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This could be a full linked open date URI or an internal identifier"}],"FileFormat":[{"label":"File Format","value":"application\/pdf","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/elements\/1.1\/format","classmap":"edm:WebResource","property":"dc:format"},"iri":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/elements\/1.1\/format","explain":"A Dublin Core Elements Property; The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource.; Examples of dimensions include size and duration. Recommended best practice is to use a controlled vocabulary such as the list of Internet Media Types [MIME]."}],"FullText":[{"label":"Full Text","value":" historical\nNEWS\nJUNE, 1970 BRITISH COLUMBIA HISTORICAL NEWS\nVol. 3 No. 4 June 1970\nPublished November, February, April and June each year\nby the British Columbia Historical association. Subscription\nrates: Free to members of all affiliated societies, or $3*50\nper year, including postage, directly from the Editor, Mr P.A.\nYandle, 3450 West 20th Avenue, Vancouver 8, B.C.\nExecutive\nHon. Patron: Lieut.Gov. J..R.Nicholson\nHon. President: Dr Margaret Ormsby\nPresident: Mr H. R. Brammall\nPast President: Mrs Mabel Jordon\n1st Vice-President: Mr D. Schon\n2nd Vice-P resident: Mr Gorman\nSec. & Editor: Mr P.A. Yandle\nTreasurer: Mrs H.R. Brammall\nExecutive Mr D. New\nCommittee; Mr H.B. Nash\nTABLE OF CONTENTS\nPage\nEditorial 2\nMinutes 2-7\nCentennial essay contest     7\nSociety notes aid comments   8\nSandford Fleming  Active\nPatriot - Mrs M. Jordon   12\nFRONT COVER The sketch of the Beaver is anothor in the series of\nearly Vancouver history which were drawn by Robert Genn, and tho\npictures were kindly lent to produce the lithograph platos for the\ncovers.\nTho train on tho cover of the last issue was the New\nWestminster No. 1, the first train into Vancouver. There wore a\nfew suggestions, but nono was correct. EDITORIAL\nWhat can be said when the last speech has been given at the\nConvention, and the post-mortems have all been discussed? Was it\ngood or was it bad, or was the whole show worth while? To those\n\u2022attending the Convention it is a judgement they themselves must\nassess for its worth. My feelings were all good for the Nanaimo\nConvention - good speakers and an excellent field trip to the\n\u2022Nanaimo Museum and the Cowichan Forest Museum. It is always pleasant to renew friendships that 'have started over the years of attending conventions , and continue to grow, so that each year I start\nto look for familiar faces. There is a sadness in all this because\nsome never come back. Sickness or death depletes the ranks year by\nyear but still the conventions go on as does everything else. This\nis not written out of maudlin sentiment, but a wish that we could\nattract younger- people into membership in our societies. The work\nis always there, and to survive it must be done, but the age old\nquestion of who is going to do it never gets answered in the way I\nwould like to see.\nWe have a good long range programme in the restoration of\nNootka or at least some tangible dedication to the men who became\nresponsible for the birth of the Province we call British Columbia,\nThis year we have an'essay competition that should yield some\nexcellent material, and for a change we have a category for our own\nmembers. Just think p ositively, dear reader, you may be the winner\nof our $100 prize. There will be a lot of long dark evenings before\nmidnight March 15th, 1971 rolls around. And sp eaking of midnigbt\nMarch 15th, 1971, if anyone dares to show up at 11.59 p.m.- on that\nnight with a submission, he, she or it had better be prepared for a\nshock. If I'm sober I'll be extremely nasty as my sheep counting\nwill have started and I hate to lose the tally. If I'm not sober\nthe unlucky he \"She or it will be mistaken for the local \"fuzz\"\nbecause who else would be calling at that time of night.\nA pleasant summer to all and a hint to fat people - it's\neasy to apply sun tan lotion if you use a paint roller.\nMINUTES\nMinutes of the Fourth'Council Meeting for 1969-70 of the\nB.C. Historical Association, held on Friday May 22nd, 1970 at the\nShoreline Hotel, Nanaimo, B.C. Present: Mrs Jordon (Pre\"s.);Mr\nR. Brammall (1st Vice-Pres.); Mr B.C. Bracewell (2nd Vice-Pres.);\nMrs R. Brammall (Treas.); Mr P. Yandle (Sec); Delegates: Mr\nEdwards, Mr Schon (Nanaimo); Mr German (Victoria); Mr D. New (Gulf\nIslands); Mrs Ford (Alberni & Dist.); Mr Hunter (East Kootenay);\nMiss E. Johnson (West Kootenay).\nThe President called the meeting to order at 9.15 a.m.\nMinutes of Council Meeting held in Victoria on February 15th 1970\nwere adop ted on motion. Moved Bracewell, Seconded Brammall -\nCarried. There was a lgngthy discussion on the present situation and\nstatus of restoration planned for Nootka. The Secretary read all\ncorrespondence available since the last Council Meeting - one\naddressed to Mr J. Nesbitt from P. H. Bennett, Assistant Director\nHistoric Sites, to Mrs Yandle from H.J. Mitchell, Acting Chief,\nOperations Division, Historic Sites, to Mrs E. Adams from T.S.\nBarnett M.P. Comox-Alberni. From these letters it was established\nthat (l) The jurisdiction of the area came under the administration\nof the Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development;\n(2) The creation in 1968 of a new National Historic Park at Friendly\nCove to be known as Nootka National Historic Park; (3) The hope of\nthe Department that negotiations can be completed this year with the\nlocal Indian Band for the leasing of the land required at Friendly\nCoves (4) The Service has prepared a provisional development plan\nfor Nootka with the erection of a Visitor-Interpretation Centre at\nthe site; (5) There will bo no forced encroachment on the way of\nlife of the indigenous people within the area; (6) All proposals\ncome within the Service's Five Year Plan; (7) The Yuquot Band has\nworked out an arrangement with the Provincial Museum for the\nrestoration and preservation of some of their more historic carvings.\nMr Schon stated that there was no inclusion of Nootka in the\nplans of the Centennial Committee, but felt that the Association\nshould request a cop y of the Five Year Plan. Mr Brammall agreed\nto investigate further the legal aspect of Noittka. Council decided\nto leave the matter to the incoming Council who would have had the\nbenefit cf Mr Bartroli's address to the General Meeting.\nSocieties delinquent in their per capita payments will be\nsent an accounting according to the financial records of the Association. Per capita dues, according to the Constitution, are due\neach year by February 27th.\nThe essay contest outlined by Mr Brammall was endorsed by\nCouncil, feeling there were sufficient funds for adequate prize\nmoney* Moved Hunter, seconded German that this matter be referred\nto the New Council to implement according to Mr Bra mmall's report\nwhich would in turn be submitted to the Annual Ganeral Meeting.\nCarried.\nNew Business Regarding a request from Mrs Blyth asking the Association -s sponsorship for the publication of her history of Port\nEdward, it was moved Schon, seconded New, that the Secretary write to\nMrs Elyth explaining that she should submit a copy of her work for\nreview and appraisal, if she wished our Association to make representation to a funded organization on her behalf. - Carried.\nMoved New, seconded Brammall that the meeting adjourn, at\n10.15 a.m. - Carried. Minutes of the Annual General _Hee ting-of the B*\u00a3~- Historical\nAssociation held in Nanaimo May 22nd, 1970.\nThe meeting was called to order by the President, Mrs\nJordon, with the reading of the minutes of the meeting held in\nPenticton on May 23rd, 1969. MoVed Yandle, seconded Bracewell\nthat the minutes be adopted as read. - Carried,\nThe President reported that this was her final meeting as\nPresident. During her three years as President she thought thatt\nthe Association had shown progress. She had seen the Centennial\nEssay contest, which started at the Convention in Cranbrook,\nbrought to its conclusion with the awards made at the Convention in\nVictoria. The \"News\" had started with her term of office and had\nprovided a good means of communication throughout the membership,\nand asked the mombers to join with her in thanking the Editor. The\npetroglyphs at Cranbrook had at last been saved and were now\ngazetted as an Historic Site. The restoration of Nootka was now\nthe main object of the Association and should proviefe the new\ncouncil with not only a long range project, but it should be a\nchallenge to \u00a9very member to see it carried out. There was a new\nessay contest which had been endorsed by Council, which should\nstimulate the interests and activities of the member societies. It\nwould be reported on later by Mr Brammall and an outline given then.\nShe wished to thank everyone - officers and members alike - who had\ngiven her complete coop eration during her term of office,\nMrs Brammall gave the Treasurer's report as follows: Cash\non hand, Ap ril 30th, 1969: $4211.96, Cash on hand, April 30th,\n1970: $4437.38. This last figure does not include an advance made\nto the Nanaimo Society of $200.00 which, when repaid, will be a\nfurther asset of the Association. The Treasurer reported that the\nSavings Account had been transferred to a Canada Permanent Debenture\nin March 1970, which will yield an interest return of $342.91 which\ncould be used for the essay contest. Moved P. Brammall, seconded\nYandle that tho report be accepted. - Carried,\nThe Secretary reported quite a busy year but would not\nrepeat much of the detail which had appeared in the News, either\nas minutes or as direct information. There had been a problem of\ndecision making which he had done and risked being chastised by\nCouncil, It was an endorsation that he had signed on behalf of the\nAssociation regarding a brief by the Princeton Fish and Game Club\nasking the Hon. Mr Williston to set aside a portion of Paradise Valley\nin the Tulameen area as a recreati\">n area. Council endorsed his\naction and the need to act when time was a factor. The Secretary\nstressed the need for more communication by the member societies, as\nit was by this means that the News could be said to truly represent\nthe Association. A Letters to the Editor column was mentioned at\nthe last convention but did not meet with any great response.\nThe essay competition was outlined by Mr Brammall, setting\nforth the details as to the topic, categories and prizes.  (This\nreport will appear in detail following the minutes. - Editor.) Reports were read from the following societies covering the\nyear's activities since the last Convention, by their respective\ndelegates: Alberni & District, East Kootenay, Gulf Islands,\nNanaimo, Vancouver, Victoria, West Kootenay. There was no representative from Golden.\nNew Business The site for the 1971 Convention was given to the\nVictoria Branch, which had made the formal request through Mr Brace-\nwell at Penticton in 1969.\nDr Gordon Elliott asked the Association to make representation\nto the Provincial Archives in Victoria for information regarding\nlocal histories that had been written at t he expense of the taxpayers and had never been published or put to any practical purpose.\nThe Secretary was instructed to deal with this matter.\nDr Elliott requested the Association to take a definite\nstand on the lack of interest by the professional historians in local\nhistorical societies. It was his opinion that they should be giving\nleadership and encouraging tlheir students to take an active part in\nthese societies. There was considerable discussion on the subject\nand several points of view expressed. Mr Wellburn considered that\nin view of the fact that the professional historian worked mostly\nwith young people, was this accusation fully justified or was it the\ncase of the young peop le not being interested, Mr Turnbull thought\nsuch a resolution would probably generate more heat than light and\nwould recommend the member societies to solicit the interest of the\nstudents. Mrs Ford expressed the hope that we should have help and\nleadership from the professionals and not in any way wish to\ncreate antagonism. Mr Hunter thought that the general lack of\ninterest on  the part of the vast majority of Canadians was an ethnic\nproblem, that in general each selfishly thought only of his own\nnational history. Mrs Brammall felt that students were not encouraged\nby adults, and Mr Bracswell questioned the wisdom of finding a place\nto put the blame for apathy.\nIt was moved Elliott, seconded Miss Hayball that we ask\nhistory departments of all institutions of higher learning to make\nknown to their students the existence of local history societiess\nand that the professional staff encourage their students to an\nactive involvement in such societies.\nMr Schon added an amendment, seconded by Hunter, that the\nhistorical society of the community which has an institution of\nhigher learning get in touch with the History Department asking for\nthe names of students taking history courses and that the Society\nmake a personal invitation to the students, with an outline of their\nprogramme, to attend their meetings. As the motion and amendment\nwere not in conflict they both carried.\nMoved Brammall, seconded Schon, that the meeting adjourn for\nlunch at 12,00 noon. - Carried.\nMeeting reconvened with an address by Mr Toraas Bartroli on\nthe \"Friendly Cove Project\" at 2,30 p.m. From the question period the following motion was made. Moved Schon, seconded Dr Forrester, that\na letter of recognition be sent to the Dept. of Indian Affairs and\nNorthern Development by the Association for the proposed Five Year\nPlan for Nootka, and we ask them to incorporate in the plan the\nrestoration of the Spanish Fort on Hog Island. - Carried.\nDr Forrester suggested that at the appropriate time the\nlocal Boards of Trade be approached for their support for the p ro-\nject. It was the opinion of the membership that further action be\nleft to the in-coming Council and that any committee set up to\ndeal with the project should include Mr Bartroli as a member ex-\nofficio.\nMoved Yandle, seconded Schon that Mr Ford be app ointed\nAuditor. - Carried.\nAt 4.30 p.m. it was moved Turnbull, seconded Ethenridge\nthat the meeting adjourn. - Carried.\nMinutes of First Council Meeting of the 1970-71 season\nof the British Columbia Historical Association, held in Nanaimo\nMay 22nd at 5.15 p.m\u201e Present: Mrs Jordon (E. Kootenay); Mrs\nBrammall, Mr R. Brammall (Vancouver); Mr B.C. Bracewell, Mr German\n(Victoria); Mr D. New (Gulf Islands); Mr Jordon, Mr Hunter (East\nKootenay); Mrs Adams (Alberni & Dist.); Mr D. Schon (Nanaimo);\nMiss E. Johnson (W. Kootenay); Mr P. Yandle (Vancouver).\nMrs Brammall asked a question relating to instructions\ngiven at the last Council Meeting which she had found ambiguous.\nOn discussion she was empowered, together with the Secretary, to\nuse her own discretion in the matter regarding delinquent per\ncapita payments by member societies.\nFirst order of business was the election of officers. Mrs\nJordon as retiring President took the chair to conduct the election.\nBy unanimous vote the following officers were elected in\nthe order as listed:\nPresident Mr Robin Brammall\nSecretary Mr P. Yandle\n1st Vice-President Mr D. Schon\n2nd Vice-President Mr German\nTreasurer: Mrs R. Brammall\nTwo Executive members Mr D. New; Mr H.B. Nash (in absentia)\nPast President Mrs Jordon\nEditor Mr P. Yandle\nNew Business  Discussion centered around remarks made at the General\nMeeting that there wore several groups throughout the Province that\nshould be affiliated with the B.C. Historical Association. Several\nmembers of Council knew such groups, and overtures had been made,\nbut it was true that no concerted effort had been made to seek ?\ntheir affiliition. The Secretary felt that this should be the work\nof a committee as he found it too much work in addition to his other\nduties. It was decided to form a Membership Committee which would\nbe composed of Mr German and Mr Schon, with powers to add. Mr\nGerman agreed? to be Chairman.\nMoved New, seconded Jordon that the signing officers shall\nbe the Treasurer, toegther with either the Secretary or Mr New. -\nCarried.\nCouncil felt that the site for the 1972 Convention should\nbe referred to the next Council Meeting. Gulf Islands had shown\nan interest in this convention, but Mr New explained the problems\ninvolved, hence the decision to refer the matter.\nThere was a general discussion on the essay competition, and\nit was the feeling of Council that the report given by Mr Brammall\nwas quite acceptable on all points but it was the length of the\nessay that should be established by Council. It was therefore\ndecided to accept essays of not less than 3000 words and not more\nthan 6000.\nThe retiring President, Mrs Jordon, was asked to write a\nletter of appreciation to Mr Robert Genn for his cover designs on\ntho News for the last two years.\nThe meeting adjourned at 6.30 p.m. on motion, moved Brammall,\nseconded Bracewell. - Carried.\n1971 CENTENNIAL ESSAY COMPETITION\nThe 1971 Centennial Prise Committee of P. A. Yandle and\nH. R. Brammall, in consultation with Mrs Yandle and Mr H.K. Ralston,\nsuggested that the topic be:\n\"Some historical aspect of British Columbia within the\nCanadian Confederation from an economic, political,\nscientific or social point of view.\"\nThis was endorsed by Council and will be the topic for\neligibility in the following categories of this competition.\nCategory A One $200.00 Junior College prize to be available to\nthe Junior Colleges of Malaspina, Douglas, New Caledonia, Selkirk,\nCariboo, Okanagan, Capilano and Vancouver City College. The\nAssociation reserves the right to divide the Junior College p rize\nif the judges deem it advisable.\nCategory B One $200 University prize for the four Provincial\nUniversities, on an undergraduate or graduate level.\nCategory C One $100 open prize to any current paid up member of an 8\naffiliated -society in good standing with the B.C. Historical\nAssociation. Any member who is a practising member of the teaching\nprofession will not be eligible to compete in this category.\nAll categories will be open to residents within British\nColumbia. Essays should be not less than 3000 words and not more\nthan 6000 words, to be submitted not later than midnight March 15th\n1971 to the Secretary of the Association. Footnotes and sources\nshould be included, and all essays submitted will become the property\nof the Association.\nThis essay competition will be advertised by letters to the\nHistory Dep artments of the Colleges and Universities, and this is\nofficial notice that the competition is to be held. It is also a\nsuggestion that affiliated member societies get publicity in their\nlocal papers to ensure complete coverage.\nThe essays will be judged by a committee of members of our\nAssociation as chosen by Council.\nSOCIETY NOTES AND COMMENTS\nThe reports from the member societies given at the Annual\nGeneral Meeting of the .Association were summaries of the year's\nacttivities. Most of the contents of these reports have appeared in\nprevious issues of the News. Where there have been activities not\npreviously reported, the. News will quote from that report*\nAlberni District Museum and Historical Society\nThe highlight of the year for our society was the notification\nthat we would receive a grant from the Leon and Thea Koerner Foundation, to be applied to the publishing of the memoirs of pioneer\nGeorge Bird. Mr Bird kept diaries, was a keen observer with a feeling for historical values. His articles are presently being evaluated\nand Selected. The Arts' Council of Alberni Valley grants will also\nbe directed to this purpose.\nIn September, a booth at the Fall Fair, courtesy of the Kinsmen Club, stimulated a flow of acquisitions.\nAt the invitation of the Port Alberni Library, we have had\ntwo displays, which featured artifacts relative to the pioneers\nA.W. Neill, M.P., who presented the first Old Age Pension, and Mir\nMackenzie, first white boy born in the valley's permanent settlement.\nGuests at our fourth annual social meeting enjoyed slides\ntaken by Robert Aller, illustrating the art done by Indian children.\nThe originals have been on exhibit at the National Gallery in Ottawa <,\nWe are pleased that Mr Aller, who began teaching Indian children\nhere, has achieved national appreciation. Pictures of Upper Canada\nVillage were shown by Mr Hammer. In April, Mr Ainsley Helmcken, Victoria City Archivist, showed\nrecently discovered pictures of Vancouver Island, taken by Bill Penman. These were enhanced by excerp ts from Mr Penman's journal.\nThe Adult Education Director has asked us to prepare a series\nof talks on local history, to commence in the Fall, freparatory\nwork has begun.\nWe have been most fortunate in having the support of the\nPort Alberni Council, the School Board, the Vancouver Island Regional\nLibrary, the Alberni Valley Times, the Kinsmen, and many others.\nEast Kootenay Historical Association\n  Activities at Fort Steele for the past year were\nreported. These included a new Sash and Door Workshop comp lex;\nmuseum balcony furnished; completion of large water supply reservoir;\nreplica of old water tower built, also a railway station and water\ntower for the Dunrobin train; replica of pioneer drugstore; mining\ndisplay in museum completed with simulated mine tunnel; etc., etc.\nWe understrand this year's big project is building an old-time\nopera house, and 1971 will see a live vaudeville company there\nduring the summer.\nRare photographs of early day notables of the area have been\nsearched out and identified to assist with further panels for the\nMuseum and also for the Provincial Archives records.\nThanks to the generous donation by the members of the F,W.\nGreen Medical Clinic our Association has been able to assist\nfinancially with the restoration of the old Goat River Crossing\ncemetery near Creston where so many victims of the typhoid epidemic\nwere buried during the construction of tho Crows Newt Railway in\n1897-98.\nAll historical signs up Wild Horse early-day gold mining\ngrounds, put up by our As'soclation, were taken in last spring and\nput in good condition again. Trigger-happy folks had used some of\nthem for target practice, and one was even broken up and burned for\ncamp fire wood.\nIn conjunction with sister associations from Windermere,\nIdaho and Montana, five field Jrips were held last summer, including\na most enjoyable ride on t he River Boat S.W. Kootenay, guests of the\nowners.\nThanks to the insistent urging of your President, Mrs M.\nJordon, and the Provincial Historical .Association, the petroglyphs\nnear Cranbrook have been gazetted a protected Historical and Archaeological Site, Now we hope further urging will induce the government to do something about protecting them from vandalism. Although\ndamaged slightly, they are still in a qpite good state of preservation, but time is important. 10\nGulf Islands Branch\nThe Branch had a largely uneventful year with the inevitable\ndifficulty of transport between islands keeping the average attendance at meetings lower than the number of members would suggest,\n16,8 out of 63.\nFive meetings have been held on the various islands, from\nwhich three achievements can be reported: the 4th printing of our\nbook, \"A Gulf Islands Patchwork\", a third of its one thousand copies\nalready sold; assistance given, in a $100 bursary, to an Indian\nstudent; and a museum-type exhibition illustrating pioneer days on\nPender Island.\nOver the years, the contacts we have made through our annual\nbursary have shown us how young Indians are t aking advantage of\nopportunities offered, to fit themselves for life in to-day's\nsociety. Margaret Anderson's record is typical: from a neglected,\nresentful child in Bella Bella, \"Impossible to manage in home,\nschool or community\", she has arrived, via school for the retarded,\npublic and high school, holiday and week-end work at Simpson-Sears,\nto passing the Civil Service examination in general office procedures\nand permanent employment at the B.C. Institute of Technology. Now\nshe is attending night-school courses in computer work.\nThe main active achievement of the year was the Pender\nIsland \"Delve-In\", which has been previously reported in the\nNovember '69 News.\nNanaimo Historical Society\nNanaimo activities have beon reported up to date in the\nlast issue of the News, Since that time the Society's activities\nhave covered the numerous preparations for the Convention.\nVancouver Historical Society\nVancouver's activities havo been reported up to. date in the\nlast issue of the News,\nVictoria Section\n.,.\u00bb\u201e. A review of the subjects brought before the members at\nthe regular monthly meetings discloses a wide variation in the topics\nselected. EARLY HISTORY was represented by talks on Captain Cook -\nthe Navigator; S.S. BeaVer; Development of banking; Tokens and\nmedals of early B.C.; Early cannery operations. CURRENT HISTORY by\nMining up North; Mapping techniques. GENERAL INTEREST by A visit\nto Churchill. Manitoba; An historical interpretation of the restoration of Barkerville and Fort Steele.\nThe annual field day trip was a visit to Jordan River which 11\nwas particularly appropriate in view of the replacement of the\nelectrical generating plant now being undertaken. The historic\nsignificance of the undertaking, both past and present, is bound\nup with the life of the capital citiy.\nProjects continue as reported last year, viz. (a) Locating,\nrecording and burnishing of local plaques, (b) Awarding annually of\ntwo books on British Columbia history to each of two students\nselected by the Victoria University.\nSome satisfaction has been taken by the Victoria group\nover the recent announcement that a West Coast Park seems now\nassured. About two years ago such a project was advocated by the\ngroup and steps taken urging official action thereon.\nr--fest Kootenay Historical Association\n..,,. * o. \u25a0>=,... In February a member took us to Iceland, by means of\ntalk and slides, A guest speaker in March was R.A. Kutherglen,\nConservation Officer with the B.C. Wildlife. He had a lot to say\nand pictures to show of pollution caused by careless campers and\nresultant changes in animal behaviour. In April the guest speaker\nwas Mrs L\u201e Landucci who spentt- three years in India with her\nhusband who was Works Manager for that period of the jointly-\nowned Coniinco-Binani Zinc plant near Cochin in Kerala State, -\na.portion of the beautiful Malabar Coast of South-west India.\nAt our recent meeting in May, W.M. Merilees of Selkirk\nCollege told of his exp eriences when studying archaeology in\nEast Africa, particularIky in Tanzania, Uganda and Kenya. When\nin Nairobi he met the famous Dr Leakey, under whose auspices he\nwas a student for a while, later visiting the Olduvai Gorge, the\nscene of the first famous discovery of our ancient forebears.\nSTCP PRESS From Alberni & Dist. comes this letter to T.S. Barnett,\n\u00bb;\u25a0?\u2014r-sttgrred John I. Nicol, Director, National & Historic Parks\nBranch, an extract of which follows.\n\"c . v . ,The Minister, the Honourable Jean Chretien, has asked me\nto reply to your letter of May 4, regarding the Department's plans\nfor the development of Friendly Cove as a National Historic Park\n,.;..\u00bb\u25a0 The archaeological excavations of 1966 were successful\naccording to tho preliminary roport but tho final report is not due\nuntil next year and until it is evaluated, we cannot proceed with a\ndefinitive development program. However, it is safe to say that the\nresults of thss work, -together with that of Dr Bartroli's historical\nresearch, will contribute a wealth of cultural and historical information which can give very effective form to the interpretation of\nthis intorosting historic si to Tho commencomont of the\nprogram is scheduled to take place in four years timo and its\nestimated cost is in tho order of $400,000.\" \u25a0 12\nSANDFORD FLEMING - ACTIVE PATRIOT\nThe following is the text of an address given at the British\nColumbia Historical Association Annual Mooting at Nanaimo, B ,C,\nMay 22, 1970, by Mrs Mabel E. Jordon, President.\nThis year, 1970, is one of the significant anniversaries in\nthe history of Canada. Among these is the 300th anniversary of the\nHudson's Bay Company, and the centenary of the Northwest Territories\nand the Province of Manitoba. One that I find of particular interest\nis the 200th anniversary of the birth of David Thompson, that\nintrepid explorer who surveyed and mapped much of western Canada\nincluding the Columbia River from source to mouth. He was emp loyed\nby the Hudson's Bay Company for 13 years in the latter part of the\neighteenth centu :ry in the fur trade.\nThis is also tho 100th anniversary of pre-Confederation year '\u25a0'\nfor the Province of British Columbia, during which the terms of the\nunion were being worked out. Perusal of some of these events may\nstir in Canadians a foeling of patriotism.\nThe Oxford Dictionary gives this definition of a patriot:\n\u25a0''a champion or lover of his country\". Sandford Fleming was such\na patriot in the truest sense of the word, both of .Canada - his\nadopted country - and of tho British Emp ire.\nFor those who may not be familiar with my subject, it was he\nwho among his many other accomplishments:\n1. Planned most of Canada's- railways.\n2. Put the world on t ime by devising standard time zones\nbased on the prime meridian as we know this today.\n3. Championed the cause successfully for the Pacific cable\nfrom British Columbia to Australia and Now Zealand,\nthus girdling the globe with an all British-owned\ncable communications system thereby eliminating the\nneed to rely on a foreign power.\n4. Designed Canada's first postage stamp - the Threepenny\nBeaver - which did much to popularize the beaver as a\nnational symbol.\nPerhaps the best known of these achievements, to Canadians at any\nrate, was his work of surveying and planning the possible and most\npractical routes for the Canadian Pacific Railway, as its Engineer-\nin-Chief. . -\nOne hundred years ago, in March of 1870, the Legislative\nCouncil of the Colony of British Columbia sat in lively debate on 13\nthe subject of Confederation with Canada. Text of the debate^ which\nlasted a full month, is an interesting documentation of the mood of\ntho then Crown Colony, Nanaimo residents here today might bo interested to know that their Legislative Council member was the\nHonourable David Babington Ring. Now Mr Ring was not at all backward in voicing his opinions in the debate. It appears that in\nI87O tho residents of Nanaimo were not in favour of entering Confederation. This was made plain by their honourable member who\nwanted a plebiscite to decide! the issue.  However, his objections\nobviously bore no weight, and mention of this now is intended only\nas a point of local interest.\nOf the many aspects involved in this joining of British\nColumbia with Canada the need for communications and transportation\nwas important for unification; a trans-continental railway being\nparamount. Much discussion in tho Confederation Debates was given\nto construction of a Pacific railway. Here again, permit me to\nmention the Honourable Mr Ring of Nanaimo in regard to the proposed\nrailway, He forecast that a railway would not be forthcoming in\nthe lifetime of the youngest council member thon present, but at\nthe same time admitted that it must bo the main Resolution in the\ndebate, and he did make some constructive suggestions.\nAs we all know, it was under Sir John A. Macdonald's\ngovernment that the Colony of British Columbia joined Canada as a\nProvince in 1871, and next year will be one of celebration and\ncommemoraiion throughout this province. Tho building of the Canadian Pacific Railway, that distinctively Canadian enterprise,\nwas a direct result. This is a well known story and need not be\ntold hero except for some interesting incidents which touch on the\nsubject of this address - Mr Sandford Hall Fleming,\nThis man devoted his life in Canada, from 1845 to 1915. to\ncementing tho ties of the British Empire in general and to uniting\nCanada in particular. Ho landed in Canada Juno 5th, 1845 aboard\nthe sailing ship Brilliant at tho age of eighteen. At that time\nthe steamship era was in its infancy. It is an interesting fact\nthat the first line of ocean steamers was organized by a Canadian,\nSir Samuol Cunard. The first one, the Royal William, was built in\nCanada, fed with Canadian coal, and navigated by a Canadian crow,\nas early as 1833\u2022 Howevor, back to the Brilliant; she was a\ntypical sailing ship of the day, taking almost six weeks to cover\nthe distance from Glasgow to Quebec.  (Fleming's passenger ticket\nspecified that bedding and utensils for eating and drinking had to\nbe supplied by tho passenger!) Little did this young man realise\nas he sailed down the River Clyde how large a part he was to have\nin the future to incroase tho means of transportation and communications throughout the world.\nTo briefly scan his background: he was born at Kirkcaldy,\nFifoshire, Scotland in 1827 and was named after his maternal grand-\nl.B.C. Legislative Council. Debate on the Subject of Confederation\nwith Canada, Victoria, 1912. p. 38-40. 14\nfather, and an uncle of the same name who was a Sanskrit scholar of\nsome renown then living in India. The maternal grandfather, of the\nclan Cameron, had fought at Culloden in 1745, and with seven others\nhad rowed Bonnie Prince Charlme over to France and exile.\nYoung Sandford attended a school at Kirkcaldy where Thomas\nCarlyle had been a master twenty years earlier. He was lator a\npupil of the Scottish engineer and surveyor, John Lang, for four\nyoars, after which he and his brother David left for the New World\naboard the Brilliant. From the time he landed until his passing\nseventy years later, his life in Canada was a whirlwind of adventure\nand accomplishments\nNone of his major achievements succeeded easily, nor without\na considerable amount of opposition of one kind or another. To\nbegin with, one of the very first calls of any importance made\nupon arrival was to see Bishop Strachan of Toronto who advised him\nto return to Scotland as there was no future here for a professional\nman since all the great works were completed. This in 1845!\n\u25a0Fleming spent his first two months in the country in and\naround Peterborough seriously contemplating buying a farm for himself. While at Peterborough he became friendly with the Strickland\nfamily - Major Strickland and his two sisters, Susanna Moodie and\nCatharine Parr Traill. Susanna Moodie wrote of her pioneer\nexperiences in \"Roughing it in the Bush\", now a collectors' item,\nas are tho writings of Mrs Traill, particularly her natural history\nclassics. It w*i3 in Peterborough also that young Sandford met the\ngirl who, years later, was to become his wife.\nFleming took temporary employment at Peterborough as a\ndraughtsman, where ho surveyed the town and published a plan which\nwas required to bo lithographed. At that time thero were very few\nlithographers in Canada, but young Fleming, now in his twentieth\nyear, had learned this art in Scotland and decided to do it himself.\nObtaining tho necessary stones for the work ho proceeded and his\nplan was duly completed.\nRealizing the advantage of securing the correct professional\nstatus, he articled to a firm in Weston and obtained his certificate.\nWith this he set out for Montreal, then the seat of government, a\nlong and tedious journey in 1849, Hero ho met with the Commissioner\nof Lands and received his commission from Lord Elgin on the very day\nof an historic riot in that city. Fleming was a somewhat unsung\nhero on this occasion. The riot was caused by the passing of the\nRebellion Losses Bill which Lord Elgin as Governor General had just\nsigned. As he was leaving the Parliament Buildings an angry mob\npelted h\u00b13  carriage with rotten eggs. By evening the riot was out\nof control and the Parliament Buildings wero set afire. Bleming\nhad witnessed all this and tried to rush into the bui Iding to save\nwhat he could from the very fine library but found the fire too far\nadvanced. Running through the hall he saw the large painting of\nQueen Victoria in a massive gilt frame hanging behind the throne\nchair\u00ab He determined to savo it. With tho help of thuee others\nhe pried it from its fastenings but found it too heavy to handle 15\nso thoy removed the canvas and the four of them carried it out of\nthe bui lding - only just in time as the flames were already roaring\noverhead, and they had to stoop low to prevent the painting from\nbeing scorched. Some years later this painting, the work of John\nPartridge, was taken to Ottawa and hung in the Senate Chamber.\nFleming recorded that a lively account of this incident was given\nin the newspaper a few days later, stating that four scoundrels\nhad carried off the Queen's picture!\nWith the documentary authority to practise his profession\nin Canada now firmly established, Sandford decided to make Toronto\nhis headquarters. He had no intention, however, of living a mere\nbread-and-butter existence. To him anything he undertook was not\nto be \"does it pay?\" but rather \"is it worthy?\" He had been in\nToronto but briefly when, having met other surveyors, civil\nengineers, and architects, he founded the Canadian Institute in\n1849, to which the name Royal was added much later. This was formed\nfor the purpose of encouragement of advancement of the physical\nsciences, tho arts, letters, manufactures, and so forth. The\nmotives and aims were sound enough but difficulties were soon\nencountered in diminishing attendance. Undaunted, and with an\nenthusiasm not, easily dampened, in February of 1850 when only two\nmen att'-ended the meeting, Fleming suggested one take the chair and\ntho other act as secretary. Without a quorum and with no long discussions they passed a series of resolutions including one that\nthe Institute should meet once a week hereafter. These resolutions\nwere circularized and there was a good attendance thereafter for the\nrest of Fleming's lifo.\nThe standing of the Institute may be judged, perhaps, by\nthe fact that among its presidents were Sir William Logan, Sir John\nHenry Lefroy, Chief Justice Robinson, William Henry Draper, Sir\nDaniel Wilson and Sir Oliver Mowat, and membership was ijltimately\ncomprised, of people from all over Canada. Whereas the Institute\n(not to be confused with the Royal Society of Canada) at first was\na professional society serving the advancement of science, it did\nmove with the times in an academic and pop-ular way, and was the\nfirst to present a Canadian publication for scientific articles.\nIt published Fleming's original articles, which developed into the\nworld-wide adoption of a prime meridian and standard time, about\nwhich more x>rill bo said later. It also pressed for government\nsupport for research which ultimately led to the present National\nResearch Council. It maintained an extensive library, and early\ncollected an archaeological museum, both of which have since been\nturned over to tho Royal Ontario Museum at Toronto.2 Fleming,\nthough a founder and a member of the first council of the Institute\nwas never an officer. On the other hand he was in 1888 elected\npresident of the Royal Society of Canada.\nThis sort of unsolfish idoalism characterised young Fleming\nand was revealed in many incidents of his later life. To him the\ngreatest good to the greatest number was the principal reason for\n2. Wallace, W.S., ed. Royal Canadian Institute Centennial Volume,\n1849-1949. Toronto, 1949. 16\nany of his undertakings. As a practical and far-sighted patriot he\nwas always somewhat in advance of his time in many of his ideas\nand ventures.\nFleming stayed in Toronto from 1849 to 1852 working at his\nprofession. With an associate he completed a very ambitious survey\nof the city of Toronto, and himself did the engraving of the map on\nstone, which map was used- by tho City Tax Department for many years.\nHe wont on to make an alaborate survey of Toronto Harbour and the\nadjacent shores of Lake Ontario, which required many weeks of daily\nboat work in all weathers. His twenty-fourth birthday was spent\nsleeping at night in two feet of snow without shelter of tent, at\n14 degrees below zero, with a dozen Indians for companions. The\nchart of Toronto Harbour could be found in the wheelhouses of boats\non the Great Lakes long afterwards.\nAn 'historic relic of his ability as an artist and engraver\nis a faded proof of Canada's first postage-stamp found at his\nOttawa home. Beneath it was penned this note:  \"This is the first\nproof from the copper-plate of the first postage-stamp issued in\nCanada, designed by Sandford Fleming for the Postmaster-General,\nthe Honourable James Morris, dated Toronto, February 1851\".  As\nmentioned earlier, this was the Threepenny Beaver. A replica of this\nstamp was issued in 1951 to commemorate its centenary.\nFleming's railway experience began in 1852 when he joined the\nstaff of the Ontario, Simcoe & Huron Railroad, sometimes known as\nthe Northern Railway, first as Assistant Engineer, then as its\nChief. This was the first railway in Ontario. Of the five choices\nfor terminus of this road, after some preliminary work, a place\nthen called Hen-and-Chickens was chosen, now known as the town of\nCollingwood, and the tiny town was christened with a bottle of\nwine, At this time a well-to-do farmer in the area honoured the\nrailway directors and engineers with a dinner and invited some of\nthe local settlers of the district, mostly Scots. At one end of\nthe table was a largo dish of haggis, and the man who was delegated\nto serve it looked rather puzzled'. As he was about to carve it a\nguest asked him what it was. He replied: \"Don't know, but it looks\nliko a bran mash\". Imagine the indignation of the Highlanders!\nBad enough that these Sassenachs were ignorant of the greatest of\nHighland dishes, but to compare^'it to the vulgar mess fed to\ncattle was intolerable.\nThis was one incident that helped lighten the monotony of\n\u25a0that particular' survey in those early pioneer days, Another, not\nso humorous at the time perhaps, was during the very hot summer\nwhen thirst became a problem for the engineers during their work.\nOn this occasion they found a primitive tavern at Penetanguishene,\nwent in, and found the proprietor. Asking him what he could give\nthem to drink, the man produced, a decanter of what appeared to be\nwhiskey. Tired and thirsty tho men waited, expecting the man to\n3, Burpee, L.J. Sandford Fleming, Empire. Builder. London, 1915(\np.49. 17\nbring wate-^ to go along with it. Finally one asked him where the\nwater was, to which the man replied, \"I'll fetch some from the\npump if you wish but you won't need much for I've watered it twice\nalready\".\nOne other hot summer day Mr Cumberland, then Engineer-in-\nChief, and Fleming as his assistant, were plodding along a few\nmiles north of Toronto under a grilling sun, lugging thoir\ninstruments. They came upon an inviting looking farm house and\nagreed that a cool glass of milk would surely slake their thirst.\nThe lady of the house invited them in to her best room where the\nblinds were drawn against the glare of the hot sun. The cool of\nthe darkened room was welcome indeed. Soon the lady brought a jug\nof cool fresh milk and went to a corner cupboard for glasses. These\nshe filled and handed one to each of her guests, one of whom did\nnot pause until the last drop was gone, so thirsty was he. The\nother man got half way through his then stopped abruptly as there\nwas an odd ratt le in his glass. Taking it over to the window he\nheld it to the light, dropped it and retreated hastily outside.\nThe dear old lady hadn't noticed in the dark that she had poured\nhis milk into the glass in which she kept her Sunday teeth!\nIt was in 1855 that Fleming succeeded Cumberland as Chief\nof the railroad, and that year he married the girl he had met at\nPetertorough six years earlier, Ann Jean Hall. He remained as\nChief of the Northern Railway until 1862, when that portion was\nfinished between Toronto and Collingwood, tho first sod of which\nhad been turned in 1851 by the Countess of'Elgin.,\nPrime Minister John A. Macdonald then appointed Fleming as\nEngineer-in-Chief for the surveys and bui ilding of the Intercolonial\nRailway and to be a combined representative of Her Majosty's\nImperial Government as well as for the North American provinces.\nThis railway line was to unite the Maritime provinces with the\nProvince of Canada. The survey and the building suffered many\nvicissitudes with controversies as to routes and construction,\nFleming wrote a detailed history of this, titled The Intercolonial,\npublished'in I876 by Dawson Broth fors of Montreal\/7 It is illus-\ntrated with numerous maps and lithographs. Fleming felt sure that\nthis railway line was the big step in uniting Canada thus far,\nexposing the need for a transcontinental railway over British\nterritory tcconnect and unite the rest of the country.\nThe Intercolonial was not completed 'until I876, but in the\ninterval Fleming was appointed Engineer-in-Chief for the Canadian\nPacific Railway in I87I which, as we all know, was a project without parallel on this continent and as gigantic an undertaking as\nhad ever been attempted, and the most formidable. This was intended to be an extension of the Intercolonial to the Pacific Ocean\nand would link the newest provinces, Manitoba and British Columbia,\n4. Note: In her paper (1969) on 'Br George, Father of Western\nCanadian Geology\" the writer was in error when she stated that\nDawson Brothers were connected with Geo. M. Dawson's forbears. 18\nwith the others. With his intimate knowledge of railway building\nFleming was the logical man to be selected to survey various routes\nbefore a choice be made for the line to the Pacific. There was no\ndoubt that this would open the country for settlement, and increase\nand improve communications between the widely separated segments\nof the country. Ever the patriot, Fleming saw this undertaking as\na project of national importance and the challenge appealed to him.\nTho idea of such a rail line was not new. Such a project had\nbeen prophesied as early as 1846 when Sir Richard Bonnycastle said,\n\"We shall yet place an iron belt from the Atlantic to the Pacific,\nfrom Halifax to Nootka Sound\".-5 Five years later at a public meeting Joseph Howe said, \"I believe that many in this room will live\nto hear the whistlo of the stoam engine in the passes of the Rocky\nMountains, and to make the journey from Halifax to the Pacific in\nfive or six days\".  Other farsighted men also had this dream of a\nrailway from ocean to ocean over British North American territory.\nNot so Captain John Palliser, however, who in 1863 reported that\nhe would never recommend such a line of communication across Canada\nexclusively through British territory. He said that \"tho time had\nforever gone by for effecting such an object\".' Even while Palliser\nwas making his famous exploration of western Canada from 1857 to\ni860 Fleming was giving a lecture outlining in detail the advisability of such a scheme.\nAn interesting sidelight to the various pros and cons of\nbuilding of the C.P.R. is that Fleming was asked in 1863, on the\nheels of Palliser's Report, to present to the Canadian and British\ngovernments a report on the means of establishing communication\nbetween the eastern provinces and British Columbia. As a result he\nbrought forward an ingenious scheme of a road right across the\ncountry to British Columbia to safeguard a telegraph line, the road\nin time to be macadamized for wheeled vehicles. This, remember,\nwas in 1863, one hundred years before the Trans-Canada Highway as\nwe know it today was completed. He presoited this report on behalf\nof the Red River Settlement to John A. Macdonald and to the powers\nt 'hat be in England but it bore no fru it directly, yet had results\nof far-reaching importance both to Canada and to Fleming personally.\nThus, under the terms of :union with British Columbia the\nyoung Canadian nation was in 1871, amid much opposition, undertaking with rare foresight this colosssl task that Fleming had\nadvocated in I858, himself now chosen to be in chargo of surveying\nthe route. His was the main party, working from east to west, in\nthe summer of 1872. It is interesting to note, however, that George\nM. Grant who was. secretary to Fleming's party records in his account\n5, Johnson, George. Alphabet of first things in Canada. Ottawa,\n1897. p.27.\n6, Burpee, L.J. Sandford Fleming, Empire Builder, p.108.\n7, Palliser, J. Exploration - British North America. The journals,\ndetailed reports and observations.... London, I863. : 19\nof this survey that on the very day British Columbia entered the\nDominion, July 20, 1871, a party left Victoria for various points\nof the Rocky Mountains to begin the western part of the survey.\nAs with Palliser's exploration westward, so with this survey a\nbotanist accompanied the party, In this case it was John Macoun,\nchosen by Fleming, a professor of natural history at Albert College\nin Belleville at the time, a self-educated man in his field and a\ngood choice. He crossed the west many times in the pre-rail period\ncataloguing plants and collecting and naming specimens. He\ndeserves to be better remembered for his contribution to this\ncountry. Later, in 1879, he joined the Geological Survey of\nCanada and among other things he compiled a catalogue of Canadian\nbirds comprising over 760 pages, which indicates the scope of this\nwork, published by the Geological Survey, A naturalist by inclination and genius, he was also an undisputed botanical pioneer.\nMore than 48 species were named after him. He did extensive work\non Vancouver Island and chose to spond his last years at Sidney,\nwhere he died in 1920 aged 89.\nI must apologize for these digressions from my subject. It\nis just that Fleming was involved with so many interesting individuals. Mention should also be made of the Reverend George M.\nGrant who was secretary for the overland survey. He kept a diary\nof this journey and later arranged it in narrative form which was\npublished under the title of Ocean to Ocean and is a travel classic.\nIt contains a chapter on the (West) Coast and Vancouver Island,\nmentioning in particular Nanaimo and some of the coal mines of that\ntime. Of Nanaimo he says, \"At Nanaimo proper is a population of\nseven or eight hundred souls - all depending on the old or Douglas\nmine\". And again, \"Nanaimo does notlook like a coal mining place.\nThe houses are much above the avorage of miners' residences in\nBritain or Nova Scotia\".\u00b0 This was as he saw it in 1872. He later\nserved as .Principal of Queen's University for .twenty-five years.\nThe selection of the route through British Columbia was undoubtedly the most difficult and hazardous part of the whole survey.\nAfter examining tho summit of the Yellowhead Pass Fleming found\nthis to be the one with fewest obstacles and decided he would advocate this for the railway because of its low ;altitude. As he\nand his party turned up the Mietto \u25a0 River flowing to the Arctic,\nat Miette Pass they mot Walter Moberly who welcomed them into\nBritish Columbia. Moberly was one of Fleming's principal assistants and had: travelled from tho west with a party of trail-cutters\nto meet the Chief, As they turned westward and came upon the\nsource of the Fraser River flowing to the Pacific, in a spurt of\npatriotism they gathered on the bank of tho sparkling infant Fraser\nand drank a toast from its waters to the Queen and to Canada,\nPushing onward they followed almost in the trail which those\ndistinguished \"tourists\", Viscount Mlton and Dr Cheadle had taken\nin I863. Their overland journey is described in another book of\nwestern travel, \"The North West Passage by Land\",\n8. Grant, George M. Ocean to Ocean, Toronto, 1877. p.24\n9. op, cit. p.333-334. 20\nContinuing on to Kamloops, Lytton and over the famous roacS\nto Yale, then down the river by steamer to'New Westminster, they\nsailed through the Strait of Georgia, made a brief visit to Bute\nInlet then to Victoria on October 9th, just three months after\nthey had left Halifax.\nFleming severed his connection with the Canadian Pacific\nRailway in 1880, but three years later while on a visit to England\nhe received an urgent cable from the Canadian Pacific President\nasking him to come back and help thorn resolve a dilemma. The railway was then completed as far as Calgary. His recommendation of\nYellowhead Pass had been rejected. Fleming was now asked to advise\nthe best route across the Selkirk Mountains. George Grant again\naccompanied him on this exploration. An American, Major Rogers,\nwas in charge of the exploratory work in these mountains and had\nmade several attempts to cross them without success. Near the\nmouth of the Kicking Horse Valley Fleming and Rogers met. Rogers\nclaimed he had found a pass through the Solkirks by way of the\nBeaver River and the Illecillewaet and now seems to be recognized\nas its discoverer, whereas Moberly had in fact recommended this\nvery pass as far back as 1866. Moberly's assistant at that time\nwas mountaineer Albert Perry and at Moberly's direction did\nactually discover it and pass through it. Moberly wrote that this\nshould have been named Perry Pass and not Rogers,\u2122 ln any event\nthe railway was ultimately pushed through this pass and completed\nin 1887.\nAnother note of interest here - on one occasion Fleming\nwas dining in England with some distinguished men interested in\nCanada and its progress. He noted in his diaries that who should\nbe seated beside him on one side but Captain Palliser and on the\nother Dr Cheadle. Those men were keenly interested in all the\nactivity going on in Canada and were \"surprised beyond measure to\nlearn that the iron horse had indeed started its march west from\nThunder Bay\".11\nPACIFIC CABLE '\nFleming's campaign and work for the Pacific Cable is a story\nin itself and certainly worthy of.more comment than time permits\nhere. From 1879 when he first brought the matter up, until 1902\nwhen the state-owned cable was actually laid, from Vancouver Island\nto Australia and New Zealand., it was Fleming who kept the uphill\nfight to keop the project alive through sheer tenacity of purpose.\nHe actually offered to pay personally half the expense of a cable\nlaying'ship (about $90,000) to get some action. It must have been\nof much satisfaction to this practical idealist when the first\nmessage flashed to Canada from tho Prime Minister of New Zealand\nwas to Sandford. Fleming himself.\n10. Moberly, Walter. Early history of the CP.R. road. Vancouver,\n1909, p.6.\n11. Burpee, L.W, Sandford Fleming, empire builder, p.49. 21\nSTANDARD TIME\nDuring all his travels both here and abroad the confusion\nof time everywhere he went kept nagging at Fleming. Even as early\nas I876 he wrote a booklet called \"Terrestrial Time\" which pointed\nto tho need of a prime meridian and standard time zones. He found\nthat no two places seemed to be on tho same time, and between\nHalifax and Toronto the railways were using no fewer than five\ndifferent. times, One never knew at what ti,me one was in any, given\nplace just about anywhere in the world and the discrepancies perplexed the traveller no end. Our orderly system of time zoning is\ntruly the gift of this man who gave his leadership for more than\ntwenty years, and thousands of dollars for his own expenses to\naccomplish the sensible system of time zoning to the whole world.\nThe advent of the railway brought about the real necessity for this,\nand air and space travel as.we know it to-day points to the need for\nsuch exact timing. As a result of Fleming's campaign the International Prime Meridian Conference was held in Washington in 1884\nat which twenty-five nations were represented. On January 1st, 1885\nthe 24 0'clock system was adopted at the Greenwich Observatory,\nalthough the railways of Canada and the United States, by his efforts,\nhad adopted standard time in 1883 for the sake of convenience.\nThis papor has covered only the major highlights of Sandford Fleming's life, In recognition of his work he was made a\nC.M.G. in 1887, and a K,C;M'.G. in 1897, the two Jubilee years of\nQueen Victoria,\nIn private life he was a devoted family man. When he\nmarried Ann Hall he had grown a floating board which he wore for\nthe rest of his life. His large family was a constant delight to\nhim and one or more of his children o ften accompanied him on his\nvarious journeys. How he managed to spend any time with his family\nseems an impossibility for when he was not on railway work he was\ntravelling elsewhere, often to England, to promote and report on\nhis work; to various other countries in the interest of his standard\ntime movement; and to Australia on the Pacific Cable project, and\nonce on a diplomatic mission to Honolulu. In the interest of\nsecuring-for Britain and Canada tho advantages of (cheapened telegraph service ho visited five continents, traversed all the major\noceans; and gave of himself, his time, and his ;substance without\nstint or hope cf personal gain.\nIn addition ho wroto the many voluminous railway reports,\nnow collectors' items, he wrote scores of other reports and papers\nmany for the Royal Canadian Institute and the Royal Society of\nCanada,. and even found time to compile an inter-denominational\nprayer and hymn book titled \"Short Sunday Service for Travellers\"\nwhich was widely distributed among the railway workers of the day.\nMore than once he conducted services for them. Of his second cross\ncountry journey made for the C.P.R. in 1883 he i,jrote a delightful\nbook called \"From Old to New Westminster\".\nIn the midst of somo of his busiest y ears he was appointed\nChancellor of Queen's University, in 1880, a position he held for\n35 years, And for 26 jrears, from 1881-1907 he was on the Board of 22\nDirectors of the Hudson's Bay Comp any, which often required his\npresence in London.\nApropos of his journey through the Selkirk Mountains with\nMajor Rogers, the highest of these mountains was named for him Mt.\nSir Sandford, located in the Kootenay district. While resting in the\nRogers Pass on that journey, their ponies feeding in a lovely alpine\nmeadow, the beauty of the scene created an atemosphere of enthusiasm.\nWishing to commemorate the occasion Fleming's party decided then and\nthere to form an Alpine Club of Canada with Fleming as interim president, Grant secretary, and Fleming's son as treasurer. This was the\nforerunner of tho present legally constituted Alpine Club of Canada.\nSir Sandford was no politician, in fact it is believed he continually refrained from voting in order to remain non-partisan. He\nwas equally at ease with the Prince \u00abof Wales in a private box at the\nParis Ballet as with little Willie Gordon, the shoeshine boy in Glasgow, with whom he made acquaintance when on a sentimental journey to\nhis homeland. He was as undisturbed when, as Chancellor of Queen's,\nhe conferred honorary degrees on Earl 'Grey and entertained the Duke\nand Duchess of Connaught as when on foot in the mountains of British\nColumbia in 1872 without food and shelter.\nHis patriotism to the British Empire and to Canada was not an\nobsession by any means, rather was it a basis by which he worked tirelessly for the strengthening of Ihe ties binding the scattered segments of Canada together as well as tho British Empire. Behind it all\nwas the solid conviction that unity was an advance in the direction of\nworld peace, foreshadowing a ' pattern for neighbours in other lands.\nHis own words may best sum up his aims:\n\"I havo ofton thought how grateful I am for my birth into this\nmairvellous world; and how anxious I have always felt that the\nhumblest among us has it in his power to do something for his\ncountry by doing his duty.\nIt has been my great good fortune to have had my lot cast in\nthis goodly land, Canada, and to have been associated with its\neducational and material prosperity. Nobody can deprive me of\nthe satisfaction I foel in having had the opportunity and the\nwill to strive for the advancement of Canada and the good of\ntho Empire\".\nOne writer once suggested that perhaps Fleming's greatest\nachievement was vanishing from our hall of fame. He died at his\nfavourite retreat at Halifax in 1915 - a patriot surely worthy of\nremembrance.","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2009\/08\/skos-reference\/skos.html#note","classmap":"oc:AnnotationContainer"},"iri":"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2009\/08\/skos-reference\/skos.html#note","explain":"Simple Knowledge Organisation System; Notes are used to provide information relating to SKOS concepts. 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Archives.","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/source","classmap":"oc:SourceResource","property":"dcterms:source"},"iri":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/source","explain":"A Dublin Core Terms Property; A related resource from which the described resource is derived.; The described resource may be derived from the related resource in whole or in part. Recommended best practice is to identify the related resource by means of a string conforming to a formal identification system."}],"Subject":[{"label":"Subject","value":"British Columbia--History","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/subject","classmap":"dpla:SourceResource","property":"dcterms:subject"},"iri":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/subject","explain":"A Dublin Core Terms Property; The topic of the resource.; Typically, the subject will be represented using keywords, key phrases, or classification codes. 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