{"Affiliation":[{"label":"Affiliation","value":"Arts, Faculty of","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/vivoweb.org\/ontology\/core#departmentOrSchool","classmap":"vivo:EducationalProcess","property":"vivo:departmentOrSchool"},"iri":"http:\/\/vivoweb.org\/ontology\/core#departmentOrSchool","explain":"VIVO-ISF Ontology V1.6 Property; The department or school name within institution; Not intended to be an institution name."},{"label":"Affiliation","value":"Geography, Department of","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/vivoweb.org\/ontology\/core#departmentOrSchool","classmap":"vivo:EducationalProcess","property":"vivo:departmentOrSchool"},"iri":"http:\/\/vivoweb.org\/ontology\/core#departmentOrSchool","explain":"VIVO-ISF Ontology V1.6 Property; The department or school name within institution; Not intended to be an institution name."}],"AggregatedSourceRepository":[{"label":"Aggregated Source Repository","value":"DSpace","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/www.europeana.eu\/schemas\/edm\/dataProvider","classmap":"ore:Aggregation","property":"edm:dataProvider"},"iri":"http:\/\/www.europeana.eu\/schemas\/edm\/dataProvider","explain":"A Europeana Data Model Property; The name or identifier of the organization who contributes data indirectly to an aggregation service (e.g. Europeana)"}],"Campus":[{"label":"Campus","value":"UBCV","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"https:\/\/open.library.ubc.ca\/terms#degreeCampus","classmap":"oc:ThesisDescription","property":"oc:degreeCampus"},"iri":"https:\/\/open.library.ubc.ca\/terms#degreeCampus","explain":"UBC Open Collections Metadata Components; Local Field; Identifies the name of the campus from which the graduate completed their degree."}],"Creator":[{"label":"Creator","value":"Miller, Michael","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/creator","classmap":"dpla:SourceResource","property":"dcterms:creator"},"iri":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/creator","explain":"A Dublin Core Terms Property; An entity primarily responsible for making the resource.; Examples of a Contributor include a person, an organization, or a service."}],"DateAvailable":[{"label":"Date Available","value":"2013-05-09T09:11:18Z","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/issued","classmap":"edm:WebResource","property":"dcterms:issued"},"iri":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/issued","explain":"A Dublin Core Terms Property; Date of formal issuance (e.g., publication) of the resource."}],"DateIssued":[{"label":"Date Issued","value":"2013-04-03","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/issued","classmap":"oc:SourceResource","property":"dcterms:issued"},"iri":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/issued","explain":"A Dublin Core Terms Property; Date of formal issuance (e.g., publication) of the resource."}],"Description":[{"label":"Description","value":"With\na\ngoal\nof\ninforming\nthe\nCity\nof\nVancouver\u2019s\nsolid\nwaste\nmanagement\nstrategy,\nthis\nreport\nexplores\nthe\nbest\npractice\noptions\nfor\nthe\nseparation\nand\nprocessing\nof\nclean\nwood\nwaste\nfrom from\nconstruction,\ndemolition\nand\nrenovation\nactivities\nand\nthe\npotential\nend\nuse\noptions\nfor\nthese\ndiverted\nwood\nmaterials.\nThe\npolicy\ninstruments\nthat\neffectively\nencourage\nthese\nactions\nin\njurisdictions\nsimilar\nto\nVancouver\nwere\nalso\nidentified.\nA\nliterature\nreview\nof\nacademic\narticles,\ngovernment\ndocuments,\nand\nconsultant\nreports\ninformed\nthis\nresearch.\nThe\nrecommendations\nfor\nthe\nCity\nof\nVancouver,\nexplored\nin\nfurther\ndetail\nin\nthe\nreport,\nare\nas\nfollows:\n\u2022 Source\nseparation\nof\nwood\nwaste\nis\nthe\nmost\neffective\ndiversion\nstrategy.\nBy\nencouraging\ndeconstruction\nmethods\nover\ntraditional\ndemolition\npractices,\nthe\nease\nand\nefficiency\nof\nsource\nseparation\ncan\nbe\nimproved\nconsiderably.\n\u2022 The\nmarket\nfor\nrecycled\nand\nreused\nconstruction\nand\ndemolition\nwaste\nproducts\nneeds\nto\nbe\nexpanded.\nEstablishing\ndemand\nfor\nthese\nmaterials\ncan\nbe\naccomplished\nthrough\ninstitutional\npurchasing\nand\nencouraging\na\ndiversity\nof\nend\nuse\napplications.\n\u2022 Developing\nmarket\nsupport\ninfrastructure\nand\nexpanding\nthe\ndistribution\nnetwork\nfor\nreused\nand\nrecycled\nbuilding\nmaterials\nis\ncritical\nfor\nraising\ntheir\nmarket\nshare.\nThe\nCity\u2019s\nDeconstruction\nHub\nis\na\ngreat\nstarting\npoint\nfor\nexpanding\nthe\nlocal\nmarket\ncapacity\nfor\nreused\nand\nrecycled\nwood\nbuilding\nmaterials.","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/description","classmap":"dpla:SourceResource","property":"dcterms:description"},"iri":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/description","explain":"A Dublin Core Terms Property; 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\u00a0guidelines\t\r \u00a0and\t\r \u00a0examples\t\r \u00a0were\t\r \u00a0determined\t\r \u00a0for\t\r \u00a0the\t\r \u00a0diversion\t\r \u00a0and\t\r \u00a0 processing\t\r \u00a0of\t\r \u00a0clean\t\r \u00a0wood\t\r \u00a0waste,\t\r \u00a0as\t\r \u00a0well\t\r \u00a0as\t\r \u00a0the\t\r \u00a0recycling\t\r \u00a0or\t\r \u00a0re-\u00ad\u2010use\t\r \u00a0applications\t\r \u00a0of\t\r \u00a0these\t\r \u00a0 materials.\t\r \u00a0Additionally,\t\r \u00a0policy\t\r \u00a0measures\t\r \u00a0that\t\r \u00a0successfully\t\r \u00a0fostered\t\r \u00a0or\t\r \u00a0encouraged\t\r \u00a0these\t\r \u00a0actions\t\r \u00a0 in\t\r \u00a0other\t\r \u00a0jurisdictions\t\r \u00a0were\t\r \u00a0identified.\t\r \u00a0 3\t\r \u00a0 \t\r \u00a0 Local\t\r \u00a0Context\t\r \u00a0 \t\r \u00a0 The\t\r \u00a0City\t\r \u00a0of\t\r \u00a0Vancouver\t\r \u00a0is\t\r \u00a0presently\t\r \u00a0in\t\r \u00a0the\t\r \u00a0process\t\r \u00a0of\t\r \u00a0adjusting\t\r \u00a0its\t\r \u00a0waste\t\r \u00a0management\t\r \u00a0 strategies\t\r \u00a0to\t\r \u00a0ensure\t\r \u00a0that\t\r \u00a0less\t\r \u00a0waste\t\r \u00a0generated\t\r \u00a0in\t\r \u00a0the\t\r \u00a0municipality\t\r \u00a0is\t\r \u00a0destined\t\r \u00a0for\t\r \u00a0disposal.\t\r \u00a0 Concurrently,\t\r \u00a0Metro\t\r \u00a0Vancouver,\t\r \u00a0the\t\r \u00a0regional\t\r \u00a0authority,\t\r \u00a0is\t\r \u00a0banning\t\r \u00a0the\t\r \u00a0disposal\t\r \u00a0of\t\r \u00a0wood\t\r \u00a0waste\t\r \u00a0 in\t\r \u00a0local\t\r \u00a0landfills\t\r \u00a0by\t\r \u00a02015\t\r \u00a0as\t\r \u00a0part\t\r \u00a0of\t\r \u00a0its\t\r \u00a0Zero\t\r \u00a0Waste\t\r \u00a0Challenge\t\r \u00a0Strategy\t\r \u00a0(Metro\t\r \u00a0Vancouver,\t\r \u00a02011).\t\r \u00a0 Construction,\t\r \u00a0demolition\t\r \u00a0and\t\r \u00a0renovation\t\r \u00a0activities\t\r \u00a0are\t\r \u00a0a\t\r \u00a0major\t\r \u00a0source\t\r \u00a0of\t\r \u00a0wood\t\r \u00a0waste\t\r \u00a0in\t\r \u00a0 Vancouver\t\r \u00a0and\t\r \u00a0elsewhere,\t\r 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\u00a0in\t\r \u00a0the\t\r \u00a0Greater\t\r \u00a0 Vancouver\t\r \u00a0region\t\r \u00a0between\t\r \u00a0now\t\r \u00a0and\t\r \u00a02041:\t\r \u00a0roughly\t\r \u00a0470,000\t\r \u00a0tonnes\t\r \u00a0per\t\r \u00a0year\t\r \u00a0on\t\r \u00a0average\t\r \u00a0 between\t\r \u00a02005\t\r \u00a0and\t\r \u00a02010\t\r \u00a0to\t\r \u00a0over\t\r \u00a0700,000\t\r \u00a0tonnes\t\r \u00a0annually\t\r \u00a0by\t\r \u00a02041.\t\r \u00a0The\t\r \u00a0exact\t\r \u00a0proportion\t\r \u00a0of\t\r \u00a0this\t\r \u00a0 waste\t\r \u00a0stream\t\r \u00a0generated\t\r \u00a0within\t\r \u00a0Vancouver\t\r \u00a0is\t\r \u00a0subject\t\r \u00a0to\t\r \u00a0variability\t\r \u00a0in\t\r \u00a0housing\t\r \u00a0markets\t\r \u00a0and\t\r \u00a0other\t\r \u00a0 external\t\r \u00a0influences,\t\r \u00a0but\t\r \u00a0it\t\r \u00a0is\t\r \u00a0clear\t\r \u00a0that\t\r \u00a0the\t\r \u00a0capacity\t\r \u00a0for\t\r \u00a0its\t\r \u00a0diversion\t\r \u00a0will\t\r \u00a0have\t\r \u00a0to\t\r \u00a0increase\t\r \u00a0 concurrently.\t\r \u00a0Considerable\t\r \u00a0volumes\t\r \u00a0of\t\r \u00a0wood\t\r \u00a0waste\t\r \u00a0are\t\r \u00a0currently\t\r \u00a0recycled\t\r \u00a0in\t\r \u00a0the\t\r \u00a0lower\t\r \u00a0 mainland,\t\r \u00a0though\t\r \u00a0it\t\r \u00a0is\t\r \u00a0noted\t\r \u00a0that\t\r \u00a0this\t\r \u00a0typically\t\r \u00a0involves\t\r \u00a0high-\u00ad\u2010volume,\t\r \u00a0low-\u00ad\u2010value\t\r \u00a0end\t\r \u00a0uses\t\r \u00a0such\t\r \u00a0as\t\r \u00a0 4\t\r \u00a0 \t\r \u00a0 landfill\t\r \u00a0cover;\t\r \u00a0while\t\r \u00a0these\t\r \u00a0types\t\r \u00a0of\t\r \u00a0applications\t\r \u00a0are,\t\r \u00a0at\t\r \u00a0the\t\r \u00a0very\t\r \u00a0least,\t\r \u00a0marginally\t\r \u00a0preferable\t\r \u00a0to\t\r \u00a0 disposal,\t\r \u00a0they\t\r \u00a0have\t\r \u00a0somewhat\t\r \u00a0limited\t\r \u00a0environmental\t\r \u00a0and\t\r \u00a0economic\t\r \u00a0benefit\t\r \u00a0compared\t\r \u00a0to\t\r \u00a0 higher-\u00ad\u2010value\t\r \u00a0recycling\t\r \u00a0and\t\r \u00a0particularly\t\r \u00a0reuse\t\r \u00a0applications\t\r \u00a0(Kane\t\r \u00a0Consulting\t\r \u00a0et\t\r \u00a0al).\t\r \u00a0 \t\r \u00a0 Challenges\t\r \u00a0facing\t\r \u00a0the\t\r \u00a0complete\t\r \u00a0diversion\t\r \u00a0of\t\r \u00a0clean\t\r \u00a0wood\t\r \u00a0waste\t\r \u00a0from\t\r \u00a0the\t\r \u00a0construction\t\r \u00a0 and\t\r \u00a0demolition\t\r \u00a0sectors\t\r \u00a0are\t\r \u00a0numerous,\t\r \u00a0and\t\r \u00a0include\t\r \u00a0economic,\t\r \u00a0technical,\t\r \u00a0and\t\r \u00a0regulatory\t\r \u00a0 impediments,\t\r \u00a0some\t\r \u00a0unique\t\r \u00a0to\t\r \u00a0Vancouver\t\r \u00a0and\t\r \u00a0others\t\r \u00a0more\t\r \u00a0common\t\r \u00a0throughout\t\r \u00a0North\t\r \u00a0America\t\r \u00a0 and\t\r \u00a0Europe.\t\r \u00a0Economic\t\r \u00a0challenges\t\r \u00a0to\t\r \u00a0improving\t\r \u00a0wood\t\r \u00a0waste\t\r \u00a0diversion\t\r \u00a0rates\t\r \u00a0in\t\r \u00a0Vancouver\t\r \u00a0 include\t\r \u00a0disproportionately\t\r \u00a0high\t\r \u00a0costs\t\r \u00a0for\t\r \u00a0labour\t\r \u00a0and\t\r \u00a0land\t\r \u00a0relative\t\r \u00a0to\t\r \u00a0low\t\r \u00a0materials\t\r \u00a0costs,\t\r \u00a0which\t\r \u00a0 incentivize\t\r \u00a0the\t\r \u00a0timely\t\r \u00a0completion\t\r \u00a0of\t\r \u00a0projects\t\r \u00a0and\t\r \u00a0sacrifice\t\r \u00a0the\t\r \u00a0procurement\t\r \u00a0of\t\r \u00a0reused\t\r \u00a0and\t\r \u00a0 recycled\t\r \u00a0materials\t\r \u00a0in\t\r \u00a0the\t\r \u00a0design\t\r \u00a0stages\t\r \u00a0as\t\r \u00a0well\t\r \u00a0as\t\r \u00a0the\t\r \u00a0careful\t\r \u00a0separation\t\r \u00a0and\t\r \u00a0reduction\t\r \u00a0of\t\r \u00a0wood\t\r \u00a0 waste\t\r \u00a0at\t\r \u00a0the\t\r \u00a0worksite\t\r \u00a0(Kane\t\r \u00a0Consulting\t\r \u00a0et\t\r \u00a0al,\t\r \u00a02012).\t\r \u00a0Deconstruction\t\r \u00a0and\t\r \u00a0source\t\r \u00a0separation\t\r \u00a0 require\t\r \u00a0improved\t\r \u00a0staff\t\r \u00a0training\t\r \u00a0(Gordon\t\r \u00a0et\t\r \u00a0al,\t\r \u00a02003),\t\r \u00a0and\t\r \u00a0multiple\t\r \u00a0waste\t\r \u00a0bins\t\r \u00a0at\t\r \u00a0the\t\r \u00a0work\t\r \u00a0site,\t\r \u00a0 which\t\r \u00a0increases\t\r \u00a0hauling\t\r \u00a0costs\t\r \u00a0and\t\r \u00a0project\t\r \u00a0timelines.\t\r \u00a0Additionally,\t\r \u00a0the\t\r \u00a0strength\t\r \u00a0of\t\r \u00a0the\t\r \u00a0housing\t\r \u00a0 market\t\r \u00a0creates\t\r \u00a0an\t\r \u00a0inverse\t\r \u00a0relationship\t\r \u00a0between\t\r \u00a0the\t\r \u00a0supply\t\r \u00a0and\t\r \u00a0demand\t\r \u00a0for\t\r \u00a0reused\t\r \u00a0and\t\r \u00a0recycled\t\r \u00a0 wood\t\r \u00a0waste,\t\r \u00a0because,\t\r \u00a0despite\t\r \u00a0an\t\r \u00a0associated\t\r \u00a0increase\t\r \u00a0in\t\r \u00a0construction,\t\r \u00a0renovation\t\r \u00a0and\t\r \u00a0 demolition\t\r \u00a0activity,\t\r \u00a0\u201ca\t\r \u00a0strong\t\r \u00a0economy\t\r \u00a0makes\t\r 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\u00a0diversion;\t\r \u00a0however\t\r \u00a0in\t\r \u00a0theory\t\r \u00a0the\t\r \u00a02015\t\r \u00a0ban\t\r \u00a0on\t\r \u00a0wood\t\r \u00a0waste\t\r \u00a0 disposal\t\r \u00a0will\t\r \u00a0eliminate\t\r \u00a0this\t\r \u00a0particular\t\r \u00a0economic\t\r \u00a0barrier.\t\r \u00a0Other\t\r \u00a0impediments\t\r \u00a0to\t\r \u00a0the\t\r \u00a0increased\t\r \u00a0use\t\r \u00a0 5\t\r \u00a0 \t\r \u00a0 of\t\r \u00a0reused\t\r \u00a0and\t\r \u00a0recycled\t\r \u00a0wood\t\r \u00a0materials\t\r \u00a0in\t\r \u00a0Vancouver,\t\r \u00a0identified\t\r \u00a0in\t\r \u00a0the\t\r \u00a0Kane\t\r \u00a0Consulting\t\r \u00a0et\t\r \u00a0al\t\r \u00a0 report,\t\r \u00a0include\t\r \u00a0building\t\r \u00a0code\t\r \u00a0restrictions,\t\r \u00a0a\t\r \u00a0disaggregated\t\r \u00a0supply\t\r \u00a0of\t\r \u00a0used\t\r \u00a0building\t\r \u00a0materials\t\r \u00a0and\t\r \u00a0 disconnection\t\r \u00a0between\t\r \u00a0the\t\r \u00a0construction,\t\r \u00a0renovation\t\r \u00a0and\t\r \u00a0demolition\t\r \u00a0stages\t\r \u00a0of\t\r \u00a0a\t\r \u00a0building\t\r \u00a0or\t\r \u00a0lot,\t\r \u00a0 a\t\r \u00a0lack\t\r \u00a0of\t\r \u00a0market\t\r \u00a0infrastructure\t\r \u00a0for\t\r \u00a0waste\t\r \u00a0diversion\t\r \u00a0and\t\r \u00a0procurement\t\r \u00a0of\t\r \u00a0used\t\r \u00a0materials,\t\r \u00a0and\t\r \u00a0 ingrained\t\r \u00a0cultural\t\r \u00a0preferences\t\r \u00a0for\t\r \u00a0new\t\r \u00a0materials.\t\r \u00a0\t\r \u00a0 \t\r \u00a0 While\t\r \u00a0Vancouver\u2019s\t\r \u00a0high\t\r \u00a0real\t\r \u00a0estate,\t\r \u00a0and,\t\r \u00a0to\t\r \u00a0a\t\r \u00a0lesser\t\r \u00a0degree,\t\r \u00a0labour,\t\r \u00a0costs\t\r \u00a0are\t\r \u00a0a\t\r \u00a0 somewhat\t\r \u00a0unique\t\r \u00a0challenge,\t\r \u00a0there\t\r \u00a0are\t\r \u00a0numerous\t\r \u00a0examples\t\r \u00a0of\t\r \u00a0municipal\t\r \u00a0or\t\r \u00a0higher\t\r \u00a0level\t\r \u00a0 governments\t\r \u00a0successfully\t\r \u00a0addressing\t\r \u00a0the\t\r \u00a0challenges\t\r \u00a0discussed\t\r \u00a0above;\t\r \u00a0these\t\r \u00a0will\t\r \u00a0be\t\r \u00a0discussed\t\r \u00a0 below\t\r \u00a0following\t\r \u00a0a\t\r \u00a0brief\t\r \u00a0technical\t\r \u00a0overview\t\r \u00a0of\t\r \u00a0the\t\r \u00a0construction,\t\r \u00a0renovation\t\r \u00a0and\t\r \u00a0demolition\t\r \u00a0wood\t\r \u00a0 waste\t\r \u00a0stream\t\r \u00a0and\t\r \u00a0the\t\r \u00a0spectrum\t\r \u00a0of\t\r \u00a0potential\t\r \u00a0end\t\r \u00a0uses\t\r \u00a0for\t\r \u00a0reused\t\r \u00a0and\t\r \u00a0recycled\t\r \u00a0wood.\t\r \u00a0\t\r \u00a0 Construction,\t\r \u00a0Demolition,\t\r \u00a0and\t\r \u00a0Renovation\t\r \u00a0Wood\t\r \u00a0Waste\t\r \u00a0Stream\t\r \u00a0 \t\r \u00a0 The\t\r \u00a0wood\t\r \u00a0waste\t\r \u00a0stream\t\r \u00a0from\t\r \u00a0construction,\t\r \u00a0demolition\t\r \u00a0and\t\r \u00a0renovation\t\r \u00a0is\t\r \u00a0highly\t\r \u00a0variable\t\r \u00a0 in\t\r \u00a0both\t\r \u00a0quantity\t\r \u00a0and\t\r \u00a0quality\t\r \u00a0depending\t\r \u00a0on\t\r \u00a0the\t\r \u00a0source\t\r \u00a0activity,\t\r \u00a0which\t\r \u00a0has\t\r \u00a0significant\t\r \u00a0influence\t\r \u00a0on\t\r \u00a0 the\t\r \u00a0most\t\r \u00a0appropriate\t\r \u00a0diversion\t\r \u00a0strategies\t\r \u00a0and\t\r \u00a0end\t\r \u00a0uses\t\r \u00a0to\t\r \u00a0apply.\t\r \u00a0Two\t\r \u00a0sources\t\r \u00a0emphasize\t\r \u00a0that\t\r \u00a0 there\t\r \u00a0are\t\r \u00a0differences\t\r \u00a0in\t\r \u00a0the\t\r \u00a0magnitude\t\r \u00a0and\t\r \u00a0composition\t\r \u00a0of\t\r \u00a0the\t\r \u00a0waste\t\r \u00a0streams\t\r \u00a0from\t\r \u00a0new\t\r \u00a0 construction,\t\r \u00a0renovation\t\r \u00a0and\t\r \u00a0demolition\t\r \u00a0activities;\t\r \u00a0demolition\t\r \u00a0activities\t\r \u00a0account\t\r \u00a0for\t\r \u00a0the\t\r \u00a0largest\t\r \u00a0 share\t\r \u00a0of\t\r \u00a0construction\t\r \u00a0and\t\r \u00a0demolitions\t\r \u00a0waste\t\r \u00a0wood\t\r \u00a0generation\t\r \u00a0in\t\r \u00a0the\t\r \u00a0United\t\r \u00a0States,\t\r \u00a0at\t\r \u00a0an\t\r \u00a0 estimated\t\r \u00a026.4\t\r \u00a0million\t\r \u00a0tons\t\r \u00a0of\t\r \u00a0a\t\r \u00a0total\t\r \u00a035.1\t\r \u00a0million\t\r \u00a0tons\t\r \u00a0per\t\r \u00a0year,\t\r \u00a0or\t\r \u00a0roughly\t\r \u00a075\t\r \u00a0percent,\t\r \u00a0in\t\r \u00a01998\t\r \u00a0 (McKeever,\t\r \u00a01999;\t\r \u00a0Sandler,\t\r \u00a02003).\t\r \u00a0In\t\r \u00a0the\t\r \u00a0demolition\t\r \u00a0waste\t\r \u00a0stream,\t\r \u00a0particularly,\t\r \u00a0contaminated\t\r \u00a0 wood\t\r \u00a0is\t\r \u00a0of\t\r \u00a0concern\t\r \u00a0for\t\r \u00a0both\t\r \u00a0reuse\t\r \u00a0and\t\r \u00a0recycling:\t\r \u00a0other\t\r \u00a0building\t\r \u00a0materials\t\r \u00a0such\t\r \u00a0as\t\r \u00a0fasteners,\t\r \u00a0 drywall,\t\r \u00a0or\t\r \u00a0insulation,\t\r \u00a0as\t\r \u00a0well\t\r \u00a0as\t\r \u00a0paint\t\r \u00a0or\t\r \u00a0chemical\t\r \u00a0wood\t\r \u00a0treatments\t\r \u00a0such\t\r \u00a0as\t\r \u00a0chromated\t\r \u00a0copper\t\r \u00a0 6\t\r \u00a0 \t\r \u00a0 arsenate\t\r \u00a0(CCA),\t\r \u00a0are\t\r \u00a0often\t\r \u00a0present\t\r \u00a0in\t\r \u00a0the\t\r \u00a0demolition\t\r \u00a0waste\t\r \u00a0stream,\t\r \u00a0and\t\r \u00a0given\t\r \u00a0their\t\r \u00a0associated\t\r \u00a0 environmental\t\r \u00a0health\t\r \u00a0risks,\t\r \u00a0require\t\r \u00a0separation\t\r \u00a0from\t\r \u00a0clean\t\r \u00a0wood\t\r \u00a0waste\t\r \u00a0during\t\r \u00a0the\t\r \u00a0diversion\t\r \u00a0 stage,\t\r \u00a0whether\t\r \u00a0on\t\r \u00a0site\t\r \u00a0or\t\r \u00a0at\t\r \u00a0treatment\t\r \u00a0or\t\r \u00a0sorting\t\r \u00a0facilities\t\r \u00a0(McKeever,\t\r \u00a01999).\t\r \u00a0However,\t\r \u00a0 distinguishing\t\r \u00a0clean\t\r \u00a0wood\t\r \u00a0from\t\r \u00a0CCA-\u00ad\u2010treated\t\r \u00a0wood\t\r \u00a0for\t\r \u00a0separation\t\r \u00a0can\t\r \u00a0be\t\r \u00a0difficult\t\r \u00a0(Vachon,\t\r \u00a0 2008).\t\r \u00a0Construction\t\r \u00a0wood\t\r \u00a0waste\t\r \u00a0represents\t\r \u00a0a\t\r \u00a0much\t\r \u00a0smaller\t\r \u00a0share\t\r \u00a0of\t\r \u00a0the\t\r \u00a0total\t\r \u00a0stream,\t\r \u00a0and\t\r \u00a0is\t\r \u00a0 typically\t\r \u00a0comprised\t\r \u00a0of\t\r \u00a0smaller\t\r \u00a0pieces,\t\r \u00a0or\t\r \u00a0\u201ccut-\u00ad\u2010offs,\u201d\t\r \u00a0however\t\r \u00a0it\t\r \u00a0is\t\r \u00a0typically\t\r \u00a0contemporary,\t\r \u00a0clean,\t\r \u00a0 and\t\r \u00a0easily\t\r \u00a0separable\t\r \u00a0at\t\r \u00a0the\t\r \u00a0construction\t\r \u00a0site.\t\r \u00a0Wood\t\r \u00a0waste\t\r \u00a0generated\t\r \u00a0by\t\r \u00a0renovation\t\r \u00a0is\t\r \u00a0diverse,\t\r \u00a0 \u201csharing\t\r \u00a0the\t\r \u00a0characteristics\t\r \u00a0of\t\r \u00a0both\t\r \u00a0new\t\r \u00a0construction\t\r \u00a0and\t\r \u00a0demolition\t\r \u00a0wastes\u201d\t\r \u00a0(Sandler,\t\r \u00a02003,\t\r \u00a0p.\t\r \u00a0 52),\t\r \u00a0and,\t\r \u00a0particularly\t\r \u00a0for\t\r \u00a0minor\t\r \u00a0projects\t\r \u00a0that\t\r \u00a0do\t\r \u00a0not\t\r \u00a0require\t\r \u00a0permitting\t\r \u00a0in\t\r \u00a0Vancouver,\t\r \u00a0is\t\r \u00a0 impossible\t\r \u00a0to\t\r \u00a0accurately\t\r \u00a0quantify\t\r \u00a0(Kane\t\r \u00a0Consulting\t\r \u00a0et\t\r \u00a0al,\t\r \u00a02012).\t\r \u00a0 Diversion\t\r \u00a0and\t\r \u00a0Processing\t\r \u00a0\t\r \u00a0 \t\r \u00a0 The\t\r \u00a0separation\t\r \u00a0of\t\r \u00a0clean\t\r \u00a0wood\t\r \u00a0materials\t\r \u00a0from\t\r \u00a0the\t\r \u00a0C&D\t\r \u00a0waste\t\r \u00a0stream\t\r \u00a0can\t\r \u00a0occur\t\r \u00a0at\t\r \u00a0a\t\r \u00a0 number\t\r \u00a0of\t\r \u00a0stages\t\r \u00a0prior\t\r \u00a0to\t\r \u00a0disposal.\t\r \u00a0Source-\u00ad\u2010separation\t\r \u00a0occurs\t\r \u00a0at\t\r \u00a0the\t\r \u00a0work\t\r \u00a0site,\t\r \u00a0and\t\r \u00a0requires\t\r \u00a0 multiple\t\r \u00a0disposal\t\r \u00a0bins\t\r \u00a0to\t\r \u00a0accommodate\t\r \u00a0the\t\r \u00a0various\t\r \u00a0types\t\r \u00a0of\t\r \u00a0materials\t\r \u00a0(clean\t\r \u00a0wood\t\r \u00a0waste,\t\r \u00a0 contaminated\t\r \u00a0wood,\t\r \u00a0other\t\r \u00a0recyclables,\t\r \u00a0disposables,\t\r \u00a0etc.),\t\r \u00a0which\t\r \u00a0increases\t\r \u00a0waste\t\r \u00a0hauling\t\r \u00a0costs.\t\r \u00a0 Lower\t\r \u00a0landfill\t\r \u00a0disposal\t\r \u00a0fees\t\r \u00a0and\t\r \u00a0the\t\r \u00a0marketable\t\r \u00a0value\t\r \u00a0of\t\r \u00a0reusable\t\r \u00a0or\t\r \u00a0recyclable\t\r \u00a0materials,\t\r \u00a0 however,\t\r \u00a0can\t\r \u00a0offset\t\r \u00a0these\t\r \u00a0costs\t\r \u00a0to\t\r \u00a0some\t\r \u00a0degree.\t\r \u00a0For\t\r \u00a0construction\t\r \u00a0activities,\t\r \u00a0source-\u00ad\u2010separation\t\r \u00a0 is\t\r \u00a0relatively\t\r \u00a0quick\t\r \u00a0and\t\r \u00a0straightforward,\t\r \u00a0whereas\t\r \u00a0\u201con-\u00ad\u2010site\t\r \u00a0separation\t\r \u00a0of\t\r \u00a0demolition\t\r \u00a0waste\t\r \u00a0is\t\r \u00a0time-\u00ad\u2010 consuming\t\r \u00a0and\t\r \u00a0costly\u201d\t\r \u00a0(McKeever,\t\r \u00a01999,\t\r \u00a0p.\t\r \u00a035).\t\r \u00a0Careful\t\r \u00a0demolition,\t\r \u00a0or\t\r \u00a0deconstruction,\t\r \u00a0is\t\r \u00a0much\t\r \u00a0 more\t\r \u00a0effective\t\r \u00a0at\t\r \u00a0separating\t\r \u00a0clean\t\r \u00a0wood\t\r \u00a0waste\t\r \u00a0from,\t\r \u00a0for\t\r \u00a0example,\t\r \u00a0CCA-\u00ad\u2010treated\t\r \u00a0wood,\t\r \u00a0but\t\r \u00a0it\t\r \u00a0is\t\r \u00a0 more\t\r \u00a0time\t\r \u00a0and\t\r \u00a0labour\t\r \u00a0intensive;\t\r \u00a0as\t\r \u00a0a\t\r \u00a0result,\t\r \u00a0Andria\t\r \u00a0Vachon\t\r \u00a0found\t\r \u00a0that\t\r \u00a0deconstruction\t\r \u00a0costs\t\r \u00a0 7\t\r \u00a0 \t\r \u00a0 roughly\t\r \u00a017\t\r \u00a0to\t\r \u00a025\t\r \u00a0percent\t\r \u00a0more\t\r \u00a0than\t\r \u00a0traditional\t\r \u00a0demolition\t\r \u00a0for\t\r \u00a0similar\t\r \u00a0projects\t\r \u00a0in\t\r \u00a0the\t\r \u00a0state\t\r \u00a0of\t\r \u00a0 Massachusetts,\t\r \u00a0however\t\r \u00a0it\t\r \u00a0is\t\r \u00a0noted\t\r \u00a0that\t\r \u00a0\u201cincreased\t\r \u00a0training\t\r \u00a0and\t\r \u00a0knowledge\t\r \u00a0of\t\r \u00a0deconstruction\t\r \u00a0 contractors\t\r \u00a0could\t\r \u00a0decrease\t\r \u00a0the\t\r \u00a0cost\u201d\t\r \u00a0(Vachon,\t\r \u00a02008,\t\r \u00a0p.\t\r \u00a029).\t\r \u00a0For\t\r \u00a0high-\u00ad\u2010value\t\r \u00a0wood\t\r \u00a0waste,\t\r \u00a0such\t\r \u00a0as\t\r \u00a0 structural\t\r \u00a0timbers\t\r \u00a0from\t\r \u00a0non-\u00ad\u2010residential\t\r \u00a0building\t\r \u00a0demolitions,\t\r \u00a0high\t\r \u00a0quality\t\r \u00a0wood\t\r \u00a0flooring,\t\r \u00a0or\t\r \u00a0 heritage\t\r \u00a0door\t\r \u00a0and\t\r \u00a0window\t\r \u00a0frames,\t\r \u00a0demolition\t\r \u00a0contractors\t\r \u00a0will\t\r \u00a0often\t\r \u00a0separate\t\r \u00a0and\t\r \u00a0sell\t\r \u00a0these\t\r \u00a0 directly\t\r \u00a0from\t\r \u00a0the\t\r \u00a0worksite\t\r \u00a0(Kane\t\r \u00a0Consulting\t\r \u00a0et\t\r \u00a0al,\t\r \u00a02012).\t\r \u00a0\t\r \u00a0Later\t\r \u00a0stage\t\r \u00a0separation\t\r \u00a0occurs\t\r \u00a0at\t\r \u00a0reuse\t\r \u00a0 and\t\r \u00a0recycling\t\r \u00a0facilities,\t\r \u00a0which\t\r \u00a0employ\t\r \u00a0a\t\r \u00a0range\t\r \u00a0of\t\r \u00a0labour-\u00ad\u2010\t\r \u00a0and\t\r \u00a0mechanical-\u00ad\u2010intensive\t\r \u00a0processes\t\r \u00a0to\t\r \u00a0 separate\t\r \u00a0construction\t\r \u00a0and\t\r \u00a0demolition\t\r \u00a0waste\t\r \u00a0materials\t\r \u00a0(Monier\t\r \u00a0et\t\r \u00a0al,\t\r \u00a02011;\t\r \u00a0Vachon,\t\r \u00a02008).\t\r \u00a0 Newer\t\r \u00a0technologies\t\r \u00a0that\t\r \u00a0have\t\r \u00a0been\t\r \u00a0identified\t\r \u00a0as\t\r \u00a0effective\t\r \u00a0at\t\r \u00a0separating\t\r \u00a0clean\t\r \u00a0from\t\r \u00a0 contaminated\t\r \u00a0wood\t\r \u00a0waste\t\r \u00a0at\t\r \u00a0waste\t\r \u00a0management\t\r \u00a0facilities\t\r \u00a0include\t\r \u00a0both\t\r \u00a0hand-\u00ad\u2010held\t\r \u00a0X-\u00ad\u2010Ray\t\r \u00a0 Fluorescence\t\r \u00a0and\t\r \u00a0Laser\t\r \u00a0Induced\t\r \u00a0Breakdown\t\r \u00a0Spectroscopy\t\r \u00a0instruments,\t\r \u00a0although\t\r \u00a0their\t\r \u00a0 economic\t\r \u00a0viability\t\r \u00a0is\t\r \u00a0uncertain\t\r \u00a0(Vachon,\t\r \u00a02008,\t\r \u00a0p.\t\r \u00a034).\t\r \u00a0\t\r \u00a0 End\t\r \u00a0Uses\t\r \u00a0 \t\r \u00a0 \t\r \u00a0 There\t\r \u00a0is\t\r \u00a0an\t\r \u00a0incredible\t\r \u00a0variety\t\r \u00a0of\t\r \u00a0end\t\r \u00a0uses\t\r \u00a0for\t\r \u00a0construction,\t\r \u00a0demolition\t\r \u00a0and\t\r \u00a0 renovation\t\r \u00a0wood\t\r \u00a0waste\t\r \u00a0that\t\r \u00a0have\t\r \u00a0been\t\r \u00a0demonstrated\t\r \u00a0as\t\r \u00a0sustainable\t\r \u00a0alternatives\t\r \u00a0to\t\r \u00a0disposal.\t\r \u00a0 The\t\r \u00a0quantity\t\r \u00a0and\t\r \u00a0quality\t\r \u00a0of\t\r \u00a0the\t\r \u00a0wood\t\r \u00a0waste,\t\r \u00a0which\t\r \u00a0is\t\r \u00a0determined\t\r \u00a0by\t\r \u00a0factors\t\r \u00a0such\t\r \u00a0as\t\r \u00a0the\t\r \u00a0source\t\r \u00a0 activity\t\r \u00a0(construction,\t\r \u00a0demolition,\t\r \u00a0deconstruction\t\r \u00a0or\t\r \u00a0renovation),\t\r \u00a0the\t\r \u00a0age\t\r \u00a0of\t\r \u00a0structure\t\r \u00a0and\t\r \u00a0the\t\r \u00a0 type\t\r \u00a0of\t\r \u00a0structure\t\r \u00a0(residential,\t\r \u00a0commercial,\t\r \u00a0etc.),\t\r \u00a0has\t\r \u00a0a\t\r \u00a0considerable\t\r \u00a0influence\t\r \u00a0on\t\r \u00a0the\t\r \u00a0suitable\t\r \u00a0 end\t\r \u00a0uses,\t\r \u00a0whether\t\r \u00a0reused\t\r \u00a0or\t\r \u00a0recycled,\t\r \u00a0for\t\r \u00a0these\t\r \u00a0materials.\t\r \u00a0\t\r \u00a0\t\r \u00a0 \t\r \u00a0 The\t\r \u00a0majority\t\r \u00a0of\t\r \u00a0recoverable\t\r \u00a0clean\t\r \u00a0wood\t\r \u00a0waste\t\r \u00a0generated\t\r \u00a0in\t\r \u00a0the\t\r \u00a0construction,\t\r 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viable\t\r \u00a0recycled\t\r \u00a0end\t\r \u00a0uses\t\r \u00a0that\t\r \u00a0were\t\r \u00a0identified\t\r \u00a0in\t\r \u00a0the\t\r \u00a0literature\t\r \u00a0include\t\r \u00a0agricultural\t\r \u00a0and\t\r \u00a0 landscaping\t\r \u00a0mulch,\t\r \u00a0wood\t\r \u00a0chips,\t\r \u00a0wood\t\r \u00a0composite\t\r \u00a0materials\t\r \u00a0(Cochran,\t\r \u00a02006;\t\r \u00a0Ekanem,\t\r \u00a02011;\t\r \u00a0 Jeffrey,\t\r \u00a02011),\t\r \u00a0less\t\r \u00a0common\t\r \u00a0niche-\u00ad\u2010market\t\r \u00a0products\t\r \u00a0such\t\r \u00a0as\t\r \u00a0wood\t\r \u00a0flour,\t\r \u00a0wood-\u00ad\u2010concrete\t\r \u00a0cinder\t\r \u00a0 blocks,\t\r \u00a0fire\t\r \u00a0logs,\t\r \u00a0fingerjointed\t\r \u00a0lumber\t\r \u00a0and\t\r \u00a0animal\t\r \u00a0litter\t\r \u00a0(Buehlmann,\t\r \u00a02002),\t\r \u00a0as\t\r \u00a0well\t\r \u00a0as\t\r \u00a0\u201cup-\u00ad\u2010 cycled\u201d\t\r \u00a0garden\t\r \u00a0planters\t\r \u00a0and\t\r \u00a0furniture\t\r \u00a0(USDA,\t\r \u00a02002).\t\r \u00a0\t\r \u00a0A\t\r \u00a0common\t\r \u00a0high-\u00ad\u2010volume,\t\r \u00a0low-\u00ad\u2010value\t\r \u00a0 recycling\t\r \u00a0application\t\r \u00a0for\t\r \u00a0clean\t\r \u00a0wood\t\r \u00a0waste\t\r \u00a0is\t\r \u00a0as\t\r \u00a0a\t\r \u00a0landfill\t\r \u00a0cover\t\r \u00a0alternative\t\r \u00a0to\t\r \u00a0soil,\t\r \u00a0however\t\r \u00a0this\t\r \u00a0 is\t\r \u00a0regarded\t\r \u00a0by\t\r \u00a0the\t\r \u00a0literature\t\r \u00a0as\t\r \u00a0only\t\r \u00a0marginally\t\r \u00a0preferable\t\r \u00a0to\t\r \u00a0unprocessed\t\r \u00a0disposal\t\r \u00a0(USDA,\t\r \u00a0 2002).\t\r \u00a0There\t\r \u00a0is\t\r \u00a0considerable\t\r \u00a0diversity\t\r \u00a0in\t\r \u00a0suitable\t\r \u00a0end\t\r \u00a0uses\t\r \u00a0for\t\r \u00a0construction\t\r \u00a0and\t\r \u00a0demolition\t\r \u00a0 wood\t\r \u00a0waste\t\r \u00a0materials,\t\r \u00a0and\t\r \u00a0as\t\r \u00a0a\t\r \u00a0guideline,\t\r \u00a0the\t\r \u00a0higher\t\r \u00a0the\t\r \u00a0market\t\r \u00a0value\t\r \u00a0of\t\r \u00a0the\t\r \u00a0end\t\r \u00a0use\t\r \u00a0product,\t\r \u00a0 the\t\r \u00a0better,\t\r \u00a0but\t\r \u00a0given\t\r \u00a0the\t\r \u00a0variability\t\r \u00a0of\t\r \u00a0the\t\r \u00a0waste\t\r \u00a0stream,\t\r \u00a0it\t\r \u00a0is\t\r \u00a0difficult\t\r \u00a0to\t\r \u00a0assign\t\r \u00a0a\t\r \u00a0\u201cbest\t\r \u00a0practice\u201d\t\r \u00a0 recycled\t\r \u00a0wood\t\r \u00a0product.\t\r \u00a0\t\r \u00a0Additionally,\t\r \u00a0for\t\r \u00a0most,\t\r \u00a0if\t\r \u00a0not\t\r \u00a0all,\t\r \u00a0recycled\t\r \u00a0construction\t\r \u00a0and\t\r \u00a0demolition\t\r \u00a0 wood\t\r \u00a0end\t\r \u00a0uses,\t\r \u00a0it\t\r \u00a0is\t\r \u00a0imperative\t\r \u00a0for\t\r \u00a0environmental\t\r \u00a0health\t\r \u00a0reasons\t\r \u00a0that\t\r \u00a0the\t\r \u00a0wood\t\r \u00a0materials\t\r \u00a0be\t\r \u00a0 uncontaminated,\t\r \u00a0highlighting\t\r \u00a0the\t\r \u00a0importance\t\r \u00a0of\t\r \u00a0effective\t\r \u00a0separation\t\r \u00a0strategies.\t\r \u00a0 \t\r \u00a0 As\t\r \u00a0a\t\r \u00a0general\t\r \u00a0rule,\t\r \u00a0reusing\t\r \u00a0waste\t\r \u00a0materials\t\r \u00a0is\t\r \u00a0preferable\t\r \u00a0to\t\r \u00a0recycling\t\r \u00a0as\t\r \u00a0it\t\r \u00a0sits\t\r \u00a0higher\t\r \u00a0on\t\r \u00a0 the\t\r \u00a0waste\t\r \u00a0management\t\r \u00a0hierarchy\t\r \u00a0and\t\r \u00a0minimizes\t\r \u00a0the\t\r \u00a0financial\t\r \u00a0and\t\r \u00a0energy\t\r \u00a0costs\t\r \u00a0of\t\r \u00a0processing.\t\r \u00a0 However,\t\r \u00a0in\t\r \u00a0the\t\r \u00a0construction,\t\r \u00a0demolition\t\r \u00a0and\t\r \u00a0renovation\t\r \u00a0clean\t\r \u00a0wood\t\r \u00a0waste\t\r \u00a0stream,\t\r \u00a0there\t\r \u00a0is\t\r \u00a0 relatively\t\r \u00a0little\t\r \u00a0reusable\t\r \u00a0wood\t\r \u00a0by\t\r \u00a0volume.\t\r \u00a0Currently,\t\r \u00a0the\t\r \u00a0reuse\t\r \u00a0of\t\r \u00a0high-\u00ad\u2010value\t\r \u00a0wood\t\r \u00a0materials\t\r \u00a0 from\t\r \u00a0demolition\t\r \u00a0and\t\r \u00a0deconstruction\t\r \u00a0activities\t\r \u00a0is\t\r \u00a0quite\t\r \u00a0common;\t\r \u00a0large\t\r \u00a0structural\t\r \u00a0timbers,\t\r \u00a0 9\t\r \u00a0 \t\r \u00a0 particularly\t\r \u00a0from\t\r \u00a0non-\u00ad\u2010residential\t\r \u00a0structures,\t\r \u00a0high-\u00ad\u2010quality\t\r \u00a0wood\t\r \u00a0flooring,\t\r \u00a0window\t\r \u00a0frames\t\r \u00a0and\t\r \u00a0 doorframes\t\r \u00a0are\t\r \u00a0often\t\r \u00a0reused\t\r \u00a0in\t\r \u00a0new\t\r \u00a0construction\t\r \u00a0or\t\r \u00a0renovation\t\r \u00a0projects.\t\r \u00a0Kibert\t\r \u00a0and\t\r \u00a0Languell\t\r \u00a0 (2000)\t\r \u00a0note\t\r \u00a0that\t\r \u00a0as\t\r \u00a0the\t\r \u00a0supply\t\r \u00a0of\t\r \u00a0salvaged\t\r \u00a0large,\t\r \u00a0old\t\r \u00a0growth\t\r \u00a0timbers\t\r \u00a0has\t\r \u00a0decreased,\t\r \u00a0there\t\r \u00a0has\t\r \u00a0 been\t\r \u00a0an\t\r \u00a0increase\t\r \u00a0in\t\r \u00a0market\t\r \u00a0demand\t\r \u00a0for\t\r \u00a0smaller\t\r \u00a0dimension\t\r \u00a0lumber\t\r \u00a0in\t\r \u00a0reuse\t\r \u00a0applications.\t\r \u00a0 Deconstruction\t\r \u00a0and\t\r \u00a0source\t\r \u00a0separation\t\r \u00a0practices\t\r \u00a0considerably\t\r \u00a0increase\t\r \u00a0the\t\r \u00a0availability\t\r \u00a0of\t\r \u00a0 reusable\t\r \u00a0wood\t\r \u00a0waste\t\r \u00a0relative\t\r \u00a0to\t\r \u00a0traditional\t\r \u00a0demolition,\t\r \u00a0and\t\r \u00a0these\t\r \u00a0reusable\t\r \u00a0materials\t\r \u00a0are\t\r \u00a0 typically\t\r \u00a0either\t\r \u00a0sold\t\r \u00a0at\t\r \u00a0the\t\r \u00a0deconstruction\t\r \u00a0or\t\r \u00a0demolition\t\r \u00a0site,\t\r \u00a0or\t\r \u00a0through\t\r \u00a0used\t\r \u00a0building\t\r \u00a0materials\t\r \u00a0 retailers,\t\r \u00a0the\t\r \u00a0latter\t\r \u00a0of\t\r \u00a0which\t\r \u00a0are\t\r \u00a0quite\t\r \u00a0limited\t\r \u00a0in\t\r \u00a0the\t\r \u00a0Vancouver\t\r \u00a0region\t\r \u00a0(Kane\t\r \u00a0Consulting\t\r \u00a0et\t\r \u00a0al,\t\r \u00a0 2012),\t\r \u00a0which\t\r \u00a0is\t\r \u00a0an\t\r \u00a0impediment\t\r \u00a0to\t\r \u00a0the\t\r \u00a0expansion\t\r \u00a0of\t\r \u00a0the\t\r \u00a0reused\t\r \u00a0wood\t\r \u00a0market\t\r \u00a0in\t\r \u00a0the\t\r \u00a0city.\t\r \u00a0\t\r \u00a0\t\r \u00a0\t\r \u00a0 Policy\t\r \u00a0Instruments\t\r \u00a0 \t\r \u00a0 There\t\r \u00a0are\t\r \u00a0numerous\t\r \u00a0policy\t\r \u00a0instruments\t\r \u00a0available\t\r \u00a0for\t\r \u00a0encouraging\t\r \u00a0the\t\r \u00a0diversion\t\r \u00a0and\t\r \u00a0 subsequent\t\r \u00a0reuse\t\r \u00a0or\t\r \u00a0recycling\t\r \u00a0of\t\r \u00a0construction,\t\r \u00a0renovation\t\r \u00a0and\t\r \u00a0demolition\t\r \u00a0clean\t\r \u00a0wood\t\r \u00a0waste.\t\r \u00a0A\t\r \u00a0 review\t\r \u00a0of\t\r \u00a0government\t\r \u00a0and\t\r \u00a0consultant\t\r \u00a0documents\t\r \u00a0from\t\r \u00a0jurisdictions\t\r \u00a0with\t\r \u00a0democratic\t\r \u00a0 governance\t\r \u00a0structures\t\r \u00a0and\t\r \u00a0similar\t\r \u00a0levels\t\r \u00a0of\t\r \u00a0economic\t\r \u00a0development\t\r \u00a0to\t\r \u00a0Vancouver\t\r \u00a0revealed\t\r \u00a0a\t\r \u00a0 range\t\r \u00a0of\t\r \u00a0policy\t\r \u00a0strategies\t\r \u00a0that\t\r \u00a0have\t\r \u00a0effectively\t\r \u00a0fostered\t\r \u00a0these\t\r \u00a0actions.\t\r \u00a0Reports\t\r \u00a0from\t\r \u00a0the\t\r \u00a0 California\t\r \u00a0Integrated\t\r \u00a0Waste\t\r \u00a0Management\t\r \u00a0Board\t\r \u00a0(CIWMB,\t\r \u00a02002)\t\r \u00a0and\t\r \u00a0Sonnerva\t\r \u00a0International\t\r \u00a0 (2006)\t\r \u00a0identified\t\r \u00a0general\t\r \u00a0categories\t\r \u00a0of\t\r \u00a0policies\t\r \u00a0that\t\r \u00a0are\t\r \u00a0effective\t\r \u00a0in\t\r \u00a0conjunction\t\r \u00a0with\t\r \u00a0one\t\r \u00a0 another\t\r \u00a0in\t\r \u00a0developing\t\r \u00a0successful\t\r \u00a0construction\t\r \u00a0and\t\r \u00a0demolition\t\r \u00a0waste\t\r \u00a0diversion\t\r \u00a0and\t\r \u00a0reuse\t\r \u00a0or\t\r \u00a0 recycling\t\r \u00a0programs:\t\r \u00a0Education\t\r \u00a0and\t\r \u00a0Technical\t\r \u00a0Assistance,\t\r \u00a0Regulatory\t\r \u00a0Requirements,\t\r \u00a0Siting\t\r \u00a0for\t\r \u00a0 Facilities,\t\r \u00a0Economic\t\r \u00a0Intervention\t\r \u00a0and\t\r \u00a0Market\t\r \u00a0Development.\t\r \u00a0\t\r \u00a0 10\t\r \u00a0 \t\r \u00a0 \t\r \u00a0 Education\t\r \u00a0and\t\r \u00a0technical\t\r \u00a0assistance\t\r \u00a0policies\t\r \u00a0include\t\r \u00a0initiatives\t\r \u00a0that\t\r \u00a0inform\t\r \u00a0contractors\t\r \u00a0 and\t\r \u00a0the\t\r \u00a0community\t\r \u00a0at\t\r \u00a0large\t\r \u00a0about\t\r \u00a0reuse\t\r \u00a0and\t\r \u00a0recycling\t\r \u00a0options\t\r \u00a0for\t\r \u00a0construction\t\r \u00a0and\t\r \u00a0demolition\t\r \u00a0 waste,\t\r \u00a0as\t\r \u00a0well\t\r \u00a0as\t\r \u00a0training\t\r \u00a0programs\t\r \u00a0for\t\r \u00a0the\t\r \u00a0industry,\t\r \u00a0such\t\r \u00a0as\t\r \u00a0deconstruction\t\r \u00a0methods\t\r \u00a0education\t\r \u00a0 for\t\r \u00a0labourers\t\r \u00a0employed\t\r \u00a0in\t\r \u00a0the\t\r \u00a0industry.\t\r \u00a0\t\r \u00a0 \t\r \u00a0 Regulatory\t\r \u00a0requirements\t\r \u00a0impose\t\r \u00a0mandatory\t\r \u00a0diversion,\t\r \u00a0reuse\t\r \u00a0and\t\r \u00a0recycling\t\r \u00a0legislation\t\r \u00a0 upon\t\r \u00a0the\t\r \u00a0construction\t\r \u00a0and\t\r \u00a0demolition\t\r \u00a0industry;\t\r \u00a0the\t\r \u00a0impending\t\r \u00a02015\t\r \u00a0disposal\t\r \u00a0ban\t\r \u00a0on\t\r \u00a0wood\t\r \u00a0 waste\t\r \u00a0in\t\r \u00a0regional\t\r \u00a0landfills\t\r \u00a0(Metro\t\r \u00a0Vancouver,\t\r \u00a02011)\t\r \u00a0falls\t\r \u00a0under\t\r \u00a0this\t\r \u00a0category.\t\r \u00a0As\t\r \u00a0this\t\r \u00a0is\t\r \u00a0 essentially\t\r \u00a0a\t\r \u00a0blanket\t\r \u00a0measure\t\r \u00a0that\t\r \u00a0will\t\r \u00a0ensure\t\r \u00a0the\t\r \u00a0diversion\t\r \u00a0of\t\r \u00a0clean\t\r 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\u00a0lower\t\r \u00a0 recycling\t\r \u00a0rates\t\r \u00a0relative\t\r \u00a0to\t\r \u00a0disposal\t\r \u00a0rates\t\r \u00a0(CIWMB,\t\r \u00a02002),\t\r \u00a0both\t\r \u00a0of\t\r \u00a0which\t\r \u00a0will\t\r \u00a0be\t\r \u00a0non-\u00ad\u2010issues\t\r \u00a0in\t\r \u00a0 Vancouver\t\r \u00a0following\t\r \u00a0the\t\r \u00a02015\t\r \u00a0disposal\t\r \u00a0ban;\t\r \u00a0other\t\r \u00a0economic\t\r \u00a0intervention\t\r \u00a0policies\t\r \u00a0include\t\r \u00a0 deposits\t\r \u00a0or\t\r \u00a0\u201cExtended\t\r \u00a0Producer\t\r \u00a0Responsibility\u201d\t\r \u00a0(EPR)\t\r \u00a0fees,\t\r \u00a0such\t\r \u00a0as\t\r \u00a0those\t\r \u00a0currently\t\r \u00a0levied\t\r \u00a0on\t\r \u00a0 electronics\t\r \u00a0and\t\r \u00a0vehicles,\t\r \u00a0which,\t\r \u00a0through\t\r \u00a0an\t\r \u00a0up-\u00ad\u2010front\t\r \u00a0charge,\t\r \u00a0essentially\t\r \u00a0transfers\t\r \u00a0the\t\r \u00a0burden\t\r \u00a0of\t\r \u00a0 11\t\r \u00a0 \t\r \u00a0 waste\t\r 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