{"Affiliation":[{"label":"Affiliation","value":"Non UBC","attrs":{"lang":"","ns":"http:\/\/vivoweb.org\/ontology\/core#departmentOrSchool","classmap":"vivo:EducationalProcess","property":"vivo:departmentOrSchool"},"iri":"http:\/\/vivoweb.org\/ontology\/core#departmentOrSchool","explain":"VIVO-ISF Ontology V1.6 Property; The department or school name within institution; Not intended to be an institution name."}],"AggregatedSourceRepository":[{"label":"Aggregated Source Repository","value":"DSpace","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/www.europeana.eu\/schemas\/edm\/dataProvider","classmap":"ore:Aggregation","property":"edm:dataProvider"},"iri":"http:\/\/www.europeana.eu\/schemas\/edm\/dataProvider","explain":"A Europeana Data Model Property; The name or identifier of the organization who contributes data indirectly to an aggregation service (e.g. Europeana)"}],"Contributor":[{"label":"Contributor","value":"Tailings and Mine Waste Conference (2023 : Vancouver, B.C.)","attrs":{"lang":"","ns":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/contributor","classmap":"dpla:SourceResource","property":"dcterms:contributor"},"iri":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/contributor","explain":"A Dublin Core Terms Property; An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource.; Examples of a Contributor include a person, an organization, or a service."},{"label":"Contributor","value":"University of British Columbia. Norman B. Keevil Institute of Mining Engineering","attrs":{"lang":"","ns":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/contributor","classmap":"dpla:SourceResource","property":"dcterms:contributor"},"iri":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/contributor","explain":"A Dublin Core Terms Property; An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource.; Examples of a Contributor include a person, an organization, or a service."}],"Creator":[{"label":"Creator","value":"Davis, Michael","attrs":{"lang":"","ns":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/creator","classmap":"dpla:SourceResource","property":"dcterms:creator"},"iri":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/creator","explain":"A Dublin Core Terms Property; An entity primarily responsible for making the resource.; Examples of a Contributor include a person, an organization, or a service."},{"label":"Creator","value":"Linton, Nick","attrs":{"lang":"","ns":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/creator","classmap":"dpla:SourceResource","property":"dcterms:creator"},"iri":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/creator","explain":"A Dublin Core Terms Property; An entity primarily responsible for making the resource.; Examples of a Contributor include a person, an organization, or a service."}],"DateAvailable":[{"label":"Date Available","value":"2023-12-08T00:14:10Z","attrs":{"lang":"","ns":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/issued","classmap":"edm:WebResource","property":"dcterms:issued"},"iri":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/issued","explain":"A Dublin Core Terms Property; Date of formal issuance (e.g., publication) of the resource."}],"DateIssued":[{"label":"Date Issued","value":"2023-11","attrs":{"lang":"","ns":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/issued","classmap":"oc:SourceResource","property":"dcterms:issued"},"iri":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/issued","explain":"A Dublin Core Terms Property; Date of formal issuance (e.g., publication) of the resource."}],"Description":[{"label":"Description","value":"Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) is a remote sensing technology used to identify deformations of the earth over large areas. The use of this technology has become widespread in recent years to obtain information about structural performance and to help identify large-scale movements of tailings dams and other mine structures. Dam owners and consultants have started to specify Trigger Action Response Plan (TARP) thresholds based on deformations detected by InSAR. However, more recent scrutiny of InSAR technology has exposed some \u201cblind spots\u201d or limitations of the technology. These limitations must be understood by all who rely on InSAR technology as part of their performance monitoring programs. In addition, TARP thresholds may not be relevant to InSAR monitoring technology in the same way that they are applied to more conventional geotechnical instrumentation (e.g., piezometers, slope inclinometers). The slope aspect is a critical aspect of InSAR interpretation. InSAR deformation data is typically provided for both the vertical and east-west displacement directions. Measuring east-west deformations on a slope with a north or south facing slope aspect results in a low sensitivity to deformations. However, InSAR pixels are still used to represent movements on these slopes and can provide users with a misrepresentation of potential deformation on these slopes. Caution should be applied when setting TARP thresholds, as the TARP thresholds will depend on the interaction between the slope angle and the imaging direction. It is important that InSAR analysis is supported by ground-based deformation monitoring systems, including visual inspection and instrumentation readings. InSAR data can be used as an indicator of structural performance but should never be relied upon in isolation of other data sources. The data processing algorithms may need to be adjusted and validated multiple times before a good match is made with ground-based monitoring systems. An iterative, site-specific approach to InSAR data analysis must be utilized to assess the accuracy and value of InSAR data as part of a comprehensive monitoring program designed to effectively facilitate informed risk management decisions.","attrs":{"lang":"","ns":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/description","classmap":"dpla:SourceResource","property":"dcterms:description"},"iri":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/description","explain":"A Dublin Core Terms Property; An account of the resource.; Description may include but is not limited to: an abstract, a table of contents, a graphical representation, or a free-text account of the resource."}],"DigitalResourceOriginalRecord":[{"label":"Digital Resource Original Record","value":"https:\/\/circle.library.ubc.ca\/rest\/handle\/2429\/86845?expand=metadata","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/www.europeana.eu\/schemas\/edm\/aggregatedCHO","classmap":"ore:Aggregation","property":"edm:aggregatedCHO"},"iri":"http:\/\/www.europeana.eu\/schemas\/edm\/aggregatedCHO","explain":"A Europeana Data Model Property; The identifier of the source object, e.g. the Mona Lisa itself. This could be a full linked open date URI or an internal identifier"}],"FullText":[{"label":"Full Text","value":"Proceedings of Tailings and Mine Waste 2023 November 5\u20138, 2023, Vancouver, Canada 1767 Comprehensive Monitoring of Tailings Dams: Navigating the Limitations and Blind Spots of Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) Technology Michael Davis, Stantec Consulting Services Inc., USA Nick Linton, Stantec Consulting Services Inc., USA Abstract Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) is a remote sensing technology used to identify deformations of the earth over large areas. The use of this technology has become widespread in recent years to obtain information about structural performance and to help identify large-scale movements of tailings dams and other mine structures. Dam owners and consultants have started to specify Trigger Action Response Plan (TARP) thresholds based on deformations detected by InSAR. However, more recent scrutiny of InSAR technology has exposed some \u201cblind spots\u201d or limitations of the technology. These limitations must be understood by all who rely on InSAR technology as part of their performance monitoring programs. In addition, TARP thresholds may not be relevant to InSAR monitoring technology in the same way that they are applied to more conventional geotechnical instrumentation (e.g., piezometers, slope inclinometers). The slope aspect is a critical aspect of InSAR interpretation. InSAR deformation data is typically provided for both the vertical and east-west displacement directions. Measuring east-west deformations on a slope with a north or south facing slope aspect results in a low sensitivity to deformations. However, InSAR pixels are still used to represent movements on these slopes and can provide users with a misrepresentation of potential deformation on these slopes. Caution should be applied when setting TARP thresholds, as the TARP thresholds will depend on the interaction between the slope angle and the imaging direction. It is important that InSAR analysis is supported by ground-based deformation monitoring systems, including visual inspection and instrumentation readings. InSAR data can be used as an indicator of structural performance but should never be relied upon in isolation of other data sources. The data processing algorithms may need to be adjusted and validated multiple times before a good match is made with ground-based monitoring systems. An iterative, site-specific approach to InSAR data analysis must be TAILINGS AND MINE WASTE 2023 \u25cf VANCOUVER, CANADA 1768 utilized to assess the accuracy and value of InSAR data as part of a comprehensive monitoring program designed to effectively facilitate informed risk management decisions. Introduction Field monitoring has always been an important aspect of geomechanics and geotechnical design. The variability of natural materials used in tailings dam construction necessitates performance monitoring as a critical aspect of the design and construction lifecycle of a tailings facility. Without performance monitoring, geotechnical designers are unable to test their assumptions in real-world conditions and cannot accurately understand the behaviour of a tailings facility as it is built and operated.  Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) is a remote sensing technology used to identify deformations of the earth over large areas. The use of this technology has become widespread in recent years to glean information about structural performance and to help identify large-scale movements of tailings dams and other mine structures. Dam owners and consultants have started to specify Trigger Action Response Plan (TARP) thresholds on deformations detected by InSAR. However, more recent scrutiny of the technology has exposed some \u201cblind spots\u201d or limitations of the technology. These limitations must be understood by all who rely on InSAR technology as part of their performance monitoring programs. Technology adoption \u2013 a historical monitoring anecdote In 2003, the use of fully grouted piezometer installations was cemented into geotechnical monitoring as standard practice with the publication of Mikkelsen and Green\u2019s paper titled \u201cPiezometers in Fully Grouted Boreholes\u201d (Mikkelsen and Green, 2003). The 2003 paper stated: \u201cIt is time for fully grouted diaphragm piezometers to be adopted in general without further delay or pending further testing.\u201d This statement was based on studies of the response of piezometric sensors which had begun 40 years prior, in 1961 (Penman, 1961). Additional field-scale trials were completed throughout the 1990s and early 2000s and are documented in McKenna et al. (1994) and Tofani (2000), among others. The relative ease of installation of fully grouted piezometers versus the conventional sand and bentonite method made fully grouted piezometer installations popular with engineers, owners, and drilling companies alike. The attraction was attributed mainly to the cost savings of a simpler and faster installation method. However, the complexity of the field conditions in which the fully grouted piezometers were being installed could not be adequately simulated in the laboratory environment, and the studies that supported standardized use of the fully grouted method were largely completed in controlled and overly simplistic laboratory conditions. Thus, for the better part of the past two decades, the fully grouted piezometer method was specified without careful thought and attention to the conditions and parameters that are meant to be measured. COMPREHENSIVE MONITORING OF TAILINGS DAMS: NAVIGATING THE LIMITATIONS AND BLIND SPOTS OF INTERFEROMETRIC SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR (INSAR) TECHNOLOGY 1769 More recently, suspect piezometer results have led to increased scrutiny of the fully grouted piezometer installation method and further studies have been undertaken to model real-world complexities, including transient pressures and zones of differing permeabilities within the same borehole (Martens et al., 2020). Martens et al. write: \u201cThe earlier published data that formed the basis for widespread adoption of the (fully grouted method) did not consider situations where transient porewater pressures resulting from application of external stresses (e.g., embankment construction) are induced in a low permeability layer, and there are a range of soil and transient seepage conditions under which the fully grouted installation method may not provide reliable results.\u201d Martens et al. (2020) concluded: \u201cCritically examine published findings before fully adopting them. Understand the conditions under which any analytical or field procedure was derived, and the limitations of the applicability of that procedure. Procedures that are applied to situations that are outside their range of demonstrated validity may lead to erroneous results.\u201d This example illustrates well how prematurely adopting technological advancements or changes in performance monitoring can lead to problems with the monitoring results. Similarly, this paper explores the rapid adoption of InSAR for deformation monitoring despite the inherent limitations and the lack of practical understanding of the technology. Ambulance chasing \u201cAmbulance chasing\u201d refers to lawyers at a disaster site soliciting for clients. The term derives from the stereotype of lawyers following ambulances to the hospital to find clients (Wikipedia, 2023). In scientific literature, however, the term ambulance chasing \u201crefers to a socio-scientific phenomenon that manifests as a surge in the number of preprint papers on a particular topic. \u2026 it refers to interpretive papers published quickly after a new anomalous measurement has been produced\u201d (Wikipedia, 2023). The Brumadinho tailings dam collapse on January 25, 2019 caused InSAR vendors to ambulance chase and provide findings to suggest that InSAR data analysis could have predicted the collapse of the tailings dam. Examples of the predictive capabilities of InSAR data analysis were published in several journals (e.g., Grebby et al., 2021; Rotta et al., 2020; Gama et al., 2020) and conference proceedings (e.g., Holden et al., 2020).  When we know the answer or outcome of a particular event, it is easy to manipulate data to achieve the desired results. Confirmation bias, a term coined by English psychologist Peter Wason, is the tendency to \u201csearch for, interpret, favor, and recall information in a way that confirms or supports one\u2019s prior beliefs or values\u201d (Wikipedia, 2023a). Confirmation bias produces systematic errors in scientific research based on inductive reasoning, or the gradual accumulation of supportive evidence. It is not a stretch to suggest that confirmation bias played a role in the InSAR analyses that successfully predicted the Brumadinho tailings dam failure. TAILINGS AND MINE WASTE 2023 \u25cf VANCOUVER, CANADA 1770 When we know the outcome of a problem, we can lose objectivity and begin to manipulate data or processing techniques to align with that specific outcome. When data manipulation occurs, the credibility of the data processing techniques is compromised. The numerous examples of InSAR data analysis predicting the Brumadinho tailings dam failure gave dam owners and dam safety experts a false confidence that InSAR data analysis is the silver bullet that will allow dam failures to be predicted well in advance. However, we are learning that this technology cannot be fully validated without ground-based observation methods including visual inspection and instrumentation readings. InSAR processing algorithms The processing algorithms used by vendors to produce interpretable data are the intellectual property of those vendors and are therefore a black box to practitioners and designers regarding how noise is screened out of the data and how the data is otherwise manipulated. The main concerns related to proprietary processing algorithms for InSAR data include: \u2022 Lack of transparency: the details of the processing algorithms are not openly accessible to clients, inhibiting the client\u2019s ability to assess the algorithm\u2019s accuracy, limitations, and reproducibility. \u2022 Stagnation: Development of the algorithms is time consuming and costly. This can lead to stagnation of the technology as advancement of the processing algorithms is not a priority of the vendors. In addition, each vendor must create its own algorithm from scratch, so insights and advancements in processing are harder to make when each vendor must invent their own method of processing. \u2022 Limited scrutiny: External review of the processing algorithms is not occurring, and it is therefore difficult to evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the processing methods. Independent review is critical for ensuring the reliability and accuracy of InSAR data processing methods. \u2022 Reproducibility: Reproducibility is an essential aspect of data manipulation and is not possible when a processing algorithm is proprietary. Results cannot be verified when the processing techniques cannot be validated by others. Unfortunately, biases and limitations are not evident without access to the processing algorithm\u2019s details, and these biases and limitations can impact the accuracy and reliability of the processed InSAR data sets, potentially leading to misinterpretation of the data. Trigger Action Response Plan thresholds on InSAR Trigger Action Response Plan (TARP) thresholds are increasingly commonplace for InSAR data. However, there are complexities related to the interaction between slope aspect and the InSAR satellite imaging COMPREHENSIVE MONITORING OF TAILINGS DAMS: NAVIGATING THE LIMITATIONS AND BLIND SPOTS OF INTERFEROMETRIC SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR (INSAR) TECHNOLOGY 1771 direction that must be considered when discussing TARP thresholds for this monitoring technique. The high power consumption of the radar imaging equipment requires constant sunlight to power the SAR satellites; this requires the satellites to be in a polar (north\/south) orbit. For this reason, the imaging direction is oriented east\/west, which is why InSAR deformation data is typically provided for both the vertical and east-west displacement directions. Measuring east-west deformations on a slope with a north or south facing aspect results in a low sensitivity to deformations on north or south facing slopes. However, InSAR pixels are still used to represent movements on these slopes and may provide practitioners with a misrepresentation of potential deformation on these slopes. Therefore, slope aspect is a critical consideration when interpreting the results of an InSAR analysis. Figure 1 shows a schematic that represents an InSAR satellite\u2019s direction of travel and imaging.   Figure 1: Deformation projections Slope deformations, the slope deformation projections into the measurement plane, and the resultant measurements are represented as follows: \u2022 a: deformation of an east\/west facing slope \u2022 b: projection of an east\/west facing slope movement into the imaging plane \u2022 c: measurement of the east\/west deformation in the imaging plane \u2022 d: deformation of a north\/south facing slope \u2022 e: projection of a north\/south facing slope movement into the imaging plane \u2022 f: measurement of the north\/south deformation in the imaging plane. TAILINGS AND MINE WASTE 2023 \u25cf VANCOUVER, CANADA 1772 Slope deformations on east\/west facing slopes are projected onto the imaging plane and the resulting measurement is accurate, as indicated by vector c. However, as indicated by vector f, slope deformations on north\/south facing slopes are projected onto the imaging plane and the resulting measurement is inaccurate. Figure 1 indicates that InSAR is more sensitive to deformations which occur on east\/west slope aspects and less sensitive to deformations which occur on north\/south slope aspects. Figure 2 shows deformation directions which InSAR is more sensitive to and deformation directions in which the InSAR results are less sensitive.    Figure 2: Relative sensitivity  The relative sensitivity of the measurements to the slope aspect would necessitate a complex elliptical TARP threshold that would depend on the interaction between the slope aspect and the imaging direction. An example of a TARP threshold on InSAR is shown in Figure 3. The low sensitivity of InSAR to measuring deformation on north\/south slope aspects indicates that a lower threshold would be needed to identify critical movements on those slopes, whereas deformations on east\/west slope aspects would require a higher threshold, relative to the north\/south slope aspects. COMPREHENSIVE MONITORING OF TAILINGS DAMS: NAVIGATING THE LIMITATIONS AND BLIND SPOTS OF INTERFEROMETRIC SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR (INSAR) TECHNOLOGY 1773  Figure 3: Elliptical TARP threshold Figures 1 through 3 represent line of sight InSAR analysis. Dual look analyses provide an additional and complementary look angle which helps to decrease the less sensitive areas; however, those less sensitive areas (shown on Figure 2) persist in a dual look analysis. Interferograms The way InSAR data is typically represented is in a heat map of pixels overlain on the ground surface (interferogram). Figure 4 shows an example of the typical output of an InSAR analysis.   Figure 4: Typical InSAR result (interferogram) TAILINGS AND MINE WASTE 2023 \u25cf VANCOUVER, CANADA 1774 The result is misleading as it gives a false impression that the data set is comprehensive and accurate, but the slope aspect and relative sensitivity of the results are not included and cannot be interpreted from the current outputs. We need to advance the way we present InSAR data so that the limitations of the data set can be visually conveyed and understood by all. InSAR data analysis comparisons To illustrate the variability between what theoretically should be identical data sets, we compared four InSAR data sets derived from a mine site in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. The four analyses were completed by a single InSAR processing vendor, using one processing algorithm, over the span of three years (2020 to 2023). Two of the analyses were dual look (DL) data sets with satellites in both an ascending and a descending orbit, and two of the analyses were line of sight (LOS) data sets with only one satellite look direction. The analyses were compared to 1) assess the repeatability of the data processing algorithm used by the InSAR processing vendor; 2) review the impact of slope aspect on data variability; and 3) compare the results of DL analyses with LOS analyses.  Most importantly, we found that the InSAR processing algorithm does not produce repeatable data sets. Variability is introduced with each new iteration of processing the data. We also found that the DL data sets result in less variability overall when compared with the LOS data sets. We did not find substantial variability due to the slope aspect. Figures 5, 6, and 7 show the four InSAR data sets for Area 1, Area 2, and Area 3 respectively over a two-year period.  \u2022 Area 1 \u2013 the LOS data sets differed by approximately 7 millimeters (mm) cumulatively while the DL data sets differed by approximately 4 mm cumulatively. The maximum spread of the four results was approximately 15 mm. \u2022 Area 2 \u2013 the LOS data sets differed by approximately 12 mm cumulatively while the DL data sets differed by approximately 4 mm cumulatively. The maximum spread of the four results was approximately 12 mm. \u2022 Area 3 \u2013 the LOS data sets differed by approximately 10 mm cumulatively while the DL data sets differed by approximately 6 mm cumulatively. The maximum spread of the four results was approximately 10 mm.  COMPREHENSIVE MONITORING OF TAILINGS DAMS: NAVIGATING THE LIMITATIONS AND BLIND SPOTS OF INTERFEROMETRIC SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR (INSAR) TECHNOLOGY 1775  Figure 5: Area 1 InSAR data set comparison (average of 272 pixels)   Figure 6: Area 2 InSAR data set comparison (average of 144 pixels) -4-20246810121416Aug-18 Dec-18 Mar-19 Jun-19 Sep-19 Jan-20 Apr-20 Jul-20 Nov-20Deformation (mm)DateArea 1LOS 6\/2023 LOS 12\/2022 DL 12\/2021 DL 12\/2020-16-14-12-10-8-6-4-20246Aug-18 Dec-18 Mar-19 Jun-19 Sep-19 Jan-20 Apr-20 Jul-20 Nov-20Deformation (mm)DateArea 2LOS 6\/2023 LOS 12\/2022 DL 12\/2021 DL 12\/2020TAILINGS AND MINE WASTE 2023 \u25cf VANCOUVER, CANADA 1776  Figure 7: Area 3 InSAR data set comparison (average of 486 pixels) Conclusion InSAR is a beneficial monitoring technology that can give important insights into the structural performance of tailings dams and other structures. However, it has limitations, as discussed. Before InSAR is adopted as a commonplace monitoring technology its limitations must be fully understood. This means understanding the data processing algorithms used to generate the data sets, and as it stands these algorithms are proprietary intellectual property; we don\u2019t have full visibility into how the data is being manipulated. Users of the technology require greater transparency from InSAR data processing vendors and increased levels of scrutiny. The way InSAR data is typically represented is in a heat map of pixels overlain on the ground surface. This is not sufficient for interpretation of the data. The heat map is misleading as it gives a false impression that the data set is comprehensive and accurate. However, the slope aspect and relative sensitivity of the results are not included, making the data set incomplete. There are complexities in the interaction between the satellite imaging plane and the topography that are not fully understood. This leads to projection errors of deformations on north\/south facing slopes into the imaging plane for both LOS and DL analyses. Caution should be applied when setting TARP thresholds as the TARP thresholds will depend on the interaction between the slope angle and the imaging direction. The InSAR processing algorithm that was assessed as part of this paper did not produce repeatable results from one iteration of the analysis to the next. This COMPREHENSIVE MONITORING OF TAILINGS DAMS: NAVIGATING THE LIMITATIONS AND BLIND SPOTS OF INTERFEROMETRIC SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR (INSAR) TECHNOLOGY 1777 variability should be considered when dam owners and consultants are relying on InSAR as part of their monitoring program.  It is important that InSAR analysis is supported by ground-based deformation monitoring systems, including visual inspection and instrumentation readings. InSAR data can be used as an indicator of structural performance, but should never be relied upon in isolation of other data sources. Processing algorithms may also need to be adjusted and validated multiple times before a good match is made with ground-based monitoring systems. An iterative, site-specific approach to InSAR data analysis must be utilized to assess the accuracy and value of InSAR data as part of a comprehensive monitoring program positioned to effectively facilitate informed risk management decisions. References Gama, F.F., J.C. Mura, W.R. Paradella and C.G. de Oliveira. 2020. Deformations prior to the Brumadinho dam collapse revealed by Sentinel-1 InSAR data using SBAS and PSI techniques. Remote Sensing 12(21), 3664. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs12213664 Grebby, S.S., A. Sowter, J. Gluyas, D.Toll, D. Gee, A. Athab and R. Girindran. 2021. Advanced analysis of satellite data reveals ground deformation precursors to the Brumadinho tailings dam collapse. Communications Earth & Environment 2(2). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s43247-020-00079-2. Holden, D., S. Donegan and A. Pon. 2020. Brumadinho Dam InSAR study: analysis of TerraSAR-X, COSMO-SkyMed and Sentinel-1 images preceding the collapse. In Proceedings of the 2020 International Symposium on Slope Stability in Open Pit Mining and Civil Engineering, pp. 293\u2013306. Perth: Australian Centre for Geomechanics. Martens, S., S. Li, R. Hoda, P. Oblozinksy and S. Iqbal. 2020. Applicability of the fully grouted piezometer installation method for transient seepage conditions. In Proceedings of GeoVirtual 2020. Canadian Geotechnical Society. McKenna, G.T., G. Livingstone and T. Lord. 1994. Advances in slope-monitoring instrumentation at Syncrude Canada Ltd. Geotechnical News Magazine 12(3): 66\u201369. Mikkelsen, P.E. and G.E. Green. 2003. Piezometers in fully grouted boreholes. Symposium on Field Measurements in Geomechanics, FMGM 2003. Oslo, Norway. Penman, A.D.M. 1961. A study of the response time of various types of piezometers. Pore pressure and suction in soils. Geotechnical Society: 53\u201358.  Rotta, L.H.S., Enner Alc\u00e2ntara, Edward Park, Rog\u00e9rio Galante Negri, Yunung Nina Lin, Nariane Bernardo, Tatiana Sussel Gon\u00e7alves Mendes and Carlos Roberto Souza Filho. 2020. The 2019 Brumadinho tailings dam collapse: possible cause and impacts of the worst human and environmental disaster in Brazil. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation 90, August 2020, 102119. TAILINGS AND MINE WASTE 2023 \u25cf VANCOUVER, CANADA 1778 Tofani, G.D. 2000. Grout in-place installation of slope inclinometers and piezometers. In Seminar on Geotechnical Field Instrumentation at University of Washington, American Society of Civil Engineers ASCE), Seattle Section, Geotechnical Group. Wikipedia. 2023, June 21. Ambulance chasing. Retrieved from en.wikipedia.org: https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ambulance_chasing Wikipedia. 2023a, June 26. Confirmation bias. Retrieved from Wikipedia: https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Confirmation_bias  ","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2009\/08\/skos-reference\/skos.html#note","classmap":"oc:AnnotationContainer"},"iri":"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2009\/08\/skos-reference\/skos.html#note","explain":"Simple Knowledge Organisation System; Notes are used to provide information relating to SKOS concepts. There is no restriction on the nature of this information, e.g., it could be plain text, hypertext, or an image; it could be a definition, information about the scope of a concept, editorial information, or any other type of information."}],"Genre":[{"label":"Genre","value":"Conference Paper","attrs":{"lang":"","ns":"http:\/\/www.europeana.eu\/schemas\/edm\/hasType","classmap":"dpla:SourceResource","property":"edm:hasType"},"iri":"http:\/\/www.europeana.eu\/schemas\/edm\/hasType","explain":"A Europeana Data Model Property; This property relates a resource with the concepts it belongs to in a suitable type system such as MIME or any thesaurus that captures categories of objects in a given field. It does NOT capture aboutness"}],"IsShownAt":[{"label":"DOI","value":"10.14288\/1.0438165","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/www.europeana.eu\/schemas\/edm\/isShownAt","classmap":"edm:WebResource","property":"edm:isShownAt"},"iri":"http:\/\/www.europeana.eu\/schemas\/edm\/isShownAt","explain":"A Europeana Data Model Property; An unambiguous URL reference to the digital object on the provider\u2019s website in its full information context."}],"Language":[{"label":"Language","value":"eng","attrs":{"lang":"","ns":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/language","classmap":"dpla:SourceResource","property":"dcterms:language"},"iri":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/language","explain":"A Dublin Core Terms Property; A language of the resource.; Recommended best practice is to use a controlled vocabulary such as RFC 4646 [RFC4646]."}],"PeerReviewStatus":[{"label":"Peer Review Status","value":"Unreviewed","attrs":{"lang":"","ns":"https:\/\/open.library.ubc.ca\/terms#peerReviewStatus","classmap":"oc:PublicationDescription","property":"oc:peerReviewStatus"},"iri":"https:\/\/open.library.ubc.ca\/terms#peerReviewStatus","explain":"UBC Open Collections Metadata Components; Local Field; Identifies whether or not the resource is peer-reviewed. Applies to published resources only."}],"Provider":[{"label":"Provider","value":"Vancouver : University of British Columbia Library","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/www.europeana.eu\/schemas\/edm\/provider","classmap":"ore:Aggregation","property":"edm:provider"},"iri":"http:\/\/www.europeana.eu\/schemas\/edm\/provider","explain":"A Europeana Data Model Property; The name or identifier of the organization who delivers data directly to an aggregation service (e.g. Europeana)"}],"Rights":[{"label":"Rights","value":"Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International","attrs":{"lang":"","ns":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/rights","classmap":"edm:WebResource","property":"dcterms:rights"},"iri":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/rights","explain":"A Dublin Core Terms Property; Information about rights held in and over the resource.; Typically, rights information includes a statement about various property rights associated with the resource, including intellectual property rights."}],"RightsURI":[{"label":"Rights URI","value":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nd\/4.0\/","attrs":{"lang":"","ns":"https:\/\/open.library.ubc.ca\/terms#rightsURI","classmap":"oc:PublicationDescription","property":"oc:rightsURI"},"iri":"https:\/\/open.library.ubc.ca\/terms#rightsURI","explain":"UBC Open Collections Metadata Components; Local Field; Indicates the Creative Commons license url."}],"ScholarlyLevel":[{"label":"Scholarly Level","value":"Other","attrs":{"lang":"","ns":"https:\/\/open.library.ubc.ca\/terms#scholarLevel","classmap":"oc:PublicationDescription","property":"oc:scholarLevel"},"iri":"https:\/\/open.library.ubc.ca\/terms#scholarLevel","explain":"UBC Open Collections Metadata Components; Local Field; Identifies the scholarly level of the author(s)\/creator(s)."}],"Title":[{"label":"Title ","value":"Comprehensive Monitoring of Tailings Dams : Navigating the Limitations and Blind Spots of Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) Technology","attrs":{"lang":"","ns":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/title","classmap":"dpla:SourceResource","property":"dcterms:title"},"iri":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/title","explain":"A Dublin Core Terms Property; The name given to the resource."}],"Type":[{"label":"Type","value":"Text","attrs":{"lang":"","ns":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/type","classmap":"dpla:SourceResource","property":"dcterms:type"},"iri":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/type","explain":"A Dublin Core Terms Property; The nature or genre of the resource.; Recommended best practice is to use a controlled vocabulary such as the DCMI Type Vocabulary [DCMITYPE]. To describe the file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource, use the Format element."}],"URI":[{"label":"URI","value":"http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/2429\/86845","attrs":{"lang":"","ns":"https:\/\/open.library.ubc.ca\/terms#identifierURI","classmap":"oc:PublicationDescription","property":"oc:identifierURI"},"iri":"https:\/\/open.library.ubc.ca\/terms#identifierURI","explain":"UBC Open Collections Metadata Components; Local Field; Indicates the handle for item record."}],"SortDate":[{"label":"Sort Date","value":"2023-11-30 AD","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/date","classmap":"oc:InternalResource","property":"dcterms:date"},"iri":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/date","explain":"A Dublin Core Elements Property; A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource.; Date may be used to express temporal information at any level of granularity. Recommended best practice is to use an encoding scheme, such as the W3CDTF profile of ISO 8601 [W3CDTF].; A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource.; Date may be used to express temporal information at any level of granularity. Recommended best practice is to use an encoding scheme, such as the W3CDTF profile of ISO 8601 [W3CDTF]."}]}