth of from six to ten inches was made.\"\nThe following extracts are from a letter from Mr. F. E. Clotten, dated Dec. 30th, 1892 :\u2014\n\" It is gratifying to me that this most important agricultural acquisition has not been\noverlooked by you      *      *      *      * \u00bb\n\"Dominion of Canada: Since spring, 1890, this Lathyrus has been growing in the\nvarious Dominion Agricultural Experimental Stations, including that of Agassiz, B. C.\nProf. Wm. Saunders sent, in autumn, 1890, a number of young Lathyrus plants, grown from\nthe seed sent him in spring, 1890, at Ottawa A. E. Station, to Mr. Sharpe, the superintendent\nat Agassiz. These plants, as could only have been expected, and as I distinctly told Prof.\nWm. Saunders, did not produce a fodder crop during summer, 1892, using their entire\nenergies towards the root development in the soil and sub-soil. But Mr. Sharpe reported in\nAugust last (1892) to Prof. Wm. Saunders, Ottawa, as follows (published in \"Farmers'\nAdvocate,\" London, Ontario, and Winnipeg, September, 1892, issue) : 'This year the vines\n(that is upper' growth) of the Wagner's Lathyrus Silvestris made a very strong and vigorous\ngrowth, and they produced seed quite freely ; but I was unable to induce either the cattle or\nhorses to eat it.'\n\" The latter part is fudge, pure and simple, as I shall explain :\n\" The great richness and succulence of this Lathyrus fodder in a green, fresh cut state, is\nsuch that cattle, horses and sheep find themselves entirely unaccustomed to it, and, like all\nstrange things, they only smell at the fodder first, and finding a new, unaccustomed flavour,\nleave, it alone. Moreover, this Lathyrus fodder assumes after it has been cut a day or two,\nthrough its great richness in sugar, a smell and flavour of the liquorice plant, which adds to\nthe objection ordinary fed^ cattle and horses have to it, when put before them at first. The\nshort of it is : The domesticated animals must in most cases be taught the flavour of this, the\nmost nutritious, naturally grown fodder; and this must be done so that about one-eighth part\nof a Lathyrus feed is mixed with the ordinary feed given to the animals.    A few handfuls of 952 Report on Agriculture. 1893\ncut Lathyrus, or of Lathyrus hay, should be cut up in small pieces, or chaffed and mixed with\nthe other fodder. This quantity of Lathyrus, chaffed, should gradually be increased until the\nfourth day fully one-half  of the feed is Lathyrus fodder, green cut or hay and chaffed.\n\" After that, the animals will eat it out, aye, pick out clean every particle of Lathyrus\nfodder in preference to the other feed ; and whenever after that Lathyrus fodder is given them\nthey will eagerly devour it. * * * *\n\" In Ireland and Scotland, and in the south of England, the largest and most successful\nLathyrus growers are located, and in Ireland Lathyrus sweet ensilage has proved a great\nsuccess ; and the Irish dairy farmers are beginning to realize that this Lathyrus, as sweet\nensilage, is indispensable, and indeed the great salvation of Irish dairy farming, giving them\nthat essential for that industry, namely, a first-class home-grown, bulky and succulent and\nmost nutritious winter feed. For sweet ensilage making, to serve as winter feed, this Lathyrus\nhas absolutely no equal, both from a quantitative and qualitative point of view amongst\nperennial leguminosce, and, as already stated, corn silage cannot compare as regards feeding\nvalue.\n\" It is a most remarkable fact, observed by all those Lathyrus growers who made ensilage,\nof it, that in that form cattle, horses, sheep, and pigs pounce down upon it at once, voraciously\ndevouring it. And for making milk of the very first quality, for making fine flavoured and\nfine coloured butter, this Lathyrus sweet ensilage is easy ' champion' feed.        * * *\nIn conclusion, I wish to say a few words concerning the cultivation. The best results, both\nin quantity and quality, are obtained if the Lathyrus is grown in a rich, deep loam, with an\nopen, well drained sub-soil. Like all leguminous crops, it likes plenty of light and air, plenty\nof sun, and if such rich, loamy land or good quality sandy loam is situated on a slope looking\ntowards south or south-west, crops are materially increased. This is a general experience.\"\n*        *        *        *\n\" Any land to be brought under Lathyrus cultivation should be ploughed up some nine\nto fifteen inches deep, thoroughly harrowed and cleaned from any weeds either in January or\nFebruary, so that the newly turned up soil may yet have a chance to get frosted and decomposed and mellow and friable, so to offer by early May a mellow, clean seed-bed of fine tilth,\nsuch as all peas like it thrive best in.\n\" Land which was last year under turnips or potatoes, and is in good heart, may also be\nused with great advantage, particularly if it has been ploughed up last autumn, and is now\nlying fallow and frosted. Full instructions for sowing are sent along with the seed, that is\nafter orders for seed have reached me.\n\" The seed is drilled in drills fifteen inches apart from each other-. Sowing must be\nshallow.\" 56 Vict. Report on Agriculture. 953\nMETEOROLOGICAL.\nThrough the courtesy of Mr. Chas. Carpmael, Director of the Meteorological Service at\nToronto, I am again enabled to give the statistics of the weather in those places where there\nare stations. Other stations are much needed in some parts of the Province, and Mr.\nCarpmael will be glacl to get the assistance of volunteer observers at such points as he may\nconsider necessary. Many new points of observation have been added recently, the reports\nfrom which will appear in the future. It was my intention to have issued a small map with\nthe present report, showing the different points where there are stations of observation, but\ntime forbids. From those parts of the country where there are no stations I have\nendeavoured to elicit the opinions and observations of some of the residents, which will be\nfound further on, and which, as far as they go, are of interest and value. In order to avoid\nmisapprehension, I will repeat that what I mean by greatest cold, or heat, is what usually\noccurs every season, not the extraordinary temperature of a day or two. In explanation of a\nfoot-note of my own in last year's report of the snowfall at Esquimalt, Mr. W. A. Stewart,\nthe compiler of the statistics, writes as follows :\n\" I would desire to call your attention to a note to Table X, in your report for 1891, in\nreference to the snowfall at Esquimalt in December of that year. In the abstract received\nfrom the observer there is entered on the 5th December, 1 a.m. ' sprinkle of snow'; on the\n12th, under the head of rain and wetted snow, at 1 p.m., 0.47 ; 5 p. m., 0.37 ; 9 p.m., 0.23 ;\non the 13th, at 1 a.m., 0.06 ; 5 a.m., 0.10 ; 9 a.m., 0.09; 1 p.m., 0.02 ; making a total of 1.34\ninches of water ; and in his remarks are, 9 a.m., sleet; 1 p.m., snow ; 5 p.m., snow ; 9 p.m.,\nsnow;  1 a.m , snow; 9 a.m., snow ; on the 31st, 1 a.m., sleet.\n\" It was assumed that this was almost entirely snow and used as such. Since seeing\nyour note I have made an alteration, and assumed that only one inch of snow fell, and called\nthe balance rain, altering the averages to agree.\n\" I may add I have used only the Esquimalt returns in comparing that station.\"\nClimatological Statistics of British Columbia for- 1892, and comparison with the results\nof former years :\u2014\nTemperature, Rain, and Snow.\nEsquimalt, Mr. E. B. Reed.\nPort Moody, Mr. W. Elson.\nNanaimo, Mr. H. L. Good.\nQuamichan, Mr. W. H. Lomas.\nAbbotsford, Mr. S. N. Baiss.\nCarmanah, Mr. W. P. Daykins.\nKeremeos, Mr. E. Bullock-Webster.\nAgassiz, Mr. J. A. Sharpe.\nSpence's Bridge, Mr. J. Murray.\nPort Simpson, Mr. C. W. D. Clifford.\nGriffin Lake, Mr. W. G. Draper.\nDonald, Mr. J. A. Blythe.\nChilcotin, Mr. M. G. Drummond.\nLoch Erroch, Lower Nicola,      Mr. T Wilson.\nSunshine.\nEsquimalt, Agassiz.\nClouded Sky and Direction of Wind.\nEsquimalt, Fort Simpson,\nAgassiz, Spence's Bridge.\nRain and Snowfall.\nFrench Creek, V. I., Mr. W. H. Lee.\nNicola Lake, Mr. E. Dalley. 954 Report on Agriculture. 1893\nContents.\nTable I.\u2014Temperature for each of the six months constituting the growing period, 1892\n(April to September inclusive), at ten stations in British Columbia, together with the\naverage for the group of years.\nTable II.\u2014Precipitation of rain and snow during the five winter months for nine stations in\nBritish Columbia for the year 1891-2, and average for the group of years.\nTable III.\u2014Comparison of the rainfall at nine stations in British Columbia in the months\nApril to September, 1892, with the averages for the same stations derived from a group\nof years.\nTable IV.\u2014Number of hours the sun was above the horizon, lat. 48\u00b0; the number of hours\nregistered ; the number of days completely clouded, with the maximum daily amount\nduring 1892 at Esquimalt and Agassiz.\nTable V.\u2014Extent of sky clouded a,t the principal stations, with the average derived from the\ngroup of years.\nTable VI.\u2014Showing for each month the highest, lowest, mean highest, mean lowest, and\nmean temperature at the principal stations in British Columbia, with the annual mean\nfor each station.\nTable VII.\u2014The same data as in Table VL, derived from a group of years.\nTable VIII.\u2014Monthly and annual amount of rainfall in inches at stations in British\nColumbia reporting for the year, with the averages for the stations derived from a\ngroup of years.\nTable IX.\u2014Monthly and annual number of days of rainfall at the stations in Table VIII.\nTable X.\u2014Monthly and annual amount of snowfall in inches at the stations in British\nColumbia reporting for the year, with the average for the stations derived from a\ngroup of years.\nTable XI.\u2014Monthly and annual number of days of snowfall at the stations in Table X.\nTable XII.\u2014Abstract of -observations made at Keremeos, Similkameen, B. C, during the\nyear 1892.\nTable XIII.\u2014Abstract of observations made at Carmanah Light-house during the year 1892 ;\nabstract of observations at Griffin Lake in the year 1892 ; abstract of observations at\nLoch Erroch, December, 1892; abstract of observations at Chilcotin, December, 1892.\nTables XIV. to XVI.\u2014Number of times the wind blew from each of the eight points, from\nobservations made tri-daily at Port Simpson, Agassiz, Spence's Bridge, and six times\ndaily at Esquimalt, B. C. Abstract of periodical events at stations in B. C. during the\nyear 1892. 56 Vict.\nReport on Agriculture.\n955\nTEMPERATURE.\nTable I.\u2014Temperature for each of the six months constituting the growing period (April to\nSeptember inclusive) at ten stations in British Columbia, together with the average for\nthe whole group of years up to 1892, inclusive:\u2014\nApril.\n1892\t\nAverage to 1892\nMay.\n1892\t\nAverage to 1892\n\u25a0Tone.\n1892\t\nAverage to 1892\nJuly.\n1892\t\nAverage to 1892\nAugust.\n1892\t\nAverage to 1892\nSeptember.\n1892\t\nAverage to 1892\nAverage for six\nmonths.\n1892\t\nAverage to 1892\n46.35\n47.05\n52.26\n52.47\n55.48\n55.40\n57.00\n58.47\n58.81\n58.51\n54.26\n54.04\n54.04\n54.32\n45.1\n56.35\n60.17\n60.24\n66.49\nPort Moody.\nsS\nt>\ni\n3\n44.52\n46.45\n47.89\n47.22\n54.47\n57.53\n55.83\n60.81\n59.75\n59.68\n59.51\n62.26\n63.98\n63.11\n63.12\n65.22\n62.63\n57.22\n56.74\n55.64\n57.39\n58.15\n57.35\n45.99\n48.40\n53.80\n55.61\n69.82\n59.05\n60.66\n62.63\n62.81\n61.89\n58.45\n55.95\n56.92\n57.26\n3\n<\nCD\n6\n5\n46.28\n48.42\n28.83\n47.82\n61.92\n33.14\n54.28\n60.92\n56.66\n62.60\n46.13\n59.94\n69.21\n52.93\n58.43\n67.04\n50.98\n60.80\n68.22\n50.96\n62.36\n73.55\n54.10\n62.99\n69.83\n53.42\n64.11\n72.24\n55.04\n58.18\n63.63\n49.69\n57.28\n62.30\n47.60\n57.08\n63.37\n57.78\n64.94\n47.83\no\n-\na\nr.\no\n1\n3\nO\n38.62\n39.20\n41.43\n47.99\n48.54\n56.52\n52.72\n56.96   .\n58.59\n55.72\n56.99\n59.25\n56.39\n52.87\n51.22\n53.29\n52.14\n51.35\nTable II.\u2014Precipitation of rain and snow during the five winter months for nine principal\nstations in British Columbia for the year 1891-2, and the average for the whole group of\nyears:\u2014\nNovember.\n1891\t\n1890\t\nAverage to 1891 .\nDecember.\n1891 ....    \t\n1890\t\nAverage to 1891 .\nJanuary.\n1892\t\n1891\t\nAverage to 1892 .\nFebruary.\n1892\t\n1891\t\nAverage to 1892 .\nMarch.\n1892\t\n1891\t\nAverage to 1892 .\nTotal.\n1892    \t\n1891\t\nAverage to 1892 .\nRain Snow\n7.19\n1.74\n3.76\n12.41\n8.28\n5.51\n4.58\n5.22\n4.90\n0.80\n1.60\n1.20\n3.05\n3.30\n3.17\n28.03\n20.14\n18.54\no.o\n0.6\n1.0\n0.0\n1.2\n0.0\n10.2\n5.1\n0.0\n1.2\n0.6\n1.0\n11.4\n6.9\nPort\n^\nRain\nSnow\nRain\nin.\nin.\nin.\n13.91\n3.8\n7.40\n4.34\n0.0\n1.39\n9.54\n0.8\n4.26\n15.39\n26.8\n9.77\n15.18\n0.0\n10.29\n13.09\n10.6\n7.60\n7.9.)\n1.0\n5.OS\n11.37\n0.0\n2.88\n7.71\n9.7\n3.96\n5.46\n*\n1.26\n0.80\n22.4\n1.30\n4.57\n5.8\n2.76\n6.31\n0.0\n2.10\n7.30\n*\n3.35\n7.33\n1.3\n2.62\n49.02\n31.6\n25.61\n38.99\n22.4\n19.21\n42.24\n26.9\n21.20\n1.0\n0.0\n0.2\n4.5\n0.0\n6.1\n3.2\n0.8\n13.9\n0.0\n11.5\n11.2\n0.0\n0.0\n0.4\n8.7\n12.3\n31.4\n3\n\"o\n<\nRain\nSnow\nin.\nin.\n10.53\n0.0\n2.56\n0.0\n6.63\n0.0\n10.31\n4.0\n8.43\n0.0\n7.26\n9.9\n4.42\n2.6\n7.47\n0.0\n4.70\n6.1\nS.14\n0.0\n0.77\n16.0\n2.46\n6.7\n4.88\n0.0\n6.51\n0.0\n6.64\n33.28\n6.5\n25.74\n16.0\n25.60\n22.7\n12.77\n3.52\n7.35\n15.53\n9.37\n9.34\n3.27\n0.64\n2.70\n6.01\n4.34\n5.51\n0.0\n0.0\n0.0\n24.0\no.o\n22.5\n2.5\n0.0\n10.7\n0.0\n17.0\n9.3\n0.0\n0.0\n0.4\n26.5\n0.0\n42.5\n0.81\n0.83\n0 60\n0.55\n1.79\n0.89\n0.43\n0.00\n0.46\n8.00\n10.00\n8.00\n4.2\n0.0\n4.5\n0.00 0.0\n0.00 4.8\n0.13 3.7\n|\n0.151 0.0\n0.67 0.7\n0.37 0.4\n1.94\n3.29\n2.45\n12.2\n15.5\n16.2\n1.23 36.0\n1.65 15.0\n0.74 26.7\n0.00 42.0\n0.17:43.5\n0.0437.1\n0.20\n0.50\n0.35\n0.00\n0.00\n0.30\n0.07\n0.00\n0.15\n1.50\n2.82\n1.58\n62.0\n21.0\n28.9\n10.0\n16.0\n21.7\n10.5\n23.0\n21.6\n160.5\n118.5\n116.4\n17.89J 4.5\n19.25 0.0\n16.44    0.9\n13.3\n34.1\n12.7\n12.04\n11.69\n8.2]\n5.75\n4.47\n6.32\n7.67\n7.37\n7.61\n62.17\n52.47\n47.13\n2.8\n0.0\n13.6\n20.0\n17.2\n13.8\n0.3\n4.2\n4.5\n40.5\n55.5\n41.0\n0.86\n0.67\n0.46\n0.42\n0.44\n0.29\n0.00\n0.03\n0.11\n0.00\n0.00\n0.20\n0.64\n0.44\n0.44\n1.92\n1.58\n1.50\n2.5\n0.0\n12.5\n10.0\n9.5\n4.0\n0.0\n11.7\n1.0\n8.0\n0.0\n0.8\n2.2\n20.0\n18.8 95G\nReport on Agriculture.\n1893\nTable III.\u2014Comparison of the rainfall at nine principal stations in British Columbia in the\nmonths April to September, 1892, with the average for the, same stations derived from a\ngroup of years:\u2014\nApril.\n1892\t\nAverage to 1892\nMay.\n1892\t\nAverage to 1892\nJune.\n1892\t\nAverage to 1892\nJuly.\n1892\t\nAverage to 1892\nAugust.\n1892\t\nAverage to 1892\nSeptember.\n1892\t\nAverage to 1892\nTotal.\n1892\t\nAverage to 1892\n2.53\n2.62\n1.95\n1.37\n0.60\n0.93\n0.87\n0.44\n0.72\n0.77\n4.09\n2.90\n10.76\n9.03\n6.11\n5.02\n2.83\n1.88\n2.11\n4.39\n19.6i'\n4.09\n3.18\n2.26\n1.67\n0.40\n1.16\n1.10\n0.86\n0.80\n0.82\n3.60\n2.69\n12.25\n10.38\n3\nj\u00a7\no\n-O\nrO\n<\nin.\nin.\n4.69\n4.26\n4.43\n5.22\n4.71\n5.16\n3.23\n3.80\n1.88\n3.20\n4.32\n4.41\n2.38\n3.27\n1.67\n2.28\n1.47\n2.78\n1        1.97\n2.74\n6.43\n5.92\n5.33\n4.88\n21.52\n24.59\n20.87\n23.33\n0)\nSi\n\u25a0a\nE0\nt\u00bb\nSpence\nin.\n0.18\n0.46\n0.42\n0.86\n0.35\n0.84\n0.17\n0.33\n0.22\n0.61\n0.52\n0.72\n1.86\n3.88\n.\n3\n\u2014\nft\nMS\n>\n3\nJ\ntii\n^\nm\na\nr5\nin.\nin.\nin.\n0.20\n1.05\n0.64\n7.47\n0.64\n0.62\n2.24\n4.18\n1.06\n2.22\n1.09\n3.00\n4.08\n1.39\n7.40\n6.29\n0.64\n3.75\n5.22\n0.95\n3.72\n13.23\n0.37\n3.50\n9.20\n0.74\n6.73\n8.29\n0.44\n3.91\n11.16\n0.71\n4.21\n17.04\n41.31\n5.38\nTable IV.\u2014Sunshine. Number of hours the sun was above the horizon in latitude 48\u00b0, the\nnumber of hours registered, the number of days completely clouded, with the maximum\ndaily amount during 1892 at Esquimalt and Agassiz, B.C.;\u2014\nhours hours  hours\nSun above horizon, latitude 48\u00b0      273.0 296.5   371.0\nEsquimalt.\nHours registered       57.6 87.9   112.7\nNumber of days completely clouded ...      13 8         10\nMaximum daily amount in hours        7.3 9    |      9.8\nAgassiz Experiment\/ad Farm.\nHours registered       55.7 78.3j    75.5\nNumber of days completely clouded       13 8    i    10\nMaximum daily amount in hours ,      6.0 3.51      9.7\nft\n<\ni\na\n>\"3\nAugust.\nrl\nr=\nft\no\ntfi\nu\nJ\no\nO\nr-\n<L>\na\n>\no\nhours\nhours\nhours\nhours\nhours\nhours\nhours\nhours\n412.6\n472.5\n480.3\n483.4\n441.8\n375.5\n328.6\n275.5\n157.3\n3\n11.8\n197.7\n7\n11.9\n236.9\n2\n12.7\n236.4\n3\n12.3\n276.9\n1\n12.2\n156.4\n8\n10.9\n111.2\n5\n9.7\n37.7\n17\n7.8\n79.0\n8\n11.6\n154.9\n8\n11.6\n190.3\n5\n14.2\n179.7\n7\n12.5\n208.5\n1\n11.4\n118.8\n7\n9.8\n107.8\n10\n7.5\n4.7\n23\n1.8\nhours\n256.0\n38.7\n18\n5.8\nTable V.\u2014Extent of sky clouded at the principal stations, with the average derived from\nthe whole group of years :\u2014\nEsquimalt, average\t\nDo.       1892\t\nSpence's Bridge, average \t\nDo. 1892\t\nPort Simpson\t\nDo. 1892\t\nAgassiz Experimental Farm, 1892\nu\nP\nit\na\n'u\nft\n6\na\njj\n33\n3\nbe\n3\nrl\n0)\nrO\ns\ntt,\na\nri\n<o\nO\no\na\n>\no\n\u00bb\"S\nfc\nS\n<\ns\n*9\n\"t\n<\ntfi\nO\nr5\nX\nX\nX\nX\nX\nX\nX\nX\nX\nX\nZ\n76\n68\n67\n69\n48\n54\n40\n34\n51\n69\n79\n70\n67\n72\n64\n55\n46\n49\n36\n60\n69\n84\n59\n54\n51\n46\n52\n52\n42\n42\n51\n60\n68\n59\n52\n59\n56\n62\n42\n50\n47\n43\n71\n74\n67\n61\n72\n74\n59\n72\n62\n70\n73\n77\n76\n73\n75\n79\n80\n70\n44\n78\n54\n74\n71\n82\n63\n81\n89\n%\n80\n80\n53\n71\n71 56 Vict.\nReport on Agriculture.\n957\nTable VI.\u2014Showing for each month the highest, lowest, mean highest, mean lowest, and\nmean temperature at the principal stations in British Columbia; also the annual mean\nfor each station :\u2014\nJanuary.\nHighest\t\nLowest\t\nMean highest.'\nMean lowest...\nMonthly mean.\nFebruary.\nHighest\t\nLowest\t\nMean highest..\nMean lowest. ..\nMonthly mean.\nMarch.\nHighest\t\nlowest\t\nMean highest..\nMean lowest. ..\nMonthly mean.\nApril.\nHighest\t\nLowest\t\nMean highest..\nMean lowest...\nMonthly mean.\nMay.\nHighest\t\nLowest\t\nMean highest..\nMean lowest...\nMonthly mean.\nJune.\nHighest\t\nLowest\t\nMean highest..\nMean lowest...\nMonthly moan.\nJuly.\nHighest\t\nLowest\t\nMean highest..\nMean lowest...\nMonthly mean.\nAugust.\nHighest \t\nLowest\t\nMean highest..\nMean lowest...\nMonthly mean.\nSeptember.\nHighest\t\nLowest\t\nMean highest..\nMean lowest...\nMonthly mean.\nOctober.\nHighest\t\nLowest......\nMean highest..\nMean lowest...\nMonthly mean.\nNovember.\nHighest\t\nLowest\t\nMean highest..\nMean lowest...\nMonthly mean.\nDecember.\nHighest\t\nLowest\t\nMean highest..\nMean lowest...\nMonthly mean.\nAnnual mean .\n55.0\n28.9\n44.0\n34.4\n39.49\n59.9\n29.0\n47.5\n35.4\n41.12\n61.9\n31.5\n51.6\n40.3\n45.50\n65.6\n30.0\n53.2\n39.8\n46.35\n69.6\n37.9\n60.3\n45.0\n52.36\n74.0\n42.5\n63.8\n45.6\n55.48\n74.2\n45.7\n65.2\n50.4\n57.00\n75.7\n47.2\n69.2\n51.1\n58.81\n70.2\n40.5\n62.9\n48.0\n54.25\n61.1\n35.2\n55.0\n44.3\n48.85\n53.1\n30.3\n45.8\n38.4\n43.91\n51.4\n18.7\n42.9\n35.2\n39.21\n48.53\n51.8\n24.5\n44.0\n31.5\n37.74\n56.6\n26.8\n47.5\n33.4\n40.44\n63.2\n30.8\n54.5\n38.9\n46.67\n65.8\n29.7\n54.1\n36.0\n45.06\n76.8\n34.0\n67.0\n45.7\n56.35\n89.3\n38.8\n70.8\n49.5\n60.17\n81.2\n42.1\n69.9\n51.6\n60.24\n87.0\n45.9\n77.0\n55.9\n66.49\n82.6\n36.2\n67.8\n48.1\n57.95\n67.5\n31.6\n55.6\n42.8\n49.17\n55.2\n28.4\n46.6\n38.1\n42.35\n45.8\n14.5\n39.2\n30.7\n34.95\n49.80\n49.0\n17.0\n39.5\n29.2\n34.32\n55.0\n25.0\n45.9\n32.0\n65.0\n30.0\n52.1\n37.7\n44.89\n69.0\n27.0\n52.6\n86.6\n44.52\n84.0\n41.0\n69.9\n49.1\n59.51\n52.0\n20.0\n42.7\n28.5\n35.59\n57.0\n20.0\n49.9\n29.4\n39.64\n68.0\n26.0\n57.4\n35.7\n46.53\n72.0\n29.0\n58.4\n34.5\n46.45\n84.0\n29.0\n67.6\n41.3\n64.47\n92.0\n38.0\n75.1\n46.5\n60.81\n90.0\n39.0\n77.4\n47.1\n62.26\n86.0\n42.0\n78.6\n47.7\n63.12\n85.0\n32.0\n71.1\n41.3\n57.22\n70.0\n29.0\n63.9\n38.3\n51.1\n60.0\n25.0\n51.9\n36.7\n44.32\n59.0\n25.0\n51.7\n31.8\n41.74\n50.27\n53.0\n21.0\n41.6\n29.8\n35.71\n59.0\n24.0\n46.3\n31.4\n38.89\n67.0\n20.0\n53.0\n37.4\n45.21\n71.0\n29.0\n54.4\n37.6\n45.99\n85.0\n35.0\n63.6\n44.0\n53.80\n87.0\n39.0\n70.5\n49.1\n59.82\n86.0\n42.0\n70.9\n60.4\n60.66\n84.0\n41.0\n74.9\n50.7\n62.81\n85.0\n39.0\n67.9\n49.0\n58.45\n76.0\n32.0\n57.7\n41.5\n49.62\n55.0\n21.0\n44.9\n25.1\n40.0\n50.0\n12.0\n38.4\n29.0\n33.73\n48.72\n57.0\n17.0\n40.7\n31.1\n35.72\n61.0\n28.0\n48.9\n34.6\n40.18\n74.0\n31.0\n58.6\n43.6\n46.33\n77.0\n30.0\n55.8\n39.1\n46.28\n90.0\n37.0\n65.4\n46.2\n54.28\n90.0\n38.0\n71.9\n49.5\n59.94\n90.0\n38.0\n72.0\n51.1\n60.80\n90.0\n47.0\n77.9\n51.3\n62.99\n90.0\n43.0\n71.1\n50.4\n58.18\n79.0\n33.0\n61.6\n43.8\n50.58\n56.0\n16.0\n42.9\n35.2\n46.0\n8.0\n26.9\n28.8\n32.76\n48.1\n44.0\n8.0\n29.6\n15.1\n22.70\n59.0\n10.0\n39.6\n22.3\n65.C\n27.0\n57.1\n34.1\n45.25\n74.0\n23.0\n59.6\n34.9\n48.42\n87.5\n31.0\n72.7\n44.5\n60.92\n101.0\n42.0\n82.4\n52.1\n69.21\n101.5\n46.0\n82.3\n54.1\n68.22\n93.0\n60.0\n83.4\n65.6\n88.5\n39.0\n76.2\n52.2\n63.63\n84.0\n30.0\n58.0\n42.6\n49.57\n62.0\n2.0\n41.2\n27.6\n34.44\n50.0\n12.0\n28.4\n15.0\n21.71\n48.1\n36.0\n23.0\n21.8\n8.6\n15.21\n42.0\n3.0\n45.0\n10.0\n37.8\n23.8\n30.79\n52.0\n10.0\n39.4\n18.2\n82.0\n30.0\n66.0\n30.0\n52.93\n84.0\n31.0\n62.9\n39.0\n50.96\n87.0\n33.0\n67.2\n39.6\n53.42\n87.0\n22.0\n64.6\n34.8\n46.69\n73.0\n13.0\n53.5\n30.6\n42.05\n66.0\n15.0\n30.7\n14.9\n22.82\n43.0\n29.0\n30.1\n11.0\n20.65\n56.0\n13.6\n41.7\n30.4\n36.31\n49.5\n19.6\n41.9\n31.5\n57.0\n27.6\n47.5\n35.4\n40.89\n54.0\n29.6\n49.0\n35.1\n38 62\n74.5\n44.0\n62.3\n49.1\n69.5\n31.0\n62.2\n49.9\n67.5\n34.0\n58.4\n45.2\n52.87\n63.5\n28.0\n55.3\n43.0\n48.52\n64.5\n7.0\n44.7\n32.2\n37.21\n54.5\n17.0\n42.2\n30.8\n36.6\n37.0\n30.0\n19.2\n0.7\n9.94\n47.0\n11.0\n33.1\n10.7\n21.89\n58.0\n12.0\n48.8\n23.7\n36.78\n67.0\n16.0\n50.9\n27.7\n39.30\n80.0\n23.0\n62.4\n93.0\n31.0\n73.5\n39.6\n56.52\n91.0\n32.0\n72.2\n45.0\n58.57\n90.0\n35.0\n74.9\n43.6\n59.25\n84.0\n29.0\n65.9\n36.6\n51.22\n74.0\n18.0\n52.4\n30.2\n41.26\n48.0\n4.0\n31.6\n21.0\n26.30\n33.0\n38.0\n17.3\n2.2\n9.74\n38.16 958\nReport on Agriculture.\n1893\nTable VII.\u2014Showing for each month the annual average of the highest, lowest, mean highest,\nmean lowest, and mean temperature at the principal stations in British Columbia, derived\nfrom the group of years and the average annual mean at each station for the same period.\nJanuary.\nHighest\t\nLowest\t\nMean highest.\nMean lowest.. .\nMonthly mean .\nFebruary. '\nHighest\t\nLowest\t\nMean highest.\nMean lowest...\nMonthly mean\nMarch.\nHighest\t\nLowest\t\nMean highest.\nMean lowest..\nMonthly mean\nApril.\nHighest   \t\nLowest\t\nMean highest.\nMean lowest..\nMonthly mean\nMat.\nHighest\t\nLowest\t\nMean highest.\nMean lowest,.\nMonthly mean\nJune.\nHighest\t\nLowest\t\nMean highest.\nMean lowest..\nMonthly mean\nJuly.\nHighest\t\nLowest\t\nMean highest.\nMean low'est..\nMonthly mean\nAuoust.\nHighest\t\nLowest\t\nMean highest.\nMean lowest..\nMonthly mean\nSeptember.\nHighest\t\nLowest\t\nMean highest.\nMean lowest..\nMonthly mean\nOctober.\nHighest\t\nLowest\t\nMean highest.\nMean lowest..\nMonthly mean\nNovember.\nHighest\t\nLowest\t\nMean highest.\nMean lowest..\nMonthly mean\nDecember.\nHighest\t\nLowest\t\nMean highest.\nMean lowest..\nMonthly mean\nAnnual Mean. .   .\nEsquimalt.\n54.7\n29.7\n45.0\n36.3\n40.86\n54.0\n26.0\n43.1\n32.4\n37.41\n60.7\n25.7\n49.6\n37.6\n43.32\n63.9\n31.0\n53.9\n40.4\n47.05\n69.4\n37.2\n60.9\n44.9\n52.47\n73.1\n41.0\n63.4\n47.2\n55.40\n81.4\n44.8\n68.1\n50.8\n58.47\n76.6\n46.8\n68.9\n61.2\n58.51\n70.3\n40.7\n62.5\n47.4\n54.04\n63.4\n36.5\n55.2\n44.0\n49.06\n55.3\n31.5\n48.6\n40.2\n45.06\n54.8\n26.4\n45.0\nPort Moody.\n50.2\n14.5\n37.2\n27.4\n28.79\n49.4\n14.8\n41.1\n27.3\n34.18\n57.3\n23.2\n48.9\n33.8\n41.34\n70.6\n29.2\n57.2\n38.6\n47.89\n84.5\n37.5\n68.0\n45.7\n67.53\n83.8\n41.0\n70.6\n48.9\n59.75\n85.4\n42.3\n75.4\n50.7\n63.78\n85.4\n46.4\n74.3\n52.2\n63.22\n79.2\n38.0\n66.3\n47.1\n56.74\n68.0\n32.2\n56.6\n43.5\n50.04\n56.2\n24.0\n47.7\n36.5\n42.11\n52.2\n19.4\n42.3\n33.5\n37.89\n48.60\nQuamichan.   Abbotsford.\n53,0\n16.2\n44.3\n27.7\n35.23\n54.0\n6.6\n46.3\n21.2\n35.47\n65.0\n19.0\n54.7\n31.8\n43.77\n72.6\n26.2\n59.7\n35.2\n47.22\n86.6\n33.2\n70.4\n42.0\n55.83\n92.0\n34.2\n73.7\n44.8\n59.68\n92.8\n38.2\n79.0\n46.7\n63.11\n89.5\n39.0\n78.3\n47.7\n62.63\n32.0\n70.6\n41.4\n55.64\n28.4\n60.5\n38.9\n49.03\n62.6\n22.0\n53.4\n34.2\n43.06\n57 2\n20.2\n48.1\n31.2\n39.73\n51.7\n13.1\n39.9\n28.2\n34.01\n61.4\n16.0\n40.7\n27.7\n34.21\n49.23\n62.7\n23.0\n51.5\n34.9\n43.20\n73.8\n29.0\n58.1\n38.2\n48.40\n84.5\n35.0\n67.0\n44.1\n55.61\n82.1\n40.3\n69.5\n48.6\n59.05\n89.7\n41.7\n75.2\n50.0\n62.63\n84.8\n41.5\n73.8\n50.0\n61.89\n80.7\n35.0\n66.7\n45.2\n55.95\n71.0\n31.3\n58.3\n41.9\n50.10\n61.0\n25.0\n50.2\n37.3\n43.79\n55.0\n18.5\n42.7\n31.4\n36.41\n48.77\nAgassiz.\nSpence's\nBridge.\n51.0\n9.0\n48.7\n1.7\n29.2\n15.7\n30.88\n22.34\n48.7\n15.3\n54.0\n1.8\n32.5\n16.1\n34.99\n23.68\n63.7\n24.0\n66.5\n16.7\n53.5\n43.96\n31.4\n41.09\n76.3\n31.3\n81.8\n27.0\n37.7\n47.82\n51.92\n86.0\n36.3\n92.6\n37.2\n75.8\n47.5\n56.66\n62.60\n84.3\n39.3\n58.48\n94.0\n45.0\n80.5\n62.9\n67.04\n90.3\n41.3\n101.6\n49.2\n87.0\n57.6\n62.36\n73.55\n88.3\n48.3\n95.2\n51.1\n64.11\n72.24\n86.0\n40.3\n70.4\n49.0\n57.28\n89.6\n38.8\n75.0\n50.7\n62.30\n75.3\n34.3\n62.7\n43.9\n49.86\n77.3\n31.8\n60.6\n42.4\n50.23\n64.3\n35.0\n45.8\n36.9\n42.57\n61.0\n15.4\n46.3\n31.0\n37.44\n50.5\n19.5\n38.6\n31.2\n36.49\n55.1\n5.4\n36.0\n23.4\n29.41\n48.78\n49.49\nBarkerville.\n38.7\n17.1\n27.0\n13.2\n20.43\n37.6\n14.6\n24.7\n8.7\n16.70\n48.3\n0.7\n37.0\n20.1\n28.57\n60.8\n8.3\n43.0\n21.6\n33.14\n76.0\n25.7\n58.3\n34.0\n46.13\n76.2\n31.8\n62.7\n39.2\n50.98\n82.4\n34.2\n66.3\n41.8\n54.10\n82.2\n32.6\n67.9\n42.2\n55.04\n75.6\n23.8\n58.8\n36.4\n47.60\n67.6\n16.0\n49.7\n30.8\n40.28\n55.6\n2.0\n35.4\n17.0\n27.66\n42.4\n11.0\n27.3\n12.2\n19.78\n36.70\nPort\nSimpson.\n53.3\n9.9\n38.5\n26.5\n33.49\n47.3\n10.5\n38.3\n25.0\n82.64\n54.2\n20.2\n45.5\n30.9\n39.36\n57.0\n26.4\n48.4\n34.7\n41.43\n71.4\n30.5\n56.5\n39.8\n48.54\n68.9\n38.6\n59.4\n44.9\n52.72\n72.4\n40.9\n62.0\n48.1\n55.72\n70.1\n39.9\n62.4\n49.7\n56.39\n67.6\n36.3\n58.9\n46.1\n53.29\n62.4\n30.5\n53.4\n41.2\n47.42\n59.3\n20.2\n46.3\n34.6\n40.68\n53.7\n15.2\n40.6\n29.1\n35.82\n44.80 56 Vict.\nReport on Agriculture.\n959\nTable VIII.\u2014Monthly and annual amount of rainfall in inches at the stations in British\nColumbia reporting for- the year, with the average for1 the stations derived from the group\nof years.\nEsquimalt,\nDo.\nPort Moody,\nDo.\nQuamichan,\nDo.\nAbbotsford,\nDo.\nAgassiz,\nDo.\nSpence's Bridg\nDo.\nBarkerville,\nDo.\nFort Simpson,\nDo.\nNicola Lake,\nDo.\nNanaimo,\nFrench Creek,\nCarmanah,\naverage\n1892 . ..\naverage.\n1892 ....\naverage.\n1892 ....\naverage.\n1892 ....\naverage.\n1892 ....\ne, average.\n1892 ....\naverage.\n1892 ....\naverage.\n1892 ....\naverage.\n1892 ....\nI\np\nd\n>-3\nr.\ncS\nr,\nrO\n01\nIr\n'C\na\n<\ni\nr3\n0.44\n3\nbo\n<i\n0.77\nr<\ntl\nr=\nS\n01\n\"ft\n<u\nCO\n-.'\ntl\nr=\nO\nO\nrO\n>\no\nla\nrl\nXI\na\nti\n01\nn\nr,\nd\n01\nr-\n4.90\n1.20\n3.17\n2.62\n1.37\n0.93\n2.90\n2.96\n6.39\n8.41\n36.06\n4.58\n0.80\n3.05\n2.53\n1.95\n0.60\n0.87\n0.72\n4.09\n1.56\n10.25\n4.54\n85.54\n7.71\n4.57\n7.33\n5.02\n2.87\n3.24\n1.88\n2.11\n4.39\n7.87\n9.54\n13.09\n69.12\n7.95\n5.46\n6.31\n6.11\n2.83\n3.96\n2.76\n2.62\n3.18\n1.67\n1.16\n0.86\n0 82\n2.69\n3.72\n4.45\n7.20\n35.39\n5.08\n1.26\n2.10\n4.09\n2.26\n0.40\n1.10\n0.80\n3.60\n1.80\n5.60\n4.80\n32.89\n4.70\n2.46\n5.64\n4.43\n3.23\n4.32\n1.57\n1.97\n5.33\n5.82\n6.69\n6.99\n53.15\n4.42\n3.14\n4.88\n4.59\n4 77\n1.88\n2.38\n1.47\n6.43\n4.75\n9.90\n6.18\n64.79\n4.43\n2.70\n5.51\n5.22\n3.80\n4.41\n2.28\n2.74\n4.88\n7.08\n9.11\n8.27\n60.43\n6.87\n3.27\n6.01\n4.26\n5.16\n3.20\n3.27\n2.78\n5.92\n6.35\n14.40\n5.04\n66.53\n0.46\n0.18\n0.37\n0.46\n0.86\n0.84\n0.33\n0.61\n0.72\n0.59\n0.57\n0.71\n6.65\n0.43\n0.00\n0.15\n0.18\n0.42\n0.35\n0.17\n0.22\n0.52\n1.03\n0.43\n0.00\n3.90\n0.35\n0.30\n0.16\n0.64\n2.24\n3.00\n3.76\n3.50\n3.91\n1.52\n0.95\n0.05\n20.37\n0.20\n0.00\n0.07\n0.20\n2.22\n7.40\n3.72\n6.73\n2.36\n1.78\n0.00\n8.21\n6.32\n7.51\n7.47\n4.18\n4.08\n5.22\n9.20\n11.16\n12.87\n14.43\n9.85\n12.04\n5.75\n0.20\n7.67\n0.44\n6.29\n0.95\n13.23\n0.74\n8.29\n0.71\n14.25\n0.90\n8.39\n0.49\n11.01\n0.27\n0.11\n0.54\ni.06\n1.39\n1.80\n0.00\n0.00\n0.64\n1.05\n0.62\n1.09\n0.64\n0.37\n0.44\n1.65\n0.90\n0.00\n7.40\n2.20\n1.38\n2.28\n3.42\n3.67\n0.54\n2.02\n0.86\n3.83\n1.44\n7.18\n4.93\n32.65\n2.21\n0.57\n2.98\n3.36\n2.75\n1.24\n1.82\n0.63\n5.26\n2.70\n7.91\n3.25\n34.68\n9.76\n5.79\n13.13\n8.90\n4.68\n1.67\n3.18\n3.53\n4.65\n7.15\n14.37\n10.07\n86.88\nTable IX.\u2014Monthly and annual number of days of rainfall at the stations in Table VIII.\nEsquixnalt,\nDo.\nPort Moody,\nDo.\nQuamichan,\nDo.\nAbbotsford,\nDo.\nAgassiz,\nDo.\nSpence's Bridge,\nDo.\nBarkerville,\nDo.\nFort Simpson,\nDo.\nNicola Lake,\nDo.\nNanaimo,\nFrench Creek,\nCarmanah,\naverage\n1892 .. .\naverage\n1892 ...\naverage\n1892 . .\naverage\n1892 ...\naverage\n1892 . ..\naverage.\n1892 .. .\naverage\n1892 ...\naverage.\n1892\naverage.\n1892\n18\n17\n13\n10\n9\n8\n12\n8\n12\n15\n1\n2\n1\n1\n15\n17\n2\n0\n13\n16\n19\n11\n14\n10\n12\n1\n0\n2\n0\n15\n15\n3\n0\n8\n20\n19\n17\n19\n9\n10\n17\n14\n17\n21\n4\n6\n1\n2\n23\n20\n6\n8\n8\n15\n16\n20\n21\n16\n12\n8\n11\n16\n20\n17\n22\n3\n3\n8\n1\n19\n8\n7\n12\n19\n21\n14\n16\n12\n6\n6\n13\n16\n11\n16\n6\n4\n8\n3\n10\n15\n12\n12\n6\n11\n9\n13    !\ny\n\t\n7\n6\n3\n13\n11\n14\n12\n6\n6\n12\n13\n7\n10\n5\n4\n4\n6\n11\n10\n14\n3\n3\n14\n25\n13\n19\n3\n5\n9\n12\n10\notember.\n\u00a31\ne\n1\nrl\n<\nOQ\n*\nQ\n>\n6\n12\n19\n23\n24\n190\n7\n11\n16\n28\n23\n197\n0\n9\n17\n19\n20\n156\n3\n8\n10\n11\n13\n92\n3\n7\n6\n9\n7\n81\n6\n10\n19\n13\n17\n157\n4\n14\n17\n24\n16\n168\n6\n.  12\n15\n17\n20\n161\n9\n14\n14\n19\n14\n182\n4\n0\ne\n5\n3\n47\n4\n6\n6\n6\n0\n46\n12\n11\n6\n4\n1\n75\n18\n13\n7\n6\n0\n17\n20\n20\n21\n18\n22\n19\n28\n18\n19\n7\n9\n11\n6\n4\n85\n6\n6\n9\n7\n0\n58\n4\n10\n9\n19\n16\n126\n6\n12\n13\n23\n17\n160\n6\n7\n13\n26\n19\n165 960\nRepobt on Agriculture.\n1893\nTable  X.\u2014Monthly and\nannual  amount  of  snowfall  in inches at  the\nstations in  British\nColumbia reporting for the year, with the average for the stations derived from the group\nof years.\n-\u25a0'\nP\na\noi\ni-o\n.\nif\nc3\nP\n1\n6-\nst\no\nr.\nCi\na\ni\n\u25a0\"3\nbe\n<\nu\nOr\ns\np-\nm\nOctober.\nNovember.\nu\n01\ns\n01\n01\nR\n3\n9.7\n1.0\n13.3\n8.2\n6.1\n2.5\n10.7\n2.5\n4.5\n4.2\n28.9\n62.0\n13.6\n2.8\n11.7\n5.1\n0.0\n5.8\n9.3\n0.0\n7.1\n0.0\n9.3\n0.0\n3.7\n0.0\n21.7\n10.0\n13.8\n20.0\n5.7\n0.6\n0.3\n0.9\n0.8\n1.5\n3.4\n10.6\n7 5\nDo.                  1892\t\n4 3\n1.3\n*\n28 2\nDo.                 1892\t\nQuamichan,          average\t\nDo.                 1892\t\n0.3\n0.4\n1.5\n1.2\n5.0\n1.1\n4.5\n5.3\n21.3\n25.2\n17.5\n1  6\n6.4\n2.0\n7.5\n0.0\n12.0\n5.5\n9.4\n11.2\n37.9\n42.0\n11.8\n29.7\n6.7\n21 9\nDo.                 1892\t\n7.5\n0.4\n34 1\nDo.                 1892\t\n12.5\n0.4\n21.6\n10.5\n4.5\n0.3\n2.2\n0.0\n0.0\n20.1\n10.6\n3.7\n10.5\n6.5\n23.3\nDo.                 1892\t\n2.0\n0.5\n6.8\n169.2\nDo.                 1892 ,        ....\nDo                  1892\t\nNicola Lake,        average\t\nDo.                 1892\t\nNanaimo,                n    \t\n0.1\n4.1       2.5\n3.4 1  10.0\n12.0     16.0\n2.3       0.5\n5.5 !    7.0\n42.7     29.5\n0.6       0.0\n0.9\n1.0\n0.1\n0.6\n34.6\n4.0   ,    1.0\n4.7   |    0.0\n1.5    :      O.li\n26.5  1    4.5\n*          0.0\n34.0\n7.5\n14.0\n4.7\n4.2\n0.3\n7.5\n\t\n1.7\n121.2\n'   '   \"1\t\n0.9\nTable  XI.\u2014Monthly and annual number of days of snowfall at the stations in Table X.\nr?\n1\nr=\n01\n[\nA                         rj\n^              -,\n\u00a3         a,\n&    1    <\n3          *\n1\n2    !      1\n3'\nS\np\n<\nt-H\nrO\ns\n01\ngi\nOl\ns\nr=\ntl\no\nr,\n01\nX,\ns\n01\n>\nO\nr5\nrl\nXO\na\n03\n01\n01\na\n\u25a0i\nr-\nEsquimalt,          average\t\nDo.                 1892\t\nPort Moody.        average\t\nDo.                 1892\t\nQuamichan,          average\t\nDo.                 1892\t\n1\n6\n1\n2\n1\n3\n4\n6\n14\n10\n20\n4\n5\n3\n3\n2\n4\n2\n5\n3\n13\n15\n8\n16\n10\n4\n2\n2\n10\n9.\n4\n0\n4\n0\n2\n0\n4\n0\n9\n4\n6\n6\n7\n2\n0\n0\n8\n0\n         1\n1\n1\n1\n2\n1\n5\n2\n8\n9\n7\n2\n7\n3\n7\n3\n3\n13\n2\n3\n1\n2\n0\n5\n6\n6\n13\n11\n12\n5\n5\n8\n11\n2\n2\n12\n0\n14\n6\n1\n11\nDo.                 1892\t\nAgassiz,                average\t\nDo.                1892\t\nDo.                1892\t\n4\n1\n1\n1\n13\n14\n1\n1\n1\n5\n3\n20\n1\n25\n9\n6\n4\n3\n8\n6\n2\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n67\n54\nPort Simpson,     average\t\nDo.                 1892\t\n3\n1\n*\n1\n33\n0\n0\n1\n1\n1\n25\n7\n1     1\t\n4\n52\n6\n.1                               1\n1 56 Vict.\nReport on Agriculture.\n961\nTable XII.\u2014Abstract of observations made at Keremeos,  Similkameen, B. C,  during the\nyear 1892.\nMean temperature .\nMean highest\t\nMean lowest\t\nHighest\t\nLowest\t\nAmount of rain....\nDays of rain\t\nAmount of snow...\nDays of snow\t\n26.8\n0.2\n7\n38.1\nolLO\n0.4\n2\n53.5\n64.5\n0.21\n4\n2.0\n47.45\n57.9\n37.0\n67.0\n25.0\n0.44\n10\nr!\n03\nr!\n01\nto\ns\n01\ns\ni\na\n3\n\"a\no\n01\n>\no\ns\n*5\n<!\ntn\no\nr5\n64.15\n66.33\n69.79\n70.45\n61.04\n47.62\n36.52\n70.4\n78.6\n81.7\n81.5\n72.6\n56.7\n42.7\n83.0\n64.0\n57.8\n59.4\n49.5\n38.5\n30.4\n87.3\n96.0\n94.0\n90.8\n82.3\n74.8\n64.9\n33.0\n41.0\n49.0\n50.0\n39.0\n27.0\n13.0\n0.28\n1.47\n0.53\n0.53\n0.09\n1.06\n2.33\n5\n7\n5\n5\n2\n4\n7\n0.1\n1\n0.3\n8\nr!\nSI\nX3\na\n01\ni\n01\n24.43\n30.7\n18.2\n40.8\n96.0\n-2.0\n-2.0\n0.02\n6.96\n1\n50\n1.3\n4.3\n8\n23\nJanuary 29th, chinook wind.\nFebruary 10th to 12th, warm wind.\nMarch 5th, song birds arrive; 7th, crows arrive, ; Sth, ploughing; 24th, hurricane.\nApril 1st, trees in bud ; 2nd, spring grain up ; 3rd, flowers up ;  18th, trees in leaf; 28th,\nsand hill cranes.\nMay 4th,  humming birds; 6th,  snow   lying on ground;   10th,   thunder storm;\nhardy vegetables up;  17th, young grouse ; 23rd, spiklen in bloom.\nJune 2nd, snow on mountains;  12th, syringa in bloom ;  19th, wild strawberries.\nJuly 3rd, berries ripe ; 5th, hay cutting ; 27th, wheat ripe.\nAugust 2nd, harvest apples ripe; 23rd, tomatoes ripe.\nSeptember 1st,  melons ripe;   13th, grapes  ripe; 16th,  cranes migrating; 19th,\n15th,\nleaving ,\n22nd, frost in parts of district ;  26th.\ntime on which clew fell this summer.\nheavy dew,   being the only\nOctober 16th, first night frost.\nNovember 24th to 26th, unusually cold portion of year;   29th to 31st, heaviest rainfall\nfor month ever remembered in this district.\nTable XIII.\u2014Abstract of observations made at Carmanah Lighthouse during the year\n1892.\nMean temperature\t\nMean highest    ,,    \t\nMean lowest      ,,\t\nHighest ,,    \t\nLowest ,,\t\nAmount of rain (inches) ..\nNo. of days   ,,   \t\nAmount of enow (inches) .\nNo. of days    ,,    \t\na\nto\n1\n.\nXi\nr.\nfa\ng\n39.3\n40.5\n43.1\n43.3\n44.8\n47.9\n35.3\n36.1\n38.4\n52.0\n49.2\n53.0\n30.0\n30.0\n31.0\n9.76\n5.79\n13.13\n18\n12\n16\n*\n*\n2\n\t\n1  !\n43.1\n49.3\n36.9\n57.0\n31.0\n8.90\n21\n0.3\n1\nr~.\nti\nJune.\nJuly.\n'August.\nSeptember.\nOctober.\nr-'\n01\nx,\na\n01\n>\nO\nDecember.\n49.9\n53.7\n54.4\n57.9\n55.2\n49.9\n43.4\n40.2\n56.1\n60.4\n59.8\n63.9\n60.8\n55.0\n46.7\n44.2\n43.7\n47.0\n49.1\n52.0\n49.6\n44.7\n40.1\n36.1\n64 0\n78.0\n68.5\n74.0\n76.0\n60.0\n55.0\n48.0\n38.0\n41.0\n42.0\n44.8\n40.5\n34.0\n32.0\n20.0\n4.68\n1.67\n3.18\n3.53\n46.5\n7.16\n14.37\n10.07\n12\n5\n10\n6\n7\n13\n26\n0.6\n2\nW      i\n\t\n78.0\n20.0\n16.6\n0.8\nGriffin Lake,  1892.\nMean temperature\t\nMean highest    ,,    \t\nMean lowest      ,,    \t\nHighest ,,    \t\nLowest (,    \t\nAmount of rain (inches) ..\nNo of days   ,,   \t\nAmount of snow (inches) .\nNo. of days   ,,    \t\n0.90\n1\n48.0\n8\n12.0\n60.0\n43.5\n83.0\n33.0\n1.02\n3\n4.0\n2\n62.07\n71.3\n52.8\n83.0\n39.0\n1.48\n4\n78.8\n42.6\n96.0\n30.0\n0.56\n7\n45.84\n32.65\n52.1\n37.1\n39.6\n28.2\n73.0\n50.0\n25.0\n12.0\n3.23\n2.93\n6\n7\n1.8\n37.0\n2\n12\n22.73\n28.4\n17.0\n38.0\n-12.0\n24.0\n9 962\nRetort on Agriculture.\n1893\nAt Loch Errocu, Lowek Nicola, Mr. Wilson reports that the mean temperature was, for\nDecember, 1892, 34.61\u00b0; mean daily range, 6.3\u00b0; highest, 45\u00b0, on the 1st; lowest, 12\u00b0, on the.\n22nd; amount of rain, 8.01 inches, on eleven days ; amount of melted snow, 1.15 inches, on\nsix days.\nAt Chilcotin, Oakiboo, Mr. Drumrnond reports that the temperature of December was\n11.26\u00b0; mean daily range, 17.90\u00b0\u2014the highest on the 31st, 42\u00b0, and the lowest, 30\u00b0, on the\n23rd ; no rainfall; amount of snowfall, 57.00 in. on six days.\nTable XIV.\u2014Number of times the wind blew from each of the eight principal  points,  from\nobservations made tri-daily at Fort Simpson, B. C, during the year 1892.\nN.\nN.E.\nE.\n\t\n1\nS.E.\nS.\nS.W.\n5\n9\n7\nW.\nN.W.\nCalm.\nApril\t\n5\n6\n1\n1\n3\n7\n4\n3\n9\n15\n12\n17\n11\n3\n1\n1\n2\n1\n57\n57\n49\n29\nJuly\t\nAugust\t\n9\n14\n8\n12\n20\n16\n92\n3\n2\n6\n5\n4\n4\n3\n3\n10\n9\n16\n17\n2\n6\n5\n3\n4\n29\n21\n25\n39\n33\n27\n29\n16\n5\n1\n2\n4\n7\n\u25a0  1\n3\n5\n3\n10\n13\n4\n1\n1\n23\n14\n7\n17\nTotal\t\n36\n69\n38\n229\n82\n25\n\u25a0 32\n254\nWinds at Agassiz Experimental Farm.\nSeptember\t\n12\n20\n28\n25\n3\n14\n1\n10\n2\n4\n34\n21\n18\n23\n11\n9\n20\n14\n19\n25\n18\n :\t\n !   2\nI\n19\n\t\nTable XV.\u2014dumber of times the wind blew from  each  of the  eight  principal  points  from\nobservations made tri-daily at Srence's Bridge, B. C, during the year 1892 :\u2014\nJanuary    \t\nFebruary \t\nMarch\t\nApril\t\nMay\t\nJiine\t\nJuly\t\nAugust\t\nSeptember\t\nOctober\t\nNovember\t\nDecember\t\nTotal.\nN.\nN.E.\nE.\nS.E.\nS.\nS.W.\nVV.\nN.W.\n4\n3\n27\n0\n0\n2\n8\n0\n0\n9\n22\n0\n1\n1\n16\n1\n0\n0\n7\n3\n4\n9\n14\n0\n0\n1\n16\n1\n5\n3\n14\n0\n0\n0\n10\n2\n9\n14\nIS\n0\n0\n0\n3\n2\n17\n11\n12\n1\n0\n0\n7\n3\n7\n6\n14\n1\n0\n0\n12\n2\n4\n10\n13\n1\n0\n2\n14\n2\n2\n5\n19\n0\n0\n3\n32\ni\n2\n5\n4\n0\n0\n1\n24\n3\n2\n3\n11\n0\n1\n4\n27\n0\n3\n3\n3\n0\n5\n10\n201\n19\n56\n77\n141\n4\nCalm.\n29\n39\n30\n25\n28\n17\n34\n33\n31\n34\n40 56 Vict.\nReport on Agriculture.\n968\nTable XVI.\u2014Number of times the wind blew from each of the eight principal  points from\nobservations made six times daily at Esquimalt, B. C, during the year 1892 :\u2014\nJanuary \t\nFebruary \t\nMarch\t\nApril\t\nMay\t\nJune\t\nJuly\t\nAugust\t\nSeptember\t\nOctober\t\nNovember \t\nDecember\t\nTotal\nN.\nN.E.\nE.\nS.E.\nS.\nS.W.\nW.\nS.W.\n85\n4\n15\n7\n\u25a0,.?\n6\n13\n1\n62\n12\n9\n5\n35\n7\n15\n1\n23\n11\n17\n11\n51\n10\n12\n0\n38\n0\n0\n1\n38\n46\n16\n11\n88\n0\n1\n7\n90\n8\n9\n1\n6\n0\n1\n1\n100\n7\n15\n2\n2\n0\n4\n7\n110\n6\n12\n0\n6\n0\n1\n2\n68\n20\n9\n1\n14\n4\n9\n10\n21\n5\n2\n0\n20\n10\n9\n17\n28\n6\n30\n2\n29\n7\n19\n11\n35\n23\n14\n7\n65\n23\n10\n10\n11\n17\n12\n0\n386\n71\n95\n89\n6Q9\n160\n159\n26\nCalm.\n33\n28\n51\n31\n82\n48\n45\n79\n116\n64\n35\n10\nPeriodical events at stations in British Columbia during the year 1892.\nIt\na\n. A .\ni\n5th April.\n26th      ,,\nc\n\u00a3\np\nf5\n28th Jan .\nllth April\nM\n03\nV\no\nXI\n01\nc\n01\ni.\n&\nQuamichan.\nAbbotsford.\n'ho\na\n-3\nrd\noi\nd\n01\nBarkerville.\nV\na\n\u00a3\na\n01\nu\n01\nM\nLast snow\t\nllth Jan .\n17th April\n6th April.\n16th May.\n24th April\n26th June\n78\"50'\n13th Jan .\n16th April\n20th Aug.\n73\u00b000'\n30th M'ch\n7th April.\n28th May .\n19th Aug.\n73\u00b060'\n27th Sept.\n6th Nov..\n17th    ,,\n6th April.\n22nd April\n13th July*\n7th June .\n29th   ,i\n66W\n12th Aug.\n2nd Sept.\n21st     ,,\n5th April.\n2nd     \u201e\n12th June\n6th May..\n14th April\n1st Sept..\n14th Oct .\n10th May.\nWarmest day....\nMean temp\t\n9th Aug. .\n63\u00b050'\n19th Aug.\n70\u00b080'\n29th Jun.\n82\"00'\nllth Oct..\n7th Oct ..\nFirst frost\t\nFirst snow   \t\nHumming-    birds\n16th Oct..\n16th Nov.\n16th Oct .\n24th Nov.\n15th     \u201e\n25th Nov.\n10th April\n18th     ,,\n21st Sept .\n26th Nov.\n9th April.\n9th March\n27th Feb .\n3rd March\n15th Oct. .\n25th Nov.\n16th   ,,\n16th   ,,\n16th Oct .\n7th Nov ..\n4th May..\n\t\nFir6t frogs heard.\n6th March\n10th    ,,\n1\n^Thermometer, 31\u00b0; shower of hail. 964\nReport on Agriculture.\n1893\n22 days\nfine.\n16\ni\n19\ni\n21\ni\n22\nt\n30\n,\n24\n,\n16\n'\n19\n1\n1\nMr. W. H. Bayley, of East Chilliwhack, supplies the following memorandum of wet\nand fine days :\u2014\n1892\u2014January          9 days wet.\nFebruary        9 n\nMarch         9\nApril      14 ii\nMay    12 \u201e\nJune      9 H\nJuly      9\nAugust      1 ii\nSeptember      6 n\nOctober       15 n\nNovember      23 n\nDecember    12 h\nIn the above, cloudy days are given as fine, and showery are included with wet.\nThere was frost from January 1st to 13th,\nii n April 7th to Sth,\nii ii November 24th to 28th,\nDecember 7th to 9th; 20th to 25th.\nMr. Andrew Noble, Kamloops :\u2014I cannot tell the amount of the rainfall. We have\nvery little rain ; a few rainfalls in the spring, a very little in the summer, and not much in\nthe fall. The average annual snowfall is about two feet, and it lies about ten weeks. The\nusual greatest heat in summer is 80\u00b0 in the shade, and it generally lasts during July and\nAugust.    The usual greatest cold is 10\u00b0 below zero, lasting during January and February.\n, Mr. Edwin Dalley, Nicola Lake (lower end):\u2014I do not keep a record of temperature,\nonly of rain and snowfall, so I cannot state these accurately. The average annual rainfall is\nabout 8 inches ; the average snowfall is about 35 inches. As far as my memory serves me,\nthe average time the snow lies on the ground is 2o\\ to 3 months. The greatest usual heat\nis about 85\u00b0, which lasts for a week or ten days at a time, alternating with cooler weather,\nduring the months of June, July, August and September. It seldom reaches 90\u00b0. We have\ntwo or three cold spells in winter, lasting from one to two weeks, when the temperature\nranges from zero to 35\u00b0 below; on several occasions it has reached 40\u00b0 below.\nMr. Thos. Bulman, of Upper Nicola :\u2014I cannot tell about the rainfall, but should judge\nit was about 6 inches, or perhaps 7. The snow, measured as it falls, averages about 2 feet 6\ninches; after it is packed, about 9 inches; and it lies on the ground from the second week of\nJanuary till the end of February. The usual greatest heat in summer is 75\u00b0 in the shade,\nand it lasts from early in June until the last of August. The usual greatest cold is 25\u00b0 below\nzero, and lasts from January till 22nd February.\nMr. A. J. Palmer, Salmon Arm :\u2014The average annual rainfall is 40 inches ; the average\nannual snowfall is 48 inches. The snow stays on the ground 90 days. The usual greatest\nheat in summer is 80\u00b0 for 60 days. The usual greatest cold is 5\u00b0 below zero for five days. In\nmaking the above estimates, I have tried to average the last seven years, in which I have an\nexperience in the country. The estimate may be unsatisfactory in some particulars, but as\nthe climate is very regular, I think I am not much out.\nCapt. Laing Meason, of Lesser Dog Creek :\u2014The usual greatest heat here in summer is\n90\u00b0, and it lasts two days. The usual greatest cold at this place during the winter is 40\u00b0,\nwhich lasts two days.\nMr. Jas. T. Steele writes as follows:\u2014\n\" Grafton Farm, Spallumcheen, B. C.\n\" J. R. Anderson, Esq.,\n\"Department of Agriculture, Victoria, B. C.\n\" Sir,\u2014I have the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of 2nd inst., making-\nenquiry\u2014\n\" 1st.  What is the average annual rainfall %\n\" 2nd.  What is the average annual snowfall, and average time it lies on the ground \\\n\" 3rd.  What is the usual greatest heat in summer, and what length of time it lasts ?\n\" 4th. What is the usual greatest cold in winter, and what length of time it lasts ? 56 Vict. Report on Agriculture. 965\n\"I beg to preface my reply by saying that all my observations of the weather have only\nbeen taken for personal curiosity and comparison; that for a number of years^I would see the\nresult of a shower or rainfall in the gauge, then throw out the water, without making a record\nof the quantity, and kept no record of it till last three seasons. Then, again, ever since I\nhave been here (16 years) I have measured the snowfall as it came, commencing with first fall\nof the season, making no record (till last two winters), simply carrying along in my mind\nthrough the winter the quantity fallen, so could at any time say how much had fallen for the\nwinter.\n\" I have a thermometer (mercury) that I believe is pretty accurate, and take a look at it\nprobably half a dozen times a day on the average, but have not kept a record of its readings\nexcept in a few cases.\n\"I now reply to your questions in their order'.\n\" 1st.  In 1890, rain fell on 41 days, and in all 10.88 inches fell.\nIn 1891, i, 58     ,, \u201e 14.41\nIn 1892, \u201e 55     \u201e \u201e 13 75\n\"I think both in 1891 and 1892 was more than average, and that of 1890 may have\nbeen a little less than average, and to take the average of the three seasons would be fully\nmore than our rainfall was in previous years.\n\"2nd. The snowfall in winter 1891-2 was 50-| inches; in 1892-3, 60 inches. In neither\nof these seasons was the snowfall up to average of previous years. I have several times seen\nthe fall for the winter over 80 inches. One season\u20141879-80\u2014110 inches fell; and I think\nan average fall for the winter would be over 70 inches. We generally get a little snow\nbetween 15th and 20th November; the winter creeps on very gradually; a little more snow\ncomes, and then a little more, &c, and first thing we know we are into winter; and in a\ngeneral way the snow accumulates through December and January, and perhaps a week or so\nin February ; then a gradual break with very little snowfall in February and March. The\nlatter is generally a very fine month. By the 15th March some few are able to start the plow\nin favoured spots, but it is generally first week in April before all can get at it in full swing.\n\"3rd. I think the average greatest heat in summer would be 96\u00b0 to 98\u00b0 Fah., the top\nnotch lasting only a few days, but we often have it over 90\u00b0 for a week or more at a time.\nThree times I have seen it over 100\" in the shade; once it was 105\u00b0.\n\" 4th. The usual greatest cold. To reply to this direct would be misleading. The\ncoldest we had it in the past winter was 27\u00b0 below zero\u2014the coldest for several years\u2014but\nseveral times in previous years I have seen it. from 30\u00b0 to 37\u00b0 below zero, and once, I believe,\nit was 43\u00b0 below zero at Mr. Lumby's. My thermometer, being mercury, would not indicate\ntruly such a low temperature. As an offset to this extreme cold, I may say the first winter I\nwas here\u20141877-8\u2014the lowest temperature for the winter was 19\" Fah., or 13\u00b0 of frost. Four\nor five days generally free us of the extreme cold snaps.\n\" But statistics on the weather in this part of B. C. will not enable anyone to give a good\nguess as to what an ensuing season will be like, for, as far as my observation goes, no two\nseasons are at all alike; what happens in one year may not come again for a number of years,\nand that which is unusual always seems to come. But on top of all this is the bald fact that\nwe have the finest climate, take it all round, that can be found in the Dominion, for pleasure,\nhealth, and agriculture. \" I have, etc.,\n(Signed)        \"James T. Steele.\"\nThe following extract is also from a previous letter from Mr. Steele, dated 28th November,   1892:\u2014\n\" Our rainfall in season now past was about the same as last year, slightly less. Our first\nrainfall was 28th March, and latest 12th November. Total fall in that time was 13.73\ninches, distributed as follows :\u2014March, .46; April, 1.27; May, 2.04; June, 2.24; July, 2.33;\nAugust, .29; September, 1.13; October, 2.36; and November, 1.51. In the latter part of\nOctober, along with the rains, we had much more fog than usual\u2014for instance, six days in\nsuccession we did not get a sight of the sun\u2014but, on the whole, it was very favourable for\nfall ploughing and other work, and for closing up the season. On the whole, it was pretty\nwell taken advantage of, and well that it was, for on 16th inst. came our first snow, and in a\nfew days genuine winter was upon us ; since which we have had frequent light falls of snow\u2014\n20 inches in all to date. This is all with us, and apparently to stay. Since I have been here\nwe have not before had such a touch of genuine winter weather so early in the season, neither\nhave I seen so much snow so early.    Present prospects are for a long winter.\" 966\nReport on Agriculture.\n1893\nMr. George R. Lawes, Enderby:\u2014The average extreme heat is 95\u00b0 to 96\u00b0; the extreme\nis 104\u00b0 to 106\u00b0, it generally lasts three or four1 days; some seasons we have it twice, in May\nand July ; last 24th May it was 96\u00b0 in the shade.\nThe following record was kept by Mr. A. Postill, of Okanagan Mission, for 1887 and 1888;\n1887\u2014January 64 inches rain,   14| inches snow.\nFebruary 79\nMarch 27 n 5J\nApril 22\nMay     1.83\nJune     2.22\nJuly .     1.42\nAugust     2.57\nSeptember     1.74\nOctober 54\nNovember 56\nDecember 56\n4\nTotal.\n13.36\n1888\u2014 January 11\nFebruary 72\nMarch .'     1.42\nApril 10\nMay     1.21\nJune 40\nJuly     2.53\nAugust  .     .75\nSeptember 74\nOctober     1.85\nNovember 77\nIf\n3|\nTotal 10.60\nMr. C. F. Costerton, Vernon.\u2014There is about half the average rainfall here that there is at\nVictoria ; never having been measured, it is hard to state what amount it would be in inches.\nThe average annual snowfall in Spallumcheen is 1 ft. 6 in. to 3 in., towards the International\nBoundary at Osoyoos ; average time it lies at the former is 10 weeks, at the latter one month.\nThe usual greatest heat in summer is 95\u00b0, in spells of a week at a time through July and\nAugust. The usual greatest cold is 25\u00b0 below zero for from five to ten days, generally in\nJanuary.\nMr. Hugh Hunter, Granite Creek. -I cannot tell the average rainfall for this place,\nbut it is slightly less than Nicola. The average snowfall is about three feet, and it lies from\n15th of November to the 15th March. The average heat is 75\u00b0, from the 1st June to the end\nof August. The average cold is 25\u00b0 below zero, from January 1st to February 15th ; during\nthe remainder of the winter it varies from zero to 32\u00b0 above.\nMr. E. Spraggett, of Kettle River, gives the following :\u2014The average annual rainfall is\nfour inches ; snowfall is ten inches ; the snow lies on the ground ten weeks. The usual greatest\nheat in summer is 95\u00b0 in the shade, and it lasts for ten weeks. The usual greatest cold in\nwinter is 15\u00b0 below zero, and it lasts about three weeks.\nitself\nThe following letter was received from Mr. Smith, M. P. P., of Lillooet, which explains\n\"Lillooet, 24th October, 1892.\n\"James R. Anderson, Esq., Victoria, B. C.\n\"Dear Sir,\u2014I have received from the Government Printer' four copies of the first report\nof the Department of Agriculture.\n\" I notice you have got Mr. Wm. Lee's meteorological report in for Lillooet. That is a\ngreat mistake. Mr. Lee is at Pavilion, 21 miles from Lillooet. Pavilion has a much colder\nseason, as it is at a greater altitude. Twenty miles in a mountainous country makes a great\ndifference in the climate. \" Yours truly,\n\"A. W. Smith.\" 56 Vict. Report on Agriculture. 967\nMr. Soues, of Clinton, supplies the following :\u2014The average annual rainfall is from 2 to\n3 inches. The average annual snowfall is possibly 3 feet in some winters, but never more\nthan 18 inches to 2 feet deep at any one time ; it generally lies on the ground from the\nmiddle of November to the beginning of March in most winters. The average greatest heat\nin summer is 75\u00b0 to 85\u00b0 in the shade on the average\u201490\u00b0 is a rare extreme\u2014lasting three\nmonths, extreme limits. The average greatest cold is 10\u00b0 below zero, and it generally lasts\nfrom the middle of November till the beginning of March.\nMr. John Saul, of The Mound, near Clinton, says:\u2014I have seen the report sent you by\nMr. Soues, of Clinton, and as I reside within six miles of him, at an altitude 800 feet lower\nthan Clinton, Mr. Soues' report would apply to The Mound with very slight variations. There\nare generally about 6\u00b0 in favour of this place in cold weather. The snowfall averages about\none foot, and this applies to the Bonaparte Valley, the snowfall decreasing as you descend to\nthe Thompson Valley. The Mound is in an isolated valley. My nearest neighbours on the\nnorth, or up the Bonaparte, are 18 miles, and south 12 miles down the river. Clinton is 6\nmiles west, and lies between here and Pavilion Mountain.\nMr. Wm. Abel, of 111-Mile House, gives the following :\u2014The average annual rainfall is\nabout 12 inches, I think. The average annual snowfall is about 2J feet, and lies on the\nground about three months. The usual greatest heat is about 90\u00b0, and it lasts about two\nweeks. The usual greatest cold is 40\u00b0 below, and it lasts 10 days to 2 weeks. I have given\nthe above as nearly as I can judge, but, especially in the amount of rainfall, I am guessing.\nMr. Wm. Pinchbeck, of Williams Lake :\u2014I cannot give you a correct account of the\nweather, heat, rain, snow, etc., as I have not kept any account of it. The average annual\nrainfall is about 12 inches. The average annual snowfall is 18 to 20 inches, and it lies on the\nground from three to four months. The usual greatest heat is 90\u00b0 to 95\u00b0 in the shade\u2014most\nof the time the glass will show about 65\u00b0 to 70\u00b0. The average cold for four months would be\nzero. The thermometer will register at times 50\u00b0 below zero, and for some time 40\u00b0, 30\u00b0, and\n20\u00b0 below zero, and at times it will register above, zero for two weeks at a stretch.\nThe following is a letter from Mr. F. J. Nightingale, of Alexis Creek, Chilcotin :\u2014\n\" Alexis Creek, Chilcotin, B. C.\n\" J. R. Anderson, Esq.,  Victoria, B. C.\n\"Sir,\u2014In answer to your letter of the 3rd inst., I have answered your questions below as\nwell as I am able to, but not having the meteorological instruments I cannot vouch for the\ncorrectness:\u2014\n1. What is the average annual rainfall t    About 4 inches.\n2. What is the average annual snowfall 1    About 18 inches, packed.\nAverage length of time it lies on the ground ?    About two months.\n(I think the last part of answer 2 is understated.\u2014J.R.A.)\n3. What is the average greatest heat in summer ?    About 90\u00b0 in the shade.\nWhat length of time it lasts 1    About one month.\n4. What is the usual greatest cold in winter 1    From 35\u00b0 to 45\u00b0 below zero.\nWhat length of time it lasts \"    About two weeks.\n\" I have, &c,\n\" Fred J. Nightingale.\"\nThe following letter was received from Mr. J. F. Hawks, of Soda Creek.\n\"J. R. Anderson, Esq., \"Soda Creek, B. C, May 20th, 1893.\n\u2022\" Victoria, B. C.\n\" Dear Sir,\u2014 *.,*.*..' I should say the average rainfall is about 10 inches, but\nfor the past two years I doubt if it has been one-fourth of that amount.\n\"Average annual snowfall from 12 to 15 inches, and usually lies on the ground from three\nto four months. For two winters before the last I don't think it was one-half that amount,\nand for the past winter nearly double.\n\"Usual greatest heat from 80\u00b0 to 90\u00b0, seldom lasting more than a week or two. Sometimes it may go above 90\u00b0, but only for a few days.\n\" Usual greatest cold 40\u00b0 for three days, sometimes for ten days; just here it didn't\nexceed this the past winter, but between here and Cariboo it was 57\u00b0 on February 2nd.\n\"Yours respectfully,\n\"J. F. Hawks.\" 968 Report on Agriculture. 1893\nCONCLUSION.\nThere are many subjects of interest and importance to the agriculturist and stock-raiser\nof British Columbia, prominent among which are the swine and poultry industries, on which\nmuch might and should be said, but as the season is now far advanced they will have to be\ndeferred for a future report. For the same reason, a paper on hop culture, which was\npromised by Mr. A. J. Burrows, Kent, England, has to be laid over.\nUnder \" Diseases and Pests \" will be found the report of E. Hutcherson, Inspector of\nFruit Pests, and that of F. S. Roper, Inspector of Animals.\nBefore concluding, I wish to express my acknowldgements and thanks for many\nvaluable reports and papers from the. following gentlemen :\u2014\nW. Saunders, Esq., Director Dominion Experimental Farm.\nJas. Fletcher, Esq.,  Entomologist Dominion Experimental Farm.\nHon. John. Dryden, Minister of Agriculture, Ontario.\nC. C. James. Esq., Secretary Bureau of Industries, Ontario.\nJames Mills, Esq., President Agricultural College of Ontario.\nL. Woolverton, Esq., Secretary Fruit Growers' Association of Ontario.\nAlfred R. C. Selwyn, C.M.G.,LL.D.,F.R.S.,  Director Geological   and Natural  History\nSurveys of Canada.\nC. N. Riley and L. O. Howard, Esqs.,  Entomologist and Assistant  Entomologist U. S.\nDepartment of Agriculture.\nJ. R. Dodge, Esq., Statistician U. S. Department of Agriculture.\nJohn W. Hestrom, Esq., President State of Washington Agricultural College.\nF. J. W. Burgess, Esq., Superintendent Protestant Hospital for the Insane, Montreal.\nF. W. J. Moore, Esq., Secretary Department of Agriculture, Tasmania\nPeter McLean, Esq., Under Secretary Department of Agriculture, Queensland.\nC. L. Anderson, Esq., Director of Agriculture, New South Wales\nT>. E. Martin, Esq., Secretary for Agriculture, Victoria.\nR. Cecil Clifton, Esq., Under Secretary for Lands, Western Australia.\nJames Bath, Esq., Secretary Minister of Agriculture and Education, South Australia.\nJames R. Anderson,\nStatistician.\nVICTORIA, B. C:\nPrinted by Richard Wolkesdrn, Printer to the Queen's Most Excellent Majesty.","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2009\/08\/skos-reference\/skos.html#note","classmap":"oc:AnnotationContainer"},"iri":"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2009\/08\/skos-reference\/skos.html#note","explain":"Simple Knowledge Organisation System; Notes are used to provide information relating to SKOS concepts. There is no restriction on the nature of this information, e.g., it could be plain text, hypertext, or an image; it could be a definition, information about the scope of a concept, editorial information, or any other type of information."}],"Genre":[{"label":"Genre","value":"Legislative proceedings","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/www.europeana.eu\/schemas\/edm\/hasType","classmap":"dpla:SourceResource","property":"edm:hasType"},"iri":"http:\/\/www.europeana.eu\/schemas\/edm\/hasType","explain":"A Europeana Data Model Property; This property relates a resource with the concepts it belongs to in a suitable type system such as MIME or any thesaurus that captures categories of objects in a given field. It does NOT capture aboutness"}],"Identifier":[{"label":"Identifier","value":"J110.L5 S7","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/identifier","classmap":"dpla:SourceResource","property":"dcterms:identifier"},"iri":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/identifier","explain":"A Dublin Core Terms Property; An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context.; Recommended best practice is to identify the resource by means of a string conforming to a formal identification system."},{"label":"Identifier","value":"1893_36_715_968","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/identifier","classmap":"dpla:SourceResource","property":"dcterms:identifier"},"iri":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/identifier","explain":"A Dublin Core Terms Property; An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context.; Recommended best practice is to identify the resource by means of a string conforming to a formal identification system."}],"IsShownAt":[{"label":"DOI","value":"10.14288\/1.0065840","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/www.europeana.eu\/schemas\/edm\/isShownAt","classmap":"edm:WebResource","property":"edm:isShownAt"},"iri":"http:\/\/www.europeana.eu\/schemas\/edm\/isShownAt","explain":"A Europeana Data Model Property; An unambiguous URL reference to the digital object on the provider\u2019s website in its full information context."}],"Language":[{"label":"Language","value":"English","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/language","classmap":"dpla:SourceResource","property":"dcterms:language"},"iri":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/language","explain":"A Dublin Core Terms Property; A language of the resource.; Recommended best practice is to use a controlled vocabulary such as RFC 4646 [RFC4646]."}],"Provider":[{"label":"Provider","value":"Vancouver : University of British Columbia Library","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/www.europeana.eu\/schemas\/edm\/provider","classmap":"ore:Aggregation","property":"edm:provider"},"iri":"http:\/\/www.europeana.eu\/schemas\/edm\/provider","explain":"A Europeana Data Model Property; The name or identifier of the organization who delivers data directly to an aggregation service (e.g. Europeana)"}],"Publisher":[{"label":"Publisher","value":"Victoria, BC : Government Printer","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/publisher","classmap":"dpla:SourceResource","property":"dcterms:publisher"},"iri":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/publisher","explain":"A Dublin Core Terms Property; An entity responsible for making the resource available.; Examples of a Publisher include a person, an organization, or a service."}],"Rights":[{"label":"Rights","value":"Images provided for research and reference use only. For permission to publish, copy or otherwise distribute these images please contact the Legislative Library of British Columbia","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/rights","classmap":"edm:WebResource","property":"dcterms:rights"},"iri":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/rights","explain":"A Dublin Core Terms Property; Information about rights held in and over the resource.; Typically, rights information includes a statement about various property rights associated with the resource, including intellectual property rights."}],"SortDate":[{"label":"Sort Date","value":"1893-12-31 AD","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/elements\/1.1\/date","classmap":"dpla:SourceResource"},"iri":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/elements\/1.1\/date","explain":"A Dublin Core Elements Property; A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource.; Date may be used to express temporal information at any level of granularity. Recommended best practice is to use an encoding scheme, such as the W3CDTF profile of ISO 8601 [W3CDTF]."},{"label":"Sort Date","value":"1893-12-31 AD","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/date","classmap":"oc:InternalResource","property":"dcterms:date"},"iri":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/date","explain":"A Dublin Core Elements Property; A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource.; Date may be used to express temporal information at any level of granularity. Recommended best practice is to use an encoding scheme, such as the W3CDTF profile of ISO 8601 [W3CDTF].; A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource.; Date may be used to express temporal information at any level of granularity. Recommended best practice is to use an encoding scheme, such as the W3CDTF profile of ISO 8601 [W3CDTF]."}],"Source":[{"label":"Source","value":"Original Format: Legislative Assembly of British Columbia. Library. Sessional Papers of the Province of British Columbia","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/source","classmap":"oc:SourceResource","property":"dcterms:source"},"iri":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/source","explain":"A Dublin Core Terms Property; A related resource from which the described resource is derived.; The described resource may be derived from the related resource in whole or in part. Recommended best practice is to identify the related resource by means of a string conforming to a formal identification system."}],"Title":[{"label":"Title ","value":"SECOND REPORT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE OF THE PROVINCE OF BRITISH COLUMBIA, 1892.","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/title","classmap":"dpla:SourceResource","property":"dcterms:title"},"iri":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/title","explain":"A Dublin Core Terms Property; The name given to the resource."}],"Type":[{"label":"Type","value":"Text","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/type","classmap":"dpla:SourceResource","property":"dcterms:type"},"iri":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/type","explain":"A Dublin Core Terms Property; The nature or genre of the resource.; Recommended best practice is to use a controlled vocabulary such as the DCMI Type Vocabulary [DCMITYPE]. To describe the file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource, use the Format element."}],"Translation":[{"property":"Translation","language":"en","label":"Translation","value":""}]}