{"Affiliation":[{"label":"Affiliation","value":"Science, Faculty of","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/vivoweb.org\/ontology\/core#departmentOrSchool","classmap":"vivo:EducationalProcess","property":"vivo:departmentOrSchool"},"iri":"http:\/\/vivoweb.org\/ontology\/core#departmentOrSchool","explain":"VIVO-ISF Ontology V1.6 Property; The department or school name within institution; Not intended to be an institution name."},{"label":"Affiliation","value":"Botany, Department of","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/vivoweb.org\/ontology\/core#departmentOrSchool","classmap":"vivo:EducationalProcess","property":"vivo:departmentOrSchool"},"iri":"http:\/\/vivoweb.org\/ontology\/core#departmentOrSchool","explain":"VIVO-ISF Ontology V1.6 Property; The department or school name within institution; Not intended to be an institution name."}],"AggregatedSourceRepository":[{"label":"Aggregated Source Repository","value":"DSpace","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/www.europeana.eu\/schemas\/edm\/dataProvider","classmap":"ore:Aggregation","property":"edm:dataProvider"},"iri":"http:\/\/www.europeana.eu\/schemas\/edm\/dataProvider","explain":"A Europeana Data Model Property; The name or identifier of the organization who contributes data indirectly to an aggregation service (e.g. Europeana)"}],"Campus":[{"label":"Campus","value":"UBCV","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"https:\/\/open.library.ubc.ca\/terms#degreeCampus","classmap":"oc:ThesisDescription","property":"oc:degreeCampus"},"iri":"https:\/\/open.library.ubc.ca\/terms#degreeCampus","explain":"UBC Open Collections Metadata Components; Local Field; Identifies the name of the campus from which the graduate completed their degree."}],"Creator":[{"label":"Creator","value":"Toews, Heather Naomi Juliet","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/creator","classmap":"dpla:SourceResource","property":"dcterms:creator"},"iri":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/creator","explain":"A Dublin Core Terms Property; An entity primarily responsible for making the resource.; Examples of a Contributor include a person, an organization, or a service."}],"DateAvailable":[{"label":"Date Available","value":"2009-11-24T23:08:17Z","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/issued","classmap":"edm:WebResource","property":"dcterms:issued"},"iri":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/issued","explain":"A Dublin Core Terms Property; Date of formal issuance (e.g., publication) of the resource."}],"DateIssued":[{"label":"Date Issued","value":"2004","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/issued","classmap":"oc:SourceResource","property":"dcterms:issued"},"iri":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/issued","explain":"A Dublin Core Terms Property; Date of formal issuance (e.g., publication) of the resource."}],"Degree":[{"label":"Degree (Theses)","value":"Master of Science - MSc","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/vivoweb.org\/ontology\/core#relatedDegree","classmap":"vivo:ThesisDegree","property":"vivo:relatedDegree"},"iri":"http:\/\/vivoweb.org\/ontology\/core#relatedDegree","explain":"VIVO-ISF Ontology V1.6 Property; The thesis degree; Extended Property specified by UBC, as per https:\/\/wiki.duraspace.org\/display\/VIVO\/Ontology+Editor%27s+Guide"}],"DegreeGrantor":[{"label":"Degree Grantor","value":"University of British Columbia","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"https:\/\/open.library.ubc.ca\/terms#degreeGrantor","classmap":"oc:ThesisDescription","property":"oc:degreeGrantor"},"iri":"https:\/\/open.library.ubc.ca\/terms#degreeGrantor","explain":"UBC Open Collections Metadata Components; Local Field; Indicates the institution where thesis was granted."}],"Description":[{"label":"Description","value":"A National Marine Conservation Area (NMCA) has been proposed for the waters\r\naround Gwaii Haanas National Park Reserve\/Haida Heritage Site and Parks Canada is\r\ninterested in obtaining information on the marine resources in the surrounding waters in\r\norder to monitor and manage this marine area. Samples were taken from the waters of\r\nthe fjords and island passages of the proposed NMCA in order to study the relationships\r\nbetween physical and chemical parameters and abundance and diversity of the\r\nphytoplankton in these nearshore areas of Gwaii Haanas.\r\nThis thesis reports nutrient concentrations, phytoplankton biomass (chlorophyll),\r\nand physical parameters during the summers (July and August) of 2001 and 2002 for\r\nthese waters. Samples were collected using the PV Gwaii Haanas II as a ship-of-opportunity.\r\nA total often cruises were conducted and samples were taken for salinity,\r\ntemperature, density, total suspended solids, Secchi disk depth, nitrate, phosphate, and\r\nsilicic acid concentrations, chlorophyll a concentrations in two size fractions, and\r\nsamples for phytoplankton identification.\r\nThese data were compared for spatial and interannual differences by comparing\r\ncoasts (east vs. west) and by comparing years (2001 vs. 2002). Variability was very high\r\nand few comparisons were significant. Mixed layers were shallow or non-existent on\r\nboth coasts and in both years. Nutrient concentrations were significantly higher in 2002\r\nthan in 2001 as there was a greater intensity of upwelling in 2002 as compared with 2001.\r\nNitrate was observed to be a factor limiting phytoplankton growth in a large proportion of\r\nstations, and consequently N:P and N:Si ratios were lower than that required for\r\nphytoplankton growth.\r\nSurface chlorophyll a concentrations showed no differences, but integrated\r\nchlorophyll a concentrations showed significantly higher concentrations in 2002 than in\r\n2001. There was more sunlight and less precipitation in 2002 compared to 2001 and there\r\nwas more phytoplankton at depth as the light penetrated deeper. The most abundant\r\nphytoplankton species were Leptocylindrus danicus, Chaetoceros spp., Thalassiosira\r\nspp., Skeletonema costatum, and a group of Pseudonitzschia species referred to as \"A\".\r\nCanonical correspondence analysis (CCA) was performed on these data to\r\ndetermine the relationships between environmental variables and phytoplankton community composition. Most of the phytoplankton species and groups were observed\r\nwhere nutrient concentrations were high and the depth of light penetration was greater\r\nthan average. Dinoflagellates were more often found in warmer water while diatoms were\r\nmore often found where the water was colder. The depth of the mixed layer had the least\r\ninfluence on phytoplankton distribution while the silicic acid concentration had the\r\ngreatest influence. This contradicts the real data which found silicic acid to be not a\r\nlimiting factor at any of the stations.\r\nThere was little spatial variability found in nutrient and chlorophyll a\r\nconcentrations, only silicic acid had a significant difference between coasts with higher\r\nconcentrations on the west coast than the east and the large size fraction (> 5 \u03bcm) of\r\nchlorophyll a was higher on the east coast than the west coast. Temporal variability was\r\nobserved with higher nutrient and integrated chlorophyll a concentrations in 2002\r\ncompared to 2001. This study has provided the first extensive near-shore physical,\r\nchemical, and biological data in the waters surrounding Gwaii Haanas National Park\r\nReserve\/Haida Heritage Site, documenting nutrient and chlorophyll concentrations as\r\nwell as providing a phytoplankton species list. These data will be useful as a baseline for\r\ncontinuing studies throughout Gwaii Haanas as it becomes an NMCA.","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/description","classmap":"dpla:SourceResource","property":"dcterms:description"},"iri":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/description","explain":"A Dublin Core Terms Property; An account of the resource.; Description may include but is not limited to: an abstract, a table of contents, a graphical representation, or a free-text account of the resource."}],"DigitalResourceOriginalRecord":[{"label":"Digital Resource Original Record","value":"https:\/\/circle.library.ubc.ca\/rest\/handle\/2429\/15714?expand=metadata","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/www.europeana.eu\/schemas\/edm\/aggregatedCHO","classmap":"ore:Aggregation","property":"edm:aggregatedCHO"},"iri":"http:\/\/www.europeana.eu\/schemas\/edm\/aggregatedCHO","explain":"A Europeana Data Model Property; The identifier of the source object, e.g. the Mona Lisa itself. This could be a full linked open date URI or an internal identifier"}],"Extent":[{"label":"Extent","value":"12871004 bytes","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/extent","classmap":"dpla:SourceResource","property":"dcterms:extent"},"iri":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/extent","explain":"A Dublin Core Terms Property; The size or duration of the resource."}],"FileFormat":[{"label":"File Format","value":"application\/pdf","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/elements\/1.1\/format","classmap":"edm:WebResource","property":"dc:format"},"iri":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/elements\/1.1\/format","explain":"A Dublin Core Elements Property; The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource.; Examples of dimensions include size and duration. Recommended best practice is to use a controlled vocabulary such as the list of Internet Media Types [MIME]."}],"FullText":[{"label":"Full Text","value":"PHYTOPLANKTON ECOLOGY OF GWAII HAANAS, QUEEN CHARLOTTE ISLANDS, BRITISH COLUMBIA by HEATHER NAOMI JULIET TOEWS B.Sc, The University of British Columbia, 2001 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES (Department of Botany) We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA June 2004 \u00a9 Heather Naomi Juliet Toews, 2GQ4 Library Authorization In presenting this thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the head of my department or by his or her representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Name of Author (please print) Date (dd\/mm\/yyyy) Title of Thesis: P k ^ p p U n k W O o l o g y , <of <Suu,o fV Degree: (V\\ S ^ Year: 9 0 p y Department of j 3 o \\ c \\ n \\ \/ The University of British Columbia Vancouver, BC Canada A B S T R A C T A National Marine Conservation Area (NMCA) has been proposed for the waters around Gwaii Haanas National Park Reserve\/Haida Heritage Site and Parks Canada is interested in obtaining information on the marine resources in the surrounding waters in order to monitor and manage this marine area. Samples were taken from the waters of the fjords and island passages of the proposed N M C A in order to study the relationships between physical and chemical parameters and abundance and diversity of the phytoplankton in these nearshore areas of Gwaii Haanas. This thesis reports nutrient concentrations, phytoplankton biomass (chlorophyll), and physical parameters during the summers (July and August) of 2001 and 2002 for these waters. Samples were collected using the PV Gwaii Haanas II as a ship-of-opportunity. A total often cruises were conducted and samples were taken for salinity, temperature, density, total suspended solids, Secchi disk depth, nitrate, phosphate, and silicic acid concentrations, chlorophyll a concentrations in two size fractions, and samples for phytoplankton identification. These data were compared for spatial and interannual differences by comparing coasts (east vs. west) and by comparing years (2001 vs. 2002). Variability was very high and few comparisons were significant. Mixed layers were shallow or non-existent on both coasts and in both years. Nutrient concentrations were significantly higher in 2002 than in 2001 as there was a greater intensity of upwelling in 2002 as compared with 2001. Nitrate was observed to be a factor limiting phytoplankton growth in a large proportion of stations, and consequently N:P and N:Si ratios were lower than that required for phytoplankton growth. Surface chlorophyll a concentrations showed no differences, but integrated chlorophyll a concentrations showed significantly higher concentrations in 2002 than in 2001. There was more sunlight and less precipitation in 2002 compared to 2001 and there was more phytoplankton at depth as the light penetrated deeper. The most abundant phytoplankton species were Leptocylindrus danicus, Chaetoceros spp., Thalassiosira spp., Skeletonema costatum, and a group of Pseudonitzschia species referred to as \" A \" . Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) was performed on these data to determine the relationships between environmental variables and phytoplankton community composition. Most of the phytoplankton species and groups were observed where nutrient concentrations were high and the depth of light penetration was greater than average. Dinoflagellates were more often found in warmer water while diatoms were more often found where the water was colder. The depth of the mixed layer had the least influence on phytoplankton distribution while the silicic acid concentration had the greatest influence. This contradicts the real data which found silicic acid to be not a limiting factor at any of the stations. There was little spatial variability found in nutrient and chlorophyll a concentrations, only silicic acid had a significant difference between coasts with higher concentrations on the west coast than the east and the large size fraction (> 5 um) of chlorophyll a was higher on the east coast than the west coast. Temporal variability was observed with higher nutrient and integrated chlorophyll a concentrations in 2002 compared to 2001. This study has provided the first extensive near-shore physical, chemical, and biological data in the waters surrounding Gwaii Haanas National Park Reserve\/Haida Heritage Site, documenting nutrient and chlorophyll concentrations as well as providing a phytoplankton species list. These data will be useful as a baseline for continuing studies throughout Gwaii Haanas as it becomes an N M C A . TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract ii List of Tables : vi List of Figures ix Acknowledgements xiv CHAPTER 1 General Introduction 1 1.1 British Columbia Coast . 3 1.2 Study Area-Physical Oceanography 6 1.3 Haida Eddies 7 1.4 Coastal Upwelling 9 1.5 Strait of Georgia 11 1.6 Coastal Gulf of Alaska 12 1.7 Previous Studies 13 1.8 Remote Sensing using Satellites to Monitor Water Quality 15 1.9 Remote Sensing to Monitor blooms in the North Pacific 16 1.10 Thesis Obj ectives 19 1.11 Thesis Organization 20 CHAPTER 2 Phytoplankton Biomass and Diversity and Physiochemical Water Properties in the Proposed Gwaii Haanas N M C A in Summer 21 2.1 Introduction 21 2.2 Materials and Methods 22 Sampling Sites and Procedures 22 Physical and Chemical Measurements 26 Chlorophyll a Measurements 28 Phytoplankton Enumeration and Identification 28 2.3 Results 29 Physical Characteristics 29 iv Chemical Parameters 34 Biological Parameters 42 Water Properties at One Station 50 Station Variability 55 2.4 Discussion 57 Physical Characteristics 62 Chemical Parameters 65 Biological Parameters 67 Station Variability 68 Comparison to Previous Studies in the Region 70 2.5 Summary : 73 CHAPTER 3 Effects of Environmental Parameters on the Species Composition and Diversity in the Proposed Gwaii Haanas N M C A in Summer 74 3.1 Introduction 74 3.2 Materials and Methods 75 3.3 Results : 75 3.4 Discussion 82 Final Conclusions 87 Future Research 88 References 89 Appendix A Cruise Details 95 Appendix B Original Data 98 Appendix C Vertical Profiles of Physical Properties 109 Appendix D Vertical Profiles of Chemical Properties 116 Appendix E Vertical Profiles of Biological Properties 128 Appendix F Phytoplankton Cell Counts 140 Appendix G Data from Previous Studies 156 Appendix H C C A Ordination Biplots 162 LIST O F T A B L E S Table 2.1: Sampling stations showing station name, number, date sampled, and exact location : 25 Table 2.2: Mixed layer depth and degree of stratification for stations where data are available. A value of zero indicates no mixed layer due to stratification and a (+) indicates the mixed layer was deeper than the deepest depth measured 32 Table 2.3: Mean surface nutrient concentrations (uM) for the east (E) and west (W) coast of Gwaii Haanas over two summers (2001 and 2002) and mean concentrations for the two years 2001 and 2002 and the east and west coasts. Values are shown with \u00b11 S.D. The number in the brackets is the number of samples in that category 35 Table 2.4: Mean integrated nutrient concentrations (mmol m\"2) for the east (E) and west (W) coast of Gwaii Haanas over two summers (2001 and 2002) and mean concentrations for the two years 2001 and 2002 and the east and west coasts. Values are shown with \u00b11 S.D. The number in the brackets is the number of samples in that category. Also shown are the stations with stratification (from table 2.2) and apparent nitrate limitation (where nitrate was drawn down to undetectable levels at the surface) .35 Table 2.5: Mean surface chlorophyll concentrations (mg m\"3) for the east (E) and west (W) coast of Gwaii Haanas over two summers (2001 and 2002) and mean concentrations for the two years 2001 and 2002 and the east and west coasts. Values are shown with \u00b11 S.D. The number in the brackets is the number of samples in that category .44 Table 2.6: Mean total integrated chlorophyll concentrations (mg m\"2) for the east (E) and west (W) coast of Gwaii Haanas over two summers (2001 and 2002) and mean concentrations for the two years 2001 and 2002 and the east and west coasts. Values are shown with \u00b11 S.D. The number in the brackets, is the number of samples in that category. Also shown are the percentage values of the total concentration for the two size fractions (< 5 um and > 5 urn) 44 Table 2.7: Diatom species list and mean concentration (cells L'1) for the east (E) and west (W) coast of Gwaii Haanas over two summers (2001 and 2002). An integrated sample was obtained by mixing an equal amount of sample from 0, 5, 10, and 20 m. Values are shown with \u00b11 S.D. and n = 28 for E 01, 38 for E 02, 6 for W 01, and 14 for W 02. A value of zero indicates the species was not observed 48 Table 2.8: Coccolithophore, silicoflagellate, and dinoflagellate species list and mean concentration (cells L\"1) for the east (E) and west (W) coast of Gwaii vi Haanas over two summers (2001 and 2002). An integrated sample was obtained by mixing an equal amount of sample from 0, 5, 10, and 20 m. Values are shown with \u00b11 S.D. and n= 28 for E 01, 38 for E 02, 6 for W 01, and 14 for W 02. A value of zero indicates the species was not observed 49 Table 2.9: Mean values of the diversity indices for the east (E) and west (W) coast of Gwaii Haanas over two summers (2001 and 2002). Values are shown with \u00b11 S.D.. The number in the brackets is the number of samples in that category : 50 Table 2.10: Nutrient (uM) and chlorophyll concentrations (mg m\"3) at each depth for station #38, Skedans on the east coast of Gwaii Haanas (see Fig. 2.1) 53 Table 2.11: Station variability in the region of Skedans on the east coast of Gwaii Haanas (see Fig. 2.1). Included are physical parameters TSS = total suspended solids at the surface, Secchi = depth of Secchi disk, SST = sea surface temperature, SSS = sea surface salinity, MLD = depth of mixed layer, Strat = degree of stratification 56 Table 2.12: Station variability in the region of Skedans on the east coast of Gwaii Haanas (see Fig. 2.1). Included are total (> 0.7pm) integrated chlorophyll a (mg m\"2), large size fraction of integrated chlorophyll a (mg m\"2), and integrated nutrients (mmol m\"2) 56 Table 2.13: Total precipitation (in mm) at Sandspit, Queen Charlotte Islands (source: Environment Canada) 61 Table 3.1: List of abbreviations for species or group names used in Figures 3.1 and 3.3 78 Table A.1: Duration and date of each cruise including number of stations sampled and which coast 95 Table A.2: Wind and weather conditions at each station, including date and time sampled 96 Table B.1: Secchi disk depths and concentrations of total suspended sediments at each station 98 Table B.2: List of stations with missing S4 data including date sampled and problem encountered 99 Table B.3: Temperature (\u00b0C) and salinity at the surface at each station 100 Table B.4: Nutrient concentrations (uM) and chlorophyll a concentrations (mg m\"3) in two size fractions for each depth. Nitrate concentrations denoted as zero, are undetectable 101 Table F.1: Concentration of phytoplankton (cells L\"1) at each station. A value of zero means the species was not observed 140 T a b l e d : Surface data for samples taken in Hecate Strait July 2-6, 2000. Nutrient concentrations are in uM and chlorophyll a concentrations are in mg m\"3. Data from C.L.K. Robinson 156 Table G.2: Surface data for samples taken in Hecate Strait August 25 - September 6, 2000. Nutrient concentrations are in uM and chlorophyll a concentrations are in mg m\"3. Data from C.L.K. Robinson 157 Table G.3: Surface data for samples taken in Hecate Strait August 9-11, 2000. Chlorophyll a concentrations are in mg m\"3. Data from T.D. Peterson 158 Table G.4: Surface data for samples taken on the west coast of the Queen Charlotte Islands July 4-11, 2000. Chlorophyll a concentrations are in mg m\"3. Data from C.L.K. Robinson 159 Table G.5: Surface data for samples taken off of the west coast of the Queen Charlotte Islands June 13-21, 2000. Chlorophyll a concentrations are in mg m\"3. Data from F. Whitney 160 Table G.6: Surface data for samples taken on the west coast of the Queen Charlotte Islands September 1999. Chlorophyll a concentrations are in mg m\"3. Data from F.Whitney 161 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: Land boundaries of Gwaii Haanas National Park Reserve\/ Haida Heritage Site located at the south end of the Queen Charlotte Islands and water boundaries for the proposed Gwaii Haanas National Marine Conservation Area 2 Figure 1.2: Surface circulation in the northeast Pacific Ocean (from Ware and MacFarlane 1989) 5 Figure 1.3: Sea surface height anomaly showing Haida Eddies (yellow) moving westward off the Queen Charlotte Islands 8 Figure 1.4: NOAA weather satellite thermal image (5 August 1996) illustrating temperature differences between the east and west coasts of the Queen Charlotte Islands. The west coast shows a band of cool (blue) upwelled water. There is a mixing region at the southern tip (blue), and the east coast consists primarily of warmer (red) water (from Robinson et al. 2004) 10 Figure 1.5: AVHRR image of suspended material (mg L\"1) for 21 June 1998 off the southeast coast of the Queen Charlotte Islands. Note the bright bloom event (orange\/green) off the east coast (from Robinson et al. 2004) 18 Figure 2.1: Locations of sampling stations showing stations both within and outside of the park boundary. The red dots indicate the station was at a location of an ancient Haida village 23 Figure 2.2: Sample profiles to illustrate mixed layer depth and stratification. A: completely mixed, B: highly stratified (degree of 6.6), C: mixed layer depth of 12 m. For station locations, see Fig. 2.1 33 Figure 2.3: Mean surface nitrate concentrations \u00b11 S.D. for the east (E) and west (W) coast of Gwaii Haanas over two summers (2001 and 2002), shown as darker bars. The lighter bars show the mean concentration for the two years 2001 and 2002. Numbers above each bar are the total number of stations used to calculate each mean 38 Figure 2.4: Mean integrated nitrate concentrations \u00b11 S.D. for the east (E) and west (W) coast of Gwaii Haanas over two summers (2001 and 2002), shown as darker bars. The lighter bars show the mean concentration for the two years 2001 and 2002. Numbers above each bar are the total number of stations used to calculate each mean 38 Figure 2.5: Mean surface phosphate concentrations \u00b11 S.D. for the east (E) and west (W) coast of Gwaii Haanas over two summers (2001 and 2002), shown as darker bars. The lighter bars show the mean concentration for the two years 2001 and 2002. Numbers above each bar are the total number of stations used to calculate each mean 39 Figure 2.6: Mean integrated phosphate concentrations \u00b11 S.D. for the east (E) and west (W) coast of Gwaii Haanas over two summers (2001 and 2002), shown as darker bars. The lighter bars show the mean concentration for the two years 2001 and 2002. Numbers above each bar are the total number of stations used to calculate each mean 39 Figure 2.7: Mean surface silicic acid concentrations \u00b11 S.D. for the east (E) and west (W) coast of Gwaii Haanas over two summers (2001 and 2002), shown as darker bars. The lighter bars show the mean concentration for the two years 2001 and 2002. Numbers above each bar are the total number of stations used to calculate each mean 41 Figure 2.8: Mean integrated silicic acid concentrations \u00b11 S.D. for the east (E) and west (W) coast of Gwaii Haanas over two summers (2001 and 2002), shown as darker bars. The lighter bars show the mean concentration for the two years 2001 and 2002. Numbers above each bar are the total number of stations used to calculate each mean 41 Figure 2.9: Mean surface chlorophyll a concentrations \u00b11 S.D. for the east (E) and west (W) coast of Gwaii Haanas over two summers (2001 and 2002), shown as darker bars. The lighter bars show the mean concentration for the two years 2001 and 2002. Numbers above each bar are the total number of stations used to calculate each mean 45 Figure 2.10:Mean integrated chlorophyll a concentrations \u00b11 S.D. for the east (E) and west (W) coast of Gwaii Haanas over two summers (2001 and 2002), shown as darker bars. The lighter bars show the mean concentration for the two years 2001 and 2002. Numbers above each bar are the total number of stations used to calculate each mean 45 Figure 2.11:Relative contributions of the < 5 urn size fraction and the > 5 urn size fraction to total chlorophyll for the east (E) and west (W) coast of Gwaii Haanas over two summers (2001 and 2002). Also shown are the relative contributions for the two years (2001 and 2002) and for the east and west coasts. Numbers above each bar are the total number of stations used to calculate each mean 51 Figure 2.12:Percent contribution of each phytoplankton group to total cell abundance for the east (E) and west (W) coast of Gwaii Haanas over two summers (2001 and 2002) : 52 Figure 2.13: Vertical profiles of A) nutrient concentrations, B) chlorophyll concentrations, and C) physical properties for station #38 at Skedans on the east coast of Gwaii Haanas (see Fig. 2.1) to show a complete data set for one station 54 Figure 2.14:Vertical profiles showing temperature, salinity, and density to show station variability during a three week period at Skedans on the east coast of Gwaii Haanas (see Fig. 2.1) at stations 47, 64, and 74 58 Figure 2.15: A comparison of stations 47, 64, and 74 at Skedans on the east coast of Gwaii Haanas (see Fig 2.1) to show temporal variability in integrated nutrients and chlorophyll 59 Figure 2.16:Bakun Upwelling Index off the BC coast at 48\u00b0N, 125\u00b0W showing intensity of upwelling for 61 days from July 1 for 2001, 2002, and a 10 year average 61 Figure 2.17:Satellite altimetry showing differences in sea surface height anomaly along the east coast of Gwaii Haanas between the summers of 2001 and 2002 63 Figure 3.1: CCA ordination graph showing species or groups (points) and relationships to environmental variables (arrows). See Table 3.1 for list of species or group name abbreviations. Symbol key is; blue = diatoms, yellow = dinoflagellates, green = silicoflagellates, pink = coccolithophores. SST = sea surface temperature, SSS = sea surface salinity, TSS = concentration of total suspended solids, MLD = depth of the mixed layer 79 Figure 3.2: CCA ordination graph showing sites (points) and relationship to environmental variables (arrows). Colours are as follows; yellow = 2001, red = 2002. Squares indicate east coast stations while diamonds indicate west coast stations. SST = sea surface temperature, SSS = sea surface salinity, TSS = concentration of total suspended solids, MLD = depth of the mixed layer 80 Figure 3.3: CCA ordination graph showing species or groups (circles), sites (squares and diamonds) and relationship to environmental variables (arrows). See Table 3.1 for list of species or group name abbreviations. Symbol key is; blue circles = diatoms, yellow circles = dinoflagellates, green circles = silicoflagellates, pink circles = coccolithophores, red squares = east coast stations, red diamonds = west coast stations. SST = sea surface temperature, SSS = sea surface salinity, TSS = concentration of total suspended solids, MLD = depth of the mixed layer 81 Figure C.1: Vertical profiles of temperature, salinity, and density for each of the stations sampled 110 Figure D.1: Vertical profiles of nitrate, phosphate, and silicic acid for each of the stations sampled 117 xi Figure E.1: Vertical profiles of chlorophyll a for both the total chlorophyll (> 0.7 urn) and the large size fraction (> 5 |jm) for each of the stations sampled. 129 Figure H.1: CCA ordination graph showing species or groups (points) and relationships to environmental variables (arrows) on the east coast of Gwaii Haanas. Name abbreviations are: AS = Alexandrium spp., CC = Coscinodiscus centralis, CL = Ceratium lineatum, COC = coccolithophores, CS = Chaetoceros spp., CY = Cylindrothceca closterium, DM = Dinophysis acuminata, DT = Dinophysis acuta, GD = Glenodinum danicum, GN = Gonyaulax spp., GR = Gyrodinium spp., GY = Gymnodinium spp., HT = Heterocapsa triquetra, LD = Leptocylindrus danicum, NS = Navicula spp., PA = Pseudonitzschia \"A\", PB = Pseudonitzschia \"B\", PC = Pseudonitzschia \"C, PR = Protoperidinium spp., RS = Rhizosolenia setigera, SC = Skeletonema costatum, ST = Scrippsiella trochoidea, TN = Thalassionema nitzschiodes, TS = Thalassiosira spp. Symbol key is; blue = diatoms, green = dinoflagellates, pink = coccolithophores. SST = sea surface temperature, SSS = sea surface salinity, MLD = depth of the mixed layer, STRAT = degree of stratification 162 Figure H.2: CCA ordination graph showing species or groups (points) and relationships to environmental variables (arrows) on the west coast of Gwaii Haanas. Name abbreviations are: AS = Alexandrium spp., CC = Coscinodiscus centralis, CL = Ceratium lineatum, COC = coccolithophores, CS = Chaetoceros spp., CY = Cylindrothceca closterium, DM = Dinophysis acuminata, DT = Dinophysis acuta, GD = Glenodinum danicum, GN = Gonyaulax spp., GR = Gyrodinium spp., GY = Gymnodinium spp., HT = Heterocapsa triquetra, LD = Leptocylindrus danicum, NS = Navicula spp., PA = Pseudonitzschia \"A\", PB = Pseudonitzschia \"B\", PC = Pseudonitzschia \"C\", PR = Protopendinium spp., RS = Rhizosolenia setigera, SC = Skeletonema costatum, ST = Scrippsiella trochoidea, TN = Thalassionema nitzschiodes, TS = Thalassiosira spp. Symbol key is; blue = diatoms, green = dinoflagellates, pink = coccolithophores. SST = sea surface temperature, SSS = sea surface salinity, MLD = depth of the mixed layer, STRAT = degree of stratification 163 Figure H.3: CCA ordination graph showing species or groups (points) and relationships to environmental variables (arrows) in the summer of 2001. Name abbreviations are: AS = Alexandrium spp., CC = Coscinodiscus centralis, CL = Ceratium lineatum, COC = coccolithophores, CS = Chaetoceros spp., CY = Cylindrothceca closterium, DM = Dinophysis acuminata, DT = Dinophysis acuta, GD = Glenodinum danicum, GN = Gonyaulax spp., GR = Gyrodinium spp., GY = Gymnodinium spp., HT = Heterocapsa triquetra, LD = Leptocylindrus danicum, NS = Navicula spp., PA = Pseudonitzschia \"A\", PB = Pseudonitzschia \"B\", PC = Pseudonitzschia \"C\", PR = Protoperidinium spp., RS = Rhizosolenia setigera, SC = Skeletonema costatum, ST = Scrippsiella trochoidea, TN = Thalassionema nitzschiodes, TS = Thalassiosira spp. Symbol key is; blue = diatoms, green = dinoflagellates, pink = coccolithophores. SST = sea surface temperature, SSS = sea surface salinity, MLD = depth of the mixed layer, STRAT = degree of stratification 164 Figure H.4: CCA ordination graph showing species or groups (points) and relationships to environmental variables (arrows) in the summer of 2002. Name abbreviations are: AS = Alexandrium spp., CC = Coscinodiscus centralis, xii CL = Ceratium lineatum, COC = coccolithophores, CS = Chaetoceros spp., CY = Cylindrothceca closterium, DM = Dinophysis acuminata, DT = Dinophysis acuta, GD = Glenodinum danicum, GN = Gonyaulax spp., GR = Gyrodinium spp., GY = Gymnodinium spp., HT = Heterocapsa tnquetra, LD = Leptocylindrus danicum, NS = Navicula spp., PA = Pseudonitzschia \"A\", PB = Pseudonitzschia \"B\", PC = Pseudonitzschia \"C\", PR = Protopendinium spp., RS = Rhizosolenia setigera, SC = Skeletonema costatum, ST = Scnppsiella trochoidea, TN = Thalassionema nitzschiodes, TS = Thalassiosira spp. Symbol key is; blue = diatoms, green = dinoflagellates, pink = coccolithophores. SST = sea surface temperature, SSS = sea surface salinity, MLD = depth of the mixed layer, STRAT = degree\"of stratification 165 xiii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Many people have helped me in many ways towards the completion of this thesis. I would like to start by thanking past and present members of the Harrison lab group who have provided very useful advice and much appreciated moral support. Special thanks to Tawnya Peterson, Shannon Harris, Rana E l - Sabaawi, Mike Henry, Michael Lipsen, Behzad Imanian, and Ming-Xin Guo. I would also like to extend thanks to Linda Jennings for being there for me when I needed to unwind. Funding for this project was provided by Parks Canada and many thanks go to Dr. Cliff Robinson at Parks Canada for his support and advice and for initiating this project. I would also like to thank the crew of the PV Gwaii Haanas II for assisting me with my sampling, and thanks to Kenny, Dave, Wally, Sascha, Wayne, Lonnie, and to the staff at Gwaii Haanas National Park Reserve\/Haida Heritage Site. Thanks also to the other members of my committee, Dr. John Dower for his advice during committee meetings and to Dr. Max Taylor for his help in phytoplankton identification. I would also like to thank my supervisor, Dr. Paul J. Harrison for his advice and support and for reading and editing numerous drafts and sections of this thesis. xiv Chapter 1 General Introduction The Gwaii Haanas National Park Reserve and Haida Heritage Site (NPR\/HHS) consists of 138 islands and they compose part of the Queen Charlotte Islands. It has been settled by the Haida people for more than 10,000 years. These islands are bordered on the east by the broad and shallow Hecate Strait and on the west by the Pacific Ocean with a narrow continental shelf, where the sea floor drops off to depths of over 2500 m within 30 km from shore (Thomson 1981). The land boundaries of the NPR\/HHS contain 1470 km 2 (see Fig. 1.1) and the 4700 km of shoreline have abundant intertidal marine life and nesting seabirds. The waters around Gwaii Haanas support many commercial fisheries including Pacific salmon, halibut, herring, and herring roe-on-kelp. Also, many marine mammals have been observed off the coasts of these islands, including grey whales on their annual migrations between the Bering Sea and Mexico, as well as killer whales, minke and humpback whales, dolphins, porpoises, harbour seals and sea lions. A National Marine Conservation Area (NMCA) has been proposed for these waters, which would extend approximately 10 km offshore of Gwaii Haanas and cover 3400 km 2 of surrounding waters. Figure 1.1 shows the proposed water boundaries for the Gwaii Haanas N M C A (GHNMCA) and the NPR\/HHS that will serve to protect this fragile ecosystem. 1 Figure 1.1: Land boundaries of Gwaii Haanas National Park Reserve\/ Haida Heritage Site located at the south end of the Queen Charlotte Islands and water boundaries for the proposed Gwaii Haanas National Marine Conservation Area. 2 There are growing threats from overfishing, pollution, climate change, and habitat destruction, and in order to protect an area, it is important to understand and know the biological diversity of the area. This study attempts to quantify the phytoplankton and the environmental parameters within which these phytoplankton are found in the waters of Gwaii Haanas. The baseline data will be the first part of an Ocean Sciences program initiated by the Gwaii Haanas NPR\/HHS in order to properly monitor and maintain the environmental quality of these waters. 1.1 British Columbia Coast Gwaii Haanas and the Queen Charlotte Islands are located on the northern shelf of the British Columbian coast, which is an area characterized by numerous mountains and fjords, islands and inlets, straits and sounds, and a narrow continental shelf. There is a segmented mountain range stretching from Vancouver Island up through the Queen Charlotte Islands and the Alaskan Panhandle, separated only by Queen Charlotte Sound and the Dixon Entrance (Thomson 1981). There are many valuable economic resources along the British Columbian coast, the first of which is tourism. Hundreds of thousands of tourists are drawn each year to the rugged and natural beauty of the coastline, with the hope of spotting some whales. Pacific salmon are another important resource, as well as many other fisheries including herring, cod, groundfish, and shellfish. This area is affected by two large scale pressure systems that control the dominant wind patterns along the coast, the Aleutian Low and the North Pacific High. In the fall and winter months, the Aleutian Low becomes more intense and shifts southward from the Bering Sea to the Gulf of Alaska. These southeasterly and southwesterly winds persist until early spring as air flows counter-clockwise around the Aleutian low pressure cell, 3 and then decreases in the summer months, whereas the North Pacific high intensifies until it covers the entire Gulf of Alaska between June and August. This results in northwesterly winds flowing clockwise around the North Pacific High pressure cell (Thomson 1981). Directed by these prevailing wind forces, surface circulation in the summer consists of the eastward flowing Subarctic Current that branches into two currents (Fig. 1.2). The northern British Columbian coast is affected by the northeast flowing Alaska Current which forms the Alaskan Gyre in the Gulf of Alaska, and the southern coast is affected by the southeast flowing eastern boundary current, the California Current. In the winter, the California Current is displaced offshore by the northward flowing Davidson Current. Longhurst (1998) divides the area into two coastal provinces according to different oceanic characteristics. The northern coast is represented by the Alaska Downwelling Coastal Province and the southern coast is represented by the California Current Province. The Alaskan Downwelling Coastal Province encompasses the coastal boundary region from 53\u00b0 N where the Alaska Current originates, to the end of the Aleutian Islands. This area has a general downwelling tendency and weak upwelling is only seen off the Alaskan peninsula near Kodiak Island during the summer months (Longhurst 1998). The California Current Province extends from where the California Current originates and bends southward down to the tip of Baja California. The interaction between the southward flowing current, the coastline as a boundary, and an alternating wind regime, leads to upwelling in the summer and downwelling in the winter (Longhurst 1998). 4 Figure 1.2: Surface circulation in the northeast Pacific Ocean (from Ware and MacFarlane 1989). 5 1.2 Study Area - Physical Oceanography The Queen Charlotte Islands and the proposed G H N M C A are located at the transition between these two oceanic provinces, between approximately 52\u00b0 and 53\u00b0 N latitude and 131\u00b0 and 132\u00b0 W longitude. The west coast is bordered by the Pacific Ocean where the continental shelf is very narrow and the continental slope is steep. The coastline consists of numerous narrow inlets that are susceptible to sudden short-lived violent gusts of cold air, called williwaws. These gusts are common along mountainous coasts of high latitudes and can reach speeds of 25 m s\"1 (Thomson 1981). Regional winds on this coast influence surface currents. In the winter, winds blow from the southeast, which creates a downwind surface drift that the Coriolis force deflects to the right (Thomson 1981). Ekman transport is directed onshore and nearshore isopycnals are depressed and the surface waters are downwelled (Thomson 1981). In the summer, the winds change direction and blow from the northwest where the opposite situation occurs and upwelling occurs on the west coast as isopycnals are raised and the Ekman transport is offshore (Thomson 1981). Hecate Strait is a shallow submarine valley that extends for 220 km and borders part of the east coast of BC. Maximum depths along the axis of this channel range from 300 m in the south to 50 m in the north (Thomson 1989). This coast consists of numerous large and small islands and island channels, sounds, bays, and inlets of various depths. In the summer months, the wind speeds on this coast are less than in the winter, averaging about 5.5 m s\"1 (Thomson 1981). August sea surface temperatures range from 10-13\u00b0 C and sea fog is more frequent in summer than in autumn (Thomson 1989). Tides in this area are mixed, predominantly semi-diurnal and are usually about 3 to 5 m in height, but 6 they can reach up to 7 m in Skidegate Channel (Thomson 1989). Surface currents within Hecate Strait consist of tidal streams that move north and south, on the flood and ebb tides respectively, at a maximum rate of approximately 50 cm s\"1 in basically straight lines (Thomson 1981). There is very little freshwater drainage on either coast, and although the influence of runoff is not completely negligible, surface salinity conditions are mainly determined by the oceanic conditions (Thomson 1989). 1.3. Haida Eddies Haida Eddies are anti-cyclonic mesoscale vortices that form off of the west coast of the Queen Charlotte Islands. These eddies generally form in the winter, mostly near Cape St. James at the southern tip of the Queen Charlotte Islands (Crawford et. al. submitted) and detach from the coast in the spring, moving westward into the Gulf of Alaska (Whitney and Robert 2002). At least one eddy forms off the coast of the Queen Charlotte Islands every winter (Crawford et. al. 2002). These eddies have been identified using satellite altimetry (Fig. 1.3) as they can have a sea surface height anomaly of up to 0.4 m (Crawford 2002). Whitney and Robert (2002) estimated that satellite altimetry can be used to locate the centre of an eddy within 25 km. These rotating physical features can be very large, with a diameter of 200 km or larger (Crawford 2002) and can persist for several years. During their existence they may travel as far as 1000 km from where they originated (Whitney and Robert 2002). Other characteristic physical features of these eddies are that they are less saline than the surrounding waters at all depths and they are warmer than the surrounding waters at depths below the top 100 m (Crawford 2002, Crawford et. al. 2002, Whitney and Robert 7 2002). They have a baroclinic structure and can extend in depth to at least 1 km (Crawford 2002). These characteristics are also common to Sitka Eddies, which form off of the Alaskan Panhandle (Crawford 2002). 22Q- 222- 224\" 226' 228* 230\" 220* 222* 224* 226' 228* 230* Sea Surface Height Anomaly (on) 30 -25 -i | | | I I \"1 1 !0 -15 -10 - > 0 I 5 10 1 1 ! 1 5 20 25 30 Figure 1.3: Sea surface height anomaly showing Haida Eddies (yellow) moving westward off the Queen Charlotte Islands. 8 Since these eddies form on the coast and move westward, they are a mechanism of transporting coastal water out to sea. Whitney and Robert (2002) estimate that due to the large size of these eddies, 3000 to 6000 km 3 of coastal water can be moved up to 1000 km into the open ocean. This coastal water from Hecate Strait and Queen Charlotte Sound that composes the eddies, contains all of the nutrients and phytoplankton species from the coast and transports them often into a high nutrient, low chlorophyll (HNLC) area of the northeast Pacific Ocean. These areas have high macro-nutrient concentrations, but low concentrations of micro-nutrients such as iron (Martin et al. 1989, Boyd et al. 1996). For these eddies travelling out to sea, it is not the macronutrient concentrations, but the high micronutrient (Fe) concentrations of the coastal waters in Haida Eddies that likely stimulates primary productivity in the offshore H N L C region (Whitney and Robert 2002). 1.4 Coastal Upwelling The Gwaii Haanas NPR\/HHS in the Queen Charlotte Islands is bordered on the west coast by an area of upwelling in the summer months (Dodimead 1980, Thompson 1981) (Fig. 1.4). In contrast to oceanic regions, regions of coastal upwelling are very fertile with high phytoplankton productivity and biomass (Barber and Smith 1981). Coastal upwelling is found along the western boundaries of continents and are economically valuable for fisheries due to the high biological productivity in these regions. These upwelling regions cover 0.1% of the area of the ocean, but produce 50% of the fish harvest (Ryther 1969). <=> 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 c Figure 1.4: NOAA weather satellite thermal image (5 August 1996) illustrating temperature differences between the east and west coasts of the Queen Charlotte Islands. The west coast shows a band of cool (blue) upwelled water. There is a mixing region at the southern tip (blue), and the east coast consists primarily of warmer (red) water (from Robinson et al. 2004). io Upwelling occurs due to a combination of the alongshore equatorward winds, and the Coriolis effect, and the result is Ekman transport offshore. As the surface water is pushed offshore due to Ekman transport, it is replaced by colder, nutrient rich, deeper water that also contains a seed population of phytoplankton. When it is brought up into the euphoric zone where light is no longer limiting, high productivity in the region results from the phytoplankton response of rapid growth to the ideal light and nutrient levels. 1.5 S t r a i t o f G e o r g i a The northern shelf has been relatively ignored in terms of biological oceanographic research, but there have been studies conducted further south in the Strait of Georgia, located between Vancouver Island and mainland British Columbia. The Strait of Georgia is a partially enclosed basin, approximately 200 km long with an average depth of 156 m and an average width of 33 km (Stbckner et al. 1979). Unlike Hecate Strait, freshwater runoff from the Fraser River exerts a great influence on the hydrography of the region, and salinity can vary from 0.5 near the mouth of the Fraser River in the spring, to 27-30 away from the inflow of freshwater in the winter (Harrison et al. 1983, Stockner et al. 1979). The sea surface temperatures range from 4\u00b0C in winter to 18\u00b0C in summer (Stockner et al. 1979). Valuable fisheries resources in the area include Pacific salmon and herring (Harrison et al. 1983, Stockner et al. 1979). The phytoplankton community in the Strait of Georgia is dominated most of the year by diatoms. Phytoplankton abundance is limited by light in the winter, and begins to increase in the spring as more light becomes available and reaches a peak in April (Harrison et al. 1983, Stockner et al. 1979). These blooms use up available nutrients and 11 become nitrate-limited in the spring and summer (Harrison et al. 1983, Stockner et al. 1979). Nitrate may be periodically depleted from the surface water in stratified areas and is usually higher in more turbulent regions. In the spring, the most abundant phytoplankton are chain-forming diatoms such as Thalassiosira spp. followed by Skeletonema costatum (Harrison et al. 1983). Species that have been observed to bloom in the summer are Chaetoceros spp., Ditylum brightwellii, Detonula pumila, and Leptocylindrus danicus (Harrison etal. 1983). Dinoflagellates such as Peridinium spp., Gymnodinium spp., and Dinophysis spp. are common in the Strait of Georgia in the summer (Stockner et al. 1979). 1.6 C o a s t a l G u l f o f A l a s k a Coastal biological oceanography in the Gulf of Alaska has not been studied as widely, although there have been some attempts to quantify seasonal cycles of nutrients and phytoplankton (Parsons 1987, Sambrotto and Lorenzen 1987, Wheeler 1993). The Gulf of Alaska is predominantly an upwelling regime. Nutrient concentrations in the downwelled coastal waters are still relatively high, as the water that is downwelled comes from the oceanic Gulf of Alaska which is high in macronutrients (Wheeler 1993). These nutrients are often depleted in the surface layers in the summer, although some minor upwelling does occur in the summer along the coast (Sambrotto and Lorenzen 1987). In the Gulf of Alaska, productivity is higher on the shelf and slope areas than in oceanic areas (Parsons 1987, Sambrotto and Lorenzen 1987). This productivity is patchy due to local hydrographic features such as tidally mixed frontal systems that sustain nutrient concentrations. The phytoplankton community in the Gulf of Alaska is dominated by 12 micro flagellates, while the coastal areas of Prince William Sound are dominated by diatoms (Sambrotto and Lorenzen 1987). Larrance et al. (1977) found that the spring bloom starts in April with Thalassiosira spp., which then coexisted with Chaetoceros spp. throughout May. Subsequent productivity peaks due to wind mixing were composed of Skeletonema costatum (Larrance et al. 1977). Whitney et al. (submitted) also found blooms of the centric diatoms Skeletonema costatum, Chaetoceros spp. and Thalassiosira spp. in the spring in the NE Pacific. 1.7 P r e v i o u s S tud ies A few biological oceanographic studies have been conducted in Hecate Strait. Perry (1984) conducted a survey of phytoplankton blooms in the open waters of the northern British Columbian shelf. His samples were taken from the northern Strait of Georgia, across Queen Charlotte Sound, and around the west and north coasts of the Queen Charlotte Islands, but sampling was concentrated on an east-west transect across northern Hecate Strait. Studying the mechanisms responsible for both the generation and timing of algal blooms, Perry (1984) found that the temporal patterns were typical of coastal temperate latitude areas, but that there were regional differences due to local oceanographic and bathymetric characteristics. Winter chlorophyll concentrations were the lowest (0.05 u,g L\" 1), while summer chlorophyll concentrations were the.highest (15 u,g L\" 1), and spring values were the most variable. According to his results, tidal mixing was an important mechanism regulating growth of phytoplankton across Hecate Strait in the summer and light penetration and vertical mixing were the principal physical 13 properties leading to bloom initiation. Highly mixed areas had lower chlorophyll concentrations and diatoms were more abundant in areas of high mixing than in stratified waters. In the summer small unidentified flagellates were numerically dominant, although a variety of dinoflagellates (including Ceratium spp.) were seen, as well as some residual spring bloom species such as Chaetoceros spp., Thalassiosira spp. and Skeletonema costatum. Production was found to be nutrient-limited rather than light-limited, and the most common diatom in all of the transects was S. costatum (Perry et al. 1983). McQueen and Ware (2002) summarized physical environmental data, water chemistry, and phytoplankton data pertaining to Hecate Strait, including Dixon Entrance and Queen Charlotte Sound. They found that there was much between-site variation in physical environmental data such as precipitation, bright sunlight hours, sea surface temperatures, and salinities in the region. Precipitation patterns showed that since the mid 1940s winters and springs have been getting progressively wetter, while summers have been drier since 1980 and falls have not shown any specific trends (McQueen and Ware 2002). Bright sunshine hours were compared at Port Hardy (southern Queen Charlotte Sound), Sandspit (northwestern Hecate Strait, Queen Charlotte Islands) and Prince Rupert (northeastern Hecate Strait) and they found that both Port Hardy and Sandspit tended to have more hours of bright sunshine than Prince Rupert (McQueen and Ware 2002). Sea surface temperatures were found to be the lowest in January and February and most variable in February, and the highest in August and least variable in the summer (McQueen and Ware 2002). When analyzing mixed layer depths in the region they found deep mixed layers (100-150 m) in the winter (January-March), while a thermocline develops in the spring (April-May) due to surface heating, precipitation and less wind 14 mixing (McQueen and Ware 2002). In the summer (June-September) the surface mixed layer is shallow (10-20 m) or non-existent, with the thermocline extending to the surface (McQueen and Ware 2002). In their chemical water analysis of the nutrients NO3, PO4, and Si04, McQueen and Ware (2002) found that there were few between-site differences. During the summer the nutrient concentrations varied with depth, low at the surface (0-5 m), and then doubling from 5-15 m, before gradually increasing as the water depth increased (McQueen and Ware 2002). They also found that surface nutrient concentrations were higher in the winter than they were in the summer (McQueen and Ware 2002). McQueen and Ware (2002) also summarized chlorophyll a concentration data from this region. When concentrations from depths <10 m were compared from Dixon Entrance, Hecate Strait, and Queen Charlotte Sound, the results suggested that both between-year and between-site differences were small (McQueen and Ware 2002). When summarizing monthly averages, they found a distinct annual pattern with high chlorophyll a concentrations in the summer and low concentrations in the winter, as well as a very pronounced algal bloom in the spring, but a weak bloom in the fall (McQueen and Ware 2002). They also reported that chlorophyll a concentrations in this region averaged 2 u,g L\" 1 above 20 m in depth, but increased substantially between 20-30 m before declining in concentration below 30-40 m depth (McQueen and Ware 2002). 1.8 R e m o t e Sens ing u s i n g Sate l l i tes to M o n i t o r W a t e r Q u a l i t y The first example of using satellite imagery to detect phytoplankton blooms, was the use of the US Coastal Zone Color Scanner (CZCS), which operated on an 15 experimental satellite (Nimbus 7) from 1978 to 1986 (Gower 1997a, b, 1998). The CZCS radiometers measured estimates of phytoplankton biomass and chlorophyll by using the color of the surface water. These estimates were often unreliable for use in coastal areas because there was no distinction between high levels of dissolved organic matter in the water and chlorophyll (Longhurst et al. 1995 and references within). With the demise of the CZCS in 1986, there was no longer a sensor capable of monitoring ocean surface color until nearly 10 years later. Satellite sensors designed for the atmosphere, such as the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR), have been used since 1986 to monitor surface water in the absence of a water color sensor. This sensor series provides low cost, daily coverage with moderate resolution that can be used to detect bright blooms in coastal waters (Gower 1997a, b, 1998). A limitation in the A V H R R sensors is that although blooms can be detected by following persistent patterns of brightness, there is no information about the spectral nature of the signal (Gower 1998). In August 1997, an improved sensor, designed for mapping ocean colour was launched, called the Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS). This sensor had several improvements over the A V H R R and the CZCS sensors, including six bands that read in the visible spectrum, a higher signal:noise ratio, and on-board calibration capabilities (Joint and Groom 2000) 1.9 Remote Sensing to Monitor Blooms In the North East Pacific Gower (1997a, b, 1998) reported that along the British Columbia coastline there have been a number of bright water patches that were observed with the A V H R R imagery processed at the Institute of Ocean Sciences (IOS) since 1991 (Fig. 1.5). These North Pacific blooms usually have occurred in late spring or summer, and in sheltered coastal areas and the exposed continental shelf between 48\u00b0 and 55\u00b0N latitude, including the Queen Charlotte Islands (Gower 1997a, b). In one of these blooms, brightened water was observed on 28 July 1992, which spread over the next few days, reaching peak brightness. By 12 August 1992, most of Hecate Strait and parts of Queen Charlotte Sound were covered and the brightness began to fade. This event lasted a total of 22 days. A similar event in the same area started on 29 July 1995. Cloud cover interrupted the next series of images, however, images on 6, 7,10, and 12 August showed the spreading of brightened water and by 14 August the event had faded. In this area similar events were also observed in 1993, 1996 (Gower 1997a, b, 1998), and 1997 (Gower 1998). Gower (1997a, b) also reported bright water that was observed along 200 km of coastline on the west coast of Vancouver Island in late June 1994. This bloom was first observed on 15 June 1994, and the brightness in the water intensified until 20 June 1994 when it began to fade slowly over the next 10 days. Other less extensive bloom events have also been observed in this area in the years 1992,1995,1996 (Gower 1997a, b, 1998), and 1997 (Gower 1998). Gower (1997a, b) also reported a rare event, in which a bloom was observed off the edge of the continental shelf. This occurred in an area 100 km west of the tip of Vancouver Island and 150 km south of Cape St. James on the Queen Charlotte Islands in July 1996. 1 7 0.1 0.2 0.5 1 2 3 mg-L1 Figure 1.5: AVHRR image of suspended material (mg L\"1) for 21 June 1998 off the southeast coast of the Queen Charlotte Islands. Note the bright bloom event (orange\/green) off the east coast (from Robinson et al. 2004). 1 8 Gower (1998) used SeaWiFS imagery to detect blooms in the Gulf of Alaska and in Hecate Strait, Queen Charlotte Islands. He reported that blooms that are visible from SeaWiFS imagery, can also be seen in A V H R R imagery, but they are near the lower sensitivity limit of A V H R R . An improvement with the SeaWiFS imagery over A V H R R is that it can distinguish biological substances from inorganic suspended substances (Gower 1998). Extensive blooms have previously been observed in the area of Hecate Strait and the Queen Charlotte Islands. The original objectives of this thesis were to determine the phytoplankton composition of these highly reflectant blooms and provide ground-truthing of the remotely sensed estimates of chlorophyll concentrations, as well as to acquire physical, chemical, and biological data in order to help understand bloom dynamics in the proposed G H N M C A . Unfortunately, no bright water patches (i.e. no blooms of probably coccolithophores) were observed in the area during the field seasons of 2001 and 2002 in this study. 1.10 Thes i s O b j e c t i v e s This study is the first one to examine the physical, chemical and biological properties of the waters surrounding the proposed Gwaii Haanas National Marine Conservation Area (GHNMCA). Samples were taken from the waters of the fjords and island passages of the proposed G H N M C A in order to study the relationships between physical and chemical parameters and the abundance and diversity of the phytoplankton in these nearshore areas of Gwaii Haanas. 19 Specific questions addressed in this thesis are: 1) Do dissolved nutrients, chlorophyll concentrations, and regional oceanic properties differ between the east and west coasts of Gwaii Haanas (i.e. spatial variability)? 2) Did dissolved nutrients, chlorophyll concentrations, and regional ocean properties differ between the summers of 2001 and 2002 (i.e. temporal interannual variability)? 3) How do these physical and chemical differences influence the phytoplankton communities present? 1.11 Thesis Organizat ion Following the introduction, Chapter 2 of this thesis examines the physical and nutrient data collected along the east and west coasts of Gwaii Haanas, as well as the chlorophyll concentrations in order to relate the biological abundance with physiochemical water properties. Chapter 2 also examines differences between the east and west coasts of Gwaii Haanas and between 2001 and 2002 as well as the species composition and diversity of the phytoplankton present in Gwaii Haanas. Chapter 3 investigates and relates the phytoplankton species and abundance to the different water conditions examined in Chapter 2. 20 Chapter Two Phytoplankton Biomass and Diversity and Physiochemical Water Properties in the Proposed Gwaii Haanas NMCA in Summer 2.1 I n t r o d u c t i o n The goal of this part of the study was to obtain an inventory of physical, chemical, and biological data in the waters surrounding the proposed Gwaii Haanas N M C A and to compare them for spatial and interannual differences. These comparisons were chosen as there were a number of differences seen both between the coasts and between the two years during the two sampling seasons. Previously a distinct temperature difference between coasts was observed via satellite altimetry due to coastal upwelling along the west coast (Fig. 1.4) which brings cooler temperatures to the west coast while the east coast is warmer. The bathymetry of these two coasts is very different which could also lead to differing water properties on either coast. The east coast is a mixture of deep fjords and shallow bays with some influence from Hecate Strait which is relatively shallow, while the west coast is exposed to the open ocean with a very narrow continental shelf of less than 30 km before the sea floor drops to 2500 m depths. The data were split into four categories to test for how these differences between coasts and between years affected the physical, chemical, and biological properties of these waters. The four categories were the east coast in 2001, the east coast in 2002, the west coast in 2001 and the west coast in 2002. 21 2.2 Materials and Methods 2.2.1 Sampling Sites and Procedures Sampling was performed using the PV Gwaii Haanas II as a ship-of-opportunity. The Gwaii Haanas II services Gwaii Haanas NPR\/HHS as part of Parks Canada's Haida Gwaii Watchman Program that was set up to help protect ancient Haida sites within the park boundaries. In total, 10 cruises aboard the Gwaii Haanas \/\/were conducted, five in 2001 and five in 2002, including three along the west coast of Gwaii Haanas, each between 3 to 9 days in duration. Cruise details as well as weather and wind conditions at each station can be found in Appendix A . Unfortunately, the station and sampling frequency was controlled by the distance and route traveled by the Gwaii Haanas II. A l l sampling was conducted between July-August 2001 and July-August 2002 as this is when previous bright patches were observed using satellites on the east coast of Gwaii Haanas. A number of physical, chemical and biological parameters were measured at each station and sampling occurred between 8:00 and 23:00 PST. A total of 86 stations were each sampled one time only during the two year study period, with 34 stations in 2001 and 52 in 2002, and 66 stations were on the east coast and 20 on the west coast. Figure 2.1 shows the locations of these stations and the specific station locations, sampling dates and station numbers can be found in Table 2.1. 22 # Cumshewa Inlet Skedans Portland Bay Tasu Head Sunday Inlet Barry Inlet Puffin Cove Gowgaia Bay Wells Cov askeek Bay dge Point Tar Islands arwin Sound t s p r i n g s Island East Ramsay Juan Perez Sound x l e y Island .Scudder Point Kat Island Swan Bay Skincuttle Inlet Jed w a y Bay oodwin Point n j a m i n Point Koya Point S'Gaang Gwaii F i g u r e 2 . 1 : L o c a t i o n s o f s a m p l i n g s t a t i o n s s h o w i n g s t a t i o n s b o t h w i t h i n a n d o u t s i d e o f t h e p a r k b o u n d a r y . T h e red d o t s i n d i c a t e the s ta t i on w a s at a l o c a t i o n o f an a n c i e n t H a i d a v i l l a q e . Table 2.1: Sampling stations showing station name, number, date sampled, and exact location Station Date Latitude Longitude 1 Huxley 11\/07\/01 52\u00b025.966' 131\u00b027.380' 2 Tanu 17\/07\/01 52\u00b045.723' 131\u00b036.614' 3 Skedans 17\/07\/01 52\u00b057.039' 131\u00b036.500' 4 Skedans 25\/07\/01 52\u00b057.982' 131\u00b036.122' 5 Tanu 25\/07\/01 52\u00b045.697' 131\u00b036.625 6 Juan Perez 26\/07\/01 52\u00b032.023' 131\u00b026.756' 7 S'Gaang Gwaii 26\/07\/01 52\u00b006.071' 131\u00b012.930' 8 Cumshewa 5 31\/07\/01 53\u00b000.643' 131\u00b026.944' 9 Cumshewa 4 31\/07\/01 53\u00b001.992' 131\u00b040.648' 10 Cumshewa 3 31\/07\/01 53\u00b001.339' 131\u00b054.218' 11 Cumshewa 2 1\/08\/01 53\u00b002.753' 131\u00b052.814' 12 Logan 4 1\/08\/01 52\u00b046.650' 131\u00b036.393' 13 Logan 3 1\/08\/01 52\u00b046.800' 131\u00b041.856' 14 Logan 2 1\/08\/01 52\u00b045.911' 131\u00b046.781' 15 Logan 1 1\/08\/01 52\u00b045.384' 131\u00b052.805\" 16 Juan Perez 1 2\/08\/01 52\u00b038.232' 131\u00b041.453' 17 Juan Perez 2 2\/08\/01 52\u00b034.499' 131\u00b036.377' 18 Juan Perez 3 2\/08\/01 52\u00b031.851' 131\u00b025.953' 19 Juan Perez 4 2\/08\/01 52\u00b024.427' 131\u00b025.458' 20 Juan Perez 5 3\/08\/01 52\u00b030.280' 131\u00b020.617' 21 Juan Perez 9\/08\/01 52\u00b030.515' 131\u00b027.251' 22 Huxley 9\/08\/01 52\u00b026.011' 131\u00b022.334' 23 Hotsprings 9\/08\/01 52\u00b034.434 131\u00b026.056' 24 Dodge Point 10\/08\/01 52\u00b044.414' 131\u00b028.810' 25 Skedans 10\/08\/01 52\u00b057.886' 131\u00b035.926' 26 Skedans 14\/08\/01 52\u00b057.717' 131\u00b035.829' 27 Tanu 14\/08\/01 52\u00b045.696' 131\u00b036.620' 28 Dodge Point 15\/08\/01 52\u00b044.174' 131\u00b028.125' 29 Huxley 15\/08\/01 52\u00b025.966' 131\u00b022.340' 30 Wells Cove 16\/08\/01 52\u00b020.665' 131\u00b032.230' 31 Gowgaia Bay 17\/08\/01 52\u00b025.153' 131\u00b036.150' 32 Gowgaia Bay Head 17\/08\/01 52\u00b023.784' 131\u00b030.682' 33 Barry Inlet 18\/08\/01 52\u00b034.730' 131\u00b047.251' 34 Sunday Inlet 19\/08\/01 52\u00b038.840' 131\u00b053.253' 35 Goodwin Rock 5\/07\/02 52\u00b018.813' 131\u00b002.229' 36 East Ramsay 5\/07\/02 52\u00b035.630 131\u00b010.620' 37 Laskeek Bay 5\/07\/02 52\u00b049.601' 131\u00b018.666' 38 Skidegate Channel 8\/07\/02 53\u00b009.232' 132\u00b034.376' 39 Tasu Head 8\/07\/02 52\u00b051.358' 132\u00b019.728' 40 Sunday Inlet 9\/07\/02 52\u00b038.713' 131\u00b056.394' 41 Gowgaia Bay 9\/07\/02 52\u00b024.443' 131\u00b025.374' 42 Wells Cove 10\/07\/02 52\u00b020.443' 131\u00b032.987' 43 S'Gaang Gwaii 10\/07\/02 52\u00b005.965' 131\u00b012.609' Table 2.1 continued Station Date Latitude Longitude 44 Koya Point 11\/07\/02 52\u00b011.062' 131\u00b000.248' 45 Scudder Point 11\/07\/02 52\u00b027.651' 131\u00b012.933' 46 Cumshewa Inlet 17\/07\/02 53\u00b001.00T 131\u00b035.002' 47 Skedans 17\/07\/02 52\u00b057.127' 131\u00b036.073' 48 Tanu 17\/07\/02 52\u00b046.845' 131\u00b036.714' 49 Dodge Point 18\/07\/02 52\u00b044.305' 131\u00b028.181' 50 Tar Islands 18\/07\/02 52\u00b040.050' 131\u00b026.396' 51 Hotsprings 19\/07\/02 52\u00b034.092' 131\u00b026.006 52 Juan Perez 19\/07\/02 52\u00b031.993' 131\u00b026.501' 53 Kat Island 19\/07\/02 52\u00b023.342' 131\u00b021.837\" 54 Scudder Point 19\/07\/02 52\u00b027.399' 131 \u00b014.429' 55 Goodwin Point 19\/07\/02 52\u00b018.117' 131\u00b004.158' 56 Koya Point 19\/07\/02 55\u00b010.766' 131\u00b000.433' 57 S'Gaang Gwaii r 21\/07\/02 52\u00b005.998' 131\u00b012.391' 58 Benjamin Point 22\/07\/02 52\u00b012.780' 130\u00b059.502' 59 Juan Perez 22\/07\/02 52\u00b032.345' 131\u00b024.473' 60 Hotsprings 23\/07\/02 52\u00b034.407' 131\u00b027.010' 61 Darwin Sound 23\/07\/02 52\u00b036.064' 131\u00b038.445' 62 Tanu 24\/07\/02 52\u00b045.263' 131\u00b036.405' 63 Skedans 24\/07\/02 52\u00b055.520' 131\u00b035.569' 64 Skedans 30\/07\/02 52\u00b057.110' 131\u00b035.927' 65 Tanu 30\/07\/02 52\u00b046.191' 131\u00b036.920' 66 Dodge Point 30\/07\/02 52\u00b044.149' 131\u00b028.191' 67 Tar Islands 30\/07\/02 52\u00b040.111' 131\u00b026.464' 68 Juan Perez 31\/07\/02 52\u00b033.003' 131\u00b026.250' 69 Scudder Point 31\/07\/02 52\u00b027.422' 131\u00b014.307' 70 Benjamin Point 31\/07\/02 52\u00b013.393' 130\u00b059.696' 71 S'Gaang Gwaii 31\/07\/02 52\u00b006.137' 131\u00b012.815' 72 Darwin Sound 1\/08\/02 52\u00b035.608' 131\u00b037.856* 73 Tanu 1\/08\/02 52\u00b046.900' 131\u00b038.412' 74 Skedans 2\/08\/02 52\u00b057.985' 131\u00b035.917' 75 Cumshewa Inlet 2\/08\/02 53\u00b002.440' 131\u00b035.583' 76 Juan Perez 15\/08\/02 52\u00b032.536' 131\u00b025.217' 77 Swan Bay 15\/08\/02 52\u00b020.037' 131\u00b016.483' 78 Jedway Bay 15\/08\/02 52\u00b017.721' 131\u00b015.763' 79 Skincuttle Inlet 15\/08\/02 52\u00b019.866' 131\u00b012.014' 80 Koya Point 15\/08\/02 52\u00b010.549' 131\u00b000.826' 81 S'Gaang Gwaii 16\/08\/02 52\u00b005.899' 131\u00b012:537' 82 Gowgaia Bay 17\/08\/02 52\u00b024.151' 131\u00b035.870' 83 Puffin Cove 18\/08\/02 52\u00b029.706' 131\u00b043.923' 84 Sunday Inlet 19\/08\/02 52\u00b038.889 131\u00b053.258' 85 Portland Bay 19\/08\/02 52\u00b047.642' 131\u00b011.300' 86 Kitgoro Inlet 20\/08\/02 53\u00b003.348 132\u00b032.081' 2 5 2.2.2 P h y s i c a l a n d C h e m i c a l M e a s u r e m e n t s Continuous vertical profiles for temperature, salinity, density, and depth were performed using an internally recording InterOcean S4 CTD (conductivity, temperature, depth meter). The CTD was lowered at a rate of 1 m s\"1 and measurements were recorded every 0.5 s. The depth of the mixed layer was measured using these profiles and was determined as the depth where the line on the density profile changed from vertical at the surface to having a slope. The depth of light penetration was measured using a Secchi disk. The light extinction coefficient can be estimated using the equation: kd=1.45\/d (1) where kd is the extinction coefficient and d is the Secchi disk depth (Walker 1980). Light extinction in water is determined using the equation: I z\/I 0 = e-kz (2) where I z\/I 0 is the ratio of the radiation at depth z to the incident radiation (I0), k is the extinction coefficient, and z is the depth. To find the 1% light level, or the depth of the bottom of the euphotic zone, substitute 1% (0.01) for \\J\\0 and solve for z (Newton et al. 1998). A one litre sample of surface water was also taken and filtered through a pre-weighed glass fiber filter to measure total suspended solids (TSS) in the water via gravimetric analysis. The degree of stratification was calculated according to the following equation: S ^ A p . - p h \/ z xlOO (3) 26 where pi is the density at 1 m, ph is the density at the depth below which the density difference was less than 0.125 units, or 25 m, which ever came first, and z is the depth over which the comparison was made (i.e., z = h). Water samples were collected from four pre-determined depths: 0, 5,10, and 20 m using a 5 L P V C Model 1010 Niskin bottle. Sampling was conducted to 20 m even though the photic zone was rarely that deep because at several stations there was a significant amount of chlorophyll a measured below the photic zone (see Appendix E), thus a more reliable estimate of integrated chlorophyll a was obtained. Sub-samples were taken for nutrient analysis using syringes and filtered through a 25 mm Whatman\u2122 GF\/F glass fiber filter, which was mounted in a Millipore Swinnex\u00ae filter holder. The filtrate was collected in an acid-cleaned 30 ml Nalgene\u00ae bottle and stored immediately in the freezer. These samples remained frozen until analysis in the laboratory. A Technicon\u00ae Autoanalyzer II was used for the samples collected in 2001 and a Bran and Luebbe\u00ae Autoanalyzer 3 was used for the samples collected in 2002. Dissolved nutrient concentrations for combined nitrate plus nitrite ( N O 3 \" +NO2\", reported as nitrate concentrations), phosphate (HPO42\") and silicic acid (Si(OH)4) were analyzed following the procedures of Wood ef a\/. (1967), Hager etal. (1968), and Armstrong et al. (1967) respectively. The mean nutrient concentrations from surface to 20 m depth were integrated over the water column according to the methods of Ichimura etal. (1980). A sample calculation of the integration from the surface to 20 m depth is as follows: [(concentration from surface + concentration from 5 m)\/2 * (5-0)] + [(concentration from 5 m + concentration from 10 m)\/2 * (10-5)] + [(concentration from 10 m + concentration from 20 m)\/2 * (20-10)] (4) 27 2.2.3 Chlorophyll-a Measurements A sub-sample was taken from each depth (surface, 5,10, and 20 m) to determine chlorophyll a concentrations. Replicate volumes of 500 ml of water were filtered immediately through a 25 mm Whatman\u2122 GF\/F glass fiber filter (nominal porosity of 0.7 urn) as well as 25 mm polycarbonate filters (porosity 5 jim). These filters were immediately wrapped in aluminum foil and stored in a freezer until analysis in the laboratory. Chlorophyll a was extracted into 10 ml of 90% acetone by sonicating the filters in glass test tubes in an ice bath for 10 min and then extraction was continued in a freezer for 20-24 h. The chlorophyll a concentrations of each replicate sample were then determined via in vitro fluorometry using a Turner Designs\u2122 (Model 10-AU) fluorometer (Parsons et al. 1984). Mean chlorophyll a concentrations from the surface to 20 m depth were integrated over the water column according to the methods of Ichimura et al. (1980) (see equation 4). 2.2.4 Phytoplankton Enumeration and Identification Water samples were collected from four pre-determined depths: 0, 5,10, and 20 m using a 5 L P V C Model 1010 Niskin bottle, and a 50 ml sub-sample was collected from each water bottle and placed into a 250 ml amber glass bottle to obtain an integrated sample from each station. The sample was fixed with non-acidified Lugol's iodine solution and stored in the dark until counting and identification in the laboratory, which was performed using a Zeiss IM inverted microscope following the procedures of Utermohl (1958). The samples were settled for 24 h in 25 ml counting chambers and random fields of view were scanned until at least 300 cells were counted. Individual 28 phytoplankton were identified using the descriptions in Cupp (1943), Wailes (1939), and Tomas (1996) and some assistance from Prof. F.J.R. Taylor (UBC). Phytoplankton were identified to the species level when possible, but often identification was only at the genus level. The phytoplankton genus Pseudonitzschia was divided into three categories dependant on size and shape of the frustule. Pseudonitzschia \" A \" mostly resembles the species P. pseudodelicatissima and P. delicatissima. Pseudonitzschia \" B \" mostly resembles the species P. pungens and P. multiseries. Pseudonitzschia \" C \" mostly resembles P. australis and P. fraudulenta. 2.3 Resu l t s 2.3.1 P h y s i c a l C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s A) Total Suspended Solids and Secchi disk Measurements (2001 and 2002) Measurements were taken for total suspended solids (TSS) and for the depth of light penetration with a Secchi disk during two years (2001 and 2002) and on the east and west coasts of Gwaii Haanas. The values are referred to as the east coast for the first (E 01) and second year (E 02), and the west coast for the first (W 01) and second year (W 02). There was no significant difference between years or between coasts for either of these parameters when a two-way analysis of variance test was performed on both the Secchi disk values (p=0.138 for the coasts, p= 0.340 for the years) and the TSS values (p=0.649 for the coasts, p= 0.898 for the years). Both the highest and the lowest TSS values were measured on the east coast of Gwaii Haanas in the 2002 sampling season and these were 0.0067 g L\" 1 at station 51 Hotsprings Island on July 19 and 0.0367 g L\" 1 at station 55 Goodwin Point, also on July 19. The deepest Secchi disk depth was measured 29 on the east coast both in 2001 and in 2002 with a value of more than 17 m at stations 24 Dodge Point and 50 Tar Islands. These depths may have been deeper but the rope was not long enough to measure any further. The shallowest Secchi disk depth was 3.75 m at station 5 Tanu and was measured on the east coast in 2001. The actual data for these parameters are in Appendix B. B) Sea Surface Temperature and Salinity Due to a number of problems with the InterOcean S4 CTD, there are several stations with missing temperature and salinity data. A list of these stations and the dates when the malfunction occurred is found in Appendix B. The stations were divided into only three categories for these parameters, E 01, E 02, and W 02. For the W 01 category, there was only one station with a measurement at 7 S'Gaang Gwaii with a sea surface temperature of 11.40\u00b0C and a sea surface salinity of 31.85. No significant differences were found in either sea surface temperature (p=0.582 for the coasts, p= 0.373 for the years) or sea surface salinity (p=0.388 for the coasts, p= 0.859 for the years) amongst these three categories when a two-way analysis of variance was performed. Mean temperature values for the three categories were 12.99 \u00b1 1.11\u00b0C for E 01,12.47 \u00b1 1.46\u00b0C for E 02, and 12.21 \u00b1 0.91\u00b0C for W 02. Mean salinity values for the three categories were 31.64 \u00b1 0.299 for E 01, 31.61 \u00b1 0.232 for E 02, and 31.50 \u00b1 0.562 for W 02. The sea surface temperature range was 9.89\u00b0C at station 44 Koya Point to 14.43\u00b0C at station 73 Tanu with both the highest and lowest temperatures recorded on the east coast in 2002. Sea surface salinity ranged from 30.39 at station 40 Sunday Inlet to 32.03 at station 42 Wells Cove, and lower levels were recorded on the west coast, while higher levels were 30 recorded on the east coast. The actual data for these parameters can be found in Appendix B and vertical profiles of temperature, density and salinity can be found in Appendix C. C) Mixed Layer Depth Table 2.2 shows the depths of the mixed layer in the stations where salinity, temperature, and density were measured. Amongst the stations where the mixed layer depth was measured, there was very high variability, ranging from completely stratified at the surface to well-mixed. For the west coast of Gwaii Haanas in the 2001 sampling season, there was only one station measured, station 7 S'Gaang Gwaii, where the water was stratified at the surface with no mixed layer. Due to the high variability, for the other three categories the standard deviation was higher than the mean. The average mixed layer depth was 8.33 \u00b1 12.5 for E 01, 5.92 \u00b1 9.39 for E 02, and 2.50 \u00b1 4.60 for W 02. An alternate parameter, the degree of stratification was also measured (equation 3), as there were only a few stations with a mixed layer (Table 2.2). A value of zero indicates no stratification, and the higher the number, the more strongly stratified the water column. The highest stratification values were 7.1, 6.6, and 6.4 found at stations, 40 and 41 on July 9, 2001, and 84 on August 19,2002, all on the west coast of Gwaii Haanas. The mean stratification values were 1.23 \u00b1 1.46 for E 01,1.04 \u00b1 1.06 for E 02, and 2.50 \u00b1 2.76 for W 02. There was only one stratification value measured at 7 S'Gaang Gwaii for W 01 and it was 2.7. Examples of mixed layer depth and stratification can be seen in Figure 2.2. 31 Table 2.2: Mixed layer depth and degree of stratification for stations where data are available. A mixed layer depth value of zero indicates no mixed layer due to stratification and a (+) indicates the mixed layer was deeper than the deepest depth measured. A stratification value of zero indicates that mixing has occurred and a value of 7 is highly stratified. Station Number Mixed Layer Depth (m) Stratification Degree Station Number Mixed Layer Depth (m) Stratification Degree 1 3 0 50 25+ 0 4 17+ 0 64 25+ 0 5 0 1.5 65 7 0 6 0 2.7 66 0 1.1 7 0 2.7 67 10 0 11 0 3.2 68 0 1 12 30+ 0 69 0 2.4 35 0 2 70 0 2.5 36 3 0 71 0 3.3 37 0 2.5 72 0 1.3 38 0 1.2 73 0 2.3 39 0 2.6 74 15 0 40 0 7.1 76 10 0 41 0 6.4 77 0 1.2 42 12 0 78 0 1 43 8 0 79 0 1.3 44 25+ 0 80 0 3.7 45 0 1.3 81 10 0 46 25 0 83 0 0.7 47 0 1.3 84 0 6.6 48 0 1.2 85 0 2 49 3 0 86 0 0.1 32 Temperature (\u00b0C) 10 11 12 13 14 15 Temperature (\u00b0C) 10 11 12 13 14 15 Temperature (\u00b0C) 10 11 12 13 14 15 i i i i 1 1 Salinity (psu) Salinity (psu) Salinity 31.0 31.2 31.4 31.6 31.8 32.0 32.2 32.4 Q 4 I I I 1 1 L . 25.0 Density (kg m A #64 Skedans 30-07-02 31.0 31.2 31.4 31.6 31.8 32.0 32.2 32.4 0 -I 1 1 1 >-23.0 23.5 24.0 24.5 25.0 Density (kg m\") B #84 Sunday Inlet 19-08-02 31.0 31.2 31.4 31.6 31.8 32.0 32.2 32.4 _] i 1 L . Density (kg m ) C #42 Wells Cove 10-07-02 Density Salinity Temperature Figure 2.2: Sample profiles to illustrate mixed layer depth and stratification. A: completely mixed, B: highly stratified (degree of 6.6), C: mixed layer depth of 12 m. For station locations, see Fig. 2.1. D) Trends and Patterns There were no consistent trends or patterns found in the data for TSS or Secchi disk depth. Sea surface temperatures and salinities appeared to be higher on the east coast than the west coast, but these differences were not statistically significant. As for the mixed layer, a much higher proportion of the stations were stratified in 2002 as opposed to 2001, with the majority of these on the west coast of Gwaii Haanas (Table 2.4). Also, areas that were labeled as mixed had deeper mixed layers on the east coast than the west coast, while areas that were stratified had a higher degree of stratification on the west coast than the east coast. With the large error associated with the calculation of the degree of stratification and the mixed layer depth, these differences were not statistically significant. 2.3.2 Chemical Parameters The nutrient concentrations are reported as both surface and integrated values. The integrated values are reported so that they can be compared to the integrated chlorophyll and phytoplankton concentrations. The raw nutrient data are in Appendix B and vertical profiles for these nutrients can be found in Appendix D. The values for nutrients were split into the same categories in space and time: E 01, E 02, W 01, and W 02. The average values of dissolved surface nutrient concentrations are summarized in Table 2.3 and the average values of integrated nutrient concentrations are summarized in Table 2.4. Very high variability was measured and frequently the standard deviation and the mean were similar. Therefore differences in values were not significant unless specifically stated. 34 Table 2.3: Mean surface nutrient concentrations (uM) for the east (E) and west (W) coast of Gwaii Haanas over two summers (2001 and 2002) and mean concentrations for the two years 2001 and 2002 and the east and west coasts. Values are shown with \u00b11 S.D. The number in the brackets is the number of samples in that category. N0 3 \" PO4 3\" Si(OH) 4 2001 2002 0.94 \u00b11.82 (34) 3.45 \u00b1 3.27 (52) 0.35 \u00b1 0.20 (34) 0.48 \u00b1 0.23 (52) 6.84 \u00b1 3.57 (34) 10.05 \u00b15.37 (52) E A S T W E S T 2.16 \u00b12.81 (66) 3.53 \u00b1 3.57 (20) 0.42 \u00b1 0.22 (66) 0.47 \u00b1 0.25 (20) 7.86 \u00b1 4.74 (66) 11.81 \u00b14.59 (20) E 0 1 E 0 2 W 0 1 W 0 2 0.92 \u00b11.71 (28) 3.08 \u00b13.12 (38) 1.07 \u00b12.46 (6) 4.58 \u00b13.53 (14) 0.38 \u00b10.19 (28) 0.46 \u00b1 0.23 (38) 0.24 \u00b1 0.21 (6) 0.56 \u00b10.20 (14) 6.30 \u00b1 3.53 (28) 9.00 \u00b1 5.22 (38) 9.32 \u00b1 2.80 (6) 12.88 \u00b14.80 (14) Table 2.4: Mean integrated nutrient concentrations (mmol m\"2) for the east (E) and west (W) coast of Gwaii Haanas over two summers (2001 and 2002) and mean concentrations for the two years 2001 and 2002 and the east and west coasts. Values are shown with \u00b1.1 S.D. The number in the brackets is the number of samples in that category. Also shown are the stations with stratification (from table 2.2) and apparent nitrate limitation (where nitrate was drawn down to undetectable levels at the surface). N0 3 \" P0 4 3 \" Si(OH) 4 Stratification N0 3 \" Limitation 2001 2002 29.0 \u00b140.3 (34) 99.8 \u00b1 62.0 (52) 9.14 \u00b17.0 (34) 11.6 \u00b13.8 (52) 136.5 \u00b171.1 (34) 230.9 \u00b1 96.9 (52) 4\/7 24\/37 23\/34 10\/52 E A S T W E S T 62.6 \u00b1 57.3 (66) 10.5 \u00b1 5.88 (66) 175.1 \u00b1 93.1 (66) 102.3 \u00b177.8 (20) 11.1 \u00b1 5.00 (20) 254.8 \u00b1 93.9 (20) 18\/31 10\/13 26\/66 7\/20 E 0 1 E 0 2 W 0 1 W 0 2 30.4 \u00b140.1 (28) 86.3 \u00b1 56.9 (38) 22.4 \u00b1 44.3 (6) 136.6 \u00b162.3 (14) 10.0 \u00b17.4 (28) 10.9 \u00b13.8 (38) 5.3 \u00b12.8 (6) 13.5 \u00b13.5 (14) 133.1 \u00b173.9 (28) 205.9 \u00b1 94.5 (38) 152.4 \u00b159.2 (6) 298.7 \u00b167.9 (14) 3\/6 15\/25 1\/1 9\/12 18\/28 8\/38 5\/6 2\/14 35 A) Nitrate On the east coast, the average surface nitrate concentration was 0.92 u M in 2001 (E 01) and 3.08 u M in 2002 (E 02). On the west coast, the average surface nitrate concentration was 1.07 u M in 2001 (W 01) and 4.58 u M in 2002 (W 02). Using a two-way A N O V A there was a significant difference found between the two years (p= <0.001) but not between the two coasts (p=0.278). Figure 2.3 shows the mean surface nitrate concentrations for each year and each category. On the east coast, the average integrated nitrate concentration was 30.4 mmol m\" in 2001 (E 01) and 86.3 mmol m\"2 in 2002 (E 02). On the west coast, the average integrated nitrate concentration was 22.4 mmol m\"2 in 2001 (W 01) and 136.6 mmol m\"2 in 2002 (W 02). Using a two-way A N O V A there was a significant difference found between the two years ( p= <0.001) but not between the two coasts (p=0.142).Figure 2.4 shows the mean integrated nitrate concentrations for each year and each category. B) Phosphate On the east coast, the average surface phosphate concentration was 0.37 u M in 2001 (E 01) and 0.46 u M in 2002 (E 02). On the west coast, the average surface phosphate concentration was 0.24 u M in 2001 (W 01) and 0.56 u M in 2002 (W 02). Using a two-way A N O V A there was a significant difference found between the two years (p= 0.001) but not between the two coasts (p=0.861). Figure 2.5 shows the mean surface phosphate concentrations for each year and each category. On the east coast, the average integrated phosphate concentration was 10.0 mmol m\"2 in 2001 (E 01) and 10.9 mmol m\"2 in 2002 (E 02). On the west coast, the average integrated phosphate concentration was 5.3 mmol m\"2 in 2001 (W 01) and 13.5 mmol m\"2 36 in 2002 (W 02). Using a two-way A N O V A there was a significant difference found between the two years (p= 0.002) but not between the two coasts (p=0.478). Figure 2.6 shows the mean integrated phosphate concentrations for each year and each category. C) Silicic Acid On the east coast the average surface silicic acid concentration was 6.30 u M in 2001 (E 01) and 9.00 u M in 2002 (E 02). On the west coast the average surface silicic acid concentration was 9.32 u M in 2001 (W 01) and 12.88 u M in 2002 (W 02). Using a two-way A N O V A there was a significant difference found between both the two years (p= 0.007) and the two coasts (p=0.014). Figure 2.7 shows the mean surface silicic acid concentrations for each year and each category. On the east coast, the average integrated silicic acid concentration was 133.1 mmol m\"2 in 2001 (E 01) and 205.9 mmol m\"2 in 2002 (E 02). On the west coast the 2 1 average integrated silicic acid concentration was 152.4 mmol m\" in 2001 (W 01) and 298.7 mmol m\"2 in 2002 (W 02). Using a two-way A N O V A there was a significant difference found between the two years (p= <0.001) but not between the two coasts (p=0.144). Figure 2.8 shows the mean integrated silicic acid concentrations for each year and each category. D) Nutrient Ratios A l l integrated nitrate\/phosphate ratios were less than the Redfield ratio (Redfield, 1958) of 16:1. On the east coast, the average integrated nitrate\/phosphate ratio was 2.37 in 2001 (E 01) and 7.09 in 2002 (E 02). On the west coast, the average integrated nitrate\/phosphate ratio was 2.57 in 2001 (W 01) and 9.62 in 2002 (W 02). Using a two-37 9 8 7 6^ I 5 O O 4 z 3 2 1 H o n=34 2001 n=52 I i i In 2002 n=14 n=38 n=28 n=6 E01 E02 W 01 W02 Figure 2.3: Mean surface nitrate concentrations \u00b11 S.D. for the east (E) and west (W) coast of Gwaii Haanas over two summers (2001 and 2002), shown as darker bars. The lighter bars show the mean concentration for the two years 2001 and 2002. Numbers above each bar are the total number of stations used to calculate each mean. 250 Ti 200 'E 150 o E E, o 100 H 50 i n=34 I n=52 2001 2002 n=28 E01 n=38 E02 n=14 W01 W02 Figure 2.4: Mean integrated nitrate concentrations \u00b11 S.D. for the east (E) and west (W) coast of Gwaii Haanas over two summers (2001 and 2002), shown as darker bars. The lighter bars show the mean concentration for the two years 2001 and 2002. Numbers above each bar are the total number of stations used to calculate each mean. 38 0.7 2001 2002 E01 E02 W 01 W 02 Figure 2.5: Mean surface phosphate concentrations \u00b11 S.D. for the east (E) and west (W) coast of Gwaii Haanas over two summers (2001 and 2002), shown as darker bars. The lighter bars show the mean concentration for the two years 2001 and 2002. Numbers above each bar are the total number of stations used to calculate each mean. 20 i 2001 2002 E01 E02 W 01 W 02 Figure 2.6: Mean integrated phosphate concentrations \u00b11 S.D. for the east (E) and west (W) coast of Gwaii Haanas over two summers (2001 and 2002), shown as darker bars. The lighter bars show the mean concentration for the two years 2001 and 2002. Numbers above each bar are the total number of stations used to calculate each mean. way A N O V A there was a significant difference found between the two years (p= <0.001) but not between the two coasts (p=0.079) A l l integrated nitrate\/silicic acid ratios were much smaller than the ratio required for the average diatom cell composition of 1:1. On the east coast the average integrated nitrate\/silicic acid ratio was 0.163 in 2001 (E 01) and 0.380 in 2002 (E 02). On the west coast the average integrated nitrate\/silicic acid ratio was 0.110 in 2001 (W 01) and 0.439 in 2002 (W 02). Using a two-way A N O V A there was a significant difference found between the two years (p= <0.001) but not between the two coasts (p=0.942). When surface nitrate\/silicic acid ratios were compared, the means were also much smaller than the ratio required for the average diatom cell composition of 1:1. On the east coast the average surface nitrate\/silicic acid ratio was 0.087 in 2001 (E 01) and 0.255 in 2002 (E 02). On the west coast the average surface nitrate\/silicic acid ratio was 0.086 in 2001 (W 01) and 0.312 in 2002 (W 02). Using a two-way A N O V A there was a significant difference found between the two years (p= O.001) but not between the two coasts (p=0.563). E) Trends and Patterns Due to the very high variability between seasons and coasts many of these trends were not be significant. On average, values for all three nutrients appeared to be higher in 2002 rather than in 2001. These differences were shown to be statistically significant when compared with a two-way A N O V A . In 2001, the east coast values appeared to be higher than the west coast on average, while the west coast values were higher than the east coast in 2002. The most obvious trend in the nutrient profiles was the occurrence of apparent nitrate limitation at the surface, where the nitrate concentration was drawn 4 0 20 i 2001 2002 E01 E02 W 01 W 02 Figure 2.7: Mean surface silicic acid concentrations \u00b11 S.D. for the east (E) and west (W) coast of Gwaii Haanas over two summers (2001 and 2002), shown as darker bars. The lighter bars show the mean concentration for the two years 2001 and 2002. Numbers above each bar are the total number of stations used to calculate each mean. 2001 2002 E01 E02 W 01 W 02 Figure 2.8: Mean integrated silicic acid concentrations \u00b11 S.D. for the east (E) and west (W) coast of Gwaii Haanas over two summers (2001 and 2002), shown as darker bars. The lighter bars show the mean concentration for the two years 2001 and 2002. Numbers above each bar are the total number of stations used to calculate each mean. 41 down to undetectable levels. This occurred in 33 of the 86 stations sampled and likely accounts for the low N:P and N:Si ratios measured as well as the high variation in the mean nitrate concentrations. Apparent nitrate limitation (where surface nitrate values were drawn down to undetectable) occurred more often in 2001 than 2002 as seen in Table 2.4. One occurrence of apparent phosphate limitation was noted at station 34 Sunday Inlet where the phosphate concentration was drawn down to undetectable concentrations at the surface, on the west coast of Gwaii Haanas. Silicic acid concentrations were very high at all the stations and it was not found to be a limiting nutrient at any of the stations. 2.3.3 Biological Parameters The original data for chlorophyll a concentrations are in Appendix B and vertical profiles are in Appendix E. The chlorophyll a concentrations were split into the same categories in space and time: E 01, E 02, W 01, and W 02. The average surface chlorophyll a concentrations are summarized in Table 2.5 and the average integrated chlorophyll a concentrations are summarized in Table 2.6. Very high variability was measured and frequently the standard deviation and the mean were similar. Therefore values were not significant unless specifically stated. A) Total Chlorophyll a On the east coast, the average surface total chlorophyll a concentration was 4.12 mg m\"3 in 2001 (E 01) and 4.20 mg m\"3 in 2002 (E 02). On the west coast, the average surface total chlorophyll a concentration was 5.38 mg m\"3 in 2001 (W 01) and 3.35 mg m\"3 in 2002 (W 02). These values were not found to be significantly different using a two-way analysis of variance test (p=0.778 for coasts and p= 0.187 for years). The \u2022a average surface total chlorophyll a concentration for 2001 was 4.34 mg m\" and for 2002 it was 3.97 mg m\"3. Figure 2.9 shows the mean surface chlorophyll a concentrations for each year and each category. On the east coast, the average integrated total chlorophyll a concentration was 64.2 mg m\"2 in 2001 (E 01) and 94.2 mg m\"2 in 2002 (E 02). On the west coast, the average integrated total chlorophyll a concentration was 57.5 mg m\"2 in 2001 (W 01) and 72.5 mg m\"2 in 2002 (W 02). Using a two-way A N O V A significant differences were found between years (p=0.023) but not between coasts (p=0.147). Figure 2.10 shows the mean integrated chlorophyll a concentrations for each year and each category. B) Large Size Fraction of Chlorophyll a (> 5 \/nm) On the east coast, the average surface large size fraction of chlorophyll a was 1.15 mg m\"3 in 2001 (E 01) and 1.21 mg m\"3 in 2002 (E 02), and on the west coast, the values were 0.845 mg m\"3 in 2001 (W 01) and 0.649 mg m\"3 in 2002 (W 02). The average surface large size fraction chlorophyll a concentration was 1.09 mg m\"3 for 2001 and 1.06 mg m\"3 for 2002. Using a two -way A N O V A these means were not found to be significantly different (p= 0.090 for coasts, p= 0.793 for years). On the east coast, the average integrated large size fraction of chlorophyll a was 22.6 mg m\"2 in 2001 (E 01) and 33.7 mg m\"2 in 2002 (E 02), and on the west coast, the values were 9.76 mg m\"2 in 2001 (W 01) and 14.3 mg m\"2 in 2002 (W 02). Using a two-43 Table 2.5: Mean surface chlorophyll concentrations (mg m\" ) for the east (E) and west (W) coast of Gwaii Haanas over two summers (2001 and 2002) and mean concentrations for the two years 2001 and 2002 and the east and west coasts. Values are shown with \u00b11 S.D. The number in the brackets is the number of samples in that category. Total >5 um 2001 2002 4.34 \u00b13.60 (34). 3.97 \u00b1 1.87 (52) 1.09 \u00b1 1.14 (34) 1.06 \u00b10.76 (52) E A S T W E S T 4.16 \u00b12.74 (66) 3.96 \u00b1 2.50 (20) 1.18 \u00b10.98 (66) 0.71 \u00b1 0.60 (20) E 01 E 02 W 0 1 W 0 2 4.12 \u00b13.57 (28) 4.20 \u00b11.97 (38) 5.38 \u00b1 3.89 (6) 3.35 \u00b1 1.41 (14) 1.15 \u00b11.21 (28) 1.21 \u00b10.78 (38) 0.85 \u00b1 0.73 (6) 0.65 \u00b10.56 (14) Table 2.6: Mean total integrated chlorophyll concentrations (mg m\"2) for the east (E) and west (W) coast of Gwaii Haanas over two summers (2001 and 2002) and mean concentrations for the two years 2001 and 2002 and the east and west coasts. Values are shown with \u00b11 S.D. The number in the brackets is the number of samples in that category. Also shown are the percentage values of the total concentration for the two size fractions (< 5 um and > 5 urn). Total <5 um >5 urn (% of total) (% of total) 2001 63.0 \u00b1 35.2 (34) 67.7 32.3 2002 88.3 \u00b1 36.0 (52) 68.1 31.9 E A S T 81.7 \u00b140.5 (66) 64.7 35.3 W E S T 68.0 \u00b1 24.2 (20) 80.8 19.2 E 0 1 64.2 \u00b137.1 (28) 64.8 35.2 E 0 2 94.2 \u00b1 38.5 (38) 64.2 35.8 W 0 1 57.5 \u00b127.5 (6) 83.0 17.0 W 0 2 72.5 \u00b122.2 (14) 80.3 19.7 44 10 n 9 8 7 6 5 -4 -3 2 -1 -0 n=34 2001 n=52 2002 n=28 E01 n=6 n=38 E02 W 01 n=14 W 02 Figure 2.9: Mean surface chlorophyll a concentrations \u00b11 S.D. for the east (E) and west (W) coast of Gwaii Haanas over two summers (2001 and 2002), shown as darker bars. The lighter bars show the mean concentration for the two years 2001 and 2002. Numbers above each bar are the total number of stations used to calculate each mean. 140 120 'E 100 -o 3 80 -m 1 60 a \u00a3 I 40 i o 20 0 n=38 n=34 n=52 n=28 n=14 n=6 2001 2002 E01 E02 W 01 W02 Figure 2.10: Mean integrated chlorophyll a concentrations \u00b11 S.D. for the east (E) and west (W) coast of Gwaii Haanas over two summers (2001 and 2002), shown as darker bars. The lighter bars show the mean concentration for the two years 2001 and 2002. Numbers above each bar are the total number of stations used to calculate each mean. 45 way A N O V A there was a significant difference found between coasts (p=0.002) but not between years (p=0.127). C) Species Composition and Diversity Species identification was performed to the species level whenever possible, however some were identified only to the genus level (e.g. Chaetoceros spp., Thalassiosira spp.), while others were identified to higher taxonomic groups. Some examples of these are the Pseudonitzschia categories A , B, and C, and the unidentified centric and pennate diatom groups. Another limitation in this phytoplankton diversity analysis is that only the large phytoplankton groups were considered and that groups of smaller phytoplankton such as picoplankton and other flagellates were not identified and counted, and it appears that there may have been high concentrations of these groups, especially on the west coast. Also, station 83, Puffin Cove, is missing as this sample was destroyed in the shipping of the samples. In total, 60 groups or species were identified from these samples along the coasts of Gwaii Haanas. Tables 2.7 and 2.8 list these groups and species and show where they occurred in the four categories of space and time. The original data with cell concentrations for these groups can be found in Appendix F. Phytoplankton abundance data were analyzed for species diversity using the following indices: The Shannon-Wiener Index (H') = -2pi(logiopd (MacArthur 1965) The Simpson Dominance Index (SI) = Spi (Simpson 1949) Pielou's Evenness Index (J) = H ' \/Ln S (Pielou 1966) where: p; = proportional abundance of the \/-th species S = number of species 46 When a two-way analysis of variance was performed on these data, there were no statistically significant differences found amongst the four categories for any of the three indices both between coasts and between years. Table 2.9 shows the mean values from this analysis. D) Trends and Patterns Both the surface total and surface large size fraction chlorophyll a concentrations were not shown to be statistically significant either between the two sampling seasons (2001, 2002), coasts (east, west), or amongst any of the four categories (E01, W01, E02, W02). Mean total integrated chlorophyll a was significantly higher in 2002 than in 2001. Also, east coast values appeared to be higher than west coast values in all of the categories, but this was only found to be significant for the large size fraction. In both years the east coast had a higher percentage of the larger size fraction category (35.2 and 35.8%) than the west coast (17.0 and 19.7%) (Figure 2.11). The most common diatom species or groups found in these communities were Leptocylindrus danicus, Chaetoceros spp., Thalassiosira spp., Skeletonema costatum and Pseudonitzschia \" A \" . No clear patterns were seen amongst the diversity, dominance and evenness indexes between any of the four categories of the years 2001 and 2002. Several stations had an obvious dominant (>50%) species or group. Stations 2 (E 01), 5 (E 01), 6 (E 01) and 7 (W 01) were dominated by Pseudonitzschia \" A \" . Stations 9 (E 01), 10 (E 01), 64 (E 02), 74 (E 02), and 75 (E 02) were dominated by Rhizosolenia setigera. Stations 53 (E 02), 47 (E 02), 69 (E 02), 70 (E 02), 72 (E 02), and 76 (E 02) were dominated by Skeletonema costatum. Stations 43 (W 02), 44 (E 02), 45 (E 02), 57 4 7 Table 2.7: Diatom species and mean concentration (cells L\"1) for the east (E) and west (W) coast of Gwaii Haanas over two summers (2001 and 2002). An integrated sample was obtained by mixing an equal amount of sample from 0, 5, 10, and 20 m. Values are shown with \u00b11 S.D. and n = 28 for E 01, 38 for E 02, 6 forW 01, and 14 for W 02. A value of zero indicates the species was not observed. S p e c i e s o r G r o u p N a m e E01 E02 W01 W02 Asterionella glacialis 0 149 \u00b1 6 6 5 244 \u00b1 5 9 7 52 \u00b1 189 Asteromphalus heptactis 246 \u00b1 4 3 0 41 \u00b1 2 1 9 115 \u00b1 1 8 1 14 \u00b1 5 0 Bacteriasttvm delicatulum 0 115 \u00b1 6 6 9 0 0 Ceratulina pelagica 631 \u00b1 2 4 9 0 775 \u00b1 3 1 0 0 0 105 \u00b1 3 7 7 Chaetoceros spp . 1210 \u00b1 2 3 7 0 3 5 8 0 0 \u00b1 5 7 8 0 0 1220 \u00b1 2 9 8 0 1 0 3 0 0 0 \u00b1 1 8 8 0 0 0 Coscinodiscus centralis 204 \u00b1 7 0 9 2 7 5 0 \u00b1 4 8 6 0 0 2 9 1 \u00b1 6 0 7 Coscinodiscus lineatus 138 \u00b1 6 4 8 0 35 \u00b1 8 6 0 Coscinodiscus perforatus 53 \u00b1 1 7 9 23 \u00b1 1 0 0 0 0 Coscinodiscus radiatus 69 \u00b1 3 2 4 3 9 \u00b1 2 1 8 0 0 Cylindrotheca closterium 611 \u00b1 9 8 8 2 7 2 0 \u00b1 6 7 8 0 4 4 6 \u00b1 6 9 5 2 2 5 0 \u00b1 1 6 9 0 Dactyliosolen fragilissimus 3 8 3 \u00b1 1 4 4 0 8 1 5 \u00b1 4 3 8 0 93 \u00b1 144 132 \u00b1 3 3 4 Ditylum brightwellii 359 \u00b1 8 8 1 3 7 \u00b1 191 0 0 Eucampia zodiacus 1280 \u00b1 3 9 3 0 6 8 \u00b1 378 9 7 5 \u00b1 2 3 9 0 2 8 3 0 \u00b1 8 2 0 0 Fragilaria spp . 33 \u00b1 1 5 7 120 \u00b1 5 9 7 0 6 4 6 \u00b1 8 5 1 . Gyrosigma\/Pleurosigma spp . 4 4 4 \u00b1 1 8 5 0 32 .5 \u00b1 189 0 0 Leptocylindrus danicus 5 2 1 0 \u00b1 6 7 0 0 10200 \u00b1 1 3 4 0 0 2 0 1 0 \u00b1 2 8 6 0 3 1 6 0 \u00b1 4 5 5 0 Leptocylindrus mediterraneus 203 \u00b1 731 0 0 0 Leptocylindrus minimus 247 \u00b1 9 6 4 1540 \u00b1 7 9 4 0 154 \u00b1 2 6 1 10 \u00b1 3 5 Licomorpha abbreviata 134 \u00b1 3 6 0 139 \u00b1 3 0 7 185 \u00b1 2 0 7 2 5 5 \u00b1 3 8 8 Melosira spp . 83 \u00b1 2 8 5 2 0 5 \u00b1 8 6 9 252 \u00b1 6 1 8 391 \u00b1 1 4 1 0 Navicula spp . 263 \u00b1 4 9 0 1420 \u00b1 2 9 9 0 114 \u00b1 1 8 4 8 8 3 \u00b1 2 1 4 0 Nitzschia longissima 0 654 \u00b1 3 7 6 0 35 \u00b1 8 6 4 3 \u00b1 131 Odontella longicruris 84 \u00b1 394 0 0 178 \u00b1 4 3 6 Pseudonitzschia \"A\" 2 6 5 0 0 0 \u00b1 7 0 2 0 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 \u00b1 4 1 7 0 0 3 7 8 0 0 \u00b1 9 2 5 0 0 2 2 6 0 0 \u00b1 2 0 6 1 0 Pseudonitzschia \" B \" 4 3 0 0 0 \u00b1 9 5 4 0 0 2 7 6 0 0 \u00b1 7 2 0 0 0 8 7 3 0 \u00b1 1 9 4 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 \u00b1 1 7 7 0 0 Pseudonitzschia \" C \" 15300 \u00b1 5 4 7 0 0 1 3 8 0 0 \u00b1 2 7 4 0 0 7 0 7 0 \u00b1 1 7 3 0 0 2 0 9 0 0 \u00b1 6 6 8 0 0 Rhizosolenia robusta 0 91 \u00b1 5 2 8 140 \u00b1 3 4 4 4 4 9 \u00b1 6 9 9 Rhizosolenia styliformis 0 0 0 14 \u00b1 5 0 Rhizosolenia setigera 3 2 8 0 0 \u00b1 4 5 7 0 0 5 6 8 0 0 \u00b1 1 7 5 0 0 0 9 8 7 \u00b1 1 7 3 0 1110 \u00b1 2 2 9 0 Rhizosolenia imbricata 345 \u00b1 7 4 3 6 5 6 \u00b1 1 7 1 0 1040 \u00b1 1 9 4 0 3 2 7 \u00b1 7 2 9 Skeletonema costatum 8 8 3 0 \u00b1 2 7 3 0 0 1 3 0 0 0 0 \u00b1 2 9 1 0 0 0 12700 \u00b1 3 1 0 0 0 13300 \u00b1 2 0 5 0 0 Thalassionema nitzschioides 1410 \u00b1 2 1 8 0 1950 \u00b1 4 5 9 0 1050 \u00b1 9 8 9 2 6 1 0 \u00b1 3 1 3 0 Thalassiosira spp . 4 4 1 0 \u00b1 6 3 5 0 19500 \u00b1 3 1 6 0 0 2 4 0 0 \u00b1 2 8 6 0 10000 \u00b1 1 0 5 0 0 Cent r ics < 1 0 u m 5 8 5 \u00b1 3 8 3 3 9 4 0 \u00b1 7 3 9 0 1770 \u00b1 2 3 1 0 6 0 6 0 \u00b1 8 0 0 0 P e n n a t e s < 2 5 u m 1680 \u00b1 3 5 8 0 1800 \u00b1 2 6 0 0 2 5 0 0 \u00b1 2 6 0 0 1810 \u00b1 2 2 8 0 48 Table 2.8: Coccolithophore, silicoflagellate, and dinoflagellate species and mean concentration (cells L\"1) for the east (E) and west (W) coast of Gwaii Haanas over two summers (2001 and 2002). An integrated sample was obtained by mixing an equal amount of sample from 0, 5, 10, and 20 m. Values are shown with \u00b11 S.D. and n= 28 for E 01, 38 for E 02, 6 for W 01, and 14 for W 02. A value of zero indicates the species was not observed. S p e c i e s o r G r o u p N a m e E01 E02 W01 W02 Cocco l i t hophores 371 \u00b1 7 5 3 2 8 8 0 0 \u00b1 6 4 7 0 0 1170 \u00b1 1 3 9 0 7 1 5 0 \u00b1 9 5 3 0 Dictydcha speculum 2 7 7 \u00b1 8 0 8 1390 \u00b1 1770 384 \u00b1 6 2 6 1420 \u00b1 1770 Ebria tripartita 37 \u00b1 1 2 0 3 0 9 \u00b1 7 7 8 2 7 8 \u00b1 4 3 1 136 \u00b1 3 7 6 Alexandrium spp . 3 2 8 0 \u00b1 6 0 5 0 1650 \u00b1 5 5 7 0 3 3 3 \u00b1 4 5 1 1840 \u00b1 5 3 7 0 Amphidinium sphenoides 257 \u00b1 5 3 2 72.2 \u00b1 3 3 6 105 \u00b1 2 5 8 0 Ceratium fusus 2 5 3 0 \u00b1 1 0 2 0 0 4 5 9 \u00b1 2 6 7 0 0 0 Ceratium lineatum 1390 \u00b1 2 5 9 0 748 \u00b1 2 2 2 0 4 8 3 \u00b1 4 8 3 0 Ceratium longipipes 86 \u00b1 2 1 8 6 \u00b1 3 7 0 0 Dinophysis acuminata 4 8 7 0 \u00b1 5 0 8 0 511 \u00b1 7 2 3 272 \u00b1 4 9 0 4 5 \u00b1 1 1 1 Dinophysis acuta 4 6 0 0 \u00b1 7 0 8 0 3 2 5 \u00b1 1 0 2 0 0 0 Dinophysis fortii 120 \u00b1 5 6 2 0 0 0 Dinophysis norwegica 8 8 6 \u00b1 1140 5 3 7 \u00b1 1320 1010 \u00b1 2 4 8 0 3 2 3 \u00b1 1 1 4 0 Dinophysis parva 4 2 6 \u00b1 7 1 6 19 \u00b1 8 0 0 0 Glenodinium danicum 2 7 3 0 \u00b1 3 3 1 0 994 \u00b1 1940 2 2 4 0 \u00b1 1 5 5 0 1640 \u00b1 1 8 6 0 Gonyaulax spp . 3 8 8 0 \u00b1 3 1 9 0 2 1 4 0 \u00b1 6 7 2 0 6 0 6 0 \u00b1 1 1 7 0 0 5 3 9 \u00b1 6 9 3 Gymnodinium spp . 7660 \u00b1 6 4 2 0 7510 \u00b1 15100 18400 \u00b1 2 1 6 0 0 6 1 6 0 \u00b1 5 3 9 0 Gyrodinium spp . 2 6 9 0 \u00b1 3 3 1 0 1980 \u00b1 3 1 7 0 3 2 5 0 \u00b1 2 8 9 0 1660 \u00b1 2 1 8 0 Heterocapsa triquetra 4 5 8 0 \u00b1 5 0 3 0 3 4 8 0 \u00b1 1 7 4 0 0 3 0 4 0 \u00b1 2 7 0 0 5 6 4 \u00b1 1 1 8 0 Oxyphysis oxytoxoides 73 \u00b1 190 24 \u00b1 1 4 1 0 0 Peridinium spp . 1660 \u00b1 2 0 5 0 382 \u00b1 6 4 1 5 5 9 \u00b1 6 2 2 354 \u00b1 6 5 0 Phalachroma rotundatum 11 \u00b1 5 2 0 0 3 \u00b1 2 2 Prorocentrum compressum 0 0 11800 \u00b1 2 2 9 0 0 0 Prorocentrum micans 1840 \u00b1 3 4 1 0 4 4 4 \u00b1 1 6 7 0 790 \u00b1 1 4 1 0 127 \u00b1 4 5 7 Protoperidinium spp . 2 8 2 0 \u00b1 2 9 0 0 2 2 4 0 \u00b1 3 4 1 0 1770 \u00b1 2 8 0 0 386 \u00b1 6 8 2 Scrippsiella trochoidea 2 6 3 0 \u00b1 3 5 7 0 3 4 8 0 \u00b1 9 3 7 0 1370 \u00b1 1 2 7 0 5 8 3 \u00b1 1050 49 Table 2.9: Mean values of the phytoplankton diversity indices for integrated samples for the east (E) and west (W) coast of Gwaii Haanas over two summers (2001 and 2002). Values are shown with \u00b11 S.D.. The number in the brackets is. the number of samples in that category. Diversity (H') Dominance (SI) Evenness (J') 2001 2002 0.702 \u00b10.197 (34) 0.641 \u00b10.189 (52) 0.929 \u00b10.310 (34) 0.824 \u00b1 0.301 (52) 0.243 \u00b1 0.208 (34) 0.296 \u00b10.212 (52) E A S T W E S T 0.862 \u00b1 0.223 (66) 0.861 \u00b1 0.255 (20) 0.282 \u00b1 0.222 (66) 0.264 \u00b10.173 (20) 0.662 \u00b1 0.205 (66) 0.669 \u00b10.153 (20) E 0 1 E 0 2 W 0 1 W 0 2 0.955 \u00b1 0.076 (28) 0.808 \u00b10.314 (38) 0.834 \u00b1 0.258 (6) 0.874 \u00b10.263 (14) 0.232 \u00b10.218 (28) 0.311 \u00b10.222 (38) 0.285 \u00b10.173 (6) 0.254 \u00b10.179 (14) 0.718 \u00b10.209 (28) 0.629 \u00b10.198 (38) 0.644 + 0.151 (6) 0.680 \u00b10.159 (14) W 02), and 71 (W 02) were dominated by Chaetoceros spp. Stations 51 (E 02) and 52 (E 02) were dominated by coccolithophores. Station 32 (W 01) was dominated by Gymnodinium spp. Station 33 (W 01) was dominated by Prorocentrum compressum. Station 36 (E 02) was dominated by Thalassiosira spp. and station 41 (W 02) was dominated by Pseudonitzschia spp. Figure 2.12 shows the proportion of each group of phytoplankton (diatoms, dinoflagellates, silicoflagellates, coccolithophores) in each of the four categories. 2.3.4 W a t e r P r o p e r t i e s at O n e S t a t i o n Station 38 Skidegate Channel was chosen as a sample station in order to explain the observations at an individual station. This station was sampled on 08-July-02 at 2:45 P M and it fits into the W 02 category. The weather was overcast and the winds were fairly light, blowing 7 kn in the direction of 60\u00b0NW. The Secchi disk was 4 m, yielding a light extinction coefficient of 0.363 (equation 1) and the depth of the 1% light level was 12.7 m (equation 2). The concentration of TSS was 0.0332 g L\"1.' The sea surface temperature was 12.54\u00b0C, and the sea surface salinity was 30.60. 50 n=34 n=52 n=66 n=20 n=28 n=38 n=6 n=14 H > 5 urn H < 5 Lim 2001 2002 EAST WEST E 01 E 02 W 01 W 02 Figure 2 11 Relative contributions of the < 5 um size fraction and the > 5 urn size fraction to total chlorophyll for the east (E) and west (W) Gwaii Haanas over two summers (2001 and 2002). Also shown are the relative contributions for the two years (2001 and 2002) and for the and west coasts. Numbers above each bar are the total number of stations used to calculate each mean. E 0 1 E 0 2 W 0 2 W 0 1 wm % diatom imtm % dinoflagellate rams % coccolithophore i 1 % silicoflagellate Figure 2.12: Percent contribution of each phytoplankton group to total cell abundance for the east (E) and west (W) coast of Gwaii Haanas over two summers (2001 and 2002)., n = 28 for E 01, 38 for E 02, 6 for W 01, and 14 for W 02. 52 This station was weakly stratified with a stratification degree of 1.2 (Table 2.1). The original data for the nutrient and chlorophyll a concentrations at each depth are shown in Table 2.10, while the vertical profiles are shown in Figure 2.13. At the surface the nutrient concentrations were low, but they were not drawn down to undetectable levels, while the chlorophyll a concentrations are high (6.03 mg m\"3). These cells were probably not photo-inhibited at the surface as the sky was overcast. At a depth of 5 m the nutrient concentration increased slightly. The maximum chlorophyll a concentration (6.22 mg m\") occurred at 5 m, but it was only slightly higher than the surface concentration. At a depth of 10 m, the nutrient concentrations began to increase and this continued to 20 m where there was a substantial increaseand high nutrient concentrations at depth. The deep mixing began at about 22 m (Fig. 2.13 C). The chlorophyll a concentration decreased at 10 m (4.99 mg m\"3) and these phytoplankton were probably becoming light-limited , as the 1 % light depth and the bottom of the euphotic zone occurred at 12.7 m. By 20 m the chlorophyll a concentration has dropped to 1.64 mg m\"3. The most abundant phytoplankton species or groups found at this station were Chaetoceros spp. (21,600 cells L\" 1), coccolithophores (15,300 cells L\" 1), and Skeletonema costatum (12,300 cells L\" 1). Table 2.10: Nutrient (uM) and chlorophyll concentrations (mg m\"3) at each depth for station 38, Skedans on the east coast of Gwaii Haanas (see Fig. 2.1). Depth (m) H P 0 4 N 0 3 Si(OH) 4 Chi a (>0.7um) Chi a (>5 um) 0 0.24 0.21 10.9 6.03 0.33 5 0.41 2.06 11.6 6.22 0.67 10 0.42 2.95 11.8 4.99 0.58 20 0.78 6.53 17.3 1.64 0.09 5 3 Si(OH)4(nM) 10 15 20 25 10 Temperature (\u00b0C) 11 12 13 14 15 PO4 >0.7 \\im Density N 0 3 >5 u,m Salinity Si(OH) 4 Temperature Figure 2.13: Vertical profiles of A) nutrient concentrations, B) chlorophyll concentrations, and C) physical properties for station #38 at Skedans the east coast of Gwaii Haanas (see Fig. 2.1) to show a complete data set for one station 2.3.5 Station Variability To show how one region can vary over time, stations 47, 64, and 74 Skedans were chosen. These were sampled on July 17, 30, and August 02,2002 respectively. Table 2.11 shows the different weather and physical parameters at these stations and Figure 2.14 shows the vertical profiles of temperature, salinity, and density for these three stations. Table 2.12 and Figure 2.15 compare the integrated biological and chemical parameters at these stations. Skedans is located on the east coast of Gwaii Haanas (see Fig. 2.1). Station 47 had the highest nutrient concentration of all three stations as well as the lowest concentrations of chlorophyll in both the total and large size fraction. It also had the lightest wind (2 knots), the highest surface salinity (31.85), the lowest surface temperature (11.04\u00b0C), and the deepest Secchi disk depth (13.5 m). The weather was consistently sunny and the water was very lightly stratified at the surface (degree of 1.3), but this stratification broke down after about 2 m (see Fig. 2.14). The most common phytoplankton species at station 47 was Skeletonema costatum. Station 64 had moderate nutrient concentrations compared to the other two stations as well as moderate concentrations of total chlorophyll a and the highest concentration of the large size fraction of chlorophyll a. The winds were stronger at this station (7 knots). The surface salinity was 31.62; the surface temperature was 12.65\u00b0C, and the Secchi disk depth was 7.25 m. The weather was a mix of sunny and cloudy patches and the water was mixed to at least 25 m. The most common phytoplankton species at this station was Rhizosolenia setigera. 5 5 Table 2.11: Station variability in the region of Skedans on the east coast of Gwaii Haanas (see Fig. 2.1). Included are physical parameters TSS = total suspended solids at the surface, Secchi = depth of Secchi disk, SST = sea surface temperature, SSS = sea surface salinity, MLD = depth of mixed layer, Strat = degree of stratification. e* *\u2022 T S S Station . . . . (g\/L) S S Secchi S S T (g\/L) (m) (\u00b0C) M L D (m) Strat Weather ^Jj 1 47 0.0308 13.5 11.04 31.85 0 1.3 sunny 64 0.0109 7.25 12.65 31.62 25+ sunny ^ patches 74 0.0327 7.25 13.87 31.47 15 0 T h n y 9 patches Table 2.12: Station variability in the region of Skedans on the east coast of Gwaii Haanas (see Fig. 2.1). Included are total (> 0.7pm) integrated chlorophyll a (mg m\"2), large size fraction of integrated chlorophyll a (mg m\"2), and integrated nutrients (mmol m\"2). Station Total Chi a > 5 urn Chi a P 0 4 N 0 3 SiC-4 47 46.3 16.3 16.2 146 300 64 102 72.1 10.6 44.5 140 74 158 46.2 6.0 4.01 35.3 56 Station 74 had the lowest nutrient concentrations of all three stations compared. This station had the highest concentrations of total chlorophyll and a moderate concentration of the large size fraction of chlorophyll a. The winds were the strongest at this station (9 knots). The salinity was 31.47; the surface temperature was 13.85\u00b0C, and the Secchi disk depth was 7.25 m. The weather was a mix of sunny and cloudy patches and the water was mixed to a depth of 15 m. The most common phytoplankton species at this station was also R. setigera. 2.4 Discussion The data were split into four groups based on which coast the station was located and which year the station was sampled. Most of the differences in the results occurred between the two sampling seasons rather than between the two coasts. One reason for these broad differences could be due to the vastly different weather experienced between the two sampling seasons. Table 2.13 shows the difference in the amount of precipitation between the two years. The first year (summer 2001) was very cloudy and wet with little sunshine and much rain, 170.4 mm of total precipitation for July and August. In contrast, the second year (summer 2002) was sunnier and warmer with less rain, only 88.2 mm of total precipitation for July and August. A less obvious difference between the two seasons was the difference in upwelling intensity. Figure 2.16 shows a comparison of the 2001 and 2002 and the ten-year average upwelling intensity from the Bakun Upwelling Index, measured off the British Columbia coast at 48\u00b0N, 125\u00b0W. The upwelling intensity of the summer of 2001 was below the ten-year average, while in the summer of 2002 it was higher than 2001 in 57 Temperature (\u00b0C) 10 11 12 13 14 15 \u2022 i i 1 1 1 Salinity 31.0 31 .2 31 .4 31.6 31.8 32 .0 32.2 32.4 _l I I I 1 1 1\u2014 23.0 23 .5 24 .0 24 .5 25 .0 Density (kg m\"^ ) #47 Skedans 17-07-02 Temperature (\u00b0C) 10 11 . 12 13 14 15 i i i i 1 1 Salinity 31 .0 31 .2 31 .4 31 .6 31 .8 32 .0 32.2 32 .4 2 3 . 0 23 .5 24 .0 24 .5 25 .0 Density (kg m\"^ ) #64 Skedans 30-07-02 Temperature (\u00b0C) 10 11 12 13 14 15 i i i _i 1- 1 Salinity 31.0 31.2 31 .4 31.6 31 .8 32.0 32 .2 32 .4 23 .0 23 .5 24 .0 2 4 . 5 25 .0 Density (kg m\"^ ) #74 Skedans 02-08-02 Density Salinity Temperature Figure 2.14: Vertical profiles showing temperature, salinity, and density to show station variability during a three week period at Skedans on the east coast of Gwaii Haanas (see Fig. 2.1) at stations 47, 64, and 74. 350 300 <P<f\" 250 E E S E 200 Total Chi a > 5 pm Phosphate Nitrate Silicic acid Figure 2.15: A comparison of stations 47, 64, and 74 at Skedans on the east coast of Gwaii Haanas (see Fig 2.1) to show temporal variability integrated nutrients and chlorophyll. early July before dropping below the 2001 level in mid-July, and then increasing again to exceed the ten-year average from mid -August onwards (Fig. 2.16). Another reason for the differences could be a difference in the sampling strategy between the two years. During the first season the sampling occurred very close to shore due to weather conditions and during the second season sampling was conducted further offshore and a greater number of stations were sampled. A fourth reason for the interannual differences that were observed could be related to the observed difference in sea surface height seen along the east coast between the summer of 2001 and the summer of 2002 (Fig. 2.17). Changes in sea surface height are caused by changes to the density of the water column due to surface heating, water fluxes to the system, or advection of water of different densities. Elevated sea surface height is caused by water of a low density at the surface, usually resulting in warmer temperatures and stratification of the water column. A depressed sea surface height is usually caused by denser water at the surface that results from mixing of cold water brought up from below the surface. The data show very high variability (from undetected nitrate to very high values) in the measured parameters between the four categories chosen, leading to some correlations not being statistically significant. Lack of statistical significance could also be due to the categories were too broad and that much detail was lost within them, or that there are large uncertainties in measuring some types of data such as cell counts. When comparing large categories such as these, therefore it is important to look at some of the individual occurrences as well as trends and patterns rather than just the statistical significance. 60 Table 2.13: Total precipitation (in mm) at Sandspit, Queen Charlotte Islands (source: Environment Canada). Month 2001 2002 May 95.4 73.4 June 45.4 74.8 July 48.4 63 August 122 25.2 Total 311.2 236.4 2000 i -1000 J T - L n o ) c o r ^ T - L n o ) c o r - - T - L n o 3 c o h ^ T -\u2022 ^ - \u2022 \u2022 - C M C N C N c o c o T t n - ^ - m m c o Days from July 1 Figure 2.16: Bakun Upwelling Index off the BC coast at 48\u00b0N, 125\u00b0W showing intensity of upwelling for 61 days from July 1 for 2001, 2002, and a 10 year average. 6 1 2.4.1 Physical Characteristics When both coasts and both sampling seasons were compared in a four-way comparison for both total suspended sediments and the Secchi disk depth, there were no significant differences found between the means for any of the four categories E 01, E 02, W 01, W 02. Therefore none of the categories had either less turbidity due to suspended sediments or more water clarity than any of the other categories. Also, there was no significant relationship between TSS and the Secchi disk depth, or TSS and total surface chlorophyll a concentration (Spearman Rank Order correlation, p > 0.050). Both extreme high and low values for TSS occurred on the east coast in the second year. The lowest occurred at Station 55 Hotsprings Island, possibly due to a fresh water inflow from the hotsprings diluting the seawater. The highest value of TSS was measured on the same day as the lowest value, at station 55 Goodwin Point which was chosen as it was believed to be an area of high tidal mixing, but unfortunately the S4 was not operating when this station was sampled. The deepest Secchi disk value was recorded on the east coast in both the first and second year. Both of these occurred on bright sunny days and at stations with relatively low surface chlorophyll concentrations. The shallowest Secchi disk value of 3.75 m corresponded with the shallowest euphotic zone (11.9 m, equations 1 and 2). This station (station 5) was not the station with the highest TSS concentration, but it did have maximum chlorophyll at the surface. Unfortunately this station was only sampled to a depth of 10 m, so there is no record of chlorophyll concentration below 10 m. 62 Historical Mesoscals Altimetry - Jul 1, 2001 Historical Mesoscale Altimetry - Jul 1, 2002 Figure 2.17: Satellite altimetry showing differences in sea surface height anomaly along the east coast of Gwaii Haanas between the summers of 2001 and 2002. Both extreme values for sea surface temperature were also on the east coast in 2002, and no significant differences were found amongst the four categories. The lowest surface temperature was recorded at station 44 Koya Point which was a very well mixed ' station with cold deep water mixed up to the surface. The warmest surface temperature was found at station 73 Tanu which is in a relatively shallow and protected area which was highly stratified and was sampled on a warm sunny day. The lowest surface salinity value was measured on the west coast at station 40 Sunday Inlet, which was relatively protected from the open ocean and had several small creeks emptying into the inlet that may have decreased the salinity at the surface. The highest surface salinity was recorded on the west coast at station 42 Wells Cove which was a small, open cove that was exposed to the open ocean and this may have influenced its surface salinity. No significant differences were found amongst the categories for sea surface salinity, but generally higher salinities were recorded on the east coast, while lower salinities were recorded on the west coast. These results are not what was expected as coastal upwelling occurs along the west coast in the summer (Fig. 1.4) and high salinities and colder temperatures were expected on the west coast while warmer, less saline water was expected on the east coast. These data could be influenced by the locations of the samples taken on the west coast. In many cases, the weather and seas were too rough on the west coast of Gwaii Haanas to sample, so that the samples were taken in inlets and bays, very close to shore where the water was calmer. As seen in the results for the mixed layer depth and the degree of stratification, the shallowest mixed layers and highest degrees of stratification were all on the west coast. These more sheltered waters would be expected to be warmer 64 with lower salinities due to creek inflow that should enhance stratification. Further offshore, the waters were probably colder and more saline on the west coast. The mixed layer depths on the east coast were either 0 m, indicating that the thermocline extended to very near the surface and the station was stratified, or between 3-30 m. A higher proportion of the stations were stratified in 2002 (65%) as opposed to 2001 (57%) due to the increased sunlight and decreased rainfall (Table 2.1) in 2002 that warmed the surface waters and inhibited mixing. The stations that had the highest levels of stratification were stations 40 Sunday Inlet, 41 Gowgaia Bay, and 84 Sunday Inlet. These stations were all located in an area on the west coast that was partially closed off from the open ocean and had small creeks draining into the area which decreased the surface salinity. In addition, the weather on either the sampling day or the previous day had been very warm and sunny, which would increase surface temperatures. With a lack of mixing from below and lower salinities and increasing temperatures, the water became stratified. 2.4.2 Chemical Parameters For all three nutrients, both surface and integrated nutrient concentrations were much higher on both coasts during 2002 compared to 2001 and these differences were significant in each case. Almost all of the means were higher for the west coast than the east, but these differences were not significant except for silicic acid concentrations which were significantly higher on the west coast. According to the Bakun Upwelling Index measured off the British Columbia coast at 48\u00b0N, 125\u00b0W, the upwelling intensity during the summer of 2001 was below the ten-year average (Fig. 2.16). The upwelling 65 intensity for the summer of 2002 was higher than 2001 in early July before dropping below the 2001 level in mid-July, and then increasing again to exceed the ten-year average from mid -August onwards (Fig. 2.16). If more deep, high nutrient water was upwelled to the surface in 2002 than 2001, this could explain the higher nutrients found in 2002 compared to 2001. Both integrated and surface nitrate concentrations had the largest increase, 3-6 times higher in the second sampling season. This is supported by the fact that in 2001, 68% of the stations were apparently nitrate limited (drawn to undetectable levels at the surface) while in 2002 only 19% of the stations sampled showed apparent nitrate limitation. The nitrate concentrations in 2002 also had the highest variability of all of the nutrients due to the many undetectable concentrations, and in many cases the variability was higher than the mean. The surface and integrated nitrate mean concentrations were significantly different between years but not between coasts, but differences between coasts in apparent nitrate limitation were observed. On the east coast, apparent nitrate limitation occurred in 64% and 83% of the stations in E 01 and E 02 compared to 21% and 14% in W 01 and W 02. Both surface and integrated phosphate concentrations had a much smaller but still a statistically significant increase between the two years but not between the two coasts. The variability around the means was also lower than for the nitrate concentrations. One interesting point to note is that both the mean surface and integrated concentrations for the west coast in 2001 (W 01) were lower than the E 01 value. This is also the category in which an occurrence of phosphate limitation was found in late August 2001 and could be an effect of the reduced upwelling late in the 2001 sampling season. 66 Surface and integrated silicic acid concentrations followed the same pattern as nitrate concentrations but the variability was much lower and silicic acid was not found to be a limiting nutrient at any time during either season. Concentrations were significantly higher in 2002 than 2001. When the east and west coasts were compared, significantly higher concentrations were found on the west coast. There was no significant relationship between salinity and silicic acid concentrations (Spearman Rank Order correlation, p > 0.050). N03\/Si(OH)4 surface ratios were much smaller than the ratio of 1:1 required for phytoplankton growth. This is because NO3 concentrations were drawn down by phytoplankton to low or undetectable concentrations at several stations and NO3 was likely a limiting nutrient at some stations, while Si(OH) 4 concentrations were very high at every station and silicate was not considered to be a limiting nutrient at any station. The same is true for the N O 3 \/PO4 integrated ratios which were lower than the 16:1 ratio required for phytoplankton growth. Phosphate concentrations were generally high except for one case of apparent phosphate limitation where the phosphate concentration was drawn by phytoplankton to an undetectable level. 2.4.3 Biological Parameters Surface chlorophyll a concentrations from both size fractions showed no significant differences when the two coasts and the two years were compared. A significant difference was found between coasts for the large size fraction (> 5 jxm). When the integrated chlorophyll a concentrations were compared, significant differences were found between the two years for total chlorophyll, and a significant difference was 67 found between coasts for the large size fraction (> 5 u.m). There were more phytoplankton at depth in 2002 than in 2001, for the total chlorophyll a. In almost all of the stations, the total chlorophyll a concentrations were much larger than the concentrations of the large size fraction (> 5 u.m). This indicates that there were high concentrations of small phytoplankton such as nanoflagellates. Although these small cells were seen when counting the samples, especially on the west coast, they were not included in the counts which consisted of larger phytoplankton such as diatoms, dinoflagellates, silicoflagellates and coccolithophores. This is a major limitation in the phytoplankton diversity analysis. There were no significant differences between the four categories or between the. sampling seasons for any of the three diversity indices applied to the phytoplankton data. The majority of phytoplankton communities consisted of Leptocylindrus danicus, Chaetoceros spp., Thalassiosira spp., Skeletonema costatum and Pseudonitzschia \" A \" , although some stations showed one dominating (>50 %) species. These are all typical coastal species found along the west coast of British Columbia. What is surprising is how important the < 5 u.m size fraction is to the community, as coastal communities are usually diatom dominated but these communities seemed to be dominated by picoplankton. 2.4.4 Station Variability The region of Skedans can be quite variable over time as seen from the comparison of stations 47, 64, and 74. Station 47 on July 17, 2002 had comparatively high nutrient levels compared to the other two stations and low chlorophyll a 68 concentrations. The nutrients were high because there was not a large amount of phytoplankton to consume them. Weak surface stratification developed at this station due to the light winds and sunny weather which prevented mixing, but the stratified layer was shallow and below 2 m, and this station was mixed to depth. The photic zone was the deepest at this station due to the bright and constant sunshine and the spring bloom species, Skeletonema costatum was the most abundant in the colder temperatures of this station. Station 64 on July 30, 2002 had stronger winds and there was no stratification at the surface of this station. The total integrated chlorophyll a was higher and the phytoplankton depleted the nutrients, which were lower than at the previous station. The photic zone was not as deep at this station, but there was deep mixing and warmer temperatures to a considerable depth. The large size fraction of integrated chlorophyll a concentration was the highest due to high concentrations of the large diatom, Rhizosolenia setigera found at this station. Station 74 on August 02,2002 had slightly stronger winds than station 64 and it also had no stratification at the surface. Total integrated chlorophyll a concentrations were high and concentrations of all three of the nutrients were thus drawn down to very low levels. Nitrate was almost undetectable. Although this station had the highest concentration of total chlorophyll a, it did not have as high a concentration of the large size fraction of chlorophyll a as station 64. R. setigera was the most abundant phytoplankton species here as well, but there was also a larger number of small phytoplankton. The water temperatures were the warmest at this station and this extended down to depth. 69 2.4.5 Comparison to Previous Studies in the Region The results from this study show that there is very little surface mixing around the southern end of the Queen Charlotte Islands in the summer months. When mixing occurs it is shallow and often the waters are stratified at the surface. This is consistent with the data from McQueen and Ware (2002) who reported that the mixed layer is very shallow, 10-20 m or even non-existent between June-September. In this study nitrate concentrations were generally low to undetectable at the surface and increased at depth. Perry (1984) reported that summer nitrate concentrations (measured at 3 m depth) were negligible in the summer, either low because they were low all year in the region, or most likely they are drawn down by the spring bloom in April and not replenished until the fall. The data from McQueen and Ware (2002) also correspond with the findings in my study in that the summer nutrient concentrations were low at the surface (0-5 m), approximately doubling at 5-15 m and then increasing in concentration with depth. Mean nutrient concentrations on the east coast were 0.92 and 3.08 uM for nitrate for 2001 and 2002, 6.30 and 9.08 uM for silicic acid in 2001 and 2002, 0.38 uM and 0.46 uM for phosphate in 2001 and 2002. Comparing these values with data from Robinson (unpublished data), the concentrations in my study were similar to mean surface nutrient concentrations found in Hecate Strait. Mean surface concentrations of samples taken from Hecate Strait between July 2-6, 2000 were 0.30 uM for nitrate, 5.30 uM for silicic acid, and 0.34 u,M for phosphate, while mean concentrations of samples taken from Hecate Strait between August 25 - September 06,2000 were 1.99 uM for .70 nitrate, 11.03 uM for silicic acid, and 0.55 uM for phosphate (Robinson, unpubl. data). The original data for these studies can be found in Appendix G. Nutrient concentrations in Juan Perez Sound (see Fig. 2.1) measured by Whitney (pers. comm.) showed relatively depleted Si concentrations at the surface when t, \u2022 \u2022 compared to oceanic waters, but Si concentrations increased with depth due to remineralization in the basins. Whitney also found higher Si concentrations on the east coast than the west coast, most likely due to riverine inputs as a very high concentration of 1700 uM was measured in waters from Hotsprings Island (see Fig. 2.1) (Whitney, pers. comm.). This contrasts with the results of this study for surface Si(OH)4 concentrations which show significantly higher concentrations on the west than the east coast. Mean surface chlorophyll a concentrations ranged from 3.35 to 5.38 mg m\"3 in the four categories compared in this study and there were no significant differences either between coasts or between years. The concentrations on the east coast were 4.12 mg m\" in 2001 and 4.20 mg m\"3 in 2002 and were measured within a close distance to the shore. These concentrations are higher than the mean concentrations found by Perry (1984) of 2.77 mg m\"3 in August 1978 and 2.11 mg m\"3 in July 1979 for a depth of 3 m, but these concentrations were measured further offshore in Hecate Strait. A few studies conducted by Robinson (unpublished data) in Hecate Strait also found lower mean chlorophyll a concentrations in the summer with means of 1.06 mg m\"3 for July 2-6, 2000 and 0.90 mg m\"3 for the period between August 25 and September 06,2000. Another study by Peterson (unpublished data) in Hecate Strait also found a lower mean chlorophyll a concentration of 1.93 mg m\"3 for August 9-11, 2000. The original data for 71 these studies can be found in Appendix G. McQueen and Ware (2002) also reported lower chlorophyll a concentrations, averaging 2 mg m\"3, although their findings also suggest that both the between-year and between-site differences in chlorophyll a concentrations were small. The mean surface chlorophyll a concentrations were slightly but not significantly higher than the east coast concentrations with 5.38 mg m\"3 in 2001 and 3.35 mg m\"3in 2002, and these were measured close to shore and in inlets and bays on the west coast. Robinson (unpublished data) also measured chlorophyll off the west coast of Gwaii Haanas but not as close to shore and found a mean surface chlorophyll a concentration of 1.04 mg m\"3 for July 4-11,2000, which is substantially lower than the values measured in this study. Whitney (unpublished data) measured surface chlorophyll a concentrations at several stations far off the west coast and found much lower chlorophyll a concentrations of 0.31 mg m\"3 for June 2000 and 0.70 u,g L\" 1 for September 1999. The original data for these studies can be found in Appendix G. The taxonomic composition of phytoplankton around the waters of Gwaii Haanas consisted of a number of small unidentified (and uncounted) nanoflagellates as well as many dinoflagellate and diatom species, dominated by Leptocylindrus danicus, Chaetoceros spp., Thalassiosira spp., Skeletonema costatum and Pseudonitzschia \" A \" . This is in agreement with Perry's (1984) findings where in Hecate Strait in the summer many small unidentified flagellates were common, as well as a variety of dinoflagellates (including Ceratium spp.) and residual spring bloom species such as Chaetoceros spp., Thalassiosira spp., Skeletonema costatum, with S. costatum being the most common. 2.5 Summary Physical, chemical, and biological properties of the waters surrounding Gwaii Haanas N M C A were measured and analyzed in July and August of 2001 and 2002. These data were then divided into four temporal and spatial groups according to which coast and which year they were sampled in order to evaluate spatial and interannual variability. There was very high variability found in the physical data and therefore none of the physical parameters were statistically significant, although as there was more sunlight and less rain in 2002 than in 2001, and more stratification was observed in 2002 and on the west coast. There was a greater intensity of upwelling in 2002 compared to 2001 leading to interannual variability with higher 2002 concentrations seen for both surface and depth-integrated nutrient concentrations for all three nutrients as greater concentrations of nutrients were upwelled from below. Silicic acid also showed a significant increase in concentration on the west coast compared to the east coast in the year 2002. Surface chlorophyll a concentrations were not significantly different either between coasts or between years for either total chlorophyll a or the larger size fraction, but the total integrated chlorophyll a concentrations showed interannual variability with significantly higher concentrations in 2002 than in.2001. There was more sunlight and less precipitation in 2002 compared to 2001 and there was more phytoplankton at depth as the light penetrated deeper. Chlorophyll a concentrations in the large size fraction (> 5 u.m) also showed higher values on the east coast than on the west coast. The dominant phytoplankton species were Leptocylindrus danicus, Chaetoceros spp., Thalassiosira spp., Skeletonema costatum and Pseudonitzschia \" A \" . 73 Chapter Three Effects of Environmental Parameters on Species Composition and Diversity in the Proposed Gwaii Haanas NMCA in Summer 3.1 Introduction Chapter 2 describes the physical and chemical environmental parameters found in the waters of the proposed Gwaii Haanas NMCA, as well as the diversity of species and groups that are present. This chapter uses this information to determine if there is a relationship between phytoplankton community composition and variation in the environment. To test whether the environmental parameters affect the distribution of phytoplankton species, Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) was used. This technique of multivariate gradient analysis tests if phytoplankton distributions or sites are correlated with environmental parameters through ordination and reciprocal averaging. This results in a two-dimensional plot that approximates the weighted averages of species or sites with respect to environmental variables, where points represent species or sites and arrows (vectors) represent environmental variables (ter Braak 1986,1995, ter Braak and Verdonschot (1995), and Legendre and Legendre (1998)). Correspondence Analysis (CA) and Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA) are other gradient analyses and they have been previously criticized for a number of reasons such as the \"arch\" or \"horseshoe\" effect where the second axis is a curvilinear function of the first axis which can be encountered with CA (Palmer 1993). DCA has its own problems such as a poor performance with skewed species distributions and inability to handle complex sampling designs very well (Palmer 1993). Palmer (1993) conducted an experiment to test whether CCA encountered these same problems and he concluded 74 that CCA has all of the advantages and none of the disadvantages that one would encounter using DCA. Therefore CCA was used in this study. 3.2 Materials and Methods The data used in this chapter are from Chapter 2 and the materials and methods from Chapter 2 explain how these samples were collected and processed. Only the sites with a full suite of data were used in this analysis, and therefore the stations where the physical data are missing (Appendix B) were not included, as well as station #83 where the phytoplankton species sample was lost. The software that was used is CANOCO version 4 by ter Braak and Smilauer (1998). The environmental variables used in this analysis were sea surface salinity, sea surface temperature, Secchi disk depth, phosphate, silicic acid, and nitrate concentrations, total suspended solids, and mixed layer depth. 3.3 Results In CCA the centroid point represents the average value of the variable and the arrow points in the direction of higher than average values of that variable. The arrow can be extrapolated backward, and any value opposite that arrow has a lower than average value for that variable. The length of the arrow is equal to the rate of change in that direction. Arrows pointing in the same direction have a positive correlation, while arrows pointing in opposite directions have a negative correlation. Those arrows at right angles to each other have no correlation (ter Braak 1995). This chapter shows the results for all of the data collected in this study. For a breakdown of the data into plots for coasts and years see Appendix H. 75 Figure 3.1 is a biplot that shows the relationships between the environmental parameters and the species or groups identified within the stations and Table 3.1 is a list of abbreviations for species or group names shown in Figure 3.1. As expected, most of the species and groups were clustered in the lower right quadrant where both depth of light penetration and nutrient concentrations were greater than average (Fig. 3.1). Representatives from all of the categories (diatoms, dinoflagellates, coccolithophores, and silicoflagellates) were found in this quadrant. There were very few groups or species in the quadrant diagonal this one (top, left) as this is where lower than average nutrients and shallow depth of light penetration occur. The groups found here were Pseudonitzschia \" A \" and Dinophysis acuta and were probably more highly correlated with the higher salinity in this quadrant, rather than the lower nutrients. Along the temperature axis, mostly dinoflagellates including Oxyphysis oxytoxoides, Amphidinium sphenoides, Dinophysis norvegica, D. acuminata, D. acuta, D. parva, and Gonyaulax spp. and a few diatoms were found in the higher than average region (above the horizontal axis), while only diatoms including Odontella longicruris, Rhizosolenia styliformis, Eucampia zodiacus, Thalassionema nitzschiodes, and Chaetoceros spp. were seen in the extreme of the lower than average temperature quadrant (lower, left). The diatoms and silicoflagellates including Dictyocha speculum and Ebria tripartita were mostly clustered around the nutrient axes, especially silicic acid in the lower right quadrant, while the dinoflagellates and coccolithophores, although higher than average for nutrient concentrations, were found clustered between the Secchi disk axis and the temperature axis. 76 According to Figure 3.1, the depth of the mixed layer had a very short vector arrow, indicating that it was not a very important variable in determining the distribution of species or groups in this region, whereas all three of the nutrient vectors had long arrows, indicating that they were more important. Regarding relationships between environmental variables, sea surface temperature had no relationship with sea surface salinity, but it was negatively correlated with all of the other environmental variables. Sea surface salinity had a positive correlation with total suspended solids and depth of the mixed layer, but a negative correlation with all three nutrients and Secchi disk depth. The Secchi disk depth was positively correlated with all three nutrients, but showed no relationship with total suspended solids or the mixed layer depth. The nutrients were all positively correlated with each other as well as the total suspended solids concentration and the mixed layer depth. Also, the mixed layer depth and the concentration of total suspended solids were positively correlated. Figure 3.2 shows the distribution of sites with respect to the environmental variables. A l l of the stations on the west coast were associated with cooler than average surface temperatures, except for station 41 which was warmer than the average surface temperature. The east coast stations were found on both sides of the temperature axis. A l l of the 2001 stations were on the higher than average side of the temperature axis, except station 7, which was like a west coast station. This is more likely due to lower than average nutrient concentrations than due to higher temperatures. The majority of the stations were on the higher than average side of the nutrient concentration axes, with most of them clustered between the total suspended sediment concentration axis and the Secchi disk depth axis. The only stations on the lower than 77 Table 3.1: List of abbreviations for species or group names used in Figures 3.1 and 3.3. Species or Group . Abbreviation Species or Group Abbreviation Asterionella glacialis AG Thalassionema nitzschioides TN Asteromphalus heptactis AH Thalassiosira spp. TN Bacteriastrum delicatulum BD Centric <10 CEN Ceratulina pelagica CP Pennate <25 PEN Chaetoceros spp. C Coccolithophore COC Coscinodiscus centralis CC Dictyocha speculum DS Coscinodiscus lineatus CL Ebria tripartita ET Coscinodiscus radiatus CR Alexandrium spp. A Cylindrotheca closterium CY Amphidinium sphenoides AS Dactyliosolen fragilissimus DF Ceratium fusus CF Ditylum brightwellii DB Ceratium lineatum CLI Eucampia zodiacus EZ Ceratium longipipes CLO Fragilaria spp. F Dinophysis acuminata DC Gyrosigma\/Pleurosigma spp. GP Dinophysis acuta DAC Leptocylindrus danicus LD Dinophysis norwegica DN Leptocylindrus minimus LM Dinophysis parva DP Licomorpha abbreviata LA Glenodinium danicum GD Melosira spp. M Gonyaulax spp. GD Navicula spp. N Gymnodinium spp. GM Nitzschia longissima NL Gyrodinium spp. GR Odontella longicruris OL Heterocapsa triquetra HT Pseudonitzschia \"A\" PN A Oxyphysis oxytoxoides OO Pseudonitzschia \"B\" PN B Peridinium spp. P Pseudonitzschia \"C\" PN C Phalachroma rotundatum PR Rhizosolenia robusta RR Prorocentrum compressum PC Rhizosolenia styliformis RST Prorocentrum micans PM Rhizosolenia setigera RST Protoperidinium spp. PT Rhizosolenia imbricata Rl Scrippsiella trochoidea ST Skeletonema costatum SC 78 +1 .o-Figure 3.1: CCA ordination graph showing species or groups (points) and relationships to environmental variables (arrows). See Table 3.1 for list of species or group name abbreviations. Symbol key is; blue = diatoms, yellow = dinoflagellates, green = silicoflagellates, pink = coccolithophores. SST = sea surface temperature, SSS = sea surface salinity, TSS = concentration of total suspended solids, MLD = depth of the mixed layer. 79 +1 .0 SSS TSS 1. 0 I I I I Phosphate Silicic acid - 1 . 0 + 1.0 Figure 3.2: CCA ordination graph showing sites (points) and relationship to environmental variables (arrows). Colours are as follows; yellow = 2001, red = 2002. Squares indicate east coast stations while diamonds indicate west coast stations. SST = sea surface temperature, SSS = sea surface salinity, TSS = concentration of total suspended solids, MLD = depth of the mixed layer. 80 +1 . 0 1. n SSS TSS Phosphate Silicic acid -1.0 + 1.0 Figure 3.3: CCA ordination graph showing species or groups (circles), sites (squares and diamonds) and relationship to environmental variables (arrows). See Table 3.1 for list of species or group name abbreviations. Symbol key is; blue circles = diatoms, yellow circles = dinoflagellates, green circles = silicoflagellates, pink circles = coccolithophores, red squares = east coast stations, red diamonds = west coast stations. SST = sea surface temperature, SSS = sea surface salinity, TSS = concentration of total suspended solids, MLD = depth of the mixed layer. 8 1 average side of the axes for nutrient concentrations were stations, 1, 5, 6,11, and 12 from 2001 as well as stations 64, 65, 66, 67, 69, 72, 73, and 74 from the 2002 sampling season. Figure 3.3 is a triplot of the two previous biplots merged together. It shows the distributions of both sites and species or groups with respect to environmental variables. There are three occurrences where a species was found only at one location and these are seen as sites and species overlapping (Fig. 3.3). These species and stations are Phalachroma rotundatum at station 40, Rhizosolenia styliformis at station 42, and Oxyphysis oxytoxoides at station 65. Pseudonitzschia \" A \" was found in very high concentrations at stations 5, 6, and 7 and in Figure 3.3, it is midway between these stations. R. setigera was very common at stations 11, 64, 74, and 75 and the weighted average (species point) for this species was located between these stations. Coccolithophores were between stations 78, 79, and 84, where they were the most abundant (Fig. 3.3). 3.4 Discussion C C A ordination graphs show general effects of the various environmental parameters on the distribution of the phytoplankton species or groups. This method was used by Wagey (2002) to study the phytoplankton in Ambon Bay, Indonesia. He used C C A to determine the effect of the environmental parameters temperature, salinity, water transparency, as well as ammonium, phosphate, nitrate and silicic acid concentrations on the distribution and composition of the phytoplankton. Using this method, Wagey determined that the nutrient concentrations in Ambon Bay showed a stronger correlation 82 with the diatoms while the dinoflagellates were associated with the physical parameters (2002). Zhang and Prepas (1996) used C C A to study planktonic diatoms and cyanobacteria in eutrophic lakes in Alberta. The environmental variables used in this study were euphotic depth, water stability, temperature, pH, total phosphorus, soluble reactive silicon, and total inorganic nitrogen. They found that both groups were related strongly to total phosphorus concentrations, and that temperature and mixing patterns determined the abundance of diatoms and cyanobacteria. Diatoms were common when water stability and temperatures were low, and that cyanobacteria preferred higher temperatures than diatoms (Zhang and Prepas 1996). In this study the distribution of phytoplankton is located largely around the center of the diagram and slightly off to the lower right hand corner (Fig. 3.1). This indicates that the distribution of a number of species is largely regulated by nutrient concentrations. This is reasonable, as the nutrients are essential for growth and sustainability of the phytoplankton community. Most of the diatom groups or species as well as both species of silicoflagellates were found in the lower right hand quadrant clustered around the nutrient axes, inferring that the distribution of diatom communities is largely related to nutrient concentrations. The dinoflagellate groups, although still positively correlated with the nutrient axes, showed a closer relation to the surface temperature axis. This may be because the dinoflagellates are able to perform vertical migration and move up and down in the water column to where the conditions are optimal. The species found in this quadrant (upper right) may be related to higher than average surface temperatures, or lower than average concentrations of total suspended solids. The only groups or species found in the lower 83 than average surface temperature region were diatoms and silicoflagellates, as opposed to the warmer temperatures that dinoflagellates seemed to prefer. The depth of the mixed layer had the least influence on the phytoplankton distributions (Fig. 3.1). This is most likely due to the fact that the mixed layers were often very shallow or non-existent at many of the stations sampled. While all of the nutrients were important to the distribution of phytoplankton groups or species in this region, silicic acid had the longest vector and therefore had the greatest influence in the phytoplankton distributions. This is an interesting point as chapter 2 of this thesis found using the real data that silicic acid was not limiting at any of the stations. The concentrations of total suspended solids also had a large influence and they had a greater influence on phytoplankton distributions than sea surface temperature (Fig. 3.1). Surface temperatures had no relation with surface salinities, but they had negative relationships with all of the other variables. Higher temperatures are due to less mixing near the surface due to stratification, and chapter 2 shows that stratification was observed at many of the stations. Without turbulence there are less suspended solids and also nutrient concentrations are lower as they are drawn down by phytoplankton and not replenished from mixing of nutrient-rich deeper waters. The Secchi disk depth also decreases as the water becomes less transparent as more phytoplankton are produced. Figure 3.2 shows that almost all of the west coast stations had lower than average temperatures compared to the east coast stations, which is expected if upwelling is occurring on the west coast but contradicts the findings from chapter two where there were no significant differences. Figure 3.2 also shows lower than average nutrient concentrations in 2001, while almost all of the 2002 stations were found in the higher 84 than average region for nutrient concentrations. This is consistent with the findings in Chapter 2, where nutrient concentrations were significantly higher in 2002 than in 2001. Pseudonitzschia \" A \" was common at stations 5, 6, and 7 (Fig. 3.3). These stations are not very close to each other geographically (one is in the north-east; one is in the south-east, and one is in the south-west, see Fig. 2.2), but they were sampled within one day of each other (July 25 and 26, 2001) and the water parameter values were similar. Rhizosolenia setigera was the most common diatom found in very high abundance at stations 11, 64, 74, and 75. These stations are very close in proximity (see Fig. 2.2), but stations 64, 74, and 75 were sampled within 4 days of each other (July 30-August 02, 2002), while station 11 was sampled at the same time, but one year earlier (August 01, 2001). This shows that the conditions were similar and ideal for R. setigera at the same time of year during two different years at these same stations. Figure 3.3 also shows that coccolithophores were found in high abundance at stations 78, 79, and 84. While stations 78 and 79 were very close to each other in the southeast region, station 84 was on the west coast. What these stations have in common is the absence of a mixed layer and stratification extending to the surface, which leads to ideal conditions for coccolithophore growth (Brand 1994). In summary, nutrient concentrations, especially silicic acid, and light penetration had the greatest influence on phytoplankton community composition, while the depth of the mixed layer had the least effect. Silicic acid had an important effect on phytoplankton distribution using this analysis which contradicts the real data as seen in chapter 2, where silicic acid was not found to be limiting at any station. There seems to be a problem with this analysis and the real data should be used over this analysis. Dinoflagellates were 85 generally related to higher temperatures while diatoms were closer related to cooler temperatures. The west coast stations had lower temperatures and less nutrients than the east coast stations, where the temperatures and nutrient concentrations were higher. 86 FINAL CONCLUSIONS 1) There was little significant spatial variability found in nutrient and chlorophyll a concentrations. Some small differences were observed but only silicic acid and chlorophyll a cells in the large size fraction (> 5 um) had a significant difference between coasts, with higher concentrations on the west coast than the east for silicic acid and higher concentrations on the east coast than the west for the large size chlorophyll a concentration. 2) Temporal variability was observed with both significantly higher nutrient concentrations of all three nutrients and integrated chlorophyll a concentrations in both total chlorophyll a and the large size fraction in 2002 compared to 2001. Surface chlorophyll a concentrations showed no significant differences between these two seasons. 3) The greatest effect on phytoplankton communities came from nutrient concentrations and from the depth of light penetration while the smallest effect came from the depth of the mixed layer. Dinoflagellates were generally related to areas with higher temperatures while diatoms were closer related to areas with cooler temperatures. 87 FUTURE RESEARCH This thesis has provided baseline data on physical, chemical, and biological properties of the nearshore waters surrounding Gwaii Haanas National Park Reserve\/Haida Heritage Site. Further research should be conducted in this region. Suggestions for future research in the Gwaii Haanas region include: 1) Investigations of areas further offshore on the west coast of Gwaii Haanas to compare with the nearshore samples taken in both the inlets on the west coast as well as the samples taken on the east coast. Also, a comparison of these data to that found on the west coast of Vancouver Island. 2) Identification of the nanoflagellates found on both the east and west coast. These small cells were seen on both coasts in this study, especially the west coast and could contribute significantly to total productivity. 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Cruise Number Dates Duration (days) Number of Stations East or West Coast (E\/W) 1 July 10-17 8 3 E 2 July 25-27 3 4 E 3 July 31 - Aug 03 4 13 E 4 Aug 8 -10 3 5 E 5 Aug 14-19 6 9 E, W 6 July 2-5 4 3 E 7 July 8-12 5 8 E, W 8 July 16-24 9 18 E 9 July 29-Aug 2 5 12 E .10 Aug 13-20 8 11 E, W I 95 Table A.2: Wind and weather conditions at each station, including date and time sampled. Number Station Date Time Wind Weather 1 Huxley Island 11-Jul-01 10:00 7kn, 90\u00b0W sunny\/cloudy 2 Tanu 17-July-01 8:30 2kn,20\u00b0NW rain 3 Skedans 17-July-01 11:15 2kn,140\u00b0SE overcast 4 Skedans 25-July-01 15:30 sunny patches 5 Tanu 25-July-01 18:30 0kn,30\u00b0NW sunny patches 6 Juan Perez Sound 26-July-01 9:15 2kn,30\u00b0NE overcast 7 S'Gaang Gwaii 26-July-01 18:45 3kn,90\u00b0E sunny patches 8 Cumshewa 5 31-July-01 14:00 18kn,75\u00b0NE rain 9 Cumshewa 4 31-July-01 16:00 10kn,0\u00b0N overcast 10 Cumshewa 3 31-Jul-01 19:30 2kn,30\u00b0NW overcast 11 Cumshewa 2 1-Aug-01 8:30 3kn,30\u00b0SE rain 12 Logan 4 1-Aug-01 12:00 3kn,30\u00b0NE rain 13 Logan 3 ' 1-Aug-01 14:45 4kn,150\u00b0SW sunny patches 14 Logan 2 1-Aug-01 16:30 15kn,30\u00b0NE overcast 15 Logan 1 1-Aug-01 18:45 6kn,75\u00b0NE overcast 16 Juan Perez 1 2-Aug-01 9:30 5kn,150\u00b0SE overcast 17 Juan Perez 2 2-Aug-01 10:45 7kn,120\u00b0SW overcast 18 Juan Perez 3 2-Aug-01 12:30 13kn,30\u00b0NW sunny patches 19 Juan Perez 4 2-Aug-01 -14:30 4kn,60\u00b0NE overcast 20 Juan Perez 5 3-Aug-01 8:15 13kn,20\u00b0NE overcast 21 Juan Perez Sound 9-Aug-01 10:30 4kn,90\u00b0w sunny 22 Huxley Island 9-Aug-01 15:00 8kn,75\u00b0NW sunny 23 Hotsprings Island 9-Aug-01 17:30 10kn,50\u00b0NW sunny 24 Dodge Point 10-Aug-01 14:30 7kn,456NW sunny 25 Skedans 10-Aug-01 18:30 1kn,90\u00b0E sunny 26 Skedans 14-Aug-01 14:15 12kn,30\u00b0NW overcast 27 Tanu 14-Aug-01 16:30 8kn,10\u00b0NE sunny 28 Dodge Point 15-Aug-01 9:00 1kn,90\u00b0E overcast 29 Huxley Island 15-Aug-01 17:00 5kn,20\u00b0NE overcast 30 Wells Cove 16-Aug-01 18:00 5kn,20\u00b0NE overcast 31 Gowgaia Bay 17-Aug-0i 9:00 3kn,90\u00b0W overcast 32 Gowgaia Bay Head 17-Aug-01 17:00 6kn,90\u00b0W rain 33 Barry Inlet 18-Aug-01 16:30 7kn,20\u00b0NE sunny patches 34 Sunday Inlet 19-Aug-01 13:00 5kn,45\u00b0NW rain 35 Goodwin Rock 5-Jul-02 10:00 4 kn, 75NW sunny patches 36 East Ramsay 5-Jul-02 12:30 10kn, 8NW overcast 37 Laskeek Bay 5-Jul-02 14:45 5kn, 90W sunny patches 38 Skidegate Channel 8-Jul-02 14:45 7 kn, 60 NW overcast 39 Tasu Head 8-Jul-02 17:00 11kn, 60NE overcast 40 Sunday Inlet 9-Jul-02 9:00 1kn, 180S sunny 41 Gowgaia Bay 9-Jul-02 16:15 3kn, 150SE overcast 42 Wells Cove 10-Jul-02 12:00 ' 11kn, ON overcast 43 S'Gaang Gwaii 10-Jul-02 17:15 8kn, 90E overcast Table A.2 continued. Number Station Date Time Wind Weather 44 Koya Point 11 -Jul-02 10:00 1kn, 150SW overcast 45 Scudder Point 11-Jul-02 12:30 2kn, 180S sunny 46 Cumshewa Inlet 17-Jul-02 16:30 8kn, 40NW rain 47 Skedans 17-Jul-02 11:00 2kn, 60NW sunny 48 Tanu 17-Jul-02 12:45 7kn, ON sunny patches 49 Dodge Point 18-Jul-02 8:00 6kn, 10NW sunny 50 Tar Islands 18-Jul-02 9:45 11kn, 40NW sunny 51 Hotsprings 19-Jul-02 9:00 7kn, 25NE sunny patches 52 Juan Perez Sound 19-Jul-02 9:30 3kn, 10NE sunny patches 53 Kat Island 19-Jul-02 13:00 9kn, 60 NW sunny patches 54 Scudder Point 19-Jul-02 14:30 3kn, 150SE sunny patches 55 Goodwin Point 19-Jul-02 15:30 8kn, ON sunny patches 56 Koya Point 19-Jul-02 16:30 10kn, 45NW sunny 57 S'Gaang Gwaii 21-Jul-02 8:00 14kn, 60 NE overcast 58 Benjamin Point 22-Jul-02 9:15 22kn, 30NW sunny 59 Juan Perez Sound 22-Jul-02 12:30 10kn, ON sunny 60 Hotsprings 23-Jul-02 17:15 3kn, 180S sunny 61 Darwin Sound 23-Jul-02 18:00 8kn, 150SW sunny 62 Tanu 24-Jul-02 9:15 4kn, 150Sw rain 63 Skedans 24-Jul-02 13:30 12kn, 20NW overcast 64 Skedans 30-Jul-02 10:30 7kn, 90W sunny patches 65 Tanu 30-Jul-02 13:15 9kn, 40NW sunny patches 66 Dodge Point 30-Jul-02 14:15 4kn, 70NW sunny patches 67 Tar Islands 30-Jul-02 15:30 6kn, 150SW overcast 68 Juan Perez Sound 31-Jul-02 8:45 2kn, ON sunny patches 69 Scudder Point 31-Jul-02 10:00 6kn,0N sunny patches 70 Benjamin Point 31-Jul-02 12:00 10kn, ON cloudy 71 S'Gaang Gwaii 31-Jul-02 13:15 8kn, 90W sunny 72 Darwin Sound 1-Aug-02 11:15 8kn, 10NW overcast 73 Tanu 1-Aug-02 15:30 4kn, 30NE sunny 74 Skedans 2-Aug-02 8:45 9kn, 30NW sunny patches 75 Cumshewa Inlet 2-Aug-02 9:30 5kn, 50NE sunny patches 76 Juan Perez Sound 15-Aug-02 8:00 3kn, ON sunny 77 Swan Bay 15-Aug-02 10:00 2kn, 20NE sunny 78 Jedway Bay 15-Aug-02 12:00 8kn, 75NW sunny 79 Skincuttle Inlet 15-Aug-02 15:00 9kn, 25NW sunny 80 Koya Point 15-Aug-02 16:30 17kn, 130SE sunny 81 S'Gaang Gwaii 16-Aug-02 13:30 18kn,90E sunny 82 Gowgaia Bay 17-Aug-02 14:30 12kn, 100SW sunny 83 Puffin Cove 18-Aug-02 15:00 5kn, 70NE overcast 84 Sunday Inlet 19-Aug-02 8:45 2kn, 180S overcast 85 Portland Bay 19-Aug-02 11:45 15kn, 80NW overcast 86 Kitgoro Inlet 20-Aug-02 13:15 6kn, 60NW overcast 97 APPENDIX B ORIGINAL DATA Table B.1: Secchi disk depths and concentrations of total suspended sediments at each station. imber Secchi (m) T S S (g L' 1) Number Secchi (m) T S S (g L\" 1 N\/A 0.0229 44 7.5 0.0357 2 N\/A 0.034 45 10.5 0.0305 3 8 0.033 46 9 0.0309 4 7.5 0.0316 47 13.5 0.0308 5 3.75 0.0346 48 15.5 0.0310 6 5 0.0329 49 17 0.0294 7 6 0.028 50 17+ 0.0089 8 7.25 0.0294 51 11.5 0.0067 9 7.75 0.03 52 10.5 0.0091 10 7.25 0.0276 53 9 0.0367 11 6.75 0.0291 54 8.5 0.0096 12 7.5 0.0285 55 14. 0.0116 13 5.75 0.0314 56 9 0.0112 14 8 0.0323 57 10 0.0153 15 N\/A 0.0293 58 10 0.0316 16 10.75 0.0318 59 13.5 0.0082 17 10 0.0285 60 10.75 0.0087 18 8.5 0.0325 61 5.5 0.0197 19 9.75 0.0312 62 10.5 0.0153 20 N\/A 0.0262 63 11.5 0.0138 21 14.5 0.03 64 7.25 0.0109 22 11 0.0347 65 9.5 0.0127 23 11 0.0308 66 11 0.0151 24 17+ 0.0313 67 8 0.0136 25 12.5 0.03 68 9 0.0356 26 9.25 0.0299 69 5.5 0.0338 27 9.75 0.032 70 10 0.0345 28 6.75 0.0325 71 9 0.0331 29 7.25 0.0291 72 5 0.0162 30 7.25 0.0302 73 13.5 0.0219 31 N\/A N\/A 74 7.25 0.0327 32 N\/A 0.0299 75 7 0.0315 33 N\/A 0.0289 76 10 0.0303 34 N\/A 0.0171 77 6 0.0331 35 5.5 0.0348 78 5 0.0338 36 8 0.0297 79 6 0.0355 37 8 0.0294 80 7 0.0341 38 4 0.0332 81 8 0.0282 39 5 0.0304 82 10 0.0311 40 10 0.0308 83 8 0.0334 41 9.5 0.0249 84 6 0.0319 42 12 0.0327 85 10 0.0316 Table B.2: List of stations with missing S4 data including date sampled and problem encountered. Station Number Date Problem Station Number Date Problem 2 17-07-01 Time constraint 29 15-08-01 Machine shutdown 3 17-07-01 Time constraint 30 16-08-01 Machine shutdown 8 31-07-01 Machine shutdown 31 17-08-01 Machine shutdown 9 31-07-01 Machine shutdown 32 17-08-01 Machine shutdown 10 31-07-01 Machine shutdown 33 18-08-01 Machine shutdown 13 1\/8\/2001 Machine shutdown 34 19-08-01 Machine shutdown 14 1\/8\/2001 Machine shutdown 51 19-07-02 Broken cord 15 1\/8\/2001 Machine shutdown 52 19-07-02 Broken cord 16 2\/8\/2001 \u2022 Machine shutdown 53 19-07-02 Broken cord 17 2\/8\/2001 Machine shutdown 54 19-07-02 Broken cord 18 2\/8\/2001 Machine shutdown 55 19-07-02 Broken cord 19 2\/8\/2001 Machine shutdown 56 19-07-02 Broken cord 20 3\/8\/2001 Machine shutdown 57 21-07-02 Broken cord 21 9\/8\/2001 Machine shutdown 58 22-07-02 Broken cord 22 9\/8\/2001 Machine shutdown 59 22-07-02 Broken cord 23 9\/8\/2001 Machine shutdown 60 23-07-02 Broken cord 24 10\/8\/2001 Machine shutdown 61 23-07-02 Broken cord 25 10\/8\/2001 Machine shutdown 62 24-07-02 Broken cord 26 14-08-01 Machine shutdown 63 24-07-02 Broken cord 27 14-08-01 Machine shutdown 75 2\/8\/2002 Infected file 28 15-08-01 Machine shutdown 82 17-08-02 Infected file 99 Table B.3: Temperature (\u00b0C) and salinity at the surface at each station. Station .Temperature Salinity 1 11.24 31.17 4 12.56 31.84 5 13.92 32.03 6 13.05 31.58 7 11.40 31.85 11 14.41 31.48 12 12.79 31.71 35 10.69 31.53 36 11.19 31.70 37 11.66 31.61 38 12.54 30.60 39 12.37 31.43 40 12.52 30.39 41 13.89 31.28 42 12.33 32.03 43 11.21 32.04 44 9.89 32.00 45 9.95 31.91 46 10.91 31.95 47 11.04 31.85 48 12.42 31.51 49 11.28 31.84 50 10.14 32.02 64 12.65 31.62 65 13.67 31.66 66 14.06 31.35 67 12.11 31.66 68 13.20 31.56 69 13.92 31.39 70 12.86 31.45 71 11.83 31.81 72 13.07 31.65 73 14.43 31.44 74 13.87 31.47 76 13.45 31.05 77 13.65 31.51 78 14.25 31.61 79 13.40 31.51 80 13.90 31.29 81 11.76 31.71 83 11.69 31.84 84 13.79 31.02 85 11.69 31.86 86 10.95 31.93 Table B.4: Nutrient concentrations (uM) and chlorophyll a concentrations (ug L\"1) in two size fractions for each depth. Nitrate concentrations denoted as zero, are undetectable. Number Depth (m) P 0 4 N 0 3 Si(OH) 4 Chi a (>0.7um) Chi a (>5 um) 1 0 0.38 0 6.3 1.2 0.58 2 0.40 0 7.8 1.8 0.31 5 0.24 0 3.6 2.2 0.75 10 0.57 1.1 6.1 2.8 1.8 2 0 0.10 0 3.3 6.5 4.18 2 0.16 0 1.3 3.1 3.4 5 0.21 0 4.5 8.3 3.6 10 0.46 1.6 6.7 6.8 2.5 3 0 0.53 1.4 7.5 4.1 2.3 5 0.34 0.76 4.9 5.3 2.4 10 0.58 1.9 9.5 5.9 2.2 20 0.61 2.4 8.5 4.5 2.1 4 0 0.50 1.7 9.7 1.4 0.36 5 0.67 2.2 11.7 2.1 0.56 10 0.51 1.8 9.7 0.58 0.59 20 0.67 2.4 12.0 1.1 0.41 5 0 0.24 0 5.4 11.0 3.1 2 0.17 0 4.5 8.3 3.1 5 0.24 0 5.2 1.3 2.7 10 0.24 0 5.8 6.3 3.4 6 . 0 0.05 0 3.1 14.6 3.7 5 0.09 \u2022 0 1.5 3.3 4.5 10 0.16 0 1.2 5.5 4.7 20 0.40 1.0 7.0 9.4 6.2 7 0 0.61 6.1 13.3 1.6 2.1 5 0.71 7.3 14.8 3.8 1.8 10 0.69 7.5 14.8 3.5 1.4 15 0.84 9.3 18.3 3.3 1.2 8 0 0.60 2.6 10.2 3.3 0.57 5 0.53 2.2 10.1 5.8 0.63 10 0.68 3.0 11.3 3.1 0.38 15 0.71 3.3 11.4 3.0 0.48 9 0 0.33 0.67 6.5 5.9 1.8 5 0.44 0.83 7.7 7.7 1.7 10 0.68 1.3 10.3 3.3 1.6 20 0.63 1.3 11.3 3.6 0.76 10 0 0.26 0 3.1 4.0 0.51 2 0.28 0 3.1 1.6 0.68 5 0.29 0 4.4 2.7 0.79 10 0.44 0 6.0 3.1 1.6 11 0 0.26 0 1.8 2.3 0.26 5 0.48 0 5.9 4.0 1.8 10 0.43 0 6.3 4.1 0.71 20 0.48 0.70 6.6 3.7 1.2 Table B.4 continued. Number Depth (m) P 0 4 N 0 3 Si(OH) 4 Chi a (>0.7um) Chi a (>5 urn) 12 0 0.36 0 6.6 5.0 0.97 5 0.35 0.86 5.4 6.6 1.8 10 0.41 1.1 5.6 4.4 0.54 20 0.68 2.7 9.5 1.9 0.26 13 0 0.24 0 4.7 6.0 1.4 5 0.30 0 4.3 7.9 2.4 10 0.56 0.98 7.2 2.0 0.51 20 0.61 0.81 6.7 1.9 0.22 14 0 0.26 0 3.9 4.2 0.44 5 0.47 0.04 4.8 1.7 0.54 10 0.57 0.39 6.5 2.6 0.28 20 0.64 1.2 6.5 0.58 0.29 15 0 0.30 0 3.7 4.3 1.1 5 0.23 0 1.9 15.8 5.5 10 0.15 0 1.7 9.6 2.6 15 0.45 0 3.5 2.0 0.32 16 0 0.54 0.68 4.7 2.0 0.30 5 0.44 1.5 4.7 2.4 0.27 10 0.64 2.1 6.3 3.0 0.37 20 0.69 2.3 . 6.5 2.1' 0.03 17 0 0.30 0 2.2 2.6 0.18 5 0.38 0 2.5 2.5 0.32 10 0.29 0 2.1 2.3 0.33 20 0.52 0 5.0 0.91 0.12 18 0 0.28 0 3.6 2.4 0.22 5 0.40 0 3.9 2.3 0.22 10 0.54 1.1 5.6 1.7 0.02 20 0.60 1.4 7.3 1.8 0.17 19 0 0.28 0 3.6 1.7 0.12 5 0.30 0 2.7 3.6 0.97 10 0.42 0 1.9 4.4 0.55 20 0.43 0 2.6 0.80 0.10 20 0 0.57 2.1 6.9 2.1 0.24 5 0.39 1.0 6.1 3.5 0.20 10 0.59 2.3 7.2 0.98 0.20 20 0.67 2.4 7.4 1.4 0.17 21 0 0.34 0.08 4.2 1.4 0.22 5 0.49 0.19 5.4 4.0 0.53 10 0.57 0.92 5.8 4.5 0.57 20 0.66 1.4 5.9 1.6 0.15 22 0 0.47 1.0 8.4 1.7 0.27 5 0.60 1.7 9.4 3.8 0.84 10 0.66 1.9 8.4 3.5 0.78 20 0.57 1.7 6.7 1.8 0.43 Table B.4 continued. Number Depth (m) P 0 4 23 0 0.76 5 0.56 10 0.85 20 0.85 24 0 0.60 5 0.87 10 4.2 20 1.1 25 0 0.85 5 0.85 10 0.47 20 0.87 26 0 0.55 5 0.55 10 0.29 20 0.76 27 0 0.17 2 0.32 5 0.38 10 0.64 28 0 0.19 5 0.16 10 1.1 20 0.66 29 0 0.20 5 0.32 10 0.44 20 0.79 30 0 0.20 5 0.43 f 10 0.28 31 0 0.31 5 0.37 10 0.34 32 0 0.13 5 0.41 10 0.49 15 0.37 33 0 0.22 5 0.24 10 0.28 20 0.36 N 0 3 Si(OH) 4 Chi a (>0.7um) Chi a (>5 Mm) 4.9 11.3 1.8 0.34 4.2 11.0 1.3 0.32 6.6 14.8 0.67 0.31 8.5 16.1 2.0 0.17 2.2 11.3 2.0 0.43 6.2 13.5 0.76 0.37 8.6 1 15.8 1.3 0.24 11.2 18.6 0.68 0.12 7.4 17.3 6.02 2.1 7.6 15.4 4.0 2.0 3.6 8.0 2.5 2.0 7.8 15.9 3.7 1.9 1.0 . 10.6 13.4 3.8 1.4 12.4 10.1 3.7 1.3 7.1 5.2 2.5 5.2 13.7 6.3 2.3 0 4.4 1.2 0.97 0 9.1 1.2 1.0 0 . 9.3 9.5 2.5 4.4 14.3 5.5 1.8 0 4.5 1.8 1.0 0 4.0 2.7 2.0 1.0 7.3 N\/A 2.1 5.0 13.5 7.7 2.2 0 7.7 1.5 0.70 0 8.0 4.0 4.0 0 9.8 1.4 2.3 3.6 11.2 0.50 0.32 0 7.2 3.0 0.32 0.09 10.6 2.4 0.38 2.1 12.0 6.9 0.29 0 11.2 1.6 0.32 0 9.7 2.1 0.34 0.51 9.5 3.3 0.53 0 7.8 11.1 0.91 2.1 10.6 3.2 0.27 0.78 12.9 2.3 0.68 0 11.2 1.7 0.47 0 10.6 7.1 0.18 0 8.4 2.8 0.21 0 11.0 6.8 0.36 0 13.3 3.2 0.35 Table B.4 continued. Number Depth (m) P 0 4 N 0 3 Si(OH)4 Chi a (>0.7um) Chi a (>5 urn) 34 0 0 0.33 5.9 7.8 1.3 5 0.15 0 4.9 7.1 0.99 10 0.34 0 9.5 2.6 0.65 15 0.31 0 7.2 4.2 0.76 35 0 0.49 4.0 12.0 7.0 2.6 5 0.48 3.1 11.4 7.2 0.41 10 0.56 . 4.1 12.0 7.1 6.8 20 1.1 12.9 18.9 2.7 NA 36 0 0.53 3.4 11.3 4.5 0.68 5 0.49 2.7 11.0 2.6 1.0 10 0.34 1.9 7.8 5.3 0.61 20 0.80 8.9 15.7 3.5 0.28 37 0 0.41 2.7 9.0 3.8 0.62 5 0.66 5.9 14.5 5.3 1.6 10 0.83 8.5 15.9 2.7 1.1 20 0.94 10.6 18.4 6.8 2.2 38 0 0.24 0.21 10.9 6.0 0.33 5 0.41 2.1 11.6. 6.2 0.67 10 0.42 3.0 11.8 5.0 0.58 20 0.78 6.5 17.3 1.6 0.09 39 0 0.41 1.7 15.3 3.7 0.43 5 0.50 2.1 15.3 6.8 0.22 10 0.41 2.2 12.3 6.5 0.08 20 0.44 3.2 9.5 2.2 0.13 40 0 0.39 2.9 7.9 2.0 0.28 5 0.78 6.7 15.6 0.76 0.18 10 0.84 8.4 17.1 1.9 0.11 20 0.95 10.7 18.8 1.2 0.11 41 0 0.43 0 1.1 1.4 0.33 5 0.30 0.47 3.6 1.5 0.51 10 0.36 1.8 8.1 3.3 1.4 20 0.91 10.9 18.6 6.5 2.8 42 0 0.53 4.2 11.0 2.6 0.17 5 0.48 3.9 10.7 2.3 0.12 10 0.34 2.9 8.1 2.1 0.18 20 0.51 4.5 11.7 2.3 0.28 43 0 0.62 4.4 15.7 4.2 1.1 5 0.41 2.6 8.4 3.3 1.5 10 0.57 4.6 13.8 3.6 1.6 20 0.74 7.2 16.5 4.3 1.9 44 0 0.86 10.1 18.1 6.1 1.2 5 0.80 10.0 17.3 3.3 0.95 10 0.62 6.8 12.5 3.2 1.1 20 0.98 11.3 19.4 2.8 1.2 Table B.4 continued. Number Depth (m) P 0 4 N 0 3 Si(OH)4 Chi a (>0.7um) Chi a (>5 urn) 45 0 0.79 8.8 15.8 2.3 0.54 5 . 0.63 5.7 15.8 3.6 0.67 10 0.72 7.4 16.5 6.5 N\/A 20 0.57 5.8 10.4 2.6 0.59 46 0 0.70 5.8 13.8 3.0 0.43 5 0.62 4.9 12.4 3.0 0.91 10 0.81 6.7 15.9 3.3 1.3 20 0.82 6.9 16.1 4.4 1.2 47 0 0.86 7.7 17.0 2.3 0.56 5 0.67 5.8 11.8 2.2 0.81 10 0.83 7.5 15.3 3.5 0.82 20 0.89 8.3 16.8 0.77 0.93 48 0 0.61 4.4 11.4 3.6 1.3 5 0.77 6.8 14.2 2.6 0.85 10 0.81 7.4 14.9 2.4 0.59 20 0.90 8.6 17.3 1.1 0.53 49 0 0.65 4.9 10.7 1.7 0.69 5 0.37 2.4 5.8 2.1 0.57 10 0.73 6.0 12.7 3.9 0.32 20 0.46 3.2 6.3 1.0 0.22 50 0 0.86 9.4 17.5 3.6 0.89 5 0.86 9.4 16.8 3.8 0.88 10 0.89 9.4 17.8 4.6 0.55 20 0.87 9.8 18.1 3.4 1.1 51 0 0.58 4.6 14.1 3.6 1.0 5 0.68 6.4 13.1 4.4 0.75 10 0.58 5.8 10.3 2.5 0.75 20 0.98 11.2 18.0 0.49 0.75 52 0 0.48 2.9 13.8 2.3 0.19 5 0.51 3.9 13.6 2.6 0.28 10 0.61 5.6 14.2 3.0 0.22 20 0.87 10.4 16.9 2.2 0.14 53 0 0.15 0 1.8 2.0 0.42 5 0.19 0 1.9 1.3 0.39 10 0.32 0 1-5 1.5 1.0 20 0.90 5.9 4.5 6.0 2.8 54 0 0.18 0.44 4.1 2.1 0.84 5 0.27 1.1 5.8 1.3 0.42 10 0.56 5.0 10.2 3.2 0.51 20 1.1 13.3 20.5 0.65 0.23 55 0 0.78 6.9 14.1 2.5 0.19 5 0.78 7.2 14.3 1.3 0.31 10 0.65 6.9 12.3 2.6 0.50 20 1.0 11.9 19.7 1.7 1.0 Table B.4 continued. Number Depth (m) P 0 4 N 0 3 Si(OH)4 Chi a (>0.7um) Chi a (>5 Mm) 56 0 0.91 10.5 19.3 2.3 0.46 5 0.93 10.8 19.7 2.4 0.70 10 0.67 7.8 14.2 4.1 0.64 20 0.99 12.1 21.0 2.0 0.49 57 0 0.62 4.5 14.4 2.4 0.47 5 0.53 4.9 12.3 4.0 0.83 10 0.57 5.5 13.0 3.5 1.1 20 0.84 9.1 18.4 1.7 1.1 58 0 0.52 3.8 11.8 5.2 0.47 5 0.75 7.7 17.2 4.3 0.96 10 0.76 8.1 17.8 4.9 1.2 20 0.84 9.4 18.8 2.8 1.2 59 0 0.51 3.9 9.6 3.8 0.92 5 0.33 2.4 5.9 10.5 0.76 10 0.42 3.5 7.8 5.1 1.6 20 0.61 6.0 11.0 6.3 2.0 60 0 0.31 1.3 6.7 3.1 2.3 5 0.27 1.3 4.9 5.3 3.9 10 0.49 3.6 \u2022 9.4 5.4 2.5 20 0.61 5.9 11.0 4.6 3.7 61 0 0.16 0.70 6.5 4.9 1.4 5 0.19 0.94 8.4 5.2 1.6 10 0.19 1.2 7.3 5.9 4.1 20 0.60 6.1 12.5 11.2 2.9 62 0 0.57 3.6 10.5 3.9 1.9 5 0.60 4.3 11.3 6.1 2.0 10 0.62 5.0 11.5 5.8 2.9 20 0.80 7.5 14.4 5.7 1.4 63 0 0.66 5.4 11.5 5.4 2.1 5 0.69 5.4 12.7 7.7 2.3 10 0.74 5.7 12.9 4.1 2.5 20 0.69 5.7 13.0 9.6 1.4 64 0 0.33 0.97 3.2 5.8 2.1 5 0.55 2.2 7.1 5.7 3.0 10 0.54 2.1 7.4 5.5 4.1 20 0.59 3.0 8.3 3.6 4.3 65 0 0.33 0.42 5.7 4.3 0.33 5 0.32 0.57 6.4 4.0 1.0 10 0.25 0.52 5.8 4.6 1.2 20 0.23 0.57 4.1 2.1 2.7 66 0 0.16 0.26 3.2 5.3 1.1 5 0.24 0.50 4.3 12.1 1.4 10 0.39 1.9 7.4 6.2 3.2 20 0.42 2.2 7.7 10.8 3.2 Table B.4 continued. Number Depth (m) P 0 4 N 0 3 Si(OH)4 Chi a (>0.7um) Chi a (>5 um) 67 0 0.29 1.4 4.0 10.8 2.6 5 0.49 3.0 8.3 5.6 2.5 10 0.48 2.9 8.4 6.4 2.4 20 0.57 4.3 9.4 5.5 1.9 68 0 0.13 0.15 1.8 5.3 1.4 5 0.30 0.76 4.9 5.5 0.91 10 0.33 1.4 5.7 3.9 1.9 20 0.46 3.2 8.0 3.2 1.8 69 0 0.21 0 1.8 2.6 1.1 5 0.13 0 2.0 4.9 1.3 10 0.36 2.3 5.4 4.7 2.8 20 0.73 7.6 12.0 6.2 1.3 70 0 0.42 2.9 9.7 8.2 1.9 5 0.43 4.0 10.3 5.5 2.0 10 . 0.37 2.6 6.5 3.5 1.4 20 0.70 7.5 15.0 3.5 1.8 71 0 0.49 3.4 9.6 4.5 1.2 5 0.63 5.4 14.9 3.9 1.1 10 0.50 4.2 10.5 4.7 1.3 20 0.64 6.0 14.2 2.8 1.1 72 0 0.15 0.14 2.7 5.9 2.4 5 0.05 0 0.84 3.7 1.9 10 0.19 0.32 1.1 9.3 3.9 20 0.62 4.8 8.5 7.7 2.3 73 0 0.17 0 4.0 0.36 0.54 5 0.20 0.12 4.5 1.9 0.41 10 0.43 1.7 6.6 2.2 1.4 20 0.27 1.3 3.0 3.8 3.5 74 0 0.37 0.07 1.8 4.8 2.8 5 0.25 0.11 1.3 2.7 2.1 10 0.32 0.18 1.7 9.0 1.6 20 0.27 0.39 2.4 13.0 3.3 75 0 0.41 0 0.71 3.3 0.92 5 0.44 0.05 1.1 5.5 2.4 10 0.43 0 1.0 7.5 2.5 20 0.32 0 0.79 8.5 2.6 76 0 0.43 2.1 9.6 4.5 1.9 5 0.42 2.0 10.0 5.2 1.7 10 0.39 1.7 7.4 6.3 4.1 20 0.33 2.1 6.6 4.8 3.7 77 0 0.39 0.89 8.8 5.6 2.1 5 0.30 1.1 6.2 6.0 2.6 10 0.46 2.9 8.7 7.0 3.3 20 0.49 3.5 9.7 3.5 3.4 Table B.4 continued. Number Depth (m) P 0 4 N 0 3 Si(OH) 4 Chi a (>0.7um) Chi a (>5 um) 78 0 0.22 0 6.5 3.3 0.38 5 0.31 0 7.8 5.3 1.9 10 0.31 0 8.9 10.5 4.7 20 0.48 2.2 9.5 5.7 2.1 79 0 0.31 1.0 6.6 6.2 2.0 5 0.45 2.2 9.3 5.9 2.7 10 0.92 2.5 8.8 12.5 4.0 20 0.49 3.3 8.6 7.3 . 4.1 80 0 0.42 1.3 11.6 4.9 0.70 5 0.50 2.8 26.3 4.7 0.79 10 0.43 3.0 10.7 3.7 0.89 20 0.60 7.3 14.1 2.6 1.1 81 0 0.85 10.6 20.2 3.0 0.49 5 0.86 10.7 19.5 4.0 0.62 10 0.87 10.9 20.4 4.6 0.74 20 0.67 7.4 14.2 4.1 0.78 82 0 0.70 7.1 17.2 1.4 0.70 5 0.82 9.7 19.1 3.9 0.63 10 0.91 12.0 21.2 2.2 0.76 20 0.95 12.5 21.0 5.0 0.77 83 0 0.84 9.5 17.3 3.2 0.51 5 0.88 10.6 17.7 2.0 0.49 10 0.91 11.0 18.7 4.6 0.63 20 0.99 13.1 20.2 3.5 0.75 84 0 0.26 0.11 9.9 5.3 2.3 5 0.75 6.2 16.3 13.1 1.9 10 0.79 7.1 17.1 4.3 0.61 20 1.2 13.7 22.5 0.51 0.22 85 0 0.65 6.8 14.4 2.8 0.38 5 0.85 9.8 18.5 2.8 0.46 10 0.80 9.6 17.4 2.6 0.62 20 0.87 11.0 16.4 2.4 0.31 86 0 0.81 8.7 15.5 4.4 0.40 5 0.78 10.7 16.5 4.7 0.32 10 0.68 7.4 13.5 3.2 0.49 20 1.0 13.2 22.4 4.4 0.45 APPENDIX C VERTICAL PROFILES OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Temperature (\u00b0C) 10 11 12 13 14 15 Salinity 31.0 31.2 31.4 31.6 31.8 32.0 32.2 32.4 23.0 23.5 24.0 24.5 25.0 Density (kg m\"3) #1 Huxley Island 11-07-01 Temperature (\u00b0C) 10 11 12 13 14 15 Salinity 31.0 31.2 31.4 31.6 31.8 32.0 32.2 32.4 Temperature (\u00b0C) 10 11 12 13 14 15 Salinity 31.0 31.2 31.4 31.6 31.8 32.0 32.2 32.4 Temperature (\u00b0C) 10 11 12 13 14 15 Salinity 31.0 31.2 31.4 31.6 31.8 32.0 32.2 32.4 23.0 23.5 24.0 24.5 25.0 23.0 23.5 24.0 24.5 25.0 Density (kg m\" J) #4 Skedans 25-07-01 Density (kg m\" J) #5 Tanu 25-07-01 Density (kg m\"'5) #6 Juan Perez Sound 26-07-01 Density Sal ini ty Tempera tu re Temperature (\u00b0C) 10 11 12 13 14 15 Salinity 31.0 31.2 31.4 31.6 31.8 32.0 32.2 32.4 \u20225. Temperature (\u00b0C) 10 11 12 13 14 15 Salinity 31.0 31.2 31.4 31.6 31.8 32.0 32.2 32.4 Temperature (\u00b0C) 10 11 12 13 14 15 Salinity 31.0 31.2 31.4 31.6 31.8 32.0 32.2 32.4 Temperature (\u00b0C) 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Salinity 31.0 31.2 31.4 31.6 31.8 32.0 32.2 32.4 23.0 23.5 24.0 24.5 25.0 23.0 23.5 24.0 24.5 25.0 23.0 23.5 24.0 24.5 25.0 23.0 23.5 24.0 24.5 25.0 Density (kg m\" J) #7 S'Gaang Gwaii 26-07-01 Density (kg m\"3) #11 Cumshewa2 01-08-01 Density (kg m\"3) #12 Logan4 01-08-01 Density (kg m\"3) #35 Goodwin Rock 05-07-02 Figure C . 1 : Vert ical prof i les of tempera ture , sal ini ty, and densi ty for each of the stat ions sampled Temperature (\u00b0C) 10 11 12 13 14 15 Temperature (\u00b0C) 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Temperature (\u00b0C) 10 11 12 13 14 15 Temperature (\u00b0C) 10 11 12 13 14 15 Salinity 31.0 31.2 31.4 31.6 31.8 32.0 32.2 32.4 Salinity 31.0 31.2 31.4 31.6 31.8 32.0 32.2 32.4 Salinity 31.0 31.2 31.4 31.6 31.8 32.0 32.2 32.4 Salinity 31.0 31.2 31.4 31.6 31.8 32.0 32.2 32.4 23.0 23.5 24.0 24.5 25.0 Density (kg m - 3 ) #36 East Ramsay 05-07-02 23.0 23.5 24.0 24.5 25.0 Density (kg m\"3) #37 Laskeek Bay 05-07-02 23.0 23.5 24.0 24.5 25.0 Density (kg m\"3) #38 Skidegate Channel 08-07-02 23.0 23.5 24.0 24.5 25.0 Density (kg m - 3 ) #39 Tasu Head 08-07-02 Densi ty Sal in i ty Tempera tu re Temperature (\u00b0C) 10 11 12 13 14 15 Salinity 31.0 31.2 31.4 31.6 31.8 32.0 32.2 32.4 23.0 23.5 24.0 24.5 25.0 Density (kg m\"3) #40 Sunday Inlet 09-07-02 Temperature (\u00b0C) 10 11 12 13 . 14 15 Salinity 31.0 31.2 31.4 31.6 31.8 32.0 32.2 32.4 23.0 23.5 24.0 24.5 25.0 Density (kg m' 3 ) #41 Gowgaia Bay 09-07-02 Temperature (\u00b0C) 10 11 12 13 14 15 Salinity 31.0 31.2 31.4 31.6 31.8 32.0 32.2 32.4 I I I I ; \/ ( h I :7 23.0 23.5 24.0 24.5 25.0 Density (kg m' 3 ) #42 Wells Cove 10-07-02 Temperature (\u00b0C) 10 11 12 13 14 15 Salinity 31.0 31.2 31.4 31.6 31.8 32.0 32.2 32.4 23.0 23.5 24.0 24.5 25.0 Density (kg m\"3) #43 S'Gaang Gwaii 10-07-02 F igure C . 1 : Vert ical prof i les of tempera ture , sal ini ty, a n d densi ty for each of the stat ions sampled Temperature (\u00b0C) 10 11 12 13 14 15 Salinity 31.0 31.2 31.4 31.6 31.8 32.0 32.2 32.4 E 10 JC 23.0 23.5 24.0 24.5 25.0 Density (kg m - 3 ) #44 Koya Point 11-07-02 Temperature (\u00b0C) 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Salinity 31.0 31.2 31.4 31.6 31.8 32.0 32.2 32.4 23.6 23.8 24.0 24.2 24.4 24.6 24.8 25.0 Density (kg m\"3) #45 Scudder Point 11-07-02 Temperature (\u00b0C) 10 11 12 13 14 15 Salinity 31.0 31.2 31.4 31.6 31.8 32.0 32.2 32.4 23.0 23.5 24.0 24.5 25.0 Density (kg m\"3) #46 Cumshewa Inlet 17-07-02 Temperature (\u00b0C) 10 11 12 13 14 15 Salinity 31.0 31.2 31.4 31.6 31.8 32.0 32.2 32.4 23.0 23.5 24.0 24.5 25.0 Density (kg m\"3) #47 Skedans 17-07-02 Densi ty Sal ini ty Tempera tu re Temperature (\u00b0C) 10 11 12 13 14 15 Salinity 31.0 31.2 31.4 31.6 31.8 32.0 32.2 32.4 Temperature (\u00b0C) 10 . 11 12 13 14 15 Salinity 31.0 31.2 31.4 31.6 31.8 32.0 32.2 32.4 23.0 23.5 24.0 24.5 25.0 23.0 23.5 24.0 24.5 25.0 Density (kg m\" J) #48 Tanu 17-07-02 Temperature (\u00b0C) 10 11 12 13 14 15 Salinity 31.0 31.2 31.4 31.6 31.8 32.0 32.2 32.4 Density (kg m'-*) #49 Dodge Point 18-07-02 23.0 23.5 24.0 24.5 25.0 Density (kg m\"3) #50 Tar Islands 18-07-02 Temperature (\u00b0C) 10 11 12 13 14 15 Salinity 31.0 31.2 31.4 31.6 31.8 32.0 32.2 32.4 23.0 23.5 24.0 24.5 25.0 Density (kg m\"3) #64 Skedans 30-07-02 Figure C . 1 : Vert ical prof i les of temperature, sal ini ty, and densi ty for each of the stat ions sampled Temperature (\u00b0C) Temperature (\u00b0C) Temperature (\u00b0C) Temperature (\u00b0C) 10 11 12 13 14 15 10 11 12 13 14 15 10 11 12 13 14 15 10 11 12 13 14 15 Salinity Salinity Salinity Salinity 31.0 31.2 31.4 31.6 31.8 32.0 32.2 32.4 31.0 31.2 31.4 31.6 31.8 32.0 322 32.4 31.0 31.2 31.4 31.6 31.8 32.0 32.2 3 2 4 31.0 31.2 31.4 31.6 31.8 32.0 32.2 32.4 Density Sal ini ty Temperature Temperature (\u00b0C) 10 11 12 13 14 15 Salinity 31.0 31.2 31.4 31.6 31.8 32.0 32.2 32.4 \u00a3 io 23.0 23.5 24.0 24.5 25.0 Density (kg m' 3 ) #69 Scudder Point 31-07-02 Temperature (\u00b0C) 10 11 12 13 14 15 Salinity 31.0 31.2 31.4 31.6 31.8 32.0 32.2 32.4 23.0 23.5 24.0 24.5 25.0 #70 Benfanm!Wo?nt31-07-02 Temperature (\u00b0C) 10 11 12 13 14 15 Salinity 31.0 312 31.4 31.6 31.8 32.0 32.2 32.4 23.0 23.5 24.0 24.5 25.0 Density (kg m' 3) #71 S'Gaang Gwaii 31-07-02 Temperature (\u00b0C) 10 11 12 13 14 15 Salinity 31.0 31.2 31.4 31.6 31.8 32.0 322 32.4 23.0 23.5 24.0 24.5 25.0 Density (kg m\"3) #72 Darwin Sound 01-08-02 Figure C . 1 : Vert ical profi les of temperature, salinity, and densi ty for each of the stat ions sampled Temperature (\u00b0C) 10 11 12 13 14 15 Salinity 31.0 31.2 31.4 31.6 31.8 32.0 32.2 32.4 Temperature (\u00b0C) 10 11 12 13 14 15 Salinity 31.0 31.2 31.4 31.6 31.8 32.0 32.2 32.4 Temperature (\u00b0C) 10 11 12 13 14 15 Salinity 31.0 31.2 31.4 31.6 31.8 32.0 32.2 32.4 Temperature (\u00b0C) 10 11 12 13 14 15 Salinity 31.0 31.2 31.4 31.6 31.8 32.0 32.2 324 23.0 23.5 24.0 24.5 25.0 23.0 23.5 24.0 24.5 25.0 23.0 23.5 24.0 24.5 25.0 23.0 23.5 . 24.0 24.5 25.0 Density (kg m\"3) #73 Tanu 01-08-02 Density (kg m\"3) #74 Skedans 02-08-02 Density (kg m\"'') #76 Juan Perez Sound 15-08-02 Density (kg m\"3) #77 Swan Bay 15-08-02 Densi ty Sal ini ty Tempera tu re Temperature (\u00b0C) 10 11 12 13 14 15 Salinity 31.0 31.2 31.4 31.6 31.8 32.0 32.2 32.4 Temperature (\u00b0C) 10 11 12 13 14 15 Salinity 31.0 31.2 31.4 31.6 31.8 32.0 32.2 32.4 Temperature (\u00b0C) 10 11 12 13 14 15 Salinity 31.0 31.2 31.4 31.6 31.8 32.0 32.2 32.4 Temperature (\u00b0C) 10 11 12 13 14 15 Salinity 31.0 31.2 31.4 31.6 31.8 32.0 32.2 32.4 23.0 23.5 24.0 24.5 25.0 23.0 23.5 24.0 24.5 25.0 23.0 23.5 24.0 24.5 25.0 23.0 23.5 24.0 24.5 25.0 Density (kg m\"5) #78 Jedway Bay 15-08-02 Density (kg m' J ) #79 Skincuttle Inlet 15-08-02 Density (kg m\"-*) #80 Koya Point 15-08-02 Density (kg m\"J) #81 S'Gaang Gwaii 16-08-02 Figure C . 1 : Vert ical prof i les of temperature, sal ini ty, and densi ty for each of the stat ions sampled Temperature (\u00b0C) 10 11 12 13 14 15 Salinity 31.0 31.2 31.4 31.6 31.8 32.0 32.2 32.4 E 10 Temperature (\u00b0C) 10 11 12 13 14 15 Salinity 31.0 31.2 31.4 31.6 31.8 32.0 32.2 32.4 Temperature (\u00b0C) 10 11 12 13 14 15 Salinity 31.0 31.2 31.4 31.6 31.8 32.0 32.2 32.4 Temperature (\u00b0C) 10 11 12 13 14 15. Salinity 31.0 31.2 31.4 31.6 31.8 32.0 32.2 32.4 23.0 23.5 24.0 24.5 25.0 23.0 23.5 24.0 24.5 25.0 23.0 23.5 24.0 24.5 25.0 23.0 23.5 24.0 24.5 25.0 Density (kg m\"-5) #83 Puffin Cove 18-08-02 Density (kg m' 3 ) ' ly Inlet 19-08-02 #84 Sunda  Density (kg m\" J) #85 Portland Bay 19-08-02 Density (kg m' 3) #86 Kitgoro Inlet 20-08-02 Densi ty Sal ini ty Tempera ture Figure C . 1 : Vert ical prof i les of temperature, sal inity, and densi ty for each of the stat ions sampled A P P E N D I X D V E R T I C A L P R O F I L E S O F C H E M I C A L P A R A M E T E R S Si(OH)4(uM) 0 5 10 1 5 20 25 N0 3 (uM) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Si(OH)4(uM) \u00a3 10-I 0 5 10 15 20 25 N 0 3 (uM) Si(OH)4(^M) 0 5 10 15 20 25 N 0 3 (uNI) Si(OH)4(uM) 0 5 10 15 20 25 N 0 3 (uM) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 \u2022 H3PO4 \u2022 N 0 3 _ _ S i ( O H ) 4 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 H 3 P 0 4 u*M) #1 Huxley Island 11-07-11 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 H 3 P 0 4 (uM) #2 Tanu 17-07-01 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 H 3 P 0 4 (uM) #3 Skedans 17-07-01 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 H 3 P 0 4 (UM) #4 Skedans 25-07-01 Si(OH)4(nM) 0 5 10 15 20 25 NO3 (uM) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 \u00a3 10 \u00a3 Q. 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 H 3 P 0 4 (uM) #5 Tanu 25-07-11 Si(OH)4(uM) 0 5 10 15 20 25 N 0 3 (uM) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 H 3 P 0 4 (uM) #6 Juan Perez Sound 26-07-01 Si(OH)4(uM) 0 5 10 15 20 25 NO3 (uM) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 H 3 P 0 4 (uJM) #7 S'Gaang Gwaii 26-07-01 Si(OH)4(uM) 0 5 10 15 20 25 N0 3 (uM) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 H 3 P 0 4 (UM) #8 Cumshewa 5 31-07-01 Figure D .1 : Vert ical profi les of nitrate, phosphate , and sil icic acid for each of the stat ions sampled. Si(OH)4(nM) SI(OH)4(|iM) Si(OH)4(uM) Si(OH)4(uM) 0 5 1 0 1 5 2 0 2 5 0 5 1 0 1 5 2 0 2 5 0 5 1 0 1 5 2 0 2 5 0 5 1 0 1 5 2 0 2 5 N0 3( jU\u00ab) N 0 3 ( M M ) N 0 3 ( U M ) N 0 3 ( U M ) 0 2 4 6 8 1 0 1 2 1 4 0 2 4 6 8 1 0 1 2 1 4 0 2 4 6 8 1 0 1 2 1 4 0 2 4 6 8 1 0 1 2 1 4 0 .0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2 .0 \" 0 .0 0 .5 1.0 1.5 2.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 0.0 0 .5 1.0 1.5 2.0 H 3 P 0 4 (HM) H 3 P 0 4 (UM) H 3 P 0 4 (UM) H 3 P 0 4 (UM) #9 Cumshewa4 31-07-01 #10 Cumshewa3 31-07-01 #11 Cumshewa2 01-08-01 #12 Logan4 01-08-01 Si(OH)4(uM) 0 5 1 0 1 5 2 0 2 5 N0 3(uM) 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 H 3 P 0 4 (HM) #13 Logan3 01-08-01 Si(OH)4(uM) 0 5 1 0 1 5 2 0 2 5 N 0 3 (uM) 0 2 4 6 8 1 0 1 2 1 4 0 .5 1.0 1.5 2.0 H 3 P 0 4 (uM) #14 Logan2 01-08-01 Si(OH)4(uM) 0 5 1 0 1 5 2 0 2 5 N0 3 (uM) 0 2 4 6 8 1 0 1 2 1 4 0.5 1.0 1.6 H 3 P 0 4 (uM) #15 Loganl 01-08-01 Si(OH)4(nM) 0 5 1 0 1 5 2 0 2 5 NQ 3 (uM) 0.0 0 .5 1.0 1.5 2.0 H 3 P 0 4 (HM) #16 Juan Perezl 02-08-01 Figure D .1 : Vert ical prof i les o f ni t rate, phosphate , and sil icic acid for each of the stat ions sampled. Si(OH) 4(uM) 0 5 10 15 20 25 NO s (uM) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 1 \u00a3 a 0.0 0.5 . 1.0 1.5 2.0 H3PO4 (uM) #17 Juan Perez2 02-08-01 Si(OH) 4(uM) 0 5 10 15 20 25 NO3 (uM) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 H3PO4 (UM) #18 Juan Perez3 02-08-01 Si(OH)4(uM) 0 5 10 15 20 25 NO3 (uM) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 H 3 P 0 4 (uM) #19 Juan Perez4 02-08-01 SI(OH)4 (uM) 0 5 10 15 20 25 NO3 (|lM) 0.0 0.5 1.0. 1.5 2.0 H 3 P 0 4 (HM) # 20 Juan Perez5 03-08-01 - * H 3 P 0 4 \u2022 N 0 3 S i ( O H ) 4 Si(OH) 4(uM) 5 10 15 20 25 NOj(nM) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 E 10 \u00a3 a. 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 H3PO4 (]M) #21 Juan Perez Sound 09-08-01 Si(OH)4(|iNI) 5 10 15 20 25 NO3 (uM) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 H 3 P 0 4 (uM) #22 Huxley Island 09-08-01 Si(OH)4(uM) i 5 10 15 20 25 NO3 (UM) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 H3PO4 (UM) #23 Hotsprings Island 09-08-01 Si(OH)4(nM) 5 10 15 20 25 1 2 3 H 3 P 0 4 (HM) #24 Dodge Point 10-08-01 Figure D.1 : Vert ical prof i les of ni t rate, phosphate , and sil icic acid for each of the stat ions sampled . Si(OH)4(uM) I 5 10 15 20 25 N0 3 (uM) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Si(OH)4(uM) 5 10 15 20 25 N0 3 (uM) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Si(OH)4(uM) 5 10 15 20 25 N 0 3 (uM) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Si(OH)4(nM) I 5 10 15 20 25 N 0 3 (uM) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 H3PO4 (uM) #25 Skedans 10-08-01 H3PO4 (uM) #26 Skedans 14-08-01 H3PO4 (uM) #27 Tanu 14-08-01 H3PO4 (uM) #28 Dodge Point 15-08-01 - H 3 P 0 4 \u2022 N 0 3 S i ( O H ) 4 Si(OH)4(uM) 0 5 10 15 20 25 N 0 3 (uM) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 E 10 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 H3PO4 (uM) #29 Huxley Island 15-08-01 Si(OH)4(nM) 0 5 10 15 20 25 N0 3 (uM) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 H3PO4 Wells Co (uM) Si(OH)4(uM) 0 5 10 1 5 . 20 25 N 0 3 (uM) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 #30 ll  ve 16-08-01 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 H3PO4 (uM) #31 Gowgaia Bay 17-08-01 Si(OH)4 (uM) 0 5 10 15 20 25 NOj(uM) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 H3PO4 (oM) #32 Gowgaia Bay Head 17-08-01 O Figure D.1 : Vert ical prof i les of ni trate, phosphate , and silicic acid for each of the stations sampled. Si(OH)4(uM) 0 5 10 15 20 25 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 H3PO4 (uM) #33 Barry Inlet 18-08-01 Si(OH)4 (|iM) 0 5 10 15 20 25 Si(OH)4(^M) 0 5 10 15 20 25 Si(OH)4(,iM) 0 5 10 15 20 25 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 H3PO4 (uM) #34 Sunday Inlet 19-08-01 H3PO4 (uM) #35 Goodwin Rock 05-07-02 H3PO4 (uM) #36 East Ramsay 05-07-02 \u2014 H 3 P 0 4 * N 0 3 Si(OH)\u201e Si(OH)4 (uM) 0 5 10 15 20 25 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 H 3 P C M (UM) #37 Laskeek Bay 05-07-02 SI(OH)4(|iM) 0 5 10 15 20 25 NO3O1M) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 H3PO4 (uM) #38 Skidegate Channel08-07-02 Si(OH)4(uM) 0 5 10 15 20 25 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 H3PO4 (UM) #39 Tasu Head 08-07-02 Si(OH)4 (uM) 0 5 10 15 20 25 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 H 3 P 0 4 (uM) #40 Sunday Inlet 09-07-02 Figure D .1 : Vert ical prof i les of nitrate, phosphate , a n d silicic acid for each of the stat ions sampled. Si(OH)4(uM) 0 5 10 15 20 25 N0 3 (uM) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 \u2022 1 \\ K \\ \/ \\ \\ \\ \\ ^ \\ '\"V 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 H3PO4 (uM) #41 Gowgaia Bay 09-07-02 Si(OH)4(uM) 0 5 10 15 20 25 N0 3 (UM) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 T 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 H 3 P 0 4 (|iM) #42 Wells Cove 10-07-02 Si(OH)4(uNI) 0 5 10 15 20 25 NO3 (uJVl) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 SI(OH)4(uM) 0 5 10 15 20 25 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 H 3 P 0 4 (MM) H 3 P 0 4 (uM) #43 S'Gaang Gwaii 10-07-02 #44 Koya Point 11-07-02 Si(OH)4 (uM) 0 5 10 1 5 20 25 Si(OH)4(uM) 0 5 10 1 5 20 25 Si(OH)4(uM) 0 5 10 1 5 20 25 Si(OH)4(uM) 0 5 10 15 20 25 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 H 3 P 0 4 (uM) #45 Scudder Point 11-07-02 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 H3PO4 (uM) #46 Cumshewa Inlet 17-07-02 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 H3PC-4 (uM) #47 Skedans 17-07-02 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 H3PO4 (H*l) #48 Tanu 17-07-02 Figure D.1 : Vert ical prof i les of nitrate, phosphate , and sil icic acid for each of the stat ions sampled. Si(OH)4 (uM) 0 5 10 15 20 25 N 0 3 (uNI) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Si(OH)4(uM) 0 5 10 15 20 25 N 0 3 (uM) 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 H 3 P 0 4 (uM) #73 Tanu 01-08-02 H 3 P 0 4 (uM) #74 Skedans 02-08-02 Si(OH)4(uM) 0 5 10 15 20 25 N 0 3 (uM) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Si(OH)4(uM) 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 #75 Cumsl?ewa4lnletl02-08-02 0 5 10 15 20 25 N0 3 (nM) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 Hj jP0 4 (uM) #76 Juan Perez Sound 15-08-02 H 3 P 0 4 - N 0 3 \u2022 S i ( O H ) 4 Si(OH) 4(nM) 0 5 10 15 20 25 N 0 3 (uM) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Si(OH)4(uWI) 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 H 3 P 0 4 (uM) #77 Swan Bay 15-08-02 0 5 10 15 20 25 N 0 3 (|lM) 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 H 3 P 0 4 (uM) #78 Jedway Bay 15-08-02 SKOHUOiM) 0 5 10 15 20 25 N0 3 (uM) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 H 3 P 0 4 (uM) #79 Skincuttle Inlet 15-08-02 Si(OH)4(uM) 0 5 10 15 20 25 N0 3 (uM) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 H 3 P 0 4 (HM) #80 Koya Point 15-08-02 Figure D.1 : Vert ical prof i les of nitrate, phosphate , and si l icic acid for each of the stat ions sampled . r Si(OH)4(uM) 0 5 10 15 20 25 0.0 0.5 1.0 . 1 . 5 2.0 H3PO4 (UM) #49 Dodge Point 18-07-02 Si(OH) 4(^M) 0 5 10 15 20 25 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 H3PO4 (UM) #50 Tar Islands 18-07-02 Si(OH)4(nM) 0 5 10 15 20 25 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 H3PO4 (UM) Si(OH)4(nM) 0 5 10 15 20 25 NO3 (|iM) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 T 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 H3PO4 (uM) \u2014 H 3 P 0 4 \u2022 N 0 3 S i ( O H ) 4 #51 Hotsprings Island 19-07-02 #52 Juan Perez Sound 19-07-02 Si(OH)4(uM) 0 5 10 15 20 25 N0 3 (uM) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 H3PO4 (uM) #53 Kat Island 19-07-02 SI(OH)4 (uM) 0 5 10 15 20 25 NO3OUVI) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Si(OH)4(|iM) 0 5 10 15 20 25 Si(OH)4(uM) 0 5 . 10 15 20 25 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 H3PO4 (liM) #54 Scudder Point 19-07-02 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 H3PO4 (|iM) #55 Goodwin Point 19-07-02 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 H 3P04 (UM) #56 Koya Point 19-07-02 Figure D.1 : Vert ical profi les of nitrate, phosphate , and silicic acid for each of the stat ions sampled. Si(OH)4(|iM) 0 5 10 15 20 25 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 H3PO4 (HM) #57 S'Gaang Gwaii 21-07-02 Si(OH)4(|iM) 0 5 10 15 20 25 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 H3PO4 (JIM) #58 Benjamin Point 22-07-02 Si(OH)4(nM) 0 5 10 15 20 25 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 H3PO4 (uM) #59 Juan Perez Sound 22-07-02 Si(OH)4(nNl) 0 5 10 15 20 25 NO3 (uM) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 T 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 H3PO4 (uM) #60 Hotsprings Island 23-07-02 Si(OH)4 (jiM) 0 5 10 15 20 25 NO3UUVI) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 H3PO4 (uM) #61 Darwin Sound 23-07-02 Si(OH)4 (jiM) 0 5 10 15 20 25 NO3 OlM) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Si(OH)4 (uM) 0 5 10 15 20 25 Si(OH)4 ((iM) 0 5 10 15 20 25 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 H3PO4 (|lM) #62 Tanu 24-07-02 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 H 3 P 0 4 (|iM) #63 Skedans 24-07-02 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 H3PO4 (uM) #64 Skedans 30-07-02 Figure D .1 : Vert ical prof i les of nitrate, phosphate, and silicic acid for each of the stations sampled. Si(OH)4(uM) Si(OH)4(uM) Si(OH)4(uM) Si(OH)4(uM) 0 5 10 15 20 25 0 5 10 15 20 25 0 5 10 15 20 25 0 5 10 15 20 25 N0 3(uM) N0 3(uM) N0 3(uM) \u2022 N0 3(nM) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 0.5 1.0 1.5 H 3 P 0 4 (uM) #65 Tanu 30-07-02 .0 0.5 1.0 1.5 H3PO4 (uM) #66 Dodge Point 30-07-02 0.5 1.0 1.5 ; H 3 P 0 4 (uM) #67 Tar Islands 30-07-02 H3PO4 OiNI) #68 Juan Perez Sound 31-07-02 Si(OH)4(uM) 0 5 10 15 20 25 NO3O1M) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 H 3 P 0 4 (uM) #69 Scudder Point 31-07-02 Si(OH)4(uM) 0 5 10 15 20 25 NO3 (uM) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 25 A , . 1 1 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 H 3 P 0 4 (MM) #70 Benjamin Point 31-07-02 Si(OH)4 (uM) 0 5 10 15 20 25 N0 3(uM) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 25 -I , , , 1 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 H 3 P 0 4 (HM) #71 S'Gaang Gwaii 31-07-02 Si(OH)4(,uVI) 0 5 10 15 20 25 N0 3(uM) 10 12 14 25-I , , , 1 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 H 3 P 0 4 (uM) #72 Darwin Sound 01-08-02 Figure D .1 : Vert ical prof i les of nitrate, phosphate , and silicic acid for each of the stat ions sampled.. Si(OH)4(uM) 0 5 10 15 20 25 NO s (|lM) 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 E 1 \u00b0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 H3PO4 (uM) #81 S'Gaang Gwaii 16-08-02 Si(OH) 4(nM) 5 10 15 20 N0 3(nM) . Si(OH) 4(nM) 0 5 10 15 20 25 N03 (nM) Si(OH) 4 u iM) 5 10 15 20 25 N0 3 (|lM) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 H 3 P 0 4 (JIM) #82 Gowgaia Bay 17-08-02 H 3 P 0 4 ((lM) #83 Puffin Cove 18-08-02 0.5 1.0 1.5 H 3 P 0 4 (|lM) #84 Sunday Inlet 19-08-02 H3PO4 N0 3 S i ( O H ) 4 Si(OH)4 (|iM) 0 5 10 15 20 25 N0 3 (,iM) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 E, 10 Q. \u00a3 15 II n in 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 H3PO4 UiM) #85 Portland Bay 19-08-02 Si(OH)4(nM) 0 5 10 15 20 25 N0 3 ( | lM) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 H 3 P 0 4 (|lM) #86 Kitgoro Inlet 20-08-02 Figure D.1 : Vert ical prof i les of nitrate, phosphate, and silicic acid for each of the stations sampled. A P P E N D I X E V E R T I C A L P R O F I L E S O F B I O L O G I C A L P A R A M E T E R S Chlorophyll a (mg m\"3) Chlorophyll a (mg m\"3) Chlorophyll a (mg m'3) Chlorophyll a (mg m'3) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 > 0 . 7 nm > 5 nm #1 Huxley Island 11-07-01 #2 Tanu 17-07-01 #3 Skedans 17-07-01 #4 Skedans 25-07-01 to F igu re E . 1 : Ver t i ca l p ro f i les o f ch lo rophy l l a fo r bo th the to ta l ch lo rophy l l (> 0.7 um) a n d the large s ize f rac t ion (> 5 um) for e a c h o f t h e s ta t ions s a m p l e d . Chlorophyll a (mg m\"3) Chlorophyll a (mg m\"3) Chlorophyll a (mg m\"3) Chlorophyll a (mg m\"3) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 > 0.7 urn > 5 u m #9 Cumshewa4 31-07-01 #10 Cumshewa3 31-07-01 #11 Cumshewa2 01-08-01 #12 Logan4 01-08-01 Chlorophyll a (mg m'3) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Chlorophyll a (mg m'3) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Chlorophyll a (mg m\"3) Chlorophyll a (mg m\"3) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 E 1 0 a a #13 Logan3 01-08-01 #14 Logan2 01-08-01 #15Logan1 01-08-01 #16 Juan Perezl 02-08-01 o F i g u r e E . 1 : Ver t i ca l p ro f i les o f ch lo rophy l l a f o r b o t h t h e to ta l ch lo rophy l l (> 0.7 um) a n d t h e la rge s ize f rac t i on (> 5 u m ) fo r e a c h o f the s ta t i ons s a m p l e d . Chlorophyll a (mg m'*) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Chlorophyll a (mg m ) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Chlorophyll a (mg m\"\u00b0) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Chlorophyll a (mg m\"J) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 #17 Juan Perez2 02-08-01 #18 Juan Perez3 02-08-01 #19 Juan Perez4 02-08-01 #20 Juan Perez5 03-08-01 Chlorophyll a (mg m\"J) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 #21 Juan Perez Sound 09-08-01 Chlorophyll a (mg m\"\"5) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 #22 Huxley Island 09-08-01 Chlorophyll a (mg m\"J) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 2 5 J #23 Hotsprings Island 09-08-01 Chlorophyll a (mg m~ ) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 2 5 J #24 Dodge Point 10-08-01 F i g u r e E . 1 : Ver t i ca l pro f i les of ch lo rophy l l a fo r bo th the to ta l ch lo rophy l l (> 0.7 um) a n d the large s ize f rac t ion (> 5 u m ) for each o f the s ta t ions s a m p l e d . Chlorophyll a (mg m\"'5) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 #29 Huxley Island 15-08-01 Chlorophyll a (mg nr1) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 15 \u2022 20 \u2022 25 #30 Wells Cove 16-08-01 Chlorophyll a (mg nrT1) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 15 \u2022 20 \u2022 25 #31 Gowgaia Bay 17-08-01 Chlorophyll a (mg m \"\u2022*) o #32 Gowgaia Bay Head Figure E . 1 : Ver t ica l pro f i les of ch lo rophy l l a fo r bo th t h e total ch lorophy l l (> 0.7 um) a n d the large s ize f ract ion (> 5 u m ) for e a c h o f the s ta t ions s a m p l e d . Chlorophyll a (mg m\"3) Chlorophyll a (mg m\"3) Chlorophyll a (mg m\"3) Chlorophyll a (mg m\"3) 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 #33 Barry Inlet 18-08-01 #34 Sunday Inlet 19-08-01 #35 Goodwin Rock 05-07-02 #36 East Ramsay 05-07-02 Chlorophyll a (mg m\"J) 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 #37 Laskeek Bay 05-07-02 Chlorophyll a (mg m'*) 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 #38 Skidegate Channel 08-07-02 Chlorophyll a (mg m\"-1) 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 25 J #39 Tasu Head 08-07-02 Chlorophyll a (mg m\"J) 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 #40 Sunday Inlet 09-07-02 F i g u r e E . 1 : Ver t i ca l pro f i les o f ch lo rophy l l a fo r bo th t h e to ta l ch lo rophy l l (> 0.7 u m ) a n d the la rge size f rac t ion (> 5 u m ) for e a c h o f the s ta t i ons s a m p l e d . Chlorophyll a (mg m\"J) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Chlorophyll a (mg m\"3) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Chlorophyll a (mg m\"3) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Chlorophyll a (mg m\"-5) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 > 0 . 7 u m > 5 u m #41 Gowgaia Bay 09-07-02 #42 Wells Cove 10-07-02 #43 S'Gaang Gwaii 10-07-02 #44 Koya Point 11-07-02 Chlorophyll a (mg m' ) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Chlorophyll a (mg m\"J) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Chlorophyll a (mg m\"J) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Chlorophyll a (mg m J) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 #45 Scudder Point 11-07-02 #46 Cumshewa Inlet 17-07-02 #47 Skedans 17-07-02 #48 Tanu 17-07-02 4^ . Figure E . 1 : Ver t ica l prof i les o f ch lo rophy l l a fo r bo th the to ta l ch lorophy l l (> 0.7 um) a n d the large size f rac t ion (> 5 p m ) for e a c h o f the s ta t ions s a m p l e d . Chlorophyll a (mg m\"3) 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Chlorophyll a (mg m~3) 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Chlorophyll a (mg m\"3) 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Chlorophyll a (mg m J) 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 #49 Dodge Point 18-07-02 #50 Tar Islands 18-07-02 #51 Hotsprings Island 19-07-02 #52 Juan Perez Sound 19-07-02 Chlorophyll a (mg m'-5) 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Chlorophyll a (mg m'J) 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Chlorophyll a (mg m\"J) 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Chlorophyll a (mg m J) 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 #53 Kat Island 19-07-02 #54 Scudder Point 19-07-02 #55 Goodwin Point 19-07-02 #56 Koya Point 19-07-02 F igu re E . 1 : Ver t i ca l p ro f i les o f ch lo rophy l l a for both the to ta l ch lo rophy l l (> 0.7 u m ) and the large s ize f rac t ion (> 5 u m ) for e a c h o f the s ta t ions s a m p l e d . a. o Q Chlorophyll a (mg m\"3) 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 E 1\" Chlorophyll a (mg m\"3) 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Chlorophyll a (mg m\"3) 10 12 14 16 Chlorophyll a (mg m J) 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 \u2014 \u2022 > 0.7 urn \u2014 * \u2022 \u2014 > 5 ( i m #57 S'Gaang Gwaii 21-07-02 #58 Benjamin Point 22-07-02 #59 Juan Perez Sound 22-07-02 #60 Hotsprings Island 23-07-02 Chlorophyll a (mg m'3) 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Chlorophyll a (mg m'3) \u00a3 10 a 8 10 12 14 16 Chlorophyll a (mg m\"3) 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Chlorophyll a (mg m\"3) 10 12 14 16 #61 Darwin Sound 23-07-02 #62 Tanu 24-07-02 #63 Skedans 24-07-02 #64 Skedans 30-07-02 ON F igu re E . 1 : Ver t i ca l p ro f i l es o f c h l o r o p h y l l a f o r b o t h the to ta l ch lo rophy l l (> 0.7 u m ) a n d the large s ize f rac t ion (> 5 p m ) for e a c h o f the s ta t i ons s a m p l e d . Chlorophyll a (mg m\"\u00b0) 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Chlorophyll a (mg m*) 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Chlorophyll a (mg m\"J) 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Chlorophyll a (mg m\"-1) 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 E 10 Q. O Q \u2022 > 0.7 u m \u2022 > 5 urn #65 Tanu 30-07-02 #66 Dodge Point 30-07-02 #67 Tar Islands 30-07-02 #68 Juan Perez Sound 31-07-02 Chlorophyll a (mg m'J) 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Chlorophyll a (mg m\"-5) 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Chlorophyll a (mg m\"\u00b0) 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Chlorophyll a (mg n o 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 E 10 #69 Scudder Point 31-07-02 #70 Benjamin Point 31-07-02 #71 S'Gaang Gwaii 31-07-02 #72 Darwin Sound 01-08-02 F igu re E . 1 : Ver t i ca l p ro f i les o f ch lo rophy l l a fo r bo th t h e to ta l ch lo rophy l l (> 0.7 um) a n d t h e la rge size f rac t ion (> 5 u m ) for each o f t h e s ta t i ons s a m p l e d . Chlorophyll a (mg m \u00b0) 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Chlorophyll a (mg m\"3) 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Chlorophyll a (mg m\"3) 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Chlorophyll a (mg m'1*) 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 #77 Swan Bay 15-08-02 #78 Jedway Bay 15-08-02 #79 Skincuttle Inlet 15-08-02 #80 Koya Point 15-08-02 oo F igu re E . 1 : Ver t ica l pro f i les o f ch lo rophy l l a fo r bo th the to ta l ch lorophy l l (> 0.7 u m ) a n d the large size f rac t ion (> 5 urn) for each o f the s ta t ions s a m p l e d . T Chlorophyll a (mg m\"\u00b0) 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Chlorophyll a (mg m\"J) 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 1 10-I 15 H #85 Portland Bay 19-08-02 #86 Kitgoro Inlet 20-08-02 Figure E . 1 : Ver t i ca l prof i les o f ch lo rophy l l a fo r both the to ta l ch lorophy l l (> 0.7 Mm) a n d the large s ize f ract ion (> 5 um) fo r each o f the s ta t ions s a m p l e d . A P P E N D I X F P H Y T O P L A N K T O N C E L L C O U N T S Table F.1: Concentration of phytoplankton (cells L\"1) at each station. A value of zero means the species was not observed. ation Asterionella glaclalls Asleromphalus heptactls Bacteriastrum dellcatulum Ceratullna pelaglca Chaetoceros spp. Coscinodiscus centralis Coscinodiscus llneatus Coscinodiscus perforates 1 0 0 0 0 5800 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 11700 0 0 0 0 3 0 1230 0 0 1230 3080 0 0 4 0 759 0 759 0 0 3040 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 8350 0 0 0 7 1460 0 0 0 7310 0 0 0 8 0 1290 0 0 2390 0 0 736 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 440 10 0 0 0 0 2490 0 0 0 11 0 0 0 1430 5710 0 0 0 12 0 588 0 0 588 0 0 0 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 17 0 483 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 18 0 936 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 119 0 0 0 0 0 0 21 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 22 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 23 0 0 0 0 0 1420 0 0 30 0 399 0 0 0 0 0 0 31 0 0 0 0 0 0 210 0 32 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 33 0 290 0 0 0 0 0 0 34 0 0 0 0 0 0 0. 0 35 0 1270 \" 0 0 77500 0 0 0 36 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 37 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 38 0 0 0 0 21600 665 0 0 39 0 0 0 0 0 ' 0 0 0 40 0 0 0 0 5730 0 0 0 41 0 0 0 0 44500 . 0 0 0 42 0 179 0 0 986 0 0 0 43 0 0 0 0 609000 0 0 0 44 0 0 0 0 341000 0 0 0 45 0 0 0 0 90700 0 0 0 46 0 0 0 496 42100 0 0 0 140 Table F.1 continued. tation Asterionella glacialls Asteromphalus heptactis Bacteriastrum dellcatulum Ceratulina pelaglca Chaetoceros spp. Coscinodiscus centralis Coscinodiscus lineatus Coscinodiscus perforatus 47 0 248 0 1240 10900 248 0 0 48 0 0 0 0 9090 1610 0 0 49 0 137 0 0 1330 2150 0 0 50 0 0 0 0 2170 3070 0 0 51 0 0 0 0 0 1810 0 0 52 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 53 3660 0 0 0 183000 0 0 0 54 0 0 ' 0 0 258000 0 0 0 55 0 0 0 0 39900 1240 0 0 56 0 0 0 0 35900 0 0 o , 57 0 0 0 0 211000 0 0 0 58 0 0 0 0 60100 0 0 547 59 0 0 0 0 13200 3770 0' 0 60 0 0 0 0 24700 5910 0 219 61 0 0 0 0 43900 1900 0 0 62 0 0 . 0 0 7800 3050 0 0 63 0 0 0 0 46400 0 0 0 64 0 0 0. 0 13200 2210 0 0 65 0 0 0 0 0 3020 0 0 66 0 0 0 0 4900 3200 0 0 67 0 0 0 0 4790 6040 0 0 68 0 0 0 0 10800 4140 0 0 69 0 _ 0 0 0 0 3440 0 0 70 0 0 0 0 9620 2960 0 0 71 0 0 0 0 375000 1890 0 0 72 0 0 0 0 102000 0 0 0 73 0 0 0 0 2410 1750 0 0 74 0 0 0 0 9750 1950 0 0 75 0 0 0 0 1360 2720 0 0 76 0 0 0 0 29200 0 0 0 77 0 0 0 15900 85100 10600 0 0 78 0 0 3900 0 0 0 0 0 79 0 0 0 9000 130000 27000 0 0 80 1410 0 0 - 1410 9860 0 0 0 81 680 0 0 1360 46200 0 0 0 82 0 0 0 0 19200 0 0 0 84 0 0 0 0 1240 1240 0 0 85 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 86 0 0 0 0 5720 0 0 0 141 Table F.1 continued. Station Coscinodiscus Cyiindrotheca Dactylisolen Dltylum Eucampia Fragllaria spp. Gyrosigma\/Pleur Leptocylindrus radlatus closterium fragllissimus brightwellli zodlacus osigma danicus 1 0 0 6700 1340 8930 0 0 26800 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 1850 0 0 0 0 0 5540 4 1520 2280 0 0 0 0 0 7590 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8350 6 0 0 0 0 16700 . 0 0 16700 7 0 1460 0 0 5850 0 0 4390 8 0 2210 0 0 0 736 0 1840 9 0 2640 0 1760 0 0 0 13200 10 0 622 0 1240 0 0 8710 \u2022 2490 11 0 1430 1430 3570 0 0 713 7130 12 . 0 0 294 0 0 0 0 10600 13 0 2420 0 0 483 0 0 3870 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2960 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 354 2840 17 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18 0 0 0 0 936 0 0 234 19 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 1070 0 0 1900 21 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 613 22 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 23 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2020 30 0 0 266 0 0 0 0 133 31 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6730 32 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 828 33 0 0 290 0 0 0 0 0 34 0 1210 0 0 0 0 0 0 35 0 6360 0 0 0 0 0 29200 36 0 696 0 0 0 - 0 0 1390 37 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 36900 38 0 1990 0 0 0 665 0 9640 39 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 249 40 0 0 628 0 0 235 0 549 41 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 42 0 0 0 0 0 269 0 179 43 0 2440 0 0 29200 0 0 14600 44 0 1460 0 0 0 0 0 2920 45 0 4180 0 0 1190 0 0 16100 46 0 0 6940 496 0 0 0 4460 142 Table F.1 continued. Station Coscinodiscus radiatus Cylindrotheca closterium Dactylisolen fragilisslmus Ditylum briahtwellll Eucampia zodiacus Fragilarla spp. Gyrosigma\/Pleur osigma Leptocylindrus danicus 47 0 0 0 0 0 0 248 1980 48 0 0 713 0 89 0 0 1690 . 49 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 871 50 47 0 849 0 0 0 0 1370 51 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 360 52 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 53 0 3660 25600 0 0 0 0 21900 54 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 21900 55 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1240 56 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 : 4450 57 0 4330 1080 0 0 2170 0 2170 58 0 1640 0 0 0 0 0 2190 59 0 1130 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 60 0 0 0 0 0 657 , _0 657 61 0 3480 0 0 0 0 0 0 62 0 0 0 170 0 0 0 2880 63 1270 636 0 0 0 0 0 27300 64 0 0 0 1100 0 0 1100 5520 65 0 275 0 0 0 0 0 2750 66 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1280 67 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2080 68 0 552 552 0 2210 0 0 4140 ! 69 0 0 0 0 0 3440 0 18300 70 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3700 71 0 3770 0 0 7550 0 0 5660 72 0 3660 0 0 0 0 0 0 73 0 438 0 0 0 0 0 3720 74 0 0 0 0 0 \u2022 0 0 6820 75 0 1360 0 0 0 0 0 2720 76 0 11700 0 0 0 0 0 35100 77 0 37200 0 0 0 0 0 10600 78 0 7800 0 0 0 0 0 46800 79 0 9000 0 0 0 0 0 36000 80 0 2820 0 0 0 0 0 11300 81 0 2720 0 0 0 2040 0 680 82 0 3280 0 0 0 0 0 5610 84 0 3700 0 0 0 0 0 0 85 0 4090 0 0 0 1750 0 1750 86 0 2860 0 0 0 1270 0 0 143 Table F.1 continued. Station Leptocylindrus Leptocylindrus Llcomorpha abbrevlata Meloslra spp. Navicula spp. Nitzschla lonaisslma Odontella longicruris Pseudonitzschia \"A\" 1 0 4460 0 0 893 0 0 4020 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1070000 3 0 0 1230 0 1230 0 1850 24000 4 0 0 0 0 1520 0 0 90400 '5 0 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 2360000 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2280000 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 227000 8 0 0 1100 0 1290 0 0 2020 9 0 0 0 0 440 0 0 0 10 0 0 622 0 0 0 0 0 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 0 0 294 0 0 1760 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 0 967 0 0 0 0 0 0 18 3280 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 1190 0 0 595 119 0 0 357 21 0 0 0 1230 0 0 0 0 22 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 23 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 0 0 399 0 266 0 0 0 31 0 631 421 0 421 210 0 0 32 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 33 0 290 290 0 0 0 0 0 34 0 0 0 1520 0 0 0 0 35 0 0 0 ; 0 2540 0 0 97900 36 0 0 0 0 6270 0 0 71000 37 0 0 0 0 5130 0 0 137000 38 0 0 332 0 0 0 0 9300 39 0 125 0 0 0 0 0 187 40 0 0 1100 0 157 471 0 2200 41 0 0 0 5090 0 0 0 20300 42 0 0 538 0 358 90 0 2690 43 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 29200 44 0 0 0 5850 0 0 4390 19000 . 45 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 29800 46 0 0 0 0 1980 0 0 1 4460 144 Table F.1 continued. Station Leptocylindrus mediterraneus Leptocylindrus minimus Llcomorpha abbrevlata Meloslra spp. Navicula spp. Nitzschia longissima Odontella lonqicruris Pseudonitzschia \"A\" 47 0 0 0 0 496 0 0 2730 48 0 1980 0 0 89 0 0 0 49 0 624 89 0 183 0 0 0 50 0 0 0 0 330 0 0 0 51 0 0 236 0 0 0 0 0 52 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 53 0 0 532 0 0 0 0 0 54 0 0 0 0 0 21900 0 12200 55 0 46300 0 4870 0 309 0 4330 56 0 1550 0 619 1270 0 0 6040 57 0 3810 0 0 0 0 1080 15200 58 0 0 0 0 1640 0 0 3830 59 0 0 547 0 377 0 0 0 60 0 0 0 0 219 0 0 657 61 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 62 0 0 0 0 1360 0 0 0 63 0 0 0 0 1910 0 0 0 64 0 0 636 0 1100 0 0 0' 65 0 0 1100 0 0 0 0 0 66 0 0 0 0 1070 0 0 0 67 0 0 427 0 1040 0 0 0 68 0 0 0 0 0 0 N 0 1100 69 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 70 0 0 1150 ' 0 740 0 0 3700 71 0 0 0 1480 0 0 0 28300 72 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3660 73 0 0 0 0 657 0 0 2850 74 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 75 0 0 0 0 1360 0 0 13600 76 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 40900 77 0 0 0 0 15900 0 0 128000 78 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 78000 79 0 0 0 0 4500 0 0 121000 80 0 0 0 0 705 0 0 4230 81 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19700 82 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 41200 84 0 0 936 0 824 0 1240 21800 85 0 0 412 0 7600 0 0 78400 86 0 0 0 0 2540 0 0 25700 145 Table F.1 continued. Station Pseudonitzschia \"B\" Pseudonitzschia \"C\" Rhizosolenia mbusta Rhizosolenia styliformis Rhizosolenia setigera Rhizosolenia imbrlcata Skeletonema costatum Thalassionema nitzschiodes 1 16500 0 0 0 2680 0 26800 1790 2 339000 257000 0 0 58500 0 29200 5850 3 30200 16600 0 0 67700 2460 2460 2460 4 12900 4560 0 0 '53200 2280 0 0 5 194000 0 0 0 50100 0 0 0 6 \u2022 284000 33400 0 0 66800 0 125000 8350 7 48200 42400 0 0 0 0 76000 2920 8 0 0 0 0 919 184 0 368 9 0 440 0 0 103000 879 0 440 10 0 0 0 0 121000 0 10600 . 4360 11 1430 0 0 0 155000 1430 0 713 12 8230 0 0 0 15900 0 0 2060 13 18400 0 0 0 10600 0 0 0 14 1620 0 0 0 5120 0 0 0 15 0 0 0 0 527 0 0 527 16 15200 19850 0 0 2130 354 0 1060 17 9180 0 0 0 0 0 0 242 18 21100 0 0 0 5150 0 0 1870 19 4180 1620 0 0 696 0 0 0 20 1080 3570 0 0 1900 0 0 833 21 0 0 0 0 0 0 ' 0 0 22 0 0 ' 0 0 0 0 0 0 23 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 399 0 0 0 0 0 0 1070 31 421 0 841 0 1680 4840 0 841 32 0 0 0 0 0 1380 0 0 33 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 870 34 3330 0 0 0 4240 0 0 606 35 5090 0 0 0 0 0 12700 21600 36 2790 0 0 ' 0 0 0 0 0 37 10300 0 3080 0 2050 0 0 15400 38 0 0 0 0 0 0 12300 3660 39 125 0 125 0 0 0 0 62 40 1330 628 0 0 0 78 785 785 41 61000 243000 0 0 7630 1270 0 1270 42 90 5820 448 179 0 0 0 986 43 0 0 0 0 0 2440 0 12200 44 0 0 0 0 0 0 117000 4390 45 9550 0 0 0 0 0 4180 0 46 0 0 0 0 1980 496. 65900 2480 146 Table F.1 continued. ation Pseudonitzschia \"B\" Pseudonitzschia \u00bbC\" Rhizosolenia robusta Rhizosolenia stylHormls Rhizosolenia setigera Rhizosolenia Imbricata Skeletonema costatum Thalasslonema nitzschiodes 47 496 0 0 0 496 0 36200 991 48 89 0 0 0 178 179 2140 267 49 137 0 0 0 0 0 412 137 SO 236 0 0 0 189 0 0 330 51 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 52 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 53 0 11000 ' 0 0 0 0 844000 0 54 0 29200 0 0 0 0 324000 2440 55 1240 0 0 0 0 0 18600 928 56 0 0 0 0 0 0 11800 636 57 3250 0 0 0 0 0 45500 3250 58 2190 0 . 0 0 0 547 63400 ' 3830 59 0 0 0 0 0 0 2450 566 60 438 438 0 0 0 1100 3290 876 61 0 2210 0 0 316 0 11700 0 62 2030 4070 0 0 3050 170 6780 0 63 0 0 0 0 64800 1270 \u2022 14700 636 64 0 0 ' 0 0 216000 8830 21000 0 65 824 0 0 0 1650 0 4120 0 66 1920 8960 0 0 640 0 5340 0 67 0 9780 0 0 3120 0 5200 0 68 8000 4410 0 0 0 0 16600 0 69 12600 4590 0 0 2290 0 266000 0 70 0 3700 0 0 0 0 164000 5180 71 32000 0 0 0 1890 0 49000 3770 72 29200 102000 0 0 925000 3660 0 0 73 1310 3070 0 0 0 219 7670 219 74 3900 0 0 0 258000 2920 0 1950 75 0 0 0 0 385000 2720 0 1360 76 298000 . 23400 0 0 0 0 1260000 0 77 255000 53200 0 0 31900 0 851000 0 78 109000 46800 0 0 11700 0 129000 7800 79 170000 99000 0 0 18000 0 315000 0 80 21100 64800 0 0 6340 705 52800 2110 81 16300 15000 2040 0 4080 0 51000 1360 82 15000 0 468 0 0 468 4680 2340 84 \u2022 0 0 0 0 824 0 0 824 85 15800 1750 1170 0 0 0 0 585 86 11100 5100 1590 0 0 0 9220 2860 147 Table F.1 continued. ation Thalassiosira spp. Centric < 10 pm Pennate < 25 um Coccolithophore Dictyocha speculum Ebria tripartita Alexandrium spp. Amphidlnlum spheniodes 1 2230 3130 893 0 3570 446 0 0 2 5850 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 13500 0 2460 0 0 0 1850 0 4 15900 0 3800 0 0 0 5320 0 5 25100 0 16700 0 0 0 25100 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 16700 0 7 7310 5850 0 0 1460 0 0 0 8 6620 1840 2390 0 1100 368 1290 736 9 3520 879 879 0 0 0 0 0 10 \" 9330 1240 0 0 0 0 622 622 11 0 0 713 0 0 0 2140 713 12 2350 1470 2940 0 1180 0 2650 2350 13 1930 0 3380 0 0 0 5800 0 14 808 0 0 1890 0 0 808 0 15 1580 1580 1050 0 0 0 1580 527 16 1770 0 0 .0' 0 0 0 0 17 242 483 0 725 0 0 1450 242 18 1170 936 234 468 234 0 468 234 19 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 1790 714 0 2740 0 0 595 238 21 818 0 q 0 0 0 1230 0 22 0 0 0 737 \u2022 0 0 2950 0 23 2430 607 1420 1620 0 0 1620 0 30 1200 1070 7320 1460 0 799 266 0 31 4420 3160 2950 3160 841 0 631 631 32 \u2022 552 0 276 0 0 0 1100 0 33 0 580 2320 0 0 870 0 o 34 909 0 2120 2420 0 0 0 0 35 71200 24200 11400 12700 1270 0 0 0 36 114000 0 0 0 696 0 0 0 37 89300 5130 0 0 0 0 0 0 38 9970 6650 0 15300 332 0 1330 0 39 436 1060 249 5480 623 249 187 0 40 1180 942 1100 314 471 157 0 0 41 6360 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 42 1880 1430 1340 1340 0 0 0 0 43 31700 0 0 0 2440 0 19500 0 44 30700 1460 2920 0 0 1460 0 0 45 5970 2390 1790 4180 2390 0 0 0 46 14400 496 991 0 0 0 496 0 148 Table F.1 continued. ation Thalassiosira spp. Centric < 10 um Pennate < 25 um Coccollthophore Dlctyocha speculum Ebria tripartita Alexandrium Amphidinium spheniodes 47 6690 1240 1490 0 0 743 0 0 48 1430 178 357 0 446 178 178 0 49 550 412 275 0 229 92 0 0 50 896 236 0 0 330 94 0 . 94 51 0 361 0 83400 5420 2890 361 0 52 0 0 0 132000 3720 3190 0 0 53 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 54 0 2440 4870 0 2440 0 0 0 55 619 2480 1240 4330 309 1240 0 0 56 5720 3500 0 2540 0 1590 0 0 57 23800 4330 0 0 0 0 0 0 58 4370 5470 3830 3280 2730 0 0 0 59 2080 1890 943 19200 1890 377 566 0 60 1750 2630 438 10500 2850 0 0 0 61 3790 0 2530 12300 2530 632 0 0 62 4070 1360 2200 2370 1870 0 1360 0 63 19700 3180 5090 9530 1270 0 - 636 0 64 21000 4410 2200 30100 0 0 1100 0 65 4120 2200 0 9060 549 0 0 1920 66 2560 1490 2560 9180 427 0 640 0 67 4580 1250 1250 4370 624 0 1670 0 68 3310 3310 0 3310 2210 0 0 0 69 9170 3440 2290 5730 0 0 0 0 70 4440 4440 1480 0 1480 0 0 0 71 26400 0 3770 17000 5660 0 0 0 72 14600 0 3660 0 7310 0 7310 0 73 1310 1970 219 3940 0 219 657 438 74 7800 1950 0 0 0 0 0 0 75 10900 \u2022 0 1360 0 0 0 1360 0 76 40900 0 0 40900 0 0 0 0 77 31900 15900 5320 63800 0 0 0 0 78 81900 0 7800 292000 0 0 31200 0 79 94500 36000 0 220000 4500 0 9000 0 80 10600 4230 0 3520 2110 0 0 0 81 12200 5440 0 3400 2040 1360 0 0 82 1870 6550 2340 9820 1870 0 0 0 84 5350 27200 7410 32500 0 0 2880 0 85 3510 17500 4090 5260 4090 0 0 0 86 5400 7630 3180 2540 953 0 0 0 149 Table F.1 continued. Station Ceratium fusus Ceratium lineatum Ceratium longlplpes Dinophysis acuminata Dinophysis acuta Dinophysis fortll Dinophysis norwealca Dinophysis parva 1 0 0 0 4020 0 0 446 0 2 0 0 0 17500 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 1850 ' 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 759 0 68340 0 1520 , 0 5 0 0 0 0 33400 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 919 0 4780 1840 0 736 552 9 0 0 0 440 0 0 0 0 10 1240 0 d 1240 1240 0 3730 0 11 2140 0 0 1430 2140 0 0 713 12 0 1180 0 3820 5580 0 1180 0 13 483 1930 0 13500 4350 0 967 483 14 0 1620 0 7820 5660 0 3500 269 15 47900 12100 0 16900 11100 2630 2630 2630 16 1060 1060 0 6030 7090 0 0 354 17 242 1210 0 5800 5560 0 725 725 18 0 468 234 2340 1170 0 234 468 19 1390 2790 696 7190 5110 0 928 2320 20 119 238 0 2620 1310 0 119 238 21 0 1640 0 2660 4290 0 818 613 22 983 2950 0 3930 2950 0 1970 0 23 0 2430 202 3240 1620 0 0 0 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 31 0 841 0 421 0 0 0 0 32 0 552 0 0 0 0 6070 0 33 0 290 0 0 0 0 0 0 34 0 1210 0 1210 0 0 0 0 35 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 36 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 37 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 38 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 39 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 40 0 0 0 0 0 0 78 0 41 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 42 0 0 0 269 0 0 0 0 43 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 44 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 45 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 597 46 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 150 Table F.1 continued. Station Ceratium fusus Ceratium lineatum Ceratium long\/pipes Dinophysis acuminata Dinophysis acuta Dinophysis tortli Dinophysis norweqlca Dinophysis parva 47 . 0 0 248 0 0 0 0 0 48 0 0 0 \u2022 624 0 0 178 0 49 0 0 0 687 0 0 321 0 50 0 0 0 330 0 0 189 0 51 0 0 0 1440 0 0 0 0 52 0 0 0 2130 0 0 0 0 53 0 0 0 0 0 0 ' 0 0 54 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 55 0 0 0 619 0 0 309 0 56 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 57 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 58 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 59 0 377 0 1130 0 0 943 0 60 0 0 0 438 0 0 657 0 61 0 0 0 632 0 0 0 0 62 0 0 0 678 0 0 678 0 63 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 64 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 65 0 0 0 3020 1370 0 1370 0 66 0 0 213 1070 640 0 1490 0 67 0 0 0 1460 624 0 416 416 68 0 2210 0 1100 0 0 1380 0 69 0 0 0 0 0 0 2290 0 70 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 71 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 72 0 0 0 0 0 0 7310 0 73 0 219 0 1310 0 0 0 219 74 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 75 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 76 0 5850 0 0 0 0 0 0 77 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 78 15600 7800 0 0 3900 0 0 p 79 0 9000 0 0 4500 o \u2022 0 0 80 0 0 0 705 0 0 705 0 81 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 82 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 84 0 0 0 0 0 0 4120 0 85 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 86 0 0 0 318 0 0 0 0 151 Table F.1 continued. ation Glenodinlum danicum Gonyaulax spp. Gymnodinium spp. Gyrodinium spp. Heterocapsa triquetra Oxyphysis oxytoxoldes Peridinium spp. Phalachroma rotundatum 1 0 0 11600 893 0 0 1340 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 2460 1850 616 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 1520 0 0 0 759 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 2920 0 4390 1460 0 0 0 0 8 2570 1100 3130 2390 2210 0 0 . 0 9 0 2640 440 0 0 0 0 0 10 8090 2490 4360 0 622 0 622 0 . 11 5710 4280 4990 0 9980 0 0 0 12 0 2940 6760 0 5880 0 0 0 13 6770 9670 15000 3870 20300 0 0 0 14 5120 7000 8890 4310 9700 808 3503 0 15 12100 4740 14200 0 9480 0 2630 0 16 1420 4960 14900 10300 3900 354 5670 0 17 3380 4830 12800 7490 8700 0 2660 242 18 1640 5380 7020 4210 3280 234 1400 0 19 0 6730 16500 8820 3710 0 2090 0 20 595 2140 2380 1190 5240 0 238 0 21 6340 6540 11900 6130 3890 0 5730 0 22 2210 9830 21400 6630 5650 0 5160 0 23 1620 8300 10100 3040 8300 202 4650 0 30 799 665 3330 1200 5320 0 932 0 31 2310 841 12200 8840 1680 0 1260 0 32 0 1100 61000 3860 1660 0 0 0 33 4060 4060 10400 2320 2320 0 1160 0 34 3330 29700 19100 1820 7270 0 0 0 35 0 1270 7630 0 0 0 0 0 36 2790 0 6960 0 0 0 0 0 37 0 0 5130 0 0 0 0 0 38 332 0 4650 0 0 0 332 0 39 872 0 7350 1180 187 0 62 0 40 785 0 3220 1650 0 0 , 0 78 41 0 1270 1270 0 0 0 0 0 42 896 448 3940 896 269 0 896 0 43 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 44 0 1460 5850 2920 0 0 0 0 45 6560 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 46 0 496 2480 0 0 0 0 0 152 Table F.1 continued. Station Glenodlnlum danicum Gonyaulax spp. Gymnodlnlum SEE: Gyrodinium spp. Heterocapsa trlguetra Oxyphysls oxytoxoides Paridlnlum spp. Phalachroma rotundatum 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 84 85 86 1490 624 596 519 0 532 0 0 1240 0 3250 1090 943 657 0 0 0 0 8510 0 5830 1380 0 4440 3770 0 3940 0 0 0 0 0 0 705 680 5150 0 4680 953 991 624 642 896 0 0 0 0 0 318 1080 1090 566 219 632 170 636 2210 5220 1490 624 , 0 0 740 0 7310 3070 0 0 0 0 39000 4500 1410 2040 936 1240 0 0 2730 2590 1830 0 8300 12800 14600 2440 6810 10500 5420 1640 1890 2630 3790 1870 0 1100 9330 5980 3330 6340 5730 7400 11300 0 9200 0 0 0 10600 89700 9000 6340 7480 10800 1240 19900 3500 991 2410 1600 755 3970 5320 14600 0 2480 6360 0 0 0 2630 0 0 0 0 8240 0 0 3030 4590 2960 0 0 5480 0 0 0 0 0 0 2820 4080 6550 0 4680 2540 0 0 183 189 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 509 0 0 6040 2990 2080 276 0 0 0 0 4820 0 0 0 0 101000 0 0 1360 1400 4120 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 824 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 178 458 472 0 532 0 0 619 953 0 0 566 657 0 678 0 0 1920 0 624 2210 0 0 0 0 2410 0 0 0 0 0 0 705 2040 0 0 0 1270 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 153 Table F.1 continued. Station Prorocentrum Prorocentrum Protoperidinium Scrippsiella compressum mlcans spp. trochoidea 1 0 0 1790 0 2 0 0 11700 0 3 0 0 616 0 4 0 3800 6080 759 5 0 8350 0 0 6 0 0 0 16700 7 0 0 1460 0 8 0 1660 2570 1840 9 0 0 1320 .440 10 0 0 0 1240 11 0 0 713 3570 12 0 2640 1760 4110 13 0 14500 4350 3870 14 0 2700 5120 1890 15 0 0 7900 5270 16 0 354 3900 2130 17 0 242 3140 1210 18 0 1400 3040 702 19 0 1390 \u2022 2550 1390 20 0 357 0 595 21 0 818 3270 3270 22 0 983 1470 4670 23 0 1210 809 4250 30 13700 133 0 133 31 0 421 210 1260 32 0 552 1660 3310 33 57100 0 0 2320 34 0 3640 7270 1210 35 0 0 1271 1270 36 0 0 3480 1390 37 0 0 4100 2050 38 0 0 0 1330 39 0 0 0 130 40 0 0 0 0 41 0 0 1270 0 42 0 0 0 896 43 0 0 0 0 44 0 . 0 0 0 45 0 0 597 1190 46 0 0 0 0 Table F.1 continued. Station Prorocentrum Prorocentrum Protoperidinium Scrippsiella compressum micans spp. trochoidea 47 0 0 0 0 48 0 0 0 267 49 0 0 92 229 SO 0 0 141 141 51 0 0 722 361 52 0 0 532 532 53 0 0 7310 0 54 0 0 0 2440 55 0 0 309 619 56 0 0 953 636 57 0 0 0 0 58 0 0 547 547 59 0 0 2080 566 60 0 0 1310 0 61 0 1580 4430 0 62 0 339 848 1190 63 0 0 0 636 64 0 0 0 2210 65 0 0 3020 4120 66 0 0 2990 2780 67 0 0 832 1250 68 0 276 828 0 69 0 0 3440 0 70 0 0 0 0 71 0 0 0 0 72 0 0 0 7310 73 0 0 219 2190 74 0 0 0 0 75 0 0 0 0 76 0 0 5850 0 77 0 0 10600 21300 78 0 3900 15600 50700 79 0 9000 4500 13500 80 0 0 0 0 81 0 0 2040 0 82 0 0 468 936 84 0 1650 1240 3710 85 0 0 0 585 86 0 0 0 0 A P P E N D I X G D A T A F R O M P R E V I O U S S T U D I E S Table G.1: Surface data for samples taken in Hecate Strait July 2-6, 2000. Nutrient concentrations are in uM and chlorophyll a concentrations are in mg m\" . Data from C.L.K. Robinson. Latitude Longitude Nitrate Silicate Phosphate Chlorophyll a 51.210 128.873 0.0 7.3 0.40 0.40 51.293 129.037 0.1 5.6 0.34 0.38 51.403 129.232 0.9 7.9 0.46 1.24 . 51.517 129.423 0.0 2.7 0.33 0.91 51.627 129.587 0.0 2.8 0.33 1.05 51.737 129.760 0.0 9.5 0.35 0.32 51.838 129.950 0.1 7.9 . 0.34 0.36 51.962 130.205 0.2 6.0 0.33 0.32 52.042 130.380 2.7 12.1 0.62 1.35 52.145 130.555 0.4 9.3 0.45 1.10 52.301 130.652 0.2 7.3 0.37 0.52 52.417 130.742 0.1 5.9 0.29 0.36 52.546 130.824 0.1 8.3 0.27 0.43 52.712 130.882 0.1 3.8 0.23 0.64 52.887 130.118 1.0 9.4 0.50 1.67 53.072 131.010 0.1 2.8 0.67 1.06 53.260 131.015 0.1 0.8 0.24 0.39 53.432 131.032 0.1 2.6 0.23 . 0.67 53.575 131.018 0.1 3.9 0.20 0.85 53.657 130.940 0.1 4.5 0.26 1.14 53.760 130.936 0.9 3.4 0.22 1.56 53.835 130.941 0.1 6.5 0.27 2.00 54.000 131.086 0.2 4.3 0.35 4.54 54.128 131.232 0.1 9.2 0.42 4.39 52.994 130.367 0.1 2.1 0.27 0.69 52.690 130.028 0.1 8.3 0.31 0.35 \u2022 52.390 129.690 , 0.3 1.5 0.33 0.72 52.080 129.442 0.1 0.6 0.31 0.40 51.809 129.029 0.1 2.3 0.18 0.52 51.503 128.699 0.2 2.1 0.35 2.28 51.137 128.530 0.81 51.130 128.308 0.2 4.8 0.27 0.48 156 Table G.2: Surface data for samples taken in Hecate Strait August 25 - September 6, 2000. Nutrient concentrations are in uM and chlorophyll a concentrations are in mg m\" . Data from C.L.K. Robinson. Latitude Longitude Nitrate Silicate Phosphate Chlorophyll a 51.212 128.85 2.1 9.7 1.36 51.52 130.443 2.4 13.7 0.6 1.61 51.761 130.666 2.1 13.8 0.52 0.91 50.77 129.456 0.1 9.1 0.38 0.4 51.198 130.094 0.2 7.1 0.4 0.53 51.17 130.134 0.2 7.3 0.4 0.61 51.22 130.218 0.2 6.5 0.38 0.48 52.05 131.53 1.5 11.3 0.54 1.46 52.05 131.49 2.6 12.3 0.63 1.32 51.681 130.55 4.8 16.5 0.74 1.09 51.597 130.582 6.5 17.3 0.87 0.97 51.422 130.62 3.6 14.7 0.7 1.13 51.541 130.448 4.6 17.1 0.75 1.6 51.239 - 130.342 0.2 5.9 0.4 0.32 51.308 130.183 0.2 7.2 0.42 0.35 51.212 130.071 0.5 7 0.46 0.28 157 Table G.3: Surface data for samples taken in Hecate Strait August 9-11, 2000. Chlorophyll concentrations are in mg m\"3. Data from T.D. Peterson. Latitude Longitude Chlorophyll a 52.09 131.388 0.89 52.12 131.358 1.11 52.14 131.323 0.52 52 131.497 1.78 52 131.33 3.23 52 131.235 8.10 52 131.154 2.86 52 130.95 0.19 52 130.85 0.53 52 130.733 0.13 Table G.4: Surface data for samples taken on the west coast of the Queen Charlotte Islands July - 4-11, 2000. Chlorophyll a concentrations are in mg m\"3. Data from C.L.K. Robinson. Latitude Longitude Chlorophyll a 54 10.5 133 08.9 0.98 53 32.6 133 04.5 0.92 53 17.82 132 50.124 0.6 53 07.28 132 40.91 ,1.43 52 57.29 132 31.24 0.9 52 47.8 132 19,06 0.4 52 40.43 132 07.17 1.08 52 32.29 131 54.24 1.55 52 24.8 131 41.17 1.37 52 23.44 131 41.17 1 52 14.4 131 31.4 0.95 52 05.78 131 19.67 1.58 51 57.22 131 06.41 0.75 159 Table G.5: Surface data for samples taken off of the west coast of the Queen Charlotte Islands June 13-21, 2000. Chlorophyll a concentrations are in mg m\"3. Data from F. Whitney. Latitude Longitude Chlorophyll a 51 135.43 0.22 50.99 134.31 0.33 50.99 133.46 0.42 51 132.67 0.35 51 131.86 0.77 50.99 131.04 1.02 51 130.26 0.27 51.26 130.91 0.62 51.37 132.06 0.12 51.49 133.29 0.24 51.63 134.56 0.09. 51.75 135.84 0.21 52 135.83 \u2022 0.11 52.25 135.83 0.16 52.51 135.74 0.20 52.75 135.83 0.20 53 135.83 0.20 53.25 135.83 0.17 53.5 135.83 0.242 53.75 135.83 0.164 54 135.83 0.22 53.25 135.42 0.26 53 135.41 0.27 52.75 135.41 0.29 52.75 . 135.83 0.37 52.62 135.83 0.36 52.5 135.84 0.36 52.37 135.83 0.31 160 Table G.6: Surface data for samples taken on the west coast of the Queen Charlotte Islands September 1999. Chlorophyll a concentrations are in mg m\"3. Data from F. Whitney. Latitude Longitude Chlorophyll a 56.50143 135.6519 0.60 55.71717 135.6492 0.53 55.50183 135.6508 0.45 54.99305 135.6517 0.94 54.49248 135.6508 0.85 54.00707 135.6496 0.68 53.79833 135.6473 0.69 . 53.60017 135.6485 1.00 53.50067 135.6497 0.88 53.40033 135.6495 0.89 53.3004 135.6506 0.87 53.20317 135.6512 0.82 53.103 135.6548 0.87 52.9985 135.656 0.77 52.8 135.653 0.69 53.298 135.0014 0.28 53.30167 134.504 0.40 53.30007 134 0.44 53.29955 133.4984 0.90 53.25045 133.012 0.73 52.77678 132.7222 0.52 52.25873 131.8867 0.61 52.09535 131.1952 0.74 51.63273 130.8917 0.97 51.12117 130.088 1.04 51.00003 129.9011 1.14 51.00058 129.0305 0.26 51.00057 128.2747 0.17 161 A P P E N D I X H Figure H.1: CCA ordination graph showing species or groups (points) and relationships to environmental variables (arrows) on the east coast of Gwaii Haanas. Name abbreviations are: AS = Alexandrium spp., CC = Coscinodiscus centralis, CL = Ceratium lineatum, COC = coccolithophores, CS = Chaetoceros spp., CY = Cylindrothceca closterium, DM = Dinohysis acuminata, DT = Dinophysis acuta, GD = Glenodinum danicum, GN = Gonyaulax spp., GR = Gyrodinium spp., GY = Gymnodinium spp., HT = Heterocapsa triquetra, LD = Leptocylindrus danicum, NS = Navicula spp., PA = Pseudonitzschia \"A\", PB = Pseudonitzschia \"B\", PC = Pseudonitzschia \"C\", PR = Protoperidinium spp., RS = Rhizosolenia setigera, SC = Skeletonema costatum, ST = Scrippsiella trochoidea, TN = Thalassionema nitzschiodes, TS = Thalassiosira spp. Symbol key is; blue = diatoms, green = dinoflagellates, pink = coccolithophores. SST = sea surface temperature, SSS = sea surface salinity, MLD = depth of the mixed layer, STRAT = degree of stratification. 162 Figure H.2: CCA ordination graph showing species or groups (points) and relationships to environmental variables (arrows) on the west coast of Gwaii Haanas. Name abbreviations are: AS = Alexandrium spp., CC = Coscinodiscus centralis, CL = Ceratium lineatum, COC = coccolithophores, CS = Chaetoceros spp., CY = Cylindrothceca closterium, DM = Dinohysis acuminata, DT = Dinophysis acuta, GD = Glenodinum danicum, GN = Gonyaulax spp., GR = Gyrodinium spp., GY = Gymnodinium spp., HT = Heterocapsa triquetra, LD = Leptocylindrus danicum, NS = Navicula spp., PA = Pseudonitzschia \"A\", PB = Pseudonitzschia \"B\", PC = Pseudonitzschia \"C\", PR = Protoperidinium spp., RS = Rhizosolenia setigera, SC = Skeletonema costatum, ST = Scrippsiella trochoidea, TN = Thalassionema nitzschiodes, TS = Thalassiosira spp. Symbol key is; blue = diatoms, green = dinoflagellates, pink = coccolithophores. SST = sea surface temperature, SSS = sea surface salinity, MLD = depth of the mixed layer, STRAT = degree of stratification. 163 ( PC \u2022 pa \u2022 0 DM GR \u2022 \u2022 GY \u2022 LD NS \u2022 \u2022 cs Phosphate TN \u2022 # P R ^ * , 8 \u00b0 V D \u00ab C C ^ ^ \/ TS \/I \/ STRAT SSS * * \\ \u2022 C Y HT GD Secchi SST I 1 i i i 1 1 r\u20141 i I i i 1 1 i i i i i ' i - 1 . 0 + 1 . 0 Figure H.3: CCA ordination graph showing species or groups (points) and relationships to environmental variables (arrows) in the summer of 2001. Name abbreviations are: AS = Alexandrium spp., CC = Coscinodiscus centralis, CL = Ceratium lineatum, COC = coccolithophores, CS = Chaetoceros spp., CY = Cylindrothceca clostenum, DM = Dinohysis acuminata, DT = Dinophysis acuta, GD = Glenodinum danicum, GN = Gonyaulax spp., GR = Gyrodinium spp., GY = Gymnodinium spp., HT = Heterocapsa triquetra, LD = Leptocylindrus danicum, NS = Navicula spp., PA = Pseudonitzschia \"A\", PB = Pseudonitzschia \"B\", PC = Pseudonitzschia \" C , PR = Protopendinium spp., RS = Rhizosolenia setigera, SC = Skeletonema costatum, ST = Scrippsiella trochoidea, TN = Thalassionema nitzschiodes, TS = Thalassiosira spp. Symbol key is; blue = diatoms, green = dinoflagellates, pink = coccolithophores. SST = sea surface temperature, SSS = sea surface salinity, MLD = depth of the mixed layer, STRAT = degree of stratification. 164 Figure H.4: CCA ordination graph showing species or groups (points) and relationships to environmental variables (arrows) in the summer of 2002. Name abbreviations are: AS = Alexandrium spp., CC = Coscinodiscus centralis, CL = Ceratium lineatum, COC = coccolithophores, CS = Chaetoceros spp., CY = Cylindrothceca closterium, DM = Dinohysis acuminata, DT = Dinophysis acuta, GD = Glenodinum danicum, GN = Gonyaulax spp., GR = Gyrodinium spp., GY = Gymnodinium spp., HT = Heterocapsa triquetra, LD = Leptocylindrus danicum, NS = Navicula spp., PA = Pseudonitzschia \"A\", PB = Pseudonitzschia \"B\", PC = Pseudonitzschia \"C\", PR = Protoperidinium spp., RS = Rhizosolenia setigera, SC = Skeletonema costatum, ST = Scrippsiella trochoidea, TN = Thalassionema nitzschiodes, TS = Thalassiosira spp. Symbol key is; blue = diatoms, green = dinoflagellates, pink = coccolithophores. 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