{"Affiliation":[{"label":"Affiliation","value":"Applied Science, Faculty of","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/vivoweb.org\/ontology\/core#departmentOrSchool","classmap":"vivo:EducationalProcess","property":"vivo:departmentOrSchool"},"iri":"http:\/\/vivoweb.org\/ontology\/core#departmentOrSchool","explain":"VIVO-ISF Ontology V1.6 Property; The department or school name within institution; Not intended to be an institution name."},{"label":"Affiliation","value":"Mechanical Engineering, Department of","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/vivoweb.org\/ontology\/core#departmentOrSchool","classmap":"vivo:EducationalProcess","property":"vivo:departmentOrSchool"},"iri":"http:\/\/vivoweb.org\/ontology\/core#departmentOrSchool","explain":"VIVO-ISF Ontology V1.6 Property; The department or school name within institution; Not intended to be an institution name."}],"AggregatedSourceRepository":[{"label":"AggregatedSourceRepository","value":"DSpace","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/www.europeana.eu\/schemas\/edm\/dataProvider","classmap":"ore:Aggregation","property":"edm:dataProvider"},"iri":"http:\/\/www.europeana.eu\/schemas\/edm\/dataProvider","explain":"A Europeana Data Model Property; The name or identifier of the organization who contributes data indirectly to an aggregation service (e.g. Europeana)"}],"Campus":[{"label":"Campus","value":"UBCV","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"https:\/\/open.library.ubc.ca\/terms#degreeCampus","classmap":"oc:ThesisDescription","property":"oc:degreeCampus"},"iri":"https:\/\/open.library.ubc.ca\/terms#degreeCampus","explain":"UBC Open Collections Metadata Components; Local Field; Identifies the name of the campus from which the graduate completed their degree."}],"Creator":[{"label":"Creator","value":"Andersen, Fabian","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/creator","classmap":"dpla:SourceResource","property":"dcterms:creator"},"iri":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/creator","explain":"A Dublin Core Terms Property; An entity primarily responsible for making the resource.; Examples of a Contributor include a person, an organization, or a service."}],"DateAvailable":[{"label":"DateAvailable","value":"2011-05-25T17:45:16Z","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/issued","classmap":"edm:WebResource","property":"dcterms:issued"},"iri":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/issued","explain":"A Dublin Core Terms Property; Date of formal issuance (e.g., publication) of the resource."}],"DateIssued":[{"label":"DateIssued","value":"1970","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/issued","classmap":"oc:SourceResource","property":"dcterms:issued"},"iri":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/issued","explain":"A Dublin Core Terms Property; Date of formal issuance (e.g., publication) of the resource."}],"Degree":[{"label":"Degree","value":"Master of Applied Science - MASc","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/vivoweb.org\/ontology\/core#relatedDegree","classmap":"vivo:ThesisDegree","property":"vivo:relatedDegree"},"iri":"http:\/\/vivoweb.org\/ontology\/core#relatedDegree","explain":"VIVO-ISF Ontology V1.6 Property; The thesis degree; Extended Property specified by UBC, as per https:\/\/wiki.duraspace.org\/display\/VIVO\/Ontology+Editor%27s+Guide"}],"DegreeGrantor":[{"label":"DegreeGrantor","value":"University of British Columbia","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"https:\/\/open.library.ubc.ca\/terms#degreeGrantor","classmap":"oc:ThesisDescription","property":"oc:degreeGrantor"},"iri":"https:\/\/open.library.ubc.ca\/terms#degreeGrantor","explain":"UBC Open Collections Metadata Components; Local Field; Indicates the institution where thesis was granted."}],"Description":[{"label":"Description","value":"A visualization technique is applied to the unsteady separated flow about an autorotatlng flat plate. An unsteady potential model is attempted to predict the pressure loading on the plate as a function of angle of attack.\r\nTo visualize the flow, a streakline is marked by low density air created by the wake of a heated wire probe. An off-center parabolic mirror Schlieren system detects the density gradient. Due to the highly unsteady nature (in this project, the plate rotates at almost 1,000 r.p.m. for a 10-foot per second freestream velocity) of the flow, high-speed 35mm, single lens reflex shots or 16mm. movie films recorded the image.\r\nTiming marks on the movie film provided information of the angular speed of the plate during acceleration to the autorotation speed and at autorotation.\r\nThe two-dimensional unsteady attached flow model attempts to duplicate the effects of separation by superimposing vortices in the wake, as shown in the flow visualization, and by eliminating terms representing the freestream velocity in the range of 60 to 150 degrees angle of attack.","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/description","classmap":"dpla:SourceResource","property":"dcterms:description"},"iri":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/description","explain":"A Dublin Core Terms Property; An account of the resource.; Description may include but is not limited to: an abstract, a table of contents, a graphical representation, or a free-text account of the resource."}],"DigitalResourceOriginalRecord":[{"label":"DigitalResourceOriginalRecord","value":"https:\/\/circle.library.ubc.ca\/rest\/handle\/2429\/34846?expand=metadata","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/www.europeana.eu\/schemas\/edm\/aggregatedCHO","classmap":"ore:Aggregation","property":"edm:aggregatedCHO"},"iri":"http:\/\/www.europeana.eu\/schemas\/edm\/aggregatedCHO","explain":"A Europeana Data Model Property; The identifier of the source object, e.g. the Mona Lisa itself. This could be a full linked open date URI or an internal identifier"}],"FullText":[{"label":"FullText","value":"AUTOROTATION OF THIN PLATES *>y FABIAN ANDERSEN B.Sc, University of Alberta, I965 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF M.A.Sc. in the Department of Mechanical Engineering We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA March, 1970 In p r e s e n t i n g t h i s t h e s i s i n p a r t i a l f u l f i l m e n t o f t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r an a d v a n c e d d e g r e e a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a , I a g r e e t h a t t h e L i b r a r y s h a l l make i t f r e e l y a v a i l a b l e f o r r e f e r e n c e and s t u d y . I f u r t h e r a g r e e t h a p e r m i s s i o n f o r e x t e n s i v e c o p y i n g o f t h i s t h e s i s f o r s c h o l a r l y p u r p o s e s may be g r a n t e d by t h e Head o f my Depar tment o r by h i s r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s . I t i s u n d e r s t o o d t h a t c o p y i n g o r p u b l i c a t i o n o f t h i s t h e s i s f o r f i n a n c i a l g a i n s h a l l not be a l l o w e d w i t h o u t my w r i t t e n p e r m i s s i o n . Depar tment The U n i v e r s i t y o f B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a V a n c o u v e r 8, Canada Date Q^MOACL \/97Q l i ABSTRACT A visualization technique i s applied to the unsteady separated flow about an autorotatlng f l a t plate. An unsteady potential model i s attempted to predict the pressure loading on the plate as a function of angle of attack. To visualize the flow, a streakline i s marked by low density a i r created by the wake of a heated wire probe. An off-center parabolic mirror Schlieren system detects the density gradient. Due to the highly unsteady nature (in this project, the plate rotates at almost 1,000 r.p.m. for a 10-foot per second freestream velocity) of the flow, high-speed 35mm. single lens reflex shots or l6mm. movie films recorded the image. Timing marks on the movie film provided information of the angular speed of the plate during acceleration to the autorotation speed and at autorotation. The two-dimensional unsteady attached flow model attempts to duplicate the effects of separation by superimposing vortices in the wake, as shown in the flow visualization, and by eliminating terms representing the freestream velocity in the range of 60 to 150 degrees angle of attack. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page No. ABSTRACT i i LIST OF FIGURES iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS v SYMBOLS v i ,1. INTRODUCTION 1 II. EXPERIMENTAL APPARATUS AND PROCEDURES 4 2.1 General Outline 4 2.2 Wind Tunnel and Flat Plate 4 2.3 Schlieren System and Heated Wire Probe 4 2.4 High-Speed Photography 8 2.5 Procedure 9 III. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 15 IV. THEORETICAL MODEL 31 4.1 General Outline 31 4.2 Complex Potential for a Rotating Translating Flat Plate 32 4.3 Vortex Superposition 35 4.4 Model Pressure Coefficient 37 4.5 Vortex Strength and Position Assumptions 42 V. MODEL RESULTS 47 VI. SUMMARY OF RESULTS 59 REFERENCES 61 APPENDIX PROBE WAKE BUOYANCY 62 iv FIGURES Figure No. Page No. 1 Plate Arrangement and Symbols 3 2 Wind Tunnel Working-Section Schematic 6 3 Wind Tunnel Working-Section Arrangement 7 4 Schlieren - Wind Tunnel Working-Section Schematic 1 2 5 Schlieren - Wind Tunnel Working-Section Arrangement 1 3 6 'HYCAM* High-Speed Camera 14 7 Relative Zero Angle of Attack 1 5 8 - 1 1 3 5 m m . S.L.R. Pictures of One Cycle of Flow Field U = 1 1 . 3 ft.\/sec. 18 - 2 1 1 2 - 1 5 l 6 m m . Movie Film Frames at Approximately 1 5 Degree Angle of Attack Intervals for One Cycle U = 1 1 . 3 ft.\/sec. 2 2 - 2 5 1 6 - 18 Non-Dimensionalized Angular Velocity-Time Curves for Acceleration Period for Three Freestream Velocities 2 6 - 28 1 9 Tip Velocity-Freestream Velocity Curves 2 9 2 0 Tip-Freestream Velocity Compared to Cheng's Results 3 0 2 1 Gonformal Transformation from Unit Circle to Ell i p s e Plane 34 2 2 Vortex Conformal Transformation from Unit Circle to Ellipse Plane 3 6 2 3 Cylinder at Origin at Time t and t+At 4 5 24 Elimination Factor & Circulation vs Angle of Attack and Vortex Position 46 2 5 - 3 0 Pressure Coefficient - Plate Position for Model and Cheng's Results 5 0 - 5 5 3 1 Drag Coefficient - Angle of Attack for Model and Cheng*s Results 56 3 2 L i f t Coefficient - Angle of Attack for Model and Cheng's Results 5 7 3 3 Torque Coefficient - Angle of Attack for Model and Cheng's Results 5 8 V ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author wishes to express gratitude to Professor G. V . Parkinson for his assistance and optimism, particularly during the theoretical side of this project. The suggestions of Professor Z. Rotem concerning the Schlieren apparatus and photography saved many confused hours. Thanks are due Mr. P. Hurren and Mr. J. Hoar, Chief Technicians, their staff and my fellow graduate students for helping to provide the hardware and for the aid in getting through the maze. Special thanks to my wife, Cherie, for typing and for playing the role of a student's wife so well. SYMBOLS Elli p s e major semi-axis Ellip s e minor semi-axis Probe diameter Analytic function Chord of theoretical model k units Chord of experimental plate 1 5\/16\" Pressure coefficient Drag coefficient L i f t coefficient Torque coefficient Complex potential Complex velocity Direction normal to surface Direction tangent to surface Normal velocity Tip velocity Freestream velocity Pressure Vortex position in f plane Point in J\" plane Point i n z plane Reynolds no. Grashof no. Time Physical plane Physical plane fixed with respect to rotating translating cylinder v i i a Angle of attack Relative zero angle of attack e Eliminator factor *. Stream function Velocity potential f Unit c i r c l e plane and a point in that plane 7 The unit c i r c l e i n f a A point on 7 \\ Constant = (a-b)\/(a+b) \u2022w Constant = (a+b)\/2 r Circulation per unit span p Mass density V Viscosity u Angular velocity Angular velocity at autorotation 1. I. INTRODUCTION The type of autorotation investigated in this project i s that which occurs when a f l a t plate, free to rotate about a spanwise mid-chord axis and in the presence of a uniform freestream perpendicular to the axis of rotation (Fig, l ) , i s given an I n i t i a l angular velocity above a minimum in either direction. The plate then undergoes an angular acceleration up to a stable angular velocity known as the autorotational speed. At autorotation then the flow pattern i s repeated every half revolution. Circulation i s produced, giving a net positive l i f t for every cycle or one-half revolution. Recently, Cheng ( l ) measured the instantaneous pressure at taps on the center lin e chord of the plate as a function of angle of attack. Using a mutual inductance transducer, he also measured the angular velocity and acceleration during the period of acceleration up to autorotation and at autorotational speed. Previously, Crabtree (2) and Neumark (3) reviewed and explored the p o s s i b i l i t i e s of employing autorotating or powered (higher angular speeds) plates as l i f t producing devices in themselves or as l i f t augmenting and control devices replacing the flap on a conventional a i r f o i l . In normal operation, the rotating flap not only produces l i f t but augments the circulation about the a i r f o i l . Rotated backwards, i t acts as a spoiler. When not in use, the flap can be aligned with the flow to give a low drag, Crabtree and Neumark model the rotating flap on a conventional a i r f o i l with a vortex acting upon a thin a i r f o i l in potential flow. The vortex assumption may be valid for a powered rotating flap, since at higher angular velocities the flow i s probably similar to that produced by a rotating circular cylinder, but the flow about an autorotating flap i s highly unsteady, James and Stone (7) measured the forces and angular velocities 2 . of autorotating plates of various aspect ratios using a contact switch to record times at each half revolution and a three component balance. They also made an attempt to visualize the flow using fumes of titanium tetra-chloride with the plate at autorotational speed, and recording the results by means of a camera and an electronic flash. The visualization gave some indication of the flow pattern close to the plate, but the fumes appear to diffuse too quickly to give an indication of downstream development. Similarly, Baird and Pick (8) measured the autorotational speed as a function of freestream velocity and aspect r a t i o . This project includesi i ) Flow visualization during the acceleration period and at autorotation. The technique involved a Schlieren system, a heated wire probe and high-speed photography. i i ) Angular velocity-time and t i p velocity-freestream velocity curves from timing pulses on the movie film. i i i ) An unsteady attached flow two-dimensional potential model for this unsteady separated flow. 3. FIG. 1 PLATE ARRANGEMENT AND SYMBOLS 4 . II. EXPERIMENTAL APPARATUS AND PROCEDURES 2 . 1 GENERAL OUTLINE The visualization technique, in brief, consisted of a semi-focusing Schlieren system to render v i s i b l e a hot streakline behind a probe upstream of an autorotating f l a t plate in a wind tunnel. Due to the highly unsteady nature of the flow, high-speed photography was employed to record the results. 2 . 2 WIND TUNNEL AND FLAT PLATE An aluminum f l a t plate (Figs. 2 - 3 ) was mounted in an open c i r c u i t wind tunnel (top speed approximately 2 0 feet per second) with a 6 \" x l 2 \" working section. The f l a t plate was 6 inches long to span the width of the tunnel and 1 5 \/ l 6 \" chord to give approximately the same blockage ratio (chord\/height of working section) as Cheng ( l ) . The side walls of the tunnel were polished f l a t plate glass (to minimize optical aberration) and diamond d r i l l e d to accept the bearings (Fig. 2 ) for the plate. The magnitude of the uniform freestream was measured with a pitot-s t a t i c tube which was calibrated in a 3 6 \" x 2 7 \" wind tunnel instrumented with a Betz manometer accurate to . 0 2 millimeters of water. 2 . 3 SCHLIEREN SYSTEM AND HEATED-WIRE PROBE The Schlieren system employed was the one used by Claassen ( 4 ) . In brief, i t i s a semi-focusing (implying a source s l i t ) off-center system (Figs. 4 - 5 ) employing 8 - i n c h diameter parabolic mirrors of focal length 6 3 # 5 inches. Due to the short exposure times required, i t was decided to take black and white pictures instead of colour to take advantage of the higher film speeds available. Thus, a horizontal knife edge was substituted for the colour f i l t e r used by Claassen. A heated , 0 1 0 - i n c h Nichrome-V circular cross-section wire (Figs. 2 - 3 ) approximately one plate chord in length and one and a half plate chords upstream and on the same horizontal plane as the rotational axis illuminated a streakline. The length of wire was limited by oscillations and the one chord length was settled upon, A smaller diameter ( . 0 0 2 \" ) wire was tried, but this limited the heat output and the quality of the picture decreased. The center lin e of the plate was aligned with the center lin e of the Schlieren system by using a one milliwatt laser as described by Glaassen (4) . The effect of the buoyancy of the heated streakline i s discussed in the appendix. The supports for the probe were # 2 0 solid core copper wire. Holes were d r i l l e d in the copper wire with a # 8 0 twist d r i l l and the Nichrome wire was soldered i n place. Originally, the power supply for the Schlieren tungsten light source was llOv 6 0 - c y c l e . Since pictures were being taken at a top rate of 2 , 0 0 0 per second, the power supply caused overexposed frames at 1 2 0 cycles per second. Consequently, the power supply was altered to a variable amplitude 6 0 - c y c l e source feeding into a f u l l wave r e c t i f i e r with 9 , 0 0 0 microfarads across the l i n e . 6. plate pitot-tube\\ see brg. detail plan x-section 4 probe brass cone bearing s i l i c o n seated power B E A R I N G D E T A I L solenoid supply ~7 \u2022\u00a7\u2022\" polished-plate glass ^ 0 \u2022s start-up assembly side view front x-sectlon NOTEi NOT TO SCALE 60\" MAT'Li . 0 5 0 \" aluminum P L A T E D E T A I L FIG. 2 WIND TUNNEL WORKING-SECTION SCHEMATIC .010\" diameter Nichrome V three wire probe plate .010\" diameter Nichrome V single wire probe pitot-static tube starting hook \u2022\u00a7\u2022*' plate glass and reflection WIND TUNNEL WORKING\u2014SECTION ARRANGEMENT 8 . 2.4 HIGH-SPEED PHOTOGRAPHY Two cameras were used to record the Schlieren image. To record the entire image, a 35^> Pentax Spotmatic S.L.R. camera body was used with a three wire probe (Fig, 3)\u00bb The film was TRI-X taken at l\/l,000 seconds at a rated 400 ASA. Pictures were taken at random with the plate autorotating at a freestream velocity of 11.3 feet per second. To obtain a continuous record of the plate accelerating from the i n i t i a l angular velocity up to autorotational speed and also at autorotational speed, a 16mm, rotating prism high-speed camera body was used (brand name HYGAM) with a single wire probe. When the camera i s started, the motor accelerates the film from the supply reel (100-foot capacity) to a take-up reel up to a predetermined speed (controlled by the camera power supply). The rotating prism moves the image at film speed during the exposure time (l\/2.5 x l\/frames per second = exposure time). The film used was Eastman 4-X (ASA 400) type 7224 double perforation negative pan. To give the plate a controllable i n i t i a l velocity and synchronize this with camera start-up, a solenoid, which was triggered by a microswitch in the HYCAM, released a weight attached to a hook (Figs. 2-3) to i n i t i a t e autorotation. The HYGAM's microswitch closed after a set number of feet of film had l e f t the supply r e e l . 9. 2 . 5 PROCEDURE i ) The procedure for taking 35mm.. random ' s t i l l ' shots was as follows. a) A three wire probe was placed one and a half chord lengths upstream of the plate axis with the middle wire on the hori-zontal plane of the axis of rotation. The pitot-static tube was lowered into place and the wind tunnel speed was set at 11.3 feet per second. A reference line was stretched par a l l e l to the wind direction and through the axis of rotation to give a free-stream reference in the picture. Lights other than the Schlieren source were turned out. The probe power supply was then turned on u n t i l the wire reached a very dim red in colour (experience indicated that a bright red probe did not last very long). b) The 3 5 m m ' Pentax Spotmatic camera body was set such that the image cast by the objective lens was in focus. The horizontal knife edge was raised or lowered to give a light gray background with good detail on the streak-line about the stationary plate. The proper exposure, as indicated on the Pentax averaged-through-the-lens light meter, was obtained by adjusting the light source power supply. c) The tunnel speed was then given a f i n a l check and the pitot-static tube raised. Autorotation was initiated by releasing the starting weight. d) Pictures were then taken at random with the plate at autorotation speed and the three wire probe in place. 1 0 . i i ) The procedure for taking high-speed movie films of the plate accelerating from rest was as follows. a) A single wire probe was placed one and a half chord lengths upstream of the plate axis with the wire on the same horizontal plane as the rotational axis. The starting hook was then attached to the plate and a predetermined weight (one which would just i n i t i a t e autorotation at that tunnel speed) added. The pitot-static tube was lowered and the tunnel speed set at either 1 1 . 3 ? 1 5 \u2022 3 or 1 9 . 2 feet per second. A reference line was stretched par a l l e l to the freestream direction and through the axis of rotation. Lights other than the Schlieren source were turned off. The probe power supply was then turned on and adjusted to give the probe a dim red colour. b) The 16mm. 'HYCAM' camera body, with film threaded from supply to take-up reel, was set such that the image cast by the objective lens was in focus on the film in the gate. The camera cross hair was lined up with the reference line and the line removed. The A.C. solenoid from the start-up mechanism was then connected to the camera microswitch through a 6V A.C. power supply. To set the exposure, the light source power supply was adjusted by experience, since the 'HYCAM' exposure meter could not physically be used. For acceleration shots, the camera gear box was set in low and the camera A.C. power supply set to take 300 p.p.s. (see Ref. 5 ) \u00ab The camera timing light was set to 1 , 0 0 0 pulses per second. 11. c) The camera was then started by turning on the power supply. When a predetermined (selection on the camera) length of film (approximately 20 feet) had l e f t the supply reel, the solenoid closed, triggering the plate to accelerate to autorotational speed. d) The procedure for taking a film when the plate was at autorotational speed was similar except that the plate was autorotating when the camera was started. Also, the camera gear box was in high and the power supply adjusted (see Ref. 5) to give 2,000 p.p.s. Generally, better results were obtained i f the movie films were run at night. It is believed that this was due to a decrease in outside disturbances which vibrated the knife edge to give varying exposures throughout the film. Films were analyzed for angle of attack-time relationships by mounting a fabricated plexiglass gate on a Leitz slide projector with supply and take-up reels from an editor. To prevent damage to the film from heat, an orange f i l t e r was placed between the lig h t source and the film. Thus, i t was possible to see four or five frames complete with timing marks at one time and i t was convenient to handle the 100-foot lengths of fil m . The angles and time were tediously measured with protractor and ruler on the projected image. A l l data was reduced on a d i g i t a l computer. 3 5 mm. S.L.R. or 'HYCAM' hi-speed movie camera parabolic mirror f . 1 . - 6 3 . 5 \" objective lens f 5 . 6 f . l . - 2 1 0 m m wind tunnel test section 5 0 0 watt fan cooled tungsten lamp\" 8 \" parabolic mirror f . l . - 6 3 . 5 M source s l i t . 0 0 6 \" x . 5 \" condensing lens f 3 . 5 f . 1 . - 5 \" p l a n v i e w FIG. 4 SCHLIEREN - WIND TUNNEL WORKING-SECTION SCHEMATIC 1. 8\" diameter parabolic mirror 2. tungsten light source and cooling tube 3. wind tunnel k, probe power supply 5. tungsten source power supply 6 . plane mirror 7. knife-edge and objective lens 8. 'HYCAM' hi-speed camera body FIG. 5 SCHLIEREN-WIND TUNNEL WORKING-SECTION ARRANGEMENT 1. 8\" diameter parabolic mirror 2. plane mirror 3. horizontal knife-edge 4. objective lens f5.6 f.l.-210mm 5. 'HYCAM* hi-speed camera body 6. timing light pulse generator 7. plate start-up solenoid power supply 8. camera power supply FIG. 6 'HYGAM' HIGH-SPEED CAMERA 1 5 . III. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS The results obtained from the visualization technique were 3 5 \u2122 . s t i l l photographs of the entire 8 - i n c h diameter Schlieren f i e l d with three streaklines illuminated and l 6 m m . high-speed movie close-up films of the plate accelerating and at autorotational speed with one streakline illuminated. Velocity-time curves and t i p velocity-freestream velocity curves were obtained from the movie films by measuring plate angles and time from l \/ l , 0 0 0 second timing marks on the edge of the film. The sequence (Figs. 8 - 1 1 ) of random 3 5 m m . shots at U = 1 1 . 3 feet per second show the flow f i e l d developing through one cycle, that i s from zero to 1 8 0 degrees angle of attack. Flow i s from the right parallel to the reference line and the plate i s rotating anti-clockwise, as depicted in figure 7 . Separation i s delayed u n t i l the plate reaches a positive angle of attack close to the relative zero angle of attack ( 0(o see figure 7 ) , due to the effect of the t i p velocity. From the velocity curves, as w i l l be discussed later, O(0= 3 ^ degrees for U = 1 1 . 3 feet per second. A separation bubble begins to form at approximately 3 0 degrees angle of attack on the upstream t i p . It grows in size, appears to develop into a vortex at about 4 5 degrees, then starts to shed radially outwards as the plate passes 9 0 degrees. By 1 2 0 degrees, the t i p i s beginning to pass this vortex. The influence of this vortex can be seen by comparing the flow pattern with Cheng's measured pressure coefficients (Figs. 25-30), particularly for angles of attack of 6 0 and 9 0 degrees. It is seen that the largest suction peaks measured during 16. the complete cycle occur near the position of this 'dominant' vortex. This vortex continues to influence the flow pattern near the plate during the next cycle as another vortex is formed at this t i p . It moves downstream and i s deflected downwards by the generated circulation. The deflection of the wake can best be seen by noting that the position of the lower streakline for a l l angles of attack i s lower than at the marking point. The wake i s deflected in the same direction as the plate rotation irrespective of the angle of attack. Not so v i s i b l e i s a vortex forming at the other t i p and becoming vi s i b l e as the plate approaches 9 0 degrees. It appears to start shedding at near 120 degrees as the t i p moves upstream. An unstable shear layer t r a i l i n g this vortex forms at this t i p u n t i l a positive angle of attack is reached where the 'dominant* vortex forms. Again, Cheng measured relatively high suctions (Figs. 2 5 - 3 0 ) near this vortex. The plate appears bent in the 3 5 \" i m . pictures near the zero and 180 degree angles of attack, since the S.L.R. has a focal plane shutter which allows a discrete time difference as the exposure s l i t travels from the l e f t of the image to the right. The movie films of the plate accelerating from rest are too lengthy to reproduce here, since the acceleration period i s in the order of five seconds and 3 0 0 p.p.s. were taken. The i n i t i a l angular velocity appears to delay separation at small positive angles of attack, thus setting up the autorotation flow pattern. As the plate accelerates, the angle of relative zero angle of attack increases u n t i l the autorotation speed is reached. Enlargements of l 6 m m , frames at angles of attack closest to 15 degree intervals from zero to 180 degrees are shown in figures 12-15 with the plate at autorotational speed and the freestream at 11.3 feet per second. Only twelve frames of approximately sixty for one cycle are shown. These pictures 1 7 . show a limited part of the Schlieren f i e l d to give a better indication of the flow development near the plate. Separation at the upstream t i p begins to occur at an angle of approximately 28 degrees. A separation bubble forms and the 'dominant' vortex is formed and shed, as described before. Here the vortex at the other t i p becomes v i s i b l e at about 75 degrees and appears to shed with the development of a shear layer feeding into i t . Velocity-time (Figs. 1 6 - 1 8 ) and tip-freestream velocity (Figs. 1 9 - 2 0 ) curves were obtained from measurements of angles and times on both the acceleration and at-speed movie films. It is seen that even though the difference between f i n a l t i p speed and the i n i t i a l t i p velocity i s greatest for the highest freestream velocity, the time taken to reach autorotational speed i s lowest for the highest freestream velocity. That i s , for the range investigated, the higher the freestream velocity the lower (considering minimum start-up velocity runs) the acceleration period. . This is in agree-ment with Cheng's ( l ) results. Within the error involved in measuring angles and times from the films, the angular velocity was constant during a cycle at autorotation. The t i p velocity varies linearly with the freestream velocity and the equation of the curve i s V r a. 814 U -2.S>4-This result i s compared to Cheng's in figure 20. The linear portion of Cheng's curve for the case using end plates is given by Cheng's model had a larger thickness ratio ( 4 . 7 % ) and a smaller aspect ratio (3.0) than the plate in this project (3-8$ and 4 . 5 ) . In this project, the minimum i n i t i a l velocity required to start autorotation would appear to increase sl i g h t l y with freestream velocity. Cheng's results showed the opposite trend and this velocity i s most probably a function of the type of bearings used. PIG. 8 35mm. RANDOM PICTURES U = 11.3 ft.\/sec. FIG. 9 35mm. RANDOM PICTURES U = 11.3 ft.\/sec. FIG 1 0 3 5 m m RANDOM PICTURES U = 1 1 . 3 It.\/sec FIG. 1 1 3 5 m m . RANDOM PICTURES U = 1 1 . 3 ft.\/sec. FIG. 12 16mm. MOVIE FILM FRAMES U - 11.3 ft.\/sec. FIG. 1 3 1 6 m m . MOVIE FIIM FRAMES U - 1 1 . 3 ft.\/sec. FIG. 1 6 NON-DIMENSIONALIZED ANGULAR VELOCITY-TIME CURVES FOR ACCELERATION PERIOD U = 1 1 . 3 ft.\/sec. to ON 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. ro FIG. 18 NON-DIMENSIONALIZED ANGULAR VELOCITY-TIME CURVES v FOR ACCELERATION PERIOD U = 1 9 . 2 ft.\/sec. 29. FIG. 19 TIP VELOGITY-FREESTREAM VELOCITY CURVES AT AUTOROTATION AND INITIAL VELOCITY 3 0 . U [ ^ \/ s e c ] FIG. 2 0 TIP-FREESTREAM VELOCITY AT AUTOROTATION COMPARED TO CHENG'S RESULTS 3 1 . IV. THEORETICAL MODEL 4.1 GENERAL OUTLINE The main purpose for this two-dimensional irrotational incompressible flow model i s to predict as accurately as possible the pressure loadings on the plate; that i s , to make the model agree as closely as possible with Cheng's measured instantaneous pressure coefficients (uncorrected for tunnel wall effect). As a starting point, a technique for obtaining the f i e l d complex potential from a boundary condition on a rotating translating cylinder (a specific example i s an ellipse, or in one l i m i t , a f l a t plate) i s given by Milne-Thomson (6). Thus, we are able to obtain the complex potential for an attached flow model of a rotating translating f l a t plate. This gives reasonable results for regions of the actual flow which are attached, but of course when the flow separates (points of separation fixed at the sharp edges) the model prediction i s unreasonable. To improve this, three stationary (with respect to the plate) vortices are superimposed on the attached flow model in the wake region. To better simulate a wake region for the purpose of calculating pressure coefficients on the plate i t s e l f , those terms which represent the effect of the freestream are gradually eliminated on the separated side above the relative zero angle of attack (0 = Uc'iclz - uc**z -icozi i on X crzcL* ar=l\/ar Define 33. Since 3( Separating real and imaginary parts and introducing \u00a3 gives i f z T E ^ 2irr 39. + { H J ] Cos 2qS +. Jm {Hi] 2) where ft. fir? = 6. (r] | 5 _ fzj = JU s.'-*.s_ s,-^s, b) d ^ \/ d t 4 0 . By definition (refer to figure Zj) ' Jt^al A t J To obtain the velocity potential att-*4t\"and at point P, consider the rotating translating ellipse at the origin, as shown in figure 23, The point P moves to point P' with respect to the ellipse in time At. ~*t+o L 2Tt J \" a x d y A t r aexar a^^t arjdt 5 r | a t y A f zc* 2* ar;at d f i ^ c a r \\ 3 r now ct)At] - coy - \u00a7jUca>tfi At =. - cox - 6. (JsiVio< now \u00ab*3> = - \u00a3 ^ b s ) n o ( c o s + a ozso(sin 42. 4 . 5 VORTEX STRENGTH AND POSITION ASSUMPTIONS Three vortices are superimposed in the wake region to represent the effect of separation. Since the model vortices are fixed with respect to the plate and have only one direction of rotation, the strengths as a function of angle of attack must be zero and have a zero slope at 180 degrees and zero degrees angle of attack to give a continuous cycle. The strength as a function of angle of attack must be continuous. The 'dominant' vortex (#l) begins to form as the upstream t i p passes through the relative zero angle of attack ( 3 0 degrees for a t i p velocity to freestream velocity ratio of 0 . 5 ) . The flow separates at this point and then reattaches to form a separation bubble. As the angle of attack increases, the bubble becomes a vortex, and at approximately 9 0 degrees the f u l l y developed vortex begins to shed. In Cheng's pressure measurements, the maximum suction for the 'dominant' vortex occurred at tap # 1 2 (x = I . 4 3 6 ) at an angle of attack of 75 degrees. Assumptions made for the 'dominant' vortex are that the x co-ordinate equals I . 4 3 6 and that the strength i s zero up to the relative zero angle of attack and then negative (clockwise positive). Since the vortex i s fixed, the magnitude of P, must increase up to 90 degrees to simulate growth of the vortex, and then decrease as the vortex i s shed. The f i n a l form of Pt t\/s