{"AIPUUID":[{"label":"AIP UUID","value":"0ebef124-2238-4ec2-8f5d-91c80ebd2d35","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"https:\/\/open.library.ubc.ca\/terms#identifierAIP","classmap":"oc:DigitalPreservation","property":"oc:identifierAIP"},"iri":"https:\/\/open.library.ubc.ca\/terms#identifierAIP","explain":"UBC Open Collections Metadata Components; Local Field; Refers to the Archival Information Package identifier generated by Archivematica. This serves as a link between CONTENTdm and Archivematica."}],"AggregatedSourceRepository":[{"label":"Aggregated Source Repository","value":"CONTENTdm","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/www.europeana.eu\/schemas\/edm\/dataProvider","classmap":"ore:Aggregation","property":"edm:dataProvider"},"iri":"http:\/\/www.europeana.eu\/schemas\/edm\/dataProvider","explain":"A Europeana Data Model Property; The name or identifier of the organization who contributes data indirectly to an aggregation service (e.g. Europeana)"}],"AlternateTitle":[{"label":"Alternate Title ","value":"REPORT ON AGRICULTURE, BRITISH COLUMBIA.","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/alternative","classmap":"dpla:SourceResource","property":"dcterms:alternative"},"iri":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/alternative","explain":"A Dublin Core Terms Property; An alternative name for the resource.; Note - the distinction between titles and alternative titles is resource-specific."}],"CatalogueRecord":[{"label":"Catalogue Record","value":"http:\/\/resolve.library.ubc.ca\/cgi-bin\/catsearch?bid=1198198","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/isReferencedBy","classmap":"edm:ProvidedCHO","property":"dcterms:isReferencedBy"},"iri":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/isReferencedBy","explain":"A Dublin Core Terms Property; A related resource that references, cites, or otherwise points to the described resource."}],"Collection":[{"label":"Collection","value":"Sessional Papers of the Province of British Columbia","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/isPartOf","classmap":"dpla:SourceResource","property":"dcterms:isPartOf"},"iri":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/isPartOf","explain":"A Dublin Core Terms Property; A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included."}],"Creator":[{"label":"Creator","value":"British Columbia. Legislative Assembly","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/creator","classmap":"dpla:SourceResource","property":"dcterms:creator"},"iri":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/creator","explain":"A Dublin Core Terms Property; An entity primarily responsible for making the resource.; Examples of a Contributor include a person, an organization, or a service."}],"DateAvailable":[{"label":"Date Available","value":"2014-12-10","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/issued","classmap":"edm:WebResource","property":"dcterms:issued"},"iri":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/issued","explain":"A Dublin Core Terms Property; Date of formal issuance (e.g., publication) of the resource."}],"DateIssued":[{"label":"Date Issued","value":"[1904]","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/issued","classmap":"oc:SourceResource","property":"dcterms:issued"},"iri":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/issued","explain":"A Dublin Core Terms Property; Date of formal issuance (e.g., publication) of the resource."}],"DigitalResourceOriginalRecord":[{"label":"Digital Resource Original Record","value":"https:\/\/open.library.ubc.ca\/collections\/bcsessional\/items\/1.0064295\/source.json","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/www.europeana.eu\/schemas\/edm\/aggregatedCHO","classmap":"ore:Aggregation","property":"edm:aggregatedCHO"},"iri":"http:\/\/www.europeana.eu\/schemas\/edm\/aggregatedCHO","explain":"A Europeana Data Model Property; The identifier of the source object, e.g. the Mona Lisa itself. This could be a full linked open date URI or an internal identifier"}],"FileFormat":[{"label":"File Format","value":"application\/pdf","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/elements\/1.1\/format","classmap":"edm:WebResource","property":"dc:format"},"iri":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/elements\/1.1\/format","explain":"A Dublin Core Elements Property; The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource.; Examples of dimensions include size and duration. Recommended best practice is to use a controlled vocabulary such as the list of Internet Media Types [MIME]."}],"FullText":[{"label":"Full Text","value":" Seventh Report\n OF   THE-\nDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE\n OF   THE   PROVINCE   OF-\nBRITISH   COLUMBIA.\n1902.\nTHE GOVERNMENT OF\nTHE PROVINCE OE BRITISH COLUMBIA\nFItlNTED  BY\nAUTHORITY  OF  THE   LEGISLATIVE  ASSEMBLY.\nVICTORIA, B. C.\nPrinted by Richard Wolfenden, I.S.O., V.D., Printer to the King's Most Excellent Majesty.\n1903.  To His Honour the Honourable Sir Henri Gdstave Joly de Lotbiniere, K. C. M. G.,\nLieutenant-Governor of the Province of British Columbia.\nMay it Please Your Honour :\nThe Seventh Report of the Department of Agriculture is herewith respectfully submitted.\nI have the honour to be,\nSir,\nYour obedient servant,\nR. G. TATLOW,\nMinister of Agriculture.\nDepartment of Agriculture,\nVictoria, B. C, 15th July, 190S.  3 Ed. 7 Report on Agriculture, British Columbia. A 5\nSEVENTH   REPORT\n OF   THE\t\nDEPARTMENT  OE AGRICULTURE\n OF\t\nBRITISH    COLUMBIA.\n1902-\nThe Hon. R. G. Tatlow,\nMinister of Agriculture,\nVictoria, B. G.\nSir,\u2014I have the honour to present the Seventh Report of the Department of Agriculture.\nSince the issue of my last report, agricultural and horticultural products and prices have\nbeen most satisfactory, the area under cultivation being greatly extended, with a consequent\nincrease in production.\nCereals.\nWheat in the Okanagan gave large returns, but the production of this cereal is discouraged\nin most sections, as the land is susceptible of being put to more profitable uses. Oats are\nbeing produced in increased quantities, and are probably the most remunerative of all cereal\ncrops; the yield is large and the quality of the grain unsurpassed in excellence. Barley is\nbeing produced for feeding purposes alone; the coarser, heavy-bearing varieties are mostly\ncultivated. The varieties suitable for malting are not produced to any extent, as there is\nno demand for barley for such a purpose. Of late some inquiries have been made as to the\nproduction of malting barley, and if sufficient inducements are offered we may look for an\nincrease of this cereal in the near future. I may add that the quality of our barley for\nmalting purposes has been pronounced by experts to be of the very best. Rye is grown\nprincipally to be cut green for hay in the dry regions of the Upper Mainland, where little or\nno water for irrigation is available; but little is grown for the grain.\nLegumes.\nPeas are produced in considerable quantities on the Islands, the Upper Mainland and the\nhigher parts of the Lower Mainland, principally for fattening pigs. The low lands of the\nLower Fraser are unsuitable for peas. Beans are only grown in considerable quantities in the\nvalleys of the Fraser and Thompson, in the vicinity of Lytton, Ashcroft, Spence's Bridge and\nSavona; the soil and climate in that region are particularly well adapted for the cultivation\nof beans.\nRoots.\nPotatoes have been a profitable crop and gave good returns ; those produced in the neighbourhood of Ashcroft deservedly hold a high place in the public estimation. The quality of\nthe potatoes in the Upper Country and the high parts in the Islands is, beyond cavil, excellent.\nThey should not.be grown on any low, dyked lands; such lands can be put to better use.\nSwedish turnips were again very badly infected with the turnip aphis in most parts of the\ncountry; other turnips escaped infection.    Other root crops, including sugar beets, are grown A 6 Report on Agriculture, 1903\nfor feeding purposes in increased quantities, owing to the prominence that dairying has\nassumed. The cultivation of sugar beets for the purpose of the manufacture of sugar has been\nadvocated, and in consequence of representations made a quantity of seed was some time ago\ndistributed. The results, although generally satisfactory as regards sugar content, were not,\nto my mind, conclusive that their cultivation was more profitable than many other things.\nA bulletin on the subject was issued, setting forth all available facts in connection with the\nsubject.\nGrasses, Clovers and Fodder Plants.\nTimothy takes first place as a market hay; it undoubtedly makes good horse-feed, but for\nother purposes it does not approach many other grasses. This fact is getting to be pretty\ngenerally acknowledged amongst dairymen, and more attention is given to such grasses as\ncocksfoot, rye grass, and clovers of all kinds, which not only make a really good hay for\ngeneral purposes, but afford fine pasture after the crop is taken off. Austrian brome grass\ndoes not succeed as well as was expected to the westward of the Coast Range; in the Dry\nBelt, however, it has proved itself, whenever given a fair trial, to be a wonderfully good grass,\ngiving large crops of good hay and good pasture. Amongst our native grasses there are\nseveral varieties of brome grasses, all of which are worthy of a place with agriculturists, being\nrich and succulent and giving large returns. The bunch grass of the Upper Country is par\nexcellence the grass of all others for the ranges, but it should be allowed a rest at certain\nperiods in order to recuperate, which it very soon does when given a chance. Several other\nbunch grasses occur on the Islands, which give excellent pasture and are worthy of more\nattention. Vetches are coming into favour as a soiling crop, and very deservedly so ; no plant\nresponds more readily to cultivation and gives better feed in the dry portions of the Islands.\nWild vetches of several varieties occur naturally in great profusion and give fine spring feed\nfor dairy cattle, especially on Vancouver Island and on the line of the Cariboo Road. Indian\ncorn is not produced to the extent it should be; it is far and away the best crop for silage,\nboth as to quality and yield, but the tradition exists in the minds of many of the older\nfarmers that it does not succeed well. As a matter of fact, provided the right variety is\nselected and the proper cultivation, so indispensable to success in corn-growing, is given,\nIndian corn is successfully grown in most parts of the settled portion of the Province.\nVariety is a prime factor, however, and information on this point can always be obtained by\napplication to this Department. Rape is a fodder which is coming into favour very generally.\nSeed of dwarf Essex rape, which was sent by Dr. Withycombe, Director of the Oregon Experiment Station at Corvallis, some time ago, was distributed by this Department, with, I am\npleased to say, some good results. Some disappointment had previously resulted by reason of\nbird rape seed having been palmed off on some farmers. Anyone buying seed should be most\nparticular to have it guaranteed. Dwarf Essex rape is the very best for our soils; bird rape\nis worthless and makes a bad weed. Ensilage, in view of the increased interest in dairying, is\ngrowing in favour, and silos are in use comparatively quite generally. The construction of\nsilos has been so simplified of late years, and the cost so reduced, that there is no reason why\nevery farmer who has milch cows should not have one. It is an indispensable adjunct to\nsuccessful dairying, giving summer as well as winter feed, and feeding in summer is now\nacknowledged to be one of the chief factors in modern dairying.\nHops and Elax.\nHops have of late maintained their price in England, so that those of our growers who\nheld on have been reaping their reward. Many of the growers on the Lower Fraser gave up\nhops some time ago, but they have been continued by the growers of Saanich, Agassiz, Chilliwhack, Squamish, and Coldstream. The favourite English varieties should alone be grown.\nBritish Columbia hops of such varieties command a price in the London market equal to the\nbest Kent. Flax is not grown; the cost of labour, according to information I acquired and\npublished in a bulletin, is too high to allow of any margin of profit.\nFruit.\nThe consequence of the young orchards coming into bearing is an increased production of\nmarketable fruit. This fact, combined with improved methods in packing and shipping, has\nhad the effect of causing these products to take first place in popular favour in Manitoba and\nthe North-West Territories, and there is every reason to believe that these markets will, for 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 7\nmany years to come, be able to take all our surplus fruit. Much favourable comment was\nmade on the exhibitions of fruit at Winnipeg and in the East last winter. Nevertheless there\nis room for great improvement in our methods of packing, and I was never more impressed\nwith this fact than when attending the meeting of the North-West Fruit Growers' Association\nat Spokane last winter. There I witnessed methods of packing apples which were a revelation.\nPacking is now a science, and the methods practised in California and Oregon enable them to\nsend their fruit to England in competition with Canadian fruit produced on the Atlantic\nCoast. In comparison to those advanced methods, the best of ours are not comparable.\nApples, pears, plums, prunes, cherries, quinces and small fruits are all well established, produce\nlargely and of fine quality. Peaches, apricots, nectarines and grapes are only produced in\nlimited quantities and in favourable localities ; most of the grapes produced are Eastern varieties, which do not find favour with our people, the taste being for Californian grapes.\nBoard  of  Horticulture.\nThe regulations of this Board have been most effectual in the prevention of the introduction into the Province of some of the worst enemies of the fruit-grower. I may particularly\nmention the San Jose scale and codling moth and peach tree borer. Spraying lessons have\nbeen carried on most successfully, and the value of the methods demonstrated in the destruction of insect pests and fungous diseases. Especially has this been the case in the Lower\nFraser Valley, where Mr. Thomas Cunningham, the Inspector, has done excellent work. In\nthis connection, on the recommendation of the Board of Horticulture, the advisability has\nbeen represented to the Dominion Government of placing quassia chips and whale oil soap, so\nnecessary in the extirpation of insect pests, on the free list. In consequence of the difficulty\nof securing the services of sufficiently competent men to act as quarantine officers for the\ninspection of nursery stock at the various points which had been designated by the Board\nwhere nursery stock might be admitted into the Province after having passed inspection, and\nthe discovery that in several instances the provisions of the Horticultural Board Act had been\ntransgressed\u2014sometimes through ignorance, and in others, it is feared, through wilfulness\u2014it\nwas decided that the only remedy was to fix upon one point where all nursery stock entering\nthe Province should be inspected. With that end in view it was decided to erect suitable\nbuildings, with all the necessary appliances for unpacking, examining, disinfecting if necessary,\nand repacking, at Vancouver. This regulation, whilst it has been severely criticised by the\nnurserymen of Ontario, has proved to be most effectual in preventing uninspected nursery\nstock from being distributed throughout the Province.\nCreameries.\nThere are nine creameries in operation, whose combined output during 1901 was 424,277\npounds, the average price obtained being between 24 and 30 cents per pound. Six of these are\nco-operative creameries, viz. : Cowichan, Victoria, Comox, Delta, Armstrong and Chilliwhack,\nsome of them having obtained loans from the Government under the provisions of the \"Dairy\nAssociations Act.\" These loans bear interest a,t 5 per cent, and are repayable in ten years.\nThe remainder are proprietary creameries, viz.: Eden Bank, New Westminster and Sumas.\nIn addition to the above, co-operative creameries are in course of construction at Nanaimo\nand Salt Spring Island. Plans and information are furnished by the Department to all\napplicants. Inquiries are also being made from other points, and now that the success of\nco-operative creameries has been so well demonstrated, and the profits to the patrons of so\nsatisfactory a character, it is quite within the bounds of possibility that there will be a large\naccession to the numbers of creameries during the coming season. The last statistics of\nimportations of butter during one year being over 2,800,000 pounds, a certain local market,\nto say nothing of prospective markets, is assured for all the butter that can be reasonably\nexpected to be produced, with the greatest increase in the number of creameries.\nTravelling Dairy Schools.\nA series of courses was arranged to take place in April last year, under the auspices of the\nDominion Dairy Commissioner, Prof. J. W. Robertson ; but the arrangement was subsequently\ncancelled by Prof. Robertson, for the reason embodied in the following excerpt from a letter\naddressed by me to Mr. Robertson, viz. :\u2014\n''Immediately upon my return, I sent word to the various points which had been\npromised the dairy course of  the change in your programme, and I have been met with A 8 Report on Agriculture, 1903\nindignant protests, especially as it is. realised that the change is made in consequence of matters\nin connection with the Government creameries in the North-West Territories. This nursing\nof the North-West Territories has always been a sore subject with our farmers, and the feeling-\nis now aggravated. I am, however, doing my best to allay the feeling of irritation by pointing-\nout your intention of carrying out your promised programme later on, and that you are sending out two lecturers later on. I feel, however, that I have uphill work to satisfy our people,\nas I had previously promised in most positive terms that there would be no doubt as to the\ncarrying out of your programme in March and April.\"\nIn September, another set of classes was arranged ; commencing in Victoria on the 23rd,\nand ending at Enderby on the 2nd November. From five to ten-day classes were held at Victoria, Courtenay, New Westminster and Enderby ; and the number of students were 15, 27,\n21 and 23, respectively; in all, 96. Mr. J. E. Hopkins, the superintendent in charge, in his\nreport remarks :\u2014\n\"I also visited four creameries in British Columbia\u2014Victoria, Courtenay, New Westminster and Ladner; also judged the dairy products at the Provincial Exhibition at Victoria and\nthe district show at Saanich. There seems to be a new era in dairying in B. O, as well as\nagriculture generally; and, from the interest I saw manifested, I gather that the day is not\nfar distant when dairying will be carried on more largely than it is at present.\"\nHorned Cattle.\nHorned cattle, until the late cold snap of last winter, have fared exceedingly well. The\nimportance of pure bred sires is being recognised in a much greater degree than ever before ;\nand, consequently, numbers of pure-bred animals have of late been imported through the\nDairyman's and Live Stock Association and the Dominion Live Stock Association. Adequate\nprotection by Legislative enactment of the interests of those who, recognising the importance\nof it, go to the expense of importing pure-bred bulls, is urgently demanded, and I trust it will\nbe taken up in the near future.    I refer to this matter further on.\nHorses.\nHorses have been much more profitable of late ; especially good heavy horses for draught\npurposes. During the Boer war, horses for military purposes were in demand, and probably\nthis demand will continue in a less extent. A considerable number are bred on the ranges of\nthe Upper Country, and horses of a lighter type, hackneys and racing stock, at points on the\nFraser and in the vicinity of Victoria.\nSheep.\nSheep are not produced in any great numbers. There are several reasons for this. The\ncattle men of the Upper Country object to sheep being depastured on the ranges, and, under an\nAct, they have the right of excluding them. Then the coyotes are so bad that the profit is at\nthe vanishing point when small flocks are kept in that part. The Lower Mainland is not\nsuitable for sheep-raising on a large scale; the Gulf Islands are suitable, but the area is circumscribed. Some are produced on Vancouver Island, where the conditions are favourable as\nregards pasture; but here again predatory animals are bad\u2014the panther or cougar being\nspecially mischievous.\nSwine.\nThe raising of swine is nowhere entered into as the case seems to warrant. By the last\navailable statistics, there were imported into the Province of the pig and his products over a\nmillion of dollars worth. With a market at our doors, therefore, and the facilities afforded by\nthe climate and feeding, it is inexplicable why the industry is not prosecuted to its fullest\nextent. I believe that at Grand Prairie and Kelowna only can the raising of pigs be said to\nbe carried on to any extent and with any degree of system.\nAngora Goats.\nAngora goats, found so profitable in the neighbouring States for their use in clearing\nbush lands, are being bred in increased numbers in the Province. For some unaccountable\nreason these useful animals were not included in the free list of animals imported for breeding\npurposes. I called the attention of the Ministers when in Ottawa to this singular omission,\nand the promise has been made that it will be remedied at the first opportunity. Inasmuch\nas none are bred in any other part of Canada all animals for breeding purposes have to be\nimported from the United States.  3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 9\nPoultry.\nPoultry rearing is another branch of agriculture which is much neglected; the imports of\npoultry and eggs by the last available statistics amounted to over $319,000 worth. This is an\nindustry which can be carried on with a comparatively small cost and easy labour; moreover,\nthe returns are quick. To be successful, it, of course, must be prosecuted with intelligence,\nand with due regard to those well-known principles laid down in the literature which is distributed by the Department and in the lectures which are given at meetings of Farmers'\nInstitutes. Any good, dry, warm site in the vicinity of the large towns is, of course, preferable\nfor the successful prosecution of this industry, as there is a market always ready to hand.\nOn account of the distance from the larger towns and the prevalence of coyotes, the Upper\nCountry is not recommended for poultry raising. Barnyard fowls fetch from 35c. to 75c.\neach, the former price being exceptional; an average price of 50 to 60c. may be quoted.\nEggs are seldom lower than 25c. per dozen, and often as high as 75c. Ducks, which can and\nshould be sold at nine weeks in order to be profitable, find a ready market amongst the\nChinese, who are inordinately fond of them, at profitable prices.\nBees.\nThe production of honey is limited. The Lower Fraser Valley is well suited for the\npurpose, on account of the profusion of white clover in that section and the long period of\nflowering. The Valley of the Spallumcheen is another favourable locality. The Islands,\nunless near streams where the land is kept damp during the summer, are not well adapted.\nInspection of Animals.\nThe inspection of animals has been carried on systematically, in accordance with the\nprovisions of the Act, and a synopsis published, as required, in the Government Gazette.\nDairy cows, premises and methods are inspected every six months. This, since the appointment of an additional Inspector and the requirements of the Board of Health, is now\nperformed in a much more satisfactory and thorough manner. Inspectors have been instructed\nto inform milkmen that the names of delinquents will hereafter be made public, as well as\nthose who conform to the provisions of the Act. This has had a most salutary effect. The\nnumber of tuberculous animals is steadily decreasing, and the tuberculin test is, therefore, but\nseldom asked for. Lump jaw is occasionally reported, but the prompt measures adopted, in\nsome cases where the disease has attained great headway, being the slaughter of the animals\nby their owners, have been effectual in dealing with it. Anthrax has been reported from\nTrout Creek and Alberni. The late Dominion Veterinarian, Mr. McEachran, promised to\nhave the matter looked into, intimating that the Dominion authorities assumed responsibility\nin other Provinces, and the Department has since been in communication with the Dominion\nauthorities, but there does not appear to be any disposition to relieve the Province of any part\nof the burden which it seems unwittingly to have assumed in this direction. However, on\nthe occasion of my visit to Ottawa last December, this was one of the matters which I took\nup with Dr. J. G. Rutherford, the present Chief Dominion Veterinary Officer, who acknowledged that the relative positions of the two Governments had not been and were not clearly\ndefined, in regard to the responsibility of either, with reference to contagious diseases of\nanimals ; that the Dominion Act defining his duties and under which he works required\namending, when, so as to make it intelligible and workable, he will be able to come to a distinct understanding with the Provincial authorities as to the part the Dominion will assume\nin the work. This will be a most desirable consummation, and will, I trust, relieve the\nProvince of the responsibility and expense which it has hitherto borne.\nHog cholera and sheep scab are in evidence occasionally, but the prompt measures\nadopted have been very effective in their suppression. Of late, however, I have insisted on\nthe Dominion officials undertaking hog cholera cases, this being one of the diseases which\nclearly comes under their supervision, and for which the Dominion allows compensation.\nA curious disease amongst horses, designated by the veterinarians who were deputed by\nthe Department to investigate as \" fistulous withers,\" has been reported in parts of the Upper\nCountry. Dr. Hamilton's report on this malignant disease will be found under the heading\nof \" Diseases and Pests,\" in this report.\nGreat misconception seems to exist in the minds of most people as to the duties and\nfunctions of an Inspector of Diseases of Animals.    The Act clearly defines what is meant by A 10 Report on Agriculture, 1903\n\" disease,\" and it likewise defines the duties of an Inspector. The prevalent idea that an\nInspector is a Government veterinary surgeon, whose services may at all times be commanded\nby anyone desiring them, is altogether erroneous. The provisions of the Act in nowise\ncontemplate an interference with the legitimate occupation of veterinary surgeons.\nCo-operation.\nCo-operation has, until recently, been practically unknown amongst farmers. It is now,\nin consequence, in a great measure, of the influence of the Farmers' Institute system, being\nmore generally recognised as the one principle which governs all trades and unions. Farmers\ncannot be excepted from its operation, and, if they are to hold their own, sooner or later must\nthey conform to its principles. Movements are on foot amongst several of the Institutes for\nmore general co-operation amongst the farmers of the Province.\nCold Storage.\nI have in the past been a sincere advocate of cold storage plants being erected at such\npoints where cattle could be taken off the ranges and slaughtered at their prime and kept in\nstorage until required for use. The arguments in favour of the system seem to me to be\nincontrovertible. A quantity of information and data have been collected, and would be\navailable if the scheme should recommend itself to your consideration.\nExperimental Stations.\nThe Central Farmers' Institute, at its last meeting, passed a resolution praying the\nDominion Government to establish an experimental farm in the Upper Country, and an\nexperimental station on Vancouver Island. It is pointed out that Agassiz is by no means\nrepresentative of the whole Province. This can be said with equal truthfulness of any one\npoint in a Province with the varied conditions obtaining here. Nevertheless, I certainly am\nof opinion that there should be another experimental farm in the Province for the very reason\nmentioned; and the Upper Country, differing so materially from the other portions, seems to\nbe the natural location for such an institution. The station asked for for Vancouver Island\nwas intended simply to be carried on by some farmer under the direction of the Dominion\nauthorities. These matters have been duly represented in accordance with the resolutions\nalluded to.\nAgricultural Education.\nThe concensus of opinion regarding this matter is that it would certainly redound to the\nadvantage of the pupils if the subject were included in the curriculum of the rural schools,\neven if some of the subjects now taught were eliminated. It is suggested that it should\nassume the form of nature study, so that children would become familiar with all matters\nappertaining to plant and insect life. This would not require any great amount of knowledge\non the part of the teachers to begin with, whilst they, in conjunction with their pupils, would\nbe learning many lessons of the greatest utility in after life.\nCentral Farmers' Institute.\nThe Central Farmers' Institute is a body composed of delegates from the local Institutes\nwhom the Act requires me, as Superintendent, to call together once a year, for the purpose of\ndiscussing all questions relating to the welfare of agriculturists, and to suggest legislation in\ntheir behalf. The proceedings of this body are published in a report and distributed generally.\nThe fifth report I compiled some months ago, but it has not yet been published, on account of\nthe time of the printing office being taken up with other matters ordered by the Legislature.\nWhen the report is issued, the suggestions it contains can be considered for future legislation.\nFarmers' Institutes.\nThere are at present twenty-three Institutes\u2014there were twenty-four, but one has been\ndisbanded by the Superintendent for failure to live up to the requirements of the Act. There\nwere 183 meetings held in 1902, against 144 in 1901 ; in 1902 the attendance was 6,043,\nagainst 4,372 in 1901 ; the membership rose to 1,591 in 1902, against 1,432 the previous year,\nand the balance in the hands of the treasurers was $866.78 in 1902, against $772.62 in 1901.\nIn addition, there were five meetings in the unorganised district of Lillooet in 1901 and six 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 11\nin 1902, in consequence of which a movement was initiated in Lower Nicola on the occasion\nof my visit to that point, in company with Messrs. D. C. Anderson and G. W. Clemons, which\nultimately resulted in the organisation of an Institute in that important section, and which\nwas, therefore, included in the regular itinerary last autumn. In conformity with a request\nof the Bella Coola settlers, a new division, known as the North Division, was created, and an\nInstitute organised at Bella Coola, which shares all the advantages of Farmers' Institutes\ngenerally, except that of having speakers sent to them. This, on account of obvious difficulties, was agreed should not be required. This advance, which I think may be considered\nsatisfactory, is directly due to the more liberal administration in the affairs of the Institutes.\nSpeakers of eminence have been obtained from the East and the United States adjoining,\nwho have given a great impetus to the popularity of the Institutes by their practical addresses.\nSome of the remarks of these speakers, in making their report to the Superintendent, are as\nfollows :\u2014\" We notice a marked improvement, not only in the number present at meetings,\nbut in the interest manifested. * * * * The discussions following the addresses were\nsharp, progressive and up-to-date, and at some of the meetings extremely spirited and keen.\n* * * * These meetings were up-to-date and would compare favourably with some of our\nbest meetings in Ontario.\"\nCo-operation in dairying, marketing, purchasing, breeding animals, and other necessaries\nof the farmer, are amongst many of the objects sought to be attained through the Farmers'\nInstitute system. The result has been most gratifying, which is testified by the movements\nwhich are in progress for co-operativre work and the establishment of additional co-operative\ncreameries. Information relating to and plans of creameries and skimming stations are\nfurnished on application.\nThen, many thousands of publications have been distributed, such as the reports and\nbulletins of this Department, some of the reports issued by the Ontario Department of Agriculture and works purchased. These have given great satisfaction, and have served to\nincrease the interest of the farmers in the principles of agriculture. This, in its turn, has had\nthe effect of stimulating to quite an unprecedented degree inquiries into modern methods of\nfarming, and a better tone is altogether apparent throughout the whole of the farming\ncommunity, resulting in the production of a better class of product.\nIt has been the earnest wish of the Department to secure local men to participate in\nInstitute work, who would, when their ability was fully demonstrated, be placed on the\nregular list of speakers, and in the course of time, possibly, exchanges of speakers could be\neffected with other Provinces. The qualifications necessary are a successful and practical\nfarmer, who can express his views in a lucid manner before an audience. This is more difficult\nthan appears on the surface, inasmuch as successful practical men do not care to leave their\navocations. Plenty of good speakers, who can make addresses from a theoretical standpoint,\nare to be had, and have been occasionally empkryed, but this is not the material from which\nregular delegates are recruited.\nThe Act requires that each Institute shall have at least two regular meetings during the\nyear, which have to be arranged and speakers provided by the Superintendent. In addition,\nthe arrangements for supplying speakers for supplementary meetings are generally placed in\nthe hands of the Superintendent.\nThese duties, and the arrangement of the itineraries, naturally require much thought and\ncareful consideration, on account of the indifferent travelling facilities in many parts of the\nProvince, and the miscarriage of a single meeting disarranges the whole system. As may be\neasily imagined, all this entails a very large correspondence. My fourth report as Superintendent of Institutes is in the hands of the printers, but it is not yet published, for the same reason\nas is given regarding the fifth report of the Central Farmers' Institute.\nAgricultural Shows and Competent Judges.\nThe question of proper arrangement of dates of shows so as to give the best results, educationally, by providing competent people to judge the various exhibits, is dealt with in Bulletin\nNo. 10, issued by this Department. By that it will be seen, it is held that the programme of\ndates of the exhibitions should be somewhat under the control of this Department, inasmuch\nas the agricultural associations are assisted by the Government by appropriations of money.\nFurthermore, the Dominion Department of Agriculture has given, and is giving, assistance\nin the form of competent live stock judges, but only on condition that all arrangements are to\nbe made through this Department.    These arrangements, which have been carried out during A 12 Report on Agriculture, 1903\nthe last two years with very satisfactory results, were proposed wholly by the Dominion\nauthorities, and although the work is onerous and not very pleasant, I could not, in view of\nthe exigencies of the case and the attitude of the Department in relation to it, refuse to accede\nto the proposed arrangements. It is not proposed to interfere with the two large shows as\nregards the arrangements of dates, or, indeed, with any of the shows if objection is offered ;\nbut, of course, in the case of the smaller shows, it cannot be reasonably expected that those\nwhich do not accept the itinerary, which of necessity has to be arranged in order that the services of the judges can be properly utilised, can have the same consideration given to their\nclaims as those associations which fall into line.\nI took up the question of short course in judging with the Dominion agricultural authorities when in Ottawa, with the result that I was advised to hold educational courses of several\ndays' duration at different points during the fall meetings of Farmers' Institutes, and that\ncompetent instructors should be provided. I hope to carry those arrangements into effect\nduring the fall meetings, which, I trust, many of our rising young farmers will take advantage\nof and so qualify themselves for undertaking duties of that nature. At present we have but\nfew really competent judges, and since it is not the best policy for judges to act in their own\nimmediate localities, it is obvious that a good reserve is most desirable.\nAgricultural and Horticultural Societies Act.\nI am of opinion that it would be in the best interests of all concerned to pass an Act to\namend the Act so as to prevent the formation of any more agricultural associations under this\nAct. This is proposed on account of the undue increase of associations under the Act, without\nany corresponding benefits, and with the consequent reduction to each association in the proportion of the appropriation made each year. The proposition is to allow all associations now\nin existence to remain in existence, under certain conditions. How would it do to require the\nassociations to subscribe a sum equivalent to the Government grant, in order to show that they\nare not in a moribund condition 1\nAnalyses of Soils.\nThis is a vexed question which has long been in abeyance, and which is still unsettled.\nThe Department is constantly being asked for analyses of soils, but at present there is no provision for such a purpose, and except it is by the courtesy of the Dominion chemist, Professor\nShutt, I am unable to accede to the requests in this quarter. Formerly the analyses were done\nby Mr. Shutt without delay, but of late, in consequence of his increased duties, it is months\nbefore I can hope for any answer, and often they are shelved altogether. I have suggested that\narrangements might be made with Mr. Carmichael, the Provincial Assayer, for the performance of this duty.\nClearing Land.\nThe work of carrying out the arrangements by your predecessors in office, by the distribution of stumping powder for clearing land, was entrusted to this Department. This entailed\na very large accession to the work, as circulars had to be got out in great numbers and distributed throughout the country, besides entailing a large correspondence. It is to be regretted that, in spite of the fact that by a subsequent arrangement the first arrangements were so\nfar relaxed that those requiring stumping powder were not required to pay for it until it was\ndelivered, requisitions for only an insignificant amount were received, and the scheme practically fell through. The work entailed was, nevertheless, onerous. As there seems to be a\nuniversal demand that the Government should take up this matter and put it on a workable\nbasis, I presume it will have to be carefully considered. A system of magazines throughout\nthe country has been advocated, whence the farmer could draw his supply and pay for it, and\nit seems to be a reasonable solution; but against this I would remind you that stumping\npowder deteriorates, and it is quite possible that the Government might be left with a quantity\nof useless explosives on its hands, if not promptly taken away and used, to say nothing of the\nenormous cost which would be entailed in the building of suitable magazines. In carload lots,\nstumping powder is offered by the manufacturers at 10 cents per pound, and this was the\nprice, plus the freight and expenses, the Government intended to supply the powder at, and if\nrequisitions for a sufficient quantity had been received, the arrangement would have been\ncarried into effect. In less quantities, the price is 12 cents per pound, at which price anyone\ncan buy it. 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 13\nAssistance for clearing land, draining, dyking and irrigation is continually urged upon\nthe attention of the Department by those who are mostly affected by one or the other of the\nconditions named. I have reminded such applicants that if assistance is given it must be of a\ngeneral character ; it would be quite unfair to assist in one case and not in another. There is\nno doubt that Government assistance in this direction, under proper restrictions, would be of\nthe greatest benefit to the country generally, and in the end result in an accession of revenue\nto the Government.    This is a matter which I may suggest should engage your attention.\nWater for Irrigation.\nThis question, as you may easily conceive, is an all-important one for the farmers of the\ndry belt. Large tracts of most fertile land are now lying idle for want of water ; in some\ninstances it is averred that, although there is plenty if properly used, the first recorders, having\nprior rights, cannot use all the water and allow much of it to go to waste, but at the same\ntime refuse to allow its use by others. Quantities of water annually run to waste, which, by\nproper conservation, might serve to irrigate large tracts. This and similar questions should be\ndealt with by a commission of competent persons, who could advise the Government as to\nrequired legislation. At Kamloops, a company is now engaged in the construction of works by\nwhich water is to be brought down from Jameson Creek to irrigate all the land on the west side\nof the North Thompson River to its mouth, and down the north side of the South Thompson.\nThis will open an extensive area of fine agricultural land, which the company will dispose of in\nblocks to suit, I am informed.\nSpecimens of Products\nConsisting of fruits preserved in jars, grain in bottles and in sheaf, are being collected\nand added to the permanent exhibition in the Department. The plan pursued in the matter\nof preserved fruits is for the Department to supply the jars and copies of formulas to those\ndesiring them, with the provision that at the close of the season both jars and contents revert\nto the Government.    Full sets are supplied to the Agent-General in London from time to time.\nBotanical.\nIn the botanical department some thousands of different specimens have been collected,\nmounted, classified and catalogued. These comprise specimens of our native woods, grasses,\nflowers, weeds, poisonous plants, etc., so that identification of most of the economic and noxious\nplants of the Province is now practicable.\nA check list of plants in the herbarium department is published in the present Report.\nThis list, although it contains the names of all species so far collected, it must be borne in\nmind, by no means comprises all the plants of the Province. It is being added to as opportunity presents for the acquirement of fresh specimens.\nPlants Poisonous to Stock.\nInvestigations in this direction have been carried on in conjunction with Prof. Chesnut,\nof the United States Government Department of Agriculture, and Dr. Fletcher, of Ottawa.\nThe conclusions arrived at are published in the reports of this Department. This is an\nimportant question to stockmen, and more time, if possible, should be devoted to its investigation. Many animals are lost annually from reported cases of poisoning, but the data obtainable is generally of so vague a character as to be of but little use. It is a matter of congratulation that but few cases of losses through this medium have been reported since my last\nreport.\nNoxious Weeds.\nThe \"Thistle Act,\" in conformity with its provisions, is carried out, as far as possible, by\nthis Department. I am of opinion, however, that so long as the enforcement of the provisions\nis left in the hands of unpaid agents of the Department, it cannot be depended upon to be as\neffective as could be wished. This Act deals only with the Canada thistle, and since there is\nno other Act dealing with other noxious weeds, there are no means by which people can be\ncompelled to destroy them.    An Act is much needed in this connection.\nForestry.\nMuch time has been devoted to this subject, which is one of paramount importance, not\nonly being a source of immense wealth to the Province, but as affecting its agricultural interests A 14 Report on Agriculture, 1903\nmost intimately. Two papers have been prepared for the annual meetings of the Canadian\nForestry Association, dealing with the subjects of the forests and their preservation, which\nhave been received with marks of unqualified approbation. Forest fires, although not so\ndestructive as in some seasons, have, nevertheless, caused much loss in some sections. What\nthe remedy is it is difficult to say. Inquiries are being instituted as to the principal causes\nof fires and the possible remedy.\nIt is a matter of regret that no representative from this Province has attended the meetings of this Association, which seems to be taking such a lively and practical interest in this\nall-important subject. Suggestions have been made by the Society for certain amendments to\nour \"Bush Fire Act,\" so as to make it more efficient, which were carried into effect, and\nwhich, it is hoped, will prove to be somewhat more effective in preventing fires which have\nbeen so productive of the enormous losses which the Province has suffered in the past. The\nappropriation of $200 made by the Legislature towards the support of the Canadian Forestry\nAssociation is most judicious, and will, I feel assured, prove to be money well spent. Specimens\nof our woods were, and are being, under the authority granted, prepared, a full set being kept\nin the Department; another set for the Agent-General; others for exchanges with the Government of New South Wales, the Canadian Forestry Association, and to supply the requirements\nof Mr. Herbert Stone, England, made through the High Commissioner, the object being the\nproper identification of commercial timbers for purposes of trade. Mr. Stone says : \"It is my\ndesire, whenever the size of the specimens received will permit, to prepare a set of described\nand authenticated specimens for the Museum of the Birmingham University, the Warrington\nMuseum and the Museum of the Surveyors' Institution. In no case do I desire or expect to\nreceive any remuneration for my services, or for specimens devoted to public purposes. Any\ninformation I may derive from the specimens received will at all times be at your service.\"\nBotanic Garden.\nBotanic gardens and experiment grounds for experimental purposes is a matter of the\nutmost importance, not only from an economic standpoint, but for the purpose of preserving\nspecimens of our native plants and trees. I do not suggest that a large and expensive garden\nbe started, but if funds for the nucleus of such an institution were provided, part of the\ngrounds in the rear of the Government Buildings could be devoted to the purpose, so that\nplants which are sent or obtained could be taken care of and room provided for experiments,\nwhich are necessary in a Department of this kind.\nWood Pulp.\nMany inquiries have been received and information furnished regarding this industry,\nwhich, it is evident, must in the near future assume great proportions in this Province, being,\nas it is, the greatest timber-producing Province in the Dominion, and possibly in America.\nEntomological.\nInvestigations in this line have been systematically carried on. Great assistance has\nbeen given by Dr. Fletcher, Dominion Entomologist; Rev. G. W. Taylor, of Wellington; Mr.\nHanham, of the Bank of British North America here; Mr. William A. Dash wood-Jones, of\nNew Westminster; Mr. J. William Cockle, of Kaslo; Mr. E. Baynes Reed and others.\nAdvice has been given, whenever occasion arose, for the management of insect pests, and\nrecommendations for the best remedies prescribed; in some instances by leaflets and bulletins.\nNoxious Animals and Bird Pests.\nThe coyote is, without doubt, the worst predatory wild animal we have. Its habitat is\nconfined to the region eastward of the Coast Range, where sheep and poultry raising are\nrendered unremunerative by reason of the depredations of this animal. The panther, so called,\nor cougar, is a bad pest on Vancouver Island, where sheep and pigs suffer from its depredations ; of late years it has increased in some parts of the Upper Country. Wolves, bears,\nskunk, racoons and mink are all pests in a minor degree. The bounties on coyote, wolves and\npanthers are considered sufficient, and, in consequence, the numbers are being slowly diminished, according to reports. The restriction, however, of the bounty being only paid on such\nas are killed in settled districts, should be removed, for obvious reasons.\nThe destruction of the pasture lands by the bands of wild horses which infest the ranges\n)f the Upper Country, and evil effect of scrub bulls which are allowed to roam at will, have X\n>\n<\nw\nH\n%\n9\nw\nTJ\n>\nr\n3\no\nK\nW\nM\n2! 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 15\nbeen represented, and inquiries are now being instituted, with a view of obtaining the opinion\nof those most concerned as to practical means to be adopted for the mitigation of these evils.\nLegislation on these points will be asked for, if definite results are obtained.\nI have frequently been asked to recommend bounties to be placed on hawks, owls, crows\nand blue-jays, but without more definite data as to the destructiveness of these birds, it has\nnot been considered expedient to make such recommendations. As regards hawks and owls,\nit has been so clearly demonstrated by patient research, extending over a long period in the\nUnited States, that but six out of the hundred odd species are in any way harmful, of which\nthree are so scarce as to be scarcely merit attention, and that the rest are really some of the\nbest friends of the farmer, and that it would be folly to place a bounty for their extermination.\nCrows, whilst undoubtedly harmful to fruit-growers, are certainly of great benefit where there\nis no fruit, in the extermination of cut-worms, and the larva of the June bug. As for the\nblue-jay, the evidence is quite insufficient to condemn it utterly. It would be undertaking a\ngreat responsibility to disturb the balance of nature, in my opinion, without more conclusive\nevidence than I am now possessed of. This was found to be the case in some of the States of\nthe American Union, when attempts were made in that direction. In this connection an Act\nfor the preservation of insectiverous and beneficial birds was asked for by the Central Farmers'\nInstitute at its last meeting, which is intended to protect all birds known to be beneficial, but\nis not intended to mean that all other birds whose habits are not well known are necessarily\ninjurious.\nMeteorological.\nWeather statistics are furnished by this Department for the weather map issued by the\nDominion Meteorological Department every month at Toronto. The Dominion authorities\nalso act in concert with this Department in the establishment of stations in the Province, and\nask and accept advice as to the most desirable points for the purpose.\nLands.\nThe question is constantly asked as to what lands the Government has for pre-emption.\nThis is a most difficult matter on which to give information, as there are no maps showing\nGovernment lands.    If practicable, such a map would be most useful.\nLabour.\nThis is a serious question for the agriculturist. White labourers are not always available\nin sufficient numbers at the time of the year they are most required. Indians will not work\nat ordinary farm labour, and, therefore, Chinese and Japanese have to be called into requisition.\nI do not pretend to know how this question can be adjusted, so I only state facts as they come\nto my knowledge. For hop-picking, Indians\u2014men, women, and children\u2014are principally\nemployed ; also for potato digging, this class of work being seemingly suitable for them.\nStatistical Information.\nAttempts were made when this Department was first inaugurated to collect statistics\nembracing character of land, acreage under cultivation, acreage under various crops, number\nof fruit trees, head of stock, value of improvements, value of implements, production of crops,\nfruits and various other matters, which not only are of the greatest importance in dealing\nwith the agricultural interests and for making comparisons of the progress of agriculture, but\nit is information that is constantly being asked for by public men and bodies, bankers, foreign\nconsuls and others. These attempts, although only partially successful and the information\nobtained incomplete in its character, published in the Fourth Report of this Department, was,\nnevertheless, of great utility, and had the attempts been persistently followed up there is no\ndoubt but by this time some definite knowledge of the matters alluded to would have been\navailable. Unfortunately, owing to political changes, want of a definite policy in regard to\nfarming interests, and the neglect to make even the smallest appropriation for the purpose, so\ntied my hands that I have been unable to prosecute my inquiries. The Department of Agriculture Act gives me, as statistician of the Department, authority to collect statistics relating\nto agriculture and horticulture, and requires that the officers of all agricultural, horticultural,\ndairying, and kindred societies and associations receiving Government aid, and all Government\nAgents or other public officers of this Province, shall promptly answer all official communications of the Department.    And any officer of any society and association as aforesaid making A 16 Report on Agriculture, 1903\na false return of information, or refusing or wilfully neglecting to answer any question, or to\nfill up, tabulate and return official schedules according to instructions and within the prescribed\ntimes when required to do so by the Department, shall, for every offence, incur a penalty not\nexceeding twenty dollars, to be recoverable with costs, upon summary conviction by one Justice\nof the Peace.\nAll occupiers or owners of land, or owners of live stock, and all persons engaged in\nagricultural, horticultural, and pastoral pursuits, and allied subjects, or their agents, shall\npromptly answer, to the best of their knowledge and ability, all official inquiries relating to\nsuch pursuits emanating from the Department, whether such inquiries are made by circular\nor by personal application of any public officer of the Province, or by any agent or correspondent, or person duly authorised by the Department to make such inquiries. This is very well as\nfar as it goes, but it can hardly be expected of officers of societies or associations that they\nshould pay the expenses that are inevitably connected with the collection of statistical information. It is my intention to make further attempts to obtain the desired statistics, and I\nearnestly hope, in consideration of the importance of the matter, that a small grant will be\nmade to cover necessary expenses.\nAttending Meetings and Travelling through the Country.\nManv meetings have, of course, to be attended and addresses made by me. On such\noccasions I carry my note-book and botanising outfit, to which it is proposed in future to add\na camera, which was procured for the purpose of obtaining views of suitable subjects for illustrating the reports of the Department. Notes are taken for use in the same direction;\nspecimens of the plants occurring are preserved. Nevertheless, I find that, for accurate\ninformation, so that one can write intelligently, I should travel over those portions of the\nProvince of which information is at present obtained second-hand, and not always of the most\nreliable character. Queen Charlotte Islands, northern part of the Province, Nechaco, Similkameen, North Thompson and other sections are particularly in my mind in this connection.\nOn the invitation of the Dominion Department of Agriculture, and at its expense, I attended\nlast December the winter fat stock shows at Guelph and Amherst. These proved to be most\ninstructive and quite a revelation. On account of the climatic conditions of those places, it\nhas been necessary to erect buildings of a suitable character. These buildings are of necessity\nof a much more expensive character than would be required in this Province; nevertheless,\neven here, suitable buildings would cost a good deal, and such a show could, therefore, only\nbe held in one of the cities where a sufficient sum could be raised for the purpose. Vancouver\nbeing a point where no other Provincial show is held, seems to be the place which naturally\nsuggests itself as being the most likely point for a winter stock show, and I trust that ere long\nwe may have such a show in this Province. I may add that the buildings at Guelph and\nAmherst were erected altogether by public subscription and without Government assistance.\nWhilst in Ottawa I took the opportunity of settling several matters which were in\nabeyance between this Department and the Dominion authorities, and found the Ministers\nand Deputies most willing to accede to all reasonable requests.\nWork of the Department.\nDuring 1902 there were some 2,200 letters received and some 2,500 sent away. Many\nof these are of a scientific or specific character, requiring much thought and investigation and\ntechnical knowledge, besides a very large number of circular letters. There were distributed\nmany thousands of publications, some issued by the Department and others acquired from\nother sources, to intending settlers from England, the United States and Canada. Since the\nissue of the last Report of this Department\u2014and which, by the way, if I may be pardoned\nfor alluding to it with pardonable pride, was spoken of in most flattering terms by the press\nof Canada and the United States, and which was said by some of the highest Dominion\nagricultural authorities to be one of the best reports ever published in this or any other\ncountry\u2014the following publications have been written and issued by me, viz.:\u2014Six bulletins\u2014\nthe seventh on Flax; the eighth on Feeding Animals; the ninth on Cut-Worms; the tenth\non Agricultural Shows; the eleventh on Wild Mustard, and the twelfth on Orchard Work; a\npamphlet on the Agricultural Resources of the Province; the Third and Fourth Reports of\nthe Superintendent of Farmers' Institutes; the Fourth and Fifth Reports of the Central\nFarmers' Institutes; also articles on forestry for the Canadian Forestry Association on the\nwoods of British Columbia. 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 17\nI wish, in conclusion, to particularly impress upon you the fact that all this work has\nbeen done by myself, with only the assistance of the girl stenographer and typewriter attached\nto this Department\u2014and to whom my thanks are due for her share of the work, her hours\nbeing long and much of her work being performed after office hours, for which she has received\nno remuneration\u2014and the occasional assistance that I was authorised to employ. It may,\ntherefore, readily be understood that this entails a great deal of work on myself outside of\noffice hours, and the working of my limited staff to the utmost limits of office hours, longer\nhours being kept than in any other Department of the public service.\nI have the honour to be,\nSir,\nYour obedient servant,\nJ. R. ANDERSON,\nDeputy Minister of Agriculture.\nDepartment of Agriculture,\nVictoria, B. C, July 18th, 190S. A 18 Report on Agriculture, 1903\nUPPER    MAINLAND.\nBoundary.\nIn which is included Grand Forks, Midway, Rock Creek, Sidley, Osoyoos, Greenwood and\nPhoenix.\nRainfall at Midway, 1902        6.73 inches.\nSnowfall ii ii           30 n\nLowest temperature,     h       -21\u00b0\nHighest ii         96\u00b0\nAverage, n      ,      41.2\u00b0\nAltitude of Midway, 1,850 feet.    Latitude, 49 N.; longitude, 118.46 W.\nAnarchist Mountain, altitude, 3,500 feet; Grand Forks, 1,750 feet; Greenwood, 2,400\nfeet; Phcenix, 3,900 feet.\nPublic schools are situated at Anarchist Mountain, Black Mountain, Camp McKinney,\nRock Creek and Rock Mountain.\nReport or Mr. E. Spraggett.\nThe Boundary District forms the extreme southern part of the District of Yale. In it\nare four distinct mineral basins : that around Christina Lake on the east, that adjacent to the\nnorth fork of Kettle River, of Boundary Creek, and that of the main Kettle River, with Rock\nCreek and other tributaries. The whole area covers a distance of about 40 miles east and\nwest, and extends about 50 miles northwards. The southern boundary is the international\nfrontier.\nThe topography of the district, while it offers a considerable diversity, is not very different\nfrom that of all the great interior plateau of British Columbia. Whilst mountainous, its\nhighest points seldom exceed 5,000 feet, Kettle River being about 1,700 feet above sea level.\nMost of the hills are forested to their very summits with a variety of coniferous trees. The\neastern, southern and western slopes are open and afford a prolific growth of bunch-grass, and\nalong the valleys are many ranches which are especially adapted to diversified farming, with\nthe aid of irrigation. There have been numerous finds of ore in all these basins, but a great\ndeal of unexplored land is still open to the prospector. The ore bodies, famous for their enormous width, carry values in gold and copper, and gold, copper and silver. To a large extent\n\u2014in some properties perhaps entirely so\u2014the gold will pay the mining and smelting charges,\nleaving the copper partly or wholly net profit. There is, of course, some silver produced, but\nits position is secondary.\nThe climate is an ideal one, with no extremes of heat or cold. The snowfall in the valley\nis light. Spring opens early. The summers are pleasant and not excessively hot, the temperature always declining at sundown. The Boundary is famous for its bracing atmosphere, and\nhas been described by Dr. Bryce in his \" Climates of Canada\" as the ideal national sanitarium.\nGrand Forks is situated in the centre of an extensive valley, the extreme length of\nwhich is not less than 20 miles, and the average width 3J miles. This represents an\narea of 45,000 acres of splendid loamy soil, admirably adapted for general farming and fruit\nraising. Apples, peaches, pears, plums and prunes here attain perfection. The small fruits\nalso thrive, strawberries bearing the first season. The apples grown in the valley captured the\nhighest awards at the Spokane Fruit Fair. An exhibit was sent to the recent World's Fair at\nParis, France. Vegetables also yield prolific crops. Small fruit and vegetable farms derive\nlarge profits, as proximity to an increasing market gives the producer an advantage over outside competitors who have to pay railway freights.     The only greenhouse in existence reports  3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 19\nhandsome returns. Of late there has been a tendency to cut up farms into tracts of 20 or 30\nacres each, to be devoted to fruit and vegetable raising. The prices for cleared lands, near\nGrand Forks, average about $50 per acre. A good crop can be raised the first season. One\ngeneral farmer had a crop this past season that yielded a total income of about $10,000. The\nmajor portion of the revenue was derived from the sale of fruits. There is an unlimited\ndemand for these products in the Boundary country and this is especially so of the various\nmining camps.\nThroughout the district there is a good supply of timber, such as pine, fir, cedar and tam\narack, and this stretches all the way up to the headwaters of the north fork, assuring an\nunlimited supply for years to come. In this neighbourhood are superior clay beds for the\nmaking of brick and tiles, besides lime and building stone quarries.\nGrains.\u2014Only oats are produced to any extent; ruling price $30 per ton.\nRoots.\u2014Potatoes are raised in considerable quantities ; ruling price $20 per ton. Other\nroot crops and vegetables in limited quantities.\nGrasses.\u2014Timothy is grown for hay; fetches $25 per ton. Wild grasses grow luxuriantly\non the hills and give excellent pasture for animals.\nFruits.\u2014Fruits of all kinds produce fine crops of excellent quality, apples and prunes\nparticularly.\nLabourers.\u2014Whites, $2.50 per day.\nReport of Mr. Martin Burrell, Grand Forks.\nThe valley, in the midst of which is situated the City of Grand Forks, and through which\nthe Kettle River races in a hundred curves and twists, is destined in the near future to be of\nconsiderable horticultural importance. Hitherto comparatively little has been done in this\ndirection, the ranchers having found a profitable market for other products ; but the increasing\nacreage under potatoes and other vegetables has brought the price of these things down to such\na figure that the question may well be asked, \" Is not fruit-growing the most profitable industry\nto turn our attention to 1\" In certain well-defined limits I believe it is, but I know of no other\nbusiness which can yield more disappointments if entered into rashly and without a careful\nweighing of the conditions which make for permanent success. Climate, ever a most important\nfactor in successful horticulture, soil conditions, and the necessary markets\u2014all these must be\nduly considered before planting to any extent; otherwise, the unwary orchardist will undoubtedly get \"left.\"\nThe valley itself, or rather that part of it which is practically suitable for horticulture, is\nabout ten miles long, with an average width of some two miles and a half. While a considerable\nportion of this is comparatively a light soil with the gravel somewhat close to the surface,\nthere is a large area of excellent soil which is entirely suitable to many of the better class of\nfruits. In some seasons irrigation plays an important part in crop production. Nevertheless,\nexcellent fruit can be grown if proper cultivation is practised. It is my conviction that if the\ntheory of cultivation is clearly understood, and a systematic practice followed, the larger fruits,\nespecially apples, could be successfully produced without irrigation three seasons out of four.\nSuch fruit as has already been produced in the valley has been of excellent colour and quality,\nand the freedom from fungous diseases is particularly noticeable, and is doubtless due to a large\nextent to the altitude, Grand Forks being about 1,700 feet above sea level.\nClimate.\u2014From the personal standpoint, it would be hard to find a more delightful\nclimate than obtains in this district; and with due qualifications it is equally desirable from\nthe horticultural point of view. The rainfall, which usually takes place during the latter part\nof May and June, ordinarily gives sufficient moisture for the production of the strawberry and\ncheny. July and August are usually \" scorchers,\" but with the nights always cool. From the\nlatter part of September to November more or less rainy weather may be expected, though\ncustomarily the conditions are fine for the harvesting of the fruit crop. The winter conditions\nare undoubtedly too severe in some years for the successful culture of some of the more tender\nfruits, such as peaches and apricots and sweet cherries. These fruits have all been grown here\nand of an excellent quality, but it is useless to disguise the fact that an occasional winter will\nsee the thermometer registering from 25\u00b0 to 35\u00b0 below zero, and such being the case, I would\nnot advise the commercial orchardist to go very heavily into this class of fruit. Further\nremarks will be made in this connection under the paragraphs dealing with the various fruits. A 20 Report on Agriculture, 1903\nMarkets.\u2014Up to the present time, the local market has not only consumed what fruit\nhas been grown, but has necessitated the importation of considerable quantities from Washington State and from the Vernon District. While there are good grounds for believing that\nthis local market will steadily develop, owing to the rapid development of the smelting and\nrailway interests of the place, yet, when orcharding becomes extensively practised, the grower\nmust face the question of the outside market, and, if he is wise, he will grow most largely of\nthose staple fruits, such as winter apples, which will ship in fine condition to the North-West,\nwhere a constantly growing demand is likely to be found for good fruit.\nInsect and Fungous Pests.\u2014As I previously remarked, there is practically no trouble\nwith fungus of any kind in this valley. Strawberry \"rust,\" apple \"scab,\" plum and cherry\n\" rot,\" so common in the East, and, apparently, somewhat injurious in the Coast country, are\nalmost unknown here. As to insects, by far our worst pest is the apple aphis. Indeed the\naphides of all kinds are destructive and common to a degree quite unexpected to the eastern\nhorticulturist. On the other hand, the absence of the plum curculio, the codlin moth, the San\nJose scale and other first-class pests of the East, makes fruitgrowing easy by comparison. We\nhave usually found the standard preparation of whale oil soap and quassia chips effective in\ndealing with the apple aphis, though it cannot be too clearly emphasised that early and\nthorough work should be done if success is desired. Some trouble has been experienced with\n\" sun scald,\" and it is likely that a cheap protective wrapping, such as burlap or old sacking,\nwould pay well for the trouble and expense involved.\nApples.\u2014Practically, all the leading varieties will prove successful in the valley. The\ntrees come into bearing about the fourth year, the danger being that unless \" thinning \" is\npractised, the trees will overbear and their constitution become impaired. The district should\neventually be a first-class apple-growing centre.\nPears.\u2014The Flemish Beauty has been tested successfully for ten years, and much the\nsame with Clapp's Favourite. Excellent Bartletts were produced last year, and one may hope\nthat this choice variety will prove a thorough commercial success. The experience has not\nbeen enough to pronounce as to the winter pears.\nCherries.\u2014The sour cherries of the Kentish and Morello type do well here, the Early\nRichmond being the one mostly grown. Some of the heart varieties, such as Royal Ann,\nBlack Republican, etc., are grown, but owing to late spring frosts and severe winters, it is as\nyet doubtful to me whether the commercial grower would be justified in heavy plantings.\nPlums and Prunes.\u2014Prince's Yellow Gage, Imperial Gage, Bradshaw, Lombard, Peach,\nYellow Egg and Pond's Seedling have all. done well, and there is little doubt of success in\nplums and prunes, though I would advise the intending grower to avoid the planting of late\nripening varieties. The Italian prune succeeds admirably, Mr. W. H. Covert of this place\nhaving an excellent orchard of some 1,200 trees, which have borne heavily for the past three\nseasons.\nPeaches.\u2014Though fine fruit has been grown, I do not consider this a peach country, and I\nam inmyown case replanting gradually with winter apples. We planted out some 150 peach trees\nthree years ago, chiefly Triumph, Early Richmond, Early Rivers, Early Crawford, and Yellow\nSt. John. The growth in many cases has been strong, but the wood failed to mature or\nwinter well, and a good many of the trees have been removed. Further experimentation is\nnecessary before encouraging anyone to grow peaches here on an extensive scale.\nGrapes.\u2014At Riverside Nurseries we have a vineyard of some 300 vines, the only commercial\nattempt at grape culture in the valley. No late varieties were planted, the ones chiefly\nselected being Champion, Roger No. 9, Worden, Moore's Diamond and Campbell's Early. This\nwill be the third year from planting, and more definite results can be given in the fall. We\nsucceeded in ripening a few Campbell's Early and Moore's Diamond, but the greater proportion\nof the fruit which set last year failed to ripen, owing to the coldness of the nights during the\nlatter part of August and September. The wood, owing to the late growth, characteristic of\nthe West, has also winter-killed somewhat, and it will probably be necessary to protect by\nmulching heavily. So far, I cannot advocate, therefore, the planting of grapes on a commercial\nscale in this section.\nBerries do extremely well, the strawberry most largely in cultivation being Clark's\nSeedling. Altogether, the valley gives promise of being a fine horticultural centre for those\nfruits most generally in demand. 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 21\nReport of R. G. Sidley, Correspondent, Sidley.\nThis is a mountain plateau which rises from Osoyoos Lake for 2,300 feet; is level on top\nand then descends to Rock Creek. There is a good deal of vacant land, covered with timber\nand fairly level, which belongs to the C. P. R. The soil is very rich and well watered. It is\nan ideal dairy country, owing to the variety of the grasses and cool nights. Hardy grains\nand vegetables do excellently and prices are high, owing to the proximity of the mining camps.\nBoth the C. P. R. and V. V. & E. are surveyed through the settlement. The settlers are all\ndoing well and none of them want to sell out. Population about 300. Game is all killed off.\nRoads are bad. There are two schools, post office, and customs house. The number of settlers\nis about 300, and the area of cultivated land about 2,500 acres.\nWheat.\u2014Very little wheat grown, as there is no way of grinding it, and it has been\nfound more profitable to buy flour from the hard-up, highly-protected farmers in the United\nStates and feed our own wheat to hogs and chickens. Selling price, 1 \\ to 2 cents per pound,\nbut not much of a market.\nOats.\u2014Most of the oats grown were of no particular variety. The average yield was 50\nbushels; in some instances it went as high as 80 bushels. The crop was not affected by the\nweather. Prices are $21 to $25 per ton, and a strong rise looked for. About 1800 acres\ngrown.\nBarley.\u2014Beardless, mostly. This grain does extra well. There are about 500 acres\ngrown. There are no diseases or pests. Average yield, 45 bushels. None used for malting.\nPrice, $25 per ton.\nRye.\u2014Winter variety, but not much grown, as there is no demand. No diseases or pests.\nPrice is 2 cents a pound. I consider this the most profitable grain to grow, if one has hogs to\nfeed it to, as one seeding gives two years' crops, owing to its habit of volunteering. Average\nyield, 30 bushels.\nPeas do not do very well, owing to the dry season. In damp, favourable ground, or if\nmanured, they do well, but, generally speaking, a frost in the blossoming time hurts the yield.\nPrice, $20 per ton, but little demand.\nBeans.-\u2014Nights are too cold.\nPotatoes.\u2014All varieties. The size is large and yield good, but the quality is very\ninferior, being watery.    One cent per pound.\nMangolds.\u2014Do not yield well; no market.\nCarrots.\u2014Chautenay and white. These do fairly well, especially the Chautenay, as it\nis an earlier variety. About 10 acres grown ; average yield, 12 tons to the acre. No diseases;\nno market.\nTurnips.\u2014All kinds do fairly well; early kinds do best. Not much grown, say 10\nacres ; no diseases ; no market.\nOther Roots and Vegetables, such as onions, beets, parsnips, cabbages. All varieties\ngrown, but only in a small way.    Prices are good, but the demand is limited.\nNative Grasses.\u2014There is a great variety of native grasses, which cannot be beaten for\ncattle food and for giving an exquisite flavour to the milk and butter.\nIndian Corn cannot be grown, owing to the cold nights.\nGrasses and Clovers.\u2014Timothy, principally; Red Top, very little. Bunch-grass is\nthe best hay of all, but is too dusty for horses. It is, however, a thing of the past, as it will\nnot stand much cutting or close pasturing. A good deal of barley and oats are cut for hay.\nTimothy sells best, and, if fed with grain, is the best hay grown. If fed alone, I consider it\nan indifferent food, as it is constipating in its effects.\nRape.\u2014If sown early does fairly well; late sown is no good, owing to the dry weather.\nAt first hogs do not care for it.    Grain must be fed in conjunction with it.\nApples.\u2014Only a few young trees planted; have not yielded yet, but the growth is\nthrifty.    The aphis bothers the leaves.\nOther varieties of tree fruit not grown.\nSmall Fruits do well, but there is no market worth talking about; no diseases or pests.\nThe Board of Horticulture is all right. Producers are well satisfied, but dealers in fruit are\nnot, as it prevents them importing from the United States inferior fruit. The most of the\nfarmers south of the line are in a state of semi-pauperism, and can undersell the fruit-growers\non this side. A 22 Report on Agriculture, 1903\nDairying.\u2014This is the principal industry and pays well. Butter is 25 to 30 cents the\nyear round and in unlimited demand. It is hard to get at the exact quantity sold. As every\nsettler has 320 acres of land, they live too far apart for a co-operative creamery.\nFeeding.\u2014As a rule, stock get little else than straw in the winter; in consequence, they\nare very poor in the spring. There is no question but, up to a reasonable limit, the better the\nfood the more butter and milk. With steers and young stock that does not apply, as if kept\nalive at all during the winter, they will quickly get fat on the bunch-grass during the summer.\nSummer Feed for Dairy Cattle.\u2014There is plenty of green grass all summer until\nOctober.    There has been no necessity, so far, to supplement.\nHorned Cattle.\u2014Is a very successful branch of farming. Beef cattle are 3|- to 4 cents,\nlive weight. Milch cows, $50 to $75 each. A milking strain of Shorthorns is best for the\ngeneral farmer.\nHorses.\u2014There has been no over-production of good horses. There is an over-production\nof cayuses. A good, common mare, crossed by a thoroughbred, makes a serviceable general\npurpose horse, and is just what a settler needs. Work horses, $100 to $150 each ; saddle\nhorses, $40 each.\nSheep would have to be gone into on a large enough scale to pay to have a man continually herding them, owing to coyotes.    District well adapted, but none raised.\nSwine.\u2014The raising of pigs is prosecuted with some degree of system. Hogs on foot, 7\ncents a pound; dressed pork, by the carcase, 10 to 12-|- cents; bacon, 18 to 22 cents. Any\nbreed is good if taken care of. All breeds are now bred to one type. Personally, I have\nfound the Berkshire the most prolific. I have had a good deal of experience on a large scale\nwith swine; I raise from 200 to 400 every year. If fenced off in small lots, swine do well\nfeeding down grain ; otherwise it is very wasteful. I have had the best success by feeding\ncarrots whole, all they will eat up clean, and then ground barley and oats mixed. For young\npigs, oats are best; also for sows giving milk.\nPoultry.\u2014No system ; but with care it yields 100%. Plymouth Rock is best. Leghorns\nlay the most eggs, but they are wild and mean and wander off until a coyote nabs them. The\nprice of eggs averages 30 cents the year round. It is not an easy occupation, as if done on a\nlarge scale it takes unremitting attention, early and late. There is no hard labour about it,\nand would be very profitable for the right kind of person.\nDiseases op Animals.\u2014None.\nCo-operation.\u2014The principle of co-operation has not attained a foothold, the settlement\nbeing too young. Owing to lack of unanimity, the farmer is put to a great disadvantage as\nregards transportation.\nExperiment Stations.\u2014They are of inestimable advantage, as tending to advance the\nwealth of the country. Owing to the different altitudes and climates of British Columbia,\nthere ought to be a large number of them. If conducted on practical lines, as they are, the\nexpenditure would be 100 times recouped.\nAgricultural Education.\u2014It seems only reasonable that the elements of agriculture\nshould be taught to children who in after life have to make their living by it.\nFarmers' Institutes.\u2014Population is too much scattered for carrying on this work as yet.\nSoils.\u2014Parts of it lack lime. Limestone exists in the neighbourhood, and in process of\ntime will be utilised.    In places there is too much alkali.\nFertilisers.\u2014No artificial manures used and very little natural ones. Soil is rich\nenough.\nClearing Land.\u2014I find dynamite the best and cheapest. Most of the land here does\nnot need clearing. The cost of clearing depends on the amount of brush and trees to the\nacre; from $15 to $50 an acre.    This includes taking the stumps out.\nDraining is unnecessary.\nIrrigation is neither required nor practised, but would be good for roots and grass.\nPecuniary Assistance.\u2014The trouble about this would be that in a new country there\nare very few farmers who understand their business. When a man makes a failure of everything else he turns farmer. Such a man does not know how to lay out money productively,\nand while his honesty would be above boiling point, his ability might be below zero. With\ncertain restrictions, too intricate to mention here, it would be the wisest and most beneficient\nact to lend money to bond fide settlers at a reasonable rate of interest. I know of no one act\nthat would tend to increase the wealth of British British Columbia more than that.  3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 23\nTimber.-\u2014Red pine, black pine, tamarac and fir are abundant and easily procured.\n[Mr. Sidley probably means Pinus ponderosa, P. Murrayana, Larix occidentalis, and\nPseudotsuga Douglasii.\u2014J. R. A.]\nWeeds.\u2014Wild oats are getting bad.\nPoisonous Plants.\u2014None.\nNoxious Animals and Animal Pests.\u2014Coyotes.\nForest Fires.\u2014None during the last year.\nLands.\u2014No Government lands for pre-emption. Lands not taken up are within the\nrailway belt.\nLabour.\u2014Whites, $35 per month, or $1.50 per day; Japanese and Chinese, $25 per\nmonth, or $1 per day; Indians only hired as cowboys. The supply is adequate, but the\nnumber of men knowing anything about farming is very small.\nSimilkameen,\nIn which I include White Lake, Keremeos, Princeton, Granite Creek and Otter Creek.\nWhite Lake is situated on an elevated plateau on the road between Keremeos and\nPenticton. The country is open, with patches of brush along the water-courses and depressions, which are easily cleared. The land is of excellent quality, and yields all the usual crops.\nMr. Hiram In glee, correspondent, has a fine ranch here.\nKeremeos is a settlement in the valley of the Similkameen River, considerably below the\naltitude of White Lake; probably about 1,000 feet above the level of the sea, White Lake\nbeing possibly 500 or 600 feet higher. A good waggon road, leading to Osoyoos, the mines in\nthe Boundary country and Penticton, is the only means of communication at the present time.\nPrinceton is about 40 miles higher up the Similkameen River than Keremeos. It is\nreached by a trail from Hope, and by a waggon road from Nicola and Keremeos.\nRainfall at Princeton in 1902  9.25 inches.\nSnowfall ii \u201e   75.2\nHighest temperature    n n   92\u00b0 in August.\nLowest H ii ii   -26\u00b0 in February.\nAverage n n n   41.2\u00b0\nAltitude \u201e  1,650 feet.\nLatitude, 49.20 N.; longitude, 120.29 W.\nPublic schools are situated at Princeton, Fairview, Keremeos and Similkameen.\nProbably no part of British Columbia is better adapted for the production of fruits of all\nkinds in the greatest perfection. Peaches and grapes produced at Keremeos are as fine as any\nthe writer has had the fortune to taste in any part of the world, whilst the apples from Mr.\nFrank Richter's and other orchards are certainly unexcelled both for quality and size. Some\napples sent in by Mr. Price Ellison, M.P.P., and of which casts were made for the Paris\nExposition, weighed as much as thirty-one ounces. This part of the country seems to be a\ncontinuation of the desert regions which extend through the adjoining States and California\ndown to Mexico, the theory being borne out by the existence of some of the plants and\nreptiles peculiar to those regions ; for instance, Purshia tridenta, as well as various members\nof the Artemisia family, burrowing owls, horned toads, rattlesnakes, scorpions, etc. Whilst\nthe presence of the reptiles mentioned can hardly be considered a desirable element, it nevertheless betokens a climate eminently suited for the production of sub-tropical fruits, and with\nthe advent of railroads there is little doubt but that portions of the Similkameen Valley will\nultimately be devoted to the production of many fruits and vegetables not now generally\nproduced in the Province. The absence of summer frosts on the benches is another factor to\nbe considered in this connection. The principal production at the present time is cattle for\nbeef, of which considerable numbers are raised, the ranges on the higher elevations being well\nsuited for the purpose, the tops of the mountains being level and covered with bunch-grass.\nSheep are not produced for two reasons, viz. : the presence of predatory animals and the\nobjections of the cattle men, who, under the Cattle Ranges Act, may decide to\" exclude sheep A 24 Report on Agriculture, 1903\nfrom the ranges. Well adapted for horses, of which some are raised, but the presence of wild\nhorses militates greatly against the successful production of a good breed of horse, the local\nmarkets having to be depended upon altogether. Other live stock are only produced in limited\nquantities. All the ordinary grain and root crops are successfully grown. Indian corn does\nwell in the valleys, but does not ripen on the higher plateaux. Irrigation is necessary all\nthrough this district for the successful production of crops, and available water for the purpose\nis sufficient for present purposes. The timber is, as a rule, not valuable for lumbering purposes,\nbut there is abundance of good yellow and Douglas fir, poplar and birch for all purposes of the\nfarm. Wolves, panthers, bears and coyotes are the principal predatory wild animals, the last\nnamed being by odds the worst pest. The usual wild grasses and plants occur all through\nthis section; the poisonous plants consist of water hemlock, larkspur and poison ivy, the first\nnamed being the only one through which loss of live stock is occasioned to any extent.\nPoison ivy (Rhus toxidendron) affects human beings through contact, but many are immune\nfrom its effects. Labourers' wages are good, but the demand is limited. Miners get $3.50\nper day; ordinary labourers, $2 to $2.50 per day; cooks, $30 to $60 per month and board,\nlatter being Chinese.    Indians will not work unless obliged.\nReport of Mr. Geo. E. Winkler, Princeton.\nPrinceton is about 45 miles up the Similkameen River from Keremeos, and is situated at\nthe junction of the Tulameen and Similkameen Rivers. Agricultural lands have been preempted along the bottoms of the two streams, and in the Wolf, Five-Mile and One-Mile Creek\nvalleys. While irrigation has been an absolute necessity in the past, this season has proved\nan exception to the rule, the rainfall having been sufficient for the growing of hay, grain and\nvegetables, not alone on the bottom lands, but also on the higher benches. If the climate\ncontinues to change in this respect, much land hitherto regarded as unsuitable for agricultura\npurposes will become valuable. The yield of hay is particularly heavy this year, and also root\ncrops of all kinds. From results obtained by a few who have been attempting to grow fruit\nhere, it would appear that the hardier varieties of apples, plums, cherries and pears can be\nsuccessfully grown. Small fruits can be grown to perfection. The unusually heavy rainfall\nhas kept the ranges in good condition, and the year should be a profitable one for cattle raisers.\nRetail prices of necessaries for settlers, furnished by Messrs. Cook & Co., Granite Creek:\u2014\nFlour, $4 to $5 per 100 lbs.; beef, from 8 to 15c. per ft).; bacon, 20c. to 23c. per ft).; bacon\nbreakfast, imported, 26 and 27c. per S).; hams, imported, 26 and 27c. per Bb.; lard, pure, 23c. per\nft).; butter, 30 to 40c. per ft)., according to quality ; tea, 50c. per ft), for bulk Ceylon ; sugar, $8\nper 100 lbs.; retails 10 lbs. for $1; overalls, from $1.25 to $2 per pair; cotton shirts, about $1 to\n$1.50 each; flannel shirts, $2 to $3 each; shoes, $2 to $3.50 for strong working; blankets, 6-\ntt>., common, $3.50 ; 8-ft)., good, $6.50.    Bacon and meats are very high.\nIn the hardware line :\u2014\nWaggons, from $100 to $120; ploughs, from $25 to $40; harrows, $15 to $20; hay\nrakes, from $30 to $35 ; mowers, $75; sleighs, from $30 to $35 ; buggies, from $90 to $150;\nharness, from $28 to $50; saddles, from $25 to $45 ; nails, 8c. per Bb., wholesale; 10c. retail;\naxes, from $1.50 to $2.\nRough lumber, from $12 to $14 per M. at mill; dressed lumber, $18 to $22 per M. at\nmill.\nOkanagan   Lake.\nIn which is included Okanagan Mission, Penticton, Trout Creek, Peachland, Summer-\nland, and the various ranches and settlements on the shores of that fine sheet of water, some\nninety miles long.\nMeteorological Reports for 1902 at Okanagan Mission.\nHighest temperature August      90.6\nLowest ii incomplete\t\nRainfall (incomplete), about      9.75 inches.\nSnowfall n ii  16.8        n\nLat. of Okanagan Mission      49.52 N.\nLong. \u201e \u201e  119.29 W. 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 25\nPublic schools are situated at Kelowna, Lambly, Okanagan Falls, Okanagan Mission,\nOkanagan South, Okanagan West and Peachland.\nThe general altitude ranges from 1,150 at the lake to 1,400 feet, or thereabouts, at the\nhighest points under cultivation.\nPenticton is the end of navigation for the steamers plying on the lake. Trout Creek is\nsix miles to the northward, on the west side of the lake, and Summerland some three miles\nfurther. Peachland is a few miles higher up the lake, and thence northward all the way up\nis admirably adapted for fruit growing. The settlers are somewhat scattered, owing to the\nabrupt nature of the shores, which do not permit of ranching everywhere nor at a distance\nfrom the lake. Communication is maintained by steamers which ply on the lake. On the\neast side, about half way up the lake, is Okanagan Mission, of which Kelowna is the chief\nplace and shipping point. An excellent waggon road connects this place with Vernon, the\npractical terminus of the Shuswap and Okanagan Railroad; this, with the steamer service on\nthe lake, both operated by the Canadian Pacific Railway Company, give it access to all points.\nOkanagan Mission Valley is one of the most fertile and beautiful in the Province, and is\ncapable of producing crops and fruit belonging to the temperate, as well as many of those to\nthe sub-tropical, zones. Large quantities of produce are shipped out from this section to all\nparts of the Province, a large proportion going to the Kootenay mining region, also to the\nNorth-West Territories and Manitoba. Tobacco, of an excellent quality, is grown in the\nvicinity.\nMr. F. G. Anderson, correspondent, Trout Creek, reports as follows:\u2014\nTrout Creek is situated about six miles north of Penticton, on the west side of Okanagan\nLake, six miles by water, but about twelve by the waggon road.\nThe mountains come close to the lake in a good many places, which makes the farming\nland patchy. There is a good waggon road to Penticton, and trails from there to all parts of\nthe lower country.\nTrout Creek is famous for fruit, which is shipped by steamer to Okanagan Landing and\nthen transferred to the railroad. Most of it goes to Calgary and the Kootenay mining\ncountry.\nFinest climate in Canada ; good fishing all the year round in the lake. Lake salmon and\nsilver trout as high as 20Bbs.\u201410 to 15Ebs. common. Steamer runs all winter; lake only\nfreezes over once in forty years. There is a coal bed on Trout Creek, about three miles from\nthe lake, which is being opened up by the Ashnola Smelter Co. About three miles up the\nlake is Summerland, another town, with a fine new hotel almost finished, to be used as a\nsummer resort. Plenty deer in season, and ducks in the river at Penticton all winter. Will\nbe the California of Canada in a few years.\nCereals.\u2014Little or no grain is grown, excepting some oats for feed.\nPotatoes.\u2014Best potatoes in the country, about 15 tons to the acre, worth from 1 to 2\ncents retail, but by the ton from $10 to $15, according to the time of the year. \" Peerless \"\ndid better than the \" Early Rose \" this summer.    No pests of any kind.\nTurnips.\u2014A few grown, but not good. Turnips do not seem to do at all here, not worth\ngrowing, except a few for the house ; they seem to be bad in the middle when they get to any\nsize, and if sown too early will grow large and fill with water ; sown in August is early enough.\nOther Roots and Vegetables.\u2014Onions do remarkably well; worth from 1 to 2 cents\nper pound. Beets, parsnips, cabbage, cauliflower and, in fact, anything that is planted and\ntaken care of, will grow to perfection. Tomatoes are the best paying thing; as many as 12\ntons to the acre can be grown easily ; good market in the North-West Territories and Kootenay ; from 1 to 3 cents per pound. Picked ripe tomatoes this year up to October 20th. No\nfrost.    Up to the present time, December 5th, we have only had 22\u00b0 of frost.\nGrasses and Clovers.\u2014Timothy and clover mostly grown, and grows well; two crops,\nworth about $13 per ton in the stack.\nIndian Corn.\u2014None grown here, but don't know of any reason why it should not do well.\nApples.\u2014All kinds of apples do well; can't be beaten in British Columbia. Splendid\ncrop this year; worth about 3 cents per pound, average. About 400 trees in the district, but\nroom for thousands. No pests except aphis. Sprayed with whale oil soap and quassia chips,\nand lye and bluestone, but believe coal oil would be better than either.\nPears do well; heavy crop, fine flavour, good prices.    No pests. A 26 Report on Agriculture, 1903\nPlums and Prunes do well; heavy crop, fine flavour. Good prices for plums, but not\nmuch demand for prunes.    No pests.\nCherries.\u2014All kinds seem to do well, and bring good prices ; from 6 to 9 cents per\npound.    No pests.\nPeaches, Apricots, Nectarines.\u2014Peaches do well; splendid crop; worth about 5c.\nper lb.    No pests.\nGrapes.\u2014None; no reason why they should not be grown.\nSmall Fruits.\u2014All kinds do remarkably well; good market for raspberries at good prices.\nDairying.\u2014Very little done; not enough to supply the local demand. Always good\nprice for butter, 25c. average. No cheese made. Butter-making is a profitable business, as\nthe climate is so mild and pasture generally free. But even farmers with lots of cows seldom\nhave enough butter for their own use.\nSummer Feed For Dairy Cattle.\u2014Clover cut green and fed to cows, I think, is about\nas good a feed as you could get in this country. It is easy to grow, but the cows should be\nkept in in the hot weather and when the mosquitoes are bad, and not allowed to run all over\na field of clover and tramp it down. It will save time and money to keep them in and cut\nthe feed.\nHorned Cattle do well and would pay better if looked after, but they are allowed to\nrun as they like. The consequence is, there are a lot of inbred scrubs in this district. A\ngood three-year-old steer is worth $40; milch cows worth about $60.\nHorses.\u2014This is a splendid country for horses, but the general run of horses here are\nscrubs. You seldom see a decent-looking team or saddle horse. There is good money in\nraising heavy horses. They can feed out nearly all the year round, and can always command\ngood prices.\nSheep do well, but have to be herded on account of the coyotes. There are no sheep\nnearer than Penticton.\nSwine.\u2014This industry is not prosecuted to any extent, nor with any system.\nPoultry.\u2014Everybody has a few hens, but nobody \"keeps\" them; they just tolerate\nthem as a nuisance. They stick them in a dirty, dark hole without a window in it, and\nnever clean it out, and then cuss the hens if they don't lay. Eggs are worth about 25c. all\nthe time, and in the winter about 50c. Lots of money in it, if carried on properly. Favourable climate, unlimited market, and good prices. Not enough produced to supply the local\ndemand.\nFarmers' Institutes.\u2014The Farmers' Institute is certainty a good thing, and should be\nattended better\u2014I mean the meetings. But it is hard work to teach the average farmer anything, as he generally thinks he knows it all, and goes on in the same old way every year,\nlosing money and always a few years behind the times.\nIrrigation is absolutely necessary for everything. Plenty of water so far, and can be\nstored in dams if it runs short.\nLand is worth $100 an acre. Good Government land is getting scarce\u2014that is, near the\nlake.\nLabour.\u2014Whites, $2.50 per day; Indians, $1 to $1.50 per day. Lots of work for\neverybody.\nThe description given by Mr. F. G. Anderson of the conditions existing at Trout Creek\nanswers pretty well for all the western side of Okanagan Lake. The country is generally hilly\nand cut up on that side with ravines formed by the water-courses from the mountains in the\nbackground. These water-courses furnish sufficient water for purposes of irrigation and most\nof those points where there is any extent of land fit for cultivation, and with a proper and\ncomprehensive scheme of conservation there is little doubt that an abundance could be secured.\nThis, however, is a matter which will have to be well looked into, and until a scheme is evolved\nfor supplying water at reasonable rates other methods have to be resorted to, where water is\nnot available. Mr. D'Aeth, who has a place nearly opposite Kelowna but a little lower down\nthe lake, is irrigating his orchard by means of a steam pump, with which he raises water from\nthe lake.    He describes the method he pursues as follows :\u2014\n\" I have to irrigate my fruit farm on the west side of Okanagan Lake, and the only possible way of doing so is by pumping water from Okanagan Lake. To this end I have purchased\na steam boiler and pulsometer, such as is generally used in certain fruit sections of the United\nStates, where they are very often run by boys.\" 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 27\nThe trouble Mr. D'Aeth experiences is the necessity of complying with the provisions of\nthe Steam Boiler Inspection Act, which, he says, requires him to employ a competent engineer\nfor his purpose. The Chief Inspector, however, Mr. John Peck, says that it is only necessary\nthat the person in charge of a boiler shall have passed a very simple examination.    He says :\n\"There is no necessity to either amend the Act or to make any special arrangement in\nthis case. Mr. D'Aeth can apply to the Inspector of the District for a temporary certificate,\neither for himself or for his employees, and if the Inspector considers that the party for whom\nthe application is made has enough common sense to know how much water should be carried\nin the boiler, and to have the safety valve so that it will blow off at the right pressure, he will\nrecommend the issuance of a temporary certificate. This remains in force for 12 months, and\nat the end of this time the same individual could apply for a certificate of competency, and if\nhe can satisfy the Inspector that he is a safe man to operate this boiler, such certificate would\nbe issued. All that is required of engineers is that they have sufficient knowledge to operate\nthe steam boilers and machinery under their charge with safety to the public.\"\nThis method, whilst it answers for small places and orchards, can only be utilised at elevations very little above the source of supply ; therefore, it is evident that many suitable spots\nfor the production of fruits, if above a certain level and without present means of irrigation by\nnatural gravitation, must needs remain idle until means are adopted for supplying water to\nthem. Mr. Alex. McLennan, who has a place opposite Kelowna, raises fruit and vegetables of\nthe most perfect description. It is not of great extent, as few places are on this side of the\nlake, but they are all most productive and will eventually be the source of supply of much of\nthe fruit and vegetables sent from this part of the country to supply the wants of the mining\ncamps and the North-West Territories. The eastern side of the lake, from Penticton to Okanagan Mission, which is about half-way up the lake, is generally unfit for cultivation; but when\nthe Mission is reached a great extent of most fertile land is found, and the farms in the\nvicinity of Kelowna, and extending for miles along the valley towards Vernon, are unexcelled for excellence, the land, where irrigation is possible, producing almost anything which\ncan be grown in these latitudes. Whilst water is generally in sufficient quantities for irrigation in the main valley, the valley lying between it and the lake, called Dry Valley, is most\nappropriately named, as it is almost devoid of this most necessary adjunct for successful agricultural operations. Hence the production is restricted to such crops as early rye for hay and\nwinter grain, and the capabilities of this fine valley must remain practically dormant unless\nthe water question can be solved. Of the feasibility of this, nothing can at present be said, as\nthe question has not been investigated. The presence of alkali in superabundant quantities in\nsome places is about the most serious drawback in this part of the valley, and how to get rid\nof it is a vexed question and one not easily solved. It occurs in patches, not only hereabouts,\nbut all through the section treated of in this chapter. Large numbers of beef cattle are produced at the southern end of the lake, where Mr. Thomas Ellis has extensive ranges ; but the\nindustry has given way, in a great measure, in the other parts, to the production of crops and\nfruit. Some sheep are produced in Mission Valley, but the ubiquitous coyote is too much in\nevidence to render it a very profitable industry. Swine-raising is entered into to a considerable extent, especially by Mr. George Whelan, who has a fine place some 10 miles from Kelowna. Horses are not produced to any extent, as the market for this class of animals has, so\nfar, been restricted. With the exception of the coyote, predatory animals are not troublesome\nand reptiles are conspicuous by their absence. The weed question is becoming a serious one in\nthis part of the country, and one that should not be neglected by the farmers. Whilst the\nlower parts are mostly open or only lightly timbered, there is an abundance of good lumbering\nwood on the hills, consisting of the usual coniferous trees of this part of the Province, including the larch; poplar and birch are plentiful in the bottoms.\nRetail prices of necessaries for settlers and produce, furnished by Mr. Alfred II. Wade,\nPenticton :\u2014\nFlour, $1, $1.15, $1.25 and $1.35 per 50 ft>s.; beef, 10c. per Mb.; bacon, 16c, 17c. and 20c.\nper ft)., Canadian, 22c. American ; hams, 22c. per lb., 20c. Canadian; lard, 16c. per ft).; butter,\n30c; teas, 35 and 50c. per ft).; sugar, $6.25 per sack; overalls, $1 and $1.50 per pair; clothes,\nfrom $6.50 to $20 the suit; boots and shoes, $1.50 to $6 per pair ; eggs, 25c. per dozen in\nsummer, 40c. in winter; hay, $15 per ton; oats $35 per ton, average; ploughs, $20 to $35;\nharrows, $30 ; waggons, $120 to $150; hav rakes, $30; mowers, $75; sleighs, $50 to $100 ;\ncutters, $30; buggies, $125 ; harness, $30\" to $65 ; saddles, $10 to $40 ; nails, $6 per 100 Bbs. A 28 Report on Agriculture, 1903\nOkanagan.\nUnder this I include the Commonage, White and Creighton Valleys, Mabel and Sugar\nLakes, Priest Valley and Spallumcheen. This section may fairly be called the garden of the\nUpper Country, embracing as it does such a large and varied area of territory adapted to all\nconditions of husbandry and to the production of anything that can be expected to be grown\nin these latitudes. A branch line of the Canadian Pacific Railway runs through the district,\nconnecting with the main line at Sicamous. The principal town is Vernon, beautifully\nsituated at the head of Okanagan Lake, and whence good waggon roads radiate to all parts of\nthe District. Steamers connect it also with all points on the lake. Armstrong and Enderby\nare two other towns on the line of railway north of Vernon\u2014fourteen and twenty-three miles,\nrespectively. Each of these places have flour and saw mills, the flour mill at Armstrong being\na co-operative concern owned by the people of the district, and is supplied with good, up-to-date\nmachinery. That at Enderby has the largest capacity and is provided with all the latest\nimprovements, the Vernon mill being owned by the same proprietors as that at Enderby.\nAt Armstrong a co-operative creamery has been erected, with a capacity for 1,000 cows.\nThe buildings and plant are all of the most modern and approved styles, and butter of the very\nbest description is being manufactured. About five miles from Vernon, on the White Valley\nroad, is the Coldstream Ranch, owned by Lord Aberdeen. It is well situated for general\nfarming, with good soil and an abundant supply of water for irrigation purposes. Under the\nable superintendence of Mr. Ricardo, this farm has been greatly improved and forms a good\nobject lesson. Unquestionably the best apples in the Province are produced in this section of\nthe country, including all points on the lake. Hops are also produced in large quantities by\nirrigation. The road in this direction connects with Mabel and Sugar Lakes, the headwaters\nof the Spallumcheen River, also with Creighton Valley, and a cattle trail with Fire\nValley and Killarney on the Lower Arrow Lake. Two good waggon roads lead from Vernon\nto Armstrong and Enderby, and another from the latter place to Salmon Arm, on the main\nline of the Canadian Pacific Railway. The Spallumcheen River flows past Enderby, into the\nShuswap Lake at Sicamous, and is navigable for stern-wheel steamers. A great portion of the\ncountry is open, some of it lightly wooded, and some of it rather heavily wooded for this part\nof the country, the principal timber trees being Douglas fir and larch on the higher parts\nand yellow pine I pinus ponderosa) on the lower levels, intermixed in all cases with a good\ndeal of birch and poplar. The land is all highly fertile, requiring irrigation in that part in\nthe vicinity of Vernon. The necessity for irrigation for the successful production of crops is,\nhowever, not as general as was formerly believed\u2014this belief having been somewhat dispelled\nby the operations of the settlers who took up land on what is known as the Commonage, an\nextensive tract lying to the south of Vernon, between Okanagan and Long Lakes, and which,\nin view of the absence of water for irrigation purposes, was not considered worth taking up\nby the early settlers. By judicious farming and putting in early fall crops, it has been found\nthat a great deal of the land can be successfully utilised for the production of cereals and roots.\nIt is true that a very dry season, such as is sometimes experienced, may prove disastrous, and\nsuch a contingency is freely predicted by some of the early settlers, but the fact remains that\ngood crops have been produced on these lands, those of 1900 being the best in the district.\nIn the Spallumcheen Valley and the Salmon River Valley east, that is, in the vicinity of\nArmstrong and Enderby, irrigation is not necessary, the precipitation being sufficient. The\nlands lying contiguous to the Spallumcheen River, all the way to Mara, a station on the line\nof railway north of Enderby, are eminently well suited for dairying.\nMeteorological Reports for 1900 at Enderby.\nHighest temperature, July        92\u00b0\nLowest ii (incomplete), February  - 15\u00b0\nRainfall (incomplete), about        19 inches.\nSnowfall n probably over        50      n\nAt Coldstream  (Vernon).\nHighest temperature, July        93\u00b0\nLowest ii January  -13\u00b0\nAverage        44.7\u00b0\nRainfall (incomplete), about        11 inches.\nSnowfall      ,        37      n 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 29\nThe general altitude runs from about 1,150, the lake level, to perhaps 1,500 at the highest\npoints under cultivation.\nPublic schools are situated at Coldstream, Okanagan Landing, Vernon, Blue Springs,\nCommonage, Enderby, Lansdowne, Mara, Okanagan, Spallumcheen, Glenemma, Round\nPrairie and Armstrong.\nReport of F. Appleton and George Heggie, Enderby.\nThe village of Enderby is situated at the head of navigation on the Spallumcheen or Shus\nwap River, about half-way between Sicamous Junction and Vernon, on the S. & 0. Railway,\nand is a rather attractive looking little place. Its population is from 200 to 300, and it\npossesses three churches, a handsome and commodious public school-house, a first-class modern\nroller flour-mill of 250 barrels capacity, a saw-mill, two good general stores, harness-maker,\nbutcher, blacksmith and carriage-building and repair shops, furniture store and hotel; in\naddition to which, negotiations are now in progress for the establishment of a sash and door\nfactory. The railway service at present consists of one train, which runs from Sicamous Junction to Okanagan Landing and back every day during the summer months, and during the\nwinter makes the trip three times a week only, returning on alternate days. There is at\npresent no system of water-works, but its establishment at an early date is altogether probable,\nvast and never-failing supplies of good water having been provided by nature so close at hand\nthat the enterprise can be carried out at a comparatively small expense. The village lies high\nand dry on an extensive and fairly level tract of land, and is remarkably healthy; up to the\npresent time it has never been visited by an epidemic of any kind more serious than la grippe.\nIt is to the surrounding country, however, that attention is more particularly called.\nHere the prospective settler will find locations to suit all tastes, purposes and means. Bush\nland can be had at from $5 to $20 per acre, and improved land at from $10 to $40, according\nto situation, amount of improvement, &c.\nThe district is well adapted for mixed farming, most of the grains, fruits and vegetables\nwhich are grown in England and in other parts of Canada flourishing here with ordinary care\nand attention ; irrigation, which is indispensable in some adjoining districts, is not necessary\nhere. All kinds of clover and grasses do remarkably well; corn can be grown for ensilage,\nand dairying is likely to become one of the leading industries in the near future. Numbers\nof excellent dairy-cattle are raised, for which there is quite a demand from other parts of the\nProvince, and the prices realised are exceptionally high.\nThe climate is well spoken of by many people, although some object to the length of the\nwinters and the great variations in temperature. Snow lies on the ground from three to five\nmonths, but does not drift, and there is generally good sleighing during the greater part of the\nseason. The winter temperature, as a rule, is somewhere near freezing point during the day;\nsometimes a few degrees above, sometimes a few degrees below ; at night there is usually a\ndrop of 10\u00b0 or 15\u00b0. Nearly every winter, however, there are two or three \" cold snaps,\" when\nthe mercury goes down to 10\u00b0, 20\u00b0, or even 30\u00b0 below zero for a few days. At zero the river\nfreezes over to a thickness of three to six inches, affording splendid skating and a plentiful\nsupply of ice for storage purposes. Growth is retarded in the spring by night frosts, but when\nonce started is exceedingly rapid and vigorous. The temperature at the height of summer is\nfrequently as high as 98\u00b0 in the shade, dropping at night to 50\u00b0, 40\u00b0 and even lower. These\nchanges are severely felt by some, and necessitate care on the part of persons suffering from\nany weakness of the chest or throat. The high temperature of the day time, however, owing\nto the dryness of the air, is not so trying as it would be in a more humid atmosphere, and\ncases of sunstroke are extremely rare. The coolness of the nights, while objectionable in some\nways, is certainly conducive to refreshing sleep.\nThere is comparatively little annoyance from wild animals. Occasional depredations by a\nsolitary bear or puma are heard of, but these animals, as a rule, keep at a respectful distance\nfrom human habitations. Coyotes are plentiful and almost invariably carry off any poultrv\nthat may be left at large in the vicinity of the woods, but rarely harm anything else. Mosquitoes are a pest during the summer in many places, but become greatly reduced in numbers\nwherever the land is cleared, drained and cultivated.\nThe class of settlers who are likely to succeed best are married men with families and a\nlittle capital\u2014 say from $5,000 to $10,000. They should be men of steady purpose and good\njudgment, with a knowledge of farming\u2014or at least a liking for it\u2014and a capacity for hard\nwork. Clerks, mechanics, labourers, shopmen and others without capital should not come here,\nunless they have friends already settled in the country who can receive and give them a start, A 30 Report on Agriculture, 1903\nThe present season has been an excellent one ; the grain crop has been harvested and is\nnow being threshed, with very satisfactory results. The fruit crop is giving good returns ; the\nhay was first-class, and cattle promise to go into winter quarters in very good condition.\nWheat.\u2014About 600 acres of fall wheat were produced in this district for milling. In\nmy opinion, the production of wheat for milling purposes is a profitable branch of agricultural\nindustry in this district. I am not of the opinion that it is more profitable to buy flour where\nit is more cheaply produced, and to devote the production of cereal to such purposes as the\nfattening of swine, etc. The wheat was all good this season ; variety most successfully grown,\nJones' Winter Fife. No spring wheats were grown. Ruling prices during the year, 54 cents\nto 60 cents per bushel.\nOats.\u2014The varieties chiefly grown are Banner and some Peerless. Average yield per\nacre in 1902, about 1 ton. A small proportion got discoloured by rain. Approximate number\nof acres under oats, about 150.    Ruling prices during the year, $18 to $20 per ton.\nBarley.\u2014Varieties most successfully grown are Scotch, Golden Thorpe and Chevalier.\nThe average yield per acre in 1902 was about one ton, some of which was slightly discoloured\nby rain. Approximate area under barley, about 40 to 50 acres; ruling price was $20 to $22\nper ton ; none used for malting.\nPeas.\u2014Variety most successfully grown is the Blue Pea; average yield in 1902, one ton\nper acre; approximate area, under peas, 20 acres ; ruling price, $30 per ton.\nPotatoes.\u2014Approximate area under potatoes was from 50 to 60 acres, and ruling price\n$9 to $10 per ton.\nGrasses and Clovers.\u2014Timothy and Red Clover are principally grown for hay; yield,\nabout two tons.per acre; ruling price, $12 per ton. I do not think that Timothy, now so\nlargely produced (apart from its undoubted merits as a hay grass), is a grass that can be\nrecommended for general purposes. I think there are others which, in view of the increased\ninterest in dairying, can be substituted with'advantage for the increased food supply of stock.\nBrome Grass would make a better general purpose grass; it is being tried around here and\npromises well. Alfalfa and Red Clover are being extensively sown, about 200 acres having\nbeen seeded this spring, with good results.\nAustrian Brome Grass is not much grown here, but where it has been tried it promises\nwell. It certainly is an ideal grass for general purposes, and I think will soon come into more\nfavour in this district. A good feature, I have noticed, with this grass is that it comes early\nand late and affords a rich pasture in the fall, when all others are run out.\nRape has been grown in this vicinity to some extent, but has been abandoned on account\nof the dry springs we have had of late. The best way to grow it here would be to manure\nthe land and sow in drills, feeding off with sheep and pigs. This has been tried, with good\nresults. Where rape was sown broadcast on poor land, it was not a success, as the wild oats\ngot too far advanced before the rape was ready for stock.\nVetches.\u2014Winter Tares only have been tried, and do remarkably well mixed with a\nlittle fall wheat and rye to keep them up. They act well on the clay land, and afford an\nabundance of early summer feed for horses and cows in the stable.\nEnsilage is practised on a very small scale, but does well. I have heard several parties\nmaking inquiries and talking over the various plans of silos. Information along this line is\nrequired in this district, as the people seem to think, from what they have read of the matter,\nthat a silo would be the very thing for their second crop of clover and alfalfa, as very often\nthe weather and lateness of the season make it difficult to save this in good order.\nIndian Corn.\u2014Can be successfully grown, but is very little used. Clover does so well\naround here that people do not feel the need of it.\nDairying.\u2014About 300 lbs. of butter per week is the output of the private dairies here.\nIt is profitable, but compares unfavourably with co-operative creameries. Making the butter\nand selling it at 20 cents per pound to the stores for trade is not so good as getting 18 cents\nper pound for butter fat at the creamery. This is how the comparison goes now. It will be\na good day for the country when all those in the dairy business will turn their cream into the\nfactory, and I have no doubt but that it will come to this ere long.\nFeeding.\u2014The price of beef cattle here is too low to make stall feeding profitable.\nThree or four-year-old steers at $30 and $35 will not allow of them being fed meal and\nattended to. 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 31\nSummer Feed For Dairy Cattle.\u2014I cannot see but that second crop of clover and\nalfalfa would make abundance of pasture in August and September. I have seen this the\ncase on heavy clay, at any rate.\nHorses.\u2014The horse industry has been a profitable one during the past year. In my\nopinion there has not been an over-production of horses. I consider Shire to be the most\nuseful general purpose horse. A good heavy draught team would find a ready market here,\nfrom $400 upwards. This district is in much need of a couple of good Shire horses at the\npresent time for breeding purposes.   There is good money in raising the right kind of stock.\nSheep.\u2014This district is not in a sense suitable for sheep-raising, inasmuch as there is a\nwant of good mountain pasture, which is so desirable as a run in wet weather. Directly, the\nindustry is not a profitable one; but for keeping a farm clear of noxious weeds, it pays to\nhave sheep, in proportion to the acreage under cultivation. Mutton, per ft)., 5 cents, live\nweight; and wool 6 cents per ft). Coyotes are against sheep-raising, and until the bounty for\nthe destruction of this pest be raised to what it was some years ago, viz., $2.50 per head, there\nwill always be this drawback.    Shropshires suit best here.\nSwine.\u2014In some places this industry is prosecuted with some degree of system. Others\nimagine pigs should look after themselves. Ruling price, 5|- cents, live weight. Bacon and\nhams, from 15 to 20 cents per ft). A cross between the Berkshire and Yorkshire is hard to\nbeat. A good pasture of rape, clover or alfalfa, with a little feed of grain, is the most profitable way to feed pigs. I don't believe in allowing pigs to harvest mj' grain ; I have always\nlooked on them as scavengers.    Outside of this, the profit is a small one.\nPoultry.\u2014This line has not been taken up with any system, but it is a remunerative\nbranch of agriculture. I recommend the following breeds; Plymouth Rocks, Wyandottes,\nLangshans ; the latter have done very well, are hardy and no sickness. Ruling prices:\nfowls, $5 to $6 per dozen; eggs, 30c. per dozen. People look on poultry as too small a thing\nto go into; the long winters with snow on the ground are hard on them; they require a great\ndeal of shed room.\nCo-operation.\u2014I do not think that the principle of co-operation is attaining a foothold\namongst the farming population in this vicinity.\nAgricultural Education.\u2014I have considered this subject, and am not of the opinion\nthat it should form part of the public school curriculum of the Province.\nFarmers' Institutes.\u2014The farmers in this section have greatly benefited by the Institute\nmeetings held here, but it is the general opinion that the lecturers should make themselves\nacquainted with the conditions of our soil and climate before giving their addresses. This\ncould be accomplished by their going around the farms and spending their time before, rather\nthan after, the meetings.\nSoils.\u2014The soil in this district lacks humus. This deficiency can be supplied by the\napplication of farmyard manure, proper cultivation of the soil, the growing of clover and\nploughing under and rotation of crops.\nFertilisers.\u2014Artificial manures are not in general use, they are too expensive. Farmyard manure is being more thought of; it is the best fertiliser the farmer can use.\nClearing Land.\u2014Stumping powder, properly handled, is the best and cheapest means\nfor the removal of large stumps.\nDraining.\u2014Draining is not carried on to any extent, on account of cost of labour and\ndrain pipes.    Drain pipes are $15 per 1,000, and cedar wood suitable, $15 per 1,000 feet.\nPecuniary Assistance.\u2014The Government should do something to assist people settling\non bush farms in the way of clearing up say 5 or 10 acres, so that a man and his family can\nmake a start. To have to go out and work to earn money to clear means very little work\ndone at home.\nNoxious Animals and Animal Pests.\u2014Coyotes are the chief animal pests of this\ndistrict, and they are increasing. I consider $1 an insufficient bounty; $2.50 would be little\nenough for this pest, and if the Government would make this bounty it would make a big\ndifference to the number of coyotes in this district. Something of this kind should be done\nat once.    (The bounty is now $2.\u2014J. R. A.)\nLabour.\u2014Good farm labourers are scarce. White men charge $30 to $35 per month,\nwith board.    The supply is not equal to the demand, of any class.\nRetail prices at Vernon of ordinary necessaries for farmers (supplied by Mr. W. R. Megaw)\nFlour, $3.75 to $4.50 per bbl.; beef, 8c per Ex by the quarter (10c. to 12-i-c. per ft)., retail))\nbacon and ham, 16c to 18c per ft).; lard, 13c. to 15c. per ft).; butter, 20c. to 25c. per Bb.; tea, A 32 Report on Agriculture, 1903\n25c. to 50c per ft).; sugar, $5.75 to $6.25 per 100 Bbs.; overalls, 75c to $1.25 each; shirts, 40c\nto 75c. each ; boots, $1.25 to $4 per pair ; walking ploughs, $14 to $22 ; harrows, $17 to $24 ;\ntwo-horse farm waggons, $75 to $120 ; sleighs, $30 to $35 ; cutters, $35 to $50; buggies, $70\nto $100 ; democrat waggons, $90 to $110 ; double harness, $35 to $45 ; single harness, $15 to\n$24; saddles, $10 to $40; binder twine, 13|c. per Bb.; binders, $160; mowers, $65; hay rakes,\n$30 to $35 ; farming tools of all descriptions, about 10% above Manitoba prices (15% above\nEastern); dry goods in general, 8% over Eastern prices; hardware, 10% over  Eastern prices.\nRetail prices at Enderby of ordinary necessaries for farmers (supplied by Mr. Henry W.\nHarvey):\u2014\nBacon from 15c. to 18c. per ft)., smoked sides; bacon, English breakfast, 18c to 20c. per\nft).; hams, local, 14c to 16c per ft).; hams, imported, 16c to 20c per ft).; lard, 16c to 18c per\nft).; butter, 20c to 25c per ft).; tea. according to quality, 25c to 50c per lb.; coffee, 25c. to\n50c. per ft).; flour, two-star, $3.75 per bbl.; flour, three-star, $4.50 per bbl.; Hungarian, $5 to\n$5.25 ; sugar, per 100 ffi>s., granulated, $6 to $6.50 ; beef, from 12|c. to 18c perBb.; rolled oats,\nfrom 40c. per sack to $1.75; oat meal, 50c per sack; corn meal, 40c. to 50c per sack.\nRegarding dry goods, clothing, boots and shoes and hardware, it is impossible to quote, as\nthe price ranges according to quality. Men's boots and shoes, say from $1 a pair to $8.00 or\nhigher if required ; women's boots and shoes, $1 per pair up ; children's, from 75c a pair up.\nMens overalls, from 90c. up; men's underclothing, from 50c per suit up ; men's shirts, 25c\neach up; men's socks, from 12^c per pair up; men's suits, from $5 per suit up; blankets,\naccording to weight and quality, $1.25 per pair up; men's smocks and jumpers, from 50c. up.\nLumber for building purposes, $11 per M. feet; dressed lumber, for building purposes,\n$20 to $35 per M. feet; shingles, $3 to $3.50 per M.; nails, from $4.75 to $7 per lOOBbs.\nShuswap Lake,\nIn which is included Craigellachie, Sicamous, Salmon Arm, Notch Hill and Tappen\nSiding, comprising all that portion of the country between Craigellachie and Shuswap, on the\nmain line of the Canadian Pacific Railroad. This section is peculiar, in that it is all wooded\nmore or less heavily, and that the precipitation is ample for agricultural purposes.\nCraigellachie is in the valley of Eagle River, which flows into the Shuswap Lake at\nSicamous, and is on the main line of the Canadian Pacific Railway. It is on the foot-hills of\nthe Gold Range, sixteen miles to the east of Sicamous. The valley is fairly wide, but heavily\ntimbered.\nPublic schools are situated at Notch Hill, Salmon Arm East, Salmon Arm West, and\nTappen Siding.\nThe meteorological records are available for this part of the country. That at Griffin\nLake, near Craigellachie, for 1900 was as follows :\u2014\nRainfall      52.32 inches.\nSnowfall     133.0\nHighest temperature (July)    110\u00b0\nLowest ii (February) - 18\u00b0\nThis, however, cannot be taken as a representative record of this district, inasmuch as\nGriffin Lake is at an altitude of 1,900 feet, whilst Craigellachie is 1,450 feet, and Sicamous\nJunction 1,300 feet, the latter being the general altitude of the valley in the vicinity of the\nlake, that fine sheet of water being only a few feet lower; Notch Hill, 1,708 feet. It will,\ntherefore, be readily seen that a district with such topographical differences must necessarily\nhave great climatic variations.\nThe land in the vicinity of Craigellachie, and in the valley of the Eagle River generally,\nis of a good quality, and grows fine crops of clover, grass and vegetables. It is an ideal\ndairying section, and being on the main line of the Canadian Pacific Railway, milk can be\nsent to all points where it is required. The area under cultivation, owing to the heavy nature\nof the timber and the comparatively new settlements, is necessarily circumscribed, but when\nmore land is cleared there is no doubt that the exceptional advantages enjoyed in the way of\ntransportation facilities will bring this part to the front as a fruit-growing and dairying\nsection.    The timber consists principally of Douglas fir, cedar and spruce, intermixed with  3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 33\nbirch and poplar. Trout fishing in the river is very good when the water is low, and the fish\nare fine specimens of their species. Willow grouse abound in the bottoms and blue grouse on\nthe hills, with larger game further afield.\nSicamous is at the junction of the Shuswap and Okanagan Railway with the main line,\nat the head of the Shuswap Lake, 16 miles west of Craigellachie. It is beautifully situated,\nwith a fine hotel overlooking the lake, and is a favourite resort of tourists and others who want\na few days' rest and fishing. There is no land under cultivation at this p>oint, but there is\nsome fine bottom land in the vicinity covered with a thick growth of poplar. Most of the\ncountry hereabouts, however, is rockj^ and precipitous, but with a good growth of timber of a\nmerchantable quality.\nSalmon Arm, 19 miles north-west of Sicamous, is the principal settlement in this division.\nAs its name indicates, it is situated on an arm of Shuswap Lake, in the valley of Salmon\nRiver, which empties at this point into the lake. It is on the main line of the Canadian\nPacific Railway, and in consequence enjoys exceptionally good facilities for the shipment of\nproducts both east and west. The soil is a gray, clayey loam, very productive and generally\ncovered with a small growth of deciduous trees not difficult to clear. The chief industries are\ndairying and fruit-growing, the product of which is sent to various points. In consequence of\nthe ready market for milk afforded by railroad hotels, dining cars and points in the mountains,\nthere has been no pressing need for a creamery. Lately, however, with the increased number\nof cows, the idea has been gaining ground that a creamery is a necessity, and information is\nbeing sought from the Department relative to construction, cost and plans ; so.it is probable\nin the near future that this branch of dairying will be added to the industries of this thriving\nsettlement. Small fruits, especially strawberries of good shipping quality, are largely produced.\nThe apples grown hereabouts are exceptionally fine, the land being evidently well suited for\nthis branch of horticulture. The principal conifers are Douglas fir and cedar, of which there\nare large quantities of good quality. Great numbers of logs from Shuswap Lake are rafted to\nthe mills on the lake and at Kamloops and manufactured into lumber. Animal pests are nqt\nnumerous, wolves and coyotes being the principal ones. It is to be regretted that the\nCanadian thistle has obtained a foothold at Salmon Arm ; otherwise, it is comparatively free\nfrom noxious weeds.\nReport of Mr. E. A. Palmer, Coldstream Ranch, Salmon Arm.\nThe valley lying along an arm of the Shuswap Lake extends for about fifteen miles to the\nsouth-west from the railway, and includes Canoe Creek to the east. It has a splendid location,\nbeing on the main line of the C. P. R. and connected by waggon road with Kamloops and\nVernon.\nProgress has not been very rapid, since the land is all timbered and a large portion is very\nhard to clear. However, the farmers have overcome the greatest difficulties and seem in a fair\nway to enjoy success and prosperity. One very encouraging feature is the large number of\nhealthy young orchards already started. At a recent fruit-growers' meeting, the speakers\nexpressed great surprise at the flourishing condition of the orchards, and said that in all their\ntravels through British Columbia they had seen no better trees. Salmon Arm apples are of the\nbest quality, being finely flavoured and free from blemishes. The fruit is also found to colour\nup very well. Apples, cherries and plums appear to thrive better on the bench land ; but small\nfruits, such as raspberries and strawberries, are grown in the lower and more fertile soil.\nThere is an unlimited market for this kind of produce in the North-West Territories, the\nonly drawback being lack of proper railway accommodation. It is hoped that the C. P. R. will\nput on refrigerator cars when the trade becomes greater.\nDairying and mixed farming are carried on to a large extent, but vegetables are not considered paying crops, owing to low prices.\nThose wishing to locate in the valley will find all the advantages of modern civilisation.\nThere are schools, churches, stores, blacksmith shops, etc. in the vicinity. A telephone has\nbeen put in lately by some of the farmers, connecting their residences with the C. P. R. depot.\nNor is the place deficient in attractions for the tourist. Fish and game are plentiful,\nwhile nature has distributed her gifts with a lavish hand. The beauty of the surrounding hills,\ncovered as they are with a velvety carpet of green, combined with the delightful scenery\naround the lake, produce an effect which cannot fail to arrest the attention of the beauty-loving\neye.    There are about 500 settlers hereabouts, and some 2,000 acres of land under cultivation. A 34 Report on Agriculture, 1903\nWheat is not grown in this district to any extent and is not considered a paying crop.\nRuling price, from $20 to $25 per ton.\nOats.\u2014Winter, Grey, Siberian and Black Tartarian. Yield, about 50 bushels per acre.\nJust enough oats raised for horse feed in the valley.\nPotatoes.\u2014Early Rose, White Elephant and Crown Jewel. Yield, about 8 tons per\nacre.    No diseases or pests.    Prices, from $8 to $10 per ton.\nMangolds.\u2014Very few raised.    Bran and shorts considered cheaper food for stock.\nGrasses and Clovers.\u2014Timothy, Common Red and Alsike principal hay. There is\nnothing takes the place of Timothy hay for horse feed. Clover is better for cattle and much\neasier on land. Common Red will produce a heavier crop, though it is, in my opinion, inferior\nas hay to the Alsike variety.\nIndian Corn.\u2014We cannot depend on Indian corn as a crop here ; on account of cool\nnights, it does not mature early enough.\nHops have not been tried to any extent. They will flourish here as well as in any place.\nCannot say as to market.\nApples.\u2014Jonathan, Fameuse, Northern Spy, Baldwin, Red-cheeked Pippin, Wealthy\nand Salome are the leading winter varieties. Yield was good in 1900, and taken off in good\ncondition. As fruit-growers have taken ever}' precaution in spraying, there are very few pests.\nSulphur and salt is used in early spring, and whale oil soap and quassia chips after blooming.\nPears.\u2014Bartlett and Flemish Beauty successfully grown.\nPlums and Prunes.\u2014Pond's Seedling and Italian Prune are the leading varieties.\nCherries.\u2014So far have not been successfully grown. Cannot say as to cause ; it may be\nin the varieties tried.\nSmall Fruits.\u2014Strawberries and raspberries are proving to be very paying crops here.\nThe Wilson, Warfield and Williams are considered the best varieties. The Magoon, or\nClarke's Seedlings, have not been tried.\nGrapes.\u2014Grapes can be grown on farms along the lake only. Niagara and Concord\nleading varieties ; have not been raised to any extent.\nDairying is carried on to quite an extent in the valley. It is by far the most profitable\npart of the farm. Not having a creamery in our locality, I am not in a position to judge as to\nhow the private dairy compares with the co-operative creamery.\nOur district is suitable for sheep-raising, though it has not been carried on to any great\nextent.\nSwine I consider a part of agriculture that does not pay, as the cost of raising grain for\nfattening purposes comes to more than the price of pork. When farmers raise a large quantity of grain, pigs fatten on what would often be otherwise lost.\nThompson River Valley.\nIncluding Shuswap, Ducks, Grande Prairie, Kamloops, Campbell Creek, Cherry Creek,\nNorth Thompson and Tranquille.\nAt Kamloops the highest temperature in 1902 was 96\u00b0    in July,\nii lowest ii n -10.7\u00b0 in February,\nn average n n 47.4\u00b0\nii rainfall  n 8.28 inches,\nii snowfall  ii 37.2        n\nii altitude is    1193  feet.\nPublic schools are situated at Campbell Creek, Campbell Creek South, Ducks, Grande\nPrairie, Kamloops, North Thompson, North Thompson West and Shuswap.\nThe section treated of in this chapter lies to the westward of Salmon Arm, and although\nthe station of Shuswap is but 15 miles from Notch Hill, the climate changes very materially,\nso much so, that the whole of this region is so devoid of rain that irrigation is necessary in\nevery part. The valley of the Thompson, on both sides of the river, is fertile in the extreme,\nand there are many places where water is obtainable from the tributary streams which flow\nfrom the adjacent hills. There are also extensive tracts which, on account of the absence of\navailable water, are arid wastes during the summer. An intelligent system of irrigation,\nthere being, it is believed, ample supplies of water in the mountains, would be the means of 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 35\nadding an immense area to the agricultural capabilities of this part. Such a system has been\nundertaken at one point by a syndicate, viz., at Jameson Creek, on the west side of the North\nThompson River. It is intended to bring the water along the North Thompson to the South\nRiver and supply water to all the lands in the vicinity. This will, no doubt, have the effect\nof stimulating fruit-growing to a large extent, all this part being exceptionally well adapted\nfor the purpose, the apples exhibited at the Kamloops shows bearing abundant evidence to\nthis fact. At Grande Prairie the supply of water is ample, so much so, that it is not always\nused with discretion. Much of the water now running to waste at this point might be diverted\nto the Valley of the Thompson, to the benefit of both sections. The growth of leguminous\ncrops at Grand Prairie is unexampled for luxuriance, the perfume of clover and peas, combined\nwith the pure air and lovely scenery, so impressed itself on the writer's senses during a tour\nthere in the summer that the memory lingers as a pleasant dream. The valley is probably\nsome four or five hundred feet above the Thompson, which being in the vicinity of 1,200 feet,\nwould make Grande Prairie about 1,700 feet. Salmon River takes its rise in the hills and runs\nthrough the valley in an easterly direction, finally emptying at Salmon Arm into Shuswap\nLake. Good roads lead through the valley to Spallumcheen, Ducks and Kamloops. Ducks\nis the nearest point on the railroad line, and that is 14 miles distant, making a long haul for\nraw products; hence the rearing of hogs is largely and profitably carried on. This is a step\nin the right direction, and the increased production of manufactured articles, in the shape of\ndairy products, etc., is strongly recommended. Campbell Creek, on the way from Grande\nPrairie to Kamloops, is also considerably higher than the Thompson Valley, but lower than\nGrande Prairie. A fine supply of water is obtainable from Campbell Creek for the settlers\nhereabouts, but a great deal of the intervening country between this point and Grande Prairie\nis insufficiently supplied with water. This remark applies also to the region between Campbell\nCreek and Kamloops. All through this section, whether in the Valley of the Thompson or\non the elevated plateau above, plant growth is most luxuriant where water is obtainable, and\nthe reverse in those parts where there is an insufficient supply, showing the necessity of conserving the water for the use of the settlers in an intelligent manner. The elevated lands\nlying to the southward and westward of Kamloops are mostly used for cattle ranges, there\nbeing no apparent easy means of irrigating them. There are numerous little ponds, generally\nhighly impregnated with alkali and swarming in the autumn with wild ducks. The water in\nthese small lakes is not generally available by natural gravitation, so that little or no cultivation\nis attempted between Kamloops and Cherry Creek. On the latter creek, however, there are\nsome good ranches, including that of Mr. W. J. Roper. Further back, Mr. Neil Beaton has\na fine ranch, where he produces many things for the Kamloops market. Mr. Beaton goes in\nfor alfalfa, which thrives remarkably well, giving three crops during the year. Apples also\ndo well, as well as other fruits, although he is at a considerable elevation above the valley.\nThis part of the country is largely devoted to cattle-raising, the ranges on the hills affording\ngood summer pasture. The timber consists principally of yellow pine on the lower parts,\nDouglas fir on the hillsides, and birch and cottonwoods along the rivers and lakes. For the\nsportsman this district is unexcelled for fishing and shooting ; the rivers and lakes abound\nwith trout, and the hills, plains and ponds with blue grouse, willow grouse, prairie chicken,\nducks and geese. Sheep and pigs are not produced to any extent, the coyote nuisance militating against the first-named industry, as it does in most parts of the Upper Mainland.\nCattle and horses are raised in considerable numbers; poultry only on a small scale. Grain\nis not largely produced ; hay, root crops and fruit quite extensively.\nRetail prices at Grande Prairie of ordinary necessaries for farmers (furnished by Messrs.\nJones Bros.):\u2014\nFlour\u2014Hungarian, per 100 ftbs., $3 ; Strong Baker's, $2.75 ; 2xx, $2.50. Beef, per ft)., 8c ;\nbacon, per Bb., 19c ; ham, 20c.; lard, 5-ft>. tin, 85c ; butter, per ft)., 25c ; tea, per ft)., 30c to\n50c; sugar, per 100 lbs., $6 to $6.25; overalls, $1 to $1.25; shirts, working, 85c. to $1;\nshirst, fine, $1 to $1.50; shoes, $1.50 to $3 ; men's suits, working, $4.50 to $9; men's suits,\nfine, $7.50 to $20; cotton socks, per pair, 15c ; wool socks, per pair, 25c.; men's hats, $1 to\n$3.50; Japan rice (50 lbs.), $3 to $3.25; dried fruit\u2014prunes, per ft)., 9c; apples, 12c;\npeaches, 12c; apricots, 13c. Ploughs, hand, $15 to $20; harrows, iron, $15; disk harrows,\n$37.50; waggons, $75 to $125; hay rakes, $20 to $32.50; binders, $160; mowers, $70 and\n$75; binder twine, 13Jc per ft.; sleighs, $35 to $50; cutters, $40 to $75; buggies, single,\n$75 to $90; buggies, double, $125; harness, $25 to $45, according to quality; saddles,\nordinary, $25; saddles, cowboy, $45 to $60; nails, $5 per 100 fts. A 36 Report on Agriculture, 1903\nAs regards the North Thompson, I cannot do better than to repeat the excellent report\nof Mr. J. F. Smith, correspondent for North Thompson and Louis Creek : \u2014\nThat which is known as the Louis Creek section comprises an extensive area of excellent\nagricultural land, admirably adapted to mixed farming and stock-raising. The soil along the\nriver front is mostly of a rich, sandy loam ; in certain parts a heavy clay. This section begins\npractically from a point known as the \" Fish Trap,\" and includes the Adams Lake Valley,\nthe Louis Creek Valley, and extends and includes the North Thompson Valley. The initial\npoint of Louis Creek is at the confluence of that creek with the North Thompson River, a\ndistance of thirty-six miles from Kamloops. There is a good waggon toad from Kamloops to\nand beyond that point, and the river is navigable for a considerable distance beyond. Good\nfishing is had on both Louis Creek and the Barrier River, four miles beyond. The district\nhas a promising future, in consequence of its vast resources, as it abounds in mineral. There\nare large deposits of excellent bituminous coal and a large area of excellent land, which will\nfurnish homes for hundreds of families, and to which the attention of incoming settlers will\nsurely be directed.    This section is worthy of the attention of the Government.\nWheat.\u2014On the Josephine ranch, which is about six miles south of the point I outlined\nto be included in the section, W. W. Shaw threshed about 90 tons of fall wheat. He devotes\nabout 100 acres of his place to fall crop. None of it is raised for milling, but is applied\nchiefly to fattening hogs and for chicken feed. Where the soil is as heavy as it is at some\npoints in this section, I can see no good reason why wheat could not be raised for milling purposes in sufficient quantity to supply say 100 barrels per diem. This would not necessitate\nthe going into exclusive wheat raising. The Red Fife is considered the best. This section\nproduces a first-class quality of hard wheat. The crop was not affected from any cause. There\nwere about 200 acres under wheat. The average yield was about three-quarters of a ton to\nthe acre. A ready market is had in Kamloops, the ruling price being from $20 to $26 per\nton. As the wheat is used for feed, so far very little attention has been given to the selection\nof seed or variety. Very heavy yields have been obtained in the wheat crops, particularly so\nin the Adams Lake Valley, where as high as one and a half tons have been produced to the\nacre. The same results have been obtained at particular points in the Louis Creek and Dixon\nCreek valleys.\nOats.\u2014The same can be said in regard to the selection of seed. However, the Gothland,\nBanner and Flying Scotchman are varieties that have proven heavy yielders in this section.\nIn places such as Adams Lake, and at certain points in the Louis Creek and Dixon Creek\nvalleys, the growth is very rank, sometimes causing the grain to lodge. The yield at these\npoints is from 1,800 to 2,000 pounds to the acre. The general average yield in the district is\nabout 1,500 pounds to the acre.    Ruling price, $20 to $30 per ton.\nOther Grains are grown, and the yields are good, but are produced principally for feed.\nBeans are successfully grown as a field crop.\nPotatoes yield from six to eight tons to the acre ; prices range from $10 to $15 per ton.\nTimothy, Clover and Alfalfa are the principal grasses grown.\nIndian Corn is successfully grown.\nFruit.\u2014Very little attention, so far, has been given to fruit-growing. On the Louis\nCreek Ranch there is a small orchard of about twenty-five trees of the hardy variety of apples,\nwhich is doing well. The most of the trees are now in bearing. In the Adams Lake Valley\na few trees were put out on the Raven Ranch; they also have done well. I am of opinion\nthat fruit trees of the hardy kind would thrive in certain localities of this section. Small\nfruits of every kind do well. Strawberries and raspberries are exceptionally luscious There\nare no diseases.\nCattle.\u2014Cattle-raising is practically the only paying branch connected with the agricultural industry in this section. Each settler is aiming to increase his herd; there are about\n1,500 head of cattle in the district at present. The \"Cattle Ranges Act,\" as it stands, is a\ndead letter, from the fact that there is no one to put it in force. What is required to make it\neffective is the appointment of mounted constables or range riders.\nSheep.\u2014This is not a sheep country. Sheep would not pay on account of the inroad of\nwild animals.\nCold Storage.\u2014The farmers in this section have expressed themselves in no uncertain\nterms in favour of cold storage; they seem to have a full appreciation of the advantages of\nsuch provisions, and I am sure would willingly co-operate in its maintenance.  3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 37\nExperimental Station.\u2014I am strongly of the opinion that an Experimental Farm\nestablished in the Dry Belt would be of incalculable benefit, and advantageous to the interior\nof this Province. The Dominion Experimental Farm at Agassiz is doing excellent work, but\nit must be remembered that both the soil and conditions there are entirely dissimilar to that\nof the interior, that being in the wet section, where crops are grown without irrigation, while\nin the interior irrigation is needed. Therefore, I think an Experimental Farm somewhere in\nthe Dry Belt would be of great benefit in disseminating agricultural information. I think the\nresults would amply justify the expenditure.\nFarmers' Institutes.\u2014The Farmers' Institute is doing good work here. We have one\nin this district, and those connected with it are pleased with the work it is doing. It is a\nmedium through which much knowledge flows to the farmer, on matters directly affecting his\ninterests, which would otherwise have been overlooked.\nIrrigation.\u2014Confining myself to the Louis Creek section, irrigation is carried on to\nsome extent, but in many years crops are raised without irrigation. Nearly all the occupied\nland has sufficient water for present use.\nTimber.\u2014The principal trees in this section are fir, bull pine, jack pine, birch, cotton-\nwood, poplar, willow, spruce, cedar, hemlock and balsam. These are found on both wet, dry,\nhigh and low land.\nForest Fires.\u2014The best means for preventing forest fires is in the appointment of forest-\nfire rangers, whose duty it would be to protect the forest from fire, by prosecuting offenders,\nas forest fires are most generally caused by carelessness, sometimes by Indians, and again by\nprospectors. The \" Bush Fire Act,\" without someone to enforce its provisions, like the \"Game\nProtection Act,\" is all waste paper, so far as its effectiveness is concerned.\nLand.\u2014There is over 50,000 acres of excellent arable land that are available for pre-emption in this section. It is outside of the Railroad Belt, and is all good bottom land on both\nsides of the North Thompson River, lightly timbered with some fir, poplar, cottonwood,\nwillows and such like, extending for eighty miles up the river.\nLabour.\u2014Labourers can be obtained : Whites, from $25 to $35 ; Chinese, $25 per month ;\nand Indians $1.50 per day.\nNieola,\nIn which is included Upper, Central and Lower Nicola, is a fine pastoral country, with\nextensive valleys of good land for general agriculture. A waggon road, some 110 miles in\nlength, having its termini at Spence's Bridge and Kamloops, gives access to the Canadian\nPacific Railway. The Douglas Lake Cattle Company and the British Columbia Cattle Company have extensive cattle ranges in this section, where a large number of beef cattle are\nproduced for the coast markets. General crops of grain, grasses and roots are successfully\nproduced with irrigation, the soil being very productive, and available water is to be had in\nmost parts. Large fruits are not generally successful, but are produced in some favoured spots,\nsuch as Quilchena, on Nicola Lake. The altitude of the lake is variously given at from 1,920\nto 2,120 feet, that of Spence's Bridge being 996 feet, and of Kamloops, 1,193 feet.\nHighest temperature at Nicola Lake in 1902     87.5\u00b0   in August.\nLowest             ii                            ,i                   \u201e      -15.5\u00b0 in February.\nAverage           u                            n                   n      42.2\u00b0\nRainfall,              ,,                  ,,        8.73 inches.\nSnowfall,               n                   ,,      46.5 inches.\nLatitude, 50.9\u00b0 N.; Longitude, 120.9\u00b0 W.\nPublic schools are situated at Nicola and Lower Nicola.\nThe ground intended to be covered by this chapter extends from Campbell Creek to Lower\nNicola, including Douglas lake, Mammette Lake and the Triangle Ranch on Hamilton Creek.\nA look at the map will give the reader an idea of the extent of this territory. The direct road\nfrom Kamloops leads over the high lands immediately to the south, and descends into the\nvalley formed by Campbell and other creeks at a point some 10 miles from Kamloops, where\nit joins the mail road, which follows the valley, increasing the distance by some 12 miles. On\nthe high lands spoken of, there are a few farms where water can be obtained ; much of the A 38 Report on Agriculture, 1903\nwater, however, is highly impregnated with alkali and unfit for consumption, so that comparatively only a small proportion of the land is utilised for agricultural purposes, the majority\nbeing given over for range purposes. Along the valley followed by the mail road there are\nmany good farms, where all ordinary crops are successful!}' grown ; water is also in abundance\nfor all purposes. Douglas Lake is considerably higher than Nicola Lake, and, therefore, the\nprincipal industry in that section is the rearing of beef cattle and horses. The same may be\nsaid of Hamilton Creek and Mammette Lake. In the lower parts about Stump Lake and\nNicola Lake and River, grain and root crops are produced. Fruit does well in most places,\nbut it is not cultivated to any extent. The shooting and fishing all through this section is\nexcellent, the lakes and ponds abounding in wild fowl and the streams with trout. The\nscenery is indescribably beautiful in the vicinity of Nicola Lake. The Messrs. Moore's farms,\nat the head of that sheet of water, are situated most charmingly in a flat, which resembles a\npark, being lightly wooded with the tropical-looking yellow pine (Pinus ponderosa) and belts of\ndeciduous trees fringing the streams and lake shores. Quilchena is situated about half-way\ndown the lake. Here Mr. O'Rourke has quite a large flock of sheep and raises some fine fruit\nand vegetables, as well as carrying on a first-class stopping house and general farming.\nReport of Mr. John Clapperton, Correspondent, Nicola.\nGeneral Description.\u2014In the Nicola Division of Yale District all Crown lands suitable\nfor agricultural purposes have long ago been taken up, and now there is very little mountain\npasturage that is not owned by stock-raisers.\nNumber of Ranchers.\u2014The tax-roll for 1902 counts 161 settlers.\nArea op Cultivated Land.\u2014About 1,000 acres under cultivation ; some 7,000 are\nirrigated ami treated as meadows bearing artificial grasses.\nWheat.\u2014Hardly any grown ; nearly all flour used in this section is imported. Very\nlittle more spring wheat is grown than poultry consumes. Ruling prices during the year 1902,\n$1.50 per 100 Bbs.\nOats.\u2014The harvesting weather was all that could be wished for. Few people raise more\noats than supply their own wants.    Ruling prices, $1.25 to $1.50 per 100 lbs.\nBarley.\u2014Very little barley grown.\nRye.\u2014Only grown in late and high locations to be cut for hay.\nPeas.\u2014Acreage very limited; only grown for pig feed.\nBeans.\u2014No field beans grown that I know of.\nPotatoes.\u2014Potatoes only grown for home use. Yield large where land and cultivation\nis right.    Ruling prices, |- to lc. per ft.\nMangolds.\u2014Very few grown.\nCarrots.\u2014Cultivation very limited ; only a few people grow them for horse feed.\nTurnips.\u2014Acreage very limited; very few grow any for stock feeding.\nOther Roots and Vegetables.\u2014Grown on every farm to supply house wants; all roots\nsuch as onions, beets, parsnips and cabbages do very well.\nGrasses and Clovers.\u2014English Red Clover, Alsike, Sainfoin, Timothy, Orchard, Perennial Rye, Kentucky Blue and Red Top are principal grasses grown.\nNative Grasses.\u2014On dry soils the bunch-grass is the chief fodder plant. Have seen\nBromus inermis in swampy land. I know it is indigenous in moist places. I consider it a\ncoarse grass and prefer the tall alkali grass, when cut before ripening. (The correspondent is\nin error regarding Bromus inermis. It is not a native grass; moreover, it does not grow in\nswampy land.\u2014J. R. A.)\nIndian Corn.\u2014Not grown in any quantity.\nEnsilage.\u2014Ensilage has, I believe, been tried by one farmer at Lower Nicola, and results\nto him were satisfactory.\nApples.\u2014Nearly everyone grows apples enough for own use. Cannot tell best varieties.\nKnow very little about fruit culture.\nPlums, Prunes and Cherries.\u2014These appear to do very well but I am not certain.\nSmall Fruits.\u2014As far as I know, all kinds, save gooseberries of the large varieties, do\nvery well.\nDairying.\u2014No dairying worth enumerating; most people buy their butter.\nFeeding.\u2014So far, but one system of winter feeding range or breeding stock has been\nfollowed, viz. : feeding out the hay on the top of the snow in some field close to water and 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 39\nshelter of sheds. Last winter the writer had some 20 pole cribs built, from which 200 or 250\nhead of cattle could feed. The idea was to keep hay clean and from being trampled under\nfoot. The cribs unquestionably keep the food clean, especially in soft weather ; but in hard,\ncold weather I prefer the old way of feeding on the ground, as the stock don't crowd each\nother, as they do round cribs.\nSummer Feed for Dairy Cattle.\u2014Only the second crop or aftermath of meadows sown\ndown with clover and grasses.\nHorned Cattle.\u2014The stock-breeding and feeding in this section is fairly remunerative\nto those engaged in the business. I think sheep-raising quite as paying as cattle, if you have\na run to suit them, and can keep from 2,000 to 3,000 in a flock, as less will not pay to herd\nproperly. Shorthorn, Hereford and Polled Angus are the chief kinds of cattle raised in this\nsection.    Ruling prices, 3c for cows; 3|c. per ft., live weight, for steers.\nHorses.\u2014The horse industry has been fairly profitable during the year. Good horses, of\ntheir respective classes, brought fair prices, and demand full}'' up to supply. The general\npurpose horse is to me a nondescript. I believe in breeding draught horses from Clyde,\nPercheron or Suffolk stock, and light horses for saddle, etc., from thoroughbred stallions ;\ncarriage horses from Cleveland or hackneys. Ruling prices for good draught horses, from\n$100 to $150 and $175 each.\nSheep.\u2014Sheep are not kept in large flocks.\nSwine.\u2014Few pigs are kept.    Keep enough for home use.\nPoultry.\u2014Cost of transportation and distance to where eggs or poultry could be sold for\ncash forbids many going into the business extensively. All settlers keep enough fowls to\nsupply home wants.\nAgricultural Education.\u2014Agricultural instruction is all right to any pupil who\ndesires it, and should say that in our large schools in Coast cities a qualified agriculturist\nshould form one of the teaching staff.\nFarmers' Institutes.\u2014In my opinion the Institute system should be encouraged.\nSoils.\u2014Analysis of soils is all right. When extensive continuous cultivation is followed\nin this division pastoral pursuits are predominant.\nIrrigation.\u2014In this section of the Dry Belt it is \" no water, no ranch.\" The husbanding\nof water in early summer will have to be resorted to. In every district requiring artificial\nirrigation the Government should appoint a Water Commissioner, who would oversee all\nexisting water rights, settle disputes, prevent waste in ditches, etc., etc.\nWeeds.\u2014The Canadian thistle is very much in evidence, and is increasing all over.\nWith much cultivation, its presence would be severely felt, but as we are nearly all graziers,\nits presence on some ranches is got over.\nNoxious Animals and Pests.\u2014I consider the bounty quite enough.\nForest Fires.\u2014This last summer we, fortunately, escaped forest fires.\nLands.\u2014All Crown lands are occupied.\nLabour.\u2014There are none too many labourers. Whites, $1.25 to $1.75 per day, and\nboard ; Chinese and Japanese, $1 per day; Indians, $1.25 and $1.50. In the hay and harvest\nseason it is very difficult to get good farm hands. Novices are really of little use in hay or\nharvest fields.\nThe town of Nicola, where there are stores, a good hotel, Government Office, the usual\ntrades, and a number of private residences at the lower end of the lake, is most beautifully\nsituated near the river, amidst scattered yellow pines. Mr. John Clapperton, the hospitable\ncorrespondent of this Department, has a fine ranch at this point. He goes in quite extensively for cattle and horse-raising, and, to his credit be it said, he has only thoroughbred sires,\nthe effect of which is very apparent in the excellence of his stock. Some sheep are reared,\nbut the presence of the coyote is a serious drawback to the successful prosecution of the\nindustry. The following report of Mr. H. S. Cleasby, correspondent, Lower Nicola, is\nreproduced :\u2014\nThis district forms part of the well-known Nicola Valley, being, in fact, the lower end of\nthat fertile trough in British Columbia's sea of mountains. The valley, as a rule, is not more\nthan three-quarters of a mile wide, through which the Nicola River meanders with many a\nturn and twist. In what is locally known as the Forks, being the land at the junction of the\nNicola and Coldwater Rivers, is a triangle of level land, containing about 1,000 acres of very\nfertile land.    The alluvial soil along the banks of the rivers, originally covered with a heavy A 40 Report on Agriculture, 1903\ngrowth of poplars, willows and alders, is, when cleared, very productive, producing immense\ncrops of hay and grain. The bench lands, when sufficient water can be procured, are capable\nof growing almost anvthing which can be produced in the temperate zone. The principal\nindustry is cattle-raising. Some cattle are winter-fed for the spring market, affording an\noutlet for surplus hay. There is a local market with teamsters and the neighbouring mining\ncamps of Aspen Grove, Granite Creek and Similkameen for a certain amount of grain and\ngarden produce. The population is scattered. There is one school at Lower Nicola. Fish\nabound in the rivers and streams, and there is no lack of shooting in the proper season.\nWheat is not much grown, owing to lack of milling facilities. Golden Drop is the\nprincipal fall wheat grown; average crop, 2,000 pounds. Campbell's White Chaff and White\nAustralian are the principal spring wheats ; average yield, 1,500 pounds. Prices, $30 for new\nand $35 for old.\nOats.\u2014Improved Ligowo and White Maine are grown. The first-named gave a crop with\nmyself of 76 bushels per acre, weighing 44 pounds per bushel. Average yield, 1,500 pounds\nper acre. I practise bluestoning oats, as advised by Dominion Experimental Farms Report,\nabout every second year.\nBarley.\u2014Only common, six-rowed variety grown here, and not much of that. Yield,\nabout 2,000 pounds per acre.\nRye.\u2014Fall rye is the only kind grown; only grown by myself in this district for seed.\nMany people at higher altitudes grow it to cut for hay. Yield, 1,100 pounds per acre; price,\n$30 per ton.    Not a very profitable crop.\nPeas.\u2014Varieties : Alaska, Mummy, Shropshire, Hero, Victoria, Golden Vine, principally.\nYield, 2,000 pounds per acre; price $25 per ton. More might be grown to advantage, as\ntheir effect in increasing the fertility of the land is most marked in succeeding crops.\nPotatoes.\u2014Early Rose, principally; also American Wonder, Green Mountain and Late\nPuritan.    Yield, 6 to 7 tons per acre; price, $10 to $15 per ton.\nMangolds.\u2014Golden Tankard has done best with me so far; keeps well and is easily\nharvested. Long Reds give largest crop, but do not keep so well and cost more to harvest.\nNone other grown, to my knowledge. Yield, 14 tons per acre. Grow them only for own use;\nfeed them to fatten cattle.\nTurnips.\u2014Very few grown. Yield at the rate of 20 to 25 tons per acre. Purple Top\nSwede seems to do best.\nGrasses and Clovers.\u2014Timothy, Red and Alsike Clover, Sainfoin, a little Alfalfa, and\nsome Cocksfoot. Timothy and a mixture of the clovers is the favourite here, and seems likely\nto remain so. Timothy is not a pasture grass, but it is not pasture but hay that we are after.\nAverage yield, about 2,500 pounds per acre; price, from $6 to $10, loose; about $2.50 per ton\nextra for baling.\nAustrian Brome Grass.\u2014It has not done well with me; has not been tried to any\nextent.    I found that Volunteer Timothy among my Brome Grass was much the heavier yield.\nNative Grasses.\u2014My experience in feeding leads me to believe that some of the native\ngrasses of the country are most nutritious.\nIndian Corn. - Sweet corn for table use does well enough some seasons; have seen\nensilage corn here 11 feet high.\nRape.\u2014Tried it this year as a soiling crop. For pigs am well satisfied with it; shall\nsow it again.\nApples.\u2014Only the hardiest varieties of apples are a success here. Crabs of different\nkinds are grown.    Crop small on account of late spring frosts.\nOther Fruits.\u2014Pears a precarious crop.    Plums, the same.    Cherries do well.\nSmall Fruits do splendidly. All kinds of currants, raspberries and strawberries produce\nabundantly.    Gooseberries are subject, more or less, to mildew.\nDairying. \u2014 Some parties on outlying places milk several cows. In the Nicola Valley\nitself, pasturage is too scarce and scant. People won't milk after they get a good band of\ncattle around them. Probably about 1,000 pounds of butter produced, which does not sell\nwell at all, in competition with creamery butter.\nFeeding.\u2014Have fed cattle for beef for some winters past; until last winter have fed hay\nalone. Last winter fed 15 to 20 pounds per head each day of pulped mangolds, mixed with\nclover chaff, with satisfactory results. Feed twice a day with hay in cribs, at the rate of from\n40 to 50 pounds per day per head. About one-fourth of this is left, and periodically the cribs\nare cleaned out and the refuse hay given to stock cattle.    Roots are given in middle of the day. 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 41\nHorned Cattle.\u2014The principal industry, and at present in a thriving condition, because\nof high prices. The cattle and sheep industries will not thrive alongside of each other. Cattle\nwill not graze after sheep. Prices\u2014Fat steers, 3| cents per pound, live weight, $40 per\nhead; fat cows, 3 cents per pound, live weight, $30 per head.    Prefer Shorthorns.\nHorses.\u2014Profitable, if good ones are bred; not an over-production of good horses. A\ngreat scarcity of suitable saddle horses, which are in constant demand. Heavy team horses\nfind a ready sale in the Coast towns; also light horses, suitable for express and other light\nwaggons.    The great bulk of the horses here are neither one nor the other.\nSwine.\u2014Some people make it the principal part of their business. Pigs on foot are worth\n5| to 6^ cents per pound ; dressed pork, 8 to 9' cents; bacon and hams, 12 to 18 cents.\nDiseases of Animals.\u2014Epizootic has been noticed among horses, but we are singularly\nfree from disease.    Lump-jaw is considered to be on the decrease.\nExperimental Stations.\u2014Could not this be done better by co-operation between the\ntwo Governments, and something on the lines of Prof. Robertson's scheme of \" Illustration\nStations \" ? Let the seed be supplied from the Dominion Experimental Farms, and the grower\nbe allowed so much by the Provincial Government for his trouble, etc., in keeping records and\nshowing people around, the grower to be allowed to keep the crop. Experimental stations\nneed to be plentiful in this Province, on account of the great difference in climate experienced.\nAs to its being the duty of the Dominion, I think not in the small way that I have outlined\nit.    The County Councils are doing this work in Great Britain.\nAgricultural Education.\u2014I doubt if a mere smattering of the subject, such as would\nbe taught in a public school, will be of much benefit. A few scholarships to the Guelph Agricultural College, or some similar institution, offered for competition among farmers' sons\u2014at\nleast one scholarship for each electoral district embracing agricultural land\u2014would, I think,\nbe of more lasting benefit. Thus many who now despise \"book-farming\" would be able to\nsee from results what practical scientific farming can do.\nSoils.\u2014There is a deficiency of lime, in my opinion. Plenty of limestone in vicinity, not\nworked as yet.\nIrrigation is necessary in most cases; along the river bottoms, however, the high water\nin summer, caused by melting snow in the mountains, moistens the low land sufficiently. In\nthis district there is an abundance of water.\nTimber.\u2014The timber trees are : Yellow pine, dry lands ; fir, damp and rocky lands ;\npoplar, semi-damp lands; cottonwood, alder, black and silver birch, damp lands; black pine,\ndry mountains ; spruce, wet mountains.\nWeeds. \u2014We have plenty of Canadian thistles, which are on the increase. What seems\nlikely to prove a worse weed is the perennial sow thistle, which is spreading badly in this\nneighbourhood. Other bad weeds are wild oats\u2014one farmer (?) cultivates them for hay\u2014\nfalse flax, wild turnip and wild buckwheat.\nNoxious Animals and Animal Pests.\u2014Complaints have been made of coyotes killing\ncalves and foals on the mountains. Present bount}*- ($2) sufficient. Panthers seem to be\nbecoming more abundant; cause unknown.\nLands. \u2014 No Government land left worth taking up; no railway land. Improved farms,\nfrom $10 per acre up.\nLabour.\u2014Whites, $25 to $30 per month, good men; Chinese, $15 to $25, summer\nmonths; Indians, $1 to $1.50 per day. Indians in the preponderance; supply about equal to\nthe demand ; slight scarcity sometimes for a few weeks in harvest time.\nA Farmers' Institute has lately been organised in the district of Lillooet, which embraces\nNicola, of which Mr. H. S. Cleasby, Coutlee, is president, and Mr. G. B. Armstrong, Lower\nNicola, secretary-treasurer. This new departure has already shown good results, as will be\nseen by the following remarks of the secretary in reference to a meeting lately held :\u2014\n\" It is the wish of the people of this part of the district that the Hon. C. L. Smith should\nreturn to our valley. His remarks on building up a herd and the vitriolic manner in which he\nscored the breeders of scrub cattle, especially scrub bulls, pleased even those who are somewhat\ncareless, and I am satisfied his lecture has done a power of giod, for after the meeting each\nand every farmer present who was not a member immediately joined the Institute, though, I\nam sorry to say, the audience was largely made up of those engaged in other pursuits. I may\nfurther say that you came in for justworthy praise for your energy in helping so ably the good\ncause of agriculture.\" Mr. David Dodding, lately from England, has entered into dairying and the raising and\ncuring of swine at Lower Nicola, with every prospect of success. Thus far, all the products of\nthis useful animal have been imported, and since a large quantity is consumed throughout the\nvalley, it can easily be seen that the transportation charges alone should give a handsome\nprofit.\nThe valley of the Nicola toward Spence's Bridge is circumscribed, so that the area of\narable land is small. There are some good places, however, notably that of Mr. Alex. Gordon,\nwhere, amongst other garden products, potatoes as good, if not the best in the world, are\nraised.\nMr. T. R. Hardiman kindly furnishes the following information :\u2014\nAs a matter of economic interest to the Province, I would like to inform the Department\nof Agriculture of the following facts relative to certain tests made by myself within the past\nthree months connected with the cultivation of roots, cereals, vegetables, etc., on the above\nproperty, situated in the valley of the Nicola, some 30 miles from Spence's Bridge and at an\naltitude of something over 1,400 feet above sea level. The first week in June last, I commenced breaking up the ground for the purpose of conducting a series of small tests as a guide\nto future work and to prove the quality of and adaptability to soil and climate of certain seeds,\nespecially tomatoes, celery, beets, etc., among the vegetables ; alfalfa as a feed for cattle, horses,\netc.; and wheat as a cereal; all put in a month to six weeks later than the}'\" should have been.\nThe result being highly satisfactory, I herewith append time of growth from seed in all cases.\nThe tomatoes were sown from the seed in the natural soil, without preparation or artificial\nhelp, in the first week of July last, and not transplanted, the test being purposely a crude one,\nso that results should be gauged on the most indifferent basis. At the time of writing (Aug.\n31st), the average size of tomatoes in circumference is some 7 inches, some being over 9 inches,\nin clusters of 5 in most cases; and this is the outcome of a 7 weeks' growth; and I may say I\nexpect to ripen them, as they are already turning colour\u2014no nursing whatever. Beets, roots\nand vegetables generally were a foregone conclusion as to success, and have both surprised and\ndelighted me. Wheat was equally satisfactory ; alfalfa eminently so ; both of which were\nplanted the third week in June on the highest part of the land, without the facilities of the\nusual irrigation; wheat being 5 feet 6 inches in the stalk. Indian corn, sown last week in\nJuly, in some instances, is 10 feet in height\u2014a really prodigious growth for British Columbia\u2014\nand the corn large in proportion. Some sunflower seed was also sown with remarkable results,\nfor the seed as poultry feed. The growth was really astonishing ; some reaching a height of\n9 feet, with flowers 13 inches in diameter\u2014not measuring the petals. The rapidity of growth,\nunder drawback of proper irrigation, is simply remarkable; and being my first cultivation\nhere, under difficulties and lateness of planting, speaks volumes for the fertility of the soil and\nsuitability of the climate. Next season I trust to make further tests for the cultivation of\ntobacco plant, fruit etc., and I trust the Department will find my experience, in every instance,\nof value to the Province and this locality, and will, moreover, extend any reasonable assistance\nto such developments, in the interest of those who may make this section their future place of\nresidence, and be an additional source of wealth and revenue to our Province.\nRetail prices of ordinary necessaries for farmers at Nicola Lake, furnished by Mr. A. E.\nHowse:\u2014\nFlour, $1.75 to $2 per 50-ft. sack; beef, 8c to 10c a ft.; bacon, 20c. to 22c. a ft.; hams,\n20c. to 22c a ft). ; butter, 30c. to 40c. a ft.; lard, 18c to 20c a ft.; tea, 40c. to 60c. a ft.;\nsugar, $6.50 per 100 fts. ; overalls, $1 to $1.50; shirts, 75c to $1.50 each; boots, $3 to $6 a\npair; ploughs, $12 to $25 ; harrows, $10 to $18; waggons, $85 to $130; hay rakes, $25 to\n$35 ; binders, $190 to $220 ; mowers, $50 to $65 ; binder twine, 12c to 14c per ft.; sleighs,\n$30 to $40; cutters, $25 to $50; buggies, $75 to $125 ; harness, $30 to $50; saddles, $15 to\n$40; nails, 6c to 8c per ft.\nLower Thompson River Valley.\nIncluding Ashcroft, Spence's Bridge, Lytton and Savona.\nI group these all together inasmuch as they are all on the main line of the Canadian\nPacific Railway, and being under the same climatic and other conditions, the excellent report\nof the Hon. C. F. Cornwall, correspondent at Ashcroft, answers for the whole region. 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 43\nThis district may truly be said to be unexcelled for the production of fruit of nearly all\nkinds ; and although peaches have not, owing to the peculiarity of the climate, been a perfect\nsuccess, I have no doubt that certain kinds, and in certain locations, may yet be successfully\ncultivated. With cheap freight rates, and its proximity to the coast markets, this district\nwould be able to supply all the tomatoes, grapes, melons, and similar products that are consumed, to the exclusion of California fruits. From recent discussions between the growers\nand the authorities of the Canadian Pacific Railway, there is, I am gla.d to say, an apparent\ndisposition on the part of the latter to make more equitable rates, and it is hoped, with the\nproposed reduction, that a great impetus will be given to fruit-growing.\nTimber is not abundant on the lower lands; there is, however, a sufficiency for farming\npurposes and fuel. On the hills, however, there is an ample supply. The principal timber\ntrees are bull or yellow pine, Douglas fir and poplar.\nAltitudes.\u2014The valleys in this district are from 700 to 2,500 feet above the sea level.\nThe tops of the surrounding mountains go as high as 5,000 feet above the sea. The district\nmay be said to consist of round or sloping mountains, intersected by numerous narrow valleys\nof different altitudes, and containing more or less agricultural land. Small lakes and creeks\nare numerous in some parts. The mountains and valleys, up to an elevation of almost 2,000\nfeet, are covered principally with sage-brush, grease-wood, worm-wood, cactus, considerable\nbunch-grass in some places, and scattering yellow pine trees. Above 2,000 feet the mountain\nsides and valleys are almost everywhere covered with grass and scattering timber, pine and\nfir, the latter seldom very thick. Along the water-courses there is often a little brush, and\nmany poplar and birch trees, seldom of large size. The country is nowhere thickly timbered.\nI regret that, owing to absence of meteorological statistics, I am unable to give any\ndefinite information on this important point. Previous statistics give it as follows at Spence's\nBridge : \u2014\nHighest temperature (June)        104\u00b0\nLowest :i (November)        -13\nRainfall, one year, 2.44 inches, average       6.87 inches.\nSnowfall, \u201e     82.08\nLytton is a small town situated at the confluence of the Thompson and Fraser Rivers.\nThe ranches are situated in the valley of the Fraser, on both sides of the river, and are\nreached, those on the eastern side, by road and bridge across the Thompson, and those on the\nwest by ferry. The altitude of the railway station is 687 feet, whilst the river is fully 100\nfeet lower.\nSpence's Bridge, on the Thompson River, 22 miles above Lytton ; altitude, 996 feet at\nthe C.P.R. station. Like the rest of this district, it is a famous section for fruit, but there\nis more land here for general crops and for pasture. The Nicola River- empties into the\nThompson at this point, and the waggon road to Nicola and Kamloops follows its valley.\nAshcroft is the point on the Canadian Pacific Railway at which the Cariboo Waggon\nRoad takes its departure. It is situated on the Thompson River, about 26 miles above\nSpence's Bridge. The country around it, which includes Cache Creek, is generally open, with\nrolling hills, fairly well supplied with water for irrigation, but the channels of the large rivers\nare so deeply cut as to render the water unavailable. The altitude of Ashcroft is 966 feet\n(C.P.R.), whilst that of Ashcroft Farm (Cornwall's), three miles distant, on the other or\nnorthern side of the river, is placed at 1,508 by Captain Parsons, R. E. The latter probably\nrepresents the altitude, approximately, of most of the ranches about here.\nSavona is at the foot of Kamloops Lake, on the Thompson, 22 miles above Ashcroft.\nThe country is open, with some scattered pine trees. The rolling hills afford good pasturage,\nfor which purpose it is best adapted. Irrigation is necessary throughout all this region for\nthe production of crops.\nPublic schools are situated at Ashcroft, Spence's Bridge, Lytton, North Lytton, Savona\nand Cache Creek.\nSince it cannot be improved upon, and inasmuch as it describes the existing conditions\nvery lucidly, I reproduce the last\nReport of the Hon. C. F. Cornwall.\nThis district, which, for the purposes of the Department, I am supposed to represent, lies\nalong the valley of the Thompson River from the south end of Kamloops Lake for some thirty A 44 Report on Agriculture, 1903\nmiles down stream. The river itself has worn its way deep down beneath the level of the\nimmediate banks or terraces which confine it, has a severe declining gradient, and through the\ngreater part of the distance rushes along at a great rate, with now and again a good deal of\nbroken water. In years gone by an attempt was made to navigate it with the small stern-\nwheel steamers belonging to Kamloops and the upper waters of the river, but after a few trips\nthe idea was abandoned, and has not again been revived. Now, indeed, that the C. P. R. runs\nalongside the river, the water carriage is not so necessary, although, were it feasible, it would\ndoubtless be of great value as a competitor to the railway in the matter of the adjustment of\ntransport charges.\nThe chief place in the district affording to the farmers any market is the town of Ashcroft, which has sprung up since the completion of the railway as the starting place for the\ncarriage of passengers and goods from the railway to the Cariboo and Lillooet districts, and\nthe northern country generally. The population of Ashcroft numbers, perhaps, 500, and the\nbusiness done there far outbalances, proportionately, such small numbers, for a considerable\narea of country is dependent upon it, and a great bulk of goods moves northwards from it.\nThe town is well electrically lighted and supplied with excellent water by a company incorporated for such purposes, contains a branch of the Bank of British North America, some well\nsupplied stores of a general, as well as several of a more specific, character, three churches, with\ntheir respective ministerial incumbents and supporters, and, generally, is as advanced as such\na place can be. The immediate locale of the town is not attractive, lying low, as it does, in\nthe trough of the river; but the people are prosperous and contented, the climate is charming,\nalthough the atmosphere is particularly dry, and many very passable roads lead in different\ndirections to the surrounding country.\nThe absence of sufficient annual rainfall in this district leads to the necessity of irrigation\nfor the satisfactory production of the usual grains and vegetables. This, of course, means that\nthe amount of land which can be cultivated depends upon the amount of water which can be\neconomically distributed over the country. The valley is naturally splendidly watered by\nstreams whose source is in the enclosing mountains, but the land will absorb a great amount of\nwater, and such streams, though furnishing each from 200 to 500 inches of water, on a general\naverage, throughout the irrigating season, are not sufficient in volume to irrigate more than\nfrom 100 to 500 acres each. All such streams have long been recorded and appropriated for\nirrigation purposes, and there remain only the waters of the great Thompson River itself and\nand two of its affluents, the Bonaparte River and Deadman's Creek, which are available for\nfurther supply. Could they be economically distributed over contiguous areas of land, there\nmight be a largely increased agricultural population, with proportionately augmented production of all sorts ; but much as I should like to see such works of utility under way, either\nin the hands of the Government or in those of private corporations (under adequate restrictions),\nyet I cannot help expressing a doubt whether the time has yet come for such enterprises.\nSpeaking generally, one may say that there is throughout the world, under the present easy\nand rapid means of communication, a sufficient production and distribution of all the necessaries\nof life at very low rates, and, such being the case, it is difficult to see how (except under some\nspecial circumstances) agricultural productions can be made to pay where initial and working\nexpenses are in any way above the average. On the other hand, irrigation, where the water can\ncheaply be brought on the land, pays highly for the extra labour involved in its application and\ndistribution. That is shown by the exceptionally heavy returns of grain, hay, roots, and all\nproducts from land sufficiently and intelligently irrigated. In this neighbourhood 40 bushels\nof either wheat or barley per acre is, in my experience, but an average crop, where the land is\nproperly treated. Oats may run from 60 to 100 bushels. Hay, as may be supposed, with\nirrigation, will yield enormously, especially so the clovers, Alfalfa or Lucerne, and Sainfoin,\nwhile the ordinary fruits of all kinds, with but little practised attention in the way of treatment, are splendid alike in appearance and productiveness, and in quality. Vegetables of all\nsorts flourish, and tomatoes, melons, grapes, cucumbers, etc., ripen readily. Thus the land of\nthis neighbourhood, owing to the rich quality of its disintegrated soils and climatic influences,\nis richly productive, where water can be brought on to it.\nAs I have above said, all easily available water has been long appropriated under the\nspecially suitable provisions of the local Statutes, and the places and properties so secure of\nwater supply for irrigation purposes are exceptionally desirable possessions. Most of them are\nused in connection with ranges carrying more or less horned stock. For the latter there is easy\nsale in the Coast cities and at present at remunerative prices; consequently, such properties as  3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 45\nalluded to are held rightly at high figures. Several are in the market, but at a price. An\nintending purchaser of such must be ready to part with his money, but in exchange he can\nsecure a property certain to yield a remunerative rate of interest, and one on which he can live\nwith all the ordinary comforts of life, in pursuit of an out-of-door occupation of a most attractive\nkind. A trans-continental railway at his door will bring anything to him he may require, or\nis ready to carry his cattle to the best markets and himself whither he will.\nIn all this district there are numberless prospects of mines, with ore carrying copper, gold\nand silver. None of them have yet been developed, but the time will come when that will be\ndone, and no reason exists why some should not prove of value equal to those in other parts of\nthis heavily mineralised Province. The geological knowledge of the district that exists points\nto the probability of such being the case.\nPublic schools are conducted in the district on the same lines, of course, as in other parts\nof the Province. Wherever an adequate number of scholars can be gathered together, there is\na school for their benefit.\nAnd amusement and relaxation from work is by no means wanting. There is splendid trout\nfishing in the Thompson, extending over a long season; 3-pound fish are by no means uncommon, while heavier weights are continually recorded. Bright, strong fish, they afford wonderful\nsport in the heavy waters of the river. Many streams and lakes in the neighbourhood are also\nfull of trout that rise well. There are still many big mule deer in the district and some\nmountain sheep, but winged game is scarcer than it should be. An effort is to be made now to\nsecure the enforcement of the game laws. That is right and proper, but if private persons and\nthe authorities would pay attention to the destruction of the innumerable vermin, winged and\nfour-footed, which prey upon the game birds, still more benefit will accrue. I am inclined to\nascribe the scarcity in this neighbourhood chiefly to the number of magpies and crows. Both\nspecies are very numerous and enormously destructive of eggs and young birds.\nThis is a very pleasant climate for camping out through the summer and autumn. Horse\nflesh is very cheap, and the animals can be cheaply kept, so what with the open country and\nnumerous roads and trails, it is well suited to equestrian exercise. There is room for dozens\nof camping parties, who would be sure of a certain sufficiency of sport, and who would be captivated by the scenic beauty of the localities they would reach in the hills, mountains and\nhigher levels of the country.\nApples.\u2014Duchess of Oldenburg, Wealthy, Haas, Gravenstein, Golden Russett, Ben Davis\nand many others are grown, of excellent quality and appearance. I heard of nothing beyond\nthe usual pests, such as green aphis, etc., and spraying was done in some orchards. Merely a\nlocal sale for fruit, and, therefore, difficult to quote any fixed prices, but I should say it varied\nfrom two to three cents per pound.\nPeas are not grown in quantity, though successfully in a small way.\nCherries do well; good yield.\nPeaches, Apricots and Nectarines.\u2014On the low benches on the Thompson River,\npeaches succeed very well and yield heavily, the fruit being delicious. The crop of apricots is\nmore uncertain.\nGrapes.\u2014As with peaches, so with grapes ; they are grown very successfully on the lower\nbenches on the river.    What are grown are saleable at remunerative prices.\nWheat.\u2014Although nowhere can better wheat be grown than in this neighbourhood, yet\nat the price paid by millers no one will grow it.    The land may be better utilised in other ways.\nOats.\u2014Everybody grows some oats, and many different varieties are under cultivation.\nNo diseases or pests. Average yield might be 70 bushels per acre, but I have no special means\nof verifying this. On one farm I know the yield, and have seen of weighed grain 100 bushels\nper acre all round !    Prices, from $25 to $30 per ton.\nBarley.\u2014Only grown in small quantities, and chiefly for home use. No injury from\nweather, disease or pests. Average price, $30 per ton. If there was demand for malting\nbarley, it might be grown to great advantage in this district.\nBeans.\u2014Certain Chinamen alone grow beans, and they produce them in considerable\nquantities. Their value is generally too low to allow of their production here on white men's\nfarms at the ruling rates of wages. The price is altogether regulated by that of the Californian\narticle, and in that country they are grown in quantities to swamp the market. At present\nthey are worth 2|- cents per pound\u2014higher than usual. A 46 Report on Agriculture, 1903\nPotatoes.\u2014Many different varieties grown.    Weather propitious.    Prices varied from\nto $13 per ton. The potatoes grown in this neighbourhood have deservedly earned a\nProvincial reputation.\nTurnips.\u2014Grown in small quantities for home use. Injured in October by innumerable\nsmall aphis-like pests, which clustered on crown and leaves of the turnip. (Turnip aphis\u2014\nAphis brascicce.\u2014J. R. A.)\nOther Roots and Vegetables.\u2014All these only grown as garden stuff. All are very\nsuccessfully grown in this district.\nThe chief pests in my experience are the cut and wire-worms. By the cut-worm I mean\nthe ordinary one, not the grub or caterpillar which appeared late in the season in such extraordinary numbers. The former is only dangerous in the early spring, when it destroys rows\nupon rows of the young springing vegetables, eating them off just at the surface of the ground.\nThe only remedy I find is hand-picking.\nGrasses and Clovers.\u2014For stock-feeding, Alfalfa and Sainfoin are chiefly grown and\nare produced in great quantities. Timothy and Timothy and Clover are grown for stable use.\nRed Clover and Alsike are grown. Good stable hay is worth $15 per ton. Timothy is certainly\nnot a grass to be grown for general purposes. Practically, except under special circumstances,\nyou get your crop of hay from it, and that is the end of its annual return. Austrian Brome\ngrass I have not been able to grow here to advantage, nor do I know of any of it in the district.\nFurther up the country, in the East Lillooet and Cariboo districts, I have noticed some good\nfields of it.\nSmall Fruits.\u2014Currants and raspberries of all sorts yield abundantly, the former with\na profusion which can be excelled nowhere. I think the atmosphere is somewhat too dry for\nthe perfect growth of strawberries. I am glad to draw attention to the excellent effect produced by spraying gooseberries in the early spring with liver of sulphur, to prevent mildew,\nI have here large gooseberries of English sorts. Some years since they used to mildew so\nbadly as to destroy the crop ; of late I have sprayed them with a mixture of the strength c f\none ounce of sulphur to 4 gallons of water, about five times each spring before the leaves break\nout; three or four days elapse between each spraying. This effectually prevents any but the\nslightest appearance of mildew, and the crops of fruit have been splendid.\nBoard of Horticulture.\u2014I think the working of the Board is generally held to be\nuseful and successful. With respect to fruit-growing for market, I think that the only growers\nlikely to be successful are those who give their almost entire attention to the work. They\nshould be encouraged and protected in every way as far as possible; banishment of inferior\nfruits from the market, and the careful prevention of the importation of worthless or infected\nfruit.\nDairying.\u2014Nothing appreciable done in this way, except for private use.\nCattle.\u2014The breeding of cattle is the industry of this district. The stock of cattle\nthrive, and year by year bring in to their owners considerable sums of money, much to the\nadvantage of the whole neighbourhood. The principal owners are more careful than they were\nwont to be, and in most cases have winter ranges of considerable extent reserved for the use\nof their stock. I consider that the profits of cattle-raising are relatively greater than is the\ncase with sheep, owing to the broken nature of the country and the number of wild animals\nwhich are a danger to sheep. The latter require too much looking after and shepherding to be\nremunerative. Many people have tried them on a large scale, but have always given them up\nafter a few years' experience. The price of beef cattle has been high this year. There has\nbeen a great demand for fat stock, and the average price has been 3-} to 3| cents per pound,\nlive weight. I consider the Shorthorn the breed par excellence. Other breeds have their\nrecommendations, and are alternately in favour and demand for periods of more or less\nduration. The Shorthorn is always there\u2014always in favour and demand. The operation of\nthe \" Cattle Ranges Act \" used to be of great value to this neighbourhood. Now the major\npart of it is within the Railway Belt, and varied Dominion legislation on the same subject\nbrings about a conflict of authority and a consequent desuetude of the application of that of\neither.\nHorses have certainly been more or less in demand during the past year. There is a\nscarcity of both good sizeable work-horses and of riding horses. Still, I feel confident that\nthere is but little, if anything, to be made in breeding them. Most people who have tried it\nare of the same opinion. 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 47\nSheep thrive well enough in this district, but are kept by but few people and only in\nsmall numbers. The reasons which militate against successful sheep breeding are the broken\ncharacter of the country, the consequent difficulty of shepherding, and the presence of many\nwild animals which prey upon the sheep.\nSwine.\u2014No quantity of pigs reared. They are worth perhaps five cents per pound on\nfoot. At such a price there is no money in them, unless a farm is given up to their breeding\nand feeding.\nPoultry.\u2014Not taken up with much system. Average price of eggs 25 cents a dozen;\nof chickens for food, $5 to $6 per dozen. No country, except one inhabited by a class of small\nfarmers, living near together and on small farms, and, consequently, in comparative poverty,\nproduces eggs in the quantity and at a price which allows of their collection for sale or\nexportation.    This district has not yet reached that stage.\nBees are successfully kept in certain instances.\nDiseases.\u2014I think the district is entitled to a clean bill of health with reference to\ndiseases, whether contagious or otherwise, among animals. With cattle and horses reared in\nconsiderable quantities for many years, it is somewhat curious how exempt from trouble of\nthat sort the district has been. The provisions of the Dominion \"Animal Contagious Diseases\nAct\" and the Provincial \" Contagious Diseases (Animals) Act,\" which run on much the same\nlines, seem to me sufficient for the purposes intended. In such matters so much depends\nupon the law-abiding integrity of the owners of stock, and the capacity of inspectors and\nveterinarians, that to them we must look for the successful operation of the Acts. Experience\nhas shown the danger of too hastily accepting as reliable certain tests of disease, or exemption\nfrom such, and, as in other matters, so in this much depends upon those appointed as experts\nor acting officials under the Acts.\nCo-operation.\u2014Farmers are too scattered here for effectual co-operation, and but little\nmovement of produce, with the exception of potatoes and beans, is attempted.\nCold Storage.\u2014The stock fit for slaughter in this district is so easily disposed of at\nsuitable times that there has apparently arisen no necessity for cold storage warehouses. The\nC. P. R. runs right through the district, and, this being the nearest stock-breeding district to\nthe Coast cities, it has, as it were, the first opportunity of disposing, at any time of year, of\nanything fit for slaughter, and consumers naturally prefer fresh meat to that kept for months,\nhowever successfully.\nExperimental Stations.\u2014Living in one of the districts of the Province where irrigation\nis necessary for the completely successful production of crops, it has always seemed to me that\nan experimental farm in such a district would be a very desirable and useful institution to be\nmaintained by the Dominion Government, within whose province, I think, such work lies.\nNo institutions could have better demonstrated their value than have the several Experimental\nFarms of the Dominion Government, but they are all situate in parts where farming is carried\non under ordinary conditions. Surely there is a wide field for the institution of one such\nfarm, to be cultivated under the interesting and comparatively ill-understood conditions of\nartificial irrigation.\nIrrigation is absolutely required for the successful production of crops in the valley of\nthe Thompson, and is carried on everywhere through this district where water is easily\nobtainable by gravitation. To an extent limited by the number of running streams, the\nfacilities of irrigation are considerable. The soils and subsoils are, as a rule, well adapted for\nthe purpose, and in almost every case the gradual slope of the land to be irrigated, free from\ndepressions or folds in the ground, lends itself very satisfactorily to the necessary laying out of\nsuch lands. Unfortunately, such is the character of the streams available for irrigation that,\nin most cases, it is impossible to conserve the water. The streams all come from the high\nmountains enclosing the valley on either side, and have cut so deeply the channels down which\nthey pass that there are no natural level spaces, to flood which the stream might be dammed\nand the water held back till required for use, Many thousands of acres might be cultivated\nif water could be brought on to them, but they are all in scattered blocks of small individual\nextent, and I fear that the cost of providing a sufficiency of water (which is obtainable) would\nbe great. The carrying of water in canals or ditches along the sides of the loose, gravelly\nhills which enclose the valley is a risky operation, while the expense of taking it in pipes is,\nperhaps, prohibitory. In one case, however, the water of the Bonaparte is pumped, to irrigate\na tract of 200 acres or so, by electric power generated for the use of the Ashcroft Improvement Co., which supplies the town of Ashcroft with water and light.    A powerful pump was installed last spring, and for a time easily supplied the necessary volume of water. It, unfortunately, broke down, and has still to be replaced. I hope the experiment may succeed,\nalthough, as the land is leased to Chinamen, one can hardly regard the enterprise as one of\ngreat advantage to the neighborhood.\nWeeds.\u2014I do not know of any appearance of the Canada thistle in this neighbourhood.\nWeeds, generally, are increasing in number, being evidently introduced with grain or other\nseeds from other localities, but I know of none sufficiently troublesome as to need report.\nEntomological.\u2014A sort of aphis, in the latter part of the season, did much harm to\ncabbages, cauliflowers, Brussels sprouts and turnips. They attacked the plant in great quantities, and remaining upon them, effectually prevented any further growth. In some parts\nthere were many grasshoppers.    I fear they will be numerous in the coming year.\nNoxious Animals and Animal Pests.\u2014Curiously enough, panthers, which a few years\nsince were absolutely unknown here, are now comparatively common. Difficult to say whether\nthey have been disturbed and driven from their haunts west of the Cascades, or whether they\nhave been attracted here by an increase in the number of deer. Now that the bounty on\ncoyotes is increased to $2, I consider the amount quite sufficient.\nForest Fires.\u2014No forest fires in this district, such as there used to be in earlier times.\nThen they were, undoubtedly, purposely caused by the natives, with the object of burning off\nthe old grass, which otherwise was not touched from year's end to year's end. In consequence,\nCottonwood and other deciduous trees have sprung up in many places where formerly there\nwas nothing of the sort, so continuously was the ground burnt over.\nLands.\u2014This district lies within the so-called Railway Belt, and the unalienated land is\nwithin the control of the Dominion Government. That Government charges $5 per acre for it,\nreserving to themselves almost everything of any value except the actual surfuce ! Such land\nis chiefly of a pastoral character, almost all available localities for farms, where irrigation can\nbe carried on, being occupied. I can give no average price for improved farms. Almost every\nfarm is used as an adjunct to stock breeding, and is invariably held at a considerable figure.\nLabour.\u2014Whites, very scarce ; wages, $25 to $40 per month. Chinese, $20 to $25 per\nmonth, or $1 per day ; Japanese, $20 to $25 per month, or $1 per day ; Indians, $20 to $25\nper month, or $1 per day; $1.25 in hay or harvest time. Labour for temporary purposes is\noften hard to obtain. There are more Chinese and Indians available than of any other class.\nWhites have been specially scarce this past season.\nMr. J. A. Teit, Spence's Bridge, says :\u2014\n\" Crops of all kinds are about an average, excepting apples and potatoes, the yield of\nwhich is probably above the average. There are no new pests, and the old ones, such as aphis,\netc., have hardly been seen. I received your report, which is a very compact and creditable\nvolume.    The numerous illustrations enhance its value and appearance.\"\nAt Lytton the pioneer fruit-grower of this part of the country, Mr. Thos. G. Earl, has his\norchard. It is situated on the western side of the Fraser, just above the Town of Lytton, and\naccess to it has thus far only been possible by row-boat. Now, at length, a wire ferry has\nbeen established. This will prove of inestimable benefit, not only to Mr. Earl, but to all\nothers on that side of the river. Mr. Earl's fruit has a justly far-famed name for excellence.\nThe apples produced in this part are equal in colouring and flavour to the best. Grapes of\nbest quality are also produced. Mr. Earl has so far gone in for Canadian and eastern varieties,\nbut the western taste inclines to the Californian varieties; hence Mr. Earl was unable to dispose\nof his whole crop to advantage, and he is, therefore, going to take out his present vines and\nsubstitute Californian varieties. Peaches, apricots, nectarines, melons and tomatoes are also\ngrown to advantage. Irrigation is, of course, necessary, and, therefore, those places without\nwater are usless for cultivation. Mr. Earl has a fine water supply, so that he is able to raise\ncrops in the driest seasons. A visit to Mr. Earl's place will prove a good object lesson, and I\nwould strongly advise anyone wishing to acquire a good idea of the conditions prevailing in\nthe valley of the Upper Fraser to visit the Grand Old Man of Lytton, where he will be sure\nof a hearty welcome and the best of advice. The Church Mission Society has recently\nacquired the property previously owned by Mr. Seward, on the eastern side of the Fraser,\nwhere great improvements have been made.\nRetail prices at Ashcroft, B. O, of ordinary necessaries for farmers, furnished by Mr. H.\nL. Roberts:\u2014\nFlour, Hungarian, $1.50 per sack; flour, Strong Baker's, $1.25 per sack; bacon, breakfast,\n22c. per ft.; bacon, dry salt, 18c per ft.;   hams, 22c. per ft.; lard, pure, 15c. per ft.; butter, 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 49\ncreamery, 30c per ft. ; tea, 25c. to 50c as to quality; sugar, granulated, 6c per ft. ; coffee,\n25c to 40c per ft.f rice, Chinese, $2.50 per sack of 50 fts.; rice, Japanese, $3.25 per sack of\n50 lbs.; soap, washing or laundry, 25c, 3-ft. bar; oatmeal, 50c for 10-ft. sack; rolled oats,\n40c. for 7-ft. sack; cornmeal, 40c for 10-ft. sack; overalls, 9-oz. denim, $1 a pair; underwear,\nsummer, from $1 to $5 a suit; underwear, winter, from $1.50 to $5 a suit; shirts, gingham,\n50c to 75c each; shirts, flannelette, 50c to $1 each; shirts, woollen, $1 to $2.50 each;\nboots, $1.25 to $5 a pair; socks, 15c to 50c a pair; ploughs, $14 to $25 ; harrows, $20 to\n$50; waggons, $75 to $125; hay rakes, $30 and up; binders, about $170; mowers, $55 and\nup ; sleighs, $30 and up; cutters, $30 and up ; buggies, $75 and up ; harness, $30 to $50 ;\nsaddles, $10 to $40; binder twine, 17c per ft.; nails, 5ijrc. to 7c per ft.\nValley of the  Upper Fraser.\nFrom Lytton to Alkali Lake, and including, besides the two places mentioned, Lillooet,\nPavilion, Big Bar Creek, Empire Valley, Dog Creek, Gang Ranch and Chilcotin.\nThis part of the country, being off the main Cariboo Waggon Road, is devoted extensively to stock-raising, as the expense attached to the transportation of general crops is too\ngreat to admit of general production. They, however, do well, and the demand is supplied\nwith all kinds of produce.\nAlkali Lake and Dog Creek are on the east side of the Fraser River, on the road which\nbranches from the Cariboo road at 150-Mile House and runs along the Fraser to the vicinity\nof Big Bar, where it leaves the river and joins the main road at Clinton. The Canada\nWestern Company's property, called the Gang Ranch, is on the opposite side of the Fraser\nRiver, on Gaspard Creek.    Chilcotin and Empire Valley are also on the same side.\nLillooet and Pavilion are below Big Bar Creek, on the river road. Lillooet includes\nPemberton Meadows and what is known as the Douglas Portage, that part between Port\nDouglas and Harrison Lake and Lillooet, on the original Cariboo Road. Lillooet, when the\ntrail went that way, was a place of some commercial importance, but since the present Cariboo\nRoad was built, much of its early prosperity has been taken away from it. It is situated on\nthe western side of the Fraser River, which is here crossed by a fine bridge, giving access to\nthe road leading to Pavilion, and thence over Pavilion Mountain to Clinton, or through the\nMarble Canyon to Ashcroft, on the Canadian Pacific Railway. Another road, recently constructed, leads down the Fraser to Lytton.\nPavilion and Pavilion Mountain includes all the country on the east side of the Fraser,\nMarble Canyon, as well as that on the mountain, which is at an elevation of some 3,000 to\n3,500 feet, increasing until it reaches about 5,000 feet. Communication is maintained by\ngood waggon roads to Clinton over the mountain 21 miles, with Lillooet 17 miles and\nAshcroft, through the Marble Canyon, about 36 miles.\nPublic schools are situated at Pavilion, Lillooet, Cayoosh Creek and Pachelaqua.\nAltitudes given by various authorities are as follows:\u2014\nFraser River, at Lillooet  700 feet.\nSeton Lake  802\nPemberton Meadows  695\nPavilion ,  1,357\nPavilion Mountain 3,500 to 5,000\nFraser River, at Big Bar  1,200\nii                 Alkali Lake and mouth of Riskie Creek  1,350\nRiskie Creek, Chilcotin  2,170\nChilcotin Valley, average  2,625\nSince there is no meteorological station in any part of the area described in this chapter,\nI am unable to give any accurate climatological data. It may be accepted as a fact, however,\nthat the rainfall is insignificant, probably between five and eight inches; snowfall between 35\nand 60 inches; temperature, maximum, between 85\u00b0 and 95\u00b0; minimum, between -10\u00b0 at the\nlowest points to, possibly, -30\u00b0 and even -40\u00b0 at the higher levels. Irrigation is necessary for\nthe successful production of crops in all   parts of this district,  and available water is in A 50 Report on Agriculture, 190?\nsufficient quantities for all present needs. The Pemberton Meadows may, perhaps, be alone\nexcepted from the previous remarks, the land lying low and requiring draining. Access\nto this part is partly by road and partly by water, through Anderson and Seton Lakes.\nWhere sufficient arable land and water for irrigation is obtainable, all the valley of the\nFraser between Lytton and Lillooet is admirably adapted for the production of the finest\nquality of fruits; indeed, it is difficult to imagine that a better quality of apple, or more\nluscious pears, cherries, grapes, peaches, melons and other varieties of semi-hardy fruits,\ncan be grown. On the occasion of the delegation of Farmers' Institute speakers visiting this\nsection, last October, they were regaled with all manner of most delicious fruits from the\ngardens of Mr. A. W. Smith, M. P. P., Mr. C. Phair, Government Agent, and Mr. Paul\nSantini, at Lillooet. The latter has quite an extensive young orchard which is just coming\ninto bearing; also large quantities of melons. The market at the present time is purely local,\nmostly Indian trade, and until means of transportation to the markets are established the\ndevelopment of this valley must necessarily remain in abeyance. Mr. Alex. Lochore, on the\nLytton-Lillooet road, has started a dairy farm, and since the market for dairy products is\ngood, he will, no doubt, reap a good harvest. Many beef cattle are raised throughout the\ndistrict, in the lower part, in small bands, but in Chilcotin, Dog Creek and Alkali Lake large\nnumbers are produced. A crying evil in connection with the small bands of cattle is the\nbreeding from scrub bulls, which, of course, has the effect of lowering the standard of the\nanimals generally. The larger breeders are, however, keenly alive to the evils of breeding\nfrom scrub sires, and the animals bred by them are, therefore, of a high standard of excellence.\nThe country between Lillooet and Pavilion affords better opportunities for the agriculturist, as\nthe valley widens out and some fine farms are to be seen. Pavilion Mountain itself, where\nMr. Robert Carson is located, is altogether unique as an agricultural section. The top of the\nmountain is quite flat, the lowest part being some 3,000 feet above the level of the sea, gradually rising until an altitude of some 5,000 feet is reached at the northerly end, some seven or\neight miles distant, where there is a sudden descent to Kelly Lake. The farms in this section\nare well watered and produce fine crops of wheat and other cereals. Live stock, especially\nbeef cattle, are raised in considerable numbers. Mrs. Carson is a most enterprising dairy-\nwoman. She has a gasoline engine to run her separators and churns, and sends the product\nof her dairy mostly to the mining regions of Cariboo. The cows, however, are not ideal dairy\ncattle, having been mostly taken off the ranges, and an improvement in this direction is greatly\nneeded and would add greatly to Mrs. Carson's profits.\nReport on Lytton-Lillooet District, by Alex. Lochore.\nLytton, on the main line of the C.P.R., 150 miles from Vancouver, is situated at the\njunction of the Thompson with the Fraser River. In pre-railroad days Lytton was a town of\nconsiderable importance, being on the Cariboo road at the point where the pack-trains left the\nmain road and took the trail up the Fraser for Lillooet and other interior points. Until a\nfew years ago, there was no other means of travelling up the Fraser Valley from Lytton\nexcept by horse-trail, but now there is a fine waggon road to Lillooet, thus connecting Lytton\nwith all points in the Cariboo road and adding considerable importance to the town. Four\nstages weekly from Lytton to Lillooet give ample accommodation to all travellers. There are\nabout 200 whites and a large Indian population. The place is well supplied with churches,\nschools, hotels, stores, and is the headquarters of the Episcopal Indian Mission.\nThe country adjacent is pretty rough and hilly, and there are no large areas of agricultural\nland, although there are a good many small farms. The soil is principally a sandy loam, with,\nin some places, a light mixture of clay, and is very well adapted for the growing of fruit, beans\nand potatoes. Clover and alfalfa also grow most luxuriantly, and in some locations timothy\ndoes very well, as does also wheat, oats, barley aud corn. Fruit is receiving a good deal of\nattention, and there are some good orchards in the vicinity. The principal one is that of Mr.\nThos. G. Earl, about two miles above the town, on the opposite side of the river. Mr. Earl\nhas about fifty acres planted to fruit, containing over 3,000 trees and 1,800 grape vines.\nAlthough a good many of the trees are not in bearing yet, Mr. Earl estimates his crop for the\ncurrent year at 3,500 40-ft. boxes of apples and pears, besides a quantity of cherries, plums,\nand peaches.\nThe Indians own a good deal of land in the vicinity, and grow a large quantity of beans\nfor shipment. There are some 10 or 12 carloads shipped every year, mostly the brown bean.\nThere are also considerable shipments of potatoes, principally to the coast markets. 3 Ed. 7\nBritish Columbia.\nA 51\nAbout 3 miles up the Fraser, on the same side as the town, is St. George's Industrial\nSchool for Indian Boys, with Rev. Geo. Ditcham in charge. On the school farm there is a\nfine young orchard and a large planting of small fruits. There is also a fine peach orchard,\nwhere both early and late varieties are successfully grown. Mr. Ditcham has 2J acres in\nmelons and citrons, and, besides supplying the local demand, ships both east and west. Corn,\nwheat, barley and oats are also grown. There is also a nucleus of a herd of pure-bred shorthorn cattle, comprising 1 bull and 4 cows, all registered. There is a pure-bred Berkshire\nboar and two pure-bred Tamworth sows, and two Clydesdale mares. Mr. Loring and Mr.\nJno. Mackay have farms a few miles east of St. George's, where they are engaged in stock-\nraising and general farming.\nFollowing up the east side of the Fraser, the next settlement is Foster's Bar, commencing\nabout 14 miles above Lytton and extending along the river for 13 miles. While the country\nhere is also very hilly, there is more agricultural land, and the farms are larger than in the\nvicinity of Lytton.\nThe soil is a fine, rich, sandy loam, well adapted to the growth of cereals, corn, beans,\npotatoes, alfalfa and clover. Alfalfa is the principal crop, and yields enormous crops when it\nis properly irrigated, cutting from 3 to 5 tons of cured hay per acre. A few of the farmers\nhere grow beans, but the expense of hauling them to the railway takes away a good deal of\nthe profit. The farmers have all got good orchards, but as yet there is no fruit shipped out.\nWhile general farming is principally carried on, most of the farmers keep a good band of\ncattle, for which there is excellent grazing in the various valleys that cut into the mountains,\nand also on parts of the uplands. The calves are allowed to run with the cows, not much\nmilking being done. The writer has a herd of dairy cows and makes butter, which is shipped\nto Lytton and Lillooet.    A pure-bred Ayrshire bull is kept.\nPoultry does very well here, except fer the depredations of the coyotes, which sometimes\nmake havoc in the flock. Mrs. Ruddock, of the Grange, is a very extensive and successful\nbreeder of turkeys. The writer keeps a flock of Plymouth Rocks, and finds them a very profitable adjunct to the farm.\nIn this neighbourhood there is quite an area of vacant land, but, unfortunately, there is no\nwater at present available for irrigating it. There are some points where water might be\nstored, but whether it would be a profitable enterprise I am not prepared to say. Between\nFoster's Bar and Lillooet, a distance of about 20 miles, there is no more cultivated land on the\neast side of the river. There are, however, several tracts of fine land, but lack of water\nrenders it valueless at present.\nOn the west side there is a good agricultural district. Mr. Jas. Dickie, about 12 miles\nbelow Lillooet, and Mr. R. Hoey, 6 miles, have each got fine places. Both are extensively\nengaged in cattle-raising, and grow large quantities of hay, principally Timothy and Clover.\nThe land on this side is better adapted to the growth of Timothy, there being more natural\nmoisture than on the east side. Mr. La Rochelle has a large farm, and grows wheat extensively. The land here also produces good crops of oats, peas and potatoes, and fruit trees do\nwell. Mr. Dickie has quite extensive orchards which yield heavily. A good waggon road\nconnects this district with Lillooet.\nThe town of Lillooet is situated on the west side of the river, about 47 miles by road from\nLytton. There is a fine bridge, about one mile above the town, by which the road crosses.\nThe road to Ashcroft and Clinton continues on up the east side. Lillooet has a population of\nabout 300, and there are good stores, hotels, churches, schools, etc. There is a Provincial\nGovernment office here; also a telegraph office. The town presents a very pleasing appearance ; the streets are kept clean and tidy and the citizens evidently pride themselves on\nkeeping their lawns and gardens in good condition. Mr. McFarlane, of the telegraph office,\nrecently entered into an agreement with the inhabitants and installed an up-to-date water\nsystem, thus supplying each and everyone with an ample supply of water for house and garden\nand a safeguard against fire. There are some very fine orchards in and near the town, notably\nthose of Mr. Santini, Dr. Sanson, Wm. Manson and Mr. Brett, although at present there is\nnot enough fruit grown to supply the local demand. Lillooet is distributing point for the\nBridge River, Anderson Lake and Cayoosh Creek mines; also for Pemberton Meadows.\nAbout one and a half miles below the town, on Cayoosh Creek, is the grist and sawmill owned\nby Mr. Jno. Marshall, and further up the creek, on the shore of Seton Lake, is Duguid &\nSanson's mill, which now cuts the bulk of the lumber used in the vicinity. Here, also, is the\nProvincial Government salmon hatchery, in charge of Commissioner Babcock.      Lillooet is A 52 Report on Agriculture, 1903\nreached by stage from either Ashcroft or Lytton, there being two stages per week from the\nformer and four from the latter place. In summing up, I would say that the land in the\ndistrict covered by this report, although mostly of a light, sandy nature, has proved to be\nremarkably fertile. It is the exception, rather than the rule, to find on any of the farms any\nsystem of saving or applying the manure. Threshing is done in the field and no attempt is\nmade to save the straw. Stock tramp over it during winter, and in spring a fire is put to it\nto get it out of the way. Some farms that have been under cultivation for nearly forty years\nare still being worked, without any attempt being made to conserve the fertility of the soil. It\nis needless to say that the crops thus grown are small, in many instances not paying for labour-\nexpended thereon.\nWe have had a branch of the Farmers' Institute recently established, and it is gratifying\nto report that the majority of the farmers have become members, and we can only hope that\ninterest may be sustained, and that the result may be improved methods and larger returns\nfrom our farms.\nRetail prices at Lillooet of necessaries for farmers, furnished by Mr. C. Phair:\u2014\nFlour, $3 per lOOfts.; beef,  10c to 15c per ft.; bacon, 18c per ft.; hams, 22c. per ft.;\nlard, 20c. per ft.; butter, 30c per ft.; tea, 40c. to 60c per ft.; coffee, 40c. per ft.; sugar, 7c\nper ft.; overalls, $1 per pair ; shirts, $1 to $2 each ; boots, $2 to $4 per pair ; rice, 8c. per ft.;\npotatoes, $1 per 100 fts.; beans, 4c per ft.; ploughs, $18 each; hay rakes, $50 each; saddles,\n$10 to $40 each; nails, 6c per ft.\nReport of Mrs. E. J. Carson, Pavilion Mountain.\nGeneral Description.\u2014This district's chief industry is raising beef cattle, for which\nthere is a good market in the interior and coast cities. The climate is unexcelled anywhere\nfor dairying, and in parts of the district, where good food is abundant, it is successfully\ncarried on. There are a number of good improved farms for sale in this district. The roads\nare good. A good system of irrigation and railway connections via Pemberton Meadows is\nbadly needed, and would help greatly in giving a good market for fruit, vegetables and grain.\nTwo-year-old steers sell for $35, when fat; fat cows at $35 per head ; good dairy butter, 30\ncents per pound, with good demand for same.\nSpring Wheat.\u2014Spring wheat is grown successfully on all Fraser River benches where\nwater can be secured and ground is suitable. Ruling prices during the year 1902, 1|- cents to\n2 cents per pound, according to distance it is hauled to sell. Generally speaking, other crops\nfed to hogs and cattle pay better than wheat, as the raising of cattle and swine enriches a\nfarm. Raising wheat considerably drains a farm of all fertility, unless it is constantly well\nfertilised.    Frosts did not hurt the wheat.\nOats.\u2014Oats are successfully grown. Prices, from If cents to 2 cents per pound for good\nclean oats ; demand limited. Average yield per acre, 1,500 to 2,000 pounds. Crop harvested\nwell and in good condition. No disease or pests in this part of British Columbia to hurt the\ncrops generally.\nBarley.\u2014Barley is not extensively raised. Very fine barley can, however, be raised in\nthis district for malting, but owing to lack of facilities for marketing it, little is grown except\nfor feeding swine, etc.    No pests to affect it.\nRye.\u2014Rye can be successfully grown, but farmers do not raise it.\nPeas.\u2014Peas can be successfully grown, but, owing to lack of transportation facilities,\nthey have to be fed at home. Some feed peas and oats mixed to dairy cattle in stables in\nwinter ; it makes first-class feed for dairy cows, yields a large crop and makes fine butter.\nBeans.\u2014Beans are very successfully grown in parts of the district. There are very few\ngrown, however, as it is too far from a railroad to compete with other districts that have better\ntransportation facilities.    All varieties have been grown.\nPotatoes.\u2014Potatoes are grown principally for home use. No better potatoes can be\ngrown anywhere than in parts of the Lillooet District. A railroad to Vancouver would\nencourage this industry, I think, and help to supply coast cities with good articles.\nMangolds, Carrots and Turnips yield well, but are grown for home use only. They do\nwell and keep well.\nRoots and Vegetables.\u2014Vegetables are grown for home use only; they do well. 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 53\nGrasses and Clovers.\u2014The principal varieties grown are Timothy, Clover and Alfalfa.\nThere is but little Alfafa grown ; it is not generally liked. Timothy and Clover mixed is preferred here by stockmen; it makes a fine food for stock, young and old. I know of nothing\nto take the place of Timothy and Clover except peas and oats, cut green and well cured. This\nis the best winter food I can get for my dairy cows.\nAustrian Brome Grass.\u2014I have no experience with this grass.\nEnsilage.\u2014There are no silos in this district that I know of.\nFruit.\u2014Apples do well on the river benches. Pears, plums, prunes and cherries do well\nin gardens.\nSmall Fruits do wonderfully well, and it is a wonder that more are not grown.\nDairying.\u2014Private dairying is carried on to a limited extent. It is profitable if good\nbutter is made. Demand is limited to home consumption to a certain extent. Over 5,000\nlbs. were made in your correspondent's private dairy last year, and sold at 20c. per ft.\nCreameries.\u2014There are no creameries in this district.\nFeeding.\u2014All dairy stock should be stabled or kept in sheds in winter, and beef cattle\nshould be kept in small enclosures and well fed. Plenty of good pure water is absolutely\nnecessary to make a good butter or put on good beef on cattle. A good cheap feed is timothy\nand clover, peas and oats, changing the feed often, and plenty of good bedding.\nSummer Feed for Dairy Cattle.\u2014Choose pasture with irrigation. Oats and peas, cut\ngreen, keep up the flow of milk. Fields should be fenced, so as to give cows a change of\npasture.\nHorned Cattle.\u2014There are very few good dairy cows in this district; they are of all\ngrades. Cattle-raising is a successful industry. Sheep would pay well if it were not for the\ndepredations of coyotes. I would recommend Shorthorns for beef cattle and Holstein\nFriesians for dairy cattle. Ruling prices during the year : Beef, two years old, $35 per head ;\nmilch cows, $30 to $40 per head; fat cows, $30 per head.\nHorses.\u2014Too many cayuses; no demand for good horses to speak of. It does not pay\nto raise horses here at the present time; market uncertain as to demand.\nSwine.\u2014No system generally used. Ruling prices : 10c per ft., dressed ; 5c live weight;\n20c for bacon; demand limited. White Chester and Tamworth, I find, do well with me.\nHaving a large dairy, we feed a great deal of milk with potatoes.    They do well here.\nPoultry.\u2014Poultry does well but is not raised extensively. Plymouth Rocks are hardy\nand a good general purpose farm fowl, laying almost continuously when well cared for.\nGrains and labour are both too high to successfully compete with other districts in raising\npoultry and eggs; also export charges when carrying poultry.\nDiseases of Animals.\u2014I have never heard of tuberculosis in the Upper Country; the\nclimate is too cold and dry. Lump jaw is prevalent here, but the last few years there has\nbeen less of it. I believe that every affected animal should be killed and burned; I believe it\nto be contagious to a certain extent.\nExperiment Stations.\u2014The Dominion should bear all expenses connected with experiment stations; but there should be a good veterinary school in British Columbia, say at\nVernon or Kamloops, so that the young men on farms could take, say, a three or six months'\ncourse free.\nAgricultural Education.\u2014I believe strongly in agricultural education in the schools.\nAgriculture should be the principal occupation of the people of British Columbia. Too little\nattention is paid in rural schools to agriculture. Its importance to the country should be\ndrilled into the children.\nFarmers' Institutes.\u2014Farmers' Institutes are desirable, but this district is so scattered\nthat it seems hard to get the farmers primarily interested in it. It is expensive going long\ndistances to attend meetings, etc.\nSoils.\u2014The soils are good in a great many places in this district, but as it is a mountainous district there are no large tracts of land open for occupation, except in the Pemberton\nMeadows ; there they need the railroad.\nIrrigation.\u2014Irrigation is necessary always. The water supply could be largely increased\nby properly conserving it, but it is too expensive for farmers to do so unaided. There is no\npumping done in this district. Irrigation is always expensive, but there is a great deal of\nwater needlessly wasted that could be used to advantage.\nNoxious Animals and Pests.\u2014There are no panthers or wolves to speak of. I had to\nsell my band of 78 sheep on account of the coyotes ; they are increasing.    Others will sell A 54 Report on Agriculture, 1903\ntheir sheep off also, I understand. The coyotes take off all the profits. $2.50 for coyotes is\nlittle enough. They are increasing fast, and in some instances kill young calves; also pigs\nand chickens.\nLands.\u2014Improved farms can be bought for from $3,500 to $12,000\u2014some less, some\nmore. Farmers generally make a good, comfortable living in this district, that is, where they\nare working their farms to advantage.\nLabour.\u2014Labourers are procurable at the following rates : Whites, $30, $35 and $40\nper month ; Chinese, $25 per month, very few here; no Japanese; Indians, $1 to $1.25 and\n$1.50 per day; farmers have to hire them in addition to the above. The supply is equal to\nthe demand generally, but, as a rule, the labourers are not skilled in their work. It seems to\nbe generally considered that anybody is good enough to earn wages on a farm. This is not so;\nI think farmers need a better class of help.\nHorned Cattle.\u2014My herd of dairy cows are good Shorthorns. Have some fine young\ngrade Holsteins that I think will turn out all right in the dairy.\nHorses.\u2014A large number of young colts are killed every year in this Upper Country for\nthe lack of proper care. If you examine any farmer's herd you will be struck by the number\nof females, because they kill the colts for lack of knowledge and do not like to acknowledge it,\nand it is generally the best colts that are lost in this way.\nBig Bar Creek is the point at which the road again touches the Fraser after leaving it at\nPavilion ; ferries connect the two sides of the river at this point and at Churn Creek. Tree\nfruits have been produced here, but the uncertain winters have militated against their success\nas a commercial venture; nevertheless, it is quite possible that many varieties of apples may\nprove successful in the lower valleys in this section. Empire Valley is described by Mr. J. N.\nJ. Brown in his last report as follows : \u2014\nGeneral Description.\u2014Empire Valley is situate on the west side of the Fraser River,\nsome 105 miles from Ashcroft Station, the nearest railway. Ashcroft is its nearest banking\ntown. The country is chiefly a grazing section, with prairie land, well watered and well\ntimbered.    Large numbers of cattle are annually raised.    Grain is also extensively grown.\nWheat is grown, ground for flour, and also used for feed. Smut prevalent during the\nlast two years, due to carelessness.    Ruling price 2c\nOats are grown in quantities.    Ruling price, 2c. per pound.\nOther Grains not grown to any extent.\nRoot Crops.\u2014Potatoes fetch from lc to ljc. per pound; other roots used for feed.\nGrasses and Clovers.\u2014Timothy I consider the best feed for work horses; I found this\nout while I was driving stage. Sainfoin and Timothy, mixed together, make good horse-feed.\nOther grasses, of a softer nature, are better for cattle. Bunch-grass is, in my opinion, the best\nwild grass in our section ; I don't think there is any other to equal it (Agropyrum divergens\u2014\nJ.R.A.)\nApples are successfully grown at McEwen's, Empire Valley, and also at Lesser Dog\nCreek, Alkali Lake, Big Bar and Dog Creek.\nOther Fruits.\u2014Plums and cherries are successfully grown in places, and probably pears\nwould succeed well if properly tried.    Small fruits all do well.\nRoots and Vegetables.\u2014There is a great quantity of potatoes successfully grown, for\ntable use and hogs. Other roots and vegetables can be successfully grown, but are not produced except for home use.\nHorses.\u2014The horse industry has been quite profitable, and there has not been any overproduction.    A cross between the Clyde and Percheron I consider best.\nSheep.\u2014It is the best sheep country in British Columbia. There are no large bands kept\nin this part. I believe it is a very profitable business. I recommend Shropshires. Ruling\nprices, $6 per head for sheep and $5 for lambs. Wool is not sold, as it is too far from the\nmarket, and not enough of it to pay for the shipping.\nSwine.\u2014There is a great number of pigs raised here. They are nearly all bought up by\nChinamen miners; they pay from 5 to 6 cents per pound on foot. The balance are killed and\nturned into bacon for home use.    The Berkshire is the only breed here.\nIrrigation is required for the successful production of crops. It is carried on to a considerable extent; the soil is of a favourable nature for the purpose. There is plenty of water\navailable.    Ditching costs about 75 cents per yard. 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia A 55\nLands.\u2014There is unlimited Government land which would make good farms. It is mostly\nall located in the heart of the settlement, land that would raise any kind of a crop. Improved\nfarms can be bought, but fetch good prices.\nLabour.\u2014Whites, $1.50 per day, or $30 per month. Chinese, $20 per month, as cooks.\nIndians, $1.50 per day.    There is always a scarcity of white labour.\nButter, as a rule, commands good prices, but farmers take no interest in the matter.\nHorned Cattle.\u2014Cattle-raising is the most successful industry in this district. Thousands\nof dollars are yearly derived from cattle. The \" Cattle Ranges Act\" is very good, but bulls\nshould not be allowed to run at large till the first of July. Durhams are best for beef. Price,\n$45 for three-year-holds.\nIn Chilcotin is included all that section lying on the western side of the Fraser, between\nSoda Creek and Chilcotin River, a distance of about 40 miles, and running back about the\nsame. It is but sparsely settled, the country being principally adapted to stock-raising; in\nparts, however, good crops of grain and roots are obtained, although the general altitude is\nunfavourable to mixed farming. According to Mr. Sanford Fleming, the average altitude of\nChilcotin Valley is 2,625; of the plain, 3,411; of the Chilcotin Lake, 3,150 ; of old Chilcotin\nFort, 3,800; and of the foot of Riskie Creek, 2,170 feet; the Fraser being in the neighbourhood of 1,400, giving some idea of the climb necessary to attain the level of the plain above.\nThe crossing at Soda Creek is effected by a good wire-rope ferry, whence there is an excellent\nroad through Chilcotin proper; another crosses Chimney Creek, and is effected by boat and\nswimming horses; the latter route is a great saving of distance for settlers living on Chilcotin\nRiver arid valley, in reaching the Cariboo Waggon Road. Riskie Creek, above mentioned,\nempties into the Fraser a few miles above Chilcotin. Seven miles below Chimney Creek is\nSheep Creek, at which point a fine bridge is being constructed.\nAt Chilcotin, on the western side of the Fraser, and at Dog Creek, Alkali Lake and other\npoints on the eastern side, there are extensive ranges, and stock-raising is prosecuted on a large\nscale, and in the valleys and river benches most of the ordinary crops are grown. Fruit succeeds\" fairly well in favourable locations, as well as all garden crops. The elevated plateaux\nare, however, only suited for stock-raising, and are entirely devoted to that purpose.\nCARIBOO  WAGGON   ROAD.\nIncluding all points between Ashcroft and Quesnel, the principal of which are Clinton,\nBridge Creek, Lac la Hache, Williams Lake, the 150-Mile House, Soda Creek and Alexandria.\nAll of these points are connected by stage\u2014three times a week\u2014with Ashcroft, the point of\nconnection with the Canadian Pacific Railway. Clinton is situated 32 miles from Ashcroft,\nat the point at which the Lillooet and Big Bar Roads leave the main waggon road.\nThe following altitudes are given by various authorities :\u2014\nCache Creek, about 1,500 feet.\nHat Creek 1,686 \u201e\nClinton 2,973 i,\nBonaparte Valley, \" The Mound \" 2,144 n\nBridge Creek and Lac la Hache 1,800 n\nSoda Creek Crossing 1,690 n\nFraser River, at Alexandria 1,420 n\nii Quesnel 1,490 n\nQuesnel 1,700 n\nForks (Bullion) , 2,775 \u201e\nHighest temperature at Quesnelle 94\u00b0, in July.\nLowest it ii       (incomplete) -22\u00b0, in January.\nRainfall (incomplete) about 7 to 10 inches.\nSnowfall ii  about 30 inches.\nPublic schools are situated at Clinton, Lac la Hache, Lac la Hache North and Chasm. A 56 Report on Agriculture, 1903\nClinton, which is at a considerable elevation above Ashcroft, is not suited for the production of tree fruits nor wheat. I reproduce the report of Mr. F. W. Foster, correspondent,\nClinton :\u2014\nGeneral Description.\u2014Seeming inaccuracies must occur in any report from this section,\ncaused by sudden changes in the altitude of farms. For instance, 7 miles from Clinton to\nWm. Saul's is a fall of 800 feet, and from Clinton to E. Dougherty's, 11 miles, of 700 feet.\nIn Clinton Valley, wheat cannot be raised as a reliable crop suitable for milling, while at the\ntwo farms above mentioned a good marketable grain can be grown, as also a good quality of\napples. The latter have been tried in the Clinton Valley and freeze. As a general crop, only\nfeed for horses and cattle is raised, such as oats, barley, timothy, clover, sainfoin, red-top,\nbeets, potatoes, carrots, and the general run of hardy vegetables.\nOats.\u2014The early varieties do best. The average yield is 1,500 pounds to the acre. No\npests, except a few chipmunks and squirrels.    Ruling prices $38 to $40 per ton.\nBarley.\u2014All kinds of barley grow well. There is very little grown, as there is small\ndemand ; used only for feeding team mules.    It is about two weeks earlier crop than oats.\nRoots and Vegetables.\u2014Potatoes are generally a good crop and average lc. per pound.\nOther roots and vegetables are only grown for home use and feeding.\nAustrian Brome Grass.\u2014Personally, I may say, after a fair trial, I conclude it is the\nworst grass I have had sown. In other places in the district there are reports that it gives\n2J to 3 tons of hay to the acre.\nFruits.\u2014At 3,000 feet apples freeze out. Going out of this valley to the lower ones,\nsuch as Bonaparte and Fraser, they do well, at altitudes of say 700 to 1,000 feet lower than\nClinton.    This may also be said of other large fruits.\nSmall Fruits.\u2014Gooseberries, currants and raspberries yield well. The wild raspberry\nis much preferred, as being better flavoured, and can be had with little trouble, all at about\n10c per pound.\nDairying.\u2014The nearest place to Clinton Valley for dairying is Lac La Hache. They\nhave no creamery as yet. Private farmers produce a good article of butter, which is readily\nbought up. A large creamery should do well, as at present the bulk of the butter used is\nimported for the Cariboo trade.\nFeeding.\u2014Oat straw and swamp hay, both salted, is the general feed.\nHorned Cattle and Sheep.\u2014Sheep eat out the ranges and do so much harm to the\ncattle-raiser that raising them in any quantity in our mountains has long ago been vetoed by\ncattle men. As to price, a 2-year old steer in some localities is as heavy as one of 3 years at\nunfavourable places, where the winter is longer, and vary from 15 to 25 per cent. The soil is\ntoo light for wild grasses, and after sheep go over it a few times the ground is as bald as a\ndesert, and grass does not come again for several seasons.\nHorses.\u2014Few ranchers around here raise horses with any particular profit, chiefly from\nwant of large, safe enclosures. If any get outside the limits of the small enclosures, they join\nthe wild bands and cost as much as their value to catch. No one has made a specialty of it\nhere.\nCold Storage, no doubt, would be a good thing at Ashcroft, provided butchers in the\nlower country could be persuaded to patronise it. At present the cattle buyers are few,\nprobably four only, who supply the Coast markets, and if they would co-operate it would be a\ngood thing.\nSoils.\u2014We lack vegetable mould ; our soils are moraine, the remnants of the glacial\nperiod ; but by irrigation and average seasons, we raise fair crops.\nIrrigation is necessary through the whole district. Land is more plentiful than the\nwater to irrigate with, unless at immense expense. There are very few blocks of land of\nsufficient size to warrant any large outlay.\nPoisonous Plants.\u2014We have water hemlock, or white parsnip, as occasionally fatal to\ncattle in the spring; also taxus, rhus and delphinium, but from the latter have not heard of\nany trouble.\nNoxious Animals.\u2014The panther is certainly increasing and the herds of deer diminishing.\nWe had no panthers until about eight years ago. I suggest that the present bonus on coyote\nears of $2 should include the whole pelt, or with justice make it $2.25. The ears or pelt\nshould then have a small hole punched for a Government mark, and the skins sold by the\nGovernment or some local agent appointed. As it now is, the pelt minus the ears is worth 25\ncents, while the whole skin is worth in the New York market $2 to $2.25, and the adoption\nof my suggestion would save the Government a large amount. 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 57\nForest Fires.\u2014 Carelessness is probably the cause of most fires, but it would be hard to\nprove. A man throws away a lighted match after lighting his pipe, and if he sets the forest\nafire he won't confess. However, lightning does a lot of incendiary work, although it seldom\nsets fire to the tree it strikes.\nLabour.\u2014Whites, from $25 to $35 on farms; Chinese, $25; Japanese, none; Indians,\n$25 to $30 per month.\nThe farms in the valley of the Bonaparte are well adapted for all the usual crops and\nfruit; but as the elevation increases along the Cariboo Waggon' Road, so the range of capabilities, from an agricultural standpoint, becomes circumscribed. At the 70-Mile House, Mr.\nWm. Boyd does a good deal of dairying, and there are places off the road well suited for this\npursuit and stock-raising. That part called the green timber, through which the road runs, is\nvery dreary and valueless for agricultural purposes. Much of the land is impregnated with\nalkali and of a stony character. Descending to Bridge Creek, there is a decided change for\nthe better; the land is fertile and all the ordinary field crops are successfully grown; thence\nto Lac La Hache the valley is well suited for dairying, being well supplied with wild vetches\nand grass.\nAltitude.\u2014Bridge Creek is placed at 3,086 feet by Captain Parsons, R.E.; Lac La Hache\nat 2,488 feet, and the same authority estimates the 70-Mile House at 3,300 feet. Sanford\nFleming gives the altitude of Lac La Hache at 2,682 feet, and which is probably nearer the\nmark.\nTimber is plentiful everywhere for all purposes of the ranchers, and of water there is no\nlack for purposes of irrigation. Barley, oats, rye and hay give good returns, and are extensively cultivated to supply local demands. Root crops are also good, but large fruits are not\ngrown. Cattle are produced in large numbers for beef and dairying. The latter industry,\nfor which this part is well adapted, has some attention paid to it here, and a considerable\nquantity of butter is produced.    A good many horses are reared, and a few sheep and pigs.\nQuite an extent of good land lies in the vicinity of Williams Lake, 150-Mile House and\nChimney Creek. A road leads from 150-Mile House, on the Cariboo Waggon Road, past\nWilliams Lake to the mouth of Chimney Creek on the Fraser River, at which point there is a\ngood ferry, and by swimming horses access is had to Chilcotin. Another road, which branches\noff at Williams Lake, leads down the Fraser past the Spring House Ranch to Alkali Lake.\nThe country along this road is very beautiful, but on account of the altitude, which is from\n1,750 to 3,500 feet, practically nothing is raised with the exception of hay, stock-raising being\nexclusively carried on. About Williams Lake, however, all the ordinary cereals and roots are\nsuccessfully grown, and a good market is always obtained at the Cariboo mines.\nSoda Creek and Alexandria lie along the Fraser River and the Cariboo Waggon Road.\nThe valley of the Fraser, above Soda Creek, widens out considerably, so that the ranches are\nmuch nearer the level of the river than they are lower down. Most of the ranches are on the\neastern side of the river, on the Cariboo Road, some of them very fine ones, notably, the\nAustralian and Bohannon's, beyond Alexandria, where extensive and profitable operations are\ncarried on. On the western side, above Alexandria, are also some large and fertile farms,\nincluding that of Mr. Adams, upon which very heavy crops of cereals are grown. The former\nis 165 miles, and the latter 185 miles, from Ashcroft.\nSoda Creek is at the confluence of that creek with the Fraser, and the first point of contact the waggon road has with the Fraser. At this point Mr. Dunlevy has a farm at which\nwheat, barley and oats are the principal cereals grown, the two latter principally for horse and\ncattle feed, a large quantity being required, as all the Cariboo country is supplied by means\nof teams by the waggon road. Some apples are produced at Soda Creek with moderate success;\npossibly some of the well-known hardy Russian varieties may be successfully cultivated hereabouts. Other tree fruits are also produced with indifferent success; small fruits produce\nwell. Well adapted for the production of cattle, horses and sheep, bunch-grass and wild vetch\ngiving an abundance of most nutritious feed. Horned cattle and a few horses are, however,\nonly raised, the former in considerable numbers. Sheep are not produced in any quantity,\nprincipally on account of the prevalence of predatory wild animals and the objection of the\ncattle men. The swine industry is not prosecuted to the extent it should be, as it is most\nprofitable, most of the bacon, hams, and lard being imported at a great expense. This industry\nmight well be undertaken in connection with dairying, for which this part of the country is so A 58 Report on Agriculture, 1903\nwell adapted, and with the best of markets in the mines of Cariboo. A disease amongst the\nhorses has been prevalent, which has been identified by the veterinary officers sent by the\nDepartment as fistulous withers. I allude to it more particularly under the head of diseases\nand pests. Noxious animals consist principally of wolves and coyotes, the latter causing the\ngreatest annoyance and loss. Insect pests are mosquitos, sandflies, horseflies, etc.; these are\nexceedingly bad during part of the season and cause much annoyance to stock. The labour\nmarket is supplied by whites and Chinese, the former commanding wages at the rate of $25\nto $30 per month, and the latter $15 to $25.\nMr. E. A. Carew-Gibson writes as follows regarding the fruit capabilities of this part:\u2014\n\"In 1888, when I first resided in Chilcotin, there were practically no experiments tried\nin the way of fruit-raising, except in the way of the smaller fruits and berry bushes. Some\noccasional experiments were tried at Chimney Creek, on the Fraser River, and at Meldrum\nCreek, and it was demonstrated by the results of a few, mostly crab apples, that the larger\nfruits could be grown. I lately made a journey from Clinton via Dog Creek to this point, and\nwas delighted to see, at Canoe Creek, a very pretty little orchard with one apple tree, fully\nfifteen feet high, simply covered with blossom. At Dog Creek and Alkali Lake there are now\nnice little orchards, and it greatly impressed me, as it seemed to make the country so much\nmore livable when you were able to point out around you thriving orchards and see that one\nof the signs of civilisation was with you. I think it is now proved without any doubt that\nfruit of the finest quality, and in very considerable quantity, can be grown up the Fraser\nRiver, certainly as far north as Soda Creek, and probably further up stream, without danger\nof losing the orchards. The best land will probably prove to be the river benches and all the\nwell-situated valleys which are formed by the creeks or rivers running into the Fraser, and I\nhave great hopes that even so far back from the Fraser as this place that apples will be grown\nwith success. Of course, the local market will consume all the fruit grown on these small\norchard plots, and until fruit is raised on a commercial scale there will be no difficulty about\nmarkets, and until railway transportation is handier there will be no inducement to grow fruit\nbeyond the very local requirements. However, I wish to point out the great scope of country\nwhich is available for this industry, and which is lying practically dormant until railway\nfacilities give the necessary stimulus.\"\nMr. Sidney Williams, Quesnel, writes as follows :\u2014\n\"You may be interested to know that I have raised splendid strawberries here, although\nthis last winter all very old stock died off; the runners, however, were all right, and I have\nset out about 75 of them for a new start.\n\" My apple trees have not been a success so far. I got some about three years ago ; some\nwere affected with borers, but two were doing fairly well until this winter, when they appear\nto have died ; at least, so far they are making no sign of buds ; otherwise, they look first-rate.\nI have planted some more this spring of a hardier kind. I have been making inquiries on this\nsubject when travelling about surveying, and know now what to get. Duchess of Oldenburg,\nBen Davis and Montreal Beauty seem to be about the best, and, of course, the various crabs.\nThe ones I first tried were Alexander, Baldwin and Northern Spy. I have only two left now\nout of about a dozen, and these do not seem to be thriving extra well. The ones that grew\nbest at first seemed to die out soonest; they made immense growth for a season or two, and\nthen an early frost or something seemed to catch them with the sap up and finished them.\"\nNorthern Portion of the Province,\nIn which is included all that part lying between Quesnel and Atlin, a vast extent of territory practically unsettled, except by miners and prospectors, and embracing within its limits\nthe district of Nechaco. A telegraph line is now in operation through this district, and as far\nnorth as Dawson, in the Yukon. 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 59\nMeteorological Record for 1902.\nAt Barkerville (in mountains) :\u2014\nHighest temperature, July        82\u00b0\nLowest ii January ,      -28\u00b0\nAverage ii     34.2\u00b0\nRainfall 20 inches.\nSnowfall 120      \u201e\nAt Stuart Lake :\u2014\nHighest temperature, July        88\u00b0\nLowest ii March      -39\u00b0\nAverage n      33.2\u00b0\nRainfall 8.51 inches.\nSnowfall 74.8      \u201e\nThe altitude of Barkerville is 4,180 feet.\nLat. 53.2\u00b0 N.; Long. 121.35\u00b0 W.\nStuart Lake, altitude 1,800 feet.\nLat. 54.28\u00b0 N.; Long. 124.12\u00b0 W.\nPublic schools are situated at Quesnel, Barkerville, Williams Lake and Atlin.\nMany inquiries have been made about the Nechaco District, but without personal and\ndefinite knowledge of the conditions which exist there, it is impossible to give advice as to its\ndesirability as a place for settlement. That it is a good summer stock range is unquestionable,\nand, from all accounts, there seems to be every reason to believe that a sufficiency of fodder\ncan be produced from the natural meadows to winter stock. Its northerly position (about\n54\u00b0 10' N. and 124\u00b0 10' W.) and its altitude, probably between 2,000 and 3,000 feet above\nthe sea level, would naturally render it somewhat uncertain for the growing of grain crops.\nStill, with cultivation and drainage, it may be susceptible to great improvement in the matter\nof summer frosts, which has been experienced in other places with similar characteristics. In\nany case, situated as it is, it is evidently not a country suitable for a man with a family and\nsmall means, and unless a settler is willing to live in an isolated condition, without any\nimmediate prospects of roads, bridges, schools, postal facilities and other adjuncts of ordinary\nliving, he is not advised to attempt it at present. If a colony of 50 or more were to settle\nthere, it would be somewhat different, as conditions would be altered and the lack of facilities\nreferred to would naturally soon be obviated. The present isolated situation is undoubtedly\nthe reason that so few settlers have thus far taken up lands there. With railway communication, however, and access to the mines of Cariboo, many of the real or alleged difficulties in\nexistence there would no doubt soon disappear, and a very large area of pastoral and agricultural lands would be added to the wealth-producing power of the Province.\nAs regards railway communication, there seems every probability, from present indications, that another transcontinental road will, within the next few years, tap this part of the\nProvince. Such an event will, of course, have the effect of altering the complexion of affairs\naltogether through the whole of this region. Nechaco is 110 miles from Quesnel; the country\nis not difficult to construct a road through, if the bridging of one or two rivers is excepted.\nThe ultimate outlet will, however, no doubt, be via one of the inlets. Oats and barley have\nbeen grown in favourable localities, as well as all the ordinary garden vegetables and small\nfruits.    Mr. Sidney Williams, of Quesnel, says of Nechaco :\u2014\n\" Regarding the Nechaco Valley, I have various reports from there. The agricultural\narea seems to be very limited; there are good hay meadows in places, but as it is out of the\ndry belt, the great standby for spring feed for stock is wanting, viz., bunch grass and wormwood. The dry belt straggles along the Fraser River as far as the Australian Ranch, and\nthere ends. Consequently, from there north there is only summer feed for stock, which is\ndestroyed by September frosts ; consequently, the winters are too long to make cattle pay.\"\nThe suitability for agricultural purposes of the rest of the vast territory treated of in\nthis chapter is practically unknown. There are many points, however, where vegetables and\nfruits have been successfully produced ; for instance, Hazelton, on the Upper Skeena River,\nand even in Atlin, which is in latitude 60\u00b0 N. and longitude 134\u00b0 W., vegetables of a very A 60 Report on Agriculture, 1903\nsuperior quality are produced.    Therefore, there is every reason to believe that the capabilities\nof the northern country may yet prove to be much greater than is now generally supposed.\nReport of Mr. Sidney Williams on the Region lying North-west of Quesnel.\nI found your letter of May 28th awaiting me on my return from Kluskus and Uhlcatclo.\nI could not send you a very favourable report of the section of country that I have been through.\nIt is practically worthless from an agricultural point of view ; nothing will grow in the vegetable\nline but a few undersized turnips. I found the Indian women at Uhlcatclo putting in some\nsmall patches of these on June 17th, and when I left, on June 30th, a few were just appearing\nabove ground. There are a few small swamp hay meadows around Kluskus, but winters are\nvery long and no early or late range. When we arrived at Kluskus on May 29th, feed had\njust started to grow, and even then it was hard rustling for horses.\nAs a fur country it is nearly played out. It has been a marvelous beaver country not\nmany years ago ; old cuttings almost everywhere ; but there are practically none left. Many\nIndians told me they would like to see them preserved for several years. I fancy if this were\ndone, and the captains put in as watchmen, the beaver stock might be replenished. If such\na law was properly worked, the Indians could be made to watch each other. Of course it\nwould be necessary to inflict a heavy penalty for having skins in possession, in order to check\ntraders and storekeepers. Something should be done at once ; another year or two and it will\nbe too late.\nAs a mineral country the whole section is so bound up with trap-rock and basalt it is quite\nimpossible to say what it contains. It does not look very promising. The timber around\nUhlcatclo and a large portion around Kluskus is all burnt off, excepting round the margin of\nlakes, etc. Where still existing, the timber consists of spruce and pine, seldom growing more\nthan 12 inches in diameter and unfit for lumber. Unless it could be used for paper-making,\nor the pitch could be made some use of, it is good for nothing.\nWhile at Uhlcatclo I took a trip out to Salmon River Valley, towards Bella Coola. This\nvalley looks more promising ; it is considerably lower (in the Coast water-shed), and there\nappear to be some large hay meadows in the valley. I was told that at certain spots potatoes\nwould grow to a fair size.    I was sorry I could not afford more time to look around.\nThank you for referring me to Mr. Sharpe for apple trees. I find all my apple trees I\nthought dead are again sprouting up at the roots. This they do periodically ; die down and\ncome up at roots ; live a year or two, die down again, and come up again at roots. The small\ntrees I obtained from Henry this spring are all doing well. They are Telofsky, Ben Davis,\nSiberian Crab, Montreal Beauty, Golden Russet and Duchess of Oldenburg. The strawberries\nI saved and reset this spring are not doing very well. I think I require new stocks. Gardens\nare doing very well this summer. Just now we are having a very wet spell; I am afraid the\nhay crop is suffering.\nValley  of  the  Upper   Columbia.\nIn which is included Golden, Galena, Windermere and Canal Flat. This valley lies\nbetween the mountain ranges of the Selkirks and Rockies, whose lofty, snow-clad peaks greet\nthe sight at every turn when travelling up the Columbia in a south-easterly direction from\nGolden. The valley varies in width from a mile or two to probably five miles. It must not\nbe understood, however, that the whole of it is cultivable; much of it is low-lying swamp\nland formed by the Columbia, which is here a sluggish stream and navigable for stern-wheel\nsteamers to within a few miles of its source. This land is, no doubt, susceptible of being\ndyked, and, being alluvial deposit, is naturally very fertile. At the present time the only use\nit is put to is for cutting wild hay. There is also a considerable quantity of rough and wooded\nland which requires clearing; this, however, is not of the formidable nature of the clearing\nrequired on the lands of the Coast. Lastly, there is a considerable area of land which is easily\nbrought under cultivation, and which is very fertile, producing all the usual crops and fruits.\nThe foot-hills are lightly timbered and form good ranges for stock.\nGolden is on the main line of the Canadian Pacific Railway, at the confluence of the\nKicking Horse River with the Columbia, and at an altitude of some 2,550 feet above sea level.\nThe Columbia, as was mentioned before, being very sluggish between Golden and Canal Flat,\nthere is little difference in the altitude at any of the points I mention. 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 61\nGalena is about 40 miles by road from Golden; Windermere about 41 miles further, and\nCanal Flat about 28 miles from Windermere. A good waggon road connects all these places,\nand during part of the season communication is also maintained by steamer. The land in the\nvicinity of Galena is generally wooded. Windermere is a charming spot situated on the lake\nof that name, the lake being really an enlargement of the Columbia River. Canal Flat is\nsituated at the head of the Columbia Lake, the source of the river. A bit of rough water\nbetween the outlet and a point a few miles further down, however, stops steamer navigation a\nfew miles above Windermere.\nHighest temperature at Golden for 1902 (July and August). . 88\u00b0 5'\nLowest, incomplete (December)    - 16\u00b0 5'\nRainfall,        n           probably about     13 inches.\nSnowfall,       ,i                        ,i                 100\nPublic schools are situated at Golden, Windermere, Athalmer, Peterborough, Beaver\nMouth and Field.\nIrrigation throughout this district is necessary for the production of crops, except in the\ndyked lands bordering on the Columbia River. The road crosses the Columbia\u2014which is a\nstream at this point, only about 30 feet wide\u2014just above Fairmont Springs, and thence follows\nthe shores of the Upper Columbia Lake to its head. The country about the lake is hilly, but\non reaching the head, at the place called Canal Flat, it is quite level for a distance of about a\nmile ; in fact, it is simply a gravel bar dividing the Columbia from the Kootenay River, the\nformer flowing in a northerly direction and the latter southward. The name of Canal Flat was\nderived from an attempt made some years ago to divert the waters of the Kootenay into the\nColumbia and so drain the delta lands where the Kootenay debouches into the lake; but the\nscheme proved impracticable, on account of the gravelly nature of the flat. In any case, had\nthe canal succeeded, it is doubtful if it would have had the desired effect, besides possibly\nendangering the lands on the Columbia to floods, by reason of the additional volume of water\nwhich it would have had to convey. Canal Flat is now over-grown with fine trees, yellow pine,\nDouglas fir and some deciduous trees, and has, consequently, a beautiful park-like appearance.\nThe formation of the country hereabouts is certainly puzzling. The two rivers at some period\nmust have been joined; now, starting from about the same inital point, they flow in opposite\ndirections, the Columbia round the northerly end of the Selkirk range and then southerly ;\nthe Kootenay southerly into the United States, re-crossing the boundary and flowing into the\nKootenay Lake, and finally joining the Columbia at a point something like 600 miles from the\nstarting point.\nThe following report of Mr. John Bulman, correspondent at Windermere, is reproduced:\u2014\nGeneral Description.\u2014Land for agricultural purposes is very limited where irrigation\nis possible. Of course the pasturage is good over the whole district, native grasses being bunch-\ngrass, buffalo and pine grass in abundance. The soil is of a sandy loam on benches and alluvial\nin the low lands. A good Government road runs north to Golden, C. P. R., and south to Fort\nSteele, Windermere being almost midway between the points, providing a good outlet for\nsurplus produce. During the navigation season, steamboats run a bi-weekly service to Golden,\non the Columbia River. Windermere being a mining district, ranchers find a home market\nfor all their produce. There is a Government school. This is a good sporting district. Deer,\ngoat, moose, elk and mountain sheep abound in the mountains around. Fish are plentiful in\nthe lake, char and ling principally. Char have been caught weighing 13 pounds, but the\naverage weight of each species is about 8 pounds. The town is beautifully situated on the\n*Lower Columbia Lake, and has an abundant supply of good water from the creek running\ninto the lake.    The climate is very healthy, neither extremely hot in summer nor cold in winter.\nWheat.\u2014Only a little spring wheat produced, principally for chicken feed, the average\nbeing 30 bushels per acre. No complaints made about weather, disease or pests. Ruling\nprice, 21 cents per pound.\nOats.\u2014White oats are generally grown, but no distinct variety. Average yield, 55\nbushels per acre.    Ruling price, 2-| cents per pound.\nRye.\u2014Grown principally for green feed. Where proper attention is given to irrigation,\na second crop can be gathered, yielding about one ton to the acre each cutting. A 62 Report on Agriculture, 1903\nPotatoes yield, on an average, six tons per acre. Varieties are : Early Rose, Burpee and\nUncle Sam; quite a number of the latter variety three pounds each. Price 1J to 2 cents per\npound.\nOther Roots and Vegetables.\u2014Onions are grown, on a small scale, for own use, some\nfrom seed, but mostly from sets. I have seen onions grown from seed this year measuring 12\ninches in circumference; these were Yellow Globe Danvers. Beets, parsnips and cabbages are\ngrown for home consumption. When any of these vegetables are sold, prices are : Onions, 5\ncents per pound ; beets and cabbages, 3 cents per pound ; parsnips, 2 cents per pound.\nGrasses and Clovers.\u2014Timothy is mostly grown for hay, but I cannot recommend it\nfor general purposes. Bromus inermis is much superior in that respect, and quite a number of\nfarmers, in seeding down land, are resorting to the latter grass. Average yield of Timothy,\n1 \\ tons per acre, although I have seen as high a yield on patches as 4 tons per acre on well\ncultivated land. Average price, $25 per ton. Rye is being tested for winter feed. I cannot\ngive you definite details as to acreage and yield of the Austrian Brome grass, but all who have\nsown it speak highly of it, and predict it is the coming grass for hay. Native grasses are\nbunch-grass, buffalo grass and wild meadow hay. The two first named are highly prized and\nare very nutritious ; but the wild hay is not of much consequence, although quite a lot is cut\nand fed to cattle and horses to tide over the winter; bnt I consider it objectionable feed for\neither milch cows or horses that are working, though it does well enough for young stock.\nApples.\u2014There are only two small orchards in this district that are worthy of report.\nThese are at Fairmont Springs. Mr. Brewer, Fairmont, who commands a wide experience, has\na splendid show of Transcendent Crab and other apples. The varieties of apples which are a\nsuccess are : Snow, St. Lawrence and Northern Spy.\nSmall Fruits.\u2014Strawberries grow to perfection here. Gooseberries, Black and Red\nCurrants are also successfully grown.\nDairying.\u2014Private dairying is carried on, but on a small scale, with satisfactory results.\nButter sells at 35 cents per pound.\nHorned Cattle.\u2014Until recently the breed of cattle has been poor, and very little effort\nwas made to introduce new blood and good bred stock. Now, however, ranchers recognise the\nnecessity of improving the breeds, in order to attain the best results. There are now pure bred\nGalloway, Shorthorn or Durham, and Herefords. I consider the Durham breed the most\nprofitable, both for dairy purposes and for beef. Price of beef, 8 cents per pound. Milch cows\nare worth $55 per head. I would recommend cattle-raising in preference to sheep, although\nsheep do very well.\nHorses.\u2014Agricultural horses are mostly imported, there being none bred of necessary\nsize and weight. Prices range from $100 to $125. Those bred in the valley are small, but\nsuitable for saddle and packing. Prices from $15 to $30, according to size. I consider there\nare too many of the small class of horses, which should be sold off and the capital invested in\na larger breed of animals, such as the Cleveland Bay, which, in my opinion, would be an ideal\nhorse for this valley.\nSheep.\u2014I do not consider this district suitable for sheep-raising, and it is not carried on\nto any great extent, partly on account of the low quality of the wool, owing to the pitch dropping from the trees. If the land were cleared, I have no doubt sheep would do well, if carried\non in a systematic way.     Prices, from $3 up to $7\nSwine.\u2014There are very few pigs raised.    Pork sells from 12 to 15 cents per pound.\nPoultry.\u2014There are quite a number of fowls raised, and it is a remunerative industry.\nBrahmas and Leghorns are the principal breeds. Prices: from 50 cents to $1 each for\nchickens ; eggs, 35 to 40 cents per dozen. The long winters are discouraging; only a limited\nnumber of eggs to be got during the most of the winter.\nClearing Land.\u2014There are no stumping machines of any consequence, and I would suggest that the farmers co-operate and secure a practical machine. At present small trees are\npulled down as they stand, with a good team and block and tackle ; the larger trees are cut\ndown, and the stumps taken out with an axe and spade, which is a very slow process.\nTimber trees are Douglas fir, tamarack, bull pine and a little cedar.\nWeeds.\u2014I have seen the Canada thistle in this valley, south of Windermere, but not to\nany great extent. Pig-weed and wild mustard are very prevalent now, and are increasing\nseriously.\n*Lake Windermere now.\u2014J. R. A. 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 63\nNoxious Animals.\u2014Wolves and coyotes, which are increasing considerably. Indians\nseem adverse to killing them, and to encourage their destruction I would suggest that the\nbounty be raised 50% for wolves and double the bounty for coyotes. (Latter suggestion has\nbeen carried into effect.\u2014J. R. A.)\nForest Fires are caused principally through carelessness in not extinguishing camp fires.\nI have no doubt there are instances of fires ignited intentionally by prospectors, in order to\nclear off the heavy brush and allow them to prospect certain districts more thoroughly.\nLands.\u2014Government land is now very limited where irrigation is possible. There are a\nfew sections of good land belonging to the C. P. R. and Kootenay Valleys Company ; prices,\nfrom $1 to $8 per acre. Improved farms are increasing in value; prices, from $10 to $20\nper acre.\nLabour.\u2014Whites, $30 to $40 per month and board ; Chinese, $25 to $30 per month and\nboard ; Indians, $1 per day and board.    Supply quite equal to demand.\nRetail prices of ordinary necessaries for farmers, at Windermere, furnished by John\nBulman :\u2014\nFlour, per 100 lbs., $3.50 to $4; beef (fresh), 10c. to 15c. per ft.; bacon (breakfast), 20c.\nper ft.; bacon (dry salted), 17c per ft.; ham, 20c. per ft. ; lard, 20c. per ft. ; butter (creamery),\n35c. per ft.; butter (dairy), 25c to 30c per ft.; tea, 35c. to 60c. per ft.; coffee, 25c. to 60c\nper ft.; sugar, 8c. to 10c. per ft.; dried fruits, 12c to 20c per ft.; beans, 9c. per ft.; rice, 9c.\nper ft.; tapioca, 8c per ft.; sago, 8c per lb.; canned\u2014corn, peas, beans, $2 per dozen ;\ntomatoes, $2.40 per dozen ; milk and cream, $2 per dozen ; overalls, from $1 to $1.50 a pair;\nshirts, from 50c to $2.50 each ; underwear, from $1 to $5 a suit; boots, from $2 to $7.50 a\npair ; hay, from $15 to $25 per ton ; oats, from $30 to $40 per ton; potatoes, 2c per ft. The\nrange of prices here given is pretty wide, but quality always counts. Take boots, for instance,\n$2 is for split leather for harvesting ; miners' boots are $4 to $5 ; and field, or surveyors', are\n$7.50 a pair.\nRe prices of implements. I have had some trouble ascertaining the average prices in the\nvalley, as the charges for transportation vary considerably. Below is the nearest approximate :\u2014\nPloughs, $20 to $45 each; harness, $30 to $65 a set; waggon, $75 to $165 each ; hay rakes,\n$30 each ; binders, $150 each ; mowers, $65 to $85 each ; binder twine, 17c per ft.; sleighs,\n$25 to $50 a pair; cutters, $25 to $60; buggies, $60 to $150; harrows, $20 to $50; saddles,\n$15 to $60; nails, 8c per ft.\nEast K.ootenay;\nIn which is included all the country in the valley of the Kootenay River, from Canal\nFlat to the United States Boundary at Tobacco Plains, a distance of some 113 miles, Fort\nSteele and Cranbrook occupying about the centre. The waggon road spoken of as running\nthrough the Upper Columbia Valley continues through this district to Tobacco Plains; the\nriver is also navigable for steamboats to the boundary, and, lastly, the Crow's Nest Railway,\nrecently completed, gives access to Alberta, in the North-West Territories, and to West\nKootenay. Fort Steele is beautifully situated on the bank of the Kootenay River, opposite\nto where the St. Mary's River empties. Cranbrook is a town on the line of the railroad. A\nconsiderable quantity of the land all through the valley is fit for agricultural purposes, some\nof it quite clear, and some partly wooded. A good local market is afforded by the mining\ncamps in the vicinity, and by rail with the places situated along its line.\nMeteorological Record for 1902.\nAt Tobacco Plains :\u2014\nHighest temperature, August  91.1\"\nLowest ii February  -25.4\u00b0\nAverage n      42.6\u00b0\nRainfall  14.54 inches.\nSnowfall  41.4 ii\nAltitude  2,300 feet. A 64 Report on Agriculture, 1903\nAt Cranbrook :\u2014\u25a0\nHighest temperature, August       89\u00b0\nLowest ii January  -22\u00b0\nAverage m       39.8\u00b0\nRainfall        17.38 inches.\nSnowfall      60 ii\nPublic schools are situated at Cranbrook, Tobacco Plains, Fort Steele, Fernie, Elko,\nJaffray, Kimberly, Michel, Morrissey and Moyie.\nThe Crow's Nest line runs through the valley of the Elk River, a tributary of the\nKootenay, and along which are several small towns, the land gradually rising from an altitude\nof 2,434 at Wardner, the point at which the railroad crosses the Kootenay, to 4,427 feet at\nCrow's Nest, the summit of the Rocky Mountains. The celebrated Crow's Nest Coal Mines\nare situated at Fernie, where there are large coke ovens, and whence the smelters of Kootenay\nare supplied with coke. Between Wardner and Elko, a distance of 33 miles, the rise is about\n600 feet. The country is fairly open near the Kootenay, with some nice farms, the produce\nof which finds a good market in the mines. The Great Northern Railway has a branch line\nwhich crosses the Boundary at Tobacco Plains, connecting it with the Crow's Nest Coal Mines.\nNear Fort Steele, on St. Mary's River, is the Mission of St. Eugene, presided over by the\nRev. Father Coccola, and where crops of all kinds and fruit are produced. Near the Mission\nare the St. Eugene and North Star silver and copper mines. Above Fort Steele, in the vicinity\nof the valley of the Kootenay River, there is some good land, but the most of it between Fort\nSteele and Canal Flat is heavily wooded with yellow pine, Douglas fir and larch.\nReport of Mr. R. L. T. Galbraith, Correspondent, Fort Steele.\nFort Steele is situated on the Kootenay River, and is the centre of a fine agricultural\nand mining section. It is the headquarters for the Government offices and County Court.\nThe country around Fort Steele is undulating hills, sloping towards the Kootenay River. The\nsoil, although light, raises good crops; the bottom lands are a rich, black loam. Fort Steele\nis seven miles from the Crow's Nest Railway, and is reached by a daily stage from Fort Steele\nJunction. There is a good waggon road running from Kalispel, Montana, to Golden, on the\nCanadian Pacific Railroad, and excellent roads leading to the different mining camps. The\ntown has good schools, and the Episcopalians, Presbyterians and Roman Catholics have\nchurches, and hold regular services. It is difficult to state the number of farmers, as strangers\nare coming in all the time and settling along the. river and on the bench lands.\nWheat.\u2014Spring wheat alone is grown, and only for feeding purposes. Ruling prices,\nfrom $1.50 to $2.50 per 100 fts.\nOats.\u2014Surprise and several other varieties are grown. Yield from 30 to 35 bushels per\nacre.    Prices, $1.50 to $2 per 100 fts.\nOther Grains not much grown.    Rye is grown for hay only.\nPotatoes.\u2014Early and late Rose, Bliss King, White Elephant and other varieties are\ngrown.    The yield is fairly good; no pests.    Price, $1 to $1.50 per 100 fts.\nCarrots and Turnips are grown, the ruling price being $1 per 100 fts.\nOther Roots and Vegetables.\u2014Onions, beets, parsnips and cabbages do well and are\ngrown successfully. Prices : onions, 3c to 5c per ft.; beets, lc. per ft.; parsnips, lc. per ft.;\ncabbages, 2c. to 3c per ft.\nGrasses and Clovers.\u2014Timothy is about the only grass grown, and there is a good\nmarket for all raised.\nAustrian Brome Grass (Bromus inermis) has been tried in a small way, and only\npartially successful so far.\nNative Grasses.\u2014Bunch-grass is the grass of all others. It occurs on bench lands all\nthrough the district.\nSmall Fruits.\u2014Currants, gooseberries, raspberries and strawberries are all grown and\nyield abundantly.\nApples.\u2014Wealthy, Duchess of Oldenburg, Yellow Transparent, Alexander, and crabs\nof all kinds grown. The yield was good. Nearly every one is now putting in some trees.\nThis section is admirably adapted for fruit, and there is an excellent market at Fernie, Michel\nand Morrissey for all fruit grown.    Price, $1.75 per box of 50 fts.    No pests so far. 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 65\nPears have not been successful so far, for some reason.\nPlums and Prunes yield well. The following varieties are grown : Coe's Golden Drop,\nEnglish Damson, Pond's Seedling and Silver Prune.    No pests.\nCherries.\u2014The following are grown : English Morello, Belle Magnifique and Olivet.\nNo pests.\nHorned Cattle.\u2014Cattle-raising is one of the most important industries in East Kootenay. There is always a good demand for beef for the home market and at the coal mines of\nFernie and other towns.    Short-horned Durhams the best.\nHorses.\u2014More attention is being paid to improving the breed, and the Clyde and Perch-\neron seem to be the favourites. Indian ponies are steadily disappearing from the ranges ;\nthere is a good market for these horses in the Nor'-West.\nSheep.\u2014This is a suitable district for sheep-raising, but it has only been tried in a small\nway.\nSwine.\u2014The raising of pigs is not prosecuted with any degree of system. Ruling prices\nof pigs on foot has been 7 to 10 cents per pound ; ham, 20 cents ; bacon, 15 to 18 cents.\nPoultry.\u2014Not taken up with any system. Breeds recommended are : Brown Leghorns,\nBrahmas and Plymouth Rocks.\nIrrigation is required on the benches ; bottom lands don't require irrigation.\nTimber consists of yellow pine, black pine, bull pine, fir, tamarac, spruce and a little\nwhite pine and cedar.\nNoxious Animals and Animal Pests consist of coyotes, wolves and panthers, but they\nare not increasing.\nLands.\u2014There is little or no Government land for pre-emption. Railway land is now on\nthe market at from $1 to $4 per acre ; payments extending over say 8 or 9 years.\nLabour.\u2014Whites, $2.50 to $3 ; Chinese and Japanese, $2 ; Indians, $1.50.\nReport of Michael Phillips, Tobacco Plains.\nGeneral Description.\u2014As fair a valley as any in British Columbia, sheltered to the\nnorth and east by the Rocky Mountain range, and open to the south and west. The climate\nis an exceptionally good one. The Tobacco Plains has long been celebrated as a winter range.\nHere, in days gone by, the Hudson's Bay Company sent their horses to winter from as far\naway as Fort Colville, on the Columbia River. We are 25 miles from the Crow's Nest Railway, with which we have connection by the Great Northern Railway, which passes through\nTobacco Plains.    Good waggon roads and some copper properties in the vicinity.\nWheat.\u2014Fall wheat has been tried, and in some places does fairly well, but, as a general\nthing, there is not snow enough to protect the crop in winter. There are no flour mills on the\nTobacco Plains, and wheat is grown only for chicken and hog feed. Spring wheat grows\nremarkably well. Wheat grows well on much of the bench land without irrigation. The\nprice during the past year has been $1.50 per 100 pounds.\nOats.\u2014All kinds of oats grow well, and I have myself grown the Lincoln during the past\ntwo years, often, on irrigated land, getting 80 bushels to the acre. So far, we have had no\nrusts or pests. Price, $1 per 100 pounds. The oat crop is usually harvested before the wet\nweather in September.    Sometimes short straw on unirrigated land.\nBarley, if planted early, grows well on the high grass lands without irrigation. The\nyield is always good.    It is grown here for hog feed only.    Price, $1 per 100 pounds.\nPotatoes.\u2014The potato crop is, take it all round, the main crop, though the acreage is\nless than the land under oats. Tobacco Plains has for years had a name for its potatoes, nor\ndo I remember, during a lifetime residence here, a single failure in the potato crop. Price,\n75c per 100 pounds; yield, 300 to 400 bushels per acre.\nSugar Beets.\u2014Sometimes grown for stock. They do very well, and the percentage of\nsugar is said to be larger than in the East.\nOther Root Crops and Vegetables.\u2014All hardy vegetables grow well, and are shipped\nto Fernie in quantities.    Price, about 2c. per pound.\nGrasses and Clovers.\u2014Clover is not as much grown as it should be; the main hay crop\nis always timothy. If it is cut in time, the best, perhaps, for horses ; but unless roots are also\nfed, is not so good for cattle.    At present we depend upon the range pasturage for cattle.\nAustrian Brome Grass.\u2014This grass grows luxuriantly here, but timothy hay is always\nasked for, and when shipped fetches a better price.   There is one disadvantage with the Brome A 66 Report on Agriculture, 1903\ngrass : the sod, after a few years, is so heavy that it is hard to plough up when a change of\ncrop is desirable. Like the timothy, it grows wild here, and that not from accidental seed,\nbut from long before the advent of the white man.\n[I am of opinion that probably the timothy Mr. Phillips alludes to is a native variety\nwhich grows all over the Province. Austrian Brome Grass (Bromus inermis) is not a native\nof America, and has only been introduced comparatively recently. There are, however, several\nindigenous brome grasses.\u2014J. R. A.]\nBromus inermis grows well on the farm lands, but comes to nothing on the dry hills. It\ncan never replace the bunch-grass, which dries and ripens on the range and still is good feed\nfor animals.\nNative Grasses.\u2014For general range purposes, the bunch-grass still remains unapproachably the best; nor on the high, dry, rolling grass-hills has any grass been found to take its\nplace.\nApples.\u2014The Yellow Transparent, Duchess of Oldenberg, Ben Davis, Wealthy, Fameuse,\nHenry Anderson ; all in fine bearing; no country could suit them better. There are also\ngrowing on the Plains : Blenheim Orange, Golden Pippin, Martha, Transcendent Crabs, bearing. Greenings do not do so well here. Price, 3c. to 5c. per pound. The hard winter of two\nor three years ago killed off about 10 per cent, of unsuitable kinds, but none of the kinds\nabove mentioned.\nPears.\u2014Pears are less hardy than the apples, and. the varieties here do not appear to be\nthe best for these parts.\nPlums and Prunes.\u2014The few that have been tried are doing well.\nCherries do very well, though the hard winter of three years ago, with late March hard\nfrosts, killed quite a number of trees. The following are bearing well here : Early Richmond,\nEnglish Morello and May Duke.\nSmall Fruits.\u2014Currants, gooseberries and raspberries do very well indeed. Strawberries also do well and produce very large crops; the plants, however, should be covered with\nstraw in the winter. The yield is large, and mildew and diseases at present unknown. All\nthese berries are found in a wild state here, the wild raspberries often as large as the garden\nvarieties.\nDairying.\u2014A good deal of butter is made, but not enough for the home market. There\nis a good opening for several dairies.\nFeeding.\u2014Up to the present time little care has been given to feeding milch cows, but\nas the range becomes more fenced up feeding will be absolutely necessary. There is plenty of\ngreen grass up to the end of June, when the grass dries up and the flow of milk falls away\nvery fast.\nHorned Cattle do well here and pay well, but year by year the range is being more\nfenced in.\nSheep.\u2014There are no sheep here, with the exception of a small band of my own for\nsummer use. They do very well on the dry grass hills. Lambs, by September, weigh 70\npounds. They are of the black-faced Shropshire breed. Price, 10c. (6c. by the quarter).\nMore sheep would pay well, especially for summer butchering. I have only tried the Shropshire. No country could possibly be better adapted for sheep\u2014high, dry, rolling grass hills.\nI obtain $7 readily for an animal when butchered in the summer.\nHorses.\u2014During the past year the price of horses has been much higher. There are two\nmany Indian ponies on the range. Good team horses fetch $150 a pair; riding horses, $40 to\n$70 ; ponies, $10 to $30.\nSwine.\u2014The Berkshire and Poland China do best here, and are hardy. Only a limited\nnumber of swine are kept on each farm. It pays better to sell grain than to fatten hogs at\npresent.\nPoultry.\u2014A large and never-failing demand for eggs at fair prices; 20 cents per doz. in\nsummer; 40 cents per doz. in winter. Yet the fact remains that several who have gone into\npoultry on a fair scale have, after a year or so, gone out of the business.\nDiseases op Animals.\u2014Distemper at times in horses ; black-leg in cattle during the very\nhot weather.    Cattle get too fat on the range in summer.\nClearing Land.\u2014Nothing but light clearing has so far been necessary on any of the\ncultivated lands in this section of the district. Draining is never necessary; a dry climate\nand a dry soil.    The rainfall and the snowfall is very light. 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 67\nIrrigation.\u2014All the best farms are irrigated. A few years ago it was supposed that\nnothing could be grown here without irrigation. Now, much grain and many good fields of\npotatoes are grown without artificial watering. Roots, other than potatoes and cabbages, cannot be grown without irrigation ; the summers are too dry. Much land may be brought into\nuse by bringing water from Elk River and other large streams\u2014a costly piece of work, however.\nTimber.\u2014Douglas fir on the foot-hills, red pine (P. ponderosa) on the plains, black pine\nin the mountains, cottonwood and spruce along the rivers.\nWeeds.\u2014We have the Canada thistle, and most of the weeds common to the country.\nThe wild buckwheat is the most annoying.\nPoisonous Plants.\u2014The wild parsnip (Cicuta\u2014J. R. A.) is occasionally found in places,\nand the garden parsnip, if left in the ground for the second year, becomes poisonous. This\nmay not be generally known, but horses have certainly been poisoned by eating it.\nNoxious Animals and Animal Pests.\u2014The only serious animal pest is the ground\nsquirrel (marmot); they are increasing to an astonishing extent. Now that the lynx, coyotes\nand animals that feed on them are killed out, there is no way of keeping them down. These\nmarmots destroy acres of oats and grain.\nLands.\u2014Most of the land left is railway land. About $4 per acre for grass land. Improved farms of value fetch a high figure.\nLabour.\u2014Whites, $2.50 per day at harvest time; $30 per month. No Chinese or\nJapanese. Indians, $1.50 to $2 per day for harvest work ; $1.25 occasional. During the past\ntwo seasons there has been a great difficulty in getting help at harvest time and for digging\npotatoes.    Still, the demand for steady work is very limited, except at harvest time.\nPrices of ordinary necessaries for settlers, furnished by Carlin & Durick, Fort Steele:\u2014\nFlour, Lake of the Woods, Ogilvie and Leitchs, $2.50 to $3 per 100 fts.; beef, 8c. to 15c\nper ft.; bacon, breakfast, 18c; bacon, dry salt, 15c; ham, 17^c. ; lard, 15c; butter, creamery\nNo. 1, 30c.; butter, dairy, 20c.; tea, 25c. to 50c ; sugar, $6 per 100 fts. ; cream, St. Charles,\nFamily, $5.75 per case, 4 dozen ; cream, St. Charles, Hotel, $6, 2 dozen; milk, Reindeer, $6.50,\n4 dozen; tomatoes, $3.50 per case; corn, $3; peas, $2.75; beans, $2.85; potatoes, $20 per\nton; beans, navy, 5c per ft.; beans, brown, 6c; evaporated apples, 14c; apricots, 12Jc ;\npeaches, 15c; French prunes, 10c; hay, $20 per ton; oats, $25 per ton; ploughs, $12 to $30;\nharness, $24 to $40; waggons, $90 to $125 ; hay rakes, $30 to $40 ; binders, $160; mowers,\n$60 ; binder twine, 20c per ft.; sleighs, $30 to $45 a set; cutters, $25 and up; buggies, $60\nand up; harrows, $16 to $30; nails, $5 per keg.\nWest Kootenay,\nIncluding the valley of the Columbia from the Big Bend, above Revelstoke, south to the\nInternational Boundary, a distance of some 200 miles, and the valley of the Kootenay River\nand Lakes from the Boundary Line north, a distance of some 45 miles. This covers a vast\nextent of territory, but inasmuch as it is almost altogether a mining region, it is all lumped\ntogether. Several towns, some of considerable size, such as Nelson and Rossland, are included\nin this section ; also others of lesser size, such as Revelstoke, Kaslo and others. The communication between these places is good, and consists of railroads, steamers and roads, and\naccess is easy by the same means of transportation to outside places. The land fit for agricultural purposes is comparatively small, generally wooded, along the valleys of the rivers, and\nin places requiring dyking, and while there do not exist large bodies of land suitable, still\nthere are patches from 50 to 1,000 acres in extent. In the Big Bend, on Goldstream, there\nexist large stretches of land that are covered with wild grass, at the same time the land is\nsubject to overflow during high water. Between Revelstoke and Carnes Creek there are some\nsplendid flats suitable for cultivation, but covered with heavy growth of cedar. Between\nCarnes Creek and Downie Creek there are some nice benches, also covered with a growth of\nheavy timber. The great drawback is, there is no market available for their products, everything has to be packed on mules' backs, costing on an average 7 cents per pound. In the\nvicinity of Revelstoke quite a large quantity of land is under cultivation. Hall's Landing is\nthe best farming land in this district. Galena Bay has quite a good piece of land that requires\nclearing.     In the pass between Thomson's Landing and Trout Lake quite a lot of land has A 68 Report on Agriculture, 1903\nbeen taken up during the last few years, and no doubt, as soon as the mines are worked, the\nland will be cleared and placed under cultivation. On Fish Creek there are large sections of\ngood land which is heavily timbered.\nThe town of Revelstoke is situated between the Gold and the Selkirk ranges, on the\nmain line of the C. P. R., at the point where it first crosses the Columbia River, going east,\nat an altitude of 1,476 feet. The river is navigable for steamers to this point from the American\nboundary through the Arrow Lakes. A branch line of the C. P. R. also runs down the river\nas far as Arrowhead, the point where the river runs into the Upper Arrow Lake. A large\nquantity of ore is transported by these means to Revelstoke and thence by the C. P. R. to\nvarious smelters. At Revelstoke and along the railway line one is struck with the luxuriant\ngrowth of red clover and the thriftiness of the vegetable and root crops. This being a wooded\nsection, no live stock, with the exception of poultry, is raised.\nFurther south, that is along the Arrow and Kootenay Lakes, there are small patches of\nalluvial bottom land at the mouths of streams, flats of small extent on the lake shores, and\nhere and there strips of higher land, gravelly loam slopes forming the base of mountains which\nrise abruptly along almost the whole of the shores of the lakes, comprising the only area fit for\ncultivation. The rest of the district is rugged in the extreme, and were it not for the great\nwealth of the mines would be worthless for all other purposes. As it is, the large and increasing mining populations of the Cities of Rossland, Nelson, Kaslo and elsewhere are creating\nsuch a profitable market that agricultural lands of this description must soon be occupied and\ncultivated. Such patches of land as have been referred to are extremely productive, especially\nfor fruits. On the ranch of Mr. Collins, on the lake shore opposite Nelson, are found apple,\npear, plum, cherry and peach trees, all exceedingly healthy and free from pests. At a point\non the Lower Arrow Lake, called Killarney, a trail leads into White Valley to Vernon, about\n72 miles, through which cattle can be driven.\nMeteorological Record for 1902.\nAt West Kootenay (probably reclamation works) :\u2014\nHighest temperature, August    85\u00b0\nLowest n January    -8\u00b0\nAverage      44.50\u00b0\nRainfall    18.73 inches.\nSnowfall    91.9\nAt Pilot Bay :\u2014\nHighest temperature, August        90\u00b0\nLowest ii January       - 3\u00b0\nAverage     46 .8\u00b0\nRainfall and snowfall not given.\nPublic schools are situated at Creston, Granite Siding, Hume, Nelson, Salmo, Silver King,\nYmir, Albert Canyon, Arrowhead, Comaplix, Ferguson, Illecillewaet, Nakusp, Revelstoke,\nThomson's Landing, Trout Lake, Rossland, Trail, Ainsworth, Kaslo, Lardo, New Denver,\nPilot Bay, Sandon, Silverton, Slocan, Three Forks and Whitewater.\nThe land in the valley of the Kootenay River, from its mouth to the point where it\ncrosses the boundary, is exceedingly rich, and, where it is dyked, yields crops of all kinds and\nfruit. Some difficulty has been, however, experienced in dyking the land, on account, it is\nsaid, of the nature of the subsoil. West Kootenay, taken as a whole, offers exceptional\nadvantages for profitable agricultural operations, as a good local market is ready to hand in\nthe mines all through the country. A line of railroad connects it with the Boundary country.\nThere are also lines running into the mining regions from various points, connecting them\nwith the points of supply, such as Nelson and Kaslo. Rossland, which is purely a mining\ntown, situated in the mountains, has two lines connecting it with points on the Columbia\nRiver.\nThe shores, for the most part, of the Arrow and Kootenay Lakes are mountainous, with\nhere and there small flats formed by the tributary streams. On the Arrow Lakes are situated\nthe Halcyon Hot Springs, where there is a Sanitarium. The waters of these springs are\nreported to be extremely efficacious in cases of rheumatic and similar complaints. Forest fires\nhave in many places denuded the mountains of the original timber, leaving the blackened 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 69\nstumps as silent mementos of their departed greatness. It is most regrettable that one of the\nbest assets of the country should, whether by design or accident, be thus ruthlessly destroyed,\nand we shall certainly be derelict in our duty if the suggestions offered by Mr. Cockle further\non are not acted upon. This reckless waste of timber is not confined to West Kootenay, but\nto every part of the Province. Fish and game are abundant throughout this region, and\nafford unlimited opportunities to sportsmen to distinguish themselves.\nReport of J. Wm. Cockle, Correspondent, Kaslo, for Kootenay Lake\n(outside of Nelson District).\n\u25a0 Kootenay Lake lies in a valley in the heart of the Selkirk Mountains, which rise from its\nshores to an altitude of from 4,000 to 7,500 feet. This valley extends from the International\nBoundary northwards for a distance of nearly 200 miles. From the International Boundary\na tract of meadows extends to the south end of Kootenay Lake, a distance of about 35 miles,\nand comprises an estimated area of 40,000 acres. These lands have been partially reclaimed\nby dyking, and are most productive. At the northern end of the lake the valley of the\nDuncan River, with an average width of from 1 to 3 miles, extends until it is shut off by the\nhigher mountain ranges that rise to the south of the Canadian Pacific Railway. The estimated\nnumber of ranchers is 150.\nWheat is not grown, nor any of the other grains.\nPotatoes.\u2014A most successful crop on all bottom lands ; no bad disease or pest. Prices\nruled about $20 per ton.\nApples.\u2014Several hundred acres of fruit have now been planted in small patches throughout the district. All of it is doing phenomenally well; the yield is good and the quality is\nunsurpassed anywhere in Canada. The general climatic conditions seem particularly adapted\nto fruit culture ; the rocky hillsides are all capable of being cultivated to fruit of all kinds.\nA little trouble has been experienced with oyster-shell bark louse, but energetic measures have\nresulted in keeping this in check, but Government inspection should be made available to all\nthe Interior, so that any pests may be kept in check, as some agriculturists are apt to delay\nspraying and other preventive measures until the pest has obtained a firm hold on the trees.\nPears.\u2014The pear leaf blister mite is bad all through the district. I have been advising\nthe use of poisoned Bordeaux for this pest, and hope to publish a letter on its habits and\nremedy this fall.\nPeaches do well.\nStrawberries are a splendid crop here, and large quantities have been shipped to\nWinnipeg and other western towns. Prices average about 10c. a pound, wholesale.\nBees.\u2014A few bees are kept, mostly Italian. They are reported as remunerative.\nExperiment Stations \u2014I would like to see the Canadian Pacific Railway Company, who\nown a very large area of mountain land, demonstrate that all of it, up to an altitude of 5,000\nfeet, can be made to produce the finest crop of fruits of all kinds, and as owners of such lands\nit is in their own interest to do so.\nTimber consists of Douglas fir on hillsides, white pine and cedar in bottoms and gulches,\nhemlock, spruce, tamarac (larch) on mountain sides, all abundant.\nDyking.\u2014The completion of the dyking on Kootenay River, for the reclamation from the\noverflow of the valley lying from Kootenay Lake southward to the Idaho boundary, is now\nproceeding actively. A contract has been let to the well-known railroad contractor, Mr. P.\nWelch, who has large forces of men and teams pushing the work forward with the utmost\nrapidity. This project, on which work has been carried on for several years, at an expenditure\nof nearly half a million dollars, is to do for the phenomenally rich lands of the Kootenay\nValley exactly what the dykes of the Mississippi have done for their district, by keeping the\nriver within its banks during the period of high water. The entire practicability of this work\nin the case of the Kootenay Valley is established by engineers of long practice in this special\nline, and after years of experience on this particular piece of work.\nThe obstacle which has hitherto retarded its completion was the necessity of building the\nsouthern cross dyke across a low part of the valley, so as to keep on the Canadian side of the\nInternational Boundary and parallel to it. This entailed building a dyke of excessive height\nwhere suitable material was not easily available, and to make this dyke capable of resisting\nhigh water was ultimately abandoned. The alternative was to continue the dyke south of the\nInternational Line along the river bank, where it has the advantage of higher land through- A 70 Report on Agriculture, 1903\nout, to a point where connection can be made between the dyke and the hills, without the\nnecessity of crossing any low land. Some delay was incurred owing to the land required for\nthis purpose on the United States side being occupied by parties who had not obtained legal\ntitle to it; and until the necessary time had elapsed to enable these titles to be completed, it\nwas impossible to secure the right of way for the extension of the dykes. The question of\ntitle has now, however, been settled, and immediately thereupon the work of continuing the\ndykes has been put in hand, and the large force employed by the contractor assures its completion without any loss of time.\nThe land which will thus be reclaimed from overflow is some of the richest to be found\nanywhere on this continent. It is composed entirely of the accumulated silt and vegetable\ndeposit of centuries, making an inexhaustible depth of the most magnificently fertile soil.\nThe farm which was started some years ago on these lands for experimental purposes has\ndemonstrated the extraordinarily prolific nature of the soil in growing all farm and garden\ncrops, as well as its profitable use for cattle. This farm has been carried on uninterruptedly,\nin spite of being flooded once or more every year, and has been a large producer of vegetables\nof all kinds, apples and other fruits, hay, beef, pork. The quick maturity of all crops in this\nrich soil and favourable climate is a special feature; stones or stumps are, of course, unknown,\nand the value of a tract of many miles of land entirely free from rocks or roots in a country\nwhere it pays people to spend from $50 to $80 per acre in clearing land alone, need not be\ndwelt on. Along the eastern portion of the lands run two competing lines of railroad, the\nCanadian Pacific (Crow's Nest division) and the Great Northern, which connects the main\nsystem of the Great Northern at Bonner's Ferry with Kootenay Lake. These lands have\nthus the best of transportation facilities already in operation, whilst through their centre\nflows the wide and almost currentless Kootenay River, navigable by the largest of the lake\nsteamers, which places the produce of Kootenay Valley within a rate of $1 per ton from the\nmining markets of Kootenay at such distributing points as Nelson, Kaslo, Ainsworth and\nLardo. This fact is of especial interest in considering the advantages to the entire Kootenay\nDistrict of such a tract of farming land in its centre. When the hay, potatoes and grain, on\nwhich heavy freights and, in some cases, import duties are now paid, can all be produced here\nin our own district, as well as the beef and pork, milk and butter, for which there is so ready\na market here, the money earned in our mining camps can be kept at home to make Kootenay\nas nearly as possible a self-supporting country.\nIt is probably the case that nowhere on the continent can a tract of land be found combining such advantages of soil, climate and proximity to good markets as the 40,000 acres on\nthe Canadian-Kootenay River, which are rapidly being reclaimed from the overflow that has\nkept them idle until now.\nEntomological.\u2014There appears to be a possibility of rather a large lot of cut-worms\n(Peridroma saucia) this year. Quite a number of moths have been seen during the past\nmonth, and patches of eggs are numerous.    Too early yet to say what the result will be.\nForest Fires.\u2014Government rangers should be appointed to examine into all causes of\nfires as far as possible, and the punishment of people guilty of allowing bush fires to start.\nLands.\u2014A little Government land. Most of the district held under railway land grants,\nby the C. P. R. and Kaslo & Slocan Railway Company.\nLabour.\u2014Whites, scarce; Chinese, a few, wages $15 to $30 per month; no Japanese\nnor Indians. inirnitfir \u2022 **     -\u25a0'**>f* 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 71\nLOWER     MAINLAND.\nSouth Side of Fraser River.\nFrom the mouth of the Fraser River to Hope is one of the most fertile sections of the\nProvince ; the land, being mostly composed of silt, is an alluvial deposit of great depth. In\nthis section are included the municipalities of Delta, Surrey, Langley, Matsqui, Sumas and\nChilliwhack, and the unorganised district between the last named and Hope.\nMeteorological Records in 1902.\nAt Ladners : \u2014\nHighest temperature (incomplete), August  82\u00b0\nLowest i, n January      2\u00b0\nRainfall  33.47 inches,\nSnowfall  17.5\nChilliwhack :\nHighest temperature, August    94\u00b0\nLowest 'i January         10\u00b0\nAverage m    49.4\u00b0\nRainfall    59.20 inches.\nSnowfall    29.3\nMatsqui :\nHighest temperature, August    92\u00b0\nLowest ii January      8.5\u00b0\nAverage n ....    48.9\u00b0\nRainfall    58.25 inches.\nSnowfall    20.8\nPublic schools are situated at Abbotsford, Aberdeen, Atchelitz, Camp Slough, Cheam\nChilliwhack, Chilliwhack East, Chilliwhack South, Cultus Lake, Dunach, Dunach South, Fairfield, Huntingdon, Jubilee, Matsqui, Mount Lehman, Rosedale, Sumas, Sumas South, Sumas\nUpper, Vedder Mountain, Aldergrove, Aldergrove South, Anniedale, Beaver, Belmont, Brownsville, Clayton, Crescent Island, Delta, Douglas, Glen Valley, Glenwood, Gulfside, Hall's\nPrairie, Kensington, Kensington East, Ladner, Langley, Langley East, Langley Prairie,\nLochiel, Mud Bay, Newton Road, Otter, Port Kells, Prairie, Spring Brook, Sunbury, Surrey\nCentre, Trenant, Tynehead and Westham.\nDelta is low-lying, with little or no timber; soil very rich in all elements of plant food.\nThe greater portion of Surrey lies much higher. The timber consists of deciduous trees, principally of alder, maple (three kinds), cherry and birch ; and coniferous trees of Douglas fir,\nspruce, cedar and hemlock. The Great Northern Railway runs through its centre to South\nWestminster, and to Ladner and Port Guichon, on the Delta, thence a steam ferry conveys\ntrains to Sydney, where they are landed and conveyed to Victoria by rail. This alone is a\ngreat factor towards the prosperity of this section, but when this line is supplemented by a\nline through the districts above Surrey, the southern side of the Fraser having connections\nwith Victoria by the ferry above mentioned, and, by the bridge now being constructed across\nthe Fraser at New Westminster, with Vancouver, will become one of the most prosperous sections in the Province. There are co-operative creameries at Delta and Chilliwhack, and proprietory creameries at Sumas and Chilliwhack which together manufacture a large quantity of\nbutter and are of great benefit to the dairymen throughout this section. Besides these creameries, there is one situated at New Westminster, on the other side of the river, and many of\nthe farmers of Surrey find it more advantageous to take their cream to that point. The fish\noffal which, during the salmon-canning season, accumulates in great quantities at Ladner,\nshould be converted into a most valuable fertiliser;  but up to this time it is simply wasted. A 72 Report on Agriculture, 1903\nLangley, the district next above Surrey, has some low-lying land subject to overflow, and,\ntherefore, requiring dyking; the major portion, however, is out of the reach of floods, and\nmuch of it is covered with a second growth of the deciduous trees aforementioned, the original\nforest of cedar and fir having been destroyed by fire at some bygone period, leaving only the\nhuge trunks, some still standing, but mostly fallen, to tell the tale. The cedar logs, although\ndead for many years, are still sound, and are utilised by the settlers for many purposes ; not\nso the fir, which is mostly decayed beyond redemption. Thus one of the best assets of the\nProvince is often sacrificed to carelessness or worse. Matsqui and Sumas have a large area of\nlow-lying land in the vicinity of the Fraser and Sumas Lake, which requires dyking. That at\nMatsqui has, in point of fact, been reclaimed, and the dykes have so far stood well. The land\nabout Sumas Lake is not so favourably situated, as the Chilliwhack River flows through it,\nand it is therefore subject to flood from that source, as well as from the Fraser. Chilliwhack\nis the banner district of this part; it is well situated, and much of the land is beyond the reach\nof floods; those parts which lie low are dyked and so reclaimed. The soil, as it is all through\nthe previously-mentioned districts, is fertile beyond description, and, therefore, crops of all\nkinds are produced in the greatest perfection. Dairying is carried on extensively and is\nincreasing in importance daily. Grain-growing is, of course, not prosecuted to any great\nextent, as the land can be put to much more profitable uses. Root crops are largely grown, as\nwell as fruit, for which this district is celebrated. It is also a fine district for the production\nof honey, as white clover grows everywhere and remains in bloom through the summer. The\nvalley above the district of Chilliwhack becomes more contracted, owing to the mountains\napproaching nearer the river. All the land is good, but covered with a thick undergrowth,\nprincipally of vine maple and some large timber. Popcum is the name of a place some twelve\nmiles above Chilliwhack, where the Messrs. Knight had a saw-mill, but where the manufacture\nof excelsior is now carried on. At the back of Popcum, rises the peak of Cheam, some 8,000\nfeet above the level of the sea, which Dr. Fletcher, Dominion Botanist and Entomologist at\nOttawa, in company with the writer, has ascended and secured many valuable specimens at\nvarious times. This is a trip well worth taking by those disposed for some hard work, the\nreward of which is beautiful scenery and fine mountain air. Above Popcum is St. Elmo, where\na large prune orchard is planted ; and then Hope, where the mountains finally close in on the\nFraser. Hope, it is expected, will ultimately be the point at which the proposed railway\nthrough the Similkameen will eventually find its way to the Fraser, and thence to its mouth.\nThe following report of Mr. E. A. Bown, Delta, is reproduced in part : \u2014\nGeneral Description.\u2014 The Delta of the Fraser River includes all the low land lying\nsouth of and adjacent to the Fraser River for a distance of fifteen miles from its mouth, and\nalso includes Westham Island, which is separated from the rest of the district by the Canoe\nPass of the Fraser River. The district is protected from the river and from the tidal waters\nof the Gulf of Georgia and Boundary Bay by a system of dykes, which cost the municipality in\nthe neighbourhood of $100,000. The soil is for the most part very rich, and produces abundant\ncrops. It has every advantage which proximity of markets affords, being in direct communication by steamboat with Victoria, Vancouver, Nanaimo, New Westminster and other\nimportant points. Shipping facilities are of the best, for it is possible to ship at almost any\npoint of the 15 miles of river front, and also at Boundary and Mud Bays. The waggon roads\nare good, the principal materials used in their construction being plank and gravel. The schools\nare good, and so placed as to make it possible for every child in the district to attend without\nany hardship. There is a school situated at each of the following points in the district: At\nGulfside, at Boundary Bay, at East Delta, at Trenant, at Sunbury, at Westham Island, and\na department school at Ladner, presided over by three teachers, making a total of seven\nschools and nine teachers. The fisheries of the district are of great importance, as they\nembrace a large portion of the world-famous fishing-ground of the Fraser River. There are\ntwelve salmon canneries located here, including some of the largest on the river; the large\nnumber of men employed and the value of the product make this a very important industry.\nThe resident population of the district is about 2,000, but this is increased during the fishing\nseason to 5,000 or 6,000. Taken as a whole, the district is one of the richest and most prosperous in the Province ; the taxes are not high, and the financial condition is good ; the people\nare contented and prosperous, and satisfactory and steady progress is being made in wealth\nand population. ISP For report on Kettle River Division of Rossland Riding,\nsee page 139. 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 73\nWheat.\u2014Very little is grown here. That which is grown is used entirely for feeding\nstock and chickens. It is not considered hard enough for milling purposes, but should make\ngood breakfast food.    Ruling price, $25 per ton.\nOats.\u2014Swedish, American, Banner, Russian Banner and Golden Giant are grown;\naverage yield per acre, 2,500 pounds.    The ruling prices were from $20 to $25 per ton.\nBarley is grown successfully, and is used almost entirely for hog feed. I do not know\nof any having been marketed, and none has been used for malting purposes.\nPeas.\u2014No peas grown here. People who have experimented with them say that they\ndo not ripen, but keep on growing. This is probably due to the great fertility of the soil, and\nthe moisture which the ground always retains.\nPotatoes.\u2014All standard varieties are successfully grown.\nGrasses and Clovers.\u2014Timothy and Clover (principally Alsike) are grown for hay.\nYield, about 2-3? tons per acre ; average price, $10 per ton. Timothy, I think, can be strongly\nrecommended for hay which is to be marketed in cities, where most of our hay is shipped.\nFor home use, most farmers prefer a good proportion of clover, mixed with Timothy.\nRape is successfully grown, and is used for pasturing sheep.\nEnsilage is not used to any extent.\nFruits.\u2014All the standard varieties are grown with fair success. Ruling prices : Apples,\n75 cents to $1 per box; plums, 2 cents per pound.\nDairying is carried on to a considerable extent, and is increasing rapidly from year to\nyear. Private dairying is considered profitable. Whether it is more profitable than\nco-operative creameries depends principally upon how much the dairyman knows about his\nbusiness.    Grass is never scarce.\nHorses.\u2014The horse business has been profitable. There has been no over-production of\ngood horses. Clydesdale horses and good roadsters are the best sellers. The Percheron I\nbelieve to be the best general-purpose horse for farmers' use.    Prices have been from $125 to\nSheep.\u2014A good many sheep are raised.    The industry is said to be a profitable one.\nHogs.\u2014Swine production is being prosecuted systematically. The price has been about\n6c. for pigs on foot. Berkshires are recommended. Many swine are fattened in the fall by\nletting them run on the grain fields. Where there has been a heavy crop there is always considerable left on the ground, and hogs do very well on it.\n.Draining. There are some hundreds of miles of under-drains in this district; cedar is\nused principally. The manner of under-draining in this locality is as follows :\u2014A trench is\ndug about 18 inches wide and about 1\\ feet deep ; then a single spade cut is taken out of the\nbottom, making a small trench about 6 inches wide and 8 inches deep. Cedar slabs are laid\nacross the small trench or tongue and covered in. This leaves an under-drain 6x8 inches,\nwhich retains its shape in the stiff clay subsoil for an indefinite period. The cedar covering is\ngood for possibly hundreds of years. A different method would probobly have to be adopted\nin a subsoil of a different nature.    The work is generally done by Chinamen,\nDyking.\u2014It has cost $100,000 to dyke this district. The work was done by steam\ndredgers. The dyke has been most successful, and has increased the value of the land at least\n$20 per acre, or about a million dollars for the whole district.\nLabour.\u2014Whites, $25 to $30 per month, with board, or $2 per day; Chinese, $15 per\nmonth, with board, or $1 per day.    The supply is generally equal to the demand.\nReport of Mr. H. Bose, Surrey Centre.\nThe District of Surrey is situated south of the Fraser River, the Fraser River being the\nnorth boundary, Langley the east, the International line the south, and Delta the west. The\ndistrict is intersected by three streams besides the Fraser\u2014the Campbell River, Nieomekl,\nand Serpentine. Nieomekl and Serpentine are tidal, and navigable for some distance, from\ntheir outlet into Mud Bay. The bulk of the hay and oat crop is shipped on small steamers,\nwhich come up these rivers. Soil is alluvial, clay loam, loam and gravel. The Great Northern\nruns through the district from Blaine to South Westminster. New Westminster is our\nmarket town, reached by a system of fairly good roads.    Approximate number of ranchers 600.\nWheat.\u2014About 200 acres in wheat, all used for feeding hens. Very little fall wheat\ngrown. Yield about 30 to 40 bushels per acre; varieties : Red Fife, Early Preston. Ruling\nprices during the year 1902, $25 to $30 per ton. A 74 Report on Agriculture, 1903\nOats.\u2014The following varieties are successfully grown : Swedish, White Russian and New\nZealand. Average yield per acre, 2,250 pounds. Approximate area under oats, 3,000 acres.\nWe have had the best crop of oats this year ever grown in my district. No diseases or pests.\nRuling prices, $20 to $30 per ton.\nBarley.\u2014Varieties successfully grown are :\u2014Chevalier, Mensury, Rough. Area under\nbarley, 300 acres; yield, 2,000 lbs. per acre. None produced for malting purposes; mostly\nused on the farm for feeding hogs.\nRye.\u2014Only about 15 acres grown in my district.\nPeas.\u2014The following varieties are successfully grown :\u2014Egyptian Mummy, Canadian\nBeauty, Crown, Blue Prussian, Gray. Approximate number of acres, 150; yield about 2,000\npounds to the acre. No diseases and pests this year. Ruling prices during 1902, $30 to $40\nper ton.\nPotatoes.\u2014The following varieties are successfully grown :\u2014Early Rose, Burpee's Extra\nEarly, White Elephant, Empire State, White Delaware and I.X.L. Approximate number of\nacres, 2,000; yield, 10 tons per acre. A little blight, but, on the whole, a fine crop this year.\nRuling prices, $8 to $20 per ton.\nMangolds.\u2014Varieties successfully grown, Long Red and Globe. Approximate number\nof acres, 25 ; yield, 20 tons per acre.    Fed at home.\nCarrots.\u2014Varieties successfully grown: Long White and Short White for feeding, Shorthorn and Intermediate for table; 16 to 20 tons yield to the acre : $7 to $10 a ton ; not many\nsold.\nTurnips.\u2014Purple Top Swede are successfully grown. Approximate number of acres, 20;\nyield, 20 tons to the acre.    Fed at home.\nSugar Beet.\u2014A few grown for cattle feed only.\nOther Roots and Vegetables.\u2014Onions, about 10 acres; yield, 12 tons to the acre;\nruling price, $20 to $30 per ton. Varieties successfully grown : Yellow Danvers, Red Wethers-\nfield and Australian Brown. Cabbages, 5 acres; yield, 18 tons to the acre; varieties, Flat\nDutch, Early Jersey and Wakefield. Beets, 1 acre; varieties, Globe and Long Dark Red.\nParsnips, variety, Hollow Crown.\nGrasses and Clovers.\u2014Timothy, Red Top. Alsike, Red and White Dutch. These are\nabout the only ones sown. We have a number that come wild into our meadows, such as\nMesquite. Yield, 2 to 3|- tons per acre; $7 to $9 per ton, put on the steamer. It will take\nquite a long time before Timothy will lose its position as being the grass sown more than any\nother, as it is the only hay that is wanted by the dealers.\nAustrian Brome Grass.\u2014We have had a few acres in this district, but it is not a good\nhay grass after the second year. Its life is too short, until such time that we practise a\nrotation of crops.\nNative Grasses.\u2014Blue Joint is the most valuable wild grass we have, but it does not\nstand cutting well for hay.\nIndian Corn.\u2014Indian Corn can be grown in my district on all the loam soils. On the\nbottoms it is liable to be caught by frost before the grain is glazed. Stowell's Evergreen does\nwell.\nSunflowers grow well, but are not grown much for feeding purposes. The seeds are\nused for hen feed.\nRape.\u2014A little grown, but believe it will be grown more extensively when its value is\nunderstood for fall feeding for sheep.\nMillet.\u2014A little grown.    If allowed to ripen, seed is valuable for feeding young chicks.\nEnsilage.\u2014Have six silos in my district, but their use is not spreading very fast. Clover\nis the material which we could grow easiest, but has not given satisfaction altogether, on\naccount of coming out too soon. For corn we need a cutter and power, which means a good\noutlay, and some seasons it would not be a good crop.\nHops.\u2014We had one garden in my district, but it has been ploughed up.\nFlax of a fine quality has been grown in my district in experimental plots.\nApples.\u2014The following varieties are successfully cultivated : Yellow Transparent, Red\nAstrachan, Gravenstein, Wealthy, Ribston Pippin, Rhode Island Greening, Baldwin, Golden\nRusset, Jonathan, Blue Pearmain, Salome. Good yield of apples this year. Approximate\nnumber of trees, 8,000. Worst pest is the bark disease; remedies applied, spraying with\nBordeaux mixture.    Ruling prices, 50c. to $1 per box.  3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 75\nPears.\u2014The following varieties are successfully grown: Bartlett, Beurre Clairgeau,\nVicar of Winkfield, Clapp's Favourite and Seckel. Black spot and canker on fruit. Ruling\nprices, 50c. to $1.20 a box.    Approximate number of trees, 2,000.\nPlums and Prunes.\u2014The following varieties are successfully grown : Washington, Yellow\nEgg, Peach, Greengage, Pond's Seedling. Prunes\u2014Italian, French and German. Yield good\nthis year. Approximate number of trees, 2,000. Ruling prices, 20c to 40c per box. A\nglut on our local markets this year.\nCherries.\u2014The following varieties are successfully grown : May Duke, Gov. Wood,\nQueen Anne, Black Tartarian, English Morello. Approximate number of trees, 1,000. Four\nto six cents per ft.\nPeaches, Apricots and Nectarines.\u2014A few peaches and apricots grown, but not a safe\ncrop.\nQuinces and Grapes.\u2014A few grown, but not in saleable quantities.\nSmall Fruits.\u2014All small fruits do well, except gooseberries, a good many of which\nmildew; 3c. to 10c. per ft.    About 50 tons produced in my district.\nDairying.\u2014There are at least 500 cows in my district. No cheese is manufactured.\nPart of our cream is made into butter at home, and part shipped to the creamery in New\nWestminster. All our cream would produce 70,000 lbs. a year. A good many of our farmers\nfind that it pays better to make butter at home than to sell cream to a creamery. I know this\nfrom good reliable men, who have tried both.\nFeeding.\u2014The feeding of dairy stock has not received the attention yet that it deserves,\nbut it will receive more attention as the district gets more developed. Clearing and draining\nland is at present our most important work.\nSummer Feed for Dairy Cattle.\u2014On the majority of farms we have lots of feed from\nMay to November. A few help their cows by feeding peas and oats, commencing in August.\nThis is the best green crop we can grow in this district.\nHorned Cattle.\u2014Cattle-raising against sheep-raising, the sheep pay best; but dairying\nand raising calves against sheep, possibly the cows would come out ahead, although a small\nflock of sheep could be kept on every farm that is fenced, with profit. Ruling prices: beef,\n3|c to 5c. per ft., on foot; milch cows, good ones, not culls, $45 to $65. Shorthorn is the best\nfor the majority of farmers.\nHorses.\u2014We are raising a few more colts now than three or four years ago. The last\ntwo years there has been a shortage of good horses. We raised a few Clydes and Percherons,\nalthough most of the farmers are raising what we call a general-purpose horse, weight, 1,200\nto 1,450 fts., as we find these horses the best for farm work.\nSheep.\u2014 Sheep-raising is increasing a little ; there is profit in it. Oxford Downs seem to\nbe getting the favourite. Ruling prices : sheep, $5.50 to $7.50 each ; lambs, $3 to $5 each ;\nwool, 5c. to 6c. a pound. Fluke, low price of wool and dogs, militate against the success of\nthis industry.\nSwine.\u2014We raise quite a lot of swine in my district. Quite a number of farmers raise\nthem systematically. All killed and sold for the butcher's block. Prices on foot average 6c.\na pound.    Berkshire is the best hog at present, as we only raise them to supply the market.\nPoultry.\u2014Poultry-raising receives a good deal of attention in my district. For the\namount of capital invested, it is the most profitable branch of our farm work. White and\nBrown Leghorns, Black Minorcas, Plymouth Rocks and Wyandottes are the favourite varieties.\nAverage price for eggs, 25c a dozen; hens, $5 to $10 a dozen, according to breed ; broilers,\n$3 to $5 a dozen.\nBees.\u2014Only two farmers raise honey in any quantities ; 20c to 25c a pound.\nDiseases op Animals.\u2014On the whole, our domestic animals are healthy. On some of the\npeat lands they have trouble in raising young cattle.\nExperiment Stations.\u2014The station at Agassiz is doing good work, but, on account of\nthe many different kinds of soils and climatic conditions in British Columbia, it is placed at a\ndisadvantage. I would not recommend any expenditure by the Province. If the farmers\nreally want information respecting their own conditions, let them meet together at their\nInstitute meetings and discuss matters amongst themselves.\nAgricultural Education.\u2014The majority are indifferent on this question. Personally,\nI believe in short courses of lectures, so that the children learn the laws of nature underlying\nall our farm work. A 76 Report on Agriculture, 1903\nFarmers' Institutes.\u2014The membership of the Surrey Institute is growing. The literature is well appreciated.\nSoils.\u2014A good deal of our peat lands lack potash. The application of potash has a\nsplendid effect on potatoes and wheat.\nFertilisers.\u2014A number of farmers are commencing to use artificial manures in small\nquantities. The Victoria Chemical Co. is our source of supply. No artificial fertilisers in my\ndistrict, to my knowledge. Most farmers make use of their barnyard manure; a few neglect\nit, by allowing it to be washed out by the rain.\nClearing Land.\u2014Powder is the best means of removing large stumps. The capstan\nstumping machine is the best, as far as I know. Cost of clearing land varies from $5 per acre\nfor light hardhack to $300 per acre for heavy fir and cedar lands.\nDraining.\u2014All our bottom lands are under-drained that we are farming. We use cedar.\nIt costs about 5c for labour to split enough cedar to build one rod (16J ft.) of drain. It cost\nfrom 10c to 25c per rod to dig drain.\nDyking.\u2014A good deal of our bottom land is dyked, mostly by individual labour. We\nhave one small co-operative dyke. Most of our dykes have been built with Chinese labour;\ntwo with a steam dredge.    Cost, $5 to $8 per acre.\nPecuniary assistance.\u2014This is a complicated question. Personally do not believe in\nGovernment assistance, except in large draining, dyking or irrigation works. Sorry to say\nthat our Government has not made a financial success of the works they have undertaken.\nTimber.\u2014The following trees grow in this district: Cedar, Douglas fir, spruce, balsam,\nfir, hemlock, alder, birch, maple.\nWeeds.\u2014We have a couple of patches of Canada thistles in my district. Our Council\nis keeping them in check, but do not seem to be eradicating them.\nPoisonous Plants.\u2014Wild parsnip is the only plant that kills a few cattle now and again\nin my district.\nEntomological.\u2014There are no new pests.    Very few cut worms this year.\nNoxious Animals and Animal Pests.\u2014The following animals are prevalent in this dis\ntrict : Bears, water rats, skunks, wild-cats and coons.    They are not increasing.\nForest Fires.\u2014No bad fires this year.\nLands.\u2014There is still a little Government land in this district, but it is covered by timber\nlease.    Price, $10 to $75 per acre for improved farms.\nLabour.\u2014Whites, $1.50 to $2 per day or $25 to $40 per month ; Chinese, 75 cents to\n$1.25 per day, mostly hired by contract ; Japanese, $1.25 to $1.50 per day. Very few\nIndians as labourers in my district.     Labour- is usually scarce during the fishing season.\nReport of Mr. Z. D. Page, of Port Kells.\nGeneral Description.\u2014Port Kells is 10 miles above New Westminster, on the south\nbank of the Fraser River. There is daily communication by steamboats and railway trains;\nalso a good waggon road. It is well adapted for fruit, chicken-raising, dairying and general\nfarming.     Unimproved land can be bought for about $10 per acre.\nPotatoes.\u2014Most of the leading varieties are grown; yield, about 8 tons per acre; price,\nabout $10 per ton.\nCarrots.\u2014Variety successfully grown, Short White. Average yield, about 20 tons to\nthe acre; not grown for the market, but fed to stock.\nTurnips.\u2014Variety successfully grown, Purple Top Swede; yield below the average, on\naccount of green lice on tops.\nIndian Corn.\u2014Corn is successfully grown. I grew Mitchell's Early in 1902. It came\nto the glazed state early in September, but was rather short for ensilage.\nVetches grow a good crop of green fodder; are excellent sown with oats for soiling.\nApples were a much better quality this year; price, from 50c to $1 per box.\nPears.\u2014Bartlett most profitable. Shipped to the North-West and Manitoba. Price,\nabout $1 per box of 40 fts.\nDairying is the principal industry carried on in this vicinity (N. E. corner of Surrey and\nN. W. of Langley), and the product is mostly sold in the market at New Westminster.\nHorses.\u2014Heavy horses have been in good demand, at from $150 to $250 each.\nPoultry.\u2014Poultry-raising, or rather egg-raising, is profitable, and is carried on successfully\nhere. Eggs sell from 20c. in early spring to 50c at the end of the year. I think the Leghorns\nare hard to beat. 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 77\nLands.\u2014The price of farms varies according to the improvements. Partly improved, or\nplaces with considerable improvements on, can be bought for about $20 to $30 per acre, and\nperhaps less.\nReport of  Mr. Orion Bowman, Upper Sumas.\nGeneral Description.\u2014I can add little to the former reports, except that dairying is\nbeing carried out more systematically than formerly. The dairy product of this valley has\ndoubled within the past three years. The returns to the farmers for cream and butter are\nnow about $12,000 annually, while the production of veal, beef and pork are about half or\ntwo-thirds as much more.\nArea of Cultivated Land.\u2014There are 10,000 acres of flooded grazing land, with\nprobably 500 cultivated and not usually overflowed. Wheat, oats, barley and peas succeed\nwell in this district.    Also potatoes, the latter selling for $15 per ton.\nGrasses and Clovers.\u2014The indigenous grasses are the only ones that succeed when the\nland floods every year. Red clover does well, and is about the best auxiliary when the\nland does not flood.\nWild Vetches are indigenous and of good feeding value.\nApples are very plentiful, but prices are so unsatisfactory that the summer and fall\nvarieties are not all marketed.\nPlums and Prunes are very plentiful, but there is no market for them.\nCreameries.\u2014The Sumas Creamery, Orion Bowman, manager and proprietor, is supplied\nwith milk or cream from 350 cows. Most of the farmers have hand separators and send the\ncream only, which is the most economical.\nPoisonous Plants.\u2014No instances of poisoning have occurred for three or more years.\nNorth  Side of Fraser River.\nFrom the mouth of the river to Yale, including the Municipalities of Richmond, South\nVancouver, Burnaby, Coquitlam, Maple Ridge, Mission, Dewdney, Nicomen and Kent, and\nthe unorganised districts adjacent to and to the eastward of the last-mentioned municipality.\nIn this area are situated two of the principal cities of the Province, viz., Vancouver and New\nWestminster, and the Canadian Pacific Railway runs through its entire length. There is\nmore high land in this section than on the south side, but also an immense area of low lands,\nliable, where not protected by dykes, to floods when the snows melt in the mountains, during\nthe months of May and June. These lands are equally fertile with those on the other side of\nthe river, and much the same conditions prevail.\nMeteorological Records for 1902.\nAt New Westminster :\u2014\nHighest temperature, July  90.7\u00b0\nLowest ii January      2.0\u00b0\nAverage n   48.9\u00b0\nRainfall  59.73 inches.\nSnowfall  35.1       n\nAt Agassiz :\u2014\u25a0\nHighest temperature, July  95.0\u00b0\nLowest ii January      1.0\u00b0\nAverage u  47.5\u00b0\nRainfall  51.88 inches.\nSnowfall  28 ..\nAt Nicomen:\u2014\nHighest temperature, August  94.0\u00b0\nLowest ii November      9.0\u00b0\nAverage n   49.5\u00b0\nRainfall  70.94 inches.\nSnowfall  13 n A 78 Report on Agriculture, 1903\nAt Vancouver:\u2014\nHighest temperature, July  86.8\u00b0\nLowest ii November        6.0\u00b0\nAverage n   48.9\u00b0\nRainfall  64.39 inches.\nSnowfall (probably an error)      9 n\nAt Point Garry :\u2014\nHighest temperature, July  78.5\u00b0\nLowest ii November  7.0\u00b0\nAverage n  47.8\u00b0\nRainfall  37.72 inches.\nSnowfall  17.0\nAt Coquitlam :\u2014\nRainfall    75.55 inches.\nSnowfall    19.8\nPublic schools are situated at Burton, Ferndale, Hammond, Haney, Haney East, Harrison\nHot Springs, Harrison River, Hatzic, Hatzic Lake, Junction, Maple Ridge, Mission, Morris\nValley, Nicomen North, Port Moody, Silverdale, Stave River, Wharnock, Webster's Corners,\nBarnet, Burnaby, Burnaby West, Centre Road, English, Lulu Island, Moodyville, North Arm,\nSea Island, Steveston, Vancouver East, Vancouver West, Vancouver South, Agassiz, Hope,\nHope Station, Yale and Saint Elmo.\nThe Municipality of Richmond includes Lulu and Sea Islands, which are formed by the\nnorth and south channels of the Fraser, access to which is had by steamers, waggon and railroad ; the two latter connect it with Vancouver and New Westminster and the former with\nVictoria. It is, therefore, exceptionally well situated as regards the surrounding markets.\nMost of the milk supply for the City of Vancouver comes from this district, which, on account\nof the plentiful supply of green, succulent food, is admirably adapted for such purposes. For\nthe same reason, little or no butter is manufactured, it being more profitable to sell the milk.\nSteveston, the chief village in the municipality, situated on the Fraser, is the point from which\na great deal of the canned salmon is shipped. There are many salmon canneries on both the\nchannels mentioned above. These islands, lying low, require dyking, and the soil, as it is on\nthe other side of the river, is of great depth and fertility, producing enormous crops of all\nkinds. Part of the middle portion of Lulu Island is peaty, and lying lower, as it does, than\nthat nearer the river, is difficult to reclaim. This class of land is, however, of comparatively\nsmall extent. The Municipality of South Vancouver is bounded on the south by Richmond,\non the west by a Government reserve, on the north by Vancouver City, and on the east by\nBurnaby. The land in this municipality is high and out of the reach of flood, and is, as a\nrule, very heavily wooded. Dairying, for supplying milk to Vancouver, is also carried on in\nthis section ; also fruit-growing and some market gardening. The Municipality of Burnaby\nis bounded by the last-named municipality on the one side, and on the other side by Coquitlam\nMunicipality, the other two boundaries being Burrard Inlet and the Fraser. New Westminster is situated in this Municipality, on the Fraser. The land is high and similar in its\ncharacteristics to South Vancouver; for the most part a rich loam, and intersected by gravelly\nridges. There are many small holdings in this section devoted to fruit and market gardening,\nfor which it is well adapted. One of the best district exhibits made at the New Westminster\nAgricultural Show last year came from Burnaby. An electric tram line runs through this\nmunicipality connecting the towns of Vancouver and New Westminster ; good roads also\nintersect it in several directions. Coquitlam is a large, irregular municipality lying to the east\nof Burnaby, and extending north to the Coquitlam and Pitt Lakes. It consequently embraces\npart of the Pitt Meadows, which are low-lying and are dyked. The Coquitlam and Pitt\nRivers run through this municipality and empty into the Fraser above New Westminster;\nthe main line of the Canadian Pacific Railway also runs through it and is the chief means of\ncommunication. The land is partly wooded and partly low meadows ; the former is, as a rule,\nhigh, and does not require dyking. It is all fertile, with the exception of the dry, gravelly,\nfir-clad ridges. Maple Ridge Municipality follows, bounded on its southern side by the Fraser,\nand running back some six miles it embraces the greater part of the Pitt Meadows, which were\npartly dyked by a syndicate some years ago, and are now for sale in lots to suit purchasers, -\"''\"^tsSIf\ne\n<!\n>\n<\n0\n<\nCQ\nz\nw\nQ\nW 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 79\nthe price being about $40 per acre. The land in these meadows is exceedingly fertile and\nwell adapted for dairying. The principal places are Port Hammond, Port Haney and Whar-\nnock, all stations on the Canadian Pacific Railway. With the exception of the Pitt Meadows,\nthe land in this municipality is high and out of the reach of floods. It is wooded, but not\nheavily, with a second growth of fir and cedar, and the usual deciduous trees. Lillooet River,\na fine trout stream, flows through almost the entire length. This is a fine fruit section, and a\ngreat deal of attention is being paid to the industry. It is also good for dairying, and were a\ncreamery established hereabouts it would prove to be one of the most successful in the Lower\nFraser districts. Some sheep are produced, the country being fairly well adapted for the\npurpose; pigs are also produced in limited numbers.\nMission Municipality adjoins Maple Ridge to the eastward, and is very well described by\nMr. A. W. Peen, correspondent, whose report is to be found further on. Stave River flows\nthrough Mission, and affords splendid trout fishing at certain seasons. A milk-condensing\nfactory and creamery is situated on the Fraser at a point where the Canadian Pacific Railway\ncrosses the Fraser. This establishment has had the effect of promoting dairying greatly, not\nonly in this municipality but in Matsqui, on the opposite side of the river, and the vicinity\ngenerally. Further on the report of this factory appears. Dewdney is a small municipality\nto the eastward of Mission. Except in the back part, it is subject to overflow when the\nriver is in flood. The higher portions are rather heavily wooded. Much the same conditions\nexist here as in Mission. The municipality of Nicomen comes next, and embraces the island\nof Nicomen. This is a fine, fertile island, partly open, but mostly wooded with cottonwood or\npoplar, which is easily cleared; but, unfortunately, it is not dyked, and, consequently, it is\nliable to be flooded at high water. The mountains at this point approach the Fraser very\nclose, greatly narrowing the valley and contracting the area of agricultural land. To the\neastward of Nicomen is Seabird Island, an Indian Reserve and an unorganised district, extending to the municipality of Kent. Agassiz, where the Dominion Experimental Farm is situated,\nunder the able superintendence of Mr. Thos. A. Sharpe, is the chief place of this district.\nThis experimental farm is well worth a visit, as experiments are carried on with all kinds of\ngrain, roots and fruits, and although the locality is not a representative one as regards the\nProvince as a whole\u2014which, by the way, may truthfully be said of any one place\u2014it nevertheless is well chosen, possessing, as it does, poor gravelly soil, rich alluvial bottom land,\nmountain and meadow. Demonstrations of the capabilities of these various conditions have\nbeen made, and the object lessons are certainly of a most valuable description. Many\nhundreds of varieties of fruit and other trees are grown, and if only people would avail\nthemselves of the lessons thus freely given, much time and disappointment would be saved.\nHarrison, at the mouth of the river of that name, is the point where a ferry for Chilliwhack\nconnects with the trains. At Harrison Lake, five miles from Agassiz, where the river takes\nits rise, are the celebrated hot springs, so much esteemed for their medicinal properties in cases\nof rheumatic and similar complaints. A good hotel is situated here, overlooking the lake,\nwhich is some 40 miles long, from the head of which the Pemberton Meadows and Lillooet can\nbe reached At Agassiz there are two good hotels and many fine farms, where a good deal of\nfruit is produced, as well as other crops. It is also a most favourable locality for the production of hops, of which a considerable quantity was cultivated, but, in consequence of some\nadverse seasons and the low price of hops in England, most of the yards were abandoned. A\nfew are still in existence, however, and are successfully carried on. The land is mostly lightly\ntimbered, principally with birch, alder, etc. Some of the land near the Fraser requires dyking,\nand all requires draining. This also is a good district for dairying, and it should be prosecuted\nwith more vigour. Above Kent there is not much cultivation, the mountains gradually\ndrawing in until Yale is reached, where they finally close in on the Fraser altogether, forming\nthe canyons of the Fraser so much admired by tourists travelling by the Canadian Pacific\nRailway, which is the only means of transportation throughout the whole of this part of the\ncountry.\nReport op The Western Condensed Milk Canning, Coffee  and Creamery Co.,  Ltd.\nWe receive from the farmers, on an average, from 4^ to 5| tons of milk per day,\" winch\nwe convert into condensed milk and evaporated cream. We also receive cream from farmers\nwhich we use for butter, turning out about 2,500 fts. per month. We manufacture about 90\nto 100 cases of condensed milk or evaporated cream per day; this is for the summer months. A 80 Report on Agriculture, 1903\nWe pay, on an average, from $3,500 to $4,000 per month to farmers for their milk and cream,\nand we bring it to the factory by boat and train, free to them, and pay in summer six months\n$1.20 per cwt., and winter six months $1.30 per cwt., for milk, and from 20c. to 25c. for\ncream. We employ principally white labour, having a few Chinamen for rough work. Our\npay-roll amounts to about $1,000 to $1,200 per month, for labour. We burn both coal and\nwood ; and our capacity is 150 cases of milk or cream per day. This is the second year of\nsteady business, and milk supply is on the increase.\nOur manufactures consist of \" Rocky Mountain \" Condensed Milk, \" Standard \" Evaporated\nCream, \" Rocky Mountain \" Condensed Coffee, and \" Gilt Edge \" Butter. We ship principally\nto the local markets ; also to the North, White Horse and Dawson, and have shipped our trial\nshipment to Yokohama, Japan.\nWe might add that our goods have been well received on the market, and we have\nreceived nothing but complimentary remarks as to the quality of our goods, and the shape in\nwhich they are put up.\nWe make all our own cans on the premises, and we buy our cases and boxes from firms\nin the Province. Our labels we get from Toronto, but purpose having these made in the\nProvince.    All other material is purchased at home.\nReport of Mr. W. R. Austin, op Sapperton.\nGeneral Description.\u2014This district was heavily timbered, except Pitt River prairie.\nSoil is well adapted to fruit of British Columbia growth. The high lands are pretty hard to\nclear, but small farms can be had quite cheaply in the vicinity of New Westminster, and\nconnected by good roads with one of the best markets on the continent. For poultry and\nfruit farms I would recommend persons looking for such to come and see me, or anyone well\nacquainted around here. The prairie * people are anxiously awaiting the Government putting\nthe pumping facilities right.\nNumber of Ranchers.\u2014There are about 650 people engaged in agricultural pursuits in\nthis district.\nArea of Cultivated Land.\u2014Approximate number of acres under cultivation, 1,950,\noutside of orchards in rough land.\nWheat.\u2014A small quantity of wheat is grown, but only for chicken feed; it is not\nprofitable for milling purposes. The only variety sown is spring wheat. Ruling prices, $30\nper ton.\nOats mostly cut for green feed. Prices to farmers, about $20 per ton. Barley, rye and\nbeans are not grown.\nPeas.\u2014Peas do well, but are little grown.\nPotatoes, very good.    Price to farmers, about $12 per ton.\nMangolds are not successful on high land.\nCarrots are very good, but small acreage; all for home use.\nTurnips are good, and will yield the highest, if well grown. They are troubled a little\nwith leaf louse or green aphis.    All grown for home use.\nRoots and Vegetables.\u2014Onions good on low land. Other vegetables good on up land.\nBritish Columbia prices apply to those generally.\nGrasses and Clovers, all for home competition; are only experimenting on clovers and\ngrasses.\nIndian Corn grows well, when tried.\nApples.\u2014Duchess of Oldenberg, Greening, Ben Davis, and Hyslop crabs; yield very\ngood. About 4,000 trees hereabouts. Pests, black spot, bark louse and aphis. Spraying is\ngood, as per Government recommendation.    Price, 75 cents to $1 per box.\nPears are not successful in this district.\nPlums and Prunes.\u2014All plums and prunes do well here; it is apparently the natural\nhome for them.    Approximate number of trees, 1,000; ruling prices, about 2J cents per ft.\nCherries do well here, Royal Anne succeed the best. Ruling prices, 75 cents per crate,\nstandard.\n* Note.\u2014In explanation of the word prairie, which is used by the correspondents, I may say that it is a\nterm which has been adopted in this part to denote open, low, wet lands, generally covered with swamp\ngrasses.    They are really low-lying meadows. 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 81\nPeaches, apricots, nectarines, quinces and grapes do not do very well in this district.\nSmall Fruits.\u2014The following are successfully produced :\u2014Strawberries, and the very\nbest raspberries and currants. A canning factory is needed for surplus of plums and\ncurrants, &c\nDairying.\u2014Dairying is good; about -1- goes to creamery, J to city supply, J to private\nmake.\nCreameries.\u2014New Westminster Creamery Co. is in this district; they collect cream only.\nPatrons bring cream to creamery in waggons, and by steamers and trains, &c.\nFeeding is only beginning in this district in a systematic manner. There is plenty of\ngrass generally.\nHorned Cattle.\u2014This is a successful industry in this district. Cattle do better than\nsheep.\nSheep.\u2014This industry is not extensively carried on ; there is good grazing on a limited\nrange. Ruling prices, mutton and lamb, about 10c per ft. Dogs are the chief obstacle to\nthe sheep industry.\nSwine.\u2014The raising of pigs is not largely prosecuted in this district. Ruling prices,\nhogs on foot, 5c. to 6c. per ft. All breeds are good, but the best is the one you fancy.\nClover feed for economy, and run them on the orchard in summer.\nPoultry.\u2014The poultry interest is advancing and is quite remunerative. Plymouth\nRocks are good general-purpose fowls. Ruling prices : Eggs, in summer, 25c per dozen ; in\nwinter, 40c to 50c. One reason that this industry is not followed more assiduously is that\nthe high wages paid in the country make it easy for men to live otherwise, and there is no\ncapital invested.\nAgricultural Education should be part of public school curriculum, so that persons of\ngood education would stay at farming, one of the highest professions of the Province, so as to\ngive the proper tone to farming.    Call it no more ranching.\nSoils.\u2014I think the land is deficient in lime and potash. Where to get the want supplied\nat reasonable cost, is our question.\nClearing Land.\u2014This I have answered before, to the best of my knowledge. We want\nexplosives cheap and we can then clear land. Would the Provincial Government give help to\na man who would take up the manufacture of the stumping powders for agricultural purposes,\nif he agree to supply consumer at a price, or give us information how to manufacture and get\nsupplies 1\nPecuniary Assistance.\u2014Money at a low rate would be much appreciated, if not abused.\nForest Fires.\u2014The provisions of the \" Bush Fire Act\" are, in my opinion, good. Fire\nWardens should be appointed to carry them out.\nLands.\u2014Many small homes to be had quite near to New Westminster, and pasturing and\nstock places at Pitt Meadows.    I think good opening for right men.\nLabour.\u2014Whites, $25 to $35 per month; Chinese, $1 per day; Japanese, $1 to $2.25\nper day. Whites, scarce; Japanese and Chinese not over the demand and getting more\nindependent.\nReport of Mr. A. W. Peen, of Mission City.\nGeneral Description.\u2014The land in this district consists mainly of bench lands, timbered,\nas a rule, chiefly by second growth fir and cedar, well watered by running streams. The soil\nis generally a sandy loam of good quality; very little clay or peat, except on the land front of\nthe Fraser River. The C. P. R. runs through the district, and there is communication by road\nand steamer to all parts. This is the largest shipping station for berries and other fruits in\nthe Province, and for the production of these the land and climate are admirably adapted, as\nis evidenced by the fact that strawberries yield about 8,000 fts. per acre; and if settlers\nwould turn their attention to the production of these, with other fruit and vegetables, for which\nthere is a good demand in the prairie country, success is assured, either more or less, according\nto the ability and capital employed. Another successful occupation is the production of milk\nfor the local creamery. I have seen quite a number come and attempt to make a living with\npoultry and then be compelled to leave, disappointed and disgusted; whereas, had the same\namount of energy and capital been expended on the above lines, the result would have been\nvery different. Or I am of opinion that if poultry were taken up as a main line, the most\nprudent course would be either to purchase a going concern or to work into the same gradually. A 82 Report on Agriculture, 1903\nNumber of Ranchers.\u2014About 200, including the townsite, where some reside who hold\nland and farm it.\nArea of Cultivated Land.\u2014This is difficult to estimate accurately, but the whole of\nthe land, for an average of about two miles back from the Fraser, is settled.\nWheat.\u2014There is no wheat grown, except a little for feed. Ruling prices, $30 per ton.\nThe same remarks apply to spring wheat.\nOats.\u2014Only a little grown for feed.    The same applies to barley, rye, peas and beans.\nPotatoes.\u2014All varieties grown successfully. The American Wonder is the best I have\ntried, both for crop and quality. The potato rot is prevalent here as everywhere else, but there\nare no other pests except the blue jay, and he will dig them out like an Irish labourer.\nMangolds.\u2014A few grown for home consumption.\nCarrots.\u2014The Half-long White do well. I have grown them up to 13 fts. in weight;\nmany 9 or 10 fts.\nTurnips.\u2014All varieties do well, particularly if the season is moist. I have grown Swedes\nup to 43 fts., but carrots are better feed, particularly for milch cows.\nSugar Beet does well with good culture, and the land being open and pliable produces\ngood roots.    Danish Improved grown for stock; cows do well on it.\nChicory.\u2014The cultivation of chicory has not been attempted in this district.\nOther Roots and Vegetables. \u2014All roots and vegetables grown in the temperate zone\nsucceed well.\nGrasses and Clovers.\u2014The Red Clover is grown largely on the benches, Timothy in the\nlowlands. This is the veritable home for clover. With good culture, 3 full crops can be cut\nin a season. Cut green for ensilage, about 30 tons per acre can be cut. Timothy, well cured,\nis good hard feed for working cattle and horses, but very poor for milch cows ; for grazing,\nOrchard Grass or Austrian Brome Grass is away ahead.\nAustrian Brome Grass (Bromus inermis).\u2014This grass does well and all kinds of stock\neat it greedily, but after the first year or two in this district clover will get in and kill it.\nNative Grasses.\u2014The Blue Joint is the most valuable native grass.\nIndian Corn.\u2014Corn does well in this district, with good culture. I get good crops of\nboth yellow and white, but the infernal blue jays play havoc among it. If acclimatised seed is\nused I never fail a crop, but fresh imported seed is very uncertain.\nSunflower.\u2014I have grown the Mammoth Russian for cows and also for chicken feed.\nThere is a little, but not much, grown by my neighbours, some of whom have to tie up the\nheads in cloths to protect them from the blue jays.\nRape.\u2014This is an excellent feed for sheep.    Summer soiling is not practised here.\nVetches.\u2014This crop is grown largely at home in the neighbourhood of cities, in conjunction with oats, as a soiling crop. The stem or stalk is too slender to be grown alone. It is\nearlier than any other, but has to be fed with caution.\nSoy Beans.\u2014Cut when the bean is full grown, it makes rich feed for cows, and the stalk\nis very leafy.     It will produce about three tons to the acre.\nMillet.\u2014All the millets succeed well, but the Japanese millet is ahead of all. This will\nproduce, green, about seven tons to the acre, and the seed is greatly relished by poultry.\nEnsilage.\u2014There is no way that fodder can be stored so as to maintain the flow of milk,\nbut by the silo. There are several silos in this district, each built on a different plan; each\none builds to suit his own requirements. For filling, clover is the mainstay ; then soy bean,\nJapanese millet and sunflower heads are all good feed; oats and peas, if cut young, also do\nwell. Fodder corn is grown to a limited extent and does well, but it needs to be cut to cure\nproperly.\nHops.\u2014Hops do well, but they are not cultivated as a crop.\nFlax.\u2014I have grown a limited amount and it did well, but it is a very hard crop on this\nland.\nApples.\u2014All varieties do well, but they have to be sprayed. The crop of 1902 was a\nfair one. Put all the pests and diseases together and multiply them by ten, they are as nothing\neven then to the curse of the blue jay, and out of an orchard of 200 bearing trees I could only\nship two boxes in consequence of their ravages. Even my late winter apples, such as Kings\nand Baldwin, were all spoiled before August, and all fine, perfect apples without spot or\nblemish.\nPears.\u2014There are very few pears grown in this district. 0\n3\n0 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 83\nPlums and Prunes.\u2014Peach, Bradshaw, Pond's Seedling. Prunes and gages were a good\ncrop, but the plum-rot spoiled quite a few.    Spraying is the only remedy.\nCherries.\u2014There are not many grown in this district.\nPeaches, Apricots, Nectarines.\u2014Very few grown. At the exhibition in Wew Westminster, in 1901, peaches grown in this district secured first prize.\nQuinces have not been cultivated to any extent in this district.\nGrapes.\u2014Not many grown.     There is a peculiar taste which militates against the sale.\n(People in this Province are accustomed to California grapes. See my remarks under\n\"Lower Thompson Valley.\"\u2014J. R. A.)\nSmall Fruits.\u2014All kinds of small fruits are produced here to perfection and are shipped\nmainly to the prairie country. Strawberries are a great crop here, the soil and climate are\nfavourable to produce these in almost unlimited quantities, and no disease or pests affect them.\nUnder favourable conditions, about 8,000 fts. per acre can be shipped.\nBoard of Horticulture.\u2014Too much care cannot be taken to prevent the introduction\nof infected fruit; to do so is in favour of both grower and dealer. Every civilised country\nrecognises this fact. It would be just as sensible to allow the introduction of infectious\ndiseases among stock or human beings as to allow infected fruit.\nDairying.\u2014It is estimated that in Eastern Canada fully two-thirds of the butter is made\nin private dairies. About the same estimate would probably apply here. Private dairying\nwould be profitable but for the bounty-fed butter of the North-West. The Dominion Government has made large grants to the farmers there to cut us out of our own market, and the\nstruggling rancher here is thus placed at a great disadvantage.\nCreameries.\u2014The Western Creamery Company is operating here, taking milk from a\nwide stretch of country, and running a small steamer on the river for the purpose of collecting\nthe same. Condensed milk and cream, and the usual side line of the same, with cocoa and\ncoffee, as well as butter, are turned out, and, of course, the product has a decided advantage\nin this Province in the matter of freight.\nFeeding.\u2014All farmers who wish to handle fodder in an up-to-date fashion must have a\nsilo.\nSummer Feed For Dairy Cattle.\u2014Water is necessary for all vegetable growth, and if\nthere is not sufficient naturally it must be supplied artificially. Wherever it will grow, clover\nis the best fodder for the farmer to grow. Besides being almost a perfect food, it will enrich\nthe soil to a depth of four feet, and at the same time produce a greater crop than any other.\nHorned Cattle.\u2014Jersey or Ayrshire for the dairy, Shorthorn for beef.\nSheep are a perfect nuisance for any one to attempt to keep here, and if he wishes good\nneighbours he had better leave them alone.\nSwine.\u2014Quite a number of swine are fed on the products from the creamery, but very\nfew are kept by the rancher.\nPoultry.\u2014There are three potent reasons against the success attending poultry, viz. :\nThe price of feed, just double what it is back East; the price of chicken in the East is 40c. or\n50c. a ft. for broilers in season, while here you have a job to get 25c. for the whole bird, and\nthere is no creature kept on a farm that demands so much care and attention to ensure success\nin handling them in numbers; the slightest disturbance is held to be sufficient to affect the\negg yield.    I have about 500 laying hens.\nBees.\u2014Apiculture is not carried on to any extent; the weather affects the bees\nadversely.\nDiseases of Animals.\u2014I am not aware of any contagious disease.\nCo-operation.\u2014There is not even the beginning of a movement for co-operation here.\nExperiment Stations.\u2014The wide extent of the Province gives a great diversity of climate.\nThe Dominion Government should take it up in conjunction with the work already carried\nout in that line.\nAgricultural Education.\u2014Agriculture should be taught to both boys and girls. Each\nsex has its own special work on a farm, and unless the more advanced methods are early\ninculcated, the rising generation makes no advance.\nSoils.\u2014The soil here is a sandy loam; good dressings of farm-yard manure is all that it\nneeds.\nFertilisers.\u2014Artificial manures are used to a limited extent in the berry culture, but\nno fertiliser equals the barnyard.\nClearing Land.\u2014Blasting out the stumps is the best plan. A 84 Report on Agriculture, 1903\nDraining.\u2014There is little or no under-draining here.\nDyking.\u2014There is some along the river, but the cost would be too great; the game\nwouldn't be worth the candle.\nTimber.\u2014Cedar and fir are the principal trees in this district.\nPoisonous Plants.\u2014Water hemlock and bracken exist here, but well fed animals won't\ntouch either.\nCut-worms.\u2014I have never been troubled with the cut-worm, and I owe my immunity to\nthe number of small birds which nest around me, and which the infernal blue jays do their\nbest to destroy, both eggs and young.\nLands.\u2014There is plenty of good land to be taken for pre-emption, and land to be bought\nfor about $5 up, according to situation and improvements.\nLabour is procurable at the following rates : Whites, $2 per day; Chinese and Japanese,\n$1 per day.    The supply is about equal to the demand.\nRetail prices at Agassiz of ordinary necessaries for farmers, furnished by Mr. C. Inkman:\nFlour, $1 to $1.35 per sack of 50 fts.; beef, 8c to 17c. per ft.; bacon, 15c. to 20c;\nhams, 15c. to 23c; lard, 15c. to 16c; butter, 20c. to 30c; tea, 40c to 60c; sugar, 4c, 5c and\n6c; overalls, 75c to $1 per pair; shirts, 50c to $1.50 each; boots, $1 to $3.50 per pair; nails,\n4c. to 6c. per ft.; rough lumber, $10 to $15 per M.; coffee, 20c to 40c per ft.; coal oil, 40c.\nto 50c per gallon ; salt, fine, l|c. per ft.; salt, rough, lc. per Bb. ; rolled oats, 4c to 5c ;\ncorn meal, 3c. to 4c. per ft.; coal, $6 per ton; wood, all you want to cut free; wood, cut to\nstove size, $1.25 per cord; ploughs, $10 to $20; harness, $10 to $40; hay rakes, $25;\nbinders, $150; mowers, $40; binder twine, 17c. per ft.; sleighs and cutters, no use here;\nbuggies, $75; harrows, $15; saddles, $10 up.\nThe North-West Coast of the Mainland,\nIncluding the various settlements at Howe Sound, Squamish, Froek, Bute Inlet, Bella\nCoola, etc. Communication with these settlements is maintained altogether by steamers, there\nbeing no roads, and the character of the country being of such a nature that their construction\nis all but impossible, and must of necessity remain in abeyance until the population is sufficient\nto justify it. The country is without exception thickly wooded, principally with Douglas fir,\nspruce, hemlock, red cedar, balsam fir, maple, alder, birch, and other woods, and a great variety\nof under-brush. The coast line is indented along its whole length with deep fiords, which run\nmany miles into the interior, and at the heads of which are large streams. The shores of these\nfiords are, except where rivers debouch, almost invariably precipitous. At the mouth of the\nstreams and along their valleys are generally flats, fit for agricultural purposes after they are\ncleared of timber. As may be imagined from the description given, the precipitation is\nexcessive, consisting almost entirely of rain, the snowfall, owing to the influence of the sea,\nbeing comparatively small, and the temperature, from the same cause, never very low. The\nmarkets of this part consist mostly of loggers' camps and Indians.\nMeteorological Records for 1902.\nAt Rivers Inlet, latitude, 51.39 N.; longitude, 127.19 W. :\u2014\nHighest temperature, June  84.1\u00b0\nLowest ii January .,  16.1\u00b0\nAverage n  ,  46.2\u00b0\nRainfall  105.66 inches.\nSnowfall  42.8\u00b0       m\nAt Port Simpson, latitude, 54.34 N. ; longitude, 130.26 W. :\u2014\nHighest temperature, August  74\u00b0\nLowest n January  15.6\u00b0\nAverage u   46\u00b0\nRainfall ,  71.26 inches.\nSnowfall  34 h 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 85\nAt Bella Coola, North Bentinck Arm, latitude, 52.40 N.; longitude, 126.54 W. :\u2014\nHighest temperature, August  91.5\u00b0\nLowest ii January        0.0\u00b0\nAverage n   44.9\u00b0\nRainfall  36.20 inches.\nSnowfall  46 n\nAt Point Atkinson, entrance of Howe Sound, latitude, 44.21 N ; longitude, 123.16 W.:\u2014\nRainfall ,      63.23 inches.\nSnowfall      20.2\nAt Naas Harbour, mouth of Naas River, Portland Inlet, latitude, 54.56 N.; longitude,\n129.56 W. :\u2014\nRainfall ,      58.16 inches.\nSnowfall      17.9\nAt Port Essington, mouth of Skeena River, latitude, 54,9 N. ; longitude, 129.55 W. :\u2014\nRainfall ,    121.10 inches.\nSnowfall \u2022\u201e      68.5\nPublic schools are situated at Howe Sound, Squamish, Bella Coola, Bella Coola Lower,\nEssington, Fort Simpson, and Metlakatla.\nFishing is carried on at various points along this coast, and logging for the mills at\nBurrard Inlet, Chemainus, etc. The Island of Vancouver, which lies parallel with this coast\nfor a distance of some 300 miles, protects it for that distance from the force of the Pacific\nOcean, and the waters of the straits are therefore comparatively calm ; naturally, however, a\nlarge body of water being forced through contracted channels by the tides creates some very\nswift currents. This is especially the case at Seymour Narrows, where the Island is separated\nby two very narrow channels, only a few hundred yards wide, from the Mainland, the\nintervening island being called Valdez. At that point the current runs with such velocity\nthat steamers have to be timed so as not to attempt the passage when the tide is running\nhardest. After passing the northern end of Vancouver Island, the coast is exposed to the\nocean; nevertheless, there are many islands which form channels, affording protection to\nnavigation. The whole of the region is naturally very sparsely populated, farmers or ranchers\nbeing in the minority; in fact, most of the inhabitants are engaged in other pursuits, fishing,\nlumbering, etc., and even those who are engaged in agriculture for part of the year take\nadvantage of the fishing season to supplement their incomes. This, of course, cannot be\nwondered at, as the market for produce is purely local and, therefore, there can be no inducement, until other markets are available, for an increased production. Railroads now projected,\nand which it is believed will in the course of a few years be constructed, will have the effect\nof very materially altering the state of affairs all along this coast.\nReport of Mr. B. Brynildsen, op Bella Coola.\nGeneral Description.\u2014Bella Coola is situated at the head of North Bentinck Arm, about\n425 miles north from Victoria; communication by C. P. N. Coy.'s steamers calling fortnightly\nduring summer and monthly in winter. A new wharf is now under construction on the north\nside of the bay, in front of the Government townsite, which was laid out by the Provincial\nGovernment directly after the settlement became permanent by the Norwegians who settled\nin here during 1894 and 1895. This townsite will be thrown open as soon as wharf and roads\nthrough it are completed, and people wishing to settle here will have a chance to buy lots at a\nvery reasonable price. The Bella Coola Valley begins at the head of the Inlet above mentioned,\nabout 65 miles from the Coast line and running eastward about 45 miles, with a gradual rise\nfrom the sea to an altitude of about 800 feet at the head of the valley. The climate is all that\ncan be wished for, as it is much drier than on the Coast, being hotter in summer and a great\ndeal colder in winter. The settlers have made large improvements on their lands. The various\nroots, vegetables and also Indian corn have been successfully raised and of best quality. Wheat,\noats and barley are also doing splendidly. Fruit is raised abundantly, and of the best quality.\nNo disease of any kind is experienced among the fruits or vegetables. A 86 Report on Agriculture, 1903\nThe timber in the valley is varied\u2014fir, cedar, spruce, cottonwood, alder, maple, birch and\nwillow. As the land is heavily timbered, it is slow work to clear it, as the only means to clear\nthe land is to cut the trees down and burn them. It costs all the way from $50 to $250 to\nclear an acre.\nWinter sets in about the middle of December, although it has been very cold at the end\nof November. The winters are very mild, and if cold, it only lasts for about three days at a\ntime. The coldest registered is about 10\u00b0 below zero. Excepting the winter of 1895 and '96,\nvery little snow has fallen, not over 18 to 24 inches at a time, and as a rule, rain and mild\nweather follow ; so that, as an average, about 10 to 15 inches of snow will stay on the ground,\nproviding cold weather sets in. The two last winters have been very mild, with about 15\ninches as the heaviest snowfall.    Spring sets in much earlier here than on the Coast.\nThe only possible outlet from the great stock-raising country of Chilcotin will be through\nthe Bella Coola Valley, as already Indian packers come all the way from Barkerville and\nQuesnel here in the summer to buy their supplies. The Provincial Government has spent\n$1,500 on this Bella Coola-Chilcotin trail, and it is to be hoped that they will continue to improve it till it is eventually turned into a waggon road.\nThe difference in the weather as to heat and cold, also rainfall, has been very similar\nduring all summers since the settlers came here.\nMineral prospects are very good around Bella Coola; also fishing and hunting is excellent.\nTwo good schools and two churches, the English Methodists and Norwegian Lutheran,\nare to be found here.\nYou will find that in the former report all was an experiment, now all has become real,\nand this settlement is a grand success.\nNumber of Ranchers.\u2014About 60 ranchers.    Population, about 250, including families.\nArea op Cultivated Land.\u2014The approximate area of cultivated land is about 300 or\n400 acres.\nSpring Wheats do well only for chicken feed. Supply not equal to demand. Ruling\nprice, about $40 per ton.\nOats.\u2014Oats are raised only for feed; they do well.    Ruling price, 60c per bushel.\nBarley does well; used for feed by the ranchers themselves.\nRye.\u2014This is the first year experimented, and the rye does splendidly; no disease.\nPeas are doing well and no disease.    Ruling price, 6c per ft.\nPotatoes.\u2014Varieties successfully grown, Early Rose and Early Ohio. Average yield, 30\nbushels per acre. The weather has been rather warm, with the common amount of rain.\nRuling prices, $20 per ton.\nCarrots.\u2014Only used for home consumption, and are very successfully grown. The half-\nlong variety is doing best.\nTurnips.\u2014Swede turnips are used for cattle and are raised in great quantities.\nOther Roots and Vegetables.\u2014Onions, beets, parsnips and cabbages are grown, but\nonly for home consumption.    Onions, 5c per ft.\nGrasses and Clovers.\u2014Timothy seems to be the standard for hay; the production is\nabout 2J tons to the acre. Red clover does well, but it appears that it freezes out in the\nwinter, when there is no snow on the ground. Red Top has been grown of late and will be\nthe future of grasses for this section. Production, 3| tons per acre; price, $12 per ton.\nMillet has been tried with no success. Timothy and Red Top are generally cut twice during\nthe summer.\nAustrian Brome Grass.\u2014Does very well in some places, but in others it does not seem\nto do so well.\nNative Grasses.\u2014Native grass for Bella Coola is Red Top, as it was found all over this\nvalley when the white settlers first came here.\nIndian Corn.\u2014I am pleased to report that Indian corn is doing much better than I first\nanticipated, as my report of last year shows. This year it has done remarkably well in this\nplace.    I am led to believe that the soil was not properly prepared before.\nHops.\u2014The hops are doing very well all over the valley. They are only used in the\nhouses and not sold.    Cannot say about the handling of them.    No disease.\nFlax has been tried this year and does well. Could not say as to price, as this is the\nfirst year it has been tried. 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 87\nApples.\u2014Varieties successfully grown are Gravenstein, Yellow Transparent, Barton and\nBen Davis. They grow very large and have a splendid flavour. Ruling price, $2.50 to $3\nper box of 40 fts.\nPears do very well; only grown for home use.    No diseases.\nPlums and Prunes do spendidly; only grown for home use.    No disease.\nCherries do very well. I cannot say as to the number of trees. The yield is good.\nThey are only grown for home use.\nPeaches, apricots, nectarines, quinces and grapes have not been tried.\nSmall Fruits.\u2014The climate is excellent for small fruits.\nBoard of Horticulture.\u2014The best of fruit can be grown in this Province, and no\nworthless or infected fruit should be allowed to come in.\nDairying.\u2014Dairying is carried on to quite an extent by ranchers. Private dairying is\nquite profitable. About 6,000 fts. of butter were made from cows in this valley this summer.\nButter sells here for 25c. per ft.    Quite a quantity of cheese is made, only for home use.\nCreameries.\u2014No creameries are established in this district. The distances are too great\nand the roads too bad to bring the milk to a creamery. I do not think that the present is a\nsuitable time for the erection of a creamery at Bella Coola.\nHorned Cattle.\u2014The price of milch cows is from $40 to $80. I would recommend\nHolstein and Shorthorn as being the best here for both milk and beef.\nHorses.\u2014Indian horses are the only ones used, and are bought at from $25 to $75 per\nhead.\nSheep and swine are not raised.\nPoultry.\u2014A great many eggs are exported from this district.\nBees have not been tried.\nDiseases of Animals.\u2014No disease whatever.\nFarmers' Institutes.\u2014I think it would be advisable to have one formed here. (Since\norganised.\u2014J. R. A.)\nIrrigation.\u2014I was led to think that irrigation was required, but experience goes to show\nthat it is not necessary, for the reason that the peculiar moisture in the ground from the\ncertain kind of soil of this valley is always sufficient to keep the ground in shape, even in the\ndriest of seasons.\nPoisonous Plants.\u2014Water hemlock is the only poisonous plant here, and that is not\nfound in large quantities.\nEntomological.\u2014In the early spring there was a small black fly eating off leaves of\ncabbages, etc., but after a while it disappeared.\nNoxious Animals and Pests.\u2014Wolves will only be seen in the winter, but never, so far\nas I have heard, have they destroyed any animals.    The bounty is quite sufficient.\nForest Fires.\u2014The people here are very careful about forest fires, and also Indians are\nheld to be careful about the keeping of this Act, which tends to protect our beautiful forests.\nLands.\u2014There is Government land for pre-emption. Improved farms can be bought for\n$1,000 and upwards.\nLabour.\u2014White labour is procurable at $2 per day.\nRetail prices of ordinary requisites for settlers, furnished by Mr. A. Hammer, Bella\nCoola :\u2014Ogilvie's best flour, $1.50 per 50 ft. sack ; B. & K. rolled oats, per 7 ft. sack, 35c ;\nbeef, per ft., 7c to 10c ; bacon, per ft., 20c.; hams, per ft., 25c; lard, per ft., 15c. ; butter,\nper ft., 25c ; coffee, green, per ft., 15c ; tea, per ft., 25c ; sugar, per 100 fts., $6.50; salt, per\nft., ljc.; overalls, $1 to $1.25; black sateen shirts, $1; heavy woollen shirts, $2 to $2.50;\nheavy pegged shoes, $3.50; fine woollen underwear, per suit, $2.\nMr. Fillip Jacobson writes as follows :\u2014\n\" I am very anxious to get parties to come to Bella Coola and build a pulp mill, as there\nis an immense quantity of cottonwood, spruce and other woods that are suited for the purpose ;\nit would be hard to find a better place. I myself have land with big water-power on it, and\nto anyone wishing to start an industry of that kind I would give them the land for nothing\nto build on. The Bella Coola Colony is progressing very well, considering many drawbacks.\nOne is not to have an outlet to the sea. when this is established, Bella Coola will be one of\nthe best settlements on the Coast. As you know, I have been living out in Clayoquot, and\nhave just lately arrived here. I am surprised at all the improvements the settlers have made.\nAs Bella Coola also seems to be a rich mineral district, this will help it very much in time to come.    I have just made a trip up the valley to look at some of the prospects, and there is no\ndoubt one of the mineral belts I saw is from two to four miles wide and looks very promising.\"\nI reproduce the following, which was published in a pamphlet entitled \" British Columbia\nand its Agricultural Capabilities \" :\u2014\nGardner  Inlet,\nOn the north-west coast of the Mainland, about 500 miles north of Victoria. A description of the country by Mr. H. H. Newill, from notes made during a survey for railway\npurposes in 1901, under Mr. J. H. Gray, C. E.:\u2014\n\"Kitimat to Kitsilas (across country).\n\" The abrupt and broken scenery of Gardner Inlet and Douglas Channel changes somewhat as the steamer enters Kitimat Arm. The parallel mountain ranges on either side have\nhere a more regular and gentler slope, though still rugged, with snowy peaks and icy hollows\neven in July.\n\" The Indian village of Kitimat\u2014a sub-mining record station\u2014lies on the eastern shore\nof Kitimat Arm, some three miles southward of the point where the Kitimat River empties\nitself. From this point the Arm, narrowing considerably, runs a few miles to its extremity in\na north-east direction.\n\" To the west of the river mouth, and at the back of a wide, shallow bay, lies a considerable area of good timbered flat land, probably river wash. Here the soil, for a depth of\nseveral feet, is a rich silt dumped on a gravelly subsoil. The most accessible portion of this\nland has been taken up by a rancher named Anderson. He has built himself a log house for\nliving in, a log store and outhouses, and has proved the capability of the soil for growing\nvegetables and cereals; and several home-bred horses and a small herd of cattle seem to thrive\nwell in his meadows. He has a machine mower at work, much to the astonishment of the\nlocal Indians. A little judicious dyking in this neighbourhood would add a large acreage of\ncultivable land.\n\" It was from a point some four miles south-west from Anderson's ranch (measuring round\nthe curve of the bay, and down the west shore of the arm) that our expedition started. Our\nlanding place was a rough, boulder and log-strewn, shingly beach, from which the mountain\nside rose steeply, covered thickly with spruce, hemlock and cedar bush. The view from here\nwas picturesque. Eastward, across the inlet (here about a mile and a quarter wide), the little\nvillage of Kitimat spread along the shore, showing whitely against a dark background of\ntowering mountains, capped by snowy heights ; southward, the sea entrance to the arm was\nshut out by rugged and lofty bush-covered islands; and to the north, the reedy bay curved\neastward to a prominent point, which just hid the foaming debouchment of the Kitimat River.\n\" Skirting the bay aforesaid, we soon left the base of the mountains and passed into an\nextensive flat country, full of swamps and creeks, tangled bush and devil's clubs. The waters\nof one creek where we drank tasted strongly of sulphur, and the gravelly beds of nearly all\nwere worth a prospector's attention. A number of shallow water-courses, running nearly\nparallel to one another, seemed to be but branches of a creek of considerable size flowing from\nthe westerly mountains, and finally reaching Kitimat Arm in numerous streams, which could\nbe traced at low tide spreading across the exposed mud and sandy bottom of the shallow bay\nwe had skirted. Beaver dams were numerous, and in this neighbourhood we found ourselves\nconfronted by one which must have measured the best part of a mile in length. Moss grew\neverywhere and in many varieties, including the so-called staghorn.\n\" Hemlock, spruce, balsam and cedar shaded huckleberry bushes and other berries, some\nred like large haws, others black and glossy like beads. Alders and skunk cabbage were in\ntheir element in the swampier ground, with crab-apples here and there, and devil's clubs with\ntheir pretty clusters of red berries, their poisonous' prickles and clinging limbs everywhere.\nEnormous quantities of blue huckleberries were ripening.\n\" Our way was soon barred by a long, lofty hill spur, which stretched nearly at right\nangles from the mountains to the river. Rounding this at the base of an immense gravel\nslide, we came to a bend of the Kitimat River, some three miles north from Anderson's. We\nwere now fairly in the Kitimat Valley. The river, either way, on account of its tortuous\ncourse, was soon lost to view. Its current was rapid and its stream full, washing mud banks\nfive to fifteen feet in height, and two to three hundred feet apart.    We soon found it difficult  3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 89\nat times to know whether we were standing on a bank or on an island of this river, so numerous\nwere its sloughs here and throughout the valley. A low-lying bench of thick bush intervened\nbetween the river and the opposite mountain ranges, which ran in a general direction parallel\nto it. This feature also appertained on our side (the right bank) of the river. Beyond the\ngravel slide the high ground rapidly fell back again, so that the river bench extended in width\nthree and four or more miles in places before it touched the foothills. Spruce and hemlock\nwere the principal timber trees. The soil was generally a dark, clayey loam. This country,\nowing to its uniformity of growth and natural features, was the easiest place in the world to\nget ' turned round ' in.\n\" We saw but little game. Grouse were scarce and shy. Bear signs, however, were\nnumerous, and we evidently interrupted many an ursian feast of salmon. Salmon, indeed,\nwere a positive nuisance, spawning and dying in the shallowest creeks until the very atmosphere stank of them. They were of the ' hunch-back' species. We caught a few trout in\nthe Kitimat, and saw a straggler here and there in a clear creek. Hornets and yellow-\njackets, however, provided us with some excitement, and, especially in the moist weather\n(which was nearly always), sand-flies and mosquitoes lived their inglorious days pretty actively.\nSand-flies swarmed in millions, and were the worst pests we had to contend with. Tne mosquitoes were large and fairly numerous, but rather slow and lazy. Big, black 'bull' flies\nwere extraordinarily quick to bite, and generally caused inflammation.\n\" With regard to weather, we were fairly lucky. Generally speaking, when the wind\nblew from the coast, rain was incessant, but during intervals, when it blew from inland, the\nweather was fine and sunny, and the hotter the day the colder the night. The pity of it was\nthat the fine weather intervals did not last long enough. If the country could only have had\ntime to dry up properly, camping out would have been a delight.\n\" Nearing the Widena Valley, we touched the foothills again, and occasional outcrops of\nrock\u2014granites and diorites\u2014showed the changing character of the country. The soil for the\nmost part was a fertile mould, carpeted with moss. Cranberry and alder swamps were a\nfeature; also patches of bog-land covered with moss three feet in thickness, springy to walk\non and tenacious of its hold.    Deep water-holes gaped wherever this bog surface was broken.\n\"The Widena River, flowing in an easterly direction, empties into the Kitimat about\nten miles up-stream\u2014an island being formed at the junction of the two rivers. Like the\nKitimat, the Widena is also a river of many islands, formed by a bewildering number of\nsloughs. It is navigable for two or three miles by canoes, but log-jams are numerous. The\nbush along the banks is thick and tangled, and difficult to penetrate, but the high bush behind\nwas fairly open, and much of it looked promising land for agriculture. Cottonwood and maple\ntrees now began to put in an appearance, and red\u2014also some yellow\u2014cedar became more\nplentiful. In some of the swamps we found a sort of fly-plant with petals tipped by a sticky\nsubstance. It was a tiny plant growing not more than a couple of inches above ground, and\nwe noticed that flies instinctively avoided it. Little birds like wrens hopping about in the\nbush were so tame as to come within arm's length. Grouse, also jays, owls, and a few hawks\nand eagles, made a scanty show of bird life. Squirrels darted up and down the trees, the\nstems of many of which were bored, evidently by woodpeckers\u2014but we rarely heard them.\nWe came across a good many holes where bears had been scratching out bees' nests.\n\"Landmarks here were the peaks of a lofty mountain range with snow-covered valleys,\nand a few small glaciers to the west. Eastward, two prominent, round-topped mountains\nstood out boldly on the other side of the Kitimat. One of these (the more northern one)\nstill bore traces of snow (in August), and both rose somewhat steeply from the river bank.\nThey were summits of the mountain range which bounded the Kitimat Valley, eastward. At\nno point in this country, however, could we get anything- like a complete view.\n\" Between the Widena River and Cecil Creek\u2014some nine miles further north\u2014numerous\nstreams crossed our path, emptying themselves into one or other of these rivers. The flat\nground was mostly swampy, but the foothills intruded, closing in towards the river. The\nKitimat Valley, at one time six or seven miles in width, here narrowed considerably. The\nwhole country was rising perceptibly in elevation. Up in this higher country the blue huckleberries, so common hitherto, gave place mostly to the red species. Cranberries became increasingly plentiful, both the 'bush ' and the 'ground ' varieties. Balsam was abundant, growing in dense groves with sparse undergrowth. Of birds we saw only a few crows, an eagle or\ntwo, and here and there a fool-hen or blue grouse. Salmon, of course, were all over the place;\nevery creek was foul with their rotting carcasses.    Bear signs continued all round.    An old A 90 Report on Agriculture, 1903\nshe-bear and her cub were shot near the mouth of Cecil Creek. Bright-coloured lichens, here\nand throughout our journey, had assumed many curious and beautiful forms.\n\" In the valleys of the Widena River and Cecil Creek together there must be many\nthousands of acres of valuable agricultural land, not too difficult to clear. Potatoes in especial,\nbut probably also oats and barley, might be prolific crops.\n\" And now, still travelling northward, we traversed a country entirely cut up by abrupt\nand rocky foothills and deep, narrow creeks, some containing water, but more dry. The soil\nhere was distinctly clayey. The bush was not difficult to travel through. A feature of it\nwas an abundance of splendid straight-limbed cedar. The gradually rising ground was lifting\nto a plateau, the south-eastern corner of which rose abruptly from near the head of navigation on the Kitimat River. The course of that river, which, from its source to this point,\nhad been flowing roughly east to west, here makes a great bend and takes a wider way nearly\nnorth and south towards Kitimat Arm. As we approached the plateau water became scarce.\nJust on the edge of it we came on a ' cached' wooden sleigh, and a little farther on found a\nblazed tree, and a notice that seven feet of snow had lain around it in January, 1900.\n\" From the edge of the plateau we obtained a fair view down the valley. Hundreds of\nfeet below we could hear the roaring river, but could not actually see it, although we could\ntrace its course by the fresher foliage for many miles. Now an encroaching hill-spur would\nabruptly turn its course; anon, a wide plain would open out before it and its interminable\nsloughs. Wherever the eye ranged it met a dark mass of forest spreading even to the snow-\ncovered mountain heights, and far away in the distance the river's silvery gleam became\ndistinguishable, winding through the dark foliage, now in sight, now out of sight, until finally\nlost to view behind the bluff gravel slide where we had first beheld it.\n\" The country on the plateau was comparatively open. The soil was a brown, gravelly\nloam, with much moss on its surface. It supported a scanty growth of underbrush, but large\ntimber. There were no great outcrops of rock, but quantities of what looked like glacier-worn\npebbles were to be seen embedded in the roots of the trees wherever exposed. The elevation\nhere was over 600 feet, and the distance from our starting point about 25 miles.\n\" We did not long continue on the plateau, but took the downward slope northerly towards\nthe lakes. Here the bush was good land, with considerable undergrowth. The soil was a\ndark, friable loam over clay. Much of this country would be fairly valuable, both in timber\nor for cultivation.    There were no evidences of mineral.\n\" Round Lake (some four miles from the divide) lies in a cup-like hollow in the mountains\namidst thick bush. It is perhaps three-quarters of a mile across, and, as its name suggests,\nnearly circular. The water was warm and pleasant to bathe in. The banks were mostly\nbristling with half-sunken snags, but at the outflow of a little swampy creek in one corner\nmasses of reeds grew in shallow water. These reeds were fine, spear-like growths, pale green,\nand they readily cut the hand if pressed or caught up.\n\" Passing round to the south and east of this lake, we struck an essentially granite country, and worked our way along rocky side-hills, which in places were simply dense thickets of\npine or hemlock. On the flat, however, the timber was large and the growth fairly open.\nHemlock and spruce were prominent, but cedar more so. Many towering rock bluffs gave us\nfine views over the extensive Lake Lakelse, which we were now skirting on its eastern side.\nIts north-east corner, where we presently struck it, was about 40 miles from our starting\npoint.\n\"Viewing the lake from this point, Williams Creek entered it to our right (its northern\nextremity), with sandy bars. Snow-capped mountains towered two or three miles away on its\nopposite (western) shore. At the back of these flowed the Skeena River. To our- left (southward) the lake stretched some eight miles in a long, sheeny waterway, and near its further end\nthe river of the same name flowed outward. This Lakelse or Trout River eventually finds its\nway round the mountains towards the Skeena, into which it empties. Its valley was noticeable\nas a dip in the heavy mountains to the south-west. A feature of this outlook was a markedly\nprecipitous valley, cleft deep in the mountains round southward. It was all a continuous mass\nof forest at every height. Snow lay piled in hollows and on some few slopes. The shore of\nthe lake was very shallow, with patches of thin-grown reeds. Ducks and geese were very\nplentiful; grouse were also to be had. Had the weather been fine this might have been a\ncharming spot; as it was, everything was rotting and sodden. Bear were all over this\ncountry, and occasionally we found traces of caribou or mountain goat. Skunks were a species\nof animal whose presence we did not greatly appreciate. 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 91\n\" The country along this, the north, side of Lake Lakelse basin was exceedingly rough\nand broken. The bottom lands were swampy in places, but generally contained good alluvial\nsoil (somewhat sandy), with a moderate growth of underbrush beneath large timber\u2014hemlock,\nspruce, cottonwood, maple, birch and cedar. The cedars, especially, in this reigon and throughout the upper part of the Kitimat Valley and its northern dividing plateau, were of exceptionally fine growth, and would be of great commercial value if in touch with a market. We\nmust have passed through tens of thousands of acres, in every acre of which might be counted\none to two dozen fine straight cedar stems, four to eight feet through at the butt, and with a\nspring of 80 to 100 feet clean without a limb. The surface ground was mossy, with growth\nof ferns and devil's clubs, also cranberry bush, and was very much encumbered with fallen\nlogs. The hillsides, as before in this basin, were difficult to travel, being rocky and precipitous, and more or less densely thicketed.\n\" The summit, or pass, from this basin to the Skeena Valley, lying at an elevation of 700\nfeet, crossed the lower extremity of a long, narrow plateau, where it was abruptly terminated\nby contact with the precipitous mountain ranges to the east. An enormous white rock bluff\nrising sheer some 2,000 feet above our heads, with yawning chasms and clefts in which a few\ntrees struggled for existence, was orre of many fine sights that met us. The abounding rock\nwas chiefly granite, with some diorite, limestone and quartz, and ' float' that we picked up in\nsome of the numerous creeks was mineralized. A large proportion of the ground here was\nburnt and overgrown with fire bush. The little black flies that seem to breed in charred tree\nstems were a positive curse. Corrsiderable areas of timber, too, were dead or dying, for no\nimmediately apparent cause; their barren stems bore no marks of fire. From the immense\nnumbers of leech-like inch worms, or measuring worms, so called, that we found upon them,\nwe came to the conclusion that these worms must have been instrumental in eating off the\nfoliage, or in some way killing the trees.\n\" Ten miles from the north-east corner of the lake, by the circuitous route we took (but\nlittle more than half that distance in a direct line), we obtained our first view of the Skeena\nRiver. We had worked round the edge of a rugged mountain spur; steep and rocky side-hills\nrose above us; a swamp spread below, and beyond it the river benches, with the livid line of\ngreen of the river banks, and beyond again an autumn-tinted range of hills\u2014yellow, green\nand brown\u2014with the snowy heights of further mountain ranges behind. As we descended\nthe Skeena Valley, poplars, alder and birches made up no small percentage of the forest\ngrowth, and the leaves of these, yellowing in their decay, made a bright and cheerful contrast\nwith the sombre verdue of hemlock and spruce.\n\" It was now the latter part of October, and with shortening days and frosty nights winter\nmade its approach felt. From time to time flights of little lark-like ' snow-birds' flitted on\ntheir southward journey\u2014heralds of the snow. The fine days at this period were beautiful,\nwith a brisk, sharp atmosphere, warm sunshine, and lovely, clear blue skies. On the other\nhand, the wet days were correspondingly wet and miserable.\n\"The slope of the valley took us down in well-defined benches to the river itself, which\nwe struck at Dave Stewart's ferry, and still following up its left bank, and crossing in succession Copper River and Gold Creek, we arrived at our destination\u2014Kitsilas Canyon. There,\nat the telegraph station and steamer landing, we once more came into touch with civilisation,\nhaving accomplished some 62 miles of pretty rough travelling.\n\" Copper River is a wide, swift-flowing stream, draining what seemed to be a considerable\nvalley. The bar formed at its entrance to the Skeena is a wide sand and shingle flat, very\npretty, with the variegated foliage along its banks stretching in well-defined lines edging the\npartly moss-grown boulders and stones of the beach.\n\"Gold Creek is a clear, rocky stream rarely more than three feet deep, but with a mean\nand treacherous current. Its valley comes to a narrow neck at the Skeena, but runs back\nextensively, widening out in the far distance. A newly-made waggon road crosses it. This,\nwhen completed, will lead from Singlehurst's new wharf on the Skeena up to his mines in the\nmountains, some six or seven miles. In the creeks and along the river banks about here we\npicked up much quartz and conglomerate 'float,' also serpentines, nearly every specimen\nmineralized with iron or traces of copper, and looking a likely enough proposition for gold, but\nwe were unable to do much prospecting.\n\" Most of the better riverside lands were Indian reservations, and Indian cabins and\ngraves were numerous on the river banks. Many areas here could be easily cleared and might\nbe valuable for cultivation. Potatoes, cabbage and other vegetables simply grew to riot in\nStewart's garden, a few miles down stream. A 92 Report on Agriculture, 1903\n\" Besides the ubiquitous hemlock, spruce and cedar, the prevalent trees were small birches,\nbull pine, alder, cottonwood, maple, willow and some hazel. Rabbits, bear and grouse were\nnumerous, and goats up in the mountains.\n\" Mounting the river benches behind us, timbered side-hills and rock bluffs climbed to\nsteep and rugged mountains, 1,500 to 2,000 feet high. These are now being prospected to\nsome extent, with very promising results. On the opposite side of the river a lofty peaked\nmountain loomed up some 3,000 feet, with deep clefts and rocky ravines, and snow lying\nperennially in its crevices. Here, where the mountains thus press together, is formed the\nnarrow canyon where the curbed waters of the river boil and eddy as they sweep imperiously\nthrough the two or three channels they have cut, apparently, out of the solid rock. Here,\ntoo, with just a distant glimpse of snow-covered ranges in the far interior, our journey ended.\"  3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 93\nVANCOUVER ISLAND AND ADJACENT ISLANDS.\nEsquimalt, Highland, Metchosin and Sooke Districts.\nThese are the most southern districts in British Columbia, being at the extreme southern\nend of Vancouver Island, and lying very little above sea level. Access can be had to every\npart by one or the other of the following means, viz.: good waggon roads, railroads and water.\nThe City of Victoria affords a local market for the produce of this section.\nThe Districts of Esquimalt, Goldstream and Highland adjoin Victoria District to the\nwestward, and much the same characteristics prevail as in Metchosin, Highland being more\nhilly and rocky and heavily timbered. Good waggon roads and the E. & N. Railway run\nthrough it.\nMetchosin includes Rocky Point, Pedder Bay and Happy Valley, all accessible by water\nand by waggon road to Victoria, which is 15 miles from the centre of this district. A great\npart is covered with timber, mostly fir; some small second growth; some heavily timbered;\nsome open oak land, and alder and maple bottoms.\nSooke includes Jordan Meadows, which lie some distance in the interior and are reached\nby a trail via Sooke Lake. Sooke proper is on the sea coast, with a good harbour for small\nvessels, but an indifferent entrance, a few miles to the northward, and westward of Race\nRocks, and 23 miles from Victoria by waggon road or by water. The country generally is\nheavily wooded, rocky in parts near the coast, with open meadows up the Jordan River.\nMeteorological Record at Goldstream Lake for 1902.\nRainfall      62.60 inches.\nSnowfall    106.5\nAltitude     1,510   feet.\nThe meteorological statistics of Victoria may be taken as pretty nearly representative of\nthe whole of this section, a little greater precipitation near the hills and slightly colder away\nfrom the sea. In the hills, like the above data from Goldstream Lake, the precipitation is, of\ncourse, much heavier.\nPublic schools are situated at Colwood, Esquimalt, Goldstream, Metchosin, Otter Point,\nRocky Point, Sooke and East Sooke.\nThe district treated of in this part, on account of the small rainfall during the growing\nmonths and the porous nature of the land, is not well adapted to spring wheat, and all crops\nshould be put in very early, or in the preceding autumn. Fruit does well, with a little attention in the way of cultivation and mulching. Well adapted for sheep, of which there are a fair\nnumber produced; the presence of panthers, however, in the outlying district is detrimental\nto the profitable production in large numbers.\nDairying is one of the most profitable branches of agriculture hereabouts, where summer\nfeed is provided, as after the month of June the native grasses and fodders, of which there is\nan abundance in the early part of the year, begin to disappear; hence, nowhere is soiling more\nneeded and nowhere are the returns more generous. A creamery is projected, which will,\nwhen carried into effect, prove of the greatest benefit to all concerned. Many parts, on account\nof the gravelly nature of the soil rendering it warm and dry in winter, and the absence of\npredatory animals, are particularly well adapted to the production of poultry. In fact, were\nI asked where to locate a poultry farm in the Province, I should unhesitatingly recommend\nthis district. The comparatively easy work in connection with this industry, the proximity to\nthe markets, the climate, the good prices obtainable at all seasons of the year for fowls and\neggs, all point to poultry-raising as the one branch of agricultural pursuits for which this\ndistrict is best adapted, and, provided it is prosecuted with diligence and in an enlightened\nand rational manner, probably the most profitable, and will give quicker returns than any\nother. In any case, it is a good adjunct to fruit-raising, which cannot be expected to give\nreturns of any consequence under four or five years.   Small fruits, of course, do well, especially A 94 Report on Agriculture, 1903\nstrawberries, and since fruit can now be sent in car-load lots to the North-West Territories\nand Manitoba without breaking bulk, a great incentive is given to its production. As for\ninsect pests and diseases, both of plant and animal life, they are in evidence everywhere, and\nunless the precautions and remedies recommended are used, profitable returns cannot be\nexpected here more than elsewhere. No Government land for pre-emption ; improved farms\ncan be purchased for from $15 to $200 per acre, according to value of improvements and\nlocation.\nReport op Mr. A. H. Peatt, Correspondent, Colwood.\nWheat.\u2014Fall wheat is produced in this district for chicken feed. I am of opinion that\nit is better to buy flour.    Ruling prices, $30 to $35 per ton.\nOats.\u2014Varieties successfully grown are Banner and Columbus ; average yield, 27 bushels\nper acre.    The crop was very much affected by drought.    Ruling prices, $25 to $30 per ton.\nBarley is not grown to any extent.\nRye is only grown for very early pasture.\nPeas.\u2014Grey pea principally grown. Yield, about 31 bushels per acre. The crop was\naffected by the drought.    Ruling prices, $30 per ton.\nPotatoes.\u2014Varieties successfully grown are the Beauty of Hebron and Sir Walter\nRaleigh. Average yield, 200 bushels. Crop was affected by drought. Ruling prices, $15 to\n$18 per ton.\nMangolds.\u2014Varieties successfully grown are Carter's Yellow Globe and Mammoth Red.\nAverage yield, about 20 tons. Crop was affected a little by the drought. Ruling prices, $8\nper ton.\nCarrots.\u2014Varieties successfully grown, Half-long White and Scarlet Intermediate.\nAverage yield, about 19 tons per acre.    Ruling prices, $8 to $10 per ton.\nTurnips.\u2014Variety successfully grown, Carter's Prize Winner. Average yield, 14 tons to\nthe acre.    Ruling prices, $8 to $10 per ton.\nOnions, beets, parsnips and cabbages are very successfuly grown, in a small way.\nGrasses and Clovers.\u2014Clover, orchard and rye grass seem to be the general favourite.\nThe hay crop last year was very light indeed, on account of the dry weather. Timothy seems\nto be a general favourite with consumers, but I think other grasses much superior for hay.\nIndian Corn seems to be the only thing that can be grown for cows for green feed during\nAugust.\nVetches are the very best thing that can be sown for early green feed and hay. The\nyield per acre is about double that of any other crop.\nApples.\u2014The following varieties are successfully grown :\u2014King of Tompkins County,\nDuchess of Oldenburg, Salome and Rhode Island Greening. The yield in 1902 was very\ngood ; the crop was not affected by the weather; affected slightly with black spot; remedies\napplied, spraying with Bordeaux mixture.    Ruling prices, from 80c. to $1.50 per box.\nPears, plums, prunes and cherries are not very much grown.\nBoard of Horticulture.\u2014I consider the working of the Board of Horticulture to be\ngenerally of a satisfactory character and in favour of the growing of good fruit.\nDairying is very profitable, if properly carried on.\nSummer Feed for Dairy Cattle.\u2014Corn is the only green crop I can suggest.\nHorses.\u2014Not gone into very much.\nSheep.\u2014This district is not suitable for sheep-raising, on account of dogs and wild\nanimals.\nSwine.\u2014The raising of swine is not prosecuted with any degree of system in this district.\nRuling price during the year, from 6c to 7c. per ft. I consider a cross between the Berkshire\nand Yorkshire the most profitable.\nPoultry.\u2014This industry is very successful wherever tried; it is a remunerative branch\nof agriculture. I recommend the Barred Plymouth Rocks for general purpose fowls. Ruling\nprices, $3.50 to $7 per dozen for poultry; from 17|c. to 60c per dozen for eggs. The only\ncause which militates against the successful prosecution of this industry is laziness.\nCo-operation.\u2014This is a subject which has not been considered in this district, but one\nthat might easily and ought to be worked up through the Farmers' Institute; also mutual\nfire insurance and rural telephones.\nFarmers' Institutes.\u2014With regard to the election of officers, there should be some\nqualification for voters.    As it is now, visitors and children under age are allowed to vote. 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 95\nFertilisers.\u2014Artificial manures are coming into general use. Kainit is generally used\non swamp land, with good results. Natural fertilisers, such as barnyard manure, seaweed,\nwood ashes, etc., are also used.\nClearing Land.\u2014I recommend the use of stumping powder for clearing land. The\nCapstan stumping machine has been successfully used. Approximate cost of clearing land in\nthis district, from $40 to $200 per acre.\nDraining.\u2014Under-draining is carried on in this district. I recommend cedar slabs as a\npractical and cheap way of under-draining.\nLands.\u2014There is both Government and railway land for pre-emption in this district.\nImproved farms can be bought for from $30 to $100 per acre, according to location.\nLabour.\u2014Labourers are procurable at from $20 to $30 per month. The supply is equal\nto the demand; Chinese and Japanese are in the preponderance.\nVictoria, Lake, North and South Saanich, and including James\nIsland.\nThese districts lie to the northward of the City of Victoria, and are connected with it by\ngood waggon roads, railroad and water. The principal products are hops, roots, vegetables,\nhay, dairy products and fruit.\nVictoria District comprises all that part between Esquimalt and Highland on one side\nand Lake District on the other. Victoria City, beautifully situated on the Straits of Fuca\nand extending to near Esquimalt Harbour, the chief naval depot of the Pacific station adjoining this district, is the capital of the Province. A large portion of the land is slightly wooded\nand much of it partly open oak land.\nLake is a district north of Victoria and between it and South Saanich, the eastern boundary being Haro Straits. Most of the land is timbered, lightly in some parts and heavily in\nothers. The district is well watered by streams and lakes. Fruit-raising and market gardening are principally followed.\nSouth Saanich, on the Saanich peninsula, is about twelve miles north of Victoria, with\nwhich it is connected by good waggon roads and railway. Saanich Arm separates the peninsula from the main island, so that its eastern and western boundaries are the salt water, the\nsouth being Lake District and the north North Saanich.\nNorth Saanich adjoins South Saanich to the north, and occupies the end of the peninsula.\nSidney, the terminus of the railway from Victoria, is on the east coast. Several good waggon\nroads also give access to Victoria. This is a beautiful district, well suited to the cultivation\nof hops and fruits of all kinds.\nJames Island lies off North Saanich, and very near to it. The settlers cross in small\nboats with produce for the markets. Noted for the large quantity of strawberries produced,\nof good quality, and usually about the first of the Provincial product in the local markets.\nMeteorological Report for 1902.\nAt Victoria:\u2014\nHighest temperature (July) .     86 .2\u00b0\nLowest ii (January)  12.3\u00b0\nAverage n  '.  50. 2\u00b0\nRainfall     ,  24.84 inches.\nSnowfall  16.1 \u201e\nAverage rainfall for a group of years  30. 57      n\nAltitude, practically sea level.\nAt Royal Oak (in Lake District, and possibly 100 feet altitude) :\u2014\nRainfall    39.5   inches.\nSnowfall    11 n\nPublic schools are situated at Cadboro Bay, Cedar Hill, Craigflower, Elk Lake, Gordon\nHead, Lake, Oak Bay, Prospect Lake, South Saanich, West Saanich, Strawberry Vale, Mount\nTolmie, Victoria City, North Saanich, Sidney. A 96 Report on Agriculture, 1903\nWhilst the coast line of the district embraced in this chapter presents a rocky and barren\naspect, a view of the interior soon changes that opinion; in no part of the country is the soil,\nwhich is generally a black loam, more fertile, or better adapted for crops of all kinds, fruits\nand garden produce. Within a radius of ten miles of Victoria, from personal knowledge, I\ncan aver that there are more indigenous plants than in a similar area in any other part of the\nProvince, the wild flowers, for variety and colouring, are truly gorgeous, and it is seldom that\nsome are not in bloom every month of the year. Many of the plants that occur in the division\nfirst treated of in this report, viz., the Upper Mainland, disappear altogether in the Lower\nMainland, and reappear on Vancouver Island. On the other hand, the vine maple (Acer\ncircinatum), which occurs in large quantities on the Lower Mainland, does not appear in either\nof the two other divisions ; and again the oak (Quercus Garryana) which occurs quite extensively on the southern end of Vancouver Island and the Gulf Islands and, in places, for at\nleast 150 miles north of Victoria, does not appear in any part of the Mainland. A\nconsiderable quantity of grain is produced in this district, as a rule (excepting oats) for home\nuse and feed for domestic animals only. The growing of cereals is however discouraged, as\nland can be put to more profitable uses for market gardening, fruit, hops, dairying, sheep,\nswine and poultry production, for all of which it is admirably suited. By means of a ferry\ntransfer from Ladysmith, produce can now be sent via the Esquimalt & Nanaimo and Canadian\nPacific Railways to all parts of the North-West Territories and Manitoba without breaking\nbulk, and by steamers to the mines in Atlin and the Yukon. A very superior quality of fruit\nis produced in this section by those who give that attention which advanced methods demand.\nClover is one of the standard fodder crops, also peas and oats. Indian corn is not much\ngrown, not because it will not do well, but principally on account of other fodder crops being\ngrown so easily, it is not bothered with. Nevertheless, if more attention were paid to this\nvaluable fodder, it would prove to be more profitable than many others. Mr. C. E. King,\ncorrespondent, says : \" Sown in drills about the last week in May, and well cultivated, it is\nmost successful.\" Vetches have of late been most successfully grown for summer feed. Rape\nalso, for sheep and pigs, is getting into favour. A co-operative creamery is in operation in\nVictoria District, which is proving to be most successful, and is growing in favour daily. As\nin the last section treated of, there is no Government land for pre-emption, and prices for\nimproved land are about as stated for that part.\nMr. C. E. King, correspondent, says :\u2014\n\"Hills and valleys\" would best describe my district, the valleys having, as a rule, good,\nblack, loamy soil, on which large crops can be grown. The hilly ground is inclined to be\ngravelly, and in many places is too rocky for cultivation. The City of Victoria, 3 to 5 miles\ndistant, affords a good market for all the produce grown in the district; there are good waggon\nroads leading to the city; there are a sufficient number of schools and churches in the district;\nthere is fairly good shooting of pheasants, grouse, quail and ducks. The people, as a rule, are\nindustrious and in a prosperous condition.\nPoultry production is being taken up with system and is remunerative. Minorcas,\nLeghorns and Plymouth Rocks are recommended. Prices of eggs range from 15 to 75 cents\nper dozen; spring chickens, 35 cents and upwards. The only cause militating against the\nsuccess of the industry is \" want of experience.\"\nSheep.\u2014This is a suitable district for sheep, and their production is carried on to a considerable extent with profit.    No pests to contend against, except a few dogs.\nSwine production is not prosecuted, owing to low prices prevailing of late.\nLabourers.\u2014Whites, $25 to $30 per month, with board and lodging; Chinese, $20 per\nmonth, without board ; Japanese, $10 per month, with board and bed.\nCowichan,\nWhich includes the Districts of Cowichan, Comiaken, Quamichan, Somenos, Chemainus,\nSahtlam, Seymour and Shawnigan, is one of the most flourishing settlements on the Island,\nabout 40 miles north of Victoria, on the line of the E. &. N. Railway, midway to Nanaimo,\nbeing centrally situated in regard to markets. The Flockmasters' Association, organised some\ntime ago, has done good work in importing improved stock.   The first two mentioned districts 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 97\nfront on the water, Sansom Narrows; these, with the following two, have a fair quantity of\ncamparatively clear land on the Cowichan River and on Quamichan and Somenos Lakes, with\ngood bottoms and a good deal of timber lands. The others are farther back, and are, for the\nmost part, heavily wooded and sparsely settled.\nChemainus adjoins Cowichan to the north, Thetis and Kuper Islands, which lie off\nChemainus, being included. The latter are fairly cleared of timber, and are well suited to\nsheep-raising and fruit-growing. The mainland is heavily wooded, except in the valley of the\nChemainus River.    There is a saw-mill and quite a village at the harbour.\nCowichan Lake is centrally located between the eastern and western coasts of the Island,\nand about 20 miles from Duncan Station, on the E. & N. Railway, with which point it is\nconnected by a good waggon road. The country is all heavily timbered, principally with fir\nand cedar, and some maple and alder in the bottoms.\nShawnigan is a district on the line of the E. & N. Railway, about 30 miles from Victoria,\nand includes Shawnigan Lake and Koksilah River. The country is heavily wooded, but there\nare some extensive, low-lying lands, which, with drainage, can easily be brought into cultivation. The drainage question, however, is a very serious one to the individual farmer, as the\nexpense is great; and inasmuch as the draining of one part means the reclamation to some\nextent of all their properties, it would appear that co-operation should be adopted.\nMeteorological Records for 1902.\nAt Duncan :\u2014\nHighest temperature, incomplete; June and September were 84\u00b0, July and\nAugust would be much higher.\nLowest temperature, also incomplete    11\u00b0 in February.\nRainfall, also incomplete ; about 50 inches, of which 36.55 inches fell in\nthe months of January, February, November and December.\nSnowfall    10.6 inches.\nAltitude, practically sea level.\nAt Kuper Island :\u2014\nHighest temperature, July ) for 1900 ; that for 19021 95 .0\u00b0\nLowest M November..\/ not given. j 16.0\u00b0\nRainfall, for 1902    45. 20 inches.\nSnowfall,        ii  39.5 n\nAverage rainfall, derived from a group of years  41.95       n\nti        snowfall, ii ii   36.5        n\nPublic schools are situated at Chemainus, Chemainus Landing, Cowichan, Duncan,\nGlenora, Malahat, Maple Bay, Mt. Sicker, Quamichan, Sahtlam, Shawnigan and Somenos.\nMr. Mellin's remarks regarding the division treated of in this chapter- are no exaggeration, it is an ideal residential district as well as a farming one, and as for the sportsman, he. can\nhave the best of fishing, including salmon and trout, and shooting of all descriptions. Shawnigan Lake, where there are two excellent hotels, is well supplied with fruit; the land is\ngenerally heavily wooded and much of it is rocky, but there are also many spots of good land.\nAt Cobble Hill and vicinity there are some good farms, and a considerable amount of dairying\nis done. Duncan and vicinity is well treated of by Mr. Mellin and Captain Wolley. Chemainus has a fine stream running through it, where good fishing is to be had. I reproduce the\nfollowing excellent article :\u2014\nBy Clive Phillips-Wolley.\n\" To the student of human nature, British Columbia presents a curious anomaly. A very\nlarge proportion of those who migrate to this colony come for greater freedom and an outdoor\nlife, at an expense less than such a life would entail at home; and yet, when they arrive here,\nmost of them crowd into the towns. Country houses in the vicinity of Victoria are almost\nunknown. The Cowichan or Duncan District contains most of the exceptions to this rule.\nIt is the district par excellence of leisurely country life in British Columbia.\n\"A great many people will tell you that farming does not pay on Vancouver Island, and\nif you have to clear the land to be farmed, I think there is some truth in it; and yet we can\nshow substantial farmers who started without capital. The truth is that farming at a profit\nrequires experience and hard work;  perhaps the two things are not always found in com- A 98 Report on Agriculture, 1903\nbination. A very large number of our farmers were never brought up to farm. Even if you\ncan buy bush land at $1 an acre, it may cost you $100 to clear it; and at present farm labour\ncosts from $10 to $15 per month and board, if it is Japanese, and $20 and board if it is white.\nBut you can buy cleared land for less than it cost to clear it, and off such land you can make\na good living\u2014perhaps even a small income \u2014and, by adopting the simple habits of your\nneighbours, you can get more fun, sport and good living here for $1,000 per annum than you\ncan get for \u00a31,000 per annum in the Old Country. This is essentially the right country for\nmen with pensions, with small incomes and country tastes. An Indian can live here on\nnothing but the bounty of nature; a white man on the islands of the Gulf can live here for\nvery little more.\n\" I know a family, consisting of two English ladies and a child, who built themselves a\nhouse and cultivated a small garden upon one of the loveliest of our islands. They had their\npiano and their boat, sea bathing, fishing and gardening ; and their first year's expenses for all\nthree, exclusive of their initial outlay, was \u00a360, and for this they lived well.\n\" Let us go a step higher in the scale of expenditure. You can buy in the Duncan District\nchoice land, upon the sea or upon a lake, one-half cleared and one-haif bush, for $50 an acre.\nYou can build a good house of the bungalow type, lined with choice wood, prettily finished,\nand having, say, two sitting-rooms, four bed-rooms, bath-room, kitchen, etc., for$2,000 (\u00a3400).\nFor \u00a3200 you can buy 20 acres of land, of which at least 10 will be cleared. You can put a\nhouse upon it for another $2,000 (\u00a3400), and buy yourself two cows, a horse and buggy for\nanother $300 (\u00a360); and for another \u00a3140 you should be able to put in a good orchard and\ngarden, make and stock a poultry yard, buy a boat, and perhaps a few sheep.\n\"For \u00a31,000 you have your home equipped in the Duncan District, and if you want to\nincrease your holding by the work of your own hands or the expenditure of small sums of\nmoney as you make or save them, there is plenty of good land in the bush to be cleared.\n\" As to the life. In the Duncan District there is a very large element of English settlers,\nincluding naval and military men, pensioned Indian civil servants, and gentlemen's younger\nsons. The amusements are very much those of English country life, only that they cost you\nnothing.\n\" There are towns now in British Columbia where people try to live as they think that\npeople live in England\u2014where a dinner without champagne is not what it should be, and\ndresses good enough for Hurlingham are worn at little scratch cricket matches. They do not\ndo these things in the country districts. The dress here is simple ; no one dreams of any\nbetter drink than beer or whiskey and soda; the entertainments, small dances, picnics, bathing\nparties, etc., replace champagne with high spirits, and cost next to nothing. If you are a\ndecent fellow, it does not matter twopence what your financial standing may be.\n\" As to sport. The fishing in the district is excellent. At Cowichan Lake, in the early\npart of this year, I believe that the average was about 25 trout to the boat, running from\n1 to 2 pounds. This was with a fly. In the summer, with a spoon, men get some very large\nbaskets of two-pounders. Capt. Finnis, R. N., caught 255 pounds of trout in three days with\nfly and spoon. Capt. Salmon, 89 pounds of trout in one day. The Cowichan River sometimes affords excellent sport. In the early spring a big trout, running from 5 to 10 pounds\n(known as the steelhead), gives good sport to the fly-fisher, and later on there are good runs of\nsea trout; whilst in the bay, men who care for it can get superb salmon trolling.\n\" On one of the smaller lakes (two miles from Duncan, where many of the nicest homes\nare), a resident killed with the dry fly 22 trout weighing 57 pounds, in two evenings' fishing.\nThis is work, however, for the skilled hand.\n\"Grouse of two kinds used to be plentiful, and in the mountains close to hand there are\nstill a fair number of blue grouse for the hard-working gunner. Seven brace to the gun is the\nbest I have heard of this year. The willow grouse has suffered heavily, disturbed, I believe,\nin the nesting season by the imported pheasant, which has now become so plentiful as to\nbecome a nuisance to the farmers.\n\" Deer are plentiful, and in the winter season ducks, teal and geese afford capital sport on\nthe coast and in the marshes round the lakes.\n\" Above all, to the man who can afford it, Duncan offers a charming home within easy\nreach of really fine wild sport; trolling for the giant salmon of the Campbell River; wapiti\nshooting beyond Cowichan Lake, and on the West Coast of the Island; or sheep, beer, goat\nand mule deer on the Mainland\u2014all at points within a few days' easy travel, and all shooting\nfree. 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 99\n\"It would be easy, without exaggeration, to make this a much more alluring picture, but\nthe exquisite scenery must be left to do this, and I understand that this pamphlet aims at\ntelling the simple truth.\"\nReport op Mr. H. deM. Mellin, Correspondent, Somenos.\nGeneral Description.\u2014The Cowichan District, for the purposes of this article, comprise the valley watered by the Cowichan River, and the adjacent country as far south as\nShawnigan, and to the north as far as Chemainus. This district is particularly adapted for\nthe pursuit of both agriculture and horticulture. It is centrally situated on the Esquimalt\nand Nanaimo Railway, between two excellent markets, Victoria and Nanaimo. The soils,\nchiefly alluvial, respond readrly to cultivation, and produce large crops of all grains and plants\nbelonging to the temperate zone. The population consists chiefly of English and Scotch\nsettlers, many of them of exceedingly good social position. The district is traversed by some\nof the best roads in the Island, kept always in good order by a well-administered Municipal\nCouncil. There is also good water communication along the Coast from Saanich Arm to\nChemainus. At the latter place may be found one of the largest saw-mills in Canada, and at\nCowichan Lake extensive logging operations are carried on every year. Another rapidly-\ngrowing industry is mining. The ore-deposits on Mounts Sicker, Brenton and Richards are\nof such an extent to have already justified the erection of two smelters\u2014one at Ladysmith and\nthe other at Crofton. It should be mentioned that both of these towns have sprung into\nexistence since my last report. A vein of anthracite coal has been discovered at Koksilah\nand will shortly be worked. In spite of these industries, the beauty of the country surrounding\nthe chief town of Duncan remains unspoiled. As a residental district, Cowichan must always\nremain unexcelled, each year adding to the number of new homes on lake, river and sea. In\nconclusion, it may be said that, throughout Canada, there is no part seemingly more fully\nassured of ample future prosperity than this valley of Cowichan.\nWheat.\u2014Most ranchers grow a little, to be used as poultry feed and for fattening stock,\nbut the total production is small.\nOats.\u2014Ligowo, Improved Ligowo, Lincoln and Wide-Awake, all grown. Average yield,\n60 bushels per acre ; price, $25 per ton. A good all-round crop was harvested under excellent\nconditions.\nRye.\u2014The practice of growing fall rye and vetch as spring feed for dairy cattle has\ngreately increased.    Some grain is matured and threshed for use as seed.\nPeas.\u2014Between 30 and 40 bushels per acre is the average yield\u2014a fairly good crop.\nRuling prices, about $30 per ton.\nPotatoes.\u2014Early Rose, Late Rose, Dakota Red, Uncle Sam, Maggie Murphy, Burbank\nSeedling, Clarke's No. 1, Everett, Puritan, Bovee and Carman, are grown. Yield, from 400\nto 600 bushels per acre; Prices, from $10 to $20 per ton. The soil of the Cowichan Valley\nproduces a very superior quality of potato, rich in starch and, when cooked, presenting the\nlight, flaky appearance usually so much esteemed.\nRoots.\u2014The yield of Mangolds was about 30 tons per acre; Carrots, 25 to 30 tons;\nTurnips, 35 to 40 tons.    All root crops somewhat under the average, owing to very wet autumn.\nOther Roots and Vegetables.\u2014In several instances onions have been most successfully\ngrown as a field crop; the rest merely in kitchen gardens.\nGrasses and Clovers.\u2014Timothy, Cocksfoot, Red Top, Meadow Fescue, Kentucky Blue\nGrass, Rye Grass; Clovers : Red, Mammoth Red, Alsike, White Dutch and Alfalfa are grown.\nTimothy is not considered a general purpose grass; most farmers sow a mixture. Alfalfa,\nwhen once it has, by careful attention, obtained a footing, grows splendidly, and is deserving\nof more attention in the future.\nNative Grasses.\u2014Some of the native grasses and clovers make excellent pasture. As\nhay, the yield is very light, when compared with the tame varieties. Experiments with native\ngrasses have shown their tendency to grow isolated tufts and disinclination to form an even sod.\nIndian Corn can be grown with great success in this district, and makes very good\nensilage. All farmers here would benefit immensely if they would each year use some portion\nof their grass land for growing corn. The chief reason that this is not the universal practice\nseems to be the expense and outlay necessary for cutting and silo filling machinery; but this\ndifficulty might be overcome, as it has been already in Ontario, by some system of co-operation.\nRape is occasionally grown, and with success, as pasturage for sheep. A 100 Report on Agriculture, 1903\nVetches are grown very successfully, with fall-sown grain, for soiling and early summer\nfeeding.\nEnsilage.\u2014There are some six or seven silos in the district, all in use. Any fodder\nplants suitable to these latitudes can be grown here, and successfully preserved as ensilage.\nIn my opinion, the dairy farmers of Cowichan should aim at producing corn ensilage and\nalfalfa hay, thus easily doubling the output of their farms.\nApples.\u2014Duchess of Oldenberg, Red Astrachan, Alexander, Wealth}', 20-oz. Pippin,\nGloria Mundi, Gravenstein, Blenheim Orange, Ribston Pippin, Baldwin, Northern Spy,\nGolden Russet, Rhode Island Greening, Ben Davis, Canada Reinette, and King of Tompkins\nCounty, are all successfully grown. Yield in 1902, fairly good ; weather good. Approximate\nnumber of trees, 10,000 to 12,000. Diseases, apple scab and black spot of the bark, and a\ncertain proportion of the usual fungoid and insect diseases wherever trees are neglected.\nRemedies, spraying.    Prices, 75c. to $1 per box ; higher in the spring.\nPears.\u2014Bartlett, Beurre d'Anjou, Flemish Beauty, Louise Bonne de Jersey, also several\nlate or winter varieties, successfully grown. Yield, fairly good ; weather good. Number of\ntrees proportionately few, as compared with apples.    Diseases, fusicladium and fungoid pest.\nPlums and Prunes.\u2014The following varieties are grown: Italian Prune, Tennant\nPrunes, Peach Plum, Greengage, Pond's Seedling, Yellow Egg and Coe's Golden Drop. Yield\nof prunes, very good; of plums, fair. Approximate number of trees, 3,000. Very little\ndisease. Prices, from 2c. to 4c per ft., for certain varieties. There is very little sale for plums\nof the smaller sorts.\nCherries.\u2014The following varieties are successfully grown : White Heart, Governor\nWood, Royal Anne, English Morello. Yield is very good. The crop was somewhat damaged\nby rain towards the end of the cherry season. Number of trees, about 600. Ruling prices,\n7c and 8c. per ft.    There is a good demand for Royal Annes.\nGrapes can be produced with fair success. A few vines are to be found in old-established\norchards. Viniculture is, however, not on the increase, and this in spite of the fact that\ngrapes grown in this district have been proved capable of producing a wine of very high\nquality.\nPeaches, Apricots and Nectarines.\u2014All these fruits can be successfully produced.\nOf apricots and nectarines there are very few, but most orchards contain two or three peach\ntrees.    Crawford's Early is the favourite variety.\nSmall Fruits.\u2014The following are successfully produced : Sharpless, Wilson and War-\nfield strawberries, and currants.    The yield was good ; the season rather wet.\nBoard of Horticulture.\u2014Under this heading, I wish to point out to the members of\nthe Board of Horticulture the very grave damage that is being done to the fruit-growers of\nthis Province by the wholesale importation of mixtures that are labelled and sold as various\nkinds of jam. In this district of Cowichan a would-be thriving industry is completely stifled\nby the introduction of this falsely labelled product. An enormous quantity of fruit is left each\nyear to rot upon the trees, while large sums of money are sent out of the country to buy that\nwhich is not honest jam. The facts are these : The actual net cost of producing a five-pound\npail of average assorted jam, here in Cowichan, is 41|c. To make a profit this must be sold\nfor 60c. On the other hand, the imported compound can be delivered by the car-load in\nVictoria at 35c per 5-ft. pail. What this last-named stuff is made of, it would be hardly safe\nto conjecture ; but it is certain that the fruit supposed to be preserved forms only a very small\npercentage of the pail. I have been requested to point out the necessity for legislation which\nwill ensure that these imported mixtures are at least labelled according to their real contents,\nboth for the protection of the public and the encouragement of a very promising home industry.\nDairying.\u2014There is very little private dairying in the district. Practically all the\nfarmers find it more advantageous from every point of view to send to the creamery.\nCreameries.\u2014The output of butter from the Cowichan Creamery last year, 1902, totalled\nup to 90,616 fts., and the production is steadily on the increase. This creamery is co-operative,\nboth in principle and practice; all the patrons are shareholders. The farmers separate the\nmilk and deliver their own cream, three times a week in summer and twice in winter. Number\nof patrons, 72 ; number of cows, 500.\nFeeding.\u2014Those farmers who feed scientifically usually balance the animals' rations\naccording to data furnished by various agricultural papers.\nSummer Feed for Dairy Cattle.\u2014Soiling cows with alfalfa would meet the difficulty\nAlfalfa grows well in this district and should receive greater attention. 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 101\nHorned Cattle.\u2014Good milch cows are from $50 to $60 each. I do not recommend any\nparticular breed, but a more thorough and continuous testing of the herds now milking, in\norder that the indifferent animals may be weeded out and only the very best ones kept.\nHorses.\u2014At least two stallions travelled the district last year, and some good colts have\nbeen the result. Good general-purpose horses, of the French coach horse order, or even as\nheavy as a Suffolk Punch, will always fetch a good price here. Prices range anywhere from\n$75 to $150.\nSheep.\u2014The raising of good breeds of sheep, fostered and encouraged by that excellent\ninstitution, the Vancouver Island Flock-masters' Association, is prosecuted here with much\nsuccess. There is always a good and ready market, the demand for mutton greatly exceeding\nthe supply. This branch of farming will probably make greater strides in the future; of late\nso much more attention has been given to the dairy industry. The close-woolled sheep\u2014South-\ndowns and Shropshires\u2014are the varieties best fitted to withstand our rainy winters. Prices:\nWethers, in good condition, $5 to $6 ; good grade ewes for stock, $6 ; lambs, $4.50 to $5.\nSwine.\u2014A greater or smaller number of pork pigs are raised on every farm, but the\nsystematic growing of bacon for the market is nowhere practised. The bacon sold here is\nimported from Chicago. The very small amount cured locally sells readily for 20 to 22 cents\nper ft. These facts will suffice to show that there is something more than a good living here\nawaiting the man who will devote his entire attention to hog-raising and bacon-curing.\nRuling prices : pigs on foot, 5 to 6 cents per ft.; dressed, from 8 to 9 cents. Chester Whites\nand Berkshires and their crosses are greatly in favour here, and also a mixture of Berkshire\nand Tamworth.\nPoultry.\u2014The raising of poultry, both for their eggs and for the table, promises to be\nmost remunerative. Several residents of this district have embarked in this industry on a\nlarger scale than has been usual here\u2014with incubators, brooders, scratching sheds, etc., and\nreport good results. There will always be an excellent market for all the eggs and poultry\nthat can be raised for a long time to come. Breeds recommended: Buff Orpingtons, White\nand spangled Wyandottes, Plymouth Rocks. Price of eggs varies all the way from 20 to 60\ncents per dozen, according to the season.\nBee-Keeping is only carried on to a limited extent.\nDiseases of Animals.\u2014The educational effects of, 1st, the creamery, 2nd, the visits of\nthe Government Veterinary Inspector, and 3rd, the Farmer's Institute lectures and literature,\nhave resulted in a greater care and attention being paid to the many excellent dairy herds in\nthis district. Other classes of stock have also benefited by the introduction of up-to-date\ninformation. Consequently, cases of disease among domestic animals are happily rare, and,\nwhen occurring, are often treated on the spot wiih a fair amount of skill. We live in hopes\nof some day possessing a resident veterinary surgeon, for whom there is an excellent opening.\nCo-operation.\u2014The farmers in this district have invariably been almost unanimous in\nadvocating co-operative principles. The creamery, the Flockmasters' Association and an\nAgricultural Association founded in 1868, all testify to their willingness to co-operate for the\nbenefit of the community.\nExperiment Stations.\u2014The opinion has often been expressed that an experimental farm\nfor Vancouver Island is greatly needed. In this connection it may be pointed out that, on\naccount of its central position and exceptional advantages, the Cowichan Valley has much to\nrecommend it for the establishment of such a station.\nAgricultural Education.\u2014All classes of the population would benefit by the introduction of an elementary text book, teaching them something about the sources of our food supply.\nIn an agricultural district especially, this is a crying want. Those in opposition are evidently\nprofoundly ignorant of such matters\u2014too ignorant, in fact, to be allowed an opinion on the\nsubject.\nFarmers' Institutes.\u2014I am in favour, if this is at all possible, of a better amalgamation\nof the Farmers' Institutes with the older Agricultural Societies.\nSoils.\u2014There is no doubt that most of the soils here can be benefited by the judicious\napplication of lime. Plenty of barnyard manure will supply any other deficiencies in the best\nsort of\"way.\nDraining.\u2014Farm lands are fairly well drained, as a rule. Usual price for ditching:\nditch two feet deep, filled in with cedar slabs, from 40c. to 50c per rod.\nDyking.\u2014Some dyking is done at the mouth of the Cowichan River. Otherwise, the\ncharacter of the land in the district is not such as to require dyking.\nPROVINCIAL LIBRAE* A 102 Report on Agriculture, 1903\nClearing Land.\u2014The cost of clearing land, about $100 per acre, is far higher than it\nought to be. The man who can perfect a system of improved, cheaper and quicker methods\nof clearing will place himself on record as the greatest benefactor this Province has yet seen.\nAn immense amount of money is sent out of the country to buy feed-stuffs, most of which\ncould be grown here. The simple fact is, that we have not enough cleared land to grow this\nfood. And yet the Government do not seem to think it necessary to seriously consider the\nquestion of increasing the area of cleared land. It has been suggested that a series of experiments in clearing land should be undertaken at the public expense. These should at once\nbe begun under the direction of men of ideas and experience. And what is more, this work\nshould be continued year after year, and all the weight of scientific and practical opinion\nbrought to bear upon it. Thus only shall we learn better and cheaper methods of developing\nthe resources of the soil, feed our population and assure the permanent prosperity of the\ncountry. Perhaps the importance of this land-clearing question might be better understood if\nall our legislators thoroughly grasped the fact that in 1900 we imported for Provincial\nconsumption agricultural products to the value of five and a half million dollars, all of which\nproducts could have been raised in the Province.    And these importations are increasing.\nPecuniary Assistance.\u2014It is doubtful if direct pecuniary assistance to the farmer is\naltogether advisable. Government subsidies are probably better expended in conducting\nexperiments in clearing land, or in helping on enterprises of a co-operative nature, such as the\nbuilding of creameries, pork-packing and fruit-preserving factories, and the importation of\npedigree stock.\nTimber.\u2014Douglas fir, broad-leaved maple, alder, cottonwood, oak, arbutus, dogwood,\nbuckthorn, crab, wild cherry, willow (several varieties), yew, balsam, hemlock, white pine,\nblue spruce and cedar.\nWeeds.\u2014Wherever Canada thistle appears it should be instantly eradicated by means of\nthe application of salt. It is only known of on two ranches in this neighbourhood, and will\nprobably ere long be stamped out. It is the duty of all landowners who wish to be preserved\nfrom this pest to see that the provisions of the Thistle Act are enforced, at any rate so far as\nthey apply to the Canada variety.\nPoisonous Plants.\u2014Cases of poisoning from these sources are very rare. All fern in\nthe hay should each time be removed from the horse's manger after he has finished his feed.\nIf allowed to remain, the animal will invariably eat it as soon as he begins to feel hungry\nagain, and the opinion seems universal that this plant acts injuriously upon a horse's digestion.\nNoxious Animals and Animal Pests.\u2014Panthers and wolves are on the decrease.\nForest Fires. \u2014 Bush Fire Act, as recently amended, covers scope very well.\nLands.\u2014There is no Government land for pre-emption in any easily accessible part of the\ndistrict. Most of the railway land available for agricultural purposes has also been disposed\nof. Such railway land as remains unsold in outlying parts of the district may be bought for\nfrom $3 to $5 per acre. The price for improved farms varies very much, from $50 to $100\nper acre.\nLabour.\u2014Whites, $1.50 to $2.50 per day (not easily obtainable); Chinese, $10 to $25\nper month ; Japanese, $10 to $20 per month ; Indians, $1 to $1.50 per day. Throughout the\nsummer months white labour is scarce and Chinese and Japanese expensive. The Indians go\nto the canneries.\nNorth and South Nanaimo,\nIn which is included Oyster, Cedar, Bright, Cranberry, Nanaimo, Douglas, Mountain,\nWellington, Nanoose, and Cameron Districts, and the Islands of Gabriola, Lasqueti and\nTexada, is the chief coal-producing section of the Province.\nMeteorological Records in 1902.\nAt French Creek :\u2014\nHighest temperature, August  88\u00b0\nLowest ii January  11\nAverage  47.9\u00b0\nRainfall  39.79 inches.\nSnowfall ,        7.5       n 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 103\nAt Nanaimo :\u2014\nHighest temperature in August      90.3\u00b0\nLowest n in January        7.3\u00b0\nAverage      48.9\u00b0\nRainfall      40.36 inches.\nSnowfall      28.5        \u25a0\u25a0\nPractically sea level.\nPublic schools are situated at Departure Bay, Mountain, Nanoose, Northfield, Parksville,\nWellington, Alexandria, Cedar East, Cedar North, Cedar South, Chase River, Extension,\nGabriola, Harewood, Ladysmith, Nanaimo Bay, North Nanaimo, South Nanaimo, Southfield,\nNorth Oyster and Van Anda.\nThe following excellent report of Mr. John Stewart, correspondent at Stark's Crossing,\nNanaimo, is reproduced in a corrected form, to suit present conditions :\u2014\nThe Electoral District of North and South Nanaimo extends from Chemainus on the\nsouth to Qualicum on the north, a distance of 60 miles. The district, except what has been\ncleared, is all bush land, with mountainous, rocky ridges around Oyster Bay, Extension,\nWellington, Nanaimo, Nanoose Bay and Englishman's River. The Esquimalt and Nanaimo\nRailway, which extends from the City of Victoria, at the south end of Vancouver Island, to\nWellington, a distance of 78 miles, has 28 miles of track in the district. The town of Ladysmith is situated 5 miles from the south boundary of the district, on Oyster Harbour.\nLadysmith is the shipping point for the Extension and South Wellington coal mines. The\nExtension coal mines are situated 12 miles to the north-north-west of Ladysmith, and South\nWellington 9 miles to the north. The mines are owned by the Esquimalt and Nanaimo\nRailway Company, of which Company Mr. James Dunsmuir is the President. The town of\nLadysmith is built on sloping ground, which rises gradually from the water-front back as far\nas the city is at present built, five or six blocks. It has a beautiful situation, one terrace\nrising above another. The city is well laid out and has a splendid water supply. There are\ntwo large hotels and several smaller ones already attending to the wants of the travelling\npublic There is one large departmental store and several smaller ones. It is a station on\nthe Esquimalt and Nanaimo Railway, and has a post office with a daily mail service. Going\nnorth on the Esquimalt and Nanaimo Railway from Ladysmith, the first station is Fiddick's\nJunctim, where the railway branches off to the Extension mines. The branch line is 3 miles\nlong. The coal of the Extension mines is taken out through a tunnel 2 miles long. This\ntunnel is 8 feet by 8 feet, and accommodates two lines of rails. The coal is hauled out by\nelectric motors. The most approved appliances and machinery have been put in for the rapid\nhandling of coal, and it is expected this mine will soon have an output of 1,000 tons a day.\nThe first station north of Fiddick's Junction is South Wellington, at which place a coal mine\nis in operation. There is a small village of recent growth, with between 200 and 300\ninhabitants.\nAlong the water-front from the south boundary, between the railway and salt water,\nthere is partially cleared land as far as Haslam Creek, and the soil is good clay loam. From\nBrenton Crossing, 3 miles to the north of Ladysmith, following the waggon road to Nanaimo,\nthere are a number of well-cleared farms. In Cedar District, which extends from near Oyster\nBay to Nanaimo River bridge, the soil is all good, and would give returns if it were further-\nimproved by tile draining and good cultivation. Dairying is carried on on a small scale, but\ngrain, potatoes and hay are the principal products of Cedar District. Nanaimo is the principal\nmarket for this district. The roads are good. To the west and south of Nanaimo are situated\nthe 5-acre lots of the New Vancouver Coal Company, which have been mostly taken up by\nminers. To the west of Nanimo, about 1 \\ miles, the New Vancouver Coal Company's farm is\nsituated. This farm, of fully 500 acres, has been cleared up within the last 10 years out of\nthe bush, some of it costing fully $200 an acre to clear. It is all drained with tile. It grows\nthe supplies of hay, oats and roots for the Company's mules and horses. Nanaimo is a city of\n6,500 inhabitants, and is a good market for all farm produce. The principal mine of the New\nVancouver Coal Company is situated within the limits of the city. The Company has two\nother mines in operation at present\u2014No. 5, four miles to the south, on the Victoria Road, and\nProtection Island mine, which is situated at the entrance to Nanaimo harbour. Following\nthe Comox waggon road from Nanaimo to Nanoose Bay, the nearly deserted villages of North-\nfield and Wellington are situated thereon, the former 3 miles and the latter 5 miles from\nNanaimo.    To the south of Wellington, in the Millstream Valley, the large farm belonging to A 104 Report on Agriculture, 1903\nR. Dunsmuir & Sons, with an area of several hundred acres of excellent land, is situated. The\nCompany raises hay on this farm for the use of the mules and horses in their employ. At\nNorthfield, the Hamilton Powder Company have their works. They manufacture gunpowder,\nblasting powder, stumping powder, dynamite and gelagnite. The product of these works is\nshipped to all parts of the Province.\nThere are many small farms, well cleared and with good soil, between Nanaimo and\nNanoose Bay. From the point where the Comox Road comes into view of Nanoose Bay and\nParksville, the soil is inclined to be sandy and gravelly. Following the Comox Road from\nParksville, by French Creek, to Qualicum, the best farming land in the whole district is found\nat Qualicum. Turning off the Comox Road 3 miles to the south of Englishman's River, near\nBeaver Creek wharf, the Alberni Road runs through a bush country mostly. The stage coach\nto Alberni has its headquarters at Errington, 3 miles from the junction of the Comox and\nAlberni roads. There is excellent shooting and fishing around Parksville, Nanoose Bay and\nQualicum, and there is excellent hotel accommodation at Parksville, Errington, Nanoose Bay\nand Qualicum. There are three islands in the Gulf of Georgia which belong to the district,\nviz., Gabriola, Lasqueti and Texada. Gabriola, especially the south end, has excellent land;\nwhen cleared, it will yield large returns. Lasqueti Island is essentially adapted for sheep-\nraising, but the methods followed are not productive of the best results. Texada, the farthest\nnorth, in the Gulf of Georgia, is a great mining centre. Copper and iron are abundant, with\ngold and silver in less paying quantities. These islands, with the exception of Lasqueti, have\nsteamboat communication three or four times a week. Texada Island has a smelter in operation for reducing the ore of the mines of the island and surrounding country. There is\nexcellent school accommodation in the district\u2014in all, there are 19 schools scattered up and\ndown the district, exclusive of Nanaimo City. There are seven post-offices with a daily mail,\nviz., Ladysmith, South Wellington, Extension, Departure Bay, Northfield, East Wellington,\nand Wellington; five with twice-a-week service : French Creek, Parksville, Errington,\nGabriola and Texada; and two with once a week service : Cedar and Nanoose Bay. There\nare seven telegraph offices in the district: Ladysmith, South Wellington, Extension, North-\nfield, Wellington, Englishman's River and Nanaimo.\nGrasses and Clovers.\u2014Timothy largely grown; in a few cases, English rye grass has\nbeen grown, with good satisfaction; also White and Red clover and Alsike. Timothy hay is\nselling for from $12 to $15 a ton.\nIndian Corn.\u2014It is becoming evident that corn can be grown in this Province. A Mr.\nCook, of Nanaimo City, was awarded a prize for corn at the recent Paris Exhibition. The\nsample bundle of corn which he sent was 14 feet in length. R. J. Craig, of Parksville, grew\ncorn (Mitchell's Extra Early) this year which nearly ripened. Sam WTaddington, Nanaimo,\nwas successful in growing corn this year, and was awarded a prize at Nanaimo Show.\nVetches.\u2014Wherever the right variety is sown at a suitable season vetches (winter\nvariety vicia sativa) have given splendid satisfaction. The retail price of the seed, which has\nbeen 10c to 12-Jc a pound, has been a barrier to a more extended trial. The Farmers' Institute should import and distribute seed at cost price.\nSoy Beans have been a complete failure; English horse beans should be tried here.\nApples.\u2014Gravenstein, Jonathan, King of Tompkins County, Walbridge, Wealthy and\nLord Suffield are the favourites. The black spot on the bark seems to be a little troublesome,\nbut fruit-growers are adopting the remedies recommended by lecturers at Farmers' Institute\nmeetings, and these remedies are found to be very efficacious. The oyster-shell scale is found\non trees that are not periodically sprayed, and the same may be said of other pests.\nPears.\u2014Bartlett, Louise Bonne de Jersey, Flemish Beauty, Winter Nelis and Beurre\nd' Anjou. The yield was good, but pears are only grown on a very small scale, because prices\ndon't rule nearly so high as apples.    The prices were 75c. to $1 a box.\nPlums and Prunes.\u2014Peach, Columbia, Bradshaw, Victoria, Black Diamond, Pond's\nSeedling, Yellow Egg, Italian Prune, French Prune and Pacific Prune. Winter-killing and\nblack spot on the bark are the worst diseases.\nCherries.\u2014Black Tartarian, May Duke, Late Duke, English Morello, Ontario, Preserving\nand Belle Magnifique.    The worst disease of the cherry is gumming.\nStrawberries.\u2014Magoon, Sharpless, Wilson, War-field, Gandy and Glen Mary. Yield, 2\nto 4 tons to the acre. Diseases, rust and winter-killing. Remedy for rust, spray with\nBordeaux mixture; for winter-killing, only plant varieties that will stand the winter. Gandy\nis very subject to winter-killing.    Price, 7-|- to 10 cents per pound. 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia A 105\nRaspberries.\u2014Cuthbert and Marlboro ; about 2 tons to the acre ; 4| to 8| cents a pound.\nThe Cuthbert was affected with an unnamed disease which affected the bark, but did not affect\nthe yield, except in a very small area.\nCurrants.\u2014Not worth planting now, the demand growing less every year.\nGooseberries.\u2014Industry and Oregon Champion ; yield, 2 to 3 tons to the acre, on 3-year-\nold bushes. Prices, 5 to 8J cents a pound. Mildew is the most persistent disease, but yields\nto remedy of lime, sulphur and salt and Bordeaux mixture.\nDairying.\u2014All through the district, but especially in the neighbourhood of Nanaimo,\ndairying is carried on. Around Nanaimo dairying is fairly profitable, but not nearly so\nprofitable as it should be, because they fail to keep tally with their cows, or in other words,\nthey fail to \"feed, breed and weed,\" especially the latter. I don't think there is one dairyman\nthat keeps a record of what his cows are doing, and, consequently, the profit and loss account\nis a very uncertain account.\nFeeding.\u2014The great bane of feeding all sorts of cattle, yeld and milk cattle, is letting them\nrun at large on roadsides and in the bush. Milch cows are very easily affected in their yield\nof milk by the distance they have to travel for their food. On the farm on which I was raised\nin Scotland, whenever the cows were sent to pasture in the farthest fields, it was known the\nsame day in the less yield of milk. The only salvation for the dairying industry in this part\nis to grow soiling crops and erect silos. Farmers' Institutes and Agricultural Societies ought\nto encourage the growing of soiling crops and the making of ensilage, by offering good\nsubstantial prizes for the same, in order to draw the attention of the owners of cattle to this\nimportant subject.\nSummer Feed for Dairy Cattle.\u2014The only green crop which I think would fill the bill\nis corn ; but this is one of the crying necessities for the immediate establishment of Experiment\nStations. ' I think Experiment Stations, or an Experiment Union, should be one of the very\nfirst things in connection with agriculture to claim the attention of the Provincial Government.\nSheep.\u2014Some of the Islands in the Gulf of Georgia are well adapted to raising sheep,\nLasqueti Island especially, and Gabriola. Sheep-raising and dairying are almost on the same\nlevel, so far as profits are concerned. It may be said that sheep raisers need to feed, breed\nand weed, the same as in dairying. This is a country where large profits could be made out of\nsheep, if the same care and forethought were given to them as in Britain and Ontario.\nPoultry.\u2014In two or three places in the district poultry breeding has been carried on\nwith system. R. J. Craig, Parksville, has made a profit of $2 a head. Mr. Miller, assistant\nnurse, Nanaimo Hospital, had lots of eggs all this winter, when others were doing nothing ;\nand Mr. Smith, five-acre lots, made a daily profit of from $1.50 to $2 from 200 hens, all raised\nby the incubator. We ought to hear from these men how they do it. Eggs never sold for\nless than 25 cents a dozen.    During November and December, 65 cents was the ruling price.\nBees.\u2014Bee-keeping is being carried on more largely every year, especially in the neighbourhood of the New Vancouver Coal Company's Farm. One man made $250 out of 32\ncolonies. Honey fetched 25 cents a pound this year. White clover and Alsike during June\nand July.\nExperiment Stations.\u2014I think that the subject of Experiment Stations ought to be\ntaken up immediately by the Government of British Columbia. If we wait until the Dominion\nGovernment gives this Province Experiment Stations, we will wait 20 years. The expenditure\nwould be justified by the results, if thoroughly practical men took hold of the proposition.\nSoils.\u2014All of our soils need lime. All bottom lands are deficient in phosphoric acid and\npotash. Lime can be got at $1.50 a barrel; phosphoric acid for $25 a ton in Victoria;\npotash, in the form of muriate of potash, for $55 a ton; in the form of kainit, $20. (Lime\nfor agricultural purposes, $5 and $6 per ton.\u2014J. R. A.)\nFertilisers.\u2014Artificial manures are gradually coming into use. Nitrate of soda, $40 a\nton; bone dust, $25 a ton ; sulphate of potash, $60 a ton. Seaweed and dog salmon are used\nto some extent, but not nearly as much as they should. Before the use of artificial manures\ncan be recommended, the most of the cleared land in this country needs thorough draining to\nget best results.\nClearing Land.\u2014The best plan to remove large stumps is to blast them out with stumping powder and then set fire to them, or pull them out with a small stumping machine, or by\nthe use of oxen. Stumping could be done very well by co-operation, but co-operation in that\nsort of work is an unknown quantity in these parts. The Sweep single-horse stumping\nmachines, with f-inch steel-wire rope, have operated the best of any that have come under my\nobservation. Draining.\u2014Very little under-draining has been done in this district, except on the New\nVancouver Coal Company's farm. The want is money at a reasonable rate of interest, to do\nthe drainage thoroughly. Thorough under-draining is the first and great want; in fact, it is\nan absolute necessity to get the best results from the soil. Wet, sour land is a very fickle\nagent to cope with.    Drain tile costs $1 a chain, and digging and filling in $1 a chain.\nPecuniary Assistance.\u2014As stated under the head of draining, the only borrowed money\nthat is safe for a farmer to handle is money borrowed for tile draining. In many cases it\nwould pay to borrow money at 10 per cent. If the Government would follow the plan that\nwas followed by the Government of Great Britain about 60 years ago, it would not go far\nwrong. There are many farms in Britain to this day that bear the marks of the immense\nimprovement that draining brought with it when the Government loaned money for that\npurpose.\nWeeds.\u2014The only place where the Canada thistle has made its appearance in this district\nis at Northfield Crossing, on the E. & N. Railway.    The thistles are allowed to go to seed.\nLands.\u2014Esquimalt & Nanaimo Railway land is to be had in this district. All kinds are\nto be had, good, bad and indifferent, from Chemainus to Qualicum. The price of railway land\nis $5 an acre.\nLabour.\u2014Whites, very scarce, $20 to $35 a month, with board ; Chinese, $8 to $15 a\nmonth, with board ; Japanese, $8 to $22, without board. Chinese and Japanese labourers can\nusually be got, except during the fishing season.\nThe following description of Texada Island is reproduced from the last report :\u2014\" The\nIsland of Texada is situated in the Gulf of Georgia, near the 51st degree of latitude. The\nisland is reached by steamer, or E. & N. Railway from Victoria to Nanaimo ; thence up the\ngulf by steamer 49 miles to the Puget Sound Iron Mine wharf, from which the Government\nroad bisects the island to the Marble Bay and Van Anda wharves, on the opposite shore.\nThe island contains quite a nice sprinkling of alder lands and swamps and rolling hills and\nmountains, profuse with wild grass, remarkably adapted for sheep and cattle grazing. Some\nof the mountains rise up to 3,000 feet in height. The total length of the island is something\nover 30 miles, and the average width is estimated to be about 5 miles, making it the monarch\nof the gulf islands. The formations are granites, syenites, porphyrys, diorites, limestone\nand agglomerates, or amygdaloids. Copper is found in many of its varied varieties; native\nsulphides and glance iron in magnetite and oxide and numerous other forms ; lead galenas,\nzincs, graphite, arsenical and antimonial ores, and, of most importance, free gold.\"\nComox,\nExtending from the northern boundary of North Nanaimo to the northern boundary of\nComox District, a distance of some 65 miles, and including the Islands of Hornby and Denman and the Districts of Castle, Nelson and Comox, is for the most part heavily wooded and\nsparsely populated, especially the two first named districts. Comox itself is one of the most\nbeautiful and promising districts in the Province. In it are situated the Union Coal Mines,\nwhere a fine article of coal is produced, the majority of which is exported to California. These\nmines afford an excellent market for all the produce of the neighbouring agricultural sections.\nIn the vicinity of the bay and extending back some distance, the country is fairly open, with\na good many oaks scattered about. Further back and extending to Campbell River, a distance\nof some 30 miles, there is a large extent of level country, heavily timbered for the most part\nwith fir, cedar, hemlock, spruce and maple, with some extensive swamps, which are capable of\nbeing easily drained, the land throughout being of excellent quality.\nThis is considered one of the best dairying districts in the Province. It is well watered\nthroughout, and the land produces fine crops of clover, corn and other fodders suitable for\nmilch cattle. A considerable quantity of butter is manufactured both privately and by a\nco-operative creamery. The means of communication are by waggon road and by steamer to\nNanaimo. The projected extension of the Esquimalt and Nanaimo Railroad would, if\nconstructed, pass through the entire district. X\n0\nz\n<\n<\ntn\nQ\nJ\nw 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 107\nThe timber consists principally of Douglas fir, cedar (a very fine quality), maple, alder\nand oak (Quercus jacobi). This is the most northerly limit of the oak, the southern limit\nbeing Sooke, and none being found on the Mainland.\nThe soil is fertile, but draining is most essential. In the swamps it is mostly black muck,\nwith a bluish clay subsoil, and in other parts varying from a black or sandy loam in the\nbottoms to a red gravelly loam on the higher parts.\nThere are a number of good swamps in the district that can be cleared at little cost; they\nrun in size from 20 to 100 acres. The soil is good, being composed largely of decomposed\nvegetation, and generally covered with a broad-leafed sedge, which keeps green all winter and\ngrows high. The cattle are very fond of it, and it keeps them in good condition. These\nswamps are easily ditched, and the timber, which is principally crab-apple and willow, is light.\nDenman and Hornby are about 42 miles from Nanaimo, and lie close to Vancouver Island\nshore, the upper end of Denman being opposite the Union Mines, the latter place affording\ngood market for produce.\nThere being no meteorological records from any part of this district, I am unable to give\nany definite information on that important point. Probably that for French Creek, given\nunder the last chapter, would come nearest to the weather conditions of the portion of\nVancouver Island treated of under this heading. The precipitation on the islands of Hornby\nand Denman is probably lighter.\nPublic schools are situated at Comox, Courtenay, Cumberland, Denman Island, Grantham,\nHornby Island, Lund, Puntledge and Union Bay.\nReport of Mr. Geo. Heatherbell, Hornby Island.\nGeneral Description.\u2014The island has a mountain 1,070 feet high from centre,\napproaching, near the side, at south and south-west to an abrupt cliff. All, or nearly all, soils\nbelow mountain are good. Cumberland nearest market, Nanaimo next. Steamboat service\n(S.S. City of Nanaimo). Roads are fairly good. School. Plenty deer, blue grouse, and\nsalmon in Lambert Channel. Population, about 50 souls. South-west beach is a noted place\nfor marine fossils. The ranchers number about a dozen, and the area of cultivated land is\nabout 400 acres.\nWheat.\u2014There is not much wheat grown, but what is is good. All grown for chicken\nfeed ; I think it would be better to feed it to stock. No frost, no pests. Mammoth Italian\nchiefly grown here; it took first diploma at Paris Exposition and at Glasgow also. Spring\nwheat is mostly grown all for feed.\nOats are the main grain crop, all for feed.    Good crops; no trouble with pests.\nBarley.\u2014 None grown; but has been tried and does well.\nPeas do well.    I prefer Golden Vine.    All fed on farms.\nMangolds do well, when properly cared for.     Not much grown.\nTurnips do well. I grow from 1^ to 2 acres and get large crops. Hall Westbury,\nSutton's Champion and New Ontario are the varieties. I get best results by planting from\n1st to 15th June.\nGrasses and Clovers.\u2014Following are the principal varieties grown :\u2014Red alsike and\nwhite clover, timothy, orchard and red top grasses.    I don't like timothy for pasture.\nIndian Corn.\u2014My experience is that it can be successfully grown for ensilage here. I\nprefer oats and peas for soiling so long as I can cut them green.\nRape is excellent, sown on rich land, well cultivated and sown in drills not too thick.\nHave experimented with it three years and find it good even for cows, but a little difficult to\ncarry off to feed, but is all right to feed on the land, especially to sheep or pigs.\nApples.\u2014The following are successfully grown :\u2014Yellow Transparent, Astrachan, Duchess\nof Oldenburg, Wealthy, Gravenstein, Swaar, Baldwin, Pewaukee, Spy. Not very good crops\nin 1901; abundant in 1902. Cold, late spring. I should say about 2,000 trees on the Island.\nI like the *No. 1 spray best, if only one spray is used. I use No. 1 once and Bordeaux twice\neach season.    One dollar per box is the ruling price.\n*The following is the spray alluded to by Mr. Heatherbell :\u2014\nSpray No. 1.    (Winter Spray for Woolly Aphis and Scale Insects.)\nLime, unslacked  30 lbs.\nSulphur, powdered  20  \u00bb\nSalt, coarse  15   \u00bb\nWater  60 gals. A 108 Report on Agriculture, 1903\nBoard of Horticulture.\u2014I believe the Board is doing good work, and hope they will\nreceive every encouragement.\nDairying.\u2014Private dairying is profitable if a first-class quality of butter is made. Not\nmuch carried on here outside of myself.\nSummer Feed for Dairy Cattle.\u2014This is a problem I would like to solve. Oats and\npeas mixed, as long as they can be sown and cut before they harden up, is my best feed. A\nstrip sown every two weeks will give feed well to the end of August. Then I plow up same\nin September and sow rape and get a good bite for sheep. It is just a question of getting\nenough moisture to start seed.\nSheep.\u2014This district is suitable for sheep-raising, but it would be better if we had less\nrain in winter. Everyone breeds sheep more or less, mostly Shropshire grades, which I believe\nare the best. I believe sheep pay better than cattle, supposing they are confined strictly on\nthe farm, on the islands, at least. Ruling price, 4| to 5c per ft. live weight, and wool 6|-c.\nThere is something wrong with the price given for wool.\nPoultry.\u2014This line has not been taken up with any system ; each one keeps a few hens.\nIt is a profitable branch of the farm. \" Black Minorca \" is best, in my opinion. Prices from\n20 to 45 cents during the year. For the year we sold $230 worth of eggs from 110 hens\n(Minorcas), including four dozen chickens. They got ordinary farm care and all the feed\nraised on the farm.\nThere are no diseases of animals in this district.\nAgricultural Education.\u2014I am decidedly of opinion that something could be done in\nthat respect, and good would come of it.\nFarmers' Institutes.\u2014Unfortunately, our community is too small to take advantage of\nthe benefits of an Institute. The two islands, Denman and Hornby, could do so, if got together\nand were unanimous.\nFertilisers.\u2014Barnyard manure is used and cared for in the old way.\nClearing Land.\u2014I recommend the use of stumping powder every time. Then pull out\npieces with heavy blocks and heavy team. I believe nothing would give encouragement to\nfarmers on timber lands to go ahead clearing up more than cheap powder, and no doubt it was\na great disappointment, to say the least, to a large number when we did not get it for about\n7 cents per ft., as we were led to believe we would.\nDraining.\u2014Underdraining is not carried on in this district; too costly with wood.\nDrain pipes would be very much the cheapest and best in every way, if they could be procured\nat a reasonable price and low freight, or, better still, manufactured on the spot.\nPecuniary Assistance.\u2014I believe cheap powder would do more good, in a way, than\npecuniary assistance.\nLands.\u2014No Government land. Improved farms can be bought for from $10 to $50 an\nacre.\nLabour.\u2014Whites, $25 per month ; Japanese, $15 per month.    Labour scarce sometimes.\nReport by J. A. Halliday,  Correspondent, Comox.\nGeneral Description.\u2014Comox may be called a dairy, farming, lumbering and mining\ndistrict. Individual private dairies keep from 1 to 75 cows, usually from 18 to 30. Butter is\nshipped to Nanaimo, Ladysmith, Texada, etc. ; price, from 22 to 35 cents. Grain and grasses\nall grow well, and are sold at Union Mines at good prices. Lumbering is carried on largely\nby the companies operating the mills at Nanaimo, Victoria, Chemainus and Vancouver, besides\nthe smaller local mills. Our coal mines are too noted to need description here. There are\nmany dry swamps, good land, and, of course, free of timber, held by the E. and N. Co., but\npurchasable at reasonable rates. It is a hard lay-out to undertake to clear a bush farm unless\nthe timber is suitable for lumber and near enough the water to make it pay. A railway will\ngreatly remedy this. The farmers here are contented and prosperous; we have many privileges, schools, churches, post offices, etc., but are dissatisfied with our mail service. Game\nand fish may be had in season in any quantity wanted ; soil is good ; climate healthy; some\nwinters no snow. There are about 80 persons engaged in agriculture, who cultivate about\n6,000 acres of land.\nWheat.\u2014Little wheat is raised, perhaps 50 tons in all. As there is no grist mill, it is\nused for chicken feed. Many think that a mill would do much to improve matters, because\npeople would raise more, and as they would then have bran and shorts of their own, these last 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 109\nwould be fed to a greater extent and thereby improve the quality of the stock. No fall wheat\nis grown regularly; some have tried it and been successful. The ruling prices during the year\nwere from 1-| to 2-\\ cents per ft.\nOats.\u2014Varieties most successfully grown are: Banner, Siberian and New Zealand.\nAcreage under oats is 500, and the ruling price was $25 per ton. Smut was troublesome;\nused formaline without success.\nRye.\u2014Enough was grown to prove that it will do well.\nBarley.\u2014Four-row and two-row barley; very little grown, but is of a beautiful colour and\nplump grain.\nPeas.\u2014Prussian blue;   small white pea ;   few grown ;   no easy way of threshing them.\nPotatoes.\u2014Varieties successfully grown are : Burbank Seedling, Early Rose, White\nElephant and Late Rose ; 3 to 4 tons per acre. Those who use the chemical (Mixture B. Fertiliser) had as high as 10 and 12 tons.    Price, about $15 a ton.\nMangolds.\u2014Varieties successfully grown were : Long Red and Globe. As high as 30\ntons are produced pere acre.    Price, $12 per ton.\nCarrots.\u2014White and Orange grow well, but owing to expense of keeping clean and\nharvesting few are grown.    $12 to $15 per ton can be realised.\nTurnips.\u2014Variety grown was Swedish. Heavy crops are obtained where farmyard\nmanure is used; as high as 40 tons to the acre, on the flats.    Price, $10 per ton.\nSugar Beet.\u2014A few are growing Sugar Beet instead of Mangels; they prefer them;\nthey do well, but no large quantities are used.\nOther Roots and Vegetables.\u2014Onions are grown to some extent, and are marketed\nat about 2 cents per ft.    All other vegetables are grown for home use.\nGrasses and Clovers.\u2014Timothy, Red Top, Orchard Grass and Common Red Clover are\nabout all the grasses, etc., that can be named. The flats raise as high as 4 tons per acre; the\nhigh lands do well in damp seasons.    Price, $12 per ton, baled.\nIndian Corn.\u2014Ensilage corn grows to 12 feet, and has been estimated to yield as high\nas 30 tons per acre. A few silos are now in use. Angel of Midnight and Compton's Early\ndo best; Mammoth Red Cob also grown.\nEnsilage.\u2014The round silo is the one in use here. Corn and second growth clover are\nused to fill it.    It is cut and filled by steam power.\nApples.\u2014Varieties grown are : Gano, 20-oz. Pippin, Gravenstein, Oldenberg, Transparent,\nHarvest, Swaar Russet, Baldwin, Northern Spy, King of Tompkins, Greening, Alexander,\nMaiden's Blush, Wealthy, Gloria Mundi, Ben Davis, Bellflower, Ribston Pippin, Canada\nReinette, Siberian Crab.    Spraying is generally practised.    Price, about 2 to 3 cents per ft.\nPears.\u2014Bartlett, Beurre d' Anjou, Souvenir de Congres, Clapp's Favourite, Winter Nelis,\nFlemish Beauty and Louise Bonne de Jersey do well; very few orchards.\nPlums and Prunes.\u2014Damson, Pond's Seedling, Greengage, Imperial Gage, Yellow Egg,\nRed Egg, Golden Drop, Lombard and Bradshaw are grown. None exported ; most orchards\n'have a few trees.    Price, 3 to 4 cents per ft).\nCherries, peaches, apricots, nectarines, quinces and grapes are grown in limited\nquantities.\nSmall Fruits.\u2014Gooseberries, black and red currants are successfully grown. Price, 10c\nper ft.\nBoard of Horticulture.\u2014At our Institute meetings, when the matter has come up,\nthe Horticultural Board Act has been generally approved, especially the care taken with\nregard to foreign fruit and trees. As this is not a very large fruit-producing district, we do\nnot give it all the attention we might.\nCreameries.\u2014About 600 cows are kept within a radius, but want of unanimity keeps\nthe number about 300. The cost last year of butter-making and marketing, etc., gave the\npatrons only 19 cents. Unless a large number go in it must fail. Those nearest the creamery\nare large dairymen, with full equipments of their own, engine, separators, etc.\nFeeding.\u2014Our most successful dairymen feed large quantities of bran, with chopped\noats, green oat hay and ensilage corn.    A few have silos, but, so far, have not succeeded well.\nSummer Feed for Dairy Cattle.\u2014Corn is largely used here during the dry season.\nSome like oats, cut as required.\nHorned Cattle.\u2014This being a farming community, and no ranges here, from a few head\nto, say, 20 are kept by each individual. The breeds are, Shorthorn, Jersey, Holstein and\nAyrshire.    Price of beef, 7c. to 9c, per ft. A 110 Report on Agriculture, 1903\nHorses.\u2014None are raised for export. Prices of home-bred animals, 3 and 4-year-olds,\nfrom $100 to $140. General-purpose horses suit us best. Our drives are short and we like\nto go quickly.\nSheep do well, but not many kept; chiefly Southdowns ; considered profitable. Prices :\nSheep, 6 cents per ft.; lambs, 8c. Wool is sent away and realises about 15 cents. Panthers\nhinder many from keeping them.\nSwine.\u2014The Chinese use all our surplus pork, and as they buy it is not necessary to feed\nvery carefully. A pig off the grass, if in good condition, will bring as good a price as one\nfed on grain and dairy refuse.    Price, live weight, $7.50 to $8.50 per 100 Eos.\nPoultry.\u2014Several here depend entirely on their poultry for subsistence. They find,\nwith care, cleanliness, regularity and proper feeding, they can make it pay. Minorcas, Leghorns, Plymouth Rocks and Wyandottes are the chief breeds. Our local demand takes more\nthan we can raise. Chickens weighing 4 to 6 fts. are worth now $8 to $9.50 per dozen; eggs,\n40 cents fresh.\nDiseases of Animals.\u2014Considerable dissatisfaction exists that two flocks of sheep here\nare allowed to go at large, so bad with scab that they are painful to look at. We hoped the\nInspector would have given orders to have the matter attended to.    (Attended to.\u2014J.R.A.)\nCo-operation.\u2014Whilst all agree as to securing cheaper rates, etc., want of unanimity has\nprevented us from accomplishing much.    The Institutes have helped to lessen it.\nFarmers' Institutes.\u2014We have found the Institute a great thing for us, and always\ngo away pleased at the views of strangers who lecture here.\nAgricultural Education.\u2014I think it absolutely a necessity ; all rural children need it,\nand few city people but desire, at least, to own a bit of land. The enjoyment of the city\nchild's outing would be greatly enhanced if he had some knowledge of plant life.\nFertilisers.\u2014Barnyard manure may be said to be the only fertiliser. Seaweed could be\ncollected in small quantities. As regards wood ashes, while we burn fir there is so little\nash it is scarcely worth naming.\nClearing Land.\u2014Clearing large stumps is such an expensive thing that little of it has\nbeen done. Ringing them and digging around the root, then hitching a chain to the tree as\nhigh up as possible, is one way. It takes a lot of time, but has no money expense, as we have\nour own help. Blasting is claimed to be the cheapest, but you must have the cash to get the\npowder. In any case it will cost as high as $200 an acre to clear much of our land, by any\nprocess we know of.\nDraining.\u2014A few of the more thoughtful farmers have done more or less draining, its\nexpense deterring them. I think all are alive to its advantages. Stone from the fields, timber\nand some tile have been used.    The price of the tile, with its freight, is prohibitive.\nDyking.\u2014Little land here could be helped now. The Government, a few years ago, did\nall that was required.\nExperimental Stations could not help but do good. You will find the reports are fairly\nwell read that are sent abroad. We understand the cost must be heavy, and might properly\nbe under the Dominion Government; more uniformity could be observed in their working.\nPecuniary Assistance.\u2014There was great rejoicing when the Government spoke of assisting the settler (in clearing his land) with money at low interest. It would be well if such an\nAct came into force to help those who have been obliged to mortgage at high interest; it\nwould imbue them with new life. It could be easily worked by either the Farmers' Institute\nofficers or the Government Agent, at almost no expense.\nTimber.\u2014White pine, hemlock, Douglas pine, balsam, cedar, cottonwood, alder, poplar\nand maple, are the principal trees.\nWeeds.\u2014We find it difficult to get a Thistle Inspector, as the Government makes no\nprovision for paying one, and we have not the means to do it. Thistles are now \" King \" on\ntwo or three farms here, and while so much land is lying slashed and unoccupied, it will be\ndifficult to keep them under. Still, if we had, say, a $60 grant to send a man around, with\npower to punish the careless, it could be greatly checked if not controlled.\nNoxious Animals.\u2014Panthers are very destructive here. The amount of bounty ($7.50)\nis not complained of.\nForest Fires.\u2014The carelessness of campers and men with their pipes are the causes\nblamed for the forest fires.    Heavy fines should be imposed on the careless camper.\nLands.\u2014Only E. <fe N. Railway land to be had here, chiefly timbered. Many dry swamps\ncould be reclaimed.     The E. <fc N. Railway Co. asks from $3 up for the land.     Cleared farms A#\u00abe       *     -    -\n-t\"* \\'r C        '\n\u00a3limm&ert.,f        .,'.';    - '\n*Sj&*&t--'\u25a0. .--  ->,','  '--   V\nK\n0\nh\nO 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 111\nmay be had at all prices, from $800 to $20,000 ;   small clearings in backwoods localities, cheap\nand good.    The Government gives roads to these isolated settlers.\nLabour of all kinds is scarce and high. Japs prefer contract work, such as clearing land,\nditching, etc. Whites, scarce, at $30 to $35 per month and board ; Chinese, scarce, except as\ncooks ; Japanese can be had at $15 to $25 per month ; Indians do not work on the ranches.\nRetail prices at Comox of ordinary necessaries for farmers, furnished by J. McPhee &\nSon : \u2014\nFlour, from $5 to $5.75 per bbl.; fresh beef, from 10c. to 18c per ft.; bacon, from 16c. to\n20c. per ft.; ham, about same as bacon; lard, from 15c to 17c. per ft).; butter, fresh, from 20c.\nto 30c. per ft.; tea, from 25c to 50c per ft.; sugar, from $5 to $5.75 per 100 fts.; overalls,\nfrom 90c to $1.25 per pair; shirts, from 60c to $1.50; beans, from 5c to 6c. per ft.; boots,\nfrom $1.25 to $5 per pair; ploughs, from $14 to $20; harrows, from $16 to $20; waggons,\nfrom $50 to $75 ; hay rakes, from $30 to $35 ; binders, Victoria prices; mowers, from $50 to\n$65 ; binder twine, from 12c. to 18c per ft.; sleighs, from $30 to $50; cutters, from $25 to\n$50 ; buggies, from $60 to $125 ; harness, from $13 to $25 ; nails, from 4c. to 5c. per 100 fts.;\nsaddles, from $6 to $12.\nNorthern part of Vancouver Island, and adjacent Islands,\nIncluding Alert Bay, Fort Rupert, Cape Scott and Quatsino on the main island, being\nthe only spots of any consequence where there are any white settlers, and the islands of Valdez,\nThurlow, Read, Cortez, Hernando, Savory, Redonda, Hardwicke, Camp and Wyatt. There\nare many more islands which it is not necessary to mention specifically. This portion of the\nProvince is very sparsely settled, and the means of communication being confined to steamers\nwhich are rather uncertain in their movements, the accession to its population has not and\nwill not be much increased until better means of communication are established. A railway,\nnow projected, connecting the two extremes of Vancouver Island, would no doubt be a great\nfactor in settling up this portion.\nAlert Bay, about 70 miles to the north-west of Valdez Island, is on the north-east coast\nof Vancouver Island. Some settlers have taken up land on the islands in the vicinity and in\nthe valleys of streams. The country is generally wooded and well watered, and the soil is\ngood. On Haddington Island a very fine quality of stone is found, of which the Parliament Buildings at Victoria are constructed. Coal also exists at Port McNeil, and these,\ntogether with the salmon canning and the fishing industry, will no doubt form important\nfactors in the development of this part of the country.\nQuatsino and Cape Scott include all the country in the northernmost part of Vancouver\nIsland. A colony of Danish and Norwegian settlers have recently been established there, and\nit is hoped that with the assistance of other settlers the section will become a place of importance. The soil is described as productive, well watered, timbered with fir, cedar and hemlock.\nThe climate is well suited to the production of all the usual cereals, vegetables and fruits.\nAlthough the fisheries are, so far, wholly undeveloped, enough is known regarding them to\njustify the belief that they are of immense value, and will form a valuable adjunct to the\nresources of that section, and contribute largely to the means of livelihood.\nMalcolm Island has lately been acquired by a colony of Finnish settlers, who have settled\nthere, and are engaged in farming, fishing and lumbering.\nMeteorological Record for 1902 at Cape Scott (Lat. 50.48\u00b0 N., Long. 128.27\u00b0 W.)\nHighest temperature, June    81.5\u00b0\nLowest ii January ,    16\u00b0\nAverage n  ,    46. 3\u00b0\nRainfall 135.76 inches.\nSnowfall    Nil.\nIt will be observed that the rainfall is excessive and the snowfall nil. This is characteristic of the West and North-West Coast and is accounted for by a warm ocean current setting\nin to that shore, the evaporation from which is condensed by the snowy mountains of the\ncoast line and falls in the shape of rain. For the same reason, the temperature of the\natmosphere is such as prevents the formation of snow.    The greater part of the above precipi- A 112 Report on Agriculture, 1903\ntation, viz., 92.72, occurred during the months of January, February, March, November and\nDecember.\nPublic schools are situated at Alert Bay, Read Island, Valdez Island, Cape Scott, Quatsino and Gill.\nReport of Mr. Nicholas Thompson, Whaletown, Cortez Island.\nWe have got one more settler on the island this year and a school started. The one\ndrawback to us at present is we have no wharf. If anything can be done to help us along in\nthis line we will be pleased. These islands along the coast can safely be recommended for\nfruit-growing. There is plenty of land for pre-empting round here, but it is hard clearing.\nWe have a boat call twice a week with mail, and there is a good market for all we can raise.\nThere are twelve ranchers on the island, men, women and children; 60, all told. Between\n150 to 200 acres of cultivated land.\nPotatoes.\u2014The varieties successfully grown in this district are Early and Late Rose.\nWe were free from all pests this last season.    Ruling prices, from $18 to $20 per ton.\nMangolds do well here; enough grown to feed stock with.\nCarrots.\u2014Varieties successfully grown are Half-Long Red and White.    Good crops.\nTurnips of all kinds do well here.\nOnions, parsnips and all garden produce do well up in this northern country.\nGrasses and Clovers.\u2014The principal grasses and clovers grown in this district are Red\nand White Clover and Timothy hay.    All hay raised here is fed to stock raised on the island.\nApples.\u2014The following varieties do well:\u2014Yellow Transparent, Red Astrachan, Duchess\nof Oldenburg, Baldwin and Golden Russet. The apple crop was very good. For black blight\non apple trees, I sprayed with bluestone and lime and found it did good; also raked in some\npotash and bone-dust round the roots of each tree.\nPears.\u2014The Bartlett pear does all right here.    I have four in my orchard bearing.\nPlums do well.\nCherries do very well here and bear good fruit, but trees bleed, a lot of gum coming\nfrom them all the time.\nSmall Fruits.\u2014Nearly everyone here has an assortment of small fruits, which they grow\nfor their own use, red currants, black currants, raspberries, blackberries and gooseberries, all\nyielding well.\nPoultry.\u2014On a small scale, two or three of the ranchers here go in for poultry-raising,\nkeeping from 150 to 200 hens.\nCut-worms.\u2014We were not troubled with the cut-worm at all this year.\nLands.\u2014There is some Government land for pre-emption here.\nReport of Mr. N. T. Neilsen, Cape Scott.\nGeneral Description.\u2014The settlement is located at the north-west end of Vancouver\nIsland, about 300 miles from Victoria, with which it is in monthly steamboat communication.\nThe soil is undulating with hills, some of which reach a height of from 200 to 400 feet. It is\ndrained by three large rivers or creeks. The higher land is of a character generally known as\nfern and sallal soil; the lower land is chiefly muck soil, except al< ng the rivers and creeks,\nwhere there is a considerable amount of bottom land. The nearest market is Shushartie, 20\nmiles east, where a commission man disposes of products, and lately the mining camps at\nQuatsino, 40 miles south; both places are reached by the water route. There is a Government trail to San Josef's River, which will be extended to Quatsino; 5 miles of roads in the\nsettlement; no mines, but indications of minerals. A public school is maintained and a post\noffice established. Population, about 80. Game is abundant. There are salmon and halibut\nenough to make fishing a paying industry.\nNumber of ranchers, 26, and about 130 acres of cultivated land.\nOats have only been cultivated for green fodder.\nPeas have done well.    American Beauty seems preferable among the garden varieties.\nBeans.\u2014The climate is not suitable for beans.\nPotatoes.\u2014Early Sunrise and Early Rose have given a good yield. Well drained soils\nhave yielded from 8 to 12 tons per acre.    Ruling prices, $25 per ton.\nCarrots do well; all varieties tried, do well.    Price, $25 per ton.\nTurnips.\u2014All kinds of turnips grow splendidly. They have only been grown for cattle\nfeed and produce up to 30 tons per acre. 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 113\nSugar Beets seem to do well on old soils.\nOther Roots and Vegetables.\u2014Onions have been grown on certain soils. Cabbages\nhave been grown to a very large size.    Ruling prices, $20 to $25 per ton.\nGrasses and Clover.\u2014The principal grasses and clovers grown are Timothy, Orchard\nGrass, Italian Rye, Red and Alsike Clover. Italian Rye preferable to Timothy. Grasses and\nclover do well, but no hay has been sold.\nAustrian Brome Grass (Bromus inermis) has proved a failure.\nNative Grasses.\u2014There are several native grasses here, some of which are well liked by\ncattle.\nFruits.\u2014Apple trees have been planted, but are not yet of bearing age. The same\nremarks apply to pears, plums, prunes and cherries.\nSmall Fruits.\u2014All kinds of small fruits are doing excellently. Gooseberries have\nsuffered from mildew ; no remedies applied have been successful.\nDairying is the principal industry, but has only been carried on separately by the\nranchers. As soon as the number of cattle will warrant the success of a creamery, it will\ndoubtless be built on the co-operative plan.\nFeeding.\u2014Cows here go on pasture in the summer and fall, and during the winter they\nand fed with hay and turnips.\nSummer Feed For Dairy Cattle.\u2014Peas and oats, cut green, make fine fall feed for\ncattle.\nPoultry is given considerable attention here. Brown Leghorns are preferred. Eggs\nhave been shipped to Victoria so far, but Quatsino promises to be a better market. Prices\nhave only been from 20c to 30c on account of there being only monthly communication.\nExperiment Stations.\u2014According to my opinion, there ought to be an experimental\nfarm on the Island.    Doubtless the result would justify the expense.\nAgricultural Education.\u2014I am decidedly of the opinion that agriculture should form\npart of the public school curriculum of the Province.\nFarmers' Institutes.\u2014On account of our isolated location we are not able to avail ourselves of the privileges of the Act; otherwise, it would no doubt be appreciated.\nSoils.\u2014The soil seems to be lacking in something, supposed to be lime. Tins have\nfrequently been supplied by the Department, and as frequently filled by the settlers. Inquiries\nas to their constituents have usually been made from here, and every time been answered by\na promise of an analysis within two weeks. We are in hopes that the tins sent down five\nyears ago will be reached before the end of the century.\n(Explanation.\u2014The chemist of the Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, who was good\nenough to undertake all such work, has, of late, been unable to do so, in consequence of increased duties.\u2014J. R. A.)\nFertilisers.\u2014Nitrate of soda has been used with good results; price here, $65 per ton.\nCare is bestowed on barnyard manure. Seaweed has been applied on a potato field, with good\nresults.\nClearing Land.\u2014Stumping machine, with a team, is considered preferable for the\nstumps here.\nDraining.\u2014Under-draining is carried on in this district; there is plenty of cedar for the\npurpose.\nDyking.\u2014There are about 600 acres which can be reclaimed by dyking. The soil is an\nalluvial deposit, with gravel as subsoil. $5,000 is the probable cost. A dyke has been built\nand was completed this year. It is an earth dyke 6 feet high ; width, 19 feet at the bottom\nand 3 feet on top; cost, $8 per rod.\nPecuniary Assistance.\u2014The Department should encourage farmers to form associations\nunder this Act, for the purpose of clearing their lands on a co-operative plan.\nTimber.\u2014Yellow and red cedar, hemlock, spruce, yew, balsam, white fir and spruce grow\non dry lands.\nCut-worms have done no damage this year.\nLands.\u2014All the land not occupied is open for pre-emption.\nLabour.\u2014Whites, at $2 to $2.50 per day. A 114 Report on Agriculture, 1903\nRetail prices of ordinary necessaries for settlers, furnished by N. T. Neilsen, Cape Scott :\nFlour, from $1.35 to $1.50 per 50-ft. sack; rye flour, $1.50 per 50-ft. sack; bacon, 20c. per\nft. ; ham, 20c. per ft. ; lard, 16c. per ft. ; butter, 20c. to 25c. per ft. ; tea, 25c. to 50c. per ft. ;\ncoffee, green, 16c. to 20c per ft. ; coffee, roasted, 22c to 25c per ft.; rice, 5|c per ft).; sago,\n5c perft.; sugar, 6c per ft.; syrup, 5c. per ft.; overalls, 90c. to $1.25 per pair; jumpers,\n90c per pair; shirts, 75c. and upwards ; lacing boots or shoes, from $2 to $5 per pair; knee\nboots, grain leather, $5 per pair.\nReport of Mr. Henry Varney, Quatsino Sound.\nGeneral Description.\u2014Quatsino, although appearing to afford large scope for agricultural\ninterests in the near future, by reason of the important mining developments now taking place,\nat present does not seem to deserve a place in the Department's report, as the agricultural\noperations carried on here are so very unimportant. There are less than 20 persons actually\nengaged in farming. The climate is all right for all fruits and vegetables grown in the temperate\nzone, but the land being very heavily timbered, it is fearfully hard to get it under subjection,\nsaying nothing of its rocky character. There is great talk of a pulp-making industry starting\nhere during the next year or two. There are about sixty inhabitants, including men, women\nand children.\nBeans.\u2014The following are successfully grown :\u2014Broad Windsor, Kidney Beans and\nPole Beans.\nPotatoes.\u2014The following are successfully grown :\u2014Bruce's White Beauty, Burpee's Extra\nEarly, Early Rose and Beauty of Hebron.     Ruling price, $1.25 per 100 fts.\nMangolds.\u2014Gate Post and Yellow Intermediate are successfully grown.\nCarrots.\u2014The following varieties are grown in this district:\u2014White Belgian and Half-\nLong Dan vers.    Ruling price, $20 per ton.\nTurnips.\u2014The following are grown :\u2014Rutabaga and White Globe.    Price, $20 per ton.\nChicory has been tried in this district; it makes a good coffee substitute for the poor\nrancher, when properly dried and ground.    Like horse radish, it is hard to eradicate.\nOther Roots and Vegetables.\u2014A few tons of oninons and cabbages are grown. The\nwriter grew about five-sixths of a ton of onions last year (1901), but lost two-thirds by mildew.\nWhite Silverskins all rotted before they could be roped. Red Wethersfield and Yellow Danvers\nkept best. Red and Yellow Prizetakers nearly all scallioned, owing to terribly wet and cold\nseasons ; no warm weather until August; everything growing vigourously to end of September,\nwhen ripening process should have been almost completed. Cabbages do well where soil\nsufficiently manured.    Parsnips keep well in the ground, and form good winter vegetables.\nGrasses and Clovers.\u2014The following are the principal grasses in this district: Perennial\nRye Grass, Orchard Grass, Timothy, Red Top, and Red and White Clover. Much hay made\nfrom wild grass on tide flats. Orchard grass superior for grazing purposes to Timothy, as the\nlatter grows woody so soon and has no aftermath, whilst Orchard and Perennial Rye grass keep\ngreen all winter here.\nEnsilage.\u2014I believe hay is the most profitable, but I have some tide land subject to daily\noverflow, where it is impossible to make hay. I stacked about 15 tons of the grass for three\nyears, but it wastes too badly; so, as lumber is very dear here, I tried a plan which might\ninterest others similarly situated. Build a frame of logs 10 feet square and 6 feet 8\ninches high (logs need not go close together), nail split cedar boards inside the frame,\nthen prepare an inner frame, 9x9 square, which also line inside with split cedar boards,\nfitted as nearly as possible so as not to hinder silage settling. The space between\nthe outer and inner frame fill with earth. The result was very satisfactory from so\nsmall a silo; the very little waste was in the corners and side. I found the foot of\nearth, logs and double linings retained the heat better than the common board silo\ndoes at the sides. I forgot to say that after stack had settled down, inside the silo we put\na layer of tar paper and then a 4 or 5-inch layer of rubbish to catch the mould, and then a\nlayer of wooden blocks (earth is best) to weight it down and hold the heat in. You can enlarge\nyour silo's capacity by digging the earth out from the bottom for a few feet. A rough covering\nof loose boards on top keeps snow and rain out.\nApples.\u2014Orchards few and very young. One man here (a store-keeper) had a tree no\nlarger than an ordinary walking-stick loaded with fine apples on the stem only, there being no 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 115\nbranches and the stem only five feet high. I regret not being able to send a photograph of\nsame. All my plum, pear and apple blossoms have so far fallen off, with the exception of a\nfew Bradshaw plums.    Very cold winds during blossoming time the cause.\nGrapes.\u2014Owing to exceptional summer this year (1902), I had some Black Muscatel\ngrapes outside the house ripen perfectly (six or seven year old vine).\nSmall Fruits.\u2014Black and red currants do splendidly. Evergreen blackberries take the\nplace of grape vines with us. They yield enormously. Strawberries also do well, provided the\nweather is right.    All mildewed in 1901.\nSummer Feed for Dairy Cattle.\u2014Cow cabbage following very early potatoes, which\ngenerally get heavy manuring, and only half exhaust the manure.\nHorned Cattle.\u2014I would recommend Jerseys or Holsteins.\nSheep.\u2014There are too many wolves and too much winter rain in this district for the\nsuccessful prosecution of this industry.\nPoultry. \u2014The following breeds are recommended : Silver-laced Wyandottes, Houdans,\nor crosses of the two. Poultry does not pay unless there is a ready market for eggs at good\nprices, not less than 25 cents per dozen. It costs too much to clear land and grow feed here;\nbuying it is much better.\nBees.\u2014Have kept bees two years, Italians and Hybrids. No honey yet. Bees barely\nhold their own, owing to unfavourable seasons. Not enough white clover yet, and little or no\nwild honey-bearing plants.\nDiseases of Animals.\u2014None that I know of, except liver disease among poultry, caused\nby continued inbreeding year after year.\nAgricultural Education.\u2014The value of a teacher's power to instruct, in my humble\nopinion, is according to the number of dollars and cents he made out of practical farming\nhimself.\nPecuniary Assistance.\u2014The least that can be done is to remit a farmer's taxes until\nhe can afford to own his land.\nCut-Worms.\u2014No cut-worms in 1901. Some years they are so numerous and ravenous\nthat even onion and potato tops are not exempt.\nLands.\u2014According to latest advices, all reserved for Pulp Company to select from\u2014for\ntwo years.\nLabour is procurable at the following rates : Whites, $2.50 per day; Indians, $1 to $2 ;\nthey are no good.\nWest Coast of Vancouver Island.\nIncluding Alberni, Clayoquot, Ucluelet and Port Renfrew. Messrs. Duncan C. Anderson\nand Andrew Elliott, of Ontario, speakers at meetings of Farmers' Institutes, who attended\nand addressed the farmers at the spring meetings, were highly impressed with the possibilities\nof Alberni, and expressed their belief that in the near future it would be one of the leading\nagricultural districts.\nMeteorological Records for 1902.\nAt Carmanah (incomplete, so those for 1900 are given below):\u2014\nHighest temperature (incomplete), July  70.0'\nLowest ii n February  18.0\u00b0\nRainfall  112.86 inches.\nSnowfall  10. ii\nAt Alberni for 1902 :\u2014\nHighest temperature, August  94.2\u00b0\nLowest ii January  12.9\u00b0\nAverage n   49.3\u00b0\nRainfall       71.59 inches.\nSnowfall  36 n A 116 Report on Agriculture, 1903\nAt Clayoquot:\u2014\nHighest temperature, August        87\u00b0\nLowest, ii January          18\u00b0\nAverage        48.9\u00b0\nRainfall  146.56 inches.\nSnowfall        Nil.\nPublic schools are situated at Alberni and Beaver Creek.\nRetail prices at Claj'oquot of ordinary necessaries for farmers, furnished by Stockham\nand Dawley :\u2014Flour, Hungarian, per sack, $1.40; flour, XXX, per sack, $1.15 ; flour, pastry,\n$1.25; beef, corned, 12|c. per ft. ; bacon,  22c per ft.; hams,  20c. per ft.; lard, 15c per ft.\nbutter, 25c. to 30c. per ft.; tea, from 20c to 60c. per ft.; sugar, granulated, per 100 fts., $5.50\nsugar, XC, $5 per 100 fts.; yellow, $4.50; overalls,  90c per pair; shirts,  from  50c. to  $3\nboots, men's, $1.50 to $6 ; boots, ladies, $1.50 to $4.00; prints,  5c.  to 15c  per yard ; ginghams, 10c to 20c per yard ; blankets, wool, $3 to $10 per pair ;  canned fruit, 20c. to 25c. per\ntin of 3 fts.; canned beef, 2 ft>s , 25c ; coal oil, 40c. per gallon.\nThe vegetation of the West Coast of Vancouver Island, owing to the excessive precipitation and mild climate is tropical in its density and size. The coast line presents an impenetrable array of what are usually bushes, but here assume almost the dignity of trees, consisting\nprincipally of salal (Gaultheria shallon), evergreen blaberry (Vaccinium ovatum) and velvet\nberry (Rubus nutkanus). These, intermixed with some deciduous trees, such as the alder and\nmaple, and conifers, principally spruce (Picea sitchensis), and cedar (Thuya gigantea), form such\nan impenetrable growth that it is often a matter of impossibility to force a way through it.\nEven in the vicinity of the sites of Indian villages, which presumably have been occupied from\ntime immemorial, the same state exists, and only in a few instances are there small pathways\ncut through the undergrowth which enables a person to penetrate the forest. The coniferous\ntrees are of enormous size, and consist, on the coast, almost entirely of those mentioned above.\nThe Douglas fir, which disappears from the coast line on the West Coast, is found on the hillsides in the interior and the heads of the deep fiords which run far inland. The temperature\nof the sea water, according to tests I made several years ago, is some nine degrees warmer than\nit is in the Straits of Fuca; this may not be absolutely correct, as my means of ascertaining\nthe temperature were somewhat crude. This difference of temperature, I believe, is accounted\nfor by the many streams of icy coldness which flow into the comparatively circumscribed area\nof the straits, and the warm ocean current which flows on the West Coast. This, combined\nwith the fact that fine, hard beaches, some of them many miles in extent, will serve to make\nthis coast in the future an ideal summer watering place. The soil on that part facing the\nocean is of a curious peaty nature, and overgrown, as it is, with heavy timber, it is often\ndifficult to drain. The fall likewise in places is insufficient to carry off all the water. The\nsoil is lacking in some respect, so that failures have occurred in some instances to grow crops.\nThe Rev. A. J. Brabant, of Hesquiat Mission, writing of a difficulty he experienced in that\nrespect, says :\u2014\n\"I built in 1900 an Indian boarding-school in Deception Channel, Clayoquot Sound,\nbetween the Kelsamat Mountain and the Opetsat Indian Reserve. The land is flat and very\nmoist. The soil is like all the soil on the West Coast of Vancouver Island, about one foot\nand a half to two feet thick, covering a bed of red soil and clay. We have cleared of stumps\nand roots quite a spot around the buildings and sunk a drain, which, however, owing to the\nflatness of the ground, does not drain to a great distance. Last spring we sowed timothy\nand clover, but hardly had the surroundings taken a green appearance when everything died.\nNow, my object in writing this is to ask you what we must do in order to make the soil\nproductive, to the extent at least that it will grow grass ? We intend to clear a number of\nacres this next summer as a pasture for the cows, which we must keep to get a supply of milk\nfor the inmates of the institution. What kind of grass shall we sow and when ? etc., etc. I\nmay add that the bush in some places is quite open, and that in those places a coarse wild\ngrass is growing. It may not be in your duties to supply such information, but I know your\npersonal kindness so well, that I am sure you will grant me this privilege of profiting by your\nwell known acquaintance in such matters, by sending me a few words in answer to my\nquestions.\"  3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 117\nThe reply to which was as follows :\u2014\n\"I am in receipt of your letter of the 7th instant. From what you tell me and from my\nown knowledge of the conditions prevailing on the west coast of the Island, I should say the\nprincipal requirement is drainage, and next, the sweetening of the soil with lime. I do not\nknow the place you speak of particularly, and you omit to mention whether, although the\ncountry is flat, it is sufficiently elevated to obtain a good fall with a long enough ditch. If it\nis anything like Hesquiat, I can quite understand your difficulty, as, from my remembrance\nof this part, it is very little above the sea level, and it would, therefore, under those circumstances, be a work of great expense to reclaim such lands.\n\"If it could be accomplished, drain the land thoroughly, that being a first requisite\ntowards successful tillage; after that, it would probably take a year or two before the land\nwould be fit for much, exposure to the air being necessary. Flint expresses himself as follows\non this subject:\u2014\n\" ' But if one thing more than another may be said to lie at the foundation of all real\nimprovements of grass lands, or lands under a course of rotation, it is a proper system of\ndrainage. Especially is this important for low wet lands, since it not only frees them from\nsuperfluous water, thus making them more susceptible of tillage in the early spring, but\nactually increases their temperature several degrees, in some cases as much as from 8 to 10,\nand rarely less than from 2 to 4, and admits the air to circulate more freely around the roots\nof the plants. The aquatic grasses require a large and constant supply of moisture, and when\nthe soil is changed by drainage the more valuable species of grass may be introduced and\ncultivated in it.'\n\"In any case, the land is probably sour and should have applications of lime from half\nto one and a half tons per acre. See page 1,498, Third Report of Farmers' Institutes, sent\nherewith, and for ascertaining the want of lime or otherwise see page 23, Second Report of\nCentral Farmers' Institute. Lime for agricultural purposes is offered by Raymond & Son, of\nVictoria, at $5 per ton, here.\n\" I would not recommend Timothy in any case, if you want pasture for cows, nor should\nTimothy be sowed with red clover. Orchard Grass and Red Clover go well together, and the\nformer gives a good aftermath if it is cut for hay. However, if your land is too wet you must\ntry something else, and I would recommend Red Top Grass. This grass, although not so\nnutritious as most others, is most valuable, as it does well in wet soils. It would not do any\nharm to try some Orchard Grass, or Cocksfoot, as it is called in England, mixed, as it does well\non fairly low land, and it is by long odds the best pasture grass. The best clover for low\nlands is Alsike, and I therefore think that a mixture of that and the two grasses mentioned\nwould be most likely to succeed.\"\nThis correspondence pretty well explains the conditions existing on the West Coast. At\nthe heads of the fiords, however, the land is higher. At Alberni it is of a superior quality,\nand a good deal of it is not difficult to clear. Game is abundant, and fishing, whether in the\nsea, rivers or lakes, is good.\nReport op Mr. Stanley R. S. .Bayne, Alberni.\nGeneral Description.\u2014The valley is about twenty miles long and about three wide,\nextending from Comox Lake, on the north, to the head of Alberni Canal, on the south; the\nBeaufort Range shuts it in from the East Coast, and Sproat Lake, Great Central Lake and\ntheir mountains enclose it in on the west. The soil in the north part of the valley is glacial\nclay, with boulders on the ridges; black loam, having a clay subsoil, between the ridges and\npeat hollows. The south part of the valley is more of a red clay loam, with a yellowish clay\nsubsoil, with swampy hollows, and the land is flatter than the northern parts. Alberni is the\nnearest market, unless sent to Victoria by boat, or Nanaimo by Government road. Alberni\nCanal has several mines working; four schools (Lower Townsite, Upper Townsite, Gill and\nBeaver Creek) ; game fairly plentiful; fish very scarce ; scenery grand, mountains and lakes ;\npopulation, whites, about 200; Indians, about 200, all dead-broke. Fairly good farms can\nbe got for an old song.    An industry of some kind badly needed, and a railroad of course.\nThe area of cultivated land is very hard to tell; probably ahout 1,000 acres.\nWheat.\u2014Very little fall wheat is grown ; what is produced is fed to poultry. A little\nspring wheat is also grown, chiefly for chicken feed\u2014about 15 acres. There is no market for\nit. If it is planted early it yields a very good crop, otherwise it is thin. It is free from all\ndiseases.    Average yield, 20 to 35 bushels per acre.    Ruling price, 2 to 2|- cents per pound. A 118 Report on Agriculture, 1903\nOats.\u2014The following varieties successfully grown: Ligowo, Golden Giant, Cluster, Rennie's\nPrize, Siberian Mill Oats. Measurement is hard to get, as very few keep a tally, xlpproxi-\nmate acreage, 200.    Ruling prices, lj to 2J cents per pound.\nBarley.\u2014Varieties successfully grown are Common White, Black Hulless and White\nHulless. Approximate acreage, one. Barley grows well here, but there is no demand, except\ngrown by a few farmers for hog feed.\nRye.\u2014About three acres grown, fall variet}', chiefly for feed.\nPeas.\u2014Variety successfully grown is Common Canadian Field; no market; grown for\nindividual use. Ruling price, 2 cents per pound. Garden peas of all varieties do well.\nCommon pea, on low lands, grows 7 to 8 inches long.\nBeans.\u2014Only garden varieties. Scarlet Runner, with me, does the best. Horse Beans\nvery shy bearers ; same with Windsor.\nPotatoes.\u2014Best varieties are Late and Early Rose and Burbank. Other varieties not\nsuch prolific yielders. Have fried New Freeman, World's Fair, Burpee's Extra Early, Carman,\nNorth Pole, Country Gentleman, Sunrise, Early Fortune, etc. This year, vines dead earlier\nthan usual; hot weather and frost.    About 20 acres planted.\nMangolds grow well here, but very little grown.\nCarrots.\u2014White and Red grow well.    About 5 acres, chiefly for cattle.\nTurnips.\u2014The following varieties do well: Aberdeen Turnip and Swede. Approximate\nnumber of acres, 30 ; ruling price, J cent per pound.\nSugar Beet.\u2014Large beet is grown for cattle. It grows well and should be grown more,\nas cattle enjoy them.\nAll varieties of roots and vegetables grow well. Each individual has his or her special\nvariety.\nGrasses and Clovers.\u2014Timothy chiefly grown. Orchard grass, Red and Alsike Clovers\nyield well.    Price, $14 per ton.    Timothy is hard to beat, either for sale or for feeding to cattle.\nIndian Corn.\u2014Some years it does well and grows very tall, while other years it is\nworthless ; not reliable.\nSunflower.\u2014A few grown. They do well, but hard to mature the seeds before the fall\nrains.\nRape.\u2014A little has been tried, with fair success.\nFlax.\u2014A little grown for seed ; no market.\nApples.\u2014Hard to tell what varieties we have. I find my Manns are Alexanders,\nBaldwins are Wealthys, Wealthys are Kings, etc. Yield fairly good. All my trees are\naffected with scald or blister, and a good many of them are ruined.\nPlums and Prunes.\u2014Varieties hard to find out; bear well; rather plentiful this year.\nCherries.\u2014Royal Anne, Knight's Early Black, etc.    Good yield.    No market.\nPeaches, Apricots and Nectarines.\u2014Do fairly well against a wall.\nSmall Fruits.\u2014All do well, except red currants.\nDairying.\u2014Dairying is the only industry with me that keeps my head above water, and,\nas far as I can see, the same with the majority here. The orchard bears a few years, then\nthe trees die. Poultry are fickle, especially when one has to buy wheat at 2c per ft. Winter\ndairying does not pay, when bran is at $40 per ton, and bran is the chief stand-by in winter\ndairying; roots are too expensive to grow, when labour is at $2 to $2.50 per day. Co-operative creameries are ahead of private dairies, in that there is cash, not trade ; no worry of not\nbeing able to sell the butter.    No cheese made.\nFeeding.\u2014This is my idea. The cheapest way for a dairyman to produce butter, and\nget the most profit out of his cows, is to make them calve about January, February, March or\nApril, feeding well with peas and oat hay till grass appears; then pasture in small lots,\nrotating often on to new lots till snow covers ground; then feed hay, or peas and oats. I\nhave tried winter dairying now for nearly seven years; this year I tried the above and have\ndone much better. Have five cows, calved February, March, April, June and September.\nThe early cows are milking well now (November).\nSummer Feed for Dairy Cattle.\u2014I would suggest second crop of clover, peas and oats.\nHorned Cattle.\u2014I would recommend Jerseys or Guernseys for butter, Shorthorns for\nbeef, Holsteins for milk.    Better here for cattle than sheep; too wet.\nHorses are too high, $40 to $180.    I prefer Suffolk Punches.\nSheep.\u2014This district is not suitable for sheep. Four farmers here have them. Wool is\nunsaleable.    Those sheep kept on low, wet, or clayey land suffer from liver fluke. 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 119\nSwine.\u2014All keep a few pigs. Berkshire seems to be a good breed. Clover pasture and\nwheat stubble, with plenty of buttermilk and skim-milk, and a little barley in the straw. The\nsmallest went 185 fts., 9 months old; one, 11 months old, went 232 fts.\nPoultry.\u2014This line has been taken up by a few. It would be a remunerative branch if\none did not have to buy grain at 2c per ft. Every poultry man backs his own special breed.\nI prefer Brown Leghorns and Barred Plymouth Rocks ; my neighbour prefers Black Minorcas.\nIt is hard to sell the birds. Eggs have been 25c per dozen all summer; they are now 40c. ;\nthere is a good demand. Feed is too dear to buy and too hard work to thrash out, and the\nmajority have not enough land to put to grain, so as to pay for the hiring of a thrasher.\nBees.\u2014Apiculture is not carried on to any extent. There are a few hives. I should think\nthis was a fine bee country ; all sorts of flowers most of the year. Ruling price, 25c per ft.\nfor honey.\nExperiment Stations.\u2014I think Agassiz answers our purpose well. Have a College of\nAgriculture, and not send one soul to the States. Each farmer ought to experiment on his\nown land.\nAgricultural Education.\u2014Leave it out of the school curriculum, as 90 % of the teachers\nknow nothing about agriculture. Have a B. C. Agricultural College. Ontario has one and I\nam an associate of that college. What I saw : Farmers' sons would come rolling like a ship at\nsea, dragging their feet as if they had a ton of clay on them ; untidy ; could see down their\nthroats at meal times ; knew nothing but turnips, etc. After two years : Went home as smart\nas any city man, and better farmers.\nSoils.\u2014Sorry I have not a laboratory. I would advise ploughing under green crops and\napplying lots of harvard manure.\nClearing Land.\u2014Stumping powder, if one can afford to buy it, is the best. The Hawk\nEye machine has been used here, but it is too slow.\nDraining is most essential; we all have to ditch if we intend to grow anything.\nTimber.\u2014Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga Douglasii), mountain and dry lands, abundant, 90 %\nspruce, low land ; cedar, low and dry lands and wet; yew, wet land ; crab-apple, wet lands\ndogwood, stony and mountain; alder, wet and dry lands (small alder); cottonwood, wet\nmaple, dry ; hemlock, dry.\nNoxious Animals and Animal Pests.\u2014Bounties none too much. I think everybody\nought, to be forced to keep up their cattle and not allow them to be a nuisance to their\nneighbours.\nLabour.\u2014Whites, $2 to $2.50 per day; thanks to the Government wage on road work,\nwhich ought to be the last draw card, it took me three weeks to get in my hay, could not afford\n$2 per day; most of my potatoes are still in the ground ; cannot afford $2 per day and potatoes\nat their present figure. If we hire Chinamen, there is a howl from the white labourer. It is\nbetter to be a common navvy in this country than to learn a profession or trade. No encouragement to farmers or for people to take up land.\nThe Islands,\nIn which are included Salt Spring, Galiano, Mayne, Pender, Saturna, Moresby, Sidney,\nPrevost, and all the smaller islands lying between the southern end of Vancouver Island and\nthe Mainland. The climate of these islands is equable in the extreme, and, consequently, well\nadapted for fruit culture, which industry is carried on to a considerable extent and with great\nsuccess. On account, also, of their immunity from predatory animals, the raising of sheep is\nmost successfully prosecuted.\nThere are no meteorological records from this part, so that I am unable to give any definite\ninformation regarding the climatic conditions. It may safely be said, however, that the temperature is most equable and the precipitation, whilst sufficient, is not excessive. Probably\nthe weather statistics at Victoria may be taken as representative of the Islands. Their\nimmunity, however, from the sea breezes which affect the southern end of Vancouver Island\nso much during the summer, renders them much better adapted to the cultivation of many of\nthe less hardy varieties of fruits and vegetables, such as peaches, apricots, nectarines, grapes,\nfigs, melons, tomatoes and corn. These should be attempted to be grown in a much greater\ndegree than is now done. It is too often the case that the traditional belief that a country is\nonly good for some things and not for others results in no attempt being made to disprove A 120 Report on Agriculture, 1903\nthe belief. As a matter of fact, those who have made a genuine effort to grow many of the\nproducts mentioned have succeeded beyond all expectations. Such sites as rocky hillsides\nfacing south and west, by means of terraces, are admirably suited for grapes, whilst in the\nprotected valleys other semi-hardy products can be grown. Dairying is another industry that\ncan be most successfully carried on in these Islands. The recently organised Creamery Co-operative Association will help greatly to develop this industry. This Association expects to\nhave the creamery in operation by August, and the intention is to gather cream from all\nadjacent islands. The rearing of spring lambs for the markets of Victoria and Vancouver is\nan industry which is most successfully prosecuted on the Islands. The absence of snow, the\nearly spring, and the sweet, short grass of the hillsides, all combine to render sheep-raising one\nof the chief occupations of the farmers of this section. Cereals are not produced to any\nextent. Potatoes are grown in considerable quantities and of good quality. Other root crops\nare grown for feeding, but not as largely as they should be, or probably will be, in view of the\nincreased interest in dairying. Apples are produced largely and of good quality, but here,\nas elsewhere, many varieties are grown which are unsuitable to the existing conditions.\nThe Islands Farmers' Institute is doing some good work in offering prizes for various\nthings, such as ploughing matches, best cultivated garden patches, and similar objects. A\ngreat deal of success has attended the efforts of some of the settlers on the Islands to secure\nbetter pasture for their animals in fir-covered lands. It is true that the plan has been adopted\nelsewhere, but not to that extent which its success demands. The plan pursued is to cut down\nthe trees, sell off the wood for what it will fetch as cordwood or any other purpose, burn off\nthe remainder, and immediately sow clover and grasses on the ashes before the fern and undergrowth has had time to start, thus giving an opportunity to the clover and grasses to get a good\nfoothold. The pasture thus established proves such an attraction to cattle and other domestic\nanimals that they will, by grazing over the land, keep the undergrowth down, whilst obtaining\na good food supply. A few dollars spent in seeds will be found to be a most profitable investment. Let those who have not done so try it; they will not be disappointed ; the expenditure\nin seed will repay itself tenfold.\nPublic schools are situated at Beaver Point, Burgoyne Bay, Galiano Island, Ganges\nHarbour, Mayne Island, Pender Island and Vesuvius Bay.\nThe following report of Washington Grimmer, correspondent, Pender Island, is reproduced\nin a corrected form :\u2014\nGeneral Description.\u2014North Pender Island is that portion lying north of Browning\nHarbour on the east side and Boat Harbour on the west side, which is the side that most of\nthe shipping from the Mainland and East Coast of Vancouver Island passes. The land is divided\nup into separate valleys, varying from 20 acres up to over 300 acres in extent. The soil is\nreally good in most of the valleys, and comparatively easy to clear ; but high up on the side-\nhills the timber is larger, the soil rather rocky, and on the summits almost solid rock, but\ntimbered more or less, and some wild grasses and clover. Government wharves, school, Presbyterian service weekly, very pretty scenery and beaches, snug harbours, plenty of fish, deer,\ngrouse, pheasants and Bob White quail; mostly Old Country settlers, industrious and thrifty,\nwith pretty, attractive homes. Population of North Pender, about 60. Markets, chiefly\nVictoria, but Nanaimo, Vancouver and New Westminster about equal distance away, this\nplace being about the centre of the Coast markets. Mixed farming is carried on successfully,\nbut lamb-raising is remunerative and the chief branch of agriculture here.\nCereals are not grown on these Islands, as land can be put to more profitable uses. The\nsame may be said of peas, beans, etc.\nPotatoes yield about six tons to the acre; quality good ; ruling price, $20 per ton.\nOther Roots and Vegetables, except onions, are produced principally for local consumption and feeding stock. Onions are produced in considerable quantities and yield well;\nruling price, 2 cents per pound; variety, Yellow Danvers.\nGrasses and Clovers.\u2014Orchard grass, Red Top, Kentucky Blue Grass, Rye grass and\nTimothy. Clovers\u2014Red, Alsike and White Dutch. Yield, about 2 tons per acre. All fed\non the farms to the stock. Nearly all hay and pasture land seeding down with the above\nmixture, which acts very well for stock feed on the farms, but a little more of the clovers and\nless Timothy would be better for sheep and cows, as horses are a secondary consideration with\nmost of us here. 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 121\nNative Grasses.\u2014Not much attention paid to native grasses here yet, but a small clover\nwhich grows on the rocks is a little help to stock in the spring, though a better one is a wild\nblue clover that grows on moist, good land and is excellent for hay and pasture while it lasts\nin the spring; never tried it under cultivation yet. (Trifolium involucratum, most likely.\u2014\nJ. R. A.)\nIndian Corn ripens most years, but we do not know much about the best varieties to\ngrow for the climate of British Columbia.\nRape.\u2014A little for sheep; does well and should be grown more extensively.\nVetches.\u2014There are two or three wild varieties which flourish well here, especially the\nlarge, coarse kind.    (Lathyrus Oreganus, Vicia Americanus and V. Sativa.\u2014J. R. A.)\nApples.\u2014Most of the leading varieties do well, such as King, Greening, Baldwin, Red\nAstrachan, Wealthy, Gravenstein, Yellow Bellefleur, etc. Apples average very well here, one\nyear with another. Diseases and pests are green aphis and spotted apples. Price for apples,\n75 cents to $1 per box, in the fall.\nPears.\u2014Winter pears of several varieties are grown; Bartlett, Louise Bonne de Jersey\nand several other varieties that do well. Pears seem well suited to this island, owing to the\nclay subsoil underneath the best land.    Ruling price, 75 cents to $1 per box.\nPlums and Prunes.\u2014Greengage, Yellow Egg, Pond's Seedling, etc. Prunes\u2014German,\nFrench and Coe's Golden Drop do well.    Price, about 3 cents per pound.\nAll the other ordinary fruits are most successfully grown, but are not produced to any\nextent.\nBoard of Horticulture.\u2014Should strictly enforce the rule against the sale of infected\nor poor fruit, whether it be foreign or home-grown.\nDairying is carried on in a limited way at present; rather profitable, but too much work\nunless one has cheap help.\nFeeding.\u2014Not much experience, except with sheep, and they are almost a failure, owing\nto a rough, careless way of running them in the woods on what they can pick up; but under\nfence and in good pastures of mixed grasses and clovers they are fairly profitable, when the\nprice of lambs and mutton is good, but not otherwise, as pastures, even in the rough, are\nexpensive to make.\nSummer Feed por Dairy Cattle.\u2014We are not much troubled with dried up pastures,\nas our valleys and farms have mostly the cool side, while the pastures keep pretty succulent,\nbut think fodder corn and a second crop of Red clover would be a great help in August and\nSeptember.\nHorned Cattle.\u2014Not attempted yet, but think if wool does not get higher than from 5\nto 7 cents per pound, cattle-raising would pay, perhaps better than sheep, if worked systematically. Shorthorn or Devon would do well here, and steers sold in spring not over two\nyears old.\nSheep very suitable, and industry carried on successfully wherever tried carefully.\nBreeds recommended, Shropshires or Oxford Downs, or any of the black-faced breeds. No\nwild animals here, and bad dogs very rarely, as nearly every farmer keeps sheep. The want\nof a woollen mill in British Columbia, which would make a price for wool, is the chief drawback to the industry.\nHogs.\u2014Swine-breeding is becoming more and more important here, as it is profitable if\ncarried on systematically. Ruling price, 5J to 7 cents per pound live weight. Think pasture\nand milk in summer, with a little meal and peas and mangolds in fall, for fattening, would be\neconomical feeding.\nPoultry.\u2014In a limited manner at present, but see no reason for it not being engaged in\nextensively, especially around here. The reason it is not followed up better is, I think, labour\n(white) is too dear, and one or two pair of hands cannot do everything at once. More small\nfarmers in British Columbia might remedy the enormous importation of eggs and poultry\ncomplained of, that is, if they were farmers of the right sort; but don't expect too much of the\npresent lot of farmers; their hands can only accomplish one thing well at a time.\nBees.\u2014None tried yet. Some think wasps would be hard on them; also swarming in\nour tall trees would be a great difficulty to the industry.\nAgricultural Education.\u2014I think agricultural education should be taught in our\npublic schools, anyhow in rural schools; and I don't think any harm would happen if rural\nschoolmasters spent one-half day in the week, in the growing season, gardening with the\npupils, say on the school-grounds, if fertile and cleared.    If not, let them go to work and make A 122 Report on Agriculture, 1903\nit somewhat better. I think they would likely enjoy it, and it would be an object-lesson for\nthe children.\nSoil.\u2014Perhaps a little deficient in lime ; otherwise it is very productive, if well drained\nand worked properly.\nClearing Land.\u2014Powder, and stump-pullers afterwards, are generally considered best\nfor removing stumps. To clear the most easily cleared land here will cost about $50 per acre,\nand the heaviest over $100 per acre.    The latter is best adapted for fruit trees.\nFertilisers.\u2014Only barn-yard manure used at present. Seaweed could be got easily in\nplaces, but is not used yet.\nDraining.\u2014Considerable under-draining is done here, mostly with cedar, which is plentiful.\nPecuniary Assistance.\u2014Don't think pecuniary assistance very practical in British\nColumbia, as it is not a systematic farming country, although a bountiful country to the\nindustrious and careful worker.\nTimber.\u2014Alder, maple, arbutus, willow, wild cherry, several varieties of pine and cedar,\nbalsam, but no spruce, and hemlock scarce.\nNoxious Animals and Animal Pests.\u2014Nothing worse than mink on this island, not even\nraccoons.\nForest Fires.\u2014Common cause of trouble here is carelessness in not having slashing-\nprotected by fire guards, made when fires can be controlled in spring time.\nLands.\u2014Very little Government land open to pre-emption on this island. Improved\nfarms can be bought from $15 per acre up to $50.\nLabour.\u2014White labourers are few, $1.50 to $2 per day, without board; Japanese, $6 to\n$15 per month, and board.    Too many Japs, and unsatisfactory as farm labourers anyhow.\nRetail prices at Salt Spring Island of ordinary necessaries for farmers :\u2014Flour, $4.50 per\n200 fts.; beef, 10c to 12|c per ft. ; bacon, 16c to 20c. per ft.; hams, 20c per ft.; lard, 18c.\nper ft. ; butter, 25c. per ft. ; tea, 40c. per ft.; sugar, 5c. per ft. ; overalls, 75c. per ft.; shirts,\n$1 each; boots, $3 per pair.\nQueen Charlotte Islands,\nWhich consist of a group of islands lying between latitudes 52\u00b0 and 54\u00b0 N. and longitude\n131\u00b0 and 133\u00b0 W., the largest of which is Graham Island and the next Morseby Island, the\nrest being quite small. The islands are intersected in every direction by deep channels, which\nin many places nearly sever them. They are divided from the Mainland by Hecate Strait,\nwhich, at its narrowest point, is some 30 miles wide, and at the widest about 80 miles. They\nlie about 135 miles north-west of the extreme northerly point of Vancouver Island.\nMeteorological Report for 1902 at Masset.\nHighest temperature, June  78\u00b0\nLowest ii January and December  20\u00b0\nAverage n  46.2\u00b0\nRainfall  30.4 inches.\nSnowfall     59.4     n\nBy this it will be seen that the climate is most equable and the precipitation moderate;\nthe winter temperature is particularly high, owing, presumably, to the warm ocean currents\nwhich surround the islands. Not having made a personal visit to this part of the Province, I\nam unable to speak definitely of their conditions. From information received, however, they\nare represented to be good in parts as a grazing country for horned cattle, for the cultivation\nof root crops, and presumably for fruits, if one may judge from the climatic records. It is\nsaid that the Douglas fir does not occur on these islands, but that large quantities of yellow\ncedar or cypress (Thuya excelsa or Cupressus Nutkaensis) are to be found. This is a most\nvaluable and beautiful wood, so that the absence of the fir is fully compensated. Spruce,\ncedar and hemlock are reported to be in abundance. The mountains are lofty, the highest peaks\nremaining snow-capped during the whole season. The interior has been but little explored,\nand, consequently, when some years ago an Indian brought in to Mr. Mackenzie, who was in 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 123\ncharge of the Hudson's Bay Company's post at Masset, the antlers of a caribou, which he\naverred he had shot in the Islands, the reported existence of this animal in the Islands was\ntotally discredited by many. However, the following copy of a letter from the Rev. C. Harrison\nseems to confirm the report:\u2014\n\" Masset, Queen Charlotte Islands.\n\"J. R. Anderson, Esq.,\nDeputy Minister of Agriculture, Victoria, B. C.\n\"Sir,\u2014I noticed a paragraph in the Colonist under the heading of 'Who Knows,' re the\nexistence of caribou on Queen Charlotte Islands. I have lived here 20 years and know the\naccount given is quite correct. I have made diligent inquiries amongst the Indians and have\ngained the following information :\n\" (1.) Three years ago an Indian, named Shakwau, saw a female caribou feeding near a\nlake up Virago Sound, but failed to kill it, although he fired twice. Yethgwonas, another\nIndian, was with him at the time.\n\"(2.) This March a man named Stlinga, with his two sons, saw the tracks of a big herd\nnear the headwaters of Malon River, near Virago Sound.\n\"(3.) Men who were with the man who killed the two referred to in the Colonist, are\nready to show me the place where he killed them.    This is near Lthum, up Virago Sound.\n\" (4) The Haidas refused to eat the flesh of the caribou and left their carcases. Mr.\nMackenzie then paid them to go and bring the meat in, and kept it for his own use.\n\" (5.) As the Indians are not interested in the killing of caribou, they refusing to eat the\nmeat, and there being no market for the antlers, etc., they consequently do not hunt them.\nThey say they are afraid to go up the mountains and into much danger for no recompense,\nthere being, according to their traditions, one-eyed monsters, hodgoblins, spirits, etc., to be\nmet with on the mountains which they frequent.\n\" In order to be sure that caribou do exist, the United States Department of Agriculture\nought to unite with that of British Columbia and make me a grant of $250 to cover expenses,\nThe Natural History Association of B. C. ought also to assist. I would then get three good\nhunters, and visit every locality where they are reported to exist and make a thorough search.\nThis would take about six months. Should we get any, the heads would be kept and shipped\nto your Department. I could not go until about the middle of September when my official\nduties as Customs Officer and Fishery Overseer would be over until December.\n\"I am, etc.,\n\" C. Harrison, S. M.\"\nGame of other kinds is abundant, and the sea teems with fish of all kinds, halibut being\nfound in great numbers. The black cod, also called by the synonyms of coal fish and skill, is\nobtained on the banks in the vicinity of the Islands. The skill is not a cod, however, in any\nsense, though it is greatly esteemed for its excellence and is usually very fat. The abundance\nof fish and the ease with which game is captured easily accounts for the natives' unwillingness to\nexplore the interior. Like all human beings, only a little more so, they are ever anxious to\nsave themselves trouble, and being without ambition, they are content to allow the land to\nremain a terra incognita, so that it is quite believable that animals may exist of which they\nhave no knowledge. The existence of minerals has been abundantly proved ; gold, years ago,\nwas found in quartz; also anthracite coal of a superior quality. For some reason, of which I\nam unaware\u2014the lead dipping into the sea, if I remember aright\u2014the former has never been\nworked. The coal measures, owing to the geological formation, are reported to be full of faults,\nso that, after a large sum of money had been spent in opening them up, the attempt was\nabandoned.\nThe following is from an article published in the Colonist newspaper, and previously\npublished by me in \" British Columbia and its Agricultural Capabilities \" :\u2014\n\" Graham Island, of the Queen Charlotte Group, is the second island in size in British\nColumbia. We have approximated its area at 2,000 square miles. There is an extensive lake\nin the centre connected with the sea at the northern end of the island. Moresby Island is\nthe second of the group in size. It lies south of Graham. Its greatest length is 85 miles, and\nits greatest width 40, but in places it is not more than 5 miles across from shore to shore. Its\noutline is so irregular that no close estimate can be made of its area, but it doubtless contains\nover 1,000 square miles. Both these islands are mountainous, and the same holds good of the\nsmaller members of this group.    At the northern end of both Graham and Moresby there are A 124 Report on Agriculture, 1903\nsmall areas suitable for agriculture or stock-raising, but for the most part the whole group\nmust be classed as non-arable. The climate is very fine. The rainfall is less than on the\ncorresponding latitude on the Mainland, and the greatest cold ever experienced since records\nhave been kept was 8 degrees above zero, Fahr. During the past eight years the thermometer\nhas never gone below 18 degrees. This mild climate is due to the effect of the Japan current.\nThere is some snow every year, and the highest peaks in the interior are snow-capped through\nthe whole twelvemonth.\n\"The known mineral resources are coal, copper, gold and silver, but only limited prospecting\nhas been done for anything except coal. The latter is found both on Graham and Moresby\nIslands. The ascertained areas are extensive and the quality of the coal is good. Gold has\nbeen mined by the Hudson's Bay Company to some extent at Gold Harbour, on Moresby\nIsland. Prospects have been found in numerous other places, but it is only very recently that\nanything like sytematic exploration has been undertaken. While it is too soon to forecast\nresults, it may be said that the outlook is favourable. If any persons desire an almost virgin\nfield for this sort of work, they can find it in the Queen Charlotte group, and the conditions\nof life there are by no means arduous.\n\" Except on the highest levels and near the coasts, the islands of this group are well timbered, principally with spruce and cedar.    The wood is of good quality.\n\"Whatever doubt may exist on other points, there is none as to the values of these\nislands from the standpoint of the fisherman. The most valuable fish found in the adjacent\nwaters is the halibut. They are not large in size, but are excellent in quality. They seem to\nexist in inexhaustible quantities. They can be taken at any season of the year at some points\naround the coasts. Salmon are present in all the inlets in incalculable numbers. Codfish are\nalso taken, but not so much is known as to their numbers, as little or no attention has been\npaid to this fishery.    Three factories have been set up for the manufacture of dogfish oil.\n\"As is the case in most of the islands along the North-West Coast, wild berries\u2014namely,\nhuckleberries, cranberries and luscious and large wild strawberries grow in profusion. There\nare about 600 Indians on Graham Island, and possibly 100 white people on all the group.\"\nReport op the Rev. C. Harrison, S. M., Masset.\nOwing to the lack of mail communication and the persistent refusal of the Dominion\nGovernment to grant a mail subsidy for carrying the mail to Masset, this district is not, up to\nthe present time, known as it should be.\nThere is sufficient available land between Virago Sound and Rose Spit, with very little\ndraining, to locate 100 families. In comparison with Malcolm Island, and other parts up the\ncoast, where there are settlers, it is a paradise. We have no severe frosts, and the snowfall is\nlight. The first snow generally comes about the end of January, but this soon disappears.\nLast winter I had flowers in the garden in full bloom. The climate is somewhat similar to\nthat of Vancouver and New Westminster. (See meteorological monthly statements for\nMasset, Vancouver, etc.)\nWith careful cultivation, wheat, oats and barley of good quality can be grown, which will\ncompare favourably with those grown in more favoured parts of the Province. Hops grow\nwell and are of great size. All kinds of vegetables can be grown here with careful cultivation.\nOnions, celery, cauliflowers, lettuce, cabbages, carrots, parsnips, beets, mangolds, peas, beans,\nturnips and potatoes. Small fruits grow profusely on the islands, such as strawberries, black\nand red currants, gooseberries, raspberries, etc.\nWhen the Grand Trunk begin operations at or near Port Simpson, there will be a ready\nmarket for all the produce that can be raised.\nCattle, sheep, pigs and horses do well on the islands, on account of the mild climate.\nThe Indians, from a small beginning made with cattle and horses, have now quite a numerous\nband of each ; this in itself should be a sufficient guarantee of the suitability of the island for\ncattle-raising, as during the winter the Indians, as a rule, do not feed their animals but allow\nthem to hunt for their own food.\nWith a tenth part of the grants and privileges made to Bella Coola settlers, the lands\nalready referred to could be brought under cultivation, and would prove most acceptable to\nthose who are seeking homesteads in this Province.\nIn order to give the settlers some employment during any spare time they may have\nbetween May and October, we are in need of a company that would start a dog-fish refinery. (fi\n0\nH\n0\nis\nw\n0\n0 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 125\nThere is a market for all the refined oil that can be produced, and dog-fish are very plentiful\naround Masset. I have no hesitation in saying that 100,000 gallons of oil could easily be\nobtained yearly. This refinery would be the means of putting a few dollars into the pockets\nof the settlers, during such time as they were getting their locations under proper cultivation.\nThe halibut banks are also numerous. The quality of our halibut is well known, as\nsteamers and schooners from Vancouver, Nanaimo and elsewhere are profitably engaged in\ncatching them. This industry would again help the settlers, should they have time to spare\nfor fishing.\nThe island abounds in wild geese, mallards and other wild ducks, and grouse. Wild\nberries of all kinds are also plentiful, as well as the crap-apple.\nYear after year we have, put up 150 tons of hay for our animals, in order to keep them in\ngood condition all the year round. Should a small dam be built across the mouth of a place\nknown as Delkatla, there would be about 4,000 acres of good clear land that could easily\naccommodate 50 families, allowing them 80 acres each. It is on part of this land that we run\nthe mower and make our hay, as during the summer months the tides do not touch it. This\ndam could be built at an outlay of $1,000.\nThe late Mr. King informed me that the Yakoun Valley was the best agricultural land\nthat he had seen anywhere north of Victoria.    I have never visited this place.\nWe have very good spruce and cedar up Masset Inlet. There is a good opening for a\nmedium-sized sawmill in this locality, and should the coal fields be opened in the near future,\nthere would also be a good market at home for all they can produce for a number of years.\nThe owners of a steamer have promised to carry the mail between Port Simpson and\nMasset for $75 per trip. Our Provincial Government should urge the authorities at Ottawa\nto grant a subsidy of $450 for the coming year, so that we can have our mail every two months.\nBy so doing I have no doubt but that in the near future there will be sufficient trade to require\na monthly service. At the present time we have but one steamer yearly, which brings in our\nsupplies, and for the rest we have to depend on canoes and schooners, which is unsatisfactory.\nBefore this district can be thoroughly known and populated, we need :\u2014\n(1.) Mail communication with the mainland. This would be a means of bringing prospectors and settlers to the island, and also enable the settlers to get rid of their produce at\nPort Simpson and the Skeena River.\n(2.) The Government should at once lift the reserve placed on the islands two years ago.\n(3.) The Government should also make a grant for the draining of these lands and have\nthem surveyed before they are thrown open for settlement. A 126                                    Report on Agriculture,                                       1903\nCLIMATIC   STATISTIC\nPrepared by W. A. Stewart, Dominion Meteorolog\nS,   1902.\n[cal Department, Toronto.\no small for measurement.]\n>ia during the year  1902,  with\nel, when known.\n[* signifies snow and R rain, but the quantity was to\nMeteorological Stations in operation in  British Columl\nlatitude, longitude, and height above sea lev-\nstation.\nLatitude N.\nLongitude W.\nHeight.\nClass.\nObserver.\n49 15\n49 14\n53 2\n52 40\n49 30\n50 48\n48 38\n49 10\n49 11\n49 21\n49 10\n48 45\n19 20\n51 16\n49 21\n51 14\n48 27\n48 58\n124 49\n121 31\n121 35\n126 54\n115 50\n128 27\n124 47\n121 57\n125 47\n123 16\n122 30\n123 42\n124 36\n116 55\n123 17\n117 29\n123 33\n123 38\nFeet.\n300\n62\n4180\n150\nII.\nn.s.\ni.\nn.\nii.\nn.\nL\nII.\nIII.\nIII.\nII.\nII.\nII.\nII.\nII.\nIII.\nIII.\nII.\nII.\nI.\nII.\nII.\n11.\nII.\nII.\nII.\nI.\nI. s.\nIII.\nIII.\nII.\nIII.\nII.\nI.\nII.\nII.\nII.\nIII.\nII.\nI.\nII.\nII.\nII.\nII.\nII.\nc. s.\nII.\nStanley R. S. Bayne.\nT. A. Sharpe.\nJames Stone.\nH. B. Christensen.\nJames Gill.\nN. C. Nelson.\nW. P. Daykin.\nMrs. W. H. DeWolf.\nRev. R. Maurus.\nF. W. Caulfield.\nR. D. Irvine.\nE. F. Clark.\nW. H. Lee, B.A.\nC. E. Hamilton.\nWm. McColl.\nJ. H. Armstrong.\nG. R. Crook.\nRev. R. J. Roberts.\nRev. G. H. Raley.\nW. R. Smith.\nC. S. Stevens.\nA. DeR. Taylor.\nW. S. Maher.\nC. Harrison.\nR. Gardom.\nJ. F. Harris.\nE. Dalley.\nHugh Wilson.\nH. L. Good.\nMarshal Bray.\nG. Chambers.\nF. E. R. Wollaston.\nRev. C. Jennings.\nMrs. H. Hunter.\nMiss M. W. O'Neill.\nB. W. Leeson.\nOtis Earley.\nH. B. Ferguson.\nD. Lehman.\nF. Fraser.\nS. Grant.\nJames Mair.\nA. C. Murray.\nM. Phillipps.\nE. F. Loyd.\nJ. T. Brown.\nE. Baynes-Reed.\nWm. Henderson.\n130\n21\n40\n40\n2550\n4072\n1510\n49 52\n60 41\n49 5\n49 7\n53 58\n49 0\n49 12\n60 9\n49 13\n49 10\n49 10\n54 56\n49 52\n54 9\n49 20\n54 34\n50 32\n52 69\n52 45\n48 24\n61 0\n51 39\n48 47\n54 28\n49 1\n50 14\n49 17\n48 24\n49 20\n117 0\n120 29\n123 4\n122 16\n132 9\n118 46\n122 2\n120 39\n122 54\n123 57\n123 57\n129 56\n119 29\n129 55\n120 29\n130 26\n128 3\n122 30\n121 55\n123 19\n118 6\n127 19\n123 12\n124 12\n115 5\n119 15\n123 5\n123 19\n117 50\n1193\n30\n1800\n69\n2120\n330\n1650\n26\n1700\n2775\n1476\n20\n14\n2200\n2300\n1246\n196\n85\nChief Station.\u2014Observations recorded continuously day and night.\nFirst Class.\u2014Observations of pressure, temperature, extremes, rain, snow, three times daily.\nSecond Class.\u2014Observations of temperature, extremes, rain, snow and weather, daily.\nThird Class.\u2014Observations of rain, snow and weather, daily.\nSunshine.\u2014Stations at which the duration of bright sunshine is registered daily. 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 127\nList of Tables.\nTable I.\u2014Temperature for each of the six months constituting the growing period (April to\nSeptember), at fourteen stations in British Columbia, together with the average for the\nwhole group of years to 1902.\nTable II.\u2014Precipitation of rain and snow during the five winter months for twelve stations\nin British Columbia, for the years 1900-1901 and 1901-1902, with the average for the\nwhole group of years.\nTable III.\u2014Comparison of the rainfall at sixteen principal stations in British Columbia in\nthe months of April to September, 1902, with the average for each station derived from\na group of years.\nTable IV.\u2014Number of hours the sun was above the horizon in latitude 48\u00b0; the number of\nhours registered in 1901-1902; the number of days completely clouded, with the\nmaximum daily amount in 1902 at Victoria, Nanaimo, and the Experimental Farm,\nAgassiz, B. C.\nTable V.\u2014Percentage of sky clouded at the principal stations in British Columbia, with the\naverage derived from the whole group of years.\nTable VI.\u2014Showing for each month in the year 1902 the highest, lowest, mean highest, mean\nlowest and mean temperature at fifteen stations in British Columbia, also the annual\nmean for each station.\nTable VII.\u2014Differences betwixt the average temperature for each month, each quarter, and\nfor the year 1902, and the normal for each station derived from a group of years.\nTable VIII.\u2014Showing for each month the average of the highest, lowest, mean highest, mean\nlowest, and the mean temperature at the principal stations in British Columbia, derived\nfrom the whole group of years, and the average annual mean at each station for the\nsame period.\nTable IX.\u2014Average temperature for each month, and for the year 1902, at all stations in\nBritish Columbia.\nTable X.\u2014Highest temperature registered for each month, and for the year, at all stations\nin British Columbia during the year 1902.\nTable XI.\u2014Lowest temperature registered for each month, and for the year, at all stations\nin British Columbia during the year 1902.\nTable XII.\u2014Mean daily range of temperature for each month, and for the year, at all\nstations in British Columbia during the year 1902. \t\nTable XIII.\u2014Monthly and annual amount of rainfall in inches at the stations in British\nColumbia reporting during the year 1902.\nTable XIV.\u2014Monthly and annual number of days of rainfall at the stations in Table XIII.\nTable XV.\u2014Monthly and annual amount of snowfall in inches at the stations in British\nColumbia reporting during the year 1902.\nTable XVI.\u2014Monthly and annual number of days of snowfall at the stations in Table XV.\nTable XVII.\u2014Number of times the wind blew from each of the eight principal points at the\nchief station, Victoria, British Columbia, and the corresponding mileage derived from\nthe registration at each hour of the day for the year 1902.\nTable XVIII.\u2014Number of winds at Nanaimo, 1902.\nTable XIX.\u2014Number of winds at Rivers Inlet, 1902.\nTable XX.\u2014Number of winds at Agassiz Experimental Farm, 1902.\nTable XXI.\u2014Number of winds at Garry Point, 1902. A 128\nReport on Agriculture,\n1903\nTable XXII.\u2014Number of winds at Port Simpson, 1902.\nTable XXIII.\u2014Number of winds at New Westminster, 1902.\nTable XXIV.\u2014Number of winds at Chilliwhack, 1902.\nTable XXV.\u2014Number of winds at Barkerville, 1902.\nTable XXVI.\u2014Number of winds at Kamloops, 1902.\nTable XXVII.\u2014Number of winds at Masset, 1902.\nPeriodical events, 1902.\nAggregate amount of snowfall, winter of 1901-1902.\nSeasonal notes, 1902.\nIable I.\u2014Temperature for each of the six months constituting the growing period (April to\nSeptember) at fourteen stations in British Columbia, together with the average for the\nwhole group of years to 1902, inclusive.\nrf\n\u25a0e\no\no\n>\na5\n&\n1\nm\nrf\n<\nri\no\n.1\no\nFN\na\no\nftftO\nrf\n0\n48.9\n48.3\n49.0\n58.0\n60.2\n58.0\n61.0\n60.8\n63.4\n67.1\n67.1\n68.4\n67.3\n72.0\n68.5\n56.7\n57.3\n57.8\n59.8\n60.9\n60.9\nat\nS3\n3\nat\nJ=t\nrf\nh-1\ntr\nrf\ntfl\nJA\nat\nat\ntH\no\nJ2\na\nat\ntr\nfit,\nrf\nEg\n2\no\n>-.\nrf\n3\nat\no\no\nM\n\"o\nb\nu\nrf\nes\n'rf\no\no\nttt\nrf\nJ3\no\nB\nri\n5\no\no\n%\n1\no\nrf\nApril.\n1902\t\no\n47.5\n45.9\n47.3\n54.3\n54.1\n57'. 3\n54.7\n56.7\n60.3\n57.4\n59.4\n60.8\n61.0\n59.7\n56.5\n56.1\n55.2\n56.1\n54.6\n55.4\no\n35.6\n32.9\n33.5\n44.8\n44.6\n45.2\n47.3\n47.4\n50.6\n52.8\n51.9\n54.9\n51.7\n56.2\n56.0\n43.4\n44.2\n47.2\n45.9\n46.2\n47.9\nO\n44.4\n46.3\n47.0\n56.6\n60.9\n54.7\n61.0\n59.1\n56.8\n63.4\n60.4\n63.4\n60.4\n64.7\n62.0\n51.8\n56.6\n55.5\n56.1\n58.0\n56.6\nO\n45.6\n42.0\n42.1\n50.9\n48.0\n48.0\n55.0\n53.6\n52.4\n57.7\n56.1\n55.6\n57.0\n57.2\n56.6\n51.1\n52.4\n52.4\n53.0\n51.6\n51.2\n0\n45.6\n42.0\n43.9\n51.9\n48.4\n49.9\n55.0\n53.1\n53.6\n57.5\n56.7\n68.0\n57.8\n58.3\n58.6\n51.8\n53.9\n53.8\n53.3\n51.9\n53.0\nO\n32.4\n30.0\n34.8\n44.2\n40.0\n43.7\n47.9\n44.9\n50.5\n52.4\n48.7\n54.1\n52.5\n50.9\n53.2\n46.2\n41.6\n43.4\n45.9\n42.7\n46.6\n0\n45.9\n44.6\n45.3\n52.9\n50.7\n51.5\n56.7\n54.9\n56.2\n60.0\n57.5\n61.3\n60.7\n61.1\n61.6\n53.6\n54.8\n54.4\n55.0\n53.9\n55.0\n0\n50.0\n47.0\n50.0\n57.0\n55.8\n56.1\n60.1\n57.3\n60.4\n62.5\n61.6\n64.9\n62.4\n63.5\n66.0\n56.2\n56.5\n57.1\n58.0\n57.0\n59.1\n0\n44.6\n43.8\n47.1\n53.S\n56.0\n55.9\n58.7\n55.8\n62.5\n62.9\n65.3\n67.9\n62.9\n65.4\n64.2\n62.4\n51.1\n55.6\n55.9\n56.2\n58.9\n0\n46.0\n44.6\n46.2\n53.6\n52.7\n52.3\n56.4\n54.9\n56.7\n59.2\n58.3\n60.0\n59.3\n60.2\n58.8\n52.5\n53.1\n53.4\n54.5\n54.0\n54.6\n0\n41.4\n42.2\n44.6\n51.4\n55.7\n52.9\n54.8\n50.9\n57.7\n59.8\n62.2\n63.7\n61.3\n64.4\n62.9\n51.4\n49.6\n52.5\n53.3\n54.2\n55.7\n0\n48.5\n45.8\n48.3\n56.1\n54.9\n55.8\n59.0\n66.2\n59.0\n61.9\n61.3\n64.4\n63.0\n65.0\n63.6\n57.4\n57.8\n57.6\n57.7\n56.8\n58.1\no\n47.4\n1901   \t\nMat.\n1902\t\n45.4\n47.4\n55.6\n54.2\n54.7\nJune.\n1902\t\n57.6\n55.9\n59.0\nJuly.\n61.2\n1901\t\n60.0\n62.9\nAusust.\n61.2\n62.6\n63.0\nSeptember.\n1902\t\n60.0\n1901\t\n54.8\n56.1\n1       \"\" *n\nAverage for Six Months.\n1902\t\n57.3\n1901\t\n55.5\n57.2 3 Ed. 7\nBritish Columbia.\nA 129\nfl\nc3\nO\no\nte\na\n\"3\na\na\nc3\nq\nt>>\na\nO\n0\nft\nfl\nci\n05\n5c\n<D\n03\n>\nO\n1)\n-fl\n\u25a0*\nU\n60\nc3\nt6\na>\n.fl\nP  -fl\n\"5    <M~\nO\n\"E \"\u2014i\nfl o\n\u25ba rH\no\nfl\ntfl\nT3\nfl\nft\n\u2022 i-H\nO\ns\nffl\nH\n5 5\n'MOUS\nOl Ol\noi\u00a9\nooo\nos d d\nIO Ol CO\nN O \u25a0*\n\"AVOUg\n.2\n\u00a9 \u00a9 Ol\no'usco\nO CO Ol\nOOSJS\n\u00a9 ion\nOS m EO\no O -tf\nMON\nCO O CO\nHOW\nCO 00 00\nMON\nHMtM\n\u25a0urey;\na\nOl 00 \u00a9\nOl -tf 00\nOi\"- o\nrH IO Ol\nCD i-H GO\n^-t Ol N\n\u25a0^ \u25a0* d\nNO O\nHiQH\ncot-' o\n--tf oo N\nOJ -tf r-i\nlO U3 H<\nHO\u00ae\nt- oo m\n(OMH\nCO CO CO\n\u25a0MOUg\n.s\nO iO OI\nOedfiD\nooo\nco' o oi\nCM 00   O\noi co od\nwis m\nOCo'iQ\no co os\nO -tf i-H\nI> CO tM\nHMH\ni-H CM CO\n\u2022ureji\n.9*\nlOHtM\nkS Nib\noho\no m oi\nO rH CM\nO i-h O\nNOH\nodd\nCO O iO\n00OH\no\" o\" o\"\ntM lO -tf\nodd\n1- iH -tf\nMCOJ>\nCliMH\n'AlOUg\n.ri\n00 IO CO\nO   -#'   I-H\n-tf iO\n#     \u25a0   \u2022\n<N 00\nCO O CO\nd -tf d\n00 CO Ol\nCO i-i (M*\noi m co\nco<nos\no m d\nI-H i-H CO\n\u25a0urea\n.s\"\nOl OJ CO\nOl CO Os\noi -#'\u00a9\ntM -tf -tf\nr-C0Ol\nCO i-H r-J\nlOON\nCO H Ol\nON d\nCO CO O\nHOW\nd \u00a9N\nIQH^t>\nCl rH<M\nNJt- -tf\nNCOH\nNNOl\nIO \u00a9 i-H\nH* CO -tf\n\u2022AVOUg\n.9\nd co-tf\ncoo\n* \u00a9oo\no m co\nOOOiH\nCM l-H\nO CM O\nco -tf d\nooo\n\u00a9 \u00a9 d\nO t- -tf\nCO IO 00\nto CO\n\u25a0urea\n.9\ntJ rH   -tf\nOOO\ni-HN C\n\u00a9 m lO\nI- \u2014 o\nO r- -tf\no -tf o\nr\u2014 m m\ni-H Ol CO\nI-HOW\nt- m \u2014i\nCOON\nN lO lO\nlO O CM\nO -tf 00\nod m cm*\n-tf CO -tf\n'AVOUg\n\u25a0S\nOOO\nddio\"\nd co'-tf\niO \u00a9N\n-tf N Ol\nCO rH\nO O io\nd oi d\nooo\ndo i-i\nmoo\n-# od d\n-tf CO\n\u25a0lire)!\n.2\n00 Ol IO\niO CM -tf\n\u00a9 co m\nOS -f -tf\nCOON\nco od m\nCM r-i rH\nO CO o\nCO CO CO\nCM m Oj\nO CON\n\u00a9 Ol Ol\nO Ol o\nCO CO o\nlO rH CO\nN -tf -tf\ni-h CO o\nm ooo\nOl rH Ol\n'AVOUg\n.9\n\u00a9ON\nO O rH\nod-*\n00 O CO\n\u25a0r-i -tf d\nrH CO rH\nO CM 00\ncd \u25a0*-*\nooo\ni-h d -tf\"\nco oi in\nm o o\n-* CO\n\u2022urey;\n.ri\nOOO\nN -tf O\n01 -tf N\nN -tf rH\nCO CM CO\nin cd N\nCON O\nCO CO o\n\u2022* cd d\n-tf   CO   I-H\ncm in oo\nO -tf\" -tf\nr-< oo m\nO \u2014i io\nCO rH IO\nco m oi\nCM N i-H\nco i-h d\nCO Oi CO\n'AVOUg\n.ri\n\u00a9 \u00a9 rH\nO CO CO\nooo\n\u00a9 -tf d\nooo\n00 O -tf\nO O -tf\nOIN i-H\nOON\ndo'-*'\no O Ol\nr-l -tf -tf\n\u25a0tirey;\n.2\nno\u00a9\nm co o\nOWN\nrH\nO iO CO\nNOC0\n\u2022tfNN\nCO NO\n00 ON\noi m m\nO O 00\n-tf NO\nO -tf lO\nm oo\nm i-h n\nm co -tf\nCM CO i\u2014i\nCM -tf -tf\nO CO* r-1\nCO Ol CO\nooo\no o d\nOOOO\nOl \u00a9N\nOO -tf\n\u00a9 Ol o\nMOM\nd o co\n\u25a0tnu^j\ni-H O CM\no d -tf\n\"tfCliO\nco d d\n\u00a9 \u00a9 -tf\ni-h i n co\nOON\n\u25a0AlOUS\n.S\nooo\nodd\nOl CO Ol\n0 O 00\n01 CD O\n-tf rH Ol\no o m\nCO -tf o\nI-H   -tf   Ol\nO O 00\n-<tf O o\nrH rH Ol\nO O Ol\nd ood\nT-H Ol rH\no o OJ\nCO O i-h\nrH CM CM\n\u2022nrB^i\n.2\n\u25a0\u2014- -tf ii\nO rHN\nho'o\nO o in\nOOO\nooo\nO O rH\n5 o oi\n\u00a9 d d\no cm m\n-tf Ol rH\nd do\nooo\no CO o\nd o'd\nO O CM\nCO CO oi\noi d rH\n*AV0Ug\ni\ncoo\nOIN\no m\no Tji\nOOO\nqo i-h\nO -tf io\nO OrH\nOOri\no co m\nio io in\nrH rH Ol\n\u2022urey;\n.2\nCO CO rH\nOI   Ol   HH\nridd\nCO O IO\n-tf iO Ol\nodd\n(M O CO\nHOH\n-tf N CM\nCD O CO\n\u00a9 \u00a9 CO\nCO O CO\noo\" d\n00 O -tf\n01 O rH\n'AVOUg\n.2\nO O CO\n\u00a9OrH\nOON\n\u00a9 \u00a9 -h\"\n\u00a9coco\nd-*' d\nrH 00 O\nO rH -tf\nO O iH\ni-HOrn\"\nooo\ni-h n m\n\u25a0UI'B'JJ\n.5\n-tf CO O\n-tf Ol Ol\nd oi in\n\u00a9 n co\n-ttf o o\nco -tf' d\nCO Ol Ol\nCM N CO\nOl CO -tf\nCOCON\n-tf rH Ol\nCM CO CO\n00 CO CO\n\u00a9 \u00a9 -tf\n01 d oi\nN CO 00\nO rH i-i\nO -tf' rH\ni-H rH Ol\nwoo c\ng o \u00a9 j\nS H  rH<J\n3 A 130\nReport\non Agriculture,\n1903\nTable III.\u2014Comparison of the rainfall at sixteen principal stations in\nBritish Columbia in\nthe months April to September,\n1902\nwith the average for each station derived from a\ngroup of years :\u2014\n_s\nj*\nat\n\u25a06\n\"rf\nd\no\nrf\n\u2022g\no\n5\nqj at\nat\nM\nN\nut\nrf\nat)\no\nat\no\nft\no\no\ng\n3\no\nIh\no\nat\n.rf\nu\nat\nft\n3\nft\nO\no\nat\nrf\nrf\nft_rf\n\"B\no\n\"3\n&\nrf\nrf\nS\nrrj\nft\na\no\n'o\nft\n>\n\u00a3\nffl\n<\nh\n\u00a3\nM\nH\nk\na\ns\nft\nffl\na\nin.\nin.\nin.\nin.\nin.\nin.\nin.\nin.\nin.\nin.\nin.\nin.\nin.\nin.\nin.\nin.\nApril.\n1902   \t\n0.95\n2.91\n1.08\n3.05\n1.02\n0.46\n5.03\n4.26\n1.82\n0.46\n0.68\n4.05\n0.55\n2.58\n1.46\n2.05\nAv. to 1902.\n1.93\n3.85\n0.53\n4.40\n1.76\n0.32\n6.26\n8.58\n1.82\n0.93\n0.52\n4.98\n0.98\n6.32\n0.58\n2.54\nMat.\n1902\t\n0.97\n3.66\n4.14\n4.17\n1.89\n2.51\n3.69\n4.96\n2.12\n5.56\n1.83\n3.32\n1.82\n2.20\n2.29\n2.64\nAv. to 1902.\n1.16\n3.49\n2.42\n5.00\n2.25\n1.24\n5.50\n5.70\n1.86\n2.36\n1.11\n4.43\n2.24\n4.81\n2.26\n2.57\nJune.\n1902\t\n0.08\n1.95\n3.56\n2.43\n1.50\n1.10\n2.54\n3.61\n1.24\n1.52\n1.24\n3.29\n0.63\n3.55\n2.76\n1.63\nAv. to 1902.\n1.10\n4.06\n4.83\n4.36\n1.63\n1.44\n5.32\n4.41\n1.72\n2.79\n1.71\n4.06\n1.21\n4.45\n3.02\n2.23\nJuly.\n1902\t\n0.37\n2.29\n2.98\n2.58\n1.10\n0.83\n3.55\n4.68\n0.84\n1.84\n1.11\n2.64\n1.19\n3.03\n1.31\n1.47\nAv. to 1902.\n0.43\n1.27\n3.04\n1.96\n0.93\n1.34\n1.79\n3.97\n0.75\n1.85\n1.04\n1.43\n0.84\n4.69\n2.11\n0.96\nAugust.\n1902\t\n0.43\n1.08\n3.46\n3.30\n1.18\n0.86\n1.57\n9.18\n0.46\n1.18\n0.26\n1.96\n0.00\n10.05\n3.16\n0.76\nAv. to 1902.\n0.67\n1.30\n2.96\n1.80\n0.83\n0.99\n1.74\n4.60\n0.72\n1.58\n1.07\n1.47\n0.93\n5.93\n2.36\n1.27\nSeptember.\n1902\t\n2.31\n3.84\n3.50\n2.75\n2.01\n1.26\n0.60\n10.08\n1.27\n1.43\n0.94\n3.67\n0.66\n8.60\n2.78\n2.43\nAv. to 1902.\n1.36\n3.02\n2.90\n4.41\n2.04\n0.42\n4.28\n7.68\n1.70\n1.63\n0.95\n4.29\n1.06\n7.75\n2.26\n1.51\nTotals.\n1902\t\n6.11\n16.73\n18.72\n18.28\n8.70\n7.02\n16.98\n36.77\n7.75\n11.99\n6.06\n18.93\n4.85\n30.01\n13.76\n10.98\nAv. to 1902.\n6.55\n16.99\n16.68\n40.21\n9.44\n5.75\n24.89\n34.94\n8.57\n11.14\n6.40\n20.66\n7.26\n33.95\n12.59\n11.08\nTable IV.\u2014Sunshine.   N\numbe\nr of\nlours\nthe sun was above the horizon\nin latitude 48\u00b0 ; the\nnumber of hours regis\ntered\nin 1'\n)01-1\n902;\nthe number of days completely clouded, with\nthe maximum daily ar\nnoun\n, in .\n902,\nat Y\nictoria, Nanaimo, and the\nExperimental Farm,\nAgassiz, B. C.:\u2014\nS\n3\nji\n.ftj\ns\n\u25a0J\nat\ntr\ns\nti\nat\n1\nrf\n^5\nji\nrf\nhrs.\n<1\nrf\n0\nhrs.\nS\n<\nat\ntn\nhrs.\nat\nO\nO\nfc\nQ\nhrs.\nhrs.\nhrs.\nhrs.\nhrs.\nhrs.\nhrs.\nhrs.\nhrs.\n273.0\n286.8\n371.0\n412.6\n472.5\n480.3\n483.4\n441.8\n375.5\n328.6\n275.5\n256.0\nVictoria.\n71.5\n54.7\n116.3\n151.9\n178.9\n212.5\n280.2\n290.7\n207.5\n125.2\n56.0\n28.9\n54.2\n14\n117.2\n10\n134.7\n7\n193.5\n3\n198.7\n2\n205.6\n3\n252.3\n0\n299.3\n0\n209.8\n4\n137.5\n7\n43.6\n10\n47.2\nNumber of days com\npletely cloudec\n, 1902.\n16\nii              ii            ii              ii\n1901.\n13\n6\n0\n2\n25\n2\n2\n0\n1\n7\n10\n15\nNanaimo.\nHours registered, 19\ni2\t\n57.8\n31.6\n20\n115.6\n102.2\n4\n146.7\n197.7\n3\n158.1\n203.3\n3\n221.7\n168.2\n2\n264.3\n253.3\n2\n320.4\n314.8\n1\n252.6\n215.7\n3\n142.1\n142.8\n7\n42.7\n40.3\n17\n33.5\n59.7\nNumber of davs com\niiletely cloudec\n, 1902.\n11\n20\nAgassiz Experimental Farm.\n1901.\n3\n1\n3\n4\n1\n1\n4\n8\n16\n17\n72.0\n45.4\n68.0\n104.6\n95.6\n141.7\n169.8\n239.1\n141.7\n118.0\n27.0\n17.0\nii            ,,          1901\t\n43.2\n83.2\n67.0\n127.9\n167.4\n80.2\n205.0\n223.9\n100.6\n102.1\n18.5\n50.8\nNumber of days completely clouded\n, 1902.\n12\n15\n12\n9\n13\n7\n8\n5\n10\n13\n20\n25\nil                     II                  M                     II\n1901.\n16\n7\n7\n6\n7\n16\n6\n4\n12\n15\n21\n18\nMaximum Daily Amount in Hours.\nVictoria,                                  1902.\n7.2\n9.6\n10.4\n9.7\n14.1\n13.8\n13.6\n13.0\n11.3\n10.4\n7.1\n5.3\nNanaimo,                                     n    .\nAgassiz Experimental Farm,   ii    .\n7.1\n6.5\n7.1\n9.0\n11.3\n8.5\n12.1\n10.1\n14.6\n11.3\n15.3\n12.0\n14.8\n12.2\n14.1\n12.5\n12.6\n10.4\n10.3\n8.5\n7.8\n4.0\n5.9\n5.6\n' 3 Ed. 7\nBritish Columbia.\nA 131\nTable V.\u2014Fercentage of sky clouded at the principal stations in British Columbia, with the\naverage derived from the whole group of years.\nd\nrf\nfi\nQJ\nfu\nX\n60\n81\n76\n31\n48\n46\n63\n86\n75\n50\n74\n71\n51\n78\n72\n56\n75\n67\n54\n70\n67\no\nrf\n<\nJ?\n5\n*3\n&\n3\nfee\n<\nti\nat\nfi\nat\nET\nCO\nat\nfi\no\no\nO\ntr\nat\nA\nB\nat\n>\no\nfc\nX\n86\n82\n79\n53\n47\n50\n85\n81\n79\n90\n74\n73\n96\n64\n70\n81\n82\n80\n74\n67\n66\n76\n78\n72\n78\n79\nc\nfi\na\nat\n5\nfi\nrf\nit\nVictoria.\n1901\t\nX\n77\n71\n77\n36\n33\n45\n81\n62\n73\n58\n59\n68\n74\n82\n74\n66\n59\n65\n66\n70\n70\nX\n73\n71\n62\n35\n27\n39\n79\n75\n73\n81\n75\n65\n78\n87\n63\n70\n67\n64\n63\n66\n55\nX\n64\n77\n66\n21\n29\n37\n64\n73\n65\n83\n68\n69\n72\n78\n72\n73\n65\n65\n63\n61\n68\n48\n60\n53\n52\n63\nX\n65\n68\n61\n27\n25\n37\n68\n77\n72\n62\n62\n75\n58\n63\n69\n78\n72\n54\n67\n68\n49\n66\n54\n57\n64\n%\n66\n69\n60\n46\n16\n38\n72\n57\n65\n57\n61\n65\n70\n70\n67\n70\n69\n70\n63\n60\n68\n66\n46\n53\n60\n55\nX\n51\n44\n42\n21\n24\n25\n50\n49\n44\n67\n68\n58\n88\n77\n69\n70\n63\n60\n46\n51\n48\n39\n43\n41\n43\n46\nX\n23\n32\n41\n5\n15\n19\n28\n31\n48\n45\n54\n48\n70\n80\n57\n31\n55\n56\n20\n26\n42\n30\n24\n37\n25\n28\nX\n61\n40\n56\n22\n20\n29\n45\n39\n45\n48\n49\n55\n70\n70\n68\n60\n61\n63\n56\n37\n46\n44\n39\n46\n44\n37\n%\n64\n63\n67\n28\n19\n37\n59\n53\n66\n67\nfti\n67\n88\n77\n75\n54\n41\n64\n43\n48\n54\n51\n54\n61\n59\n53\n%\n75\n83\n79\n35\n47\n46\n68\n79\n78\n72\n77\n74\n91\n67\n80\n66\n65\n65\n73\n61\n69\n56\n70\n66\n70\n74\nX\n63\n1902\t\n66\nAgassiz.\n1901\t\n64\n30\n1902\t\n31\nNew Westminster.\n1901\t\n37\n64\n1902\t\n64\n65\nRivers Inlet.\n1901\t\n65\n1902   .\n63\n65\nPort Simpson.\n1901\t\n77\n1902\t\n74\n69\nBarkerville.\n1901\t\n64\n1902\t\nKamloops.\n1901\t\n1902\t\n65\n65\n56\n67\nChilliwhack.\n1901\t\n58\n1902\t\n53\n63\n72\n63\n67\n58\n59\n61\n56\nNanaimo.\n1901\t\n56\n1902\t\n68\n83\n59\nTable VI.\u2014Showing for each month in the year 1902 the highest, lowest, mean highest,\nmean lowest, and mean temperature at fifteen stations in British Columbia ; also the\nannual mean for each station :\u2014\nJanuary.\nHighest\t\nLowest\t\nMean highest ..\nMean lowest ...\nMonthly mean .\nFebruary.\nHighest\t\nLowest\t\nMean highest ..\nMean lowest ...\nMonthly mean .\nMarch.\nHighest\t\nLowest\t\nMean highest ..\nMean lowest ...\nMonthly mean .\nApril.\nHighest\t\nLowest\t\nMean highest ..\nJVean lowest ...\nMonthly mean .\nMay.\nHighest\t\nLowest\t\nMean highest ..\nMean lowest ...\nMean monthly .\nrf\"\no\no\nft\no\no\n1\nii\nfi\nta\nat\n\">\ntr\nAl\ntr\n\"3\n>\no\nft\na\np\ntr\nat\nfi\nat\nat\ntr\n\u20ac\u00b0\nd\nat\ngft\n1\nd\na\no\nA .2\n-\u00a3fc\no\nrf-\nat\no\n-\u00a3 \u00b0\nis\n'I\nc\no\ntaa\n3\nrf\n>\nW\nfc\nm\nP3\n&\n<\nfo\ns\nfc\ns\nCJ)\nO\no\n0\n0\no\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\no\nO\n52.4\n51.5\n51.2\n40.0\n47.2\n54.0\n54.1\n62.2\n56.1\n56.0\n50.0\n55.0\n46.0\n39.0\n12.3\n-8.2\n2.0\n-28.0\n16.6\n15.6\n12.9\n11.0\n-25.4\n9.0\n8.0\n8.5\n-25.0\n-21.0\n43.9\n32.7\n40.9\n25.7\n39.3\n44.0\n41.2\n41.2\n27.8\n42.2\n31.5\n40.5\n29.7\n26.8\n35.2\n20.9\n29.4\n8.8\n31.3\n32.5\n30.6\n30.5\n15.7\n30.0\n18.6\n26.8\n12.3\n9.6\n39.6\n26.8\n35.2\n17.3\n35.3\n38.3\n35.9\n35.2\n21.7\n36.1\n25.0\n33.7\n21.0\n18.2\n55.4\n62.5\n55.8\n42.0\n55.0\n54.0\n51.1\n56.0\n48.0\n57.0\n49.0\n59.0\n46.0\n50.0\n29.2\n-10.7\n15.5\n-16.0\n28.2\n28.3\n27.9\n26.0\n-21.6\n13.0\n4.0\n24.0\n-12.0\n4.0\n48.5\n41.2\n46.9\n34.2\n45.4\n47.4\n45.3\n47.9\n36.0\n47.5\n38.2\n48.1\n37.6\n40.1\n40.7\n27.3\n36.8\n19.9\n35.9\n35.6\n33.8\n35.7\n23.3\n35.6\n24.1\n35.1\n23.1\n23.5\n44.6\n34.3\n41.8\n14.3\n40.6\n41.5\n39.6\n41.8\n29.6\n42.1\n31.2\n41.6\n30.4\n31.8\n59.0\n60.8\n63.7\n46.0\n54.4\n54.7\n58.1\n57.0\n52.1\n62.0\n56.0\n58.5\n51.0\n54.0\n30.2\n10.0\n25.5\n-26.0\n25.0\n22.6\n23.9\n26.0\n6.0\n28.0\n10.0\n21.0\n-18.0\n17.0\n48.1\n49.2\n48.0\n35.0\n44.2\n44.5\n49.7\n50.4\n43.7\n48.8\n45.5\n48.2\n38.0\n44.8\n38.8\n30.1\n35.6\n13.8\n32.6\n33.1\n33.4\n32.2\n25.7\n36.1\n27.7\n34.2\n18.8\n26.3\n43.5\n39.7\n41.8\n21.2\n38.3\n38.8\n41.6\n41.3\n34.7\n42.5\n36.6\n41.7\n28.4\n33.6\n60.6\n69.3\n65.6\n54.0\n63.8\n63.4\n64.1\n64.0\n63.1\n68.0\n66.0\n69.0\n58.0\n68.0\n34.0\n25.8\n32.0\n10.0\n31.4\n31.0\n29.9\n27.0\n18.0\n31.0\n23.0\n29.0\n18.0\n21.0\n63.8\n61.0\n56.0\n46.1\n53.3\n53.0\n67.2\n56.7\n55.0\n68.0\n56.6\n57.5\n48.0\n56.7\n41.2\n36.8\n39.0\n25.1\n37.8\n38.3\n37.3\n35.1\n27.8\n39.1\n32.6\n38.0\n27.9\n28.4\n47.5\n48.9\n47.5\n35.6\n45.6\n45.6\n47.2\n45.9\n41.4\n48.5\n44.6\n47.8\n38.6\n42.5\n77.0\n84.5\n80.0\n66.0\n78.1\n63.6\n83.2\n70.0\n83.1\n83.0\n75.0\n85.0\n77.0\n80.0\n42.4\n35.0\n38.6\n24.0\n35.1\n37.0\n33.0\n35.0\n28.0\n38.0\n35.0\n37.0\n27.0\n28.0\n60.6\n68.9\n63.9\n55.9\n60.8\n58.8\n68.4\n62.3\n62.4\n65.1\n63.3\n65.4\n62.9\n70.6\n48.0\n47.1\n46.4\n33.7\n42.9\n43.0\n45.2\n43.5\n40.5\n47.1\n44.4\n45.8\n38.2\n39.9\n64.3\n58.0\n55.2\n44.8\n61.9\n50.9\n56.8\n52.9\n51.4\n56.1\n53.8\n55.6\n60.5\n55.3\n51.6\n7.0\n41.1\n29.4\n35.2\n54.0\n13.0\n47.1\n36.7\n41.9\n55.0\n30.0\n48.0\n36.3\n42.1\n58.0\n32.0\n53.5\n38.5\n46.0\n70.0\n38.0\n60.5\n46.8\n53.6 A 132\nReport on Agriculture,\n1903\nTable VI.\u2014Concluded.\nJune.\nHighest\t\nLowest\t\nMean highest .\nMean lowest .\nMonthly mean\nJuly.\nHighest\t\nLowest\t\nMean highest .\nMean lowest ..\nMonthly mean\nAugust.\nHighest\t\nLowest\t\nMean highest .\nMean lowest ..\nMonthly mean\nSeptember.\nHighest\t\nLowest\t\nMean highest .\nMean lowest..\nMonthly mean\nOctober.\nHighest\t\nLowest\t\nMean highest .\nMean lowest ..\nMonthly mean\nNovember.\nHighest\t\nLowest\t\nMean highest .\nMean lowest ..\nMonthly mean\nDecember.\nHighest\t\nLowTest\t\nMean highest.\nMean lowest ..\nMonthly mean\nAnnual Mean ..\n\u2022rt\nJj at\no3\nit\na\no\nat\nC_j\nS\nrf\"\n$\nat\nft\no\n_o\na\nrf\nut to\nOJ iJ\nis\nat\nfc\nO\n'>\ntr\nat\nM\nrf\nm\nq\ntr\nat\n>\nft\n.2\no\nft\n3\nj5\n3\nA&\no\nat\ngft\nrf\nA\no\n&\nO\n5\nJ3.2\nSfc\no\nfc\nO\na\no\ncr\nrf\n_o\nM\n&\n-a\na\n0\n0\nO\nO\n0\n0\nO\nO\n0\nO\n0\n79.1\n85.0\n83.4\n74.0\n84.1\n73.0\n84.2\n74.0\n86.1\n85.0\n80.0\n83.0\n81.0\n89.0\n41.5\n38.0\n36.8\n28.0\n38.9\n41.1\n37.0\n35.0\n30.0\n40.0\n42.0\n37.0\n30.0\n37.0\n64.1\n73.0\n68.1\n58.7\n63.0\n62.9\n72.4\n66.7\n68.5\n69.9\n68.4\n69.4\n66.4\n77.7\n50.4\n48.9\n47.5\n35.9\n47.0\n48.1\n47.5\n46.6\n41.1\n48.1\n49.1\n45.8\n39.1\n44.3\n57.3\n61.0\n57.8\n47.3\n55.0\n55.5\n59.9\n56.7\n54.8\n59.0\n58.7\n57.6\n52.7\n61.0\n86.2\n96.0\n90.7\n82.0\n74.9\n71.0\n92.2\n82.0\n90.1\n87.0\n84.0\n90.0\n88.0\n96.0\n45.8\n44.0\n43.6\n30.0\n41.0\n44.4\n41.0\n41.0\n36.0\n43.0\n45.0\n40.0\n35.0\n37.0\n67.9\n80.0\n72.6\n66.0\n65.2\n65.0\n75.9\n70.6\n74.3\n72.4\n73.1\n72.5\n72.3\n84.4\n52.7\n54.1\n50.8\n39.6\n49.9\n50.5\n48.8\n49.4\n45.3\n51.4\n52.7\n49.8\n43.6\n42.5\n60.3\n67.0\n61.7\n52.8\n67.5\n57.7\n62.4\n60.0\n59.8\n61.9\n62.9\n61.2\n58.0\n63.4\n84.4\n93.0\nS5.6\n78.0\n81.2\n74.0\n94.2\n88.0\n91.1\n94.0\n85.0\n92.0\n85.0\n94.0\n46.2\n40.8\n42.0\n28.0\n43.8\n43.7\n38.0\n40.0\n26.0\n42.0\n36.0\n39.0\n31.0\n35.0\n68.8\n81.7\n73.0\n64.8\n64.9\n63.4\n77.8\n72.7\n79.2\n75.8\n75.0\n73.9\n69.6\n88.8\n52.7\n52.9\n50.8\n38.6\n50.6\n50.6\n48.7\n48.6\n43.4\n50.2\n.50.9\n48.5\n41.3\n41.4\n60.8\n07.3\n61.9\n61.7\n57.8\n57.0\n63.3\n60.7\n61.3\n63.0\n62.9\n61.2\n56.4\n65.1\n79.0\n79.0\n81.3\n74.0\n75.0\n62.0\n91.2\n80.0\n83.1\n81.0\n76.0\n83.0\n75.0\n89.0\n38.7\n35.2\n37.4\n26.0\n37.0\n37.1\n33.0\n33.0\n26.0\n38.0\n31.0\n34.0\n25.0\n35.0\n63.8\n68.6\n66.4\n54.1\n58.2\n56.6\n72.3\n64.5\n67.6\n69.2\n64.8\n67.4\n58.1\n74.5\n38.7\n44.8\n45.3\n32.7\n45.3\n45.6\n42.4\n42.8\n35.3\n45.5\n39.9\n52.7\n34.6\n39.3\n56.5\n56.7\n65.9\n43.4\n51.7\n51.1\n57.3\n53.6\n51.4\n37.4\n52.4\n60.0\n46.4\n56.9\n70.4\n66.7\n73.4\n62.0\n66.3\n59.0\n83.2\n66.0\n70.1\n73.0\n64.0\n74.0\n68.0\n76.0\n38.7\n30.3\n34.0\n16.0\n38.0\n33.3\n34.0\n31.0\n23.0\n34.0\n23.0\n33.0\n21.0\n30.0\n57.9\n58.5\n58.4\n49.6\n54.2\n53.0\n61.9\n57.0\n58.4\n60.7\n57.7\n58.7\n53.7\n69.6\n46.9\n39.8\n43.2\n30.9\n43.7\n40.7\n43.4\n40.5\n32.1\n43.3\n34.8\n40.7\n32.2\n35.2\n52.4\n49.2\n50.8\n40.3\n48.9\n46.9\n52.6\n48.8\n45.2\n52.0\n46.3\n49.7\n42.9\n62.4\n54.9\n56.7\n54.8\n38.0\n46.2\n48.8\n52.1\n54.0\n51.1\n52.0\n48.0\n52.5\n48.0\n59.0\n33.4\n9.3\n28.0\n-14.0\n26.3\n21.6\n27.9\n28.0\n12.0\n28.0\n15.0\n27.0\n2.0\n20.0\n48.1\n39.6\n44.7\n29.7\n41.1\n41.6\n45.8\n47.1\n38.9\n44.8\n40.4\n48.1\n32.0\n44.6\n41.1\n28.9\n36.3\n17.6\n34.1\n32.3\n35.6\n35.1\n27.8\n35.8\n28.6\n36.3\n20.0\n27.2\n44.6\n34.3\n40.5\n23.7\n37.6\n36.9\n40.7\n41.1\n33.4\n40.2\n34.5\n42.2\n26.0\n35.9\n53.1\n45.6\n52.2\n36.0\n46.2\n47.8\n46.1\n48.0\n49.0\n55.0\n38.0\n55.5\n47.0\n43.0\n32.2\n2.2\n23.0\n-10.0\n26.3\n17.0\n24.9\n26.0\n4.0\n21.0\n2.0\n21.0\n-13.0\n-3.0\n44.9\n31.4\n40.2\n25.5\n41.1\n36.7\n38.6\n42.5\n31.6\n39.5\n30.8\n39.5\n23.5\n29.6\n37.1\n19.6\n32.4\n11.2\n34.1\n27.7\n31.0\n30.6\n20.9\n31.0\n18.3\n80.1\n7.4\n15.4\n41.0\n25.5\n36.3\n18.4\n33.6\n32.2\n34.8\n36.5\n26.3\n35.2\n24.5\n34.8\n15.5\n22.5\n50.2\n47.4\n48.9\n34.2\n46.2\n46.0\n49.3\n47.9\n42.6\n49.5\n44.5\n48.9\n38.8\n44.9\nO\n76.5\n37.0\n66.1\n46.7\n56.4\n78.5\n59.2\n75.0\n38.0\n69.4\n49.3\n59.3\n69.0\n33.0\n61.9\n43.1\n52.5\n63.0\n30.5\n56.3\n40.3\n48.3\n55.0\n26.0\n46.7\n36.2\n41.4\n33.0\n25.0\n43.2\n32.7\n37.9\n47.8\nTable VII.\u2014Differences betwixt the average temperature for each month, each quarter, and\nfor the year 1902, and the normals for each station derived from a group of years.\n_rf\no\no\n>\nft\no\no\n1\nrf\nH\ntr\n,'r at\n-{fti 4^\nat .\u00a3\nat\nfc\n0\n-1.6\n2.6\n-0.9\n-1.1\n1.0\n-1.9\n-1.4\n-1.7\n-1.0\n-0.2\n-2.6\n0.7\noj\nAS\nrf\npq\n\"a\ng\no\nat\nft\na\no\n0\n4.8\n8.1\n1.3\n3.5\n2.9\n3.1\n2.1\n0.4\n-1.3\n-0.4\n-2.4\n-5.4\n,\u00a33\n\"ol\np\na5\no\na\nat\n\u00b0J\ngft\nrf\nJ=t\no\nH\na\no\nll\no\nfc\nc8\nC\nt\n\"\u00a3 \u00b0\na?\nrf\na\no\nrf-\n\u00a33\n\"o\nft\nrf\nO\nO\n1.6\n5.0\n-0.2\n-0.2\n0.2\n0.6\n0.9\n1.1\n1.3\n2.5\n0.8\n-0.6\nO\n2.6\n8.3\n2.4\n-0.1\n0.0\n-2.4\n-1.4\n-1.2\n-1.1\n-1.4\n0.0\n-2.5\n0\n-0.7\n-4.7\n-4.8\n2.1\n-0.4\n-3.3\n-2.1\n-4.3\n-3.8\n1.8\n-0.6\n-3.2\n0\n0.7\n3.9\n-0.6\n1.7\n2.0\n1.4\n-0.5\n-0.8\n-2.1\n0.3\n1.3\n3.9\nO\n0.1\n1.8\n-1.0\n-1.5\n0.8\n-0.1\n-3.2\n-4.3\n-0.1\n-0.1\n-1.0\n-4.8\nO\n-0.6\n3.6\n1.1\n0.6\n1.4\n0.5\n-1.3\n-0.9\n-0.8\n1.0\n5.6\n-1.5\no\n-2.7\n2.0\n1.3\n-3.2\n-1.5\n-2.9\n-3.9\n-1.6\n-1.1\n1.1\n1.2\n-2.1\n0\n0.3\n4.4\n0.5\n0.2\n0.3\n0.0\n-2.5\n-0.6\n-0.2\n2.0\n-2.2\n-3.3\n0\n-0.6\n2.3\n2.3\n-2.5\n-2.1\n-3.8\n-5.0\n-1.3\n-3.2\n2.1\n0.9\n-5.3\n0\n-0.3\n5.8\n0.0\n0.4\n0.9\n-1.4\n-1.7\n-1.8\n3.9\n0.3\n2.0\n-1.5\n0\n-0.7\n7.5\n0.3\n-0.8\n0.8\n-2.4\n-0.7\n-3.6\n-3.9\n0.5\n-1.3\n-7.5\n0\n-2.4\n7.3\n-0.5\n-2.2\n1.9\n1.6\n-1.4\n0.8\n2.0\n6.4\n4.7\n-0.4\n0\n-1.8\n2.8\n0.9\n-0.2\n1.3\n-0.3\n-0.8\n0.5\n-0.9\n-0.8\n-0.2\n-1.7\nWinter\t\n2.1\n4.4\n0.0\n-3.4\n1.3\n4.7\n0.3\n1.4\n0.2\n1.7\n1.3\n1.8\n2.4\n1.5\n0.6\n0.2\n-0.6\n-0.7\n-0.5\n1.7\n3.2\n-0.3\n0.8\n-2.5\n0.2\n-2.8\n0.0\n-0.8\n0.4\n0.3\n1.1\n-0.9\n-1.4\n-3.4\n-1.1\n0.4\n-2.5\n-1.0\n-2.2\n-1.1\n-3.2\n0.1\n-2.7\n0.5\n-0.4\n0.9\n-1.0\n-0.7\n-0.7\n-1.6\n-2.7\n-2.0\n1.7\n0.1\n-1.2\n-0.8\n0.3\n2.8\n3.6\n-0.9\n1.1\n0.5\n-0.6\n-2.0\n0.1\n1.4\n-1.1\n0.7\n-1.1\n-0.1\n-1.3\n0.5\n-1.0\n1.5\n-0.1 3 Ed. 7\nBritish Columbia.\nA\n133\nTable VIII.\u2014Showing for each month\nthe average of\nthe\nlighest, lowest,\nmean highest,\nmean lowest, and the\nmean temperature at th\n3 principa\nstations\nin British\nColumbia\nderived from the whole group of years, and the average annual mean at\neach station for\nthe same period.\nt.\nOT\na\n^\n.   fl\na\no\nat\n\"rf\nr.\nfl\nat\ni\u00a3\nd\nQ\n5\n>\n&\no\no\na\nrf\nsa\nat\nfc\nat\nJit\ntr\nrf\nm\nat\ntr\nat\n>\ns\na\nin\n\"8\no\nft\n0\n'5\n\u2022-.\nXt\n<\nA\nat\nc\nat\n\u00a3\nO\nO\nat\nrf\nA\no\nH\nfc\n-a\no\nfc\no\nf___j\nfe\ns\nty\n\u00b1>\nrf\nS3\nc\no\ns\nCQ\nis\ns\nfc\nb\nh\nrf\nJanuary.\no\n0\n0\n0\no\n0\no\n0\n0\no\n0\n0\no\n0\nHighest\t\n52.1\n48.8\n51.0\n40.1\n47.1\n54.2\n51.9\n50.7\n49.6\n52.4\n46.6\n52.1\n44.4\n41.3\n50.6\n21.2\n-5.8\n16.3\n-19.3\n19.9\n9.4\n19.8\n18.3\n-15.7\n11.4\n-5.8\n12.4\n-16.8\n-16.8\n12.6\nMean highest\t\n42.4\n30.7\n41.2\n24.6\n38.4\n39.8\n40.7\n40.9\n30.9\n40.9\n33.1\n39.9\n29.4\n29.3\n43.3\n33.7\n17.7\n32.5\n11.5\n30.8\n27.2\n30.9\n30.7\n17.9\n30.7\n18.0\n28.1\n14.0\n11.8\n31.4\n3S.0\n24.2\n36.8\n18.0\n34.6\n33.5\n35.8\n35.8\n24.4\n35.8\n25.6\n34.0\n21.7\n20.6\n37.4\nFebruary.\nHighest ,  \t\n53.0\n52.0\n54.0\n40.5\n50.9\n51.4\n53.7\n53.2\n50.8\n54.8\n50.0\n54.1\n48.4\n50.7\n52.9\n23.5\n44.5\n-2.1\n33.7\n22.7\n45.0\n-18.9\n26.8\n21.4\n41.7\n11.1\n40.0\n24.8\n43.9\n20.2\n44.6\n-9.6\n35.1\n15.2\n42.9\n-1.2\n37.3\n16.6\n42.2\n-18.6\n31.7\n-12.6\n34.8\n19.2\nMean highest\t\n44.5\nMean lowest\t\n34.7\n18.4\n33.6\n11.1\n31.7\n26.8\n31.8\n31.8\n20.2\n32.6\n20.5\n29.5\n14.0\n14.1\n33.7\n39.6\n26.0\n39.3\n19.0\n36.7\n33.4\n37.8\n38.2\n27.6\n37.7\n28.9\n35.8\n22.9\n24.5\n39.1\nMarch.\n57.S\n27.3\n49.7\n61.4\n9.6\n46.9\n59.6\n25.8\n50.2\n48.6\n-6.8\n34.8\n56.0\n24.3\n45.3\n54.3\n17.9\n44.9\n62.1\n23.1\n51.3\n57.3\n25.1\n48.7\n56.4\n3.7\n42.9\n60.7\n24.7\n49.2\n55.2\n6.0\n43.8\n62.8\n22.5\n50.2\n51.8\n-11.2\n39.4\n59.4\n7.6\n48.4\n54.8\n23.9\nMean highest\t\n47.3\n36.9\n27.8\n35.1\n17.1\n32.5\n30.0\n33.9\n31.6\n23.9\n34.8\n24.7\n33.2\n18.1\n21.8\n36.1\nMonthly mean\t\nApril.\nHighest\t\n43.3\n37.3\n42.7\n26.0\n38.9\n37.5\n42.6\n40.2\n33.4\n42.0\n34.3\n41.7\n28.1\n34.1\n41.2\n65.S\n73.9\n71.6\n65.2\n67.7\n64.9\n73.4\n68.4\n71.9\n73.3\n74.2\n75.0\n67.2\n75.1\n63.8\n31.8\n54.8\n27.5\n60.2\n30.6\n57.3\n9.2\n43.0\n29.2\n51.6\n25.7\n49.5\n30.3\n59.6\n27.5\n65.1\n18.0\n56.9\n31.3\n57.4\n25.6\n59.8\n28.9\n67.2\n12.8\n51.0\n20.4\n59.6\n30.0\nMean highest\t\n53.9\nMean lowest\t\n39.8\n37.6\n39.9\n23.9\n36.2\n34.6\n37.7\n35.5\n32.2\n39.3\n34.4\n37.6\n27.8\n30.0\n38.5\nMonthly mean .\nMay.\n47.3\n49.0\n48.6\n33.5\n43.9\n42.1\n48.7\n45.3\n44.6\n48.3\n47.1\n47.4\n39.4\n44.7\n46.2\n73.5\n37.8\n61.3\n85.1\n33.3\n70.2\n80.4\n38.4\n64.3\n75.2\n22.8\n56.6\n75.2\n35.1\n58.0\n70.4\n30.0\n56.6\n85.9\n35.0\n67.8\n74.7\n32.1\n61.3\n83.8\n27.9\n67.1\n82.1\n36.0\n66.7\n82.8\n31.2\n67.9\n84.5\n35.1\n65.1\n80.8\n25.4\n62.6\n85.9\n25.2\n69.2\n70.1\n35.4\nMean highest\t\n60.5\nMean lowest\t\n46.9\n45.9\n44.1\n33.8\n41.8\n39.5\n44.2\n41.7\n38.7\n44.9\n43.8\n44.4\n36.8\n37.6\n44.1\nMonthly mean .\nJune.\n54.1\n58.0\n54.2\n45.2\n49.9\n48.0\n66.0\n51.5\n52.9\n55.0\n55.9\n54.7\n49.7\n53.4\n52.3\n76.8\n42.0\n91.0\n41.5\n83.8\n43.5\n78.9\n30.8\n78.2\n38.9\n70.2\n87.2\n91.4\n40.3\n79.4\n36.3\n91.1\n32.0\n83.8\n40.4\n83.2\n42.0\n85.3\n40.1\n84.8\n32.5\n90.3\n32.3\n75.6\n37.3\n65.1\n75.6\n69.0\n62.6\n62.0\n60.3\n71.1\n66.4\n71.6\n68.8\n73.6\n69.0\n68.1\n76.0\n65.5\nMean lowest\t\n48.2\n51.2\n50.5\n38.5\n45.3\n44.5\n48.9\n45.9\n43.9\n49.3\n51.4\n49.0\n42.0\n42.8\n48.0\nMonthly mean\t\n56.7\n63.4\n59.7\n50.6\n53.6\n52.4\n60.0\n56.2\n57.7\n59.0\n62.5\n59.0\n55.1\n59.4\n56.7\nJuly.\n79.2\n44.9\n96.9\n47.2\n88.0\n46.5\n82.4\n34.0\n81.5\n44.2\n74.4\n39.4\n93.5\n41.9\n84.6\n43.9\n94.5\n36.4\n87.8\n45.3\n87.8\n49.4\n90.1\n43.2\n87.5\n36.5\n97.6\n36.7\n77.7\n42.1\n69.1\n81.6\n74.1\n68.1\n65.5\n62.9\n78.4\n72.8\n79.4\n76.0\n78.1\n74.9\n72.3\n84.6\n69.8\n49.7\n65.1\n62.2\n41.7\n50.6\n48.4\n52.9\n49.7\n47.9\n62.7\n57.7\n50.9\n45.2\n45.0\n60.2\n59.4\n68.4\n63.1\n54.9\n58.0\n55.6\n65.6\n61.3\n63.7\n64.4\n67.9\n62.9\n68.7\n64.8\n60.0\nAugust.\n79.3\n93.9\n85.0\n82.9\n78.4\n73.0\n94.8\n85.8\n92.2\n88.1\n85.2\n87.4\n86.0\n95.2\n76.4\n45.3\n69.1\n45.6\n82.1\n47.1\n73.5\n32.3\n69.8\n43.2\n66.1\n40.3\n64.0\n44.2\n82.6\n41.3\n73.7\n34.3\n79.7\n44.0\n74.4\n45.2\n75.4\n42.7\n74.8\n32.8\n73.3\n33.4\n84.5\n40.6\n67.1\n50.3\n54.9\n53.7\n42.1\n51.1\n49.2\n52.6\n49.5\n46.1\n52.8\n53.0\n61.2\n44.8\n44.2\n50.6\n59.7\n68.5\n63.6\n56.0\n58.6\n56.6\n67.6\n61.6\n62.9\n63.6\n64.2\n63.0\n59.0\n64.3\n68.8\nSeptember.\n73.5\n83.6\n79.2\n75.1\n72.0\n67.8\n82.1\n76.5\n83.8\n81.5\n77.0\n82.1\n77.0\n88.0\n69.2\n39.0\n63.8\n34.1\n69.5\n40.1\n66.4\n23.5\n58.6\n38.6\n60.6\n36.6\n59.9\n36.7\n70.3\n33.4\n64.9\n29.4\n67.1\n38.5\n67.3\n33.8\n66.6\n35.5\n66.2\n26.8\n62.5\n28.4\n72.4\nMean highest\t\n62.6\n46.6\n46.0\n47.4\n35.8\n47.1\n44.9\n44.0\n44.0\n37.4\n47.8\n44.5\n45.9\n38.0\n37.5\n44.2\nMonthly mean\t\n52.2\n67.8\n56.9\n47.2\n53.8\n52.4\n57.2\n54.4\n52.5\n57.6\n55.6\n56.1\n50.3\n54.9\n53.4\nOctober.\n65.1\n70.4\n68.1\n62.8\n63.9\n63.2\n72.9\n65.2\n69.9\n69.0\n66.4\n69.5\n66.3\n72.6\n63.3\nLowest\t\n35.3\n26.3\n35.1\n16.1\n35.9\n29.8\n36.3\n30.6\n21.1\n32.4\n24.8\n30.7\n20.5\n20.9\n29.6\nMean highest\t\n56.2\n56.7\n57.7\n47.2\n53.6\n54.3\n61.9\n56.1\n56.1\n57.0\n54.3\n57.7\n51.4\n61.1\n57.0\n43.6\n38.9\n44.3\n29.8\n43.7\n40.3\n43.1\n39.4\n32.1\n42.9\n34.1\n41.0\n33.3\n30.9\n41.2\n49.9\n47.8\n51.0\n38.5\n48.6\n47.3\n52.5\n47.8\n44.1\n50.0\n44.2\n49.4\n42.4\n46.0\n49.1\nNovember.\n56.3\n55.1\n58.0\n50.8\n51.8\n60.1\n58.6\n56.2\n54.2\n58.2\n54.6\n59.1\n53.3\n57.5\n54.2\n30.0\n48.5\n8.0\n40.3\n25.9\n49.5\n-5.2\n32.0\n25.4\n42.5\n18.2\n45.7\n25.7\n47.7\n24.1\n46.1\n-0.8\n39.2\n24.3\n47.3\n6.8\n41.2\n20.5\n46.5\n-0.3\n35.5\n-2.9\n40.0\n22 8\n47.6\n39.2\n28.3\n36.6\n16.5\n35.4\n32.8\n35.7\n24.9\n25.3\n37.4\n26.0\n33.8\n19.1\n22.4\n35.5\n43.8\n34.3\n43.1\n24.3\n38.9\n39.3\n41.7\n35.5\n32.2\n42.4\n33.6\n40.2\n27.3\n31.2\n41.6\nDecember.\n53.5\n46.4\n53.0\n41.3\n50.7\n55.3\n52.5\n51.8\n52.1\n64.3\n48.5\n53.7\n47.3\n44.9\n52.5\n28.3\n45.7\n0.8\n31.4\n23.0\n37.7\n-10.8\n28.5\n25.1\n41.2\n16.1\n43.2\n26.6\n44.2\n24.0\n42.9\n-7.2\n34.7\n20.7\n42.9\n3.8\n36.0\n18.0\n41.5\n-6.0\n30.9\n-7.7\n29.9\n24 7\nMean highest\t\n44.2\nMean lowest\t\n37.5\n24.7\n33.4\n14.6\n33.7\n32.1\n34.9\n33.2\n22.2\n34.0\n23.5\n31.1\n15.1\n16.9\n34.9\n41.6\n28.0\n35.6\n21.6\n37.5\n37.6\n39.6\n38.0\n28.4\n38.6\n29.8\n36.3\n23.0\n22.9\n39.6\n49.1\n46.9\n49.5\n36.2\n46.1\n44.6\n50.4\n47.2\n43.7\n49.6\n45.8\n48.4\n39.8\n43.4\n47.9\ni A 134\nKeport on Agriculture,\n1903\n-Average temperature for each month and for the year 1902 at all stations in\nBritish Columbia.\nTable IX.-\nrf\nS\na\nrf\nr^\nrf\n.fl\no\nrf\n<\nrf\ne!\n3\nfl\nto\n<\nat\nat\nfl.\nat\nA\no\no\nO\n1^\n<D\nat\n>\no\nS3\no\nfi\na\nc\nat\nQ\ntr\nrf\nat\ns*\no\n35.9\n34.4\n17.3\n26.2\n19.5\n38.6\n39.5\n35.6\n41.4\n34.2\n26.2\no\n39.6\n38.4\n27.1\n37.7\n26.3\n41.2\n42.6\n40.9\n45.8\n41.1\n41.8\n0\n41.6\n40.5\n24.4\n38.2\n32.3\n39.5\n41.5\n42.5\n42.4\n42.8\n41.3\n0\n47.2\n44.4\n35.6\n46.0\n38.5\n49.1\n45.2\n50.0\n47.2\n46.9\n45.9\n42.2\n46.0\n36.2\n48.9\n0\n56.8\n55.6\n44.8\n54.8\n51.7\n49.2\n51.1\n57.0\n51.1\n54.0\n52.9\n53.1\n53.6\n48.0\n58.0\n0\n59.9\n61.0\n47.3\n57.7\n52.0\n52.6\n53.4\n60.1\n55.0\n56.5\n56.7\n48.9\n56.4\n49.7\n61.0\n0\n62.4\n63.4\n52.8\n61.6\n58.7\n54.3\n62.5\n56.9\no\n63.3\n60.4\n51.7\n57.6\n60.2\n55.3\n62.4\n55.6\nO\n57.3\n51.8\n43.4\n53.3\n49.7\n49.8\n56.2\n54.0\n54.2\n53.6\n50.2\n52.5\n45.9\n56.8\n0\n52.6\n48.2\n40.3\n45.9\n42.1\n47.9\n51.7\n52.3\n50.5\n48.8\n44.3\n48.3\n41.0\n49.2\n45.7\n48.0\n49.7\n45.3\n52.4\n52.0\n45.3\n50.8\n50.2\n46.9\n50.2\n45.6\n46.9\n49.7\n50.3\n42.9\n45.4\n48.9\n43.4\n45.2\n47.6\n50.4\n52.4\n46.3\no\n40.7\n37.0\n23.7\n34.2\n28.9\n41.7\n39.7\n44.3\n41.0\n41.1\n26.3\n41.4\n25.7\n34.3\n33.1\n40.8\n42.2\n40.9\n35.9\n40.2\n30.5\n40.5\n41.3\n34.4\n36.6\n28.6\n36.9\n42.6\n26.2\n26.0\n36.7\n37.6\n24.5\n33.4\n32.5\n40.6\n44.6\n34.5\n0\n34.8\n34.4\n18.4\n26.4\n17.3\n36.9\n33.8\n41.3\n35.9\n36.5\n15.1\n37.9\n19.6\n25.5\n24.2\n36.0\n34.8\n36.7\n22.5\n35.2\n20.1\n36.3\n37.1\n26.0\n30.8\n15.6\n32.2\n37.8\n19.5\n15.5\n29.3\n33.6\n9.9\n26.3\n25.5\n38.1\n41.0\n24.5\no\n49.3\n47.6\n34.2\n44.9\n39.8\n46.3\n49.4\n48.9\nFrench Creek\t\n60.0\n60.4\n59.2\n56.2\n67.0\n60.7\n59.2\n59.3\n54.7\n67.3\n47.9\n35.2\n41.9\n42.1\n28.3\n39.7\n47.8\nKamloops\t\n26.8\n34.3\n47.4\n59.3\n61.2\n57.6\n65.1\n63.0\n60.6\n61.9\n62.7\n62.8\n66.8\n60.7\n57.0\n58.6\n60.0\n55.4\n57.4\n57.8\n52.5\n61.3\n64.2\n62.6\n60.8\n62.9\n52.6\n60.1\n51.2\n56.9\n57.4\n51.9\n55.9\n55.6\n53.4\n57.0\n52.1\n51.1\n53.1\n52.9\n46.4\n49.5\n51.7\n46.2\n51.4\n53.9\n54.7\n56.5\n52.4\n33.7\n39.3\n18.2\n36.1\n23.9\n35.2\n37.2\n41.6\n40.4\n31.8\n42.1\n29.0\n41.8\n42.3\n41.7\n39.5\n33.6\n42.5\n34.1\n41.8\n41.5\n47.8\n41.4\n42.5\n48.5\n43.8\n47.5\n45.6\n55.6\n50.8\n55.3\n56.1\n52.7\n55.2\n54.3\n56.6\n54.0\n52.0\n50.9\n50.5\n57.6\n55.0\n61.0\n59.0\n53.9\n57.8\n57.3\n59.0\n57.7\n54.8\n55.5\n53.7\n61.2\n56.3\n63.4\n61.9\n60.0\n61.7\n61.7\n63.5\n63.8\n60.3\n57.7\n56.7\n48.9\n46.2\n44.9\n49.5\n42.2\n48.9\n48.9\nPilot Bay\t\n28.3\n19.7\n38.3\n38.6\n26.9\n21.0\n33.7\n27.7\n41.5\n41.3\n37.4\n33.8\n38.8\n39.3\n45.3\n43.8\n45.6\n45.1\n46.8\n41.2\n46.0\nPort Bobs\t\n47.3\n30.4\n28.4\n38.6\n36.5\n45.6\n32.4\n41.4\n45.8\n45.4\n47.5\n44.6\n50.5\n47.0\n51.9\n44.2\n51.4\n54.8\n55.8\n54.3\n53.8\n52.7\n50.2\n55.0\n47.9\n54.8\n57.1\n58.2\n57.3\n58.7\n58.0\n56.7\n57.5\n52.4\n59.8\n63.6\n62.4\n60.3\n62.9\n38.8\n35.3\n10.4\n21.7\n23.8\n34.9\n39.6\n25.0\n40.6\n16.6\n29.6\n30.0\n42.2\n44.6\n31.2\n38.3\n18.0\n34.7\n37.3\n41.1\n43.5\n36.6\n46.2\n33.2\n42.6\nVancouver \t\n44.7\n48.7\n50.2\n44.5 3 Ed. 7\nBritish Columbia.\nA 135\nTable X.\u2014Highest temperature registered for each month and for the year at all stations in\nBritish Columbia during the year 1902.\nAlberni \t\nAgassiz Experimental Farm.\nBarkerville\t\nBella Coola\t\nCranbrook\t\nCape Scott\t\nCarmanah\t\nChilliwhack\t\nClayoquot \t\nDuncan\t\nFrench Creek\t\nGolden\t\nGarry Point\t\nGlacier\t\nKamloops\t\nKitamaat\t\nLadner \t\nMatsqui\t\nMasset\t\nMidway\t\nN. Nicomen\t\nNicola Lake\t\nNew \"Westminster\t\nNanaimo\t\nOkanagan Mission\t\nPilot Bay\t\nPrinceton\t\nPort Simpson\t\nPort Bobs\t\nQuesnel\t\nQuesnel Forks (Bullion)\t\nRevelstoke\t\nRivers Inlet\t\nStuart Lake\t\nTobacco Plains\t\nVernon, Coldstream Ranch .\nVancouver \t\nVictoria\t\nWest Kootenay   \t\no\n54.1\n49.0\n40.0\n43.0\n42.0\n50.2\n44.1\n54.0\n57.0\n52.0\n52.2\n51.5\n55.0\n52.0\n39.0\n56.0\n47.0\n61.2\n64.8\n46.0\n39.0\n54.0\n52.0\n56.0\n46.0\n47.2\n39.0\n66.1\n48.0\n54.9\n52.4\n50.0\n51.1\n58.0\n42.0\n51.0\n47.0\n55.0\n47.6\n56.0\n61.5\n55.0\n56.0\n54.0\n52.5\n59.0\n50.0\n50.0\n57.0\n49.5\n55.8\n55.8\n47.0\n47.7\n54.0\n50.0\n46.0\n55.0\n41.0\n48.0\n46.0\n57.8\n55.4\n49.0\n58.1\n60.0\n46.0\n63.0\n47.0\n51.6\n47.7\n63.1\n58.0\n59.0\n57.0\n55.0\n43.0\n60.8\n58.5\n50.0\n54.0\n62.0\n51.5\n63.7\n59.9\n56.0\n55.0\n54.7\n52.0\n74.0\n51.0\n54.4\n52.0\n52.1\n57.0\n53.8\n69.0\n56.0\n64.1\n70.0\n54.0\n70.0\n61.0\n56.7\n52.5\n74.1\n60.0\n63.0\n64.0\n63.5\n58.0\n53.0\n69.3\n69.0\n52.0\n68.0\n68.0\n62.5\n65.5\n62.8\n61.0\n67.0\n63.4\n58.0\n84.0\n58.0\n61.0\n63.8\n60.5\n63.1\n65.0\n63.8\n60.6\n66.0\n83.2\n87.0\n66.0\n83.0\n82.0\n67.5\n57.6\n89.0\n71.0\n80.0\n70.0\n83.0\n70.0\n75.0\n84.5\n85.0\n05.0\n80.0\n83.0\n81.0\n80.0\n76.0\n87.0\n76.0\n84.0\n63.6\n68.0\n80.0\n77.0\n60.2\n78.1\n73.0\n83.1\n83.0\n76.0\n77.0\n75.0\n84.2\n89.0\n74.0\n86.0\n80.0\n81.5\n60.2\n88.0\n81.0\n84.0\n74.0\n82.0\n76.5\n89.0\n85.0\n83.0\n78.0\n89.0\nS5.0\n78.0\n83.4\n80.0\n81.8\n79.0\n86.0\n73.0\n80.5\n85.0\n81.0\n82.0\n84.1\n79.0\n86.0\n83.0\n82.0\n79.1\n80.0\n92.2\n95.0\n82.0\n89.0\n89.0\n60.0\n91.0\n77.0\n82.0\n88.5\n83.0\n90.0\n90.0\n71.0\n96.0\n87.0\n85.0\n90.7\n84.8\n89.4\n87.0\n91.0\n71.0\n75.0\n94.0\n88.0\n87.0\n74.9\n88.0\n90.1\n93.0\n86.8\n86.2\n84.0\no\n94.2\n86.0\n78.0\n91.5\n89.0\n68.0\n94.0\n87.0\n88.0\n88.5\n75.0\n76.0\n93.0\nS2.0\n92.0\n77.0\n94.0\n94.0\n87.5\n85.6\n90.3\n90.6\n90.0\n92.0\n74.0\n77.0\n91.0\n85.0\n89.0\n81.2\n79.0\n91.1\n92.0\n82.0\n84.4\n85.0\n91.2\n84.0\n74.0\n80.0\n80.0\n61.4\n85.0\n79.0\n84.0\n80.0\n78.5\n69.0\n67.0\n79.0\n75.0\n83.0\n67.0\n89.0\n84.0\n79.0\n81.3\n83.2\n79.0\n75.0\n84.0\n62.0\n74.0\n83.0\n75.0\n78.0\n75.0\n79.5\n83.1\n78.0\n76.0\n79.0\n76.0\n83.2\n61.1\n62.0\n65.0\n67.0\n72.6\n73.1\n70.0\n73.0\n66.0\n70.0\n63.0\n56.0\n66.7\n73.0\n64.0\n74.0\n57.0\n76.0\n73.0\n67.5\n73.4\n70.8\n66.2\n63.0\n72.0\n59.0\n62.0\n72.0\n68.0\n64.0\n66.3\n77.0\n70.1\n68.0\n67.0\n70.4\n64.0\n52.1\n58.0\n3S.0\n47.0\n49.0\n52.0\n52.0\n05.5\n57.0\n54.0\n46.0\n55\"0\n38.0\n56.7\n49.0\n58.0\n52.5\n53.0\n59.0\n52.0\n50.0\n54.8\n54.0\n52.2\n50.0\n50.0\n48.8\n51.0\n59.0\n48.0\n57.0\n46.2\n55.0\n51.1\n50.0\n50.0\n54.9\n48.0\n46.1\n50.0\n36.0\n45.0\n40.0\n49.5\n48.0\n66.5\n50.0\n48.0\n34.0\n53.0\n39.0\n45.6\n43.0\n55.0\n55.5\n47.0\n43.0\n55.0\n42.0\n52.2\n50.0\n44.0\n41.0\n38.0\n47.8\n50.5\n39.0\n47.0\n48.0\n45.0\n45.5\n49.0\n45.0\n52.0\n53.1\n38.0\n94.2\n95.0\n82.0\n91.5\n89.0\n81.5\n94.0\n87.0\n88.0\n88.5\n78.5\n89.0\n96.0\n92.0\n78.0\n96.0\n94.0\n87.6\n90.7\n90.3\n90.6\n90.0\n92.0\n74.0\n80.5\n94.0\n88.0\n89.0\n84.1\n88.0\n91.1\n93.0\n86.8\n86.2\n85.0 A 136\nReport on Agriculture,\n1903\nTable XI.\u2014Lowest temperature for each month and for the year at all stations in British\nColumbia during the year 1902.\nrf\nfl\nfl\nrf\ni-a\ntr\nrf\ntr\nfi\nat\nJ3\nat\nu\nrf\ns\n'ti\nrf\ns\nat\nc\nfl\n3\nr^\nIK\n3\naa\nfl\nat\nfi\na\nat\n4i\nfl.\n0)\ntfl\nfi\nO\nO\nO\nfi\na\nat\no\na\nfi\nat\nat\na\nrf\n0\n12.9\n1.0\n-28.0\n0.0\n-22.0\n16.0\n35.0\n10.0\n18.0\n0.0\n11.0\nO\n27.9\n22.0\n-16.0\n20.0\n-15.0\n29.0\n37.6\n12.0\n28.0\n11.0\n26.0\nO\n23.9\n26.0\n-26.0\n16.0\n9.0\n30.1\n35.4\n27.0\n28.0\n23.0\n26.0\nO\n29.9\n30.0\n10.0\n28.0\n21.0\n29.8\n37.8\n32.0\n32.0\n30.0\n27.0\n14.0\n32.0\n12.0\n25.8\n0\n33.0\n40.0\n24.0\n32.0\n27.0\n33.5\n44.6\n40.0\n35.0\n34.0\n35.0\n27.0\n38.0\n29.0\n35.0\n0\n37.0\n45.0\n28.0\n37.0\n29.0\n34.5\n46.7\n41.0\n38.0\n32.0\n35.0\n29.0\n37.0\n31.0\n38.0\n0\n41.0\n46.0\n30.0\n39.0\n36.0\n37.5\n43!6\n41.0\n0\n38.0\n38.0\n28.0\n42.0\n23.0\n38.0\n40.0\n41.0\nO\n33.0\n37.0\n26.0\n34.0\n23.0\n33.5\n0\n34.0\n41.0\n16.0\n26.0\n16.0\n33.5\no\n27.9\n26.0\n-14.0\n18.0\n3.0\n27.0\no\n.24.9\n27.0\n-10.0\n8.0\n-8.0\n21.5\n0\n12.9\n1.0\n-28.0\n0.0\n-22.0\n16.0\n35.0\n38.0\n28.0\n33.0\n28.0\n33.0\n31.0\n35.2\n34.0\n38.5\n30.0\n31.0\n25.0\n30.5\n31.0\n30.3\n30.0\n30.0\n33.0\n34.0\n30.0\n34.0\n23.5\n34.0\n31.0\n28.1\n38.0\n19.0\n33.3\n40.0\n30.0\n21.0\n28.0\n38.0\n12.2\n23.0\n30.0\n35.0\n38.7\n23.0\n26.0\n31.0\n29.0\n28.0\n-2.5\n26.0\n5.0\n9.3\n10.0\n22.0\n27.0\n27.0\n20.0\n28.0\n11.5\n28.0\n27.7\n17.8\n22.0\n-3.0\n21.6\n28.0\n-7.0\n2.0\n9.0\n26.3\n-25.6\n12.0\n8.0\n30.0\n33.4\n15.0\n18.0\n26.0\n27.0\n26.0\n-16.5\n25.0\n1.0\n2.2\n5.0\n20.0\n21.0\n20.0\n-3.0\n21.0\n-5.0\n23.0\n25.0\n11.0\n20.0\n-8.0\n17.0\n26.0\n-17.0\n-13.0\n0.0\n25.0\n-35.9\n4.0\n9.0\n28.0\n32.2\n2.0\n10.0\n18.0\n49.4\n39.0\n40.0\n39.0\n44.0\n40.6\n28.0\n38.0\n33.0\n40.8\n11.0\n7.0\n13.0\n30.0\n-1.0\n10.0\n7.0\n-8.2\n-10.7\n-10.7\n2.0\n8.5\n20.0\n-21.0\n9.0\n-12.0\n2.0\n7.3\n10.0\n24.0\n28.0\n4.0\n13.0\n-15.5\n15.5\n24.7\n30.0\n21.0\n23.0\n17.0\n28.0\n12.5\n25.5\n25.5\n28.0\n29.0\n28.0\n21.0\n31.0\n25.0\n32.0\n20.9\n35.0\n37.0\n34.0\n28.0\n38.0\n32.0\n38.6\n35.0\n33.7\n38.0\n29.9\n37.0\n37.0\n34.0\n37.0\n42.0\n37.0\n40.0\n35.0\n36.8\n36.9\n34.6\n40.0\n29.0\n41.1\n40.0\n40.0\n40.0\n42.0\n37.0\n43.0\n40.5\n43.6\n40.3\n41.0\n47.0\n35.0\n44.4\n42.0\n41.0\n35.0\n31.0\n41.0\n28.2\n36.0\n41.0\n46.0\n45.8\n45.0\n38.0\n39.0\n45.0\n35.0\n42.0\n34.0\n42.0\n40.1\n33.8\n41.0\n32.0\n43.7\n45.0\n37.0\n31.0\n21.0\n43.8\n23.2\n26.0\n37.0\n43.0\n46.2\n36.0\n30.0\n34.0\n39.0\n35.0\n38.0\n30.0\n37.4\n34.0\n28.0\n40.0\n26.0\n37.1\n40.0\n32.0\n25.0\n28.0\n37.0\n17.2\n26.0\n32.0\n37.0\n38.7\n31.0\n2.0\n8.5\n20.0\n-21.0\n9.0\n-15.5\n2.0\n7.3\nPilot Bay\t\n3.0\n-21.0\n15.6\n16.5\n-22.0\n-25.0\n10.0\n-26.0\n28.3\n31.0\n20.0\n15.0\n22.6\n29.0\n29.0\n22.0\n31.0\n32.0\n3.0\n-26.0\n15.6\nPort Bobs              \t\n16.5\n-12.0\n-18.0\n18.0\n17.5\n31.4\n7.2\n18.0\n25.0\n31.0\n34.0\n23.0\n27.0\n25.0\n35.1\n22.2\n28.0\n35.0\n37.9\n42.4\n35.0\n30.0\n24.0\n38.9\n24.2\n30.0\n37.0\n39.0\n41.5\n42.0\n-25.0\n16.1\n-29.1\n-25.4\n-13.0\n6.0\n12.3\n-8.0\n28.2\n-12.0\n-21.6\n-5.0\n16.0\n29.2\n4.0\n25.0\n-39.0\n6.0\n17.0\n26.0\n30.2\n10.0\n16.1\n-39.0\n-25.4\n-13.0\n6.0\n12.3\n-8.0 3 Ed. 7\nBritish Columbia.\nA 137\nTable XII.\u2014Mean daily range of temperature for each month and for the year at all stations\nin British Columbia, during the year 1902.\n\\5\nrf\nc\nrf\nl\"3\ntr\nrf\ng\nfi\no\ntr\nrf\n<1\nrf\ns\nfl\nfl\n0\n24.9\n>>\nfl\nr^\n1\n3\nfi\na\nti\n0J\nfi\nO\nA3\nat\nO\nti\na)\nfi\n1\n>\nO\nfi\nti\na\ns\no\na\nt,\nrf\nto\n0\n10.6\n9.8\n16.9\n7.7\n14.4\n10.5\n9.1\n13.1\n14.7\n13.6\n13.7\n0\n11.5\n0\n16.3\n0\n19.9\n0\n23.2\nO\n27.1\nO\n29.1\n34.1\n26.2\n29.1\n42.9\n15.1\n0\n29.9\n35.2\n21.3\n22.1\n36.8\n15.0\nO\n18.5\n20.1\n18.7\n20.0\n30.5\n12.7\no\n10.2\n12.4\n12.1\n29.0\n19.0\n10.2\n0\n7.6\n8.9\n14.3\n7.0\n17.7\n9.8\n0\n19.1\n14.3\n13.7\n16.3\n10.0\n10.0\n11.4\n12.8\n9.4\n12.2\n21.2\n14.3\n19.2\n11.0\n12.3\n13.7\n14.8\n11.9\n18.2\n21.0\n25.8\n23.8\n13.7\n14.7\n20.0\n13.9\n20.8\n21.6\n29.2\n15.0\n18.6\n24.2\n22.3\n29.4\n25.2\n13.7\n13.0\n19.2\n14.8\n21.3\n18.8\n25.3\n13.7\n20.8\n21.7\n22.8\n24.0\n29.4\n13.6\n13.5\n23.6\n15.4\n26.3\n20.1\n26.3\n19.4\n22.9\n24.2\n26.4\n28.2\n35.5\n16.2\n19.8\n20.9\n25.9\n12.6\n22.6\n16.9\n25.2\n21.1\n23.3\n17.3\n30.1\n21.7\n26.4\n18.8\n15.8\n23.8\n17.3\n14.6\n23.2\n16.5\n26.7\n16.0\n12.0\n18.7\n14.6\n22.1\n18.0\n12.2\n34.4\n17.4\n23.5\n15.2\n15.8\n24.7\n12.1\n30.5\n12.3\n10.9\n29.8\n21.5\n19.9\n10.5\n36.1\n26.3\n21.2\n15.2\n11.0\n22.9\n9.7\n12.5\n9.3\n12.0\n14.6\n10.5\n9.6\n10.7\n9.5\n12.7\n11.8\n14.0\n17.4\n9.0\n15.0\n8.4\n8.7\n12.6\n7.1\n15.0\n9.3\n9.0\n18.5\n12.0\n15.0\n7.0\n29.3\n11.1\n10.6\n8.2\n7.0\n11.8\n8.6\n13.5\n8.1\n11.9\n16.6\n10.5\n11.1\n11.8\n8.1\n21.3\n9.4\n13.0\n14.0\n8.5\n14.2\n7.8\n9.0\n2.0\n6.8\n14.8\n9.0\n6.1\n13.6\n16.1\n17.3\n15.2\n21.2\n30.1\n18.8\n23.5\n25.9\n24.1\n30.9\n20.1\n20.6\n28.8\n17.7\n11.7\n10.4\n11.7\n16.7\n19.0\n14.7\n11.8\n13.9\n19.5\n24.7\n25.4\n14.7\n47.4\n25.6\n26.1\n22.1\n23.4\n30.7\n21.9\n34.0\n12.8\n13.9\n31.6\n28.3\n36.3\n14.3\n32.0\n35.8\n29.8\n20.5\n16.1\n24.1\n26.0\n14.7\n13.4\n35.2\n23.7\n25.4\n21.2\n21.1\n28.5\n17.6\n32.7\n11.0\n14.0\n29.9\n23.5\n31.9\n12.9\n32.4\n32.3\n25.1\n20.9\n14.7\n24.9\n13.7\n14.6\n17.2\n12.2\n13.6\n11.5\n11.8\n13.0\n13.6\n16.6\n11.9\n15.6\n10.1\n9.9\n14.0\n13.6\n18.5\n12.7\n17.1\n12.4\n15.1\n19.5\n14.9\n28.3\n18.9\n24.3\n17.0\n18.0\n19.6\n15.9\n30.7\n18.0\n21.0\n17.5\n17.9\n23.1\n16.2\n24.6\n15.9\n13.7\n24.7\n26.3\n17.9\n19.5\n21.9\n20.2\n19.2\n12.6\n18.9\n23.6\n15.3\n33.4\n21.8\n22.0\n20.5\n21.4\n29.9\n18.9\n30.4\n14.8\n12.1\n27.3\n30.3\n16.0\n24.4\n27.4\n24.7\n22.1\n13.6\n19.3\n22.7\n17.9\n41.9\n21.0\n22.0\n21.9\n20.8\n29.1\n20.0\n30.5\n14.5\n13.5\n28.7\n33.3\n15.3\n29.5\n29.0\n27.7\n20.6\n15.2\n20.4\n17.1\n14.4\n27.9\n16.7\n20.0\n15 5\n16.0\nPilot Bay\t\n6.8\n14.7\n11.6\n10.4\n30.0\n17.4\n7.8\n19.9\n11.8\n7.6\n14.5\n12.3\n19.8\n11.4\n10.4\n19.2\n17.8\n26.5\n14.6\n12.0\n20.1\n27.8\n15.5\n24.3\n27.2\n23.2\n19.2\n12.6\n24.0\n13.8\n24.6\n12 4\nPort Bobs\t\n11.1\n21.1\n8.0\n21.7\n12.1\n11.1\n12.8\n8.7\n12.9\n9.5\n20.2\n12.7\n11.4\n11.8\n7.8\n14.1\n11.7\n24.3\n18.0\n16.0\n13.1\n9.3\n17.8\n6.4\n26.0\n10.7\n10.8\n8.3\n7.8\n12.5\n12.1\n26.6\n22.0\n19.3\nVancouver \t\n16.0\n18 6\n- A 138\nReport on Agriculture,\n1903\n-Monthly and annual amount of rainfall in inches at the stations in British\nColumbia reporting during the year 1902.\nTable XIII.\nrf\nfl\nc\nrf\ni-a\nrf\ns\nfi\nat\np\nrf\n\"S\n<\nS1\nat\nrt\nr^\n<\nti\nat\nfi\nat\n57\ntfl\nin.\n0.84\n2.75\n3.50\n3.93\n1.35\n7.97\nfi\no\no\nO\nat\nfi\nat\no\nin.\n9.29\n8.62\n0.00\n4.34\n0.00\n17.54\no>\nfi\na\nat\nat\nat\nfi\nti\nrf\nin.\n6.86\n2.88\n0.00\n4.52\n2.37\n12.84\n10.52\n6.07\n12.07\n4.87\n3.47\n5.16\n3.02\nin.\n17.16\n6.46\n0.40\n1.61\n0.00\n21.37\n21.20\n8.14\n25.47\n8.64\n11.54\n11.14\n6.02\nin.\n6.94\n5.65\n0.00\n2.74\n1.07\n14.95\n11.47\n5.47\n17.58\n7.47\n8.87\n3.89\n5.86\nin.\n4.23\n3.05\n1.08\n0.86\n3.87\n7.56\n1.63\n3.77\n13.46\n2.96\n6.08\n1.77\n1.02\n0.75\n2.05\nin.\n2.09\n4.17\n4.14\n1.80\n4.52\n4.67\n3.07\n3.01\n7.62\n4.20\n5.64\n1.76\n1.89\n0.97\n2.64\nin.\n2.61\n2.43\n3.56\n1.91\n1.85\n3.23\n4.46\n1.86\n6.10\n3.81\n2.15\n0.92\n1.50\n2.03\n1.63\n4.60\n0.80\n1.24\nin.\n2.28\n2.58\n2.98\n2.72\n1.18\n3.33\nin.\n0.88\n3.30\n3.46\n2.75\n0.78\n6.17\nin.\n4.82\n3.35\n0.88\n3.59\n0.39\n10.15\nin.\n14.61\n6.74\n0.00\n5.43\n0.00\n26.02\nin.\n71.59\n51.88\n20.00\n36.20\n17.38\n135.76\n2.60\n2.89\n3.30\n2.28\n1.10\n0.61\n1.47\n3.24\n1.62\n0.84\n1.74\n2.26\n0.99\n1.74\n1.18\n1.05\n0.76\n1.03\n0.46\n4.14\n5.06\n3.18\n3.77\n1.11\n2.01\n1 67\n2.43\n4.27\n3.24\n1.27\n2.84\n10.77\n4.49\n5.06\n2.55\n3.40\n0.30\n2.63\n1.77\n3.29\n2.96\n6.15\n10.87\n19.50\n10.53\n12.88\n8.66\n5.05\n3.12\n5.67\n12.35\n7.88\n8.47\n8.69\n23.88\n8.80\n12.07\n11.59\n7.74\n1.00\n5.12\nR.\n11.23\n8.98\n3.18\n59.20\n146.56\n63.23\n75.55\n39.79\n3.00\n6.31\n4.01\n37.72\n5.64\n4.38\n11.15\n10.24\n6.40\n3.01\n4.00\n1.82\n1.85\n2.12\n62.60\n45.20\n2.62\n0.14\n2.46\n4.21\n2.25\n0.27\n7.66\n0.30\n6.81\n4.11\n3.74\n4.75\n3.10\n0.64\n5.03\n8.17\n5.70\n0.83\n11.11\n0.73\n8.06\n8.93\n11.08\n1.10\n2.67\n0.36\n3.02\n6.94\n2.50\n0.62\n7.67\n0.72\n6.10\n3.42\n3.64\n5.04\n2.44\n0.46\n1.56\n4.05\n1.17\n0.55\n5.03\n0.68\n2.91\n1.34\n1.24\n1.34\n2.51\n1.88\n3.32\n1.60\n1.82\n3.69\n1.83\n3.66\n1.89\n2.16\n1.98\n2.08\n4.11\n1.67\n2.20\n4.21\n1.03\n2.29\n1.17\n3.65\n4.96\n1.10\n0.92\n3.29\n0.65\n0.63\n2.54\n1.24\n1.95\n1.14\n1.30\n2.55\n1.59\n4.25\n0.62\n3.55\n3.65\n1.76\n2.76\n0.30\n3.41\n3.61\n0.83\n0.95\n2.64\n6.60\n1.19\n3.55\n1.11\n2.29\n1.12\n0.80\n2.66\n1.57\n4.45\n1.68\n3.03\n3.22\n0.81\n1.31\n0.82\n9.68\n4.68\n0.86\n0.52\n1.96\n2.80\n0.00\n1.57\n0.26\n1.08\n0.89\n0.75\n11.58\n1.19\n13.06\n1.64\n10.05\n6.89\n1.06\n3.16\n0.68\n4.65\n9.18\n1.26\n2.70\n3.67\n1.17\n0.66\n0.60\n0.94\n3.84\n1.00\n1.26\n10.07\n1.53\n14.18\n0.46\n8.60\n7.68\n1.84\n2.78\n2.79\n3.75\n10.08\n1.16\n1.43\n1.51\n3.39\n2.31\n1.18\nR.\n3.25\n3.44\n2.35\n0.00\n4.75\n0.16\n3.85\n2.02\n2.10\n6.34\n0.03\n9.07\n0.20\n6.71\n7.68\n0.32\n0.40\n2.15\n8.47\n8.23\n6!24\n0.43\n0.00\n4.72\n1.09\n0.40\n0.02\n6.55\n9.65\n1.20\n0.16\n12.62\n0.18\n10.43\n6.42\n7.52\n7.19\n0.44\n26.68\n0.50\n9.22\n17.74\n0.00\n0.60\n8.86\n6.20\n16.12\n0.10\n4.60\n7.91\n2.15\n0.00\n10.15\n0.58\n8.75\n8.08\n8.43\n3.66\n0.05\n13.71\n0.20\n5.69\n18.68\n0.00\n0.00\n9.72\n0.00\n17.57\n8.28\n33.47\n58.25\n30 04\n6.73\nNorthNicomen':::::::::::::::::::\n70.94\n8.73\n59.73\n40.36\n44 01\n58.16\n11.81\n1.22\n6.65\n9.92\n5.55\n0.39\n5.13\n16.99\n10.54\n0.26\n7.95\n17.84\n3.66\n0.39\n2.58\n6.32\n0.02\n1.46\n1.60\n1.49\n4.26\n121.10\nPrinceton   \t\nPort Bobs\t\n9.25\n71.26\n120.82\n0.18\n3.59\n0.49\n3.94\n0.04\n3.43\n15.47\n39.05\n8.45\n3.43\n0.00\n0.73\n8.36\n4.64\n0.00\n0.34\n10.16\n0.00\n0.15\n0.25\n0.46\n1.30\n5.56\n1.90\n1.52\n1.96\n1.97\n0.08\n1.71\n1.61\n1.84\n2.45\n2.37\n0.37\n2.23\n2.03\n1.18\n1.51\n1.15\n0.43\n1.12\n0.00\n0.90\n0.11\n10.33\n6.12\n2.41\n0.02\n0.00\n0.00\n9.55\n5.76\n0.72\n8.61\n14.54\n5.78\n2.23\n1.78\n10.17\n2.46\n1.38\n7.45\n2.08\n0.71\n3.11\n0.95\n1.27\n4.40\n0.97\n3.79\n64.39\nVictoria \t\n24.84\n18.73\nAverage rainfall for nineteen stations derived from a group of }^ears.\nAlberni \t\nAgassiz\t\nBarkerville\t\nBullion\t\nFrench Creek\nGarry Point\t\nKuper Island....\nKamloops\t\nMatsqui\t\nMidway\t\nNew Westminster\nNorth Nicomen ..\nNicola Lake\t\nPort Simpson\t\nRivers Inlet\t\nStuart Lake\t\nTobacco Plains\nWest Kootenay...\nVictoria\t\n6.84\n10.24\n4.99\n5.74\n2.81\n2.26\n1.59\n0.65\n2.78\n5.13\n9.09\n10.57\n6.76\n5.08\n4.79\n4.40\n5.00\n4.36\n1.96\n1.80\n4.41\n6.25\n7.90\n7.88\n0.21\n0.15\n0.09\n0.53\n2.42\n4.83\n3.04\n2.96\n2.90\n1.57\n0.72\n0.05\n0.42\n0.22\n0.33\n0.88\n2.26\n3.02\n2.11\n2.36\n2.26\n1.32\n0.82\n0.28\n3.78\n2.78\n3.06\n1.76\n2.25\n1.63\n0.93\n0.83\n2.04\n2.78\n5.45\n5.74\n4.09\n4.45\n2.70\n2.64\n2.57\n2.23\n0.96\n1.27\n1.51\n3.29\n7.00\n5.57\n5.06\n4.81\n6.55\n1.82\n1.86\n1.72\n0.75\n0.72\n1.70\n3.26\n7.09\n7.61\n0.13\n0.32\n0.33\n0.32\n1.29\n1.44\n1.34\n0.99\n0.92\n0.57\n0.41\n0.26\n5.37\n5.10\n4.17\n4.98\n4.43\n4.06\n1.43\n1.47\n4.29\n5.21\n8.66\n8.26\n0.27\n0.83\n0.62\n0.55\n1.82\n0.63\n1.19\n0.00\n0.66\n0.00\n0.16\n0.00\n7.27\n6.27\n4.03\n3.85\n3.49\n4.06\n1.27\n1.30\n3.02\n4.76\n9.36\n7.02\n5.94\n8.73\n5.71\n6.26\n5.60\n5.32\n1.79\n1.74\n4.28\n7.27\n11.94\n10.50\n0.15\n0.24\n0.39\n0.52\n1.11\n1.71\n1.04\n1.07\n0.95\n0.84\n0.74\n0.36\n9.27\n7.20\n4.26\n6.32\n4.81\n4.45\n4.69\n5.93\n7.73\n11.99\n9.93\n11.24\n10.54\n11.04\n7.34\n8.58\n5.70\n4.41\n3.97\n4.60\n7.68\n13.10\n14.22\n13.80\n0.17\n0.41\n0.26\n0.47\n1.01\n1.31\n1.59\n0.87\n1.00\n0.98\n0.46\n0.35\n0.50\n0.48\n0.56\n0.93\n2.36\n2.79\n1.85\n1.58\n1.63\n0.94\n1.16\n0.30\n0.63\n0.98\n0.67\n0.87\n2.13\n2.20\n1.47\n1.27\n1.46\n1.57\n2.23\n1.12\n4.32\n3.27\n2.43\n1.93\n1.16\n1.10\n0.43\n0.57\n1.36\n2.84\n5.20\n5.96\n62.68\n59.59\n16.47\n16.28\n33.03\n38.18\n41.95\n8.31\n57.43\n6.73\n55.70\n74.98\n9.12\n87.82\n104.98\n8.88\n15.08\n16.60\n30.57 3 Ed. 7\nBritish Columbia.\nA 139\nTable XIV.\u2014Monthly and annual number of days of rainfall at the stations in Table XIII.\nAverage number of days of rainfall derived from a group of years.\nAlberni \t\nAgassiz\t\nBarkerville\t\nBullion\t\nFrench Creek\nGarry Point\t\nKuper Island\t\nKamloops\t\nMatsqui\t\nMidway\t\nNew Westminster\nN. Nicomen\t\nNicola Lake\t\nPort Simpson\t\nRivers Inlet\t\nStuart Lake\t\nTobacco Plains ...\nVictoria\t\nWest Kootenay...\nrf\nfl\nfl\nrf\nrf\nu\nfi\nat\nfa\n3\nrf\np.\n\u25a0\"1\nrf\n3\no\nfl\nfl\n^5\n\u25ba\"5\nbe\n<i\no\nfi\nat\n-fl.\no\ntfl\nQJ\nfi\no\nat\nO\n.fl\nOJ\nO\n55\ntr\nat\nfi\nat\nat\no>\nfi\nrf\n11\n12\n0\n3\n4\n22\n12\n13\n15\n10\n6\n12\n8\n20\n16\n2\n3\n0\n23\n24\n21\n23\n20\n16\n20\n16\n16\n17\n0\n5\n2\n25\n23\n17\n22\n21\n16\n15\n16\n14\n9\n6\n5\n5\n24\n15\n17\n17\n14\n12\n19\n2\n4\n13\n14\n17\n20\n8\n10\n15\n15\n16\n12\n14\n16\n10\n10\n5\n9\n12\n9\n21\n12\n7\n17\n12\n15\n15\n7\n10\n6\n10\n7\n7\n13\n10\n12\n8\n8\n11\n7\n3\n18\n0\n9\n9\n9\n1\n17\n9\n11\n11\n4\n17\n11\n9\n4\n14\n2\n21\n19\n20\n0\n12\n0\n26\n19\n20\n0\n4\n0\n28\n157\n155\n84\n93\n38\n253\n10\n8\n8\n10\n5\n9\n6\n7\n11\n9\n10\n4\n2\n7\n10\n7\n16\n9\n7\n11\n14\n14\n10\n9\n10\n2\n10\n8\n13\n13\n14\n22\n25\n25\n21\n19\n14\n3\n22\n18\n25\n24\n17\n13\n15\n1\n18\n176\n194\nCaulfield\t\n173\n145\n7\n4\n7\n11\n6\n10\n4\n2\n6\n4\n4\n119\n12\n22\n20\n153\n12\n13\n22\n24\n24\n15\n18\n15\n15\n15\n28\n23\n7\n15\n25\n5\n176\n176\n7\n2\n8\n13\n6\n2\n14\n4\n15\n12\n8\n5\n9\n5\n19\n21\n13\n4\n20\n5\n26\n24\n21\n2\n8\n6\n12\n24\n7\n5\n22\n8\n21\n22\n10\n8\n8\n3\n9\n17\n7\n3\n19\n7\n17\n17\n3\n14\n13\n9\n16\n8\n12\n16\n11\n18\n14\n8\n15\n15\n17\n13\n12\n18\n5\n13\n13\n13\n17\n8\n4\n9\n5\n5\n15\n12\n10\n12\n9\n17\n10\n12\n7\n14\n16\n8\n17\n6\n10\n14\n8\n4\n10\n6\n6\n11\n12\n10\n9\n6\n17\n9\n18\n6\n17\n16\n3\n7\n8\n9\n17\n6\n2\n6\n21\n0\n5\n3\n7\n4\n19\n3\n23\n4\n22\n14\n6\n6\n4\n7\n13\n9\n5\n7\n4\n2\n8\n9\n8\n20\n9\n24\n8\n21\n15\n7\n10\n6\n8\n16\n0\n11\n10\n8\n0\n12\n4\n13\n12\n11\n14\n3\n17\n4\n14\n15\n1\n6\n10\n8\n16\n1\n14\n20\n4\n1\n23\n3\n24\n24\n15\n7\n9\n24\n6\n19\n23\n0\n3\n20\n4\n24\n1\n9\n18\n3\n0\n17\n2\n22\n26\n14\n2\n2\n11\n1\n12\n20\n0\n0\n17\n0\n20\n61\n106\n168\n95\n42\n176\n79\n192\nNanaimo\t\n187\n116\n140\n17\n4\n19\n15\n17\n5\n16\n22\n22\n2\n19\n23\n16\n7\n10\n19\n1\n10\n13\n7\n16\n218\n67\n201\n216\n3\n11\n6\n13\n2\n17\n83\n138\n14\n14\n0\n5\n18\n20\n0\n4\n22\n207\n0\n1\n3\n5\n5\n13\n3\n11\n8\n10\n3\n12\n7\n5\n9\n13\n5\n6\n8\n3\n4\n7\n4\n5\n10\n7\n7\n7\n8\n9\n4\n5\n0\n16\n13\n0\n6\n2\n23\n24\n10\n1\n0\n0\n19\n17\n4\n41\n65\n13\n11\n7\n23\n18\n6\n24\n19\n7\n16\n13\n6\n14\n10\n18\n185\n97\n11\n13\n11\n10\n7\n8\n4\n2\n8\n9\n12\n10\n12\n21\n15\n15\n14\n15\n10\n7\n13\n18\n19\n19\n1\n1\n1\n2\n10\n15\n15\n10\n10\n7\n3\n1\n1\n2\n3\n6\n13\n15\n11\n9\n10\n10\n5\n2\n9\n7\n7\n8\n11\n9\n4\n2\n7\n10\n14\n12\n15\n16\n12\n12\n11\n9\n5\n5\n7\n12\n18\n17\n17\n19\n14\n13\n12\n12\n6\n4\n9\n15\n20\n21\n1\n2\n5\n6\n11\n12\n13\n5\n5\n6\n3\n2\n14\n14\n16\n16\n15\n14\n7\n7\n11\n18\n19\n18\n1\n1\n3\n4\n10\n5\n4\n5\n5\n5\n4\n2\n15\n16\n12\n14\n13\n12\n6\n6\n7\n15\n20\n16\n12\n15\n16\n16\n16\n13\n5\n6\n9\n15\n20\n17\n2\n3\n4\n6\n9\n11\n6\n6\n8\n7\n7\n4\n18\n12\n11\n18\n15\n14\n16\n13\n17\n21\n19\n22\n17\n17\n16\n18\n18\n15\n12\n10\n14\n20\n20\n20\n1\n1\n1\n4\n6\n6\n8\n6\n6\n6\n2\n2\n2\n3\n2\n7\n9\n11\n5\n6\n5\n6\n7\n3\n18\n18\n15\n12\n13\n9\n4\n5\n8\n15\n21\n19\n4\n5\n4\n6\n12\n12\n5\n8\n9\n11\n10\n4\n105\n178\n76\n87\n100\n139\n162\n71\n169\n49\n152\n159\n73\n196\n197\n49\n66\n157\n90 A 140\nReport on Agriculture,\n1903\n-Monthly and annual amount of snowfall in inches at the stations in British\nColumbia reporting during the year 1902.\nTable XV.-\nrf\nc\nrf\n1-3\ntr\nrf\n5\ntr\nfi\nOJ\nfa\na\no\nu\n1\nP.\n<\n&\na\nG\nS\n>-t>\nfl\ni-a\n1\n3\n1.\nat\nfi\na\nat\nft\no.\ntfl\ntr\nQ)\nfi\nO\no\nO\nat\nfi\n1\n>\nO\nis\nfi\na\no\nfi\ntr\nrf\nO\nr*\nin.\n1.0\n8.0\n18.0\n10.5\n1.5\nin.\n1.7\n2.0\n14.0\n4.0\n11.0\nin.\n0.7\nin.\n7.4\nin.\nin.\nin.\nin.\n8.7\n12.0\n41.0\n3.5\n7.0\nin.\n16.5\n6.0\n15.0\n20.0\n40.5\nin.\n36.0\nAgassiz Experimental Farm\t\n28.0\n19.0\n8.0\n11.0\n2.0\n120.0\n46.0\n60.0\n0.0\n3.0\n7.5\n2.5\n4.0\n0.5\n8.5\n10.3\n29.3\n0.0\n17.7\n13.5\n10.0\n4.5\n1.5\n3.0\n0.0\n1.0\n0.0\n0.6\n20.2\n3.3\n0.0\n0.5\n23.0\n6.0\n76.0\n53.0\n16.3\n23.0\n19.8\n0.0\n2.5\n16.0\n10.6\n7.5\n2.5\n11.0\n36.0\n21.0\n11.8\n0.0\n52.0\n0.5\n3.0\n1.0\n56.5\n7.0\n1.0\n17.0\n17.5\n11.0\n*\n6.0\n12.0\n91.0\n11.0\n7.4\n5.9\n347.0\n106.5\n39.5\n8.5\n9.0\n13.0\n9.0\n11.0\n2.2\n0.0\n4.0\n18.0\n17.9\n16.0\n37.0\nIT.3\n6.0\n0.5\n3.0\n0.0\n6.5\n3.0\n3.8\n3.0\n0.3\n0.0\n6.0\n5.8\n*\n7.0\n15.2\n3.0\n7.5\n18.5\n18.3\n10.0\n13.5\n5.6\n2.8\n4.0\n89.0\n20.0\n37.2\n17.8\n19.9\n39.0\n2.0\n13.3\n3.0\n52.2\n16.6\n37.2\n1.0\n1.3\n19.4\n17.5\n20.8\n9.0\n1.5\n3.0\n59.4\n30.0\n13.0\n2.2\n2.3\n1.5\n1.0\n26.0\n22.8\n3.2\n6.0\n3.0\n8.0\n11.1\n8.9\n38.7\n3.8\n4.7\n4.5\n17.5\n46.5\n3.0\n35.1\n28.5\n24.0\n13.0\n179.0\n4.1\n10.9\n0.8\n0.0\n4.0\n10.5\n8.0\n0.9\n3.2\n3.8\n0.0\n17.0\n4.5\n5.2\n1.2\n0.4\n0.1\n0.5\n17.4\n68.5\n75.2\nPort Bobs\t\n34.0\n62.3\nQuesnel\t\n8.8\n11.0\n3.0\n64.1\n11.0\n0.3\n6.0\n46.0\n0.5\n0.6\n13.0\n11.5\n6.6\n8.0\n9.0\n9.0\n1.3\n6.3\n12.8\n42.8\n14.5\n9.0\n4.3\n2.5\n2.5\n1.2\n3.3\n18.2\n9.0\n22.0\ntt\n0.3\n16.5\n20.5\n13.5\n7.0\n0.0\n4.8\n49.9\n74.8\n0.7\n41.4\nVernon (Coldstream Ranch)\t\n37.0\n9.0\n0.1\n13.3\n1.9\n9.2\n16.1\n1.7\n91.9\nAverage snowfall at nineteen stations in British Columbia derived from a group of years.\n16.4\n14.0\n29.5\n20.9\n12.7\n1.4\n16.3\n6.9\n6.7\n8.0\n11.4\n11  3\n5.8\n6.6\n10.4\n18.6\n8.0\n14.7\n6.6\n6.1\n11.4\n26.8\n24.1\n6.6\n2.7\n4.8\n5.1\n7.4\n5.5\n7.1\n9.0\n6.3\n12.2\n13.8\n9.7\n6.0\n11.4\n4.9\n2.6\n4.7\n18.2\n12.4\n1.9\n2.5\n4.6\n1.1\n3.3\n1.9\n4.2\n5.9\n2.3\n6.8\n18.5\n7.0\n4.3\n8.7\n1.1\n2.8\n0.5\n13.5\n6.9\n0.1\n4.6\n6.1\n25.9\n21.6\n5.0\n3.0\n6.7\n7.9\n3.2\n6.2\n6.9\n4.2\n5.2\n1.8\n6.9\n13.6\n5.2\n9.6\n1.3\n13.2\n10.0\n20.4\n18.2\n4.5\n2.0\n4.1\n4.5\n7.2\n9.6\n2.6\n8.0\n6.6\n8.5\n7.9\n11.9\n9.9\n16.9\n1.7\n45.7\nAftTassiz\t\nBarkerville\t\n46.7\n2.6\n0.9\n0.1\n0.1\n1.4\n9.5\n1.4\n148.0\n106.4\n30.7\n11.6\n36.5\nKamloops\t\n^\n0.4\n25.9\n27.8\nMidway \t\n31.2\n0.5\n32.7\n38.4\n0.1\n3.2\n5.7\n3.2\n0.3\n3.8\n0.2\n25.5\n1.3\n0.3\n0.2\n39.1\n0.1\n1.8\n64.6\n0.5\n66.6\n33.9\n65.1\n0.1\n15.7 3 Ed. 7\nBritish Columbia.\nA 141\nTable XVI.\u2014Monthly and annual number of days of snowfall at the stations in Table XV.\nZ\nrf\nfl\nc\nrf\ntrt\nrf\nfl\nsm\nfi\nQJ\nfa\nrf\nft\nftrf\n3\nc\nfl\nr-t\n\u25ba\"5\ns\nbo\n3\nQJ\nfi\na\nQJ\nft\nQJ\ntfl\n.fl\no\no\nO\nQJ\n.A\na\nQJ\nO\ntj\nOJ\n.fl\ng\nQJ\nQJ\no\n3\nQJ\n2\n3\n7\n3\n1\n3\n2\n7\n1\n5\n2\n1\n4\n3\n16\n1\n4\n6\n3\n10\n4\n5\n18\n11\n7\n2\n5\n1\n2\n55\n11\n15\n0\n1\n3\n2\n1\n2\n1\n2\n4\n11\n0\n4\n3\n4\n3\n1\n1\n1\n1\n0\n1\n0\n4\n6\n1\n10\n5\n2\n4\n1\n7\n3\n23\n12\n3\n11\n6\n1\n4\n13\n4\n5\n17\n1\n1\n1\n18\n2\n1\n8\n7\n4\n4\n4\n22\n2\n2\n9\n108\n25\nKuper Island\t\n12\n7\n3\n5\n4\n3\n2\n0\n5\n5\n5\n4\n9\n6\n4\n1\n2\n0\n3\n1\n5\n1\n1\n3\n2\n2\n4\n7\n. 2\n2\n7\n8\n2\n11\n4\n2\n2\n15\n10\n13\n12\n10\n8\n1\n9\n2\n17\n11\n18\n1\n2\n7\n9\nMatsqui\t\n10\n2\n1\n2\n20\n15\n3\n6\n3\n1\n1\n6\n6\n4\n3\n1\n6\n4\n4\n7\n4\n1\n3\n11\n33\n1\n18\n12\n8\n2\n41\nPort Essington\t\n3\n6\n1\n0\n2\n6\n3\n2\n6\n1\n0\n4\n6\n5\n3\n1\n1\n4\n29\n38\n22\n16\nQuesnel\t\n5\n7\n1\n39\n2\n2\n14\n2\n1\n4\n6\n5\n3\n4\n4\n3\n2\n0\n7\n7\n5\n23\n5\n3\n2\n4\n1\n9\n4\n4\n1\n1\n7\n10\n7\n3\n0\n1\n13\n40\n1\n31\n10\n1\n11\n2\n7\n3\n9\n44\nfr\nAverage number of days of snowfall derived from a group of years.\nAlberni\t\nAgassiz\t\nBarkerville\t\nBullion\t\nFrench Creek\t\nGarry Point\t\nKuper Island\t\nKamloops.\t\nMatsqui\t\nMidway\t\nNew Westminster\nNorth Nicomen ..\nNicola Lake\t\nPort Simpson ....\nRivers Inlet\t\nStuart Lake\t\nTobacco Plains...\nWest Kootenay ..\nVictoria\t\n4\n4\n10\n11\n4\n3\n5\n4\n3\n6\n3\n3\n6\n4\n4\n7\n5\n5\n4\n3\n4\n8\n11\n2\n1\ni>\n5\n5\n3\n2\n3\n6\n7\n5\n6\n4\n6\n2\n2\n3\n7\n9\n1\n2\n3\n3\n3\n2\n2\n3\n4\n4\n6\n5\n4\n4\n2\n1\n1\n6\n2\n3\n4\n9\n9\n3\n1\n2\n4\n1\n3\n3\n2\n6\n2\n2\n7\n2\n3\n2\n3\n3\n10\n12\n2\n1\n2\n6\n2\n4\n1\n3\n5\n4\n4\n7\n4\n6\n1\n1\n1\n1\n*\n1\n2\n1\n1\n1\ntt\n\u25a02\n3\n2\n1\n3\n1\n3\n1\n1\n1\n1\n16\n19\n58\n57\n12\n8\n14\n23\n15\n18\n12\n14\n28\n23\n25\n39\n21\n27\n12 A 142\nReport on Agriculture,\n1903\na\n2\no\nD\nPQ\nO ,\u2014I\nhd\nt>\no J3\n\u2022J3 *\u25a0\nc5    Ph\n-P   O\nIB   <HH\nCM     >^,\nOj   ctl\nIS-a\nO   cc\nCD A\nJa *\n*   \u00b0\n\"M\nCCl   .jj\n.5 o\nB -.rt\n\u00ab   J\nr-;    co\n.SP'Sc\nS g\nJ s\no\u00a7\n\u00a3j\nI IP\n,_Q    CO\n|l\n\u25a0SI\ni i\n\u00b0   CD\nfe -Q1\nCO  ^fl>\na\n3\nr>\nH\na\nH\n\u00a9     eo     5\nti        \u00a9        CM\nrf        rH        OO\nrt      eo\n\"S          HH\n\u00a9\n3\nI-l            Tfl            CO\nCM        IO        CO\nt-        X\nlO\n\u00ab\no\nQ\nM\nOJ\ncm     i-i     oo     m     eo\n\u00a9      co      io\nX       CM\nrf        CO\n\u00a9\nU3        O        G\n\u25a0]      CO      o\nOl       CS       IO\n\u00a9        CO\nUS        X\nrf\nr-t        iH        <M        CM        r-H\nIO\ns\nrH\n\u00a3\n\u00a3\n\u00a9\n\u00a9\nw\n1--        X        rt        eO        \u00a9\nt-       r\nh      eo\nCO       X\nm     co\nIO\n3\no\ncm      t-i      so      co      <n\nCM          rH          r-i\nCO       rt\nrH        r-i\neo\nCM\nw\no\nOj       to       O       rf       O\n\u00a9        O        CD\nX       CO\n\u25a01      o\nX\nCM        CO        IO        O\niO        O        CO\n\u00a9    \u00a9\nrt        CO\nlO\nCO        IO        CO        CO        -91\nTf        cD        .t-\nr-i        CM\nX\ns\ni-l      rt       H\nr-l\n-      r-i\nCM\n\u00a3\n\u00a9\nE\n\u25a0^       ii\n3        CM         Ifl        \"*\n1\nCM        lO\n\u00a9        CO\nin      eo\nt>\no\nco     hh     m     ,h     -*\niO       IO       OS\nCO        lO\nX       \u00a9\n\u00a9\nCM\nffi\no\n\u20141        CD        CO        O        IO\nlO          CO          \"HH\n\u00a9        \u00bbH\nHH           1^\nX\noo     f;\n)        Jt-        CO        U3\n\u00a9       CO       o\n\u00a9        CM\nCO        rf\n\"*       rf       X       OS       o\n\u00a9      CO      o\n\u00a3\nS\n\u2014i        iH        CM\n3        CO        CO\nr-l        i-l\nCM\n\u00a9\nco\n\u00a9      eo     \u00a9      x      h.h\nr*       io       iO\neo      eo\nCM        CO\nr-H\n3\no\nCM        \u00bb\nS        CM         lO        \u00a9\ncs     \u00a9     cs\n\u00a9          \u00a3-\nI--      Jr-\nr-l        -\nH        CM\nCM        CO        CM\n1-1\nX\nffi\n<\u00a3>\nCO       t       -*       W       CO\n-cH          CO\nCO        IO\nIO        rf\nO\nCM        00        *#        <M        CO\nrH          \u00a9          \u00a9\nIO        X\nr-l        CO\nCN        CM        O\nCO          Oi         i>\nTf          CO\nhh     n\nm\nH\nIO\n\u2122\nco\"\nCD\ns\nt~       -*       hh       CM       CO\nCM        CM         i-h\nVO        CO\nCM      eo\n\u00a9\n13\nCM        r-t        CO        Tf        Tf\n00        CM        CM\n1^     l^\nrf        CM\no\no\nX\nH\n<D\no     ih     r~     co     oi\nlO        CM        X\neo      rt\nrf        .*\u25a0-\nX\nCM        IO        OS        rH\nCM          rH          \u00a9\nrH          \u00a9\nCM        CD\nt\u2014\n00        CO        00        rf        Tf\nCM        CM        Cl\nCO        CM\n\u00a9\n\u00a9\nfa\n\u25a0*\n.\nr-l       Os       i-l       00       O\nrf        CO        CO\nCM\nIO        CO\nfc.\n9\no\nc-      rt      co      m      in\nCO          CO          Ttl\nrd         iO\nr-l        \u00a9\n\u00a9\n1^\nU-j\n<D\nIO       1-1       tH       O       iH\nIO        rH        hi\ni-i      eo\nI~       X\n\u00a9\nJ>-        rf        CM        in        rf\nX        H\nHI\nCO        X\nCO        i-H\no\n1(3        \u25a0*        rl        C\nlO        X\niO\n^\nrH\nVO\nfa'\nCM\n(A\nI>\nO        OS        r-l        00        rf\neo      -*      m\nCD\n\u00bbo\n00        CO        r-l        iO        CO\nCO            Ttl\n\u00a9        CM\n\u00a9\no\nn\nJ\u2014\ngt\nco      r-      oo      Tfi      eo\n\u00a9        i-H        rH\nX       X\nrf        IO\nrf\ni\u2014      oo     r\u2014      o      \u00ab*\n\u00a9          rH          r->\nCM          rH\nCO        CM\nCM\nr-      HH      io      cm\nCM          I-H          H\nCO       o\nIO        IO\n\u00a9\n^\n1-1\nin\neo\nOS        00        OS        IO        CO\n-*        r-i        IO\nH-.          rf\nX        \u00a9\neo\n\u25a0*      N      j>     ca      i*\nCO        CM        CO\nlO        \u00a9\nt-        \u00a9\nX\no\ni-l       r-l\nX\nto\n\u00a9        CS        Cf\nIO       W\nX      f>\nCM\neo     cm\nrf        \u00a9\nCO\nr-     o     os     co     os\nr-l        CO        r-l\n\u00a9        CO\nCM        b-\nco      l-1      eo      io      c-i\nCM        i-H        rH\nrjl          \u00a9\ncn\n|SJ\nr-l       r-l\n1-1\ni\u20141        t-l\nX\nCO\n\u00a3\nIO\n\u00a3\ni-i     r-     j>     00     co\nCM        lO        rH\nHH        r-i\nin      Ir-\n1=1\no\ni-h       CO       CO       r-l       CD\nIO        CO        CO\n\u00a9        CO\n\u00a9        CM\nX\nCO        r-i        T-i        i-l\nr-{        CM\nCM        CM\n\u00a9\nffi\na\n&\nc\n'S\nS-\no\n>\n^\nd\nei\nc3\nt-\n4\nr=\nV\naj\n>\nt-\n0\n\u00a3\nee\n>-;\nI\nrC\n'l\np\n. i\n<\n>\n4-\n)\nCl\nc\nc\n>\nc\nO\n1\n5\n><\n3\n\u00a3\nr*\n<\ns\n-\n<\na\nC\ntz\nP 3 Ed. 7\nBritish Columbia.\nA 143\nTable XVIII.\u2014Number of winds at Nanaimo, 1902, from tri-daily observations.\nJanuary \t\nFebruary \t\nMarch\t\nAfcril\t\nMay   .\nJune .... \u2014\nJuly\t\nAugust\t\nSeptember...\nOctober\t\nNovember ...\nDecember ..,\nYear\nN.\nN.E.\nE.\nS.E.\n22\nS.\n10\nS.W.\nW.\nN.W.\n1\n4\n0\n10\n17\n8\n0\n2\n2\n43\n2\n6\n7\n1\n15\n3\n2\n26\n7\n2\n11\n9\n8\n2\n11\n21\n5\n6\n3\n3\n3\n5\n14\n22\n3\n3\n17\n9\n11\n8\n5\n22\n2\n9\n7\n8\n14\n5\n8\n20\n2\n5\n8\n18\n11\n17\n3\n13\n2\n3\n10\n19\n6\n4\n10\n16\n2\n1\n15\n20\n7\n2\n7\n29\n2\n3\n5\n3\n5\n2\n0\n35\n2\n4\n13\n9\n2\n83\n0\n54\n1\n29\n8\n7\n12\n1\n63\n298\n47\n59\n125\n108\n21\n21\n15\n21\n16\n18\n13\n15\n16\n35\n20\n33\nTable XIX.\u2014Number of winds at Rivers Inlet, 1902, from tri-daily observations.\nN.\n14\n6\n4\n3\n0\n0\n0\n0\n1\n0\n3\n6\nN.E.\nE.\n7\n2\n0\n7\n1\n2\n1\n0\n3\n10\n0\n7\nS.E.\n13\n39\n13\n6\n2\n1\n0\n0\n11\n17\n20\n23\nS.\n0\n2\n1\n2\n2\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n7\nS.W.\nW.\nN.W.\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\nCalm.\n6\n4\n0\n0\n0\n0\n1\n0\n2\n2\nS\n8\n2\n1\n3\n4\n6\n3\n2\n4\n1\n3\n2\n3\n34\n0\n0\n3\n10\n14\n18\n19\n18\n6\n6\n2\n4\n51\n30\n69\n58\n68\n66\n70\n71\n66\n65\n64\n42\n37\n32\n40\n145\n100\n0\n700\nTable XX.\u2014Number of winds at Agassiz Experimental Farm, 1902, from tri-daily\nobservations.\nN.\n60\n39\n63\n30\n21\n45\n24\nN.E.\nE.\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\nS.E.\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\ns.\n9\n9\n9\n27\n21\n21\n48\n24\n36\n27\n30\nS.W.\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\nw.\n24\n36\n21\n33\n51\n24\n21\n36\n24\n33\n21\nN.W.\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\nCalm.\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\nFebruary\t\n0\n0\n30\n33\n30\n42\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0 A 144\nReport on Agriculture,\n1903\nTable XXI.\u2014Number of winds at Garry Point, 1902, from tri-daily observations.\nJanuary ..\nFebruary ,\nMarch ....\nApril\t\nMay\t\nJune\t\nJuly\t\nAugust ...\nSeptember\nOctober...\nNovember.\nDecember.\nYear\nN.\nN. E.\nE.\nS. E.\nS.\nS.W.\nW.\nN.W.\n1\n9\n28\n3\n2\n0\n2\n8\n2\n8\n50\n4\n3\n0\n3\n5\n2\n3\n20\n9\n11\n1\n22\n6\n3\n12\n21\n6\n13\n2\n20\n7\n0\n3\n22\n3\n13\n2\n18\n18\n0\n9\n24\n0\n16\n0\n13\n8\n1\n5\n20\n5\n15\n1\n17\n19\n0\n12\n10\n9\n14\n8\n18\n17\n4\n5\n9\n7\n8\n6\n18\n27\n1\n5\n19\n13\n5\n3\n12\n13\n6\n17\n21\n16\n5\n3\n4\n10\n2\n12\n24\n21\n8\n3\n6\n2\n22\n100\n268\n96\n113\n29\n153\n140\n19\n14\n20\n10\n5\n174\nTable XXII.\u2014Number of winds at Port Simpson,  1902, from observations made morning\nand evening.\nJanuary ..\nFebruary .\nMarch ....\nApril\t\nMay\t\nJune\t\nJuly\t\nAugust ...\nSeptember\nOctober...\nNovember.\nDecember\nYear\nN.\nN. E.\nE.\nS. E.\nS.\nS. W.\nW.\nN. W.\n21\n1\n10\n6\n3\n0\n5\n19\n12\n4\n7\n1\n0\n0\n1\n8\n5\n0\n8\n4\n5\n6\n1\n2\n10\n3\n8\n6\n4\n5\n2\n2\n6\n1\n1\n6\n10\n11\n3\n0\n0\n2\n2\n10\ni\n14\n2\n2\n11\n2\n5\n5\n10\n7\n2\n1\n6\n1\n7\n9\n5\n8\n8\n0\n7\n3\n11\n4\n9\n4\n3\n3\n2\n16\n3\n7\n6\n1\n1\n15\n11\n8\n12\n6\n4\n2\n2\n11\n84\n13\n89\n12\n53\n12\n86\n5\n4\n0\n0\n69\n67\n58\n25\n15\n12\n25\n20\n22\n18\n18\n22\n19\n23\n0\n6\nTable XXIII.\u2014Number  of  winds  at New Westminster,  1902,  from observations made\nmorning and evening.\nN.\nN. E.\nE.\n16\n31\n21\n15\n17\n16\n10\n6\n18\n25\n31\nS. E.\n2\n4\n3\n1\n2\n3\n3\n1\n1\n0\n3\n3\n26\nS.\nS.W.\nW.\nN. W.\nCalm.\n2\n2\n2\n2\n3\n0\n0\n0\n1\n1\n3\n\u2022 0\n3\n4\n1\n3\n0\n0\n0\n2\n2\n0\n1\n4\n3\n1\n11\n11\n2\n9\n9\n4\n11\n3\n7\n4\n0\n3\n6\n8\n11\n8\n14\n21\n11\n11\n2\n1\n96\n4\n0\n5\n3\n3\n6\n3\n2\n5\n3\n4\n3\n0\n0\n1\n0\n0\n0\n2\n1\n1\n0\n1\n1\n7\n32\n11\n12\n17\n24\nJuly\t\n18\n21\n24\n22\n26\n14\n15\n16\n20\n213\n75\n41\n236 3 Ed. 7\nBritish Columbia.\nA 145\nTable XXIV.\u2014Number of winds at Chilliwhack, 1902, from tri-daily observations.\nJanuary ..\nFebruary\nMarch\nApril\t\nMay\t\nJune\t\nJuly\t\nAug-ust ...\nSeptember\nOctober...\nNovember\nDecember\nYear\n60\n61\n32\n34\n19\n13\n10\n7\n21\n31\n42\n52\n4\n3\n3\n2\n4\n1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n12\n9\n4\n6\n7\n5\n19\n14\n14\n29\n16\n19\n7\n4\nS.W.\n1\n23\n17\n28\n22\n35\n42\n25\n7\n10\n0\n3\n12\n24\n16\n23\n25\n9\n12\n11\n2\n8\n145\nN. W.      Calm.\nTable XXV.-\n-Number of winds at Barkerville, 1902, from observations made morning and\nJanuary ..\nFebruary .\nMarch ....\nApril\t\nMay\t\nJune\t\nJuly\t\nAugust ...\nSeptember\nOctober...\nNovember\nDecember.\nYear\nN.\nN. E.\nE.\nS. E.\n0\nS.\nS.W.\nW.\nN.W.\n0\n0\n0\n7\n2\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n7\n0\n1\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n9\n2\n3\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n9\n0\n0\n1\n0\n0\n0\n0\n1\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n1\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n1\n0\n0\n0\n1\n0\n0\n0\n3\n0\n1\n1\n0\n0\n0\n1\n1\n0\n2\n1\n0\n0\n0\n0\n4\n1\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n6\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n1\n11\n1\n0\n0\n1\n0\n0\n2\n60\n6\n7\n3\n61\n56\n55\n57\n54\nTable XXVI.\u2014Number of winds at Kamloops, 1902, from observations made morning and\nevening.\nJanuary ..\nFebruary .\nMarch\nApril\t\nMay\t\nJune\t\nJuly\t\nAugust ...\nSeptember\nOctober...\nNovember\nDecember.\nYear\n5\n10\n7\n9\n9\n4\n5\n3\n9\n6\n3\n79\n8\n13\n15\n9\n4\n4\n3\n1\n1\n0\n1\n2\n0\n0\n1\n2\n1\n3\n2\n6\n3\n6\n15\n12\n1\n0\n2\n0\n3\n10\nr,\n2\n2\n0\n1\n0\n26\n1\n0\n2\n0\n10\n4\n5\n9\n9\n2\n6\n9\n57\nN. W.     Calm.\n31\n29\n35\n20\n30\n47\n33\n30 A 146\nKeport on Agriculture,\n1903\nTABLE XXVII.\n-Number of winds at Masset, 1902, from observations made morning and\nevening.\nJanuary ..\nFebruary .\nMarch ....\nApril\t\nMay\t\nJune\t\nJuly\t\nAugust . .\nSeptember\nOctober -.,\nNovember.\nDecember\nYear\n4\n15\n0\n13\n19\n15\nN.E.\n9\n10\n3\n11\n0\n4\n1\n1\n17\n19\n17\n3\nS. E.\n25\n14\n10\n7\n12\n26\n10\n15\n12\n11\nS. W.\n0\n18\n10\n6\n0\n4\n5\n2\n1\n11\n22\n21\n7\n13\n27\n4\n3\n21\nCalm.\nAGGREGATE AMOUNT OF SNOWFALL IN THE WINTER OF 1901-02.\nStation.\nVictoria\t\nBarkerville\t\nKamloops\t\nNew Westminster.\nRivers Inlet\t\nNanaimo \t\nPort Simpson\t\nChilliwhack\t\nVancouver\t\nNicola Lake\t\nAgassiz\t\nFrench Creek\t\nAlberni\t\nPrinceton\t\nGarry Point.   \t\nCranbrook \t\nDuncan\t\nQuesnel\t\nTobacco Plains ....\nWest Kootenay . ..\nMidway\t\nNorth Nicomen .   .\nPort Bobs\t\nMatsqui\t\nStuart Lake\t\nKuper Island\t\nBullion\t\nBella Coola\t\nPort Essington\nNaas Harbour\t\nCarmanah \t\nFirst Fall, 1901.\n24th January, '01\n29th October ....\nllth November. .\n14th December ..\n24th December ..\n13th December . .\n25th November. .\n29th January, '02\n14th December . .\n19th November. .\n29th January, '02\n23rd January, '02\n9th December\n10th Novembe\n25th January, '02\n21st Novembe:\n24th January, '02\n2nd November ..\n9th November.. .\n9th November. . .\n7th December . ..\n31st January, '02\n13th March,'02..\n23rd January, '02\n30th October....\n23rd January,\n1st November.\n8th November.\n25th November\n11 th November\n6th December .\nLast Fall, 1902.\n:02\n15th March . .,\n19th May\t\n15th February.\n8th April\t\n9th April\t\n15th March . ..\n8th April\t\n21st March ...\n9th April\t\n27th March . . .\n2nd February .\n29th January..\n8th April\t\n8th April\t\n15th March ...\n10th February.\n14th March ...\n17th January .\n1st May\t\n12th April\t\n7th February..\n2nd February .\n12th April\nloth March . ..\n7th April\t\n14th March ...\n12th April ....\n16th March ...\n12th April ....\n9th April\t\n22nd March . ..\nTotal winter,\n1901-2.\n11.0\n128.0\n15.0\n27.1\n27.7\n19.7\n11.1\n10.5\n9.0\n10.2\n10.0\n4.5\n11.1\n25.4\n13.0\n22.0\n10.6\n12.5\n19.9\n41.5\n11.7\n4.0\n18.6\n13.3\n65.7\n15.8\n44.0\n31.5\n24.5\n85.0\n7.0 3 Ed. 7\nBritish Columbia.\nA 147\nO\nOiJ\nffl\n\u00ab!\n>\u25a0\n\u25a0W\nEH\nO\nfe\ni\u2014i\nffl\nffl\n\u00ab1\nM\nffl\nffl\nO\no\nM\nso\nffl\nffl\nfe\nm\nfe\no\nI\u2014I\nH\n<\nH\nOQ\nH\n-<J\nOQ\nH\nfe\nffl\nt>\nffl\nffl\n<\no\nI\u2014I\np\no\nr-1\nffl\nffl\nffl\n'uatuooijvr\n*89A\u00a3\n'5(99.1 Q\nqOU9JJ\no    fc\n\u2022ziss-cSy\n\u00ab        \u2014i\nO    fc\n\u25a0FURO\no    :3\na    ft\nn   <3\nS.I9AI.JJ\n8    &\n\u25a0uosdraig\nuaqsurai\n'sdooim-cji\nCi       \u00a9       \u00a9       Oi\n'9XIJAJ93lJlBg |\nfc      fc\n5   P\nH   3\n\u2022J9T0'B[f)\nm    m    m\nI\n'\u25a0^OOg 9CIT30\n\u2022^oo.iqu'G.iQ\nrH       <N       >-H\n\u2022{9US9llf)\n\u25a0qoirBjj\nmB3J^sp{oo\n\u2022^onboitJio\n\u2022QUIOd\na   fe. .e\n\u2022sqog ^joj\n\u25a0mbffij.'BH\n\u25a0^9SffBya;\n00        \u00ab0        i-H\n\u2022uo^aouuj I\nft    2\na  <\n'^\u25a0BMpiI^\n\u2022sui^itj\noooi3qox\n9^'bt; \"Biooi^j\nT-i        00        00\nM   K     ^    o\na   <!\na\n>\na\nfi-\nc\n\u00ab\nft\n\"S\na\n0\nt\nc\na\n%\ns    ,s    .3 A 148 Report on Agriculture, 1903\nSeasonal  Notes, 1902.\nGolden.\u2014April 10th, aurora. May 9th, swallows appear ; 28th, thunder storm. November 4th, snow.    December 27th, chinook wind.\nRevelstoke.\u2014May 27th, thunder storm; 31st, frost. June 19th, heavy frost. August\n29th, heavy frost.\nLadner.\u2014February 20th, thunder storm.     November 6th, snow.\nKuper Island.\u2014March 3rd, robins arrived. April 26th, frost. May 10th, thunder,\nSeptember 25th, light frost.    November 3rd, thin ice.\nTobacco Plains.\u2014January 6th, frost out of ground. February 19th, ducks going north.\nMarch 9th, ploughing; 10th, robins arrive; 30th, bluebirds arrive. April 27th, hail and\nthunder. May 6th, wild strawberries in blossom; llth, blackbirds arrive; 21st, apples and\ncherries in blossom; 31st, frost. June 20th, potatoes cut with frost. August 26th, bad\nfrost. September 10th, picking apples. October 31st, garden flowers in bloom. November\n12th, ducks on lakes; 28th, geese going south.\nBullion.\u2014April 10th and llth, aurora.    May 27th, hailstones one inch in diameter.\nMasset.\u2014February 21st, shock of  earthquake.      March   1st, vegetation very forward.\nJuly 5th, heavy hail and thunder.\nPrinceton.\u2014March 9th, robins plentiful; 16th, meadow larks; 31st, bluebirds. May\n17th, bees; 31st, tender, plants cut down. June 5th, strawberries ripe. September 12th,\nleaves changing colour; 30th, leaves falling.    October 2nd, wild geese returning.\nAlberni.\u2014January 13th, ploughing. February 20th, snakes out; 24th, crocuses in\nbloom; 26th, frogs. March 5th, robins arrived; 8th, bluebirds; 20th, sowed wheat; 25th\nplanted potatoes. April llth peach and wild plum in bloom; 16th, swallows here; 21st,\nheavy hailstorm; 26th, strawberries in bloom. May 7th, pears, plums and apples in bloom;\n23rd, clover in bloom; 31st, slight frost. June 6th, planted tomatoes; 14th, potatoes in\nflower. July 9th, cutting hay; 31st, cherries ripe. August 3rd, first cucumber; 8th, oats,\nwheat and barley ripe; 31st, first tomato. September 10th, frost; 26th, picked apples.\nOctober 23rd, strawberries in bloom. November 6th, ice. December 1st, pulled sugar beets;\n25th, some apple trees still green.\nCranbrook.\u2014March 12th, blizzard; 20th, robins arrive.    April 21st, swallows seen.\nNorth Nicomen.\u2014February 19th, bat seen. March 9th, bluebirds ; 10th, robins. April\n16th, swallows; 21st, potatoes planted. May 3rd, apples in bloom. December 3rd, chinook\nwind. 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 149\nAGRICULTURAL    LEGISLATION.\nSome of the Provisions of Provincial and other Acts relating to\nAgriculture.\nLands.\nPre-emption.\nCrown lands, where such a system is practicable, are laid off and surveyed into quadrilateral townships, containing thirty-six sections, of one mile square in each.\nAny person being the head of a family, a widow, or single man over the age of eighteen\nyears, and being a British subject, or any alien, upon his making a declaration of his intention\nto become a British subject, may for agricultural purposes record any tract of unoccupied and\nunreserved Crown lands (not being an Indian settlement) not exceeding three hundred and\ntwenty acres in extent in that portion of the Province situate to the northward and eastward\nof the Cascade or Coast Range of Mountains, and one hundred and sixty acres in extent in\nthe rest of the Province.\nThe pre-emptor must, within thirty days after the date of the certificate of record, enter\ninto occupation of the land so recorded.\nOccupation means a continuous bona fide personal residence of the pre-emptor, or of his\nfamily, on the land recorded by him.\nPrice to be paid by pre-emptors is one dollar per acre, in four annual instalments of\ntwenty-five cents each, the first instalment to be paid in two years from date of record.\nSmall Holdings.\n\".^ft^The Chief Commissioner of Lands and Works, or the Assistant Commissioner of Lands\nand Works for the District, when authorised to do so, may grant records of pre-emption of\nCrown lands which have been subdivided by survey into lots not exceeding forty acres in\nextent, to any of His Majesty's subjects, for the purpose of bona fide personal occupation and\ncultivation for agricultural purposes. The price of such lands and the terms of payment shall\nbe such as the Lieutenant-Governor in Council may from time to time establish in respect to\nparticular localities.\nAll the other provisions of the \"Land Act\" with respect to the pre-emption of lands,\nwhere not inconsistent with the foregoing, shall apply to lands taken up under this section :\nProvided that the Chief Commissioner of Lands and Works may, when advisable, for the\nencouragement of immigration or settlement by colonists, cause surveys to be made of suitable\ntracts of land into small holdings, to be acquired and held under the provisions of this section.\nPurchase.\nCrown lands may be purchased in no greater blocks than six hundred and forty acres for\neach person.\nLands which are suitable for agricultural purposes, or which are capable of being brought\nunder cultivation profitably, or which are wild hay meadow lands, rank as and are considered\nto be first class lands. Lands which are suitable for agricultural purposes only when artificially\nirrigated, and which do not contain timber valuable for lumbering purposes, as defined below,\nrank as and are considered to be second class lands. Mountainous and rocky tracts of land\nwhich are wholly unfit for agricultural purposes, and which cannot, under any reasonable\nconditions, be brought under cultivation, and which do not contain timber suitable for lumbering purposes, as defined below, or hay meadows, rank as and are considered to be third class\nor pastoral lands. Timber lands (that is lands which contain milling timber to the average\nextent of eight thousand feet per acre west of the Cascades, and five thousand feet per acre\neast of the Cascades, to each one hundred and sixty acres), are not open for sale. A 150 Report on Agriculture, 1903\nThe minimum price of first class lands is five dollars per acre ; that of second class lands,\ntwo dollars and fifty cents per acre, and that of third class lands one dollar per acre : Provided,\nhowever, that the Chief Commissioner may for any reason increase the price of any lands above\nthe said prices.\nA sum equal to fifty cents per acre must be deposited within ninety days of staking of\nland to be purchased, and the remainder upon the acceptance of the survey. Survey to be\nmade at the cost of purchaser.\nFees Payable.\nFor every record or certificate of improvement, $2 each.\nFor every Crown grant, $10.\nFor the survey of every one hundred and sixty acres of land or fraction thereof, 15 cents\nper acre.\nLeases.\nLeases (containing such covenants and conditions as may be thought advisable) of Crown\nlands may be granted by the Lieutenant-Governor in Council for the following purposes:\u2014\n(a.) For the purposes of cutting hay thereon, for a term of not exceeding ten years :\n(b.) For any purposes whatsoever, except cutting hay as aforesaid, for a term not exceeding twenty-one years.\nWater.\nBona fide cultivators may record and divert any unrecorded water from any natural\nsource for purposes of irrigation.\nNo right to the permanent diversion or to the exclusive use of the water in any river,\nlake, or stream shall be acquired by any riparian owner, or by any other person, by length of\nuse or otherwise than as the same may be acquired or conferred under the provisions of this\nAct, or of some existing or future Act.\nDrainage, Dyking and Irrigation.\nA majority in interest and number of the proprietors of any swamp or meadow lands may\nselect commissioners, and, under certain conditions, proceed in works of reclamation, by\nborrowing money, and levying a rate on all lands benefited.\nAnimals.\nRestrictions upon Anim.als running at large.\nIt is not lawful to allow the following animals to run at large at the times following, that\nis to say :\u2014\n(a.) Swine at any time of the year; or\n(6.) Stallions of one year old or upwards at any time of the year, to the west of the\nCascades ; and stallions of two years old and upwards from the first day of August\nto the first day of May, to the east of the Cascades; or\n(c.) Bulls over nine months old from the first day of December to the first day of June,\neast of the Cascades, or at any time west of the Cascades.\nThe \" Wild Horse Act\" only applies to that part of the Province lying to the east of the\nCascade Range of Mountains.\nKilling of Unbranded Stallions.\nIt is lawful for any person licensed by the Government to shoot or otherwise destroy any\nunbranded stallion over the age of twenty months which may be running at large upon the\npublic lands, provided that such person has theretofore unsuccessfully used reasonable\nendeavours to capture such stallion.\nAny person having killed a stallion under the provisions of this Act shall, as soon as\npossible, report the same to the nearest Government Agent, stating date of killing and locality\nwhere killed and description of animal.\nLicences to shoot unbranded stallions are issued by the Government Agent of the District,\nupon such terms and conditions as such Government Agent may indorse upon such licence. 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 151\nThistles.\nIf any owner, lessee, or occupier of land, upon which land or upon the half of any road\nadjacent thereto such perennial thistles as are known as Canadian thistles shall be growing,\nshall not within fourteen days after any notice in writing, signed by any Justice, or officer in\ncharge of the Department of Agriculture, or officer or person duly appointed by him for this\npurpose, and containing a description of the land intended to be affected thereby, that such\nperennial thistles are growing upon such land, or upon such adjacent half of any road, shall\nhave been served upon such owner, lessee or occupier, or left for him at his usual or last known\nplace of abode, effectually destroy all such perennial thistles then growing or being upon such\nland, or upon such adjacent half of the road, every such owner, lessee or occupier being convicted thereof shall be liable to a penalty not exceeding twenty dollars.\nFences.\nLawful Fences.\nA lawful fence must be at least four feet nine inches high throughout, above the general\nsurface of the ground, and substantially constructed of either stone, brick, earth, wood or\niron, or partly of any one or more of these materials; and if made of horizontal bars, boards\nor rails, of wood or iron, must consist of such dimensions so as not to leave more than six inches\nbetween the several bars or rails respectively, up to the height of three feet from the surface\nof the ground, and for the remainder of the fence not more than twelve inches between the\nsaid bars or rails : Provided, also, that any natural boundary which shall be sufficient to\nprevent the passage of cattle into enclosures shall be treated as a lawful fence.\nLine Fences and Water-courses.\nOwners of adjoining lands shall make, keep up and repair a just proportion of the fence\nwhich marks the boundary between them, or if there is no fence they shall so make, keep up\nand repair the same proportion which is to mark such boundary, and when it is in the interest\nof owners of adjoining lands to open a ditch or water-course for the purpose of letting off\nsurplus water from swamps or low miry lands, in order to enable the owners or occupiers\nthereof to cultivate or improve the same, such parties shall open a just and fair proportion of\nsuch ditch or water-course, and repair and maintain the same according to their several interests.\nCommons.\nThe Lieutenant-Governor in Council may, upon the application of two-thirds in number\nof the residents or land-holders in any part of any polling division in any .Electoral District in\nthe Province, proclaim portions of the Crown land in such polling division to be commons\non which such land-owners may depasture their cattle or sheep respectively, subject to the\nprovisions of this Act; and the Lieutenant-Governor in Council may from time to time alter,\nmodify, cancel or repeal any such proclamation.\nThe extent and situation of any such common are defined and proclaimed by the Lieutenant-Governor in Council in the British Columbia Gazette, but in no ease must any such\ncommon exceed fifty square miles in area, nor be less than fifteen square miles in area.\nIt is not lawful to depasture cattle and sheep upon the same common.\nNo cattle, sheep or swine which do not belong to residents or land-owners who are depasturing on the common or commons are allowed to be depastured or kept on any such common\nor commons, except while being driven from one district to another.\nThere is levied and paid upon and in respect of the cattle or sheep of every person\ndepasturing or keeping the same upon such common or commons such sums as the Lieutenant-\nGovernor in Council from time to time fixes, which sums respectively must be paid by the\nperson assessed before the fifteenth day of November in each and every year, to such officer\nas the Lieutenant-Governor in Council appoints. Such sums must not be less than ten cents\nnor greater than twenty-five cents for each head of cattle so depastured or kept upon such\ncommon, nor less than two cents nor greater than five cents for each head of sheep so depastured or kept upon such common.\nCo-operative Creameries.\nIt is lawful for the Lieutenant-Governor in Council to advance out of the unappropriated\nrevenue and public moneys of the Province and lend to each company or association now or A 152 Report on Agriculture, 1903\nhereafter duly incorporated for the purpose of erecting, or acquiring and maintaining, managing and operating, within the Province, a creamery or creameries upon the co-operative system,\na sum not exceeding two thousand dollars to any one company or association; provided that\nthe aggregate of all such loans shall not at any time exceed fifteen thousand dollars, under\nthe following provisions :\u2014\n(1.) That the district within which it is proposed to erect or operate a creamery is competent and fitted for its support, and that there is a reasonable prospect of the\nsame being a financial success :\n(2.) That contracts contingent upon the operation of the creamery have been entered\ninto for the supply thereto of the milk of not less than three hundred cows, or\nthat such supply is otherwise sufficiently guaranteed or secured :\n(3.) That the location of the creamery is such as to prevent encroachment upon the limits\nof an   established creamery, while allowing a radius to the proposed institution of\nat least six miles :\n(4.) That the subscribed capital of the company or association is sufficient,  if fully paid\nup, to enable  the   company  or  association to acquire a site  and  to  erect  and\nthoroughly equip an efficient creamery, of a capacity to use the milk of not less\nthan three hundred cows :\n(5.) That the plans of the creamery building and the nature and cost of the proposed\nplant and equipment be submitted for approval.\nIn the event of it being made to appear to the Lieutenant-Governor in Council that in\nthe case of any proposed creamery it will be impossible to comply strictly with the requirement contained in sub-section (2), but that the proposed district will afford a sufficient supply\nof milk to justify the erection of a creamery therein, and that the security offered by the\npromoters for the return of the loan is ample, the Lieutenant-Governor in Council may\nauthorise a loan to such creamery, notwithstanding that guarantees of a supply of the milk of\nthree hundred cows are not afforded.\nEvery loan, or the portion thereof for the time being remaining unpaid, shall bear interest\nat the rate of five per cent, per annum, payable yearly, and the capital sum of the loan shall\nbe repayable and repaid in eight instalments, the first of such instalments to become due and\nbe paid at the expiration of three years from the date of the loan, and the remaining seven\ninstalments to become due and be paid at a corresponding date in each of the seven subsequent\nyears, so that the whole loan shall be paid, with interest, within ten years from the date of the\nloan.\nDairying Associations.\nAny five or more persons who desire to associate themselves together for either or all of\nthe purposes following, that is to say :\u2014\n(a.) The manufacturing of cheese and butter :\n(&.)  The keeping of swine, and the manufacture and sale of the various products resulting\ntherefrom : and\n(o.) The dealing in swine and cattle foods for the purpose of supplying such foods to the\npatrons of such association\u2014\nmay make, sign and acknowledge before a Notary Public, Commissioner or Justice of the\nPeace, in duplicate, and file in the office of the Registrar of the Registry District in which\nthe business is to be carried on, a certificate in writing, in the form mentioned in the Schedule\nto the Act, or to the same effect, together with the rules and regulations signed by such\npersons respectively.\nIncorporation op Agricultural, Horticultural and Fruit-growers' Associations.\nAny number of persons may unite themselves into a society for the protection and\nadvancement of agricultural, horticultural or fruit-growing interests within any portion of\nthe Province, under the provisions of the Act.\nProperty and Investments.\nEvery society incorporated under the provisions of the Act may acquire and hold, by\npurchase, donation, devise, or otherwise for the use and purposes of the society, all kinds of\npersonal and real property, and may sell, mortgage, lease or otherwise dispose of the same, and\nmay borrow money upon mortgage, bond or otherwise, for the purposes of the society. FALLS    NEAR    KOKSILAH    RIVER. 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 153\nGeneral Powers of Societies.\nAny society incorporated under the provisions of the Act shall, within the county, municipality, or portion of the Province within and for which the society is incorporated, have power\nto hold, at such times and at such places as the said society may at its annual or at any special\ngeneral meeting decide, exhibitions for the display of fruits, flowers and vegetables, for which\nprizes, diplomas or other awards of merit may be given; to purchase seeds, plants and trees,\nfor distribution amongst the members, upon such terms as may be deemed advisable, for the\npurpose of experimenting and the introduction and cultivation of new kinds and varieties.\nThe officer in charge of the Treasury of British Columbia may, with the authority of the\nLieutenant-Governor in Council, pay to any of such associations or societies, out of the public\nmoneys of the Province, such sums of money as the Legislature of the Province shall, from\ntime to time, appropriate for associations or societies : Provided always, that no society which\nhas not at least twenty-five members on its roll shall be entitled to receive any share of such\nappropriation.\nFarmers'  Institutes.\nUnder an \"Act providing for the establishment of Farmers'Institutes,\" the Province\nis divided into four divisions, as follows :\u2014\nNo. 1\u2014Vancouver Island and adjacent islands and the Mainland coast contiguous, as\nfollows:\u2014Including Alberni, Comox, Cowichan, Nanaimo and Cedar District, Victoria\nDistrict (electoral divisions of Esquimalt, South Victoria and North Victoria) and Salt Spring\nIsland.\nNo. 2\u2014Westminster District, made up of Delta, Surrey, Langley, Richmond, Burrard,\nMission, Chilliwhack, Kent, Maple Ridge (Maple Ridge and Coquitlam) and Matsqui.\nNo. 3\u2014Interior, including Okanagan (East Yale), Kamloops (North Yale), Lillooet\n(East and West Lillooet), Cariboo and Kootenay.\nNo. 4, North\u2014All that portion of the Province not included in the above.\nInstitutes may be organised by petition to the Minister of Agriculture, signed by 15\npersons resident in any district in which it is proposed to organise.\nThe objects of these Institutes are the encouragement and improvement of agriculture,\nhorticulture, arboriculture, manufactures, and the other useful arts. The annual fee of each\nmember is 50 cents, which the Government supplements as follows \u2014To each Institute whose\nmembership can be shown to amount to 15 to 100, a sum of 50 cents for each paid-up member,\nand 25 cents for each paid-up member over 100, the grant being made conditional upon all\nthe provisions of the Act being complied with.\nEach member of an Institute is entitled to receive a copy of all publications published\nby or issued under the authority of the Department of Agriculture.\nEach district, as above mentioned, is entitled to a separate Institute, and each Institute\nis entitled to a delegate to the Central Farmers' Institute, which meets once a year at the call\nof the Superintendent. Each Institute is entitled to two regular meetings during the year,\nto which expert speakers are sent at the expense of the Government. In addition, each\nInstitute must hold at least two supplementary meetings, partly at their own expense.\nHorticultural Board.\nUnder the provisions of the \" Horticultural Board Act,\" there is created a Provincial\nBoard of Horticulture, to consist of two ex-offlcio members, viz., the Minister of Agriculture\nand the Deputy Minister of Agriculture (who shall act as Secretary of the Board) and three\nmembers, who shall be appointed by the Lieutenant-Governor in Council, one from each of the\nhorticultural districts which are created, for the purpose of preventing the spread of contagious\ndiseases in orchards and gardens and among fruits and fruit trees, and for the prevention,\ntreatment, cure and extirpation of fruit pests and the diseases of fruits and fruit trees, and\nfor the disinfection of grafts, scions, or orchard debris, empty fruit boxes or packages, and\nother suspected material or transportable articles dangerous to orchards, fruits and fruit trees;\nsaid Board may make regulations for the inspection and disinfection or destruction thereof, or\nof non-fruit-bearing trees or shrubs which may carry contagion, and also for requiring all cases\nof contagious diseases or fruit pests, as aforesaid, to be reported to the Board.\nUnder this Act the Board of Horticulture has made rules and regulations, amongst which\nare the following :\u2014All imported nursery stock, trees and plants shall, before being distributed A 154\nReport on Agriculture,\n1903\nin any part of British Columbia, be delivered at the Provincial Disinfecting Station in Vancouver, and there unpacked, inspected, and, if necessary, treated according to regulations of\nthe Board, and after such inspection and treatment shall be carefully re-packed and forwarded,\nwith all possible dispatch, to its destination, accompanied with a certificate of the inspecting\nofficer.    The inspection fees are :\u2014\nOn apple, pear, plum, cherry and other fruit trees, on all consignments numbering under\n100 trees, $2.50; 100 trees and under 250, $3.50; 250 trees and under 500, $4.50; and for\nevery additional 500 trees or fraction thereof over 500, $1 additional. On other nursery\nstock, $2.50 on $25 in value or fraction thereof; $3.50 on any consignment over $25 and up\nto $50 in value ; and five per cent, additional on the value over $50.\nWhen nursery stock, trees or plants are found to be infected with insect pests or diseases,\na charge of fifty per cent, will be added to the foregoing rates to pay expenses of the quarantine\nofficers for supervising disinfection and subsequent inspections.\nImported fruit is also inspected, subject to the following fees:\u2014On apples, pears and\nquinces the minimum fee is $1 for any number of boxes up to 33, and all in excess of this\nnumber is at the rate of three cents per box. On fruit packed in barrels the fee is $1 for any\nnumber of barrels up to ten, and for any number of barrels over ten the fee is at the rate of\n10 cents per barrel; on peaches at the rate of 1J cents per box, the minimum charge being $1.\nIt is furthermore provided that all other varieties of fruit shall be subject to inspection,\nif deemed necessary, on the same terms and subject to the same fees as those above mentioned.\nCertified invoices will be required.\nHighways.\nIt is unlawful for any waggon or other vehicle carrying a load in excess of that mentioned\nin the schedule hereunto annexed to be drawn or driven on any of the public highways of that\nportion of British Columbia situate west of the Cascade Range of mountains.\nSchedule.\nCarts or other two-wheeled vehicles shall not carry a load in excess of the following :\u2014\nOn tires under 2 inches in width           600 lbs.\nii 2 inches and under 3 inches    1,250   n\n3       ,, n 4      ,,    2,000    \u201e\nn        4      i. ii 5      ,,        2,500   M\n5      .. ii 6      n        3,500   ii\nWaggons and other four-wheeled vehicles shall not carry a load in excess of the following :\u2014\nOn tires under 2 inches    1,500 lbs.\n2 inches and under 3 inches    2,000\nOn\n4\n5\n6\n7\n8\n3,000\n5,000\n6,500\n8,000\n.10,000\nons or other vehicles having tires of different widths, the mean width of all the\ntires shall be taken as the width of tire.\nDominion Regulations Relating to the Inspection of Stock\nEntering Canada.\nThe following excerpts from the Order in Council of the 25th January, 1897 (which\nrepealed the ninety days' quarantine imposed previously, and which repeal was so earnestly\nprotested against by the stock-raisers of this Province), relate particularly to British Columbia :\nWhereas a Memorandum of Agreement concerning changes in quarantine of animals\nbetween the United States and Canada, dated at Washington, D.C., December 18th, 1896,\nhaving been approved by His Excellency in Council on the-12th January, 1897, it is deemed\ndesirable and important that effect be given thereto from the 1st February, 1897 : 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 155\nAnd whereas, to admit of this, it is necessary that the present Cattle Quarantine Regulations be amended :\nHis Excellency, under provisions of Chapter 69 of the Revised Statutes of Canada,\nintituled \" An Act respecting Infectious or Contagious Diseases affecting Animals\" (as\namended by chapter 13, 59 Vict.), and by and with the advice of the Queen's Privy Council\nfor Canada, is pleased to order that all previous Orders in Council relating to contagious\ndiseases among animals, and health of animals, shall be, and the same are hereby rescinded,\nexcepting that portion of the Order in Council of the 12th May, 1888, being chapter 7 of the\nConsolidated Orders in Council of Canada, referring to the disease of sheep scab, and contained\nin sections 35 to 52, inclusive, of the said Consolidated Order, and the following substituted\ntherefor, and to take effect from the 1st day of February, 1897.\nThe following are hereby declared Cattle Quarantine Stations :\u2014\n12\u2014Kootenay, B. C. 17\u2014Huntingdon, B. C.\n13\u2014Bedlington, B. C. 18\u2014Douglas, B. C.\n14\u2014Waneta, B. C. 19\u2014New Westminster, B.C.\n15\u2014Fort Sheppard, B. C. 20\u2014Vancouver, B. C.\n16\u2014Osoyoos, B. C. 21\u2014 Victoria, B. C.\nNo regular cattle quarantine stations have as yet been established in British Columbia,\nbut it is proposed to establish seven stations at the following points respectively :\u2014\n(a.) Kootenay, a customs port on the east side of the Kootenay River, close to the International Boundary.    A suitable place to be selected.\n(b.) Bedlington, a customs port on the east side of the Kootenay River, south of Kootenay, close to the International Boundary.    A suitable site to be selected.\n(c.) Waneta, a customs port on the east side of the Columbia River, a few miles north of\nthe International Boundary.    A suitable site to be selected.\n(d.) Fort Sheppard, on the west side of the Columbia River, on the International Boundary, a few miles south-west of Waneta.    A suitable site to be selected.\n(e.) Osoyoos, a customs port on the International Boundary, on Lake Osoyoos. A suitable\nsite to be selected.\n(fi) Huntingdon, a customs port on the International Boundary, and a railway junction,\nsome two hundred miles west of Osoyoos.\n(g.) Douglas.\n(h.) New Westminster.\n(i.)   Vancouver.\n(j.)   Victoria, a suitable site to be selected.\nThe Minister of Agriculture is hereby empowered to cancel, as quarantine stations, any\nof the places above mentioned, and to select such other sites in exchange for or in addition to\nthe above, as he may from time to time deem expedient.\nImportation and Quarantine.\nAustralasia and the Orient.\nSection 3. The importation of animals from Australasia and the Orient through Pacific\nOcean Ports is prohibited, except at Vancouver and Victoria.\nImportation op Animals from the United States.\nBreeding Stock.\nSec. 21. All cattle to be admitted for breeding purposes shall be accompanied by\u2014\n(a.) A declaration made by the importer that they are actually for breeding and no other\npurposes.\n(b.) A certificate signed by a Government Veterinarian that they have been subjected to\nthe tuberculin test and found free from tuberculosis. Such certificates must show the date of\ntesting and chart of reaction, with a description of the animal, giving age and markings. The\nimporter may be required to swear that the certificate refers to the animal represented.\n(c.) A certificate of inspection, signed by a Government Veterinarian, showing that the\nanimals are free from contagious disease, and that no contagious disease of cattle (excepting\ntuberculosis and actinomycosis) exists in the district whence they came. (d.) When not accompanied by such certificates, the animal or animals must be detained\nin quarantine one week, and subject to the tuberculin test.\n(e.) Should they be found tuberculous, they must be returned to the country from which\nshipped, or slaughtered without compensation.\nFat Cattle and Cattle for Feeding, including Range Cattle for Stocking Ranches.\nSec. 22. This class of animals shall be accompanied by a certificate of inspection, signed\nby an Official Veterinarian, showing that the animals are free from contagious disease, and\nthat no contagious disease of cattle (excepting tuberculosis and actinomycosis) exists in the\ndistrict from whence they came.\nSettlers' Cattle.\nSec. 23. Settlers' cattle, when accompanied by certificates of health, to be admitted\nwithout detention; unaccompanied, they must be inspected. Inspectors may subject any\ncattle showing symptoms of tuberculosis to the tuberculin test before allowing them to enter.\nSec. 24. Any cattle found tuberculous to be returned to the United States or killed\nwithout indemnity.\nSwine.\nSec. 25. Swine may be admitted for breeding purposes, subject to a quarantine of fifteen\ndays.\nSec. 26. Swine may be admitted when forming part of settlers' effects, when accompanied\nby a certificate that swine plague or hog cholera has not existed in the district whence they\ncame for six months preceding the date of shipment; when not accompanied by such certificate, they must be subject to inspection at port of entry. If found diseased, to be slaughtered\nwithout compensation.\nSwine for Slaughter in Bond.\nSec. 27. Swine may be imported into Canada without inspection for the purpose of being\nslaughtered ; the importer shall enter the same for warehouse upon the usual form of such\nentries, stating upon its face the number, live weight, and value of the herd, and the rate and\namount of duty as prescribed by the tariff in force at the time of making such entry. Such\nimporter shall then execute a bond to the Queen, with two sufficient surieties, to the satisfaction of the Collector of Customs at the port where such carcasses are imported or warehoused,\nin double the amount of such duty; the condition of such bond shall be that upon the due\nexportation, within one year, of the products of the swine so imported, slaughtered and cured\nin the form of pork, bacon, hams, shoulders, lard, and payment of duty secured by the said\nbond, then the said bond shall become null and void, otherwise shall remain in full force and\nvirtue.\nSec. 28. After the reception of the swine into the bonding warehouse or slaughter-house,\nit shall not be lawful to remove any of them alive therefrom under any pretence or for any\nreason whatever.\nSec. 29. The product of such swine, after having been slaughtered, shall not be removed\nfor any purpose from the bonding place without a permit from the Collector or proper Officer\nof Customs, as in the case of all other bonded goods.\nSec. 37. Swine may be imported at any customs warehousing port of entry in Canada, in\nbond, subject in all respects to the provisions in relation thereto contained in  \"this Order.\"\nSheep.\nSec. 38. Sheep for breeding and feeding purposes may be admitted subject to inspection\nat port of entry, and must be accompanied by certificate, signed by a Government Inspector,\nthat sheep scab has not existed in the district in which they have been fed for six months\npreceding the date of importation. If disease is discovered to exist in them, they may be\nreturned or slaughtered.\nSec. 39. Sheep for slaughter will be admitted without certificate or inspection.\nHorses and Mules.\nSec. 40. Horses may be admitted for general purposes, for sale, or for stocking ranches,\nand also cow ponies for cattle ranches, or horses which form part of settlers' effects, on inspection at port of entry only. 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 157\nSec. 41. Horses may be admitted for racing, show, exhibition or breeding purposes, on\ninspection at port of entry.\n(N. B.\u2014Inspection of horses admitted under the above clauses shall not be enforced unless ordered by\nthe Minister of Agriculture, when deemed expedient or necessary.)\nSec. 43. Horses may be admitted for temporary stay, teaming or pleasure driving at\npoints along the frontier for a period not exceeding one week, on permit by the Customs\nOfficer at port of entry; such permit may be extended for one week, but no longer. Should\nhe observe nasal discharges or other evidence of disease, he may detain the animals and report\nthe circumstances to the District Inspector, who will decide whether the animal will be\nadmitted or not.\nSec. 44. Horses used for riding or driving to or from points in Manitoba, North-West\nTerritories or British Columbia, on business in connection with the stock-raising or mining\nbusiness, and horses belonging to Indian tribes, may be admitted without inspection, but must\nreport to Customs Officer both when going out and coming in.\nExportation.\nSec. 47. No animal shall be permitted to be placed on board any steamship or other\nvessel for exportation at any Canadian port till they have been inspected by a duly authorised\nveterinary at such port, and certified by him to be free from contagious disease; such inspec\ntion to be made within twenty-four hours of embarkation.\nSec. 48. All animals for exportation by sea must reach the port of exportation eighteen\nhours before shipment, for rest and inspection; and in order to enable the Inspector to make\na careful, individual examination, owners of such animals must notify him at least twenty-four\nhours before embarkation. Such notice must be in writing, and sent to the office of the\nInspector.\nFree   Goods.\n(From Canadian Customs Tariff.)\nWearing apparel, household furniture, books, implements and tools of trade, occupation,\nov employment, musical instruments, domestic sewing machines, live stock, carts and other\nvehicles and agricultural implements in use by the settler for at least six months before his\nremoval to Canada, not to include machinery or articles imported for any use in any\nmanufacturing establishment or for sale; also books, pictures, family plate or furniture,\npersonal effects and heirlooms left by bequest: Provided that any dutiable article entered as\nsettlers' effects may not be so entered unless brought with the settler on his first arrival, and\nshall not be sold or otherwise disposed of without payment of duty until twelve months' actual\nuse in Canada : Provided, also, that under regulations to be made by the Controller of\nCustoms, live stock, when imported into Manitoba or the North-West Territory by intending\nsettlers, shall be free until otherwise ordered by the Governor in Council.\nThe following is the authorised number of live stock allowed to be imported under the\nconditions of the excerpt above quoted :\u2014\nHorses, one to every ten acres, 16 in all allowed ; cattle, the same; sheep, one to each\nacre, 160 in all allowed; swine the same.\nThe San Jose Seale Act.\nUnder this Act it is provided as follows :\u2014\nThe importation of any trees, shrubs, plants, vines, grafts, cuttings or buds, commonly\ncalled nursery stock, from any country or place to which this Act applies, is prohibited.\nThe Governor in Council may from time to time declare that this Act applies to any\ncountry or place as to which it has been made to appear that San Jose scale exists therein;\nand, when satisfied that the importation of nursery stock from any country or place to which\nthis Act has been applied may safely be permitted, he may in like manner declare that this\nAct no longer applies to such country or place.\nThe Governor in Council, upon it being made to appear to his satisfaction that any plant\nor plants is not liable to the attack of the San Jose scale, may exempt plants of such class, and\ngrafts, cuttings or buds thereof, from the operation of this Act. A 158 Report on Agriculture, 1903\nBy Order in Council dated 18th of March, 1898, it was declared that the United States\nof America, Australia, Japan and the Hawaiian Islands shall be and the same are hereby\ndeclared to be countries to which this Act applies, owing to the existence of the San Jose scale\nin them. And also that the following plants which are not liable to the attack of the San\nJose scale, viz. :\u2014\n1. Greenhouse plants, with the exception of roses.\n2. Herbaceous perennials.\n3. Herbaceous bedding plants.\n4. All conifers.\n5. Bulbs and tubers,\nshall be and the same are hereby exempted from the operations of the above-mentioned Act.\nBy Order in Council dated 5th of January, 1901, exemption from the operation of the Act\nwas authorised and importations were permitted to be entered at the Port of Vancouver,\nBritish Columbia, during the winter months only, from 15th October to 15th March, at which\nport they will be thoroughly fumigated with hydrocyanic acid gas by a competent Government\nofficial, in accordance with the most approved methods.\nBy Order in Council dated 15th January, 1903, the time for importing was extended to\nthe 15 th day of April in British Columbia.\nThe Dominion Fruit Marks Act, 1901.\nThis Act provides that:\u2014\nEvery person who, by himself or through the agency of another person, packs fruit in a\nclosed package, intended for sale, shall cause the package to be marked in a plain and indelible\nmanner, before it is taken from the premises where it is packed,\u2014\n(a) with the initials of his Christian names, and his full surname and address;\n(b) with the name of the variety or varieties ; and\n(c) with a designation of the grade of fruit, which shall include one of the following six\nmarks : for fruit of the first quality, No. 1, or XXX ; for fruit of the second quality, No. 2,\nor XX ; and for fruit of the third quality No. 3, or X ; but the said mark may be accompanied\nby any other designation of grade, provided that designation is not inconsistent with, or\nmarked more conspicuously than, the one of the said six marks which is used on the said\npackage.\nNo person shall sell, or offer, expose or have in his possession for sale, any fruit packed\nin a closed package and intended for sale, unless such package is marked as required by the\nnext preceding section.\nNo person shall sell, or offer, expose or have in his possession for sale, any fruit packed in\na closed package, upon which package is marked any designation which represents such fruit\nas of No. 1 or XXX, finest, best or extra good quality, unless such fruit consist of well-grown\nspecimens of one variety, sound, of nearly uniform size, of good colour for the variety, of\nnormal shape, and not less than ninety per cent free from scab, worm holes, bruises and other\ndefects, and properly packed.\nNo person shall sell, or offer, expose or have in his possession for sale, any fruit packed in\nany package in which the faced or shown surface gives a false representation of the contents\nof such package; and it shall be considered a false representation when more than fifteen per\ncent of such fruit is substantially smaller in size than, or inferior in grade to. or different in\nvariety from, the faced or shown surface of such package.\nBoard of Horticulture.\nUnder the head of \" Agricultural Legislation,\" the general powers conferred on the\nBoard are stated and the rules adopted under the Act briefly outlined. A great deal of\nadverse criticism has arisen on the part of the nurserymen of Ontario and fruit-dealers of\nCalifornia and Ontario, in consequence of the energetic action of the Inspector, Mr. Thos.\nCunningham, causing to be condemned, when occasion demanded, both nursery stock and\nfruit, and also on account of the Board requiring all nursery stock to be delivered at the\nProvincial Fumigating Station at Vancouver. The accusation has been repeatedly made by\nthe nurserymen of Ontario of discrimination against them.    They contend that the regulations 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 159\nrequiring all nursery stock to be delivered in Vancouver before distribution is aimed against\nthem; that inspection by the officers of the Board is unnecessary and vexatious, as all Ontario'\nnursery stock is accompanied by certificates of cleanliness; that nursery stock can, and should\nbe, inspected at point of shipment; that the Provincial Act is ultra vires, and many other\narguments which have been worn threadbare. In pursuance of their settled determination to\nignore our regulations, every means have been resorted to by some shippers to evade the provisions of the Horticultural Act and Rules, and in some cases they have succeeded. This was\none of the prime reasons which influenced the Board in concentrating the inspection of nursery\nstock at Vancouver. The wisdom of its actions has been demonstrated, in so far that the\nCodlin moth, San Jose scale and peach tree borer have been kept out, and, with diligence, the\nmembers hope to do so in the future. The fumigating station at Vancouver is constructed\non the most approved principles, and is fully supplied with all conveniences for the proper\nhandling of stock. Mr. Cunningham, the Inspector, is most painstaking, so that risk of injury\nis reduced to a minimum.\nThe following excerpts from a report made to the Hon. the Minister of Agriculture by the\nDeputy Minister of Agriculture and the Inspector of Fruit Pests, in reply to a communication\nfrom one of the Ontario nurserymen, enters into the subject pretty fully :\u2014\n\" This is a matter which has been carefully considered and dealt with by the Board of\nHorticulture on many occasions, and reports of the Board thereon were prepared and submitted\nto your predecessors, the Ministers of Agriculture, copies of which were duly forwarded to the\nHon. the Dominion Minister of Agriculture, and the Hon. the Minister of Agriculture of\nOntario, respectively, who in turn submitted the same to the Ontario nurserymen interested in\nthe discussion. In addition to this, a lengthy correspondence, covering a period of years, has\nbeen carried on between the Ontario nurserymen and the Deputy Minister of Agriculture, who\nis Secretary of the Board of Horticulture. It can be shown by this correspondence that there\nhas been from the beginning a determined effort on the part of some of the Ontario nurserymen\nto evade the regulations of the Board of Horticulture. Large quantities of nursery stock were\nsold and distributed at interior points in this Province, regardless of the provisions of the\nBoard for inspection. Some of this stock, we now know, was infected with insect pests and\nshould have been promptly destroyed, instead of having been turned over to innocent purchasers for planting.\n\"Not the least of the difficulties which the Board has had to contend with was that of\nsecuring competent persons to act as inspectors at points for distribution.\n\" After an experience of many years, the Board decided that if the orchards of British\nColumbia are to be kept free from the pests which have practically destroyed the fruit-growing\ninterests of Ontario, there should be one central point at which all imported nursery stock\nshould be carefully inspected and treated by competent experts. This involved the erection of\na fumigation station of sufficient capacity to handle large quantities of nursery stock. A commodious frost-proof building has been erected and equipped with up-to-date appliances at\nVancouver, this being considered the best location, from the simple fact that the Dominion San\nJose Act requires that all nursery stock imported from the United States, Japan, Australia,\nChina and the Sandwich Islands, and other countries known to be infected with the San Jose\nscale, must be shipped to and fumigated at Vancouver.\n\" The suggestion that Ontario Inspectors should inspect nursery stock intended for British\nColumbia is altogether impracticable. We have found by experience that Ontario certificates\nof inspection are worse than valueless, for they are altogether misleading; for the thousands\nof infected trees which have been destroyed during the past two years have all carried certificates of inspection from Ontario, certifying their freedom from pests and disease. The\ngentleman whose communication we are now dealing with sent into the Okanagan Valley, in\n1902, a large shipment of infected peach trees, which the Board caused to be dug up after\nbeing planted, and had to destroy over 2,000 of them. Had those trees been sent to Vancouver for inspection and treatment, this could not have occurred. Had there been careful\nand competent inspection in Ontario, those trees would never have been shipped to British\nColumbia. We cannot escape the conviction that the grower and shipper of those trees must\nhave known that they were infected and exceedingly dangerous to the fruit-growing interests\nof this Province.\n\" It has been suggested that an inspecting station for dealing with Ontario nursery stock\nshould be established at Revelstoke. We would respectfully point out that if this were done\nthere would likely be a demand for another such an establishment at some point on the line A 160 Report on Agriculture, 1903\nof the Crow's Nest Railway. Needless to state, the erection and maintenance of fumigating\nstations and salaries of competent persons would involve considerable expense, to say nothing\nof the difficulty of securing the services of experts for the proper performance of the required\nduties.\n\" Whilst disclaiming any intention on the part of the members of the Board in framing\nthe rules and regulations to foster Provincial nurseries at the expense of those of Ontario, we\nnevertheless deem it to be our duty to give the best advice available to our growers, and we\nhave, therefore, in pursuance of this policy, advised that, when possible, home-grown nursery\nstock should be purchased, in preference to that produced elsewhere. The reasons are obvious\nand we believe incontrovertible, viz. :\u2014It is acclimatised ; risk of loss through removal reduced\nto a minimum; possibility to transplant at all suitable seasons ; accessibility to seller should\nstock not prove true to name or otherwise be other than guaranteed. All these facts are set\nforth at pages 18 and 19 of Bulletin 12, lately issued, to which we respectfully direct your\nattention.\n\" In conclusion, we beg to assure you that there is not a member of the Board who would\nnot greatly prefer Canadian products to those of any other country7, other things being equal.\nWe have good grounds for dreading the spread of diseases and pests which have devastated\nthe orchards of the sister Province of Ontario. Our regulations have received the endorsation\nof the highest horticultural authorities, including those of Ontario, who have quite recently\nexpressed regret that similar precautions to ours had not been adopted at an earlier date in\nthe history of Ontario.\"\nInspection of Fruit in Australia.\nAs a comparison with our methods, I publish the following, which is communicated by\nMr. E. Hutcherson, of Perth, Western Australia :\u2014\n\" Quite a number of Californian apples reached here last December, beautiful fruit, and\nwould have brought at least thirty shillings per case, but they would not stand the inspection\ntest for codlin moth, as we condemn on traces, though the grub may have left the fruit\nbefore leaving California.    The whole lot was burned.\n\" As regards the inspection in this State, I have been on the staff for the last eight months,\nand have been fortunate in being placed on the staff at Freemantle, where we have the most\nup-to-date buildings and plant for fumigating and inspecting fruit and fruit trees there is in\nexistence. The main building is 150 feet long by 50 feet wide, with boiler building on the\nend, with two large incinerators in the yard for the destroying of infested fruit and cases.\nTo give you some idea of the system adopted, all fruit trees, plants, nuts, etc., on reaching\nthis port, are placed on board trucks and are run down to the fruit sheds. Apples, pears and\nquinces are at once placed in the fumigating rooms to destroy any codlin grubs that might be\non the cases, and the cases are then opened and the fruit placed on tables, each case separately,\nand all rotten fruit and wrappings removed and burned; they are then examined, and should\ncodlin grubs or traces of the same be found, the contents are at once returned to the case they\nwere taken from and burned. Oranges and lemons, the wrappings are first removed and put\ninto fresh cases before being fumigated. All the cases are first put into steam rooms (of\nwhich there are three) before being used again; there is also a large tank in the yard containing a solution of caustic soda, which is kept at boiling heat, that can be used for dipping\ncases and lids, but most importers prefer the steaming. All work in the shed, with the exception of the inspection, is done by the importers or their employees. The Government make a\ncharge for inspecting. The revenue for 1901 was something over $10,000, and 78,175 cases\nof fruit and 116,760 trees and plants were treated. So far, there have been no codlin moths\nin this State, and every effort is being made to keep them out. Up to September, 1901, the\nimportations of apples, pears and quinces were prohibited from countries where codlin moths\nwere known to exist, and apples went up to one shilling per lb., and those that had bearing\norchards here made small fortunes ; but while they have kept out the codlin they have allowed\nthe Mediterranean fruit fly to get in, and it now has quite a hold on what is known as the\nsuburban district in and around Perth, probably 25 miles long by twelve wide. The Government is using every means to keep it from spreading and to stamp it out. I would certainly\nadvise you in British Columbia to be on your guard against this most destructive insect pest,\nand would be pleased to write you again concerning it.\" w\nw\nI-l\na\nw\no\nw\n!5\n2;\n0\nP6 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 161\nREPORT OF INSPECTOR OF FRUIT PESTS.\nTo the Members of the Provincial Board of Horticulture:\nGentlemen,\u2014Having been appointed to the office of Provincial Inspector of Fruit Pests\nin July, 1902, I believe it is my duty to present to the Board a statement of the work which\nI have been enabled to do, as well as of the several matters which have come under my notice\nsince my appointment, so far as they may relate to the operations of the Board and the regulations thereof, and to respectfully offer such suggestions as I believe will result in the better\naccomplishment of the purposes for which the Board was created. In consequence of other\nduties of an official character which I had to perform, I have not been able to accomplish all\nthat I had intended in the interests of fruit-growing, but I am now free to take up more\nactive field-work.\nInspection op Fruit.\nThe inspection of fruit was all done by myself at Vancouver during the months of July\nand August and the first half of September. I may say that these are the critical months in\nfruit inspection; owing to the greater portion of importations coming from California, the\ndanger of infestation is much more serious. I was obliged to condemn and destroy large\nquantities of apples, pears, peaches and quinces. Very often entire shipments were found to\nbe infected and were condemned and cremated, codlin moth and peach worm being the chief\ncause of condemnation. I have not permitted any infected foreign fruit to be shipped to the\nNorth-West and Manitoba during the past season, nor has any condemned fruit been shipped\nto the Northern ports of British Columbia from the Port of Vancouver. I believe this rule\nshould be firmly enforced at every quarantine station in this Province, but I am afraid it is\nnot, and I shall ask this Board at this meeting to take such steps as I believe to be necessary\nto secure this very desirable end.\nI have no means of knowing the quantity of fruit condemned at any quarantine station\nbut Vancouver City, nor do I know what disposition, if any, is made of condemned fruit. As\nall the fruit imported into this Province during the months of July, August and September\nare received from the same source as that which comes to Vancouver, it is natural to suppose\nthat much infected fruit is received at other quarantine stations, and that there certainly\nshould be an equal proportion of condemnations and destruction of infected fruit at the other\npoints referred to.\nAbout the middle of September the fall fairs began to be held, and as I had been\nappointed to attend several of them, I turned over the fruit inspection to Mr. Harris, who is\nin every way well qualified to discharge this duty; a more upright and conscientious assistant\nI could not desire. I have to report that he also condemned several lots of infected fruit, all\nof which were cremated.\nInspection op Nursery Stock.\nImmediately after the fall fairs were over the importation of nursery stock commenced,\nand continued up to the middle of December. As all imported nursery stock must now\nbe delivered and inspected at Vancouver, I may say that I and three assistants were kept\nvery busy for some two and one-half months unpacking, inspecting and re-packing trees and\nplants. I found many infected trees, more especially those shipped from Eastern nurseries.\nI have adopted the very rational practice of cremating all diseased and infected trees. I may\nadd that this is the practice recommended by the highest horticultural authorities in the\nUnited States. The furnace is the only safe place to dispose of infected nursery stock, is the\ndecision of Professor Johnston, one of the most distinguished authorities on fumigation in\nAmerica.\nEarly in December I had information that infected Ontario apples were being imported\ninto the Kootenay country.      I at once communicated with our most efficient officer, Mr. A 162 Report on Agriculture, 1903\nFred. Adie, and advised him to make a thorough investigation and report. I also reported to\nthe Minister of Agriculture the exact condition of affairs as I understood them. Unfortunately, all the members of the Board, except the member for the First District, were out of the\nProvince at the time, and the Hon. the Minister of Agriculture was also out of Victoria, but\nhis secretary, by my advice, submitted my correspondence and that of Mr. Adie to the Premier\nand Attorney-General, who wired me instructions to proceed at once to the interior and\ninspect all quarantine stations, seize and destroy all infected fruit wherever I found it, whether\nit had passed inspection or not. I wired these instructions to Mr. Adie, and he carried them\nout to the letter, pending my arrival.\nVisit op Inspection to the Upper Country.\nI left Vancouver for the interior on 13th December, and visited all the quarantine stations\neast of Mission City, except Gateway, which I could not conveniently reach, owing to the\nirregularity of the trains running to that point. I wrote Mr. Gordon, our inspector, a very\nearnest letter, impressing on him the necessity of great vigilance in the inspection of American\nfruit which may come in at Gateway. I received a very cordial reply, in which he assured\nme that he would faithfully carry out my instructions and enforce our quarantine regulations.\nI found that the quarantine officers at Fernie and Cranbrook knew nothing about fruit inspection. One officer passed a whole car-load of apples after opening but one package. I am not\nsure whether the other opened any at all, but clearances were given and the fees collected. I\nreinspected some of the fruit and found it to be better than I had expected. Naturally, the\nimporters were indignant at having been bothered by so many\" inspections; some of them were\nhostile, but when I explained matters to them and pointed out the necessity of the protection\nand development of our own fruit industry, every merchant at Fernie, Cranbrook, Nelson,\nRevelstoke, Greenwood and Rossland, with a single exception, agreed to import no more foreigu\nfruit, if they can have their wants supplied by our own growers. I interviewed every fruit\nmerchant in Nelson, with the same satisfactory result. All that those merchants require is to be\nassured that they can find sufficient home-grown fruit to meet their requirements. I addressed\na meeting of farmers and fruit-growers at Vernon on January 22nd, and spoke very earnestly\nof the necessity of the growers in that neighbourhood combining- to send an agent all through\nthe Kootenay mining towns early this year, and make contracts for supplying those people\nwith fruit. I may say that I made an agreement to do this at the time those merchants agreed\nto give preference to our home-grown fruit. I shall carry out my part of this agreement by\ninterviewing all the prominent growers before the season commences. I believe this is the\nbeginning of better days for our fruit-growers, and that ultimately consumers will be the\ngainers.\nI visited Rossland and was very well received by the prominent merchants and business\npeople in that important centre. The manager of the Bank of Montreal took a very deep\ninterest in my mission, and volunteered to lend his powerful inflnence on behalf of British\nColumbia fruit. I had the same assurance given me as at Nelson, except in one instance,\nwhere the firm have their American connections. I do not despair of ultimately winning\nover this concern to the purchase of our own fruit;  they will be driven to it.\nThe quarantine officer at Rossland is a good man, whom I have known for many years.\nI find, however, that a practice has grown up which is contrary to the spirit of our regulations,\nviz.: small quantities of fruit are being imported, and the charge for inspection is based on the\naggregate weekly importations. The effect of this is that a very great number of small lots\ncome in by express which pay scarcely any fee for inspection, yet make a great deal of work\nfor the officer; besides, it is dangerous; for it is morally certain that if any fruit that is not\nup to the mark is sold at all, the small importer is sure to get it.\nI visited Greenwood and was much impressed with the value of that market and the\nreadiness with which the merchants of that city agreed to buy our fruit. One of the largest\nconcerns had been corresponding with Chilliwhack people for a car of apples, but the price\nquoted, $1.50 per box, was considered beyond their reach. I saw the correspondence, and\nwas greatly amazed to find that apples that were selling in Vancouver at 75c. to 90c. were\nquoted in car-load lots to Greenwood merchants at $1.50 f. o. b. at Chilliwhack.\nI also visited Midway, and from all the information I was able to gather, I consider it\nthe most dangerous point for the introduction of fruit pests that there is in British Columbia.\nFarmers and peddlers drive waggon-loads of American apples all the way from Washington\norchards 100 miles distant.    I have no doubt that much of the fruit coming in that way is 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 163\ninfected. I could find no evidence that any had been destroyed, and as there are excellent\nopportunities for fruit-growing in that neighbourhood on the Canadian side, I believe it is of\npressing importance that Midway be most carefully guarded and the quarantine regulations\nrigidly enforced. I look for serious trouble in that section of the Province at no very distant\ndate.\nI was able to devote some time to the inspection of land on the Kootenay River, and am\ngreatly impressed with its adaptability for fruit-growing. The land is easily cleared, is cheap,\nand of very fair quality. Several small orchards have been planted out and larger ones contemplated. I am under promise to the settlers along that river to thoroughly inspect their\nland and advise them in reference to further planting, during the early summer. I am pleased\nto see that a very large importation of nursery stock is now being inspected in Vancouver\nthat is billed for Nelson; probably a half car-load goes there.\nI am also under agreement to inspect orchards in Okanagan, where it is feared that some\nneglected old trees have become infected and need treatment. The weather was such when I\nwas there in January that not much could be done; besides, the snow was too deep. I\npurpose going there as soon as importation of nursery stock shall have ceased.\nGeneral Remarks.\nImportation of nursery stock has been exceptionally heavy this spring. Up to the 16th\nof April I had inspected over 60,000 trees and shipped them up country. As much as three\ncar-loads\u2014large furniture cars\u2014were delivered at the Provincial Fumigating Station during\nthe first half of April. We have now in hand one car and one half Ontario stock, most of\nwhich is for the Interior. I am advised that other shipments are on the way, so that if we\nadd imported stock to that sold by our own nursery people, it is quite safe to estimate that\n100,000 trees will be planted this spring.\nI am notified that one nursery firm intends to ship into this Province six car-loads of stock\nnext autumn. I find that it is necessary to provide more storage accommodation at once.\nWe need a frost-proof building, cheaply constructed, but made frost-proof by 12\" walls filled\nwith sawdust. The size of the building must be not less than 30x40 feet. We must be in a\nposition to safely store six cars of nursery stock and inspect and treat it within a reasonable\ntime. I have already interviewed the C. P. R. people, who have agreed to give permission to\nlease the ground. All that is needed now is the authority of the Board and Minister of\nAgriculture to enable me to erect this building.\nThe fruit-growing industry is going forward by such leaps and bounds that every one\nconcerned expresses surprise and satisfaction. I would respectfully urge that we must keep\nabreast of the requirements of the business.\nIn conclusion I beg to state, for the information of the Board, that I found Mr. Fred.\nAdie, of Waneta, to be the most efficient and earnest quarantine officer in the interior, and\nthat I believe he can be safely entrusted with all the quarantine work at Nelson, Cranbrook,\nFernie and other points on the Crow's Nest line. Mr. Adie has the respect and confidence of\nthe leading importers in a marked degree, and has done a great deal to cause our quarantine\nregulations to be respected and obeyed.\nThe policy of permitting condemned fruit from Ontario to be re-shipped to the North-\nWest and Manitoba markets has been called in question by some of our prominent growers,\nmany times during the past season. I believe, however, that it would be dangerous for this\nBoard to interfere with the regulation bearing on this question. In attempting to gain too\nmuch, we might endanger that which we already possess.\nThomas Cunningham,\nInspector of Fruit Pests. A 164 Report on Agriculture, 1903\nNORTH-WEST    FRUIT-GROWERS.\nTenth Annual  Meeting of the Association, held at Spokane,\nWash.,  February, 1903.\nThe meeting was largely attended by members of the Association from the States of\nOregon, Washington and Idaho, British Columbia being represented by myself and Mr.\nCovert, of Grand Forks. Professor Woodworth, of the University of California, was also\npresent, as well as representatives of the agricultural colleges of the States mentioned; of the\nvarious railways as far east as St. Paul and Minneapolis; and of dealers in Eastern points.\nExhibits of British Columbia apples were made by me, from the orchard of Lord Aberdeen\nand Mr. Thomas G. Earl, and by Mr. Covert from his own orchard at Grand Forks; Mr.\nCovert also exhibited dried prunes of excellent quality, cured by himself. The apples compared very favourably with those exhibited from the neighbouring States, and elicited many\ncomplimentary comments at the hands of those present, and many questions were asked,\nespecially regarding those varieties with which the growers in the adjoining States were not\nfamiliar. I was kept busy during my stay answering questions regarding the conditions\nprevailing in this Province, and surprise was often expressed when information as to the climate\nand resources was given, the idea being quite common that snow and ice were the most common\nproducts. Many addresses of great value to fruit growers were given during the convention,\namongst the most practical and useful of which was that byT Mr. J. W. Olwell, of Central\nPoint, Oregon, who gave an address and practical illustrations on apple packing. After\nlistening to this gentleman and witnessing his method of packing, all went away fully impressed\nthat they had very much to learn regarding the proper grading and packing of apples for the\nmarket. As for the methods practised in this Province, I can only characterise them as comparatively crude and unskilful beyond belief.\nMessrs. Olwell Bros, are proprietors of the Snowy Butte Orchards of Central Point, who\nmake a specialty of winter apples for the English market, the principal varieties grown being\nthe Yellow Newtown Pippin and Spitzenberg. They employ girls exclusively for packing, as\nthey find them more painstaking and skilful; and their touch being more delicate, they are\nable to wrap and pack better and more skilfully than men, besides being quicker at detecting\nundersized or damaged fruit. Every apple sent out by Olwell Bros, is wrapped, and the\noperation of wrapping alone requires a degree of skill not easily acquired; the papers, boxes,\nand even the nails are specially made. Specimens of all these things are on view at the\nDepartment of Agriculture.\nThe following is a short report of the proceedings :\u2014\nThe tenth annual convention of the North-West Fruit-Growers' Association opened on\nWednesday, February 4th, at Elks' Hall, Spokane. Owing to delays in the arrival of trains\nand the absence of the President, Dr. N. G. Blalock, of Walla Walla, no morning session was\nheld; but the afternoon meeting made up for it in the amount and interest of the business\ntransacted.\nThe convention was called to order at 2 p.m. by E. L. Smith, of Hood River, Oregon,\nsenior Vice-President of the Association and President of the Oregon State Board of\nAgriculture.\nAfter prayer by Rev. F. Walden, of Seattle, the acting Secretary, J. H. Pelletier, of\nSpokane, read letters from G. P. Brackett, of the Agricultural Department, Washington, D. C. ;\nD. A. Brodie, Puyallup ; and J. A. Balmer, Cle Ellum, who expressed their regret at being\nunable to attend the convention.\nBenjamin Bergunder, Vice-President for Washington, reported the 1902 fruit crop in the\nState smaller than the average, but of fine quality. Acting President Smith told of the\nimmense crop harvested in Oregon, bringing the fruit-growers more than $2,500,000. 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 165\n\" We are conducting a successful fight against fruit pests in our State,\" he declared.\n\" The fruit-growers are using the power sprayers in all the large orchards, and the care taken\nis showing results in the fine prices our fruit is bringing. Our apples are yearly in greater\ndemand in foreign markets. This last year Newtown Pippins from my neighbourhood sold in\nLiverpool at prices returning $2 per box to the growers.\n\" We are learning better and better every year how to deal with the codlin moth and\nthe San Jose scale, with the result that we are now saving 90 to 95 per cent, of our fruit.\nOur experience emphasises the need of united action among the fruit-growers, both in fighting\nthese pests and to secure the best legislation and the best results in fruit-growing.\"\nAn interesting report on the fruit-growing industry in British Columbia was presented\nby Mr. J. R. Anderson, Deputy Minister of Agriculture in that Province, and one of the Vice-\nPresidents of the Association. Mr. Anderson said this was his second visit to Spokane, and\nhe congratulated the city on the many signs of progress and improvement which he saw on\nevery hand.\n\" Fruit-growing in British Columbia,\" he continued, \" is coming to be one of our profitable\nindustries. We had a big crop last year and shipped a considerable portion of it to markets\noutside the Province, as well as supplying portions of our own territory that have hitherto\ndrawn their fruit from districts further south or east. The greatest drawback to the success\nof our industry is the poor packing of the fruit. This hinders the sales and causes British\nColumbia fruit to fetch lower prices in Eastern and European markets than some of your\nWashington fruit-growers are getting for fruit that is really inferior to ours.\n\" You are to be congratulated on the careful and successful methods of packing adopted\nby your American fruit-growers. You put up the fruit in correctly graded cases of uniform\nquality, and this means much in the prices realised. I have just heard from London trustworthy stories of American apples that fetch fourpence (8 cents) apiece. These fancy prices\nare largely the result of care in sorting and packing your fruit. This lesson our British\nColumbia growers have still to learn.\n\" Thus far we have succeeded in keeping the codlin moth and the San Jose scale out of\nthe Province. We have some trouble with the peach tree borer. In our fight against all\nthese pests we are going to the root of the matter by keeping out infected nursery stock, a\nmatter in which the growers and inspectors of your State have been far too lax. Till you\nexercise greater care regarding your nursery stock you cannot hope to have clean orchards.\n\" Our laws and inspection system are very severe, but none too much so. They are aimed\nat infected trees wherever they come from. In fact, more trees have been condemned that\ncame from Canadian than from United States nurseries. We are not discriminating against\nAmerican nurserymen in the least.\"\nProfessor R. C. Cooley, entomologist of the Montana Experiment Station, was the next\nspeaker. He spoke on the apple aphis and the use of cyanide gas for fumigating trees in\norchards, and described his experiments, which had been highly successful in the extermination\nof this pest.\nMr. A. Van Holderbeke, Washington State Commissioner of Horticulture, then gave an\naddress on \" The Pruning of Peach Trees.\" \" Wrong Pruning,\" said Commissioner Van\nHolderbeke, \"is responsible for the fact that in many of our Washington peach orchards the\ntrees are growing too tall, and their fruit-bearing limbs die off within four or five years. Then\nthe trees are cut back almost to the parent stem of the tree, inflicting a serious wound and\ndelaying the bearing of fruit for a long time. Under this faulty system growers are trying to\nraise too many peaches on a tree, instead of seeking an unfailing crop of the largest, finest\nfruit every year.\"\nProf. J. M. Aldrich, entomologist of the University of Idaho, gave the last address of the\nsession, his subject being \" The Codlin Moth in High Altitudes.\" He said that in regions\nwhere the altitude was from 2,000 to 3,000 feet, the codlin moth had not become generally\ndistributed, and it promised to be less of a nuisance to fruit-growers than in lower areas.\nEach of the afternoon's papers called forth considerable discussion, many helpful suggestions being made by the members and experts present.\nSecond Day.\nThe second day's sessions were made noteworthy by the reading of many practical papers\nof great value. In addition to listening to these, the Association elected officers for the\ncoming year, and decided upon the place for the next annual meeting. A 166 Report on Agriculture, 1903\nPortland, Oregon, was chosen for the 1904 Convention. The new board of officers is\ncomposed as follows :\u2014President, Dr. N. G. Blalock, Walla Walla. Vice-Presidents : for\nOregon, J. D. Olwell, Central Point, Ore. ; for Idaho, J. H. Forney, Moscow, Idaho ; for\nWashington, B. Bergunder, Colfax, Wash. ; for British Columbia, J. R. Anderson, Victoria,\nB. C. Secretary, George H. Lamberson, Portland, Ore. Treasurer, W. S. Offner, Walla Walla.\nRev. F. Walden, Seattle, A. E. Tonnelson, Tacoma, and J. R. Anderson, Victoria, B. C, were\nappointed a Committee on Resolutions.\nProf. C. V. Piper, entomologist of the Washington State Agricultural College, Pullman,\nthen made an address, his subject being \" Spraying for San Jose Scale with Sulphur, Lime and\nSalt Mixture,\" which he described as perfectly effectual for the destruction not only of this\npest, but of many others, provided it was properly done. He said from experiments he had\nabout come to the conclusion that salt was not a necessary ingredient in this mixture, but he\nwould not say so definitely without further investigation.\nActing President E. L. Smith, of Hood River, Oregon, followed with an excellent paper\non \" Pomology,\" and enlarged on the subject of pollination in producing new varieties, and\nthe greater necessity of taking scions for grafting from only the best and most healthy trees.\nMr. R. B. Ober, of the Refrigerator Car service, of the Northern Pacific Railway at St.\nPaul, spoke on the refrigeration and transportation of green fruits, and described the methods\nused by the transportation companies in handling horticultural products.\nMr. James Redpath, of the wholesale firm of Porter Bros. & Co., of St. Paul and Minneapolis, then addressed the meeting on the condition of the St. Paul market.\nMr. J. W. Olwell, of Central Point, Oregon, gave the closing address of the morning\nsession, his subject being \"A Lesson on Packing Fruit for Market.\" This address was illustrated by a practical exhibition of fruit packing, and elicited much favourable comment. On\nthe whole, this subject probably created the greatest interest, and was handled in a masterly\nway by Mr. Olwell, who was asked to continue his address in the afternoon.\nAfternoon Sessiort.\nProf. N. 0. Booth, Horticulturist of the Washington Experiment Station, Pullman, gave\nthe first address, the subject being \" Pear Blight.\" He advocated cutting away infected limbs\ntwo or three inches below the blight, and the planting of resistant varieties. Prof. Piper\nadvocated cutting a foot or more below the point of infection, whilst Mr. C. S. Whitney,\nPresident of the Walla Walla Fruit Fair, and General Tannett declared that cutting was\nineffectual in eradicating the blight from a pear orchard where it was well established.\nProf. C. W. Woodworth, of the University of California, then addressed the meeting on\n\"The Peach Worm.\" He said: \"This worm passes the winter burrowing in the crotch\nbetween the last season's growth and the older wood. In the spring it attacks the buds and\nis known as the 'bud worm.' Later it assails the twigs, and growers then know it as the\n' twig worm,' or ' peach worm.' \" The speaker went on to describe the great loss these worms\ncaused peach growers, and the remedies prescribed.\nRev. F. Walden, of Seattle, followed with a paper on \" The Elements of Successful Fruit\nGrowing.\" In order to make a commercial success in this industry the speaker declared that\nthe grower must give it his chief attention, and not hope to succeed while it was merely a side\nissue. He must also look not merely to the selection of his trees and their cultivation, but\nmust attend with care to the packing of the fruit for market and the time of shipment. \" Many\ngrowers are shipping late winter apples to the commission houses early in the fall, when there\nis no demand for them. Then they blame the commission men for the low prices realised for\ntheir fruit.\"\nProf. L. F. Henderson, botanist of the University of Idaho at Moscow, was the last\nspeaker of the day. He greatly interested the audience in a practical discussion of \" Fungus\nDiseases in Idaho.\" The chief of these he described as the red rust, the powdery mildew on\ngooseberries, currants and grapes, the peach leaf curl, the apple canker and the apple scab.\nThe best fungicide for these diseases, he declared, was the Bordeaux mixture; although the\npeach leaf curl, he said, could be prevented by spraying early in the spring with lime, salt and\nsulphur solution.\nMr. J. W. Olwel1 closed the meeting with an exhibition of fruit packing of a most\ninstructive character.  3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 167\nThird Day.\nProf. L. B. Judson, horticulturist of the University of Idaho (Moscow), gave a most\ninteresting and instructive address on \" The Improvement of Varieties.\" He said that we can\nimprove our plants as the stockman improves his herds by selection and breeding. This is a\nyoung man of great promise, and his address showed a great deal of research and thought in\nits preparation.\nMr. R. A. Jones, of Spokane, followed, with a good paper on \" The Planting and Culture\nof Apple Orchards.\" This was a well-written, practical address, and although some of his\nconclusions were not agreed in by some of those present, it was, on the whole, well received.\nProf. E. A. Bryan, President of the Washington Agricultural College, Pullman, then\ngave a most masterly address on \" The Scope and Function of the Experiment Station,\"\nwhich was listened to with marked interest. He concluded by saying :\u2014\" In order to bring\nthe results of their investigations within the reach of the producers, we are publishing bulletins\nthat may be had by all applicants, and we are doing all we can to reach the farmers through\nthe institutes. The professors have left their classes, often at great cost in time and money,\nto attend these institutes. The State should provide for this work. At present no appropriation is made for carrying on the institutes, but we hope the present legislature will remedy\nthis failure.\"\nMr. J. R. Anderson, one of the Vice-Presidents of the Association, moved a special vote\nof thanks to President Bryan for his valuable exposition of the work of the experiment\nstations, and he added :\u2014\" I have been greatly surprised to learn that this great rich State\nmakes no appropriation in aid of this most important work. It is a matter that concerns\nevery farmer in the State. Across the border we are younger and not nearly so rich, but the\nFarmers' Institutes are carried on by a staff of competent and practical scientists, paid by the\nGovernment, and we are all convinced that no outlay the Government makes is better spent.\"\nMr. C. L. Whitney, of Walla Walla, gave the last paper of the session, on \"The Apple\nTree.\" He concluded by saying that the motto of all fruit-growers should be \"Watch and\nSpray.\"\nThe committee on resolutions then reported, thanking the citizens of Spokane for their\ncourtesy; asking the transportation companies to give more liberal rates to members of the\nNorth-West Fruit-Growers' Association attending conventions; recommending legislation\nregarding fruit packing and marking ; thanking the professors for their attendance, and other\nmatters.    The report was adopted unanimously.\nThe Chairman called upon several representatives of the railway companies present,\nwho made short addresses, after which the meeting adjourned sine die.\nMr. Anderson was urged by several that he should propose Victoria as the next place of\nmeeting, but he declared the time was not ripe for such a move, and it was better to leave\nthat question for a year or two. He desired to acknowledge the courtesy of the O. R. & N.\nCo. in according him free transportation and travelling facilities which added greatly to his\ncomfort and pleasure. Col. Judson, industrial agent of the O. R. & N. Co., wishes Mr. Anderson to come in May, when a delegation of Germans, under the auspices of the Government, are\ncoming to Oregon and Washington, so as to show them something of British Columbia as well.\nIn view of the importance of the subjects, I give the following addresses made at the\nmeeting in extenso :\u2014\nThe Proper Way to Pack Fruit.\nBy J. W. Olwell, Esq., of Central Point, Oregon.\nMr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen,\u2014I am not much of a speech-maker, but I would be\npleased to try and answer any questions in regard to packing for different markets, and so on.\n(Illustrating.) This is what is commonly called the four-tier. In packing a four-tier never\nget the apples above the ends. That is where the great pressure comes. If your apples are\nhigher, that is any great amount of them, so that the paper does not take up the vacancy, they\nare liable to bruise, and when they are three or five weeks in transit going to Europe and New York, and then taken into cold storage and taken out in say 90 days, they are taken out in\nbad condition. If the receiver should reject the fruit the shipper is sadly disappointed. You\nsee on the side of this box, or in the centre, there is a heavy swell. That ordinarily is put on\nfor several different reasons. One of the great reasons is that when you put a swell on the\nbox similar to that, in transit or in cold storage, after it has been .packed a certain length of\ntime, there is always more or less shrinkage which takes place and causes the fruit to get\nsmaller. If you have a flat box, when you put your lids on your fruit is tight. Probably\nafter being in transit a certain length of time the shrinkage takes place and you can take hold\nof the box and rattle it. You will notice this much more if you inspect a box after it has\nreached the English market. Another point in question is you get a much smaller apple in\nthe box. When the fruit goes into the market the ordinary eye looking at it, the minute he\nlets his eye rest on the box he says to himself, \"That is a full box, I want it.\" It looks like\ngood measure, good weight. There are several other minor reasons for putting it on which do\nnot amount to very much. Such is the case in packing all grades of apples for foreign shipment, as far as I know. Of course one market will require a certain kind of a packing and\nanother one may call for altogether a different kind. Now, as a rule, take it in St. Paul, I\nthink the market calls for an unwrapped apple. This is pretty much the only market in the\nUnited States that calls for that class of an apple. I do not know why it is, but probably it\nis a fancy thev cultivated. Ordinarily, one may wrap fruit and never have any complaint\ncome back because of that. In fact if your fruit is good fruit and put up properly if there is\nno slump on the market they will never complain of that, if you have sent the goods which\nyou sold him. Now there are other packs, but we, as a rule, only pack three different packs.\nWe pack the four-tier, the four and a half, which is the pack the next size smaller to the four,\nand the three and a half, which is the size larger than this. The five-tier we have excluded\naltogether. We only send it to the vinegar factory, outside of the winesap. That is ordinarily\na small apple. It will sell to good advantage if highly coloured. Outside of that variety we\ndo not pack any in the five-tier line.\nThe three and a half tier was originated three years ago, and it was a long-felt want for\nthe box that we use in our country. That is the standard California box, similar to this one,\nwhich is commonly called the 10x11x22. The great fault found against the box is they cannot\nget the fruit into it. I am now drifting from my subject on to boxes. The packing was the\nreason, I think, that they discarded the box. There was a large-sized apple they could not\nget into the California box to advantage. But, with the three and a half packing in the lOx\n11x22 box, outside of the real three-tier, there is no apple but will go into it and pack snug\nand nicely. If you have any questions that you would like to ask I would be pleased to\nanswer them.\nChairman E. L. Smith : I would like to know how you pack a box of three-tier ajiples.\nMr. Olwell: I will put up a box of the three, the three and a half and the four after noon.\nI am talking only of the Washington box here, and to show you it probably would require\nsome time to do it. I will do it during the noon hour. I will put up a half a box probably\nand show you the construction of the whole box.\nWhen we pack for export we put a piece of blue cardboard similar to the package which\nI brought down with me, between each layer of apples clear through. One on the top, under\nthe lids and one on the bottom. The cardboard takes up all evaporation or moisture. If one\napple decays the one below is not affected in the least. Many times there will be a defective\napple get in which will decay before it is out two weeks. With the cardboard in there between\neach layer it absorbs the greater portion of the moisture and causes it to dry up instead of\ndecaying the other apples that are next to it. The cardboard on the top of the box is principally put on there to keep the creases out of the fruit. Now there are very few lids that are\ndressed. They are cut with a fine saw and they are full of fine creases. When you press\nthem on to a box the top layer from the pressure will be all corrugated or full of creases from\nthe roughness of the wood. With the aid of the cardboard on top, between the lid and the\napple, the apple may have a small pressed place on it, but it always comes out perfectly smooth.\nChairman E. L. Smith :    About how many boxes have Olwel Bros, packed this year ?\nMr. Olwell : In the neighbourhood of some 48 cars of our own growing and some 35 cars\nshipped that were purchased on the outside, making a total of some 49,800 boxes. We shipped\nNewtowns and Spitzenbergs to New York and a couple of cars to New Orleans and other\nlocalities. 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 169\nChairman E. L. Smith :    Do you ship direct to London or through an intermediate party 1\nMr. Olwell : Ordinarily we ship direct. We have a party in New York who looks out\nfor engaging space in ship, etc.\nA Voice :    How is the swell obtained 1\nMr. Olwell : By the graduation of the apples in size. You see I have flatted that apple\nThere are very few apples but are thinner flat ways than they are lengthwise or cross ways.\nYou take a Bellflower apple and I believe you would have to put it the other way. As you\nget towards the centre you use a little larger apple. As you go towards the end you increase.\nThat is where the art in packing apples lies. Every layer is laid the same way. You take a\nnervous, quick, fidgety girl, and if she has a good eye she will put up, the second season, 60 to\n70 boxes a day, and every box will be perfect. There would not be a bit of dead space\nbetween any apples or at the end of any apple. Every apple is snug there and there is no\ndead space. I don't put in three and jamb in a little one, and I don't put in three large ones\nand then leave the space. Every row comes accurately to the end of the box. (Illustrating.)\nI have that rough. That comes from not having practiced. We have a floor-walker over each\nfour girls and he walks by them and watches the whole construction of the box. That girl\nhas a reputation at stake, as well as ours, as she puts her private number on the box, and\nwhen that box goes to Europe, or New York, or wherever it goes, should it come back we\nrefer to the number on our box and we know who put up the apples and the girl suffers the\nconsequences.\nMany people do not realise the damage just one apple may do. When you export to\nEurope at a cost in the neighbourhood of $1.07 per box, that is the railroad tariff, steamer\nspace, marine insurance and commission, when that box goes on to the market, the apples are\npoured out in baskets ; the papers are all taken off and each basket of fruit is apart. They\nlook at it and inspect it very closely, and they make up their minds what they can pay for it.\nThey say we can pay so much, and when tbose apples are sold they bid a certain amount on\nthem. They know the fruit and have examined it. If they have never been deceived in the\nbrand or in the grade of fruits in any way, the brand is the guarantee when they once know\nthe man. Supposing there were one or two imperfect apples found in that basket. They are\npaying a big price on the other side for that fruit. When we take the risk ourselves and tie\nall that freight in it we have got to have a good profit or we will not take the risk. That fruit\nis costing them a good deal of money, compared with what the fruit is worth in this country.\nIf they see an imperfect apple or two they get afraid of it and they get suspicious, and they\nmark it according to what they can pay for it. Just a few imperfect apples may cost a man\n$300 or $400 on one shipment. We impress that upon the girls and we do not have any\ntrouble at all. Of course we do not consider a girl is a good packer until she has packed the\nsecond season with an instructor over her all the time.\nOne may look at this and say it looks easy. Some time get a box and attempt it\n(Laughter.) Probably after you got through a critic would come along and pick it all to\npieces.\nYou take the Ben Davis apple, it is a different form from the Newtown. You take the\nothers, and they are all different in shape. Consequently, they must be placed in the box\ndifferently so as to come up to the right height on the ends. Ordinarily in packing our boxes\nwe have a round this way as well as this way, so you grade them both ways. It takes quite\na while to put up the first couple of boxes. After you have done these you go right along.\nWe have girls in our packing house that will put up a box of fruit just like a machine. In\nthat wrap shown (wrapping apple in paper) there is more than one would think for the reason\nthat it is made in two moves and every crease is turned over. The cushion comes over the\nstem of the apple so that it will not puncture the next apple to it. It is very simple, there\nare just two moves, and yet you might try on that a whole week and think you have got it,\nbut you have not, as a rule. As a rule the only way to get a girl to catch it is to take an\napple in her hands and put her hands through the movement until she gets it. When it is\ndone rightly and neatly there would not be a wrinkle in the paper.\nWhen the apples run too large for the four-tier they are just right for the three and a\nhalf; and when they run too small for the four-tier they are just right for the four and a half.\nThat is, I am speaking for this box. I have never had any experience with the box you use.\nIt may be a good box ; I have nothing to say in regard to it whatever. As we use this box I\nhated to tackle the other for the reason that there are many things to be learned about boxes. A 170 Report on Agriculture, 1903\nA Voice : How do you keep tab on the girls who pack the fruit 1\nMr. Olwell: Supposing they are along here in a row. They7 have one long bench. The\nfirst girl is number one. She puts her number on every box. So on, all the way through.\nWhen that box is done, it does not matter where it is, if it shows up imperfect in any manner\nand they forward that number on the corner of the box back to us we know just exactly who\npacked it.\nA Voice : Where does that complaint come from 1\nMr. Olwell : From the shop keeper in England. Many times we have had complaint.\n\"We guarantee every box that goes out.    The number is sent back by the buyer or consumer.\nA Voice :    What does he know about that number 1\nMr. Olwell: The fruit handlers have an established rule, through California and other\nplaces south of here. This rule was established years ago; to put a number on the box. The\npeople who handle the fruit watch the matter very closely, as they have lots of money involved\nin it.    There is not much about it but what they know.\nOn the lining of the box; there is a fold on that paper which you cannot see. The fold\nis doubled under on the bottom side here. It is two sheets of paper. The fold lays right\nalong the edge of the box on either side. When the lid is put on the swell is divided between\nthe top and bottom. Consequently, if there was not a fold in the paper to let out the swell,\nit would tear it to pieces. We take two sheets of paper, fold them over like this (illustrating),\nand we just turn down the fold like that. When the swell is shoved through it allows the\npaper to go through without injuring the paper.    That fold allows for it.\nA Voice : When you fold it over the top, what about that?\nMr. Olwell : When the lids go on there is more pressure there and it cannot tear through.\nEach packer lines his own box. He places the apples from one box to another. We have\nmen who wait on the packers. All the girl does is to stay at her booth, and she says \"Apples,\nplease,\" and there is a box of apples sent up to her. When finished she has them taken away.\nWhen the time comes for packing we put on a gang of sorters. They sort all sizes at the same\ntime. They have a four-tier box and a four and a half tier box. If they are running on large\nfruit they will run the three and a half and the four-tier box. They also have a cull-box.\nAny apple with a blemish on it goes into the cull-box. When a girl asks for apples they are\nsent up in that box to her. She packs one box into the other. They are always sorted and\nshe sorts them too. If there is anything which escapes the first sorting she probably catches\nin the second.\nA sample apple box, such as is used by Messrs. Olwell Bros., accompanied by the\nwrapper and lining papers, nails, etc., supplied by Mr. Olwell, is on view at the Department\nof Agriculture, and all those interested in the question of fruit-packing are invited to inspect\nit. The box question, including the minutest details, papers used, nails, etc., have been\nstudied closely by Messrs. Olwell Bros., and all details are worth studying, considering that\nthey have been adopted after long experience with a view to efficiency and economy. The\nmodus operandi of wrapping and details of that description can only be acquired by practice,\nafter lessons and practical demonstrations. I, therefore, refrain from attempting to give any\ndescription of the methods employed.\nThe importance of proper packing is set forth in the following excerpt from a letter to\nthe DeputyT Minister of Agriculture from the Agent-General in London :\u2014\n\" The poorest things I see here are the apples. It is remarkable that the best looking\nones are Californian\u2014those you see in the swell shops. They are perfect in appearance and\nsell from 2d. to 4d. each. They are, to my mind, very poor and tasteless, but owing to perfect\npacking look so beautiful that they sell well. The Canadian apples are really better, but look\nmiserable beside the Californian, being bruised and dull looking, owing to bad packing. The\nonly kind I see in any quantity are Russet and Newtown Pippins. There is a great demand\nfor apples of any kind.\" 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 171\nAustralia as a Market for Fruit.\nMr. E. Hutcherson, formerly of this Province, now of Claremont, West Australia, writes\nas follows :\u2014\n\" From the tone of the press as well as the feeling of the people, there is no doubt that\nAustralia is going to make an effort to increase her trade with Canada, and more especially\nher fruit trade. And at the same time I would call your attention to the fact that there is a\ngood opening here for some of the Upper Country apples of British Columbia to reach here in\nOctober, November and December, and even as late as January. Of course, I can only speak\npersonally of last season. During those months good sound apples were worth twenty shillings\nper 50-Ib. case; and even now, at this early date, imported Tasmanians are selling at fifteen\nshillings, while good locals, good in colour and well packed, at auction go as high as seventeen\nshillings. I certainly would advise some of your best shippers to make a trial shipment here\nthis winter. On account of the position I hold here, it would be impossible for me to have\nanything to do with them, more than I would be able to know what they brought and the\ncharges. There are several good reliable firms here, and if you were to make shipments of say\n50 cases each per month, would give them a good trial. It would be necessary to get a\nthrough rate to Freemantle, as the Canadian-Australian steamers only come as far as Sydney.\nIt is hardly necessary for me to say that only good apples may be sent and of good shipping\nquality, in good strong cases, the apples wrapped in light papers and the cases bound with\nlight hoop iron or wire.\" A 172 Report on Agriculture, 1903\nFUNGOUS    DISEASES.\nPlum   Rot (Monilia fructigena).\nIn spite of the remedies prescribed, plum rot is still very prevalent on the Lower Mainland. Persistent use of the recommended remedies and the cultivation of resistant varieties,\nor those varieties least liable to infection, seem to be the only solution of the difficulty.\nUnfortunately, owners of orchards do not, as a rule, follow out recommendations in any way\napproaching the prescribed manner, and to them, therefore, may be ascribed, to a great extent,\nthe prevalence of this insidious disease. A Committee of the Board of Horticulture, consisting\nof Messrs. Cunningham and Palmer, appointed to investigate and report on the question,\nrecommended as follows :\u2014\n\" In dealing with this disease, it will be easily seen that the most successful treatment\nwill necessarily be of a preventive nature. It is usually first noticed in the season on cherries,\nespecially on soft varieties which burst their skins after a rainstorm, such as the Governor\nWood, and, undoubtedly, infected fruits which are left to dry upon these trees are a fertile source\nof infection to plums, later in the season. Great care should be taken to gather and burn\nthese, and also the first infected mouldy fruit noticed on plum trees. In orchards which have\nbeen infected this season, the first thing to be done is to pick off, as soon as possible in the\nfall, all dried up or mummied fruit which may have been left on the trees, then with a fine-\ntoothed garden rake, gather together all fruit that may have fallen on the ground, together\nwith fallen leaves and trash, and burn up all these sources of infection; after which the trees\nshould be thoroughly sprayed with Bordeaux mixture of double strength, viz. : 8 pounds\nsulphate of copper, 8 pounds lime, and 50 gallons of water; the ground beneath the trees\nshould also be well sprayed with the mixture. This should be followed by a thorough spraying\nwith No. 1 mixture (lime, salt and sulphur spray), during the dormant season, both of the\ntrees and of the ground beneath them.\n\" In the spring, the spraying of the trees with Bordeaux mixture of the ordinary strength\nshould be commenced as soon as growth starts, and at. least two sprayings given after the\nblossoms have fallen.\n\" If there is reason to expect an attack of the disease after the fruit has attained its size\nand before ripening, Spray No. 10\u2014the carbonate of copper spray\u2014should be carefully used,\nas at this stage the fruit is particularly liable to be infected. Cherry trees should be carefully\nsprayed with double strength Bordeaux mixture, as recommended for plum trees, while the\ntrees are dormant, and in the spring the trees should be sprayed with Bordeaux mixture of\nordinary strength when growth commences, and again after the fruit has formed.\n\"In Oregon it is stated by Professor Cordley 'that now the disease is well established,\nany prune or cherry grower who fails to employ preventive measures against brown rot\ndeliberately takes the chance of losing a large proportion of his crop, even though such loss\nmay occur every year'; and this statement applies with the same force in Lower British\nColumbia.\"\nSubsequently the Committee made a further report, from which the following excerpts are\nmade :\u2014\n\" That, with two or three notable exceptions, hardly any spraying on the lines set forth\nin the previous report had been done in the orchards visited, owing partly to unfavourable\nweather for spraying operations when the work should have been done, but largely to the\nindifference of orchard owners, who, recognising that the prevalence of plum rot is governed\nto an extent by the character of the season, took chances.\n\" A great deal of the loss which has occurred must be credited to the large number of\ntrees planted of unsuitable varieties, both as regards marketing and habit of fruit-bearing.\nWe find a great difference in the resisting power of the different kinds of plums and prunes to\nthe  attacks of  the  'brown rot' fungus.     For instance, in many orchards, we found the 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 173\nGerman prune tree free from the rot where other varieties suffered severely. Other varieties\npartially exempt were the Italian prune, Imperial Gage, and Reine Claude ; while the Peach\nplum, Bradshaw, Yellow Egg and Pond's Seedling were always badly affected, and, unfortunately, have been planted in quantities. At the Dominion Experimental Farm, Agassiz,\nMr. Thomas A. Sharpe, the Superintendent, reported the following varieties as least subject\nto the attacks of 'brown rot,' viz. : Clyman, Goliath, Blue Apricot of Berlin, Mallard, Sultan,\nBlack Diamond, Monarch, Grand Duke, Giant Prune, and Anna Spathe. It may be stated\nthat these are varieties of merit and should be tested generally7.\n\" So far as spraying is concerned, your Committee have nothing to add to the recommendations made in their previous report. We would, however, urge tbe necessity of careful\nsystematic pruning and thinning of the tops of bearing trees, with the view of having all\nparts of the trees open to the action of the air, sunshine and spraying mixtures. Further, in\nall cases after gathering and burning loose trash, leaves and decayed fruit, the land on which\nplum trees are growing should be ploughed or spaded in late fall as deeply as may be, without\ndestroying large roots, and constant clean surface cultivation maintained throughout the\ngrowing season. In doing this work care should be taken not to bring to the surface again\nthe trash or rubbish previous^ ploughed or spaded under, and which may contain spores of\n' brown rot.'\"\nSpray No.  10.\u2014Ammoniacal Copper Carbonate.\nThis will not be used so freely as the Bordeaux mixture, on account of its greater cost\nand the increased labour of preparing it; but for spraying late in the season, when there is\nrisk of staining the fruit with Bordeaux mixture, it is the most useful agent that has yet\nbeen tried :\u2014\nCopper Carbonate ,     5 ounces.\nAmmonia      2 quarts.\nWater    50 gallons.\nDissolve the copper carbonate in the ammonia and dilute with water to 50 gallons. The concentrated solution should be poured into the water. Keep the ammonia in glass or stone jar,\ntightly corked.\nHome Manufacture of Copper Carbonate.\nAs the precipitated form of copper is not always obtainable, the following directions are\ngiven for its preparation :\u2014\nIn a vessel capable of holding two or three gallons, dissolve 11 pounds of copper sulphate\nin 4 pints of hot water. In another vessel dissolve 1J pounds sal soda (washing soda) in 4\npints hot water. When both are dissolved, pour the second solution into the first and stir\nbriskly. When effervescence ceases, fill the vessel with water and stir thoroughly. Allow\nthis to stand five or six hours, when a precipitate or sediment will have formed at the bottom.\nNow pour off the clear liquid without disturbing this sediment; fill up the vessels again with\nwater and stir as before, then allow this to stand until the sediment has again settled, and\nthen pour off the clear liquid carefully as before; the residue or sediment is carbonate of\ncopper, and from the quantities given there should be formed 12 ounces weight. Instead of\ndrying this (which is a slow process), add to it 4 quarts strong ammonia, stirring well, and\nthen add water to bring the whole quantity up to six quarts. This may be kept in an ordinary\nstone jar, but should be closely corked.\nEach quart will contain two ounces carbonate of copper, which when added to 20 gallons\nwater, will furnish a solution ready for spraying, of the same strength and character as that\nobtained by the use of the dried carbonate of copper.\nCaution.\u2014Most of the copper compounds corrode tin and iron. Consequently, in preparing them for use, earthen, wooden, or brass vessels should be employed ; and in applying\nthem the parts of a pump which come in contact with the liquid should be made of brass.\nBlack Spot on Bark of Apple Trees, or Apple Anthraenose,\nAlluded to further by Prof. Henderson as \"bark canker of the apple,\" one of the worst\nenemies of the orchardist in this Province. It seems to be prevalent everywhere in the Lower\nCountry and the Islands, climatic conditions seemingly having little or no influence on it.    It A 174 Report on Agriculture, 1903\nseems, however, to attack some varieties of apple more than others, and it would, therefore,\nnaturally be supposed that the attention of growers should be directed to the discovery of\nresistant varieties, if such there be. No remedy has as yet been recommended as practically\ninfallible, so that anything which is advised should be tried. Mr. Palmer, at a meeting of the\nBoard of Horticulture, made the following announcement, viz. :\u2014\nThat a mixture of skim milk and lime, thickened to the consistency of cream and applied\nas a paint to the trunks and limbs of trees in September has been found to be an efficient\nprotection against black spot of the bark to all portions covered by the mixture.\nBlack Scab of Apples and Pears (F-usicladium, dendriticum).\nIs another fungous disease very prevalent in most sections of the Lower Country and\nIslands, especially on the Lower Fraser. Spraying and the planting of resistant varieties, as\nin the case of plum rot, are recommended, but here also a woeful neglect of the prescribed\nremedies is apparent. The same Committee appointed to investigate plum rot made the following report on this disease :\u2014\n\" In addition to the observations made in regard to plum trees and the ' plum rot fungus,'\nadvantage was taken of the opportunity' to investigate also the condition of apple trees and\nfruit in regard to fungous diseases, as throughout the Fraser Valley both had suffered severely\non this account, chiefly with the well-known black spot or scab of the fruit (Fusicladium\ndendriticum).\n\" As with the plum orchards, here again we found very little spraying had been done, and\nmuch of the loss may be attributed to neglect in this respect. A few varieties of apples and\npears are exempt, or partially so, from fungous diseases. Given in the order of ripening, these\nare : Apples\u2014Yellow Transparent, Duchess of Oldenburg, Wealthy, Blenheim Orange, Ribston\nPippin, Lemon Pippin, and Salome. In pears, Beurre Boussock and Clairgeau are resistant to\nfungus attacks. Amongst these, the Blenheim Orange apple ranked easily first both in foliage\nand quality of fruit at the time of inspection, even under very adverse conditions. All the\nabove-mentioned apples and pears have the advantage of being good commercial varieties.\n\" In conclusion, after careful consideration of the entire question, both as regards plum\nand apple orchards, for commercial purposes, where the question of cost of production is of\nprimary importance, we are of opinion that there should be a radical change in the varieties\ngrown, and therefore beg to recommend that all existing orchard trees of varieties known to\nbe subject to fungous diseases should be top-grafted to the more resistant kinds as quickly as\ncircumstances will permit, and that all future plantings, for commercial purposes, at least,\nshould be governed by the same principle.\"\nGooseberry  Mildew (Sphcerotheca mors-uvae).\nThis disease is so common throughout the Province, especially on the best English\nvarieties, that the cultivation of this fine fruit is all but neglected, so that any recommendation\ncalculated to remedy this evil is eagerly sought after by the cultivators of the gooseberry.\nThe following, taken from \" American Gardening\" of April, 1903, may prove of benefit:\u2014\n\" The mildew disease of gooseberries acts as a deterrent to the more general cultivation\nof this bush fruit, yet by attention to spraying the fungus can be controlled. The New York\nAgricultural Experiment Station has made research into the matter and recommends potassium\nsulphide solution. Almost without exception, potassium sulphide, in the stronger solution\nused, 1 oz. to 2 gallons water, protected the fruit best. Considering all treatments with each\nsolution, whether applied early or late, this stronger sulphide solution reduced the percentage\nof mildewed fruit to 18.3 per cent. ; a weaker solution, 1 oz. to 3 gals., to 33.4 percent.;\nlysol, 1 oz. to 1 gal. water, to 35.1 per cent.; formalin, 1 oz. to 1 gal., to 46.2 per cent. ;\nBordeaux mixture to 50.9 per cent. ; while the check bushes showed 63.5 per cent, of spotted\nfruit. 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 175\nFive Rules for Spraying.\n(From \" Ranch,\" Seattle.)\n1. See to it that the best unslaked lime is used in preparing Bordeaux mixture; always\nuse the mixture as soon as made, being sure to get in sufficient lime water, and prove it by\nthe ferro-cyanide test.\n2. Paris green is often adulterated by using material not poisonous ; see that it is composed of 75 per cent, arsenic by dissolving a sample in ammonia (98 degrees test). Ammonia\nwill dissolve the arsenic; the residue is useless for poison.\n3. The best kerosine oil is safest. Use rainwater in preparation of emulsions. Use\n\" potash soaps \" always.    Soak tobacco stems at least 24 hours before using in cold water.\nBefore using any preparation, try it on a small scale and permit a few hours' sunshine to\nsee that no injury is done the foliage, and that the ingredients are strong enough to \"kill and\nthus cure.\"\nPoisons should be used every time the Bordeaux mixture is, as they can be applied safely\nat the one cost of labour.\nThe formulas issued by the Department of Agriculture and by the experiment stations\nare reliable; but I wish to insist on the importance of what I have noted above, and also to\ncall special attention to the application of insecticides and fungicides.\nMany large manufacturing firms have provided excellent outfits. In buying a pump, be\nsure to get one of sufficient power to produce a fine spray. Good work can only be done when\nthe liquids are applied in the form of a mist. A toilet atomiser would be, if large enough, an\nideal spraying apparatus.\nSpraying should be done on a mild day, and never against the wind. Hold the nozzles\nso as to moisten both the upper and under surface of the leaves, all of the branches and the\ntrunks to the ground.\nI have observed that few who are in the habit of spraying are particular to soak\nthoroughly the larger branches and trunks of the trees.\nIn short, let me give the following five rules for spraying :\u2014\n1. Use material known to be best.\n2. Keep the pump and nozzles in perfect order.\n3. Spray thoroughly or not at all.\n4. Know why you spray, and do it in season.\n5. Do not condemn spraying unless you have done your best and failed. A 176 Report on Agriculture, 1903\nINSECT    PESTS.\nInjurious insects have not been excessively numerous during the last year. Grasshoppers\nwere reported early in the year from points in the Upper Country, where in some instances\nconsiderable injury was done. The asilid fly\u2014a specimen of which I sent Dr. Fletcher, and\nwhich he called Scleropogon helvius\u2014was reported to have done good work near Vernon as an\nenemy of the grasshoppers.\nCutworms were conspicuous by their absence; not a single specimen of Peridroma saucia\ncame under my personal notice. Other species were reported, but in no case in alarming\nnumbers.\nLeaf hoppers were again very much in evidence on the large-leaved maple and alder,\nespecially in the vicinity of Nanaimo and northward. In some places about Cameron Lake\nthe alders looked as if they could never recover, so badly affected were they.\nAphides of various kinds were much in evidence. On Swedish turnips and cabbages they\nwere very bad in places, so much so that the production of that variety of turnip has almost\nbeen abandoned where the aphis was particularly bad. Plums were generally badly affected\nwhen spraying was neglected, and the same might be said of apples. Hops were not so much\naffected as during the last few years.\nRed spider (Tetranyclms telarius) caused great loss in some hop gardens, especially if\nsplit poles are used. I have strongly condemned the use of these poles, on account of the\nharbour afforded the insects under the loose bark and splinters, and have recommended the\nuse of wire instead. Some maples (Acer glabrum) in cultivation were badly affected, as were\nEuropean mountain ash growing in proximity.\nCabbage butterfly (Pieris rapw) seems to have spread all over the Province, and has become\na veritable plague to crucifers and mignonette. I have recommended in all cases the remedy\nof Paris green and flour dusted over the plants.\nPear and cherry slug (Selandria cerasi) has been very bad, especially on cherry trees.\nThis insect seems to thrive equally well in wet and dry climates. Cherries at Lillooet and\nother portions of the dry belt, I noticed during a recent visit, had all the tissue of their leaves\nconsumed.    This was also the case in other parts.\nThe larva of the ten-lined June bug (Polyphylla decemlineata) was reported by Mr.\nBurchell, of Thetis Island, as doing great injury to potatoes and other root crops, as well as\nto roots of other plants and shrubs. This insect has been a pest in the vicinity of Victoria\nfor several years past. It is a difficult one to contend with, and all I could recommend was\ndigging and turning in pigs and domestic fowls. The despised crow here comes in for a little\npraiseworthy work.\nOyster shell bark louse (Mytilaspis pomorum) is very prevalent, and has been reported\nfrom all parts in neglected orchards.\nWoolly aphis (Schizoneura lanigera) seems in a great measure to have disappeared ; from\nwhat cause I cannot say; possibly predaceous insect enemies.\nCaterpillars (Glisiocampa Americana) were not as bad as usual. The fall webworm\n(Hyphantria textor) was prevalent about Chilliwhack and in portions of the Upper Country.\nEllopia somniaria was not so bad as usual on the oak trees hereabouts, but bad at Saanich.\nThe peach and plum tree borer (JEgeria exitiosa) has been discovered in large numbers in\nnursery stock from Ontario and the adjoining States, and large numbers of peach and plum\ntrees have in consequence been destroyed by direction of the Board of Horticulture.\nGrasshoppers.\nRemedies.\nMr. Leonard Norris, Government Agent, Vernon, writing under date of August llth,\nsays :\u2014\"I am sending you to-day, under separate cover, for identification, a specimen of an\ninsect secured by Mr. S. A. Muir in Vernon a day or two ago, which may be of value as an\nexterminator of grasshoppers.\" ^\"SffluM   l^yVW\"      JTH^'OH\n!VMQ| '.    -   -ftfc^\nRS\n. -.   ft;-:.1^**?^^^^!\n**vl   HfcX isTF^ ' j=3Sb^S\n\"    -*    Bi \u25a0**\n* $\u00a3* mm~**$\n!>\"<\nsf.\n* - \u2022 ;,'      V   *\nHSw '\n> ^.Wft\n\u25a0 \" ir^s\"' \"|\n^Us\nj&\nM^H\n%^-^Jiv. ?\nJ^sf \" \"^-\n5 ''\"J       \u2022 -\n'   -\u25a0   '.'\"           ,'f.^r\".             H\nre?' ' &&*\n*fy\nI...'\n'\"\u25a0\"'-T'v       \u25a0^Siaisl\nfc    :*-vV.'3|\n*>*\nf^sSSE?** &\u2022\" - -fiw-'AfHW\n7ff^-Htf-i .\u25a0      SjR \"'\/!\u2022\n\u25a0 &'\u25a0\u25a0'\u25a0\u25a0!   '    \u25a0:'.''\"\",' \u2022'<:\nir*  * t .-7.*,.. .r*f.?\n'   J\n;'.- ';:'T-  : - . JJ -i-   l3^'.    '\u2022-\u25a0\u25a0*'\n';$\n-.if\" \u00ab-\n~*   , i V            ^\nr.dm^\n'tf.\nEfOfc\n.jjjsHWr 5 j? \\-j, J\n'Mot'                  -^^WS^,ftfiHKw\n\u2014--     %Jllis3l\n..-. 1- ^k\nBP\ntirk\n%\n\u25a0\u25a0>':     \"-:-\u25a0 ;i.-.-.-'^:\u201e\"-'--3?'\"\nIVlkX^\n.\">'!\u25a0 **\n\u00bb\u00abx                                   9^^h\n^., .Qfgg?^\n-,^ \u25a0.\n^S^'A-\n\"Tt.-^.\n^.\n',     \u201e  \u25a0 \u2022..*    ' vj  \u25a0     \"       \u25a0  f-,- *i~              -[ii\n'^ft^^t-\nr> \u00ab*\u00ab\u00a3\u2022\u25a0                           T^\n\u25a0nniw^^^^\ns.       -1 ;\njA    *                                                   JiM I\n^..^.Bfcf;,;^*-., .,-\n'\u00bb--\u25a0' *\u2022  ':- .       _        .\n2flER'\nit *     m^\n-^    '\n.\nwH          *^\"\nXvali\n\u25a0Saw\n<'; \u2022\n^wS\nW\n0t-K      \u25a0\n,;.    -. >s \u25a0-    .\".   .\n\u2022^jm\n.\"\"-\u2022*^'\n'--' -'.V\/'-'-l\n\u25a0'jjifga\n- -   MflSc^***^   \"^b^-\" -\n\"'\u2022>'\"\n- -^-    ;\nI  -\u25a0\n- H3*?-^v\n:\"-..\/.      .... ;r..      .\"\n' ,1\nV\njjjti.-. .\u25a0rjF^^Jt^^'* a^ft\nbjSS\n- ;.'-\"':r'?-^ 'i'a\nVr IWn^f ^fec^^cr^? \u25a0\"\u25a0\nwftskjjfy\n\u25a0\"'.><     -.*\n*T\/^r  .\u00ab.\n, \/-m\n-  :  x\n: T^! :\n, '.\" \u25a0 ~< .' -      '\nJESmm* ^n^ aHtVv* \u25a0 '\u25a0*\u25a0\n\u00bb  '^Shir*Ti\nw \u2022'\"-        '\n\u25a0 \u25a0*\u00bb#\u2022&?\u00ab   '*^^B^*^\n^*.    ^Mi --*\u25a0\njS?\u00ae!?5\"4'-^ \u2022 i- <!7-%WBP v-v-\nn   '   - s\n' ''    $1 'jJr '\u25a0'\nW^-Wll \"M^wHSW\njpf^a              'g.J^*\n'    .Pi\"' J      ..        \u25a0\"\u25a0-'\n.:--;'.-\n^^HTVa   ^\nK^^K\n' . \u25a0 \u2022\u25a0  ;\u2022 j\"...-\"j '\u25a0 .'! \u25a0\"\n\u2022 .     ..   .\nE^^B- Z'&M'%.,^&>\n,'\u00ab'  < -.: V* ' '.^St*\n1 fy^*\t\n-.-^-,'     '..;.\n'-       . )-  V'-^i\nHHHB^r,. \u25a0\n\u00ab -\/\u2022 >fi i' rf*\u00abLtf \u2022\"vjEH\n0\ntn\nQ\nK\n\u00ab!\n>< 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 177\nOn this being referred to Dr. Fletcher, he replied as follows :\u2014\n\" The large asilid fly mentioned as sent to you from Vernon for identification as a possible\nexterminator of grasshoppers is Scleropogon helvius. I have never actually seen this insect\nattacking grasshoppers, but have little, doubt that it would do so. It is not uncommon in the\nOkanagan Valley, and I have specimens captured while devouring various kinds of insects.\nThe popular name for these asilid flies is bee-killers, or robber flies.    All are predaceous.\"\nThe best remedy thus far recommended is known as \" The Criddle Mixture.\" It has been\ngiven no stint of praise by Dr. Fletcher. In regard to it he says : \" It has entirely replaced\nthe cumbersome and inadequate hopper-dozer.\" It is made up of the following:\u2014One part\nParis green, 2 parts salt, 75 to 100 parts horse manure, by measure. Add enough water to\nmake soft without being sloppy. Scatter it about the fields in quantity according to the\nnumber of grasshoppers. They will be attracted for 40 feet. It is most effective when fresh,\nbut will do excellent work when several weeks old, even after being washed by rain. In\ncertain instances cited by Dr. Fletcher, this remedy has been found very effective, and it is\nconsidered much cheaper on the whole than trying to fight them by using the hopper-dozer.\nOwing to its inexpensiveness,  it is certainly worthy of a trial where depredations are feared\nfrom these pests.\nCutworms.\nRemedies.\nDr. Fletcher recommends as follows :\u2014\n\"Large numbers may be destroyed by placing between the rows of an infested crop, or at\na short distance apart on infested land, bundles of any succulent weed or other vegetation\nwhich have been previously poisoned by dipping them into a strong mixture of Paris green\n(two ounces to a pailful of water). The cutworms eat the poisoned plants, then bury themselves and die. In hot, dry weatber these bundles should be placed out, after sundown, and a\nshingle may be laid on each to prevent fading. Thoroughly mix together in a dry state 50\npounds of bran and one pound of Paris green; then add water a little sweetened with sugar\nuntil the whole is thoroughly wet, but not sloppy. This mixture is extremely attractive to\ncut-worms, being preferred to plants in all the instances which have come under my notice.\nIt takes about ten pounds of this mixture to an acre of potatoes as ordinarily planted.\n\" I find that the best way to prepare this is to wet the bran with water slightly sweetened;\nthen dry this by mixing in more bran until the whole is apparently dry again, but, as a matter\nof fact, there will be sufficient imperceptible moisture to make the poison adhere. When the\nbran is perfectly dry, Paris green falls quickly to the bottom and is difficult to mix with the\nbran.\"\nThis mixture should be placed in little heaps between the rows of plants. Paris green\nbeing a deadly poison, care should be exercised to keep it out of the reach of children and\ndomestic animals.\nPotato   Beetle (Chrysomela elegans).\nReported from Chilliwhack by C. Hawthorn, as follows :\u2014\n\"I am sending you by to-day's mail something which looks to me like a potato bug; I\nfound them in my pit where I kept my potatoes last winter. Will you kindly oblige by\ntelling me what the insect is and what I had better do in the matter.\"\nTo which the following reply was made :\u2014\n\" This beetle, although resembling the Colorado potato beetle, is not the identical insect,\nbut belongs to the same family, viz., Chrysomelidce, and is called Chrysomela elegans. This is\na very large family, and all the members, I believe, are leaf or root-eating, so that the obvious\nremedy is poisoning, in the same manner that the Colorado beetle is poisoned, which is as\nfollows :\u2014Spraying or dusting with some kind of arsenic, such as London purple, Paris green,\nslug shot, etc. All of these take effect both upon the larvae and the beetles. London purple\nor Paris green may be dusted or sprayed on with a perforated can or a powder gun or spraying\nmachine.    If used as a powder, the poison may well be diluted with several times its bulk of A 178\nReport on Agriculture,\n1903\nplaster, finely sifted ashes or flour. In spraying, use six or seven ounces of London purple or\nParis green to fifty gallons of water. For this purpose London purple seems preferable, on\naccount of its cheapness and finely powdered condition. This application should be made as\nsoon as the beetles appear, in order to kill off the first brood, and it must be repeated as often\nduring the season as is necessary to keep the pests in check. It is better to use the arsenite\nand Bordeaux Mixture combination, thus preventing both beetles and blight. By many\ngrowers, handpicking of the beetles and eggs, especially early in the year, is resorted to, instead\nof the use of poisons. This method is effective if thoroughly carried out. This remedy, of\ncourse, applies to the plant when in leaf; if, however, they are in yrour potato pit, I should\nthink it would be an easy matter to collect most of them and destroy them. I suspect from\nthe appearance of your beetle that it is leaf-eating, so it would be well to watch your potatoes.\"\nGrain  Weevil  (Calandra granaria).\nReported by Mr. W. M. Robson, Mayne Island, and described by him as \" A bug in\nflour.\" The following reply was sent:\u2014\" The insect in your flour is the common grain weevil\n(Calandra granaria). Dr. Fletcher says flour cannot be fumigated with sulphur without\ninjury; therefore, sifting it through a very fine sieve is the best treatment.\n\" In grain they can easily be controlled by the use of bisulphide of carbon poured on the\ngrain in bins or other receptacles, covering with canvas or similar material to prevent the too\nrapid escape of the fumes, which gradually permeate the entire mass of grain, killing everything in it. However, if the flour attacked is only a small quantity, I would recommend you\nto destroy it, or scald it, and feed it to the fowls.\"\n\"Western Ten-Lined June Bug (Polyphylla decemlineata).\nThis insect has been repeatedly reported from different localities, and is such a pest that\nI deem it best to give the following remedies :\u2014\nSaunders says :\u2014\n\" It is very difficult to reach the larvae underground with any remedy other than digging\nfor them and destroying them. Hogs are very fond of them, and when turned into places\nwhere the grubs are abundant will root up the ground and devour them in immense\nquantities. They are likewise eaten by domestic fowls and insectivorous birds; crows,\nespecially, are so partial to them that they will often be seen following the plough, so as to\npick out these choice morsels from the freshly turned furrow.\n\" Trees infested with the beetles should be shaken early in the morning, when the insects\nwill fall and may be collected on sheets and killed by being thrown into scalding water.\nBesides the cherry and plum, these insects feed on the Lombardy poplar and the oaks. On\naccount of the time the larvae takes to mature, the beetles are not often abundant during two\nsuccessive seasons.\"\nTreat, another authority, says :\u2014\n\" As many insects are not injurious in their perfect form, the June Bug has not generally\nbeen regarded as harmful.    As it is a destructive feeder in its beetle state, it should be\ndestroyed, not only for the mischief it may do as a\nbeetle, but for the prevention of its progeny. Those\nthat enter the house should be caught and killed. In\neach locality the insect is usually more numerous than\nat other times once in three years. When the trees in\nwhich they harbour are discovered, large numbers may\nbe destroyed by placing sheets beneath the trees, and\nin early morning, when they are torpid, the beetles\nmay be shaken from the trees, gathered and destroyed.\nAs it is only in the perfect state that any effective war\ncan be waged against the white grub, every method\nshould be employed to kill as many beetles as possible.\nThat which promises to be most effective is to take\nadvantage of the fact that they are attracted by light 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 179\nand to set traps for them. A simple form is to place a lamp in a tub, made by sawing a barrel\nin half, in the bottom of which is a few inches of water. Several lanterns have been specially\ndevised which, by throwing a strong light, will attract the beetle. That shown in the illustration is a French design, modified by a distinguished American horticulturist. It consists\nof a square glass lantern, at each side of which is a flaring tin reflector. At the lower side of\neach reflector, near the glass, is a longitudinal opening. The lantern is set upon a cask or tub\nin which there is some water. The insects, attracted by the light, fly towards it. and striking\nthe glass, fall downwards through the opening into the water. This has been found very\neffective. It would be well, no doubt, to place upon the water a little kerosene, just a thin\nfilm, enough to cover each insect as it fell in.\nBlack Vine Beetle (Otiorhyncus sulcatus).\nReported by Mr. Cowley, Fort street, Victoria, as attacking roots of primroses. Dr.\nFletcher says :\u2014\n\" These larval are nearly full grown, and if kept in a close tin canister with some roots\nof primroses they will probably attain full growth before long and the weevils will emerge\nduring June, or with you perhaps a little earlier. I doubt whether lime would have\nvery much effect in preventing these grubs from injuring plants, but possibly kainit might do\nso. For primulas in greenhouses the best plan doubtless would be to shake out the earth and\nre-pot them, and with primulas in gardens possibly this might answer, as well also in the case\nof choice or specially desirable plants.\"\nThis pest is also very destructive to strawberry plants, and is injurious in both its larval\nand perfect stages. The only remedy which can be suggested for this beetle, as yet, is the\nplanting of strawberries in new ground and frequent renewal of the beds, the worst injuries\nbeing done to old plants.\nRose  Caterpillar (probably Caccecia rosaceana).\nReported as injuring rosebuds about Victoria. Remedies recommended :\u2014By the prompt\nuse of white hellebore the insect may be subdued with but little time and trouble and the crop\nsaved. Some papers speak of the use of hellebore, and it is necessary to specify white hellebore (Veratrum album), which is an entirely different drug from the black hellebore (Helleborus\nniger). The powdered root, as sold at the drug stores, is of a light greenish colour and excites\nviolent sneezing when taken into the nostrils; hence care should be observed in handling it.\nThe powder may be sprinkled upon the bushes by means of a tin sifter, but this is often\nattended by unpleasant sneezing, and is not so economical or effective as to apply it mixed\nwith water. Place a heaping teaspoonful of the powder in a bowl or other dish holding a\nquart or more ; gradually add boiling water, stirring to make sure that the powder is thoroughly\nwetted ; then add more water, stirring it until a quart more or less has been added. Turn\nthis mixture into a pailful of cold water; stir well and apply by the use of any garden syringe\nor hand-engine, or a watering pot may be used. The object should be to wet every leaf;\nhence, much force is not needed. In a few days, if any worms are found to have escaped, the\napplication should be repeated ; rarely more than two doses are necessary.\nPea  Weevil (Bruchus pisi.)\nMr. W. H. Lewis, of Central Park, reported as follows :\u2014\n\" I wish to call the attention of your Department to the fact that vegetable seeds are\nbeing sent to this Province infected with insect pests. Two years ago I got an invoice of seed\nfrom Toronto, and peas were alive with weevil and turnip seed with turnip fly. I wrote about\nit and the seed was replaced, but this spring I bought weevily peas from D. S. Curtis, of New\nWestminster, who sells seeds from Toronto. The weevils in the last case were dead and the\npeas were possibly fumigated before they were shipped here, but the peas with weevil holes\nbored in them were sold for seed. Weevily peas will germinate but make a poor growth, and\nshould not be sold for seed.    I have seen a great deal of weevil in California and regard it one A 180 Report on Agriculture, 1903\nof the worst pests of agriculture. I boldly make the claim that seeds of all kinds should be\nfumigated by the Government in much the same manner as is done by the Horticultural\nBoard.\"\nOn the matter being referred to the sellers of the seed, the following answer was received :\n\" We sincerely regret to hear the report you have received from a correspondent recently,\nand we assure you that our utmost is being done to prevent the spread of pea weevil or the\nsending out of peas that contain weevil. You have no idea of the enormous difficulties in the\nway of entirely overcoming the weevil. That the weevil is dead and that the peas are fumigated before leaving our establishment is true. Recently we have made special arrangements\nto so sort out our stocks of peas as to make it impossible for weevil-eaten peas to be sent out\nin future,  that is, as far as human oversight can make it so.\"\nThe ravages of this insect are but too well known to all Eastern men. Happily, it is not\nknown in the West, and, therefore, many are not acquainted with the insect and the enormous\ninjury it causes to peas. For that reason I would recommend that the greatest care be\nexercised in buying seed peas from the East, and if the least sign of holes in the peas appear\nthey should be promptly rejected. The sellers may say that the weevils are dead and that the\npeas will grow. That may be so, but weevily peas, as Mr. Lewis observes, make a very poor\ngrowth, even if they germinate.\nEugonia Californiea\nIs the name of a handsome butterfly, red, with black markings on the margin of the wings,\nwith a few black spots, the larvse of which was reported by Mr. Wm. J. Devitt, Provincial\nconstable at Trail, as doing great injury to some plants, as follows :\u2014\n\"I have the honour to report for your information that a vast army of caterpillars is\nmarching across the country, similar to the huge army seen near Dog Creek, W'alla Walla.\nThey are consuming buck brush and weeds at a great rate. No great damage yet done to\ncrops; they are forming into the butterfly rapidly, many in the chrysalis, and the air in Trail\nis literally darkened with them.\"\nTo which the following reply was sent:\u2014\n\" The butterflies you sent are called Eugonia Californiea, similar to the British tortoise\nbutterfly. I believe that it occasionally occurs in huge numbers, as you describe, but the\ninjury done is but slight, so I do not think the invasion alarming.\"\nRaspberry    Root-Borer   (Bembicia  marginata).\nFrom Observations by T. A. Le Page,  107, Moss Street, Victoria.\nIn June of the present year, noticing that all the leaves of some single raspberry canes\nhad suddenly turned brown and the fruit withered away, I suspected the presence of the raspberry root-borer, and started to investigate. On cutting the affected cane from its root, I\nfound the pith eaten for about six inches up the stem, and in the hollow thus formed I found\na large dark brown pupos; I cut more of the canes with the same result.\nI gave one or two of the grubs to Mr. J. R. Anderson, and a few days ago he showed me\nthe fly he has hatched from one of them, almost as large as a wasp, with very similar abdominal markings and very yellow legs, easy to recognise as it flys about, if you know it and are\nwatching for it; otherwise it would be easily mistaken for a wasp.\nAbout the middle of August, after having gathered a much reduced crop, I cut out all\nthe old canes, broke off the decayed stumps of previous year's canes, then with a small hand\nfork and trowel I scraped all the earth and dead leaves, etc., from the centre, and then away\nfrom all around the clump, leaving the roots standing out of the ground for about an inch\nquite bare. After gathering together the debris I burned it, and dosed the clumps well with\nair-slacked lime.\nThe first thing I noticed on starting to clean up was that several of the old stumps were\nhollow, the pith all gone; and moreover, on breaking them off, a round hole leading out at the\nbottom would be found ; then around some I noticed what looked to me like snuff; afterwards\nI found that wherever you see that snuff you will find a young cane of this year's growth will 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 181\nbreak away easily. Turn the stem up and you will find a hole in the centre, leading up in\nsome instances almost an inch already, and on opening the cane you will find a large white\ngrub, eating the pith and exuding this brown snuff, which betrays him to the investigator.\nI have come to the conclusion that the egg is laid in July, sometimes in the hollow of an\nold cane, or, if there is none convenient, right down between an old cane and a young one.\nAs soon as the egg hatches the larva commences to eat its way down into the root, then turns\nand bores up into the young succulent cane, where it remains all the fall, winter and spring,\nchanging during that time from the white grub into the dark brown pupse, the latter eating\nits way out of the cane about 4 or 5 inches from the ground, about the latter part of June or\nearly in July. On one of my last year's stems I found the shell of the chrysalis complete, left\nsticking half-way out of the hole, just as the insect left it for its first flight.\nIt seems to me this pest should be easily exterminated, for after having gone through the\nplantation in August as 1 have indicated, if any infected canes have been overlooked, their\ndrooping and withered appearance in the early part of the fruiting season will betray them,\nwhen they can be cut off, the stem opened, and the chrysalis secured. At the same time, as\nan extra precautionary measure, I intend next year to cut off all the young shoots from the\npresent clumps, and allowing others to grow beside them for the crop of the following year ;\nthen in the fall the old clumps can be taken bodily, roots and stems, and burnt at once. In\nthat way the plantation will be entirely renewed without any loss of time.\nOnion Maggot (Phorbia ceparum),\nHas been reported as doing great damage to the onion crops in the vicinity of Victoria.\nSpecimens of the maggot sent to the Department were bred and proved to be the true onion\nmaggot.    Weed says of it:\u2014\n\" The onion maggot is closely related to the cabbage maggot, to which it is similar in life\nand habits. The adult is a two-winged fly which deposits its small white eggs on the bulbs or\nlower leaves of the young plants. About a week later the eggs hatch into young larvse that bore\ninto the bulbs, absorbing the succulent substance. When one bulb is consumed they pass on\nto another. The full grown larvse are nearly half an inch long, of a dull white colour, and\npointed at the mouth or front end. They complete their larval growth in about two weeks\nand then leave the onions and enter the surrounding earth, where they change to the pupal\nstate within brown puparia.    A fortnight later the flies emerge to lay eggs for another brood.\"\nRemedies.\nProf. Cook states that the most practical method of preventing the injuries of this insect\nis to change the position of the onion bed every year, putting it each time at some distance\nfrom where it was the preceding year. Wherever the conditions are such that this can be\ndone, this is probably the best preventive measure. Miss Ormerod reports that in England if\nthe bulbs are kept covered with earth they are not attacked by the maggots. Mr. J. H.\nGregory says that the best remedy is a \"hen and chickens.\" Allowing a couple of broods to\nan acre, confine the hen in a small coop near the middle of the piece and give the chickens\nfree exit. They will soon learn to catch the fly while in the act of laying the egg which\nproduces the maggot. ANIMAL    AND    BIRD    PESTS.\nAmongst those which have been reported are wild horses, coyotes, wolves, panthers,\nbears, field voles, hawks, crows, blue jays.\nWild Horses.\nThis vexed question is as unsettled as ever, and there seems to be no diminution in the\nnumbers of these worse than worthless animals. The provisions of the \" Wild Horse Act,\" a\nsynopsis of which is given under \" Agricultural Legislation,\" has had no apparent effect in\nreducing their numbers, and it is evident that something of a much more drastic nature is\nrequired. Enquiries instituted by the Department elicited a number of replies from those\ninterested, the concensus of opinion being that the pest is intolerable, the provisions of the\npresent Act inadequate, and the measures required for the abatement of the nuisance to be of\na drastic character.\nThe Hon. C. F. Cornwall, Ashcroft, says :\u2014\n\" I think the matter, if taken in hand by the Government, will require determined and\ndrastic legislation, but the result would be to the general advantage of the whole of the people\nof the different districts concerned, although it might clash with the views and interests of a\nfew. I think it should first be enacted that everyone owning horses which usually or at any\ntime run on the public lands within the districts concerned should (say) during the months of\nMarch, April and May (or until the wild horse hunting operations for the year are concluded),\nhave such animals under control and in their actual possession upon their own premises or\nwithin their own fenced enclosures (this for their own protection, as will afterwards be seen).\nIf they fail in so doing, the penalty would be the possible destruction of such animals under\nthe authority of the Government, whether branded or not.\"\nMr. Thos. Ellis, of Penticton, says :\u2014\n\" As to the wild horse pest, it ought to be entirely stamped out. Killing the stallions\nwill never do this; the whole bands ought to be exterminated. The only way 1 see to do this\nwould be to pass a law that, should anyone report a band of horses as a nuisance to the\nStipendiary Magistrate of the District, he can put up notices, ordering the owner thereof, if\nany, to corral the said horses and have the bands examined; or, if they cannot be corralled,\ngive an order that they may be shot.\"\nMr. C. Phair, Government Agent, Lillooet, says :\u2014\n\" There are large numbers of wild horses in the District of Lillooet, principally on the\nranges from High Bar to Canoe Creek. These horses are as wild as deer and go in bands of\nabout 25 each.\" They destroy a great deal of pasture, in addition to what they eat. The\nsection of the \" Wild Horse Act\" might be amended to read : \" It shall be lawful for any\nperson licensed by the Government to shoot or otherwise destroy any wild stallion which may\nbe running at large upon the public lands.\"\nCoyotes.\nThe coyote does not appear to the westward of the Coast Range, but to the eastward it is\nan intolerable nuisance to breeders of sheep and poultry, so much so that those industries are\nrendered unprofitable in that section of the Province. The remedy seems hard to find. It is\nadmitted that the bounty of $2 per head is ample, yet in spite of that inducement there seems\nto be no perceptible diminution in the numbers of these pests. Being a most cunning animal,\npoisoning is of little avail. Hunting them with dogs is effective if the proper dogs are used,\nand where the character of the country lends itself to this amusement. 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 183\n\"Wolves.\nWolves are not nearly as  destructive as the last-mentioned animal,  and it is conceded\nthat the bounty on them might be reduced and added to coyotes.\nPanthers.\nPanthers, or more properly cougars, are worst on Vancouver Island, where they carry off\na good many sheep in the outlying settlements. Of late they have also unaccountably\nincreased in parts of the Upper Mainland. The bounty on these animals appears to be\nsatisfactory.\nCrows.\nAmongst the bird pests the crow easily occupies first place, and apparently with good\nreason. Nevertheless, although ubiquitous, they are not everywhere mischievous. In the\norchards of the outlying islands and in those of the Lower Fraser they certainly commit great\nhavoc. They usually begin operations about daylight, taking advantage of an hour when\nmost people are enjoying a sound sleep. The damage they inflict consists not only in the\namount they consume, but in the quantity they destroy by pecking holes in the fruit. Mr.\nW. E. Scott, member of the Board of Horticulture, brought up the question at a meeting of\nthe Board, in the following words :\u2014\n\" That it was the worst pest he had to contend with, and that the losses entailed by this\npest fully justified the Board in adopting some plan of wholesale poisoning. He recommended\nthat an appropriation be made for the purpose of experimenting, by placing poison on some of\nthe uninhabited islands of the Gulf.\"\nThe Board, therefore, appropriated the sum of $20 to be used for experimental purposes\nin the direction indicated by Mr. Scott. At a subsequent meeting Mr. Scott reported that\nthe plan had been only partially successful, and that whilst many had been poisoned their\nnumbers did not seem to have sensibly decreased. A further report, in the shape of a petition\nfrom the residents of Howe Sound, was received, which read as follows :\u2014\n\" To the Hon. the Minister of Finance and Agriculture\nof the Province of British Columbia :\n\" The undersigned petitioners, residents and taxpayers of Howe Sound, Biding of Richmond, respectfully represent that the crow pest has become an intolerable loss and nuisance,\nand we request that the Government will take some steps to alleviate the hardships to which\nthe settlers of this part of the Riding are subjected through the incursions of this omniverous\npest. They are always with us, but increase in number in the spring, as soon as the fruit\nbegins to form, and remain enjoying their varied feast until the winter pear is picked. For\neighteen hours a day, during the fruit season, the crow is constantly in evidence; twenty-five\nof them, in five minutes, will destroy the season's crop of a large tree.\n\" Now, we humbly request that the Government will offer a bounty of ten cents per caput\nfor a period of not less than six months. This will stimulate a general crusade against them\nand may rid us of the pest for a few years.\n\" In conclusion, relief we must have, else fruit-growing must be abandoned, for it will\nrequire a company of sharpshooters to protect a ten-acre orchard.\n\" And we, your petitioners, fully believe that such action on your part would be in favour\nof the best interests of the residents of Howe Sound, and would be in complete accord with\nthe will of the majority of its residents.\n\" And your petitioners, as in duty bound, will ever pray, etc., etc.\"\nOn this petition being brought up before the Board of Horticulture, the following\nresolution was adopted :\u2014\n\" That whereas the Board of Horticulture has been appealed to repeatedly by sufferers\nfrom the depredations of crows, which have rendered profitable fruit-growing in many sections\nof this Province practically impossible, and in response to a petition from settlers on Howe\nSound now before the Board : Be it, therefore, Resolved, That this Board respectfully recom- A 184 Report on Agriculture, 1903\nmends the Government to take into favourable consideration the plan of offering a bounty for\nthe destruction of crows, at such rate as may be found to be sufficient, after careful investigation shall have been made by competent persons, and that notice of the intention of the\nGovernment to deal with this important question be published immediately, for the information\nand encouragement of settlers generally.\n\"Resolved, That Vancouver City Council be and is hereby earnestly requested to co-operate with the Government and this Board in dealing with this serious evil.\"\nAnd there the matter for the present rests.\nBlue Jays\nHave been reported time and again as being exceedingly mischievous, and asking that a\nbounty be placed on them, as a means devised for the abatement of the nuisance. Mr. A. W.\nPeen, of Mission, has repeatedly complained of the depredations of this bird, and in one of his\nlast communications says :\u2014\n\" I am sending you by this mail an apple showing how the blue jays serve my crop each\nyear. Now, what is the use of one going to the expense for a number of years to procure good\nfruit and then to have the same ruined yearly in this manner, and all because the Government\nwill not go to the small outlay necessary to suppress this pest; probably not more than one or\ntwo hundred dollars a year would be needed. If you would show this apple as an object\nlesson, probably some good may result. One of these birds will get into a small tree and spoil\nthe whole crop in a very few minutes. Theyr have even started on my winter apples, that are\nas hard as wood. As you are aware, once the skin is broken, rot sets in and the fruit is\nruined.\"\nWhilst admitting that the blue jay commits great depredations in orchards and gardens,\nI have not felt that I had sufficient evidence before me to recommend so drastic a measure as\ntheir extermination, and I therefore asked the Board of Horticulture to give an expression of\nopinion, and the following resolution was adopted :\u2014\n\"That the evidence adduced by the members of the Board is not in their opinion of a\nsufficiently conclusive character to justify them in recommending to the Government that a\nbounty should be placed for the destruction of the blue jay, as requested by Mr. Peen.\"\nIn communicating this resolution to Mr. Peen, I said :\u2014\n\" One of the members who has a large orchard on Salt Spring Island said he was greatly\ntroubled some time ago by this pest, but that he has entirely got rid of it by the following\nplan :\u2014Cut a large potato in two, lengthwise is best; sprinkle the cut side with strychnine;\nscore with a knife so as to allow the poison to penetrate, and then nail, cut side up, on the top\nof a post out of the reach of domestic animals. He feels sure that if you adopt this simple\nplan you will have no further trouble.\" 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 185\nWEEDS    AND   POISONOUS    PLANTS.\nAmongst the most prominent which have been reported are the following:\u2014\nCanada Thistle (Cnicus arvensis)\nIs certainly increasing in all parts of the Province, in spite of the provisions of the Thistle\nAct, reference to which is made in my general report to the Minister at page 13 of this report.\nIt will be seen that other measures will have to be adopted, the provisions of the present Act\nbeing certainly ineffective. It may be stated for the benefit of those who are honestly trying\nto keep the pest down, that constant cultivation is the best remedy. Cutting the plants down\nand never allowing a green leaf to remain will surely kill the plant in time, as no plant, however\nvigorous, can withstand such treatment. The complaint is often made that neighbours allow\ntheir plants to go to seed, which naturally infests all surrounding property; therefore, what is\nthe use of any one person attempting to keep free of the weed. Granted that such complaints\nare only too true, but it must be remembered that a seedling Canada thistle is not more difficult\nto eradicate than any other plant; it is only after the root stock has developed and has attained\na firm hold that the pernicious weed is really difficult to eradicate. It may also be mentioned\nthat the Canada thistle is not such a free producer of seeds as many people imagine ; frequently\nthe absence of the flowers of one or the other of the sexes renders the seed infertile. Nevertheless, there is no disguising the fact that it is a very bad weed and that it produces many\nmore seeds than is desirable.\nWild Mustard (Brassica sinapistrum)\nIs possibly more wide spread in its distribution than the Canada thistle, and is possibly\nthe cause of even greater loss to the farmer. Being an annual, however, very conspicuous by\nreason of its bright yellow flowers, and the seed not having any power to fly about, as in the\ncase of thistles, there does not appear to be the same excuse for its prevalence. Being an\nannual, the usual methods recommended for the eradication of such weeds hold good in the\ncase of wild mustard. Unfortunately, however, the seed has such vitality, owing to an essentia\noil it contains, that it may remain in the soil, when buried deeply, for an indefinite period, and\ngerminate when conditions are favourable ; so that, although it will eventually succumb to the\ntreatment of constant cultivation which is so successfully practised for annual weeds, the process\nof extermination is much slower and more troublesome, and, therefore, other methods are and\nhave been recommended. Spraying with a solution of sulphate of copper has been found to\nbe most effective, if properly applied, as set forth in Bulletin No. 11 of this Department, copies\nof which can be had on application. Nevertheless, the usual methods of eradication recommended for all annuals should not be neglected.\nThe following is recommended by Prof. Harrison, Ontario Agricultural College :\u2014\n\" Owing to the great vitality of the seed, mustard is a very hard weed to eradicate. The\nseeds, once in the ground, live for years and continue to germinate as they are brought near\nthe surface. Hence, it takes patience, a great deal of labour, and a long time to get rid of the\nweed when it once gets possession of the land. When present only in small amounts, hand-\npulling is the best method, provided the pulling is done before seeds are formed ; and as persons\npulling in a hurry cannot wait to examine for seed, it is best to put the weeds, as they are\npulled in bundles, where they can be burned when dry. When fields are overrun with the\nweed, it is best to proceed as follows :\u2014Harrow stubble ground early after harvest, or gang-\nplough and harrow. As soon as the weeds have had time to sprout, cultivate thoroughly,\nrepeat cultivation at intervals, and rib up with a double mould board plough the last thing in\nthe fall. Put in a hoed crop, either roots or corn, the following spring and cultivate it thoroughly throughout the growing season. Cultivate and harrow well two or three times after\nroots or corn, having first run the plough along each row of corn roots to cut the roots and\nturn them up, and rib up before the frost.    (If the plough is used after corn or roots it is A 186 Report on Agriculture, 1903\nlikely to bring more seed to the surface.) Sow a crop of grain the following spring and seed\nwith clover. Pull weeds by hand out of the grain crop ; take a crop or two of hay or pasture;\nplough the clover sod shallow, not more than four inches, early after harvest, say the 1st to the\n15th August, and harrow at once. Let it stand a couple of weeks, then cultivate the same as\nit was ploughed, two or three inches deep, with a spring tooth cultivator. After a while, cross\ncultivate a little deeper. If possible, cultivate a third or a fourth time, going a little deeper\neach time; then if you can manage to do so rib it up with a double mould board plough, as\nyou would for a crop of turnips. When this is done, the available plant food (clover, roots,\netc.) is preserved in the centre of the drills, the water runs off early in the spring, and the drills\ncan be levelled with the cultivator and harrow either for spring grain or hoed crops. This\nmethod will not only clean land but will greatly enrich it.\nWater Hemlock (Cicuta sp.)\nOf which there are several varieties growing in this Province\u2014all, I believe, equally\npoisonous\u2014have proved fatal in manyr authenticated instances to cattle. Great difficulty is\nexperienced in obtaining reliable information as to the poisoning of animals. Most people, in\nreporting cases, omit to note facts which are obviously necessary in arriving at conclusions.\nSecuring the contents of the stomachs is also neglected in most cases, a most serious omission,\nwhich I cannot too strongly condemn. Most cases of poisoning, in fact, I may say, all cases,\noccur in the early spring at a time when cattle emerging from a long winter, in many cases\nnot in the best of condition, and possibly sometimes without a sufficiency of food, a.nd in all\ncases longing for green food, bite at the young green leaves just appearing in the soft mud on\nthe margins of lakes and swamps, when the plant, roots and all, comes up and is devoured.\nIn all cases the root at that period is higbly poisonous, and to animals in an emaciated\ncondition, naturally, in a much greater degree. Places where this plant grows should be\nfenced off or the roots should be carefully dug up and destroyed. Later on, when there is\nplenty of green food and the cattle are in good condition, the danger may be said to have\npassed. It is said that the quantity of poison in the leaves and stems is comparatively small,\nso that well nourished animals do not feel the effects.\nThe following reports were well authenticated :\nMr. H. R. Phillips, of Mount Lehman -.\u2014\n\" I have sent you to-day a weed we found growing in a swamp in my place. Some say it\nis wild parsnip, and some say it is not. I have compared it with wild hemlock, described in\nthe Sixth Report, and have doubts myself whether it is or not, so thought I would ask your\nopinion.\"\nTo which the following reply was sent:\u2014\n\"This specimen is undoubtedly that of water hemlock, but which particular kind it is (as\nthere are several) it is hard to say from the small specimen sent. They are, however, all\nequally poisonous, and if you have swamps about your place where they are growing, either\nkeep your cattle away or have the plants dug up and destroyed. Send me one or two larger\nspecimens, from which I can grow plants, when you have an opportunity.\"\nMr. B. Vance, of Agassiz :\u2014\n\" I had a cow tethered on the edge of a clover field that died from poisoning. Along the\nfence was growing the stalks which I enclose. Will you kindly let me know if this is poison ;\nshe ate part of this same plant. Some say that the root is poison, and also when coming in\nbloom, the bloom contains the poison.\"\nReply :\u2014\" The plant is unmistakably one of the water hemlock (genus cicuta), the roots\nof which are unquestionably highly poisonous to animal life. See page 194 et seq., Sixth\nReport of this Department. On page 196 you will see that animals may be killed by eating\nthe young stems. I, therefore, have no doubt from what you say that your cow has been\nkilled through this agency, although I wonder that you, as a butcher, and being fully\nacquainted with the anatomy of cows, should not have secured the contents of the first\nstomach when they were fresh and sent them to me.\" 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 187\nDISEASES OF ANIMALS.\nDiseases of animals have not been prevalent; tuberculosis and other similar diseases being\napparently on the decline. The responsibility of the Dominion Government as regards diseases\nof animals has always been an unsettled question, and I addressed several communications to\nthe late Dominion Chief Veterinarian, asking him to give some definite answer as to the\nDominion Government's responsibility in cases of diseases of animals, viz :\u2014\nThe responsibility the Dominion Government assumes as to inspections ;\nThe responsibility of the Dominion Government as to testing with tuberculin, mallein,\nblack leg vaccine, etc.;\nThe responsibility as to compensation to owners for animals destroyed;\nNames of the Dominion veterinary officers to carry out the provisions of the law in this\nProvince, their addresses, and how their services are called into requisition;\nDoes the Dominion Government pay all the expenses attached to testing, destruction (if\nnecessary), and disposition of infected animals 1\nHow far do the duties of Dominion veterinary officers extend ? For instance\u2014inspection\nof byres, pig-pens, premises generally, methods of milking, etc.\nSeveral other communications passed, but nothing of a definite character was arranged\nuntil I visited Ottawa in December, when in a conference with the newly appointed Cbief\nInspector, Dr. J. G. Rutherford, V. S., he informed me that his Department was about to be\nreconstructed, new appointments made, and some necessary amendments made to the Act,\nafter which he hoped that the relations between the Dominion and Provincial Governments\nwould be clearly defined. Dr. A. G. Hopkins, V. S., the Chief Dominion Inspector in this\nProvince, has since been appointed, and has undertaken the duty of looking after several\nmatters previously undertaken by the Provincial Inspectors\u2014notably hog cholera, and inspection of imported sheep for scab\u2014thus relieving the Province of the expense attendant on such\nmatters.\nIn cases where animals are slaughtered, the Dominion Government indemnifies the owners\nof pigs actually diseased to the extent of one-third their value before they became diseased.\nFor animals in contact, the compensation is three-quarters of their value. Every pig on the\nfarm must be killed and the premises thoroughly disinfected before an Inspector can issue an\nindemnity certificate, which must be accompanied by certificates of satisfactory disinfection;\nthereafter the Minister will order the removal of the quarantine.\nFistulous Withers.\nReports received from the Upper Country relating to a disease amongst horses of an\napparently contagious nature, from Mr. R. C. Cotton, of Chilcotin, and Mr. Claude R. Wilson,\nof Hanceville, as follows :\u2014\nMr. R. C. Cotton :--\"There is prevailing through this district, a disease amongst the horses;\nwe call it fistulous withers, but I am sure it is not that at all. In nature it is a big swelling on\neither or both sides of the withers in part of the bone; when opened, matter of the worst kind\nflows freely; in the flesh are small sacks and pipes running in all directions also what I\npresume are eggs. This disease is, I think, very catching and almost incurable, unless a\nveterinary surgeon was sent up here to examine the horses. I have now five horses with it,\nand have shot one. Mr. Davies has two horses with it; also Mr. Ross one\u2014both ranchers\nhere\u2014and quite a number of wild horses have it. I have also noticed it (the identical\ndisease) this spring on a cow. 1 thought that by writing to you you would be in a position to\nhelp us here by sending a veterinary to examine horses and to prevent a spread of the disease.\"\nMr. C. R. Wilson:\u2014\" I wish to call your attention to the disease on horses' necks close to\nthe withers, which is very prevalent in Chilcotin. It is getting quite serious. I think a\nveterinary surgeon ought to be sent up to investigate it, to see whether it is contagious or not. A 188 Report on Agriculture, 1903\nIt looks as if it were caused by a parasite. Mr. Cotton, of Risky Creek, has six horses with\nit, and there are a lot of others.    I hope you will see your way to do something about this.\"\nThese reports were of a similar nature to that previously received from Mr. E. A. Carew-\nGibson, of the 150-Mile House, on which occasion Dr. Johnson Gibbins, Inspector of Diseases\nof Animals, was directed to investigate, and who then pronounced the disease to be \" fistulous\nwithers.\" On receipt of this second report, Dr. Gibbins, by order of the Hon. the Minister of\nAgriculture, was again directed to investigate, with the following instructions :\u2014\n\" As this is apparently a very serious disease, you will please exercise all the judgment\npossible in dealing with it, and possibly you had better visit the other ranches around, where\nthe disease is reported. This latter course, however, may not be necessary, as one inspection\nmay answer for the whole. Mr. Prentice says that you are not to hesitate to condemn any of\nthe affected horses at the Gang Ranche, if, in your opinion, the disease is of a contagious\nnature, and such a drastic course is necessary for the purpose of arresting it.\"\nDr. Gibbins reported as follows :\u2014\n\" I made a thorough and lengthened investigation, taking in quite a wide field and seeing\nnumerous horses that were affected, making all and every enquiry I possibly could, operating\nhere and there, and I am still of the opinion that there is nothing contagious or infectious\nconnected therewith, and do still pronounce the malady to be \"fistulous withers,\" and in every\nand all cases to be cured by patience and perseverance with the proper remedies. I left\ninstructions in all cases as to its treatment, and am sure, if they will only follow it up, they\nwill effect a cure. I left orders for some pus to be sent down, sealed up, for a microscopic\nexamination \"\nSubsequently Mr. E. A. Carew-Gibson again wrote as follows : \u2014\n\" I am most anxious to have the Provincial Inspector of Animals sent up here right away.\nA bad case of the horse sickness about which I wrote you last year has appeared amongst my\nown horses now, a horse which has not been used for 12 months I find is in very bad shape\nindeed, its withers are about the size of my head, and this lumpy swelling has broken. I am\ncertain this disease is both very fatal and very catching. My horse has been doing absolutely\nnothing except last year it was put in a hay rake for a few weeks; its withers were never at\nany time injured by saddles, pack or riding, and no saddle injury has ever started this case.\nThe spread of this disease is most alarming and it is causing great loss, as it is impossible to\nuse any animals affected, and the disease seems to be getting more common every year. I am\nsatisfied that it is some new malady, and both a dangerous and spreading kind. Cannot you send\nup the Inspector 1 He could get to this place in two days, and if he advises I will allow him to\ndestroy my animal, although I do not wish to lose more than I can help. I am quite afraid the\nothers will catch the disease, and unless something is done soon we shall all lose heavily. It is no\nuse sending any further description, as I have already mentioned the effect it has on a horse's\nappearance. I would have wired you about this but thought a letter would be better ; there\nare numberless other cases in Chilcotin and elsewhere and it is certainly a case for experienced\nopinion, and the Government should take steps to prevent its spread. Mr. J. D. Prentice is\nwell aware how bad the disease is and I think would concur in the sending up of the Provincial Inspector, as you know I am not likely to cause undue alarm, but I am satisfied this\ndisease is something unusual and very contagious.\"\nTo which the following reply was sent:\u2014\n\"As regards the disease amongst horses, the Inspector has just returned from a trip to\nthe Chilcotin country, whither he had been sent for the express purpose of investigating the\nhorse disease, and it, therefore, does not seem necessary to send him up again. I am asking\nhim to write you a full account of his opinion and the treatment he prescribes.\"\nAs there seemed to be a good deal of doubt regarding Dr. Gibbins' diagnosis of the\ndisease, it was considered expedient, later on, to obtain a second opinion, and Dr. R. Hamilton, M. R. C. V. S., was, therefore, directed to make an independent investigation, with the\nfollowing instructions :\u2014\n\"The nature of the disease has been explained to you verbally, so there is no need to go\nfurther into the question. You are, however, requested to make the fullest possible investigation, sparing no time or reasonable expense to accomplish the object for which your services\nhave been engaged by the Government, viz., a full and impartial report into the nature of the\ndisease and remedies suggested.\" HOPS,    SAANICH. 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 189\nThe following is Dr. Hamilton's report :\u2014\n\"Victoria, B. C, 30th July, 1902.\nTo the Honourable the Minister of Agriculture :\n\" Sir,\u2014In accordance with your instructions, I beg to report that I have made an investigation of the outbreak of disease occurring amongst horses in the Chilcotin and Cariboo\nDistricts. Leaving Ashcroft on October 24th, I proceeded, by way of Clinton, reaching the\nB. C. Ranching Company's ranch on Canoe Creek the following day. While at Canoe Creek\nmy attention was called to an outbreak of non-contagious abortion occurring amongst the\ncattle, which I found to be due to the eating of ergotised rye, which grows in great abundance\nalong the irrigation ditches and sheltered spots where the cattle congregate during stormy\nweather in winter and early spring. I then crossed the Fraser River, arriving at the Gang Ranch\nthe following day. During my stay there I found that about twenty horses had been affected\nwith fistulous withers, but all had made a complete recovery, no deaths having taken place\nfrom the disease and no fresh cases having occurred since the previous spring. I had an\nopportunity of observing the results of the disease in some of the animals that had been\naffected. I also attended to some cases of Febra pyogenica, or strangles, which attacks horses\nand colts during the fall and early spring, and I am informed that a number of animals are\nlost annually from this disease, due to infiltration of pus and strangulation. In this disease,\nif the affected animals were put into comfortable quarters and properly fed, in order to sustain\ntheir strength, the mortality would be reduced to a minimum, but in animals that are exposed\nthe disease generally assumes a virulent form and often proved fatal.\n\" Strangles commences with the symptoms of a mild catarrh ; the animal is dull, has a\ncough, and the breathing is somewhat laboured, and when swallowing a gurgling sound is\nheard, owing to soreness of throat; there is great difficulty in swallowing, and some of the\nwater the animal is drinking will be returned through the nose. The horse stands with its\nnose poked out and a little frothy saliva exudes from its mouth ; sooner or later a swelling\nwill appear between the jaws; the breathing now becomes very much laboured, almost\napproaching strangulation, and a roaring sound is emitted. In the course of a few days the\ninflammation relieves itself in the formation of pus, the swelling between the jaws commences\nto point, and if not opened breaks of its own accord; after this takes place the animal is\nmuch relieved.\n\" The treatment of strangles is very simple. In the early stages place the animal in a\nwarm, well-ventilated stable. If there is much fever present, give a few doses of nitrate of\npotash in drinking water ; give hot bran mashes ; apply hot fomentations or poultices to throat\nin order to bring the abscess to a head. If the swelling is tardy put on a fly blister, then\napply a hot poultice twenty-four hours afterwards. When abscess bursts, all that is necessary\nis to keep part clean and encourage discharge, but in many cases no treatment is required\nother than comfortable quarters and proper diet; but if animals are permitted to run at large\nwhen the disease is in progress, fatalities are certain to occur.\n\" Leaving the Gang Ranch, I next visited Mr. Wilson's ranch, in the Chilcotin District.\nI found Mr. Wilson's animals to be all free from disease. Crossing the Chilcotin River at\nHanceville, I visited Mr. Beaumont's ranch. I found that three of Mr. Beaumont's horses\nhad been affected with fistulous withers the previous spring, but all had made a good recovery,\nno fresh cases having occurred. I then proceeded to Mr. Cotton's ranch, on the Chilcotin\nRiver; there I found six horses affected with fistulous withers in different stages of the\ndisease, three of which I operated upon, and succeeded in securing some good specimens of\npus and diseased tissue from the affected withers. I also had an opportunity of making a\npost-mortem examination of an aged mare affected with the disease, which Mr. Cotton wished\ndestroyed.\n\" Re-crossing the Fraser at Soda Creek, I visited Mr. P. C. Dunlevy's, and from thence to\nthe 150-Mile House, where I made an examination of two cows suffering from actinomycosis,\nor lump jaw, and as they were in an advanced stage of the disease, I advised that they be\nslaughtered. I then proceeded down the Cariboo Road, calling at various ranches on the way.\nUpwards of 200 horses, young and old, have been affected with fistulous withers in the\ndifferent districts.\n\" History of Outbreak of Fistulous Withers Amongst Horses.\n\" From information received from the various stock-owners and Indians, it would appear\nthat, previous to the year 1896, fistulous withers in the Chilcotin and Cariboo Districts was A 190 Report on Agriculture, 1903\npractically unknown, excepting a few isolated cases occurring amongst pack and saddle\nanimals, due to injury from the harness. During the spring of 1896 and 1897 the disease\nmade its appearance amongst the range horses, attacking animals of all ages ; even the young\ncolts were not exempt from its ravages. My attention was directed to one case in particular\nin which a mare became affected with the disease, and subsequently her daughter and granddaughter fell victims to the malady.\n\" Symptoms.\n\" The symptoms presented by the affected animals and post-mortem appearances are\nanalagous to those of ordinary fistulous withers met with in practice, caused by blows, bruises,\nbites from horses, and pressure from badly fitting harness, etc. The affected animals, during\nthe primary stages of the disease, appear somewhat stiff in their gait, and if close examination\nbe made a swelling will be detected on one or both sides of withers, which gradually increases\nin size until it has attained the size of an ordinary cheese plate. In the primary stages the\nswelling is hard and almost insensible to the touch. As the disease progresses the swelling\nenlarges and becomes soft, and if not opened by the knife will break of its own accord and\ndischarge great quantities of pus, tinged with blood, which adheres to the shoulder and leg,\ncausing the hair to fall off. In some cases the wound heals up in a few weeks, only to break\nout at a different place. Sometimes the suppuration extends to the spinous processess of the\nwithers, causing necrosis and sloughing of the bone. In this case suppuration is slow, and\nduring the process new pockets are formed and fresh structures become involved. When\nfinally recovery does take place, a large depression is left over the region of the withers, which\nremains as a permanent blemish, considerably detracting from the appearance and market\nvalue of the animal. In one case which came under my observation I found that the\nsuppurative process had extended down underneath the shoulder blade, making direct treatment an impossibility, and the chances of recovery exceedingly remote.\n\" Eteology or cause of Fistulous Withers.\n\" In some of the animals that I examined I could trace extrinsic causes, viz. : injury\nto withers from badly fitting pack and riding saddles ; others I traced to injury to withers\ncoming into violent contact with the ground during the process of lasooing and choking the\nanimal down ; but the disease, in the majority of the affected animals, is, in my opinion, due to\nbacterial origin, which can only be determined beyond a shadow of doubt by a bacteriological\nexamination. On my return to Victoria I conducted a series of experiments with some of the\nserum that I secured from the affected animals on Mr. Cotton's ranch, in order to determine\nwhether the disease could be conveyed from the diseased to the healthy animal by inoculation.\nFor this purpose I purchased a pony in good health and inoculated some of the serum under\nthe skin in the region of the withers, observing all antiseptic precautions. In about six days\na swelling was produced identical with that of the affected animals, undergoing the same\nprocess of development and pathological changes observed amongst the diseased animals in the\naffected districts. I then vaccinated the same pony with some of the serum on the other side\nof withers, by scarifying the part and rubbing in the serum with a glass rod, with this result:\na swelling was produced exactly similar to that in the former experiment.\n\" I also forwarded some of the serum and pus to the Agricultural Department at Ottawa\nfor bacteriological examination; but I regret to say that the results have not only been very disappointing, but extremely unsatisfactory, inasmuch that no reply was received to my letter until\nseven months had elapsed, and in reviewing the correspondence on the subject between the\nAgricultural Department here and that of Ottawa, I have come to the conclusion that my letter\nand specimens have either been lost or have escaped their memory for some considerable time.\n\" Treatment of Fistulous Withers.\n\" Regarding treatment, I would advise, in the first place, that all affected animals be\nisolated from the healthy and placed in a corral or pasture, conveniently situated, so that they\ncan be attended to every day; make a deep incision with a sharp knife near the lower part of\nthe swelling so as to give good drainage to the pus ; remove all diseased structures, then\nsyringe sinuses with antiseptic washes twice a day; keep parts clean; afterwards apply a strong\ncantharides blister over the region of withers, and repeat in about two weeks, if necessary.\n\" All of which is respectfully submitted.\na   I     ri Jl Vf*     (*T f1\n\"Robt. Hamilton, M.R.C.V.S.\" 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 191\nMr. William Adams, of Soda Creek, subsequently made another report regarding this\ndisease, through Mr. S. A. Rogers, M. P. P., as follows :\u2014\n\" There is a disease amongst the horses running on the ranges up here, and which is likely\nto cause great loss if prompt and drastic measures are not taken to stamp it out. Mr. Hamilton, V. S., of Victoria, pronounces it fistula. It attacks the withers of the horse and great\nand painful suppuration takes place, partially healing and breaking out again. It seems to be\ncontagious, as tbere have been numerous new cases of it this spring. I would suggest that an\namendment be made to the Act respecting contagious diseases in animals, so that any animal\nfound running on the range with this disease could be killed. Those who have tried to cure this\ndisease have found it almost a hopeless task. I have had three cases and have only been able to\neffect a cure in one of them. I make the above suggestions owing to the fact that there are\nalways some who will act carelessly, and that if the killing of the animals is made legal people\nwill act for their own protection.\"\nMr. Adams was informed of the result of the investigations and given the prescribed\ntreatment.    He was also advised as follows :\n\" Provided the horses are not too wild and can be isolated, there does not seem to be any\nnecessity, judging from the reports made to this Department, to destroy them, as many\nrecover, although some are somewhat disfigured.\"\nPurpura   Haemorrhagiea.\nA report from Mr. W. J. Manery, of Keremeos, respecting a disease amongst his horses,\nwas referred to Dr. R. Hamilton, M. R. C. V. S., and Dr. S. F. Tolmie, V. S., who, on Mr.\nManery's description of the disease, pronounced it to be as above. Dr. Tolmie, in consequence, wrote as follows :\u2014\n\"Regarding the communication from Mr. W. J. Manery, of Keremeos, describing a\ndisease among the horses on his ranch, the symptoms described by him are distinctly those of\npurpura hcemorrhagica, a disease frequently following in the wake of severe cases of influenza\nor equine typhoid. Both of these diseases have shown themselves among the range horses in\nthe eastern part of this Province. I would advise Mr. Manery to immediately look to the\nsource of the water supply, and if that is not above suspicion to make a change for the better.\nIf admissable, a change of pasture for an extended period would be advisable. I would\nrecommend Mr. Manery be furnished with a bulletin on typhoid fever in horses, where he will\nfind full directions as to treatment, disinfection, etc., which will be applicable to his case.\"\nReported Tuberculosis.\nMr. F. Soues, Government Agent at Clinton, writes as follows :\u2014\n\" I am credibly informed that there is an outbreak of disease, supposed to be tuberculosis,\namong the cattle on the west side of the Fraser River, opposite Big Bar. I would suggest\nthat a qualified veterinary surgeon may be sent up to examine and take action in the matter.\nThe cattle of some ten or twelve settlers are affected.\"\nTo which the following reply was sent:\u2014\n\" Whilst the Government is anxious to adopt prompt measures and to spare no expense\nin dealing with well authenticated cases of diseases of animals, it appears to me that the\npresent instance is not sufficiently well verified to warrant the expense of sending up an\nInspector. Tuberculosis has never, in the experience of this Department, been known to\nassume an epidemic form on any of the ranges of the Upper Country, in fact the only instances\nthat have occurred, to my knowledge, are a few isolated cases amongst the milch cows about\nKamloops. Under these circumstances, I think it would be well if you would make further\ninquiries into the matter and report the manner in which cattle are affected, the number of\ncattle and the owners, so that the Government will have something definite to go on.\"\nMr. Soues's reply :\u2014\n\" In reference to cattle diseased on the west side of Fraser River, I have the honour to\ninform you that I sent Constable McMillan to incvire into the matter.    He returned to-day A 192 Report on Agriculture, 1903\nand informs me that there is disease of some kind amongst them.    The particulars are as\nfollows :\u2014\nOwner.\nJ. A. McLean....\nB. O'Rourke\t\nNo. of Cattle.\n    130....\n      12\t\nNo. Affected.\n     1\t\n    3\t\n    1 ;\n16\nHow Affected.\nSick,   affected   by    bad\ncough, eyes sunken, can\nhardly   rise,   running at\nthe eyes and nose.\nD.  McDonald\nR.  Chisholm\t\nW. Madson\t\n      50....\n      30... .\n      50... .\n      35   .. .\n307\n' Of course, he did not begin to see the whole of the cattle named as belonging to the\ndifferent owners. The whole of the cattle over there that he saw are in poor condition, as\ncompared with those on the east side of the river. There can be no reason for poverty at this\nseason of the year, the winter up to the present having been strangely mild, no snow there at\nall and plenty of feed. The constable tells me that he was told that some of the animals have\ndied from the effects of the disease. I leave the matter now in your hands, whether to send a\nqualified veterinary up or not.\"\nTo which the following answer was sent:\u2014\n\" I delayed replying to this communication, pending inquiries I wished to make regarding\nthe symptoms which have manifested themselves on the affected cattle reported by you. From\nall I can gather, although the symptoms resemble those of tuberculosis, the opinions of the\nveterinarians I have consulted are that they are more likely to point to malignant catarrh.\n\" Is there anyone in the vicinity with a sufficient knowledge of such things to be able to\nrecognise tuberculosis on a post-mortem examination ? Any medical man could easily do so.\nIf one of the affected animals were killed, or if any died, an examination of the tubercules, if\nany, would at once disclose the nature of the disease; or part of the lungs or liver or any\naffected part might be sent to this Department and I could have them examined.\"\nTo this Mr. Soues replied as follows :\u2014\n\" It is just possible that the disease amongst the cattle on the west side of the river is\n\" malignant catarrh.\" Since writing to you last, I have learned that the disease has been\nmore or less virulent there for several years past. Want of any reasonable care, starvation in\nthe winter from lack of food and water, inbreeding by little starved runts of bulls, and general\nlaziness and dirt on the part of the owners are bound to establish disease. I have written to\none of the alleged farmers to kill one badly affected animal and send me in a portion of the\nlungs and liver, which I shall forward to you when received.\"\nAbortion  of  Cows\nHas been reported on many occasions. Much of it is no doubt due to ergotised rye grass\n(Elymus condensatus), which grows to a great height in the alkali lands of the Upper Country.\nThe heads of this grass are almost invariably ergotised and sticking up above the snow as they\ndo, the cattle naturally eat them. This is the cause, it will be observed by Dr. Hamilton's\nreport, to which he attributes some of the abortion. Another cause is given by Mr. Philip\nParke, of Bonaparte, as follows :\u2014\n\" As you are aware, we had a long winter and late spring; consequently, the cows were\npoor at time of calving, were not properly fed, and abandoned their calves, which died.\nParties who had plenty of hay to feed and looked after their cows had no losses to speak of.\nWe did not suffer exceptional losses in this neighbourhood.\"\nMr. J. H. Gillespie, of the Gang Ranch, Chilcotin, writes as follows :\u2014\n\" Although we have 2,000 breeding stock here, the number of cows which slip their calves\nis very small, almost nothing. People are too anxious to get their cows off their ranches in\nthe early spring, and the driving of cows when poor, and heavy in calf, is very dangerous.\nOvercrowding corrals is another fruitful cause; but last year, in this locality, it was the\nslippery ground which was, in my opinion, responsible for a lot. It is impossible to pin it\ndown to any one cause, and a veterinary would have to visit each locality, and the result\nof his deductions would only be of use in that locality.\"  3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 193\nOther correspondents in the Upper Country report more or less loss of calves, but in no\ncase does it seem that it is of a contagious character. On the Lower Mainland and Island\nsome cases of contagious abortion were treated, as will be seen by the reports of the Inspectors\nof Diseases of Animals.\nOther Diseases of Animals\nReported were blackleg and ringworm amongst cattle, hog cholera and sheep scab, ticks\nand fluke. All cases reported were duly attended by the Inspectors, as will be seen by their\nreports, or by the Dominion Inspectors.    The remedies prescribed for ticks are as follows :\u2014\nMilk Emidsion.\u2014To one part milk add two parts kerosene, and churn by a force pump or\nother agitator. The creamy emulsion which results is to be diluted with water, using eight\nor ten times the bulk of water.\nSoap Emulsion.\u2014Dissolve one-half pound hard soap in one gallon of hot water, and while\nstill at near boiling point add two gallons kerosene, and emulsify by use of force pump or\nagitator of some kind. Dilute with water, one part emulsion to eight or ten parts water, and\nuse as spray, wash or dip.\nAs for fluke, when once the liver of a sheep or other animal has become infested with\nflukes, there is no known way of getting rid of them without destroying the animal that\nharbours them. As a preventive, sulphate of iron and common salt are useful, given in the\nanimal's food daily for a considerable time. Sheep feeding on salt marshes are not liable\nto fluke.\nA case of loss of cattle at Clayoquot from some unexplained causes having been reported,\nDr. C. R. Richards, V. S., was dispatched to investigate, with the following result :\u2014\n\" I beg to report as follows on the reported outbreak of disease in Clayoquot District\namongst the cattle belonging to Messrs. Stockham & Dawley and managed by Mr. C. P.\nHarvey :\u2014\n\" On arriving at Clayoquot I proceeded by canoe to their farm at Long Beach. From\ninformation received and evidence at hand, I was unable to find any trace of disease of a\ncontagious character. I found several yearling calves suffering from a general anaemia, and\none in a paralysed condition; the trouble, no doubt, starting in indigestion, leading to the\nabove conditions. Since my return I have made a microscopical examination of a portion of\nthe internal organs from a yearling calf, and have been unable to find the least trace of contagious disease or poison.\"\nFrom this and other reports of a similar character which have been made by the Inspectors from time to time, there seems to be no doubt as to the cause of many losses, not only\namongst calves, but also amongst grown cattle, viz., indigestion, produced by coarse indigestible food on an ill-nourished animal. It is unreasonable to expect an animal to thrive if exposed\nto the elements with little or no food except what it can pick up, and so-called hay, composed\nprincipally of ferns and weeds.\nReports of Inspectors of Diseases of Animals.\nReport of Dr. S. F. Tolmie, V. S.\nVictoria, B. C, September 10th, 1903.\nThe Deputy Minister of Agriculture, Victoria, V. I. .-\nSir,\u2014I have the honour to submit a report of inspections made by me during the year\n1902.\nI have inspected all the Districts of Salt Spring and Vancouver Island, where stock-\nraising is carried on to any extent, looking particularly as to the health of the animals and\nalso making an inspection of the dairies of the several districts visited. The dairy inspection\nhas included the milk supply of the towns and cities in the above districts, and also the butter\nand cheese dairies.\nIn making these inspections, I have looked carefully into the health of the animals from\nwhich the products are obtained, cleanliness in milking, cleanliness of premises, byres, utensils,\nand the persons engaged, and the apparent freedom from disease of the latter. A 194 Report on Agriculture, 1903\nDuring the year I have examined 7,255 cattle, 1,374 sheep, and 673 swine on the several\nfarms visited, besides a large number of other animals found running on unfenced lands and\nof which no record was kept.\nThe contagious diseases encountered were tuberculosis, actinomycosis and sheep scab. I\napplied the tuberculin test in a number of instances, the cases reacting being destroyed by the\nconsent of the owners. On holding a post-mortem on one of these cases, I found the animal\naffected with generalised tuberculosis. This animal had been the source of the milk supply for\na family of young children. Thirteen cases of actinomycosis were placed in quarantine under\ntreatment, being released when cured, or slaughtered under inspection.\nTwo flocks of sheep, 72 in number, affected with scab were quarantined and directions\ngiven for treatment, and the necessary precautions to be taken in handling the animals.\nI was called to a case of supposed hog cholera, but on investigation found that the animal\nhad died as a result of acute indigestion.\nA large number of cattle affected with ringworm were met with and prescribed for.\nWhile this disease is contagious, it is easily overcome by treatment, and is not serious enough\nin its effects to warrant quarantine. I have also given advice in a number of instances regarding contagious abortion, which has existed to a limited extent in some of the districts visited.\nUnder your instructions I went to Alberni on July 4th, to investigate an outbreak among\ncalves in that district. I found that one animal had died, but, owing to a misundertanding\nregarding my coming, the carcase had been burnt. There were no other sick animals, and I\nregret being unable to make a post-mortem examination or to observe the symptoms exhibited\nby an affected animal, as the symptoms described by the farmers were not sufficient to make\na correct diagnosis.    There have been previous outbreaks among calves in this district.\nA most distinct improvement has been noted among the dairies inspected regarding cleanliness in handling milk and its products. The dairymen, as a rule, have been anxious to\nimprove their ways, and eager to adopt any new system suggested to facilitate and improve\ntheir previous methods. I think that the dairy inspection, carried out in a proper and\neducational manner, cannot fail to raise the standard of the dairy products of this Province\nto a very marked extent.\nDuring August, under instructions from the Acting Minister of Agriculture, I proceeded\nto Shawnigan Lake and investigated a case of alleged cruelty to animals, and reported to the\nSecretary of the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, as directed.\nDuring December I addressed a number of Farmers' Institute meetings on the Lower\nMainland, on the subjects relating to Animal Husbandry.\nI have, etc.,\nS. F. Tolmie, V, S., Inspector.\nReport of Dr. J. Gibbins, V. S.\nVancouver, B. C, June 26th, 1903.\nJ. R. Anderson, Esq.,\nDeputy Minister of Agriculture, Victoria, B. G.\nSir,\u2014I  have the honour to submit for your approval my report for the year 1902.\nTo commence with, I received a request from Mr. L. C. Hill, of Burnaby, on January\n7th, stating that he was suspicious of something being wrong with his Jersey bull. On\nexamination, I found it to be suffering from actinomycosis. I also discouvered that he had\nin his possession a pure-bred Jersey cow which I found to be suffering from an advanced stage\nof tuberculosis. These were both attended to in due time, and, on making a post-mortem\nof the cow in the presence of the owner, it was clearly seen that that was the best course to\npursue, which the owner duly admitted on my pointing out the extent of the disease.\nI next proceeded to inspect the dairies and dairy premises in the vicinity of Vancouver.\nIn cases where I deemed it expedient, I granted them certificates of health, but I am sorry to\nsay there were quite a number that did not comply with the Act, whereas in that case I withheld their certificate.\nI next proceeded to inspect the dairies and dairy cattle in New Westminster, and found\nthe same prevailing feature there; in fact, I am sorry to announce it, but in some of the\ndistricts, during my tour of inspection, I found more dirty byres, untidy premises and surroundings, and neglected, emaciated cattle, than those suffering from disease.    Now, this is, I think, 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 195\ndeplorable and not as it should or could be; for I maintain that it is the duty, yea, their\nbounden duty, to keep their premises and cattle in a cleanly condition, which would be a boon\nnot only to themselves, but to the public in general. In the matter of diseased cattle I am\nnot so condemnatory, for this reason : Unless the disease is in an advanced stage, it is very\ndifficult for an amateur to tell the trouble or ailment, if, indeed, he notices anything amiss, and\none and all are liable at times to have a diseased animal in their possession, which is no disgrace.\nOf course, I find some that are perfectly aware they are harbouring diseased cattle and do not\nreport. In penning the above, I do not wish it understood as condemning everything on general\nprinciples ; far from it; for there are a few\u2014a very few, though\u2014that are a credit as dairymen and deserve all praise, and I am only too sorry that I cannot make special mention of\nthem in my reports, both as an encouragement to them and to instil others in that direction.\nDuring February and March I was chiefly employed in applying the tuberculosis test to\nthe different cattle I had condemned during my tour of inspection of the dairies and dairy\ncattle in the vicinity of Vancouver and New Westminster. These being numerous, it would\ntake up much space to enumerate, and as I have already sent in the report of same, I pass\non to other fields of labour.\nOn April 1st I made an inspection of cattle at Port Moody and found but one diseased\ncow. I next proceeded to Westminster Junction and found the cattle here free from disease\nand the premises in a fairly good condition.\nI now proceeded to Mr. Woodward's, Mud Bay, to investigate a trouble with his lambs,\nwhich were dying. I found they were suffering from exposure, being pastured on the flats,\nand the cold winds, damp and showery weather of April had brought on meningitis.\nOn April 9th and 10th I proceeded to Mr. Sinclair's, of Agassiz, to see his flock of sheep.\nI found same were suffering from scab. I quarantined them and gave him the remedy, which\nhe applied, and in due time effected a cure.\nI now proceeded to make a general inspection in the Fraser Valley, taking in Nicomen\nIsland, Dewdney, Mission, Hatzic, Matsqui Prairie, Abbotsford and Huntingdon. I found\nbut very little disease in any of the above districts. An isolated case of tuberculosis here and\nthere, and of actinomycosis likewise. Here again, however, the premises were not in as cleanly\nand sanitary condition as they ought to be.\nAt intervals between times, I made several special visits to investigate reported cases of\ndisease in the district, but nothing of moment\u2014a case or two of tuberculosis and actinomycosis.\nDuring the months of May and June I made a similar inspection of cattle and premises,\nextending from Tynehead and Port Kells to Mount Lehman, on the one side of the Fraser, and\nincluding Langley, Langley Prairie, Cloverdale, Cloverdale Valley, Hall's Prairie, Kensington\nPrairie and Surrey Centre. On the other side I took in Hammond, Haney and Maple Ridge.\nIn the districts above mentioned I found only two diseased cattle and one suspect, viz., one\ntuberculosis and one actinomycosis. But alas for the dairy premises! I found some of the\ndirtiest byres and premises during my rounds, particularly at Langley Prairie, of which I had\nno other recourse than to severely censure. Their respective names were duly gazetted, as\ncalled for by the \" Contagious Diseases (Animals) Act.\"\nAgain, in the meantime, I had a few requests to investigate reported cases of diseased\nanimals. One was from Agassiz, where I applied the tuberculosis test, and found the cow\nsuffering from tuberculosis. Another was from Mt. Pleasant to see a horse that was in a\nvery bad condition. When I arrived there, in this case, I found the horse had just expired,\nand so had no opportunity of submitting it to the test, However, I feel fully convinced it\ndied of glanders, and that was the opinion of a local colleague.\nIn the month of August I made a tour of inspection at the Delta, including Ladners,\nMud Bay and Elgin. On this occasion I found 22 affected animals, viz.: tnberculosis, 13 ;\nactinomycosis, 3; osteomalacia, or fragility of the bones, 4; cow pox, 1 ; and ringworm, 1.\nAgain I had to censure a few delinquents for dirty byres and premises, which were duly\nrecorded.\nOn August 17th, after several requests, I made a trip to Mr. A. Tremblay's ranch, Nicomen Island, to look into some malady affecting his calves. The reason for my not proceeding\nearlier was on account of his erratic way of expressing himself, which led me to believe the\ntrouble with his calves was indigestion and did not require my services. However, on investigation, I found them suffering from verminous bronchitis, or, as it is sometimes called, husk,\non account of their husky cough. These I prescribed for, and I subsequently learned that they,\nwith one exception, recovered. A 196 Report on Agriculture, 1903\nIn the latter part of August and during September I again made my semi-annual inspection of the dairies and dairy cattle in the vicinity of Vancouver and New Westminster. I am\npleased to note that I found a marked improvement in the cleanliness of the premises and surroundings, though there was still room for further improvement in that direction. In the\nmatter of diseased animals, also, I found a lesser number than formerly, viz., 8 : tuberculosis,\n7 ; and actinomycosis, 1.\nI now proceeded to Chilliwhack to finish my work that I could not do very well when I\nwas up there in the spring, partially on account of the high water and also from receiving a\ntelegram from Mr. J. Lyons, of North Bend, where he reported diseased cattle. On investigation, I found that the request was much exaggerated and did not merit such a speedy message.\nHowever, while up there I paid a visit to all the owners and keepers of cattle, and one belonging to Mr. D. Kelly I condemned as being slightly affected with tuberculosis. It was quarantined and ultimately destroyed.\nOn this occasion I only visited those that I omitted on my former visit in May, and those\nthat were not in good order then. I found an improvement in them, but far from what it\nshould be, as a subsequent visit showed, and which will be included in the next annual report.\nIn the matter of diseased cattle I found nothing to speak of, just two cases, one being tuberculosis and the other actinomycosis.\nOn October 1st I was notified to the effect that two cows were running at large at\nAbbotsford, and that they were suspected as being diseased. On investigation I found this to\nbe true, as I pronounced them both to be tuberculous.\nOn August 6th, I proceeded to Agassiz to make my annual inspection of dairies, dairy\npremises and cattle. In this district I condemned two as being diseased with tuberculosis.\nThese were quarantined and shortly afterwards destroyed. On this occasion I had not much\nfault to find, as regards the cleanliness and tidiness of the premises and surroundings, there\nbeing only two that needed reminding of the consequences thereof.\nOn October 23rd I made a tour of inspection at Westham Island, visiting all the ranches\nthereon. I discovered one malignant case of actinomycosis and one tuberculosis. The former\nwas destroyed at once, the latter was attended to later.\nDuring the months of November and December, I again, on November 14th, visited\nNorth Bend, and this time found everything in order.\nOn November- 14th I was requested to investigate a supposed case of glanders at\nMission. This I put under the mallein test, but without any dire results. I am convinced\nit was a case of chronic nasal gleet, and the horse being old and debilitated was the sole cause\nfor its dejected and emaciated appearance.\nOn November 17th, 18th, 19th and 20th, I put through the tuberculosis test two\ncows I held in quarantine, but both came out sound, for which I was pleased to at once release\nthem from quarantine.\nIn December I received a request from two individuals at Sardis, asking me if I would\nput their whole herd through the test. This I gladly acceded to, and I wish particularly to\nsay that I should be pleased if others during the winter months would apply likewise,\nparticularly those that have had diseased cattle in their herds from time to time. I think\nthey would find it greatly to their advantage, for, besides clearing their herds of diseased\nstock, it would enhance the value of those remaining, besides giving them a healthy stock\nfrom which to breed. I applied the test to a few other isolated and suspicious cases with good\nresults, and released same from quarantine as being sound.\nTo sum up, I discovered in all 69 diseased animals, viz. : Tuberculosis, 47; actinomycosis,\n10 ; glanders, 1 ; cow pox, 4; sheep scab, 1 (one flock of 80 sheep); osteomalacia, 6.\nOsteomalacia, so far as I know, is only found on the lands at Kensington Prairie and\nMud Bay and adjoining sections, whereas ringworm I found at intervals here and there and\neverywhere. But the two maladies that are causing great loss to stock-owners are abortion\nand red-water. Wherever I went I gave them all the information that lay in my power, but\nI find in many, yea in most cases, they will not follow it up, as they claim it to be too great a\nloss of time and too much trouble. Thus, if they will not help themselves, there the matter\nlies, so far as advice is concerned; and so the disease continues, year after year, causing much\nloss to all concerned. I admit it is a very difficult task and requires lots of time and patience,\nbut in time the reward will be theirs.\nI have, etc., Johnson Gibbins,\nInspector of Diseases of Animals. 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 197\nUnsanitary Byres.\nAt the annual meeting of the Dairyman's and Live Stock Association, held in the early\npart of the year, some of the members present reported that some of the milking premises in\nthe district were in a most unsanitary condition, whereupon the Inspector was directed as\nfollows : \u2014\n\" At the annual meeting of the Dairyman's and Live Stock Association the other day the\nseverest strictures were made regarding the inspections of the dairies in your district, and a\nresolution was passed calling upon me to see that the provisions of the Act were strictly\nenforced. As soon as I obtain a transcript of the resolution and accompanying remarks I\nwill transmit a copy to you. In the meantime I would advise that the greatest strictness be\nobserved in the performance of your duties in relation to milch cows and premises and\nmethods. From what was said, some of the milking premises in Westminster District are in\na most unsanitary condition, and the methods far from satisfactory. How true the statements\nare I am unable to say, but, judging from the standard of those who made them, I have\nreason to think there must be some ground for the strictures.\"\nI am pleased to say that a very marked improvement is apparent consequent upon the\naction taken by the Inspectors in the above-mentioned matter.\nDisease Amongst Fowls.\nA report from Mr. W. K. Finlayson, Okanagan Landing, regarding mortality amongst\nhis fowls, was received as follows :\u2014\n\" Can you give me any reason what disease our chickens have got when they are dying\noff every day 1 They are fed and in a warm house. We had over thirty die this winter.\nThey seem to get weak and thin, and when they are walking kick their feet out behind them.\nWe have been feeding them bran mash in the morning most of the winter.\"\nOn the matter being referred to Mr. H. L. Blanchard, of Port Hadlock, Wash., and Mr.\nA. G. Gilbert, Poultry Manager, Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Mr. Blanchard replied\nas follows :\u2014\n\" From the description that your correspondent gives, it would be impossible to do more\nthan surmise what the trouble with his fowls might be. He should have written fully concerning feed, condition of roosting room and general management; also general appearance of\ncomb and droppings, also the breed. Several conditions might produce the trouble he is\nhaving, such as injudicious inbreeding, lice, indigestion caused by insufficient grit, lack of\ngreen food, and a generally unbalanced ration. If the cause is inbreeding, he should introduce\nnew blood at once; if lice, dust the fowls with insect powder thoroughly every few days; if\nindigestion, give due attention to diet, and if their quarters are filthy the first thing to be\ndone is to thoroughly clean and disinfect. From the meagre information given, this is the\nnearest I can come to giving the name of the disease or prescribe a remedy.\"\nMr. Gilbert writes as follows :\u2014\n\" Description of symptoms are pretty circumscribed. The kicking out of the feet behind\nwhen walking may indicate a form of spasmodic rheumatism; in combination with the\nregular feeding of bran mash every morning may indicate a form of liver trouble. Weak and\nthin may mean lice-infested house and hens, acute indigestion or tuberculosis in one of its\nmany forms. I should like a more full description of how the hens are housed, quantity of\nfood and kind fed, age of birds, description, etc. Let us get to the bottom of the trouble.\nMeanwhile I would recommend a change of rations and the use of a good condition powder in\nthe food as directed. Search for lice on hens and in house. The house seems a warm one, if\nnot damp. It is presumed the fowls are kept in exercise. Will your correspondent write to\nme?\"\nIn most cases of reports received by this Department a lack of detail is almost invariable.\nThis renders an intelligent diagnosis quite impossible, and the remedies prescribed can therefore only be of a tentative character. It will be observed from the answers of the experts\ngiven above that they both express themselves in that manner, and both recommend cleanliness and change of food. These recommendations cannot be too strongly urged upon poultry\nproducers. Most of the ailments to which fowls are subject result from unsanitary conditions\nof houses and unsuitable food. A 198 Report on Agriculture, 1903\nMEETINGS    OF    STOCKMEN.\nM^inter Fat Stock Shows.\nI attended the shows at Guelph, Ont., and Amherst, N. S., in December last, at which\nagricultural centres splendid buildings have been erected by public subscription, in which the\nexhibitions of fat cattle and other live stock and poultry are held. The exhibits at Guelph\nare representative of the Province of Ontario, while those at Amherst include specimens from\nNova Scotia, New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island. The exhibitions are held in large,\nwell-lighted pavilions, in which the spectators are comfortably seated around the ring in which\nthe animals are exhibited and judged. The judges, while performing their work, explain each\npoint, dilating upon the good qualities or defects of their subjects, and giving reasons for their\njudgments. After the live animals have been judged they are slaughtered and dressed, and\nat a subsequent meeting each carcass is produced before the audience, and the judges proceed\nto give practical demonstrations of the points passed upon and which led to their decisions.\nAll this is intensely interesting and instructive to the practical stock-raiser, and the lectures\nare attended by large numbers, who profit by the experience thus gained.\nBesides the exhibition at Guelph, a series of lectures was given at the Provincial Agricultural College on the breeding and care of stock, and other important subjects connected\nwith agriculture. Representatives from every Province in the Dominion attended the fairs at\nGuelph and Amherst, among them, members of the Dominion and Provincial Cabinets, members\nof the House of Commons and Provincial Legislatures, and other prominent men, many of\nwhom delivered addresses on agricultural and other subjects. During the fair at Guelph two\nbanquets were given to the visitors, at which many leading men spoke. At these banquets\nBritish Columbia fruits were displayed on the tables, and attracted much attention and\nfavourable expressions for their size, flavour and general appearance.\nAs a result of these meetings, I am convinced that a winter stock show in this Province\nwould be productive of the greatest benefits, and would be a true solution of stock judges for\nour fall exhibitions. Before, however, such a desirable consummation is attained, it will be\nnecessary to make suitable preparations, for it must be remembered that a show in midwinter,\neven in our mild climate, will necessitate the erection of comfortable quarters for the animals,\nas well as for those who attend. The buildings at Guelph and Amherst are substantially\nconstructed of brick, heated throughout, with stalls and pens for animals and poultry, spacious\naccommodation for dairy tests, show-ring, lecture-room, slaughter-house, and all other requisites. The cost of such buildings is, of course, quite large, but it was borne entirely by private\nsubscription. Now, whilst a suitable building in this Province need not, of necessity, be of so\nsubstantial and costly a character, it nevertheless need be of such a nature as to ensure\ncomfort, and under the most favourable circumstances the cost would debar the smaller and\nless populous centres from undertaking their construction. Bearing these facts in mind, I\nam of opinion that inasmuch as the City of Vancouver has at the present time no exhibition\nof a provincial character, and being well suited for the purpose, it is the best point for a\nwinter show. It is, therefore, my intention at an early date to take up the matter with some\nof the prominent citizens of that city, when I hope that the question will be taken up in\nearnest. In connection with the show, I also propose that a course of instruction in judging\nbe given free to all who wish to take it. By this means our young people will be able to\nqualify as stock judges, so that we shall not have to depend upon the East, as we do at present,\nfor competent judges.\nThe attendence at Guelph and Amherst was such that the resources of those towns were\ntaxed to the utmost for accommodation for the visitors, and it is, therefore, of prime importance that some location should be selected where ample accommodation is available for the\nvisitors who may naturally be expected.\nAfter these winter shows are over an auction sale takes place, when all the slaughtered\nanimals are sold, as well as any others that may be offered. Slaughtered cattle fetched, on\nan average, about 8Jc, whilst some prize animals brought as much as 60c. per tt>.; hogs, 8c;\nsheep, 6| to 10c; fowls, $1.50 to $3 per pair; turkeys, 28c. per lb., and other things in\nproportion. 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 199\nLive Stock Meetings at Calgary\nOf the Territorial Pure-Bred Cattle Association and Territorial Horse Breeders' Association, which take place annually in May, have been attended by many of our people, and\npurchases of bulls at the auction following the show were freely made by our people. The\nanimals shown were excellent types of their breeds, and the bulls being range bred, where\nconditions are similar to our own, are to a great extent acclimatized to our ranges. I would,\ntherefore, strongly recommend intending purchasers of range bulls, if they cannot be suited in\nthe Province, by all means to avail themselves of the opportunity of buying suitable animals\nat Calgary. I say this without in the least intending to disparage Ontario animals, knowing\nthem, as I do, to be of the highest excellence; but I am nevertheless constrained to offer the\nadvice I have given, as the pure bred bulls brought up by hand are in no way fitted to rough\nit on a range, at any rate for the first year or two. Our breeders also would, I feel sure,\nobtain good prices at Calgary for any pure-bred animals which they wish to substitute for others.\nThe sales are conducted under the auspices of the Pure-Bred Cattle Breeders' Association,\nwho make special arrangements for delivering purchases at nearest point on railway at very\nlow rates. As it is but natural to suppose, but few dairy cattle are exhibited, beef animals\nbeing almost exclusively bred in the North-West Territories. Prices of Hereford bulls ranged\nat the last sale from $90 to $300 ; shorthorn bulls, $90 to $235 ; cows and heifers, $55 to\n$210. On the whole, the sale was a great credit to the breeders, but too many young bulls\nwere offered for sale and too many in low flesh. On some the knife should have been used.\nReally good animals brought fair prices, and the poor ones brought all they were worth and\nsome more. The average for the 267 head sold was $96.50. It would have been much\nhigher but for animals that were too young for service on the range and for those of poor\nquality. The show of horses, principally heavy draught horses, Clydesdales predominating,\nwas most successful in all respects, the display being the finest seen in the West.\nFreight Rates on Pure-bred Animals.\nIn connection with the transportation of live stock, the following is from a circular issued\nby the Canadian Pacific Railway :\u2014\n\" The following will hereafter govern the transportation of thoroughbred horses, cattle,\nsheep and swine, in less than carloads, between stations in Manitoba, Assiniboia, Alberta,\nSaskatchewan and British Columbia, when intended for breeding purposes only. Shipments\nwill be billed at one-half regular tariff rates and at the estimated weights, as provided in\nCanadian joint freight classification, with the following exceptions :\u2014\nBulls or heifers, one year and under two years    1,500 lbs.\nBulls over two years old    2,000    u\nTwo bulls shipped together, not to exceed    3,500    n\nThree bulls shipped together, not to exceed    5,000    n\n\" To entitle shipments of aged (full grown) horses, cattle, sheep and swine to these\nconcessions, a properly attested certificate of registration must in all cases be produced,\nshowing that the animal is pure-bred, and admitted to full registry in a book of record\nestablished for that breed.\n\" Unregistered young stock must be accompanied by breeder's statutory declaration,\ndescriptive of the animal and its pure breeding, and showing that it is eligible for registration,\nand that written application for certificate has been made to the secretary of the book of\nrecord for that breed.\"\nScrubs versus Pure-bred Bulls.\nAfter careful enquiry into this matter, the concensus of opinion expressed by those\ninterested is:\u20141. That whilst adequate protection should be given to those who have purebred animals, there seems to be a diversity of opinion as to how this should be done, so as not\nto inflict a hardship on the small cattle-raisers. 2. That bulls should not be allowed to run\nat large on the ranges between the 1st of October and the 1st of July. 3. That every owner of\ncattle should be compelled to provide at least one bull for every thirty cows.    4. That very many small breeders provide few, if any, bulls, but turn their cows out on the ranges and trust,\nto luck for service. 5. That the greatest transgressors in this respect are Indians. 6. That\nif any bulls are owned by the latter class they are of so inferior a quality that the progeny is\nof little value.\nThe following are a few of the remarks of correspondents:\u2014\n\"The best of bulls should not be allowed to run at large before the 1st or 15th July.\nWhat is to be said or done about the scores of scrubs and hoary old worthless brutes that\nshould have been boiled down and fed to the pigs years ago t A very few (I wish there were\nmore) energetic men have of late got good animals. Unless herded on the ranges with the\nowner's cows a worthless brute appears on the scene and a battle is the result; the worthless\nbully settles the question in short order, drives off the well-bred and takes charge of the\nharem. Then we have a worthless class of white men, half-breeds and Indians who, finding a\nwell-bred bull unprotected, will drive him off and get him where he can join their own\nscrub cows.\"\nAnother says :\u2014\" I fully concur with the idea of allowing none but the thoroughbred\nbulls to run on the public lands; I think, however, it is almost an impossibility to enforce\nsuch a rule, and it would be most unpopular with the number of small holders in this section, as\nmost of them have only a few milk cows but keep a bull, which really does not do much harm\nto the range stock at proper season.    Indian bulls would also be another trouble.\"\nThe remedies suggested for this state of things are of a varied character and by no means\nunanimous.    One correspondent says :\u2014\n\" Personally I would say, shoot every scrub bull running at large within the prescribed\nclose season ; but my advocacy of such a course would bring upon me the wrath of the politician, the Indian Superintendent, and the agent of the Indians everywhere. At present there\nare scores of scrub and worthless old brutes running at large everywhere, with the result of\ncalves coming at all seasons, and in weather such as we have had for the last eight days, with\nthe result that the calf is frozen before it can stand, and the life of the mother endangered in\naddition. There should not be any calves on the ranges before the middle of April. Importation of well-bred animals is all in vain unless law and order will step in and compel worthless\nanimals to be killed or kept in under the severest penalties and, further, that provision is made\nthat the penalty in every case be inflicted and carried out in the strictest manner.\"\nAnother says :\u2014\" First devise a means by which these small stock-raisers can purchase\npure-bred males on some liberal time payments, bearing as small an interest as the Government\ncan procure. By this scheme no one would have a grievance. The producer of British\nColumbia would each year do a much more profitable business in the home trade and export\nof horses and cattle.\"\nThe views of the various correspondents will be laid before the Ministry, with the object\nof arriving at some definite conclusion. 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 201\nPROVINCIAL BREEDERS OF LIVE STOCK.\n o\t\nHoflpED   Cattle.\nA. C. Wells & Sons, Sardis   Ayrshires and Jerseys.\nJohn Sampson, Chilliwhack    Shorthorns and Ayrshires.\nJ. A. Evans, n  Shorthorns.\nG. W. Chadsey, n  Holsteins.\nJ. Reece, n   h\nJ. Pelly, ii  Jerseys.\nA J. Street, n          n\nM. F. Gillanders, Cheam Shorthorns.\nR. Balfour, Langley Jerseys (pure).\nThos. Sincock,    n              n      (grade).\nJohn Jelly, n              n M\nW. R. Robb, Comox Shorthorns.\nJos. McPhee, Courtenay  n\nS. J. Piercy, Sandwick  n\nThos. Williams, Comox  n\nAlex. Urquhart, Courtenay Jerseys.\nWm. Lewis, h        n\nDuncan Bros., Sandwick  ,        n\nThos.  Cairnes, Comox        n\nByrne Crawford, Courtenay Holsteins.\nWm. Mackie, Agassiz Ayrshires.\nT. W. Stirling, Kelowna    n        and Jerseys.\nW. Barlee, n  Jerseys.\nT.  Mawhinney,        n          n\nShannon Bros., Cloverdale        n\nGeorge Deans, Victoria   Shorthorns.\nGeorge Sangster, Sidney  n\nG. Bradley Dyne, Saturna Island  n\nS. Fairclough, Sidney  \u00bb\nF. Turgoose, Turgoose  n\nHaldon Bros.,      n        Polled Angus.\nW. Newlands, Eburne Holsteins.\nW. H. Ladner, Ladner Shorthorns.\nW. M. Le Poer Trench, North Saanich... \u201e\nJames Bryce, n ... n\nJ. D. Pemberton, Victoria  n\nJ. W. Tolmie, \u201e  ,\nJ. A. Sayward, m   n\nWatson Clark, Oakland  n\nW. J. McKeon, Mt. Tolmie  \u201e\nJ. Nightingale, Ganges Harbour.... Shorthorn Bull.\nS. T. Conery, n ... .Jersey h\nJ. T. Collins & E. Walter    \u201e . .. .     \u201e\nMrs. Legh, Salt Spring Island Guernseys.\n\u2014 Robinson, Cloverdale Shorthorns.\nHunter Bros., Langley Holsteins.\nA. Burnett, n         Shorthorns.\nM. Mclver, n         Ayrshires.\nJoseph Patterson, Ruskin  h\nJoseph Whelpton, Agassiz Shorthorns and Jerseys.\nFinlay Sinclair, n        Guernseys.\nwnvmciAL UBBARl A 202                                      Report\non Agriculture,\n1903\nG. T. Corfield, Corfield\t\nH. Bonsall, Chemainus\t\n.... Holsteins.\nR. E. Barkley, Westholme\t\n Norfolk Bed Polled.\nC. T. Gibbons, Cowichan Station.. .\n,,\nA. N. Parry,                     n\nW. P. Jaynes, Duncans\t\n....      n\n.... Shorthorns.\nA. H. Crichton, Kelowna\t\nB. Lequime, Okanagan Mission\t\n.... Shorthorns, Heref ords and Polled Angus.\nJ. Dilworth, Kelowna\t\n.... Heref ords, Polled Angus and Shorthorns\n. . .   Holsteins.\nWm. McCullock,     \u201e         \t\nMackie Bros.             n          \t\nAlex. Ledhingham, Grantham,\t\n. , . . Shorthorns.\nAndrew Harrigan, Cumberland....\n...            ii\nHugh Stewart, Comox\t\nJ. A. Halliday, Sandwick   \t\nM. B. Ball,               .,         \t\n.... Holsteins.\n.... Shorthorns.\nA. Munro,              n                \t\n.... Sydneys.\nQuick Bros., Cadboro Bay\t\n.... Jerseys.\nHorses.\nJ. T. Wilkinson, Chilliwhack\t\n.... Roadsters.\n.... Clydesdales.\n.... Suffolk Punch.\n\u2022\n.... Clydesdale stallion.\nJohn Maxwell, Langley\t\n.... Clydesdales.\nW. Barlee, Kelowna\t\n.... Running horses.\nJoseph Steves, Steveston\t\n Suffolk Punch.\nNoah Concensa, Cumberland\t\n.... Standard bred.\nW. Huband, Sandwick\t\n.... Clydesdale.\nSwine.\nA. C. Wells & Sons, Sardis\t\nGeo. E. Banford, Chilliwhack\t\n.... Poland Chinas.\n Chester Whites.\nH. Kipp\n Berkshires.\nWm. McAdam, Port Hammond . . .\n,,\nM\n\u25a0\nWm. Mackie, Agassiz\t\nJ. T. Wilkinson, Chilliwhack\t\n          ii\nA G Wrigley, South Saanich\t\nGeorge Sangster, North Saanich .. .\n Chester Whites.\n Suffolks.\nE. Walter and C. Cundell, Ganges Harbor. Berkshire Boar.\n.... Berkshires.\nJas. Whelpton, Agassiz\t\n....         n\nG H  Hadwen, Duncans\t\nP. Flett, Shopland\t 3 Ed. 7                                          British\nColumbia.                                            A 203\nG. T. Corfield, Corfield\t\n. Berkshires.\n. Chester Whites.\nA. H. Crichton, Kelowna\t\n. Improved Berkshires.\nJ. Dilworth,              ii          \t\nii              n\nA. B. Knox,             ii         \t\nii              ii\n. Poland Chinas.\nM. McMillen, Short's Creek\t\nJames Wells, Steveston\t\n. Duroc Jerseys.\nC. London,           u          \t\n. Berkshires.\nii\nPoultry, Etc.\nA. C. Wells & Son, Sardis\t\n.White Plymouth Rocks, White Pekin Ducks,\nWhite Embden Geese.\n. Dorkings.\nA. G. Cook,               ii          \t\nBlack Langshans.\n. Game and Game Bantams.\nD. 0. Paterson,          n           \t\nBrown Leghorns.\nBarred Rocks.\nW. Maxwell Smith, n           \t\n. White Wyandottes, White Rocks, White Min-\norcas, White Indian Game, Buff Leghorns.\n. Black Minorcas.\nE. Trimble,              .,         \t\n. Light and Dark Brahmas, Black Minorcas.\nC. J. Horling,           n          ...    \t\n. Barred Rocks.\nW. T. Lindsay,        n          \t\nBarred Rocks, Langshans and Cochins.\nLight Brahmas.\n. Barred Rocks.\nG. F. Pound,            n         \t\nJ. Rumble,               u         \t\nV.  Raine,                  n          \t\nWhite Rocks.\n. Cornish, Indian Game.\nT. S. Smith,             .1         \t\nW. Towler,               i,         \t\n. White   Leghorns,   Brown   Leghorns,   Barred\nRocks, Black Minorcas.\nS. Tallman,               n          \t\nBuff Rocks.\n. Minorcas.\nW. S. Beckett,         \u201e          \t\nJno. B. Blackburn, n          \t\nii\n. Silver Laced Wyandottes.\nii                  ii\nWm. Mackie, Agassiz\t\n. Barred Plymouth Bocks.\nMrs. Jemmett,      n         \t\nLight Brahmas.\nMrs. Curbv,          M        \t\n. White Wyandottes.\nJas. Morrow,         n         \t\n. Barred Plymouth Rocks.\nH. Lysons, Kelowna\t\n. White Wyandottes, Golden Pheasants, English\nPheasants.\n. Toulouse Geese and Bronze Turkeys.\nC. A. Carncross, Surrey Centre\t\n. Light Brahmas.\n. Silver Laced Wyandottes, Pekin Ducks.\nThos. Mackie,        n         \t\n. Barred Plymouth Rocks.\nWm. Towler, Mt. Pleasant\t\nA variety.\n. White Plymouth Rocks.\nMrs. John Stewart, Ladysmith\t\n. A variety of highly bred fowls.\nE. A. Crofton, Ganges Harbour\t\n. Wyandottes.\nH. W. Bullock,             \u201e                \t\nii\nH. 0. Allen,                  \u201e                \t\n. Orpingtons.\nR. P. Edwards,             n                \t\n. Andalusians, Buff Rocks, Langshans.\n. Buff and White Rocks, Buff Leghorns, Black\nLangshans, Black Minorcas.\nMrs. Bradley-Dyne, Saturna Island\t\n. White and Buff Rocks, Buff Orpingtons, Anda\nlusians, Brown and Buff Leghorns, Pekin\nducks, Cayuga ducks, Indian Runner ducks,\nBelgian hares. A 204\nReport on Agriculture,                                       1903\nWm. Wilson,  Centi\nThos. Brocklebank,\nW. Bailey,\nW. Ralph,\nG. Adams,\nJ. W. Weart,\nW. Colter,\nR. L. Green,\nE. B. Parkinson,\nF. Barber,\nT. Horner,\nC. Burcheil,\nJ. G. Keefer,\nH. Thompson,\nH. Barclay,\nT. Mayne,\nW. T. Woodean,\nal Park\t\nBlack Minorcas.\n. . . Silver Laced Wyandottes.\nSilver Spangled Hamburgs and Black Minorcas.\n. . . Barred Plymouth Rocks.\n. . . Black Minorcas.\nLight Brahmas.\n, , Brown Leghorns.\nBuff and Barred Plymouth Rocks.\nBrown Leghorns.\n. . . Black Minorcas.\n. . . General breeds.\nBrown Leghorns.\nBarred Plymouths and Black Minorcas.\n, ,   Andalusians.\nDorkings.\n. . . Silver Laced Wyandottes.\n. . . White Crested and Black Polands.\nG. Cartwright, u  Black Langshans. [burgs.\nW. Frankling, n  Black Orpingtons and Silver Spangled \u25a0 Ham-\nW. C. Bearcroft, Vancouver    White Plymouth Rocks and Buff Orpingtons.\nA. Jones,  Central  Park White Leghorns and Brown Leghorns.\nG. Gartell, n  White Leghorns.\nJ. A. Wilson, Mud Bay Brown   Leghorns,  Barred   Plymouth    Rocks,\nWhite Wyandottes, Black Minorcas.\nH. Vogalsany, Clayton Brown   Leghorns,   Barred   Plymouth   Bocks,\nC. Carncross, Surrey Centre Light Brahmas. [Black Minorcas.\nJ. T. Bramwell, Langley Buff Leghorns, Buff and White Rocks, Black\nLangshans, Black Minorcas.\nA. Burnett, n        Barred Rocks.\nM. Mclver, n        Buff Rocks, White Wyandottes.\nCecil Smith, Agassiz Plymouth Rocks, White Brahmas.\nJ. Dilworth,    Kelowna White Cochins, Barred Plymouth Rocks, White\nS. C. Leghorns.\nJ. Fletcher, n       Barred Plymouth Rocks, Toulouse Geese.\nD. W. Sutherland,  n Barred Plymouth Rocks, Bronze Turkeys.\nW. Hang, ii      White S. C. Leghorns.\nJ. Ashton, ii      Barred Plymouth Rocks, Bronze Turkeys.\nGeo. Alexander, Beaver Creek, Alberni . . Buff Orpingtons.\nG. A. Smith, ii . .Plymouth Rocks.\nC. A. Cox, .1        . .White Rocks.\nJ. McLaren    McCoy Lake, n . .Plymouth Rocks.\nErnest Woodward,     m m . .Black Minorcas.\nJas. Wilkinson, n . . n\nG. A. Spencer, m        . .White Rocks.\nH.  Hills, ii \u2022 . Silver Laced Wyandottes.\nW. B. Townsend, Eburne Black Minorcas.\nHenry Keyes, m         n\nEd. Phillips, Grantham   Plymouth Rocks.\nS. F. Dobson, Courtenay  m and Leghorns.\nRev. T. Menzies, Sandwick  ri\nA. Salmond, n   n\nF. Cairns, Comox     Leghorns.\nW. Birkett, Grantham  n\nG. Roe, Courtenay Black Minorcas.\nEd. Creech,      n  n\nB. B. Moore, Mt. Tolmie Brown Leghorns.\nW. W. Moore, ii    White Leghorns.\nJ. Stewart, m Buff Orpingtons.\nMrs. Bell, Royal Oak Brahmas. 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 205\nPrice   of  Land.\nThe question very frequently asked is the price of land. A consideration of this question\nshould at once convince enquirers that in a country like British Columbia, with its varied\nclimate, character of land, situation, and all other considerations, the question is a most\ndifficult one to answer. Improved lands anywhere near the cities, which can be applied to\nmarket gardening, the culture of fruit, the raising of fowls, etc., probably could not be bought\nfor less than $200 per acre, the character of buildings and improvements probably enhancing\nthis value. Unimproved lands, near cities\u2014of which there is not a great deal\u2014may be worth\n$75 to $100 per acre. Good cleared farms, with improvements, within easy distance of railroads or water communication, are valued at from $50 to $100 per acre, in some cases reaching\n$150 per acre. Similar farms, not easily accessible, $25 to $50 per acre. Partly improved\nfarms, $10 to $25 per acre. Unimproved lands, fairly easily accessible, $5 to $10 per acre;\ndyked lands, Pitt Meadows, etc., from $25 to $40, unimproved. Government lands, for\npre-emption, $1 per acre ; for purchase, the minimum for first class lands is $5 per acre;\nsecond class, $2.50 per acre, and third class, $1 per acre. It must be clearly understood,\nhowever, that most Government lands, easily accessible, have long ago been taken up, either\nby pre-emption or purchase, and, therefore, most of the lands now in the hands of the Government are in isolated positions and scarcely suitable for settlers, singly, unless they make up\ntheir minds to await developments, or, in other words, for speculative purposes. Such locations\nare recommended only for colonies of settlers who, by reason of their numbers, offer inducements for the building of roads, the erection of schools, and other necessary works which are\nrequisite for the success and comfort of settlers. Lands owned by the Canadian Pacific Railway vary in price from $1 to $6 per acre. The following is a copy of the agreement which\npurchasers are required to sign when purchasing these lands: \u2014\n'\u2022 To J. S. Dennis, Esq.,\n\"British Columbia Land Commissioner, Calgary.\n190\n\"Dear Sir,\u2014I hereby offer to purchase, subject to the usual conditions of the Company\nand to the reservations in the original grant from the Crown that part\nof Lot in the District of , shown on the endorsed diagram, containing\nacres, at $ per acre, equal to $ and enclose herewith first instal\nment of $ .1 agree to pay the balance of purchase money and interest at 6 per cent.,\nin equal annual consecutive instalments of $ each, the first of said instalments\nto be paid at the end of one year from the date hereof, and to execute the usual contract\nof the Company. I agree to the reservation by the Company of all coal and valuable stone\nin or under the said land.\n\" If, prior to the receipt of this remittance, the land has been purchased by another\nperson, please return the amount to me. If for any other reason this offer cannot be accepted,\nplease advise me of the fact and return the amount or hold it to my credit pending my further\ninstructions.\n\" Yours truly,\n'' Remittance.\nBank draft or accepted cheque $       Applicant.\nPost office order        -        -        $  (Christian name must be written in full.)\nExpress order        -        -        -    $   Occupation.\n  (Jf applicant is a married woman, give name and occupation\nTotal    -    -    $  of husband.)\n   Post Office.\n\" General Conditions.\n\" All sales are subject to the following conditions :\n\" 1. All improvements placed upon land purchased to be maintained thereon until final\npayment has been made.\n\" 2. All taxes and assessments imposed upon the land or improvements to be paid by the\npurchaser. A 206 Report on Agriculture, 1903\n\" 3. The Company reserve from sale, under these regulations, all mineral and coal lands\nand lands containing timber in quantities, stone, slate, or marble quarries, land with water\npower thereon, and tracts for townsites and railway purposes.\n\" Squatters.\n\" The contract of the Company, among other conditions, contains the following :\n\"If squatters or other persons should be found on any of the said land or to have any\nclaim thereto, the purchaser hereby undertakes the settlement of such claim, and to obtain\npossession of said land at his own cost and expense, unless he determine to abandon the\nproperty adversely possessed or claimed, of which determination notice in writing shall be\ngiven to the Land Commissioner of the Company within one month from his discovery of the\nfact of adverse possession or claim, but in case of adverse possession or claim the Company\nshall have the right to cancel the sale. And if the purchaser shall so abandon the property,\nor if such adverse possession or claim shall be maintained, or should prove to be under valid\ntitle, or if the sale should be cancelled by the Company, the purchaser shall have no claim for\ndamages, nor upon any other ground upon the Company, save and except for the return, with\ninterest, of the payment made on account of the land withheld from him.\n\"Directions  for Payment.\n\" Remittances may be made by bank draft, accepted cheque, express order or post office\norder at the risk of the applicant. Agents for the sale of the Company's lands are not authorised to receive or receipt for any moneys or to bind the Company by any act whatsoever. All\npayments on account of lands must be remitted direct to the British Columbia Land Commissioner, Calgary, or to Alex. Taylor, District Land Agent, Nelson, B. C.\n\" The applicant, for the information of the Land Commissioner, is requested to fill in the\nfollowing :\nDate of arrival in British Columbia\t\nResidence immediately previous to such arrival\t\nPlace of birth    \t\nOther land held by the purchaser\t\nIs it your intention to commence cultivating this land within twelve months 1\t\n\"Terms or Payment.\n\" For the greater convenience of purchasers, the Company have adopted the following\nterms of payment:\u2014\n\" The aggregate amount of principal and interest is divided into ten instalments as shown\nin the table below ; the first to be paid at the time of purchase, the second one year from the\ndate of the purchase, the third in two years and so on.\n\"The following table shows the amount of the annual instalments on 160 acres at different\nprices under the above conditions :\u2014\nFirst Instalment.\n...   $ 45.65 and four equal instalments of $ 33\n57.95 ,, i. 41\n58.87 five n 43\n45\n47\n49\n50\n55\n60\n70\n80\n90\n100\n110\n120\nlores.\n160\t\nPer Acre.\n $1.00\n. ..      1.25\n.      1.50\n     1.75\n     2.00\n     2.25\n     2.50\n     2.75\n     3.00\n\u201e         3.50\n,,          4.00\n58.73\nsix\n57.62\nseven\n55.73\neight\n59.91\nnine\n65.90\nn\n71.90\nii\n83.90\nit\n95.85\nn\n4.50      107.85\n5.00  119.85\n5.50  131.80\n6.00  143.80 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 207\n\" Discount for Cash.\u2014If land is paid for in full at time of purchase, a reduction from\nprice will be allowed equal to ten per cent, on the amount paid in excess of the usual cash\ninstalment. No reduction from principal is made for subsequent payment in advance of\nmaturity.\n\" Interest at six per cent, will be charged on overdue instalments.\n\" Agents for the sale of the Company's land are not authorised to receive or receipt for\nany moneys, or to bind the Company by any act whatsoever. All payments on account of\nland must be remitted to the British Columbia Land Commissioner, Calgary, or to Alex.\nTaylor, District Land Agent, Nelson, B. C.\"\n,        The Esquimalt and Nanaimo Railway Company offer their lands as follows :\u2014\nAgricultural Land.\nUnsurveyed land for agricultural purposes from $3 per acre; surveyed land for agricultural purposes from $3.25. Terms : Eeither cash, or one-quarter cash, and balance in three\nyearly equal instalments, with interest at 6 per cent, per annum on unpaid balance.\nMineral Land.\nThe surface and mineral rights of mineral claims, with timber and all minerals excepting\ncoal, coal oil, iron and ironstone, can, as a rule, be purchased at the price of $5 per acre.\nTerms : One-half cash on application, and the balance in two yearly equal instalments, without interest.\nTimber Land.\nTimber lands for sale on special terms as to price and payments according to location\nand estimated quality and quantity of timber to the acre. A 208\nReport on Agriculture,\n1903\nALKALI    SOILS.\nThe subject of the superabundance of alkali in some of the finest soils of the Upper\nCountry, rendering them worthless for the production of crops, is of such importance that I\npublish the following article in the hope that the experiments recorded may prove of some\nbenefit:\u2014\n\" University of Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station.\n\" Observations on ' The Rise of the Alkali,' by R. H. Forbes.\n\"Attention having been called to the unsatisfactory condition of citrus orchards in Salt\nRiver Valley, the writer has recently investigated soil and alkali conditions, chiefly in the\ndistrict adjacent to the head of the north side of Cross-cut Canal, being assisted in the field\nand laboratory work by Messrs. J. G. Holmes, of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, and\nW. W. Skinner, of the Experiment Station.\n\" The results are of general interest, as they indicate the fact that a gradual increase of\nalkali is taking place in some irrigated soils of the valley, and suggest the necessity for careful\nmanagement of this condition. In their original state, the soils of this region do not contain\nharmful amounts of alkali. The virgin soils of the valley have been observed to contain .02 to\n.09 per cent, of salts, evenly distributed through the soil as deeply as four feet. Irrigation,\nhowever, both by the addition of salts contained in the water and, usually, by the concentration\nof salts originally in the soil, has greatly changed the amount and distribution of alkali.\n\" Especially in hot weather, at a time of low water, through evaporation and the presence\nof seepage from irrigated districts above, Salt River becomes strongly charged with soluble\nsalts. During the week ending August 4th, 1900, for instance, the water averaged 157 parts\nof soluble salts in 100,000 of water, which is a dangerously saline irrigating water. For the\nperiod from June 1st to August 4th, 1900, the average was 139 parts in 100,000. One acre-\nfoot of such water contains about 3,780 pounds of salts. When it is remembered that some of\nthe more sensitive crops and fruit trees are killed by less than 10,000 pounds of salts in the upper\nfour feet of soil,  it is seen that these low, concentrated river waters are to be taken seriously.\n\" Moreover, these summer waters are also scant in quantity, and, especially in the orchard\npractice of southern Arizona, are rushed hurriedly through shallow furrows over tbe area to be\nirrigated, wetting only the surface layers of soil. Under such conditions, uncultivated tree\nrows and ridges and insufficiently cultivated surfaces in general lose by evaporation a large\npart of the water applied in irrigating. But the alkali follows the soil water in its movements\neither up or down. As the soil water, through capillary action, comes to the surface and\nevaporates, the soluble salts are left at or near the top of the ground. But a shallow wetting\nof the soil also leads to the development of tree and plant roots near the surface, for plant roots\nalso must develop best where requisite amounts of water are accessible. As a result of shallow\nirrigation and insufficient cultivation, therefore, the orange orchards (which were more particularly studied) of this district were found with root systems, in considerable part, developed\nwithin a foot of the surface, in direct contact with accumulated alkali salts left by evaporation.\n\" The condition of various orchards examined was found to be surprisingly uniform, and\nthe following instance is typical of the results of shallow irrigation and insufficient cultivation :\n\" Typical Orchard with uncultivated tree rows and shallow irrigating furrows left\nopen for several weeks.\nUncultivated Teee\nRows.\nTemporary Ridges.\nFurrows Fllooded\nevery 8 Days.\n% in soil.\nTotal salts\nper acre.\n% in soil.\nTotal salts\nper acre.\n% in soil.\nTotal salts\nper acre.\n.305\n.099\n.092\n19,800 fts. in\n3 feet.\n.295\n.07\n.051\n16,600 fts. in\n3 feet.\n.043\n.045\n.046\n5,300 fts. in\n3 feet.\n2nd foot   \t\n3rd foot \t 3 Ed. 7\nBritish Columbia.\nA 209\n\"The facts shown in the table indicate the seriously alkaline condition of this representative orchard, especially when it is remembered that the California Station has observed as\nlow as 8,920 pounds of salts, containing about one-fifth of sodium carbonate, destroying orange\ntrees.\n\"The average composition of several samples of alkali from the district investigated was :\n\" Carbonate of soda,    Na2 CO:5      5. 25 per cent.\nBicarbonate of soda, NaHCO.j    22. 95      n\nCommon salt, NaCl      '    24.96\nCalcium chloride,       CaCl2            27.78       \u201e\nSulphate of soda,      Na2 SO^       19 .05      n\n\"Fortunately, carbonate of soda, the most injurious of these salts, is present in smallest\nproportion\u2014only about one-twentieth of the whole.\n\"Remedial measures are, in part, suggested by the first table. The soil under the irrigating furrows is, on account of the downward movement of water through it, so leached out\nthat soluble salts are not present in injurious quantity.\n\" Another orchard, planted two years ago to alfalfa and irrigated by flooding in both tree\nrows and middles, was found in the following condition :\u2014\nIn tree rows, more\nfrequently elooded.\nIn middles, less frequently\nFLOODED.\n% in soil.\nSalts per acre.\nIn soil.\nSalts per acre.\n.031\n.025\n.037\n3,700 fts. in\n3 feet.\n.038\n.039\n.043\n4,800 fts. in\n3rd foot\t\n3 feet.\n\u2022' The amount and distribution of the alkali in this orchard after this treatment is such\nthat the trees have recently shown marked improvement over their previous sickly condition.\n\"Flooding, where water is available and drainage good, is the best means to dispose of\nalkali. The occasional river floods could be utilised for this purpose, such water being least\nsalty (as low as 52 parts in 100,000 observed), and abundant for a little time. Deep borders\nand six or eight inches depth of water will be found more effective than operations of less\ndetermined nature. After the salts are leached down into the lower soil, the ground must be\ndeeply and thoroughly cultivated to prevent surface evaporation and consequent return of alkali.\n\" Deep irrigation in subsoiler furrows has the merit that a scanty head of water is made\nto penetrate quickly and deeply into the soil, leading to a deeper establishment of root-systems\nand allowing less surface evaporation. The employment of the subsoiler, however, does not do\naway with the advisability of distributing surface accumulations of salts downward through\nthe soil by flooding, as soon as water supply will permit. These measures have proved entirely\neffective in certain of the orange orchards of southern California.\n\" The shading of the soil, especially in summer, by heat and drouth resisting crops, check\nsurface evaporation to a useful extent and lessens the rise of alkali in proportion. German\nand common millets are probably suitable for this purpose in Arizona.\n\" To some extent, also, such crops as sour clover, barley or millet take up alkali salts,\nwhich are removed with the crops from the soil. A heavy crop of sour clover, for instance,\nweighing 50,000 pounds, green, will contain about 1,000 pounds of ash, largely composed of\nalkali salts from the soil. This, however, is, approximately, only one-third of what would be\nadded in an acre-foot of concentrated summer water, and moreover, if ploughed under as green\nmanuring, the salts taken up by the crop are returned to the soil from which they were taken.\" A 210 Report on Agriculture, 1903\nMEASURING   HAY   IN   STACK.\nThe question of calculating the quantity of hay in a stack is so frequently asked that I\npublish the following, which I take from \" Ranch and Range \" :\u2014\n\"The measurement of hay in the stack is a very simple and easy thing. There are many\nmethods of taking these measurements, and so far as we have tested them they are about as\naccurate as the measurement of cattle, to find their weight. In all seriousness, the judgment\nof a good guesser, who has had some experience in weighing, is much more accurate and\nworthy of consideration than any rule of measurement by inches and feet in determining\nweights of hay or cattle.\n\"The facts are that scarcely any two stacks of hay will measure out alike, because there\nis a difference in the kind of hay; some coarse, some fine, some compact, some loose, some\nmedium loose, etc., variously changing to make a difference in weight. It is a guess that has\nso many figures in its computation that makes it much more hazardous for accuracy than the\nplain, simple measurement of a trained eye.\n\" To satisfy the curious we append a few methods of hay measurement for what they are\nworth\u2014collected by the Breeders' Gazette :\n\" Prof. J. A. Edgerton, Iowa Experiment Station, gives his method in this wise : ' The\narea of the base multiplied by the perpendicular height to eaves plus one-third the perpendicular\nheight from eaves to crest will give the number of cubic feet in a stack the sides of which are\nperpendicular to a greater or less height. If the stack slopes uniformly from the base to\ncrest, then multiply the area of the base by one-third of the perpendicular height. To find\nthe area of the base divide the distance around it by 3.1416, take one-half of the result and\nsquare it, then multiply by 3.1416. The number of cubic feet necessary for a ton of good,\nwell-settled hay is about 450.'\n\"J. E. Morse, Beaverhead county, Mont., submitted this method: 'Mr. Sheppard gives\nthe rule where the distance figures over the top are obtained by throwing the tape line over\nthe stack, which is the way we measure in this country, but our rule is as follows : From the\n\" over \" we subtract the width, divide the remainder by two. Then multiply this remainder\nby the length and breadth. This reduces it to cubic feet. * * Our rule is 432 cubic feet or\n512, according to the kind of hay and the length of time it has stood. This is what is known\nas the overland measurement, otherwise the Northwestern measurement.'\n\" Prof. J. H. Sheppard, of the South Dakota Experiment Station, says : ' Square one-half\nof the distance over top of stack; from this subtract the square of one-half the width. The\nsquare root of this difference gives the height of the stack. Now multiply the width of the\nstack by one-half the height of the stack. This gives area of end. Multiply area of end by\nlength of stack. This gives the number of cubic feet in the stack provided all measurements\nare kept in feet. For fine, well-settled hay divide cubic contents of stack by 350 ; for coarse\nwoody hay by 420. The answer will be in tons. It saves time, much figuring and is more\naccurate to ascertain the height of stack byT direct measurement. If the stack is built up\nsquarely for some distance measure up to the shoulder. To this add one-half of the vertical\ndistance up to the peak. Multiply this figure by the length and breadth and divide as before.\nThe answer will also be in tons.'\n\" Wm. C. Barnes, Colfax county, N.M., sent the text of a law passed in the territorial\nlegislature giving rules for the measurement ' of loose hay in stack and specifying the cubical\ncontents of a ton of loose hay.' The bill was introduced by Mr. Barnes. Section 2 reads as\nfollows : ' Measure the stack for length, width and the \"over.\" To get the \"over\" throw a\ntape line over the stack at an average place from ground to ground, drawing it tightly.\nMultiply the width by the \"over\" and divide the result by four; multiply the result of\ndivision by the length for approximate cubical contents of stack. To reduce to tons for hay\nthat has stood in stack for less than twenty days, divide cubical contents by 512 ; for more\nthan twenty and less than sixty days, divide cubical contents by 422; for more than sixty\ndays, divide by 380. Example : Stack measures 17 feet wide, 58 feet long and 36 feet over.\nStack has stood 15 days, multiply 17 by 36, equals 612. Divide 612 by 4 equals 153.\nMultiply 153 bv length, 58, equals 8,874, which gives the cubical contents in feet. Divide\n8,874 by 512 equals 17.3 tons in stack.'\" 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 211\nGRASSES   AND   CLOVERS.\nBeal, in his work \" Grasses of North America,\" in treating of the subject of grasses for\nthe north, says :\u2014\n\" The writer approaches this subject with some want of confidence, on account of the\ngreat size of our country, the diversity of soils, climate and uses, the lack of well-conducted\nand accurately reported experiments. He will, therefore, not puzzle the farmers with numerous\nlong lists of mixtures on a guess, but give a few of the best and advise experimenting for themselves. A point is gained when a farmer ventures to deviate from the long established\ncustoms of his fathers or his neighbours, many of whom have fallen into certain practices\nwithout very good reasons therefor. The lists are recommended for climates similar to that\nof Michigan. In selecting seeds for alternate husbandry, only those grasses and clovers should\nbe sown which rapidly make a large growth, and arrive at maturity in a short time :\u2014\n\"Grasses and Clovers for Two Years.\n\" Orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata).\nTimothy (Phleum pratense), heavy and loamy soils, not on sand.\nTall oat-grass (Arrhenatherum avenaceum).\nTaller fescue (Festuca elatior), heavy and loamy soils.\nMeadow fescue (Festuca pratensis), heavy and loamy soils.\nPerennial rye-grass (Lolium perenne).\nRed clover (Trifolium medium).\nMammoth clover (Trifolium pratense.)\nAlsike clover (Trifolium hybridum).\n\"Grasses and Clovers for Three Years.\n\" Orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata).\nTall oat-grass (Arrhenatherum avenaceum).\nTaller fescue (Festuca elatior).\nMeadow fescue (Festuca pratensis).\nMeadow fox-tail (Alopecurus pratensis).\nTimothy (Phleum pratense), for mowing only.\nJune grass, blue grass of Kentucky (Poa pratensis), for pasture only.\nRed top (Agrostis vulgaris), for rich loam or low land..\nLucerne    Alfalfa (Medicago sativa).\nPerennial red clover, cow grass of the English (Trifolium pratense).\nAlsike clover (Trifolium hybridum).\nWhite clover (Trifolium repens), for pasture only.\n\" Grasses for  Marshes.    .\n\" Red top (Agrostis alba).\nMeadow fescue (Festuca pratensis).\nTall fescue (Festuca elatior).\nFowl meadow (Poa serotina).\nJune grass, blue grass of Kentucky (Poa pratensis).\nMeadow foxtail (Alopecurus pratensis).\nBlue joint (Deyeuxia (Calamagrostis) Canadensis).\" A 212\nReport on Agriculture,\n1903\nMixtures for Permanent  Pastures.\n(Recommended by Flint, in \" Grasses &nd Forage Plants.\")\nFirst Mixture.\nMeadow Foxtail Flowering in May and June    2 pounds.\nOrchard Grass\nSweet Scented Vernal\t\nMeadow Fescue\t\nRedtop\t\nKentucky Blue Grass\t\nItalian Rye Grass\t\nPerennial Rye Grass\t\nTimothy\t\nRough-Stalked Meadow Grass\nPerennial Clover\t\nWhite Clover\t\n6\nin April and May  1\nin May and June    2\nin June and July    2\nin May and June  4\nin. June                      4\nin June                      6\nin June and July  3\nin June and July    2\nin June                     3\nfrom May to Sept  5\n-40\nSecond Mixture.\nMeadow Foxtail  2 pounds.\nOrchard Grass ,  4 m\nHard Fescue  2 n\nTall Fescue  2\nMeadow Fescue  2 n\nRed Top  2\nJune Grass  2 n\nItalian Rye Grass  ......... 6 n\nPerennial Rye Grass  8 pounds.\nTimothy  3\nWood Meadow Grass  2\nRough-St'lkd Meadow Grass. 2\nYellow Oat Grass  1\nPerennial Clover  2\nWhite Clover  5\n\u201445\nThird Mixture.\nMeadow Foxtail  2 pounds. Perennial Rye Grass 4 pounds.\nOrchard Grass  6       n\nHard Fescue  1       n\nTall Fescue ,  1\nMeadow Fescue  2      m\nRed Top  3\nJune Grass  4       n\nItalian Rye Grass  3      n\nTimothy  3\nWood Meadow Grass  2\nRough-S'tlkd Meadow Grass. 2\nYellow Oat Grass  2\nTall Oat Grass  3\nPerennial Clover  2\nWhite Clover  5\n\u201445\nFourth Mixture.\nMeadow Foxtail    3| pounds.\nOrchard Grass      Jr       n\nTimothy    5 n\nRough-St'lkd Meadow Grass    f      n\nMeadow Fescue    2 n\nPerennial Rye Grass .12 pounds.\nRed Clover    5      n\nWhite Clover    5       n\nBlack Medic    2      h\n\u201436 \u201e\nFifth Mixture.\nJune Grass  5\nOrchard Grass  6\nSweet Scented Vernal  3\nHard Fescue  2\nTall Fescue  1\nTimothy  3\n(For permanent pastures much shaded with trees.)\npounds.\nMeadow Foxtail    2 pounds.\nWood Meadow Grass    4\nRough-St'lkd Meadow Grass.   6\nRed Clover    3\nWhite Clover    5\n\u201440 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 213\nFirst Mixture.\n(For permanent lawns in sight of a farm-house.)\nMeadow Foxtail    2 pounds.        Perennial Rye Grass  6 pounds.\nSweet Scented Vernal......   1      n Timothy  3\nRed Top    2      n June Grass  4\nHard Fescue    3      n Rough-St'lkd Meadow Grass. 2\nSheep's Fescue    1       n Yellow Oat Grass  1\nMeadow Fescue    4      n Perennial Clover  2\nRed Fescue    2      u Red Clover  2\nItalian Rye Grass      3      n White Clover  6\n\u201444\nSecond Mixture.\n(For lawns and pleasure grounds to be frequently mown.)\nCrested Dog's Tail  11 pounds.        June Grass  2 pounds.\nYellow Oat Grass .    8      ii Rough-St'lkd Meadow Grass. 2      n\nHard Fescue    5      n Red Top  4      m\nWood Meadow    4      n White Top  4      n\n\u201440 ,.\nThird Mixture.\n(For fine lawns frequently mown.)\nCrested Dog's Tail 10 pounds. Rough-St'lkd Meadow Grass.   1 pound.\nHard Fescue    4      n Yellow Oat Grass    1       n\nSlender Fescue    2      n June Grass    8      n\nPerennial Rye Grass 10      n White Clover   8      n\nWood Meadow Grass ,2      n \u201446 m\nSeed per Acre.\n{Year Booh, U. 8. Department of Agriculture, 1897.)\nPounds Weight\nper acre. per bushel.\nRed Top (Agrostis alba)        9.7 8 to 32 lbs.\nMeadow grass (Poa pratensis)  17.5 \t\nSheep Fescue (Festuca ovina)  28. 10 to 15 lbs.\nBrome grass (Bromus inermis)  44. \t\nRye grass (Lolium perenne)    55. 18 to   30   lbs.\nItalian RyTe grass (Lolium italicum)  48.5 12  n    24    n\nOrchard grass (Dactylis glomerata)  35. 12  n     16     h\nMeadow Fescue (Festuca pratensis)  . 52. 12  n    26 '\"_n\nAlsike (Trifolium hybridum)  12.3 94  m   100  ' n\nTimothy (Phleum pratense)  16. 48 lbs.\nSainfoin (Onobrychis sativa)  78. 40   n\nRed Clover (Trifolium pratense)  18. 64   u\nWhite Clover (Trifolium repens)  10.5 63   n\nAlfalfa (Medicago scttiva)  . 25. 63   n\n(From Family Herald and Weekly Star.)\nWhen red clover seed is sown alone, about 12 lbs. per acre should be applied.\nAlfalfa seed should be sown at the rate of 15 to 18 lbs. per acre.\nSix pecks of short heavy oats is enough to seed an acre, while longer and larger seed\nshould be applied at the rate of seven pecks per acre,\nCorn planted in drills 3 feet apart, about 20 lbs. of seed per acre produces a good stand\nif in hills, 15 lbs. is enough.    Many growers plant in hills 40 inches apart each way, about 10\nlbs. of seed per acre.\nFrom six to seven pecks of wheat per acre is considered a good seeding. In all the above\ncases vigorous clean seed should be used and the ground should be rich, clean and worked into\na fine seed bed. A 214 Report on Agriculture, 1903\nFORESTRY.\nIntimately connected as this subject is with agriculture, and in view of its great\nimportance, I deem it fitting to give a chapter on forestry. The subject is so wide that it is,\nof course, impossible to enter into all its phases in an article of the length to which this is\nnecessarily confined. I will, therefore, confine myself chiefly to the question of the economic\nvalue of our principal wood, Douglas fir; logging; strength of woods; identification of woods;\nthe effect of the prohibition of the export of logs from Crown lands; reports on destruction of\nforests by fire; suggestions for the preservation of forests, and terms of leases for pulpwood.\nI regret having been unable to attend the last annual meeting of the Canadian Forestry\nAssociation at Ottawa in March, as there are many questions of special interest to this\nProvince which I would like to have brought up before that body. The next meeting is to\ntake place in Toronto, and it will be seen by the subjoined letter from the secretary that it is\nproposed to hold the succeeding meeting in this Province. This is as it should be, British\nColumbia having the most extensive forests in Canada and probably in America. The aims\nof the Association are of the highest possible order, the good accomplished through its influence\nalready of great value, and the prospective value inestimable. The following is a copy of the\nletter alluded to :\u2014\n\"Ottawa, March 12, 1903.\n\" Dear Sir,\u2014I beg to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 2nd instant, and must\nthank you very much for the reports in regard to bush fies in the Province of British Columbia\nwhich you forwarded therewith. I regret that they did not arrive before the meeting of the\nAssociation, but I will have the main points summarized and included in the report which is\nto be published.\n\" I do not wonder that you find some difficulty in getting reports on fires completed, as\neven in the Province of Ontario it was impossible to get complete details at the time of the\nmeeting. We would have been very much pleased to have had you present at the meeting, if\nit had been possible for you to come, and you could have helped us very much in considering\nquestions relating to British Columbia. In regard to the setting apart of the National Park\nin the Cameron Lake District, the Association did not take action, as neither Mr. Stewart nor\nmyself could give any special information in regard to the matter.\n\"I was hoping that the papers which you were forwarding would arrive every day, and\nthat they would contain sufficient data to give the Association a basis upon which to pass the\nresolution, but, unfortunately, they were not received until after the meeting had adjourned.\nThe meeting was the most successful we have ever had, and we can now feel satisfied that the\nAssociation is becoming established on a firm basis. It was decided to have the next annual\nmeeting in the city of Toronto, and I might perhaps mention that Mr. E. G. Joly, who is a\nvery active and interested member of the Association, suggested and urged that we would try\nand arrange for a meeting in British Columbia before the term of office of his father, Sir\nHenri, as Governor, expires.\n\" Again thanking you for your kindness in assisting the Association,\n\"Yours faithfully,\n\"R. H. Campbell,\n\"J. R. Anderson, Esq., \"Assistant Secretary.\n\"Department of Agriculture, Victoria, B. C.\"\nDouglas Fir (Pseudotsuga Douglasii).\nThis is the timber which is very commonly known as \"Oregon pine,\" or \"Oregon fir,'\namongst the foreign timber dealers. The name is altogether misleading and meaningless,\ninasmuch as it extends all through the State of Washington and British Columbia, and, in\npoint of fact, the principal sources of supply are from those sections of the continent. Douglas\nfir is the name by which it is commercially known in this Province, and since it is the\nprincipal economic wood, it seems of some importance that it should be known by its proper\nname. OAK    TREES   (Quercus Garryana). 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 215\nI am not prepared to say what its exact range is, but the whole of the coast line of the\nMainland, Vancouver Island and other islands of the gulf have enormous forests of Douglas\nfir. The growth in some places is phenomenal, the trees standing as close together as it is\npossible to imagine, of great girth, anywhere from four to eight feet through, and running up\nstraight from 100 to 200 feet without a branch. This occurs in the dense forests in the\nvalleys, where the very best wood grows ; that on the mountain sides, naturally of a slower\ngrowth, is of a harder nature, and this is itensified with greater altitude until a height of\nabout 4,000 feet is attained, when it gradually gives way to other conifers, such as mountain\nhemlock (Tsuga Pattoniana), mountain balsam (Abies Engelmanii), and yellow cedar (Cupressus\nNutkaensis).\nRate of Growth.\nTrees at this elevation, for climatic reasons, are of very slow growth, rendering the wood\nvery hard. A specimen of hemlock from a tree between eight and nine inches in diameter,\ncut by Mr. Stephenson, Provincial constable, Nanaimo, for Dr. Fletcher and me, was aged,\naccording to the rings, about 200 years. Some specimens of small Douglas fir, four to six\ninches in diameter, which I had cut on barren, rocky land near Victoria, for the purpose of\nascertaining the growth in such localities, showed by the rings that it must have taken about\n38 years to have attained a size of four inches, and in some cases even a greater time. This\nwTas done in response to inquiry as to the adaptability of growing Douglas fir for mine props\nin Ireland.\nDurability and Strength.\nThe best timber for ordinary purposes is, therefore, the more quickly growing of the\nvalleys; nevertheless, that of slower growth, being harder, is probably more durable, and\npossibly of greater strength; on this point I have no data, but it would be interesting and\nvaluable information for all purposes where durability and strength are of prime importance,\nsuch as bridge work and ship building. The durability of Douglas fir under some conditions\nis quite remarkable ; in fact, buried in the ground, out of the reach of the atmosphere, or\nimmersed in water, it is practically indestructible. A good illustration of this is to be seen\nin the Department of Agriculture, where a section of wooden pipe of Douglas fir, which was\nexhumed from one of the streets of Victoria after having been buried over 39 years, is as sound\nas the day it was cut. Exposed to the air and weather in a dry situation and not touching\nthe ground, the life of this wood is also of very long duration. Other instances of the\ndurability of this wood under certain conditions have come under my notice, one of which is\nas follows : In going through a forest I had occasion to climb over a large log; to help myself,\nI took hold of tbe trunk of a tree which was growing on the log. To my astonishment, the\ntrunk fell to pieces. Luckily for me, it was only a stump about 10 feet high. On investigation, I found that the log was that of a Douglas fir, and the stump of the tree which had\ngrown on it was that of a hemlock about two feet in diameter. Now, the bark of the fir must\nhave pretty well decayed before the seed of the hemlock found a lodgement and started to\ngrow; the hemlock had grown to the size I mention, which must have taken perhaps 120\nyears, or possibly more, had died and decayed, and still the fir log was as sound, apparently,\neven the part partly embedded in the earth, as the day on which it fell to the ground. Another\ninstance is given by Mr. Thos. A. Sharpe, Superintendent of the Dominion Experimental Farm\nat Agassiz, as follows :\u2014\n\" In clearing land on the Experimental Farm, a cedar tree of over six inches was found\ngrowing in the centre of a very large, partly decayed, fir stump. In grubbing about the fir\nstump, another large fir stump was found, the centre of which was rotted away, but roots over\ntwo feet in diameter were still solid and in good condition, as shown by this section of one of\nthem.    How many years since it belonged to a live tree?\"\nUses.\nGrowing singly, it forms a handsome shade tree, but as it begins branching, in such\nlocalities, quite near the ground, it is quite valueless for commercial purposes, except for firewood. The bark of old trees is of great thickness, some of it measuring 15 to 16 inches. This\nbark, it has been erroneously stated in some of the provincial publications, is largely used for\ntanning, a statement which it is to be regretted has been copied in some of the industrial\npublications in England and elsewhere as authentic.    As a matter of fact, it is quite useless A 216 Report on Agriculture, 1903\nfor such a purpose; the only use to which it is put is as fuel, for which purpose it is undoubtedly most excellent, making intensely hot and lasting fires, and is therefore highly esteemed.\nThe wood is universally used for all kinds of purposes. In the construction of houses, ships,\nsteamers, masts, bridges, fences, railroad ties and paving it occupies a first place. As firewood it is almost exclusively used locally. Until recently, it was not used for inside finishing,\nornamental purposes nor furniture. Of late years, however, it has been coming more\nand more into favour for those purposes. Cut in the desired manner, the grain, which\nis most beautiful, is brought out to perfection; stained to the right colour, it resembles the\nmost beautiful oak. Being harder than cedar, it has in a great measure supplanted it, and fir\nis now extensively used for all the purposes I have mentioned. For paving purposes it is\nextensively used. The following excerpts from reports of the City Surveyors of Victoria and\nVancouver give the views of tbose gentlemen on this question of its adaptability for that\npurpose:\u2014\n\"Vancouver, B.C., December 3rd, 1901.\n\" J. R. Anderson, Esq.,\n\" Deputy Minister of Agriculture, Victoria, B. G.\n\" Dear Sir,\u2014Yours of the 22nd ult. to hand re the use of B. C. woods for street paving.\nWe have a portion of Granville Street paved with wood blocks put down in 1894. In it are\nincluded three kinds of Australian wood, mahogany, blackbutt, and spotted gum, also\ncreosoted B. C. fir and cedar, and also B. C. cedar untreated. They have all stood the traffic\nwell, so far. British Columbia cedar is the most durable wood we have, so far as decay is\nconcerned, but is rather soft and requires a coating of granite screenings on the surface, which\nbecomes imbedded in the wood and resists the wear of traffic to a considerable extent. B. C.\nfir is a strong wood, but rots rapidly in contact with the earth or moisture. Treated with a\ngood wood preservative, I believe it would answer the purpose. The place I first mentioned\nis the only case in which I have used fir. The fir was creosoted in that case and has remained\ngood for nearly eight years, and is in fairly good condition now.\n\"We put down a considerable quantity of wood pavement in 1898, using cedar blocks\n3\" x 9\" x 5\", dipped in a mixture of coal tar and asphaltum, laid close, coated with coal tar and\nasphaltum and stone screenings. This pavement has stood very well so far, and makes a very\nsmooth, noiseless pavement, but the surface should be re-coated every7 three or four years, or\nperhaps oftener, in order to keep a good hard surface. For very heavy traffic, however, I\nthink B. C. cedar too soft.\n\" I might add that all our pavements are laid on 6\" concrete, composed of 4 parts of\nbroken stone, 2 of fine gravel, and 3 of sand to 1 of the best Portland cement.\n\" I hope this may be of Service to you.\n\" Yours sincerely,\n\"Thos. H. Tracey,\n\" City Engineer.\"\n\"Victoria, B. C, Jan. 31st, 1902.\n\"J. R. Anderson, Esq.,\n\"Deputy Minister of Agriculture, Victoria, B. C.\n\"Dear Sir,\u2014In reply to your letter of Nov. 22nd, 1901, re Canadian timber for street\npaving, would say I have every reason to believe our British Columbia Douglas fir and cedar\nwill be quite satisfactory for paving purposes. We have put down several thousand square\nyards of fir here, all of which is in good condition. I have taken blocks from crossings subject\nto very heavy traffic on Yates street, which have been down for seven years, and the same \"is\nin perfect condition, and only decreased in length, due to traffic, one-sixteenth of an inch.\nFrom this you can form an idea of the hardness of the fibre. The only question in my mind\nis the length of time the timber will last before decay sets in ; this, of course, can only be\ndecided on in years to come. In conclusion, I may say that it is impossible for me to go into\nthe matter fully, in view of the fact that none of our pavements have been down a sufficient\nlength of time to be certain of success. Trusting these few remarks will be of some value, and\nregretting the delay in answering your letter,\n\" I remain, yours faithfully,\n\" C. H. Topp, City Engitieer.\" 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 217\nAs sticks of great length and size are obtainable, it is in great demand for works requiring great lengths of solid, durable wood, and many loads of such timber are constantly conveyed to Eastern points and across the continent. Frequently, for the conveyance of these\nlong sticks three flat-cars have to be used, the timber being secured to the middle car, the two\nothers acting as supports to the ends, which are unsecured, for convenience in going round the\ncurves so common in the mountain sections of the transcontinental railroads. These large\ntimbers, when loaded on ships, are put in through ports cut in the bow of the vessel.\nThe following tables of breaking stresses and recommended values of Douglas fir are furnished by Mr. Edward Mohun, C. E.:\u2014 218\nDOUGLAS    FIR   (Pseudotsuga Douglasii).\nUltimate Breaking Stresses in Pounds per Square Inch, from Experiments by various Authors.\nCompiled by E. Mohun, C.E., 31st October, 1898 ; revised 31st May, 1900.\nAuthor.\nRemarks.\nTension\nwith\nGrain.\nCrushing.\nExtreme Skin\nStress.\nModulus of Elasticity.\nShearing with\nGrain.\nWeight\nper\nCubic\nFoot.\nBreaking\nBeam, 1 in\n1 ft. Span\nat Centre\nLoad of\nSquare,\nLoaded\nEndwise\nSidewise\nLimits.\nMean.\nLimits.\nMean.\nLimits.\nMean\nLimits.\nMean.\nr\n14,311\n11,160\n12,663\n16,600\n15,900\n8,020 to 10,444\n4,027 to   8,382\n4,613 to   7,339\n9,054\n6,084\n6,293\n8,658\n1,934,500 to 2,178,100\n926,500 to 1,138,900\n949,720 to 1,201,620\n2,036,529\n1,431,209\n1,423,962\n397 to 440\n290 to 456\n302 to 371\n411\n396\n328\n41\n35\n35\n445 to 580\n224 to 466\n256 to 408\n5,974\n6,265\n7,098\n7,070\n3,085\n6,000\n1,000\n338\n,<\u00ab.) Prof. Bovey... -\nOld timber, old Can. Pac. Ry. stringers..\nIncluded in preceding:\n46 pieces new timber, straight grained\n350\n20 pieces old timber, straight grained\nKb.) Oregon &Cal. Ry\n!&.) 0. D. Isaacs\t\n(&.) Report of Am ...\n1,272,000\n600\n5,979\n6,482\n9,257\n6,214\n6,600\n11,484\n9,334\n332\nOrdinary No. 1 timber, 10 bean\n5,580 to   7,951\n6,438 to 12,056\n5,268 to   7,544\n310 to 442\n358 to 670\n293 to 419\n600 to 650\n360\ns(&.) Chas. Wing ... \u2022!\n514\n(&.) Onward Bates...\n(&.) A. L. Johnson ..\nlc.) E. Mohun ,      , J.\n500\n1,750\n879\n1,215\n345\n4,400\n7,000\n5,556\n1,380,000\n1,585,000\n1,862,947\n367\nSpecially selected, straight-grained, free\nfrom knots and flaws, partly seasoned.\n10,800 to 11,700\n34\n36^99\nid.) Prof. F. Soule.J\n63 pie\n59     ,\nIndentation   3 per cent., 83     ,\n;,            15        \u201e           83      ,\n21      ,\n85     ,\n:es\t\n14,388\n{\n14,170\n5,824\n546\n.E. A. Wilmot\t\nOld bridge stringer, damaged, 10\" x 12\" x\n37' 6\" r\t\n8,298\n7,811\nMean\t\n1,083\n1,570,235\n456\n36.50\nRecommended Values.\nAuthor.\n(a.) Prof. Bovey ....\n(e.) Am. Associat'n of (\nSuperintendents-!\nof Bridges, etc.   ^\n{It). A. L. Johnson\n-(c) E. Mohun .\n(ii). A. Brown, S. P. Ry\nUltimate stress . ..\nFactor of safety ..\nSafe working- stress\nUltimate stress ...\nFactor of safety ..\nSafe working stress\nUltimate stress . ..\nFactor of safety ..\nSafe working stress\nUltimate stress ...\nFactor of safety ..\nSafe working stress\nUltimate stress ...\n10,000\n10\n1,000\n14,000\n10\n1,400\nCrushing.\nEnd-        Side-\nwise,    wise.\n4,400\n5\n5,000\n5\n(\/) 1,000\n6,000\n500\n3\n167\n1,200\n4\n300\n6,000\n3\n2,000\n5,000\n6\n6,000\n3\n2,000\n13,630\nModulus\nof\nElasticity.\n&0.5\n'So\nll\n1,430,000\n400\n34\n2\n4\n1,380,000\n2\n690,000\n4\n1,400,000\n2\n700,000\n400\n4\n100\n'37\n1,272,000\n600\n\u25a05 'J j\nxfi~\n883\n3\n111\n278\n6\n46\n367\n5\n73\n333\n3\n111\n702\n\\b.)\n0.)\nci)\n\u00ab.\nIt.)\nProf. Bovey.    Trans. Can. Soc. C E.    Vol. IX.    1895.\nA. L. Johnson, CE.    Bulletin 12, Division of Forestry, Dept. of Agriculture, U.S.A.\nE. Mohun, CE.    Indian and Colonial Exhibition, 1886.    Trans. Can. Soe. C E.    Vol. II.    1S88.\nProf. Frank Soule.   Trans. Am. Inst. M. E.    1899.\nCommittee Report.    Am. Association of Railway Superintendents of Bridges and Buildings.    1895.\nWhen the length does not exceed fifteen times the least diameter.\nDeduced from C S. Smith's formula.\nDeduced from Tredgold's formula.\nBeams Supported at Both Ends.\nFormula.\nLet \/, = clear span in feet. Z=clear span in inches.\nT,   & = breadth of beam in inches. \/i = height of beam in inches,\ni,   W= total load in lbs. # = length of end bearings.\nUniformly Loaded.\n5= safe load in lbs.\nI''=skin stress.\nJ?= modulus of elasticity.\nA = deflection in inches.\n\u201e    2226. h 2\nSW.l\n\"4i)Jl2\nbW.ltt\n32 A.d.fts\n5JTJ3\nLoaded at Centre.\n= safe load in lbs.\n= skin stress.\n= modulus of elasticity.\n= deflection in inches.\n1116.7(2\n\/=\nE =\nA=^\n32A'.6.ft3\nW.L\n5=1\n26. ft 2\nw.n\nRemarks.\nThe foregoing safe working\nstresses are estimated for\nfirst quality timber, such\nas would te accepted by a\ncompetent inspector for\nbridge and trestle work.\nThe life of such a structure\nunder favourable climatic\nconditions may be estimated at about twelve years.\nBeams covering more than\none span, or firmly fixed\nat both ends, are stronger\nthan beams merely sup-\nported at the ends by from\n50 to 100 per cent.\nte-)\nPillars.\nW.L\n= lll\/\u00bb2\nSafe load per sq.   \u20141900\ninch in lbs. 1+.004\u2014\n&2\n(h.)\nInclined Beams.\nW\nh=\\fw.L.Dx.016i\nLoaded at centre, where D=\nhorizontal distance between\nsupports,\nW=\n.0154i.Z>\n(h.) When the deflection =^\nA = ViTy.0036IF\n& = 0.6\\\/Z V -0096II'\nhi\nW=\n.0096\/,-'\ni of the span, and 6 = 0.6\/t,\nh=\\fl~. V-0154IF\n&=o.eVi. y.0154 if\nw=-\nNote.\u2014If the proportion of\n& : h is not 0.6 :1, but x: 1, the\ncoefficients   .0090   and   .0154\nhi\n'.1)154 Z\/2\n.00577\nbecome   and\nrespectively.\n00924 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 219\nForest Fires.\nThe destruction of timber through this agency has not been as great since the issue of\nthe last report of this Department as it was for a long period previously. This immunity may\nprobably be ascribed to several causes, viz. : wet seasons; the timber near lines of travel having\nalready been destroyed, the liability to ignition from trains and such causes were lessened ;\npossibly more care on the part of campers and prospectors, and perhaps more vigilance on the\npart of those whose duty it is to watch over the public interests. Certain it is there is a\ngrowing feeling amongst all classes that this source of the wealth of the Province should be\nsafe-guarded to a much greater degree than was considered necessary in former years. This\nhealthy feeling is no doubt due to the teaching of such bodies as the Canadian Forestry\nAssociation, and the warnings of the press and public men. Nevertheless, much still remains\nto be done. Carelessness, it will be observed by the following reports of Government Agents,\nis the chief cause to which forest fires are attributed. This conclusion, I feel assured, is the right\none, borne out as it is by observations of those gentlemen and by my own. Such being the case,\nthere seems to be good reason to hope that by education of the public in the evils attendant upon\ncarelessness, fires through this cause may be materially lessened. The Indians are naturally not\nso easily reached by these means, and it will be seen by the reports of some of the Government\nAgents that they consider the Indians to be largely responsible for forest fires. My experience, however, points to the fact that they are naturally careful; their fires are usually very\nsmall, generally built on the shingle of the beach or on places previously used for the purpose,\nthe result being that danger of a conflagration resulting from unextinguished fires is reduced\nto a minimum. The fact, also, that until the advent of the whites in any numbers, destructive\nforest fires were comparatively unknown, points to the conclusion that the native races,\nfollowing their natural instincts, did not by their methods destroy the forests, any more than\nby their methods were the rivers depleted of fish nor the land of game. Nevertheless, that\nthey are partly responsible for some of the fires is undeniable, but I believe that in the\nmajority of instances the origin of fires must be assigned to other causes. It seems, therefore,\nit is to our own people that we must attribute most of the losses occurring to our forest\nwealth ; and since they can be reached by the agencies previously mentioned, probably a\nvigorous educational campaign would be the best means of inculcating careful habits on their\npart and in a less degree on the part of the natives. Fires caused by locomotives and such\nagencies are no doubt of frequent occurrence, and it is to be feared that the provisions of\nsection 7 of the \"Bush Fire Act,\" relating to the equipment of locomotive engines, are not\nalways adhered to. It will be observed that recommendations are made by several correspondents that the appointment of fire rangers would be the means, to a great extent, of\npreventing the spread of fires. From the report of Mr. Leamy, the Dominion Crown Timber\nAgent, it will be seen that he attributes our immunity from forest fires to be largely due to\nthe efficiency of the Dominion fire rangers. This is certainly a large question for the Provincial Government to undertake, and whilst it is clearly impossible to guard the whole of the\nunsettled portion of the Province in this manner, measures might be devised by a special tax\nfor the remuneration of some officers in the settled parts, whose duties, amongst others, might\nbe the inspection of engines. Mr. Leamy's suggestion as to the putting on of a close season\nby the Provincial Government is, to my mind, pretty well met by the provisions of sections 4\nand 5 of the Act.\nThe following are some of the principal provisions of the Act referred to above:\u2014\n\" Fire Districts.\n\" The Lieutenant-Governor-in-Council may, from time to time, by Order-in-Council, consti \"\ntute any portion of the Province of British Columbia a fire district.\n\" Regulation of Fires in Fire Districts.\n\" It shall not be lawful for any person to set out, or cause to be set out or started, any\nfire in or near the woods, within any fire district, between the first day of May and the first\nday of October in any year, except for the purpose of clearing land, cooking, obtaining warmth,\nor for some industrial purpose ; and in case of starting fires for any of the above purposes, the\nobligations and precautions imposed by the following sections shall be observed :\n\" It shall not be lawful for any person to set out, or cause to be set out or started,\nbetween the first day of May and the first day of October in each year, within any fire district, A 220 Report on Agriculture, 1903\nany fire for the purpose of clearing land, unless the owner or occupier of any land on which\nfire shall be so made or started for the purpose of clearing the same shall, by himself or his\nservants, constantly watch over, manage and care for such fire, and observe every reasonable\ncare and precaution to prevent such fire from spreading as aforesaid.\n\" Every person who shall, between the said first day of May and the first day of October\nin any year, make or start within any fire district any fire in any woods or forest, or upon\nany lands adjacent thereto, for cooking, obtaining warmth, or for any industrial purpose, shall\nclear a sufficient space surrounding the place in which he is about to light or start such fire,\nand shall completely extinguish such fire before leaving the place.\n\" Equipment of Locomotive Engines in Fire Districts.\n\"All locomotive engines used on any railway which passes through any fire district, or\npart of a fire district, shall by the company using the same be provided with and have in use\nall the most approved and efficient means used to prevent the escape of fire from the furnaces\nor ash-pans or smoke-stacks of such locomotive engines, and the company shall see that same is\nin perfect order at least once a day.\"\nThe penalty for an infraction of the above provisions is a fine not exceeding $200, and not\nless than $50.\nReports on Forest Fires.\nMr. James Porter, Government Agent, Cassiar :\u2014\n\" I am happy to say that only one bush fire was reported, and that was during the month\nof July. It was out on the right bank of the Tahltan River, at a point some three miles\nabove the mouth of the stream. It originated from Indian camp fires, and as soon as I heard\nof it I sent word out to the Indian village at Tahltan for them to turn out in force and put it\nout, or else I would investigate and try to punish the guilty parties. They went out and\nquickly got the fire under control. A big shower of rain fell and completely extinguished it.\nThe fire ran over about ten acres of ground and did more good than harm, for it destroyed a\nlot of underbrush and burnt up a lot of fallen timber; it destroyed but very few trees of any\nuseful size.    The season here has been generally wet, which accounts for the absence of fires.\"\nMr. Marshal Bray, Government Agent, Nanaimo :\u2014\n\" I have the honour to submit the following report on the bush or forest fires in the North\nNanaimo and Nanaimo City Districts during the year 1902 : The districts have been\nremarkably free from forest fires during the year 1902. A few forest fires occurred between\nNanoose Bay and Englishman's River in the months of August and September last, but they\ndid little or no damage to the timber, being confined to the small scrub and bull pines. These\nfires were no doubt set out by the hunters and fishermen, and might have done considerable\ndamage had they not been quenched by a heavy fall of rain. I have taken notice and have\ntraced quite a number of forest fires during past years to the carelessness of fishermen, who\nhad set out the fires along the banks of the rivers and streams to boil the kettle and smoke\nout the sand flies and mosquitoes.\"\nMr. James Maitland-Dougall, Government Agent, Cowichan :\u2014\n\" Sir,\u2014I have the honour, as requested, to make a report regarding bush fires in the\nCowichan District during the year 1902. There were three; but, fortunately, no great\ndamage was caused. One fire started at the head of the Lower Cowichan Lake, which at one\ntime threatened a large area of timber lands. This, however, was prevented by the efforts of\nthe loggers and also a broad stream the fire being kept within an area which had been\nalready logged. The origin of the fire is not certain. Several hundred acres were burnt over,\nbut no valuable timber destroyed.\n\" Another fire occurred on Mount Sicker\u2014supposed to have been started by the mountain railway train. This fire, although at one time it threatened to be serious (the Mount Sicker\ntownsite  being in  danger),  did not cause much damage, and was eventually put out by rain.\n\" Another fire started during the summer on the Koksilah range of mountains, and burnt\nfor some weeks, eventually being put out by rains. This fire confined itself to the mountains,\nand although it burnt over a fairly large area, did not come down to the valleys where the\ntimber limits are.    This fire was caused presumably by prospectors. 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 221\n\" Other fires were noticeable from here, but were outside this district.\n\" With regard to suggesting measures which might be adopted to prevent fires, the only\none I can suggest would be the appointment of a few tire wardens. At the same time, nearly\nall the large fires occur outside the settled part of the district, and as a great part of this is\ntaken up by lumber companies, they immediately, on a fire being noticed, send men out to\nwatch the fires for their own interests.\"\nMr. J. Kirkup, Government Agent, Rossland :\u2014\n\" Replying to yours of the 19th inst., I beg to state that no bush fires of consequence\noccurred in my district during the past year.\"\nMr. F. Soues, Government Agent, Clinton :\u2014\n\" Adverting to your letters of the 6th May last and the 19th inst., I beg to say there have\nbeen no bush fires in my district last year worthy of note. As a matter of fact, there have been\nnone since 1868, and then fire did its work well and cleared oft mountain sides most effectually,\nvery few escaping. My experience here, extending over 36 years, is that nature very soon\ncovers up the fire-burnt area with a dense young growth, often impassable, of fir and pine. The\nsame applies where the forest has been levelled by the axe. There are young pine and fir,\ngrowing on the hillsides here that are from 20 to 30 feet high, and they have taken the place\nof the former trees, that were cut down for firewood, etc., in the sixties. Origin of fires may\nbe set down to carelessness of the white man and Indian alike, and no other, and it is impossible to suggest how that carelessness could be met and prevented.\"\nMr. A. L. Smith, Government Agent, Alberni:\u2014\n\" In answer to your letter of the 20th inst., would sa}' that timber and timber leases came\nout free of fires last year. We had a local fire surrounding the town, but were able to keep it\nin check and little or no damage was done.\"\nMr. J. F. Armstrong, Government Agent, Fort Steele :\u2014\n\" I have the honour to forward herewith a letter which I have received from Alexander\nMcDougall, of Fernie. I can corroborate his statements as to a large quantity of timber having\nbeen destroyed by bush fires, although I would not have put the figures as high as he has done.\nThere is no doubt, however, that the damage done was very great, and that if it could have\nbeen avoided by the appointment of bush rangers, the expenses of the latter would have been\nsmall in comparison.    1, therefore, submit the matter to you.\"\n\"J. F. Armstrong, Esq., Government Agent, Fort Steele, B. C. :\n\"Dear Sir,\u2014During the last four years bush fires have been very frequent in this section\nand, to my own knowledge, 200,000,000 feet B. M. of timber has been destroyed. The danger\nfrom that cause is increasing every year, as more settlers are getting in and fires are. likely to\nbe more frequent. I have personally spent a good deal of time and money fighting fire, but\ncannot afford to continue doing so at my own expense, but would undertake to look after the\nkeeping down of fires in this vicinity if the Government would appoint me to do so, and make\na reasonable allowance for time spent. If fires were carefully watched and extinguished as\nsoon as started, the danger of serious loss could be avoided at small expense.\n\"Trusting you will give this matter favourable consideration,\n\" I am, yours respectfully,\n\"Alex. McDougall.\"\nMr. Leonard Norris, Government Agent, Vernon :\u2014\n\"I beg to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 19th instant in the above matter\nThere have been few bush fires in this district during the past year, and but one that was\ndestructive in sweeping the range. I cannot suggest any alteration in the present regulations\nas being likely to make them more effective. Carelessness in dropping matches and in leaving\ncamp fires only partially extinguished are the chief causes, and the principal difficulty in\nenforcing the Act is in obtaining sufficient evidence to convict. The case above referred to\nwas traced to the camp fire of some cattlemen who camped on the trail the night before ; but,\non the case being investigated, it seemed impossible to secure sufficient evidence against them\nto convict.\" A 222 Report on Agriculture, 1903\nMr. Joseph W. Burr, Government Agent, Ashcroft:\u2014\n\" I beg to report that no bush fires of any consequence have taken place in my district\nduring the year 1902.\"\nMr. J. E. Griffith, Government Agent, Golden :\u2014\n\" I beg to inform you that this district has been practically free from bush fires during\nthe past season.\"\nMr. John Baird, Government Agent, Cumberland :\u2014\n\"I have to report that I know of no bush fires in Comox District during 1902.\"\nMr. Caspar Phair, Government Agent, Lillooet:\u2014\n\"In reply to your request of the 19th inst., I beg to report as follows as to the bush fires\nin Lillooet Mining Division during the year 1902 : There were only four. The greatest was\non the side of the mountain opposite to the town of Lillooet, which burned for about ten days\nand covered an area of about 80 acres. A smaller one was on the mountain on the right bank\nof Fraser River, about nine miles below the town of Lillooet, which extended over about 20\nacres. Two fires at Seton Lake swept over about 40 acres. These fires were no doubt caused\nby Indians, who set fire to the berry bushes, after they gathered the berries, to insure a good\ncrop the following year. Indians have told me that they have always done so. It is difficult\nfor the constable to get evidence to convict for the offence. These fires, however, do very\nlittle damage in this part of the Province to green timber\u2014merely burn the foliage but do\nnot kill many trees.\"\nMr. D. Robson, Government Agent, New Westminster :\u2014\n\" I have the honour to report that there has been very little damage done by bush fires\nin this district during the year 1902. There have been several small fires in different parts\nof the district, but they have been confined to comparatively small areas. In South Vancouver\na house and some other property was destroyed by bush fires, believed to have originated\nfrom a C. P. R. locomotive operated on the Steveston branch. I have been unable to ascertain\ndefinitely the cause of the other fires, but have reason to believe that they were caused\ngenerally by burning brush, etc., in clearing land, or through carelessness of those taking out\nshingle bolts and cordwood. I have reason to believe that persons clearing land frequently\nfail to comply with the requirements of the Bush Fires Act. I am of opinion that a\nsubstantial reward should be offered for such evidence as would secure the conviction of any\nperson guilty of a breach of the Act.\"\nMr. John Flewin, Government Agent, Port Simpson :\u2014\n\"I beg to acknowledge receipt of yours of 19th ultimo, and to report that no bush fires\noccurred in this district during the past season. I have taken every precaution to warn the\nIndians, and to that principally I attribute the absence of fires, as Indians, in the past, have\nbeen the principal transgressors in this district.\"\nMr. C. A. R. Lambly, Government Agent, Osoyoos :\u2014\n\"In reply to your letter of the 19th ulto., re bush fires in this district during 1902, I am\npleased to be able to report, after careful inquiries from different residents throughout the\ndistrict, that very little, if any, damage has been occasioned from bush fires during the past\nyear.\"\nMr. G. C. Tunstall, Government Agent, Kamloops :\u2014\n\" In reply to your letter requesting the particulars of bush fires in the North Riding of\nYale during the past year, I beg to state that no fires of any consequence have been reported,\nin answer to inquiries made. The exemption may be attributed to the rains which prevailed\nlast summer to an unusual degree. A fire was started on the North Thompson River about\n25 miles north of here, by Indians, who camped near Mr. E. H. Jones' property, neglecting to\nextinguish one they had made for cooking purposes. Its progress was arrested with great\ndifficulty, after having destroyed half a mile of fencing. The identification of the guilty parties\nproved unsuccessful. Most of the timber destroyed at a distance from the settlements is\ncaused by the carelessness of the natives, who do not consider it necessary to observe any\nprecaution, although in a few instances lightning may be deemed the agent.\" 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 223\nJames Leamy, Dominion Crown Timber Agent at New Westminster, makes the following\nreport on fire protection in the railway belt:\u2014\n\" Crown Timber Office,\n\" New Westminster, B. O, October 14th, 1902.\n\" E. Stewart, Esq., Superintendent of Forestry, Ottawa.\n\" Sir,\u2014I beg to submit herewith a short report of what has been done under my supervision respecting the fire protection for this season, and the results of the working of the\nsystem of fire wardency in the Railway Belt of British Columbia.\n\" As you are aware, eight Wardens were appointed this year, and were actively employed\nin their various districts in looking after fires.\n\" In this district, east of the Selkirks, which was looked after by Mr. Milligan, several\nfires occurred which were promptly attended to by the ranger and extinguished without having\ndone any serious damage; notably one which occurred on Mr. Wells' timber berth on the\nBeaverfoot River, which was caused by the carelessness of a man in the employ of Mr. Wells\nas a watchman on the said limit. He, intending to clean out the logging camp of the previous\nseason, removed the straw and other inflammable material from within the camp, made a pile\nof it outside the camp and set fire to it. A sudden gust of wind arising just about that time,\nthe blazing straw was carried quite a distance away and set fire to the dry grass and underbrush, spreading very rapidly, and getting immediately beyond the control of the watchman.\nMr. Wells closed down his mill and sent all his men to fight the fire, and they confined it\nprincipally to the worked out portion of the limit in question, so that the loss of merchantable\ntimber did not amount to over a million feet, which will be taken out this winter and manufactured. A rain coming on several days assisted very materially in putting out the fire in\nquestion, and no further damage was done thereby.\n\"Another fire occurred on the Bluewater Creek, on berth No. 20, North of Donald.\nThis fire, as far as can be ascertained, was set by lightning, but was got under control after\nseveral days' work, without having done any damage. It merely burnt through a portion\nthat had been previously burnt over years ago, and which did not contain any merchantable\ntimber.\n\" The third fire was on the summit of Six-Mile Creek in the Selkirk range. This was\nalso a place that had been burnt over previously, and was undoubtedly caused by lightning.\nIt did not do any damage whatsoever.\n\" These were the only fires of any consequence that occurred within the Railway Belt in\nthe Province of British Columbia, although the season was an exceptionally dry one.\nInnumerable small fires occurred all through the belt, the majority of which were set by\nsettlers clearing their lands, and, in some instances, by sparks from locomotives, and fires left\ncarelessly by campers, all of which were promptly attended to by the rangers in their various\ndistricts and were carefully watched and were not allowed to spread. I might say that one\nfire occurred about six miles west of Agassiz, which burned out the timbering of a tunnel on\nthe line of the Canadian Pacific Railway, delaying the trains for several days. The origin of\nthis fire cannot be properly traced beyond the fact that it began outside of the tunnel.\n\" I may say that across the line, in the States of Washington, Oregon and Montana, to\nthe south of us, enormous tracts of forest were completely destroyed by fire, and, sad to relate,\na number of lives were lost and thousands of persons rendered homeless.\n\" On Vancouver Island large fires occurred, principally in the Chemainus and Sooke\ndistricts, destroying valuable timber. There were also very large fires up the Coast, north of\nVancouver City. For many days the smoke arising from these fires was so dense that it was\na serious impediment to navigation along the Coast, and extended as far East as Kamloops,\nobscuring the sun and rendering the atmosphere dense and murky.\n\"I attribute our immunity from large fires in the Railway Belt to be largely due to the\nefficient manner in which the fire rangers attended to their duties.\n\" I may say that the newspapers of the Province have taken notice of the work of the\nrangers, and commented very favourably thereon.\n\" I would respectfully suggest that the Provincial Government be requested to put on\ntwo months' close season, totally prohibiting the setting out of fires during that period; and\nwould suggest that the time should be during part of June, the whole of July and part of\nAugust.    However, this matter could be determined upon consultation.\n\" All of which is respectfully submitted.\n\" James Leamy, Crown Timber Agent.\" A 224 Report on Agriculture, 1903\nThe Preservation of our Forests.\nWritten for the Canadian Forestry Association by J. R. Anderson.\nAt the suggestion of His Honour Sir Henri Joly de Lotbiniere, I have undertaken, with\nmuch trepidation and many misgivings of my ability, to treat the subject in the manner which\nI feel is due to one of the magnitude and importance of forest preservation. I can but hope,\nin the short paper I now present, to direct attention to what is unquestionably a subject of\nthe greatest commercial importance to Canada, to say nothing of its sentimental aspect; and\nso, perchance, to elicit ideas how the object of this paper can be best attained. It is only by\nunited effort that we can hope to attain what I am sure is the heart's desire of us all, viz., to\nconserve the forest wealth of the country for the general good, not only of the present generation but of those to follow, and to preserve for posterity even a vestige of the glories of the\nprimeval forests.\nLet me first try and picture to you a forest in whose bounds are included towering snowcapped mountains, pellucid lakes, streams fed by the glaciers above, thundering down the dizzy\nprecipices of the mountain sides, and anon finding resting places in the still, forest-protected\npools, then rushing on to their destination through pebbly reaches between moss and fern-\ncovered banks, and above all the grand giants of the forest, standing like the sentinels that\nnature has created them, guarding the stores of precious, life-giving water. This is a true\npicture, one of many to be witnessed, and one in which my good friend Dr. Fletcher shared\nwith me during a trip up Mount Arrowsmith last year. But what of this picture which I have\nso freely attempted to describe 1 How long will it last 1 Any time we may see the ruthless\nhand of man despoiling it of its sylvan beauty, or the devastating forest fires consuming alike\nits beauty and its value. Then, consider the picture of ground denuded of vegetation, the\nvegetable mould burned away, leaving the blackened roots and bare rock or gravel subsoil\nexposed; trees, veritable monarchs of the forest, lying in blackened ruins forming an impenetrable embarrass; the water-courses, exposed to the summer sun, reduced to but a shadow of\ntheir former selves, like the sixth age of man, adapted, \" Its bed a world too wide for its\nshrunk stream.\"\nI dare say you ha.ve all seen such sights; they are but too common, especially so in our\nWestern Province, where the forest wealth has been lavished by nature with such a prodigal\nhand. There the forest has been looked upon, except by those whose avocations teach them that\nit is a source of wealth, but as a barrier to settlement, and a hindrance to the prospector seeking\nfor mineral wealth, to be destroyed and got rid of at any cost. It is well, indeed, that this\nAssociation should now sound the note of alarm ; it is none too soon, for we all in our day\nhave seen the effects of procrastination. Whole districts have been deforested by wasteful\nmethods and culpable carelessness. Failing to take warning from the older settled portions of\nthe Continent, the dried up water-courses, lands washed bare of soil, floods, and all the consequent evils bear silent but indubitable witness to the effects of deforestation. Failing to take\na lesson from the provident methods of our own Mother Country, and other lands, we have\nallowed, and are allowing, the land to be denuded of its forests and have not made provision\nfor its re-afforestation. In British Columbia we have vast forests of valuable timber, but\neven in my time whole districts have been rendered treeless, and were it not for the provident\nhand of nature which itself re-afforests in its own way, there would not be a vestige of timber\ngrowth where the destroyed forests existed, and even in many tracts which have thus been re-\nafforested, fire has often, again and again, been allowed full sway. Under these conditions, it\nis not difficult to foresee, if a halt is not called, we will live to regret that action was not taken\nto preserve the bountiful gifts of nature. Let it not be understood that I mean hampering the\nlawful business of the lumberman, or placing vexatious restrictions to his detriment and loss;\non the contrary, I quite acknowledge the value of his calling and the immense importance of\nthe industry to our country; but I do maintain that the methods pursued should be put under\nstrict supervision and under equitable safeguards, not only in the interests of the country\ngenerally but in those of the lumbermen themselves.\nNow, as to the safeguards whereof I speak, I feel that I am helpless in offering adequate\nsuggestions, and whilst it is possible to enact laws and to carry out their provisions regulating\nthe timber industry, I feel that the further and far more difficult question of preservation from\nother causes of destruction still remain to be solved, questions which we know will tax the\ningenuity of the cleverest to suggest practicable remedies for; and at the best, it is apparent 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 225\nin a country like British Columbia that even with the most practicable suggestions, and with the\nutmost efforts which can be put forth, we can only hope for a mitigation of the losses which\nare now occurring. Nevertheless, if even a modicum of good is effected, it will be work well\ndone, and I feel that it is the duty of every member of this Association to express his views\nand to make suggestions for this Association to take up the broad question of the preservation\nof our native forests from the inevitable destruction which now threatens them. The question\nbeing really one of a national character, perhaps it might be suggested that the whole management of the forests be placed in the hands of qualified Commissioners, appointed jointly by the\nDominion and the several Provincial Governments interested. These Commissioners, after\nfully satisfying themselves regarding the existing conditions, would be in a position to make\nsuggestions for the guidance of the various Legislatures in framing laws, and for the assimilation, as far as circumstances will admit, of existing regulations. It is true the expense of such\na Commission would, no doubt, be great, but we cannot hope to attain much without a liberal\nexpenditure, and surely the interests involved warrant any reasonable outlay. These ideas of\nmine may be considered Utopian and unworthy of consideration, and if so, I only trust some\nmember may suggest a scheme more worthy of consideration.\nIn British Columbia timber limits have been let without restriction as to size, shape, or\nwhether conterminous to other locations. As examples, see map sent herewith (those parts\nmarked T. L.). It will be observed that large continuous tracts, the line zig-zagging about, so\nas to only take in the very best of the timber, have been alienated. This naturally leads to\nthe suggestion that further timber limits should be granted only under the strictest conditions,\nas regards the conservation of the public interests in the forest. It appears reasonable that\ntimber lands should be laid out in regular blocks, that the Government should reserve sections,\nperhaps alternately, that certain restrictions should be placed on the business of lumbermen,\nhaving in view the preservation of those parts of the forests that are not considered merchantable at the present time ; such as a proper disposition of the brush and waste material so as to\navoid as much as possible the spread of fire from this cause, devoting the revenue derived from\nthe forests to their preservation by a system of wardens or such other means as may be\nconsidered effective. In presenting these views for the opinion of the Provincial Timber\nInspector, Mr. R. J. Skinner, the following reply was elicited, viz. :\u2014\n\"Your plan would work out all right in some cases, but, generally speaking, the conformation of the country would not lend itself to any such system. The square mile system is\npursued now with licences which are really yearly leases. People holding leases or licences\nwill take all the timber there is any profit in taking ; how to get them to do more than that,\nis a question I am unable to answer. As for the supervision and the devoting of some of the\nrevenue to that supervision, all I can say is, that it appears to me that every dollar that can\nbe raised from timber, or any other source, has four or five purposes ready and anxiously\nwaiting for it now. Fire is the great enemy and can be no more prevented in a forest than\nin a town, which, in spite of fire brigades and insurance companies, it burns up not infrequently.\"\nAs far as British Columbia is concerned, we need not fear that the proportion of forest\nwill, for many years to come, fall below that which Mr. Thos. Southworth, Director of Forestry\nof Ontario, says every country should have, viz., at least 25 per cent, of its area continually\ncovered by forest; nevertheless, it is the duty of the present generation to take up this question, and for the Canadian Forestry Association to direct its efforts towards inaugurating a\nnational policy of forest conservation, so that those parts of Canada which have been denuded\nof their forests may be re-afforested, the portions naturally without wood afforested, and\nthose parts which now have an abundance preserved from the fate of the thirty counties in\nOntario which Mr. Southworth says have less than the percentage named.\nIn conclusion, the thought has often occurred to me that one of the grandest monuments\nthat can possibly be erected to commemorate some of the notable events which have of late\ntranspired in the Empire of which we form an integral part would be the setting aside as a\nnational reservation a tract of country such as I have tried (and I fear most lamentably failed)\nto describe. Or will some wealthy philanthropist perpetuate his name by devoting some of\nthe world's goods wherewith he is blessed to so noble an object, and preserve to future generations \" A thing of beauty and a joy forever \" ? A 226 Report on Agriculture, 1903\nPROVINCIAL    ASSOCIATIONS.\nFarmers' Institutes.\nAlberni  Farmers'  Institute.\nPresident Win. Leeson Alberni.\nVice-President Percy Bayne        n\nSecretary-Treasurer  Henry Hills        n\nComox Farmers' Institute.\nPresident   A. Urquhart Courtenay.\nVice-President Jas. McPhee  u\nSecretary-Treasurer J. A. Halliday Sandwick.\nCowichan Farmers' Institute.\nPresident Jas. Robertson Duncans.\nVice-President D. Alexander ,       n\nSecretary-Treasurer H. de M. Mellin        n\nNanaimo-Cedar Farmers' Institute.\nPresident J- Randle Box 367, Nanaimo.\nVice-President J. Stewart Box 379, n\nSecretary-Treasurer Rev. G. W. Taylor Wellington.\nVictoria Farmers' Institute.\nPresident    W. F. Loveland Lake.\nVice-President John Shopland May wood.\nSecretary-Treasurer C. E. King Cedar Hill, Box 512,\nVictoria.\nMetchosin Farmers' Institute.\nPresident John Wallace William Head.\nVice-President Stanley Clark Happy Valley.\nSecretary-Treasurer G. Trenchard Metchosin.\nIslands Farmers' Institute.\nPresident   J- T. Collins Salt Spring Island.\nVice-President E. F. Wilson     n\nSecretary-Treasurer E. Walter Ganges Harbour.\nDelta Farmers' Institute.\nPresident    W. Pybus Ladner.\nVice-President ...... John Gilchrist\t\nSecretary-Treasurer E. A. Bown      n\nSurrey Farmers' Institute.\nPresident    J- Armstrong Clover Valley.\nVice-President J. Churchland   Surrey Centre.\nSecretary-Treasurer H. Bose  n\nLangley Farmers' Institute.\nPresident     Henry Harris Langley.\nVice-President W. H. Rawlinson    ' n\nSecretary-Treasurer . J. T. Bramwell      n 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 227\nRichmond Farmers' Institute.\nPresident   W. F. Stewart Eburne.\nVice-President J. Tuttle Central Park.\nSecretary-Treasurer J. Sexsmith Vancouver.\nMission Farmers' Institute.\nPresident   J. B. Cade Mission.\nVice-President J. B. Hunter          n\nSecretary-Treasurer A. M. Verchere        n\nChilliwhack Farmers' Institute.\nPresident P. H. Wilson Sardis.\nVice-President M. F. Gillanders Cheam.\nSecretary-Treasurer G. W. Chadsey Chilliwhack.\nKent Farmers' Institute.\nPresident N. T. Baker  Agassiz.\nVice-President J. A. H. Morrow        n\nSecretary-Treasurer R. E. McDonald\t\nMaple Ridge Farmers' Institute.\nPresident John McCannell Haney.\nVice-President H. Ferguson      n\nSecretary-Treasurer J. M. Webster Webster's Corners.\nMatsqui Farmers' Institute.\nPresident H. R. Phillips Mount Lehman.\nVice-President P. Conroy Abbotsford.\nSecretary-Treasurer John Ball  n\nSpallumcheen Farmers' Institute.\nPresident ,  Donald Matheson Hullcar.\nVice-President Geo. Heggie Lansdowne.\nSecretary-Treasurer W. P. Horsley Armstrong.\nOsoyoos Farmers' Institute.\nPresident OS. Smith Kelowna.\nVice-President H. W. Raymer        u\nSecretary-Treasurer H. V. Chaplin        n\nKamloops Farmers' Institute.\nPresident V. D. Curry Campbell Creek.\nVice-President Frank C. Jones Grande Prairie.\nSecretary-Treasurer John F. Smith Kamloops.\nOkanagan Farmers' Institute.\nPresident W. Crawley Ricardo Vernon.\nVice-President E. Copley Thompson\t\nSecretary-Treasurer Arthur F. Venables        n\nBurrard Farmers' Institute.\nPresident T. W. Aspinall Central Park.\nVice-President Peter Burns New Westminster.\nSecretary-Treasurer W. H. Lewis  ..\nBella Coola Farmers' Institute.\nPresident E. Nordschow Hagensborg.\nVice-President , M. Hammer  ..\nSecretary-Treasurer A. Hammer  , . \u201e A 228 Report on Agriculture, 1903\nLillooet Farmers' Institute.\nPresident H. S. Cleasby , Coutlee.\nVice-President Thos. G. Earl Lytton.\nSecretary-Treasurer G. B. Armstrong Lower Nicola.\nAgricultural  and  Industrial  Associations.\nNanaimo Agricultural and Horticultural Society.\nPresident J. H. Cocking Nanaimo.\nVice-President A. C. Wilson        n\nSecretary A. E. Planta        n\nTreasurer Jas. Booth    '.         u\nKent Agricultural and Horticultural Association.\nPresident J. A. H. Morrow Agassiz.\n1st Vice-President E. E. Grayell        n\n2nd ii  Bod Campbell i\nSecretary' L. A. Agassiz         u\nTreasurer E. Probert ,         n\nBritish Columbia Agricultural and Industrial Association.\nPatron and Honorary President. . . Sir Henri Joly de Lotbiniere . . . Victoria.\nPresident A. G. McCandless, Mayor of the\nCity of Victoria         n\n1st Vice-President H. Dallas Helmcken, M. P. P. . .       n\n2nd ii  Watson Clark Oaklands.\n3rd ii  W. H. Ladner Ladner.\n4th ii  H. W. Bullock Ganges Harbour.\n5th \u201e  Dr. S. F. Tolmie, V. S .. .. . Victoria.\nSecretary R. H. Swinerton        n\nNorth and South Saanich Agricultural Society.\nPresident Wm. Thompson Hagan.\nVice-President W. M. Le Poer Trench North Saanich.\nSecretary Fred Turgoose Turgoose.\nTreasurer Hy. Tanner        n\nCowichan Agricultural Association.\nHonorary President C. H. Dickie, M.P.P , . Duncan.\nPresident     John McPherson Cowichan Station.\n1st Vice-President D. Alexander Duncan.\n2nd ii  Wm. Forrest Cowichan Station.\nSecretary-Treasurer H. de M. Mellin   Duncan.\nOkanagan Mission Agricultural and Industrial Association.\nPresident T. W. Stirling Kelowna.\nVice-President A. B. Knox        n\nSecretary-Treasurer D. W. Sutherland        n\nSurrey Agricultural Association.\nPresident , N. V. Wickersham Mud Bay.\nVice-President J. Stewart        n\nSecretary-Treasurer H. Bose Surrey Centre.\nMission Agricultural Association.\nPresident J. B. Cade  Mission City.\nVice-President J. B. Hunter  n\nSecretary-Treasurer A. M. Verchere  n 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 229\nComox Agricultural and Industrial Association.\nPresident , T. Cairns Comox.\nVice-President Jos. McPhee Courtenay.\nSecretary J. A. Halliday Sandwick.\nRichmond Agricultural and Industrial Society.\nPresident W. S. Abercrombie Terra Nova.\nVice-President John Blair  ,. Vancouver.\n2nd Vice-President John Mackie Eburne.\nSecretary-Treasurer A. B. Dixon Terra Nova.\nMaple Ridge  Agricultural Association.\nHon. President R. McBride, M. P. P New Westminster.\nPresident John McCannell Port Haney.\nVice-President  W. H. Ansell         n\nSecretary H.  Ferguson   h\nTreasurer A. T. Charlton         n\nInland Agricultural Association.\nPresident C. A. Semlin Cache Creek.\n1st Vice-President Phil. Parker  Bonaparte.\n2nd        ii  W. H. Bose Ashcroft.\nSecretary H. L. Roberts  n\nKamloops Agricultural Association.\nHon. President W. J. Roper Cherry Creek.\nPresident J. P. Shaw Shuswap.\nVice-Presidents A. Noble and W. W. Shaw North Thompson.\nSecretary Martin Beattie Kamloops.\nTreasurer J. R. Hull  n\nRoyal Agricultural and Industrial Society.\nHon. President Hon. J. D. Prentice     Victoria.\nPresident T. J. Trapp New Westminster.\nVice-President A. B. Knox   Kelowna.\nii  Wm. Fortune Tranquille.\nii   D. R. Ker Victoria.\nii  J. T. Wilkinson Vancouver.\n A. C. Wells  Chilliwhack.\nii  W. H. Ladner Ladner.\nTreasurer G. D.  Brymner New Westminster.\nManager and Secretary W. H. Keary  n\nIslands Agricultural  and Fruit-Growers' Association.\nPresident H. L. Robertson Moresby Island.\nVice-President H. W. Bullock Ganges Harbour.\nSecretary H. O. Allen  n\nTreasurer H. Caldwell   n\nLangley Agricultural Association.\nPresident J. W. Berry Langley.\nSecretary J. T. Bramwell  n\nChilliwhack Agricultural Association.\nPresident J. T. Maynard Chilliwhack.\nVice-President J. C. Henderson  n\nTreasurer S. Mellard  n\nSecretary G. W. Chadsey  n A 230 Report on Agriculture, 1903\nOkanagan  Agricultural  Society.\nPresident Price Ellison, M. P. P Vernon.\nTreasurer W. F. Cameron        n\nSecretary H. F. Wilmot i\nDelta Agricultural Society.\nPresident J. A. Paterson Ladner.\nVice-President H. B. Benson       n\nSecretary A. de R. Taylor       n\nTreasurer H. N. Rich       n\nArmstrong and Spallumcheen Agricultural Society.\nHon. President Price Ellison, M. P. P Vernon.\nPresident D. Matheson Hullcar\n1st Vice-President D. Graham Armstrong.\n2nd Vice-President F. C. Wolfenden  n\nSecretary-Treasurer W. P. Horsley  n\nVancouver Horticultural Society.\nHon. President.      B. T. Rogers Vancouver.\nPresident Herbert Harris  n\nVice-President George Jamieson  n\nSecretary-Treasurer L. D. Taylor  n\nCoquitlam Agricultural  Society.\nPresident Alex. Hoy, Jr Coquitlam.\nVice-President George Alderson         n\nSecretary-Treasurer ....    John Hoy         n\nVictoria Horticultural Society.\nPresident F. B. Pemberton    Victoria.\nSecretary T. W. Palmer        n\nCentral Park Agricultural Association.\nHon. President J. R. Anderson  Victoria.\nHon. Vice-President Hon. R. McBride, M. P. P New Westminster.\n,, n  Hon. R. G. Tatlow, M. P. P Vancouver.\nPresident J. W. Weart Central Park.\nVice-President T. W. Aspinall Collingwood.\nI,  C. F. Sprott Burnaby Lake.\nTreasurer John Rumble Central Park.\nSecretary W. H. Lewis New Westminster.\nDairymen,   Floekmasters,   Poultry   and   Fruit   Growers'\nAssociations.\nThe Dairymen's and Live Stock Association of British Columbia.\nPresident A. C Wells   Sardis.\nVice-President Major J. M. Mutter  Somenos.\nSecretary-Treasurer L. W. Paisley Chilliwhack.\nVancouver Island Flockmasters' Association.\nPresident    J. M. Mutter   Duncan.\n1st Vice-President W. H. Hayward, M.P.P Metchosin.\n2nd Vice-President W. R. Robertson Duncan.\nSecretary-Treasurer G. H. Hadwen i 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 231\nVictoria Poultry and Pet Stock Association.\nHonorary President W. H. Hayward, M.P.P Metchosin.\nPresident H. E. Levy Victoria.\n1st Vice-President , W. Bickford        n\n2nd Vice-President   H. B. Young        n\nTreasurer T. W. Edwards          n\nSecretary H. P. Johnson        n\nVancouver Poultry and Pet Stock Association.\nPresident W. J. Kerfoot , Vancouver.\nVice-President S. Tallman  n\nTreasurer OF. Foreman  n\nSecretary W. Metcalfe Box 176, Vancouver.\nNanaimo Poultry, Pigeon and Pet Stock Association.\nPresident Wm. Hault Nanaimo.\nVice-President Geo. D. Barlow        n\nSecretary-Treasurer Jonathan Isherwood         n\nBritish Columbia Fruit Growers' Association.\nPresident J. C. Metcalfe    Hammond.\n1st Vice-President H. Kipp Chilliwhack.\n2nd \u201e  W. C. Grant Gordon Head.\n3rd n  D. Matheson Hullcar.\nSecretary-Treasurer W. J. Brandrith Ladner.\nNorth-West Fruit-Growers' Association.\nPresident Dr. N. G. Blalock   Walla Walla, Wash.\nVice-President (for Oregon)   J. W. Olwell Central Point, Oregon.\nii (for Washington) . .B. Burgunder    Colfax, Wash.\nii (for Idaho)   J. H. Fornay Moscow, Idaho.\nii (for Montana)   .... Prof. S. Fortier Bozeman, Montana.\nii (for B. C.) J. R. Anderson Victoria, B. C.\nSecretary Geo. H. Lamberson Portland, Oregon.\nTreasurer W. S. Offner Walla Walla, Wash.\nCreameries.\nEden Bank Creamery.\nPresident     A. C. Wells Sardis.\nVice-President C. T. Higginson         n\nSecretary J. H. Stuart      n\nTreasurer    AC. Wells      ,,\nVictoria Creamery Association.\nPresident J. Nicholson Victoria.\nSecretary-Treasurer W. F. Loveland Royal Oak.\nComox Creamery Association.\nPresident J. Beckensell Comox.\nVice-President H. R. Clark Sandwick.\nSecretary-Treasurer W. S. McPhee Courtenay.\nNew Westminster Creamery Society, Limited.\nPresident W. J. Mathers New Westminster.\nVice-President T. J. Trapp     \u201e\nSecretary-Treasurer D. E. Mackenzie  n A 232 Report on Agriculture, 1903\nCowichan Creamery Association.\nPresident G. T. Corfield Corfield.\nVice-President J. F. Maitland-Dougall ........ Duncan.\nSecretary-Treasurer   J. H. Whittome     -  n .\nDelta Creamery Association.\nPresident H. N. Rich Ladner.\nSecretary-Treasurer OF. Green        n\nSumas Creamery.\nManager and Director Orion Bowman Upper Sumas.\nNanaimo Creamery Association.\nPresident Joseph Randle 5-acre Lots, Nanaimo.\nVice-President R. Malpass Wellington.\nSecretary-Treasurer John Stewart  Stark's Crossi'g, Nanaimo\nSalt Spring Island Creamery Association.\nPresident H. W. Bullock Ganges Harbour.\nVice-President Geo. Scott  n\nSecretary H. O. Allen  n\nTreasurer E. Walter  m\nPROVINCIAL  BREEDERS  OF   LIVE  STOCK.\n(Omitted by mistake from page 203.)\nSheep.\nJ. T. Wilkinson, Chilliwhack Southdowns.\nJohn Sampson, :i  Dorsets.\nGeo. Underwood, Langley     Leicesters.\nShannon Bros., Cloverdale    . Oxfords.\nJ. S. Shopland, May wood Southdowns and Leicesters.\nH. W. Bullock, Ganges, Salt Spring Island. . . Shropshires.\nJohn Richardson, Prevost Island  n\nFrank Kirkland, Westham Island. ,  n\nH. Kipp,  Chilliwhack  n\nJohn Richardson, Prevost Island Oxford Downs.\nMrs. Legh, Salt Spring Island Shropshires.\nFinlay Sinclair, Agassiz Leicesters.\nCecil Smith, n        Shropshires.\nA. S. Drummond, Shopland  n\nH. Bonsall, Chemainus  m\nM. Edgson, Shopland Southdowns.\nD. Evans, Somenos  <<\nP. Flett, Shopland\t\nA. H. Crichton, Kelowna Shropshires.\nA. B. Knox, Kelowna, {lbiSiSb.\nG. Grieve, Sandwick Shropshires.\nA. Urquhart, Courtney  n\nH. Stewart, Comox  n\nGoats.\nFinlay Sinclair, Agassiz     Angoras. 3 Ed. 7\nBritish Columbia.\nA 233\nIMPORTS\nInto British Columbia from other countries and provinces of such products of agriculture and\nits branches as can be produced in the Province, for the year ending 30th June, 1900,\nand the year ending 30th June, 1902.\nSheep .\nLive Stock :\nHorned Cattle Other Countries,\nProvinces,\nHorses      ii    Countries,\nProvinces,\nCountries,\nProvinces,\nCountries,\nProvinces,\nCountries,\nAll other.\nMeats, etc. :\nBacon and hams\t\nLard\t\nBacon, ham and lard.\nBeef (fresh or salt).,.\nBeef and mutton ....\nMutton\t\nPork\t\nPoultry\t\nii \t\nCanned and other\nTallow\t\nProvinces,\nCountries,\nProvinces,\nCountries,\nProvinces,\nCountries,\nProvinces,\nCountries,\nProvinces,\nCountries,\nGrain, Seeds, etc. , Breadstuffs and Produce of :\nBiscuits Other Countries\nBuckwheat meal      n M\nCorn meal      n ,i\nCatmeal       n n\nRye flour      it n\nWheat flour      11 n\nii       and meal, all kinds\nBran and mill feed\t\nOther breadstuffs\nBarley\t\nProvinces,\nCountries,\nProvinces,\nCountries,\nBeans\t\nIndian corn\nBuckwheat\nOats\t\nPeas ..,\nRye...\nWheat .\nFlaxseed\t\nBeet, carrot, turnip\nFruit and Vegetables :\nApples (dried)\t\nii       and other (dried)\t\nPlums and prunes (dried) ...\nAlmonds, filberts and walnuts\nApples (green)\t\nSmall fruits ..\nCherries\t\nCranberries ..\nCurrants\t\nPeaches   \t\nPlums \t\nQuinces\t\nCanned fruits\nProvinces,\nCountries,\nProvinces,\nCountries,\nProvinces,\nCountries,\nProvinces,\nCountries,\nProvinces,\nCountries,\nCarried forward .\nhead\nlbs.\nhead\nbbls.\nlbs.\nbbls.\nbbls.\nquarts\nbush,\nquarts\nlbs.\nbush.\n223,175\n4,048,000\n105,563\n2,610,000\n756,808\n(Included\n30,557\n138,000\nYear ending 30th June, 1900.\nQuantity.\n447\n7,329\n980\n1,176\n44,741\n7,944\n68,167\n5,825\n480,000\n980,190\n10,526\n151,593\n84,742\n1,255\n4,776\n428\n22,541\n108,120\n3,668,000\n1,060\n21,280\n8,495\n89,958\n10\n22,387\n573,952\n2,373\n797\n24,769\n110,366\n40,680\n79,300\n784,000\n511,757\n386,315\n8,974\n8,330\n140,877\n87,350\n1,535\ns.      872\n495,333\n13,143\n635\nValue.\n$ 9,207\n219,870\n45,334\n72,850\n96,394\n19,860\n3,909\n58,250\n10,170\n329,313\n19,491\n465,520\n7,508\n182,700\n31,661\nwith beef.)\n2,437\n67,040\n16,221\n48,000\n102,464\n447\n8,293\n1,648\n2,571\n272\n1,558\n61,120\n594,660\n50,265\n23,842\n22,023\n623\n8,512\n12,404\n40,198\n18\n11,585\n200,883\n2,033\n544\n13,809\n88,292\n1,019\n5,440\n62,720\n21,455\n43,324\n37,491\n33,320\n10,645\n6,700\n2,211\n58\n15,436\n9,791\n490\n68,506\nDuty.\n| 1,841 00\n\" 9,069 30\n' 19,278 80\n1,022 53\n2,034 66\n63,149 59\n4,519 70\n162 66\n8,472 98\n119 14\n(Included\n3,239 00\n20,751 00\n89 40\n2,011 14\n211 22\n313 78\n54 40\n214 50\n12,723 00\n11,253 00\n4,354 70\n177 68\n1,336 34\n(Free.)\n1 00\n2,238 00\n237 00\n97 70\n2,972 28\n1,669 87\n038 63\n766 35\n469 80\n810 34\n725 00\n552 75\n17 44\n929 33\n422 25\n122 50\n395 68\n83,268,405  1226,866 62\n8,518\notherwise)\nYear ending 30th June, 1902.\nQuantity.\n7,395\n3,334,377\n615,030\n1,774,000\n496,801\n4,048,000\n237,968\n689,000\n308,763\n1,198\n90,018\n31,014\n1,005\n720\n101\n24,566\n131,613\n,982,700\n1,229\n3,401\n44,790\n22',487\n506,884\n1,249\n1,923\n144,424\n286,833\n32,100\n2,274\n72,165\n200,000\n529,430\n118,489\n12,605\n54,000\nlbs. 84,623\n1,421\n98\n514,121\n5,840\n160\n405,870\n472.\n50,\n58.\n148,\n11,\n4\n73,\n401,613\n71,044\n204,010\n52,500\n344,080\n10,186\n842\n26,280\n68,900\n34,824\n96\n6,716\n1,083\n2,935\n40\n386\n67,629\n361,935\n94,183\n51,890\n236,948\n5,993\n811\n6,636\n26,251\n9,100\n205,287\n1,347\n886\n75,832\n152,023\n1,085\n4,788\n16,000\n19,697\n14,663\n50,627\n21,600\n147,648\n6,933\n4,468\n6\n15,271\n9,381\n191\n17,308\n53,688,158   S383,\nDuty.\nt  1,928 80\n10,081 60\n29,679 20\n1,236 99\n66,687 54\n12,300 60\n10,752 88\n' 3,565'i6\"\n170 36\n\"5,256'6o'\n8,002 00\n15 53\n1,426 35\n77 54\n251 25\n8 00\n50 50\n14,739 60\n18,836 60\n119,679 16\n1,190 10\n510 15\n(Free.)\n2,248 70\n124 90\n192 30\n17,330 88\n(Free.)\n294 30\n376 05\n042 00\n21,562 49\n1,<\ni>:\n117 00\n1 96\n141 21\n345 25\n47 75\n,962 02\nill A 234\nReport on Agriculture,\n1903\nIM PORTS.\u2014 Concluded.\nYear ending 30th June, 1900.\nYear ending 30th June, 1902.\nQuantity.\nValue.\nDuty.\nQuantity.\nValue.\nDuty.\nBrought forward\nFruit and Vegetables\u2014(Concluded):\n83,268,405\n8122,333\n22,447\n50,806\n823\n4,107\n23,363\n7,125\n61,106\n1,624\n5,760\n282\n164\n15,198\n$225,866 62\n$3,688,158\n183,616\n14,433\n91,916\n923\n2,799\n17,304\n3,976\n45,303\n4,049\n3,125\n319\n168\n15,213\n$383,398 11\n\u25a0 Provinces,\nCountries,\nit\nProvinces,\nCountries,\nii\nProvinces,\nCountries,\nProvinces,\nCountries,\nProvinces,\nCountries,\nProvinces,\nCountries,\nProvinces,\nCountries,\nProvinces,\nCountries,\nProvinces,\nCountries,\nProvinces,\nCountries,\nProvinces,\nCountries,\nnals importet\ns and therefc\nlbs.\nNo.\nbush.\nlbs.\nNo.\ngals.\nn\nlbs.\ncases\nlbs.\ncases\nlbs.\ngals,\ntons\nlbs.\nbush.\nlbs.\ndozen\ncwt.\ngals.\n. from\nre en-\n3,670,000\n311,531\n701,931\n5,180\n1,895\n36,935\n47,550\n318,846\n5,508,500\n200,432\n1,648,487\n4,988\nlbs.      981\n22,393\n24,850\nAll other dried fruits and nuts    11\n$  5,953 10\n12,148 00\n205 75\n787 77\n5,496 90\n4,435 21\n22,615 18\n230 75\n476 10\n3,171 35\n14,144 56\n324 80\n11,343 32\nTrees and Bushes :\n19,098\n1,018 62\nOils :\n642\n266\n84,266\n70 50\n41 00\n2,868 70\n51S\n315\n26,395\n79 75\n42 00\n2,614 00\nDairy Products:\n563,913\n2,258,000\n73,155\n840,000\n1,417,748\n35,400\n5,699\n126,841\n564,500\n11,040\n84,000\n124,610\n177,000\n220\n20,522 96\n205,587\n3,303,500\n68,568\n1,459,000\n104,526\n10,966\n9,315\n47,406\n776,322\n10,154\n182,375\n7,956\n54,830\n368\n8,223 48\n2,311 23\n2,057 04\n40,799 71\n3,397 09\n248 12\n372 60\n1,330\n4,207\n1,889\n48,361\n58,339\n75,305\n834\n53,784\n18,890\n6,914\n5,876\n54,596\n104 65\n8,414 00\n1,660\n5,115\n2,721\n63,046\n144 80\nHay      ,i\n10,230 00\n2,901 63\n1,605 72\n11,284 55\n31,479\n30,873\nlbs. 93,705\n4,299\n3,663\n65,487\n1,888 74\n926 19\n14,055 75\n24,065\n346,617\n1,226,400\n2,399\n38,443\n58\n61\n4\n186\n3\n6,402\n57,407\n183,960\n3,005\n27,173\n12,830\n4,517\n40\n597\n30\n85,108,599\n953 37\n10,332 00\n20,304\n231,582\n970,800\n10,058\n23,459\n19\n6\n4\n145\nmt.\n5,537\n42,905\n179,598\n10,717\n15,516\n5,369\n1,500\n50\n540\nNil\n934 29\n6,947 46\nAdd to above the following ani\nother countries for breeding purpose\ntered duty free :\u2014\n(Free.)\n6,801 35\n(Free.)\n4,215 03\n(Free.)\nii\n,,\nmt.\n.1374,187 11\n$5,541,660\n$482,851 86\nMalt and Linseed Oil were inadvertently omitted in compiling the imports from the other Provinces. Taking the last statistics,\nwe find that Malt to the value of $1,782 and Linseed Oil to the value of $13,241 were imported. Judging from the increase in all\nlines, we may therefore safely add these figures to the total above, viz. :\u2014\n1900. 1902.\nMalt           1,782 1,782\nLinseed Oil         13,241 13,241\nValue as above    5,108,599 5,541,660\n5,123,622 5,556,683\nAdd duty       374,187 482,837\nGrand total $5,497,809 $6,039,534\nNote.\u2014The duty noted in these tables is the amount paid during the year, but may not represent the exact amount of duty\npayable on the importations for that year, as some articles may have remained in bond.\nThe foregoing figures are obtained from the Customs returns and from the Canadian\nPacific Railway, and may therefore be taken to be fairly accurate, and show an increase in\nimportations of $541,725.\nThe importations from other countries, with duty included, being.... $2,597,890\nFrom other Provinces    3,441,644\n,039,534 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 235\nEXPRESSION   OF   THANKS.\nIn conclusion, I have to express my thanks for the information supplied by, and the\nunfailing courtesy of, the correspondents of the Department, the officers of the Farmers'\nInstitutes and Agricultural Associations, the meteorological reporters, amongst whom I may\nmention one lady, Mrs. De Wolf, of Chilliwhack; Mr. Thos. Cunningham, Inspector of Fruit\nPests ; Dr. S. F. Tolmie, V. 8., and Dr. Johnson Gibbins, V. S., Inspectors of Diseases of\nAnimals; the officers of the Fruit Growers' Association and the Dairyman's and Live. Stock\nAssociation \u25a0 Mr. Thos. A. Sharpe, Superintendent of the Dominion Experimental Farm,\nAgassiz; Government Agents, and the members of the Board of Horticulture. These reports\nare furnished, I am sure, very often, at much personal inconvenience, and without which it\nwould indeed be a difficult matter to get up an intelligent report on matters affecting the agricultural interests of the country. My thanks are also due for assistance in the identification of\ninsect pests and plant diseases, with suggestions of remedies, advice, and the identification of\nplants and advice on soils and fertilisers, to Dr. Wm. Saunders, Director; Dr. James Fletcher,\nEntomologist and Botanist, and Prof. Frank T. Shutt, Chemist, of the Central Experimental\nFarm, Ottawa; Prof. John Macoun, Ottawa; the Rev. Geo. W. Taylor, Wellington; Mr. A.\nW. Hanham and Mr. E. Baynes-Reed, Victoria; Mr. Wm. A. Dashwood-Jones, New Westminster ; the officers of the United States Department of Agriculture, Washington; and the\nofficers of the various Agricultural Colleges in the United States and Guelph.\nJ. R. ANDERSON,\nDeputy Minister of Agriculture.  3 Ed. 7                                         British Columbia.\nA 237\nTABLE   OF   CONTENTS.\nPage.\n              3\n         5-17\nDescription of Province :\u2014\n       18-70\nLower        n         \t\n       71-92\nClimatic Statistics\t\n     93-125\n    126-148\nAgricultural Legislation\t\n    149-158\nBoard of Horticulture\t\n    158-160\nReport of Inspector of Fruit Pests\t\n    161-163\nNorth-West Fruit Growers' Association\t\nAustralia a Market for Fruits\t\nFungous Diseases\t\n    164-170\n          171\n...  172-175\nInsect Pests\t\n.   176-181\nAnimal and Bird Pests\t\n    182-184\nWeeds and Poisonous Plants\t\n..   185-186\nMeetings of Stockmen\t\n    187-193\n    193-196\n198-199\nFreight Rates on Animals\t\n           199\n.   199-200\nProvincial Breeders of Live Stock              \t\n. ..   201-204\nPrice of Land\t\n. ,   ..   205-207\nMeasuring Hay in Stack\t\n          210\n...   211-213\nForestry\t\n. .     .  214-225\n226-232\nTable of Imports\t\n.   233-234\nExpression of Thanks\t\n          235\nERRATA.\nPage 23\u2014Purshia tridenta should be P. tridentata.\nii  202\u2014A. Munro's address is Sydney, and he breeds shorthorns.\nn 224\u2014For embarrass read embarras. A 238 Report on Agriculture, 1903\nILLUSTRATIONS.\nFrontispiece\u2014View in Stanley Park, Vancouver.\nFronting page    8\u2014View in Beacon Hill Park.\nii 14\u2014Harvesting, Spallumcheen.\nii 18\u2014Farm, Enderby.\nii 22\u2014    n      Trout Creek.\nii 26\u2014Camping, Okanagan Lake.\nn 32\u2014Cattle, Hazelmere Farm, Enderby.\nii 36\u2014Cherry Creek Ranch, Kamloops.\nii 40\u2014Street in Nicola.\nii 44\u2014Indian Hop Pickers.\nii 50\u2014Long Lake.\nii 54\u2014Ruffed Grouse.\nn 60\u2014Sunrise in the heart of the Selkirks.\nii 64\u2014Prairie Chicken.\nii 70\u2014Haying, Delta\u2014John Oliver's Farm.\nn 74\u2014Jubilee Farm.\n,, 78\u2014Eden Bank Dairy Farm.\nii 82\u2014Dairy Cows, Delta\u2014M. Guichon.\nii 88\u2014Sheep, Delta\u2014T. Ladner.\nn 92\u2014     ii     Metchosin.\nii 96\u2014Farm near Victoria.\nii 100\u2014Cowichan Lake, near outlet.\nn 106\u2014Hay Field, Saanich.\nii 110\u2014Field of Oats, near Victoria.\nn 116\u2014Farm, Beaver Creek, Alberni.\nii 120\u2014Somas River, Alberni.\nii 124\u2014Garden, Victoria.\nii 148\u2014Falls near Koksilah River.\nii 154\u2014Bush Land, Saanich.\nn 160\u2014Royal Anne Cherries\u2014M. J. Henry.\nii 166\u2014Oregon Champion Gooseberry\u2014M. J. Henry.\nii 176\u2014Farmyard, Saanich.\nii 188\u2014Hops, Saanich.\nii 192\u2014Farm, Colwood.\nu 206\u2014Scrub Pine.\nii 210\u2014Felling a Forest Monarch.\n\u201e 214\u2014Oak Trees.\nii 218\u2014Boom of Logs, Mabel Lake.\nii 222\u2014Logging by Steam.\nii 226\u2014      ii       with Oxen. INDEX.\nAbortion of Cows  192\njEgeria exitiosa    176\nAgricultural Education    .. 10\nv          Associations  227\n\/\/          Associations, thanks to officers.... 235\n\/\/          shows and competent Judges  11\nii          and Horticultural Societies Act ... 12\n\/\/           Legislation  149\nAlkali Lake  49\nAikafi soils  208\nAlexandria      55\nAlert Bay  Ill\nAlberni  115\nAmmoniacal Copper Carbonate  173\nAmherst Live Stock Meeting  198\nAngora Goats  8\nAngora Goats, breeders of (omitted by mistake\nfrom page 203)  232\nAnderson, J. R., on forest preservation     224\nAnimal pests  182\nAnimals, Inspection of *.  9\nit        Reports of Inspectors of Diseases of.. 193\n\/\/        noxious  14\na        Laws relating to 150, 155\n\/\/       Diseases of      187\n\/\/       Freight rates on pure-bred    199\nAnalysis of soils  12\nAnthracnose of Apple  173\nApple Box  170\nApple Scab    174\nAphides  176\nAphis, Woolly   176\nAshcroft  42\nAssociations, Dairying 152, 230\nu           Provincial  226\nn Agricultural,     Horticultural    and\nFruit Growers' 152, 227, 230\nAsilid Fly  176, 177\nAttending Meetings  16\nAtlin  58\nAustralia\u2014Inspection of fruit in  160\nn           as a market for fruit  171\nB.\nBarkerville  59\nBees    9\nBella Coola  84\nBeetle, Potato  177\nii      Black Vine  179\nBembicia marginata  180\nBird Pests...' 14, 182\nBig Bar Creek  49\nBig Bend  67\nBlack spot of bark  173\nBlack scab of a'pple and pear  174\nBlackleg  193\nBlue Jays  184\nBoard of Horticulture    ... 7, 153, 158\na            it            thanks to members of . . 235\nBotanical  13\nBotanic Garden ,  14\nBoundary  18\nBoiler Inspection Act, Steam  27\nPage\nBonaparte, Valley of  57\nBox, Apple   170\nBorer, peach and plum  176\nBorer, raspberry root      180\nBridge Creek  55\nBright  102\nBrabant, Rev. A. J  116\nBruchuspisi  179\nBrassica Sinapistrum  185\nBreeders of live stock 201, 232\nBurnaby  77\nBute Inlet  84\nBulls, Scrubs versus Pure-bred     199\nByres, unsanitary  197\nC.\nCattle, horned    8\nCattle, horned, breeders of  201\nCampbell Creek  34\nCariboo Wagon Road  55\nCache Creek  55\nCanal Flat  60\nCameron  102\nCastle  106\nCape Scott  Ill\nCamp Island  Ill\nCaribou on Queen Charlotte Island  123\nCabbage Butterfly  176\nCaterpillars  176\nCaterpillar, Rose  179\nCalandra granaria  178\nCacwcia rosaceana  179\nCanada Thistle  185\nCalgary, Live Stock Meetings  199\nCereals  5\nCentral Farmers' Institute  10\nCentral Nicola  37\nCedar  102\nChilcotin   49\nCherry Creek  34\nChilliwhack  71\nChemainus .     96\nChesnut, Prof., Washington, D. C  13\nCherry Slug  176\nChrysomela elegans  177\nCholera, Hog  193\nCicuta  186\nClearing Land  12\nClinton  55\nClayoquot  115\nClimatic Statistics  126\nClisiocampa Americana  176\nClovers  6\nClovers and grasses, mixtures  211\nGnicus arvensis  185\nCo-operation  10\nCold Storage     10\nCommonage  28\nColumbia Valley, Upper  60\nCoquitlam   77\nCondensed Milk Factory, Mission  79\nCowichan  96\nComiaken  96 A 240\nIndex.\n1903\nPage.\nComox  106\nCortez Island  Ill\nCockle, J. Wm  14\nCommons, Laws relating to  151\nCopper Carbonate  173\nCoyotes  182\nCougars  183\nCows, Abortion of  192\nCorrespondents, thanks to  235\nCorrespondents :\nAnderson, F. G., Trout Creek  25\nAppleton, F., Enderby  29\nAustin, W. R., Sapperton  80\nBurrell, M., Grand Forks  19\nBrown, J. N. J., Empire Valley  54\nBulman, John, Windermere  61\nBown, E. A., Delta  72\nBose, H. Surrey      73\nBowman, Orion, Upper Sumas  77\nBrynildsen, B., Bella Coola      85\nBayne, Stanley R. S., Alberni  117\nClapperton, John, Nicola  38\nCleasby, H. S., Lower Nicola  39\nCornwall, Hon. C. F., Ashcroft     43\nCarson, Mrs. E. J., Paviiion Mountain .... 52\nCockle, J. Wm., Kaslo  69\nFoster, F. W., Clinton  56\nGalbraith, R. L. T., Fort Steele  64\nGrimmer, Washington, Pender Island  120\nHeggie, Geo., Enderby  29\nHardiman, T. R., Lower Nicola  42\nHeatherbell, Geo., Hornby Island.  107\nHalliday, J. A., Sandwick    108\nHarrison, Rev. C, Masset   3, 124, 12\nJacobson, Fillip, Bella Coola  87\nKing, C. E., Cedar Hill  96\nLochore, Alex., Lytton  50\nMellin, H. de M., Somenos  99\nNewill, H. H., Victoria  88\nNeilsen, N. T., Cape Scott  112\nPalmer, E. A., Salmon Arm  33\nPhillipps, Michael, Tobacco Plains  65\nPage, Z. D., Port Kells    76\nPeen, A. W., Mission City  81\nPeatt, A. H., Colwood  94\nSpraggett, E., Grand Forks  18\nSidley, R. G., Sidley  21\nSmith, J. F., Kamloops  36\nStewart, John, Nanaimo  103\nTeit, J. A., Spence's Bridge  48\nThompson, Nicholas, Cortez Island  112\nVarney, Henry, Quatsino Sound  113\nWinkler, Geo. E., Princeton  24\nWilliams, Sidney, Quesnel  59\nWolley, Clive Phillips, Pier Island  97\nCreameries 7, 231\nCreameries, Laws relating to  151\nCreighton Valley  28\nCraigellachie  32\nCranbrook  63\nCrow's Nest  63\nCranberry  102\nCrows  183\nCunningham, Thos 7, 235\nCutworms 176, 177\nD.\nDairy, Travelling  \u25a0 . 7\nDairying Associations  152\nDairyman's and Live Stock Association  230\nDairyman's and Live Stock Association, thanks\nto officers of. .  235\nPage.\nDelta  71\nDeWolf, Mrs  235\nDewdney  77\nDenman Island  106\nDepartment, work of  16\nDiseases, Fungous  172\nii        of Animals ,  187\na                 a         Reports of Inspectors   .... 193\nof Fowls  197\nDouglas   102\nLake   37\nFir  217\nFir, Table of strength  218\nDog Creek  49\nDominion Regulations relating to stock  154\n,\/          Fruit Marks Act  158\nDrainage, Dyking and Irrigation  150\nDucks  34\nE.\nEast Kootenay        63\nEducation, Agricultural  10\nE\/lopia Somniaria  176\nElymus condensatus  192\nEntomological     14\nEmpire Valley  49\nErgotized Rye Grass  192\nEsquimalt  93\nEugonia Californiea  180\nExperimental Stations      10\nF.\nFarmers' Institute, Central  10\nInstitutes 10, 153, 22H\nn\"             ii          thanks to officers of  245\nFat Stock Shows  198\nFall Web-worm  176\nFences, laws relating to  151\nFistulous Withers  187\nFir, Douglas  214\nTables of Strength  218\nFlax  6\nFletcher, Dr. Jas., Ottawa 13, 14, 235\nFly, Asilid  176\nFluke, Sheep  193\nFlockmasters' Association  230\nFodder Plants  6\nFort Steele  63\nFort Rupert  Ill\nFowls, diseases amongst  197\nForestry 13, 214\nForest Fires  219\nit        reports on    220\nForest Preservation  224\nFruit  6\nFruit Growers' Association 152, 231\na                      a             thanks to officers of.. 235\nFruit Marks Act, Dominion   158\na    inspection of, in Australia  160\n\u00bb    pests, report of Inspector of  161\na    Growers' Association, North-West, meeting of  164\na    proper way of packing  167\n\/;    Australia, as a market  171\nFraser, Valley of Upper  49\na      South Side of Lower  71\n\u201e      North        \/\/         \u00bb         77\nFroek    84\nFree goods  157\nFreight rates, pure-bred animals  199\nFungous Diseases  172\nFusicladinm dendriticum  174 3 Ed. 7\nIndex.\n241\nGang Ranch  49\nGalena  60\nGardner Inlet  88\nGabriola Island  102\nGaliano Island   119\nGarden, Botanic  14\nGibbins, Johnson, report on'Fistulous Withers. . 188\n\u201e                    report. .' 194, 235\nGoats, Angora  8\na breeders of  (omitted by  mistake\nfrom page 203)  232\nGolden  60\nGooseberry Mildew  174\nGovernment Agents, thanks!, to      235\nGrasses, Clovers and Fodder Plants  6\na      and Clovers, mixtures  211\nGrasshoppers  176\nGrand Forks  18\nGrande Prairie  34\nGraham Island  122\nGrain   Weevil  178\nGranite Creek .     23\nGreenwood  18\nGuelph Live Stock Meeting     198\n\/\/     Agricultural College  235\nH.\nHat Creek  55\nHardwicke Island  Ill\nHamilton, Dr. R.,V. S  9\nHamilton, R., V. S., report on fistulous withers. 188\nHanhem, Mr.  A. W 14, 235\nHay in stack, measuring   210\nHamilton Creek      37\nHernando Island    Ill\nHemlock, Water      186\nHighland  93\nHighways  154\nHops  6\nHorticulture, Board'of 7, 153, 158\nHorticultural Societies Act, Agricultural and ... 12\n\/\/           Associations  152\nHorned Cattle     8\n\u00bb           breeders of  201\nHorses  8\n\u201e     wild  182\na     breeders of  202\nHope  71\nHowe Sound      84\nHornby Island  106\nHog Cholera  193\nHyphantria textor  176\nI.\nImports, table of  233\nIntroductory remarks  5\nInspection of animals  9\nInspection of fruit in Australia  160\nInspectors of Diseases of Animals, reports of . .. 193\nInspector of Fruit Pests, report of  161\nInsect Pests    176\nInformation,   Statistical  15\nInstitutes, Farmers' 10, 153, 226\nIrrigation, Water for  13\n\/;        by pumping  26\n\/\/        Drainage, Dyking and    ,  150\nIsland of Vancouver  93\nIslands, the  93\nPage.\nJ.\nJames Island     95\nJones, Wm. A. Dashwood, New Westminster 14, 235\nJudges, Agricultural shows, competent      11\nJune Bug, ten-lined 176,  178\nK.\nKamloops      34\nKent  77\nKeremeos  23\nKitamat  88\nKootenav, East    63\n\u201e    '    West  67\nL.\nLands  15\nLands, laws affecting  149\nLand, clearing  12\nLand, price of  205\nLabour  15\nLac La Hache  55\nLangley  71\nLake District      95\nLasqueti Island      102\nLawns, mixtures for  213\nLegumes  5\nLegislation, Agricultural  149\nLeaf Hoppers  176\nLillooet  49\nLive Stock, Dominion Regulations  154\na            Shows, Winter  198\nCalgary  199\nBreeders of 201, 232\nLower Nicola  37\n\u00bb     Thompson Valley      42\n,i     Mainland '  71\nLouse, Oyster Shell Bark  176\nLytton  42\nM.\nMacoun, Prof. John  235\nMabel Lake  28\nMainland, Upper  18\n\/\/          Lower  71\nn        North-West Coast of  84\nMammette Lake  37\nMatsqui    71\nMaple Ridge  77\nMayne Island  119\nMarket for Fruit, Australia  171\nMeteorological   15\n\u00bb            statistics  126\n\/\/             reporters, thanks to  235\nMeetings, attending  16\na         of stockmen  198\nMetchosin   93\nMeasuring hay in stack  210\nMidway  18\nMission  77\nMildewjfof Gooseberry  174\nMountain District  102\nMoresby Island (Straits)  119\n\/\/            (Queen Charlotte Group)      122\nMonilia Fructigena  172\nMustard, Wild  185\nMytilaspis pomorum  176\nN.\nNanaimo, North and South   102\nNanoose   102 A 242\nIndex.\n1903\nPage\"\nNechaco     58\nNelson District     106\nNicola     37\nNicomen     77\nNoxious Weeds      13\nu      Animals      14\nNotch Hill     32\nNorth Thompson      34\nNorth side of Lower Fraser      77\nNorth-West Coast of Mainland     84\nNorth Saanich       95\nNorthern portion of Province     58\nn        part of Vancouver Island and adjacent\nIslands        Ill\n'North-West Fruit Growers' Association meeting 164\nOak Looper  176\nOkanagan Lake   24\n\/;         Mission      24\nOkanagan  28\nOlwell, J. W., on Fruit Packing  161\nOne Hundred and Fifty-Mile House  55\nOnion Maggot  181\nOsoyoos    18\nOtter Creek  23\nOtiorhynchus sulcatus    179\nOyster District  102\nOsyter Shell Bark Louse   176\nP.\nPanthers  183\nPavilion  49\nPastures, Mixtures for  212\nPaving, Wood  216\nPacking Fruit, proper way  167\nPests, Insect  176\n\/\/    Fungous  172\n\/\/    Bird 14, 182\nPeachland  24\nPender Island  119\nPenticton  24\nPear Scab  174\nPear Slug  176\nPeach and Plum Borer  176\nPea Weevil  179\nPeridroma Saucia  176\nPieris rupee  176\nPfiorbia ceparum  181\nPlants Poisonous to Stock   13, 185\nPlum Rot  172\nPolyphylla decemlineata  176, 178\nPort Renfrew  115\nPotato Beetle  177\nPoultry  9\n\/\/      Breeders of  203\n\/\/     Associations  231\nProducts, specimens of  13\nPrinceton  23\nPriest Valley  28\nPrevost Island   119\nProvincial Breeders of \u00a3 Live Stock 201, 232\nit       Associations  226\nPreservation of Forests    224\nPrice of Land  205\nPseudotsuga Douglasii  214\n\u201e    '            'a        Tables of strength  218\nPulp, Wood  14\nPumping by Steam for Irrigation  26\nPurpura Hcemorrhagica    191\nPage.\nQ.\nQuamichan      96\nQuatsino  Ill\nQueen Charlotte Islands  122\nQuesnel  55\nQuilchena      38\nR.\nRaspberry Root Borer    180\nRead Island    Ill\nRedonda Island    Ill\nRed Spider   176\nReed, E. Baynes 14, 235\nRegulations relating to Stock, Dominion    154\nRevelstoke     67\nReport of Inspector of Fruit Pests    161\nReports of Inspectors of Diseases of Animals .   .193\n\"      on Forest Fires        220\nRingworm    193\nRichmond     77\nRobertson, Prof. J. W., Ottawa       7\nRock Creek      18\nRoots       5\nRot, Plum   172\nRose Caterpillar    179\nRules for Spraying      175\nRutherford, Dr. J. G., Ottawa       9\nS.\nSaunders, Dr. Wm   235\nSaanich, North and South       95\nSalmon Arm     32\nSahtlam     96\nSalt Spring Island    119\nSavory Island    Ill\nSaturna     n         119\nSan Jose Scale Act    157\nSavona     42\nScab of Apple and Pear    174\nScab, Sheep    193\nSchizoneura lanigera    176\nScleropogon helvius 176,  177\nScrubs versus Pure Bred Bulls    199\nSeymour     96\nSelandria cerasi    176\nSeed per acre    213\nSharp, T.  A   235\nSheep       8\n\u00ab     Breeders   of   (omitted   by   mistake  from\npage 203)   232\nShuswap      34\n\/\/      Lake     32\nShawnigan     96\nShutt, Prof. F. T., Ottawa 12, 235\nSidley      18\nSimilkameen     23\nSicamous     32\nSidney Island -   119\nSoils, Analyses of      12\nSoils, Alkali  208\nSoda Creek     55\nSouth side of Lower Fraser     71\nSouth Vancouver     77\nSouth Nanaimo    102\nSooke         93\nSomenos     96\nSpecimens pf,Products        13\nSpallumcheen     28\nSpence's Bridge     42\nSphcerotheca mors-uvcc   174\nSpraying, Five Rules      175 3 Ed. 7\nIndex.\nA 243\nSpider, Red    \t\nSquamish\t\nStock, Plants poisonous to\t\n\/\/     Dominion regulations relating to.\n\u00ab     Shows, Fat\t\n\/; it     Calgary      \t\nStockmen, Meetings of\t\nStatistical Information\t\nSteam Boilers Inspection Act\t\nStump Lake\t\nStuart Lake\t\nStewart, W. A., Toronto\t\nStacks of hay, to measure\t\nSummerland\t\nSugar Lake\t\nSurrey\t\nSumas\t\nSwine\t\nSwine, Breeders of\t\nPage.\n176\n.13, 185\n... 154\n... 198\n... 199\n... 198\n... 15\n... 27\n... 36\n... 59\n,... 126\n.... 210\n.. 24\n.... 28\n.... 71\n.... 71\n... 8\n.... 202\nT.\nTappen Siding\t\nTaylor, Rev. G. W\t\nTable of Imports\t\nTable of Strength of Fir\t\nTexada Island    .\nTetranychus telarius\t\nTen-lined Bug\t\nThompson River Valley\t\nThompson Valley, Lower\t\nThurlow Island\t\nThistles, Laws relating to\t\nThistle, Canada\t\nThanks to Correspondents\t\nTicks, Sheep\t\nTobacco Plains\t\nTolmie, Dr. S. F\t\nTolmie, V. S., Report of Dr. S.\nTravelling Dairy\t\nTravelling through country....\nTrout Creek\t\nTranquille\t\nTuberculosis\t\n.... 32\n..14, 235\n.... 233\n.... 218\n.... 102\n.... 176\n176, 178\n  34\n.... 42\n.... Ill\n.... 151\n.... 185\n.... 235\n.... 193\n.... 63\n.... 235\n.... 193\n.... 7\n.... 16\n.... 24\n.... 34\n.... 191\nU.\nUcluelet\t\nUnsanitary Byres.\n115\n197\nPage.\nUnited States Department of Agriculture  235\n\u00ab            Agricultural Colleges  235\nUpper Mainland    18\na     Nicola  36\n\/\/     Fraser Valley    49\n\u00ab     Columbia    \u00bb       60\nV.\nVancouver, South  77\n\/\/         Island and adjacent Islands  93\nw a     northern   part   and   adjacent\nislands  Ill\na              n     West Coast  115\nValdez Island  Ill\nVictoria  95\nVine Beetle, Black  179\nW.\nWater for Irrigation  13\na     Laws affecting  150\na     Hemlock  186\nWeeds, Noxious     13, 185\nWest Kootenay  67\nWest Coast of Vancouver Island  115\nWestern Condensed Milk Factory, Report of.... 79\nWestern Ten-lined June Bug 176, 178\nWellington   102\nWeevil, Grain  178\nPea    179\nWhite Lake     23\nWhite Valley  82\nWilliams Lake  55\nWindermere  60\nWithycombe, Dr. Jas., Corvallis  6\nWild Horses  182\nWild Mustard  185\nWinter Fat Stock Shows  198\nWood Pulp  14\nWood Paving      216\nWork of Department  16\nWoolly Aphis  176\nWolves  183\nWyatt Island   Ill\nY.\nYale  77\nVICTORIA, B. Or.\nPrinted by Richard Wolfenden, I.S.O., V.D., Printer to the King's Most Excellent Majestj-.\n1903.","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2009\/08\/skos-reference\/skos.html#note","classmap":"oc:AnnotationContainer"},"iri":"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2009\/08\/skos-reference\/skos.html#note","explain":"Simple Knowledge Organisation System; Notes are used to provide information relating to SKOS concepts. There is no restriction on the nature of this information, e.g., it could be plain text, hypertext, or an image; it could be a definition, information about the scope of a concept, editorial information, or any other type of information."}],"Genre":[{"label":"Genre","value":"Legislative proceedings","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/www.europeana.eu\/schemas\/edm\/hasType","classmap":"dpla:SourceResource","property":"edm:hasType"},"iri":"http:\/\/www.europeana.eu\/schemas\/edm\/hasType","explain":"A Europeana Data Model Property; This property relates a resource with the concepts it belongs to in a suitable type system such as MIME or any thesaurus that captures categories of objects in a given field. It does NOT capture aboutness"}],"Identifier":[{"label":"Identifier","value":"J110.L5 S7","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/identifier","classmap":"dpla:SourceResource","property":"dcterms:identifier"},"iri":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/identifier","explain":"A Dublin Core Terms Property; An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context.; Recommended best practice is to identify the resource by means of a string conforming to a formal identification system."},{"label":"Identifier","value":"1904_02_A1_A243","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/identifier","classmap":"dpla:SourceResource","property":"dcterms:identifier"},"iri":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/identifier","explain":"A Dublin Core Terms Property; An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context.; Recommended best practice is to identify the resource by means of a string conforming to a formal identification system."}],"IsShownAt":[{"label":"DOI","value":"10.14288\/1.0064295","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/www.europeana.eu\/schemas\/edm\/isShownAt","classmap":"edm:WebResource","property":"edm:isShownAt"},"iri":"http:\/\/www.europeana.eu\/schemas\/edm\/isShownAt","explain":"A Europeana Data Model Property; An unambiguous URL reference to the digital object on the provider\u2019s website in its full information context."}],"Language":[{"label":"Language","value":"English","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/language","classmap":"dpla:SourceResource","property":"dcterms:language"},"iri":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/language","explain":"A Dublin Core Terms Property; A language of the resource.; Recommended best practice is to use a controlled vocabulary such as RFC 4646 [RFC4646]."}],"Provider":[{"label":"Provider","value":"Vancouver : University of British Columbia Library","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/www.europeana.eu\/schemas\/edm\/provider","classmap":"ore:Aggregation","property":"edm:provider"},"iri":"http:\/\/www.europeana.eu\/schemas\/edm\/provider","explain":"A Europeana Data Model Property; The name or identifier of the organization who delivers data directly to an aggregation service (e.g. Europeana)"}],"Publisher":[{"label":"Publisher","value":"Victoria, BC : Government Printer","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/publisher","classmap":"dpla:SourceResource","property":"dcterms:publisher"},"iri":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/publisher","explain":"A Dublin Core Terms Property; An entity responsible for making the resource available.; Examples of a Publisher include a person, an organization, or a service."}],"Rights":[{"label":"Rights","value":"Images provided for research and reference use only. For permission to publish, copy or otherwise distribute these images please contact the Legislative Library of British Columbia","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/rights","classmap":"edm:WebResource","property":"dcterms:rights"},"iri":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/rights","explain":"A Dublin Core Terms Property; Information about rights held in and over the resource.; Typically, rights information includes a statement about various property rights associated with the resource, including intellectual property rights."}],"SortDate":[{"label":"Sort Date","value":"1904-12-31 AD","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/elements\/1.1\/date","classmap":"dpla:SourceResource"},"iri":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/elements\/1.1\/date","explain":"A Dublin Core Elements Property; A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource.; Date may be used to express temporal information at any level of granularity. Recommended best practice is to use an encoding scheme, such as the W3CDTF profile of ISO 8601 [W3CDTF]."},{"label":"Sort Date","value":"1904-12-31 AD","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/date","classmap":"oc:InternalResource","property":"dcterms:date"},"iri":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/date","explain":"A Dublin Core Elements Property; A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource.; Date may be used to express temporal information at any level of granularity. Recommended best practice is to use an encoding scheme, such as the W3CDTF profile of ISO 8601 [W3CDTF].; A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource.; Date may be used to express temporal information at any level of granularity. Recommended best practice is to use an encoding scheme, such as the W3CDTF profile of ISO 8601 [W3CDTF]."}],"Source":[{"label":"Source","value":"Original Format: Legislative Assembly of British Columbia. Library. Sessional Papers of the Province of British Columbia","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/source","classmap":"oc:SourceResource","property":"dcterms:source"},"iri":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/source","explain":"A Dublin Core Terms Property; A related resource from which the described resource is derived.; The described resource may be derived from the related resource in whole or in part. Recommended best practice is to identify the related resource by means of a string conforming to a formal identification system."}],"Title":[{"label":"Title ","value":"SEVENTH REPORT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE OF THE PROVINCE OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. 1902.","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/title","classmap":"dpla:SourceResource","property":"dcterms:title"},"iri":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/title","explain":"A Dublin Core Terms Property; The name given to the resource."}],"Type":[{"label":"Type","value":"Text","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/type","classmap":"dpla:SourceResource","property":"dcterms:type"},"iri":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/type","explain":"A Dublin Core Terms Property; The nature or genre of the resource.; Recommended best practice is to use a controlled vocabulary such as the DCMI Type Vocabulary [DCMITYPE]. To describe the file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource, use the Format element."}],"Translation":[{"property":"Translation","language":"en","label":"Translation","value":""}]}