{"AIPUUID":[{"label":"AIPUUID","value":"8489a902-0350-4646-ba9b-428f6b3b248a","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"https:\/\/open.library.ubc.ca\/terms#identifierAIP","classmap":"oc:DigitalPreservation","property":"oc:identifierAIP"},"iri":"https:\/\/open.library.ubc.ca\/terms#identifierAIP","explain":"UBC Open Collections Metadata Components; Local Field; Refers to the Archival Information Package identifier generated by Archivematica. This serves as a link between CONTENTdm and Archivematica."}],"AggregatedSourceRepository":[{"label":"AggregatedSourceRepository","value":"CONTENTdm","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/www.europeana.eu\/schemas\/edm\/dataProvider","classmap":"ore:Aggregation","property":"edm:dataProvider"},"iri":"http:\/\/www.europeana.eu\/schemas\/edm\/dataProvider","explain":"A Europeana Data Model Property; The name or identifier of the organization who contributes data indirectly to an aggregation service (e.g. Europeana)"}],"CatalogueRecord":[{"label":"CatalogueRecord","value":"http:\/\/resolve.library.ubc.ca\/cgi-bin\/catsearch?bid=3984950","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/isReferencedBy","classmap":"edm:ProvidedCHO","property":"dcterms:isReferencedBy"},"iri":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/isReferencedBy","explain":"A Dublin Core Terms Property; A related resource that references, cites, or otherwise points to the described resource."}],"Collection":[{"label":"Collection","value":"British Columbia Historical Books Collection","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/isPartOf","classmap":"dpla:SourceResource","property":"dcterms:isPartOf"},"iri":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/isPartOf","explain":"A Dublin Core Terms Property; A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included."}],"Contributor":[{"label":"Contributor","value":"Canada. Department of Mines","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/contributor","classmap":"dpla:SourceResource","property":"dcterms:contributor"},"iri":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/contributor","explain":"A Dublin Core Terms Property; An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource.; Examples of a Contributor include a person, an organization, or a service."},{"label":"Contributor","value":"Geological Survey of Canada","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/contributor","classmap":"dpla:SourceResource","property":"dcterms:contributor"},"iri":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/contributor","explain":"A Dublin Core Terms Property; An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource.; Examples of a Contributor include a person, an organization, or a service."}],"Creator":[{"label":"Creator","value":"Smith, Harlan Ingersoll, 1872-1940","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/creator","classmap":"dpla:SourceResource","property":"dcterms:creator"},"iri":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/creator","explain":"A Dublin Core Terms Property; An entity primarily responsible for making the resource.; Examples of a Contributor include a person, an organization, or a service."}],"DateAvailable":[{"label":"DateAvailable","value":"2017-05-24","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/issued","classmap":"edm:WebResource","property":"dcterms:issued"},"iri":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/issued","explain":"A Dublin Core Terms Property; Date of formal issuance (e.g., publication) of the resource."}],"DateIssued":[{"label":"DateIssued","value":"1913","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/issued","classmap":"oc:SourceResource","property":"dcterms:issued"},"iri":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/issued","explain":"A Dublin Core Terms Property; Date of formal issuance (e.g., publication) of the resource."}],"Description":[{"label":"Description","value":"\"Caption title.
A summary of work done for the Jesup Expedition, fully reported in the memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History, v. 1, pts. 3 and 6 (not pts. 3 and 6 of v. 2 as given in the second paragraph of this paper).\" -- Lowther, B. J., & Laing, M. (1968). A bibliography of British Columbia: Laying the foundations, 1849-1899. Victoria, BC: University of Victoria, p. 163.","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/description","classmap":"dpla:SourceResource","property":"dcterms:description"},"iri":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/description","explain":"A Dublin Core Terms Property; An account of the resource.; Description may include but is not limited to: an abstract, a table of contents, a graphical representation, or a free-text account of the resource."}],"DigitalResourceOriginalRecord":[{"label":"DigitalResourceOriginalRecord","value":"https:\/\/open.library.ubc.ca\/collections\/bcbooks\/items\/1.0347558\/source.json","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/www.europeana.eu\/schemas\/edm\/aggregatedCHO","classmap":"ore:Aggregation","property":"edm:aggregatedCHO"},"iri":"http:\/\/www.europeana.eu\/schemas\/edm\/aggregatedCHO","explain":"A Europeana Data Model Property; The identifier of the source object, e.g. the Mona Lisa itself. This could be a full linked open date URI or an internal identifier"}],"Extent":[{"label":"Extent","value":"40 pages : photographs, map, illustration ; 25 cm","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/extent","classmap":"dpla:SourceResource","property":"dcterms:extent"},"iri":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/extent","explain":"A Dublin Core Terms Property; The size or duration of the resource."}],"FileFormat":[{"label":"FileFormat","value":"application\/pdf","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/elements\/1.1\/format","classmap":"edm:WebResource","property":"dc:format"},"iri":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/elements\/1.1\/format","explain":"A Dublin Core Elements Property; The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource.; Examples of dimensions include size and duration. Recommended best practice is to use a controlled vocabulary such as the list of Internet Media Types [MIME]."}],"FullText":[{"label":"FullText","value":" CANADA\nDEPAETMENT OF MINES\nHon. Lotus Coderre, \u00b0Minister ; A. P. -Low, Deputy Minister;\nGEOLOGICAL SURVEY\nR. W. Brock, Director.\nMUSEUM OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, C.'.NADA\nARCHEOLOGY\nTHE ARCHAEOLOGICAL COLLECTION\nFROM THE\nSouthern Interior of British Columbia\nBY\nHarlan I. Smith\nOTTAWA\nGovernment Printing Bureau\n1913 No. i2qo The University of British Columbia Library\nTHE\nCHUNG\nCOLLECTION THE ARCHEOLOGICAL COLLECTION\nSOUTHERN INTERIOR OF BRITISH COLUMBIA\nHarlan I. Smith Introduction\t\nThe exhibit.\n(1) The Thompson River region\t\n(2) Resources\t\n(3) The securing of food\t\n(4) The preparation of food\t\n(5) Habitations\t\n(6) Tools used by men\t\n(7) Tools used by women\t\n(8) The manufacture of special objects\t\n(9) Weapons used in war\t\n(10) Dress and ornament\t\n(11) Games, amusements, and smoking\t\n(12) Art\t\n(13) Method of burial\t\nConclusion\t\nPublications on the archaeology of the southern interior of British Columbia..\nILLUSTRATIONS.\nPlate I. The Thompson River region Frontispiece.\nII. The securing of food End.\nIII. The securing of food \"\nIV. The preparation of food \"\nV. The preparation of food \"\nVI. Habitations \"\nVII. Tools used by men \"\nVIII. Tools used by women \"\nIX. The manufacture of special objects \"\nX. The manufacture of pestles or hammers \"\nXIII. Games, amusements, and smoking\t\nXIV. Art\t\nXV. Art\t\nXVI. Method of burial\t\nFigure 1. Index map of Canada showing location of tbe Thompson River\n\" 2. Index map of the Thompson River region and vicinity\t\n* 3. Diagram showing how decay and wind may reduce a semi-\nsubterranean winter house to a hole surrounded by an embankment\t\n| ' THE AKCH.EOLOGICAL COLLECTION\nFROM THE SOUTHERN INTERIOR\nOE BRITISH COLUMBIA.\nINTRODUCTION.\nIn the archaeological section of the Victoria Memorial\nMuseum, Ottawa\u2014the national museum of Canada\u2014\nthere is an interesting collection of specimens from\nthe Thompson River region of the southern interior of\nBritish Columbia. This exhibit is typical and comprehensive enough to give a good general idea of the\nhandiwork, or material culture of the older people who\ndwelt in that area, and who, it is evident, were the\nancestors of the Indians now living there.\nAn important feature of the collection is that it is\nrepresentative of the general material culture of a very\nmuch larger area than the Thompson River region:\nprobably including the whole plateau region. The\nterm \"plateau\" being used to include the interior of\nthe State of Washington; a narrow strip to the southward of that State; the Thompson River region, and\nthe remainder of the interior of British Columbia; and\nprobably, the interiors of Yukon, Mackenzie, and\nAlaska. The archaeology of this culture area is very\nimperfectly known, for the collections from the\nrespective plateaus in Canada\u2014with the exception\nof those from the Thompson River region \u2014 are\nexceedingly small.\n__F When an archaeological survey of the entire plateau\nregion in Canada is completed, slight variations in the\nmaterial culture will, no doubt, be disclosed; but not\nuntil this general investigation has been made will it\nbe possible to differentiate the handiwork of one part\nof the plateau region from that of another. A comparative study of the plateau culture of the Washington\nState interior, on the one hand, and the Thompson\nRiver region, on the other, shows a somewhat different\nculture in the respective areas; but it is evident that\nboth belong to the same general plateau culture; a\nmaterial culture in marked contrast to that found on\nthe Pacific coast to the west, and entirely different\nfrom that of the Great Plains to the east.\nArchaeological remains are useful data from which to\nreconstruct the life of a prehistoric people, as far as\nit is possible to do so from the imperfect materials which\nhave withstood the ravages of time. They are collected sometimes from the earth's surface\u2014where they\nhave been either lost or discarded \u2014 sometimes by\nexcavating in the sites of old camps and villages,\nand are sometimes dug from ancient graves.\nOur Previous Knowledge.\u2014The life of the prehistoric .\npeople of the main Thompson valley was practically\nunknown to the world until about 1897. There were,\nperhaps, a dozen pages published which gave some\nlittle information on the life of these people, but\nignorance prevailed as to the character of their handicrafts or material culture; the things which they made\nand used. It was not generally known, for instance,\nwhether they knew how to make pottery; whether\nthey used straight or crooked pipes; or whether they\nwere good carvers and etchers. But stored away in the old Museum of the Geological\nSurvey, Ottawa, were splendid specimens collected in\nthe Thompson Valley region by various persons, among\nwhom were members of the staff of the Survey; notably\nthe late Dr. George M. Dawson, for many years\ndirector. Since then other specimens have been added\n\u2014 hence there is now a representative series in the\nnational collections at Ottawa.\nThe Opportunity to Increase Knowledge.\u2014In the\nspring of 1897 it became possible for the writer, as\nAmerican Archaeologist on the Jesup North Pacific\nExpedition, to go to the Thompson River valley to\nfind out about these early people. This was necessary\nbecause, as before suggested, it was impossible to\nlearn about them by reading, since the literature on\nthe subject was very meagre. Funds for the purpose\nwere provided by Mr. Morris K. Jesup, President of\nthe American Museum of Natural History, New York\nCity, who had become deeply interested in the aborigines\u2014both past and present\u2014of the North Pacific .\ncoasts of America and Asia, and who had set aside a\nlarge sum of his own money for the purpose of carrying\non investigations in the whole region bordering the\nNorth Pacific ocean, so that the results might go to\nthe museum of which he was president.\nThe archaeological work in the Thompson River\nvalley was carried on as part of the expedition which\nwas organized by Professor Franz Boas, of Columbia\nUniversity. The largest number of men employed in\nthe archaeological excavations at any time was four,\nwhile most of the time only two men were engaged.\nIt is interesting to know that so few men, in such a\nshort time, could secure the large number of specimens\n___# found; specimens which were needed in order to\nreconstruct an idea of the prehistoric culture of the\nregion.\nFrom the material collected there were selected\nrepresentative specimens, which were illustrated in the\nscientific volumes that gave an account of the work of\nthe expedition and were used in museum exhibitions\nto teach the general facts deduced from the research\nwork. A large number of duplicate specimens remained, but these were not useless, for some were\nexchanged with other museums, and the Victoria\nMemorial Museum obtained casts of some of the more\nunique specimens. A large quantity of material is\nneeded in order to determine which articles were in\ncommon use, which were special objects, and which\nwere brought in from other peoples and other regions.\nWhen only one specimen is found no one knows but\nwhat it may be an exception; when, however, many\nare found, it is inferred that they were articles in common use. The scientific reports of this work were\nprinted in order that the facts might hot be lost, as\nmight be the case if only one manuscript or one printed\nbook existed. Over one hundred copies were given to\nleading libraries and learned societies in all the great\ncountries of the world.\nIn the same way that we desire to cling to the property of our ancestors, so the Indians reverence and\nguard the land of their forefathers. It was sometimes\ndifiicult to persuade the Indians who owned the land\nwhere most of the explorations were conducted to allow\nthe work to be carried on. But when the purpose of\nthe investigation was explained to them, some of the\nIndians highly appreciated the work; in fact they\nfavoured it more than many of our own people do. The photographs reproduced in this pamphlet were\nmade by the author. The specimens are shown about\none-half of their natural size, except in Plate XI,\nwhere they are reduced to one-fourth their actual\nlength.\nHow We Learn of the Prehistoric Inhabitants.\u2014In\norder to learn about the prehistoric inhabitants, and\nto determine whether the Indians living in this region\nto-day are at all like them, it was necessary to dig\ninto old graves and hearths and under the places where\ntheir houses and villages were. The things found in\nthis way tell us practically all that it is possible for us\nto learn of their former owners.\nThe Similarity of the Prehistoric and Present\nCultures.\u2014 After studying all the collections it was\nfound that the culture of the prehistoric people was\nsimilar to that of the present native inhabitants, the\nThompson River Indians of to-day. Collections from\nthe latter are also shown in this Museum, and it\nwill be noted by those who look at them that many of\nthe objects are made of wood, horn, skin, and\nother materials subject to decay; consequently we\ncannot expect to find such objects among the\nprehistoric remains. All that we can hope to find\nare things of an enduring nature; among them\nthose made of stone, bone, antler, and shell, and the\nlarger objects made of metal.\nAn examination of the bones found in the graves\nhas shown that the prehistoric people were physically\nmuch like the Indians living in the same region today.\nIntercourse with Coast and Other Tribes.\u2014Although\nan inland people, thay had secured sea shells, which\nsuggests that they had traded with the people of the 6\ncoast\u2014one hundred and fifty miles to the west. Some\nof the carvings (See Plate XI, and Plate XV, a, b) so\nmuch resemble those made by the coast people, and are\nso different from the carvings usually found inland,\nthat it seems that the people must either have obtained\nthem from the coast people or else, after having seen\nthe work of the coast Indians, must have endeavoured\nto imitate that work.\nThe general character of most of the remains found\non the coast is totally different from that of the inland\nremains. Moreover, the resources of the coast country\n\u2014sea and cedar products\u2014are different from the\nscattered though varied resources inland. The coast\ncountry is very wet, while the interior is dry.\nThe character of the objects in general suggests that\nthe prehistoric Indians of the Thompson River valley\nwere more comparable to the people of the western\nplateaus, and even the plains, than to the coast people.\nWhen the People Lived.\u2014We cannot tell definitely the\nage of the specimens, that is, when they were made and\nused, because they were found in sandy valleys and\nhillsides, where the wind is continually shifting the\nsoil; but judging from the complete absence of objects\nmade by the whites in many of the places explored, we\nmay conclude that the specimens found there must\nhave been made and used before the coming of white\ntraders\u2014probably several hundred years ago. THE EXHIBIT.\n(1) THE THOMPSON RIVER REGION.\nThe The region of the main Thompson\nLocation river\u2014a part of the great interior plateau\n\u2022of the of the southern interior of British Colum-\nCountry. bia, immediately north of the State of\nWashington\u2014is indicated upon the accompanying index map (Fig. 1) by a square spot. The\nFig. 1. Index map of Canada showing location of the Thompson River region.\nother map (Fig. 2) shows in more detail the geo -\ngraphical features of this area. The photograph accompanying the\nThe Charac- exhibit (Plate I) shows one of the largest\nter of the village sites and burial places in the area:\nRegion. the place where many of these specimens\nwere collected. The locations of all the\nsites examined are indicated on the detail map. A\nFig. 2. Index map of the Thompson River regi\nglance at Plate I, which was taken from Lytton, looking northward up Fraser river, shows that the country\nhas a dry or arid climate. Consequently the vegetation is very scanty, and, except on the highlands, trees\nare scarce. The range of temperature is extreme: the\nsummers are hot, the winters cold. (2) RESOURCES.\nThe prehistoric inhabitants, like the\nMaterials Thompson Indians living there to-day,\nUsed by the relied upon the many, though limited\nPeople. natural resources of their country. Some\nof these are shown in Section 2 of the\nexhibit. The fact that these materials were found in\nthe form of implements and other objects, undoubtedly\nmade by the aborigines, proves their economical value\nto those people. They may be classified as mineral,\nanimal, and plant.\nMany domestic articles were made of\nMinerals, stone. Glassy basalt was the material\nmost frequently chipped into points for\narrows or for knives and drills. Yellow, red, and green\njasper, chalcedony, and obsidian were also used for\nthis purpose. We find skin-scrapers made of quartzite\nand fish knives of slate and argillite. Mica schist was\nused for whetstones. Sandstones were made into pipes,\na coarse variety of the same rock into arrow shaft\nsmoothers, and into grinders that were used to cut\npieces of hard green stones, which materials were\nextensively used for chisels and adzes. Many pipes\nwere made of soapstone. Yellow, red, green, and white\nearths must have been collected, for we find them in\nthe graves as if they had been in paint bags. Moreover,\nwe find red earth, known as red ochre, daubed on some\nof the objects. We know that copper was used\nbecause we find copper pendants, bracelets, and beads,\nand the stains of copper on human bones. Even if no\nnecklaces of copper beads had been found, the fact\nthat one of the neck bones is stained by copper would 10\nsuggest that copper had been worn as a necklace. The\ncopper found in modern graves probably came from\nwhite men, while that from the ancient graves may\nhave come from the mountains north of Lytton, where\nnative copper occurs. In one modern grave was\nfound a piece of iron. This, the Indians probably\nsecured from the whites, and its occurrence, alone, is\nsufficient to suggest that the grave was not an old one.\nBesides these, galena\u2014a form of lead ore\u2014and mica,\nused for pendants, were found, also crystals of quartz\nand calcite; and there are many other mineral products\nrepresented in the collection.\nWe know that materials from the fol-\nAnimal lowing animals were available: the bear,\nMaterials, puma, wolf, beaver, woodchuck, weasel,\ndeer, and elk; because we find in the old\nhearths the bones of these animals. We shall see that\nbones and antlers were made into implements; bone\ninto points, adzes or chisels, knife handles, scrapers,\nawls, needles, pendants, and beads; antler into handles,\nharpoon points, wedges, daggers, war-clubs, and carvings ; and if they had the bones as an economic\nresource, they had also the flesh, furs, and skins of\nthese animals. Fragments of deer skin\u2014so useful for\nclothing\u2014 were actually found. The dryness of the\nclimate no doubt had much to do with their preservation. We found the teeth of the beaver; and we know\nthat they were utilized by these people, because dice\nmade from such beaver teeth were found. Bear and\nelk teeth drilled for pendants were also found. Besides\nthese, there are the bones of many other animals\u2014\nincluding the salmon\u2014which to this day supply the 11\nIndians with much of their winter food. Bone of\nwhales, used for clubs, must have come from the coast.\nWe may draw the conclusion, when we find the\nbones of a certain animal, that they had this animal\nto use; otherwise we should not find its remains\nburied in grave or hearth. For instance, when we\nfind the bone of a dog we do not know positively that\nthey ate the dog, or utilized his skin, or had him for a\ncompanion, but we are at least sure that they had the\ndog to use according to their best knowledge.\nAmong the shells we find some from the fresh waters\nof the vicinity. The number of these shells found\nwas, however, so small as to show that fresh water\nshell fish were not used as a common article of food.\nShells of varieties that live in the sea, and must have\nbeen brought from the Pacific ocean, were seen.\nAmong these are the iridescent hahotis, or abalone\nshell and the large scollop (Pecten caurinus). Olivella\nshells were found at Lytton. Whether the sea shells\nwere collected by these people, or secured by them\nfrom other people, is not known.\nOn the coast, cedar, and sea products such as whales,\nseals, salmon, and shell-fish, were the great staple resources; but of these the salmon is the only resource\nwhich was at all conspicuous in this interior country.\nThis marked difference in the nature of the natural\nresources partly explains why the material culture of\nthe two regions differed.\nAmong plant materials we find bits of\nPlant charcoal in the hearths; and the expert\nMaterials, can tell us by examination of the charcoal\nwhat sort of wood the old Thompson\nValley people burned. Bits of birch bark were found; 12\nfor, owing to the dry climate, it had not decayed. The\ngum of some kind of pine tree, and charred berries\nwhich had not decayed, were also found. The fire\nwhen it charred the berries consumed everything that\nwould easily decay, leaving charcoal which does not\ndecompose under the conditions where these charred\nberries were found. Seeds of Lythospermum were\nfound at Lytton. The climate is so dry that fragments\nof cords, and even of woven mats made of cat tail\nstalks; of sacking of sage brush bark * and of fibre of\ncedar, have been preserved; hence we know that not\nonly did they use these materials, but also the way in\nwhich they employed them, and their style of weaving.\nPerforated pieces of antler, found in the graves, are\nexactly like the handles of the digging-stick of to-day.\nThis suggests that edible roots were among their\nresources.\n(3) THE SECURING OF FOOD.\nHunting Next, let us glance at the methods by\n, which they secured their food. These\nFishi . methods, as suggested by the specimens\nDi_>_dn_> themselves, and by the mode of life of\nRoots other primitive people, were, undoubt\nedly, hunting and fishing, and the collecting of wild plant products\u2014as by picking berries\nand digging roots. They, evidently, had no domestic\nanimal except the dog, and did not make a practice of\ncultivating the land. Points for\nArrows,\nSpears, and \\\nKnives.\n13\nStone Many points for arrows, spears, and\nknives, chipped and flaked out of stones\nthat chip well, especially glassy basalt,\n, were found. Examples are shown in\nPlate II. Points ground out of mica\nschist, or argillite\u2014one of which is shown\nin Plate III\u2014were rarely found; but if we were to go\nto the coast, we should find that the ancient coast\npeople ground many more points in proportion to\nthose they chipped. The large points may have been\nused for knives, with or without short handles. The\npoints could have been set in the split end of a handle,\nand held there by winding with wet thongs, which, on\ndrying, would shrink and hold the knives securely.\nSome of the large points, as, for instance, those shown\nin Plate II, figs, n-p, may have been used also as spear\nheads. The small points, such as those shown in\nPlate II, figs, g-j, were probably made for arrows\nused with bows, such as those the modern Indians\nstill remember making and using.\nThe small fantastic points with peculiar serrated\nedges, such as those shown in Plate II, figs, k-1, may\nhave been used in a sort of primitive surgery or quackery, or for some other purpose.\nAn interesting thought arises in con-\nPrehistoric nexion with the unnotched, leaf-shaped\nArsenals. points, shown in Plate II, fig. c, of which,\nsometimes, as many as forty were found\ndeposited together in the ground. A few of them only,\nwere finished with notches at the base to facilitate\nfastening to arrows or spears, but by merely making\ntwo notches in these leaf-shaped forms, finished points could be made. The style of these points was governed\nentirely by the position of the two little notches. It\nwould seem that these deposits were small arsenals,\nfor the man, family, or village owning them; but in\nsome cases several such deposits were found within a\ndistance of one hundred feet of each other, suggesting\nthat they were under individual houses. Possibly they\nwere the stocks of arrow makers, for we do not know\nwhether each man made his own arrows, or whether\none or more men made the arrows for each community.\nIt is considered that a higher plane of human development has been reached when there is a division of\nlabour; one man, for instance, could make the arrows\nfor a number, while, perhaps, another man hunted not\nonly for himself, but for many, among whom, of\ncourse, would be the man who supplied his arrow\npoints.\nBesides the chipped stone points there\nBone Points were also found a few points and barbs\nfor Arrows rubbed out of bone. One is reproduced\nand Spears, in Plate III, fig. b. In the old sites on\nthe coast there are found more bone\npoints than points made of stone, but in the interior,\nbone points are rather scarce. Some of those found\nare large, made of antler, and are barbed. One is\nshown in Plate III, fig. c. The Indians say that the\nlast named points were used for beaver spears.\nThe preservation of a wooden fore-\nFore-Shafts shaft of an arrow or spear, and another\nfor Arrows larger one made of bone is manifestly\nor Spears, due to the dryness of the climate.\nSeveral fragments of bows were also found. 15\nCertain grooved stones were probably\nNet Sinkers, used as net sinkers. One is illustrated\nin Plate III, fig. d; while another may be\nseen in the part of the collection described as \"Tools\nUsed by Men.\" They suggest to us a means of securing salmon by the use of nets. Possibly, however,\nthey may have been either club heads or hammer-\nstones.\nScrapers were found made of bone;\nImple- they were used for securing vegetable or\nments for plant food (See Plates III, fig. f, and\nSecuring XIV, fig. i). Not knowing the purpose\nSap and of these implements an old Thompson\nBark for Indian was interrogated who stated that\nFood. when a child he had seen his parents\nafter removing the outer bark of certain\ntrees, use such tools to scrape or cut off the soft inner\nbark which they used for food. Besides tools like the\nabove, there are bone implements resembling paper\nknives, which it is supposed were used for the purpose\nof peeling or cutting bark while securing bark for food.\nThe next exhibit is the handle of a root\nHandles digger. The whole of the root digger\nfor used by the modern Indian is usually\nDigging- made of wood, hence would more easily\nSticks decay than the old handles of antler found\nby archaeological research. It is likely\nthat the root diggers of the ancient Indians were often\nmade of wood, which may be the reason why only the\nhandles, such as the one shown in Plate III, fig. e, have\nbeen found. These are perforated in the middle, for\nreceiving the butt of a digging stick.\n41383\u201421 (4) THE PREPARATION OF FOOD.\nAmong the articles used in the prepar-\nPestles and ation of food, are stone pestles of various\nHammers forms, usually made of fine grained,\nfor Crush- tough river pebbles\u2014two of which are\ning Food, shown in Plate V, figs, b and c. They\nmay have been used also as hammers,\nand are referred to again under \"Tools Used by Men.\"\nThe pestles conform to two general types: one (fig. c)\nthe type of pestle or hammer made by the people near\nthe mouth of the Thompson river; the other (fig. b)\nthe type made by the people of the Kamloops region.\nIn addition to these, a few pestles were found which\nare of types common to other regions. One variety\nrarely found in the Thompson River region, is the common type on the coast. It has a short striking head,\nand a top of similar shape, but smaller. Certain specimens are probably mere cylindrical stones, selected for\npounding or rubbing; while others have been artificially formed with care; some have the tops carved to\nrepresent the heads of animals (See Plate XV, fig. d).\nThese pestles served for crushing dried meat, berries,\nand other food.\nOn all the old village sites there were\nStones many flat oval boulders, some with\nupon which shallow, saucer-shaped depressions in one\nFood was or both sides. Occasionally, large slabs\nCrushed. of sandstone were found, the sides of\nwhich are ground smooth. It would\nseem that these stones were employed as anvils or hand\nmills, upon which to crush berries and other food. 17\nStone mortars are scarce; but some\nMortars were found, and they were probably used\nfor Grind- for grinding food, preparing medicine,\ning Food, red ochre, and other paints. One is\nshown in Plate IV.\nNo fragment of ancient pottery has been\nPottery. found in this region, nor on the adjacent\ncoast, or anywhere in British Columbia,\ntherefore, it is natural to conclude that the a\nwere not acquainted with the potter's art.\nSlate knives, resembling in shape the\nKnives for blade of our common chopping knives,\nCutting were found, chiefly in the western part of\nFood. the area. One is reproduced in Plate V,\nfig. a. The Indians in the region at the\npresent time use similar knives, but they are made of\niron procured from the whites.\nThe modern Indians, after placing\nThe Boiling their uncooked food in closely woven\nof Food. baskets, and covering it with water,\ndropped in hot stones and thus boiled the\nfood. It is interesting to note that, on these ancient\nvillage sites we find stones cracked and blackened by\nfire, as though they had been used for cooking food after\nthe same fashion as that until recently followed by the\nmodern Indians. On the village sites in the Mississippi\nvalley, and other regions where pottery was used, such\nstones are not so common. 18\n(5) HABITATIONS.\nAll through this region are evidences of prehistoric\nhabitations located at varying distances from the larger\nvillage sites. This suggests that the mode of life of the\nprehistoric people was similar to that of the present\nIndians, of whom, one or two families often live at some\ndistance from the main villages.\nOn the sites of the old villages there\nSummer are shallow saucer-shaped depressions,\nHouses. like those formed by continual sweeping\nin the conical lodge or summer house\nof the modern Indians. The shape of the lodge is\none of the points of resemblance of the culture here\nwith that of the plains to the east.\nUntil recently the Thompson Indian\nWinter built his house partly underground. He\nHouses of dug a hole from ten to thirty feet in\nModern diameter, upon the edge of which he\nIndians. rested a roof that covered the entire\nexcavation. An opening was left in the\ntop which served as doorway, window, and chimney.\nThe Indians entered and left the house by means of a\ncurious ladder made of a notched log. Two of these\nstill existed in 1897, though they were fast going to\nruin. One is shown in Plate VI, fig. b.\nOn all the old village sites are found\nWinter numbers of circular depressions, ten to\nHouses of thirty feet in diameter, and two to five\nPrehistoric feet deep (See Figure 3). Each is sur-\nIndians. rounded by a ridge of earth. One is\nshown in Plate VI, fig. a. Excavations\nin these show that the fireplace was near the centre of\nu the house. It would seem that these depressions are\nthe remains of winter houses similar to those of the\nDiagram showing how decay and wind may reduce a semi-subterranean\nwinter house to a hole surrounded by an embankment. Horizontal shading\nrepresents the earth on the roof of the house. Vertical shading represents\nthe same earth after the house has gone to ruin.\nmodern Indians. We consequently conclude that the\nsummer and winter habitations of both the prehistoric,\nand the present day Indians, were practically the\nsame.\nSmall pits of similar appearance, but deeper in\nproportion to their diameter, are found near the\nhouse-sites, and are supposed to be remains of caches\nor cellars. Near Kamloops a considerable number of\ncaches of another sort were found. These contained\npieces of glassy basalt and hammer-stones; while in\nothers were awls, needles, and sap-scrapers, all made\nof bone.\n(6) TOOLS USED BY MEN.\nWedges made of the antler of the elk\nWedges. were not uncommon, and among other\nuses may have been utilized for splitting\nout the timbers for the roof of the house. One is 20\nshown in Plate VII, fig. e. Some of these wedges are\ncurved, a shape that indicates that they may have\nbeen used in hollowing out canoes. Some are battered\non the upper end from having been struck with a\nhammer, and one has a groove on each side, showing\nthat it was partly cut, and then broken from the antler\nof which it was made.\nIt will be remembered that certain of\nHammers, the stone pestles considered under \"The\nPreparation of Food,\" particularly those\nwith concave bases, may have been used as hammers.\nThe articles thought to be net sinkers, or club heads \u2014\none of which is shown in Plate VII, fig. g \u2014 were\nperhaps employed as hammers, although the modern\nIndians doubt it. Tough pebbles were used for\npounding; but the deeply bipitted hammer-stone of\nthe east is not often found here.\nThere have been found many celts\nAdzes. here, no doubt used chiefly as chisels\nor adzes. These were made of green\nstones, ranging from serpentine to a hard semiprecious translucent rock called nephrite. Examples\nof these are shown in Plate VII, figs, a, b,\nand f. The last one (fig. f), a chisel or adze,\nwas made by sharpening a flake from a nephrite\nboulder. It will be seen that many of these implements have grooves along the edges (figs, a and b)\nshowing that they were partly detached and then\nbroken from larger pieces of the same material; and a\nfew boulders (Plate IX, fig. a) show the process of\nmanufacture. Some of the celts are double bitted (Plate VII, fig. b) and many are so sharp that they\nmust have made effective instruments for cutting\nwood. One (Plate VII, fig. a) shows the stain left\nby the haft in which it was used; others show wear\non the cutting edge. Chisels made of bone were also\nfound.\nSome specimens shown in Plate VII\nScrapers, are apparently points for scrapers (figs.\nKnives, h and i), knives (fig. 1), and drills (figs.\nDrills. j and k). These tools were made from\nsuch materials as glassy basalt, jasper,\nopal, chalcedony, and chert. These may have been\nheld in the hand; but one piece of bone has every\nappearance of having been used as a handle. Perhaps\na chipped knife point was fastened into it at one end\nby means of gum. The front tooth of the beaver was\nalso formed into what is, no doubt, a blade for a carving-\nknife. Instruments of-this nature are extensively used\nby various living tribes. Some of the chipped implements, supposed to have been drills, were possibly\nused for boring holes in blocks of steatite, to make\npipes like those shown in Plate XIII.\nHalf cylinders of sandstone, with a\nArrow groove lengthwise in the flat side, were\nShaft common (Plate VII, fig. d). Some\nSmoothers, are decorated with geometric designs\nmade up of incised lines filled with red\npaint. They were probably used for straightening\nand smoothing the shafts of arrows, in the same way\nas we would use sandpaper. It is interesting to\nnotice that some of the grooves trend towards the\nright; while the right lower, and left upper corners 22\nof the flat side are the most worn. This would be\ncaused by grasping the two objects in the right hand\nand sliding them up and down on a shaft, for the\nthumb and fingers would tend to push the upper one\nto the left at the top, and to the right at the bottom.\nIt would seem, therefore, that the right hand was the\none usually used when working with this tool. These\nare similar to the modern arrow-shaft smoothers,\nwhich have not yet been discovered among archaeological finds on the coast, or among the present Indians\nthere; their presence here strengthens the belief in\nthe affiliation of the culture in this area with that of\nthe plateaus, and the east.\nWhetstones of gritty mica schist were\nWhetstones.often found. One is shown in Plate VII,\nfig. c. Such whetstones may have been\nused for sharpening the bone and stone chisels.\nSpatulate objects of bone were also found. They\nmay have been used for flaking the fine edges of arrow\npoints.\nThere is one very interesting carved\nToggle for specimen made of antler, which the\nDog Halter, modern Indians believe to have been used\nas a toggle for a dog halter, to keep the\nrope from slipping up and choking the dog. It is again\nmentioned on page 35, and is also shown in Plate XV,\nfig. a. There are many other articles which we may\nconsider as tools, the exact use of which is at present\nunknown.\nM- 23\n(7) TOOLS USED BY WOMEN.\nTools used by women may be considered as distinct\nfrom those used by men. Among these are scrapers\nfor preparing skins, awls for piercing them, and needles.\nThese tools were used in making clothing of skin and\nother material.\nSome of the scrapers are chipped from\nScrapers for stone. Two are shown in Plate VIII,\nPreparing figs, a and b. In 1898 I photographed\nSkins. a Shuswap woman near Kamloops who\nwas scraping and preparing a skin with\nsuch a stone scraper hafted in the split end of a wooden\nhandle; although she was within two miles of a railway roundhouse where iron could have been picked\nup. She had learned to wear calico clothing, but in\nher work she still clung to the implement of her ancestors. We might say she was a Stone Age woman in\n1898. The Thompson Indians also use such a scraper.\nThe little chipped scrapers (Plate VII, figs, h, i) considered as tools used by men, may have been used as\nskin scrapers, and some of the large chipped forms\n(Plate VIII, fig. c) may have been used by the women\nfor knives.\nThere were also found scrapers made of bone and of\nantler. One shows that something had been wound\naround the ends. The modern Indians wind horse ribs\nin a similar way, and use them like a drawshave for\nscraping skins which they lay over a pole or beam.\nThere has been seen even part of a scythe blade so\nwound and used. In the case of skin scrapers made\nof a leg bone of the deer, needles and awls were sometimes placed in the natural groove of the bone and were\nbound in, for safe keeping when not in use. I\n24\nAfter the skin has been prepared,\nAwls. stone, bone (Plate VIII, figs, d, f), and\nantler perforators were no doubt used in\nmaking them into garments, pouches, and the like. All\nthese things have been found in this area. It might\nnot be out of place to class as awls some of the artifacts\nseen among the chipped points under the section of\n\"The Securing of Food,\" and the section of \"Tools\nUsed by Men.\" Some natural pieces of chalcedony\nwere also found, which may have been used as awls.\nSome of the bone awls are decorated with incised\ndesigns and notches, or both (Plate XIV, g, h). Others\nhad been daubed with red ochre. A few of these\nimplements may have been used for plaiting baskets.\nThe awls made of the ulnae and metapodial bones of\nthe deer are of forms and materials common to many\nparts of America.\nThe iron found in a grave\u2014previously\nAn Iron mentioned as being a more modern speci-\nAwl. men than the others, perhaps obtained\nby barter from the whites\u2014was in the\nform of an awl. It was set in a bone handle, stained\ngreen by copper salts.\nNo spindle whorls, known to be such,\nSpindle were found in this region; but there is a\nWhorls. perforated stone which was possibly so\nused for spinning. It is similar in shape\nto the spindle whorls used to-day among the coast\npeople, a halfday's ride by rail to the west. The\nperforated stone mentioned above is in the Provincial\nMuseum at Victoria, and is illustrated in the national\ncollection by a drawing. 25\nNeedles made of bone were found.\nNeedles. The eye is usually elliptical and at some\ndistance from the end. Some have two\n\u2022eyes, and a few are decorated with incised lines.\nNeedles were probably used not only for sewing skin\n\u2022garments, but for fastening together cat tails and\nrushes, to make mats similar to those seen among the\npresent day Indians, for use as house covers. Similarly\nshaped needles are made of iron by the Thompson\nIndians, and are used for this purpose.\nMany fragments of bags or mats, made\nFabrics by weaving strips of the bark of the sage\nand Skins, brush, and also some fragments of skins\nbearing fur, have been preserved, owing,\nin some cases, to the dryness of the climate, in others\nto the preserving action of copper salts. One piece of\nbirch bark is of interest as showing where the stitches\nhad been put through.\n(8) THE MANUFACTURE OF SPECIAL\nOBJECTS.\nSome specimens suggest the mode of\nThe Making manufacture of certain objects. For ex-\nof Chipped ample, we found pebbles of agate,\nStone Points jasper, and the like, as well as rough\nfor Arrows, pieces of glassy basalt \u2014 the raw\nSpears, etc. material out of which points were\nchipped\u2014also the pebbles which could\nhave been used as mauls for breaking up such material;\nfragments of basalt, broken up by means of a maul;\nsmall pebbles possibly used as hammers for chipping\npieces of glassy basalt into the rough form of an imple- 26\nment; chips, and flakes, probably the refuse from these-\nchipping processes; and pieces of basalt in the forms of\npoints for spears, arrows, and other artifacts probably\nmade by means of such small hammer pebbles. Pieces\nof antler and bone probably were used for pressing off\nthe fine flakes in making points for arrows and other\nthings. Experiment has shown them to be most\nsuitable for the purpose. These pieces have been\nmentioned under the section \" Tools Used by Men.\"\nSome of the fine flakes were found. There are\nalso many blades and points finished by specializing\nsuch blanks into various shapes, some with and\nsome without the notches which were used to\nfacilitate fastening the points in the split end\nof a shaft or handle. It is interesting to fill the notches\nin one of these specimens with plaster-of-paris, so that\none may see the small amount of chipping necessary to\nchange the cache or leaf-shaped forms into the finished\nimplement. Quantities of cache forms were found\ndeposited in the ground, and such deposits are called\ncaches. The Indians now living in the Thompson\nRiver region still possess the art of making small\nchipped arrow-points. They make journeys up the\nmountains, where they break glassy basalt fresh from\nthe quarry, in which state they claim it can be\nworked more easily than if weathered.\nOne stage in the manufacture of a pestle or hammer\nis shown in Plate X. It is a boulder which has been\nbruised or pecked with a stone until the ends have been\nflattened, and the part around the middle hollowed out\nin the process of reducing it to proper form. 27\nNatural boulders, and fragments of\nThe Ma- green stone, some of which is nephrite\u2014\nking of about as hard as steel, and usually of a\nCelts beautiful, translucent, greenish colour\u2014\n(Chisels were numerous along the banks of the\nand Adzes) streams, and in the gravel. Small sand-\nfrom Green stone slabs, worn sharp at the edge,\nStone. which exactly fit the artificial grooves\nground in some of the boulders and fragments, were found. These grinders show striations\nwhich indicate that in use they were shoved back and\nforth somewhat as planes are used. Evidently pieces\nwere cut from the boulders with them. That these\nsandstone plough grinders were most numerous where\nthe grooved boulders were found, strengthens this idea.\nA Lillooet chief informed me that his old people said\nthat beaver teeth were used to cut these green stones,\nwhile deer ribs were used in like manner to cut antler,\nand that by experiment he had found the latter method\nremarkably successful. Dr. G. M. Dawson believed\nthat quartz crystals (Plate IX, fig. b) were used for\ncutting grooves in nephrite. From some of the boulders\na piece or pieces have been first partly cut out by grooving, evidently by means of these slabs, or with crystals\nof quartz, slabs of wood used with sand, or, perhaps,\nsometimes even with a string used with sand and water.\nSome grooves like the one shown in Plate IX, fig. a,\nbeing deeper in the middle than at the ends, could not\nhave been cut with a string, but only with something like\nthe slab of sandstone which might be made to plough\ndeeper in the middle of the cut than at the ends. After\ngrooving on both sides, these pieces have been broken\nfree. The broken surface clearly shows in many speci- 28\nmens. Pieces of nephrite, broken from boulders, and\nstill showing the groove or grooves which were made to\npartly detach them, are also found. These were\nfinally made into adzes or chisels. Some of these adzes\n(Plate IX, fig. c) or celts, as they are called by archaeologists, show traces of the grooves which were cut in\norder to break the piece from which each of them was\nmade from the rough boulder, or from a slab cut in like\nmanner from the boulder. A few (Plate IX, fig. d)\neven show a broken surface not yet effaced by grinding\nand polishing. At last we find the finished celt which\nhas been rubbed and polished until no trace of these\ngrooves remains.\nSkin scrapers were made from quartzite\nThe Ma- pebbles, which are numerous all over the\nking of country. Some of the flakes broken off\nSkin from such pebbles have been used until\nScrapers. the edges are polished smooth. Others\nwere finished by chipping before they\nwere used, and some of these were used until the sharpened edges were rounded. Natural bones of the deer and\nfinished scrapers made from the same bone were found.\nPipes were made from rough pieces of\nThe Making soapstone. A fragment of soapstone\nof Pipes. which has been partly cut into the form\nof a pipe, may serve to illustrate one stage\nin the process, while pipes made of soapstone, and here\nclassified under the section of \" Games, Amusements,\nand Smoking,\" may complete the series showing the\nhistory of the manufacture of pipes. (9) WEAPONS USED IN WAR.\nIt is probable that the chipped stone points and\nrubbed stone and bone points for arrows, spears, and\nknives, mentioned on pages 13 and 14 (Plate II and\nPlate III, figs, a-c), were also used in war. Club heads\nmade of stone, like the object shown in Plate VII,\nfig. g, were also used as weapons employed in war. All\nthese have been mentioned under the sections entitled\n\"The Securing of Food,\" and \"Tools Used by Men.\"\nThere were certain implements, however, which were\nprobably used exclusively in warfare, such as daggers\nor lance heads made of bone and antler. One of these\nis ornamented by pits and incised lines. War clubs\nwere also found. One is made of copper, and another\nby sharpening a short prong of an antler and using the\nlong one for a handle. Others were made of whale-\nribs, and are represented by the specimens shown in\nPlate XL These two, each have a knob, at the end of\nthe handle, carved to represent a human head, in a\nstyle resembling that of the coast.\n(10) DRESS AND ORNAMENT.\nAmong the specimens which may be\nPaint. termed articles of luxury are a certain\nwhite earth, red ochre (Plate XII, fig. a),\nyellow ochre (fig. b), and green copper material (fig. c).\nThese were, probably, used for painting the face and\nbody.\nA fragment of a comb made of antler\nCombs. was found. Sharp bones ornamented by\nincised lines and called head-scratchers\nby the Indians of to-day, were also found. Two of\nthe articles shown in Plate XIV, figs, g, h, and\nconsidered as awls, may be such. 30\nSkins of deer and birds and woven\nDress fabrics made of the bark of the sage\nMaterials, brush and other fibres, were used for\ndress. Some fragments of these had not\ndecayed because of the dryness of the climate.\nOthers were preserved by the salts of copper, near\npieces of which they were buried.\nCopper was made into pendants for\nCopper the ear or necklace. At least one speci-\nOrnaments. men has been found suspended by a\nthong which was preserved by the action\nof the salts of the copper. It hung from the middle\nof a necklace made of copper and shell beads strung\nupon twisted vegetable fibre. Such copper ornaments\nare reproduced in Plate XII, figs, j, 1. There are some\nother copper articles which the modern Indians think\nwere used by their ancestors for hair ornaments. The\nIndians of southern Alaska use hair ornaments of a\nsimilar shape made of iron. While the copper bracelet\nshown in Plate XII, fig. m, may be modern, yet copper\nstains on human wrist and ankle bones suggest the\nancient use of bracelets and anklets.\np . . A pear-shaped stone, perforated at the\nf fit\"h small end, was found by Mrs. Bailey.\nMaterials \"\"\"* *s *n *^e I>rovlnclal Museum at Victoria. Pieces of galena (Plate XII, fig.k),\nmica, calcite crystals, and sea shells, some of them of\nthe large scollop (Pecten caurinus), others of Pectun-\nculus (Plate XII, fig. f), and the iridescent haliotis or\nabalone, bone daubed with red ochre, pieces of bone,\nincisor teeth of the deer, the canine and incisor teeth\nL 31\nof the elk, canine teeth of the bear (Plate XII, fig. d)\nand wolf, and the claw bones and nails of the bear,\nwere all made into pendants. Perhaps some of these\nwere used as ear-rings.\nMany of the beads found were made\nShell Beads, from several kinds of shells, at least three\nvarieties of which must have come from\nthe sea. One of these is the dentalium shell (Plate XII,\nfig. g). which is only found in deep water. Little\nolivella shells were also used. Necklaces were made by\nstringing shell disks, dentalium shells, sections of such\nshells, and copper beads upon twisted vegetable fibre.\nIn one case the fibre was identified as cedar bark.\nSometimes the dentalium shells were engraved with\ngeometric designs.\nSome of the beads are of bone, such as\nBeads of are shown in Plate XII, fig. e; while\nOther others, shown in fig. i, were made in\nMaterials, recent times, of copper obtained from\nwhite men.\nSome of the articles found were prob-\nNose ably used as nose ornaments, and inserted\nOrnaments, horizontally through the septum of the\nnose. A bar of wood covered with copper\nand preserved by the action of the copper salts, a bar\nof white stone, and certain articles made by inserting a\nbrush or tassel of hair in the large ends of dentalium\nshells, were probably used in this way. Indians still\nliving remember to have seen such articles worn in the\nnose. 32\n(11) GAMES, AMUSEMENTS, AND SMOKING.\nWoodchuck and beaver teeth were\nDice. ornamented, some with straight lines,\nothers with pits. The Indians of to-day\nuse similar objects in gambling; it is probable, therefore, that the ancient Indians used these teeth as dice.\nAn astragalus bone of the deer, which was found, may\nhave been used in gambling, or as a buzz. The bars\nof bone found decorated by incised lines, and the tubes\ncut from bird bone\u2014all of which resemble present-day\nIndian gambling implements in that country\u2014may\nhave been used in games.\nLarge perforated pecten shells were\nRattles. found. One is shown in Plate XIII,\nfig. f. These must have come from the\ncoast, where the natives, to-day, tie together large\npecten shells, and employ them as rattles when dancing. The dances are more often a religious observance rather than a mere amusement, as among us.\nThere are other articles which were\nMiscellan- probably connected with amusement, or\neous religion. The young people when they\nObjects. were being trained for adult life, probably\ndrank through a perforated bone tube,\nsimilar to the one we found in excavating; at least,\nthis is the explanation which the modern Indians give\nof the utility of the tubes found. The tubes were\nprobably suspended by a cord tied through the\nhole. These specimens, however, may have been\nused as whistles or calls rather than in initiations.\nI The story of the modern Indian youth's initiation\ninto tribal manhood is a long one, full of interest.\nAnimal, and fantastic forms chipped from glassy basalt\nare said by the modern Indians to have been made as\ntests of skill, or for play. Crystals of calcite (Plate\nXIII, fig. d), quartzite, and pretty or grotesque pebbles\nof agate and other stones are sometimes found in the\ngraves. They may have been charms, or symbols of\nproperty.\nOld pipes are usually tubular in shape,\nPipes. and made of soapstone, shaped somewhat\nlike a slender wine glass. Some are ornamented with incised fines. Specimens of old pipes are\nshown in Plates XIII, figs, a, e; XIV, figs, a-d; XV, figs.\nb,c. A fragment of one carved in the style of the art of\nthe coast was found (Plate XV, fig. b). It is mentioned\nagain under the section on \"Art.\" On one tubular\npipe (Plate XV, fig. c), is a little animal form carved in\nthe round. The Indian of the present time uses a pipe\nwith a crook or elbow (Plate XIII, fig. c); but none of\nthese are found in old graves, although simple pipe\nbowls are (Plate XIII, fig. b). As late as 1891, however, there were Indians who still used the straight\ntubular pipe.\nThe Indians tell us, that before the\nTobacco. advent of the white man in this region,\nthey used a native wild tobacco; it is\nprobable that the earlier people used the same. In\nrecent times the Indians have substituted commercial\ntobacco for the wild tobacco. They reduce its strength\nwith leaves of the bearberry. (12) ART.\nThe art of this ancient people is one of the most interesting of their achievements.\nMany of the specimens, such as the\nEngraved antler handle for a digging-stick, the war\nDesigns. club made of copper, the awls, pipes,\ngambling bones, and dentalium shells,\nare ornamented with incised or engraved notches and\nlines, forming geometric designs or pictographs, both of\nwhich are interpreted by modern Indians. The purpose of such specimens has been considered under the\nrespective sections to which they belong, but the\ndesigns are of interest to us here. An interesting\ngeometric design is found on one of the pipes in the\nnational collection. It is shown in Plate XIV, fig.\nc; and another, which represents animal forms in a\nschematic or conventional way, is shown in Plate\nXTV, fig. d. Judging by what we know of the\nmodern Thompson Indians, the owners of these\npipes may each have had a dream in which he\nthought he received his Manitou, or Guardian\nSpirit. The drawing on his pipe probably represents\nthe being that appeared to him in that dream.\nA dagger made of antler is ornamented\nEngraved by little pits. The circle-and-dot design\nand Drilled is frequently found on old articles as well\nDesigns. as on those of modern origin, not only\nin this region but also on the plateau to\nthe south and the coast to the west. 35\nThe incised geometric and pictographic\nThe Typical decorations described, as made by\nArt of this engraving and drilling, were most\nRegion. common and consequently we think\nof them as the type of art characteristic of the ancient people of Thompson River\nvalley, in fact of the whole of the southern interior\nof British Columbia. This is partly illustrated in\nPlate XIV.\nCarvings were sometimes made in\nCarvings. bone and stone. The toggle of the dog\nhalter, previously mentioned, and shown\non Plate XV, fig. a; as well as the handles of the war\nclubs made of whale rib, and represented on Plate\nXI, are illustrations of carving in bone; while work in\nstone is shown by the fragment of a pipe bowl illustrated\non Plate XV, fig. b. All these represent animal forms,\nand are admirably done. The art resembles somewhat\nthat of the coast people, and may be the work of the\ncoast artist or one familiar with coast art. There seems\nto be a slight difference between these carvings and\nthose of the coast; which suggests that they were made\nby the people of the Thompson River valley, though,\ndoubtless, in imitation of the art of the coast people.\nThe sculptured animal form on the pipe shown in Plate\nXV, fig. c, and those on the tops of pestles (Plate XV,\nfig. d), however, seem to be distinctively representative of the art of the Thompson River valley.\nRed paint was used for marking upon\nPaintings, great boulders. It was probably mixed\nwith grease, which would prevent its\nbeing washed off by the slight rains of the region. A 36\nsample of rock painted in this way shows the mdefinite\noutline of these drawings, why copies sometimes differ,\nand why a photograph can bring out only a little more\nthan is apparent to the eye. It is said that these\nmarkings are records of the various experiences of\nyouths while undergoing the purifications, fastings,\nand training necessary to prepare them for admission\nto adult society. These may have been made recently,\nas the modern Indians paint geometric and figure\npatterns in red ochre on the boulders. Their skill in\nthis line, as well as in carving, and in ordinary handiwork, is manifestly inferior to that on articles found\non the old sites.\n(13) METHOD OF BURIAL.\n~.. Having considered the life of these\nf people, it remains to notice some of the\nP articles founck-in their graves. Among\nthese are rolls- of birch bark. The bark\nmay have been used to line the graves, and in\ncourse of time became rolled up. With the skeleton \u2014\nas is the case in many parts of the world \u2014 are usually\nfound the various belongings of the individual; some\nare often in a pouch placed near the middle of the\nbody, if of a man, tools and implements for hunting;\nif of a woman, needles, awls, and the like. Red paint\nis frequently found in the grave, and the body was\nprobably often painted with it for burial. Near some\nof the bodies were found skeletons of dogs. It is\ninteresting to note that, in the graves of the coast\npeople, whether in stone cairns or in shell-heaps, we\nseldom find any articles that, apparently, were purposely\nburied with the body, such as those above mentioned. 37\nThe dead were buried a short distance\nThe Graves-, from the villages, none were found in\nthe house sites. Many of the graves\nare in the sandy tops of the foot hills, terraces, and\nbottom lands along the streams; they are solitary or\nin groups. Some were covered or marked with a few\nboulders, but these are supposed to be of recent origin.\nSometimes the body is found covered with fragments\nof a canoe, or a little tipi made of sticks, which have\nbeen preserved below the surface of the sand. Some\nof the bones are partly cremated, especially those of\nchildren, as found near Kamloops.\nWe photographed a grave after the\nOpened sand around and within it had been\nGraves. removed from the skeleton and the\naccompanying objects (Plate XVI, fig.\na). In all graves the bodies were found to have been\noriginally buried about two feet deep, flexed on the\nside. Some were wrapped in cloths, and covered with\nmats of rushes.\n_. . ... In the Thompson River region there\n\u201e . . was still another mode of burial, as\nBurials. iUustrated j^ p-^ XVI, fig. b. The\nbody and the articles to be buried with it, were placed\nat the base of a rock slide, and then the rocks were\nloosened so as to cause them to slide down and cover\nall. Such graves were found marked by large rocks,\nor by twigs in the last stages of decay. One skeleton\nresting upon the rockslide was in a little tent of poles\ncovered with mats made from the stalks of the common\ncat tail. The rockslide had been worked down around\nthe tent to the height of about two feet over the 38\nskeleton. The burial customs as revealed by our\nexplorations, agree closely with those recorded of the\nThompson Indians, as given by Mr. Teit.\nCONCLUSION.\nFrom the various specimens which have withstood\nthe ravages of time and the weather, we learn certain\nfacts in regard to the early inhabitants of the Thompson River region. Perceiving that the non-perishable\narticles found resemble in general character those made\nof similar materials and used similarly by the modern\nIndians of this area, we may conclude that many of the\nperishable articles and even some of the customs of the\nprehistoric people were similar to those of the Indians\ninhabiting the region to-day. In fact, it would seem\nthat the earliest people living in the Thompson\nRiver valley, of whom we have any knowledge, had\nthe same material culture and led practically the same\nlife as that led by the Indians found there by the\nfirst white explorers. In other words, there is evidence\nof only one physical type and material culture in this\nregion. The modern Indians make their graves like\nthe prehistoric Indians; they know the use of the rockslide burial, and they interpret the conventional marks\nfound on the prehistoric remains. Yet differences\nexist between the old and the new. The modern pipe\nis a bowl or has an elbow-crook like a type found on the\nPlains. The absence of native pottery is characteristic\nof all British Columbia, in both prehistoric and historic\ntimes.\nEthnological investigations^have shown a connexion\nof the recent culture of this area with that of the Rocky 39\nMountain region. Correspondingly the old pipes and\nmortars are somewhat like those found as far south as\nCalifornia. Points rubbed out of slate-like rocks,\nharpoon points made of bone and antler, fish knives\nmade of slate, the sea shells, bone of the whale, and the\nresemblance of certain carvings to those of the coast,\npoint to contact with the coast. On the other hand,\nthe celts or adzes of the coast are on the average shorter\nthan those of this area. No specimens made of abalone\nshell have been found by us farther to the east than\nSpence Bridge. Both the physical type and the culture suggest that the people of the coast and those of\nthe interior developed on distinct lines, and that points\nof resemblance are due to intercourse.\nSuch contact, at least with the culture on the coast\nand that of the plateau to the south, was greater in the\npast than at present. In recent years the region seems\nto have taken elements of material culture from the\neast. The remains in the Lillooet valley show influences of the coast as well sis of the interior. Here,\nit is obvious that the interior culture and the coast\nculture merge.\nThe culture of the interior of southern British Columbia seems to have been a unit; that of the coast\nconstituted another unit. In central Washington was\na culture differing a little in some respects from that of\nthe interior of southern British Columbia, but greatly\nfrom that of the coast. 40\nPUBLICATIONS ON THE ARCHEOLOGY OF THE\nSOUTHERN INTERIOR OF BRITISH\nCOLUMBIA.\nThe foregoing account is intended to be a popular\nguide for the general public, and for teachers accompanied by classes. The scientist will find more elaborate discussions of the questions in the original sources;\namong which the following may be consulted.\nSmith, Harlan, L.\nSmith, Harlan, I..\nTeit, James.\n.Archaeology of Lytton, British\nColumbia. (Publications of the\nJesup North Pacific Expedition,\nVol. I, Part 3). Memoirs of the\nAmerican Museum of Natural History, Vol. II, Part 3,1899.\n. Archaeology of the Thompson\nRiver Region, British Columbia.\n(Publications of the Jesup North\nPacific Expedition, Vol. I, Part 6).\nMemoirs of the American Museum\nof Natural History, Vol. n, Part\n6, 1900.\n.The Thompson Indians of British\nColumbia. (Publications of the\nJesup North Pacific Expedition,\nVol. I, Part 4), Memoirs of the\nAmerican Museum of Natural History, Vol. II, Part 4,1900.\nI .:- I\nThe Securing of Food\ni'\ni Chipped stone points for ai\ns, spears; and kniv\n. F. Newcc\nn. Collector, C.\nChippett from greenish quartzite, Kamloops. Collector, (\nljgte. Cat. No. XI-A-663. a\nChipped from white chalcedony. Burial ground near Lytt(\nHffl-Tout^899. Cat. No. XI-A-153.\nChipped from glassy basalt. Grave opposite Kamloops. Collector, G. M.\nDawson, 1888. Cat. No. XI-A-21.\nChipped from glassy basalt. Grave at Lillooet. Collector. G. M. Dawson\n1889. Cat. No. XI-A-316.\nChipped from glassy basalt. Burial ground near Lytton. Collector, C. Hill-\n\u2022'Tout, 1899. Cat. No. XI-A-128.\nChipped from chert. Lytton. Collector, G*. M. Dawson, 1877. Cat. No.\nXI-A-623.\nChipped from glassy basalt. Main burial place, Lytton. Collector, G. M.\nDawson, 1877. Cat. No. XI-A-422.\nChipped from glassv basalt. Glkve, Lytton. Collector, H. B. Munroe, 1895,\nCat. No. XI-A-106.\nChipped from glassy basalt. Lytton. Collector, H. B. Munroe, 1895. Cat.\nNO..XI-A-546.\nChipped from glassy basalt. Burial ground near Lytton. Collector, C Hi\nTout, 1899. Cat. No. XfA-148.\nChipped from glassy basalt. Grave, Lytton. Collector, H. B. Munroe, 1895.\nCat. No. XI-A-552.\nChipped from glassy basalt. Grave, Lytton. Collector, H. B. Munroe, 1895.\nCat. No. XI-A-551.\nChipped from glassy basalt. Grave opposite Kamloops. Collector, G. M.\nDawson, 1888. Cat. No. XI-A-22.\nPoint chipped from brown chalcedony. From surface of 6th site, Ly\nCollector, Harlan I. Smith, 1897. Original ^hfe in American Museui\nNatural History. See Fig. 5. Smith. \"Arch. Lytton.\" From cast.\nNo. XI-A-556.\nChipped from obsidian. Fraser river, interior of B.C. Collector, C. F.\nNewcombe, 1905. Cat. No. XI-A-557.\ni Lytt\nThe securing of food. PUBLICATIONS\nSOUTHE1\nCH^EOLOGY OF THE\nt OF BRITISH :d9E\nThe foregoing ac\nguide for the gene*\npanied by clas*-^\"31\nate .\\9dmo3vre.W .1 .0 ,mi:\n.bool lo sniinoea erlT\n[B.TOlBd\nlidO\n.'.3: .TOJoeiloO:. .rio\u00bbYJ -wen bi\n. -M .D ,-ioJoeIIoO .eqooImnX\n.noewaG ,M .D .loJosIIoij\n-IliH .0 .TOloelloO .nottwl m\n.oH .JaO .TY8I ,no8w_a .M\nX ,eJis*tnup dsiaesig moil haqauiO.\nn :S'83-A-IX.oT-:.*isD -.8091 \u25a0 -\n13 Ifiiina :-:\t\n.M .O .loioslloO .noilv.J ,9oaIq laiujd ninM .dlnead Yaaalg moil bsqqidO\n.SSKA-IX .oVHteO .TV8I .noBwaCr\n,8881 ,90inuM .3 .H .loiosIIoO .no\u00bbv.J ,9v\u201eiO .iissad ysbbIs moil beqqidO\n.90I-A-IX .(\n'.*_0\nitfe? r.bfi8i;(90innM .a .H ,ioJo9IIoO\n-IliH .0 .toJosUoO .noiii:\n.8881 .soimiM .9 .H ,iodo9ii|\n.8881,90-rmiM .S .H .loioilll\n.M .O .loJoelloO .EqooImaX gtiaoqqo\n.il~a_d YBBala moil baqqidD\n^ .8-3-A-IX .oM\nbmiOTs laiiuS .dl_end v^eabj moil bgqqidO\n.8-I-A-IX .oW .tsD .8881 ,JuoT\noJiY>I ,9vaiO .JlneBd ybbbIs moil bgqqidO\n.-88-A-IX .(ffi. JsO\n\u2022pM\n.nottv.J ,9iia did to\nlo museirM njBohem,\n.JjbO .Jbbo mo-rU \".a\n\u2022.\u25a0_ .0 .loJoelloO .C\n._D*h\u00a3iI woled Bslirr\nD .!lj--.!>I veaalg mcriiD9gqirIO\n\u25a0IX .oVL .*_Q- .888irn;oBw\u201ea\n.Ynobsalndo nwoid moil hgqqido tnioiL\nbO A88I ,_Jim8 .1 aaltsH .loiogUoO\n.dJimB .8 .sl_ as& .y^oiaiH Ieiui\u201eM\n.aae-A-ix .oil ,\ni .levii ~i9Bjrf5 .imibiBdo rno^haqqMO\n\u00ab8jA-IX'pl(I'4_P .\u00a3Oei .gdmoavreW , ,\n[o\u00a3_3-_do rfeiwoIIgY. bglifom moil b9qqirlb\n4 .teO [.8881 ,v.\u201e}IoM .W.:t .lotojUoO The securing of food. Iff I Plate III.\nThe Securing of Food,\nuca schist. Lytton. Collector, G. M. Dawson, 1877.\nit Lytton. Collector, H. B. Munroe, 1895.\nPoint rubbed out of mic\nCat. No. XI-A-719.\nPoint rubbed out of bone\nCat. No. XI-A-721.\nFragment of a barbed point made of antler. Grave at Lillooet. Collector, G.\nM. Dawson, 1889. Cat. No. XI-A-722.\nNet sinker made of mica schist. Kootenay. Collector, C. F. Newcombe,\n1905. Cat. No. XI-A-730.\nDigging stick handle made of antler. Near Lytton. Collector, C. Hill-\nTout. Cat. No. XI-A-731.\nSap scraper made of bone. Grave, Lillooet. Collector, G. M. Dawson, 1889.\nCat. No. XI-A-724.\n.,.: r\n.III aTAjl\n.boo _ to gminosa sdT\nI ,noBwaG .M .D .lOiosIIoO .noJiv^I .Jairfoa _o\n.8881,90_xuM .3 .H .loioalfoO\n.O .loioglloO .JeooIIiJ in evai\n.sdmooweM .% .0 ,ioioelfo0\n-IliH .0 .TOioalioO .aoiixJ. \u25a0\nt*cdti\n.SSV-A\nim Jo too beddm taiol\n.eiT-A-IX .oVL .teO\nr_tO .9aod to tuo beddm taiol\n.ISV-A-IX .oH .*_0\nassil\ndgfooX .tehioa soim to ebata i9_-ia t'jVL\n.08T-A-IX .oH .taO .a09I\nI .i9l*na to 9bnm albnarf Sfchta gniggiG\n.I8T-A-IX .6W. JsO .*_oT\nid M .0 ,io*09ffoO .teoollhl ,9vaiO .gnoJ to abna\n.*SV-A-IX .ol. .taO The securing of food. ff\n.bool to noiiaiaqeil 9dT\nI The preparation of food. f The Prepar\n>f Food.\nFish-knife made of slate. Grave, Lytton. Collector, H. B. Munroe, 1895.\nCat. No. XI-A-758.\nPestle or hammer of type common near Kamloops, made of stone. Kamloops.\nCollector, J. MeEvoy, 1894. Cat. No. XI-A-736.\nPestle or hammer of type common near the mouth of Thompson river, made\nof stone. Lytton. . 'Giflrof H. B. Munroe, 1895. Cat. No. XI-A-738. fF\n.boo - to noiiaisqeil griT\n\u2022'\ninuM .8 .H .loJosIfoO .aotHJ ,ev\u201eiD .stela to gbom 9*xn_-dair-\n.8BT-A-IX .oK .i_0\n21 .9ooia to gb\u201em .eqooImaX i&gn nommoo gqv.* lo lemmari 10 91*699\n.38V-A-IX .olrl JaO MSI .vpvHoM X .loioelloO\nra noaqmodT to ifchiom adt taaa aoiaaioo gqv.* to igmmnd 10 eliagl\nA-IX .oVL .teO .8881 .soinuM .3 .H to fliO .no\u00bbv.J .gnote to Plate VI.\nHabitations.\nFig.\na. View across the Fraser river from the ma\nforeground a hole surrounded by an emba\nb. Recent semi-subterranean winter'house of the Thompson Indians, Niebla \u2022 IV htajI\n.anoitetidaH\nimjfaBdmg aa xd babnuonoa elod a bnuo-ragioT6'\n.gauod na9n\u00abTiatd_E-im9a\n9d* to gauod i9taiw aaana-rratduz-imes ioanX\n.iprflev i and\nCat. No.\nXI-A-762.\nDouble bitted celt made of green stone, showing grooving.\nCollector, H. B. Munroe, 1895., \u20ac*at. No. XI-A-763.\nWhetstone-made of mica schist. Grave, Lytton. Collector, H. B. Munr\n1895. Cat. No. XI-A-813.\nArrow shaft smoother made of sandstone. Grave, Lytton. Collector, H. B.\nMunroe, 1895. Cat. No. XI-A-797.\nWedge made of antler. Lytton. Collector. &\u25a0 M. Dawson, 1877. Cat. No.\nXI-A-78*..\nGra\\\n, Lytt\ng. Grooved pebble. Lytton. Collector, G. M. Daw;\nScraper chipped from yellowish chalcedonv.\nTout, 1899. Cat. No. XI-A-632.\nPoinjjchipped from glassy basalt, for a drill. G:\nMunroe, 1895. Cat. No. XI-A-630.\nPoint chipped from glassy basalt, for a drill. Main burial\nCollector, G. M. Dawson, 1877. Cat. No. XI-A-i41.\nPoint chipped from glassy basalt, for knife. Grave, Lyttc\nA. B. Munroe, 1895. Cat. No. XI-A-56.\nCollector, H. B. Munroe\ni, 1877. Cat. No. XI-A\ntor, C. Hill-Tout, 1899.\non. Collected:. HJll\n, Lytton. Gift of H. B.\nLyttin.\nCollec .oVl JaO .8881 ,s\n,901\u00a3UlM .a .H ,10\n.a .H ,ioiogllo0\nIIoO .noiiyJ ,9v_tO .iaidoa aoim to gbam aaoisiaiVff\n.8I8-A-IX .oM JjsO .3881\nktivJ ,9vniD .gnoitabnfla to gbnm ladiooma iifida woiiA\n.W-A-IX .6VL .ifiO .8881 .eoinuM\nTaQ. .M .O .iot99lioO .noiivJ .laltoa to obsm gsbgW\n.I8T-A-IX\noO .noiiijJ ,9v_iO .enoia neeia to abam ifeo nidi vigV\n.t8Y-A-IX .oM .isO .8881\nSI ,noaw_a .M .O .loiosIIoO .aoiiv.J .elddaq bgvooiO\n.I83-A-IX -oM \u201e\niib b 10I .ilsBBd vasals moil bsqqii__\t\noK .JbD .TT8I ,aoawa.a .M .O ,-oioaIIoO\nblinsl 10I .ilBBBd yeaa's moil beqqirib in\n.88-A-IX .oft .iBO .8881 .goinuM .S .H Tools used by_m. Plate VIII.\nTools Deed by Worn\nr, C. Hill-Tout, 18091\nssy basalt, possibly a knife. Spence Bridge\nough J. Murray, 1889. Cat. No. XI-A-356.\nytton. Collector, C. Hilt-Tout,\nCollec\nAwl made of bone, Grave,\nNo. XI-A-837.\nAwl made of bone. Lillooet\nCat. No. XI-A-\nLytton. Collector,? H. B. Munroe, 1895. Cat.\nt. Collector, G. M. Dawson, 1889. Cat. No) .IIIV aTAJ*!\n.nemoW v.d beaTJ alooT\n.M .O ,ioiogIIoO .ngbha 9DH9qB .9ii_fra-p mo-l bsqqids i9q_i9B ni_B\n.*\u00a38-A-IX .oft .taO .0981 ,-oawBa\n.8681 ,i_oT-HiH .0 .lOioalloO .noiivj .eiisii-up moid baqqido igqaioa nUB\n.8S8-A-IX .oft JaO\n,ioJogIIoO .9gbhH 9oasq8 .giinil a vidiasoq .il-asd yaafils moil bsqqirio abalS\n.888-A-IX .oft JaO .8881 ,v.stiuM .1 ds-oxdi noawaa .M .O\n-A-IX .oft .iBO .8881 .inoT-IIiH .0 .loioelloO .noiivJ .9nod to abam IwA\n.0*8\n.iaO .8881 ,goin\nuM .3 .H .TOioglloO .noii^J ,9VBiO\ngaod to 9bnm\n.V88-A-IX .oft\noft JaO .8881\nnoawaa .M .O .loioglloO .isooIIiJ\n.Y-8-A-IX Plate VIII. n\nPlate IX.\nThe Manufacture of Special Objects.\nFig.\n_is detached. Near Lytton. Collector, C. Hill-Tout, 1899. Cat. No.\nXI-A-S58.\nb. Quartz crystal. Possibly used to cut grooves in green stones. Grave, Lytton.\nCollector, H. B. Munroe, 1895. Cat. No. XI-A-860.\nc. Celt made of green stone showing grooving by means of which it was cut out.\nMain burial place, Lytton. Collector, G. M. Dawson_1877. Cat. No.\nXI-A-768.\nd. Celt made of green stone showing grooving and break by means of which it\nwas cut out. Grave, Lytton. Collector, H. B. Munroe, 1895. Cat. No.\nXI-A-765.\nThe manufacture of spec .XI -ctajI\n-Bi09id0 IaiosqB to 9iuio_HrasM gdT\n\u2022 gogiq a doidw lo anagm v,d isgid boa goivoois gniwoda gnoia negig to rablncS\n.oft .isO .8881 ,inoT-IIiH .O ,ioiogIIoO .noiixJ mgft .bgdoaigb aaw\n.888-A-IX\n.noiivil ,9VBiO .agnoJa naoig ni agvoois iuo oi baau yldieaol . Uiavio siiBUp\n.088-A-IX .oft .iBO .8881 .eoimjM .3 .H .loiogUoO\n.ino ins bbw ii doidw to an\n;6ft\nbO\nVT8I .noawaa .M .O ,ioiogIIoO .aoiiifj:\n>ia 09913 to 9bfim ifoO\ngaslq leiind nisM\n.88V-A-IX\nIw to\nanfigm yd jtfi9id bna anivooig gniworla gno\n,881 .goiuuM .3 .H ,ioiogIIoO .aoiiv.J tsv\nis H991S to obfim tlaO\nsiO .iuo ino bbw i The Manufacture of Special Objects.\ner showing pecking around the middle and at the ends by means of\nit was being reduced to the form of a pestle or hammer. Lytton.\nlector, C. Hill-Tout, 1899. Cat. No. XI-A-745. \"1\n.X stajS;\n.aio9'dO laioaqB to ginioBBinaM gdT\ndoidw to sas9m yd abng adt ta boa gibbim gdi bauois gablogq Sniwoda leb luott\n-loO .noiiyJC .igmmBdioaliaaqato miol 9rli oi b93nb9iani9d aaw ii\n.B-V-A-IX .oft .iBO .8881 ,iuoT-IIiH .0 .loioal The manufacture of special obje< Plate XI,\nWeapons Used in W\n._, From cast. Cat,\n!_-A-_82r|5g\nOriginal 5Jfi in American Museum of Natural History. From cast. Cat.\nNo. XI-A-863. 17\n-^\u2014_\u2014-\n.iaO .ieao moi9\nI Plat- XI.\n1\n\u2022fl\nm\ni\n\">i^WM\n!gjp|-.'I^\u2122\nm\nill\n1\n1\ni\nill\nA\n1\n1 Is\ni\n19\n89\nm\ni'l'IK v^ffl?P\"\n'mm lUf '\niW 08tim m&k*\n\u25a0 w H\n\u25a0 im^ w$w\nMm T\nWeapons used in war.\n41383 t>\\U\nPlate XII.\nDress and Ornament.\nRed ochre. Lytton. Collector, H. B. Munroe,\nYellow ochre. Vermilion cliff, Tulameen rivei\n1906. Cat. No. XI-A-866a.\nGreen paint. Lytton. Collector, H. B. Munroe, 1895. Cat. No. XI-A-867.\nPendant made by perforating the canine tooth of a bear. Lytton. Collector,\nG. M. Dawson, 1877. Cat. No. XI-A-868.\nBeads madeof bone. Grave,Lillooet. Collector, G.M. Day\nNo. XI-A-874 a , b, c, d, e.\nPerforated Pacific Ocean shell (Pectunculus). Lytton.\nDawson, 1877. Cat. No. XI-A-870.\nPacific Ocean tooth shells (dentalium). Grave, Lillooet\nDawson, 1877. Cat. No. XI-A-S79 a, b, c, d.\nPendant made of shell. Summit Of Murray mountain.\nDawson, 1889. Cat. No. XI-A-881.\nModern copper beads on braided string. Kamloops. Collector, W. F. Tolm\n1884. Cat. No. XI-A-884.\nCopper pendant. Grave, Lytton. Collector, H. B. Munroe, 1895. Cat. No.\nXI-A-8S5.\nPendant made of galena. Grave, Lillooet. Collector, G. M. Daws\nCat. No. XI-A-882.\nCopper pendant. Grave, Lytton. Collector, H. B. Munroe, 1895. I\nCollector, G. M.\nCollector, G. M.\nCollector, G. M. r\n.inemasniO baa B891G\n.888-A-IX .oft .iaO .8881 ,90inuM .3 .H .lOiaaUoO .no*hjJ .gidoo beS.\ndmaJ .M .J ,ioioe!IoO .tgvii nggmaluT ,\"3iIo noilimigV .girfoo wollgY\n:\u2022 \u2022: .B888-A-IX .oft .iaO .8081\n.T88-A-IX .oft .JbO .8881 .goirarM .8 .H .loioalioO .noiiv.J \u2022 .iniaqnagiO\noisglloO .noiiijJI .ia9d b to diooi gnioBo gdi gaiieroHeq v.d 9bsm irasbnel\n.888-A-IX .oft .iaO .TC8I .noawaa .M .O \u2022\npO .8881 .noawaa .M .O ,ioio9llo0 .igoolir J ,g-\u00abnO .gnod to gbam ebsgfl\n.9 ,b ,o,d , b K8-A-IX .oft\n4 .O .loioelloO .no\u00bbv.J .(anluomjiogl) Ilgda aaeoO oBioel hgiBiorigl\n.8Y8-A-IX .oft .ifiO .TO! .noBwaO\n- .O .loioglloO .ieoofliJ .gvBiO .(rcmiljsiirab) allsda diooi nagoO a-foal\n.b ,o ,d ,b eWA-IX .oft .iaO -VT8t .noawaG\n~ .O .loioglloO .nhsimjom v.btimM 16 iimmuB '.Ilgda to gbBin inabngl\n.I88-A-IX .oft .ieO .8881 ,noaw\u00aba --.\nimloT .9 .W .loioglloO .aqooIranX\n.888-A-IX\niwbG .M .O tioio9lIoO .isooIliJ ,9vbiO .Bnalag to abaca inabngl\n.S88-A-IX .oft ,isO.\n.8881 .goimiM .3 .H .toJobIIoO .noiiv.J ,9vniO .insbneq laqqoO\n- .V-*- .888-A-IX Dress and ornament. Plate XIII.\nGames, Amusements, and Smoking.\nFig.\na. Tubular pipe made of soapstone. Grave, Lytton. Collector, G. M. Dawson,\n\u2022 18777*\u00a3Gat. No. XI-A-896.\nbl Pipe made of soapstone. Grave, Lytton. Gift of J. W. McKay, 1890. Cat.\n| No. XI-A-S92.\nci Elbow pipe made of soapstone. Probably modem. Nicola. Cat. No. XI-\nA-903.\ndj Crystal of calcite. Grave, Lytton. Collector, H. B. Munroe, 1895. Cat. No.\nXI-A-908.\nGrave, Lytton\nPerforated Pacific Ocean shell (Pefften caurinus, Gould). Probably one of:\nber for a rattle. Found under three feet of gravel opposite Day bar.\nof F. Soues. Cat. No. XI-A 909. n\u2014- I\n.IIIX aTAjl\n.gnhloniB baa .etaamaaumA .BgmaO\n,nOBw\u00abG .M .O .loioglloO .noiivJ ,9vbiO .gnoiaqaoa lo abam 9qiq xcInduT\n.888-A-IX .oft .isO .TT8I\n.iaO .0881 ,VB_JtoM .W X to iltD .ooitv.J ,ovbiO .anoiaqBoa to abara 9qi9\n.S08-A-IX .oft\n-IX .oft .iaO .alooift .nigbom Y,Id\u201edo-9 .gnoiaqaoa to gbam gqiq wodia\n.soe-A -\n.oft.iBO .8881 .goinuM .3 .H .lOioelloO .noiivJ ,9vbiO .aiiolao lo I_*3Y*0\n.80\u00ab-A-IX\n.noiiyJ .ovbtO .tuiea be. diiw beduab .snoiabaaa lo gbBra gqiq to ingmgBi9\n.V08-A-IX .oft .iaO .3881 .goinnM .9 -H to iliO\n-hum to 9no yldBdo-rT .(bluoO .sum-no sratoal) Ifeda os9o0 orlioB9 b9i_iohe9\nili\u00a3) .Tsd ^bG giiaoqqo Igvaig to i9gl ggidi igbnu bn_o9 .9liiai a lol igd\n.808 A-IX .oft .taO .eauoS .9 to\nI Incised pictograph on fragment of pipe made of soapstone. Lytton. Gift of\nH: Bi Munroe, 1895. Cat. No. XI-A-927.\nIncised pictograph on pipe made of soapstone. Grave, Lytton. Collector,\nG. M. Dawson, 1877. Cat. No. XI-A-928.\nIncised pictograph on pipe made of soapstone. Lytton. Collector, C. Hill-\nTout, 1899. Cat. No. XI-A-929.\nIncised pictograph on antler handle; of digging stick. From surface, Lytton.\nCollector, Harlan I. Smith on Jesup North Pacific Expedition, 1897. Original -,'.--: iii the American Museum of Natural History. From cast.\nCat. No. XI-A-930.\nIncised design on tip of antler. Lytton. Collector, G. M. Dawson, 1877.\nCat. No. XI-A-931.\nIncised notches and design on awl made of bone. Grave, Lillooet. Collector,\nG. M. Dawson, 1889. Cat. No. XI-A-932.\nIncised design on awl made of bone. Lytton. Collector, G. M. Dawson, 1877,\nCat. No. XI-A-933.\nIncised design on sap scraper made of antler. Grave, Lillooet. Collector, G.\nM. Dawson, 1889. Cat. No. XI-A-934. loheinl mgrfJuo3 ad) to si\nXiH .0 ,ioio9lioO .noiiifj .gnoiaqsoa to 9bsj\ns ,ohi9mogD .baeionl\no dqBigoioiq beaionl\n.8S8-A-IX .oft .iBO .iuoT\nlo iliD .noiiijj .gnoiaqsoe to gbam gqiq to ingmgsil no dqBigoioiq boaionl\n.YS8-A-IX .oft .taO .8881 ,goin_M .9 .H\n.loioglloO .noiiYJ ,9vbiO .gnoiaqBoa lo ghaut sqiq no dqBigoioiq bgaionl\n.8S8-A-IX .oft .iaO .TV8I .noawea .M .O\n-IliH .0 ,ioio9lio0 .nottvj .gnoiaqaoB to abaoi gqiq no dqBigoioiq beaionl\n.8S8-A-IX .oft .iaO .6881 ,iuoT\n.noiiYvI ,9onrma moi9 ._foiia gniggib to albnBrl iglina no dqBigoioiq bgaionl\n-lO .Y88I ,noiiibgqx9 o-UobT diioft quagt no diimB .1 ubIxbH .loioglloO\n\u2022iBBo moi9 -YioisiH lainiBft to muganM nsohgmA 9di ni ^f^ Isnigi\n.0S8-A-IX .oft -iaO\n.TT8X .noawaa .M .O .loioglloO .noiivj .iglinB to qri no ngis9b bosloal\n.IS8-A-IX .oft .i\u00ab0\n,ioio9lfoO .ieoolfij ,9vbiO .aaod lo ahem l-rra ao asisab baa eadotoa beeioal\n.SSe-A-LX .oft .iBO .eSSX .noawaO: .M .O\n,TV8f .noeweG .M .O ,loioglloO .aottxJ. .snod to gbam Iwb no ngiagb baeionl\n.888-A-IX .oft .iaO\n.\u00a3> (TOioalfoO .isooIUJ ,gv_rD .ralina to abem i9qaioa qaa no ngi8gb bgaionl\n.-88-A-IX .oft .iaO .8881 .noawsa .M .'ncised*pTc*fograph on pipe made of soapstone. Lytton. Collector, C. Hill-\nTout. Cat. No. Xlllf-926.\nncised pictograph on fragment of pipe made of soapstone. Lytton. Gift of\nH. B. Munroe, 1895. Cat. No. XI-A-9M\nsised pictograph on pipe made of soapstone. Grave, LyttoifFCollector,\nG. M. Dawson, 1877. Cat. No. XI-A-92&\n:ised pictograph on pipe made of soapstone. Lytton. CollecWKC Hill-\nTout, 1899. Qat. No. XI-A-929.\nncised pictograph on antler handle of digging stick. From surface, Lytton.\nCollector, Harlan I. Smith on Jesup North Pacific Expedition, 1897. Original sH* in the American Museum of Natural History. From cast.\nCat. No. XajMJ30.\nicised design on tip of antler. Lytton. Collector, G. M. Dawson, 1877.\nCat. No. XI-A-931. ]\nncised notches and design on awl made of bone. Grave, Lillooet. Collector,\nG. M. Djawsbn, 1889. Cat. No. XI-A-932.\nIncised design on awl made of bone. Lytton. JCollector, G. M. Dawson, 1877,\nCat. No. XIiA-933.\nincised design on sap scraper made of antler. Grave, Lillooet. Collector, G.\nM. Dawson, 1889. Cat. No. XI-A-93W^\n\u25a0 V ^\u2022'iI\u00abStBin.;lrt\u00bb_ii\u00aboa sdi lo (\n: '-IIiH);0-.loioglloO .noiiijJ .gnoiaqB08ilo'B_Bm gqiq.no dqBigoioiq b(\n)-A-I>8Se-A-EX :oft -.taO .too'\nloiliO-' .noiiv9 .gnoiaqaoa to gbam gqiq lo JnamgBil no dqiigdioiq bi\ni-A -I .YS8-A-IX .oft-'-iBO .5881 .goinnM .9 .H\n.ioioglloO ' .noiivJ ,gvsiO .gnoiaqaoa to ebam 9qiqno dqaigotoiq bgai\n!\/ ! .8S8-A-IX .oft :iBO:> .mtl.noawisa .M .O\n-IliH j9 .ioiooIIoO ' .noiivJ; .gnoiaqsoa to gbsm gqiq no riqmgotoiq h9ai\n'- .ese-A-rx :oft .tao .eesr ,i_oT\nI .noii^J ;90b1iu3 moi9 .ioite gniggib to glbnad iglinB no dqBigoioiq bgai:\n-iO \".Ye8X',noiiibgqx9 o3ioa9 diroft qnagT, no diimB .1 hbIibH .loioglloO\n!' .ie'so moi9- .yioieiH lBTU*_ft-16 mugauM nnohsmA grfi __ijjMs lanigi\n- \u25a0 -ose-A-ix .\"oft .iBO\ni-.YV8Anoaw\u201eG .M .O .loioglloO .noiiv.9 -.laliaa loq'rii\n-'-- .IS8-A-1X :oft .iaO\n.loioglloO .feool'ill .gvvsiQ .9nod lo gharri I\n!\u2022'\u2022' :-ffi-A-IX .oV\n,TV8I .noawflG .M .O , loioglloO .noiivj -\u25a0 ,gnod to abaca Iwbho ngiaefb bgai\n.ESe-A-mge^-IXloft .iBO\n.O ,ioiog!lo\"> '.iSBOlfiil ,9VBlO .i9lio_tosbvjm\n_\u25a0 \u00a3881- ;:..;;\u25a0.\nCarved Animal Forms. The first Jtwojshow influence of the art of the coast.\nAnimal form carved on a dog halter toggle made of antler. Grave, Lyttpn.\nCollector, Harlan I. Smith, on the Jesup North Pacific Expedition, 1897.\nThe original is ^Jl^Wthe American Museum of Natural History. From\ncast. Cat. No. XI-A^935.\nFragment of an anima-*|orm carved in soapstone, being part of a pipe bqWl.\nCollector, Harlan ISSmith, on the Jesup North Pacific Expedition, 1897.\nOriginal ^$7 in American Museum of Natural History. From cast. Cat.\nAnimal figure carved on a pipe made of soapstone. From Thompson Indian\narea. Collector, C. Hill-Tout, 1899. Cat. No. XI-A-937.\nAnimal head carved on a pestle made of stone. South Thompson valley.\nCollector, A. B. Clarke, 1893. Cat. No. XI-A-757.\nHuman forms carved in stone. Kamloops. Original in Provincial Museum,\nVictoria. Formerly owned by C. Hill-Tout. From cast. Cat. No. XI- If\n.iasoo edi to ira adi\" to gonguftni wodalowij iarfi gdT .emio9 iBminA bgvtaO\n.noii^J ,gvBiQ .igiitiB to sham glggoi railed gob a no boviao nrrOi IaminA\n.V88I ,noiiib9.qx9 o\u00a3u:o'b9 rfiioft quagt gdi no .diimB .1 nali'sH .ioiogllo.0\nmoi1- .vioialH IfiiiiiBft to miiganM uBohg'mA adt ni j#\u00a3r at laoigho gdT\n.888-A-IX .oft iifiO -iEBo\n.Iwod gqiq a to iiBq gnigd .gnoiaqaoa ni bgviBO rmol lamina na to ingmgBi9\n.V88I .noiiibgqxS o,rlioB9 diioft qnagl gdi no ,diimB .1 nBrisH .loioglloO\n.iBO .iBBo moi9 .yioiaiH iBiniaft to musauM nsoiigmA ni -jffe lanighO\n.888-A-IX .oft\nhsibnl noaqmodT mot9 .gnoiaqaoa lo pbam gqiq e no bgvxeo giusfi Ifi'minA\n.T88-A-IX .oft .iaO .8881 ,tooT-IIiH .O .loioelioO .89ia\n. v'gllBV noaqmodT diuoB .gnoia to gbsm gliagq a no bgvxso bB9d IaminA\nA8V-A-IX .oft .iBO .6881: .g-isIO .9 .A .loioglloO\n.muoBuM IntonivoTT ni lanighO .eqooInmH .gnoia ni bgv-tBO ainiol rismuH\n-IX .oft .iaO .iaao moi9 .inoT-IIiH .O vd bgnwo Ylramiol .ahoioiV\n.B888-A\nI Plate XVI.\nMethod of Burial.\nin burial place, Lytton .IVX btajI\n.Ijsiiua to bod JgM\nI _*&*_** \"\u25a0 i\n&&^-*\u00a3&*&- $ %\nW^4&^\u00a3^^ -\u25a0; k\n'' -^^ ^ -#_. Ari^lL \u25a0 M.fe1\n-__-^-_-_tl\n%^0T, S^SK^^M^ 3\n^^^^K^^^s\n^IS-_f\n[K^^^ll\nK^^^!^^^^;^?\niSS'^*^*.^- \"CvS^V^^i\u00ae^\n^^^^_\u00a7s\n^_|4^-~^ \"- ~~ _f_ k3\u00bb,. ^^l-f^\ns-2__*98S~3fes\n^SPSItiP\n^\u25a0^B-^_^_^-lS'^__l_S^\n _g_s_g*--*>T_-\nMethod of burial. iff\"\ndiosc -EjS 'Bg SCsL lyfj\nll_ ","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2009\/08\/skos-reference\/skos.html#note","classmap":"oc:AnnotationContainer"},"iri":"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2009\/08\/skos-reference\/skos.html#note","explain":"Simple Knowledge Organisation System; Notes are used to provide information relating to SKOS concepts. 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Other copies: http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/oclc\/56277626","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2009\/08\/skos-reference\/skos.html#note","classmap":"skos:Concept","property":"skos:note"},"iri":"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2009\/08\/skos-reference\/skos.html#note","explain":"Simple Knowledge Organisation System; Notes are used to provide information relating to SKOS concepts. There is no restriction on the nature of this information, e.g., it could be plain text, hypertext, or an image; it could be a definition, information about the scope of a concept, editorial information, or any other type of information."}],"Provider":[{"label":"Provider","value":"Vancouver : University of British Columbia Library","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/www.europeana.eu\/schemas\/edm\/provider","classmap":"ore:Aggregation","property":"edm:provider"},"iri":"http:\/\/www.europeana.eu\/schemas\/edm\/provider","explain":"A Europeana Data Model Property; The name or identifier of the organization who delivers data directly to an aggregation service (e.g. Europeana)"}],"Publisher":[{"label":"Publisher","value":"Ottawa : Government Printing Bureau","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/publisher","classmap":"dpla:SourceResource","property":"dcterms:publisher"},"iri":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/publisher","explain":"A Dublin Core Terms Property; An entity responsible for making the resource available.; Examples of a Publisher include a person, an organization, or a service."}],"Rights":[{"label":"Rights","value":"Images provided for research and reference use only. For permission to publish, copy, or otherwise distribute these images please contact\u00a0digital.initiatives@ubc.ca.","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/rights","classmap":"edm:WebResource","property":"dcterms:rights"},"iri":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/rights","explain":"A Dublin Core Terms Property; Information about rights held in and over the resource.; Typically, rights information includes a statement about various property rights associated with the resource, including intellectual property rights."}],"SortDate":[{"label":"SortDate","value":"1913-12-31 AD","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/elements\/1.1\/date","classmap":"dpla:SourceResource"},"iri":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/elements\/1.1\/date","explain":"A Dublin Core Elements Property; A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource.; Date may be used to express temporal information at any level of granularity. Recommended best practice is to use an encoding scheme, such as the W3CDTF profile of ISO 8601 [W3CDTF]."},{"label":"Sort Date","value":"1913-12-31 AD","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/date","classmap":"oc:InternalResource","property":"dcterms:date"},"iri":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/date","explain":"A Dublin Core Elements Property; A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource.; Date may be used to express temporal information at any level of granularity. Recommended best practice is to use an encoding scheme, such as the W3CDTF profile of ISO 8601 [W3CDTF].; A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource.; Date may be used to express temporal information at any level of granularity. Recommended best practice is to use an encoding scheme, such as the W3CDTF profile of ISO 8601 [W3CDTF]."}],"Source":[{"label":"Source","value":"Original Format: University of British Columbia. Library. Rare Books and Special Collections. E78.B9 S656 1913","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/source","classmap":"oc:SourceResource","property":"dcterms:source"},"iri":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/source","explain":"A Dublin Core Terms Property; A related resource from which the described resource is derived.; The described resource may be derived from the related resource in whole or in part. Recommended best practice is to identify the related resource by means of a string conforming to a formal identification system."}],"Title":[{"label":"Title","value":"The archaeological collection from the southern interior of British Columbia","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/title","classmap":"dpla:SourceResource","property":"dcterms:title"},"iri":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/title","explain":"A Dublin Core Terms Property; The name given to the resource."}],"Type":[{"label":"Type","value":"Text","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/type","classmap":"dpla:SourceResource","property":"dcterms:type"},"iri":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/type","explain":"A Dublin Core Terms Property; The nature or genre of the resource.; Recommended best practice is to use a controlled vocabulary such as the DCMI Type Vocabulary [DCMITYPE]. To describe the file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource, use the Format element."}],"Translation":[{"property":"Translation","language":"en","label":"Translation","value":""}]}