m = Mobilized J o i n t F r i c t i o n Angle 6.11b JOINT 4>m> Qm- E f f e c t i v e Mobilized J o i n t F r i c t i o n Angle F i g u r e 6.11a) Normal and Shear S t r e s s e s on Dry J o i n t 6.11b) E f f e c t i v e Normal and Shear S t r e s s e s When Pore Pressure a c t s on J o i n t 132 c o n s e r v a t i v e i n d i c a t i o n o f t o p p l i n g p o t e n t i a l . The above d i s c u s s i o n demonstrates t h a t when the assumptions r e g a r d i n g the o r i e n t a t i o n o f t o t a l s t r e s s and pore p r e s s u r e s along a j o i n t are not s a t i s f i e d the t e s t i s not a c o n s e r v a t i v e estimate of t o p p l i n g p o t e n t i a l . I t i s recommended t h a t the ki n e m a t i c t e s t of t o p p l i n g p o t e n t i a l be q u a l i f i e d . The t e s t should o n l y be a p p l i e d t o sm a l l s c a l e d r a i n e d s l o p e s i n which the t o t a l s t r e s s o r i e n t a t i o n along the j o i n t s i s a reasonable approximation of the kin e m a t i c t e s t requirements. 133 7.0 C o n c l u s i o n s and Recommendations 7.1 PART I : Co n c l u s i o n s of L i t e r a t u r e Review S e v e r a l c o n c l u s i o n s r e s u l t from the l i t e r a t u r e review on t o p p l i n g i n Chapter 2, and are summarized below. 1. Large s c a l e f l e x u r a l t o p p l e s , and the i n f l u e n c e o f j o i n t d i l a t i o n , rock m a t e r i a l and rock mass s t r e n g t h on t o p p l i n g , have never been q u a n t i t a t i v e l y assessed. 2. The l i m i t e q u i l i b r i u m technique, f i n i t e element method, and d i s t i n c t element method have a l l been used t o model t o p p l i n g . The l i m i t e q u i l i b r i u m technique i s by f a r the most p o p u l a r . 3. The l i m i t e q u i l i b r i u m technique has i n h e r e n t r e s t r i c t i o n s however, t h a t make i t u n s u i t a b l e f o r m o d e l l i n g l a r g e s c a l e f l e x u r a l modes of t o p p l i n g . 4. F i n i t e element methods overcome the r e s t r i c t i o n s o f the l i m i t e q u i l i b r i u m technique, but have a l i m i t e d a b i l i t y t o model l a r g e deformations i n j o i n t e d r o c k mass due t o t h e i r continuum f o r m u l a t i o n . 5. The d i s t i n c t element method overcomes the d i f f i c u l t i e s w i t h the f i n i t e element method. The making and b r e a k i n g 134 of j o i n t c o n t a c t s , l a r g e displacements, and r o t a t i o n s o f d i s c r e t e b l o c k s and deformation of the b l o c k s are a l l e a s i l y accommodated. 7.2 PART I I : F l e x u r a l T o p p l i n g : C o n c l u s i o n s o f Research There are s e v e r a l c o n c l u s i o n s on f l e x u r a l t o p p l i n g t h a t r e s u l t from the example models i n Chapter 4. 1. The r e s u l t s from the b l o c k and f l e x u r a l t o p p l i n g examples r e p o r t e d i n Chapter 4 c o n f i r m t h a t UDEC can simulate a l l t y p e s o f t o p p l e s . These examples a l s o demonstrate t h a t UDEC can be used t o back analyze rock mass s t r e n g t h parameters, and determine the shape and l o c a t i o n o f the f i n a l f a i l u r e s u r f a c e i n f l e x u r a l t o p p l i n g . 2. The geometry of the f a i l u r e s u r f a c e formed d u r i n g f l e x u r a l t o p p l i n g f a i l u r e may be p l a n a r o r c u r v i l i n e a r . T h i s has never be f o r e been q u a n t i t a t i v e l y confirmed. 3. Two modes of f l e x u r a l t o p p l i n g f a i l u r e appear t o be p o s s i b l e : pure f l e x u r a l t o p p l i n g , and \"graben\" t o p p l i n g . The development of \"graben\" t o p p l i n g i s l a r g e l y c o n t r o l l e d by the i n t e r n a l f r i c t i o n angle o f the rock mass. 135 4. Pore p r e s s u r e s i g n i f i c a n t l y a f f e c t s the s t a b i l i t y of sl o p e s s u s c e p t i b l e t o f l e x u r a l t o p p l i n g . 7.3 PART I I I : Beaver V a l l e y : C o n c l u s i o n s and Recommendations 7.3.1 Heather H i l l Study Area The UDEC model of the Heather H i l l f a i l u r e demonstrates t h a t the most l i k e l y mechanism of f a i l u r e i n v o l v e s l a r g e s c a l e f l e x u r a l t o p p l i n g t h a t l i m i t s t o a c u r v i l i n e a r f a i l u r e s u r f a c e . F a i l u r e begins i n the toe of the s l o p e as hig h s t r e s s e s cause f a i l u r e o f the rock mass and s h e a r i n g on the SO f o l i a t i o n s . In the study area n o r t h o f the Heather H i l l l a n d s l i d e , f i e l d o b s e r v a t i o n s r e v e a l evidence of r e c e n t deep-seated movement i n slo p e s t h a t were i n i t i a l l y b e l i e v e d t o be s t a b l e . Both the f i e l d evidence and the UDEC model of the Heather H i l l l a n d s l i d e i n d i c a t e t h a t t h i s movement i n v o l v e s f l e x u r a l t o p p l i n g . F u r t h e r n o r t h i n t h e v i c i n i t y of Creek A (Map IB) the sl o p e s are b e l i e v e d t o be more s t a b l e due t o the lower s l o p e angle. The UDEC model o f the Heather H i l l l a n d s l i d e demonstrates t h a t the up s l o p e l i m i t of the f a i l u r e i s r e l a t e d t o the 136 g r a d a t i o n a l change i n r o ck type from f o l i a t e d p e l i t i c rock a t the base of the s l o p e t o f e l d s p a t h i c g r i t above the headscarp of the Heather H i l l l a n d s l i d e . T h i s i s supported by the d i s t r i b u t i o n of l a n d s l i d e s i n the Beaver V a l l e y . The k i n e m a t i c t e s t f o r t o p p l i n g p o t e n t i a l proposed by Goodman and Bray (1976) i s v i o l a t e d by the Heather H i l l l a n d s l i d e model. C o n s i d e r a t i o n of the mechanics of l a r g e s c a l e t o p p l i n g f a i l u r e s i n d i c a t e s t h a t the kinematic t e s t s h o u l d be q u a l i f i e d . The t e s t should o n l y be a p p l i e d t o s m a l l s c a l e d r a i n e d s l o p e s i n which the t o t a l s t r e s s o r i e n t a t i o n a l o n g the j o i n t s i s a reasonable approximation of the k i n e m a t i c t e s t requirements. 7.3.2 S t a b i l i t y of Slopes i n Beaver V a l l e y The evidence of modern movement d i s c o v e r e d n o r t h of the Heather H i l l l a n d s l i d e where no i n s t a b i l i t y was p r e v i o u s l y s uspected r a i s e s d i s t u r b i n g q u e s t i o n s about the s t a b i l i t y of s i m i l a r s l o p e s throughout the Beaver V a l l e y . Large t o p p l i n g f a i l u r e s are g e n e r a l l y c o n s i d e r e d slow f a i l u r e s (de F r i e t a s and Watters, 1973), which accommodate a l a r g e degree o f deformation p r i o r t o c o l l a p s e and are o f t e n s e l f s t a b i l i z i n g (Goodman and Bray, 1976; N i e t o , 1987). I t has been suggested t h a t t o p p l i n g f a i l u r e s s e l f s t a b i l i z e due t o 137 j o i n t d i l a t i o n which causes a d e c l i n e i n the water t a b l e and an i n c r e a s e i n j o i n t s t r e n g t h i n the f a i l i n g rock mass (Bovis, 1982) . I t i s p o s s i b l e t h a t the s l o p e n o r t h of the Heather H i l l l a n d s l i d e and o t h e r a p p a r e n t l y s t a b l e s l o p e s i n the Beaver V a l l e y are l o c a t i o n s where t o p p l i n g i s w e l l advanced, or i n the e a r l y stages of deep seated t o p p l i n g f a i l u r e , and have undergone some d i l a t i o n and d e g r a d a t i o n of rock mass s t r e n g t h . The i m p l i c a t i o n s of t h i s s t a b i l i t y c o n d i t i o n f o r e n g i n e e r i n g d e s i g n are d i s c u s s e d i n the next s e c t i o n . I t i s recommended t h a t s l o p e s i n the Beaver V a l l e y t h a t have undergone some degree o f deformation be i d e n t i f i e d . T h i s can be done by f i r s t c a t e g o r i z i n g h i g h r i s k areas o f the s l o p e s on the b a s i s of degree of g l a c i a l o v e r s t e e p e n i n g of the t o e , rock type, and p r o x i m i t y t o e x i s t i n g l a n d s l i d e s . High r i s k areas can then be i n s p e c t e d u s i n g low l e v e l a i r photographs and on the ground. Such an assessment can be used t o p l a n more d e t a i l e d g e o t e c h n i c a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n s f o r e n g i n e e r i n g works. 7.3.3 E n g i n e e r i n g Design I m p l i c a t i o n s and Recommendations I f the s t a b i l i t y of p r e v i o u s l y d i s t u r b e d s l o p e s i s not c o n s i d e r e d d u r i n g the d e s i g n and c o n s t r u c t i o n of e n g i n e e r i n g works, c o s t l y d e s i g n e r r o r s o r m i t i g a t i v e works may r e s u l t . An e n g i n e e r must c o n s i d e r the e f f e c t of an engineered s t r u c t u r e such as a cut or t u n n e l on the s t a b i l i t y of the 138 whole s l o p e , and, a l s o , how the p r e v i o u s d i s t u r b a n c e of the rock mass i n f l u e n c e s the d e s i g n . The impact o f an e n g i n e e r i n g s t r u c t u r e on the s t a b i l i t y of a p r e v i o u s l y d i s t u r b e d s l o p e can be assessed w i t h a UDEC model s i m i l a r t o the one used i n Chapter 6. The e x i s t i n g s l o p e can be developed, the s t r u c t u r e i n t r o d u c e d , and the e f f e c t on s t a b i l i t y s t u d i e d . I t i s a r e l a t i v e l y s t r a i g h t forward e x e r c i s e t o i n c l u d e the rock mass and s t r e s s c o n d i t i o n s r e s u l t i n g from p r e v i o u s t o p p l i n g d i s t u r b a n c e i n the d e s i g n of s u r f a c e or s u b - s u r f a c e engineered s t r u c t u r e s . T h i s can be done by d e v e l o p i n g a second s t a b i l i t y model f o r the area o f i n t e r e s t i n the l a r g e r model. Due t o t h e s m a l l e r area, t h i s model c o u l d u t i l i z e much more d e t a i l e d i n f o r m a t i o n on the SO bedding f o l i a t i o n s p a c i n g , j o i n t s p a c i n g , and rock type v a r i a t i o n . T h i s i n f o r m a t i o n can be o b t a i n e d d i r e c t l y from l i n e mapping of the s l o p e . The i n i t i a l s t r e s s c o n d i t i o n s f o r t h i s model can be determined from the l a r g e r model of the whole s l o p e , and d i s c o n t i n u i t i e s can be a s s i g n e d s t r e n g t h s based on the degree of deformation of the n a t u r a l s l o p e . There are two recommendations t h a t can be made by c o n s i d e r i n g the f a c t o r s t h a t c o n t r o l the s t a b i l i t y of rock s l o p e s i n which t o p p l i n g has o c c u r r e d . The toe area i s c r i t i c a l t o the s t a b i l i t y of these s l o p e s and i t i s recommended t h a t major 139 e x c a v a t i o n s not be undertaken i n t h i s a r ea. In a d d i t i o n , the groundwater flow system should not be a l t e r e d i n a way t h a t would cause i n c r e a s e d pore p r e s s u r e s . 7.4 F l e x u r a l T o p p l i n g : Recommendations f o r F u r t h e r Work 7.4.1 C u r v i l i n e a r F a i l u r e Surface i n F l e x u r a l Topples. The geometry of the f a i l u r e s u r f a c e formed d u r i n g f l e x u r a l t o p p l i n g f a i l u r e may be p l a n a r or c u r v i l i n e a r . I t i s recommended t h a t f u r t h e r r e s e a r c h be done t o i n v e s t i g a t e what f a c t o r s c o n t r o l the shape of the f a i l u r e s u r f a c e . T h i s work should i n v o l v e s e n s i t i v i t y s t u d i e s w i t h t h e s t r e n g t h parameters f o r the i n t a c t rock ( i n t e r n a l f r i c t i o n angle, cohesion, and t e n s i l e s t r e n g t h ) , and s h o u l d be conducted on s m a l l (<100m) and l a r g e s c a l e s l o p e s . In both the Brenda Mine and Heather H i l l models the f a i l u r e s u r f a c e i s approximately c i r c u l a r . There may be a r e l a t i o n s h i p between c i r c u l a r f a i l u r e s u r f a c e s i n f l e x u r a l t o p p l i n g and c i r c u l a r f a i l u r e s u r f a c e s i n homogeneous, i s o t r o p i c rock s l o p e s . I t may be p o s s i b l e t o develop a r e l a t i o n s h i p t h a t uses accepted nomograms f o r c i r c u l a r f a i l u r e p o t e n t i a l t o a s s e s s the s t a b i l i t y of f l e x u r a l t o p p l e s t h a t l i m i t t o a c i r c u l a r f a i l u r e s u r f a c e . 140 7.4.2 I n f l u e n c e o f D i l a t i o n on T o p p l i n g I t i s w e l l known t h a t d i l a t i o n d u r i n g shear can s i g n i f i c a n t l y i n c r e a s e the s t r e n g t h o f a j o i n t . Consequently, numerical models t h a t do not i n c l u d e j o i n t d i l a t i o n w i l l be s i m u l a t i n g c o n s e r v a t i v e behaviour (Barton, 1986). I t i s p o s s i b l e t o use UDEC t o i n v e s t i g a t e the i n f l u e n c e o f d i f f e r e n t degrees of d i l a t i o n on the s t a b i l i t y o f t o p p l i n g s l o p e s . As the i n c r e a s e i n s t r e n g t h of a j o i n t due t o d i l a t i o n i s dependent on the c o n f i n i n g s t r e s s , i t i s important t h a t such a study be done on both s m a l l and l a r g e s c a l e s l o p e s . 7.4.3 I n f l u e n c e o f G l a c i a l Events on T o p p l i n g S e v e r a l authors have suggested t h a t s l o p e deformations are i n i t i a t e d e i t h e r d u r i n g g l a c i a l u n d e r c u t t i n g o f s l o p e s o r d u r i n g g l a c i a l r e t r e a t ( M o l l a r d , 1977; Radbruch-Hall e t a l . , 1976; Tabor, 1971; T e r z a g h i , 1962). Bovis (1982), Patton and Hendron (1974), and de F r i e t a s and Watters (1973) suggest t h i s s p e c i f i c a l l y i n r e f e r e n c e t o t o p p l e s . I t i s p o s s i b l e t o use UDEC t o model the e f f e c t of repeated g l a c i a l events on the rock mass and j o i n t s o f a s l o p e s u s c e p t i b l e t o t o p p l i n g . Such an a n a l y s i s would use the c o n t i n u o u s l y y i e l d i n g j o i n t model which a l l o w s p r o g r e s s i v e damage and weakening of the j o i n t s due t o sequences of g l a c i a l e x c a v a t i o n and c y c l i c l o a d i n g . 141 7.4.4 Mountain S c a l e Deformation Sakung i s a g e n e r a l term used t o d e s c r i b e the g r a v i t y d e f o r m a t i o n of v e r y l a r g e s l o p e s . T h i s r e s e a r c h has not p r e v i o u s l y d i s c u s s e d sakung because i t i s d e f i n e d as creep on a mountain s c a l e or g r a v i t a t i o n a l sagging (Varnes, 1978). I t i s b e l i e v e d t h a t many mountain s c a l e movements r e p o r t e d and termed sakung or simply creep deformation i n the l i t e r a t u r e (Tabor, 1971; Nemcok, 1972) may be more a c c u r a t e l y d e s c r i b e d as l a r g e s c a l e t o p p l e s . I t may be p o s s i b l e t o e v a l u a t e the t o p p l i n g p o t e n t i a l and deformation of very l a r g e s l o p e s u s i n g UDEC. 7.4.5 A p p l i c a t i o n of UDEC t o Slope Design The examples i n Chapter 4 and the Heather H i l l model demonstrate t h a t UDEC can be used f o r s l o p e d e s i g n i n a rock mass s u s c e p t i b l e t o t o p p l i n g . However, the accuracy of the d e s i g n i s dependent on the accuracy of the rock mass s t r e n g t h parameters used i n the model. The bes t way t o determine these parameters i s by back a n a l y s i s o f a l a r g e number of known t o p p l i n g f a i l u r e s i n s i m i l a r rock types, which has not y e t been done. I t i s recommended t h a t UDEC be used t o back analyze known f l e x u r a l t o p p l i n g f a i l u r e s t o develop a volume of case h i s t o r i e s c h a r a c t e r i z i n g rock mass s t r e n g t h . T h i s i n f o r m a t i o n 142 w i l l a l l o w more accurate e n g i n e e r i n g d e s i g n i n a rock mass s u s c e p t i b l e t o t o p p l i n g . 7.4.6 Geometric S e n s i t i v i t y S t u d i e s For each example of t o p p l i n g i n t h i s r e s e a r c h , one geometry was chosen f o r a n a l y s i s . A g r e a t d e a l more can be l e a r n e d about what c o n t r o l s f l e x u r a l t o p p l i n g by v a r y i n g the geometric parameters of the s l o p e . T h i s r e s e a r c h should be performed on small and l a r g e s c a l e h y p o t h e t i c a l s l o p e s u t i l i z i n g v a r i a t i o n i n the s l o p e face angle, column t h i c k n e s s and column i n c l i n a t i o n . 143 REFERENCES Ashby, J . , 1971: S l i d i n g and T o p p l i n g Modes of F a i l u r e i n Model and J o i n t e d Rock Slopes, MSc. t h e s i s , I mperial C o l l e g e , Royal School of Mines, London. 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W i l l i a m s J.R., and Mustoe, G.W, 1987: Modal Methods f o r the A n a l y s i s of D i s c r e t e Systems, Computers and Geotechnics, 4, pp.1-19. Whyte, R.J., 1973, A Study of P r o g r e s s i v e Hanging Wall Caving a t Chambishi Coppermine i n Zambia Using the Base F r i c t i o n Model Concept, M.Sc. t h e s i s , I mperial c o l l e g e , Royal School of Mines, London. W y l l i e , D.C., 1980: T o p p l i n g Rock Slope F a i l u r e s ; Examples of A n a l y s i s and S t a b i l i z a t i o n . Rock Mechanics, V o l . 13, pp. 89-98. Zanbak C., 1983: Design Charts f o r Rock Slopes S u s c e p t i b l e t o T o p p l i n g , J o u r n a l of G e o t e c h n i c a l E n g i n e e r i n g , ASCE, V.109, pp. 1039-1061. 150 APPENDIX 1 UDEC Input Data F i l e s f o r : \u2014 Goodman and Bray Block Topple, S e c t i o n 4.2 \u2014 Base F r i c t i o n Model, S e c t i o n 4.3.1 \u2014 Brenda Mine Model, S e c t i o n 4.4 151 **Goodman and Bray Block Topple** START ROUND .1 BLOCK -8.66025 -97.5 56.02241 0.46634 -97.5 SAVE GB1 *CRACK FOLIATION FOR BLOCKS 10-16 131.0641 4.9706 131.0641 CRACK 82.10254 -34.7057 61.60254 0 CRACK 90.26279 -28.8397 72.76279 1 CRACK 98.42304 -22.9737 83.92304 2 CRACK 106.5833 -17.1076 95.08330 2 CRACK 114.7435 -11.2416 106.2435 3 CRACK 122.9038 -5.37564 117.4038 4 CRACK 131.0640 0.490381 128.5640 4 *CRACK FOLIATION FOR BLOCKS 1-10 .801270 .471143 .141016 .810889 .480762 .150635 .820508 CRACK 0 -92.5 -2.5 -88 .1698 CRACK 8 . 660254 -87.5 3.660254 -78 .8397 CRACK 16. 82050 -81 . 6339 9.820508 -69 .5096 CRACK 24. 98076 -75 .7679 15.98076 -60 .1794 CRACK 33. 14101 -69 .9019 22.14101 -50 .8493 CRACK 41. 30127 -64 . 0358 28.30127 -41 .5192 CRACK 49. 46152 -58 . 1698 34.46152 -32 .1891 CRACK 57. 62177 -52 .3038 40.62177 -22 .8589 CRACK 65. 78203 -46 .4378 46.78203 -13 . 5288 CRACK 73 . 94228 -40 . 5717 52.94228 -4. 19872 SAVE GB2 *CRACK BASE OF BLOCKS CRACK 0 -92.5 8.660254 -87.5 CRACK 8.160254 -86 .6339 16.82050 -81 .6339 CRACK 16. 32050 -80 .7679 24.98076 -75 .7679 CRACK 24. 48076 -74 .9019 33.14101 -69 .9019 CRACK 32. 64101 -69 . 0358 41.30127 -64 . 0358 CRACK 40. 80127 -63 . 1698 49.46152 -58 .1698 CRACK 48. 96152 -57 .3038 57.62177 -52 .3038 CRACK 57. 12177 -51 .4378 65.78203 -46 .4378 CRACK 65. 28203 -45 .5717 73.94228 -40 .5717 CRACK 73. 44228 -39 .7057 82.10254 -34 .7057 CRACK 81. 60254 -33 .8397 90.26279 -28 .8397 CRACK 89. 76279 -27 .9737 98.42304 -22 .9737 CRACK 97. 92304 -22 . 1076 106.5833 -17 . 1076 CRACK 106 .0833 -16 .2416 114.7435 -11 .2416 CRACK 114 .2435 -10 .3756 122.9038 -5. 37564 CRACK 122 .4038 -4. 50961 131.0640 0.490381 SAVE GB3 * CRACK OFF TOP OF BLOCKS CRACK 6.160254 -83.1698 -2.5 CRACK 12.32050 -73.8397 3.660254 CRACK 18.48076 -64.5096 9.820508 CRACK 24.64101 -55.1794 15.98076 CRACK 30.80127 -45.8493 22.14101 CRACK 36.96152 -36.5192 28.30127 \u202288.1698 -78.8397 -69.5096 -60.1794 -50.8493 -41.5192 152 CRACK 43 . 12177 -27.1891 34 . 46152 -32 .1891 CRACK 49. 28203 -17.8589 40. 62177 -22 .8589 CRACK 55. 44228 -8.52885 46. 78203 -13 .5288 CRACK 61. 60254 0.801270 52. 94228 -4. 19872 CRACK 72. 76279 1.471143 64. 10254 -3 . 52885 CRACK 83 . 92304 2.141016 75. 26279 -2 . 85898 CRACK 95. 08330 2.810889 86. 42304 -2. 18911 CRACK 106 .2435 3 .480762 97. 58330 -1. 51923 CRACK 117 .4038 4.150635 108 .7435 -0. 84936 CRACK 128 .5640 4.820508 119 .9038 -0. 17949 SAVE GB4 *DELETE SMALL BLOCKS LEFT ON SLOPE DEL 0,133 -100,10 26 **CRACK BASE BLOCK CRACK -8.660254,-97.5 0,-92.5 SAVE GB5 **PROPERTIES FOR MATERIAL 1 (AREA CONTACT):CONS=l, JCONS=2 PROP MAT=1 DENS=.0025484 BULK=26974 G=25554 JKN=25000 PROP MAT=1 JKS=25000 JCOH=0 JTEN=0 JDIL=0 JFRIC=.80 SAVE GB6 **ASSIGN MATERIAL NUMBER, CONSTITUTIVE LAW CHANGE MAT=1 CONS=l JCONS=2 SAVE GB7 **SET BOUNDARY CONDITIONS: FIX BOTTOM AND END BLOCK FIX 60 100 -80 -40 FIX -10 0 -100 -90 *SET HISTORIES HIST XVEL 52,-4 YVEL 52,-4 XDIS 52,-4 YDIS 52,-4 XVEL 96 -2.5 HIST YVEL 96 -2.5 XDIS 96 -2.5 YDIS 96 -2.5 HIST DAMP **APPLY GRAVITY TO BLOCKS GRAVITY 0 -9.81 SAVE GB8 FRAC=.1 DAMP AUTO CYCLE=0 SAVE GB9 cycle=5000 save gblO d e l -10 0 -100 -90 g r a v i t y 0 -9.81 save gblOa STOP 153 **DATA FILE FOR KUK. FIG 4-13 **FDEF BLOCKS* **100 times l a r g e r than base f r i c t i o n modeL ************************************* START ROUND .3 **CREATE CENTER AND SUPPORT BLOCKS** BLOCK 0,0 76.2,0 76.2,-36.48 0,-36.48 CRACK -1,-30.48 77.2,-30.48 CRACK 73.15,1 73.15,-30.5 CRACK 3.048,0 3.048,-30.5 SAVE F l **FIX VELOCITIES OF BOUNDARY SUPPORT BLOCKS** FIX 0,76.2 -36.5,-30.5 FIX 73.2,76 -30.5,0 FIX 0 3.0 -30,0 **CREATE CENTER BLOCK PROPERTIES** PROP MAT=1 DEN=.0026 BULK=10500 G=5700 COH=.15 FRIC=1 JKN=15000 + JKS=10000 PROP MAT=1 TENS=.l JCOH=0 JTENS=0 JFRIC=.81 DIL=0 PROP MAT=3 DEN=.0026 BULK=10000 G=10000 JKS=10000 JKN=15000 + JFRIC=.81 PROP MAT=3 FRIC=1 COH=l TENS=.l DIL=0 **CREATE JOINTS** JREGION 1.5,0 73.15,0 73.15,-30.5 4,-30.5 JSET -60,0 80,0 0,0 5.08,0 21.33,-30.48 **CRACK FOR LATER EXCAVATION** CRACK 21.33,-30.48 28.017,-978 **ASSIGN BLOCK AND JOINT PROPERTIES TO FDEF ZONE AND SUPPORT** CHANGE 3.046,73.16 -30.5,0 MAT=1 Cons=3 JCons=2 JMat=l GENER REG 21.33,-30.5 27.8,0 73.1,0 73.1,-30.5 QUAD 2.2 GENER REG 21.33,-30.5 27.8,0 73.1,0 73.1,-30.5 EDGE 3.6 GENER REG 3.048,0 27,0 21,-30 3.048,-30 EDGE 10 **STIFFEN SUPPORT BLOCKS ALLOWING MAT=1 JOINT ON BOUNDARIES** CHANGE 0,77 -3 6,-29 MAT=3 JMAT=1 CONS=l CHANGE 0,4.0 -3 0.5,0 MAT=3 JMAT=1 CONS=l CHANGE 72 77 -30,0 MAT=3 JMAT=1 CONS=l **ASSIGN HISTORIES ON FACE AT TOP BOTTOM AND MIDDLE** HIST XVEL 27.8,-1.5 YVEL 27.8,-1.5 XDIS 27.8,-1.5 YDIS 27.8,-1.5 HIST XVEL 21.35,-30.47 YVEL 21.35,-30.47 XDIS 21.35,-30.47 HIST YDIS 21.35,-30.47 DAMP TYPE 9 HIST XVEL 24.49,-15.63 YVEL 24.49 -15.63 XDIS 24.49 -15.63 HIST YDIS 24.49 -15.63 HIST TYPE 1 \u2022\u2022CONSOLIDATE CENTER BLOCKS** INSITU 3,73 -30.5 0 STR 0,0,0 YGRAD .0265, 0, .0265 GRAVITY 0,-9.81 FRAC=.2 DAMP AUTO save F2 CYC 0 154 SAVE F2 CYC 2000 SAVE F3 **EXCAVATE SLOPE** DEL 0,21.33 -30.48,0 DEL 21.33 27.80 -20 0 **RESET RECORDS RESET DISP HIST JDISP TIME ROTA **RE-ASSIGN HISTORIES ON FACE AT TOP MIDDLE AND BOTTOM** HIST XVEL 29,-2 YVEL 29,-2 XDIS 29,-2 YDIS 29,-2 HIST XVEL 21.35,-30.47 YVEL 21.35,-30.47 XDIS 21.35,-30.47 HIST YDIS 21.35,-30.47 DAMP TYPE 9 HIST XVEL 24.49,-15.63 YVEL 24.49 -15.63 XDIS 24.49 -15.63 HIST YDIS 24.49 -15.63 HIST TYPE 1 frac=.2 **APPLY GRAVITY TO SLOPE** g r a v i t y 0 -9.81 HIST NCYC 50 SAVE F4 STOP **(From t h i s p o i n t reduce s t r e n g t h o f rock and j o i n t s t o f a i l u r e ) 155 * * DATA FILE FOR BRENDA MINES SLOPE, **FDEF BLOCKS* ************************************* START ROUND 1. **CREATE CENTER AND SUPPORT BLOCKS** BLOCK 0 ,0 800,0 800, -300 0,-300 **BENCH FACE CRACKS CRACK 440.000 0 .000 459.0498 -30. 4798 CRACK 470.480 -30 .480 489.5298 -60. 9593 CRACK 500.960 -60 .960 520.0099 -91. 4389 CRACK 531.440 -91 .439 550.4900 -121 .918 CRACK 561.919 -121 .919 580.9701 -152 .398 CRACK 592.399 -152 .399 611.4502 -182 .877 CRACK 622.879 -182 .879 641.9303 -213 .357 **BENCH LEVEL CRACKS CRACK 459.0498 -30. 4798 800.000 -30 .480 CRACK 489.5298 -60. 9593 800.000 -60 .960 CRACK 520.0099 -91. 4389 800.000 -91 .439 CRACK 550.4900 -121 .918 800.000 -121 .919 CRACK 580.9701 -152 .398 800.000 -152 . 399 CRACK 611.4502 -182 .877 800.000 -182 .879 CRACK 641.9303 -213 .357 800.000 -213 .357 **CREATE CENTER BLOCK PROPERTIES** PROP MAT=1 DEN=.0027 BULK=33333 G=20000 COH=.15 FRIC=.70 + JKN=40000 JKS=20000 PROP MAT=1 TENS=.21 JCOH=0 JTENS=0 JFRIC=.4 66 DIL=0 PROP JMAT=2 JKN=40000 JKS=20000 JCOH=3 JTENS=5 JFRIC=.84 **CRACK TO DIVIDE FDEF ZONES** CRACK 0,-150 626.653,-300 **CREATE JOINT SET** JREGION 0,0 800,0 800,-300 0,-300 JSET 80,0 400,0 0,0 27.43,0 641.9303,-213.357 SAVE BR1 **ASSIGN BLOCK AND JOINT PROPERTIES TO FDEF ZONES* CHANGE MAT=1 Cons=3 JCons=2 JMat=l **BASE BLOCK GENER REG 0,-300 0,-150 626.6,-299 626.6,-301 EDGE 90 **TOE REGION GENER REG 641.9,-213.3 800,-213.3 800,-300 626.6,-300 EDGE 60 **MATERIAL TO BE EXCAVATED CLOSE TO FACE GENER REG 440,0 500,0 800,-213.4 641.9,-213.4 EDGE 60 **MATERIAL TO BE EXCAVATED FAR FROM FACE GENER REG 500,-1 500,1 800,0 800,-213.358 EDGE 90 **MAIN SLOPE GENER REG 216.8,-188.2 250,0 641.9,-213.3 633.4,-261.67 EDGE 32 GENER REG 0,0 250,0 216.8,-188.2 0,-150 EDGE 90 **FIX ARTIFICIAL CRACK AND EXCAVATION LEVEL CRACKS** CHANGE ANGLE -15,1 JMAT=2 **ASSIGN HISTORIES ON FACE AT TOP MIDDLE AND BOTTOM** **TOP OF BENCH 1 HIST XVEL 440.000,0.000 YVEL 440,0 XDIS 440,0 YDIS 440,0 156 **TOP OF BENCH 2 HIST XVEL 470.48,-30.48 YVEL 470.48,-30.48 HIST XDIS 470.48,-30.48 YDIS 470.48,-30.48 **TOP OF BENCH 3 HIST XVEL 500.96,-60.96 YVEL 500.96,-60.96 HIST XDIS 500.96,-60.96 YDIS 500.96,-60.96 **TOP OF BENCH 4 HIST XVEL 531.44,-91.44 YVEL 531.44,-91.44 HIST XDIS 531.44,-91.44 YDIS 531.44,-91.44 **TOP OF BENCH 5 HIST XVEL 561.92,-121.92 YVEL 561.92,-121.92 HIST XDIS 561.92,-121.92 YDIS 561.92,-121.92 **TOP OF BENCH 6 HIST XVEL 592.40 -152.40 YVEL 592.40,-152.40 HIST XDIS 592.40 -152.40 YDIS 592.40,-152.40 **TOP OF BENCH 7 HIST XVEL 622.88 -182.88 YVEL 622.88,-182.88 HIST XDIS 622.88 -182.88 YDIS 622.88,-182.88 **BASE OF SLOPE HIST XVEL 641.9,-213.4 YVEL 641.9,-213.4 HIST XDIS 641.9,-213.4 YDIS 641.9,-213.4 HIST DAMP TYPE 9 **ASSIGN BOUNDARY CONDITIONS** BOUND 0,800 -301,-299 YVEL=0 BOUND -1,1 -3 00,0 XVEL=0 BOUND 799,801 -300,0 XVEL=0 \u2022\u2022CONSOLIDATE STABLE PROBLEM** GRAVITY 0,-9.81 FRAC=.1 DAMP AUTO save BR2 CYC 0 SAVE BR3 CYC 7500 SAVE BR4 **EXCAVATE FIRST TWO BENCHES DEL 440,800 -60,0 AREA=1000 **APPLY GRAVITY TO SLOPE** CYC 5000 SAVE BR5 **EXCAVATE NEXT TWO BENCHES DEL 440,800 -121,0 AREA=1000 CYC 5000 SAVE BR6 DEL 440,800 -183,0 AREA=1000 CYC 5000 SAVE BR7 DEL 440,800 -213,0 AREA=1000 CYC 5000 SAVE BR8 STOP **(Continue by l o w e r i n g j o i n t f r i c t i o n angle t o f a i l u r e ) 157 APPENDIX 2 S t r u c t u r a l Data from Heather H i l l Study Area 158 The s t e r e o g r a p h i c p r o j e c t i o n s c o n t a i n e d i n t h i s appendix are equal area p r o j e c t i o n s (Schmidt n e t ) , and were processed u s i n g software a v a i l a b l e i n the Geology Department at UBC. 159 CREEK A SO BEDDING AND S2 CLEAVAGE North _ I _ T EQUAL AREA PROJECTION Symbol SO B e d d i n g F o l i a t i o n , Creek A 30 P o i n t s \u2022 FOLIATIONS, LOWER PART CRKA, SEPT 23,1988 22 P o i n t s \u2022 CRENULATION CLEAVAGES IN CREEK \"A\" 17 P o i n t s A CREN., CLEAVAGE, LOWER PART CRKA, SEPT 23, 1988 12 P o i n t s A 81 P o i n t s T o t a l 160 CREEK A SO BEDDING AND S 2 CLEAVAGE: CONTOUR PLOT N o r t h - _ I _ + LEGEND ( f o r f i r s t 9 I n t e r v a l s ) m B m 15 9 22 1- 7 8- 14 21 28 29- 35 0 3 6 -43-5 0 -5 7 -42 49 5 6 6 3 81 P o i n t s C o n t o u r Method: C o u n t i n g A r e a : C o n t o u r I n t e r v a l : Maximum c o n t o u r : S c h m i d t (1925) 0 . 0 1 0 7% P o i n t s per 1% Area 2 1 NOTE: C o n t o u r P a t t e r n s Repeat E v e r y 9 I n t e r v a l s 1 6 1 CREEK A: JOINT PLOT N o r t h I 54 P o i n t s T o t a l 162 CREEK B BEDDING AND S2 CLEAVAGE N o r t h I EQUAL AREA PROJECTION Symbol SO B e d d i n g F o l i a t i o n , Creek B 34 P o i n t s \u2022 SO B e d d i n g F o l i a t i o n , Creek B, S e p t . 11,12 1988 14 P o i n t s \u2022 S2 C l e a v a g e F o l i a t i o n , Creek B 30 P o i n t s A S2 C l e a v a g e F o l i a t i o n , Creek B, S e p t . 1988 6 P o i n t s A 84 P o i n t s T o t a l 1 6 3 CREEK B SO BEDDING AND S2 CLEAVAGE: CONTOUR PLOT N o r t h LEGEND ( f o r f i r s t m B B 10- 18 19- 27 28-37-36 45 9 i n t e r v a l s ) H 46- 54 B 55- 63 a 64-\u2022 73-84 P o i n t s 72 81 C o n t o u r Method: C o u n t i n g A r e a : C o n t o u r I n t e r v a l : Max1BUB c o n t o u r : S c h a i d t (1925) 0.010 9% P o i n t s per 1* A r e a 18 N O T E : C o n t o u r P a t t e r n s Repeat E v e r y 9 I n t e r v a l s 164 CREEK B: JOINT PLOT N o r t h I 32 P o i n t s T o t a l 165 CREEK C SO BEDDING AND S 2 CLEAVAGE N o r t h I _ EQUAL AREA PROJECTION Symbol SO B e d d i n g F o l i a t i o n Creek C 38 P o i n t s \u2022 32 C l e a v a g e F o l i a t i o n , Creek C 32 P o i n t s A 70 P o i n t s T o t a l 166 CREEK C SO BEDDING AND S 2 CLEAVAGE: CONTOUR PLOT N o r t h I + LEGEND (Cor f i r s t m 5 s 1- 6 7- 12 13- 18 19 2 5 24 30 9 I n t e r v a l s ) S 31- 36 37- 42 43- 48 49- 54 70 P o i n t s 0 C o n t o u r Method: C o u n t i n g A r e a : C o n t o u r I n t e r v a l : Maximum C o n t o u r : Schmidt (1925) 0.010 6% P o i n t s p e r 1% A r e a 24 NOTE: Contour P a t t e r n s R e p e a t E v e r y 9 I n t e r v a l s 167 J o i n t O r i e n t a t i o n s , Creek C N o r t h 29 P o i n t s T o t a l 168 JOINT PLOT FOR CREEK A, B, AND C N o r t h I EQUAL AREA PROJECTION Symbol J o i n t R e a d i n g s , Creek A, Aug. 4,5 1988 21 P o i n t s + J o i n t R e a d i n g s , Creek A, S e p t . 23 33 P o i n t s + J o i n t Measurements i n Creek B 31 P o i n t s A J o i n t Measurements i n Creek B, S e p t . 23, 1988 1 P o i n t s A J o i n t O r i e n t a t i o n s , Creek C 29 P o i n t s \u2022 11S. P o i n t s T o t a l 169 COUNTOUR P L O T \" OF POLES TO A L L JOINTS N o r t h I 115 P o i n t s LEGEND ( f o r f i r s t 9 i n t e r v a l s ) m 1- 3 S3 16- 18 Contour Method: Schmidt (1925) a 4- 6 19- 21 C o u n t i n g A r e a : 0.010 EB 7- 9 22- 24 C o n t o u r I n t e r v a l : 3% P o i n t s per 1% 9 10- 12 \u2022 25- 27 Maximum Contour: 9 E9 13- 15 NOTE: Co n t o u r P a t t e r n s Repeat E v e r y 9 I n t e r v a l s 170 SCARP TRAVERSE SO BEDDING AND S2 CLEAVAGE N o r t h EQUAL AREA PROJECTION Symbo SO BEDDING FOLIATION, SCARP, AUG. 10,11,13 54 P o i n t s \u2022 SO BEDDING FOLIATION UP SCARP FROM STA.137, AUG 11 4 P o i n t s \u2022 S2 CRENULATION CLEAVAGE, SCARP, AUG. 10,11,13 41 P o i n t s A S2 CRENULATION CLEAVAGE UP SCARP FROM STA. 137 3 P o i n t s A 102 P o i n t s T o t a l 171 SCARP TRAV. SO BEDDING, S2 CLEAVAGE: CONTOUR PLOT N o r t h I 95 P o i n t s LEGEND ( f o r f i r s t 9 i n t e r v a l s ) CD 1- 7 S 36- 42 C o n t o u r Method: Schmidt (1925) B 8 - 1 4 0 43- 49 C o u n t i n g A r e a : 0.010 ffl 15- 21 IS 50- 56 Contour I n t e r v a l : 1% P o i n t s per 1% A r e a BE 22- 28 \u2022 57- 63 Maximum C o n t o u r : 21 29- 35 NOTE: Contour P a t t e r n s Repeat E v e r y 9 I n t e r v a l s 172 JOINTS ON SCARP TRAVERSE, AUGUST 10, 11, 13, 1988 No r t h I I EQUAL AREA PROJECTION Symbol JOINTS ON SCARP TRAVERSE, AUGUST 10, 11, 13, 1988 71 P o i n t s + 71 P o i n t s T o t a l 173 JOINTS ON SCARP TRAVERSE, AUGUST 10 , 11 , 13 , 1988 N o r t h LEGEND ( f o r f i r s t 9 i n t e r v a l s ) m B EB EB 1-6-11-16- 20 21- 25 5 10 15 26- 30 31- 35 36- 40 41- 45 71 P o i n t s Contour Method: Schmidt (1925) C o u n t i n g A r e a : 0.010 Contour I n t e r v a l : 5% P o i n t s per 1% Maximum C o n t o u r : 10 NOTE: Contour P a t t e r n s Repeat E v e r y 9 I n t e r v a l s 174 APPENDIX 3 Data Input F i l e f o r UDEC Model of Heather H i l l L a n d s l i d e . 175 * * DATA FILE FOR HEATHER HILL BASE **FDEF BLOCKS* **New Data Deck, with changing sp a c i n g **PRIMARY DISCONTINUITY DIP 65 DEG., PURE FLEXURE * *GRADATIONAL ROCK PROPERTIES ************************************* START ROUND 2.0 **CREATE CENTER AND SUPPORT BLOCKS** BLOCK 0,0 2160,0 2160,-1300 0,-1300 **CRACK OFF CORNERS CRACK 1890,20 2170,-600 CRACK 2200,-560 580,-1310 **FINAL SLOPE PROFILE CRACKS CRACK 0,-870 340,-855 CRACK 340,-855 390,-840 CRACK 390,-840 450,-790 CRACK 450,-790 750,-530 CRACK 750,-530 1895,0 **FIRST LEVEL GLACIAL EXCAVATION CRACK AND VALLEY BOTTOM CRACK 0,-790 450,-790 CRACK 350,-700 565,-700 CRACK 190,-790 750,-530 **INITIAL EXCAVATION LEVEL CRACKS CRACK 0 -200 500,0 CRACK 0 -400 900 0 CRACK 0 -600 1300 0 CRACK 0 -750 1600 0 **DELETE CORNERS DEL 1900,2200 -600,0 DEL 1400,2200 -1300,-900 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * **CREATE INITIAL GRADATIONAL ROCK PROPERTIES** **MAT=1** PROP MAT=1 DEN=.0027 BULK=9500 G=8700 COH=.100 FRIC=.649 PROP MAT=1 JKN=1200 JKS=600 PROP MAT=1 TENS=.050 JCOH=0 JTENS=0 JFRIC=.404 JDIL=0 **MAT=2** PROP MAT=2 DEN=.00269 BULK=9650 G=9100 JKS=1275 JKN=2550 JFRIC=.466 PROP MAT=2 FRIC=.687 COH=.150 TENS=.075 DIL=0 JTENS=0 JDIL=0 JCOH=0 **MAT=3** PROP MAT=3 DEN=.00268 BULK=9800 G=9400 JKS=1800 JKN=3600 JFRIC=.532 PROP MAT=3 FRIC=.726 COH=.200 TENS=.100 DIL=0 JTENS=0 JDIL=0 JCOH=0 **MAT=4** PROP MAT=4 DEN=.00267 BULK=9950 G=9750 JKS=2400 JKN=4800 JFRIC=.601 PROP MAT=4 FRIC=.781 COH=.250 TENS=.125 DIL=0 JTENS=0 JDIL=0 JCOH=0 **MAT=5** PROP MAT=5 DEN=.00266 BULK=10100 G=10100 JKS=3000 JKN=6000 PROP MAT=5 JFRIC=.700 PROP MAT=5 FRIC=.854 COH=.300 TENS=.150 DIL=0 JTENS=0 JDIL=0 JCOH=0 **MAT=6** PROP MAT=6 DEN=.00265 BULK=10250 G=10450 JKS=3600 JKN=7200 PROP MAT=6 JFRIC=.810 PROP MAT=6 FRIC=.933 COH=.350 TENS=.175 DIL=0 JTENS=0 JDIL=0 JCOH=0 176 **MAT=7** PROP MAT=7 DEN=.00264 BULK=10400 G=10800 JKS=4200 JKN=8400 PROP MAT=7 JFRIC=.965 JCOH=0 PROP MAT=7 FRIC=1.036 COH=.400 TENS=.200 DIL=0 JTENS=0 JDIL=0 **MAT=8** PROP MAT=8 DEN=.00263 BULK=10550 G=11150 JKS=4800 JKN=9600 PROP MAT=8 JFRIC=1.072 JCOH=0 PROP MAT=8 FRIC=1.150 COH=.450 TENS=.225 DIL=0 JTENS=0 JDIL=0 **MAT=9** PROP MAT=9 DEN=.00262 BULK=10700 G=11500 JKS=5400 JKN=10800 PROP MAT=9 JFRIC=1.192 JCOH=0 PROP MAT=9 FRIC=1.280 COH=.500 TENS=.250 DIL=0 JTENS=0 JDIL=0 *************************** **CREATE PROPERTIES TO FIX LOWER BOUND CRACK** PROP JMAT=10 JKN=1200 JKS=600 JFRIC=1. JCOH=l JTEN=.3 ************* **CREATE PRIMARY JOINT SET** JREGION 0,-1300 0,-870 390,-840 600,-1300 JSET -65,0 700,0 0,0 25,0 0,-1300 JREGION 600,-1300 390,-840 750,-530 1016,-1110 JSET -65,0 700,0 0,0 25,0 0,-1300 JREGION 1016,-1110 750,-530 1111,-363 1375 -944.4 JSET -65,0 720,0 0,0 33,0 1015,-1110 JREGION 1375,-944.4 1111,-363 1483.3,-191.2 1747.2,-772.2 JSET -65,0 700,0 0,0 41,0 1374,-944 JREGION 1747.2,-772.2 1483.3,-191.2 1870,-10 2137,-590 JSET -65,0 700,0 0,0 49,0 1746,-773 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * **GENERATE FDEF ZONES** **CREATE ARTIFICIAL CRACK TO FACILITATE ZONING CRACK 419,-1162 1719,-561 **AREA OF INTEREST ZONING GENER REG 432,-1151 298,-854 720,-555 886,-942 EDGE 50 GENER REG 886,-942 720,-555 1434.5,-214 1694,-796 EDGE 50 **MAIN SLOPE GENER REG 600,-1300 0,-1300 0,-870 390,-840 EDGE 100 GENER REG 390,-840 750,-530 1015,-1110 600,-1300 EDGE 100 GENER REG 750,-530 1895,0 2160,-580 1015,-1110 EDGE 100 **MATERIAL TO BE EXCAVATED FROM FACE GENER REG 0,0 1500,0 350,-840 0,-840 EDGE 300 **ASSIGN A MATERIAL AND CONSTIT. REL'NS TO DOMAIN* CHANGE MAT=5 Cons=3 JCons=2 JMat=5 *************************** **ASSIGN GRADATIONAL INCREASE IN STRENGTH UPSLOPE** CHANGE REG 0,-870 472,-773 689,-1250 0,-1400 MAT=1 JMAT=1 CHANGE REG 472,-773 588,-675 831,-1190 689,-1250 MAT=2 JMAT=2 CHANGE REG 588,-675 709,-568 965,-1130 831,-1190 MAT=3 JMAT=3 CHANGE REG 709,-568 838,-493 1100,-1060 965,-1130 MAT=4 JMAT=4 CHANGE REG 838,-493 965,-425 1243,-996 1100,-1060 MAT=5 JMAT=5 CHANGE REG 965,-425 1100,-364 1378,-935 1243,-996 MAT=6 JMAT=6 CHANGE REG 1100,-364 1250,-297 1513,-876 1378,-935 MAT=7 JMAT=7 CHANGE REG 1250,-297 1385,-236 1648,-816 1513,-876 MAT=8 JMAT=8 CHANGE REG 1385,-236 1895,0 2160,-580 1648,-816 MAT=9 JMAT=9 177 **FIX ARTIFICIAL CRACK CHANGE ANGLE 10 35 JMAT=10 *CHANGE REG 419,-1170 419,-1150 1710,-557 1710,-577 JMAT=10 ****************** **DELETE BOTTOM LEFT CORNER (2 BLOCKS) DEL 0 75 -1300 -1150 **ASSIGN BOUNDARY CONDITIONS** BOUND CORNER 524 135 STR 0,0,0 YGRAD .01325, 0, .0265 BOUND CORNER 135 2928 XVEL=0 YVEL=0 BOUND CORNER 3132 24 XVEL=0 **ASSIGN HISTORIES ON UPPER FINAL SLOPE** HIST XVEL 1500,-200 YVEL 1500,-200 XDIS 1500,-200 YDIS 1500,-200 **UPPER SLOPE IN SLIDE HIST XVEL 1050,-400 YVEL 1050,-400 HIST XDIS 1050,-400 YDIS 1050,-400 **TRIM LINE HIST XVEL 750,-550 YVEL 750,-550 HIST XDIS 750,-550 YVEL 750,-550 **GLACIER MID HEIGHT HIST XVEL 550,-720 YVEL 550,-720 HIST XDIS 550,-720 YDIS 550,-720 **TOE OF SLOPE HIST XVEL 360,-860 YVEL 360,-860 HIST XDIS 360,-860 YDIS 360,-860 HIST DAMP TYPE 9 **SET INITIAL STRESSES, Ko=l INSITU 0 2200 -1300 0 STR 0,0,0 YGRAD .0265, 0, .0265 *CONSOLIDATE STABLE PROBLEM** GRAVITY 0,-9.81 FRAC=.5 DAMP AUTO SAVE HN265S.2 CYC 0 SAVE HN265S.3 STOP *********** *********** **CONTINUE WITH EXCAVATION** REST HN2 65S.3 CYC 1000 SAVE HN2 65S.4 CYC 3000 SAVE HN2 65S.4 DEL 0 250 -150 0 RESET DISP JDISP ROTA TIME RESET HIST **ASSIGN HISTORIES ON UPPER FINAL SLOPE** HIST XVEL 1500,-200 YVEL 1500,-200 XDIS 1500,-200 YDIS 1500,-200 **UPPER SLOPE IN SLIDE HIST XVEL 1050,-400 YVEL 1050,-400 HIST XDIS 1050,-400 YDIS 1050,-400 **TRIM LINE HIST XVEL 750,-550 YVEL 750,-550 HIST XDIS 750,-550 YVEL 750,-550 . 178 **GLACIER MID HEIGHT HIST XVEL 550,-720 YVEL 550,-720 HIST XDIS 550,-720 YDIS 550,-720 **TOE OF SLOPE HIST XVEL 360,-860 YVEL 360,-860 HIST XDIS 360,-860 YDIS 360,-860 HIST DAMP TYPE 13 ************ HIST NCYC 7 5 FRAC=.5 CYC 2000 SAVE HN265S.5 DEL 0 500 -200 0 CYC 2000 SAVE HN2 65S.5 DEL 0 650 -350 0 CYC 2500 SAVE HN265S.5 DEL 0 800 -450 0 CYC 2500 SAVE HN2 65S.5 DEL 0 1100 -500 0 CYC 3000 SAVE HN2 65S.5 ***************** ***ADD WATER TABLE PFIX REG 0,-870 390,-840 600,-1300 0,-1300 P=-8.7 X=0 Y=-.01 PFIX REG 390,-840 750,-530 1015,-1110 600,-1300 P=-11.76 X=.00861 +Y=-.01 PFIX REG 750,-530 1895,0 2160,-580 1015,-1110 P=-8.77 X=.00463 + Y=-.01 ********* CYC 2500 SAVE HN265SW.6 DEL 0 500 -700 0 CYC 2000 SAVE HN265SW.6 DEL 0 600 -800 0 CYC 2000 DEL 0 400 -870 0 CYC 3500 SAVE HN265SW.7 STOP 179 ","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2009\/08\/skos-reference\/skos.html#note","classmap":"oc:AnnotationContainer"},"iri":"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2009\/08\/skos-reference\/skos.html#note","explain":"Simple Knowledge Organisation System; Notes are used to provide information relating to SKOS concepts. 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