{"Affiliation":[{"label":"Affiliation","value":"Arts, Faculty of","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/vivoweb.org\/ontology\/core#departmentOrSchool","classmap":"vivo:EducationalProcess","property":"vivo:departmentOrSchool"},"iri":"http:\/\/vivoweb.org\/ontology\/core#departmentOrSchool","explain":"VIVO-ISF Ontology V1.6 Property; The department or school name within institution; Not intended to be an institution name."},{"label":"Affiliation","value":"Social Work, School of","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/vivoweb.org\/ontology\/core#departmentOrSchool","classmap":"vivo:EducationalProcess","property":"vivo:departmentOrSchool"},"iri":"http:\/\/vivoweb.org\/ontology\/core#departmentOrSchool","explain":"VIVO-ISF Ontology V1.6 Property; The department or school name within institution; Not intended to be an institution name."}],"AggregatedSourceRepository":[{"label":"Aggregated Source Repository","value":"DSpace","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/www.europeana.eu\/schemas\/edm\/dataProvider","classmap":"ore:Aggregation","property":"edm:dataProvider"},"iri":"http:\/\/www.europeana.eu\/schemas\/edm\/dataProvider","explain":"A Europeana Data Model Property; The name or identifier of the organization who contributes data indirectly to an aggregation service (e.g. Europeana)"}],"Campus":[{"label":"Campus","value":"UBCV","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"https:\/\/open.library.ubc.ca\/terms#degreeCampus","classmap":"oc:ThesisDescription","property":"oc:degreeCampus"},"iri":"https:\/\/open.library.ubc.ca\/terms#degreeCampus","explain":"UBC Open Collections Metadata Components; Local Field; Identifies the name of the campus from which the graduate completed their degree."}],"Creator":[{"label":"Creator","value":"Lazenby, Doris Elizabeth","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/creator","classmap":"dpla:SourceResource","property":"dcterms:creator"},"iri":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/creator","explain":"A Dublin Core Terms Property; An entity primarily responsible for making the resource.; Examples of a Contributor include a person, an organization, or a service."}],"DateAvailable":[{"label":"Date Available","value":"2012-02-18T00:47:46Z","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/issued","classmap":"edm:WebResource","property":"dcterms:issued"},"iri":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/issued","explain":"A Dublin Core Terms Property; Date of formal issuance (e.g., publication) of the resource."}],"DateIssued":[{"label":"Date Issued","value":"1954","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/issued","classmap":"oc:SourceResource","property":"dcterms:issued"},"iri":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/issued","explain":"A Dublin Core Terms Property; Date of formal issuance (e.g., publication) of the resource."}],"Degree":[{"label":"Degree (Theses)","value":"Master of Social Work - MSW","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/vivoweb.org\/ontology\/core#relatedDegree","classmap":"vivo:ThesisDegree","property":"vivo:relatedDegree"},"iri":"http:\/\/vivoweb.org\/ontology\/core#relatedDegree","explain":"VIVO-ISF Ontology V1.6 Property; The thesis degree; Extended Property specified by UBC, as per https:\/\/wiki.duraspace.org\/display\/VIVO\/Ontology+Editor%27s+Guide"}],"DegreeGrantor":[{"label":"Degree Grantor","value":"University of British Columbia","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"https:\/\/open.library.ubc.ca\/terms#degreeGrantor","classmap":"oc:ThesisDescription","property":"oc:degreeGrantor"},"iri":"https:\/\/open.library.ubc.ca\/terms#degreeGrantor","explain":"UBC Open Collections Metadata Components; Local Field; Indicates the institution where thesis was granted."}],"Description":[{"label":"Description","value":"In families which are seen by social agencies the first child of a forced marriage would appear to be rejected to a greater degree than his siblings. This study attempts by examination of 10 cases to discover some reasons for the rejection of the first child, to estimate the kind and degree of rejection and its effect on the child, and finally to suggest some measures which may help the child develop more normally and prevent him being a rejecting parent in his turn.\r\nThe cases used were taken from the files of the Child Guidance Clinic, the Juvenile Court and the Family Welfare Bureau. They did not all provide such complete information as would be desirable, but represent a cross-section of families coming to the agencies.\r\nIn every case examined the forced marriage was unhappy and the first child rejected by one or both parents. The rejection was overt when the parent showed direct hostility to the child or covert when it took the form of over-protection or overindulgence to compensate for guilt feelings of the parent.\r\nThe rejected first child was unable to develop a mature, well-integrated personality; he showed inability, to form satisfactory personal relationships within and without the home. Consequently he developed behavior problems, physical symptoms or habit disorders.\r\nThe fathers and mothers were rejected by their own parents; their consequent immaturity and unmet needs resulted in the forced marriage and their inability to love and accept the child who was the cause of it. Therefore he, in his turn, was unable to develop normally and is likely to be an inadequate and rejecting parent himself.\r\nIt should be the aim of social agencies to break the chain of rejection. Case-work treatment of the child may be accompanied by treatment of the parents, where possible, to assist them in meeting their needs and becoming mature persons who can accept and love their first child. Some forced marriage may be prevented by case-work help to the unmarried mother which may aid her in surrendering her baby for adoption.","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/description","classmap":"dpla:SourceResource","property":"dcterms:description"},"iri":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/description","explain":"A Dublin Core Terms Property; An account of the resource.; Description may include but is not limited to: an abstract, a table of contents, a graphical representation, or a free-text account of the resource."}],"DigitalResourceOriginalRecord":[{"label":"Digital Resource Original Record","value":"https:\/\/circle.library.ubc.ca\/rest\/handle\/2429\/40799?expand=metadata","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/www.europeana.eu\/schemas\/edm\/aggregatedCHO","classmap":"ore:Aggregation","property":"edm:aggregatedCHO"},"iri":"http:\/\/www.europeana.eu\/schemas\/edm\/aggregatedCHO","explain":"A Europeana Data Model Property; The identifier of the source object, e.g. the Mona Lisa itself. This could be a full linked open date URI or an internal identifier"}],"FullText":[{"label":"Full Text","value":"SOME SOCIAL AND MOTIONAL FACTORS  CONTRIBUTING TO THE REJECTION OF THE FIRST CHILD OF A FORCED MARRIAGE by DORIS ELIZABETH LAZENBY Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SOCIAL WORK in the School of Social Work Accepted as conforming to the standard required for the degree of Master of Social Work School of Social Work 195U The University of British Columbia iv. ABSTRACT ' Io families which are seen by social agencies the f i r s t child of a forced marriage would appear to be rejected to a greater degree than his siblings. Thie study attempts by examination of 10 oases to discover some reasons for the rejection of the f i r s t child, to estimate the kind and degree of rejection and its effect on the child, and finally to suggest some measures whioh may help the child develop more normally and prevent him being a rejecting parent in his turn. The cases used were taken from the files of the Child Guidance Clinic, the Juvenile Court and the Family Welfare Bureau, They did not a l l provide such complete information as would be desirable, but represent a cross-section of families coming to the agencies. In every case examined the foroed marriage was unhappy and the f i r s t child rejected by one or both parents. The rejeotion was overt when the parent showed direct hostility to the child or covert when i t took the form of over-protection or over-indulgence to compensate for guilt feelings of the parents The rejected f i r s t child was unable to develop a mature, well-integrated personality; he showed inability, to form satisfactory personal relationships within and without the home. Consequently he developed behavior problems, physical symptoms or habit disorders. The fathers and mothers were rejected by their own parents; their consequent immaturity and unmet needs resulted in the forced marriage and their inability to love and accept the child who was the cause of i t . Therefore he, in his turn, was unable to develop normally and is likely to be an inadequate and rejecting parent himself. It should be the aim of social agencies to break the chain of rejeotion. Case-work treatment of the child may be accompanied by treatment of the parents, where possible, to assist them in meeting their needs and becoming mature persons who can accept and love their f i r s t child. Some foroed marriage\u00ae may be prevented by case-work help to the unmarried mother which may aid]? her in surrender-ing her baby for adoption. i i . TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1. Introduction Page The f i r s t ohild of a foroed marriage is rejected because his oonoeption was the cause of the marriage* A rejected ohild. Rejection; partial, complete, covert, overt. Unconscious re-jection; over-protection; over-indulgence. A foroed marriage. 10 ease histories; source of material; object of study 1 Chapter 2. The Child Each child is different; common factor. Rejection and its sffeot on the child. Behavior of aggressive and non-aggressive rejected children. Type of delinquency. Physical effeots of rejection. Over-responsibility; development of super-ego. Use of the child to satisfy neurotic needs of parents. . . . . . 1 2 Chapter 3\u00ab The parents Why a foroed marriage; immature parents. Treatment by own parents; treatment of child. Parents showing physical symptoms and\/or alcoholism. Use of the child to satisfy dependency needs...28 Chapter L> Conclusions The rejection of the f i r s t ohild of a foroed marriage is likely where the marriage is unhappy. Rejected children develop problems and need help; home environment must be changed; parents need treatment. Child with weak super-ego, maladjusted person-ality. Alternative plans for unmarried mothers; family help through education. Improvement of marriage improves child's ohanoe for normal development; helps him to be a good parent in his turn. L2 Appendices: A. Bibliography 50 B. Case records 55 i i i . ' TABLES IN TEE TEXT Page Table 1. Behavior of Aggressive and Non-Aggressive Rejected Children 18 2 . Age of Children in 1950 and Delinquency Charge .... 19 3 . Physical Development and Illness of Rejected Child-ren \u2022 21 h> Opinion of Clients in reference to Factors Prompting Marriage 29 5* Elements of Father's Relationship to Parents \u2022 31 6 . Elements of Mother's Relationship to parents ....... 33 7* Form of Rejection Shown by parents ............ 3h 8. Father's Treatment of Child Compared to Father's Relationship with Own Parents 36 9\u00ab Mother's Treatment of Child Compared to Mother's Relationship with Own Parents 37 1 0 . Parents Showing Signs of Illness and\/or Alcoholism . 39 1 SOME SOCIAL AMD EMOTIONAL FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO THE REJECTION OP THE FIRST CHILD OF A FORCED MARRIAGE CHAPTEE I. t INTRODUCTION Every social worker in family or children's agencies is acquainted with oases where the f i r s t child in a family appears to receive harsh treatment from one or both pareats quite different from that aocorded to his siblings. The ohild responds to this differential treatment in a variety of ways, ranging from mild emotional disturbance to acute behavior problems or asurosis\u00a9 The birth of the f i r s t ohild is particularly significant to the parents because his arrival disturbs such marital adjustment as the couple have so far achieved, and the arrival of subsequent children does not make such a complete change in their way of l i f e * The disruption consequent upon the arrival of the f i r s t ohild commonly results in some ambivalence in the parents* attitude towards him; they both like and dislike him; love him and hate him. If, however, this f i r s t child is over-protected, over-indulged, or treated with harshness or neglect that does not appear in the parents' handling of his siblings, the soeial worker, on comparing marriage and birth dates, frequently discovers that this ohild was conoelved before marriage and his conception was the immediate oause of the marriage* The newborn baby's greatest needs are for warmth, food and his mother's love and acceptance whilst she satisfies these needs* Most parents are ambivalent in their attitude to the new baby, but in normal oases love outweighs hate and the child is cherished. However, i f the sight of the ohild continually reminds the mother and father that he was the cause of their marriage, and i f that marriage is unsatisfactory in many respects, then their love of the child may be outweighed by the hate they feel for (2) him as the direct oause of their misf or tucate marriage* The truly rejected child is unwanted and unloved from the start and he soon realizes that his mother does not want him, or rather, sinoe he is too young to reason, he knows that his demands are not met and that his en-vironment is cold and unloving. His mother usually represents his chief contact with the world in the f i r s t few months of his l i f e , and i f she hates him and treats him without tenderness, or leaves him with others who treat him harshly, his subsequent emotional development may be arrested at this stage because his f i r s t oral needs are never completely satisfied* Since i t is usually a woman who handles the baby, rejection by her is likely to be of greater importance than rejection by the father, who may have very l i t t l e to do with the child in his f i r s t few months\u2022 Rejected Child A rejected ohild, for the purpose of this paper, may be defined as an unwanted child* Rejeotion may be complete, as when the mother\u00bbs behavior to the ohild from birth indicates a constant strong dislike* It may be partial, as when the mother is inconsistent and sometimes appears to have some fondness for the child* Rejeotion by either or both parents may be quite overt and expressed in action by neglect and harsh treatment, or verbally as when the parents fight and argue In front of the child, saying they would not have married i f they had not been forced to do so by the child. This is oonsoious rejection and is probably better for the ohild than hidden rejeotion, as he knows what he is up against and adjusts himself accordingly to \"expecting the worst\". Hidden rejection may be conscious (3) or unconscious. Unconscious rejection often takes the form of over-protection, which is the result of the guilt feelings of parents who cannot face the faot that they hate the child who was the cause of the marriage. The ohild is sometimes over-indulged for the same reason. The mother's oonsoienoe says, \"I must not hate this ohild who is the reason for my unsatisfactory marriage so I will prove how much I love him as I should,\" so she takes extra good care of him and is over-protective, being fearful that he will be hurt, or else over-indulges him in an attempt to stifle her guilt feelings. Sometimes treatment of the child by one or both parents may be mixed, alternating between over-protection and overt rejection* There are many reasons for rejeotion of a child and most of them are found in the personalities of immature parents* Immature people whose early emotional needs were not met, and who are s t i l l seeking to satisfy them, are those we find in forced marriages* Had their personalities developed more normally, the girl's pregnancy and the subsequent foroed marriage would not have occurred* There are, however, many immature parents who were not foroed to marry, therefore i t may be difficult to determine whether the rejection of a f i r s t child is the result of guilt about the marriage or only of the parents' immaturity* However, i f the f i r s t ohild is rejected and his siblings are not, or i f the degree of rejection with which he is treated is much more severe than that accorded to his siblings, then we might expect that this rejeotion is due to guilt. 1* \"Anxiety attaoks may occur because of any inner impulse whose expression is frustrated* (TOien the frustrated impulse is an aggressive one the feeling of anxiety takes a particular form we describe as a feeling of g u i l t ) n . English, 0* Spurgeon, M.D. and Pearson, Gerald H.J0 MaD\u00bb Emotional Problems of Living; W* W* Norton & Co*; Sew York, 19U5\u00bb p.168. ik) Foroed Marriage A foroed marriage is here considered to be any marriage which was precipitated by conception* This includes those engaged couples who are foroed to advance the date of the wedding because of the woman's pregnancy, and also those oases where the woman deliberately becomes pregnant in an attempt to force the man to marry her. In Canadian oulture pre-marital sex relationships are not generally openly accepted and one or more partners may feel considerable guilt about their experiences* The child which is the product of them is there as an ever-present reminder* In certain other cultures marriage may be postponed until the woman is found to be pregnant and in this circumstance pre-marital sex experience is accepted as not only permissible but desirable* Hence, one would not expect to find rejection of the f i r s t child of these marriages because of guilt, since the feeling of guilt is absent* In marriages where one or both partners were brought up in the mores of a different culture, rejeotion of the child is not so likely to be present* The effect of the rejection on the child for any oause whatsoever 13 summed up by Gordon Hamilton when she says that \"Early rejection or in-consistent handling leads to inconsistent, impulsive behavior, weak ego formation and a poorly-integrated character.\" * i t is no wonder, then, that these f i r s t children of foroed marriages present behavior problems which bring them to the attention of agencies and frequently of the law. 1* Hamilton, Gordon, Psychotherapy in Child Guidance; Columbia University Press; New York; 19k7, P\u00ab 30\u00ab \"\"*\" ~~~~ (5) Rejeotion Rejeotion is not a word used by the early psyohiatrists and i t does not appear in Freud's writings or in the psyohiatrio diction-ary* In the 1930'3 there was considerable di3oussioa of It, but i t appears to be more or less taken for granted today and there is very l i t t l e written on the subject. In Webster's New International Dictionary the following meanings of the word are given: Rejeotion - (l) To refuse to acknowledge, adopt, reoeivej to decline to accept; to refuse. (2) To oast or throw away as useless, unsatis-factory. (3) To refuse to hear, receive; to repel. (I4.) To refuse to grant, consider or aoeede to. (5) To eject or spew out, as from the mouth or stomach. (6) To throw or oast back. (7) To oast off; to repudiate, to forsake. The synonyms given for rejeotion arei spurn, repel, repudiate, refuse and dismiss.1 There are many degrees of rejeotion ranging from expressed ffcate to feeble dislike, but a l l of them include some or a l l of the above definitions. A rejecting father may refuse to acknowledge the ohild as his; many a mother has said to a difficult child, \"You are no ohild of mine.\" There are numerous cases of parents who have told their child that they wished he would leave home and never come back, and others who have refused to listen to his explanations or help him when he is in trouble. Our detention homes and industrial schools are f u l l of ohildren 1. Webster's New International Diotionary, second edition, unabridged. (6) who have been spurned, repelled, repudiated, refused and dismissed* There are thousands of others who grow up neurotic, maladjusted and with various psyohomatio complaints because from birth they have been treated with hatred instead of love* Peroival M* Symonds in \"A Study of Parental Acceptance or 1 Rejection\" defines rejection as follows] \"By rejected we mean the child who is unwanted by either father or mother* Either father or. mother or both f a i l to give the child adequate care, protection or affection, or they may make invidious oontrasts with the other children in the family* or with children outside the family, and, in general, the child is negleoted in one or more ways*\" Because the child*s experience during his f i r s t few years of li f e is so important, most of the writings on rejection deal with maternal rejeotion only* H* W* He we 11, 14. D., in a paper on \"Psyoho-2 dynamics of Maternal Rejection\" , writes: \"A clear-cut definition of maternal rejection is difficult because we are not dealing with a olinical entity and because i t is a matter of degree*\" in this paper, maternal rejeotion is defined as \"that situation where the birth of a child was unwelcome to the mother\"-^  and he obtained a definite statement to that effect from the mother. In his l i s t of causative factors he includes a forced marriage, which acoounts for fifteen percent of the cases he 1* Symonds, Percival M. \"A Study of Parental Acceptance and Rejection\"; American Journal of Orthopsychiatry! Ootober; 1936; p. 680. 2* Newell, H* W*, M*D\u00bb \"Psycho-dynamics of Maternal Rejection\"; Amerioan Journal of Orthopsychiatry; Vol. hi No. 3 ; July; 193U. 3\u00bb Op* oit* (7) studied. Among indirect causative factors he lists the following: ( 1 ) Parent disappointed io mate. (2) Parent's lack of affection for other parent. (3) Frequent quarrelling of parents. (k) Broken home. (5) The father a poor provider. (6) Parent unmoral. (7) Father cruel to wife. (8) Marriage opposed by grandparents. With the exception of No* ht ell these causes appear in the ten oases here studied. A forced marriage is likely to be as unwilling marriage on the part of one or both of the parents and is therefore a fertile field for the growths of disharmony, discouragement and interference from relatives* A l l these things contribute to hatred of the f i r s t child. Newell\u00abs conclusion is that \"Maternal rejection is primarily due to the 1 mother's unhappy adjustment to marriage\", and that this is usually the result of \"immaturity and emotional instability on the part of one or more parents\"\u00ab These are the kind of people who are caught in the trap of a foroed marriage and the f i r s t child is a convenient and logical object on which to vent their hostility or on whom to foous their guilt feelings. Rejection by the father becomes more important to the child as he grows older and i t frequently takes the form of over\u00b0etrictness to the point of persecution* As in the ease of the mother, the father has a conscious or unoonscioue desire to be free from the burden of the 1\u00ab Op oit. (8) ohild,, who is frequently used as a foeus for the parents* disputes, and a whipping-boy for hostility generated by the marriage and the problems of providing a living for his family* Overt Rejection Evidence of overt rejeotion i 6 found in parents* statements of their attitudes* One father, in speaking of the f i r s t child, remarked that as far as he could see, his wife never had any use for the child from the day he was born, but she did not seem to mind the other two so much* Such statements are substantiated by neglect and harsh treatment of the child as a baby, and by later treatment when he is told that he is unwanted* Newell lists six reactions of parents showing overt rejection: (1) Parent markedly irritated by child. (2) Parent punishes child severely* (3) Parents neglected ohild. (U) Parents nag child. (5) Parent threatened to put child away* (6) Parent oalled ohild \"dumb\". We may add to these the cases where the child is told that he was the oause of the marriage and of the parents' troubles. Over-protection The mother or father who unconsciously rejects the ohild tries to compensate for guilt feelings by over-protection* The parents are overly anxious about the child's eating habits and elimination, keep him from playing with other children, and do not allow him freedom to develop* They are frequently over-strict with the ohild in their effort to look after him conscientiously. (9) Over-indulgence Over-indulgence ia closely allied to over-proteotion and i t would appear to be sometimes a conscious and sometimes an unconscious effort to compensate for guilt feelings. The over-indulged child is given everything ho wants and more, and ho is not allowed to accept any responsibility. His parents want him to have a better l i f e than they had, and are willing to sacrifice their own needs and wants to this end. Nevertheless, they do not really love the child 0 and the material things he is given are intended to take the place of love and to make up to him for their hostile feelings. A mother who had rejected her daughter from birth spent most of her spare time sewing and knitting beautiful clothes for the g i r l . She was continually boasting of this, but the daughter recognized that the mother gave her clothes to make up for not wanting her. There are parents who alternate between over-hostility or over-protection and over-indulgence, and this form of rejection is probably the most difficult that a child has to face. He can adjust himself to consistent treatment, even i f i t is hostile, but i f he re-ceives mixed treatment from even one parent he develops very l i t t l e sense of security, as no matter what he does i t may be considered wrong* The ohild always senses that he is rejected and that his world is hostile, and he reacts either with open hostility or with neurotic behavior and psyohomatic illness. Dr. David M. Levy, in a study of twenty oases of maternal over-protection, found that over-indulgent over-proteotion yields aggressive and egooontrio behavior in the child* Dominating over-proteotion yields submissive and effeminate behavior and in both oases the children had great difficulty making friends, and (10) 1 showed feeding problems. The material used in these studies was obtained from the Juvenile Court, the Child Guidance Clinic, and the Family Welfare Bureau of Vancouver* Most of these cases were known to at least two of these agencies, and material obtained in one place could be supplemented by that in another* Wherever possible, the caseworkers were interviewed* There are ten case histories, five of them on girls and five on boys. A l l the cases were open during 19U9 and 1 9 5 0 . In every case but one there are two or more siblings, so that i t was possible to estimate differences in treatment of the f i r s t child and his siblings* in every case but one the parents are s t i l l together, although at times there may have been other men or women in the picture* In the one case the mother secured her divorce toward the end of 1950* The economic circumstances of the different families vary considerably from comfort to downright poverty* Unfortunately, only those children whose rejection produces a definite problem are seen by the agencies* The writer believes that there are probably numerous cases of foroed marriages which turn out successfully, and in which the f i r s t ohild is not rejeoted or is rejected only to a very small degree* These cases do not come to the attention of agencies, so i t has not been possible to find out whether rejection neoessarily always exists or whether i t does not* However, i t appears reasonable to suppose that there may be marriages, which took place after impregnation, in which both parties showed a more mature affection for one another and were sincerely anxious for the wedding to take place* In these oases there would be much less guilt and correspondingly more 1* Levy, Dr. David M. \"Maternal Over-Protection and Rejection\". Journal of Hervous and Mental Disease; January-June, 1931; column 7 3 ; pp. 6 5 & 7 0 . (11) acceptance of the fi r s t child* It is even possible that the happiness of the marriage might be attached to the child who preoipitated i t and in that oase he would be cherished rather than rejected as the cause of the marriage. This study points out that rejeotion of the fi r s t child of a foroed marriage does exist in some eases and will attempt to find out why, and what, i f anything, oan be done about i t * The oase histories which may be found in the Appendix a l l t e l l the same story with a difference. Whether boys or girls, these children have been singled out from their siblings by their parents for treatment which was indicative of rejection. CHAPTER II. THE CHILD The influences which affect each of the ten children here studied are specific That is to say, each ohild starts with a different constitution, has a different family and different exper-iences. However, the children have several things in common; a l l are f i r s t children of forced marriages and a l l are rejected. There are times when even the best parents reject their child or children. What is important for a child's normal development is that he should feel loved and wanted most of the time. The f i r s t child of any marriage is the one who is the experiment, on whom the parents learn, and he is likely to suffer from this; the mother particularly may be very anxious when oaring for her f i r s t baby. The children here studied start with an extra handioap. They are also f i r s t children and are rejected because their very existence placed their parents in an un-happy situation. The child is born completely dependent and his needs must be met i f he is to survive. He feels his mother's rejection instinct-ively by the way in which he is handled. Some years ago i t was thought best that the child's need be met by the establishment of a rigid time-table for eating, sleeping and playing. The rejeoting mother could use this as an excuse for cruelty to the child. However, even i f she follows the present trend towards indulgence and appears to be anxious to gratify his needs, oold, rough, over-controlling or very timid handling may oonvinoe the infant that his world is unloving, and carelessness (13) and direct negleot have the same effect. Margaret W. Gerrard, Ph.D. M.D., in an article on \"Emotional Disorders of Childhood\", says that \"a cruel and inconsistent mother 1 offers a kind of necessity for self-sufficiency in an infant\" and in consequence of this he creates for himself a phantasy world of comfort which may later lead to schizophrenia; or localises suffering in one part of his body, which will result in psychosomatic disorders; or he may show hostile aggressiveness. At a l l events he Is thrown back upon himself for gratification, and since he has not reoeived love he does not know how to give i t . As he grows older he finds that hostility and aggression result in retaliation and his dependenoy needs are s t i l l so great that he often attempts to repress his hostility, and co-operates with his mother during his toilet-training, i t is at this time that he should learn to control his aggression, because he wishes to please his mother, and he should begin to learn social standards and develop a super-ego based on the standards of his parents. If these parents are harsh and rejeoting he cannot do this. He may develop guilt feelings during this period because he is afraid of punishment. Erich Promm defines the feeling of guilt as \"actually the fear of displeasing those of whom one 2 is afraid\". Sometimes these same guilt feelings lead to deliberate misbehavior on the part of the child because he feels he needs punishment for the feelings of hostility he has towards his parents. He may both love and hate them, and punishment atones for these feelings. It is 1* Gerrard, Margaret W.,Ph.D.,M.D. \"Emotional Disorders of Childhood\", Dynamic Psychiatry, edited by Franz Alexander M.D. and Helen Ross; University of Chicago Press. 1952. p. 1?U\u00ab 2. Promm, Erich, \"Individual & Social Origins of Neuroticism\", American Sociological Review. Vol. 9 . 19liU\u00ab pp. 380=44.. Ok) doubtful i f the child who is rejected overtly immediately after birth ever manages to feel love towards anyonee Sometimes the hostility felt by the ohild for his rejecting parents is transferred to the outside world, which he sees as cruel and hard but as less dangerous to him than his parents* He may treat others who are smaller and younger than himself with aggressive oruelty because that is the only kind of treat-ment that he knows* Since the only type of attention he gets from his parents involves punishment he may learn to take a masochistic delight in being hurt. During the nest stage of his psycho-sexual development the ohild normally feels attracted to the parent of the opposite sex, and looks on the parent of the same sex as a rival* If he feels affection for the latter he gives up the former as a sexual object and identifies with the parent of the same sex* However, i f both parents are rejeoting and hostile, he finds i t hard to love or to identify, and reaches adolesoenoe without having satisfactorily developed a capacity for re-lationship to his parents and to the outside world. If the parent of the same sex is rejecting, no love and identifi-cation is possible, and the ohild may remain closely tied to the parent of the opposite sex; he may even try to adopt some of the characteristics of that sex in an effort to please the rejeoting parent. At the same time the ohild may feel that when he or she has grown big he will revenge himself on the rejeoting parent. English and Pearson, in speaking of the boy's submission to his rejeoting father, feel that \"as the years pass this phantasy of revenge beoomes unoonsoious, but when the boy has a son of his own he (15) may tend to treat him in just the same way as the father treated him when he was a boy.tt 1 The rejeotion, therefore, tends to perpetuate itself. If the ohild is a g i r l rejected by her mother, she finds i t diffioult to lore and identify with the mother* and may develop masculine traits or be submissive to her mother. If the parent of the opposite sex is rejecting, the child's oapacity for forming relationships with the opposite sex is damaged. The boy may turn his love toward his father and tend to reject a l l women, or to have his revenge on women for the rejeotion by his mother* The g i r l may tend to projeot her hostility to her rejecting father on to other masculine figures, and may form close relationships only with women. The f i r s t ohild rejected by both parents faces f i r s t the problem of his mother's rejection and then, when he is old enough to realize i t , that of his father. Mother is unloving, but father often punishes and blames him, tells him he is stupid and not wanted, and he can never do anything right. He has no love from anyone; a l l his satisfactions must come from himself and he is not oapable of satisfying a l l his own needs* He has no confidence in himself because of continued criticism, but he has many hostile feelings about his parents^which he realizes might be dangerous i f expressed and result in more punishment, so he turns them against the outside world or against himself* As a result he becomes more difficult to handle as he grows older* He fights, steals, truants, runs away or is involved in sex or gang problems; he may be enuretic and have nightmares; he may develop speech difficulties, learning blooks, or 1* English, 0. Spurgeon, M.D., and Pearson, Gerald H.J., M.D. Emotional Problems of Living. W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. New York; 1924.5. (16) specific diseases. Throughout he remains inseoure in his world, and unsure of himself* In addition to rejeotion by his parents the rejeoted f i r s t ohild of a foroed marriage faces the problem of siblings who are treated differently to himself, and he is consequently jealous and made more keenly aware of the special treatment he receives. The home atmosphere for him is one of constant hostility and insecurity. The problems shown by each child are the result of the treatment that he has received at home plus his subsequent experiences in the outside world. Aggressive and Non-Aggressive Children Children who develop problems as a result of their parents' attitude toward them f a l l into two main classes; the aggressive and the non-aggressive. A oertain amount of aggression is healthy and necessary for survival, during the normal development of a child he learns to control to his aggressive impulses^which are his reaction a* the restrictions and frustrations he encounters in learning to adjust to the demands of our culture* If he reoeives love and enoouragement from his parents, particularly his mother, he begins to develop some control of these impulses as he tries to please mother, absorbs her standards and begins to develop his super-ego* If he is rejeoted by his parents he feels no need to please them, develops l i t t l e capacity for enduring tension and aots out his impulses without restraint. He remains narcissistic and looks for pleasure only to himself. His feelings for his parents are hostile, and he shows them by aggression. The non-aggressive child is conscious of the same impulses, but attempts to repress them because they are dangerous and he is afraid of (17) retaliation from his parents* He tries to love his rejeoting parents and tries hard to be good in order to avoid punishment, but he too has not had enough love to help him in mastering his hostile wishes* He is anxious and insecure because he is afraid that he is bad and deserves punishment, which he may come to welcome because i t allays his guilt feelings* The ohild conforms because of fear, and develops defenoes to deal with his impulses* Behavior of Rejeoted Children H\u00bb W. Newell M.D*, in an article on \"The PsychoDynamics of Maternal Rejeotion\",1 discusses the behavior of rejeoted ohildren both aggressive and non-aggressive. Characteriatio behavior of aggressive ohildren includes the following: (1) unpopular with other ohildren; (2) restless, hyperactive; (3) attention-getting behavior; (k) quarrel-some in play with other children; (5) selfish in play with other children; (6) disobedient to parents or teaohers; (7) temper displays; (8) stealing; (9) truanting from sohool. Characteristics of the non-aggressive rejeoted children include: (1) poor sohool achievement; (2) apparent oraving for affection; (3) shy and seolusivej (k) food fads; (5) seasivity; (6) inability to oonoentrate; (7) ory easily; (8) fearful; (9) enuresis; (10) restless sleep and (11) oomplain easily. Table I* lists these characteristics and indioates those which are shown by the children in the oases studied* They inolude both habit and conduct disorders* In many oases the ohildren who show primarily aggressive traits also show non-aggressive traits. The ohildren who show the greatest number of aggressive traits are those in oases B, F, I and J* The ohild showing the greatest signs of non-aggressive rejeotion is oase G. 1* Newell, H.We, \"The Psyoho-Dynamlos of Maternal Rejeotion\"; American Journal of Paycho-Dynamlog; Vol* k, No.3; July. 193k. (18) TABLE I. Behavior of Aggressive Rejeotod Children (1) Unpopular with other children (2) Restless, hyperactive (3) Attention-getting behavior (Ij.) Quarrelsome in play with other children (5) Selfish in play with other children (6) Disobedient to parent or teacher (7) Temper displays (8) Stealing (9) Truanting from school T B C D B F G H I J J G B F H I J B ! F I J B I ! i j B F i 1 i i ! 1 B F i 1 1 i A B D H I J i i A B 1 ! I * \u2014 -\u2022\u2022 \u2022 11 \u2022 1 Behavior of Non-Aggressiv\u00a9 Rejected Children (1) Poor sohool achievement (2) Apparent craving for affection (3) Shy and seoiusive (I4.) Food fads (5) Sensitivity (6) Inability to concentrate (7) Cry easily (8) Fearful (9) Enuresis (10) Restless sleep D I B C G C G F G I J B D ... J (11) Complain easily D B !..r. (19) The aggressive ohildren are those who are acting out their hostility against their parents and the outside world, and In addition to the problems mentioned there were two which brought the children into conflict with the lawt TABLE II. Age of Children in 1950 i Charge Case A. 15 \u2022 O O C f \u00ab \u00bb \u00ab o \u00ab \u00ab * Theft B. 15 C. 17 Sex immorality D. 16 Running away; theft. E . 19 F. 9 G. 3 H\u00bb 17 Theft I. 18 Theft Je 18 Table II. shows the ages in 1950 of the children studied and the number who became delinquent. Three girls appeared in Juvenile Court; two boys were in Boys Industrial School. Of the remainder, two of the ohild-ren were young, 9 and 3 ysars respectively. One g i r l was illegitimately pregnant, while the remaining two have been in the care of social agencies. Lorraine A., Shirley D., Arthur F. and B i l l I. a l l ran away from home, but Arthur did not appear in Court. Laura C. and Susan E. beoame illegitimately pregnant; the latter's parents looked after her and she was not oharged. B i l l I. was involved in sex offences. Children who run away from home do so partly to esoape from an unpleasant situation and partly because they hope i t will call attention (20) to themselves and that their parents will show concern about them. Lorraine A. and Susan D. ran away from home to avoid beating by their fathers, as did Arthur P. B i l l I. was completely out of control at home and was in search of excitement with other members of his gang. A l l were hostile to their home environment and their parents. \/ Laura C*s pregnancy appeared to be an unconscious expression of revolt against her inconsistent and over-strict father and may also have been an attempt to win his love by having his baby. She was consciously looking for the love that she never received at home. Susan E. was in revolt against her mother's domination and the fact that she was given too much responsibility. She had her revenge by bringing her baby home for her parents to look after. It seems possible that she was one of those girls discussed by Leontine Young1, who is tied to her mother by her infantile dependency needs and who has her baby to give to her mother in revenge, because she oan work out her phantasy in no other way. Robert Fliess, M.Do, explains the behavior of this group of girls as follows: \"Her pre-oedipal sexuality has....persisted into adolescence....; there was no other way of outgrowing i t than by acting i t out. Once this is done she oan become \"oedipal\" and perform the subsequent steps in the development \u201e2. of a woman.n Physical Effects of Rejeotion Table III. shows the physical development and illnesses of each of the ten children. Each reaoted in a specific way to his home environ-ment and to the common factor of rejection. Six were breast-fed, two were 1. Young, Leontine, Out of Wedlock. A Study of the Problems of the Unmarried Mother and her Child. McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc.; New York, Toronto, London. 195k\u00bb 2. Fliess, Robert, M.D. \"On the Psychology of Two Types of Unmarried Mothers; A Psychoanalytic Postscript\", included in Young, Leontine, op.cit.l. (21) bottle-fed and we have no information about the remaining two. TABLE III. Physical Development and Illnesses  of Rejected Children A. Breach birth, breast-fed, childhood diseases, bites fingernails; B. Breast-fed, childhood diseases, carbuncles; C. Nervous mannerisms, tie in one eye, stutters; D. Bottle-fed, f a l l on head at 1^ years, broke leg, measles and mumps (serious), eyeglasses, tonsillectomy, head-aches, toothaches, bowel troubles, menstrual pains, never feels well, bites fingernails; E. Breast-fed 3 months, toilet-trained at 9 months, childhood diseases, appendectomy, eyeglasses, kidney trouble; F. Bottle-fed, bronchitis 8 months, severe whooping-cough, pneumonia, slow development, squint when tired, huge appetite; G. Born by caesarean seetion, breast-fed 3 months, toilet-trained at one year, slow talking, measles, seizures, bites fingernails; He Apparently normal development but economic privation; I. Breast-fed, childhood diseases, broken arm, abscessed leg. Osteomyelitis, sight-sweats, masturbates; J\u00ab Breast-fed, bronchial pneumonia at 1 year, hospitalized \u00ab3 times before 6 years, childhood diseases, blood-poisoning, rectal abscess, tonsillectomy, circumcision. Shirley D., born when her mother was 15, was probably neglected from the start and none of the family are particularly healthy because they have not had enough proper food. However, Shirley used illness as a defence. She was lazy and used the excuse that she did not feel well, i f asked to do anything. She had acute menstrual cramps and i t is noticeable that she always ran away close to or during her period. It would seem that her mother\u2022e previous^ experiences, a l l of which had been discussed with her, (22) may have made her dissatisfied with her feminine role,and the menstrual pains are a sign of this. Susan E. had a dominating mother and was completely toilet-trained at 9 months, later she developed a kidney condition which may have been partly imitation of her mother, who retreated into illness when lif e was too hard, and partly an ezpression of hostility against harsh treatment. Arthur F . was rejected by his mother from birth; he was improperly fed and olothed, which resulted in bronchitis, whooping-cough and W A S pneumonia whilst he was s t i l l very young. His huge appetiteMite probably an expression of his attempt to satisfy his unmet oral needs. At 8 months Dick S. developed seizures, whioh have no apparent organic basis. He was toilet-trained at one year, but enuresis started when he was two. His seizures appeartt&o be a reaction to his mother's rejeotion. Sherds completely dominating, and at the same time over-was protects, and he^s afraid of her. Besides childhood diseases, B i l l I. has had osteomyelitis, a broken arm and ah abscessed leg. He^e* physically well-developed but hac\/L terri f i c night-sweats, and constantly masturbates. He has been untrained and unhappy in his home environment and has\/ a sense of insecurity and social inadequacy. . Some of his hostility has been unconsciously expressed through illness. George J. had bronchial pneumonia at 1 year and was hospitalized three times before he was 6 years old. Besides childhood diseases he had blood-poisoning, a rectal abscess, a tonsillectomy and a circumcision. His mother overtly rejected him and he suffered from outright neglect and cruelty. Some of his anxiety was expressed in his various illnesses. To a small ohild a sojourn in hospital may be very damaging, as he interprets (23) i t as desertion by his parents, and operations represent a direct assault on his person; therefore, the illnesses caused by physical and emotional neglect resulted in s t i l l further damage to George* Of the remaining four cases Lorraine A* had a tonsillectomy, and continually bites her nails* Margaret B. talked in her sleep and suffered from carbuncles. Johnny H* apparently developed normally. We have no information on Laura C's early development, but at the time she appeared in Court she stuttered, had a tic in one eye and showed a number of nervous mannerisms. The information shown in these oases indicated that the children showed both habit and oonduot disorders and most of them have more history of aocident or illness than most children, since their hostility and anxiety made itself felt in tensions which produced some sort of physical symptoms. Over-Responsibility and Development of Super-Ego The mother of a rejected baby does not want to be bothered with i him, therefore she often tries to push him into developing more rapidly than he should so that he may the sooner attain independence. Alternative-ly, she finds i t easier to keep him a helpless infant in crib or pen long after he should be learning to walk or explore. In either oase she would like to be rid of him. The same process is followed again as the ohild reaches adolescence and sometimes before. The rejected f i r s t child is expected to mature earlier and take responsibility for his younger siblings. Adolescence is the time when the child conforms to the super-ego of the group of his peer8 and this is frequently different to the super-ego which he acquired from his parents. If he has emancipated himself too quiekly his super-ogo (21+) is overthrown and he has nothing to put in its place. Actually the ohild who has been rejected from the start, either overtly or covertly, or who has been treated inconsistently, has had very l i t t l e chanoe to build up any sort of super-ego, and his reactions to his parents' treatment of him are hostile or anxious. As he grows older, not having reosived love, he is unable to form a sufficiently strong relationship with his parents to enable him to incorporate their standards. As he grows older, more demands are made on him than he can readily meet. He resents too much responsibility and tries to avoid i t , but has l i t t l e chance to develop controls of his own, so that his independence is apt to lead him into trouble with school authorities or the outside world. He projects the hostility he feels for his parents on to others through his aggressive behavior, and sooner or later he is likely to run foul of the law. B i l l l's aggressive behavior in attacking younger children, running away and stealing, steme^Trcm his need to retaliate and to escape, as well as the fact that he has a distorted super-ego acquired from incon-sistent parents who were constantly quarrelling and venting their hostility on him. Use of the Child to Satisfy Neurotic Needs Four mothers made a neurotic use of their daughters by attempting to satisfy through them their own unmet dependency needs. One mother attempted to satisfy her needs through her son. There was no sign that the fathers attempted to do this, and only Mr. H. seemed to have his dependency needs met by his wife, and that only intermittently as Mrs. H. retired from reality whenever l i f e became too much for her. At that point Mr. H\u00ab turned for relief to alcohol, as did a number of fathers. (See Chapter III.) A number of the parents appeared to take a vicarious delight in (25) the delinquent or predelinquent behavior of the fi r s t child, as though he were doing the things they wished to do themselves* They seemed almost to push the child into delinquency with one hand whilst they held him back and punished him with the other. This no doubt unoonscious process gave them the double satisfaction of enjoying the child's behavior and giving them another excuse to punish him. Also, in doing this, they identified with the child and felt that they were punishing themselves, so that the ohild was in a true sense a scapegoat for his parents. Robert Lindner states that \"children act according to what they read between the lines of evident parental behavior and demand, and somehow come to understand that the interior intention of the parents frequently differs from their exterior command; that the parents actually secretively often wish him to misbehave to relieve their own urgent impulses in that direction; that when he does, by punishing him the parents attain reassurance against their own revolt; that he is in a very real sense a sort of sacrificial victim to their unconscious wishes........; by identify-ing with the ohild of their flesh and blood they participate vioariously in his insurrection. and finally they are presented with an opportunity to discharge their hostilities against the child under conditions which appear right and just to them.\"1\" Shirley D's father refused to allow her to bring boy friends into the house because he was afraid that his wife, only fifteen years older than Shirley, might have a boy friend, too. Mrs. p., an ignorant and unrealistic person said, after her hysterectomy, she felt that li f e was over for her, and pushed Shirley towards marriage so that through her experiences she could gain some vicarious satisfaction. 1. Lindner, Robert, Prescription for Rebellion; Rinehart & Co. Inc. New York. Toronto, p. 73; published simultaneously in Canada by Clarke, Irwin & Co. Limited; Toronto. 1952. (26) Mr8* Be has always been openly afraid that Susan would get into trouble. In faot, the parents of a l l the girls seem to have feared that their daughters would follow their example, and perhaps unoonsoieusly hoped that they would do so. Arthur F's mother and father have continually punished him and seemed to find their only satisfaction in his notions when he was in trouble and there was some sort of excuse to whip him. Johnny H's stealing seemed to be an attempt to replace the love that he never received. At times his mother identifies with him and feels that she is blamed for what he does, and therefore the punishment that he receives is hers. George J's mother tried to have him placed in a foster home. Possibly bad behavior was what she wanted of George in order to justify i the faot that she wished to hsve him oared for by others. A l l these parents have seen their child not as what he is but as something of which they can make neurotic use. They seemed unconsciously to wish to substitute punishment of the child for punishment of themselves, and therefore often urged him into delinquency in order to make certain that he would be punished. Parental Quarrelling Since none of the cases studied present suooessful marriages, the parents involved find their own needs unsatisfied and are constantly quarrelling. They tend to use the child to further their own disputes and do not present any sort of united parental discipline. If father is strict, mother is permissive; i f father says Yes, mother says No, not because of concern for the child but in order to anger the marital partner. (27) Consequently the child, eves i f he avoids direct hostility, is oaught in the crossfire of his parents' quarrels* To a lesser extent this applies to his siblings, but the oases studied indicate that the f i r s t child is likely to be used as the whipping-boy and is subject to more inconsistent treatment than his siblings. CHAPTER III. THE PARENTS The parents rejeoted the f i r s t ohild because he was the cause of the marriage and the marriage was unhappy. The marriage may have been unhappy because the partners were immature, neurotic and incompatible, but also because i t was forced* It was psycho\u2122 logioal factors which led both men and women into a foroed marriage. Of the oases studied, two women said that the marriage was not foroed and that their parents would have helped them to make other plans. Two probably attempted oonsoiously to become pregnant in order to force the marriage, but claimed that they were compelled to marry. The remaining six felt that the marriage was foroed and largely undesired. In general, the women wondered whether the man would have married them had they not been pregnant, and the men expressed suspicion that their wives were running around with other men, sinoe they had had relations with them before marriage. Of the ten men, a l l appear to have felt that the marriage was foroed. Table 17 shows the attitude of both men and women toward the marriage) (29) TABLE IV. Opinion of Clients la Reference to Faotora Prompting Marriage Marriage Forced or Otherwise i Men Women Case A. Yes \u2022 No i Be Yes .\u00ab\u2022\u2022*........... Yes C. Yes Yes D. Yes Yes Bs Yes - l i t t l e objection- Yes F. Yes Pregnancy probably deliberate G. Yes \" \" \u00bb E. Yes .....No i I. Yes-little objeotion- Yes J. Yes ................ Pregnancy possibly deliberate Foroed Marriages Why did the foroed marriages take place at a l l . Why were the women not unmarried mothers and the men putative fathers? i t seems that none of these were literally \"shot-gun marriagesn and although pressure was brought to bear on the men^it was largely the social standards of their culture which, enforced by the feelings of the girls and their parents, resulted in the marriage. At a l l events we have no record indicating that any of these men attempted to leave town or deny their responsibilities. Marriage was to them the most acceptable way out of their difficulty, otherwise they would have attempted other plans. It is possible that some of these putative fathers unconsciously wished to be forced into marriage. A great, deal has been written on the psychology of the unmarried (30) mother and very l i t t l e about putative fathers, probably because the latter are often illusive and shadowy figures., However, the psychology of the putative father is somewhat similar to that of the unmarried motheri. Samuel Futterman, M.D., and Jean Be Livermore, in an article 1 on putative fathers, olaim that the boy's identification with his father sometimes involves acting out of the oedipal fancies, especially when the father is harsh and strict towards him. The boy wishes to have a ohild which he can think of as belonging to himself and his mother. Also a child represents to a man the sign of his own potency and makes him feel more secure in the manhood which his fear of his father and his father's hostility has helped to make him doubt. Some unmarried fathers are s t i l l more immature and have not yet reached the oedipal stage. They are s t i l l tied to their mothers by their infantile dependency needs and have not attempted to identify with their fathers. This type of unmarried father may unconsciously be attempt-ing to revenge himself on his mother by impregnating another woman and having a baby out of wedlook which he would like to take to his mother. His hostile feelings towards his mother are transferred to a l l women, and the woman he impregnates means nothing to him except as the instrument p through which he acts out his phantasy. Futterman and Livermore also state, \"Many neurotics cannot assume eonsoious responsibility for their decisions, so that assuming the role of putative father is a sort of retreat. That is , on their own they lo Futterman, j^amuel, and Livermore, Jean B. \"Putative Fathers\". Journal of Sooial Casework; Vol. 28; No.5; May, I9lfl; p. 17k. 2. Young, Leontine. Out of lediopk. A Study of the Problems of the Unmarried Mother and her Child. McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc. New York; Toronto; London. Chapter 8, p.131. (31) cannot make decisions about anything, and putative fatherhood sort of propels them into marriage\" We have not sufficient information about the father's family, but the following table shows the father's relation-ship to parents as far as possible; TABLE V. ELEMENTS OP FATHER'S RELATIONSHIP TO PARENTS Case A. Tie to mother never resolved; B* Over-indulged by mother; father often absent; C. Parents had high standards - rebooted him after his marriage; D. Deprived and insecure emotionally and economically; E\u00ab Little information - apparently deprived and inseoure; F. 111, over-indulged, given no responsibility; G. Strict father, deprived; H. Rejected by parents, inseoure, inferior to siblings; I. Over-striot parents; J. Strict father, mother uninterested; felt inferior to family; Table 7. shows the father's relationship to his own parentsc in eaoh of the ten oases he was treated in such a manner as to make i t un-likely that he oan work through his oedipal phase and identify with his father, and his neurotic need to prove his manhood by impregnation seems also to have involved readiness to be pushed into marriage* It would seem from the oases studied that a foroed marriage is likely to take place when 1 . op. Cit. p. 175 (32) the man involved has not completed his emotional development and suooeeded in identifying himself with the male figure of his father. In the oases studied there does not appear to be any evidence to show why some of these men did not remain putative fathers* Mr* E* had been married before and i t is possible that he thought of marriage as more satisfactory than promiscuity* Mr* I. was very neurotic and he may have been one of those who allowed himself to be pushed into marriage because he found i t difficult to make deoisions. Mr* G. had received an injury similar to castration and Mrs* G's pregnancy restored his feeling of potenoy* Mr* G* does not appear to have rejeoted his f i r s t ohild, but each of the other fathers have done so when they found the marriage unsatisfactory. This would seem to indicate that Mr* G* has found some satisfaction in his marriage, and does not need to hate the child that was the cause of the marriage, which he admits was foroed. For the remaining fathers, possibly marriage, even i f foroed, offered them some status. We do not know. Mother's reasons for Entry into Foroed Marriage Of the ten women, Mrs* G. and Mrs* J* consciously attempted to foroe marriage by becoming pregnant. Mrs. A* and Mrs. H* said that their parents would have helped them, but they wanted marriage when onoe preg-nant. Table VI shows mother's relationship to parents: (33) TABLE 71 ELEMENTS OF MOTHER'S RELATIONSHIP TO PARENTS Case A. Vindictive mother, unresolved tie to father; B. Over-strict father; C. Deprived financially - l i t t l e information; D. Deprived; father died; E. Deprived; strict mother; father not mentioned F# Deprived; inadequate, shadowy father; G. Striot, depriving father; loving mother; H. Domineering, over-protective mother; striot father; I. Neurotic, unstable parents; J* Inadequate father; hostile mother; It is possible that some of these girls retained their infantile dependence on their mothers, and did not even reach the oedipal stage. In any oase they had l i t t l e chance to resolve an oedipal tie to their fathers, and where the mother was hostile there may have been an additional reason unconsciously to desire to have their father's child. Mrs. A*, Mrs. B. and Mrs. H. might come in this oategory. Mrs. C. was not only deprived of love and affection, but the l i t t l e sister whom she cared for was given up for adoption. She was seeking for love^and might have been hoping for a baby to replace the sister she lost. Mrs. D. was deprived in every way and came of a family of very low social and moral standards where her behavior would be accepted. It is possible that she was an ignorant victim. Mrs. F. and Mrs. J. may have become pregnant deliberately to (3k) foroa the marriage and get away from poor home situations. Mrs. G. also may have wanted to beoome pregnant as the only way to oapture Mr. G. whom she had a need to dominate. Mrs. E. was adopted by a hard, dominating mother and we hear nothing about a father. It is possible that her pregnanoy was a revenge on her mother. Of Mrs. I. we know only that she earns of a very neurotic family and felt much guilt. Both mothers and fathers had been rejected to some degree by their own parents. This rejeotion and their inability to work through their feelings towards their parents was largely the oause of the forced marriage. They, in their turn, have rejected the f i r s t ohild of that marriage. In the oases studied there is no evidence of rejeotion of the siblings to the same degree as the firstborn, although the other children will undoubtedly suffer from the unhappy marriage. TABLE VII FORM OF REJECTION SHOWN BY PARENTS Cass (Girls) A. Mother Over-proteotion, over-responsibility. Father Over-strict, oruel. B. Over-indulgence. Over-indulgence; negleot Ce Over -pr o tec t i on\u00bb over-responsibility. Over-strict, cruel. D. Overt rejeotion, over-responsibility. Overt rejeotion. E. Over-indulgence, over-responsibility. Over-strict, oruel. (Boys) F. Overt rejeotion. Overt rejeotion. G. Over -pr oteo tion. Does not reject. H. Overt rejeotion. Overt rejeotion. I. Over-protection, over-responsibility. Over-indulgence. J. Overt rejeotion, over -r es pons i bi l i ty. Overt rejeotion. (35) Table VII* shows th\u00a9 type of rejeotion by father and mother in each oase* It would seem that the fathers do not feel so much guilt about the marriage as do their wives. Eight of them overtly rejeot or else are over-strict and cruel* Mr* G* is the only man who does not reject and he may well feel that he gained something from the marriage in proof of his masculinity* Mr* B* treated his ohild with over-indulgence and neglect, and Mr* I* with over-indulgence. We know that Mr. I. expressed guilt about the marriage, and Mr. B. may have had some guilt feelings* Mr* A* seemg<\/to have guilt feelings about his desertion of his mother when he married, and i t is possible that he projected some of the hostility he felt for his wife on to Lorraine* Mr. J. may have felt that his marriage was a lowering of his family standards, and projected his feelings of hostility on to George. The remaining fathers showed overt hostility toward the fi r s t ohild and did not appear to feel guilt. A l l were immature persons* Our moral standard is s t i l l a double one and more blame is attached to the woman than to the man, henoa i t is to be expeoted that she would feel more guilt. Of the mothers, only four were openly hostile, and three of these, Mrs* D\u00aba Mrs* F* and Mrs. J., openly blamed the child for the marriage* Four mothers manifested their guilt through over-proteotion and two by over-indulgence* ' In addition, six of the ten mothers gave the ohild too much responsibility. No doubt the fathers also shared in this, but the ohildren blamed the mother* The mothers expeoted too much of four girls and two boys, and two of the remaining boys were too young to be given any responsibility. Over-responsibility would appear to be an expression of the same feeling of hostility as the father's over-strictness. It may be an additional way of punishing the child by making him face some of the (36) difficulties created by the marriage and carry some of the burdens. Another manifestation of this attitude of the mother, whioh appeared in five of the ten cases, is her attempt to satisfy her own unmet dependency needs through the ohild. In four cases the girls or their mothers remarked that $hey were just like sisters and disoussed everything together. This is also in effect passing on part of the burden of the marriage to the cause of i t . In only one case, \"I.\",did the mother attempt to satisfy her needs through her son by putting him in the place of his inadequate father, and in this case there was also a neurotic sexual tie. Of the five girls two were over-protected and two over-indulged by the mother. In the f i f t h case, Mrs. D. was married at li|. and completely rejected her f i r s t child. Both fathers and mothers expressed open fear lest their daughters become illegitimately pregnant. Table VIII shows the father's treatment of his daughter and son as compared with his own relationship to his parents: TABLE VIII. Father's Treatment of Child Compared to Father's Relationship with Own Parents  Father's Treatment of Daughter Father's Relationship to Parents (Girls) A. Over-strict, oruel. Never resolved tie to mother. B. Indulgence and neglect. Over-indulged. C. Over-strict, cruel. Strict parents, high standards. D. Overt rejeotion. Deprived economically and emotionally E . Over-strict. Deprived and inseoure. Father's Treatment of Son (Boys) F. Overt rejeotion Sick,over-indulged,no responsibility G. Does not reject; helps. Strict father, deprived. He Overt rejection. Rejected and inseoure. I. Over-indulged. Striot parents. J. Hatred and jealousy. Rejected. (37) In those oases t^ here the fir s t ohild was a g i r l , the fathers ia four oases treated them with cruelty aad\/or over-strictness which appears much the same to the ohild. Mr. 8. was alternately over-indulgent or neglectful. Negleot is itself a form of cruelty, and his indulgence was generally meant to annoy his immature wife. He himself was immature aad over-indulged' by his mother aad father. Mr* A. may have felt hostility to his wife who had come between himself and his mother, and he projected some of this on to Lorraine. Mr. C. and Mr. E. felt inadequate and insecure and projected their hostility on to the f i r s t child, while Mr. D.,who had known no love and security himself^could foous his aggression and hostility on Shirley, who oould not retaliate. Except for Mr. G. the fathers of the boys had been rejected by their parents and treated their sons with hostility except for Mr. I. 0 who over-indulged B i l l . He had guilt about the marriage because of the high standards and striotness of his parents and his neurotic personality. Table IX shows the attitudes of the mothers to the fi r s t ohild com-pared with the treatment which they themselves received from their parents: Mother's Treatment of Child Compared to Mother's Relationship with Own Parents Mother's Treatment of Daughter Mother's Relationship to Parents (Girls) A. Over-proteotion, over-responsibility. Rejeoting mother, tie TABLE IX. B. Over-indulgence. to father. Striot, rigid parents. C. Over =protection,over-responsibility. Careless, oare-free parents. D. Overt rejeotion,over-responsibility. Daprived,widowed mother. E. Over-indulged. Hard mother, deprived. Mother's Treatment of Son (Boys) p. overt rejeotion Over-responsibility,inadequate parents. Over-protective mother, striot, de-priving fa tiier. Domineering mother, striot father. G. Over-proteotion H. Overt rejeotion I. Over-protection, over-responsibility., Neurotic, unpredictable family. J. Overt rejeotion,over-respoasibility. Inadequate father,nagging mother. (38) Some of the mothers studied treated their daughters in the opposite manner to whioh they were treated by their parents* That is to say, the mothers who had strict parents treated their children with over-indulgence, and those who had carefree, indulgent parents over-protected their children* Other mothers treated their children in the same manner in which they were treated* A mother whose marriage was not forced may develop considerable hostility to a ohild i f her pregnancy was a period of frustration and unpleasantness, or i f she was deprived physically or emotionally* The mother in a foroed marriage* expeoting. the arrival of her first child, tied to a mate she feels did not want her, and frequently in a preoarious financial situation, is not likely to have a happy pregnancy* Her state is actually often worse than that of the unmarried mother who phantasies that she is having her father's baby, hopes that the putative father may marry her, or tries to deny her pregnancy, or realistically plans for the adoption of her child. The expectant mother in a foroed marriage cannot phantasy; she is faced with stern, bitter reality in the Shape of the actual father and marital situation, and her child is likely to be rejected before i t is born. When the ohild arrives i t is something upon which she oan vent her hostility either overtly or oovertly. The attitude she adopted in the ten eases studied included four oasesj B., C. and E., where the mother treated the child in the opposite manner to that in which her parents treated her. This might well be a reaction formation; the mother is afraid that she will treat the child as she was treated, so she avoids this by doing the exact opposite. Mrs. I. tried to over-protect B i l l ; a l l we know of her parents is that they were unpredictable* Mrs* G. over-protected, which was the (39) same treatment that she received from her mother, but she had a rebooting father. Overt rejeotion appeared in the case of Mrs* D*, who received no love and affection herself and remained too immature to give to her child* Gr, -a* in the oases of Mrs. F*. Mrs. E* and Mrs* J * who projected the hostility aroused by the unhappy marriage on to the f i r s t ohild. Physioal Illness TABLE X. Parents Showing Signs of Illness and\/or Alcoholism  Men Women Case A. Diabetes B* Alcohol Co Stomach ulcers, alcohol. D* Alcohol E* Arthritis Eernia, gall-bladder, kidney, heart affected. F* St* Vitus Dance, 7 years in Solarium. Obese, heart, thyroid. Go -E* Alcohol. I. Alcohol J o Table X* shows the number of parents whose tensions and anxieties were manifested in illness or in alooholiem. Four of the men showed a specific disease* Mr. F's illness began in his childhood and was not the result of his unhappy marriage, but because of i t he was over-indulged by his parents and developed into a dependent personality unable to accept responsibility. Mr. A's disease appeared f i r s t when he was on his honeymoon, and Mr. C. has stomach ulcers. Five of the men frequently take refuge in alcohol, including Mr. C, despite (or beoauee of) his ulcers. Only two \u00a3>f the women showed definite physical symptoms. In addition, Mrs. D. had numerous miscarriages and finally a hysterectomy. Mrs. F. also had a record of numerous miscarriages, and Mrs. I. was finally sterilized after an abortion. Four of the women regularly worked outside the home, partly because of the economic necessity but also, no doubt, to obtain the satisfactions and status that they did not receive at home. Mrs. F. satisfied her neurotic needs by boarding other people's babies, although she neglected her own son. Possibly the satisfactions obtained from work outside the home, or even from the child-ren, account for the fact that only two women regularly retreat into i l l -ness and none into alcoholism, \"r perhaps the fact that five women, Mrs. A., Mrs. B\u00ab, Mrs. C, Mrs. D. and Mrs. J., succeeded in satisfying some of their dependency needs through their f i r s t child might explain why they did not show more physical symptoms. It is culturally acceptable for a woman to be dependent, but not for a man; illness and alcoholism are more acceptable for him. Both men and women are attempting to satisfy previous-ly unmet infantile needs. Al l these parents showed hostility to their partners and to the fi r s t child, who may be identified with their own over-strict and hostile parents, and their immaturity resulted in inconsistent treatment of the child. A l l these factors tended to make them poor parents and particularly so toward the f i r s t child. He was the focus of hostility and conscious or unconscious guilt; he was treated with cruelty or neglect or over-proteoted (1+1) and over-indulged. In either oase he received treatment which was likely to hamper his physical and emotional development. In addition he was likely to be given too much responsibility and expected to mature more rapidly than he was able, whioh meant that he was forced to discard his dependency needs before he was ready to do so. He was also the child who was most often picked by the mothers to satisfy their own unmet dependency needs. Adelaide M. Johnson M.D., Ph.D., in an article, \"A Contribution to Treatment of Super-ego Defect\",1 points out that an inconsistent mother often gives love and approbation to the child only when he is taking responsibility, and that she does not allow him to be dependent, whioh is a necessary part of his growing up. She indicates that one ohild in a family may be singled out for hostile treatment by the parents who perhaps unconsciously even wish him to be delinquent because he then aots out the hostile impulses whioh they themselves have been foroed to repress, and they gain vicarious satisfaction from this and the ensuing punishment. It would appear that in a forced , marriage the child picked thus to satisfy his parents' neurotic needs is most likely to be the f i r s t child, since the hostility already felt for him by his parents makes him the natural scapegoat, and since he represents their sin for which they feel they should be punished. 1. Johnson, Adelaide M., M.D. Ph.D. \"A Contribution to Treatment of Super-Ego Defect.\" Social Case Work; April, 1950; p. 135 CHAPTER 17. CONCLUSIONS It can not be stated dogmatically that a foroed marriage must lead to rejeotion of the fi r s t child, but in the ten cases picked at i random each f i r s t ohild was rejected. Therefore, i t can be said that possible rejeotion is an extra hazard that the f i r s t ohild of a forced marriage must face. There appeared to be no happy, satisfactory marriage in the group studied. If a foroed marriage is happy, then the primary reason for rejeotion of the f i r s t child is non-existent. Indeed i t is possible that the fi r s t child might be especially cherished as the cause of a happy situation rather than resented as the oause of an unhappy one. It would appear that the cases which coma to the attention of social agencies are those forced marriages which are unhappy, where the f i r s t child is rejected. The parents in the oases studied were immature people who had not succeeded in working out their emotional re-lationships within their own family group, and the woman's pregnancy, which precipitated the marriage, was the result of unconscious needs on the part of both the man and the woman due to their emotional problems. Since they were not ready to make a mature heterosexual adjustment they were unlikely to make a successful marriage. With the marriage unsuccess-ful ^  and their emotional needs not adequately met by their parents earlier^ or by the marital partner, they sought satisfaction and release of tension in other ways. 00) . These rejected f i r s t children, a l l of whom showed signs of emotional damage, are themselves potential parents and unless some-thing oan be done to^help them they are likely in their return to rejeot their own children* They are maladjusted, damaged personalities because of the treatment they received from their parents, who were in their time the product of inconsistent and rejecting treatment by their own parents* If the case histories went back far enough we should probably find that they, in their turn, were rejeoted by their parents* It is the responsibility of social work agencies whioh are in oontact with these families to break the sequence of cause and effect whioh results in the development of emotionally maladjusted individuals* Unfortunately these children do not always come to the attention of social agencies until their problems have developed to the point where they are either pre-delinquent or delinquent* These are the children who are reacting to the hostility of i their environment by acting out their conflicts outside the home* Father and mother have been at the least unkind, and often deliberately oruel* The child's attempts to express his hostile feelings against his parents have met with punishment and further rejection, and since he is not big enough to dare to fight his parents he relieves his tensions by aggressive behavior; he fights with other children, steals, runs away from home and is rebellious in school* For every delinquent ohild before the courts there are numbers of pre-delinquents whose neighbors talk avidly of the trouble they will soon be in, and prophesy the arrival of the police; whose parents warn them of impending disaster, and who say of themselves, half-frightened and half-defiant, that they will soon be in the industrial sohool. 040 Beside the hostile, aggressive children, there are those who withdraw and those whose tensions are expressed in physical illness. The non-aggressive child attempts again and again to win his parents' love but is always unsuccessful. His feelings of hostility to his parents and his fear of retaliation result in guilt; he represses these feelings and tries to be a good child. His inner conflict and the effort involved in repression may result in the development of behavior disorders, may prevent a satisfactory school adjustment and the child may ultimately withdraw into himself, since he gains no satisfaction from relationships in the outside world. In order to gain the love and attention he so desperately needs he may develop some physical symptoms, hoping that mother will look after him as she did when he was an infant. It is important that these rejected children be given help as early as possible, but our present organization for the promotion of mental health is not as well established as that which looks after the physical health of our children. Vancouver's metropolitan area has a well organized system of baby clinics, where mothers can take their infants for immunization and help with feeding problems and general care* Unfortunately the overtly rejecting mother who neglects her baby is not likely to take the trouble to attend a baby olinic regularly, and the over-protective and over-indulgent mother will not change her methods of baby care in response to advice if her guilt is unconscious and her need to compensate for guilt feelings is great. Unless the mother and the father can be reaohed at this point, rejection of the child will continue. Actually, the only parents who are likely to receive treatment when the child is small are those who come to agencies for help with some other problem. (k5) The older child who is a problem in school will certainly come to the attention of the teachers^whether he is disobedient and trouble-making, or merely dreams and does not work. some of these problem ohildren are referred to the school psychiatrist, some to the Child Guidance Clinic and some to other social agencies. Some of these rejected children behave well in school and therefore many of them are not referred for help until some emergency arises and they are on the verge of delin-quency or already before the court. It is important that school author-ities make i t possible for agencies to do some preventive work by referring the children who need help as soon as i t becomes apparent that there is a problem. At this point the family must be brought into the picture, and work must be done with the parents as well as the child. Since i t is the home environment which is largely responsible for the behavior of the child, some attempt to modify conditions in the home is necessary i f progress is to be made with the child in treatment, and i f that progress is to be maintained. It may be possible for a case-worker, ao ting as a \"good mother\" or \"good father\" to the ohild, to help him to see that a l l the world is not hostile; that the case-worker likes the child, even i f he does things which he has been told are bad, and other people may like him too, so i t is not necessary for him to be continually rebellious and destructive. But as the child develops security with the worker he continues to live in the same environment whioh produoed his problems; his parents are s t i l l rejecting; they s t i l l see the child as a convenient scapegoat for their hostility and guilt and as an objeot to satisfy their neurotic needs. Therefore, i t is essential that an effort be made to bring one i f not both of the parents to the agency for treatment. An understanding of the home situation is (k6) 1360633ary for proper diagnosis of the child, and this understanding in-volves a knowledge of the parents as people with problems of their own. It is frequently difficult for the parents to understand that they are a part of the child's problem. If they can be helped to understand this i t is possible that they may be able to modify their behavior and rsoog-nize the child's needs apart from their own. Even a slight change in the home situation may make i t possible for the child to develop a better relationship with his parentsj more acceptance and less rejeotion may make i t less necessary for him to act out his hostility or withdraw from hi3 environment. If the mother (and i t is usually she who comes to an agency) can accept help with her own problems, the case-worker, by giving her the understanding and acceptance she needs, may gradually help her to reoognize that she is part of her child's problem and that her behavior towards her child is the result of her relationships to her own parents and siblings and of her own unmet needs. If she can be helped to satisfy some of her needs in a more normal and adult way, and i f some of her guilt can be relieved, she may no longer need to feel such hostility to her f i r s t child. Even i f the mother is unwilling to come for regular treatment interviews, i t is sometimes possible through environ-mental manipulation\u00a9 such as finding a part-time job^or better housing, to help the mother obtain increased status and satisfaction, and by this means to decrease her hostility to the child. However, unless the mother is helped to modify her harsh treatment of the ohild because she sees her part in the problem, i t is unlikely that any improvement in the situation will be maintained. The rejected child who has a weak super-ego and whose delinquency \u2022 { k l ) has been unconsciously encouraged by his parent oan be helped by the worker to develop new standards based on the worker as a parent figure, but i f he remains in his own home the parents must be helped to modify their demands and to see the part which they themselves have played in fostering bad behavior. If the case-worker gives support to the mother in the healthy areas of her personality, by being the \"corrected mother\" and giving the mother the experience of help, she may sometimes gain some understanding of her behavior and the fact that she has actually encouraged the child's delinquency* If she is able to recognize this she may be able to control her impulses and see the child as he is and not as an instrument to gratify her neurotic needs. Treatment is more often given to the mother than the father because the mother has usually more influence on the child in his earlier years. There is not sufficient evidence in the oases studied to warrant any conclusion, but i t would appear that more mothers than fathers are willing to ask for help and admit that they have problems. One possible explanation of this might be that culturally a man is expected to be strong, independent and self-reliant* Therefore, in admitting that he has a problem and asking for help^he is admitting that he lacks masculinity, and to avoid this he denies that any problem exists. There are many rejeoted children who never become delinquent, but they are s t i l l maladjusted personalities, not f i t to oope with a l l the varied experiences they meet in l i f e , or to become adequate parents in their turn. The ohild who conforms and withdraws is very likely to be overlooked, but he too is a damaged person. Some foroed marriages can be prevented i f alternative plans are offered to the unmarried mother and she is helped to place her child for (UB) adoption* She must also be helped to understand her feelings about her parents and to mature to the point where she no longer uses her baby to meet her unoonscious need* The oase-worker, by aoting as a warm and giving mother to the g i r l , gives her support and help in her plans to gain some happiness for herself. If the g i r l has sufficient confidence in the worker she may be able to look at her own situation and understand the reasons for her behavior, and i f she can do this she may find i t easier to relinquish her baby for adoption. A large number of i l l e g i t -imately pregnant girls do seek help from sooial agencies, but there are s t i l l those, ignorant of the services offered, who are married in shame and haste in an attempt to cover up their behavior. We need better interpretation of available services. If the marriage doss take place the mother may be helped to understand some of the baby's needs. The Victorian Order of Nurses is offering lectures to expectant mothers whioh include talks by nurses and social workers. Some churches sponsor marriage clinics, and oourses are offered in parent education by the educational authorities* All these things oan help, but parents rejeot and use the f i r s t child as an object of hostility because of guilt and because the marriage in whioh they find themselves is so unsatisfactory* If they oan be helped toward relief of guilt they will not find i t so neoessary to satisfy neurotio needs through the child* If they oan be assisted in finding more normal satis-factions, both in and out of marriage, the whole home situation will be improved. By improving the marriage we improve the child's chance of normal development, so that when he becomes a parent in his turn, his ohild may be aooepted and not rejected. m Bach child is an individual and some children show more resistance than others to the various traumata they meet\u00a9 No child oan encounter oontinued rejeotion from one or both parents without suffering damage which will prevent him developing a mature and well integrated personality. The f i r s t child of a foroed marriage runs an enormous risk of rejeotion which results in his becoming an immature personality, making a poor marriage adjustment and becoming a poor parent in his turn. APPENDIX \"A\" B I B L I O G R A P H Y English, 0. Spurgeoh and Pearson, Gerald H.J., Common Neuroses of  Children and Adults; W.W. Norton; New York; 1937 Tosselyn, Irene M., The Psychosocial Development of Children; Family Service Association of America; New York; 1948 Menninger, Karl and Leaf, Munro, You and Psychiatry; Scribner's; New York; 1948 Freud, Anna, The Ego and Mechanisms of Defense; International universities Press; New York; 1946 Hinsie & Schatzky, Psychiatric Dictionary; Oxford University Press; London, New York. Fenichel, Otto, Psychoanalytic Theory of Neur,osis; W.W.Norton; Sew York,1945 Fromm-Reichmann, Freida, M.D., Principles of Intensive Psychotherapy; The University of Chicago Press; 1950 Benedict, Kuth, Patterns of Culture; Penguin Books; 1946 Deutsch, Helene, The Psychology of Women; Vols. 1 & 2, Gunne & Stretton; 1944 Ho l l i s , Florence, Women in ;eaarital Conilict; Family Service Association of America; l\\iew York; 1949 Allen, Frederick, Psychotherapy with ohildren; W.W. .Norton; Sew York, 1942 Freud, Sigmund, Three Contributions to the Theory of Sex; in \"The Basic Writings of Sigmund Freud\"; The Modern Library; flew York; 1938 namilton, Gordon, Psychotherapy i n Child Uuidance; Columbia university Press; flew York; 1947 Kibble, Margaret, The Rights of Infants; Columbia University Press; New York, 1948 Dunbar, Flanders, mind and Body; Random House; New York; 1947 Bartlett, Harriett M., Some Aspects of Social Casework i n a Medical  Setting; Prepared for Committee on Functions, American Association of Medical social Workers; Chicago; 1940 1 \/ ( 5 1 ) U r e e n a c r e P h y l l i s , M.D., Trauma, Growth and Personality;'W.W. Norton and Go. Inc.; New York; 1952 Alexander, i r a n z , M.D., and Ross, Helen, Dynamic Psychiatry; U n i v e r s i t y of Chicago Press; Ohicago; 1952 Kluckhohm, Clyde, & Murray, Henry A., and Schneider, David M., Personality  i n Nature. Society, and Culture; Second e d i t i o n ; A l f r e d A. Knopf; New York; 1953 Mead, Margaret, and iaacgregor, Frances Cooke, Growth and c u l t u r e ; G.P. Putman's Sons; New York; 1951 Grinker, Roy R., M.D., and Robbing, Fred P., M.P., Psychosomatic-case Book; The Blakiston Co., Inc.; New York, Toronto; 1954 S c h i l d e r , Paul, Medical Psychology, Translator and editor David Ra pa part, International U n i v e r s i t i e s Press Inc.;' New York; 1953 F l u g e l , J.o., The Psycho-analytic Study of the Family; The Hogarth .Press, Ltd., Eighth impression; London; 1950 Alexander, uranz, M.D., Our Age of Unreason; Revised e d i t i o n ; J.B. Lippencott uo.; Ph i l a d e l p h i a , New York; 1951 The Moosehear-c Symposium, edited by start i n L. Reymert, f e e l i n g s and  Emotions; McGraw-Hill Book uo., Inc.; New York, Toronto, London; 1950 Lindner, Robert, P r e s c r i p t i o n f o r Rebellion; Rinehart & Co . j New York, Toronto; 1952 E n g l i s h , 0. Spurgeon and Pearson, Gerald H.J., Emotional Problems of Living;: tff.tv. Norton; New York, 1945 loung, Leontine, Out of mediock, A Study of the Problems of the Unmarried Mother and Her C h i l d ; Mcuraw-Hill Sook Co. Inc.; New xork, Toronto, London; 1954 Johnson, Adelaide, M.D., Ph.D., \"A Contribution to Treatment of Superego Defect\", S o c i a l Casework, A p r i l , 1950, p.135 Goldsmitt, J . and K., \"Treatment of and Adolescent with Superego Defect\", S o c i a l Casework, A p r i l 1950, p.139 Symonds, P e r c i v a l , \"A Study o f Parental Acceptance and Rejection\", American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, October 1938 Futterman, Samuel, M.D., and Jean JB. Livermore, \"Putative Fathers\", Journal of S o c i a l Casework, m y 1947,. p. 174 Block, Sabette, \"The Unmarried Mother - Is She D i f f e r e n t \" , Journal of  S o c i a l Casework, J u l y 1945, p. 163 (52) Xoung, Leontine R., \" P e r s o n a l i t y Patterns i n Unmarried Mothers\", The Family, December 1945, p. 296 aehmideberg, M e l i t t a , ia.D., \" P s y o n i a t r i c - S o c i a l F a c t o r s i n xoung Unmarried Mothers\", S o c i a l Casework, January 1951, p.3 Judge, Jane U., \"Casework w i t h the Unmarried Mother i n a Family Agency\", S o c i a l Casework, January 1951, p.7 nerney, \u00a3., \"Maternal C o n f l i c t s \" , American J o u r n a l of Orthopsychiatry, V o l . 3, 1933 tfinbord, A l b e r t S. and Parker, Ida R., What Becomes of the Unmarried  Mother?, Research Bureau on S o c i a l Casework; Boston; 1927 Easanin, J . and aandschen, S i e g l i n d e , \"Psychodynamic F a c t o r s i n I l l e g i t i m a c y \" , American J o u r n a l or Orthopsychiatry, January 1941,pp.66-85 C l o t h i e r , F l o r e n c e , \" P s y c h o l o g i c a l I m p l i c a t i o n s o f Unmarried Parenthood\" American J o u r n a l of Orthopsychiatry, J u l y 1943, p.531 Horlock, fiiaud, \"Some Aspects of I l l e g i t i m a c y \" , Proceedings of the  Canadian Conference of S o c i a l Workers, .Halifax 1946 Mangold, ueorge , \" C h i l d r e n .born out of Wedlock\", U n i v e r s i t y of  M i s s o u r i S t u d i e s , V o l . 3, No. 3, 1921 R e i d e r , Norman, \"The Unmarried f a t h e r \" , Proceedings of the N a t i o n a l  Conference of o o c i a l Work:, A p r i l 16, 1947 a a r s h , jaarguerite, \"Common A t t i t u d e s Toward the Unmarried r a t h e r \" , Proceedings of the N a t i o n a l Conference o f S o c i a l Work, 1940 tsrenner, Ruth, \"Casework S e r v i c e s f o r Unmarried Mothers\", The F a m i l y , November and December 1941 .ttri s l e y , Mary S., \" P a r e n t - C h i l d R e l a t i o n s h i p s i n Unmarried Parenthood\" American J o u r n a l of Orthopsychiatry, J u l y 1943 McCrae, Helen, \"R e c i d i v i s m i n Unmarried Mothers: Problems of the S o c i a l Work Approach\", Thesis, U n i v e r s i t y of B.C. Newell, H.W., M.D., \"The Psychodynamics of 'Maternal R e j e c t i o n \" , American J o u r n a l of Orthopsychiatry, V o l . 4, No. 3, J u l y 1934 Newell, H.W., M.D., \"A F u r t h e r Study of i n t e r n a l R e j e c t i o n \" , American  J o u r n a l of Orthopsychiatry\", V o l . 6 , No. 4, October 1936 Levy, David M., \"Maternal Over-protection and R e j e c t i o n \" , j o u r n a l of  Nervous and Mental Disease, V o l . 73, Jan.-June, 1931, pp. 65-70 (53) Stemsrud, Alice, and Wardwell, Sibyl, \"A Comparative study of fourteen Socially Well Adjusted Children with their Ifoladjusted siblings\", Smith college Studies i n Social Work Abstracted 4;165, Dec. 1953 Figge, Margaret, \"Some .tractors i n the Etiology of Maternal Rejection\" Smith College Studies i n Social tYork 2, pp. 237-60, iaarch 1932 j^runk, Christine, \"The Effects or imternal Over-protection on the Early Development and Habits of children\", Smith College Studies i n Social Work 2 pp. 261-73, isaarch 1932 Hough, Elizabeth, \"Some Factors i n the Etiology of internal Over-protection\", Smith college Studies i n Social Work 2, pp. 188-208, xaaroh 1932 Lewenberg, jsaartha, \"Marital Disharmony as a Factor in the Etiology of .Maternal Over-protection\", Smith college Studies i n Social Work 2. pp.224-36, March 1932 Uleason, jaary, \"A Study of Attitudes Leading to the Rejection of the child by the Mother\", Smith college Studies i n Social Work 1, pp.407-08, June 1931 Witmer, Helen L., \"Studies i n jiaternal Over-protection and Rejection\", Smith college Studies i n Social Work 2, pp.181-187, March 1932 Rosenheim, Frederick, \"The character Structure of a Rejected Child\" American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, July 1942, p.486 APPENDIX \"B\" C A S E Ht i 0 O R B S ( # ) CASE I Lorraine A. was corn i n 1935. She has two brothers and a sister, respectively 5, 10 and 11 years younger than herself. She appeared, i n Juvenile Court charged with theft under $25.00 and spent some time i n the Detention Home. Since she was i n Grade 8 she has been truant ing and running away from home. -The family f i r s t became known to the Family Welfare Bureau when Mr. A. asked for domestic help at the time of his wife's fourth pregnancy. It was noted then that he showed l i t t l e consideration for jars. A. and had no appreciation of her d i f f i c u l t i e s . .aoth said that she was five months pregnant at the time of the marriage and that they had known one another for two years and \"gone together\" for one. .Mr. A. f e l t that the marriage had been \"forced\" but Mrs. A. claimed that she would have married him anyway and that her father would have helped her had not this marriage been her wish. Mr. A. was the second of four children. He had an older sister who was illegitimately pregnant and later married and divorced. His younger brother made an apparently successful marriage and had a mentally retarded child, subsequently adopting a baby. His younger sister made an unhappy marriage and contracted tuberculosis. Mr. A's father was a clarinet player with the Symphony and Mr. A. expressed great envy of his a b i l i t y . Mr. A. Senior had died or cancer. nir. A'S mother was a kind person to whom he was very much attached, but since a stroke i n 1938 she had been confined to hospital, and i n spite of his protestations of affec-tion he rarely visited her there. She was very resentful of his marriage. Although the home was a harmonious one fir. A. feels that his parents were not s t r i c t enough with the children and he should have been spanked more (56) than he was. Jie intended to be a teacner and passed his Senior Matricula-tion examinations but the depression prevented any further education. After his father's death iie nelped his mother by playing the saxophone in dance bands and in 1935 when he was twenty-one he married tars. A., then seventeen and five months pregnant. up u n t i l t h i s time his health had been good, but three days after his return from his honeymoon, he developed diabetes. He was a pale, thin man with glasses and poorly-fitting false teeth, bad tempered, i r r i t a b l e and over-strict with his children, and very possessive, jealous and suspicious of his wife. ns worked as a chef at Vancouver General ac-spital and seemed to be intelligent, reliable and well-liked at his job. Mrs. A. was the eldest of three g i r l s and her siblings seemed to be satisfactorily married but had no children, ner father was a pensioner of forld War I, who had some stomach ill n e s s . She had a very deep feeling for him, and when she became illegitimately pregnant i t was to her father that she turned and he promised to look after her i f she did not want to marry ar. A. She remained very attached to him, and later he died i n her arms. She claimed she was fond of her. mother but the latter appeared to be somewhat vindictive and disliked her daughter. Mrs. A. was continually i n conflict with her mother and sisters, who were very c r i t i c a l of her. She did poor work i n school and only reached Grade 8. She wanted to marry Mr. A. and said that he was quite ready to marry her but has since claimed she was a drawback to him. She had no sex education and did not recognize the onset of labor. After their marriage they were on r e l i e f u n t i l 1939, after which a series of jobs ended (57) i n Mr. A. working as chef and Mrs. A. i n the ward kitchen at Vancouver General Hospital. Mrs. A. claimed she worked to buy extras for. herself and the ch.ild.ren, especially Lorraine. She was an attractive woman but an inefficient housekeeper. Marital adjustment was very poor, no contraceptives were used and there was continual fear of pregnancy. The strain of this relation-ship probably contributed to Mr. A!s bad temper. He belittled his wife, objected to her making friends or taking part i n any associations such as the Parent-Teachers' Association, and refused to allow her or the children to have any friends i n the home. He was suspicious and jealous and claimed that she had had other men besides himself, that she lie d to him and ran up b i l l s at the stores. There was continual s t r i f e i n the home, and although he was over-strict with a l l the children he took out most of his resentment on Lorraine. He beat her, refused her pocket money, and insisted that she come straight home from school to look after her siblings. He would not.let her attend groups or bring friends home and was t e r r i f i e d of her knowing any boys. Mrs. A. said she loved Lorraine the best of a l l her children and tried to protect her from her father. She supported her in a l l she did and said she wanted Lorraine to have a better l i f e than she had. She treated her more like a sister than a daughter and discussed a l l her problems with Lorraine, excusing her conduct on the grounds of the father's strictness. Mrs. A. claimed that she only stayed with Mr. A. to protect the children. At one time she le f t him for several weeks. ^Lorraine was a breach birth, weighed 7 lbs. 1 oz. and was breast-fed for nine months. She apparently developed normally, had (58) measles and whooping cough, and at five years had a tonsillectomy. She liked sweet things, sleeps a lot and bites her n a i l s . She began to menstruate at eleven, and began running away from home and truanting when in Grade 8, giving as a reason that her father was mean to her. When she played late she was afraid to go home because he whipped her, so she wandered away. On one occasion she was picked up by the police after spending a night i n Hurnaby, and, on another, after stealing a dress i n New Westminster. This time she was placed i n the Detention Home and did not want to go home because she was afraid of her father, but she was needed to look after her siblings, as both parents work, and after a very angry scene with her father, was permitted to go back. She had l i t t l e chance to play with children her own age and was insecure with them. With adults she was uneasy, and unable to trust them. She was aware that she was the cause of her parents' marriage and that her father focused his resentment on her. She was twice examined at the child Guidance C l i n i c , who reported f i r s t that her father was \"aggressively imposing on her both physically and psychologically\", and that she reacted with h o s t i l i t y and fear. Later the Clinic reported \"Patient's self-concept may be inter-preted as one of isolation i n the desert of human interaction. She probably has no very close personal relationship with any one individual, though in groups people are easy enough to get along with even though not stimulating i t i s conceded that her relationship to her father constitutes the essence of the etiology of her present d i f f i c u l t i e s \" . I n an endeavour to help the marital situation i t was arranged that Mr. A. see a psychiatrist. He showed l i t t l e willingness to co-(59) operate and a f t e r a couple of i n t e r v i e w s d i d not keep h i s appointments and l i t t l e progress was made. He expressed the b e l i e f t h a t the world was governed by f e a r , and the p s y c h i a t r i s t f e l t t h a t he might be pre-ps y c h o t i e . He had appa r e n t l y never worked through h i s o e d i p a l c o n f l i c t and s t i l l had much g u i l t about h i s mother and h i s d e s e r t i o n of her t o marry Mrs. A. The onset of diabetes three days a f t e r h i s honeymoon i s s i g n i f i c a n t . n i s sense o f g u i l t about the marriage was focused on L o r r a i n e , the cause o f i t , and he took out h i s resentment on her. ne was t e r r i f i e d t h a t L o r r a i n e might repeat her mother.* s p a t t e r n i f she had anything t o do w i t h boys. Mrs. A. was s t r o n g l y t i e d t o iier f a t h e r and resented her mother; t n i s was tne probable cause o f her pregnancy. ner g u i l t f e e l i n g s about the marriage r e s u l t e d i n o v e r - p r o t e c t i o n o f L o r r a i n e \u20221 and p o s s i b l e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n w i t h her i n an endeavour t o give her the be t t e r l i f e which she h e r s e l f missed. A l s o , she used her t o s a t i s f y her own dependency needs. L o r r a i n e was caught between her f a t h e r ' s r e j e c t i o n and h o s t i l i t y and her mother's demands and o v e r - p r o t e c t i o n . She was always g i v e n too much r e s p o n s i D i l i t y a t home and had no chance t o mix w i t h those of her own age. She reacted w i t h h o s i t i l i t y and an attempt t o r u n away from an unbearable s i t u a t i o n . i h e C h i l d Guidance C l i n i c has recommended th a t she be removed from home, and considers t h a t she i s a f a i r l y normal c h i l d i n a very poor environment. (60) CASE I I Margaret B. was 15 years o l d i n 1950, She had an 11 year o l d brother and a 7 year o l d s i s t e r , both of whom presented no apparent behavior problems. Margaret h e r s e l f was r e f e r r e d t o the Fa m i l y Welfare Bureau because of her r e l a t i v e s ' complete i n a b i l i t y t o handle her. She stayed away from s c h o o l , d i d not r e t u r n home when she was t o l d , made f r i e n d s w i t h u n d e s i r a b l e s , l i e d , s t o l e from her r e l a t i v e s and g e n e r a l l y was a problem wherever she was. She had no r e a l home now as her f a t h e r and mother were di v o r c e d i n 1950. Her f a t h e r married again to a g i r l of 23 who works. Margaret's mother and brother and s i s t e r l i v e d on Vancouver I s l a n d where Mrs. B. was employed by her brother. Margaret's bad behavior there r e -s u l t e d i n her uncle's r e f u s a l to a l l o w her t o stay and she was sent t o another u n c l e and aunt, s h i f t e d from one t o another and f i n a l l y sent t o her grandparents. Her grandfather was so incensed a t her behavior t h a t he wanted her sent t o u - i r l s ' I n d u s t r i a l S c h o ol. She i s now being cared f o r i n a f o s t e r home supervised by the C h i l d r e n ' s A i d S o c i e t y . Mr. and Mrs. B's marriage was a fo r c e d one and both f a m i l i e s were opposed t o i t . We do not know very much about .Mr. B's parents but h i s f a t h e r was a sea c a p t a i n who was away most o f t h e time, and i t appears probable t h a t he was over-indulged by h i s mother. I n a l l events, he had a h i s t o r y of i r r e s p o n s i b l e d r i n k i n g , and running a f t e r other women. He s t a r t e d as a bus d r i v e r and l a t e r became an i n s t r u c t o r , f o r the other d r i v e r s . H i s w i f e never knew i f o r when he was coming home. Every month she had t o beg him f o r money t o pay her b i l l s . As f a r as Margaret was concerned, Mr. B. used her against h i s w i f e , g i v i n g her money and a l t e r n a t e l y s p o i l i n g and s c o l d i n g her. When she was at the beach w i t h her f r i e n d s , Margaret (61) often saw him with other women, but did not t e l l her mother. Mr. B. was an inadequate husband and father, and since his divorce and second marriage had shown no inclination to see Margaret. He had expressed willingness to help pay her board, but refused to take any responsi-b i l i t y for her. Mrs. B. was the second g i r l in a family of eight. Her father was a r i g i d , uncompromising Scot, who was at one time MIA, and several times Mayor of his Municipality. Her mother had a st r i c t upbringing but was a kind and giving person, the only one who had shown any real sympathy and understanding for Margaret. Mrs. B's family was very proud of i t s good name and position in the community, and Margaret's behavior was a threat. Mrs. B. was married at 18, straight from school, probably as a revolt against an over-strict father, and the whole family was very upset. She remained an immature person, very concerned with the family's pride. Her feeling towards Margaret had been throughout one of g u i l t , followed by over-indulgence. She said helplessly that she was unable to cope with the g i r l and had treated her more as a sister than a daughter. When Margaret became a problem to the family she was anxious to transfer her responsibility to' someone else. Marital adjustment was poor i n every way, and although Mrs. B. claimed that she wanted Margaret, the child was rejected from the start. Both.parents were immature people, always quarreling, and Mr. B. stayed away from home more and more u n t i l the f i n a l separation. M argaret weighed 6 lbs. 5 oz. and was born after only two hours' labor. She was breast-fed for eight months and sucked her thumb u n t i l 3 years old. There was no emphasis on too early training and (62) she developed normally, but her mother claimed t h a t she was always d i f f i c u l t and always wanted her own way. She had childhood diseases l i g h t l y and at 5 years had a lump i n her g r o i n that returned at puberty. During her 15th year she s u f f e r e d from carbuncles. As a baby she would r e f u s e t o eat, but l a t e r on had a good a p p e t i t e . When s m a l l , although w e l l - t r a i n e d , she would wet and s o i l h e r s e l f t o annoy her mother, and t h i s continued even a f t e r she went t o sc h o o l . When t i n y she fought r a t h e r than played w i t h other c h i l d r e n and ii\u00a9s alvaays antagonistic' t o her parents. She was s p o i l e d and had a l l her own way u n t i l the a r r i v a l o f the f i r s t s i b l i n g wnen sne was 4 years o l d , and she was exceedingly jealous of him. From then on she fought f o r a t t e n t i o n , and her mother claimed she always got more of everything f o r h e r s e l f , because she made l i f e so unpleasant f o r everyone e l s e . As a c h i l d she made up f a n t a s t i c s t o r i e s and had always t w i s t e d the t r u t h to s u i t h e r s e l f . Her mother t r e a t e d her more or l e s s as an equal and discussed her problems w i t h her. She was most anxious t o begin t o menstruate as a s i g n that she was grown up, and was w i t h another 14 year o l d g i r l who was raped by a s a i l o r . She knew a l l about her f a t h e r ' s a f f a i r s w i t h other women and i t was very probable t h a t she knew she was the cause of her parents' marriage. When 12 years o l d she was staying' out l a t e at n i g h t ; by the time she was 14 she stayed away a l t o g e t h e r f o r days at a time, and her mother d i d not know where she was. She truanted and was impertinent i n s c h o o l , where she never worked t o c a p a c i t y , and she l e f t s chool as soon as she became 15. She d i d not sta y w i t h her f i r s t job nor succeed i n f i n d i n g another. She s t o l e from her r e l a t i v e s and managed t o q u a r r e l w i t h every member of the f a m i l y . She was always r e j e c t e d and insecure and c o n t i n u a l l y b e l i t t l i n g o t h e r s . - A l t o g e t h e r she was a d e f i a n t and p a t h e t i c l i t t l e g i r l , (63) who s a i d openly t h a t no one cared f o r her, and she cared f o r no one. she needed acceptance, approval and a f f e c t i o n , and the on l y person who attempted t o give her these was her grandmother, whose e f f o r t s were l i m i t e d by the s t e r n grandfather. Margaret was examined at O h i l d Guidance G l i n i c where she r a t e d b r i g h t normal, and i t was f e l t t h a t she had never had a c l o s e contact w i t h a mature woman she could look up t o , and that her trouble-making was an attempt t o show her importance. She d i d not appear t o be making s a t i s f a c t o r y adjustment i n the f o s t e r home where she was placed by the Ohildren's A i d S o c i e t y . Mrs. B's pregnancy was probably a r e v o l t a g a i n s t her f a t h e r ' s s t r i c t n e s s . She s t i l l had a strong t i e t o her f a t h e r and a l l her de a l i n g s w i t h Margaret seemed t o be i n f l u e n c e d by f e a r o f what he would t h i n k . She had r e j e c t e d t h e c h i l d who caused her marriage, but not, apparently, the other two. Her g u i l t f e e l i n g s appeared t o have r e s u l t e d i n over-indulgence and l a c k of d i s c i p l i n e and she had used Margaret i n an attempt t o s a t i s f y her own unmet dependency needs. Margaret, r e j e c t e d and insec u r e , had sought a t t e n t i o n i n the o n l y way which seemed t o b r i n g r e s u l t s , V i z . , by h o s t i l i t y and t r o u b l e -making. So long as her l y i n g and s t e a l i n g were confined t o the f a m i l y she was not considered d e l i n q u e n t , but i t seemed probable t h a t she would be picked up by the p o l i c e sooner or l a t e r . ( 6 U ) CASE I I I L a u r a was a s m a l l , blonde g i r l w i t h many nervous mannerisms i n c l u d i n g a s t u t t e r and a t i c i n one eye. She was born when her mother was 19 and her f a t h e r 23, and has a brother two years younger, and two s i s t e r s s i x and seven years younger than h e r s e l f . She appeared i n J u v e n i l e court on a charge of s e x u a l immorality, and the f o l l o w i n g month was apprehended as an u n s a t i s f a c t o r y p r o b a t i o n e r , and spent some time i n the De t e n t i o n Home. When she was discharged her f a t h e r d i d not want her at home, so she remained at t h e united church Home u n t i l her c h i l d was born. She was most anxious t o have her^baby adopted, but the f a m i l y put co n s i d e r -able pressure on her to keep i t and she brought i t home w i t h her. She ref u s e d t o marry the p u t a t i v e f a t h e r , who served a term i n Oakalla f o r c o n t r i b u t i n g to j u v e n i l e delinquency. Mr. C. i s a longshoreman, t a l l and w i r y and i n poor h e a l t h . His f a t h e r was a bus d r i v e r , and Mr. C f e l t t h a t he married beneath him. ue wanted a n i c e , c l e a n , shiny house and thought t h a t h i s w i f e was i n -competent and had f a i l e d him i n t h i s . She was a c a r e l e s s , obese, sloppy, u n a t t r a c t i v e person, who was fond of gardening and not of housekeeping. ivir. 0. claimed that he could not b r i n g h i s f r i e n d s home so he spent h i s time i n the beer p a r l o r , where he drank alone. He had stomach u l c e r s , and was always very severe w i t h the c h i l d r e n , and p a r t i c u l a r l y r e j e c t i n g of Laura. He had been d e s c r i b e u as bad tempered, dominating and e x c i t a b l e , always i n c o n s i s t e n t i n h i s treatment of the c h i l d r e n , ne could never make up h i s mind about Laura. F i r s t he wanted her to marry the p u t a t i v e f a t h e r , and then r e f u s e d t o hear of i t ; f i r s t he wanted her home and then he turned (65) her out. His own parents would have l i t t l e to do with hiin after his marriage^ He and his wife were always incompatible and he appeared to have rejected Laura because of his guilt about the marriage. Laura's >pregnancy reactly.fiited a l l his earlier feelings and resulted i n a family storm. He has expressed fear that the other g i r l s w i l l follow Laura's example. Mrs. C. was a casual housekeeper, and was much, more giving to the children than her husband, she acted as a buffer between them, but she herself was afraid of him. The home was i n a constant state of turmoil, and in general there was an atmosphere of vicious hate. We do not know much about Mrs. C's parents except that she and her family had a very d i f f i c u l t time financially. There were two g i r l s in the family, and when jars. G. was 8 years old a third one was corn. She looked after this child, which was f i n a l l y placed for adoption, and jars. o. f e l t very deprived. She claimed that she had never found Laura any trouble and that she had discussed everything with Laura and given her sex educa-tion. She f e l t that Laura had in f e r i o r i t y feelings, largely because of her father's continual criticism. Her husband accused her of babying a l l the children but would never discuss plans with her. Both parents worked and the children were alone most of the day, being Laura's responsibility. Neither parent was anxious to receive help from any agency. Laura apparently developed as normally as could be expected in an atmosphere of continuous s t r i f e . She had a good understanding of her parents and knew only too well that she was the cause of the marriage. Both parents openly feared that she would become pregnant. She completed (66) Grade 11 i n school and, when apprehended, was working as a j u n i o r steno-grapher at |80.00 a month. She was qu i t e promiscuous and had r e l a t i o n s w i t h s e v e r a l men, i n r e b e l l i o n against her o v e r - s t r i c t f a t h e r . Once pregnant she was t e r r i f i e d t h a t her f a t h e r would f i n d out, and t r i e d t o conceal her c o n d i t i o n . A f t e r she l e f t the Det e n t i o n Home her f a t h e r sent her t o l i v e w i t h her maternal aunt, who was a warm, g i v i n g person and w i t h whom she was happy, but he would not l e t her remain there and sent her t o the United uhurch Home. Laura was t o r n between her d e s i r e t o do her best f o r her baby and s t i l l r e t a i n her f a t h e r ' s good w i l l . She was qui t e u n r e a l i s t i c i n her ideas and s t i l l phantasied a great d e a l . When she was i n the Home her f a t h e r v i s i t e d her twi c e and her mother not at a l l . While she stayed there she refused t o make c l o t h e s f o r the baby, but i n s t e a d d i d embroidery as i f t o deny the f a c t of her pregnancy. Her f a m i l y ' s plans f o r the c h i l d appeared t o be very un-r e a l i s t i c as i t was to be cared f o r by the grandmother when Laura obtained a job, since both, f a t h e r and mother xvere working. Laura was r e j e c t e d openly by both f a t h e r and mother. Her mother showed her some a f f e c t i o n but attempted t o s a t i s f y some of her unmet dependency needs through the g i r l . She was never able t o please her o v e r - s t r i c t f a t h e r but was s t i l l t r y i n g t o lov e him and was seeking h i s ap p r o v a l . She had not matured beyond the phantasy stage and her o e d i p a l c o n f l i c t seemed t o be s t i l l unresolved. Her pregnancy was a r e v o l t a g a i n s t o v e r - s t r i c t n e s s and i n c o n s i s t e n t treatment and she sought elsewhere the love t h a t she d i d not r e c e i v e a t home. (67) CASE IV Shirley D . appeared i n Juvenile court charged with running away, and stealing clothes and jewellry. The family came here from Saskatchewan and were helped by the Red cross and subsequently by a number of agencies as they were always in financial d i f f i c u l t i e s . Shirley was born when her mother was 15 years old and had seven brothers and sisters born i n the ensuing eleven years. In addition, her mother had many mis-carriages. Both parents are iof Dutch Mennonite stock, and the belonged to the Salvation Army because .they said \"they got something out of i t \" . Mr. D. i s 13 years older than his wife and treated her as a child, as indeed she was. They were on r e l i e f on their wedding day and have seldom been without some sort of assistance. Mr. D. worked as a truck driver and as a laborer, lie managed to complete urade 3 i n school, and after that attended night school for a short time. We do not know much about his family, but his early l i f e was a very deprived one and he i s an immature, self-centred person who does not f e e l that he had any duty to his wife and family. He was discharged from the Army for unknown medical reasons and finds his greatest r e l i e f i n alcohol. He was jealous and distrustful of his wife and l a t t e r l y did not like Shirley to have any boy friends, since he was afraid she would find a boy friend for Mrs. D. Mrs. D. had never known love and security as she was brought up by her widowed mother in a family which included seven g i r l s and one boy. She went to work for her room and board when she was 10 years old. Several of her brothers were known to have theft records. Mrs. D. had no sex (68) education a t a l l , and became pregnant when she was 14. She completed Grade 8 a t school and appeared t o have average i n t e l l i g e n c e , but she was an immature dependent person needing a f f e c t i o n and s e c u r i t y , which she d i d not f i n d i n her marriage. She was a poor housekeeper and manager, hut was most anxious t h a t her c h i l d r e n should have a b e t t e r chance than she had. However, she could not stand up t o her husband. She gave S h i r l e y f a r too much r e s p o n s i b i l i t y i n l o o k i n g a f t e r a l l the other c h i l d r e n , and t r e a t e d her as a s i s t e r r a t h e r than a daughter. There was a strong t i e between them but she d e f i n i t e l y r e j e c t e d S h i r l e y and was much more p r o t e c t i v e o f the other c h i l d r e n . The m a r i t a l adjustment was very poor. Mr. D. refu s e d t o use c o n t r a c e p t i v e s , so there were numerous m i s c a r r i a g e s , probably some of -them s e l f - i n d u c e d , u n t i l f i n a l l y Mrs. p. was s t e r i l i z e d . jar. D. s a i d openly t h a t S h i r l e y was the c h i l d of h i s c o u s i n . Both parents used her as a buffe r and openly blamed her f o r the marriage and a l l t h e i r t r o u b l e s . S h i r l e y was Dottle-fed. When 1-j- years o l d she had a bad f a l l , h u r t i n g ner head and breaking her r i g h t l e g . She had a l l the c h i l d r e n ' s d i s e a s e s , and, a f t e r an a t t a c k of mumps at age 12, had t o wear g l a s s e s . She had a t o n s i l l e c t o m y when she was 13, and always s u f f e r e d great p a i n when menstruating. When she r a n away from home i t was always during or c l o s e t o her p e r i o d . None of the c h i l d r e n were p a r t i c u l a r l y h e a l t h y , probably because they never had enough foo d . S h i r l e y s u f f e r e d from headaches, toothaches and nightmares. She walked and t a l k e d i n her sle e p , and s u f f e r e d from v a r i o u s kinds of bowel t r o u b l e . She attended s p e c i a l c l a s s e s at s c h o o l , where she was c o n t i n u a l l y p l a y i n g pranks, and (69) was domineering and bullying with the younger children* However, she did not attend school regularly because she had too much responsibility at home. Her intelligence appeared to be only borderline. When she was asked to do anything she always replied that she did not feel well. Whenever she did not return home promptly from school her father beat her and she ran away. She knew quite well that she was rejected by both parents, who often told her that the wished she would leave home. After Mrs. DJfs hysterectomy she appeared to feel that l i f e was over for her, and pushed Shirley towards marriage, apparently hoping to obtain some vicarious satisfaction from her daughter's activities. It was at this time that Shirley definitely became delinquent. There was never any money for clothes and she stole What she wanted. Shirley herself maintained that she was happy at home except that she did not have the things she wanted. She had a stronger tie to her mother than to her father, who she felt did not want her. Her disturbance during her period might mean that she was rejecting her feminity because of her mother's poor experience which had been shared with her in great detail. In spite of a l l her ailments, Shirley was a pretty child and she was married early in 1951. (70) CASE M Susan ii\u00ab had an i l l e g i t i m a t e c h i l d , born i n 1950 when she was 19. She claimed t h a t the f a t h e r was an American s a i l o r who got her drunk on cheap whiskey and l e f t town immediately a f t e r w a r d . She had spent a good d e a l of time f r e q u e n t i n g dance h a l l s w i t h poor companions, and s t a y i n g out l a t e . She had two brothers two and th r e e years younger than h e r s e l f , and a s i s t e r 5 years younger. liar, E. was fou r years younger than h i s w i f e when he married, when she was 34 and s i x weeks pregnant. He had a previous w i f e who d i e d . He was born i n the united S t a t e s , of Irish-German-Dutch o r i g i n and had very l i t t l e education, and when the couple married he was working as a c o a l miner, l a t e r he had v a r i o u s jobs as l a b o r e r , and then as a fireman f o r the C.N.H. Very soon a f t e r t h e i r marriage the f a m i l y went on r e l i e f , where they remained u n t i l he joined t h e Army. A f t e r h i s discharge he had a job at f60.00 a week f o r a few months and then was unemployed, ne d i d not l i j s e work and had some a r t h r i t i s which he used as an excuse t o avoid i t . liars E. was adopted when she was three years o l d by a very hard, s t r i c t woman. When she was 14 she went to' work as a cook and u n t i l her marriage gave most of her money t o her mother. She was anxious t h a t her c h i l d r e n should have an e a s i e r l i f e than she had. When t h i n g s became too d i f f i c u l t a t home she r e t r e a t e d i n t o i l l n e s s , having had g a l l - b l a d d e r t r o u b l e and an ope r a t i o n f o r abdominal h e r n i a . She a l s o had a kidney c o n d i t i o n and a bad h e a r t . When Mr. E. was not working she worked at Vancouver General H o s p i t a l laundry. She was never s t r i c t w i t h Susan but over-indulged her as much as p o s s i b l e . On the other hand, when the g i r l (71) became 14 she kept her home from school t o look a f t e r the younger c h i l d r e n and always gave the c h i l d too much r e s p o n s i b i l i t y . She was openly a f r a i d t h a t Susan would get i n t o some k i n d of sex d i f f i c u l t y . The f a t h e r had always been v e r y s t r i c t and on occasion had sent Mrs. E. out at ni g h t t o look f o r Susan, j m r i t a l adjustment was very poor, and there was c o n t i n u a l s t r i f e i n the home. Susan was a d i f f i c u l t b i r t h and was bre a s t - f e d f o r three months, ner mother had her completely t r a i n e d by the time she was 9 months, she had pneumonia, r u b e l l a , chicken-pox, measles, acute a p p e n d i c i t i s and a kidney c o n d i t i o n . A f t e r t h e measles she was f o r c e d t o wear g l a s s e s . She reached Grade 7 i n sc h o o l , but was r a t e d as low-normal i n t e l l i g e n c e . When Mrs. 'E. was f o r c e d t o go t o work she gave a l l the household r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s t o susan. A f t e r she l e f t s c h o o l , susan passed as 18 and at one time she worked f o r a time at the Vancouver H o t e l laundry, but she s a i d her f a t h e r picked on her so she gave up her job. she was u n r e l i a b l e i n every way, e s p e c i a l l y i n keeping appoint-ments, she appeared t o be fond of her mother, but pa i d her o n l y f20.00 a month board, i n s i s t i n g on keeping a l l the r e s t of her money t o spend on c l o t h e s , she f e l t r e s e n t f u l t h a t her f a t h e r d i d not want t o work, and t h a t she was being f o r c e d t o do so. She became pregnant w h i l s t her mother was i n h o s p i t a l f o r an o p e r a t i o n , and made t e n t a t i v e arrangements t o go i n t o the S a l v a t i o n Army Home, as the f a m i l y attended S a l v a t i o n Army s e r v i c e s . However, she was unable t o conform t o the r u l e s of the Home so she returned home. When the c h i l d was born she f i r s t planned t o plac e him because she d i d not want t o take any r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r him, ( 7 2 ) but her mother persuaded her t o l e t the parents adopt him, and i t was arranged that Mrs, E. and Susan would do s h i f t work:.and look a f t e r him. Susan's baby was part o f her r e v o l t against her mother's domination and her f a t h e r ' s o v e r - s t r i c t n e s s and the f a c t t h a t she was g i v e n too much r e s p o n s i b i l i t y . She was not ready f o r a baby, but had her revenge on her parents by keeping i t and i n s i s t i n g t h a t they help her look a f t e r i t . (73) CASE V I A r t h u r F. was sent by h i s school p r i n c i p a l to the school p s y c h i a t r i s t when he was 6 years o l d because of h i s immature and aggressive behavior. H i s mother claimed t h a t he was always hard t o handle, running away, d i s o b e d i e n t , and having c o n t i n u a l temper tantrums. He was a l s o e n u r e t i c . A r t h u r ' s f a t h e r and mother were married when Mr. F. was 22 and Mrs. F. 18, and Mrs. F. was seven months pregnant. \u2022They had known one another f o r about two y e a r s , and Mr. F's parents were very much opposed t o the marriage, which t h e y f e l t was beneath t h e i r son. A r t h u r had two younger brothers, J a c k i e two years younger, who was born during the War, and B i l l y s i x years younger, born when h i s f a t h e r returned from the Army. We know that Mr. F J s grandparents married very young, d e s p i t e the wishes of t h e i r parents, who d i d not approve o f the grand-mother. Mr. F^s f a t h e r and mother over-indulged him. He had S t . V i t u s ' Dance and was i n a s o l a r i u m from 7 t o 14 y e a r s , and he never learned t o take any r e s p o n s i b i l i t y . H i s mother was a p e r f e c t i o n i s t , who d i s l i k e d Mrs. F. i n t e n s e l y , and both h i s parents t r i e d c o n t i n u a l l y t o break up the marriage which they had so b i t t e r l y opposed. When Mr. F. found the marriage d i f f i c u l t he j o i n e d t he Army and went Overseas, where he met a Dutch g i r l , and t o l d h i s w i f e t h a t he was not r e t u r n i n g . However, he d i d come back and a t h i r d boy was born. Mr. F. was a garage worker and managed a s e r v i c e s t a t i o n f o r h i s f a t h e r although previous t o h i s war experience he never remained at any one job. He was nervous, moody, i r r a t i o n a l and i r r e s p o n s i b l e , and appeared t o hate h i s marriage, and p a r t i c u l a r l y A r t h u r <7U) who was the cause of i t . As soon as anything went wrong he vented h i s anger on A r t h u r , and h i s o n l y i n t e r e s t i n him took the form of punishment\u2022 Mrs. F. was the second i n a f a m i l y of s i x and, being the ol d e s t g i r l , had t o look a f t e r the f a m i l y . Her mother was a c h e e r f u l , haphazard, o b l i g i n g person, and her f a t h e r was a completely shadowy f i g u r e . When she was 15, Mrs. F. went out t o work as a t r a y g i r l i n a h o s p i t a l . She had a h i s t o r y of s l i g h t heart t r o u b l e and a t h y r o i d c o n d i t i o n , and was very obese. She was always insecure and u n s a t i s -f i e d h e r s e l f , and could not gi v e love t o her c h i l d r e n . I t seems probable t h a t she became pregnant d e l i b e r a t e l y i n order t o fo r c e the marriage. During her husband's absence overseas, Mrs. F. had a veterans' house and boarded babies, f o r whom she appeared t o have a str o n g , n e u r o t i c need. She h e r s e l f had two mi s c a r r i a g e s between the two o l d e r boys, and i t i s p o s s i b l e t h a t her need t o care f o r babies might be an attempt t o prove the f e m i n i n i t y which her m i s c a r r i a g e s seemed t o deny. She used her own c h i l d r e n d e l i b e r a t e l y i n order t o keep.the marriage together and always loved the c h i l d t h a t her husband p r e f e r r e d a t the time. She was very nervous and c o n s t a n t l y h i t t i n g the c h i l d r e n , though she read books on c h i l d behavior and attempted to i n t e l l e c t u a l i z e and e x p l a i n her a c t i o n s . I t i s p o s s i b l e t h a t she pro j e c t e d her d i s l i k e of A r t n u r on t o her husband. C e r t a i n l y she always claimed t h a t A r t h u r was d i f f i c u l t , and the other boys easy t o manage. Mrs. F. was s t r i v i n g t o m a i n t a i n her marriage and ras (75) c o n s t a n t l y being d e p r e c i a t e d by her husband and h i s f a m i l y , jar. and jars. JT. quarreled c o n s t a n t l y and t h i s was p a r t i c u l a r l y n o t i c e a b l e when Ar t h u r was s m a l l . She modified a l i t t l e , but JMr. i f . not at a l l . and she continued t o use the c h i l d r e n as a t i e to her husband. A r t h u r weighed 5 l b s . a t b i r t h and was not b r e a s t - f e d . As a baby he was openly r e j e c t e d and not w e l l cared f o r . He was not pr o p e r l y c l o t h e d nor f e d and at 8 months Jiad b r o n c h i t i s and severe whooping cough. At 8 years he had pneumonia. He deeply resented J a c k i e ' s b i r t h , although the mother claimed she t r i e d t o prepare him f o r i t . He always resented the a t t e n t i o n J a c k i e r e c e i v e d but appeared to be fond of the baby. He was very slow i n walking and t a l k i n g , and squinted when t i r e d . He had an enormous a p p e t i t e , which was never s a t i s f i e d . H i s f a t h e r and mother t r i e d t o handle him by punishment, and h i s f a t h e r whipped him c o n t i n u a l l y . He never t r i e d t o get out of t r o u b l e by l y i n g , although J a c k i e appeared t o be an accomplished l i a r . A r t h u r ' s aggression was shown by h i s running away, and by v i o l e n t temper tantrums a t s c h o o l . He undoubtedly heard h i s parents f i g h t i n g about him and blaming him f a r the marriage. The p s y c h i a -t r i s t f e l t t hat he showed the emotional r e a c t i o n s of a much younger c h i l d and t h a t he was immature, aggressive and n e g a t i v i s t i c , though probably o f average i n t e l l i g e n c e . Arthur was a p a t h e t i c f i g u r e , l i v i n g i n c o n t i n u a l c o n f l i c t , hated by h i s f a t h e r as the cause of the marriage, and r e j e c t e d by the mother who was unable t o gi v e a f f e c t i o n because she was u n s a t i s f i e d e m o t i o n a l l y h e r s e l f , and could o n l y s a t i s f y her n e u r o t i c needs by boarding other people's babies. (76) CASE V I I D i c k G. was r e f e r r e d by h i s doctor t o C h i l d Guidance C l i n i c when he was 3 years o l d because o f s e i z u r e s which d i d not appear t o have any organic o r i g i n . D i c k had one brother a year younger than h i m s e l f . H i s f a t h e r and mother married when Mr. c was 38 and jars. G. 32, and she was three months pregnant. Mrs. G. was the o l d e s t of f i v e s i b l i n g s and l e f t s c h o o l i n Grade 8 t o look a f t e r the younger c h i l d r e n w h i l s t her mother worked. Her f a t h e r , a s t r i c t , r e l i g i o u s man, was k i l l e d i n an accident at t h i s time, when she was j u s t 15. Late r she d i d k i t c h e n work i n a h o s p i t a l and was a chef i n the A i r f o r c e f o r two and a h a l f y e a r s . She was devoted t o her mother and f e l t r e s p o n s i b l e f o r her brothers and s i s t e r s . One of her brothers was an a l c o h o l i c who had t o be escorted home w i t h h i s money each week-end. One of her s i s t e r s became very r e l i g i o u s and gave up a good job o n l y t o f i n d that she was disappointed and u n s a t i s f i e d by her new f a i t h . Mrs. G. knew her husband f o r f i f t e e n years before she married him. She was a poor housekeeper, u n t i d y and i m p r a c t i c a l , very dogmatic and completely unaware of the c h i l d r e n ' s emotional needs, although she appeared t o give them good p h y s i c a l c a r e . Mr. G. was a very q u i e t boy, more i n t e r e s t e d i n books than i n p l a y , never making f r i e n d s w i t h other c h i l d r e n h i s own age. He had a s t r i c t and dominating f a t h e r who announced, when Mr. G. was 14, th a t henceforth he would s t a y home from work and h i s sons could support him. Mr. G. s t i l l had one brother and one s i s t e r a l i v e , and h i s r e l a t i o n s h i p t o h i s mother appeared t o be f a i r l y nebulous. On the whole, h i s was a deprived childhood. Before the War he was a s a i l o r and was i n the (77) M e d i c a l Corps overseas. During t h i s time he was very badly burned about the g e n i t a l s i n an accident and the doctors claimed t h a t he could never have a c h i l d . He worked as a body-fender mechanic at $50.00 a week and appeared t o be a q u i e t , unassuming and reasoning man, who f e l t t hat h i s marriage was very u n s a t i s f a c t o r y because of sexual mal-adjustment. His w i f e passed out completely d u r i n g i n t e r c o u r s e . Mr. U. had known a great many women and o n l y married because Mrs. G. was pregnant. She was c o l d and very ignorant of sex when she married, but she seemed t o have planned t o marry as she persuaded Mr. G. t o go on a f o u r weeks' h o l i d a y t o the United S t a t e s , d u r i n g which time she became pregnant. At f i r s t she had been a t t r a c t e d t o him because she b e l i e v e d he could never have c h i l d r e n , but she l a t e r boasted that the doctors were xvrong about Mr. G's c o n d i t i o n and she was r i g h t . I t seems probable t h a t her marriage o p p o r t u n i t i e s were very l i m i t e d and she threw h e r s e l f a t t h i s u n w i l l i n g man because she needed someone t o possess and her brothers and s i s t e r s no longer needed her. The couple had l i t t l e i n common, and the home atmosphere was f u l l of t e n s i o n . Mrs. G. never appeared t o love D i c k but i s k i n d e r t o h i s younger b r o t h e r . D i c k was born by caesarean s e c t i o n , weighing 8 l b s . 4 ozs. He was b r e a s t - f e d f o r t h r e e months and appeared t o be p h y s i c a l l y p e r f e c t but was s l o w - t a l k i n g and o v e r - a c t i v e . He was completely t o i l e t - t r a i n e d by the time that he was a year o l d . when he was two, enuresis s t a r t e d . He had h i s f i r s t s e i z u r e at about 8 months, and i t appeared a f t e r f r u s t r a t i o n . The a t t a c k s were o f seconds' d u r a t i o n and were \" l i k e a s t a r t or s h i v e r \" . The doctors p r e s c r i b e d phenobarbital f o r over-a c t i v i t y . Dick had ,:epistaxis at 13 months, measles at two years and t o n s i l i t i s at t h r e e . He c o n t i n u a l l y b i t h i s f i n g e r n a i l s , and was a (78) mischievous c h i l d wno egged on n i s brother. He was very curious and l i k e d h i s own way, and would p u l l out drawers ana s c a t t e r soap f l a k e s a l l over tne k i t c h e n . His mother handled him by screaming at him and he was completely dominated by her and a f r a i d t o leave her. He had very l i t t l e o p p o r t u n i t y t o p l a y w i t h other c h i l d r e n and o f t e n appeared s u l k y and stubborn. C h i l d Guidance C l i n i c f e l t t hat Dick was a withdrawn, w i s t f u l and unhappy c h i l d , subject t o emotional t e n s i o n , produced by an e r r a t i c and i r r i t a b l e mother who was concerned about p h y s i c a l t h i n g s but un-aware of emotional needs. She seemed t o be q u i t e unable t o develop a s a t i s f a c t o r y r e l a t i o n s h i p to her c h i l d r e n and d i d not want t o care f o r D i c k , though she was warmer and more g i v i n g t o h i s b r o t h e r . Mr. G. i d e n t i f i e d w i t h D i c k and t r i e d t o help him, but he was dominated by h i s w i f e . She was completely u n w i l l i n g t o do anything f o r her husband and he appeared t o resent the f a c t t h a t she d i d not want t o help Dick or h i m s e l f . D i c k ' s r e a c t i o n to h i s mother's r e j e c t i o n was shown by h i s mischievous behavior, and the s e i z u r e s which appeared t o have no p h y s i c a l b a s i s . (79) CASE YI1I Johnnie H. was i n Boys' i n d u s t r i a l s c h o o l f o r s t e a l i n g , and was a problem c h i l d f o r a number of yea r s . Be began s t e a l i n g when he was about 8 years o l d . B i s mother married Mr. n. a f t e r o n ly knowing him f o r two months, because she was pregnant, against the wishes o f her f a m i l y who would have helped her i n any p l a n she might have made, far. n. was 28 and she 25 at the time, ner mother and f a t h e r considered him u s e l e s s and were very upset when t h e i r daughter married him, as he was the b l a c k sheep of a good f a m i l y . Johnnie's next brother xvas born when he was 4 years o l d ; then came two s i s t e r s and another brother and s e v e r a l m i s c a r r i a g e s , Johnnie's f a t h e r , Mr. H., came from A l b e r t a where Mr. H. sen i o r was a r e t a i l shoe merchant. A l l the f a m i l y succeeded i n l i f e except Mr. H. who appeared to have f e l t r e j e c t e d and insecure at home, and obtained h i s only s a t i s f a c t i o n from h i s success i n High s c h o o l a t h l e t i c s . He was e r r a t i c and u n r e l i a b l e , c o n t i n u a l l y changing jobs, and was a heavy d r i n k e r on occasion. He centered a l l h i s resentment on Johnnie whom he hated because the c h i l d was the cause of the marriage. Mrs. i t ' s mother was a warm person Dut very domineering and p o s s e s s i v e . She was an e x c e l l e n t housekeeper and over-protected her daughter, who was an only c h i l d and was not expected to do anything at home. She s a i d t h a t her mother was more l i k e a s i s t e r than a mother to her. Her f a t h e r was k i n d but qu i t e s t r i c t . He was a O.P.R. agent i n a sm a l l place and Mrs. H. j u s t had her good times and took no r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r anything. The f a m i l y had f a i r l y good standards, which ' (80) she h e r s e l f was l a t e r unable t o ma i n t a i n . She was an immature person and was r e s e n t f u l of her parents' o v e r - p r o t e c t i v e n e s s . The case worker f e l t t h a t she wanted t o get away from home and have a baby t o punish her mother, ohe was c o n t i n u a l l y t r y i n g to keep up good standards, w i t h an i n e f f e c t u a l husband and i n s u f f i c i e n t f i n a n c i a l support. She resented Johnnie p a r t i c u l a r l y and showed t h i s by nagging him and expecting f a r too much r e s p o n s i b i l i t y from him. At times she i d e n t i -f i e d w i t h him anu thought she was blamed f o r what he d i d . When t h i n g s became too d i f f i c u l t f o r her i n the home, she r e t r e a t e d from r e a l i t y , and without her support Air. H. began d r i n k i n g again. With the e x c e p t i o n of Johnnie, the c h i l d r e n have a l l had i n c o n s i s t e n t treatment a l t e r n a t i n g between love and apathy. Mrs. H. wanted t o be a good mother but she was quite incapable of i t , and was not even s u f f i c i e n t l y mature t o stand on her own f e e t when her husband was i n the Army. She asked t o have him brought home which he resent e d . Johnnie a p p a r e n t l y developed normally, though the whole f a m i l y has s u f f e r e d a c e r t a i n amount of economic p r i v a t i o n . He never r e c e i v e d any love at home and compensated f o r i t s l a c k by s t e a l i n g , f o r which he was sent t o rsoys' I n d u s t r i a l S c h o o l . A f t e r he came out he was sent t o h i s grandparents i n the country and there he appeared to have adjusted very w e l l . He understood too much of h i s parents' s i t u a t i o n and b i t t e r l y resented h i s f a t h e r ' s d r i n k i n g . The help given him by h i s grandparents was of a p o s i t i v e k i n d and Johnnie f e l t t h at f o r once i n h i s l i f e he was wanted, but he was s t i l l anxious t o (81) return to his own family, xie was the neurotic bond between his father and mother and had taken a l l the resentment which both felt in a most unsatisfactory marital situation. (82) CASE IS b i l l I. had been a problem ever since he was i n Grade 2 at sc h o o l , ae was caught s t e a l i n g , and played t r u a n t ; ne f r e q u e n t l y attacked smaller C h i l d r e n , and appeared t o nave a need t o prove him-s e l f \"a big shot\". He broke i n t o cabins, and r a n away from home u n t i l he was placed i n the Det e n t i o n Home. L a t e r , he voas an u n s a t i s f a c t o r y p r o b a t i o n e r , became i n v o l v e d w i t h gangs, and f i n a l l y s t o l e a car and was sent t o ijoys' I n d u s t r i a l School, from which he r a n away on two occasions. H i s f a t h e r and mother were married when the former was 30 and the l a t t e r 21 and she was f i v e months pregnant. B i l l had a brother a year younger and a s i s t e r three years younger. A f t e r the b i r t h of h i s s i s t e r , Mrs. I . had an a b o r t i o n , a f t e r which she was very i l l and was f i n a l l y s t e r i l i z e d . Mr. I . was a decorator and p a i n t e r , and an exceedingly c l e v e r one, who would be at the top of h i s trade i f i t were not f o r the c o n t i n u a l h a r a s s i n g f a m i l y problems. However, he was on r e l i e f when a l l t h e c h i l d r e n were born. He had very s t r i c t parents, and came from a better-than-average background but only managed t o complete grade school. He wanted t o do the r i g h t t h i n g s f o r h i s c h i l d r e n but he was a very n e u r o t i c and insecure f a t h e r , who took refuge i n a l c o h o l , tie claimed t h a t t h e f a m i l y were happy u n t i l he came home one. night and found h i s brother s l e e p i n g w i t h h i s w i f e . Since then he had f e l t inadequate and s u s p i c i o u s . M r s . I . had l i t t l e s e c u r i t y as a c h i l d . She came from a ne u r o t i c and u n p r e d i c t a b l e f a m i l y and worked as a c l e r k i n a s t o r e , a f t e r a grade school education. She was a very n e u r o t i c person h e r s e l f , (83) constantly nagging the f a t h e r over B i l l , and was a very poor manager. She f e l t great g u i l t about the marriage and had constantly attempted to over-protect B i l l , but at the same time had given him too much r e s p o n s i b i l i t y . When they were having a dispute, both parents used B i l l as a punching-bag and he knew only too w e l l that he was the cause of the marriage. B i l l weighed 9 l b s . when bom and was breast-fed f o r 8 months. He developed e a r l y and had a l l the childhood diseases. He had nocturnal enuresis and t e r r i f i c night sweats which appeared when he was i n the Detention Home, but examination f o r TB proved negative. As he grew older, B i l l took out h i s h o s t i l i t y on younger c h i l d r e n , in c l u d i n g those i n h i s own family. He refused to go t o school and was frequently caught s t e a l i n g . He masturbated c o n t i n u a l l y , and became v i o l e n t l y s i c k i f he cut himself. He showed great i n t e r e s t i n a r t , and had outstanding mechanical aptitude. He was very keen on sports and d i d a number of exercises aimed at developing h i s physique. P h y s i c a l l y , he was very t a l l and w e l l developed. Because he was so big and has always looked older f o r h i s age, many demands have been made on him. The c h i l d r e n were l e f t alone frequently when they were small, and spent a great deal of time l i s t e n i n g to horror programs on the r a d i o . When he was 9 years o l d , i t was claimed that he was involved i n sex a c t i v i t y . He derived greater s a t i s f a c t i o n from planning r e c r e a t i o n than from anything he a c t u a l l y d i d . u i s f i r s t examination at o h i l d Guidance u l i n i c showed B i l l to have an IQ, of 113. The G l i n i c f e l t that he was s u f f e r i n g from f e a r , that he was non-cooperative, i n a t t e n t i v e , s a d i s t i c and lazy, and had (8U) a great need t o keep up with, the other hoys i n h i s gang, which he jo i n e d because o f h i s need t o be an aggressor. A l a t e r c l i n i c examination r e -ported t h a t he lack e d p e r s i s t e n c e and had poor s e l f and personal a d j u s t -ment. By t h i s time h i s parents were unable t o handle him at home and h i s mother was d e f i n i t e l y a f r a i d of him; as a r e s u l t , both parents gave i n t o him and over-indulged him i n s o f a r as they were a b l e . At t h i s p o i n t he s t o l e a car and was placed i n Boys' I n d u s t r i a l School, where both parents v i s i t e d him and d i d a l l they could t o h e l p him. B i l l r e c e i v e d no r e a l t r a i n i n g at home, where he was the focus of the parents' resentment o f t h e i r m a r i t a l s i t u a t i o n . The case worker at j u v e n i l e court f e l t t h a t he had a strong ego but a d i s t o r t e d super-ego and a sense of s o c i a l inadequacy which was due t o h i s home s i t u a t i o n , He understood h i s parents f a i r l y w e l l , and had a c e r t a i n amount o f i n s i g h t i n t o h i s own f e e l i n g s . r o t h parents over-indulged him, and h i s mother over-protected him because o f her own great g u i l t f e e l i n g s . The f a t h e r would have l i k e d t o help, but was inadequate and withdrew i n t o a l c o h o l . (85) uASE X G>eorge j . was placed i n a f o s t e r home at h i s own request when h i s mother t e m p o r a r i l y deserted the f a m i l y , tie was brought t o o h i l d Guidance o l i n i c s e v e r a l times because of continued day\"and night \/ e n u r e s i s , and l y i n g and s t e a l i n g , n i s f a t h e r and mother married when \u2022 \/ the former was 30 years o l d and the l a t t e r 19, and George had two s i s t e r s 18 months and 6 years younger than he. ooth h i s f a t h e r and mother appeared t o fa v o r the s i s t e r s and t o wish t o get r i d of George. Mr. J . was born i n South A f r i c a and was brought up a Roman C a t h o l i c . H i s parents were w e l l - t o - d o people i n the B r i t i s h t r a d i t i o n and he attended a p r i v a t e s c h o o l . H i s f a t h e r was s t r i c t and showed no i n t e r e s t i n the boy and he got l i t t l e acceptance and s e c u r i t y from the f a m i l y , so he l e f t home when about 16. He always f e l t h i m s e l f unable t o l i v e up t o h i s f a m i l y t r a d i t i o n s and background and had an enormous need f o r respect and s t a t u s which had never been f i l l e d . tie le'ft home t o work on the boats and had done numerous odd jobs. When he married Mrs. H. he was on r e l i e f and had s i n c e been a boiler-maker's a s s i s t a n t and worked on t a n k e r s and other s h i p s . He was always an inadequate husband and f a t h e r , and p a r t i c u l a r l y resented George, t o whom he was abusive and f o r whom he took no r e s p o n s i b i l i t y , openly blaming the boy f o r the marriage, when the f a m i l y s i t u a t i o n became too much f o r him he simply withdrew and took no p a r t . H i s w i f e l e f t him s e v e r a l times f o r other men but he d i d not appear a c t i v e l y to resent t h i s . I t seemed merely t o increase h i s f e e l i n g s of i n f e r i o r i t y . (86) Mrs. J . came of a very poor f a m i l y and was made to work very hard; she was submissive t o her mother and married t o escape, probably becoming pregnant d e l i b e r a t e l y . She had only Grade 8 education and worked as a s a l e s c l e r k . The f a m i l y income was low and the f a m i l y home was l o c a t e d near the G.P.R. f l a t s . There was some suggestion t h a t Mrs. j ' s mother was at one time keeping,a d i s o r d e r l y house. iars. J . was d i r t y , s l o v e n l y and n o i s y . She c o n t i n u a l l y shouted at George and beat him, but appeared to have some strong t i e t o him and had t r i e d t o push him i n t o t a k i n g h i s father.'s p l a c e . Since he grew o l d e r t h i s beoame more n o t i c e a b l e and they were outwardly q u i t e a f f e c t i o n -a t e , tieorge l i k e d to have her coat over h i s bed when he went t o sleep. During the War \u00a5irhen jur. J . was away i n the Army, the c h i l d r e n reported at school t h a t they hade. Daddy i n the Army and a Daddy i n t h e Navy. When Mr. J . r e t u r n e d , .Mrs. J . l e f t w i t h another man and George asked t o be taken i n t o c a r e . I t was about t h i s time t h a t George began to s t e a l , jars. J . , apparently, f e l t very g u i l t y about her marriage and about the s e x u a l t i e t o ueorge. She was always fond o f the two g i r l s , w i t h whom she appeared t o i d e n t i f y , and v e r b a l i z e d t h a t she wanted t o keep them but would l i k e George removed from the home. The m a r i t a l s i t u a t i o n was completely u n s a t i s f a c t o r y and iars. J . f r e q u e n t l y l i v e d w i t h other men, o n l y t o r e t u r n l a t e r . u-eorge was born in'1932. His mother was between s i x and seven months pregnant when she was m a r r i e d . H i s b i r t h and e a r l y develop-ment appeared normal and he was b r e a s t - f e d . However, he had pneumonia e a r l y i n 1933, and the p h y s i c a l care he r e c e i v e d was probably not too (87) good. He had mumps and measles, chicken pox and a bad case of blood-p o i s o n i n g , a l s o a t o n s i l l e c t o m y , a r e c t a l abscess and circ u m s i o n , the l a s t three n e c e s s i t a t i n g t r i p s to the h o s p i t a l before he was s i x years o l d . He was always o v e r - a c t i v e and s u f f e r e d from day and night e n u r e s i s . He was a poor s l e e p e r , c o n t i n u a l l y b i t h i s n a i l s and appeared unable t o \u2022 p l a y w i t h other c h i l d r e n . A f t e r he s t a r t e d school h i s a t t e n d -ance was poor. He was r e s t l e s s , nervous and appeared t o have no p a r t i c u l a r i n t e r e s t . At t h i s point h i s mother deserted w i t h a merchant seaman and on her r e t u r n he was taken i n t o care as he had asked. He was nervous, e x c i t a b l e and lacked s e l f - c o n f i d e n c e and, a f t e r a fex\u00bb7 months, was moved t o another home. At 1 0 years he was placed i n Alexandra Cottage, where he showed great f e a r o f being considered a s i s s y . He t a l k e d v e ry q u i c k l y and nervously, f o r g o t what he was t o l d t o do, and put hi m s e l f t o s t e p a t night by r o l l i n g h i s head from s i d e t o s i d e . He appeared a t C h i l d guidance c l i n i c on s e v e r a l occasions and i n 1948 the C l i n i c ' s o p i n i o n was th a t he f e l t d i r e c t r e j e c t i o n and aggravation from an inadequate f a t h e r whose h o s t i l i t y was explained by the f a c t that ueorge had been attempting t o take h i s f a t h e r ' s place w i t h h i s mother. At t h i s time he c o n t i n u a l l y quarreled w i t h h i s s i s t e r and had no r e a l boy f r i e n d s , u l i n i c treatment helped him t o r e l a t e t o others and he e v e n t u a l l y found a g i r l f r i e n d and was helped t o attend f i r s t year c l a s s e s at the u n i v e r s i t y , since he had an IQ, o f 140. He r e a l i z e d t h a t he would have t o leave home but found i t very hard t o break the t i e t o h i s mother, although ne had a c e r t a i n amount o f i n s i g h t and (88) knew th a t he was the cause o f the marriage and tha t t h i s explained some of the parents' h o s t i l i t y t o him. The g i r l s i n the f a m i l y appeared t o be making a f a i r l y good ad justment. They were indulged by both f a t h e r and mother. The mother i d e n t i f i e d w i t h them and they presented no t h r e a t t o the f a t h e r , but he remained g u i l t y about the marriage and h i s treatment o f George, and d i d not attempt t o be a f a t h e r t o the boy. Mrs. J . was s t i l l t r y i n g t o prove her f e m i n i n i t y by a t t r a c t i n g d i f f e r e n t men, but i n s p i t e of her aggression she was f e a r f u l and g u i l t y because o f the marriage and her sex f e e l i n g s t o George, George was openly r e j e c t e d by both f a t h e r and mother, and rea c t e d by s t e a l i n g , q u a r r e l i n g , s i c k n e s s , enuresis and l a c k o f s e l f -confidence. With no good experience of home l i f e he asked f o r a placement away from home and on h i s r e t u r n there was helped by the u l i n i c worker g r a d u a l l y t o break h i s home t i e s , and s t a r t h i s u n i v e r s i t y educa-t i o n . 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