{"Affiliation":[{"label":"Affiliation","value":"Medicine, Faculty of","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/vivoweb.org\/ontology\/core#departmentOrSchool","classmap":"vivo:EducationalProcess","property":"vivo:departmentOrSchool"},"iri":"http:\/\/vivoweb.org\/ontology\/core#departmentOrSchool","explain":"VIVO-ISF Ontology V1.6 Property; The department or school name within institution; Not intended to be an institution name."},{"label":"Affiliation","value":"Population and Public Health (SPPH), School of","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/vivoweb.org\/ontology\/core#departmentOrSchool","classmap":"vivo:EducationalProcess","property":"vivo:departmentOrSchool"},"iri":"http:\/\/vivoweb.org\/ontology\/core#departmentOrSchool","explain":"VIVO-ISF Ontology V1.6 Property; The department or school name within institution; Not intended to be an institution name."}],"AggregatedSourceRepository":[{"label":"Aggregated Source Repository","value":"DSpace","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/www.europeana.eu\/schemas\/edm\/dataProvider","classmap":"ore:Aggregation","property":"edm:dataProvider"},"iri":"http:\/\/www.europeana.eu\/schemas\/edm\/dataProvider","explain":"A Europeana Data Model Property; The name or identifier of the organization who contributes data indirectly to an aggregation service (e.g. Europeana)"}],"Campus":[{"label":"Campus","value":"UBCV","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"https:\/\/open.library.ubc.ca\/terms#degreeCampus","classmap":"oc:ThesisDescription","property":"oc:degreeCampus"},"iri":"https:\/\/open.library.ubc.ca\/terms#degreeCampus","explain":"UBC Open Collections Metadata Components; Local Field; Identifies the name of the campus from which the graduate completed their degree."}],"Creator":[{"label":"Creator","value":"Timler, Kelsey","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/creator","classmap":"dpla:SourceResource","property":"dcterms:creator"},"iri":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/creator","explain":"A Dublin Core Terms Property; An entity primarily responsible for making the resource.; Examples of a Contributor include a person, an organization, or a service."}],"DateAvailable":[{"label":"Date Available","value":"2017-05-02T16:48:38Z","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/issued","classmap":"edm:WebResource","property":"dcterms:issued"},"iri":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/issued","explain":"A Dublin Core Terms Property; Date of formal issuance (e.g., publication) of the resource."}],"DateIssued":[{"label":"Date Issued","value":"2017","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/issued","classmap":"oc:SourceResource","property":"dcterms:issued"},"iri":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/issued","explain":"A Dublin Core Terms Property; Date of formal issuance (e.g., publication) of the resource."}],"Degree":[{"label":"Degree (Theses)","value":"Master of Science - MSc","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/vivoweb.org\/ontology\/core#relatedDegree","classmap":"vivo:ThesisDegree","property":"vivo:relatedDegree"},"iri":"http:\/\/vivoweb.org\/ontology\/core#relatedDegree","explain":"VIVO-ISF Ontology V1.6 Property; The thesis degree; Extended Property specified by UBC, as per https:\/\/wiki.duraspace.org\/display\/VIVO\/Ontology+Editor%27s+Guide"}],"DegreeGrantor":[{"label":"Degree Grantor","value":"University of British Columbia","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"https:\/\/open.library.ubc.ca\/terms#degreeGrantor","classmap":"oc:ThesisDescription","property":"oc:degreeGrantor"},"iri":"https:\/\/open.library.ubc.ca\/terms#degreeGrantor","explain":"UBC Open Collections Metadata Components; Local Field; Indicates the institution where thesis was granted."}],"Description":[{"label":"Description","value":"For many Aboriginal communities in Canada, the legacies of historic and ongoing colonialism and the impacts of marginalization, dispossession and racism have produced barriers to meaningful and nutritious foods and foodways. This has resulted in high rates of diet-related diseases among Aboriginal populations. The same factors that impact Aboriginal food security also create barriers to employment and housing, and inequitable treatment within the criminal justice system.  Founded in 2012, a prison garden based at a minimum security correctional institution in Mission, British Columbia (BC), attempts to address these correlates of crime and poor health by engaging men in federal custody in meaningful activity; specifically, the growing and subsequent donation of organic produce. The fruits and vegetables grown in the garden are donated to a variety of local organizations and Aboriginal communities, including the T\u015dilhqot\u2019in Nation of central interior BC. This ethnographic research, founded in critical social justice theories and the principles of food sovereignty, set out to understand the impacts of the garden on both the participating men and the recipient T\u015dilhqot\u2019in communities. Qualitative interviews were conducted with 10 participating men in custody, 10 T\u015dilhqot\u2019in recipients, and 5 program stakeholders. Iterative thematic analysis revealed multi-layered impacts for the participating men, starting with access to food and increasing over time to include gardening as a means to figuratively escape the correctional environment, to work productively, to give back, and as a means to begin imagining meaningful futures outside of prison. The distribution of vegetables within the T\u015dilhqot\u2019in highlighted a passive coalescence with histories of culinary imperialism, truncating impacts to two layers: access to food and connections with the men in prison. Drawing on the insights of both the men and T\u015dilhqot\u2019in community members and the theoretical principles of food sovereignty, decolonizing methodologies and food as social justice, potential ways to acknowledge the legacies of colonialism, increase connection between the prison and the communities, and increase impacts are discussed.","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/description","classmap":"dpla:SourceResource","property":"dcterms:description"},"iri":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/description","explain":"A Dublin Core Terms Property; An account of the resource.; Description may include but is not limited to: an abstract, a table of contents, a graphical representation, or a free-text account of the resource."}],"DigitalResourceOriginalRecord":[{"label":"Digital Resource Original Record","value":"https:\/\/circle.library.ubc.ca\/rest\/handle\/2429\/61442?expand=metadata","attrs":{"lang":"en","ns":"http:\/\/www.europeana.eu\/schemas\/edm\/aggregatedCHO","classmap":"ore:Aggregation","property":"edm:aggregatedCHO"},"iri":"http:\/\/www.europeana.eu\/schemas\/edm\/aggregatedCHO","explain":"A Europeana Data Model Property; The identifier of the source object, e.g. the Mona Lisa itself. This could be a full linked open date URI or an internal identifier"}],"FullText":[{"label":"Full Text","value":"\t\t\t\tFROM\tPRISON\tTO\tPLATE:\tHOW\tCONNECTIONS\tBETWEEN\tMEN\tIN\tFEDERAL\tCUSTODY\tAND\tINDIGENOUS\tFAMILIES\tIMPACTS\tFOOD\tSECURITY,\tFOOD\tSOVEREIGNTY\tAND\tWELLBEING\t\t\tby\t\tKELSEY\tTIMLER\tBA,\tThe\tUniversity\tof\tBritish\tColumbia,\t2013\t\t\t\t\tA\tTHESIS\tSUBMITTED\tIN\tPARTIAL\tFULFILLMENT\tOF\tTHE\tREQUIREMENTS\tFOR\tTHE\tDEGREE\tOF\t\tMASTER\tOF\tSCIENCE\t\t\tin\t\tTHE\tFACULTY\tOF\tGRADUATE\tAND\tPOSTDOCTORAL\tSTUDIES\t\t\t(Population\tand\tPublic\tHealth)\t\t\t\t\tTHE\tUNIVERSITY\tOF\tBRITISH\tCOLUMBIA\t\t\t(Vancouver)\t\t\tApril\t2017\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u00a9\tKelsey\tTimler,\t2017\t \t \t \t \t \t \t\tii\tAbstract\t\tFor\tmany\tAboriginal\tcommunities\tin\tCanada,\tthe\tlegacies\tof\thistoric\tand\tongoing\tcolonialism\tand\tthe\timpacts\tof\tmarginalization,\tdispossession\tand\tracism\thave\tproduced\tbarriers\tto\tmeaningful\tand\tnutritious\tfoods\tand\tfoodways.\tThis\thas\tresulted\tin\thigh\trates\tof\tdiet-related\tdiseases\tamong\tAboriginal\tpopulations.\tThe\tsame\tfactors\tthat\timpact\tAboriginal\tfood\tsecurity\talso\tcreate\tbarriers\tto\temployment\tand\thousing,\tand\tinequitable\ttreatment\twithin\tthe\tcriminal\tjustice\tsystem.\t\tFounded\tin\t2012,\ta\tprison\tgarden\tbased\tat\ta\tminimum\tsecurity\tcorrectional\tinstitution\tin\tMission,\tBritish\tColumbia\t(BC),\tattempts\tto\taddress\tthese\tcorrelates\tof\tcrime\tand\tpoor\thealth\tby\tengaging\tmen\tin\tfederal\tcustody\tin\tmeaningful\tactivity;\tspecifically,\tthe\tgrowing\tand\tsubsequent\tdonation\tof\torganic\tproduce.\tThe\tfruits\tand\tvegetables\tgrown\tin\tthe\tgarden\tare\tdonated\tto\ta\tvariety\tof\tlocal\torganizations\tand\tAboriginal\tcommunities,\tincluding\tthe\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tNation\tof\tcentral\tinterior\tBC.\tThis\tethnographic\tresearch,\tfounded\tin\tcritical\tsocial\tjustice\ttheories\tand\tthe\tprinciples\tof\tfood\tsovereignty,\tset\tout\tto\tunderstand\tthe\timpacts\tof\tthe\tgarden\ton\tboth\tthe\tparticipating\tmen\tand\tthe\trecipient\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tcommunities.\tQualitative\tinterviews\twere\tconducted\twith\t10\tparticipating\tmen\tin\tcustody,\t10\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\trecipients,\tand\t5\tprogram\tstakeholders.\tIterative\tthematic\tanalysis\trevealed\tmulti-layered\timpacts\tfor\tthe\tparticipating\tmen,\tstarting\twith\taccess\tto\tfood\tand\tincreasing\tover\ttime\tto\tinclude\tgardening\tas\ta\tmeans\tto\tfiguratively\tescape\tthe\tcorrectional\tenvironment,\tto\twork\tproductively,\tto\tgive\tback,\tand\tas\ta\tmeans\tto\tbegin\timagining\tmeaningful\tfutures\toutside\tof\tprison.\tThe\tdistribution\tof\tvegetables\twithin\tthe\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\thighlighted\ta\tpassive\tcoalescence\twith\thistories\tof\tculinary\timperialism,\ttruncating\timpacts\tto\ttwo\tlayers:\taccess\tto\tfood\tand\tconnections\twith\tthe\tmen\tin\tprison.\tDrawing\ton\tthe\tinsights\tof\tboth\tthe\tmen\tand\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tcommunity\tmembers\tand\tthe\ttheoretical\tprinciples\tof\tfood\tsovereignty,\tdecolonizing\tmethodologies\tand\tfood\tas\tsocial\tjustice,\tpotential\tways\tto\tacknowledge\tthe\tlegacies\tof\tcolonialism,\tincrease\tconnection\tbetween\tthe\tprison\tand\tthe\tcommunities,\tand\tincrease\timpacts\tare\tdiscussed.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \t \t \t \t \t \t\tiii\tLay\tSummary\t\tThe\tlegacy\tof\tCanadian\tcolonialism\thas\tresulted\tin\tbarriers\tto\tnutritious\tfoods\tfor\tmany\tAboriginal\tcommunities,\tincluding\teconomic\tvulnerability,\tunstable\thousing\tand\tracism,\tas\twell\tdisproportionate\trates\tof\tincarceration.\tA\tBC\tprison\tgarden\tprogram\tattempts\tto\taddress\tthese\tunfair\tprocesses\tby\temploying\tmen\tin\tprison\tto\tgrow\torganic\tvegetables\tthat\tare\tlater\tdonated\tto\tcommunities\tand\torganizations,\tincluding\tthe\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tFirst\tNation.\tUsing\tsemi-structured\tinterviewing\tand\tparticipant\tobservation\tI\texplored\tthe\timpacts\tof\tthe\tgarden\ton\tthe\tparticipating\tmen\tand\tthe\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tpeople\twho\treceive\tthe\tproduce.\tMy\tanalysis,\tbased\tin\tthe\tprinciples\tof\tsocial\tjustice,\tfound\tmany\tbenefits\tof\tthe\tgarden\ton\tthe\tmen,\tbut\tbecause\tthe\tvegetable\tdistribution\tprocess\tdoes\tnot\tencourage\tconnection\tbetween\tthe\tmen\tand\tthe\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tcommunities\tand\tfails\tto\taddress\tongoing\tcolonialism,\tthe\timpacts\ton\tthe\tcommunity\tare\tunable\tto\treach\ttheir\tfull\tpotential.\tPossible\tways\tto\tstrengthen\tconnections\tand\tincrease\timpacts\tare\tdiscussed.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \t \t \t \t \t \t\tiv\tPreface\t\tThis\tthesis\tis\tthe\toriginal\tand\tunpublished\twork\tby\tthe\tauthor,\tKelsey\tTimler.\tThe\tfieldwork\treported\tthroughout\twas\tcovered\tby\tUBC\tEthics\tCertificate\t#H16-00697.\tAdditionally,\tthe\tCorrectional\tService\tof\tCanada\tResearch\tBranch\tapproved\tall\tfieldwork\toccurring\twithin\tMission\tMinimum\tInstitution,\tand\tall\tresearch\tactivities\twithin\tthe\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tcommunity\tof\tTl\u2019esqox\toccurred\tunder\tan\tongoing\tMemorandum\tof\tUnderstanding\tbetween\tthe\tUBC\tSchool\tof\tNursing\tand\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tNational\tGovernment,\tas\twell\tas\tformal\tapproval\tfrom\tChief\t&\tCouncil\tin\tTl\u2019esqox.\t\t\tThis\twork\twas\tconducted\tindependently\tby\tthe\tauthor,\thowever\twas\tdeeply\tinformed\tby\ther\trole\tas\tthe\tResearch\tManager\ton\tthe\tWork\t2\tGive\tresearch\tteam,\tled\tby\tthesis\tcommittee\tmember\tDr.\tHelen\tBrown\tand\tco-led\tby\tDr.\tColleen\tVarcoe.\tThis\twider\tresearch,\twhich\tis\tdefined\tin\tgreater\tdetail\twithin\tthe\tbody\tof\tthe\tthesis,\toften\toverlapped\twith\tthe\tthematic\tanalysis\tof\tthis\twork.\tThe\tinsights\tgarnered\thave\tbeen\tvital\tto\tthis\tintellectual\twork.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \t \t \t \t \t \t\tv\tTable\tof\tContents\tAbstract\t...............................................................................................................................................\tii\tLay\tSummary\t....................................................................................................................................\tiii\tPreface\t................................................................................................................................................\tiv\tList\tof\tFigures\t..................................................................................................................................\tvii\tList\tof\tImages\t.................................................................................................................................\tviii\tAcknowledgments\t..........................................................................................................................\tix\tDedication\t...........................................................................................................................................\tx\tChapter\t1:\tIntroduction\t..................................................................................................................\t1\t1.1:\tResearch\tQuestions\t&\tObjectives\t..................................................................................................\t3\t1.2:\tNotes\ton\tLanguage\t.............................................................................................................................\t5\t1.3:\tSituating\tthe\tAuthor\t..........................................................................................................................\t6\tChapter\t2:\tTheoretical\tPerspectives\t..........................................................................................\t8\tChapter\t3:\tBackground\t&\tLiterature\t.......................................................................................\t12\t3.1:\tWork\t2\tGive\t&\tthe\tMission\tPrison\tGarden\t..............................................................................\t12\t3.2:\tFood,\tHealth\t&\tIndigeneity\t...........................................................................................................\t14\t3.3:\tPrison\tEmployment\tPrograms\t....................................................................................................\t17\t3.4:\tGardening\t&\tHealth\t........................................................................................................................\t19\t3.5:\tThe\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tNation\t...................................................................................................................\t23\t3.6:\tSummary\t............................................................................................................................................\t25\tChapter\t4:\tMethods\t&\tAnalysis\t.................................................................................................\t26\t4.1:\tQualitative\tSettings\tand\tParticipants\t.......................................................................................\t26\t4.2:\tQualitative\tData\tCollection\t..........................................................................................................\t27\t4.3:\tQualitative\tData\tAnalysis\t..............................................................................................................\t29\t4.4:\tCommunity\tcooking\tworkshops\t.................................................................................................\t31\t4.5:\tEthics\t...................................................................................................................................................\t32\tChapter\t5:\tResults\t..........................................................................................................................\t33\t5.1:\tImpacts\ton\tMen\t................................................................................................................................\t33\t5.1.1:\tAccess\tto\tFood\t...............................................................................................................................................\t35\t5.1.2:\tWorking\tto\tEscape,\tWorking\tto\tProduce\t...........................................................................................\t38\t5.1.3:\tGiving\tBack\t.....................................................................................................................................................\t45\t5.1.4:\tImagining\ta\tMeaningful\tFuture\t.............................................................................................................\t52\t5.1.5:\tChallenges\t&\tStrengths\t..............................................................................................................................\t54\t5.2:\tImpacts\ton\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tCommunities\t........................................................................................\t56\t5.2.1:\tAccess\tto\tFood\t...............................................................................................................................................\t57\t5.2.2:\tConnections\tWith\tMen\tin\tPrison\t...........................................................................................................\t59\t5.2.3:\tCommunity\tContexts\t..................................................................................................................................\t62\t5.2.4:\tChallenges\t.......................................................................................................................................................\t65\t\t \t \t \t \t \t \t\tvi\t5.2.5:\tOpportunities:\tStrengthening\tTenuous\tConnections\t...................................................................\t66\t5.2.6:\tLimitations\t&\tChallenges\t..........................................................................................................................\t73\tChapter\t6:\tDiscussion\t...................................................................................................................\t75\t6.1:\tFrom\tGratitude\tto\tReciprocity\t....................................................................................................\t76\t6.2:\tFrom\tPassive\tRecipients\tto\tPartners\tin\tGrowth\t...................................................................\t77\t6.3:\tFrom\tFood\tSecurity\tto\tLand\t&\tSovereignty\t............................................................................\t78\tChapter\t7:\tConclusion\t..................................................................................................................\t82\t7.1:\tImplications\tfor\tPractice\t..............................................................................................................\t83\t7.1.1:\tIn\tPrison\t...........................................................................................................................................................\t83\t7.1.2:\tIn\tIndigenous\tCommunities\t....................................................................................................................\t87\t7.2:\tImplications\tfor\tResearch\t............................................................................................................\t88\t7.3:\tFinal\tThoughts\t..................................................................................................................................\t90\tBibliography\t....................................................................................................................................\t92\tAppendix\tI:\tSelected\tVegetable\tInformation\tSheets\t.......................................................\t104\tAppendix\tII:\tCooking\tWorkshop\tRecipe\tHandout\t...........................................................\t110\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \t \t \t \t \t \t\tvii\t\tList\tof\tFigures\t\tFigure\t1:\tLayered\timpacts\tof\tthe\tprison\tgarden\ton\tparticipating\tmen\t\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026.........\u202634\tFigure\t2:\tDistribution\tinadequately\tconfronts\tcolonial\tcontext,\ttruncating\timpacts\t\u2026\u2026.............\t57\tFigure\t3:\tThe\tpotential\tfor\tincreased\tbenefit\tthrough\tstrengthened\tconnections\tand\trecognized\t\t contexts\t\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026.\u202667\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \t \t \t \t \t \t\tviii\t\tList\tof\tImages\t\tImage\t1:\tThe\tgarden\tat\tMission\tMinimum\tInstitution\t\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u202613\tImage\t2:\tTl\u2019esqox,\tnestled\tamongst\tthe\thills\t\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\t28\t\tImage\t3:\tThe\tprison\tgarden\tin\tAugust\t\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026.\t38\tImage\t4:\tThe\tsecond\tgrowth\tsurrounding\tthe\tgarden\t\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026...\t39\tImage\t5:\tOne\tof\tthe\tmen,\tstanding\tproudly\tbeside\ta\tflowering\tzinnias\tplant\t\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026..40\tImage\t6:\tHarvested\tsquash,\tcleaned\tand\tready\tfor\tdonation\t\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026..\u2026\u2026\u2026...43\tImage\t7:\tClearing\tthe\tfields\tat\tthe\tseason\u2019s\tend\t\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026.\t43\tImage\t8:\tA\tCSC\ttruck,\tloaded\tfor\tdelivery\t\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026..\t46\tImage\t9:\tVegetable\tdistribution\tto\tone\tof\tthe\tcommunities\t\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026...\t58\tImage\t10:\tThe\twork\tand\tpride\tinvolved\tin\tsmoking\tsalmon\t\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026..65\tImage\t11:\tCooking\tworkshop\tparticipants\tin\tTl\u2019esqox\t\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026.\t71\tImage\t12:\tCooking\tborscht\twith\tworkshop\tparticipants\tin\tTl\u2019esqox\t\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026.72\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \t \t \t \t \t \t\tix\tAcknowledgments\t\tThe\topportunity\tof\tgraduate\tschool\tis\tclearly\ta\tprivilege.\tBut\tthe\teveryday\texperiences\tof\tdoing\tthis\twork:\tdriving\thome\tfrom\tthe\tprison\twith\tjeans\tcaked\tin\tmud\tand\tthe\tvoices\tof\tthoughtful\tand\twelcoming\tmen\techoing\tin\tmy\tears;\tcleaning\tand\tpreparing\tfish\twith\tpeople\tin\tTl\u2019esqox,\tthe\tsmell\tof\tsalmon\tcaked\tunder\tmy\tfingernails;\tcottonwood\tsmoke\tand\twarm\tgrass\tlingering\tas\tI\tsat\tafterwards\tand\twrote\tin\tmy\tjournal,\tand;\tthe\tgifts\tof\tsmoked\tsalmon\tfrom\tTl\u2019esqox\tand\tbeautiful\ttomatoes\tfrom\tthe\tprison\twarming\tmy\tkitchen\tand\tmy\thome;\tit\thas\tall\tbeen\ta\tcomplete\tjoy,\tan\thonour\tthat\tI\twill\talways\ttreasure.\tI\twould\tlike\tto\tthank\tevery\tperson\tI\tspoke\twith,\tin\tthe\tprisons\tand\tin\tthe\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in;\tthe\tthoughtfulness,\tkindness,\tand\tstrength\tof\tthese\tpeople\twas\tand\twill\tcontinue\tto\tbe\tinspiring.\tI\talso\twant\tto\tthank\tthe\tstakeholders\tthat\ttook\ttime\tfrom\ttheir\tbusy\tschedules\tto\tanswer\tmy\tmany\tquestions\tand\tclarify\tmy\tmany\tmisunderstandings;\tin\tparticular\tthe\tfarmer\tat\tMission\tMinimum,\twho\twas\ta\tgracious\thost,\tmaking\tme\tfeel\tat\tease\teven\ton\tthat\tfirst\tday\tas\tI\twondered\twhat\tthe\thell\tI\twas\tdoing,\talways\tsending\tme\thome\twith\tbeautiful\tvegetables\tI\tgot\tto\tshare,\tcooking\tat\thome\twhile\tthinking\tof\tall\tthings\tthe\tmen\twere\tteaching\tme.\tThank\tyou\tto\tCraig\tKennedy\tand\tthe\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tpeople\tat\tOld\tSchool\twho\tprovided\tme\ta\tplace\tto\tstay\tand\thelped\tfacilitate\tthe\tethics\tprocess\tand\tcrafting\tof\tfirst\trelationships\twithin\tthe\tcommunity.\t\tI\talso\twant\tto\tshare\tmy\tongoing\tthanks\tand\tappreciation\tto\tthe\tmembers\tof\tmy\tthesis\tcommittee\tfor\ttheir\tongoing\tsupport\tand\tinsight,\tthe\tbreadth\tand\tdepth\tof\ttheir\texpertise\tand\twisdom\tis\toverwhelming,\tbut\talways\tin\ta\tgood\tway.\tThank\tyou\tspecifically\tto\tHelen,\twho\talways\tmade\ttime\tto\tsit,\tif\teven\tfor\tfive\tminutes,\tand\ttalk\tme\tthrough\tthe\tmany\tquestions,\tuncertainties\tand\tmusings\tof\tthe\tresearch\tprocess;\tour\tmany\tcups\tof\tmint\ttea\thelped\tcultivate\tmy\tthinking\tand\tmade\tsure\teach\tstep\tof\tthis\tprocess\thonoured\tthe\tpeople\twho\tagreed\tto\tparticipate.\tThank\tyou\tto\tmy\tparents\tfor\tthe\tsupport\tand\tlove\tthat\u2019s\tgotten\tme\tthis\tfar,\tfor\tall\tthe\thomegrown\tgarlic\tthat\thas\thelped\tward\tof\tthe\tmany\tcolds\tof\tgraduate\tschool,\tand\tfor\tmy\tlittle\tVW,\twhich\tcarried\tme\tsafely\tfrom\tprison\tto\tTl\u2019esqox\tand\thome\tagain.\tFinally,\tthank\tyou\tto\tJesse,\twho\tmade\tme\tsnacks\twhile\tI\twas\thunched\tover\tmy\tlaptop,\tlistened\tpatiently\twhile\tI\tspoke\tin\tcircles\tto\tfigure\tout\twhat\tI\twas\tfiguring\tout,\tand\tmade\tme\tlaugh\twhen\tthe\tstress\tstarted\tto\trise.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \t \t \t \t \t \t\tx\tDedication\t\tThis\tthesis\tis\tdedicated\tto\tthe\twonderful\tpeople\twith\twhom\tI\tspoke,\tmoving\trocks\tfrom\tfields\twith\tmen\tin\tprison\tand\tdrinking\ttea\twith\tthe\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tpeople\twho\twelcomed\tme\tinto\ttheir\thomes\tand\tlives.\tAnd\tto\tmy\tparents,\twho\tlovingly\ttaught\tme\tto\tadore\tfood.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \t \t \t \t \t \t\t1\tChapter\t1:\tIntroduction\t\tFor\tmany\tAboriginal\tcommunities\tin\tCanada,\tthe\tlegacies\tof\thistoric\tand\tongoing\tcolonialism\tand\tthe\timpacts\tof\tmarginalization,\tdispossession\tand\tracism\thave\tproduced\tbarriers\tto\tmeaningful\tfoods1\tthrough\tland\tdispossession,\tthe\theavy\trestriction\tand\tregulation\tof\tsubsistence\tactivities,\tand\tthe\tsubsequent\tforced\treliance\ton\twage\tlabour\tand\tprocessed\tfoods\t(Adelson,\t1998;\tKirmayer,\tGone,\t&\tMoses,\t2014).\tThese\thistoric\tand\tongoing\tpolicies\tand\tforms\tof\tviolence\thave\tresulted\tin\tdisproportionately\thigh\trates\tof\tfood\tinsecurity\tand\tcorrelated\tdiet-related\tdiseases\tamong\tAboriginal\tpopulations\t(British\tColumbia\tProvincial\tHealth\tOfficer,\t2009;\tDowns\tet\tal.,\t2009;\tGovernment\tof\tCanada\t&\tHealth\tCanada,\t2007).\tStructural\tviolence\tis\tthe\toften\thidden\tsocial\tforces\tthat\tcreate\tharm\tand\tdisadvantage\tfor\talready\tmarginalized\tmembers\tand\tgroups\t(Farmer,\t1996).\tThese\tstructures\thave\timpacted\temployment\topportunities\tand\tled\tto\tdisproportionate\teconomic\tvulnerabilities\twithin\tmany\tAboriginal\tcommunities,\tcreating\tadditional\tbarriers\tto\tfood\tsecurity.\tTo\tbe\tfood\tsecure\tis\tto\thave\tsustainable\tphysical,\tsocial,\tand\teconomic\taccess\tto\tthe\tquantity\tand\tquality\tof\tfoods\tthat\tindividuals\tand\tfamilies\tneed\tto\tmeet\ttheir\tnutritional\tneeds\t(Edelman,\t2014;\tFood\tand\tAgriculture\tOrganization\tof\tthe\tUnited\tNations,\t2015).\tBarriers\tto\tfood\tsecurity\twithin\tAboriginal\tcommunities\tinclude\tbut\tare\tnot\trestricted\tto\tlimited\taccess\tto\tthe\tappropriate\tquantity\tand\tquality\tof\tstore\tbought\tfoods\t(Willows,\tVeugelers,\tRaine,\t&\tKuhle,\t2009).\tYet,\tdespite\tthe\tdisproportionate\teconomic\tvulnerability\texperienced\tby\tmany\tAboriginal\tcommunities,\tthey\tcontinue\tto\thave\trich\tand\tdiverse\tfoodways\tand\tbio-cultural\theritages\tembedded\tin\tcomplex\twebs\tof\trelationships\tthat\tconnect\tthe\tindividual\tto\tfamily,\tcommunity,\thistory,\tand\tthe\tnatural\tworld\t(Adelson,\t1998).\t\t\tFood\tsecurity\tand\tnutrition\tare\tnecessary\tfor\tindividual\thealth\tand\twellbeing,\twhich\tare\tin\tturn\tdifficult,\tif\tnot\timpossible,\tto\tachieve\twithout\tconnections\tto\ta\tfamily,\tbroadly\tdefined,\tand\ta\tcommunity.\tWithin\tmany\tIndigenous\tcontexts\tthis\tintersecting\tconnectivity\texpands\tbeyond\tthe\tintrapersonal\tto\tencompass\tcultural\tknowledges\tand\ttheir\tintergenerational\ttransmission;\tculturally-mediated\tfoodways\tand\tthe\tfamily-centered\tactivities\tthat\tsurround\tthe\ttending,\tgathering,\thunting,\tfishing,\tpreserving,\tpreparing,\tand\tsharing\tof\tfood,\tand;\tbeing\ton\tthe\tland\tas\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t1\tThe\twords\tused\tto\tdescribe\tthe\tfoods\tand\tfoodways\tof\tAboriginal\tpeoples\tare\toften\tpolitical.\tMy\tchoice\tof\tlanguage\twill\tbe\tdealt\twith\tbelow.\t\t\t \t \t \t \t \t \t\t2\trelational,\tas\topposed\tto\tcapitalistic\tand\tresource\textraction-based\t\t(Adelson,\t1998;\tMorrison,\t2011).\tThese\tconnections\tencompass\tIndigenous\tcommunities\u2019\tbio-cultural\theritages,\tresurgent\tand\tdiverse\tmeanings,\tcustoms\tand\tknowledges\tsurrounding\tfood\tthat\thave\tbeen\tpurposefully\tdisrupted\tby\tcolonialism\tand\tstate-sponsored\tstructures\tof\tviolence,\tsocial\tmarginalization,\tdispossession,\tand\tdiscrimination\t(Napolean,\t2016).\tThis\thas\tresulted\tin\tnot\tonly\tincreased\texperiences\tof\tfood\tinsecurity\tbut\tdisproportionate\trates\tof\teconomic\tvulnerability,\tlow\teducational\tattainment\tand\thigh\tunemployment\tamong\tmany\tAboriginal\tcommunities.\tThese\tare\tfactors\tknown\tto\tbe\tcorrelates\tof\tthe\tpersistent\tinequities\tthat\texist\twithin\tthe\tcriminal\tjustice,\tsuch\tas\tincarceration,\tamong\tboth\tAboriginal\tand\tnon-Aboriginal\tpeoples\tin\tCanada\t(Perreault,\t2009;\tSapers,\t2014).\t\tIncarceration\tinherently\tisolates\tindividuals,\tdisrupting\tconnections\twith\tfamily,\tcommunity\tand\tculture.\tYet\tfor\tmany\tof\tthe\tyouth\tand\tadults\tengaged\twithin\tthe\tCanadian\tcriminal\tjustice\tsystem,\tthese\thealth\tand\twellbeing\tsustaining\tconnections\twere\tdisrupted\tprior\tto\tadmission\tinto\tcustody,\tcreating\tisolation\toutside\tprison\twalls\tthat\theightens\tthe\trisk\tof\tcriminal\tactivity\tand\tincarceration.\tThe\tvast\tmajority\tof\tpersons\tin\tcustody\thave\thad\tadverse\tchildhood\texperiences\t(Colantonio\tet\tal.,\t2014;\tDowden\t&\tBlanchette,\t1999;\tKouyoumdjian,\tSchuler,\tMatheson,\t&\tHwang,\t2016);\tin\tCanada\troughly\t60%\tof\tAboriginal\tand\t30%\tof\tnon-Aboriginal\tpeople\tin\tfederal\tcustody\thave\tbeen\tinvolved\tin\tthe\tchild\twelfare\tsystem,\tand\t20%\tof\tAboriginal\tpersons\thave\tsurvived\tresidential\tschools\t(Trevethan,\tAuger,\tMoore,\tMacDonald,\t&\tSinclair,\t2001).\t\tIndividuals\tin\tcustody\talso\thave\tdisproportionately\thigh\trates\tof\thomelessness\tand\tvulnerable\thousing\t(Bouchard,\t2004;\tThe\tJohn\tHoward\tSociety,\t2010),\tunemployment\t(Dowden\t&\tBlanchette,\t1999),\tand\thigh\tschool\tnon-completion\t(McCreary\tCentre\tSociety,\t2014).\tThese\tdemographic\tmarkers\tare\tsimilar\tfor\tboth\tAboriginal\tand\tnon-Aboriginal\tpeople\tthough\tbased\tin\tintertwined\tyet\tdivergent\thistories\tof\tcolonial\tpower,\tprivilege\tand\tdispossession.\tThese\tdisruptions,\tspanning\tacross\tindividual\tchildhoods\tand\tlifetimes,\tcreate\tand\tsustain\tdisconnection\tamong\tmany\tof\tthe\troughly\t15,000\tadults\tin\tfederal\tcustody\tin\t2014\/15\tand\tthe\tnearly\t332,000\tadults\tadmitted\tto\tfederal\tand\tprovincial\/territorial\tcustody\tin\t2014\/15.\tIn\tthat\tyear\ttwenty-two\tpercent\tof\tthese\tindividuals\twere\tAboriginal\t(Reitano,\t2016).\tThe\tCanadian\tcriminal\tjustice\tsystem\tis\tconsequently\tfaced\twith\tcreating\tand\tsustaining\trehabilitative\tspaces,\texperiences\tand\tprocesses\tfor\tthese\tthousands\tof\tindividuals,\tpeople\toften\tdisconnected\tfrom\thome,\tfamily,\tand\thealth\tand\tsocial\twellbeing.\tThe\tAboriginal\tpeoples\tof\tCanada\tfeel\tthe\tcorrelates\tof\tcolonialism,\tsuch\tas\tpatriarchy,\tand\textraction-based\tcapitalism,\tmost\tpoignantly,\t\t \t \t \t \t \t \t\t3\tand\tfor\tAboriginal\tpeople\tin\tcustody\tthese\tdisconnections\tspan\tback\tto\tcolonial\tcontact.\tYet\tfor\tall\tpeople\tin\tcustody\tthe\tredressing\tof\tdisruption,\tbe\tit\thistoric\tor\tframed\twithin\ta\tfew\tgenerations,\tis\ta\tnecessary\tstep\ttowards\trehabilitation,\thealing\tand\thealth.\tFocusing\ton\tfoodways\tand\tfood\tmeanings\tmay\toffer\ta\tstrengths-based\tway\tto\tconnect\tindividuals\tto\ttheir\tfamilies,\tcommunities,\tand\tcultures\tand\tcan\ttherefore\tcontribute\tto\tredressing\tsome\tof\tthe\tcorrelates\tof\tcrime\tsituated\tin\tand\treproduced\tby\thistoric\tand\tongoing\tcolonialism.\t\tThis\tresearch\thas\temerged\tfrom\tmy\tinterests\tin\tthe\tconnections\tamong\tfood,\tculture,\thistory\tand\thealth\tin\tthe\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tNation,\tlocated\tin\twhat\tis\ttoday\tthe\tcentral\tinterior\tof\tBritish\tColumbia\t(BC),\twhere\tfamilies\texperiencing\tfood\tinsecurity\treceive\tdonated\tproduce\tgrown\tin\ta\tprison\tgarden\tby\tmen\tin\tfederal\tcustody,\tboth\tAboriginal\tand\tnon-Aboriginal.\tThis\tgarden,\tpart\tof\ta\tlarger\tprison\twork\tprogram\tcalled\tWork\t2\tGive,\tmay\tenable\tthese\tconnections\twhile\tfurthering\tconnectivity\tbetween\tfood\tinsecure\tfamilies\tand\tthe\tmen\tworking\tin\tthe\tgarden,\tboth\tof\twhom\tare\timpacted\tby\tsystemic\tmarginalization,\tracism,\tand\tcolonizing\tpolicies.\tUsing\tethnographic\tmethods\tI\texplored\tthe\teffects\tof\tthe\tWork\t2\tGive\tgarden\tproject\ton\tfood\tsecurity\tand\tfood\tsovereignty\tamong\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tcommunities,\tthe\texperiences\tof\tmeaningful\twork\ton\tthe\tmen\tworking\tin\tthe\tprison\tgarden,\tand\tthe\tconnections\tbetween\tthese\tmen,\tthe\tfood\tthey\tgrow,\tand\tthe\tfamilies\twho\treceive\tit.\t\t\t1.1:\tResearch\tQuestions\t&\tObjectives\t\tThis\tresearch\tis\tbased\tin\tan\tongoing\tinterest\tin\texploring\tthe\tIndigenous\tbio-cultural\theritage\tand\tfoodways\tof\tthe\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tNation\tand\thow\tcolonialism,\tglobal\tcapitalism,\tand\tstructural\tviolence\thave\timpacted\tAboriginal\tpeoples\u2019\tself\tdetermination\tas\tit\trelates\tto\tfood\tand\thealth.\tI\taimed\tto\texplore\thow\tthese\thistories\tinfluence\tthe\tlived\texperiences\tof\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tfamilies\tand\tmen\tin\tfederal\tcustody.\tI\twanted\tto\tknow\thow\tthe\tintroduction\tof\tdonated\tproduce\tinto\teconomically\tvulnerable\thomes\tinfluences\ta\tfamily\u2019s\tability\tto\tengage\tin\tmeaningful\tfood-related\tactivities.\tHow\tdid\tthe\thistory\tof\tagriculture\tin\tCanada,\ta\tmethod\tof\tcolonial\tcontrol\tand\tland\tdispossession,\timpact\tthe\tways\tin\twhich\tthese\tvegetables,\tand\tthe\tmen\tthat\tgrow\tthem,\tare\tthought\tabout\taround\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tdinner\ttables?\tAnd\tfinally,\tdid\tdigging\tin\tthe\tland\twith\tsoil\tcaked\tunder\ttheir\tfingernails\tresult\tin\tincreased\tconnectivity\tto\tnature\tand\tto\tcommunity\tfor\tthe\tmen\tgrowing\tthe\tproduce?\tThese\tquestions\tare\tsignificant\tgiven\tthe\tcentrality\tof\trelationships\tto\tholistic\thealth\tand\twellbeing\tin\tmany\tAboriginal\tcommunities\tand\tthe\tneed\tfor\tconnection\tand\t\t \t \t \t \t \t \t\t4\trelationship\tin\tcorrectional\trehabilitation.\tThese\trelationships\tposition\tfood\tas\tmore\tthan\ta\tmere\tcommodity,\tas\tmedicine,\tas\tevidence\tof\tliving\twell\ton\tthe\tland,\tas\ta\tpowerful\tsite\tof\tknowledge,\tstory,\tand\tceremony,\tand\tas\tthe\tresult\tof\tactivities\tand\ttimes\tthat\tbonds\tcommunities\tand\trespects\tElders.\tThese\tcomponents\tof\tfoods\tand\tfoodways\tbecome\tincreasingly\tsignificant\tagainst\tthe\thistoric\tand\tongoing\tbackdrop\tof\tglobal\tcapitalism,\tland\ttheft\tand\tdispossession,\tthe\tforced\treliance\ton\twage\tlabour,\tand\tthe\tincreased\tconsumption\tof\tprocessed\tfoods\tacross\tAboriginal\tcommunities\tand\tcorrectional\tfacilities.\t\tSpecifically,\tI\taimed\tto\tdiscover\tto\twhat\textent\tand\tin\twhat\tways\tthe\tWork\t2\tGive\tgarden\tproject\teffects:\t(1)\tthe\tfood\tsecurity\tand\tsovereignty\tof\teconomically\tvulnerable\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tfamilies\twho\treceive\tdonated\tproduce;\t(2)\tthe\texperiences\tof\tmeaningful\twork\tfor\tmen\tin\tfederal\tcustody,\tand;\t(3)\tpossible\tmeaningful\tconnections\tbetween\tthe\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tcommunity\tand\tthe\tmen\twho\tgrow\tand\tharvest\ta\tportion\tof\ttheir\tfood.\t\t\tUnder\tthe\tumbrella\tof\tthese\twider\tquestions\tthe\tfollowing\tsub-questions\twere\tposed:\t\t 1) How\tdoes\tthe\tproduce\tdonated\tthrough\tWork\t2\tGive\timpact\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tindividual\t\t and\tfamily\thealth\tand\twellbeing?\t\t2) How\tdoes\tthe\tproduce\tdonated\tthrough\tWork\t2\tGive\timpact\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tindividual\t\t family\tfood\tsecurity?\t3) How\tis\tthe\tproduce\tdonated\tthrough\tWork\t2\tGive\tintegrated\tby\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\t\t individuals\tand\tfamilies\tinto\ttheir\tfoodways\tand\tfood\tmeanings?\t4) What\tdoes\tthe\tgrowing,\ttending,\tand\tharvesting\tof\tvegetables\tthrough\tWork\t2\tGive\t\t mean\tto\tthe\tparticipating\tmen?\t5) How\tdoes\tthe\tdonation\tof\tproduce\tthrough\tWork\t2\tGive\tinfluence\tconnections\t\t between\tthe\tparticipating\tmen\tand\tthe\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tcommunities?\t\tExploring\tthese\tquestions\tethnographically\tallowed\tme\tto\tdescribe\tthe\teffects\tof\tWork\t2\tGive\ton\tthe\tfood\tsecurity\tand\tsovereignty\tof\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tcommunities,\tas\twell\tas\tthe\timpacts\tof\tworking\tin\tthe\tgarden\ton\tthe\tmen\texperiencing\tincarceration.\t\t\t\t \t \t \t \t \t \t\t5\t\t1.2:\tNotes\ton\tLanguage\t\tWithin\tthe\tCanadian\tcontext\tthe\tAboriginal\tpopulation\tis\tcomprised\tof\tFirst\tNations,\tInuit,\tand\tM\u00e9tis\tpeoples.\tWhile\tthis\tresearch\tfocuses\ton\tthe\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tNation,\tand\tspecifically\tthe\tTl\u2019esqox\tband,\tit\tis\timportant\tto\tnote\tthat\tthe\tAboriginal\tpeoples\tand\tcultures\twithin\tCanada\tare\tdiverse\tand\tvaried.\tAboriginal\tindividuals\thave\tdefined\trights\tunder\tthe\tConstitution\tAct\tof\t1982.\tThe\tterm\tIndigenous\twill\talso\tbe\tused\tthroughout\tthis\tproposal.\tIndigeneity\trefers\tto\tfirst\tpeoples\tinternationally,\tand\tis\tused\tby\tthe\tUnited\tNations\tand\tother\tinternational\torganizations\tto\tdescribe\tcommunities\twith\tancestral\toccupancy\tand\tuse\tof\ttraditional\tlands.\tWithin\tthe\tcontext\tof\tthis\tthesis\tthe\tterms\tAboriginal\tand\tIndigenous\twill\tbe\tused\tsynonymously,\twhile\trecognizing\tthese\tdifferences.\tWhen\tappropriate\tthe\tIndigenous\tpeoples\twho\twelcomed\tme\tinto\ttheir\tcommunity,\tthe\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tpeople\tof\tthe\tTl\u2019esqox\tband,\twill\tbe\treferred\tto\tby\ttheir\town\tname,\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in,\tthe\tPeople\tof\tthe\tRiver.\tThe\tsignificance\tof\tthat\tname,\tembedded\tin\tancient\twaters\trushing\tsouth,\twill\tbecome\tapparent\tin\tthe\tcoming\tpages.\t\t\t\t\tThe\tlanguage\tand\tconcepts\tused\tin\tthese\tpages\tare\tmired\tin\thistory;\tit\tis\tclear\tthat\t\u201cconcepts\thave\tteeth,\t[\u2026]\tteeth\tthat\tbite\tthrough\ttime\u201d\t(Simpson\t2014,\t100),\tbut\tlanguage\tcan\talso\tunsettle,\trestore\tand\tdecolonize.\tThe\tterms\tmen\tin\tfederal\tcustody\tand\tmen\texperiencing\tincarceration,\tand\tsimply,\tthe\tmen,\tare\tused\tpurposely\tto\tsignal\tthat\ta\tcriminal\thistory\tdoes\tnot\tdefine\ta\tperson,\tand\tthat\tcomplex\tintersections\tof\tsocio-economic,\thistorical,\tand\tcultural\tfactors\tcoalesce\tto\timpact\tthe\trisks,\tneeds,\tand\trealities\tof\tthose\tin\tcontact,\tor\tat-risk\tof\tbeing\tin\tcontact,\twith\tthe\tcriminal\tjustice\tsystem.\tThese\tterms\tare\tused\tin\tplace\tof\tthe\tinherently\treductive\tterms\toffender,\tinmate,\tor\tprisoner.\t\tThere\tare\ta\tvariety\tof\twords\tused\tto\tdescribe\tthe\trealities\tthat\tmany\tIndigenous\tcommunities\texperience\tin\tthe\tconstant\twake\tof\tongoing\tcolonialism.\tI\tuse\tthe\tterms\teconomically\tvulnerable\tand\tmarginalized\tto\tdescribe\tthe\tways\tin\twhich\tmany\tIndigenous\tcommunities\tare\timpacted\tby\texternal\tforces\tof\tdispossession,\tappropriation,\tand\tdiscrimination.\tI\tacknowledge\tthat\tTuck\t&\tRee\t(2013)\twrite\tthat\t\u201cdamage\tnarratives\tare\tthe\tonly\tstories\tthat\tget\ttold\tabout\tme,\tunless\tI\u2019m\tthe\tone\tthat\u2019s\ttelling\tthem;\t\u201d\tconsequently\tI\taim\tto\twrite\tstories\tof\tstrength\t(647).\tWhile\tmany\tcommunities\tare\tconstrained\tby\tthe\tracist\tand\tvery\tintentional\tactions\tof\tcolonial\tleaders,\t\t \t \t \t \t \t \t\t6\tvulnerability\tand\tmarginalization\tare\tfar\tfrom\tinherent\twithin\tAboriginal\thomes\tand\tcommunities.\t\t\tThe\tmajority\tof\tliterature\ton\tAboriginal\tfood\tsecurity\tfocuses\ton\ttraditional\tor\tcultural\tfoods.\tI\tchoose\tto\twrite\tabout\tmeaningful\tfoods,\tmeaningful\tfoodways\tand\tbio-cultural\theritages\tto\tacknowledge\tthe\tdynamic\tand\tdiverse\tfood\thistories\tand\tfoodways\tof\tAboriginal\tcommunities\tin\tgeneral,\tand\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tcommunities\tin\tparticular.\tThis\tis\tintended\tto\tavoid\ta\tprescriptive\tunderstanding\tof\twhat\tis\tand\tis\tnot\t\u2018traditional\u2019\tor\t\u2018cultural\u2019,\tto\tavoid\tfocusing\ton\tfood\tas\tcultural\tdifference\tinstead\tof\tas\tpolitical\tand\tsocial,\tbased\tin\tthe\tcontext\tof\tthe\tIndigenous\t\u201cright\tto\tgovern,\tto\town,\tto\tlabour,\u201d\tto\tgather,\tto\tstore,\tto\tshare,\tand\tto\teat\t(Simpson\t2014,\t102).\tI\tdescribe\tfood\tas\ta\tmeaningful\theritage\tborn\tfrom\tintersections\tamong\thuman\tand\tmore-than-human\tecosystems;\tthis\tis\tdone\tto\tprovide\ta\tspace\tfor\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tparticipants\tto\tweave\ttheir\town\thistories,\tceremonies,\tbeliefs,\tpreferences,\tcultures,\tand\tpriorities\tinto\twhat\tis\tconsidered\tmeaningful\tin\trelation\tto\tfood.\t\t\t1.3:\tSituating\tthe\tAuthor\t\tThese\tpages\tgrew\tfrom,\tfirst\tand\tforemost,\tthe\tmeaningful\tfoodways,\tancient\twisdoms,\tand\tgenerosity\tof\tthe\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tpeople\tof\tTl\u2019esqox\tand\tthe\thumble\thonesties,\thands\ton\tfarming\tlessons,\tand\tembodied\tknowledge\tof\tthe\tmen.\tBut\tI\tmust\talso\texplain\tmy\town\thistories\tand\tmeanings\taround\tfood\tand\tland.\t\t\tI\tam\ta\tsettler\there,\tborn\tin\tCalgary,\tAlberta.\tI\thave\talways\tloved\tfood,\tplaying\tchef\twith\tmy\tbrother\tand\tserving\tour\tparents\thome\tcooked\tmeals\tplated\twith\tclumsy\taesthetic,\tpre-chopping\tingredients\tand\tdescribing\tmy\tfavourite\trecipes\tto\timaginary\ttelevision\taudiences.\tIt\twas\tno\tsurprise\tto\tanyone\twhen\tI\tbegan\tworking\tin\tprofessional\tkitchens\tin\tCalgary,\tthen\tVancouver.\tI\tcame\tto\tVancouver\tas\tan\tundergraduate\tstudent,\tinterested\tin\tart,\tcultures,\tand\tpeoples,\tand\tcompleted\tmy\tundergraduate\tdegree\tin\tAnthropology\twhile\tcontinuing\tto\tcook.\tI\tremember\tthe\tfirst\tday\tthat\tI\tlearned\tabout\tresidential\tschools,\tbeginning\tto\tgrasp\twhat\tthey\tactually\tmeant.\tI\tcame\tto\tunderstand\tIndian\thospitals,\tforced\trelocations\tand\tthe\tmany,\tmany\tacts\tof\tcultural\tgenocide\tand\tviolence\ton\tAboriginal\tpeoples,\tand\tI\tremember\tgoing\tto\twork\ton\tthose\tevenings,\tcooking\trich\tbuttery\tsauces\tto\tglaze\tsablefish.\tMy\trelationship\tto\tfood\tbecame\ttense,\tmy\tscholastic\tinterests\tbegan\tfocusing\ton\tstructural\tviolence,\tgenocide\tand\thealth,\tand\thunger\twas\t\t \t \t \t \t \t \t\t7\talways\tyet\tanother\tform\tof\tviolence.\tThe\tfood\twaste\tof\tfine\tdining\tbecame\ttoo\tmuch\tand\tI\teventually\tleft\tprofessional\tcooking,\tfinding\thealth\tequity\tand\twellness\tresearch,\tprojects\twhere\tadvocates\tand\tallies\tstudied\tinequities\tand\tworked\tto\tfind\tsolutions.\t\t\tAs\tso\teasily\thappens\twith\tour\tmedia,\tsocial\tnarratives,\tand\tstereotypes,\tit\ttook\tme\ta\twhile\tto\tlook\taway\tfrom\tthe\thardship\tand\tmarginalization\timpacting\tAboriginal\tpeoples\tand\tnotice\tthe\tstrengths,\tbeauties,\tand\tresiliencies\tthat\tfamilies\tand\tcommunities\tpass\tdown\tgently\tfrom\tgeneration\tto\tgeneration.\tIt\twas\tin\tVancouver\tthat\tI\tlearnt\tthat\tmy\thome\tis\ton\tthe\tunceded\tterritory\tof\tthe\tMusquem,\tSquamish\tand\tTsleil-Waututh\tpeoples.\tIt\twas\tin\tVancouver\tthat\tI\tlearned\tthat\tmy\tchildhood\thome\twas\tthe\tland\tof\tthe\tBlackfoot,\tTsuu\tT\u2019ina\tand\tStoney\tpeoples;\tTreaty\t7\tland,\tsomething\tI\thad\tnever\tbeen\ttold\tand\thad\tnever\tthought\tto\task.\tIt\twas\talso\there\tthat\tI\trealized,\tor\tremembered,\tthat\tfood\tcan\tbe\tmore\tthan\tsomething\tdecadent.\tFood\tis\thealth,\tcommunity,\tmemories;\tfood\tis\tlearning\tto\tknead\tdough\twithin\ta\tspecific\tculture\tand\tfamily,\twoven\tamongst\tmoments\twith\tgrandmothers,\tmothers\tand\tfathers.\tFood\tis\ta\tway\tthat\tyou\twelcome\tpeople\tinto\tyour\thome,\ta\tway\tto\tsupport\tfriends\tgrieving\tgreat\tlosses,\tit\tis\tcelebration,\tit\tis\tquiet\tmoments\twith\tloved\tones.\tFood\tis\thealth,\tand\ttherefore\tfood\tis\tjustice.\t\t\tMy\tpassion\tfor\tfood\tand\tthe\tslow\trealization\tthat\tdinner\ttables\twere\tbattlegrounds\tand\tplaces\tof\tresistance\tmade\tgraduate\tschool\tan\texciting\tpossibility.\tI\tbegan\tthis\tdegree\tin\tpopulation\tand\tpublic\thealth\tto\texplore\tthe\tpower\tof\tfoodways\tand\tmeanings\tin\tcontexts\tvery\tdifferent\tthan\tmy\town.\tI\tam\tnot\tAboriginal.\tI\thave\tnever\tbeen\tincarcerated.\tBut\tI\thave\tcooked\twith\tjoy,\twith\tsadness\tand\twith\tguilt.\tI\tbring\tto\tthis\tproject\tmy\tinherent\tbias\tas\ta\twhite\tsettler,\tas\tsomeone\twhose\tchildhood,\teducational\tachievements\tand\tcareer\ttrajectory\tare\tpropped\tupon\tfoundational\tprivileges.\tI\trecognize\tand\twork\tto\tremember\tdaily\tthat\t\u201cinjustice\tis\tgenerally\ta\tsymptom\tof\texercised\tprivilege,\u201d\tincluding\tmy\town\t(Irlbacher-Fox,\t2014,\tp.\t153).\tI\tam\tnot\tobjective\tbecause\tof\tmy\tpersonal\tpassion\tfor\tfood,\ta\tbelief\tthat\tit\tcan\tbring\tpeople\ttogether\tand\tovercome\tdifferences.\tI\twrite\tthis\tas\tsomeone\tpassionate\tabout\theirloom\tflours\tand\tsustainable\tfishing,\tsomeone\tworking\tto\t\u2018unsettle\u2019\tmyself,\twork\tpast\tmy\tguilt\twhen\tit\tgrips\tme,\tand\tsomeone\tthat\tstrives\tto\tbe,\tcontinually\tbecome\tand\tact\tas\tan\tally\tto\tall\tthat\twill\thave\tme\t(Irlbacher-Fox,\t2014).\t\t\t\t\t\t \t \t \t \t \t \t\t8\tChapter\t2:\tTheoretical\tPerspectives\t\t\tThis\tresearch\tis\tbased\tin\ta\tcritical\tdecolonizing\tperspective\tand\tdraws\ton\tthe\ttheoretical\tconcept\tof\tfood\tsovereignty\tand\tthe\tprinciples\tof\tethnography.\tThese\tfoundations\tprioritize\trelationships:\tfood\tsovereignty\tprivileges\tthe\trelationships\tbetween\tpeople,\tland,\tfood,\thistory,\tand\tthe\twider\tglobal\tmarket;\tcritical\tdecolonization\tis\tintended\tto\tdecolonize\tthe\trelationships\tthat\tfood\tsovereignty\tand\tIndigenous\tself-determination\trequire,\tbetween\tland,\tnations,\tgovernments,\tpeoples\tand\teconomies,\tand;\tethnography\tprivileges\trelationships\tbetween\tthe\tresearcher\tand\tthe\tpeople\tparticipating\tin\tthe\tproject.\tTo\tfound\tresearch\tin\tcritical\tdecolonization\tis\tto\tpay\tkeen\tattention\tto\tIndigenous\tperspectives\tand\tways\tof\tknowing,\tand\tto\tmaintain\tawareness\tof\tthe\tongoing\tinfluences\tof\tcolonialism\ton\tIndigenous\thomes\tand\tcommunities\twhile\talso\trecognizing\tthe\tongoing\tresistance\tand\tresurgence\tthat\thas\tand\tcontinues\tto\toccur\tamong\tIndigenous\tpeoples.\tResearch\tfindings\tare\ttherefore\tunderstood\twithin\tthis\tcontext,\tand\tframed\twithin\tan\tappreciation\tfor\tthe\tbiases\tinherent\tin\tresearch\tdone\twith\tIndigenous\tpeoples.\tWithin\tthe\tconcept\tof\tcritical\tdecolonization,\tthe\tadditional\ttheoretical\tperspectives\tof\tcritical\tsocial\tjustice\t(Arrigo,\t1999;\tLinker,\t2014),\tpostcolonial\ttheory\t(Browne,\tSmye,\t&\tVarcoe,\t2005),\tand\tdecolonized\tantiracism\t(Lawrence\t&\tDua,\t2005;\tVarcoe,\t2006),\tas\twell\tas\tthe\tprinciples\tof\tcommunity-based\tresearch\twere\tdrawn\ton\tto\tguide\tthis\twork\t(Salmon,\tBrowne,\t&\tPederson,\t2010;\tS.\tWilson,\t2008;\tYeager\t&\tBauer-Wu,\t2013).\t\tSovereignty\tas\ta\tconcept\tgrew\tfrom\timperialism\tand\tits\trelationship\tto\trights\tand\tpowers,\tproviding\ta\ttension\tbetween\tthe\tself-determining\taims\tof\tfood\tsovereignty\tas\ta\tmovement\tand\tits\timperial\troots.\tCapitalist\texpansionism\toriginated\tto\texploit\tglobal\tresources\tand\tfeed\timperial\tpopulations\t(Davis,\t2002),\texploits\tthat\twere\tmirrored\tby\tcolonial\tethnographers\tintent\ton\t\u2018discovery\u2019;\tthe\tdescription\tand\tcontrol\tof\tIndigenous\tpeoples\tand\tnations\t(Smith,\t1999).\tFor\tsome\tIndigenous\tscholars\tthe\tconcept\tis\ttoo\tentrenched\tin\tthis\thistory;\tfor\tsome\t\u201csovereignty\tcarries\tthe\thorrible\tstench\tof\tcolonialism\u201d\t(Barker,\t2005,\tp.\t26),\tmaster\u2019s\ttools\twhich\tcarry\tdeep\tseated\trepercussions\twhen\tpicked\tup\tand\tused\t(Alfred,\t2009;\tMorris,\t2005).\tFor\tothers\tsovereignty\toffers\ta\tmeans\tto\tresist\tongoing\tdispossession\tthrough\tlanguage,\tnarrative\tand\tthe\tactive\trefusal\tof\tthe\tway\tthings\tare\t(Simpson,\t2014);\tit\tis\ta\tterm\tthat\tcan\tbe\tgiven\tnew\tmeanings\tand\tembarked\tupon\tnew\thistories\tthrough\tongoing\tand\tancient\trelationships\twith\tpeople,\tcommunity,\tand\tland\t(Barker,\t2005).\t\t\t\t \t \t \t \t \t \t\t9\tWithin\tthese\tnew\tmeanings\tthe\tfight\tfor\tfood\tsovereignty\tcan\tbe\tseen,\tin\tmany\tways,\tas\tsynonymous\twith\tIndigenous\tself-determination\tand\tland\tadvocacy\tand\twith\tthe\tpotential\tto\tre-appropriate\tconcepts\tof\tpower\tand\tcontrol\tto\toppose\tthe\tongoing\tcolonization\tof\tancestral\tlands\tand\tcontemporary\tIndigenous\tcommunities\t(Grey\t&\tPatel,\t2014;\tMassey,\t1994).\tFood\tsovereignty\tfor\tthe\tAboriginal\tpeoples\tof\tCanada\tis\tabout\tinexorable\trights:\tto\tfood,\tland,\tculture,\tand\tto\tfeeding\tand\tteaching\tchildren\tabout\tfood\tand\tcommunity\tin\tways\trooted\tin\tbio-cultural\theritage,\tmemories,\tand\twisdoms.\tThe\tright\tto\tcontrol\tthe\tproduction,\tconsumption,\tand\tstewardship\tof\tAboriginal\tfoods\tand\tfoodways\tin\tCanada\thas\tbeen\tfought\tover\tsince\tthe\tadvent\tof\tcolonialism:\tin\tancestral\tfields\tof\tindigenous\tplant-foods\tploughed\tfor\tcolonial\tpotatoes;\tin\temergency\trations\tof\tflour\tand\tsugar\thanded\tout\tby\tIndian\tAgents\tuncomfortable\twith\tgiving\tmoney\tto\thungry\tfamilies;\tin\tthe\tdining\thalls\tof\tresidential\tschools;\tand\tin\tthe\tdams,\tpipelines,\tand\tfracking\tsites\twhere\tAboriginal\tadvocates\tface\timprisonment\tfor\tprotesting\tthe\tongoing\tpillaging\tof\tstolen\tlands.\tFood\tsovereignty\tis\tthe\tright\tof\tindividuals\tto\tnourishing,\tnutritious,\tand\tmeaningful\tfood,\tthe\tright\tto\tproduce\tthese\tfoods\tin\tenvironmentally\tsustainable\tand\tculturally\tsustaining\tways,\tand\tthe\tright\tto\tdefine\tand\tcontrol\ttheir\town\tfood\tand\tagriculture\tsystems\t(Wittman\t&\tDesmarais,\t2012).\tWithin\tthe\tCanadian\tcontext\tAboriginal\tfood\tsovereignty\tis\tinextricably\tlinked\tto\tancestral\tlands\tand\tthe\tpolicies,\ttreaties,\tand\tregulations\tthat\thave\teroded\tAboriginal\tcontrol\tover\tthese\tterritories.\tFood\tsovereignty\tis\t\u201cindistinguishable\tfrom\tthe\tright\tto\tbe\tIndigenous\u201d(Grey\t&\tPatel,\t2014;\tMorrison,\t2011);\tthe\tright\tto\tfood\tand\tland\tgoes\tbeyond\tthe\tright\tto\tfood\tsecurity,\tit\tis\ta\trelational,\tcompassionate\tand\tbased\tin\tmany\tsilent\tmoments\tbreathing\tin\tfresh\tair,\tappreciating\tgifts\tfrom\ta\tland\tthat\tcares\tfor\tyou\tand\tyour\tancestors;\t\u201cjust\tas\ta\tpeople\thave\ta\tright\tto\ttheir\tland,\tthe\tland\thas\ta\tright\tto\ther\tpeople\u201d\t(Grey\t&\tPatel,\t2014,\tp.\t436).\tAs\tPotawatomi\tbotanist\tand\twriter\tRobin\tWall\tKimmerer\t(2013)\twrites:\t\t In\tthe\told\ttimes,\twhen\tpeople\u2019s\tlives\twere\tso\tdirectly\ttied\tto\tthe\tland,\tit\twas\teasy\tto\tknow\tthe\tworld\tas\tgift.\tWhen\tfall\tcame,\tthe\tskies\twould\tdarken\twith\tflocks\tof\tgeese,\thonking\t\u201cHere\twe\tare,\u201d\t[\u2026]\tthe\tpeople\tare\thungry,\twinter\tin\tcoming,\tand\tgeese\tfill\tthe\tmarshes\twith\tfood.\tIt\tis\ta\tgift\tand\tthe\tpeople\treceive\tit\twith\tthanksgiving,\tlove\tand\trespect\t\t[\u2026]\tsomething\tis\tbroken\twhen\tthe\tfood\tcomes\ton\ta\tStyrofoam\ttray\twrapped\tin\tslippery\tplastic,\ta\tcarcass\tof\ta\tbeing\twhose\tonly\tchance\tat\tlife\twas\ta\tcramped\tcage.\tThat\tis\tnot\ta\tgift;\tit\tis\ta\ttheft\t(30-31).\t\tIn\tthis\tcontext,\tfood\tsovereignty\tmeans\tresisting\tneoliberal\tcapitalism,\tfighting\tfor\trelationships\twith\ta\tfamily\tand\ta\tcommunity\tthat\tincludes\tanimals,\tplants\tand\tthe\tland;\tit\tmeans\t\u201cworking\ton\t\t \t \t \t \t \t \t\t10\tthe\thealth\tof\tsomething\tthat\thas\tbeen\tdevastated\tand\tis\tin\tneed\tof\tgreat\trepair\u201d(Desmarais\t&\tWittman,\t2014:1156).\tFood\tsovereignty\tis\tdaily\tresistance.\t\t\tWithin\tthis\tsame\tvein\tethnographic\tresearch\tmethodologies\tbased\tin\tcritical\tsocial\tjustice\t(Arrigo,\t1999;\tLinker,\t2014),\tpostcolonial\ttheory\t(Browne\tet\tal.,\t2005),\tand\tdecolonized\tantiracism\t(Lawrence\t&\tDua,\t2005;\tVarcoe,\t2006)\tpurposely\tcreate\trespectful\tand\tculturally\tsafe\tspaces\tfor\tAboriginal\tindividuals\tand\tcommunities\tto\tparticipate\tin\tmeaningful\tresearch,\tdistancing\tethnographic\tdiscovery\tfrom\tits\town\timperial\tpast\t(Salmon\tet\tal.,\t2010;\tWilson,\t2008;\tYeager\t&\tBauer-Wu,\t2013).\tWhile\tthe\tprimary\tconcern\tof\tethnography\tis\tto\tdescribe\treality\t(Marcus\t&\tFischer,\t1999),\tIndigenous\tmethodologies\tacknowledges\tthat\treality\tcannot\tbe\tcontained\tas\tit\tis\t\u201ca\tprocess\tof\trelationships\u201d\t(Wilson,\t2008,\tp.\t73).\tConsequently\tconducting\tresearch\tto\texplore\tthe\trealities\tof\tfood\tsovereignty\tand\tsecurity\tis\tnot\tabout\tprescribing\tmethods\tand\toutcomes,\tbut\t\u201ca\tceremony\tfor\timproving\tyour\trelationship\twith\tan\tidea,\u201d\tand\tthe\tpeoples,\tplaces\tand\tlandscapes\tinvolved\tin\tidea\tcreation\t(Wilson,\t2008,\tp.\t110).\tThis\tresearch\tworked\tto\tdecolonize\tthe\tresearch\tprocess\titself\tand\tthe\trelationships\tit\tdepends\tupon.\tComing\tfrom\tan\tawareness\tof\tresearcher\tprivilege,\tpositionality,\tand\ta\tbasis\tin\tcultural\thumility\t(Muhammad\tet\tal.,\t2014;\tYeager\t&\tBauer-Wu,\t2013),\tthis\tproject\tdoes\tnot\taim\tto\tfind\tstatistically\tsignificant\tvariables;\tinstead\tI\tdid\tand\tcontinue\tto\twork\tto\tmaintain\tan\taccountability\tto\tthe\tmen\tin\tfederal\tcustody,\ttheir\thistories\tand\tcontexts,\tand\tthe\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tcommunities\tand\ttheir\trelationships\twith\tfood,\tland,\tcolonialism,\tmanipulative\tgovernment\tagencies\tand\tpaternalistic\tresearchers.\tThis\taccountability\taims\tto\tproduce\tmeaningful\tresults\tthat\tare\tof\tuse\tto\tthe\tpeople\twho\tshared\ttheir\ttime,\tknowledge,\thomes,\tand\tmeals\twith\tme.\tDecolonization\tcannot\tbe\ta\tmetaphor\t(Tuck\t&\tRee,\t2013;\tTuck\t&\tYang,\t2012);\tdecolonizing\tprocesses,\ttheories\tand\tmethodologies\tmust\trecognize\tthat\tcolonization\tis\tabout\tland\ttheft,\tdisconnection\tand\tdispossession;\tand\tonly\tthe\topposite,\tthe\treturn\tand\tthe\treconnection,\tis\ttrue\tdecolonization\t(Wildcat,\tMcDonald,\tIrlbacher-Fox,\t&\tCoulthard,\t2014).\t\t\tTheories\tare\tstories,\tassumptions,\tmorals,\tand\tbiases,\t\u201cwoven\twithin\tkinetics,\tspiritual\tpresence\tand\temotion,\t[\u2026]\tcontextual\tand\trelational\t[\u2026]\tintimate\tand\tpersonal\u201d\t(Simpson\t2014,\t7).\tThis\tmeans\tthat\tthe\ttheories\toutlined\tabove\twill\tshift,\tswell\tand\terode\tas\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tstories\tand\tways\tof\tknowing\tare\tbraided\tbetween\tthe\twords\tand\tthoughts\tof\tIndigenous\tscholars,\tallied\tresearchers,\tand\tadvocates.\tThis\tresearch\tand\tI\tstand\thumble\tamongst\tsystemic\tstructures\tof\t\t \t \t \t \t \t \t\t11\tinstitutionalized\tracism\tand\tdisproportionate\texperiences\tof\tpoverty\tand\tincarceration,\tasking\tthe\tmen\tgrowing\tthe\tfood\tand\tthe\tfamilies\treceiving\tit:\t\u2018how\tcan\tI\thelp?\tWhat\tdo\tI\tneed\tto\tknow?\u2019\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \t \t \t \t \t \t\t12\tChapter\t3:\tBackground\t&\tLiterature\t3.1:\tWork\t2\tGive\t&\tthe\tMission\tPrison\tGarden\t\tInitiated\tin\t2012\tthrough\ta\tpartnership\tbetween\tthe\tCorrectional\tService\tof\tCanada\t(CSC)\tand\tthe\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tNational\tGovernment\t(TNG),\tWork\t2\tGive\tis\ta\tprison\temployment\tprogram\tintended\tto\tprovide\tmeaningful\twork\texperiences\tfor\tmen\tincarcerated\twithin\tthe\tPacific\tRegion\tof\tCSC,\tand\tto\tmeet\tbasic\tneeds\tthrough\tthe\tdonation\tof\tcreated\titems\tto\tthe\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tNation.\tWork\t2\tGive\toriginally\tfocused\ton\tmaking\tbeds\tfor\tchildren,\tproviding\tchildren\twith\tthe\tbasic\tneeds\trequired\tto\tget\ta\tgood\tnight\u2019s\tsleep\twith\tthe\tlonger\tterm\tgoal\tof\tdisrupting\tthe\tschool-prison\tpipeline.\tAdditional\titems\tmade\tby\tthe\tdiverse\tmen\twho\tparticipate\tin\tthe\tproject\tinclude\tbut\tare\tnot\tlimited\tto:\tfurniture,\tsuch\tas\tdressers,\tkitchen\ttables,\tpicnic\tbenches,\tand\tcoat\tracks;\tcultural\titems\tsuch\tas\tdrums\tand\trattles;\twinter\tclothing\tsuch\tas\ttoques,\tmittens\tand\tother\tknitted\titems\tsuch\tas\tblankets,\tand;\tchildren\u2019s\ttoys,\tsuch\tas\trocking\thorses,\tsock\tmonkeys\tand\tsandboxes.\tThe\tspecific\titems\tdepend\ton\tthe\tspecific\tmen,\tas\tthe\tproject\tis\tlargely\tguided\tby\tthe\tcreativity\tof\tthe\tmen\tat\teach\tprison,\tand\tthe\ttools\tand\tresources\tmade\tavailable\tto\tthem.\tTo\tdate\tapproximately\t100\tmen\tin\tfederal\tcustody\thave\tparticipated\tin\tWork\t2\tGive.\tItems\tare\tmade\tin\tprisons\tthen\tdistributed\tthroughout\tthe\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tNation\tby\tPunky\tLake\tWilderness\tCamp\tSociety,\ta\tnon-profit\tfocused\ton\trestorative\tjustice\tand\tpeace\tservices\tfor\tat-risk\tAboriginal\tyouth\tin\tthe\tcentral\tinterior\tof\tBritish\tColumbia,\tand\tcontracted\tby\tCSC\tfor\tdistribution\tservices.\t\tThe\tgarden,\tlocated\tat\tMission\tMinimum\tinstitution\tin\tMission,\tBC,\tprecedes\tthe\tWork\t2\tGive\tinitiative.\tIn\t2004,\tBrian\tLang,\tthe\tnow\tretired\twarden\twho\twould\tlater\tinitiate\tWork\t2\tGive,\tfounded\tthe\tlabour-intensive\torganic\tgarden\tas\ta\tmeans\tto\tcombat\tthe\tendemic\tboredom\tof\tincarcerated\tlife.\tThe\tidea\tfor\tthe\tgarden\tgrew\tfrom\tLang\u2019s\tconversations\twith\ta\tfriend,\tan\telementary\tschool\tprincipal\tin\tPrince\tGeorge,\tBC,\twho\tshared\tthe\thigh\trates\tof\tbehavioural\tproblems\tand\tdrop-outs\tamong\this\tpredominantly\tAboriginal\tstudents,\tproblems\tlater\tdiscovered\tto\tbe\tlargely\tcaused\tby\twidespread\thunger;\tkids\twere\tsimply\tnot\teating\tbreakfast.\tBy\tdonating\tfood,\tas\topposed\tto\tusing\tthe\tproduce\tto\tfeed\tthe\tmen\tthemselves,\tLang\tintended\tto\tnot\tonly\tincrease\tmen\u2019s\temployable\tskills\tand\treduce\tidleness,\tbut\tto\tprovide\ta\tspace\tfor\tthem\tto\tengage\tin\tmeaningful\twork,\tfeel\tvalued,\tappreciated,\tand\taccountable.\tThe\tmen\twho\twork\tin\tthe\tgarden\tcome\tfrom\tdiverse\tbackgrounds,\tand\tthe\tgarden\tis\topen\tto\tany\tand\tall\tmen\twho\thave\tthe\tappropriate\tsecurity\tclearance\tto\thandle\tthe\tnecessary\ttools\tand\tat\ttimes\twork\twithout\tsupervision\tin\tan\tarea\tlargely\tisolated\tfrom\tthe\trest\tof\tthe\tinstitution.\t\t\t \t \t \t \t \t \t\t13\t\t\tImage\t1:\tThe\tgarden\tat\tMission\tMinimum\tInstitution\tThe\tgarden\tspans\t7\t\u00bd\tacres\tand\tis\tsurrounded\tby\told\tgrowth\tforest\tbehind\tthe\tmain\tbuildings\tof\tMission\tMinimum\tInstitution2.\tDuring\tthe\t2015-16\tseason\tthe\tmen\tgrew\tand\tharvested\t154,026\tlbs.\tof\tproduce,\twhich\twas\tthen\tdonated\tto\ta\tvariety\tof\tlocal\torganizations,\tincluding\tfood\tbanks,\tsoup\tkitchens,\tschool\tlunch\tprograms,\tand\thousing\tinitiatives\tfor\tpeople\texperiencing\tmental\thealth\tissues,\tharmful\tsubstance\tuse\tand\/or\thomelessness.\tPrior\tto\tthe\t2015-16\tyear\tthe\tgarden\twas\tlargely\tfunded\tby\tCSC,\twith\ta\tsmall\tamount\tof\tsupport\tprovided\tfrom\tthe\tSalvation\tArmy.\tIn\t2015,\tCSC\tsought\ta\tfunding\tpartner\tto\ttake\tresponsibility\tfor\tthe\tmajority\tof\tgarden\tcosts,\tgiven\tfiscal\trestraints\tand\ta\tfederal\tmandate\tthat\texcludes\tany\tupstream\tcrime\tprevention\tstrategies.\tLookout\tSociety,\tan\torganization\tfocused\ton\thomelessness\tand\tharm\treduction\tfor\tpeople\tusing\tsubstances\tsigned\ton\tas\tthe\tfunding\tpartner,\treceiving\t48%\tof\tthe\ttotal\tgarden\tyield\t(66,215\tlbs).\tIn\tprevious\tyears\tvegetables\twere\ttransported\tby\tT-Lane\tTrucking,\ta\tfor-profit\tcompany\twhich\tdonates\ttrucking\tservices\tbetween\tthe\tLower\tMainland\tprisons\tand\tthe\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tarea.\tThe\tvegetables\twere\tthen\tdistributed\tby\tPunky\tLake\tWilderness\tCamp\tSociety\talong\twith\tother\tWork\t2\tGive\titems.\tIn\trecent\tyears\tCSC\thas\tdistanced\tthe\tgarden\tfrom\tthe\tlarger\tWork\t2\tGive\tinitiative,\ttherefore\tthe\ttransportation\tof\tvegetables\tto\tthe\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\t(4,764\tlbs\tin\t2015-16)\thas\tbeen\tdone\tby\tBrian\tLang\ton\ta\tvolunteer\tbasis,\tusing\this\tpersonal\tfunds\tand\ttruck;\tassistance\tin\tdistribution\thave\tbeen\tstill\tprovided\tby\tPunky\tLake\tWilderness\tCamp\tSociety.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t2\tThe\tgarden,\tin\tsize\tand\tscope\tof\tproduction,\tis\tin\treality\ta\tfarm.\tThe\tHarper\tgovernment\tcut\tfunding\tto\tall\tcorrectional\tagricultural\tprogramming,\tat\twhich\ttime\tthe\ttract\tof\tland\twas\tframed\tas\ta\tgarden\tto\tcircumvent\tforced\tclosure.\tThe\tmen\tand\tinstitutional\tstaff\trefer\tto\tit\tas\ta\tgarden,\ttherefore\tI\tdo\tas\twell.\tThe\timplications\tof\tthe\twider\tpolitical\tclimate\twill\tbe\tdealt\twith\tbelow.\t\t\t \t \t \t \t \t \t\t14\t\tThe\tgarden\twas\tborn\tfrom\tthe\tbelief\tthat\tmeaningful,\tas\topposed\tto\tmenial,\twork\tin\tprison\thas\tthe\tpotential\tto\timprove\tsocial\toutcomes\tfor\tAboriginal\tcommunities,\tbased\tin\tan\tawareness\tof\tthe\twidespread\tfood\tinsecurity\timpacting\tboth\tAboriginal\tand\tnon-Aboriginal\tCanadians,\tand\tthe\tvast\tamount\tof\tarable\tland\tand\thuman\tresources\tavailable\twithin\tcorrectional\tfacilities.\t\t\t3.2:\tFood,\tHealth\t&\tIndigeneity\t\tPrior\tto\tthe\tcolonization\tof\tBritish\tColumbia\tthe\tdiverse\tIndigenous\tcommunities\tsubsisted\ton\tvaried\tdiets,\tincluding\tvarious\tfish\tand\tother\taquatic\tlife,\troots,\tberries,\tand\tanimals.\tThe\tresulting\tdiets\twere,\tfor\tthe\tmost\tpart,\trich\tin\tpolyunsaturated\tfats\tand\thigh\tin\tprotein\tand\ta\twide\tarray\tof\tnecessary\tvitamins\tand\tminerals\t(Kelm,\t1999;\tMinistry\tof\tHealth\tand\tWelfare,\t1994).\tFoodways\tand\tmeanings\tdeveloped\talongside\tknowledge\tof\tthe\tcomplex\tecosystems,\tknowledge\tthat\twas\ttransferred\tacross\tgenerations\tfor\tthousands\tof\tyears\tthrough\toral\ttradition,\ttrade,\tand\tceremony.\tSettlers\tfailed\tto\tacknowledge\tthis\trelationship\twith\tthe\tland,\tand\twhile\tthe\tintroduction\tof\tnew\tfood\titems\t(e.g.,\tflour,\tmolasses)\twas\tpragmatically\tadopted\tinto\tIndigenous\tdiets,\tcolonial\tland\ttheft\tand\tregulation\teroded\tIndigenous\tfood\tsovereignty.\tEuropean\tsettlers\tsaw\tagriculture\tas\ta\tbetter\tuse\tof\tthe\tland\tand\tmany\tindigenous\tplant\tfoods\twere\tdestroyed\tby\timperial\tploughs\tand\tcattle\t(Turner\t&\tTurner,\t2008).\tIndustry,\tpollution,\tover-extraction,\tand\tinvasive\tplants\tthreatened\tand\tcontinue\tto\tthreaten\tthe\tsurvival\tof\tmany\tindigenous\tfoods.\tIncreasing\tcolonial\tencroachment\ton\tIndigenous\tlands\tand\tresources\tmeant\tthat\tIndigenous\tcommunities\twere\tconfined\tto\tsmaller\tand\tsmaller\treserves,\tcutting\toff\tphysical\taccess\tto\tancestral\thunting\tand\tfishing\tgrounds.\tThis\tseparation\tfrom\tthe\tland\twas\talso\tenabled\tby\ta\twidening\tarray\tof\tcolonial\tlaws\tand\tregulations\tsurrounding\tIndigenous\tcommunities\u2019\tuse\tof\tnatural\tresources.\tWith\tdeclining\tland\taccess\tfor\tIndigenous\tpeoples\tcame\tincreased\treliance\ton\twage\tlabour.\tThese\tpolicies\tand\tprocesses\tforcefully\tensured\tthat\tIndigenous\tpeople\twere\tincreasing\tdependent\ton\tgovernment\tfood\trations,\tthe\tcaloric\tvalue\tof\twhich\twas\tlargely\tmade\tup\tof\tenriched\twhite\tflour,\tsugar,\tlard,\trice,\tmolasses,\tand\tmacaroni\tnoodles\t(Kelm,\t1999).\tGradually\tat\tfirst,\tand\tthen\twith\texplicit\tforce\twithin\tresidential\tschools,\tthis\t\u201cculinary\timperialism\u201d\tbegan\tto\tchange\tthe\tfood\thabits\tand\tpreferences\tof\tmany\tIndigenous\tpeoples\t(Kelm,\t1999:37).\t\t\t\t \t \t \t \t \t \t\t15\tThe\tdietary\tchanges\tforced\tupon\tIndigenous\tchildren\twithin\tresidential\tschools\tsharpened\tthe\timpacts\tof\tthese\tearlier\tpolicies\tand\tprocesses\ton\tfood\tsecurity\tand\tnutrition,\tproviding\tpoignant\texamples\tof\tculinary\timperialism.\tGeorge\tManuel3,\ta\tsurvivor\tof\tthe\tresidential\tschool\tsystem,\tvividly\tremembered\thow\t\u201cevery\tstudent\tsmelled\tof\thunger\u201d\t(Manuel\t&\tPosluns,\t1974);\tchronic\tand\tavoidable\tfamine\tand\tmalnourishment\twere\tsystemic\t(Milloy,\t1999a).\tResidential\tschools\twere\toriginally\tfunded\tby\tthe\tfederal\tDepartment\tof\tIndian\tAffairs\t(DIA),\thowever\tfunding\twas\tlater\ttransferred\tto\tchurches;\tfunding\tallotment\tto\tthe\tchurch-run\tschools\twas\tchanged\tto\ta\tper\tcapita\tsystem\tin\t1907\t(King,\tNapier,\t&\tKechego,\t2004;\tMilloy,\t1999a),\tafter\twhich\treports\tof\thunger\tand\tthe\tinadequate\tfeeding\tof\tchildren\tbecame\tincreasingly\twidespread.\tFurther\tbudget\tcuts\tresulted\tin\tmeals\tmade\tentirely,\tin\tsome\tschools,\tof\tbroth,\tdry\tbread,\tlard\tand\ttea\t(Mosby,\t2013);\toften\t\u201cjust\tenough\tto\tblunt\tthe\tsharp\tedge\tof\thunger\u201d\t(Johnson,\t1990:141).\tSchool\tstaff\tmembers\toften\tfound\tit\teasier\tto\tget\tthe\tchildren\tto\teat\tcookies\tand\tbreads,\tfailing\tto\tinstill\tnutritious\teating\thabits\t(Milloy,\t1999b),\tand\tattempts\tto\timprove\tdietary\tnutrition\toften\tfocused\ton\tincreased\tmilk\tintake,\tdespite\twidespread\tlactose\tintolerance\tamong\tAboriginal\tchildren\t(Kelm,\t1998;\tLee\t&\tLichter,\t1971).\tDespite\tthe\tpersistent\tprotests\tof\tAboriginal\tparents\tand\tthe\thungry\tcries\tof\ttheir\tchildren,\tit\twasn\u2019t\tuntil\ta\tseries\tof\tofficial\tinvestigations\tfrom\tthe\tDIA\tthemselves\tthat\tthe\tpervasive\tnature\tof\tthe\tproblem\twas\tacknowledged.\tHowever,\tdespite\tfinding\twoefully\tinadequate\tmenu\tplans\tand\tcaloric\tintakes\tthat\twould\tundeniably\tresult\tin\tstarvation\tfor\tall\tbut\tthe\tyoungest\tof\tchildren,\tthe\tgovernment\tfailed\tto\tincrease\tfunding\tand\tregulation,\tinstead\tfunding\ta\tseries\tof\tnutritional\texperiments\tconducted\ton\tthe\tmalnourished\tand\tnon-consenting\tbodies\tof\tAboriginal\tchildren\t(Mosby,\t2013).\tThis\tlegacy\tof\thunger\tand\tmalnutrition,\tforcefully\tenculturated\tinto\tthe\tbodies\tof\tthese\tchildren\tand\ttheir\tcommunities\tthrough\tcolonial\tland\tstealing\tand\tinstitutionalized\teducation\thas\tcontinued\tin\tmany\tcommunities.\tResidential\tschools\tcreated\ta\treality\twhereby\tAboriginal\tcommunities\twere\tforced\tincreasingly\tfurther\taway\tfrom\tancestral\tfood\tsovereignties,\ta\tdistancing\tstarted\tearlier\tthrough\tland\ttheft,\tdispossession,\tand\tgovernment\trelief\trations,\tand\tprovided\tthe\tideal\tframework\tfor\tAboriginal\tpeoples\tto\tbecome\tentangled\tin\twhat\tone\tIndigenous\tyouth\tcalled\tthe\t\u2018\u201dfive\twhite\tsins:\tflour,\tsalt,\tsugar,\talcohol,\tand\tlard\u201d\t(Elliott,\tJayatilaka,\tBrown,\tVarley,\t&\tCorbett,\t2012,\tp.\t5).\tThis\thas\tresulted\tin\tdisproportionately\thigh\trates\tof\tfood\tinsecurity\tand\tcorrelated\tdiet-related\tdiseases\tamong\tAboriginal\tpopulations\t(British\tColumbia\tProvincial\tHealth\tOfficer,\t2009;\tDowns\tet\tal.,\t2009).\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t3\tManuel\twas\tthe\tChief\tof\tthe\tAssembly\tFirst\tNations\tand\ta\tsurvivor\tof\tboth\tthe\tKamloops\tIndian\tResidential\tSchool\tand\ta\ttuberculosis-specific\tIndian\thospital.\t\t \t \t \t \t \t \t\t16\t\tWhile\tfood\tsecurity\tis\tbased\tupon\tthe\tmeeting\tof\tnutritional\tneeds\t(Edelman,\t2014;\tFood\tand\tAgriculture\tOrganization\tof\tthe\tUnited\tNations,\t2015),\twhen\tconsidering\tthe\timpact\tof\tfood\tand\tnutrition\ton\tthe\thealth\tand\twellbeing\tof\tIndigenous\tpeoples,\tnutrition\tis\tonly\tone\tof\tmany\tculturally\tand\thistorically\tmediated\tfactors\tthat\timpact\tthe\tappropriateness\tand\tmeaningfulness\tof\tfood\t(Elliott\tet\tal.,\t2012).\tThese\tintersections\tof\tland,\tfood,\tpeople,\tand\thistory\tare\toften\tnot\trespected\twithin\tthe\tfood\tsecurity\tliterature,\twhich\toften\tviews\tfood\tand\tland\tas\tcommodities\tthat\tcan\tbe\tmanipulated\tand\tprocessed\t(Desmarais\t&\tWittman,\t2014).\tThe\tconcept\tof\tfood\tsovereignty\tcomes\tcloser\tto\tthis\tholistic\tunderstanding\tof\tfood\tand\tland\tas\tsacred,\tand\twhile\tthe\timperial\thistory\tof\tsovereignty\tmay\tmake\tan\tuncomfortable\tbedfellow\twith\tIndigenous\tself-determination,\tthe\tfocus\ton\trights\tand\tpowers\tfits\tperfectly\twith\ta\tconcept\tthat\tinsists\tthat\tIndigenous\tpeoples,\tin\tCanada\tand\tglobally,\thave\tan\tinherent\tright\tto\ttheir\tland\tand\tthe\tmeaningful\tfoods\tthat\tspring\tfrom\tthese\trelationships.\tFood\tsovereignty,\tas\toutlined\tin\tthe\ttheoretical\tsection\tabove,\tfocuses\ton\trelationships,\tbetween\tlands\tthat\tare\toffer\tfood,\tshelter,\tand\tspace\tfor\tcommunity,\tand\tpeoples\twith\trespectful\tand\tsustainably\tways\tof\tliving\ton\tthe\tland.\tThis\tbeing\ton\tthe\tland,\tthe\tgathering,\tpreparing\tand\tsharing\tof\tfood\tthat\toccurs\tin\tmany\tdiverse\tIndigenous\tcultures\tresults\tin\tmore\tthan\tmere\tsurvival.\tIt\tis\ta\tmeans\tof\tintergenerational\tknowledge\ttransmission,\ta\trelationship\twith\tthe\tland\tand\tall\tthe\tlife\tit\tsupports,\tand\ta\tfoundation\tto\tmany\tceremonies\tand\tcelebrations\t(Adelson,\t1998;\tKelm,\t1999).\tTrue\tand\tsustainable\tfood\tsecurity\tis\timpossible\twithout\tfood\tsovereignty,\tand\tfood\tsovereignty\tis\tnot\tpossible\twithout\tresolving\tland\tissues\tand\ttreaty\trights;\t\u201cthrough\taccess\tto\tfood,\tthe\t\u2018land\tquestion\u2019\t[remains]\treified\tin\tAboriginal\tbodies\u201d\t(Kelm,\t1998,\tp.\t18).\t\t\tDespite\tthese\tbarriers\tto\tmeaningful\tfoods\tthat\tongoing\tcolonialism\tand\tstructural\tviolence\thave\tproduced\t(Adelson,\t1998;\tKirmayer\tet\tal.,\t2014),\tsome\tIndigenous\tcommunities\tcontinue\tto\thave\trich\tand\tdiverse\tfood\tcultures\tembedded\tin\tcomplex\twebs\tof\trelationships\tthat\tconnect\tthe\tindividual\tto\tfamily,\tcommunity,\thistory,\tand\tthe\tnatural\tworld\t(Adelson,\t1998).\tOther\tcommunities\tfight\tto\treconnect\twith\tthese\tfoods\tand\trelationships.\tThese\tconnections\tare\tembedded\tin\tbio-cultural\theritages\tthat\textend\tback\tthousands\tof\tyears\tand\texist\ttoday\tin\tdiverse\tkitchens,\triverbanks,\tsmoke\thouses,\tand\tstories.\tThe\tspecific\tand\tvaried\tways\tin\twhich\tcommunities\taccess\tfood,\tthe\tknowledge\tabout\twhere\tthat\tfood\tcomes\tfrom,\tand\tthe\tshared\thistories\tof\tthe\tland\twhere\tfood\tis\tgrown,\tgathered,\tprepared,\tand\tmade\tmeaningful\tall\tplay\t\t \t \t \t \t \t \t\t17\tcentral\troles\tin\thow\thealthy\tfoods\tand\thealthy\tcommunities\tare\tunderstood,\tin\tboth\tIndigenous\tand\tnon-Indigenous\tcommunities.\t\t\t3.3:\tPrison\tEmployment\tPrograms\t\tUnder-\tand\tunemployment\tare\tcommon\trisk\tfactors\tamong\tboth\tAboriginal\tand\tnon-Aboriginal\tindividuals\tinvolved\tin\tthe\tCanadian\tcriminal\tjustice\tsystem\tat\tboth\tprovincial\tand\tfederal\tlevels\t(Dowden\t&\tBlanchette,\t1999;\tPerreault,\t2009;\tSapers,\t2014),\tas\twell\tas\tbeing\tcommon\trisk\tfactors\tof\trecidivism\tpost-release\t(Scott\t&\tGillis,\t2011).\tApproximately\t70%\tof\tindividuals\tentering\tinto\tfederal\tinstitutions\tin\tCanada\thave\tan\tunstable\twork\thistory\tat\tthe\ttime\tof\ttheir\tadmission,\tover\t60%\thave\tno\ttrade\tskills\tor\tknowledge,\tand\t70%\thave\tnot\tcompleted\thigh\tschool\t(Nolan,\t2012;\tScott\t&\tGillis,\t2011).\tPrison\temployment\tprograms\tare\tconsequently\twidespread,\tboth\twithin\tCanada\tand\tinternationally,\tin\tan\tattempt\tto\tincrease\ta\tperson\u2019s\tchance\tof\temployment\tupon\trelease\tand\tto\tsubsequently\treduce\ttheir\trisk\tof\trecidivating.\t\t\tPrison\temployment\tprograms\tare\tintended\tto\tincrease\tinstitutional\tsafety\tand\tinstill\tpositive\tand\tpro-social\tattitudes\tand\tbehaviours\tamong\tthe\tprison\tpopulation,\twhile\talso\treducing\trecidivism\t(Scott\t&\tGillis,\t2011).\tWhile\tprogram\tevaluation\thas\tshown\temployment\timproves\tthe\tbehavior\tof\tindividuals\tduring\ttheir\tincarceration\t(Maguire,\t1996;\tRichmond,\t2014),\tthe\tevidence\tof\temployment\tprogram\tparticipation\treducing\trecidivism\tis\tless\tclear\t(Bouffard,\tMackenzie,\t&\tHickman,\t2000;\tLipsey\t&\tCullen,\t2007;\tMaguire,\tFlanagan,\t&\tThornberry,\t1988;\tRichmond,\t2014;\tVisher,\tCoggeshall,\t&\tWinterfield,\t2006;\tWheatley,\t2016;\tWilson,\tGallanger,\t&\tMacKenzie,\t2000);\tthe\tmajority\tof\tstudies\trely\tsolely\ton\tquantitative\tmeasures\tthat\tfail\tto\tcapture\tthe\tdiverse\texperiences\tof\tprogram\tparticipation\tand\timpacts\tpost\trelease\t(Miller,\tTillyer,\t&\tMiller,\t2012).\tDespite\tmixed\tresults\tregarding\timpacts\ton\trecidivism,\tthere\tis\tevidence\tthat\temployment\tprograms\tcan\tincrease\tinstitutional\tsafety\tfor\tboth\tindividuals\tand\tstaff\tand\tpositively\timpact\tthe\tattitudes\tand\tbehaviours\tof\tpeople\tin\tcustody\t(Correctional\tService\tof\tCanada,\t2008;\tLatessa,\t2012;\tMaguire,\t1996;\tPower\t&\tNolan,\t2014).\tEmployment\twithin\tprisons\tis\tseen\tto\thave\tpositive\timpacts\ton\ta\tperson\u2019s\tsense\tof\tself\tworth,\tself\tconfidence,\tself\treliance,\tresponsibility\tand\tindividual\troutines\t(Latessa,\t2012;\tLaub\t&\tSampson,\t2003;\tSampson\t&\tLaub,\t1997;\tUggen,\t1999;\tUggen\t&\tStaff,\t2001),\twhile\tproviding\tspaces\tfor\tindividuals\tin\tcustody\tto\tbuild\tpositive\trelationships\twith\teach\tother,\temployers\tand\tother\tauthority\tfigures\t(Laub\t&\tSampson,\t2003;\tRichmond,\t2014;\tSampson\t&\tLaub,\t1995).\tWhile\temployable\tskills\tsignificantly\t\t \t \t \t \t \t \t\t18\timpact\toutcomes\tupon\trelease\tinto\tcommunity,\tmotivating\tchanges\tin\tattitudes\tand\tbehaviours\tand\tproviding\tan\tenvironment\tfor\tthe\tdevelopment\tof\tpositive\tidentities\tand\tconstructive\tsocial\tlearning\tis\targuably\tan\timportant\tintermediate\tstep\tto\tensure\tsuccessful\treintegration\tinto\tthe\tcommunity\t(Bushway,\t2003;\tLatessa,\t2012).\t\t\tOver\thalf\tof\tfederal\toffenders\ttake\tpart\tin\ta\tCORCAN\temployment\tprogram\tat\tsome\tpoint\tduring\ttheir\tincarceration\t(Nolan,\t2014).\tCORCAN\tis\tcontracted\tby\tCSC\tand\tprovides\temployment\tand\temployability\tskills\tto\tpeople\texperiencing\tincarcerated\tin\t36\tof\tCanada\u2019s\t53\tfederal\tinstitutions,\twith\ttraining\tavailable\tin\tthe\tfields\tof\tmanufacturing\t(e.g.,\toffice\tfurniture\tand\tvehicle\trepair),\ttextiles\t(e.g.,\tclothing\tfor\tpeople\tin\tprison,\tuniforms,\tbedding),\tconstruction\t(e.g.,\tframing,\tplumbing,\tdrywall),\tand\tservices\t(e.g.,\tindustrial\tlaundry,\tprinting)\t(Correctional\tService\tof\tCanada,\t2013).\tResearch\tconducted\tby\tCSC\thas\thighlighted\tthat\tindividuals\temployed\twithin\tCORCAN\twhile\tincarcerated\thave\tlower\trates\tof\tsegregation,\tfewer\tinstitutional\tcrimes,\thigher\trates\tof\tday\tparole,\tand\tslightly\thigher\trates\tof\temployment\tpost-release\t(Nolan,\t2012).\tIn\tone\tsmall\tsample\tof\tindividuals\temployed\tin\tthe\tcommunity\tafter\trelease\tfrom\ta\tfederal\tinstitution,\tthe\tmajority\tof\twhom\thad\tworked\tin\tCORCAN\twhile\tincarcerated,\tcommunity\temployment\twas\tfound\tto\tpositively\timpact\ttheir\tsense\tof\tself\tworth,\tbelonging\tand\tachievement;\tindividuals\tin\tthis\tsample\tattributed\ttheir\tstrong\twork\tethic\tand\ta\tpositive\tattitude\tto\ttheir\tsuccess\t(Power\t&\tNolan,\t2014),\tcharacteristics\tnot\texplicitly\tdealt\twith\tthrough\tCORCAN\tprogramming.\tIn\tanother\tstudy,\tAboriginal\tindividuals\tin\tfederal\tcustody\tin\tCanada\tidentified\tcolonialism\tand\tracism\tas\thaving\tnegatively\timpacted\tprevious,\toften\tdisjointed\twork\thistories,\tand\texpressed\ta\tstrong\tdesire\tfor\t\u201cgreater\topportunities\tfor\tmeaningful\twork\u201d\tthat\tincorporate\tAboriginal\tlearning\tand\tteaching\tstyles\tand\tknowledges\t(Forrester,\tTrainor,\t&\tBrazil,\t2012).\tIn\ta\tsample\tof\tall\tindividuals\treleased\tfrom\tfederal\tcustody\tbetween\tApril\t1st,\t2010\tand\tMarch\t31st,\t2011\t(n=798),\tonly\t39%\tof\treleased\tindividuals\tfound\temployment\tthat\tmatched\ttheir\tCORCAN\texperience\t(Nolan,\t2014),\tand\temployment\twith\tCORCAN\thas\tnot\tbeen\tshown\tto\timpact\tlength\tof\ttime\tthat\tpeople\thold\tdown\ttheir\tfirst\tjob\tpost\trelease\t(Nolan,\t2012).\tEmployment\tis\tclearly\timportant,\t\u201cbut\tthat\tdoes\tnot\tmean\tthat\temployment\tprograms\twill\tlead\tto\tsignificant\treductions\tin\trecidivism[,]\tunless\twe\tgo\tbeyond\tsimply\tgetting\tthem\ta\tjob\u201d\t(Latessa,\t2012,\tp.\t89).\t\tEarlier\tmodels\tof\tincarceration,\tbased\ton\tQuaker\tideologies,\tframed\tlabour\tas\ta\tmeans\tfor\tindividuals\tto\tpay\ttheir\tdebt\tto\tsociety\twhile\tinstilling\tmorals\tthrough\thard\tphysical\twork\t(Dwyer\t&\tMcNally,\t1993;\tGarvey,\t1998).\tWithin\tCanada\tthe\tmeaning\tand\timportance\tof\t\t \t \t \t \t \t \t\t19\tcorrectional\temployment\topportunities\thas\tdeclined\tdue\tto\tsociety\u2019s\tincreased\treliance\ton\tautomated\ttechnology\tthat\thave\tnot\tbeen\tparalleled\twithin\tcorrectional\temployment\topportunities.\tThis\thas\tresulted\tin\tan\tincreasing\tmismatch\tbetween\tprison\temployment\topportunities\tand\tcurrent\tcommunity\tlabour\tmarket\tneeds\t(Correctional\tService\tof\tCanada,\t2008,\t2015;\tRichmond,\t2014).\tAdditionally,\tcorrectional\tprogramming\thas\tincreasingly\tfocused\ton\treducing\tpsycho-social,\tas\topposed\tto\tsocio-economic,\trisk\tfactors\t(Correctional\tService\tof\tCanada,\t2015).\tResearch\tconducted\twith\tindividuals\tin\tcustody\thas\thighlighted\tthe\timportance\tof\tproviding\tprofessional\tdevelopment\ttraining\talongside\temployment\tprogramming\tto\tincrease\temployability\tand\tskill\trelevance\tpost\trelease,\twhile\talso\taddressing\tskills\tneeded\tacross\tsectors,\tsuch\tas\tresume\tand\tjob\tinterview\ttraining\tand\tjob\tsearch\tassistance\t(Nolan,\t2012;\tRichmond,\t2014;\tUggen,\tWakefield,\t&\tWestern,\t2005),\tand\tworking\tto\tincrease\teducational\tachievements\tas\ta\tmeans\tto\toffset\tthe\tstigma\tof\thaving\tbeen\tincarcerated\t(Kim,\tClark,\tKim,\t&\tClark,\t2013;\tLogan\tet\tal.,\t2015;\tVisher,\tWinterfield,\t&\tCoggeshall,\t2005).\tMeaningful\temployment\tin\thigher\twage\tand\thigher\tquality\tjobs\thas\talso\tbeen\thighlighted\tas\tmore\tlikely\tto\treduce\trecividism\t(Allan\t&\tSteffensmeier,\t1989;\tHarer,\t1994;\tSampson\t&\tLaub,\t1997;\tUggen,\t1999),\tas\t\u201cfew\tcan\tdispute\tthe\tvalue\tand\timportance\tof\tmeaningful\twork\u201d\t(Latessa,\t2012,\tp.\t87),\tparticularly\twhen\temployment\tin\tthe\tcommunity\tresults\tin\tfeelings\tof\tself\tworth\tand\ta\tsense\tof\tbelonging\t(Visher\tet\tal.,\t2005;\tWheatley,\t2016).\tWork\tprograms\tin\tcorrectional\tinstitutions\tthat\tprovide\topportunities\tfor\tsocial\tlearning,\tpositive\tpersonal\tgrowth,\tconstructive\tnew\texperiences,\tand\twherein\tpeople\tare\tintroduced\tto\twidening\tcircles\tof\trelationships\tand\tpositive\tinfluences\thave\tpowerful\tpotential,\tboth\twithin\tand\toutside\tof\tprison\t(Latessa,\t2012).\tWithin\tthe\tcontext\tof\ta\tpopulation\tmore\tlikely\tto\thave\tadverse\tchildhood\texperiences\tand\tseveral\tbarriers\tto\teducation\tand\temployment,\tsuch\topportunities\tcan\tbe\ttransformational\t(Wheatley,\t2016).\t\t\t3.4:\tGardening\t&\tHealth\t\t\tWorking\twith\tsoil\tand\tseeds,\tplanting,\tweeding,\ttending\tand\tharvesting,\twhether\tin\ta\tcommunity\tgarden\tor\talone\tin\tyour\tbackyard,\thas\tpositive\tmental\tand\tphysical\thealth\tbenefits.\tGardening\tcan\tinfluence\tchronic\tdiseases\tand\tmental\thealth\tthrough\tthe\tintermediate\thealth\tbehaviours\tof\tdiet\tand\tphysical\tactivity\t(Mitchell,\t2013).\tMental\thealth\tbenefits\tinclude\treductions\tin\tthe\tsymptoms\tof\tdepression\tand\tanxiety,\tas\twell\tas\tincreases\tin\tattentional\tcapacity\tand\tself-esteem\t(Gonzalez,\tHartig,\tPatil,\tMartinsen,\t&\tKirkevold,\t2009,\t2010,\t2011;\tKam\t&\tSiu,\t2010;\tKuo\t&\tTaylor,\t2004;\tRappe,\tKoivunen,\t&\tKorpela,\t2008;\tSon,\tUm,\tSkim,\tSong,\t&\tKwack,\t2004).\tResearch\t\t \t \t \t \t \t \t\t20\tdone\ton\tcortisol\tlevels\tfound\tthat\tparticipants\twho\tspent\ta\thalf\thour\tgardening\toutdoors\thad\tsalivary\tcortisol\tlevels\t50%\tlower\tthan\tthose\tof\tpeople\twho\thad\tspent\tthat\ttime\treading\tindoors\t(Van\tDen\tBerg\t&\tCusters,\t2011).\tAnother\tstudy\tfound\tthat\tindividuals\twith\tmental\thealth\tissues\twho\tconsistently\tvolunteered\tat\ta\tplant\tnursery\tvisited\tpsychiatric\thospitals\tless,\thad\treduced\tself\tharming\tbehaviour,\tand\thalf\tof\tthe\tsample\treduced\tor\tremoved\tmedications\tfrom\ttheir\tmental\thealth\tplan\t(Calleau,\t2005).\t\tGardening\tis\ta\trelationship,\tbetween\tearth\tand\tsun,\twater,\tsoil,\tand\thuman\thands.\tThese\trelational\twebs\toften\textend\tinto\tand\tacross\tcommunities,\tand\tthe\tbenefits\tof\tgardening\talone\tare\tjoined\tby\tpositive\timpacts\tthat\tare\tinherently\tsocial\t(Elings,\t2006).\tParticipation\tin\tcommunity\tgardening\thas\tbeen\tshown\tto\tincrease\tboth\tsocial\tcapital\tand\ta\tcommunity\u2019s\tcapacity\tfor\tsocial\tlearning\tand\taccessing\tthe\tresources\tnecessary\tfor\tcommunity\thealth\tand\twellbeing\t(Agustina\t&\tBeilin,\t2012;\tAlaimo,\tReischl,\t&\tAllen,\t2010;\tGlover,\tParry,\t&\tShinew,\t2005;\tMitchell,\t2013).\tIncreases\tin\tcollective\tefficacy\thave\tbeen\tattributed\tto\tcommunity\tgardening\t(Teig\tet\tal.,\t2009),\tand\tas\tcollective\tefficacy\tgrows\tin\ta\tcommunity\tso\tdoes\tcommunity\tsafety,\tmarked\tby\treductions\tin\tthe\trates\tof\tneighbourhood\tcrime\t(Ahern\tet\tal.,\t2013;\tGerell\t&\tKronkvist,\t2016;\tSampson,\tRaudenbush,\t&\tEarls,\t1997).\tQualitative\twork\tdone\twith\tparticipants\tof\ta\tcommunity\tgarden\tin\tan\tlow-income\tneighbourhood\tof\tToronto\tfound\tthat\tthe\tcommunal\tspace\tbroke\tisolation\tfor\tsome\tparticipants,\tand\tthe\tauthors\targued\tthat\tthe\tpositive\timpacts\tof\tcommunity\tgardens\tmay\tbe\tincreased\tin\tareas\twhere\tisolation\tand\tmarginalization\tare\tpervasive\t(Wakefield,\tYeudall,\tTaron,\tReynolds,\t&\tSkinner,\t2007).\tThe\tstudy\tparticipants\thad\taccess\tto\tnutritious\tand\tculturally\tappropriate\tfoods\tthat\twere\teither\tnot\tavailable\tlocally\tor\tinhibitively\texpensive.\tThis\taccess\tto\tplant\tfoods\timpacted\ttheir\tdietary\thealth\tand\tthat\tof\ttheir\tfamilies,\twhile\talso\tengendering\ta\tsense\tof\tempowerment\tamong\teconomically\tvulnerable\tpeople.\tThe\tpeople\twho\tparticipated\tin\tthis\tstudy\tfelt\tproud\tof\ttheir\twork,\tof\ttheir\tability\tto\tturn\ta\tseed\tinto\ta\tstew\tover\tthe\tcourse\tof\tmany\tmonths,\tand\tto\tbe\table\tto\tshare\tfood\tand\tbe\tgenerous\twith\tfriends,\tfamily\tmembers,\tand\tthe\twider\tcommunity\t(Hale\tet\tal.,\t2011;\tWakefield\tet\tal.,\t2007).\t\tHorticultural\tand\tgardening\tprograms\tin\tdetention\tand\tcorrectional\tsettings\thave\tbeen\tfound\tto\tdecrease\tthe\teffects\tof\tmental\tillness\tand\tharmful\tsubstance\tuse\t(Cornille,\tRohrer,\tPhillips,\t&\tMosier,\t1987;\tLindemuth,\t2007;\tMigura,\tWhittlesey,\t&\tZajicek,\t1997;\tPage,\t2008;\tRice\t&\tLremy,\t1998;\tSandel,\t2004),\tas\twell\tas\tengender\tthe\tskills\tnecessary\tfor\tsuccessful\tcommunity\treintegration,\tsuch\tas\tdelayed\tgratification,\tand\timproved\tsocial\tskills,\tself\testeem,\tproblem\t\t \t \t \t \t \t \t\t21\tsolving,\tand\tdecision-making\t(Feldbaum\tet\tal.,\t2011;\tMigura\tet\tal.,\t1997;\tPolomski,\tJohnson,\t&\tAnderson,\t1997;\tRice\t&\tLremy,\t1998;\tSandel,\t2004).\tThe\taesthetic\tvalue\tof\tgreen\tspaces\twithin\tprisons\talone\tcan\tdecrease\tsome\tof\tthe\tharms\tof\timprisonment,\timprove\tcoping\tabilities\tamong\tthose\tin\tcustody,\tand\tprovide\ta\tcost\teffective\tmeans\tto\treduce\tstress\tamong\tboth\tthe\tprison\tpopulation\tand\tinstitutional\tstaff\t(Lindemuth,\t2007;\tSandel,\t2004).\tTending\tplants\tas\tthey\tgrow\trequires\ttenderness,\ta\tgentle\tyet\tfirm\ttouch\tand\ta\twillingness\tto\tspend\ttime\tkneeling,\twatching,\tand\tresponding\tto\tthe\ttiny\tsprouts,\tcurving\tstems\tand\tdelicate\tblossoms.\tThis\tgentle\trelationship,\tpulling\tweeds\tthat\tthreaten\tyour\tplant\tfriends\tand\tadding\twater,\twarmth\tand\tnutrition\twhen\tneeded,\thas\tbeen\tfound,\tnot\tsurprisingly,\tto\tengender\tless\thostility\tamong\tparticipants\tin\tcorrectional\tsettings\t(Elings,\t2006);\tresponsibility\tfor\tsmall\tbudding\tplants\tcan\tgrow\tinto\timproved\tsocial\tbonding\tand\taccountability.\t\t\tThe\timpacts\tof\tgardening\tmay\tbe\teven\tmore\tacute\twhen\tcontrasted\twith\tthe\texperience\tof\tincarceration.\tA\t1998\tstudy\twith\t28\tpeople\tin\ta\tcounty\tjail\tin\tthe\tUS\tfound\tthat\tcorrectional\thorticultural\ttherapy\thighlighted\tin\tthe\tmedia\tprovided\tpositive\timages\tof\trehabilitation\tto\tthe\twider\tpublic.\tA\tmore\trecent\tstudy\tconducted\tin\t2015\ton\tan\t125\tacre\tfarm\tin\tFlorida,\tfound\tthat\tparticipating\tindividuals\tenjoyed\tthe\trelative\tautonomy\tof\tagricultural\twork,\tfelt\tpositive\tabout\tthe\tlearning\tenvironment\twhere\tthey\twere\table\tto\tbring\tprior\tskills\tto\tthe\ttable\tand\/or\tdevelop\tnew\tones,\tand\texperienced\tbetter\ttreatment\tby\tcorrectional\tofficers,\twhen\tcompared\twith\tother\tcorrectional\tcontexts.\tA\tnumber\tof\tparticipants\tdescribed\tthe\texperience\tas\ttransformative\t(Moore,\tFreer,\t&\tSamuel,\t2015).\tThe\tInsight\tGarden\tProgram,\tbased\tout\tof\tthe\tSolano\tand\tSan\tQuentin\tPrisons\tin\tCalifornia,\texplicitly\trecognizes\tthe\tparallels\tbetween\ttending\tplants\tand\tcaring\tfor\tone\u2019s\town\twellbeing;\tparticipants\tengage\tin\tcourses\ton\tboth\tthe\tInner\tand\tOuter\tgardener,\tincluding\tlearning\tabout\tthe\tconcepts\tand\ttheories\tof\ttransformation,\tmeditation,\temotions,\teco-therapy,\tecological\tsystems\tand\torganic\tgardening,\twith\tparticipants\treporting\tgreater\tdecreases\tin\tdrug\tuse\tcompared\tto\tcontrols\tthree\tmonths\tpost\trelease\t(Khatib\t&\tKrasny,\t2015).\tSomething\tas\tseemingly\tsimple\tas\tgrowing\tplants\tin\tprison\thas\talso\tbeen\tshown\tto\treduce\trates\tof\trecidivism\t(Feldbaum\tet\tal.,\t2011;\tKhatib\t&\tKrasny,\t2015;\tSandel,\t2004).\tAn\tevaluation\tstudy\tof\tthe\tInsight\tGarden\tprogram\tfound\tthat,\tin\ta\tsample\tof\t117\tparticipants\tparoled\tbetween\t2003-09,\tless\tthan\t10%\treentered\tthe\tcriminal\tjustice\tsystem,\tcompared\twith\t64%\trecidivism\trates\tin\tCalifornia\tduring\tthat\tsame\tperiod\t(Khatib\t&\tKrasny,\t2015).\tSimilarly,\t500\tparticipants\tin\tthe\tRikers\tIsland\tGreenHouse\trecidivated\tat\ta\trate\tof\t25%\tafter\tthree\tyears,\tcompared\twith\t47%\tof\tthe\tgeneral\tpopulation\t(Feldbaum\tet\tal.,\t2011).\tRoots\tto\tReentry,\ta\tgarden\tand\t\t \t \t \t \t \t \t\t22\tlandscaping\tprogram\tbased\tout\tof\tPhiladelphia,\tmeasures\tsuccess\tthrough\tjob\tplacements,\tfinding\tthat\tover\t85%\tof\tgraduates\thave\tfound\tsuccessful\temployment\tsince\t2010\t(Khatib\t&\tKrasny,\t2015).\t\tThe\tskills\tacquired\tin\tprison-based\thorticulture\tactivities\thave\talso\tbeen\tfound\tto\tgive\tparticipants\ta\tsense\tof\twellbeing\tand\tincrease\temployability\tpost-release\t(O\u2019Callaghan,\tRobinson,\tReed,\t&\tRoof,\t2010),\tand\tgardening\toutside\tof\tthe\tprison\tcontext\thas\tbeen\tshown\tto\thave\tvocational\tbenefits\tranging\tfrom\tlearning\tnew\tskills\tto\tchanging\tattitudes\ttowards\thard\twork\tand\tincreasing\tpersonal\tresponsibility\t(Kam\t&\tSiu,\t2010).\tWithin\tand\toutside\tof\tprison\tcontexts\tgardening\tis\ta\tneutral,\tde-stigmatizing\tactivity\tthat\tis\tnot\texplicitly\tassociated\twith\tcorrectional\trehabilitation,\tmental\thealth\tor\tbehavioural\ttreatments,\tand\tis\ttherefore\tpowerful\tin\tits\tability\tto\tbreak\tdown\twalls\tand\tcreate\ttherapeutic\tspaces\twithout\tstigma\t(Fieldhouse,\t2003;\tSempik,\tAldridge,\t&\tBecker,\t2005);\t\u201csomething\tessential\thappens\tin\ta\tvegetable\tgarden.\tIt\u2019s\ta\tplace\twhere\tif\tyou\tcan\u2019t\tsay\t\u2018I\tlove\tyou\u2019\tout\tloud,\tyou\tcan\tsay\tit\tin\tseeds.\tAnd\tthe\tland\twill\treciprocate,\tin\tbeans\u201d\t(Kimmerer,\t2013,\tp.\t127).\t\t\t\tOther\tstudies\tpointed\tto\tthe\tpotential\tof\tgardens\tto\tbe\ttherapeutic\tin\tand\tof\tthemselves,\tregardless\tof\twhat\tactivities\ta\tperson\tdoes\tin\tthem.\tAttentional\trestoration\ttheory\tis\tfrequently\tdrawn\tupon\tin\tthe\tgardening\tand\thealth\tliterature,\tand\tposits\tthat\tbeing\tin\tnature\timproves\tcognitive\tfunction\tby\tallowing\trestorative\tthought\tprocesses\t(Kaplan,\t1995).\tSimply\tbeing\toutside\tin\tnatural\tenvironments\tis\ttherapeutic,\tan\tassociation\tso\tstrong\tthat\thospital\tpatients\tin\trooms\twith\ta\tview\tof\tnature\thave\tstatistically\tshorter\trecovery\ttimes\tand\tfewer\tstress\tincidents\t(Maller,\tTownsend,\tPryor,\tBrown,\t&\tLeger,\t2005).\tWith\tactivities\tin\tnature\tgenerally,\tand\tgardening\tspecifically,\tit\u2019s\tclear\tthat\tthe\tprocess\tis\tjust\tas\timportant\tas\tthe\toutcome,\tand\tthe\timpacts\tof\tbeing\toutside\tmay\tbe\teven\tmore\tsignificant\twhen\tcontrasted\twith\tthe\tarchitecture\tand\texperience\tof\tbeing\tincarcerated.\tAs\tRobin\tWall\tKimmerer,\ta\tPotawatomi\tbotanist,\ta\tmother\tand\tan\tavid\tgardener\tdescribes:\t\t People\toften\task\tme\twhat\tone\tthing\tI\twould\trecommend\tto\trestore\trelationships\tbetween\tland\tand\tpeople.\tMy\tanswer\tis\talmost\talways,\t'plant\ta\tgarden.'\tIt's\tgood\tfor\tthe\thealth\tof\tthe\tearth\tand\tit's\tgood\tfor\tthe\thealth\tof\tpeople.\tA\tgarden\tis\ta\tnursery\tfor\tnurturing\tconnection,\tthe\tsoil\tfor\tcultivation\tof\tpractical\treverence.\tAnd\tits\tpower\tgoes\tfar\tbeyond\tthe\tgarden\tgate\t-\tonce\tyou\tdevelop\ta\trelationship\twith\ta\tlittle\tpatch\tof\tearth,\tit\tbecomes\ta\tseed\titself\t(2013,\t126-27).\t\t\t \t \t \t \t \t \t\t23\tRelationships\tbetween\tpeople,\tplaces,\tlands\tand\tlandscapes\tcan\tbe\ttherapeutic\tand\trehabilitative.\tThese\trelationships\tgo\tbeyond\tthe\tfences\tof\tthe\tprison\tgarden,\tso\tto\tspeak,\tand\tcan\timpact\toutside\tcommunities,\tboth\tthrough\tthe\tdonation\tof\tfood\tand\tthe\treciprocity\tthat\tcan\tbe\tcultivated\tthere.\t\t\t3.5:\tThe\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tNation\t\tThe\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tNation\tis\ta\tgrouping\tof\tsix\tbands,\tTl'etinqox,\t?Esdilagh,\tYunesit'in,\tT\u015di\tDeldel,\tTl'esqox\tand\tXeni\tGwet'in,\twho\thave\tlived\tin\tthe\tCariboo-Chilcotin\tregion\tof\tcentral\tBritish\tColumbia\tfor\tthousands\tof\tyears,\trooted\twithin\tthe\tsage\tbrush,\ttall\tgrasses\tand\tgiant\tskies,\tand\tnestled\tamongst\tthe\tChilcotin,\tChilco\tand\tFraser\trivers.\tHistorically\tsemi-nomadic,\tcommunities\twould\tmove\tover\tlarge\ttracts\tof\tland\tthroughout\tthe\tseasons,\tmaking\tuse\tof\ta\tdiverse\trange\tof\tnatural\tresources\tas\twell\tas\ttrading\twith\tneighbouring\tnations,\tand\tin\tthe\tearly\t1800s,\twith\tfur\ttraders.\tThese\tcommunities\twere\tclassless,\tand\tdue\tto\ttheir\tsemi-nomadism\thad\tlittle\tuse\tfor\tstatus\tgoods,\tcharacteristics\tthat\tmade\ttrading\twith\tor\tworking\tfor\tsettler\tcolonialists\tunattractive,\tand\tmade\tthe\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tincreasingly\t\u201cdifficult\u201d\tto\tdeal\twith\tfor\tcolonial\tagents\t(Lutz,\t2008).\t\tThe\tgreat\tpains\tthat\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tpeoples\ttook\tto\tkeep\ttheir\tlands\tas\ttheir\town\tresulted\tin\trelative\tisolation\tfrom\tthe\tDepartment\tof\tIndian\tAffairs\tand\tthe\tchurch,\tand\tallowed\tfor\tan\toverall\tcontinued\treliance\ton\thunting,\tfishing\tand\tgathering,\ta\tsubsistence\teconomy\tthat\tcontinues\tto\texist\tdespite\tincreasing\tregulations\tand\tbans.\tBeginning\tin\t1908,\twith\tthe\tappointment\tof\tthe\tProvincial\tGame\tCommissioner,\tthese\trestrictions\ton\thunting,\ttrapping\tand\tfishing\tbecame\tincreasingly\tconstricting.\tUltimately\tgovernment\tpolicies\tmade\tit\tprogressively\tmore\tdifficult\tfor\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tpeople\tto\tlive\toff\tthe\tland,\tdisrupting\timportant\tcultural\tcycles\tand\tworsening\tthe\thealth\tand\twellbeing\tof\tcommunities.\tA\t1969\tstudy\tof\t80\tfamilies\tin\tTl'etinqox\tfound\tthat,\twhile\tnearly\thalf\tof\tall\tcaloric\tintake\tcame\tfrom\tgame\tand\tfish,\tthe\tremaining\thalf\tcame\tfrom\tprocessed\tfoods,\tnamely\tbreads,\tcookies,\tcereal,\tsoft\tdrinks,\tsugar,\tand\tflour\t(Lee,\tReyburn,\t&\tCarrow,\t1971),\tclear\tmarkers\tof\tculinary\timperialism\tthat\tresulted\tin\tdisproportionately\thigh\trates\tof\tiron\tdeficiency\tanaemia,\tlow\tlevels\tof\tvitamins\tC\tand\tE,\tand\televated\tcholesterol\tlevels\t(Desai\t&\tLee,\t1971).\tThe\timportance\tof\taccess\tto\tland\tand\tresources\tcannot\tbe\tunderestimated\tin\tterms\tof\tthe\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tspecifically,\tand\tthe\thealth\tof\tAboriginal\tpeoples\tmore\tgenerally,\tand\tformed\tthe\tbasis\tof\ta\tlegal\tbattle\tthat\twould\tspan\tthree\tdecades\tand\tbring\tAboriginal\ttitle\trights\tinto\tcourtrooms\tacross\tthe\tcountry.\t\t\t \t \t \t \t \t \t\t24\tIn\t1990,\tXeni\tGwet\u2019in\tChief\tRoger\tWilliam\tbrought\ta\tcase\tin\tfront\tof\tthe\tSupreme\tCourt\tof\tBritish\tColumbia,\tdeclaring\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\ttitle\tover\t438,000\thectares\tof\tland\tin\tthe\tCariboo-Chilcotin\tregion.\tThis\tresulted\tin\ta\t2007\truling\tthat,\tdespite\tacknowledging\tthat\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\trights\texisted,\tand\tthat\tBritish\tColumbia\thad\tinfringed\tupon\ttheir\tAboriginal\trights\tand\ttitle,\tstopped\tshort\tof\tgranting\ttitle;\tthe\tjudge\tcited\ta\ttechnicality.\tWilliams\tand\tthe\tprovincial\tand\tfederal\tgovernments\tappealed\tthis\truling,\tresulting\tin\tthe\tBC\tCourt\tof\tAppeal\tupholding\tthe\t2007\tjudgment\tin\t2012,\tand\tpushing\tChief\tWilliam\tto\tbring\this\tcase\tbefore\tthe\tSupreme\tCourt\tof\tCanada\t(Friends\tof\tNemaiah\tValley,\t2015).\tFinally,\tin\tJune\t2014,\tthe\tSupreme\tCourt\tof\tCanada\truled\tin\tfavour\tof\tthe\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tcommunity\tof\tXeni\tGwet\u2019in,\tgranting\ttitle\tto\t175,000\thectares\tof\tland,\tand\tacknowledging\tthat,\tunlike\tprevious\t\u2018postage\tstamp\u2019\trulings,\t\u201cAboriginal\ttitle\tis\tnot\tconfined\tto\tspecific\tsites\tof\tsettlement\tbut\textends\tto\ttracts\tof\tland\t[\u2026]\tover\twhich\tthe\tgroup\texercised\teffective\tcontrol\tat\tthe\ttime\tof\tassertion\tof\tEuropean\tsovereignty\u201d\t(Supreme\tCourt\tof\tCanada,\t2014).\t\tThis\truling\tand\trecognition\tof\tthe\tancestral\tland\trights\tof\tthe\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019on\tpeople\tprovided\ta\tcrescendo\tin\tthe\tongoing\tfight\tfor\tself-determination\tand\tthe\tright\tto\tlive\ton\ttheir\town\tlands,\ta\tfight\tthat\thad\tbegun\tover\t150\tyears\tearlier\twith\tthe\tresistance\tand\tsubversion\tto\tcolonial\tland\tgrabbing\tthat\tled\tup\tto\tthe\tChilcotin\tWar\tof\t1864.\tThis\twar\tsaw\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tChiefs\tfight\tto\tdrive\tEuropeans\tfrom\ttheir\tland.\tThese\tcommunity\tleaders\twere\tno\tlonger\twilling\tto\taccept\tthe\tencroachment\tof\tcolonial\tsettlers\tand\tinfectious\tdisease;\tin\tthe\tface\tof\tthreats\tby\tEuropean\tsettlers\tto\treintroduce\tsmallpox\tinto\ttheir\thomes\tand\tcommunities\tthey\tfought\tto\tprotect\ttheir\tpeople,\ta\tfight\tthat\tresulted\tin\ttheir\tsubsequent\tcapture4\tand\texecution.\tThese\tmen\twere\tnamed\tLhat\u015d\u2019a\u015d?in,\tTajed,\tBiyil,\tChayses,\tTalaghed\tand\tKwutan\t(Alphonse\tet\tal.,\t2012;\tLutz,\t2008).\tThe\tdishonesty\tand\tviolence\tof\tthese\tmurders,\tdeemed\tlegal\tunder\tthe\tpretence\tthat\tthe\tcolony\tof\tBritish\tColumbia\thad\tjudicial\tjurisdiction\tover\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tpeople,\twere\tfinally\trecognized\tby\tthe\tprovincial\tgovernment\tin\t1993,\twith\tmemorial\tplaques\tmounted\tin\tQuesnel\tand\tNew\tWestminister,\twhere\tthe\texecutions\thad\toccurred\t(Alphonse\tet\tal.,\t2012).\t\tThe\tancestral\tand\tongoing\tresistance\tof\tthe\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tNation\tprovides\ta\trich\tand\tdiverse\tbackdrop\tto\tthe\tWork\t2\tGive\tproject,\tand\toffers\timportant\tinsight\tinto\tthe\tbattles,\tboth\tphysical\tand\tlegal,\tthat\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tleaders\tand\tcommunities\thave\tfought\tto\tensure\ttheir\tpeople\twere\tand\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t4\tThe\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tmen\twere\ttricked\tinto\tmeeting\ta\tcolonial\tofficial\tfor\ta\tpeace\ttalk,\tand\twere\tarrested\tinstead.\tThis\tis\tan\timportant\tdistinction\thowever\toutside\tthe\tscope\tof\tthis\tthesis\t(Lutz,\t2008).\t\t\t \t \t \t \t \t \t\t25\tare\table\tto\tsubsist\tfrom\tthe\tland\tand\tenjoy\tthe\tmeaningful\tfoods\tand\tceremonies\tso\tengrained\tin\tthe\tacts\tof\tfishing,\thunting,\tand\tgathering.\t\t\t\t3.6:\tSummary\t\tThe\tgarden\tat\tMission\tMinimum\tsits\ton\tunceded\tlands,\tand\tinterwoven\thistories\tof\tresistance\tand\toppression\tstretch\tacross\tthat\tgarden\tand\tthe\tsurrounding\tcommunities\tof\tBritish\tColumbia.\tThe\timpacts\tof\tcolonialism\tare\tfelt\tdaily\tin\tthe\tbodies\tof\tincarcerated\tAboriginal\tpeoples,\tand\tin\tthe\tdisconnection\tfrom\tland\tfelt\tby\tall\tCanadians,\tIndigenous\tor\tnon.\tThe\tculinary\timperialism\tthat\tstretches\tfrom\tfirst\tcontact,\tthrough\tthe\thalls\tof\tresidential\tschools\tand\tinto\tthe\tmines\tand\tlumber\tyards\tof\tthe\t20th\tcentury\tcan\tbe\ttasted\tin\tthe\tremote\tkitchens\tof\treserve\tcommunities\tacross\tthe\tcountry\tand\tthe\tpre-packaged\tfoods\tserved\tto\tthose\tin\tcustody.\tYet\tjust\tas\tthe\tdestructiveness\tof\tcolonialism\tcrashes\tthrough\ttime\tand\tspace,\tthe\tgentle\tswelling\tof\tresurgence\tand\tresistance\tcontinues.\tAboriginal\tcommunities\tcontinue\tto\tcreate\tand\tsustain\tconnections;\tworking\tto\treclaim\tlands,\treinvigorate\trelationships\twithin\tand\tacross\tcommunities\tof\tpeople\tand\tmore-than-human\tbeings,\tand\trevision\tpre-colonial\tconceptualizations\tof\tjustice\tand\tpunishment.\tWoven\twithin\tthese\tlong\thistories\tare\tsmall\tgardens,\tplanted\tby\tsome\tto\tresist\tcolonial\thunger\tand\tby\tothers\tto\tcivilize\tthe\t\u2018savage\u2019.\tGardening\tpositively\timpacts\tphysical,\tsocial\tand\tmental\thealth.\tIncarceration\timpacts\tthose\tsame\toutcomes,\toften\tin\tnegative\tways.\tThe\tpotential\tfor\tincarceration\tto\thurt\tand\tfor\tgardening\tto\theal\tmust\tbe\tunderstood\twithin\tthese\twider\tcontexts,\tancient\tways\tof\tbeing\ton\tthe\tland\tand\tcriminal\tjustice\tnorms\trooted\tin\tcolonial\tracism.\tYet\tif\twe\tdo\tpay\tattention\tto\tthese\tcontexts\tand\tframe\texperiences\tin\thistories,\tgardening\twithin\tprison\tcan\tbe\tseen\tas\tan\tavenue\tto\theal\trelationships\twith\toneself,\tthe\tland,\tand\tthe\twider\tcommunity.\t\t\t\t\t\t \t \t \t \t \t \t\t26\tChapter\t4:\tMethods\t&\tAnalysis\t4.1:\tQualitative\tSettings\tand\tParticipants\t\tThis\tresearch\tis\tethnographic\tin\tnature\tand\tused\tqualitative\tmethods\tto\texplore\tthe\tquestions\toutlined\tabove.\tQualitative\tdata\tcollection\tinvolved\tthe\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tcommunity\tmembers\tin\tTl\u2019esqox\twho\treceived\tproduce\tthrough\tWork\t2\tGive,\tand\tthe\tmen\twho\tare\tincarcerated\tand\tworking\tin\tthe\tgarden.\tSemi-structured\tqualitative\tinterviews\twere\tconducted\twith\t10\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tcommunity\tmembers,\t10\tmen\tworking\tin\tthe\tprison\tgarden\tand\t5\tstakeholders,\trepresenting\tboth\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tleaders\tand\tstaff\tand\tstakeholders\tfrom\twithin\tthe\tCorrectional\tService\tof\tCanada\t(CSC).\tPurposive\tsampling\twas\tused\twithin\teach\tof\tthe\tparticipant\tcommunities\tas\ta\tmeans\tto\tdeepen\tand\texpand\tmy\tunderstanding\tof\tthe\texperiences\tof\tgardening\twhile\tincarcerated\tas\twell\tas\treceiving\tdonated\tvegetables\twithin\tone\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tcommunity.\tEach\tparticipant\thad\tpersonal\texperience\tand\tunderstanding\tof\tsome\tcomponent\tof\tthe\tgarden\tprogram,\tand\tthe\tdifferences\tand\tsimilarities\tbetween\tthese\tparticipants\thelped\tuncover\tthemes\tand\tcore\tmeanings.\tThis\tprocess\twas\titerative\tas\teach\treturn\tto\tthe\tprison\tand\teach\tday\tin\tTl\u2019esqox\tresulted\tin\trich\tconversations\tthat\thighlighted\tnew\tpotential\tparticipants\twho\tcould\texpand,\tchallenge,\tcomplicate\tand\tclarify\tthemes\tand\tfindings\temerging\tfrom\tongoing\tdata\tcollection.\tAny\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tindividual\tthat\thas\treceived\tdonated\tproduce,\tare\table\tto\tspeak\tand\tunderstand\tEnglish,\tand\tconsents\tto\tparticipate\twas\teligible\tto\ttake\tpart\tin\tthis\tstudy.\tAll\tmen\tworking\tin\tthe\tgarden\twere\tinvited\tto\tparticipate,\tproviding\tthat\tthey\twere\table\tto\tspeak\tand\tunderstand\tEnglish\tand\tprovide\tconsent.\tAlthough\tnot\ta\tpredetermined\tinclusion\tcriteria,\tonly\tmen\twith\tlow\trisk\tprofiles\thad\taccess\tto\tthe\tgarden\tprogram\tat\tthe\tminimum-security\tinstitution\tand\twere\ttherefore\tavailable\tto\tparticipate.\tStakeholders\twere\teligible\tgiven\ttheir\tknowledge\tregarding\tsome\tportion\tof\tthe\tgarden\tproject\tand\ttheir\tability\tto\tspeak\tand\tunderstand\tEnglish.\tThe\tgoal\tof\tthese\tin-depth,\topen-ended\tinterviews\twas\tto\tgain\ta\tbroad\tunderstanding\tof\tthe\trelevant\ttopics\tand\tallow\tparticipants\tto\tguide\tthe\tconversation\tand\tbring\twhat\tthey\tdeemed\timportant\tto\tthe\tforefront.\tWhile\tthe\tinterviews\tallowed\tparticipants\tto\tshare\trich\tinformation,\tit\twas\tin\tthe\tsharing\tof\tmeals\tand\tthe\tharvesting\tof\tplants,\tthe\tpassing\tof\ttime\ttogether\tthrough\tparticipant\tobservation\tconducted\twithin\tboth\tthe\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tcommunity\tand\tthe\tprison\tgarden,\tthat\tallowed\tfor\tthe\trelationship\tbuilding,\tresearcher\taccountability\tand\thuman\tconnection\tthat\ttruly\tdeepened\tand\texpanded\tmy\tunderstanding\tof\tthe\tprison\tgarden\u2019s\timpacts,\tcontexts,\tchallenges\tand\topportunities.\t\t\t\t \t \t \t \t \t \t\t27\t4.2:\tQualitative\tData\tCollection\t\tFrom\tAugust\tto\tlate\tOctober\t2016\tI\tspent\tten\tfull\tdays\twhich\tculminated\tin\tapproximately\t80\thours\tof\tfieldwork\twith\tthe\tmen\tin\tthe\tprison\tgarden.\tEarly\tin\tthe\tmorning\tI\twould\tarrive\tat\tMission\tMinimum\tInstitution,\tin\tMission\tBC,\tpick\tup\tmy\tgate\tpass,\tand\twalk\tthrough\tthe\tprison,\tthrough\ta\tsecond\tgrowth\tforest,\tinto\tthe\tgarden.\tI\twould\thelp\tout\twith\tthe\tharvesting\tof\tvegetables,\tthe\tclearing\tof\ttarps\tand\trocks\tto\tmake\tway\tfor\tend\tof\tseason\trototilling\tand\tspring\tfertilization,\tthe\tsourcing\tand\tgathering\tof\tgoat\tmanure\tand\tits\tsubsequent\tspreading\tacross\twide\ttracts\tof\tsoil,\tthe\tpulling\tup\tof\ttomato\tplants\tand\tberry\tbushes,\tand\tthe\tcareful\tcleaning\tof\tcarrots\tand\tother\troot\tvegetables\tso\tfamilies\treceived\tun-soiled\tproduce.\tI\twas\talso\table\tto\tjoin\tthe\tmen\tand\tthe\tfarmer\tas\tthey\tdelivered\tfood\tto\tlocal\tfood\tbanks\tand\tsoup\tkitchens,\tunloading\tboxes\tof\tacorn\tsquash\tfor\tsoup\tand\tpumpkins\tready\tfor\tHalloween.\tIt\tis\tagainst\tCorrectional\tService\tof\tCanada\tprotocols\tto\tgive\thonoraria\tor\tgifts\tto\tincarcerated\tindividuals\tparticipating\tin\tresearch;\tin\tlieu\tof\tthese\titems\tI\tbrought\tin\ta\tthank\tyou\tlunch\t(KFC,\tas\trequested\tby\tthe\tmen)\ton\tthe\tlast\tday\tof\tthe\tgarden\u2019s\t2016\tseason.\t\t\tThroughout\tAugust\tand\tSeptember\tof\t2016\tI\tspent\tthree\tfull\tweeks\tliving\tin\tTl\u2019esqox,\tone\tof\tthe\tbands\twithin\tthe\twider\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tNation.\tTl\u2019esqox\tis\troughly\t50\tkm\twest\tof\tWilliams\tLake,\tsituated\tin\ta\tvalley\tand\tsurrounded\tby\thills\tthat\teventually\tgive\tway\tto\tsage\tencrusted\tcliffs\tand\tthe\tcrashing\tChilcotin\tRiver.\tToday\tthe\tregistered\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tpopulation\tis\troughly\t3,500\tmembers\t(Alphonse\tet\tal.,\t2012);\tapproximately\t300\tpeople\tare\tregistered\twith\tthe\tTl\u2019esqox\tband,\troughly\thalf\tof\twhom\tlive\tthere.\tWhile\tthere,\tI\tstayed\tin\tOld\tSchool,\tan\told\tschool\tbuilding\tgiven\tby\tthe\tDepartment\tof\tEducation\tto\tthe\tband\tafter\tit\u2019s\tclosure\tmany\tyears\tprior\tand\tcurrently\tused\tto\thouse\tElders,\tindividuals\tcompleting\tvarious\ttraining\tprograms\thosted\ton\tthe\tpremise,\tsuch\tas\tfirefighting\tand\theavy\tduty\tmechanics,\tand\tyouth\tcompleting\tcourt-mandated\tcommunity\tservice\thours.\tI\thad\ta\tsmall\tapartment\twith\ta\tkitchen,\tand\tfive\tnights\ta\tweek\ta\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tman,\tthe\tlocal\tcommunity\talcohol\tand\tdrug\tcounselor,\tstayed\tnext\tdoor,\tacting\tas\tcommunity\thost,\ttour\tguide,\tand\tanswerer\tof\tmy\tmany\tquestions.\t\tMy\ttime\twas\tunstructured\tyet\tfull,\tspent\tgardening\tand\tweeding\twith\twomen\tin\tthe\tcommunity\tgarden\tat\tthe\tOld\tSchool,\thiking\tand\tberry\tpicking\twith\tcommunity\tmembers,\twatching\tfamilies\tdip\tnetting\tin\tthe\tChilcotin\tand\tFraser\trivers,\tlearning\tto\tclean,\tprepare\tand\tsmoke\tfish,\tsharing\tmeals,\tand\tlearning\trecipes\tpassed\tdown\tby\tmany\tgrandmothers.\tAll\tcommunity\tmembers\twho\ttook\tpart\tin\ta\tsemi-structured\tinterview\treceived\tan\thonorarium\tas\ta\ttoken\tof\tmy\tappreciation\tand\ta\tmeans\t\t \t \t \t \t \t \t\t28\tof\tvaluing\ttheir\ttime\tand\texpertise,\tand\tany\tand\tall\tcommunity\tmembers\twho\ttook\tpart\tin\tinterviews,\twelcomed\tme\tinto\ttheir\thomes,\tgave\tme\tdirections\tor\tsupported\tmy\tstay\tin\ttheir\tcommunity\tin\tany\tway\twere\tgiven\tfood-based\tgifts\tas\ta\tthank\tyou.\t\t\t\tImage\t2:\tTl'esqox,\tnestled\tamongst\tthe\thills\tInterviews\tranged\tfrom\tthirty\tminutes\tto\ttwo\thours\tin\tlength.\tThe\tmen\tI\tspoke\twith\tin\tthe\tprisons\twere\tasked\tabout\ttheir\thistory\tof\tincarceration\tand\tparticipation\tin\tcorrectional\tprogramming\tother\tthan\tthe\tgarden;\tthis\twas\tdone\tto\tprovide\ta\tfoundation\tupon\twhich\ttheir\texperiences\tof\tthe\tgarden\tcould\tbe\tunderstood.\tI\tdid\tnot\task\tthe\tmen\twhat\tcrime\tthey\thad\tbeen\tconvicted\tof,\tthis\twas\tpurposefully\tdone\tto\tcreate\ta\thumanizing\tspace\tin\twhich\tthe\tmen\tcould\tcraft\ttheir\town\tnarratives\tand\tshare\ttheir\thistories\tand\tidentities\twith\tme\tin\tthe\tways\tthey\twanted;\tsome\tof\tthe\tmen\tchose\tto\ttell\tme\thow\tthey\thad\tcome\tto\tprison,\tothers\tdid\tnot.\t\tQuestions\tfor\tthe\tmen\tfocused\ton\thow\tthey\tfelt\tand\twhat\tthey\tthought\tabout\twhile\tgardening\tand\twhether\tor\tnot\twhere\tthe\tvegetables\twent\tmattered\tto\tthem.\tWithin\tTl\u2019esqox\tinterviews\tfocused\ton\thow\tpeople\texperienced\tthe\tdonation\tof\tvegetables,\twhat\timpact\tthe\tvegetables\tmight\thave\thad\ton\tdiet\tand\thealth,\twhether\tor\tnot\tit\tmattered\tthat\tthe\tfood\twas\tgrown\tin\tprison,\tand\tthe\tfactors\timpacting\tfood\tsecurity\tand\tsovereignty\tfor\tthem\tand\ttheir\tcommunities.\t\t\tInterviews\twere\tsemi-structured,\tallowing\tparticipants\tto\tcraft\ttheir\tnarrative\tand\texplore\ttangents\tin\tways\tthat\tfelt\tnatural\tto\tthem.\tWithin\tthese\tconversations\tI\tsat\tand\tlistened,\tasking\tfor\tclarification\tand\tgently\tpushing\tpeople\tto\texplore\ttheir\tconnections\tto\tfood,\thealth\tand\twellbeing.\t\t\t \t \t \t \t \t \t\t29\tAdditionally,\tI\tconducted\t5\tinterviews\twith\tprogram\tstakeholders;\tspecially\tI\tspoke\twith\tthe\tretired\twarden\twho\tfounded\tthe\tgarden,\tthe\tfarmer\tcontracted\tby\tCSC,\tthe\twarden\tand\tassistant\twarden\tof\tprogramming\tat\tthe\tinstitution,\tand\tthe\texecutive\tdirector\tof\tthe\tdistribution\tpartner.\t\t\t4.3:\tQualitative\tData\tAnalysis\t\tA\tthematic\tanalytic\tapproach\twas\tused\tto\thighlight\tpatterns\tand\tdevelop\tdescriptive\tthemes.\tThis\tapproach\twas\tused\tbased\ton\tmy\t\u201cbelief\tin\tmultiple\trealities\t[and]\ta\tcommitment\tto\tparticipants\u2019\tviewpoints\u201d\t(Vaismoradi,\tTurunen,\t&\tBondas,\t2013,\tp.\t398).\tAll\tbut\tone\tinterview\twas\trecorded,\ttranscribed\tverbatim,\tanonymized\tand\tsubsequently\tcoded\tusing\tNVivo\tsoftware;\tone\tinterview\twith\ta\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\twoman\twas\tnot\trecorded\tas\tper\ther\trequest,\tand\ther\tinsights\twere\tsubsequently\ttreated\tas\tfield\tnotes.\tPseudonyms\twere\tprovided\tfor\teach\tparticipant\tas\ta\tmeans\tto\trespect\ttheir\tconfidentiality\tand\thave\tbeen\tused\tthroughout\tthis\tdocument.\tExtensive\tfield\tnotes\twere\twritten\tin\ta\tresearch\tjournal;\tthese\twere\tused\tto\tcapture\tmy\tinitial\tthoughts\tand\tinsights\tthat\tmay\thave\tnot\tbeen\tcaptured\tin\tthe\taudio\trecordings\talone.\tWriting\tdaily\tin\tmy\tjournal,\twhich\tstarted\tduring\tthe\tethics\tprocess\tand\thas\tcontinued\tthrough\tthe\twriting\tof\tthis\tthesis,\tallowed\tme\tto\tdevelop\tnew\tquestions\tand\texplore\tand\twork\tthrough\ttheoretical\tinsights.\tThis\t\u201cnarrative\tof\tevents,\tbehaviors,\tconversations,\tactivities,\tinterpretations,\tand\texplanations\t[\u2026]\thelp[ed]\tto\tcreate\ta\tportrayal\tof\tthe\tsoul\tand\theart\u201d\t(LeCompte\t&\tSchensul,\t1999,\tp.\t17)\tof\tthe\tgarden\tand\tits\timpacts.\tThe\treading,\tre-reading\tand\tongoing\twriting\tin\tthe\tmargins\tof\tthese\tjournal\tentries\tworked\tto\trefine\tmy\tthinking;\tthis\timmersion\tprovided\ta\tspace\twithin\twhich\tI\tbegan\tto\tnotice\tand\tsubsequently\tsystematically\tclump\tand\tcategorize\tthemes\tand\tcore\tideas.\t\tThe\tanalysis\twas\titerative\tand\twas\tconducted\tconcurrent\twith\tdata\tcollection.\tThe\tinterview\ttranscripts\twere\tread\tand\tre-read\tmultiple\ttimes.\tThese\thard\tcopy\tstacks\tof\tpaper\tbecame\tcluttered\twith\tfluorescent\thighlighting,\tmargin\tnotes\tand\trough\tdiagrams\tof\trelationships.\tThrough\tthe\tclose\tand\tattentive\treading\tof\tthese\tnarratives\tI\twas\table\tto\texplore\tpatterns,\texpand\tthemes\tand\tfind\tcommonalities\tand\tdifferences\tbetween\tand\twithin\teach\tperson\u2019s\tstory.\tMind\tmapping\tfurther\tdiscovered\tand\tconnected\tthemes,\thectic\thand\tdrawn\tdiagrams\tattempting\tto\tfind\tways\tto\trespectfully\tand\thonestly\tillustrate\tthe\trelationships\tand\tconnections\tthat\tpeople\texpressed\twithin\ttheir\tnarratives;\tdrafting\tconnections\tamong\tpeople\u2019s\tstories,\torganizing\twords\tmuch\t\u201cmessier\tand\tthicker\tthan\tnumbers\u201d\t(Miles\t&\tHuberman,\t1984).\tThese\tmaps\twere\tthen\torganized\tinto\tparent-child\tcoding\tschematics,\tusing\tNVivo\tSoftware.\tCodes\t\t \t \t \t \t \t \t\t30\twere\tcreated\tto\tcategorize\ttopics\twithin\tthe\tnarrative\tdata;\tshared\tand\tdivergent\tparticipant\texperiences\twere\tclassified\taccording\tto\tkey\twords\tthrough\tthe\tcoding\tprocess,\tcrafting\tcentral\tthemes\tfrom\tacross\tall\ttranscripts.\tAll\ttranscripts\twere\tthen\tcoded\twithin\tNVivo.\tAt\tthe\tbeginning\tof\tthe\tanalysis\tprocess\tthe\tdiscovering\tand\tdevelopment\tof\tthemes\tand\tcodes\tthrough\tclose\treading,\tmind\tmapping\tand\tthe\tcreation\tand\tsubsequent\tuse\tof\tcoding\tschematics\twas\tdone\twithin\teach\tgroup\tof\ttranscripts,\tresulting\tin\tone\tcoding\tstructure\tand\tthematic\tanalysis\tfor\tthe\tmen,\tone\tfor\tthe\tTl\u2019esqox\tcommunity\tmembers,\tand\ta\tthird\tfor\tstakeholders.\tAs\tthe\tanalysis\tprogressed\tthe\tthemes\tthat\texisted\tacross\tthe\tnarratives\twithin\teach\tcategory\twere\tcompared\tand\tcontrasted\tand\tsubsequent\tmind\tmapping,\treading\tof\tcoding\treports\tand\tre-visiting\tentries\tfrom\tmy\tfield\tdiary\tallowed\tfor\ta\tweaving\tof\tthemes\tbetween\tthese\tgroups,\tproviding\ta\tmore\tholistic\tunderstanding\tof\tthe\tconnections,\tdisruptions\tand\tpotential\treciprocities\texisting\tacross\tthe\tmany\tkilometers\tthat\tseparate\tthe\tprison\tand\tthe\twide\topen\tspaces\tof\tTl\u2019esqox.\tThis\tconstant\tcomparison\tallowed\tfor\tthe\tsimilarities\tand\tdifferences\tbetween\teach\tnarrative\tand\teach\tgroup\tto\temerge\t(Glaser\t&\tStrauss,\t1965).\tAll\tcoding\tschematics\twere\tshared\twith\tmy\tthesis\tadvisory\tcommittee;\tquestions\tposed\tby\tmy\tcommittee\tmembers\twere\tdiscussed\tand\tconsidered\tas\ta\tgroup\tthen\tlater\treflected\ton\tand\tintegrated\tinto\tthe\tanalysis.\tThe\tcoded\tstakeholder\ttranscripts\twere\tread\tand\tre-read,\tand\tthe\tinformation\tgleaned\tfrom\ttheir\tpages\twas\tused\tto\tprovide\tthe\tunderlying\tcontext\tand\tbackground\tfor\tmy\tthematic\texploration\tand\tclose\tcomparison\tof\tthe\tmen\u2019s\tand\tcommunities\u2019\ttranscripts.\tThe\tinsight\tand\twisdom\tof\tthese\tindividuals\thelped\tto\tshade\tin\tthe\tcontours\tof\tthe\timpacts\tand\trelationships\tbetween\tand\tamong\tthe\tmen\tin\tthe\tprison\tand\tthe\tpeople\tof\tTl\u2019esqox;\tthis\tinformation\twas\tfoundational\tto\tmy\tunderstanding\tof\tthe\tgarden,\tyet\tthese\tinterviews\tare\tnot\tunpacked\tin\tthe\tsame\tway\tas\tthe\tnarratives\tof\tthe\tmen\tand\tthe\tpeople\tof\tTl\u2019esqox,\tas\tthe\tstakeholders\tprovide\ta\trich\tbackdrop\tupon\twhich\tthe\tstrengths\tand\texperiences\tof\tthe\tmen\tand\tcommunity\tmembers\tand\tthe\tconnections\tbetween\tthese\tgroups\tcan\tbe\texplored\tand\tcherished.\t\t\tThroughout\tthe\tdata\tcollection\tand\tanalysis\tperiod\tongoing\tconversations\twith\tthesis\tcommittee\tmembers,\tspecifically\tDr.\tHelen\tBrown\twho\tleads\tthe\twider\tWork\t2\tGive\tresearch\tstudy,\thelped\tto\trefine\tmy\tthinking\tand\tensure\tthe\tmeaningfulness\tand\treliability\tof\tthis\tanalysis.\tDuring\tmy\ttime\tin\tTl\u2019esqox\tand\tin\tthe\tprison\tgarden,\tkey\tfindings\tand\tthemes\twere\tshared\twith\tparticipants\tto\tensure\tfindings\tremained\tmeaningful\tand\tculturally\tappropriate.\tThis\tsharing\tof\tthemes,\tsuch\tas\tthe\tinfluences\tof\tresource\textraction\tand\tclimate\tchange\ton\tfood\tsecurity,\tand\twidespread\tconnections\twith\tpeople\twho\twere\tor\thad\tbeen\tin\tprison,\twas\tdone\tinformally;\tshared\twith\t\t \t \t \t \t \t \t\t31\twomen\twhile\tgardening\tand\tpicking\tberries,\tmen\twhile\tdriving\tto\tfishing\tspots:\t\u2018what\tdo\tyou\tthink?\u2019\t\u2018Does\tthat\tsound\tabout\tright?\u2019\tThese\tparticipants\thelped\tto\trefine\tmy\tthinking,\tfor\tinstance\thighlighting\tthe\ttensions\tbetween\trejecting\trivers\tpolluted\tby\ttailing\tponds\tand\tthe\trefusal\tto\tlet\tyour\tfamily\tgo\thungry.\tNear\tthe\tend\tof\tthis\tjourney\tI\tsat\tdown\tto\twrite\ta\tdetailed\tthesis\toutline\tthat\tdelineated\teach\tsection\tof\tthis\tmanuscript\tand\tclearly\tarticulated\tmy\tanalytic\tstructure\tand\tthe\tfindings\tthat\tgrew\tfrom\tthe\tongoing\tengagement\twith\tthe\tmen\tand\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tcommunity\tmembers,\tfirst\tin\tperson,\tand\tthen\tthrough\tthe\trepeated\treading\tof\ttheir\twords.\tThis\tthesis\toutline\twas\tshared\twith\tthe\twomen\tin\tmy\tthesis\tadvisory\tand\tall\tfeedback\twas\tdiscussed\tand\tintegrated.\t\t\t4.4:\tCommunity\tcooking\tworkshops\t\tThe\tcreation\tof\tmeaning\tis\trelational,\ttherefore\tthe\tresearch\tmethods\tI\tdrew\ton\tfor\tthis\tproject\tdid\tnot\tcome\tfully\tinto\tfocus\tuntil\tI\tbegan\tto\tspend\ttime\twith\tthe\tmen\tin\tthe\tgarden,\tand\twith\tthe\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tpeople\ton\ttheir\tancestral\tlands.\tOnce\tin\tTl\u2019esqox\tit\tbecame\tclear\tthat\tthe\tWork\t2\tGive\tvegetables\twere\tbrought\tinto\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tcommunities\twithout\tattendance\tto\tcommunity\tpreference,\tfood\thistories\tand\tfoodways.\tVegetables\tsuch\tas\tkale,\tbok\tchoy\tand\tdiverse\tvarietals\tof\tsquash\twere\tdistributed\twithout\trecipes\tor\tinformation,\tand\tcommunities\tof\tpeople\twho\toften\tdescribes\tthemselves\tto\tme\tas\t\u201cmeat\tand\tpotato,\tfish\tand\trice\u201d\tpeople\twere\toften\tleft\tunsure\tof\twhat\tthese\tvegetables\twere,\tand\thow\tto\tstore\tand\tprepare\tthem.\tIn\ttalking\twith\tcommunity\tmembers\tand\tstaff\tat\tthe\tTl\u2019esqox\tHealth\tCentre\t&\tBand\tOffice\tI\tlearned\tthat\tmany\tElders\tand\tcommunity\tmembers\twere\tinterested\tin\tlearning\tmore\tabout\tthese\tnew\tvegetables.\tI\twas\tput\tin\ttouch\twith\tthe\tdietician\tand\tnutritionist\tin\tthe\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tNational\tGovernment,\tMegan\tDark,\tand\ttogether\twe\tcollaboratively\tplanned\tand\thosted\tone\tcooking\tworkshop\tin\tTl\u2019esqox,\tin\twhich\tI\tpersonally\tpicked\tup\tand\tdrove\tvegetables\tfrom\tthe\tprison\tto\tthe\tcommunity.\tWe\tseparately\thosted\ttwo\tother\tworkshops\tin\tother\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tcommunities\t(Yunesit\u2019in\tand\tTl\u2019etinqox),\tto\tcoincide\twith\tthe\tdelivery\tof\tvegetables\tfrom\tthe\tprison\tgarden.\tIn\tpreparation\tfor\tthese\tworkshops\twe\tdeveloped\tvegetable\tinformation\tsheets,\tbased\ton\tfeedback\treceived\tfrom\tcommunity\tmembers,\tthat\tincluded\tnutritional\tinformation,\tstorage\tinformation\tand\ta\tselection\tof\taccessible\trecipes\t(see\tAppendix\tI).\tVegetable\tnames\twere\ttranslated\tinto\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tand\tfunding\tis\tbeing\tsought\tto\tsustain\tthe\tcommunity\tcooking\tworkshops\tand\tsupport\tthe\tfull\ttranslation\tof\tvegetable\tinformation\tsheets\tand\ta\trecipe\tbook.\tI\tconducted\tthree\tqualitative\tinterviews\twith\tTl\u2019esqox\tcommunity\tmembers\tafter\tthe\tcooking\tworkshop\tand\tincluded\t\t \t \t \t \t \t \t\t32\tquestions\tabout\tpeople\u2019s\texperiences\tin\tthe\tworkshops\tand\tways\tto\timprove\tworkshops\tin\tthe\tfuture.\t\t\t4.5:\tEthics\t\tThe\tethical\tconsiderations\tfor\tthis\tproject\tare\tbased\tupon\ta\ttheoretical\tand\tmoral\tfoundation\tof\tdecolonizing\tand\tethical\tresearch\tthat\taims\tto\tbe\tmeaningful\tto\tthe\tparticipating\tindividuals\tand\tcommunities.\tThis\tstudy\twas\tconducted\twithin\tthe\tcontext\tof\tthe\tbroader\tWork\t2\tGive\tResearch\tprogram.\tA\tMemorandum\tOf\tUnderstanding\t(MOU)\tcurrently\texists\tbetween\tthe\tUBC\tSchool\tof\tNursing,\tthe\tWork\t2\tGive\tResearch\tteam\tand\tthe\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tNational\tGovernment\t(TNG).\tNegotiation\tand\tapproval\tfor\tthis\tproject\toccurred\tunder\tthe\tsupervision\tof\tthe\tWork\t2\tGive\tResearch\tproject\u2019s\tPrincipal\tInvestigator,\tDr.\tHelen\tBrown,\tand\twas\tsupported\tby\ther\tand\tthe\tother\tmembers\tof\tmy\tthesis\tsupervisory\tcommittee.\tThe\tframework\tfor\tthe\tbroader\tWork\t2\tGive\tResearch\tproject,\twhich\treflects\tthe\tMOU\twith\tthe\tTNG,\tis\tbased\tupon\tthe\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tNation\tResearch\tProtocol.\tResearch\tapproval\twas\treceived\tboth\tformally\tand\tinformally\tfrom\tcommunity\tleaders\twithin\tTl\u2019esqox.\tEthical\tapproval\twas\talso\tobtained\tthrough\tthe\tCorrectional\tService\tof\tCanada\u2019s\tResearch\tBranch,\tas\tan\tamendment\tto\tthe\tpre-existing\tWork\t2\tGive\tResearch\tethics\tapproval,\tand\tthrough\tthe\tUniversity\tof\tBritish\tColumbia\tResearch\tEthics\tBoard.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \t \t \t \t \t \t\t33\tChapter\t5:\tResults\t\tI\tconducted\t10\tsemi-structured\tinterviews\twith\tmen\twho\twere\tcurrently\tor\thad\tin\tthe\tpast\tworked\tin\tthe\tMission\tgarden.\tOf\tthese\tmen,\t30%\twere\tAboriginal.\tThe\taverage\tage\twas\t52,\twith\ta\trange\tfrom\t33\tto\t77\tyears.\tFifty\tpercent\tof\tthe\tmen\thad\tcompleted\thigh\tschool\tor\treceived\ta\tGED,\t40%\thad\tnot\tcompleted\thigh\tschool,\tand\tone\tman\thad\ttaken\tsome\tuniversity\tcourses.\tThe\tmen\tidentified\ttheir\thome\tcommunities\tas\tbeing\tfrom\tacross\tCanada,\twith\tthe\tmajority\tbeing\tfrom\tBC\t(40%)\tor\tOntario\t(40%).\tThe\taverage\ttime\tthe\tmen\thad\tbeen\tincarcerated\tin\ta\tfederal\tinstitution,\tat\tthe\ttime\tof\tthe\tinterviews,\twas\t17.9\tyears\t(range:\t3\tmonths\tto\t39\tyears).\tA\tnumber\tof\tthe\tmen\thad\tdone\ttime\tin\tprovincial\tinstitutions,\thowever\tthese\tdates\twere\tnot\tcaptured.\t\t\tParticipating\tin\tthe\tgarden\tat\tMission\tMinimum,\tcalled\tfrom\there\ton\tin\tsimply\t\u2018the\tgarden\u2019,\thas\tdiverse\tand\tlayered\timpacts\ton\tboth\tthe\tparticipating\tmen\tand\tthe\trecipient\tcommunities,\tcommunities\tthat\tinclude\tlocal\torganizations\tin\tthe\tLower\tMainland\tas\twell\tas\tthe\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tNation.\tFor\tthe\tparticipating\tmen\tthe\tgarden\tis\tmeaningful\twithin\tthe\tcontext\tof\tbeing\tincarcerated,\tand\tthe\tvarious\tways\tthat\tthe\texperience\tof\tincarceration\timpacts\ttheir\tlives:\tfrom\tdiet,\tto\tthe\tability\tto\tspend\ttime\tin\tnature,\tto\tmore\tintrinsic\tbenefits\tsuch\tas\tpride\tand\tresponsibility.\tFor\tthe\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tcommunity\tof\tTl\u2019esqox\tthe\timpacts\tare\tovershadowed\tby\ta\twider\thistory\tand\tcontext\tof\tfood\t(in)security,\tland\trights\tand\tIndigenous\tsovereignty\tand\tself-determination;\tthis\thistory\tcreates\tfood\tinsecurities\tand\tnot-quite-sovereignties\tthat\tare\tcomplex\tand\tcomplicated,\tand\tdifficult\tto\taddress\tthrough\tthe\tdonation\tof\trelatively\tsmall\tamounts\tof\tproduce\ta\thandful\tof\ttimes\tthroughout\tthe\tyear.\t\t\t5.1:\tImpacts\ton\tMen\t\tThe\timpacts\ton\tthe\tparticipating\tmen\tare\tlayered;\tlayers\tthat\tdeepened\tand\twidened\tover\ttime\tand\tthrough\tincreased\tengagement\tand\townership\tby\teach\tindividual\tman,\tas\thighlighted\tin\tFigure\t1.\tThe\tfirst\tlayer\tis\taccess\tto\tfood,\tand\tis\tthe\tmost\taccessible\tin\tterms\tof\timpact;\teven\tthe\tmen\twho\thad\tjust\tstarted\tand\twere\tnot\tparticularly\tinterested\tin\twhere\tthe\tfood\tis\tgoing\twere\table\tto\ttake\tfresh\torganic\tproduce\tback\tinto\ttheir\thomes\tto\tintegrate\tinto\tthe\tmeals\tthat\tthey\tcooked\tthemselves.\tAs\ttime\twent\ton\tthe\tmen\tbecome\tmore\tcommitted\tto\tthe\twork\tand\tthe\ttranquility\tof\tthe\tgarden,\tthe\twork\tbecame\ta\tmeans\tto\tfind\tpeace\tand\tescape\twithin\tthe\tinstitution.\tWith\tmore\ttime,\tmore\tseeds\tand\tmore\tsprouts\ttheir\tpride\tin\tthe\tgrowing\tand\ttending\t\t \t \t \t \t \t \t\t34\tof\tplants\tfurrows\tupwards;\tthe\tsheer\tquantity\tof\tvegetables\tbecomes\ta\tresponsibility.\tAs\tthe\tdestination\tof\tthese\tbeautiful\tplant\tfoods\tclarifies,\tthe\tact\tof\tgiving\tcreates\tadditional\tmeaning\tfor\tthe\tmen.\tFinally,\tas\ttheir\twork\tin\tthe\tgarden\tcontinues\tthrough\tthe\tseasons\tthe\tmen\tare\table\tto\timagine\tmeaningful\tfutures,\tenvisioning\ttheir\ttime\tin\tthe\tgarden\tas\tnot\tonly\tgrowing\tand\tgiving,\tbut\tas\tplanting\tand\ttending\troots\tfor\ta\tfuture\toutside\tof\tprison,\tone\twhere\tnature,\tgiving,\tresponsibility\tand\tself-worth\tmay\ttake\ton\tnew\tand\timpactful\tmeanings.\tFor\tthe\tcore\tmen\tin\tthe\tgarden,\twho\thad\tworked\tover\tseveral\tseasons\tand\tprovided\tmentorship\tto\tincoming\trecruits,\tthe\timpacts\twere\tthe\tmost\tmeaningful.\t\t\t\tFigure\t1:\tLayered\timpacts\tof\tthe\tprison\tgarden\ton\tparticipating\tmen\t\tThe\tspecific\timpact\ton\teach\tman\tis\tinfluenced\tby\tthree\texternal\tforces\tand\tcontexts:\t(a)\ttime,\tincluding\teach\tman\u2019s\tlength\tof\tincarceration;\tthe\tpassing\tof\tseasons,\tand;\tthe\tnumber\tof\tweeks,\tmonths\tand\tseasons\tspent\tin\tthe\tgarden;\t(b)\tvisibility,\tincluding\tmen\twatching\tthe\tplants\tgrow;\tseeing,\tmeeting\tand\tinteracting\twith\tthe\tdiverse\tindividuals\twho\treceive\tthe\tdonated\tfood,\tand;\tthe\treciprocity\tof\trecipient\tcommunity\tmembers\twatching\tthe\tmen\tgive,\tcreating\tvisible\tand\talternate\tsocial\tnarratives\taround\twhat\ttype\tof\tpeople\tend\tup\tin\tprison,\tand\twhat\tpotential\tthey\tmay\tor\tmay\tnot\thave;\tand\tfinally;\t(c)\tpersonal\tcontexts,\tincluding\tmen\u2019s\tethnic\tand\/or\tAboriginal\tidentities;\thistories\tof\twork\tand\teducation;\tchildhood\tmemories,\tand;\ttheir\tinstitutional\thistory\tand\tcontext,\twhich\tinstitutions\tthey\thad\tbeen\tin,\tand\twhether\tor\tnot\tthey\tidentified\tas\ta\t\u2018lifer\u2019\tor\twere\tnew\tto\tthe\tcriminal\tjustice\tor\tfederal\tsystem.\tThese\timpacts\tand\tinfluences\tare\tthen\tintersected\tby\tthe\tconcepts\tof\tfreedom\tand\tautonomy,\tdriving\tforces\tthat\timpact\tthe\tmen\tagainst\t\t \t \t \t \t \t \t\t35\tthe\twider\tcontext\tof\tincarceration,\tproviding\tmeaning\tin\tgardening\tthat\tis\texplicitly\tbased\twithin\tthe\texperience\tof\tbeing\tin\tprison\tand\tof\thaving\tlimited\tfreedom\tof\tchoice\tand\tof\tmovement.\t\t\t5.1.1:\tAccess\tto\tFood\tThe\tfirst,\tmost\teasily\taccessible\tlayer\tof\timpact\twas\taccess\tto\tfood.\tThe\tinstitution\thas\ta\tminimum\tsecurity\tclassification\tand\tthe\tmen\tdo\tnot\tsleep\tin\tcells\tas\tthey\tmight\tat\thigher\tsecurity\tlevels;\tinstead\tthey\tshare\thouses\twith\tfour\tto\tseven\tother\tmen.\tMinimum\tsecurity\tis\tthe\tlast\tinstitutional\tstop\tas\tmen\tcascade\tdown\tfrom\thigher\tsecurity\tlevels\tbefore\trelease\tback\tinto\tthe\tcommunity;\tmen\tare\tconsequently\texpected\tto\tbuy\ttheir\town\tgroceries\tthrough\ta\tcentral\tordering\tsystem\tand\tprepare\ttheir\town\tmeals.\tThese\tactivities\tare\tintended\tto\tprovide\tmeal\tplanning\tand\tbudgeting\texperience\tto\tindividuals\texperiencing\tincarceration,\tincreasing\ttheir\tchances\tof\tsuccessfully\treintegrating\tback\tinto\tthe\tcommunity.\tFor\tthe\tmen\tat\tMission\tMinimum\tstaple\tgroceries,\tsuch\tas\tflour,\tbasic\tfruits,\tvegetables\tand\tmeats\tare\tordered\tthrough\tthe\tcentral\tordering\tsystem;\tmen\thave\tto\tprovide\ttheir\tgrocery\tlists\tto\tthe\tfood\tservice\tdepartment\tweekly,\teach\treceiving\ta\tper\tdiem\tthat\tworks\tout\tto\t$32.51\/week.\tAdditional\tnovelty\titems,\tsuch\tas\tpre-made\tchicken\twings,\tsnacks,\tor\tsodas\tcan\tbe\tpurchased\tat\tthe\tcommissary,\talthough\titems\tare\toften\tprohibitively\texpensive.\tWhile\tfresh\tfruits\tand\tvegetables\tare\tavailable\tto\tthe\tmen\tthrough\tthe\tfood\tordering\tsystem,\tthe\tquality\tof\tthe\tproduce\tis\tvariable.\tBeing\table\tto\ttake\thome\tfresh,\torganic\tproduce\tfrom\tthe\tgarden\tafter\twork\tprovides\tan\topportunity\tfor\tthe\tmen\tto\tintegrate\thigh\tquality\tproduce\tinto\ttheir\tdiets\twhile\talso\tsaving\ton\ttheir\tmonthly\tfood\tbudget.\tFor\tmany\tof\tthe\tmen,\tthe\tgreat\tvariety\tof\tvegetables\tavailable\tin\tthe\tgarden\tallows\tthem\tto\ttry\tnew\tthings,\tintegrating\tnew\tvegetables\tand\trecipes\tinto\ttheir\tdiets.\tAs\tone\tman\tnotes:\t\t \u201cI\tate\ta\tlot\tof\tstuff\tout\tthere\tI\tnever\teven\ttried\tbefore,\tlike\teggplant,\tnever\ttried\tit\tbefore,\tand\tI\tcooked\tit\tmyself\tin\tthere,\tand\tnever\tstopped\teating\tit\tthen.\tYour\tdiet\tchanges\tquite\ta\tlot\tif\tyou\u2019re\tout\tthere,\tI\thardly\teat\tmeat\tat\tall\tduring\tthe\tsummers.\u201d\t\tThe\thigh\tquality\tof\tthe\tvegetables\twas\talso\tappreciated\tin\tcontrast\tto\twhat\tis\tavailable\tin\tsupermarkets\tin\tthe\tcommunity.\tOne\tman\twho\thad\tbeen\treleased\tin\tsummer\tof\t2014\tand\twho\tI\tinterviewed\tin\tthe\tcommunity\texplained\tthat\twhile\the\tnow\thas\taccess\tto\tmore\tvariety\tthan\the\tdid\tthrough\tthe\tfood\tordering\tprogram\tat\tMission\tMinimum,\t\u201ca\tlot\tof\tthe\tstuff\tin\tthem\tstores\tis\tjust\thorrible.\u201d\tFor\tthe\tmajority\tof\tthe\tmen\twith\twhom\tI\tspoke,\tthe\tdietary\tchanges\tthat\tresulted\tfrom\ttheir\ttime\tin\tthe\tgarden\twere\tsomething\tthey\tintended\tto\tcontinue\twith\tpost\trelease,\twith\t\t \t \t \t \t \t \t\t36\tmany\tof\tthem\thoping\tto\thave\taccess\tto\tcommunity\tor\tpersonal\tgardens\twhere\tthey\tcould\tgrow\ttheir\town\tfood.\tEven\tfor\tthe\tmen\twith\tprevious\tgardening\texperience\tthe\tvariety\tof\tthings\tgrown\tin\tthe\tgarden\twas\tnovel.\tThis\tvariety\twas\tfacilitated\tby\ta\tsupervising\tfarmer\twho\ttravels\textensively\tand\tenjoys\texperimenting\twith\tnew\tvegetables\tand\tvarietals\tbrought\thome\tfrom\tfaraway\tplaces;\tthis\timpacted\tthe\tmen\u2019s\tability\tto\tdiversify\ttheir\tdiet\tand\tlearn\tabout\tnew\tplants,\tsuch\tas\tlemongrass\tand\tdaikon.\t\tFor\tsome\tmen\tthe\tshifts\tin\ttheir\tdiets\twere\tunderstood\twithin\tthe\tcontext\tof\ttheir\town\tchildhood\thunger;\tmen\tspoke\tof\tdaily\thunger,\tacross\tclassrooms,\tfamily\tliving\tspaces\tand\tbedrooms,\tand\tconnected\tthese\texperiences\tto\tthe\ttrajectory\tthat\tresulted\tin\ttheir\tincarceration.\tTheir\tawareness\tof\tthe\tdownstream\timpacts\tof\thunger\tshaped\ttheir\tappreciation\tfor\tthe\tfresh\tvegetables\tthey\twere\table\tto\tcook\tfor\tthemselves.\tFor\tother\tmen\tthe\tgrowing,\tharvesting\tand\teating\tof\ttheir\town\tvegetables\treconnected\tthem\twith\tthe\tfoods,\tfoodways\tand\texperiences\tof\ttheir\tchildhoods,\tlinking\tthem\tto\tmemories\tof\tfamily\tfarms\tand\tbackyard\tgardens.\t\t\tThe\tmajority\tof\tthe\tmen\thad\tbeen\tincarcerated\tfor\tlong\tperiods\tof\ttime,\twith\t70%\thaving\tspent\tten\tor\tmore\tyears\tin\tfederal\tcustody,\tand\tmany\thad\ttaken\tculinary\tskills\tprogramming\toffered\tthrough\tinstitutions\tacross\tthe\tcountry.\tThese\tskills,\tcombined\twith\taccess\tto\tfresh\tvegetables,\tallowed\tthem\tto\tcreate\tappealing\tand\tnutritious\tmeals\tfor\tthemselves\tand\ttheir\thousemates.\t\tI\tfound\tthe\tlevel\tof\tculinary\tskill\tand\tattention\tto\tnutrition\tand\tflavor\tsurprising\tat\tfirst,\tbecause\tI\tassumed\tthat\tmost\tmen\twould\tsubsist\ton\tthe\tstereotypical\tpastas\tand\tburgers\tof\tbachelorhood.\tOne\tman\twith\twhom\tI\tspoke\tlived\twith\tsomeone\twho\tenjoyed\tbaking;\the\twould\tprovide\tfresh\tsquash\tin\treturn\tfor\ta\tpiece\tof\tthe\tpie\tor\tcheesecake.\tAll\tthe\tmen\tI\tspoke\twith\twere\thappy\tto\tshare\tcooking\tadvice,\tsending\tme\thome\twith\tvegetables\tand\ttheir\tfavourite\trecipes:\tbutternut\tsquash\tsoup\twith\tcoconut\tmilk,\tratatouille,\tand\tcoleslaw\twith\tfresh\tgarlic\tscapes.\tIn\tthe\tpast\tsome\tof\tthe\tpreviously\tparticipating\tmen\thad\ttraded\tvegetables\tfor\tcigarettes\tand\tother\tcontraband\titems;\thowever\tthis\twas\tfrowned\tupon\tas\tthe\tvegetables\twere\tmeant\tfor\tpersonal\tconsumption,\twithin\treason,\tand\tfor\tdonation\tto\tpeople\tdeemed\tdeserving\tof\tdonated\tfood.\tOne\tman,\tCaleb5,\tdescribed\thow\the\trarely\ttook\thome\tvegetables\tbecause\the\t\u201cdidn\u2019t\tlike\tgetting\tyelled\tat\tby\t[the\tfarmer\tcontracted\tby\tCSC\tto\trun\tthe\tgarden]\u201d.\tThe\tfarmer\twould\toften\tshout,\tin\ta\tfirm\tand\tsarcastic\tyet\tfriendly\tmanner\tto\tmen\twho\tleft\twith\tmultiple\tbags\tof\tvegetables.\tCaleb,\twho\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t5\tAll\tnames\tused\tthroughout\tthis\tdocument\tare\tpseudonyms.\t\t\t \t \t \t \t \t \t\t37\thad\tonly\tbeen\tincarcerated\tfor\tthree\tweeks\tat\tthe\ttime\tof\tour\tinterview,\tand\twho\twas\tspending\this\tfirst\tday\tin\tthe\tgarden\tafter\ttransfer\tfrom\tthe\tfederal\tRegional\tReception\tand\tAssessment\tCentre\t(RRAC)\tduring\tmy\tfieldwork\tperiod,\twas\tnot\taware\tof\tthe\tvegetables\u2019\tdestination\tand\thad\tassumed\tthey\twere\tsold\tfor\tprofit;\tupon\tlearning\twhere\tthe\tvegetables\twent\the\treframed\this\tunderstanding\tof\tthe\tfarmer,\tshifting\tfrom\ta\tgeneral\tapprehension\ttowards\trespect:\t\u201c[he]\tdoesn\u2019t\tmind\tif\tyou\tbring\tvegetables\thome\tfor\tyour\thouse,\tbut\tif\tyour\tbag\u2019s\toverflowing\the\tdoesn\u2019t\tlike\tthat.\tWell,\tnow\tI\tknow\twhy,\tbecause\tthey\u2019re\tfor\tpeople\tthat\tare\thungry.\u201d\tThe\tability\tnot\tonly\tto\tgrow,\tbut\tthen\tto\tcook\ttheir\town\tfood\tstarkly\tcontrasted\tagainst\tthe\tset\tmeal\ttimes\tand\tpre-made\tprocessed\tfoods\tavailable\tat\tmedium\tand\tmaximum\tsecurity\tinstitutions.\t\t\tThe\tdietary\timpact\tof\ttaking\thome\tvegetables\tand\tintegrating\tthem\tinto\thome\tcooked\tmeals\tintersects\twith\tthe\tthemes\tof\tautonomy\tand\tfreedom.\tOne\tman\tdescribed\tthe\tmeals\tavailable\tin\thigher\tsecurity\tinstitutions\tas\t\u201cnot\teven\tfor\thumans.\tIt\u2019s\tnot\tfood.\tBut\tthey\tfeed\tyou\tit,\tit\u2019s\ta\tfilling,\tright?\tAnd\tthey\tfeed\tyou\ta\tlot\tof\tit.\tIt\u2019s\tnot\treal\teggs,\tit\u2019s\tnot\treal\tanything.\u201d\tFor\tthe\tmen,\tmany\tof\twhom\thad\ttaken\tculinary\tprograms\tin\tthe\tpast,\tand\tothers\twho\tsimply\tused\ttheir\textended\tperiod\tof\tincarceration\tto\tteach\tthemselves\tto\tcook,\tusing\tbooks\tfrom\tthe\tprison\tlibrary,\tthe\tability\tto\tcreate\tand\tplay\twith\tnew\tvegetables\tand\tflavours\tallowed\tfor\tcreative\tand\tautonomous\texperiences,\tproviding\tthem\ta\tspace\tto\texercise\ttheir\tfreedom\tof\tchoice,\tselecting\twhat\tthey\tdid\tand\tdid\tnot\twant\tto\teat.\tWhen\tasked\tif\this\ttime\tworking\tin\tthe\tgarden\thad\timpacted\this\tdiet,\tDennis\texplained:\t\t \u201cOh\tyeah,\toh\tyeah.\tWay\tdifferent\tthan\tbefore.\tI\tdon\u2019t\twant\tto\teat,\ttouch\ta\tpotato,\tor\tanything\tinvolving\ta\tpotato\tfor\ta\tlong\ttime.\tThere\u2019s\tso\tmuch\tof\tit,\tand\tbread,\tup\tbehind\twhen\tyou\tdo\tmedium\ttime\tand\tmax\ttime.\tIt\u2019s\ta\tway\tdifferent\tballgame\tin\tthere\t[\u2026]\tit\u2019s\ta\tprivilege\tto\tbe\tin\ta\tmininum\tsecurity\tinstitution.\u201d\t\tAcross\tthe\tlayers\tof\timpact\tthe\tgarden\twas\tseen\tas\ta\tprivilege.\tFor\tmen\twho\thad\tdone\ttime\tin\thigher\tsecurity\tprisons\tthis\tprivilege\twas\tnested\twithin\tthe\tlarger\tprivilege\tof\ta\tminimum\tsecurity\tinstitution,\twhere\tfreedoms\tsuch\tas\tmeal\tchoice\tand\tpreparation\tprovided\tspaces\tto\tpractice\ttheir\tautonomy.\tIn\tthe\tcontext\tof\tdiet\tand\tnutrition\tthe\tability\tto\taccess\ta\twide\tvariety\tof\tfresh,\torganic\tproduce,\tand\tto\tintegrate\tthose\tvegetables\tinto\tany\tmeal\tthey\twanted\twas\tseen\tas\tmeaningful,\tsupporting\tof\ttheir\tautonomy\tand\tfreedom\twithin\tthe\tconfines\tof\tinstitutional\thistories\twhere\tmeals\tseldom\tincluded\tfresh\tvegetables\tand\tchoice\twas\tnot\tan\toption.\t\t\t\t \t \t \t \t \t \t\t38\t5.1.2:\tWorking\tto\tEscape,\tWorking\tto\tProduce\tThe\tmen\u2019s\tability\tto\twork\tto\tboth\tproduce\tand\tto\tmetaphorically\tescape\toffered\ta\tlayer\tof\timpact\tabove\tand\tbeyond\taccess\tto\tvegetables.\tAs\tone\tman,\twho\tis\tstill\tin\tfederal\tcustody\tbut\tcan\tno\tlonger\twork\tin\tthe\tgarden\tdue\tto\thealth\tproblems\texplained,\t\u201cI\tused\tto\tlike\tgoing\tout\tthere\tbecause\tof\tthe\tsun\tmore\tthan\tthe\tveg.\u201d\t\t\tImage\t3:\tThe\tprison\tgarden\tin\tAugust\tWorking\tto\tEscape\t\tIt\u2019s\tnearly\timpossible\tto\tnot\tfeel\tthe\tsubstantial\tdifference\tbetween\tthe\topen\tnatural\tspace\tof\tthe\tgarden\tand\tthe\tinstitution.\tThe\tfirst\ttime\tI\tvisited\tthe\tgarden,\tafter\tsigning\tin\tat\tthe\tfront\tduty\tdesk,\tI\twas\tled\tthrough\tthe\tpaved\troads\tof\tthe\tprison,\tweaving\tbetween\tthe\thouses,\tCORCAN\tbuildings,\tstaff\toffices\tand\tprogramming\tareas.\tThe\tinstitution,\tcompared\twith\thigher\tsecurity\tareas,\tis\trelatively\topen\tand\tgreen;\ta\tlarge\tpond\tfilled\twith\tducks\tand\tgeese\tsits\tbehind\tthe\thouses\tand\tsmall\tgardens\tdot\tthe\tlawns\tbetween\tthe\tmen\u2019s\thomes.\tYet\teven\tgiven\tthe\trelative\topenness\tof\tthe\tinstitutional\tspaces,\tthe\tcontrast\tbetween\tthere,\twith\tthe\tcrackling\tintercom\tinterjecting\tinto\tall\tthoughts\tand\tconversations,\tand\tthe\tgarden\tis\thard\tto\tdescribe.\tFrom\tthe\tgarden\tyou\tcannot\thear\tthe\tintercom,\tyou\tcannot\tsee\tthe\tpaved\troads.\tYou\twalk\tthrough\tthe\tgate\tat\tthe\tback\tof\tthe\tinstitution\tand\tthrough\told\tgrowth\tforest;\tblackberry\tbushes,\twalnut\ttrees,\tdouglas\tfir\tand\tvine\tmaples\tcaked\twith\tthick\tmosses\tframe\tthe\tnow\tgravel\troad.\tEach\ttime\tI\twalked\tor\twas\tdriven\tdown\tthat\troad,\tthe\ttrees\tand\ttheir\tecosystem\tfriends\tmade\tme\tfeel\tthat\tI\twas\ton\tmy\tway\tto\ta\tweekend\tcamping\ttrip,\tnot\ta\tprison\twork\tprogram.\tAs\tthe\troad\tcurves\tyou\tsee\tthe\tgarden\tlay\tout\tahead\tof\tyou,\tnestled\tamongst\trolling\thills\tand\ttowering\ttrees;\tperfect\trows\tof\tbroccoli\tand\teggplant\tcontrast\twith\tthe\tbrambles\tand\tblackberry\tbushes\tslowly\tcreeping\t\t \t \t \t \t \t \t\t39\tout,\tback\tinto\tthe\topen\tsunshine.\tThe\tmen\tfeel\tthe\tdissimilarity\tbetween\tthe\tgarden\tand\tthe\twider\tinstitution\tacutely:\t\t \u201cWhen\tyou\u2019re\there,\tI\tmean\teven\tthough\tyou\twork\twith\tpeople,\tyou\u2019re\tnot\thearing\tmachines\tand\tthat\tkind\tof\tstuff,\tright?\tYou\u2019re\thearing\tbirds,\tyou\u2019re\tlistening\tto\tthe\twind\tthrough\tthe\ttrees,\tyou\u2019ll\tsee\tthe\todd\twildlife.\tIn\tCORCAN\tindustries\tyou\u2019re\tin\ta\tbuilding,\tthere\u2019s\tbright\tlights,\tand\tit\u2019s\tnoise.\u201d\t\t\t\u201cWorking\tout\there\thas\tjust\tbeen\tso\tnice.\tIt\tdoesn\u2019t\tseem\tlike\tyou\u2019re\tin\tprison,\tyou\tknow?\tYou\tget\ta\tlot\tmore\tfreedom\there.\u201d\t\t\t\tImage\t4:\tThe\tsecond\tgrowth\tsurrounding\tthe\tgarden\t\tEven\twhile\tincarcerated\tthe\tfeeling\tof\tsun\tand\twind\ton\tyour\tface\tcreates\ta\tsense\tof\tfreedom,\tan\tescape.\tThese\timpacts\tbecome\teven\tmore\tmeaningful\tfor\tmen\twho\thave\tcascaded\tdown\tfrom\thigher\tsecurity\tinstitutions,\twhere\tnot\tonly\tthe\tcontrast\tbetween\tthe\tgarden\tand\tthe\twider\tMission\tinstitution,\tbut\talso\tbetween\tminimum\tand\thigher\tsecurity\tlevels\tcreates\ta\tsense\tof\tfreedom\tand\tprivilege.\tAs\tone\tman\texplains:\t\t\t \u201cThis\tisn\u2019t\tjail,\tright?\tYou\tknow\twhat\tI\tmean?\tIt\tdoesn\u2019t\tfeel\tlike\ta\tjail.\tLike\twhen\tI\tgot\there\tI\tcame\tin\ta\tvan\twith\tno\thandcuffs,\tand\tguys\twalking\taround\tin\ttheir\tclothes\tby\tthe\troad,\tI\u2019m\tlike\t\u2018holy\tcrap\twhat\u2019s\tgoing\ton\there,\u2019\tright?\tThis\tisn\u2019t\tjail,\tthere\u2019s\tno\tgate.\tSo\tit\u2019s\tkind\tof\ta\tprivilege\tto\tbe\there\ttoo,\tand\tthen\tit\u2019s\ta\tprivilege\tto\tcome\tout\there\tand\tactually\tdo\tthis.\tBecause\tin\tno\tother\tplace\twill\tyou\tget\tto\tgo\tgardening,\tand\tget\tthe\tvegetables\toff\tthe\tgarden.\u201d\t\t\t \t \t \t \t \t \t\t40\tThe\tgarden\twas\tdescribed\tas\ttherapeutic\tand\tcalming.\tOne\tman,\tJordan,\twho\thad\tonly\tbeen\tworking\tin\tthe\tgarden\tfor\ta\tmonth\twhen\tI\tspoke\tto\thim,\tdescribed\thow\tthe\tother\tmen\tseemed\timpacted\tby\ttheir\ttime\tthere:\t\t\t \u201c[The\tfarmer\u2019s]\tgot\tflowers,\trows\tand\trows\tof\tflowers.\tAnd\tyou\ttalk\tto\tsome\tof\tthese\tguys,\tand\tthey\u2019re\tout\tthere\tpicking\tthe\tflowers\tand\t\u2018it\u2019s\tvery\ttherapeutic,\u2019\tI\u2019m\tlike,\t\u2018what?\u2019\tAnd\tthey\tsay\t\u2018yeah,\tjust\tstanding\tout\tin\tthe\tflower\tpatch\tand\tpick\tflowers,\u2019\tit\ttakes\ttheir\tmind\toff\tstuff.\tIt\tdoes\ttake\tyour\tmind\toff\ta\tlot\tof\tstuff,\tgardening,\tit\u2019s\ta\tgood\tthing.\u201d\t\t\t\t\tImage\t5:\tOne\tof\tthe\tmen,\tstanding\tproudly\tbeside\ta\tflowering\tzinnias\tplant\t\tThe\timpact\tof\tbeing\tin\tthe\tgarden\tis\tnot\tonly\ttied\tto\tthe\tphysical\texperience\tof\tworking\toutside\tin\ta\tserene\tnatural\tsetting,\tbut\tthe\tway\tthe\tmen\tfelt\ttreated\tby\tthe\tfarmer.\tThe\tfarmer\tis\tfar\tmore\trelaxed\twith\tthe\tmen\tthan\tother\tCSC\tstaff,\tallowing\tthe\tmen\tto\tbend\tand\tbreak\tcertain\tinstitutional\trules,\tfor\tinstance\tletting\tthe\tmen\twork\twithout\tshirts\tin\tthe\thot\tsummer\tsun,\tallowing\tthem\tto\tescape,\tif\tonly\tfor\ta\twhile,\tinstitutional\tdress\tcodes.\t\tThe\texperience\tof\tworking\twith\teach\tother\tis\talso\tdifferent\tin\tthe\tgarden,\tas\tis\tthe\tway\tprison\tpolitics\tplay\tout\tduring\tgarden\tshifts.\t\tTwo\tmen\ttold\tme\tthat\tthese\tpolitics\tdidn\u2019t\tcontinue\tinto\tthe\tgarden,\tthat\teveryone\tleft\tthat\tbehind\tand\tcame\tto\twork\tto\tfocus\ton\tthe\tgrowing\tand\tdonating\tof\tfood.\tHowever\tthe\t\t \t \t \t \t \t \t\t41\tmajority\tof\tthe\tmen\ttalked\tabout\thow\tprison\tpolitics\tcontinued\tto\texist\twithin\tthe\tgarden,\tparticularly\tamong\tthe\tyounger\tpart-time\tguys,\tbut\tthat\tit\twas\teasier\tto\tescape\tthose\tpolitics,\tto\twork\talone\tplanting\tseeds,\tweeding,\tand\ttrimming\tfruit\ttrees.\tFor\tsome\tof\tthe\tmen\twho\thad\tlonger\tfederal\tsentences\tthe\tgarden\tprovided\tenough\tspace\tto\twork\talone,\tallowing\tthem\tthe\tpeace\tthey\tneeded\tto\tpass\ttheir\ttime\teasily\tand\tquietly.\tOne\tman,\tStan,\thad\tbeen\tincarcerated\tfor\t39\tyears,\tfirst\tin\tOntario\tand\tthen\tin\tBC,\texperienced\tthe\tgarden\tas\ta\tplace\tof\tpeace\tand\tquiet,\tsomewhere\tto\tavoid\tthe\tunwanted\tshifts\tin\tprison\tculture,\twhere\tpeople\tno\tlonger\tmind\ttheir\town\tbusiness;\twhere\tthere\tis\t\u201cjust\tno\trespect\tanymore\t[\u2026]\tThey\tcome\tright\tfrom\tRRAC\tto\there\tand\tnever\thave\tto\tdo\ta\tday\u2019s\thard\ttime,\tthey\tdon\u2019t\tlearn\tnothing.\u201d\tAll\tof\tthe\tlifers\twith\twhom\tI\tspoke\tviewed\tthe\tinflux\tof\tyounger\tmen,\tparticularly\tthose\twho\twent\tstraight\tinto\tminimum\tsecurity\twithout\tdoing\t\u2018hard\ttime\u2019,\tas\teroding\tthe\tlongstanding\tcon\tcode,\tan\tinformal\tset\tof\tvalues\tthat\tshape\tthe\tway\tpeople\tlive\ttheir\tlives\twhile\tincarcerated.\tYoung\tmen,\tparticularly\tthose\tinvolved\tin\tgang\tactivity,\twere\tseen\tas\twanting\tto\tmake\ta\tname\tfor\tthemselves,\twhich\tconflicted\twith\tthe\tlifers\u2019\tdesire\tto\tbe\tsimply\tleft\talone.\tFor\tStan,\tthe\tgarden\toffered\tan\tescape\tfrom\tthe\tinstitution,\tand\tas\the\tgained\tseniority\the\twas\table\tto\twork\talone\tin\tthe\tway\the\twanted,\tpeacefully\tkeeping\this\thead\tdown\tand\twaiting\tfor\trelease:\t\t \u201cI\tcome\tout\there\tbecause\u2026\tthe\tfirst\ttime\tI\tcome\tout\there\twith\t[the\tfarmer],\tI\tworked\tout\tin\tthe\tfield\tand\tthat.\tAnd\tyou\thad\tto\twork\twith\teverybody.\tAnd\tthey\tfucking\twhine\tand\tcry,\tyou\tknow\t\u2018blah,\tblah,\tblah,\u2019\tand\tyou\tjust\tdon\u2019t\thave\ttime\tfor\tthat,\tbecause\tit\tmakes\ta\tlong\tday\twhen\tyou\thave\tto\tlisten\tto\tthat\t[\u2026]\tSo\tI\tworked\tthat\tand\tthen\tI\tcame\tout\there\tand\tI\twork\tby\tmyself.\tI\tdo\tthe\ttomatoes\tand\tthe\tpeppers.\t[\u2026]\tI\twould\tsay\tI\tdon\u2019t\thave\tto\treally\tlisten\tto\tthe\tothers,\tno,\tbecause\tI\twork\tby\tmyself,\tright?\tThe\tdays\tjust\tblow\tby,\tyeah\tthe\tdays\tjust\tblow\tby.\u201d\t\tFor\tother\tmen\tthe\tability\tto\tescape\tprison\tpolitics\tnot\tonly\tis\ta\tmeans\tto\tpass\tthe\ttime\twell,\tbut\ta\tway\tto\tprotect\tthemselves\tfrom\tpotential\tconflicts\twithin\tthe\tinstitution.\tFor\tthe\tmajority\tof\tlifers\tworking\tin\tthe\tgarden,\tthe\tability\tto\tescape\tand\tavoid\tprison\tpolitics\twas\tseen\tas\tprotective,\tensuring\tthat\tthey\tare\tleft\talone\tand\tallowed\tto\tfinish\ttheir\tremaining\ttime\twithout\tincident;\tas\tone\tman\texplained,\t\u201call\tit\ttakes\tis\tfor\tsomebody\tto\tjust\tsay\tthe\twrong\tthing\tabout\tyou,\tmake\tup\tsome\tstory\tor\twhatever,\tand\tas\ta\tlifer\tyou\tknow\tif\tyou\tget\tshipped\tout\tof\there\tit\u2019s\tgonna\tcost\tyou\tfive\tyears.\u201d\tFor\tother\tmen\tthe\tgarden\tprovided\ta\tspace\tfor\tthem\tto\tavoid\tconflicts\tthat\tthey\tfeared\tthey\tthemselves\twould\tstart,\tconflicts\tbased\ton\tdeeply\theld\tvalues\tand\tmorals\tof\tthe\t\u2018good\u2019\tand\t\u2018bad\u2019\tmen\tin\tthe\tinstitution:\t\t\t\t \t \t \t \t \t \t\t42\t\u201cThe\tonly\tthing\tI\thave\tin\tcommon\twith\tthese\tguys\tis\twe\u2019re\tlocked\tup\tin\tthe\tsame\tplace.\tAnd\tthat\u2019s\tthe\tway\tI\twant\tto\tkeep\tit.\tIt\u2019s\treally,\tit\u2019s\thard\tfor\tme\tto\tbe\tin\ta\tplace\tlike\tthis,\tand\tother\tplaces\tlike\tthis,\tand\tI\u2019ll\tbe\tsitting\tthere\twith\t5\tor\t6\tother\tguys\tand\tI\u2019m\tthe\tonly\tone\tin\tthe\troom\twho\u2019s\tnever\traised\tmy\thand\tto\thurt\ta\twoman\tor\tchild\tin\tmy\tlife\t[\u2026]\tBeing\t[in\tthe\tgarden]\tkeeps\tme\taway\tfrom\tplaces\tlike\tthat.\tAnd\tI\tdon\u2019t\thave\tto\tlisten\tto\tguys\tbitching\tand\tcomplaining.\tIf\tI\tsit\tand\tlisten\tto\tguys\tand\ttheir\tproblems\tand\ttheir\topinions\tabout\tstuff\tthey\tknow\tnothing\tabout,\tI\u2019ll\tstart\ttelling\tthem\twhat\u2019s\twrong\twith\twhat\tthey\u2019re\tsaying,\tand\tthey\u2019ll\tend\tup\tin\tthe\thospital\tand\tI\u2019ll\tend\tup\tnext\tdoor\t[at\tthe\tmedium\tsecurity\tinstitution].\tLike\tI\tsay,\tI\u2019m\ttrying\tto\tget\tout\tof\tprison,\tI\tdon\u2019t\twanna\tstay\there\tfor\tthe\trest\tof\tmy\tlife\tbecause\tof\tsomeone\u2019s\telse\u2019s\tproblems.\u201d\t\tThe\tcon\tcode,\tthough\tshifting,\tincludes\tnot\tonly\tthe\tvalue\tof\tminding\tyour\town\tbusiness\tand\tkeeping\tyour\thead\tdown,\tbut\ta\thierarchy\twithin\tinstitutions,\twith\tpeople\twho\tcommit\tviolent\toffences\tat\tthe\ttop\tand\tthose\twho\tcommit\tsexual\toffences,\tparticularly\tthose\twho\tvictimize\tchildren,\tat\tthe\tbottom.\tThese\ttensions\tsurrounding\twho\tcommitted\twhich\tcrime\tdid\tseep\tinto\tthe\tgarden.\tI\tnever\tasked\tany\tof\tthe\tmen\twhat\tcrime\tthey\thad\tbeen\tconvicted\tof,\tonly\thow\tlong\tthey\thad\tbeen\tincarcerated;\thowever,\tover\tthe\tcourse\tof\tmy\ttime\tin\tthe\tgarden\tsome\tof\tthe\tmen\twould\ttell\tme\twhat\tothers\thad\tallegedly\tdone,\tcreating\tboundaries\taround\tthe\t\u2018good\u2019\tand\t\u2018bad\u2019\tmen\tin\tthe\tgarden.\tIt\tis\tclear\tthat\tthe\tway\tthat\tthe\tgarden\tcontinues\tto\toperate\twithin\tthis\tshifting\tprison\tculture\tand\tacross\tthe\ttensions\tbetween\tdifferent\tcrimes\tand\tdiffering\tmoral\tcodes\timpacts\tthe\teveryday\tand\tongoing\toperations\tof\tthe\tgarden.\t\t\tWorking\tto\tProduce\t\tBeing\tin\tthe\tgarden\tas\ta\tmeans\tto\tescape\tthe\tconcrete\tand\tpolitical\tspaces\tof\tthe\twider\tinstitution\tcreates\tmeaning\tand\tbenefit\tfor\tthe\tmen.\tYet\tthey\tare\tnot\tsimply\tspending\ttheir\ttime\tin\tthe\tgreen\tspace\tof\tthe\tgarden,\tbut\tworking\tto\tgrow\tlabour-intensive\torganic\tproduce.\tIt\tis\tthrough\tthese\tefforts,\toften\tin\tthe\tpouring\train\tor\tsweltering\tsun,\tthat\tthe\tmen\tare\table\tto\tfeel\tproud\tof\tnot\tonly\ttheir\thard\twork,\tbut\tthe\tvisible\tand\tbountiful\tbenefits\tof\tthat\twork;\t\u201cit\u2019s\tawesome.\tIt\u2019s\trewarding.\tTo\tsee\tthe\tfruits\tof\tyour\tlabour.\u201d\tAs\tanother\tman\tdescribed:\t\t\t \u201cIt\u2019s\tpeaceful,\tit\u2019s\ttranquil.\tBasically\tjust\twatching\teverything\tgrow.\tI\tmean\tyou\thave\tto\tkinda\tpicture\tit.\tWhen\twe\tfirst\tstarted\twe\thad\tto\tcover\tall\tthose\tgreenhouses\t[\u2026]\tThen\twe\thad\tto\tclean\tthe\tbeds,\tand\tthen\teverything\tyou\tsee\tout\tthere,\tevery\tsingle\tblack\ttarp\twe\tput\tout\tthere.\tAnd\tthen\twe\tplanted.\tYou\tknow\tthe\tpotato\tfield,\tthat\twas\tone\tof\t\t \t \t \t \t \t \t\t43\tthe\tfirst\tthings\tthat\twe\tplanted;\tso\tyou\thave\tto\tfertilize\tit,\tand\tthen\tit\u2019s\tgotta\tbe\ttilled,\tand\tthen\twe\thave\tto\tdig\ta\thole,\tput\tfertilizer,\tput\ta\tpotato,\tand\tcover.\tSo\tbasically\tyou\u2019re\twatching\teverything\tgrow.\tAnd\tnot\tonly\tgrow,\tbut\tthen\tyou\u2019re\tharvesting\tin\tthree\tor\tfour\tmonths,\tit\u2019s\tholy\tsmokes.\tAnd\tthen\tseeing\tthe\thundreds-\tactually\tthousands\tof\tpounds\tthat\tyou\u2019re\tproducing.\tIt\u2019s\tso\tawesome.\u201d\t\tThe\tvisibility\tof\ttheir\twork\thas\ta\thuge\timpact\ton\tthe\tmen;\tthe\tpride\tthey\tfelt\twas\tpalpable\tas\tthey\tshowed\tme\taround\tthe\tgarden,\tpointing\tout\tparticularly\tlarge\tcabbages,\tperfectly\tred\ttomatoes\tand\tweed-less\trows\tof\tromaine.\tAs\tStan\ttold\tme:\t\u201cI\ttake\tpride,\twhen\tI\tput\tthe\ttomatoes\tin\tthe\tground,\tor\tthe\tpeppers,\tI\twant\tthem\tstanding\tup\tstraight.\u201d\t\t\t\tImage\t6:\tHarvested\tsquash,\tcleaned\tand\tready\tfor\tdonation\t\t\tImage\t7:\tClearing\tthe\tfields\tat\tthe\tseason's\tend\t\tThe\tgarden\talso\tallows\tfor\ta\tkind\tof\tstructure\tthat\tmany\tof\tthe\tmen\tfound\tappealing.\tThe\tongoing\tresponsibility,\tset\ttasks,\tand\tlargely\tpredictable\tneeds\tof\tthe\tplants\tand\tthe\tequipment\tand\ttools\tneeded\tto\trun\ta\tfarm\tprovided\ta\tsense\tof\torder\tand\tcontrol\tthat\twas\tcomforting,\t\t \t \t \t \t \t \t\t44\tparticularly\twhen\tcompared\tto\tthe\tshifting\tprison\tculture\tback\tin\tthe\tinstitution\tand\tchaotic\tand\tnegative\tprevious\tlife\texperiences.\tAs\tone\tman,\tJackson,\texplained\twhen\tdescribing\this\tskill\tand\tability\tat\tfixing\ttools\tand\tmachines\tin\tthe\tgarden:\t\t \u201cIt\u2019s\tkinda\tweird,\tbut\tI\u2019ve\tbeen\tdoing\tthat\tmy\twhole\tlife.\tI\tcan\tlook\tat\tsomething\tthat\u2019s\tbroken\tand\tinstantly\tknow\thow\tto\tfix\tit,\texcept\tfor\tmy\tlife,\tthat\u2019s\tdifferent.\tIt\u2019s\tpretty\tfucked\tup.\tI\tcan\tfix\teverything\tbut\tme.\u201d\t\tWhile\tthis\tstructure\twas\timportant,\tit\twas\tnever\tmonotonous,\tproviding\tthe\tmen\twith\tsomething\tnot\tonly\tproductive\tbut\tinteresting\tto\tdo\tduring\tthe\tmany\tdays\tof\ttheir\tincarceration.\tAs\tone\tman\texplained,\t\u201cyou\tcan\tdo\tone\tthing\tone\tday\tand\tanother\tthing\tanother\tday,\tand\tit\u2019s\talways\tdifferent;\tyou\u2019re\talways\tenjoying\tyourself\tout\tthere.\u201d\tThe\tmen\twho\twere\tfully\tcommitted\tto\tthe\tgarden\talso\tunderstood\tthe\timportance\tof\tmaintaining\tthis\tculture\tof\torder,\tstability\tand\tautonomy;\tthey\trecognized\tthe\timpacts\tof\tturnover,\tsomething\tthat\tis\tparticularly\thigh\tin\ta\tminimum\tinstitution\twhere\ta\tgreat\tnumber\tof\tthe\tmen\tare\tworking\ttowards\tupcoming\tparole\tdates.\tThe\tmen\tappreciated\tthat\tnew\trecruits\twilling\tto\twork\thard\tand\t\u201cdo\tthings\tright\u201d\twere\timportant\tfor\tthe\tsustainability\tof\tthe\tproject;\tthe\tmen\tfelt\tpride\tnot\tonly\twatching\tthe\tvegetables\tgrow\tbut\thelping\tnewcomers\tto\tintegrate\tand\tbuy-in\tto\tthe\t\u201cwhole\tgarden\tthing.\u201d\tAs\tthese\ttwo\tmen\texplain:\t\t\t\t \u201cYou\tcan\tsee\tit.\tThe\tguys\thave\tno\tidea\twhat\tthey\u2019re\tdoing\tat\tthe\tbeginning\tof\tthe\tyear,\tright,\tand\tthat\tstuff\tcomes\tup,\tthose\tplants,\tand\tyou\tcan\tsee\tit,\twhen\tthey\tactually\tget\tit.\tThat\u2019s\tgood\tstuff.\tYou\tcan\tgo\tout\tand\ttake\tthat\ton\tthe\tstreet,\tget\tyour\town\tgarden,\tbecause\tnow\tyou\tknow\twhat\tit\ttakes.\u201d\t\t\u201cSo\tit\u2019s\tteamwork,\tworking\twith\tpeople,\tbeing\table\tto\ttake\tmy\texperiences\tand\tmy\tskills\tand\tthat\tand\thelp\tother\tpeople\tand\tshow\tthem,\tyou\tknow,\there\u2019s\tan\teasier\tway,\tor\there\u2019s\thow\tI\u2019d\tdo\tit.\tSo\tthey\tcan\tbenefit\tfrom\twhat\tI\u2019ve\tlearnt\tover\tthe\tyears.\tEspecially\tfor\tthe\tyounger\tkids\tand\tthat,\twho\tknow\tit\tall\t[laughing].\tAnd\tit\tmakes\tit\tso\tmuch\teasier\twhen\tyou\u2019re\tdoing\tsomething\tlike\tthat\tand\thelping\tsomebody\telse.\u201d\t\tThe\tmen\tI\tspoke\twith\tbelieved\tthat\thaving\tnew\tmen\table\tand\twilling\tto\twork\tthe\twhole\tyearly\tcycle,\tfrom\tempty\tand\twet\tsoil\tto\tfull\tbloom,\tis\tone\tway\tto\tincrease\trecruitment\tand\tinvestment\tin\tthe\tgarden.\tInstilling\tthese\tvalues\tin\tthe\tnew\trecruits\twas\timportant\tnot\tonly\tfor\ta\tstable\tand\tenjoyable\twork\tenvironment\tover\ttime,\tbut\tto\tensure\tthat\tproductivity\tremains\thigh.\t\t\t \t \t \t \t \t \t\t45\t\t \u201cWe\u2019ve\tgot\tHubbard\tsquash\tover\tthere,\tand\twe\u2019ve\tgot\thalf\ta\tbed\tover\tthere,\tbut\tsome\tof\tthe\tguys\tare\tlazy,\tthey\tgo\t\u2018whatever,\u2019\tand\tthey\tgo\tand\tplant\t\u2018em.\tThey\tdon\u2019t\tcare\t[\u2026]\tIf\tthis\twas\tall\tone\tsquash,\tand\twe\tpicked\tall\tthe\tspaghetti\tmarrow,\tthen\tthat\tbed\u2019s\tready\tto\tbe\tcleaned\tup\tfor\twinter.\tRather\tthan\tcome\tOctober,\twhen\tthe\tbig\trush\t-\tthe\tbig\tpush\tis\ton,\tto\tget\tthat\tdone.\tThe\tbest\tway\tto\tget\tthat\tdone\tis\tstep\tby\tstep.\tBut\twhen\tyou\tgot\tguys\tthat\tdon\u2019t\treally\tcare,\tand\tthey\tonly\tshow\tup\twhen\tthey\twant\tto\tshow\tup,\tit\tmakes\tit\tdifficult,\tit\u2019s\thard\tsometimes.\tBecause\tthen\tall\tof\ta\tsudden\tyou\tgo\tfrom\teight\tguys\tdown\tto\tfive\tguys,\tlast\tyear\tthere\twas\tfour\tof\tus\tout\there.\tAnd\twe\tall\tknew\twhat\twe\thad\tto\tdo,\tand\twe\tall\tpitched\tin\tand\tworked\ttogether,\tbecause\twe\u2019d\tall\tworked\ttogether\tfor\ta\tyear,\tyear\tand\ta\thalf,\tand\twe\tgot\tit\tdone.\tBut\tsometimes\tstill\twe\tgo\t[sigh],\t\u2018I\twish\twe\tcoulda\tgot\tthat\tdone,\tjust\tthat\tlittle\textra.\u2019\u201d\t\tIn\tthe\tgarden\tthe\tmen\twork\tto\thelp\tthemselves\tand\tthe\tother\tmen\tin\tthe\tinstitution;\tcreating\tand\tsustaining\ta\tspace\twhere\tmen\tcan\tdevelop\ta\tsense\tof\tresponsibility\tover\tliving\tthings,\tperhaps\tfor\tthe\tfirst\ttime,\tcaring\tfor\trows\tof\tseeds\tand\ttiny\tplants;\twhere\tmen\tcan\tlearn\tto\twork\tboth\talone\tand\ttogether,\tcan\tpass\ttime\tquickly\tand\tpeacefully,\tand\tcan\tmentor\teach\tother\tto\tsustain\ta\tgarden\tculture\tthat\tprovides\tescape\tand\tprotection\tfrom\tthe\twider\tinstitution.\t\t5.1.3:\tGiving\tBack\tFor\tthe\tmen\tworking\tin\tthe\tgarden,\tthe\timpacts\tof\twatching\ttiny\tseeds\tand\tsproutlings\tturn\tinto\ttens\tof\tthousands\tof\tpounds\tof\tfood\tis\tmeaningful\tbecause\tof\tthe\tpride\tthey\tfeel\twatching\tthe\tliteral\tfruits\tand\tvegetables\tof\ttheir\tlabour.\tAdditional\tmeaning\tis\tderived\tfrom\tthe\tmen\u2019s\tunderstanding\tthat\tthe\tproduce\tis\tdestined\tfor\tdonation\tto\teconomically\tvulnerable\tand\tmarginalized\tcommunities\twithin\tthe\tLower\tMainland\tand\tthe\tcentral\tinterior\tof\tBC.\tIt\tis\tthis\tgiving\tback\tthat\tmakes\tthe\tmen\tso\tpassionate\tabout\thigh\tproduction,\tso\tinvolved\tin\tthe\tsmall\ttasks\tnecessary\tto\tensure\tlarge,\tnutritious\tcrops:\t\t\t \u201cHelping\tthese\tkids\tout\tand\tfamilies\tout,\twho\tcan\u2019t\tafford\tthe\tnecessities\tof\tgood\tfood\t[\u2026]\tIt\tmakes\tyou\tfeel\tgood,\tthat\taccomplishment,\twhen\tyou\tcome\tout\there\tand\tsee\tall\tthese\tblack\ttarps\tin\tthe\tfall,\tand\tthen\tin\tthe\tspring\tyou\tstart\tpeeling\tthem\tback\tand\tpiling\tthe\tground\tup,\tand\tplanting\tthe\tvarious\tcrops.\tAnd\tfor\ta\tlong\ttime\tit\tdoesn\u2019t\tlook\tlike\tit\u2019s\tgrowing\tvery\tmuch,\tand\tthen\tall\tof\ta\tsudden\tyou\tcome\tout\there\tafter\ta\tweekend,\ta\tlong\tweekend\tand\tit\u2019s\tlike\t\u2018wow,\tlook\tat\tthat\tstuff!\tIt\u2019s\tway\tup.\u2019\tIt\u2019s\tjumped\tso\thigh.\tSo\tyou\thave\tthat\tsense\tof\tfulfilment.\u201d\t\t\t \t \t \t \t \t \t\t46\t\t\u201cIt\u2019s\tsome\tof\tthe\tbest\tfood\taround,\tbecause\tthere\u2019s\tno\tpesticides\ton\tthem.\tBut\tit\u2019s\tall\tthose\tlittle\tthings\tthat\tcome\ttogether,\tyou\tknow?\tOne\tof\tthe\tbig\tthings\tis,\tI\u2019ll\tgo\taround\tto\tgarden\tweeds\tout,\tand\tI\u2019ll\tthrow\tthem\tout-\tdon\u2019t\tthrow\tthem\tin\tthe\tcompost\tpile-\tthrow\tthem\tin\tthe\tbush\t[\u2026]\tit\thelps\tthe\tsoil\tout,\tand\tyou\tget\ta\tbetter\tcrop\twith\teverything\tyou\u2019re\tputting\tinto\tit.\u201d\t\t\t\t\tImage\t8:\tA\tCSC\ttruck,\tloaded\tfor\tdelivery\tThe\tmen\tfrequently\tbrought\tup\tthat\tthey\twere\tgrowing\torganic\tvegetables,\ta\tdistinction\timportant\tin\tand\tof\titself\tas\twell\tas\tin\trelation\tto\twhere\tthe\tvegetables\twere\tgoing;\twhile\tthe\tincreased\twork\trequired\tto\tgrow\torganic\tproduce\tcould\thave\tbeen\ta\tpoint\tof\tcontention,\tthe\tend\tdestination\tof\tthe\tvegetables\tcreated\tincreased\tmeaning.\tKnowing\twhere\tthe\tvegetables\twere\tgoing\talso\tmeant\tthat\tincreasing\tproduction\tthrough\texpansion\twas\timportant\tto\tthe\tmen:\t\t\t \u201cBecause\tit\u2019s\tmy,\tmy\tjoy,\tyou\tknow?\tI\tmean,\ta\tlot\tof\tpeople\tsay\t\u2018well\tit\u2019s\ta\tlot\tof\twork,\tisn\u2019t\tit?\u2019\tNo,\tit\u2019s\tnot.\tIt\u2019s\tsomething\tI\tthoroughly\tenjoy,\tI\tget\ta\tlot\tof\tbenefits\tout\tof\tit,\tand\tthe\tpleasure\tof\tbeing\table\tto\tgo\tsomewhere\tand\ttake\ta\tload\tof\tveg\tand\tsee\tthe\treaction\ton\tpeople\u2019s\tface.\tAnd\teven\tout\there\tand\tyou\u2019re\twandering\taround,\tyou\tgo\t\u2018geez,\tI\tcould\tplant\tthat,\tI\tcould\topen\tup\tthat,\texpand\tthis\tarea.\u2019\tThis\tarea\there,\ta\tyear\tor\ttwo\tago\twas\tbush\tand\trock.\u201d\t\tWhile\tthe\twork\tof\tplanting,\ttending\tand\tharvesting\tfood\tfor\teconomically\tvulnerable\tchildren\tand\tfamilies\tis\tinherently\tmeaningful\tto\tthe\tmen\twho\thave\tworked\tin\tthe\tgarden\tlong\tenough\tto\tfully\tappreciate\twhere\ttheir\tproduce\tis\tgoing,\tadditional\tmeaning\tis\tderived\tby\tthe\tcontrast\tto\tother\tinstitutional\twork\tthat\tthe\tmen\thave\tdone.\tMen\tshared\texperiences\tof\tworking\tin\t\t \t \t \t \t \t \t\t47\tlumberyards,\tin\telectrical\tand\ttextiles\ttraining\tand\twork\tprograms\tthrough\tCORCAN,\tand\ta\tvariety\tof\tother\tjobs.\tBy\tand\tlarge\twork\tthat\tallowed\tthe\tmen\taccess\tto\tthe\toutdoors,\tsuch\tas\tgrounds\tkeeping,\twere\tconsidered\tbetter\tthan\tworking\tindoors.\tThe\tmonotony\tof\tmany\tavailable\tjobs,\tsuch\tas\tsewing\tidentical\tclothing\titems\tover\tand\tover\tagain,\twas\tcontrasted\twith\tthe\tdiverse\ttasks\tavailable\tin\tthe\tgarden,\tand\tthe\tability\tto\tgive\tback\tto\tcommunities\twas\tseen\tas\tnovel\twhen\tcontrasted\twith\tother\tCSC\temployment\topportunities:\t\t\t \u201cI\u2019m\tnot\trunning\taround\tcleaning\tan\tarea\tand\tjust\twasting\tmy\ttime\tdoing\tnothing.\tI\u2019m\tout\there\tactually\tdoing\tsomething\tthat\tactually\thelps\tpeople,\tso\tthat\u2019s\tthe\tonly\tthing\tthat\tactually\tmakes\tit\tworthwhile.\u201d\t\t\tWhile\tsome\tof\tthe\tmen\thappily\tshare\tvegetables\tthey\tbring\thome\tfrom\tthe\tgarden\twith\ttheir\thousemates\tand\tother\tmen\tin\tthe\tinstitution,\tothers\trefuse\tto;\t\u201cI\u2019d\trather\tfeed\tthe\thomeless\tthan\tthese\tguys,\tright?\u201d\tFor\tsome\tof\tthe\tmen\tthere\tis\ta\thierarchy\tof\tthe\ttypes\tof\tpeople\tthat\tare\tdeserving\tof\tthe\tdonated\tfood.\t\t\t\u201cWell\tyou\tnever\tknow\twhere\tthe\tfood\u2019s\tgoing\tuntil\tyou\tsee\tit,\tI\tmean\tyou\tthink\tthat\tit\u2019s\ta\tbunch\tof\tcrack\theads\twho\tjust\tspend\tall\ttheir\tmoney\ton\tdope.\tBut\tyou\tenvision\tthat\tin\tyour\thead,\tand\tthen\tyou\tgo\tout\tthere\tand\tsee,\tlike\tI\tsaid,\tone\twoman\tshe\thad\ta\tdifferent\tkid\tevery\tyear,\tso\tthat\twas\tneat.\tAnd\tthe\tsame\told\tpeople\tthat\tcome\tout\tand\task\t\u2018what\u2019s\tthat,\thow\tdo\tyou\tdo,\twhat\tdo\tyou\tdo\twith\tthat?\tIs\tit\ttasty?\tCan\tyou\tcook\tit?\u2019\tSo\tyeah,\tthat\tmakes\ta\tbig\tdifference.\u201d\t\t\tThis\tidea\tof\twho\tand\twho\tis\tnot\tdeserving\tof\tfood\tdonations\twas\techoed\tby\ta\tfew\tof\tmen\tin\ttheir\tunderstanding\tof\twhich\tmen\tin\tthe\tgarden\twere\tdeserving\tof\tredemption\tand\trestoration\tthrough\tthe\tact\tof\tgiving.\tAs\tone\tman,\tJackson\texplained,\twhen\tasked\twhether\tor\tnot\this\tunderstanding\tof\ta\tmoral\thierarchy\tin\tprison\timpacted\tthe\tway\the\tviewed\tother\tmen\u2019s\tparticipation\tin\tthe\tgarden:\t\u201cthere\u2019s\tnothing\tyou\tcan\tdo\tthat\u2019s\tgonna\tmake\tup\tfor\t[sexual\tassault].\tThat\thappened\tto\tme\twhen\tI\twas\ta\tkid,\tbelieve\tme\tthere\u2019s\tnothing\tyou\tcan\tdo\tthat\u2019s\tgonna\tmake\tup\tfor\tthat.\u201d\t\tThe\tmeaning\tof\tworking\tin\tthe\tgarden\tand\tthe\trelationships\tmen\thad\twith\teach\tother\twas\tgrounded\tin\ttheir\town\tpersonal\tcontext\tand\thistories.\tSimilarly,\tthe\tmeaning\tof\tproviding\tfood\tto\thungry\tpeople\twas\tunderstood\tby\teach\tman\twithin\tthe\tcontext\tof\ttheir\town\tchildhoods\tand\trelationships\tto\tfood\tand\thunger.\tMany\tof\tthe\tmen\twith\twhom\tI\tspoke\tgrew\tup\tin\teconomically\t\t \t \t \t \t \t \t\t48\tvulnerable\thouseholds\twhere\tthey\thad\texperienced\thunger\tand\tfood\tinsecurity.\tThis\tunderstanding\tof\tthe\timpact\tof\tfood\tfor\ta\tyoung\tfamily\tprovided\tan\topportunity\tfor\tmen\tto\tnot\tonly\tdevelop\ta\tsense\tof\tself\tworth\tand\taccomplishment,\tbut\talso\tto\treflect\ton\ttheir\town\texperiences\tand\tsome\tof\tthe\tforces\tthat\timpacted\ttheir\tlife:\t\t\t \u201cEveryone\u2019s\tworried\tabout\tthe\tmoney\tand\tthe\tcost\t[of\trunning\tcharitable\tprograms\tlike\tthe\tgarden].\tWell,\twhat\u2019s\tit\tcost\tto\thave\tthe\tpeople\tout\ton\tthe\tstreet,\tthat\tneed\tfood,\tthat\tcan\u2019t\tafford\tto\tfeed\ttheir\tkids?\tDown\tthe\troad\tit\u2019s\tgonna\tbe\thard\tfor\tthose\tkids.\tI\tgrew\tup\twithout\tfood;\tso\tit\tkeeps\tgoing,\tkeeps\tgoing.\tUnless\tyou\tdo\tsomething\tto\thelp\tthe\tpeople\tthat\tneed\thelp\ttoday,\tit\u2019s\tjust\tgoing\tto\tbe\tan\tendless\tgame\tof\ttrying\tto\tmake\tthings\tbetter.\tYou\u2019ve\tgotta\tgive\tpeople\thope\tand\tsomething\tto\twork\twith.\u201d\t\tThe\timpacts\tof\tgiving\tback\twent\tfar\tbeyond\tsimply\tfeeding\thungry\tpeople.\tThe\teducational,\tmental\tand\tphysical\thealth\tand\tcrime\tprevention\tpotential\tof\tproviding\tchildren\twith\tfood\tto\thelp\tthem\tpay\tattention\tat\tschool\tis\twell\testablished\tin\tthe\tliterature\t(Cook\t&\tJeng,\t2015),\tand\tsomething\tof\twhich\tthe\tmen\thad\tvery\tpoignant\tunderstandings\tand\texperiences.\tFor\tsome\tof\tthe\tmen\tthe\tconnections\tthey\tdrew\tbetween\ttheir\tfood\tinsecure\tchildhoods,\ttheir\tcrimes\tand\ttheir\tincarcerations\tprovided\ta\tspace\tfor\tnot\tonly\treflection,\tbut\tthe\tability\tto\tdevelop\tresponsibility\tand\tfeel\thopeful\tthat\tthey\tcould\tnot\tonly\tchange\ttheir\tfutures\tbut\tperhaps\timpact\tthe\tchances\tof\tchildren\tgrowing\tup\tin\tsimilar\tcircumstances.\tThat\tbeing\tsaid,\tthe\timpact\tof\tgrowing\tvegetables\tfor\tdonation,\tincluding\tincreases\tin\tself-esteem,\tideas\tof\tself\tworth\tand\tpositive\tidentities\twere\tnot\trestricted\tto\tthe\tmen\twho\tcould\tpersonally\trelate\tto\tthe\texperience\tof\teconomic\tvulnerability,\tfood\tinsecurity,\tand\thunger.\tFor\ta\tcouple\tof\tthe\tmen\tthe\tidea\tthat\tchildren\twent\thungry\tin\tCanada\twas\tappalling,\tsomething\tthey\tfelt\taccountable\tfor,\tbased\ton\twhat\tthey\tconsidered\tprivileged\tchildhoods.\tFor\tall\tthe\tmen,\tregardless\tof\tpersonal\tcontext,\tthe\timpact\tof\ttheir\tgiving\twas\tenhanced\tby\ttheir\tability\tto\tdeliver\tvegetables\tto\tlocal\torganizations.\tThese\tfood\tdeliveries\twere\tpioneered\tby\tthe\tfarmer,\twho\ttook\tthe\tmen\ton\ta\trotating\tbasis\ton\tEscorted\tTemporary\tAbsences\t(ETAs)\tto\tdonate\tvegetables\tto\tfood\tbanks\tand\tsoup\tkitchens\twithin\ta\tshort\tdrive\tof\tthe\tinstitution.\tAllowing\tthe\tmen\tto\tsee\twhere\ttheir\thard\twork\tends\tup,\tmeet\tsome\tof\tthe\tpeople\twho\treceive\tthe\tproduce,\tand\tcreate\tand\tmaintain\tconnections\twith\tcommunity\torganizations\tand\tcommunity\tmembers\ton\tthe\toutside\tis\tone\tof\tthe\tprevalent\tstrengths\tof\tthe\tgarden.\tFor\tthe\tminority\tof\tmen\twho\thad\tno\tpersonal\texperience\tof\tfood\tinsecurity\tand\thunger,\tbeing\table\tto\tgo\tinto\tfood\tbanks\tand\tsee\tthe\ttype\tand\tquality\tof\tfood\tavailable\tto\tcommunity\tmembers\tinstilled\tfurther\tresponsibility\tto\tprovide\tfresh\tand\tnutritious\tvegetables:\t\t\t \t \t \t \t \t \t\t49\t\t \u201cIt\u2019s\tthe\tsatisfaction\tof\tbeing\table\tto\thelp\tothers,\tand\tknow\tthat\tthey\u2019re\teating\ta\tlot\tbetter,\trather\tthan\tthe\tCheerio\tbox\tand\tstale\tcrackers,\tor\tfood\tthat\u2019s\told\tand\tshould\thave\tbeen\tcomposted.\tI\tgo\tto\tsome\tof\tthese\tfood\tbanks\tand\tI\tsee\twhat\tthey\tgot\twhen\tI\tgo\tinto\tthe\tcoolers\tto\tput\tstuff\tin,\tor\ta\tlot\tof\tthe\ttimes\tI\u2019ll\tput\tstuff\tout\tfront,\tand\tI\u2019ll\tsee\twhat\tother\toutfits\thave\tdropped\tthere.\tAnd\tit\u2019s\tlike,\tman\u2026\tdump\tthat\tcrap\tin\tthe\tgarbage.\tThey\thad\tzucchinis,\tand\tbeans,\tboxes\tof\tbeans,\tand\tthey\twere\tfull\tof\tmold.\tBecause\tcompanies,\tthey\tget\ta\ttax\tdeduction\tfor\tdonating\tfood,\tand\tthey\tsave\tthemselves\tthe\tdisposal\tfees,\tso\tthe\tfood\tbank\tis\tending\tup\thaving\tto\tpay\tfor\tthat\tcost.\tIf\tthey\twere\tto\ttake\tthat\tmoney\tand\tbuy\tfresher\tstuff,\tit\twould\tbe\ta\tlot\tbetter.\tThat\u2019s\tone\tof\tthe\tthings,\tthat\u2019s\tone\tof\tmy\treal\tpet\tpeeves\tabout\tthose\tstores\tthat\tdonate\tstuff,\tyou\ttake\ta\tlook\tat\tthose\twholesalers\tand\tstuff\tlike\tthat,\tit\u2019s\tstuff\tthat\tshould\thave\tgone\tin\tthe\tgarbage.\u201d\t\t\tThe\tmen\tmake\ta\tpoint\tto\twash\troot\tvegetables\tsuch\tas\tcarrots\tand\tbeets,\tto\tensure\tthat\teach\tdelivery\tis\tclean,\taesthetically\tpleasing\tand\tsomething\tthey\tcan\tfeel\tproud\tof\tproviding\tto\tthe\tsurrounding\tcommunities.\t\t\tFor\tmany\tof\tthe\tmen\tthere\tis\ta\tgeneral\tdistrust\ttowards\tthe\tprison\tadministration,\tso\tthe\tability\tto\tphysically\twalk\tinto\ta\tsoup\tkitchen\tand\tdeliver\tvegetables\tprovides\treassurance\tthat\tthe\tvegetables\tare\tactually\tbeing\tdonated,\tthat\tthey\tare\tnot\tbeing\ttricked\tinto\tworking\tunder\tthe\tguise\tof\tcharitable\tgiving.\tThe\tgarden\talso\tproduces\ta\trange\tof\tvegetables\tthat\tare\tnot\tnecessarily\twell\tknown\tto\tfood\tbanks\trecipients,\tand\teven\tsome\tof\tthe\tstaff\tand\tvolunteers.\tHaving\tthe\tmen\twho\thave\tplanted\tthe\tseeds,\ttended\tthe\tseedlings\tand\tharvested\tthe\tvegetables\tdeliver\tthe\tproduce\tgives\tthem\tthe\topportunity\tto\tshare\tinformation\ton\thow\tto\tprepare\tand\tstore\tdifferent\tvegetables:\t\t \u201cWe\u2019d\ttake\tthem\tin\tthere\tand\tthey\u2019d\tsay\t\u2018how\tdo\twe\tcook\tthis?\tWhat\tdo\twe\tdo\twith\tthis?\u2019\tAnd\tso\tI\u2019d\ttell\tthem,\tand\tmost\tpeople\twould\tbe\t\u2018oh,\tokay,\u2019\tand\tthey\u2019d\trealize,\t\u2018yeah,\tI\tlove\tsquash.\u2019\tWe\u2019d\tusually\tget\ta\tchance\tto\tdiscuss\twhat\twe\tdo\twith\teach\tvegetable\tdown\tthere\twhen\twe\u2019re\tmoving\tboxes\tback\tand\tforth,\tso\tyeah,\twe\u2019d\tgo\tto\t3\tor\t4\tdifferent\tfood\tbanks.\tIt\tmade\tfor\ta\tgood\touting\twhen\tyou\tsee,\twhen\tsee\tthem\ttaking\tthe\tvegetables-\tmost\tpeople\tdon\u2019t\tget\tto\tsee\tthat\tin\tprison,\tmost\tpeople\tdon\u2019t\tget\tto\tsee\tthe\tend\tof\ttheir\tlabour,\tso\tthat\u2019s\tnice.\u201d\t\tThe\tmen\u2019s\texperiences\tof\tETAs\tcemented\tthe\timportance\tof\tthe\twork\tthey\tdid\tin\tthe\tgarden,\tfostering\tconnections\twith\tcommunity\tmembers\tand\tcreating\ta\tspace\tto\tshare\tnot\tonly\t\t \t \t \t \t \t \t\t50\tvegetables\tbut\tknowledge.\tDuring\tmy\tfield\twork\tI\twent\ton\ta\tnumber\tof\tdeliveries\tto\tthe\tfood\tbanks,\tand\ton\teach\trun\tat\tleast\tone\tcommunity\tmember\tasked\tfor\tmore\tinformation\tabout\tone\tof\tthe\tvegetables:\twhat\tis\tthis?\tHow\tdo\tI\tcook\tit?\tHow\tdo\tI\tstore\tit?\tCan\tI\tprepare\tthis\tvariety\tlike\tI\tdo\tothers?\tWithout\tthe\tmen\tthere\tto\tshare\trecipes\tand\tstorage\tinformation\tthe\timpact\tof\tthe\tvegetables\twould\thave\tbeen\tsubstantially\tlessened.\tVegetables\tcan\tand\tshould\tbe\tmore\tthan\tmere\tfood,\tthey\tare\tconnections\tbetween\tlands,\tpeople\tand\tplaces,\tthey\tare\tvehicles\tfor\trecipes\tpassed\tdown\tthrough\tfamilies,\tcarried\tacross\tcontinents\tby\timmigrants\tand\trefugees,\tshared\tamongst\tfriends\tand\tstrangers.\tThe\tmen\u2019s\tability\tto\tmeet\tsome\tof\tthe\trecipients\tcreated\ta\tspace\tfor\tthe\tvegetables\tto\tfulfill\ttheir\tpotential,\tto\tbe\tmore\tthan\tcarriers\tof\tvitamins,\tbut\tmediums\tfor\thuman\tconnection,\tfor\tthe\trecognizing\tof\tsameness\tacross\tpalates,\tcultures,\tand\tprison\twalls.\t\t\tThe\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tconnection\t\tGiven\tthe\tdistance\tfrom\tthe\tprison\tto\tthe\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\t(500\tkm),\tthe\tcommunity\tconnection\tthat\tthe\tmen\tenjoy\twith\tlocal\torganizations\tin\tthe\tLower\tMainland\tis\tmore\tfragile\twhen\tstretched\tnorth\tto\tthe\tinterior.\tThe\tmen\trecognize\tthat\tthey\tcannot\tdeliver\tthe\tfood\tthemselves,\tthe\tdistance\tis\ttoo\tfar\tand\tthe\tlogistics\tof\thaving\tovernight\tETAs\ttoo\tcomplicated;\tconsequently\tthe\tmen\tmiss\tout\ton\tthat\tconnection,\tin\tterms\tof\tboth\tmeeting\tthe\tpeople\twho\treceive\ta\tportion\tof\tthe\tfood\tthey\tgrow,\tand\tin\ttheir\tability\tto\tshare\tinformation\tabout\tless\tfamiliar\tvegetables\tto\trecipients\tinterested\tbut\tperhaps\tapprehensive\tabout\tstrange\tnew\tplants.\tYet,\tdespite\tthe\tgeneral\tdisconnect\tfrom\tthe\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in,\tthe\tmajority\tof\tthe\tmen\thad\tan\tawareness\tof\tthe\tbarriers\tthat\tmany\tAboriginal\tcommunities\tface\tacross\tCanada,\teither\tbased\tin\ttheir\town\tAboriginal\tidentity\tand\tcontext\tor\tthrough\tfriendships\tand\tunderstandings\tmade\tduring\tchildhood\tor\twhile\tincarcerated\t(particularly\tin\tthe\tPrairie\tregion\tof\tCanada,\twhere\tprison\tpopulations\tare\tpredominantly\tAboriginal).\tAs\tone\tAboriginal\tman,\tPatrick,\tdescribes:\t\t\t \u201cI\twould\timagine\tit\u2019s\tlike\tthat\tin\tmost\tAboriginal\tcommunities.\tIt\u2019s\tmore\tfast\tfood\tand\tpotato\tchips\tthan\tfruit\tand\tveggies.\tIt\u2019s\tintroduced.\tAnd\tI\tguess\tit\u2019s\tdopamine\t[\u2026]\tI\tmean,\tsugar,\tright?\tIt\ttastes\tgood.\tBut\tI\tmean\teven\tfarming,\tright?\tI\u2019m\tsure\tback\tin\tthe\tday\tthat\u2019s\twhat\twe\tused\tto\thave.\tI\u2019m\tnot\ttalking\tway\tback,\tI\u2019m\ttalking\twhen\tcolonization\tmore\tor\tless\tgot\tintroduced\tto\tus,\twith\tchickens,\tpigs,\tcows,\tstuff\tlike\tthat.\tBut\tmost\tpeople\twould\trather\tgo\tto\tthe\tsuper\tmarket,\tinstead\tof\tharvesting.\tI\tbelieve\tthat\tour\tElders,\twhen\tthey\tshare\tstories\twith\tyou,\tof\thow\tthey\tgrew\tup,\tthey\thad\tto\tgo,\tthey\tdidn\u2019t\thave\ta\tchoice\tbut\tto\tgo\tpick\tberries\tand\tvarious\tplants,\tyou\t\t \t \t \t \t \t \t\t51\tknow,\tmedicines\tand\tall\tthat\tkinda\tstuff.\tNow\tthey\tbasically\thave\ta\tchoice,\tright?\tI\tbelieve\tthat\twe\tused\tto\u2026\tyou\tknew\tright\tfrom\twrong,\tright?\tAnd\tthen\tresidential\tschool\tand\tall\tthat\tkinda\tstuff,\tthat\thad\ta\thuge\timpact,\thuge\timpact\ton\tAboriginal\tcommunities.\tAnd\tit\u2019s\tgonna\ttake\tgenerations\tfor\tthat\tto\tgo\taway,\tright?\tBut\tthe\tway\tI\tlook\tat\tlife\tnow,\tyou\tknow\tfrom\tmy\tyouth,\tI\tcan\tmake\tthe\tchange.\tI\tcan\tbe\tthe\tchange,\tinstead\tof\ttrying\tto\tchange\tothers,\tor\twhatever,\tI\tjust\tneed\tto\tchange\tmy\tbehaviour\tand\tmy\tway\tof\tthinking.\u201d\t\t\tPatrick\tdescribes\tnot\tonly\this\tconnection\tto\tan\tAboriginal\tcommunity\the\thas\tnever\tvisited\tthrough\tshared\texperiences\tand\thistories\ttied\tinto\tthe\tongoing\tlegacies\tof\tcolonialism,\tbut\talso\taddresses\thow\this\tconnection\tto\tthat\tpast\tdrives\this\tparticipation\tin\tthe\tgarden,\tas\twell\tas\tother\tAboriginal\tprograms\tavailable\tat\tthe\tprison.\tWhen\tasked\tif\tthere\twas\ta\tway\tfor\tthe\tgarden\tto\tstrengthen\timpacts\tin\tthe\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in,\the\twent\ton\tto\tsay:\t\t\t\t \u201cI\twould\tthink\tit\twould\tbe\thands\ton,\tright?\tThat\u2019s\tthe\tway\tyou\u2019re\tgonna\tlearn.\tI\tmean\tyou\tcan\tread\tbooks\tand\tstuff\tlike\tthat,\tbut\twhen\tit\u2019s\thands\ton,\tthat\tknowing.\tBeing\tthere\tand\tshowing\tthem,\tand\thelping\tthem.\tBut\tletting\tthem\tget\ttheir\thands\tdirty\tas\twell,\tright?\tWorking\talongside\twith\tyou.\u201d\t\tThe\tmen\tall\trecognized\tthat\tthe\tfreedom\tand\tautonomy\tthat\tthey\texperience\twhile\tgardening\tin\tprison\tis\talso\tavailable,\talthough\tslightly\tdifferently,\tto\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\treserve\tcommunities.\tEvery\tman\tI\ttalked\tto,\twhether\twithin\tthe\tcontext\tof\ta\trecorded\tinterview\tor\tchatting\twhile\tharvesting\tcabbages,\tfelt\tthat\tthe\tonly\tway\tfor\tthe\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tNation\tto\tbenefit\tfully\tfrom\tthe\tproject\twas\tfor\tthem\tto\tgrow\ttheir\town\tfood.\tThe\tmen\tknew\t500\tkm\twas\ttoo\tfar\tfor\tthem\tto\tdeliver\tvegetables\tand\tshare\trecipes\twith\tcommunity\tmembers.\tThey\talso\thad\tan\tawareness\tof\tthe\tgeographic\tisolation\tof\tcentral\tinterior\tBC\tand\tthe\tbarriers\tto\tfresh\tfood\tand\tvegetables\tthat\texist\tin\trural\tand\tremote\tcommunities,\tparticularly\tthose\twithout\tactive\tfarms\tand\tgardens.\tAbove\tand\tbeyond\tthe\timpacts\ton\tfood\tsecurity,\tthe\tempowerment\tthat\tcan\tcome\tfrom\tgrowing\tyour\town\tfood,\tparticularly\tfor\tpeople\twho\tface\tnumerous\tbarriers\tto\thealthy\teating,\twas\tsomething\tthe\tmen\twanted\tto\tshare\twith\tthe\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tNation.\tFor\tAboriginal\tmen\tthe\timpacts\tof\tgrowing\tyour\town\tfood\tpushed\tback\tagainst\tcolonial\tforces,\tand\ttheir\tdesire\tto\tshare\tthe\tbenefits\tof\tgardening\tconnected\tthem\tto\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tcommunity\tmembers\tthrough\tshared\tresistance\tagainst\tthe\tcorrelates\tof\tcolonialism,\tbe\tit\thunger,\tincarceration,\tor\tunemployment.\tFor\tnon-Aboriginal\tmen\ttheir\texperience\tof\tlearning\talongside\tthe\tfarmer,\tworking\ttogether\tand\tfeeling\tpart\tof\ta\tlarger\tteam\twas\tsimply,\tyet\tpowerfully,\tsomething\tthey\thoped\tthat\tothers\tcould\texperience.\t\t\t\t \t \t \t \t \t \t\t52\t\u201cI\tthink\tif\tsomeone\twas\tto\tgo\tthat\tlittle\textra\tmile\tand\tsay,\t\u2018hey,\twe\u2019ll\tset\tsomething\tup,\tdo\tsome\tgardening.\u2019\tHelp\tthese\tpeople\tand\tshow\tthem\thow\tto\traise\tveggies\tthemselves.\tHow\tto\tgarden,\thow\tto\twork\tthe\tland,\tand\tthen\ttake\tthat\tknowledge\tof\tit\tand\tprobably\thelp\tanother\tgroup.\tIt\u2019s\ta\tbig\tripple.\tHow\tmany\tcan\tbenefit\tfrom\tthis\tdown\tthe\troad?\u201d\t\tThere\tis\tinherent\tvalue\tin\thelping\tothers,\tin\tterms\tof\tboth\tperson\tgrowth\tand\twidening\tsenses\tof\tself\tworth\tand\tvalue,\tand\tthe\ttending\tof\trelationships\tand\tongoing\tharvests\tof\thuman\tconnection\tand\treciprocities.\tOne\tman,\twho\thad\tbeen\tincarcerated\tfor\t36\tyears,\tsaid\the\twould\tgladly\tgo\tup\tto\tthe\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tafter\this\trelease,\tslated\tfor\tearly\t2017;\the\ttold\tme\t\u201cI\twould\tdive\tin\tthere\tin\ta\theartbeat.\u201d\tThis\tinterweaving\tof\texperiences\tin\tthe\tgarden\tand\tfuture\tpossibilities\tand\tplans\twas\ta\tcommon\ttheme.\t\t5.1.4:\tImagining\ta\tMeaningful\tFuture\tThe\tgarden\tenabled\tthe\tmen\tto\timagine\talternate\tidentities\tabove\tand\tbeyond\tthat\tof\t\u2018criminal\u2019\tor\t\u2018inmate\u2019,\tand\tto\tplan\tfor\tlife\tin\tthe\tcommunity\tupon\trelease.\tFor\tsome\tof\tthe\tmen\tthis\tfuture\toutside\tof\tprison\twas\tshaped\tby\tthe\twork\tethic\tthey\thad\tgained\tworking\tin\tthe\tgarden.\t\t\t \u201cI\tdon\u2019t\tmind\ta\tlittle\thard\twork,\tthere\twas\tone\ttime\tthat\tI\tdidn\u2019t\treally\tcare\tfor\tstuff\tlike\tthat,\tbut\tI\tdon\u2019t\tmind\tbeing\tin\ta\tminimum\tinstitution\tand\ttrying\tto\tget\tused\tto\tworking\tand\tstuff\tlike\tthat\tupon\trelease,\t\u2018cuz\tthey\texpect\tyou\tto\tdo\tquite\ta\tbit\tright\taway,\tso\tit\u2019s\tgood\tto\tget\tthat\troutine.\u201d\t\tThe\tdevelopment\tof\ta\twork\troutine\twas\tsomething\tnew\tand\tsignificant\tfor\tsome\tof\tthe\tmen.\tWhile\tthe\tcore\tworkforce\ttended\tto\thave\thistories\tof\tconsistent\temployment\tprior\tto\ttheir\tincarceration,\tmen\twithout\texperience\twaking\tup\tfor\twork\tfive\tdays\ta\tweek\tfound\tthe\troutine\tand\tresponsibility\thelpful\tfor\tbuilding\tthe\tintermediate\tskills\trequired\tfor\twork,\tsuch\tas\tpunctuality\tand\trespect\tfor\tauthority.\tOne\tman,\tJeffrey,\twho\thad\ta\tconsistent\twork\thistory\tprior\tto\tincarceration,\tunderstood\trecidivism\tas\tlinked\tto\tpeople\u2019s\tability\tto\twork,\tnot\tthe\tcorrectional\tprogramming\tthat\the\tfelt\twas\tforced\tonto\tmen\tregardless\tof\ttheir\tneeds:\t\t\t \u201cIf\tyou\tactually\thave\tthe\tchoice\tof\tactually\tdoing\tsomething,\tlike\tworking\ton\tcars\tor\tworking\there\tor\tanything,\tyou\tmight\tbe\table\tto\tget\ta\tjob\ton\tthe\tstreet,\tand\tyou\tmight\tnot\tcome\tback\t[\u2026]\tSure,\tthey\tcan\tsit\tthere\tall\tthey\twant\tand\tlisten\tto\tsomeone\ttalk,\tbut\tit\u2019s\tnot\tgonna\tteach\t\t \t \t \t \t \t \t\t53\tthem\tto\twork,\tso\tyou\u2019re\tgonna\tsend\tout\ta\tbunch\tof\tguys\twho\tdon\u2019t\tknow\thow\tto\twork\tand\tthey\u2019re\tgonna\tbe\tright\tback.\u201d\t\tMany\tof\tthe\tmen\tbrought\twith\tthem\tnegative\texperiences\twith\tauthority\tfigures,\toften\taccentuated\twithin\tthe\tpower\tstructures\tand\thierarchies\tbetween\tprison\tstaff\tand\tpeople\tin\tcustody.\tThe\tfarmer,\tan\toutsider\tnot\tseen\tas\tpart\tof\tCSC,\tprovided\tleadership\tand\tauthority\twhile\talso\tbeing\taccessible\tand\t\u201cjust\tone\tof\tthe\tguys.\u201d\tAs\tone\tman\texplained:\t\t\t \u201cYeah,\the\u2019s\ta\treally\tgood\tteacher.\tAnd\tI\tmean\tI\u2019ve\tseen\thim\tgive\tmore\tpeople\ta\twork\tethic\tthan\tI\tthought\tit\tpossible\tto\tdo.\tHe\u2019s\ta\treally\tgood\tteacher,\tif\tyou\tlisten\tto\thim,\tyou\tlearn\ta\tlot,\tright,\tand\tI\tlike\tto\tthink\tI\tdid,\tI\tlearned\ta\tlot.\tHe\u2019s\treally\tgood\tto\thave\tout\tthere,\tI\tdon\u2019t\tthink\tI\u2019d\tbe\tgoing\tback\tthere\tif\tit\tweren\u2019t\tfor\thim,\tif\tit\twas\tsomeone\telse\tout\tthere\tI\twouldn\u2019t\tgo\tback\tthere,\tno.\tHe\u2019s\tquite\ta\tcharacter.\u201d\t\tThe\tETAs\talso\tprovided\tanother\tuseful\tskill\tfor\tthe\tmen;\tthe\topportunity\tto\tengage\twith\tpeople\tin\tthe\tcommunity\tand\tdevelop\tself-confidence\tin\ta\tnon-institutional\tenvironment.\tSome\tof\tthe\tmen\twho\thad\tbeen\tincarcerated\tfor\tlong\tperiods\tof\ttime\tstruggled\twith\tapprehension\tand\tfear\tsurrounding\tlife\ton\tthe\toutside,\tas\ttwo\tof\tthe\tman\texplained:\t\t\t \u201cI\tknow\tguys\twho\tpurposefully\tget\tclose\tto\tthe\tgate\tand\tsabotage\tit,\tbecause\tthey\tdon\u2019t\twant\tto\tget\tout,\tit\u2019s\tthat\tfear\tfactor.\tThey\u2019re\tcomfortable\there,\tthey\u2019ve\tgot\teverything\there.\tIt\tdepends\ton\twhat\tyou\twant\tout\tof\tlife\tand\twhere\tyou\twant\tto\tgo\tand\twhat\tyou\twant\tto\tdo.\tWhat\tI\twant\tto\tdo\tis\tget\tout\tof\tthere\tand\texpand\twhat\tI\u2019ve\tlearned\tin\there,\tthe\tway\tof\tgardening\tand\thelping\tpeople,\tvolunteering.\tI\u2019m\treally\tlooking\tforward\tto\tit.\u201d\t\t\u201cI\u2019ve\tgone\tinto\tso\tmany\tplaces\tnow,\tthe\tfood\tbanks,\tand\tthey\u2019re\tall\thappy\tto\tsee\tme,\tsit\tand\tchit\tchat,\tand\tit\u2019s\tlike\t\u2018hey,\twhen\tyou\tget\tout\tare\twe\tstill\tgoing\tto\tsee\tyou?\u2019\tAll\tthe\tfood\tbanks\tthat\twe\tgo\tto\there\thave\tall\tsaid\t\u2018if\tyou\tever\twant\ta\tjob,\u2019\tor\tif\tI\twant\tto\tvolunteer.\tAnd\tthat\u2019s\twhat\tyou\tneed,\tto\tgo\tout\tand\tmeet\tpeople,\tto\tcontrol\tthat\tfear.\u201d\t\t\tThe\tgarden\tprovides\ta\tmeans\tfor\tmen\tto\tbuild\tconfidence\tby\tsimply\tbeing\tin\tthe\tcommunity\tand\ttalking\twith\tpeople\tat\tfood\tbanks\tand\tsoup\tkitchens.\tThis\tconfidence\tis\tincreased\tfurther\tby\tthe\timpacts\tthat\tgrowing\tfood\tto\tgive\tback\tto\tcommunities\thas\ton\tthe\tmen\u2019s\tself\testeem\tand\tideas\tof\tself-worth\tand\tidentity.\tFor\tthe\tcore\tmen\twho\treally\tbought\tinto\tthe\tgarden\tidea\tthe\texperience\twas\toften\ttransformation.\tMany\tof\tthe\tmen\twanted\tto\tcontinue\tto\tgive\tback,\ttake\twhat\tthey\u2019ve\t\t \t \t \t \t \t \t\t54\tlearned\tand\tspread\tthat\tknowledge\tand\tspirit\tof\tgiving\tin\tthe\tcommunity,\tas\tone\tman,\tStan,\ttold\tme:\t\u201cwhen\tI\tget\tout\tthis\ttime,\tto\tthe\tstreet,\tI\twouldn\u2019t\tbe\tafraid\tto\tvolunteer.\u201d\t\t\t\tChanging\tSocial\tPerceptions\t\tThe\tfear\tthat\tmany\tlifers\tfeel\tabout\treintegrating\tinto\tsociety\tis\techoed\tby\tsocial\tapprehension\tand\tfear\taround\tpreviously\tconvicted\tand\tincarcerated\tindividuals\tre-entering\tcommunities.\tAs\tthe\tmen\tgrow\tand\tdonate\tvegetables,\tphysically\tenter\torganizations,\tunload\tboxes\tand\tshare\tfavourite\trecipes,\tperceptions\tof\tboth\tlife\tin\tthe\tcommunity\tand\tpeople\tin\tprison\tare\trenegotiated,\tbroken\tdown\tand\tbuilt\tup\tagain.\tAs\tthe\tfarmer\tdescribes:\t\t \u201cA\tfew\tyears\tback\tthey\toffered\tus\tto\tstay\tfor\tlunch\twith\tthe\tvolunteers\t[\u2026]\tI\tremember\ta\tfew\tyears\tago,\tone\tinmate-\tyou\tknow\twe\u2019d\tdone\tit\tfor\tseveral\tweeks.\tAnd\tthen\tone\tday\tthis\tlady,\tshe\tsays\tto\tone\tinmate\t\u2018well\thow\tlong\thave\tyou\tbeen\tin\tfor?\u2019\tAnd\the\tgoes\t\u201818\tyears.\u2019\tThen\tthe\tnext\tweek\tnone\tof\tthem\tsat\twith\tus.\tBut\tnow\tthat\tparticular\tinmate\tstill\tgoes\twith\tme,\tand\tif\the\u2019s\tnot\talong\tthey\u2019ll\task\t\u2018where\u2019s\tthat\tother\tguy?\u2019\u201d\t\tThe\tmen\u2019s\tability\tto\tconnect\twith\tsome\tof\tthe\trecipient\tcommunities\tand\tbe\tvisible\tin\ttheir\tgiving\thas\tslowly\tworked\tto\tchange\tthe\tway\tthat\tsome\tcommunity\tmembers\tthink\tabout\tpeople\twho\tare\tor\thave\tbeen\tin\tprison.\tThis\tis\timportant\tbecause\tfor\tmen\tto\tcontinue\tto\tgive\tback,\tor\teven\tsimply\tto\twork\ton\tthe\toutside,\tthe\tcommunity\tneeds\tto\tgive\tthem\tan\topportunity\tto\tbelong\tand\tbe\twelcomed.\t\t5.1.5:\tChallenges\t&\tStrengths\tThere\tare\ta\tnumber\tof\tchallenges\tfacing\tthe\tgarden,\tincluding\tissues\tsurrounding\tthe\tworkforce,\tthe\tseasonal\tnature\tof\tthe\twork,\tshifting\tpolitical\tclimates\tand\tfunding,\tand\ttransportation\tto\tthe\tTsilhqot\u2019in,\tas\twell\tas\ta\tnumber\tof\tstrengths.\tThe\tvisibility\tand\ttime\trequired\tfor\tnew\tmen\trecruited\tinto\tthe\tgarden\tto\t\u2018get\tit\u2019\tis\toften\tat\todds\twith\tthe\tmajority\tof\tthe\tprison\tpopulation;\twhere\thistories\tof\tunder-\tand\tun-employment\tare\twidespread\tand\t\u201ceasier\u201d\tjobs\tare\toften\tsought\tafter;\tas\tone\tman\texplained:\t\u201cother\tpeople\tthat\tdon\u2019t\twork\there,\twhen\tI\tfirst\tgot\there\tthey\twere\tlike\t\u2018don\u2019t\tgo\twork\tin\tthe\tgarden,\tget\tthis\tother\tjob\tthat\u2019s\teasier.\u2019\tThey\tdon\u2019t\twant\tto\tcome\tto\tjail\tto\twork.\u201d\tOther\tprison\tprograms,\tdeemed\t\u201ceasier,\u201d\toften\tnot\tonly\tprovide\ta\thigher\tweekly\twage,\tsuch\tas\twork\tin\ttextiles,\tbut\talso\tprovide\tyear-round\temployment\tto\tthe\tmen.\tThe\tgarden\tlargely\t\t \t \t \t \t \t \t\t55\tshuts\tdown\tfrom\tNovember\tthrough\tMarch\tannually.\tThe\tfarmer\thas\tcreated\twork\tin\tthe\tgreenhouse\tthroughout\tthe\twinter,\tallowing\thim\tto\tkeep\ta\tfew\tmen,\tgenerally\tfour\tor\tfive,\ton\twhile\tthe\tgarden\tis\tclosed.\tThis\tallows\tthem\tjob\tstability,\tas\totherwise\tthey\twould\thave\tto\teither\tfind\tanother\tjob\twithin\tthe\tinstitution\tto\toccupy\ttheir\ttime,\tor\tsit\tidle\tuntil\tthe\tspring.\tThis\timpacts\tthe\tsustainability\tof\tthe\tgarden\tand\tthe\tnatural\tcycles\tof\tgardening\twork,\tas\tone\tman\twho\tstays\ton\tthrough\tthe\twinter\texplains:\t\t \u201cSo\twe\tstay\tin\tthe\tgreen\thouse,\tjust\tcleaning\tand\tbuilding,\tkeeping\tbusy.\tAnd\tthen\twe\tstart\tplanting\tstuff\tin\tFebruary\tto\tget\tthings\tgoing,\tbut\tthat\tcould\tturn,\tthey\tcould\tsay\t\u2018oh\tno\twe\u2019re\tnot\tgonna\tgo\tahead\twith\tit,\u2019\tand\tthat\twould\tall\tget\tdumped,\tand\tthat\twould\tbe\tthe\tend\tof\tthe\tprojects.\tSo\tit\u2019s\tone\tof\tthe\tuncertainties.\tIf\tthey\tcould\tsay\tit\u2019s\ta\tgo\tall\tthe\ttime,\tlet\tus\trun\tthis\tproject,\texpand\tit,\tand\tget\tmore\tpeople.\u201d\t\tThis\tseasonal\tnature\tof\tthe\twork,\tpaired\twith\thistorically\tunstable\tfunding\tmeans\tthat\tthe\tfarmer\thas\tdifficulties\thaving\tenough\tmen\tworking\twith\thim\tthroughout\tthe\tyear.\tSome\tyears\the\thas\ttwenty\tmen\tthroughout\tthe\tsummer,\thowever\tin\tthe\t2016-17\tseason\tthere\twere\tonly\tsix\tcore\tworkers,\tsupplemented\twith\ta\trevolving\tdoor\tof\tmen\twho\tshowed\tup\tinfrequently\tand\toften\tleft\tearly.\tThere\tis\tmore\tland\tto\tclear,\talways\tmore\tto\tbe\tdone,\tbut\ttheir\tability\tto\texpand\tand\tincrease\tproduction\tis\trestrained\tby\twhat\tis\tnow\ta\tsmall\tworkforce\tand\ta\tshoestring\tbudget.\tOne\tof\tthe\tcore\tmen\twas\treleased\tjust\tprior\tto\tthe\tseasonal\tclosure\tof\tthe\tfarm,\tanother\twas\ttransferred\tto\tanother\tinstitution\tand\tanother\ttwo\tare\tslated\tfor\tparole\tin\tthe\tcoming\tmonths;\tit\tis\tunclear\twho\twill\tprovide\tthe\tcore\tworkforce\trequired\tto\trun\tthe\tgarden\tnext\tyear.\tIt\tis\tnot\tonly\tthe\tvisibility\tand\tpride\tof\twatching\tplants\tgrow\tthat\timpacts\tthe\tmen,\tbut\tthe\tpride\tthey\tsee\tin\tthe\tother\tmen;\tone\tman\tdescribed\thow\twhen\the\twas\ttransferred\tto\tMission\tMinimum\the\twas\tinitially\tuninterested\tin\ttaking\tpart\tin\tthe\tgarden:\t\t \u201cWhen\tI\tfirst\twent\tthere\tand\tI\tdidn\u2019t\teven\twant\tto\tgo\tthere\tbecause\tat\tthe\ttime\tI\thad\ta\tsore\tback\tand\tI\tthought\t\u2018I\tcan\u2019t\tbe\tfooling\taround\tup\tthere,\u2019\tbut\tthey\tsaid\t\u2018well\tthere\u2019s\tsome\tlittle\tstuff\tup\tthere\tthat\tyou\tcould\twork\ton,\ttry\tand\tget\t\u2018em\tfixed,\tbut\tthere\u2019s\tnot\ttoo\tmany\ttools.\u2019\tAnd\tso\tI\twent\tup\tand\tstarted\tto\tfeel\tbetter,\tand\tthen\tI\tseen\thow\thard\tthose\tguys\twere\tworking,\tespecially\t[the\tfarmer],\the\tworked\tlike\ta\tdog,\teh?\tAnd\tit\twas\tso\t-\tthey\thad\tall\tkinds\tof\tjunk\tthere,\tit\twas\ta\tterrible\tplace\tto\twork,\tand\tnot\tenough\tguys\thelping,\tso\tI\tsays\t\u2018you\tgotta\tgive\tme\tsomething\tto\tdo,\tI\tcan\tpull\tweeds,\twhatever,\u2019\tand\the\tsays\t\u2018well\tyou\tcan\tget\tthis\tpotato\tpatch\tso\twe\tcan\tdig\tit,\u2019\tso\tthat\tstarted\tit\toff.\tAnd\ta\tlot\tof\tit\twas\thim,\they,\tit\twas\tjust\tafter\ta\tweek\tor\ttwo\tof\twatching\tI\tsaid\tthis\tguy\u2019s\tpretty\t\t \t \t \t \t \t \t\t56\textraordinary,\the\tworks\thard\tand\the\tknows\thow\tto\tmake\tstuff\tgrow.\u201d\t\tMany\tof\tthe\tmen\ttalked\tabout\tthe\tfarmer\tas\ta\tparticular\tinspiration;\tfor\tthose\tthat\thad\tsteady\temployment\thistories\tprior\tto\ttheir\tincarceration\tthey\tappreciated\this\thard\twork\tethic.\tFor\tthose\twho\thad\thistorically\ttroubled\tinteractions\twith\tauthority\tfigures,\toften\tmade\tworse\tthrough\tthe\tprison\tstaff\/inmate\trelationships\tthat\texisted\tacross\tthe\tincarceration\texperience,\the\tprovided\ta\tpositive\trole\tmodel\tand\tan\tauthority\tfigure\twith\twhom\tthey\tcould\tbegin\tto\tdevelop\tpositive\trelationships\tand\tself\tconfidence.\tThe\twider\tpolitical\tclimate\talso\timpacted\tthe\tsustainability\tof\tthe\tgarden.\tIn\t2009,\tall\tprison\tfarms\twere\tclosed\tby\tthe\tthen\tConservative\tgovernment,\tconsequently\tthe\tfunding\tand\toperations\tof\tthe\tprison\u2019s\tsecret\t\u2018garden\u2019\thave\tremained\ttenuous\tand\tthe\tgovernment\u2019s\tgeneral\tDeficit\tReduction\tAction\tPlan\thas\talso\tresulted\tin\tsevere\tbudget\tcuts.\tIn\tsummer\t2016\tthe\tnewly\tappointed\tLiberal\tfederal\tgovernment\tannounced\tthey\twere\tconsidering\tre-opening\tthe\tclosed\tfarms,\twhich\tincluded\tcows\tand\tdairy,\tchickens\tand\tvegetables,\tand\tthe\tmen\tremain\thopeful\tthat\tvisibility\tof\tthe\tgarden\twill\tincrease,\tsubsequently\tensuring\tsustainability.\t\t\t5.2:\tImpacts\ton\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tCommunities\t\tIn\tTl\u2019esqox\tI\tinterviewed\t10\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tpeople,\t3\tmen\tand\t7\twomen.\tThe\taverage\tage\tof\tthe\tpeople\tI\tinterviewed\twas\t55,\tranging\tfrom\t29\tto\t79\tyears\told.\tThe\tlayered\timpacts\ton\tthe\tmen\tare\techoed\tin\tthe\tcommunities,\tthough\tthe\techo\tis\ttruncated\tover\tthe\t500\tkm\tseparating\tthe\tprison\tand\tthe\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tterritories;\twhile\tthe\tgardens\timpacts\tthe\tmen\tin\tways\trooted\twithin\ttheir\tpersonal\tcontexts,\tthe\timpacts\ton\tcommunities,\tthough\tformed\twithin\tthe\thistoric\tand\tcolonial\tcontexts\tthat\tcontinues\tto\tshape\tfood\t(in)securities\tfor\tIndigenous\tpeoples,\tfails\tto\taddress\tthis\tcontext\tand\tconsequently\timpedes\tthe\tprogram\u2019s\tability\tto\treach\tit\u2019s\tfull\tpotential.\t\tAs\thighlighted\tin\tFigure\t2,\tby\tpassively\taligning\twith\thistoric\tand\tongoing\tcontexts\tthat\timpede\tfood\tsovereignty,\tthe\tpossible\timpacts\ton\tcommunity\tmembers\tin\tTl\u2019esqox\tare\tcurtailed\tto\tonly\ttwo\tlayers:\taccess\tto\tfood\tand\tconnection\twith\tthe\tmen\tin\tprison.\tYet\tdespite\tthe\tneed\tfor\tactive\topposition\tto\tculinary\timperialism\tin\tthe\tdistribution\tof\tthe\tprison\tvegetables,\tthe\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tvalues\tof\tteaching,\tlearning\tand\tfreedom\tintersect\twith\tthe\tgarden\timpacts\tand\tcreate\tample\topportunity\tfor\tincreased\tbenefit\tbased\tin\tcommunity\tstrengths.\t\t\t\t \t \t \t \t \t \t\t57\t\tFigure\t2:\tDistribution\tinadequately\tconfronts\tcolonial\tcontext,\ttruncating\timpacts\t\t5.2.1:\tAccess\tto\tFood\tThe\tfirst\tlayer\tof\timpact\tfor\tthe\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tindividuals\twho\treceived\tthe\tproduce\twas\ta\tslight\tincrease\tin\taccess\tto\tfresh\tvegetables.\tProduce\twas\tdelivered\tsix\ttimes\tto\tthe\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tthroughout\tthe\tsummer\tand\tfall\tof\t2016;\tBrian\tLang,\tthe\tnow\tretired\twarden\twho\tstarted\tthe\tgarden,\tfilled\this\town\ttruck\twith\tvegetables\tand\tdelivered\tthem\tto\tWilliams\tLake\tfor\tdistribution\tby\tPunky\tLake\tWilderness\tCamp\tSociety\tthroughout\tthe\tcommunities.\tOne\tload\tof\tvegetables\ttended\tto\tbe\tdelivered\tto\tone\tcommunity,\twith\tsome\tof\tthe\tmore\tremote\tcommunities\treceiving\tnothing\tdue\tto\tthe\tincreased\tdistance.\tOther\tcommunities\tonly\treceived\tone\tor\ttwo\tdeliveries\tthroughout\tthe\tseason;\tTl\u2019esqox,\tthe\tcommunity\tin\twhich\tI\tfocused\tmy\ttime\tin,\treceived\tone\tdelivery\tin\tearly\tJune\t2016.\tWhile\tthe\tvegetables\twere\tappreciated\tby\tthe\tindividuals\twho\treceived\tthem,\tdistribution\twas\tnot\tsystematic;\toften\tvegetables\twere\tdropped\toff\tin\tthe\tband\toffice\tparking\tlot\tand\tpeople\twho\thappened\tto\tbe\tthere\tthat\tday\twere\table\tto\ttake\tsome\thome.\tOf\tthe\tcommunity\tmembers\twith\twhom\tI\tspoke,\ttwo\tnoted\tthat\twithout\tthe\tvegetables\tthey\treceived\tfrom\tthe\tgarden\tthey\twould\tnot\thave\thad\tany\tfresh\tproduce\tthat\tweek,\tif\tnot\tmonth.\tTl\u2019esqox\tis\troughly\tan\thour\tdrive\tfrom\tWilliams\tLake,\twhere\tthe\tnearest\tgrocery\tstore\tis,\tand\tthat\tdistance,\tthe\tprice\tof\tgas\tand\tthe\trising\tcost\tof\tgroceries\tmade\tfresh\tvegetables\tincreasingly\tless\taccessible\tto\tmany\tcommunity\tmembers.\tOne\twoman\texplained\tthat\tdue\tto\trising\tgrocery\tcosts\t\u201cwe\tcan\u2019t\teven\tbuy\tlettuce\tanymore.\u201d\tFor\tother\tcommunity\tmembers\tvegetables\twere\tstill\taffordable,\tbut\tthe\tdistance\tto\ttown\tmakes\tnot\tonly\tthe\tbuying\tbut\tstoring\tof\tfresh\tproduce\tdifficult:\t\t \t \t \t \t \t \t\t58\t\t \u201cYeah,\tI\twouldn\u2019t\thave\thad\tany\tvegetables\t[without\tthe\tprison\tvegetable\tdelivery],\tjust\tmostly\tcarrots.\tSo\twe\tlive\tout\tof\ttown,\tso\u2026\tI\twant\tto\tbuy\tcucumber\tbut\tthey\tgo\tsoft\treally\tfast\t[\u2026]\tBecause\tit\tgoes\tfast,\tyou\tknow\tsome\tof\tthose\tvegetables,\tthey\tcan\u2019t\tgo\tfor\tmonths\tat\ta\ttime,\they?\u201d\t\t\t\tImage\t9:\tVegetable\tdistribution\tto\tone\tof\tthe\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tcommunities\t\tI\twas\tasked\ton\tnumerous\toccasions\thow\tto\tstore\tsome\tof\tthe\tprison\tvegetables,\tfor\twhile\treceiving\ta\tlarge\tbag\tof\tfresh\tproduce\twas\tappreciated,\twithout\taccompanying\tstorage\tinformation\tvegetables\tmay\twilt\tor\tdiscolour\tprior\tto\tuse;\tthe\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tpeople\tI\tspoke\tto\tsaw\tthe\tprison\tvegetables\tas\tan\topportunity\tto\tlearn,\tto\tintegrate\tnew\tplants\tand\tnew\tinformation\tregarding\tthe\tcooking\tand\teating\tof\tvegetables\tinto\ttheir\tdiets.\tFor\tthe\tmajority\tof\tcommunity\tmembers\tI\tspoke\twith\tthe\tsmall\tonce\ta\tyear\tinflux\tof\tvegetables\tfrom\tthe\tprison\tsimply\tsaved\tthem\ta\ttrip\tinto\ttown.\tA\tfew\tcommunity\tmembers\tnoted\tthat\tthey\twent\tinto\ttown\tanyways,\tand\tcontinued\tto\taccess\tfarmer\u2019s\tmarkets\tin\ttown\tdespite\treceiving\tdonated\tproduce;\tthis\thighlights\ta\tlack\tof\ttargeted\tdistribution,\twith\tfood\tsecure\tindividuals\treceiving\tthe\tsame\tproduce\tthat\tother\tfamilies\tmay\tneed\tmore.\tDuring\tthe\tdistribution\tof\tvegetables\tthat\tI\ttook\tpart\tin\tcommunity\tmembers\twere\tunsure\twhere\tthe\tproduce\tcame\tfrom,\tand\twere\toften\tuncertain\twho\tthe\tvegetables\twere\tintended\tfor;\tboxes\tof\tvegetables\tleft\tlargely\tunattended\tin\thot\tparking\tlots\twere\tapproached\ttentatively\tby\tfamilies\twho\twould\tpolitely\task\tif\tthey\tcould\ttake\tsome,\tor\tif\tthey\tshould\twait\tto\tbe\thanded\ttheir\tshare.\t\t\t\t \t \t \t \t \t \t\t59\t5.2.2:\tConnections\tWith\tMen\tin\tPrison\t\tThe\tmajority\tof\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tpeople\tI\tspoke\twith,\tboth\twithin\tTl\u2019esqox\tand\tin\tother\tcommunities\tI\tvisited\tduring\tmy\ttime\tin\tthe\tterritory,\twere\tunaware\tof\twhere\tthe\tvegetables\tcame\tfrom.\tIn\tTl\u2019esqox\tthere\tare\tother\tfood\tsecurity\tinitiatives,\tsuch\tas\tthe\tGood\tFood\tBoxes,\twherein\tthe\tBand\tpurchases\tbulk\tfruits\tand\tvegetables\tthat\tare\tthen\tdistributed\tto\tfamilies\twith\tyoung\tchildren\tand\tpeople\tliving\twith\tdiabetes;\tthe\tlack\tof\tdistinction\tbetween\tthese\tprograms\tresults\tin\ta\tgeneral\tawareness\tof\t\u201cveggie\tprograms\u201d\twithout\tclear\tunderstanding\tof\t\twhich\tprograms\tspecific\tvegetables\tare\tfrom.\tOther\tcommunity\tmembers\tassociated\tthe\tvegetables\twith\tPunky\tLake\tWilderness\tCamp\tSociety,\tthe\tdistribution\tpartner\twho\tdid\tnot\tmake\tthe\tconnection\twith\tthe\tincarcerated\tmen\texplicit\tduring\tvegetable\tdistribution,\tand\tconsequently\tmay\thave\tlessened\tthe\timpact\tof\thuman\tconnection\tbetween\tthose\tin\tfederal\tcustody\tand\tthe\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tpeople.\tThe\timportance\tof\tknowing\twho\tgrew\tthe\tfood\tis\thighlighted\tin\tthe\tways\tthat\tpeople\twho\tdid\tknow\tabout\tthe\tmen\tand\tprison\tgarden\tspoke\tof\tthem;\toften\tresponding\tthat\t\u201cit\tdoesn\u2019t\tmatter\u201d\twhen\tasked\twhether\tthe\tsource\tof\tthe\tproduce\tadded\tmeaning:\t\t \u201cIt\tdon\u2019t\tmatter.\tWe\u2019re\tall\tpeople.\tWe\tall\tgrow\twhat\twe\twant,\tand\tthey\u2019re\tdoing\tthe\tsame\tthing.\tThey\u2019re\tin\tprison\tdoing\tthat,\tit\tdoesn\u2019t\tbother\tme.\tAs\tlong\tas\tit\tcomes\tout\tof\tthe\tground\tit\u2019s\tgood\tfor\tme.\tIt\u2019s\thealthy.\u201d\t\t\tWithin\tthe\tresponses\tof\t\u201cit\tdoesn\u2019t\tmatter,\u201d\tor\t\u201cit\tdoesn\u2019t\tbother\tme,\u201d\tis\ta\twider\tunderstanding\tof\tthe\tforces\tand\tstructures\tthat\tcan\tresult\tin\tincarceration.\tCommunity\tmembers\tdid\tnot\tsay\t\u201cit\tdoesn\u2019t\tmatter\u201d\tbecause\tthey\tdid\tnot\tcare,\tbut\tbecause\tthey\tassumed\tthat\tI\twas\texpecting\ta\tnegative\tresponse.\tAll\tbut\tone\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tcommunity\tmember\tknew\tat\tleast\tone\tperson\twho\teither\twas\tor\thad\texperienced\tincarceration,\tand\ttwo\tof\tthe\tcommunity\tmembers\tI\tspoke\twith\thad\tbeen\tincarcerated\tat\tsome\tpoint\tin\ttheir\tpast.\tFor\tmany\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tpeople\tlearning\tthat\tgardening\twas\tavailable\tin\tprison\twas\timportant,\tas\tthey\tknew\tpeople\texperiencing\tincarceration\tand\tfelt\thopeful\tthat\tsimilar\tpositive\tprograms\twere\tavailable\tfor\ttheir\tfriends\tand\tfamily\tbehind\tbars.\tAs\tone\tman\texplained:\t\t \u201cThey\u2019re\tdoing\tthe\twork\tand\tthey\u2019re\tdonating\tto\tpeople\tthat\tprobably\tneed\tit.\tI\tknow\tinmates,\tand\tthey\u2019re\tpretty\tgood\tpeople\twhen\tyou\ttalk\tto\tthem.\tThey\tjust\tneed\tsomeone\tto\ttalk\tto\tthem,\tI\tguess.\tI\tdon\u2019t\tknow\tif\tthey\thave\tpeople\tto\tcare\tfor\tthem,\tout\tthere\tin\tthe\treal\tworld.\tThey\u2019re\tjust\thumans\tthemselves,\tanyways.\tAnd\tpeople\twhen\tthey\tgo\tto\tjail,\tI\tguess\tthey\tgo\tto\tjail\tfor\ta\treason.\tAnd\twhen\tthey\tget\tthere\tthey\tprobably\tdon\u2019t\tfeel\tright,\tbut\tafter\tawhile\tthey\tget\tinto\tprograms\tand\t\t \t \t \t \t \t \t\t60\tstuff\tlike\tthat,\tgardening\tor\twhatever,\tthey\u2019re\tthere\tto\tlearn\ttoo,\they.\tJust\tlike\teverybody\telse.\u201d\t\tHistorical\tand\tongoing\tcolonialism\tand\tthe\tstructural\tviolence\tintertwined\twith\teconomic\tvulnerability,\tbarriers\tto\teducation,\tand\tdisproportionate\tincarceration\twere\tprofoundly\tunderstood,\tfelt,\tand\tlived\tby\tthe\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tpeople\tI\thad\tthe\topportunity\tto\tspeak\twith.\tFor\tthem,\tincarceration\twas\tone\tpossible\toutcome\tamongst\tan\tarray\tof\tothers,\tall\tmoderated\tby\tforces\tthat\tworked\tto\tcontinually\tdispossess,\tmarginalize\tand\tdisenfranchise\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tcommunities;\tcommunity\tmembers\tembodied\ttheir\town\thumanity\tand\tstrength,\tand\ttherefore\tit\twas\tnot\tdifficult\tfor\tthem\tto\tunderstand\tthe\thumanity,\tstrength,\tand\tpotential\tof\tthese\tmen,\tstrangers\texperiencing\tincarceration.\tThroughout\tmy\ttime\tin\tTl\u2019esqox\tthe\tthemes\tof\tlearning\tand\tteaching\tintersected\tacross\tconversations;\tthere\tis\talways\tsomething\tyou\tcan\tteach\tand\tshare,\tand\tthere\tis\talways\tsomething\tyou\tcan\tlearn,\tfrom\tdifferent\tand\tdiverse\tpeople,\tfrom\tsmall\tplants,\tfrom\tmajestic\tanimals.\tThis\tvaluing\tof\tlearning\tand\tteaching\tresonated\tin\tthe\tways\tthe\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tpeople\tI\tspoke\twith\tunderstood\tthe\tmen\tin\tprison;\tthe\tact\tof\tgrowing\tfood\tin\tprison\twas\tnot\tone\tof\tcharity,\tbut\tan\topportunity\tto\tlearn,\tto\theal,\tto\tgrow\tnot\tonly\tgreen\tthings\tbut\tgenerosity\tand\tgentleness.\t\t \u201cIt\u2019s\tgood\ttoo\tthat\tthey\tare\tin\tprison\tand\tinto\tlearning,\tand\tmaking\tthemselves\tbetter,\tand\ttheir\thealth\tand\ttheir\thealth\tsituation.\tLiving,\tand\tlearning\ton\ttop\tof\tthat.\u201d\t\t\t\u201cWell\tI\tthank\tthem\tfor\ttheir\tkindness,\tfor\tdoing\tall\tthat\twork.\tI\tknow\tit\u2019s\tnot\tan\teasy\twork,\tespecially\tif\tyou\thave\tarthritis\tor\twhatever\tailments\tthey\thave,\tor\twhatever\tthey\thave\temotionally,\tmissing\ttheir\tfamily.\tI\tknow\tit\u2019s\thard\ton\ta\tperson.\tSo\tyou\tcan\tthank\tthem\tfor\tme\twhen\tyou\tgo\tthere.\tSay\tthat\t[Tl\u2019esqox]\tElders\treally\tappreciate\tit,\twell\tI\u2019m\tone\tof\tthem,\tI\tappreciate\tthe\tveggies\tthat\tthey\tgave\tto\tus.\tYou\tknow,\tit\tcomes\tfrom,\tprobably,\tin\ta\tgood\tplace,\tand\twe\tappreciate\tall\tthat.\u201d\t\t \u201cThey\tsay\t[gardening\tis]\ta\treal\thealing\tthing.\tI\tmean\tanybody\tthat\u2019s\tdoing\tanything,\twhether\tit\u2019s\tgardening\tor\tanything,\tworking\tor\tfishing,\tit\ttakes\tthe\tmind\tof\tyou.\tYou\u2019re\tdoing\tsomething,\tand\tit\tmakes\tyou\tfeel\tgood\tinside,\tI\twould\tbelieve.\tI\tthink\tit\u2019s\tprobably\thelping\tthem\theal\tin\tthe\tprison,\tso\tI\u2019m\tglad\tthat\tthey\u2019re\tdoing\tit.\u201d\t\tThe\timpacts\ton\tthe\tmen\twere\tlayered\tand\toften\ttransformational,\tfor\tthe\tcommunities\tthe\timpacts\twere\tmore\tlimited\tas\tthe\tdonation\tof\tvegetables\tpassively\tcoalesced,\tas\topposed\tto\tactively\tchallenging\thistorical\tand\tcolonial\tcontexts\tand\trecognizing\tcommunity\tstrengths.\t\t \t \t \t \t \t \t\t61\tCommunity\tmembers\twho\tknew\twhere\tthe\tvegetables\twere\tcoming\tfrom\tsaw\tthe\tacceptance\tof\tvegetables\tnot\tas\ta\tcharitable\tgift;\trather,\tthey\tsaw\ttheir\tacceptance\tas\tactively\ttaking\tpart\tin\tmen\u2019s\thealing\tand\tlearning.\t\tUnfortunately\tthese\timpacts\twere\tlimited\tdue\tto\ta\tlack\tof\tinformation\tregarding\tthe\tgarden\tand\tthe\tmen\tworking\tthere.\tThis\tinvestment\tin\tthe\tmen,\tacceptance\tof\ta\tperson\u2019s\tpast\tand\tsupport\tof\tan\talternate\tfuture\tis\techoed\tin\tthe\tway\tone\tman,\tJonas,\tdescribed\this\town\trelationships\twithin\this\tcommunity:\t\t \u201cThey\trespect\tpeople\tfor\thow\tthey\tlive.\tYeah,\tmyself\tI\tkinda\tlived\ta\thard\tlife\twhen\tI\twas\tyoung.\tGrew\tup\tin\talcohol\tand\tstuff\tlike\tthat.\tYou\tgo\tthrough\ta\tlot\tof\tpain\tafter\tyou\tget\tout\tof\tresidential\tschool.\tYou\tkinda\twork\ton\tyourself\tafter\tawhile,\tand\tafter\tyou\u2019re\tfinished\tdrinking\tand\tstuff.\tYou\tgo\tthrough\tyour\thealing,\tyour\tproblems,\tand\tyou\ttry\tto\tdo\tgood\tfor\tyourself\tand\tfor\tother\tpeople.\tAnd\tyou\tkinda\tlearn\ton\tyour\town\tand\twork\ton\tyourself.\tAnd\tpeople\trealize\tthat\tafter\tawhile,\tthey\tsee\tyou\tgoing\tthrough\tstuff\tlike\tthis.\u201d\t\tThe\tcommunity\tmembers\tI\tspoke\twith\tall\tunderstood\tthe\timpact\tof\tgardening\ton\tthe\tmen\tthrough\ttheir\town\tunderstanding\tof\tand\trespect\tfor\thealing,\ta\tjourney\ttowards\tholistic\twellbeing\tthat\twas\toften\tunderstood\tas\tcoming\tfrom\tbeing\ton\tthe\tland.\tBased\tin\tthousands\tof\tyears\tof\tancestral\trelationships\twith\ttheir\tterritory,\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tpeople\tunderstood\tthe\tfreedom\tand\tautonomy\tthat\tthe\tmen\texperienced\tin\tthe\tgarden\tas\tfreedom\tto\twork\twith\tthe\tland,\tto\tbe\toutside,\tand\tto\tfeel\tproductive\tand\tresponsible\talongside\tthe\tland.\t\t\t \u201cThey\u2019re\tdoing\ta\tgood\tjob.\tAnd\tthey\u2019re\tprobably\u2026\tliving\tin\tthe\tprison,\tit\u2019s\tnot\tlike\tliving\tout\tin\tthe\tcountry\tor\tanything.\tYou\thave\tto\tobey\tby\ttheir\trules,\tand\tyou\tcan\u2019t\tgo\tout\ttoo\tmuch,\tand\tyou\u2019re\talways\tinside,\tit\u2019s\trough\tlike\tthat.\u201d\t\t\t \u201cOnce\tyou\u2019re\tconnected\tto\tyour\tland\tand\tyour\tterritory,\tyou\tkinda\tfeel\tbetter\tabout\tyour\tlives\tand\thow\tyou\tlived.\tBecause\tyour\tancestors\tlived\ton\tthis\tland\tbefore,\they,\tso\tthat\ttells\ta\tlot\tof\tthe\thistory\tabout\tour\tland,\thow\twe\tlive\toff\tour\tland,\tand\tare\tconnected\tto\tour\tland.\tThe\tland\tis\treally\tvaluable\tto\tdifferent\tpeople,\tit\u2019s\tbeen\tin\ttheir\theart,\tI\tguess\tthat\u2019s\twhere\tit\tis.\u201d\t\t\u201cYeah,\tI\tdon\u2019t\tthink\tI\u2019ll\tmove\taway\tfrom\there.\tIt\u2019s\tmy\thome.\tJust\tgo\tout\tand\tyou\u2019re\tsurviving\tyourself,\tgo\tout\tand\tdo\twhat\tyou\thave\tto\tdo,\twhat\tyou\tneed.\tThere\u2019s\tlots\tof\tthings\tto\tdo\tout\there,\tif\tyou\tput\tyour\tmind\tto\tit,\tyou\u2019re\tnever\tshort\tof\tstuff\tto\tdo.\tOur\tancestors\tused\tto\troam,\troam\tall\taround\tthis\tcountry.\tThey\tnever\tused\tto\tdrive\tcars\tor\tride\thorses,\ta\tlot\tof\twalking,\teh?\tAnd\tmaking\ttools\tand\tall\tthat\tkinda\tstuff,\tmake\ttheir\town\ttools\tso\tthey\tcan\tgo\thunting\tand\thunt\tfor\tmeat\t\t \t \t \t \t \t \t\t62\tor\twhatever.\tAnd,\tI\tthink\tour\tNation\tis\tkinda,\treally\ttrying\tto\tmove\tforward,\tand\tlearn\tfrom\tour\tancestors,\tand\tour\tgrandparents.\u201d\t\tThe\tvegetables\tfrom\tthe\tgarden\tprovide\tanother\tstory\tin\ta\tlong\tnarrative\tof\tpeople\tgetting\twhat\tthey\tneed\tfrom\tthe\tland:\tfood,\thuman\tconnection,\thealing.\tThe\tmen\tgrowing\tthe\tfew\tvegetables\tcommunity\tmembers\ttook\thome\twith\tthem\tprovided\tanother\texample\tof\tthe\thope\tthat\tcan\tbe\tfound\tdigging\tin\tsoil,\tand\tfor\tsome\tcommunity\tmembers\tprovided\tinspiration,\tcombined\twith\tmemories\tof\tgrandmothers\u2019\ttomato\tplants\tand\tstories\tof\tancestral\tgardens,\tplanted\tto\toffset\tthe\timpacts\tof\treserve\tsettlements\tand\tfishing\tand\tgame\tregulations.\t\t \u201cI\tthought\t\u2018wow,\tthese\tguys\tare\tin\tjail,\tand\tthey\u2019re\tgardening.\u2019\tAnd\tthen\tthere\u2019s\tme,\tI\u2019m\tjust\tlearning\tthis\tthis\tyear,\tand\tnext\tyear\tI\u2019m\tgonna\tgarden\tat\thome,\tbut\tthen\tthere\u2019s\tthese\tguys,\twho\tare\talready,\tlike\tlook\tat\tall\tthe\tstuff\tthey\tgrew!\tAnd\tI\u2019m\tlike\t\u2018what\tis\tthis?\u2019\tI\tdon\u2019t\teven\tknow,\tI\u2019m\tstill\tlearning.\u201d\t\t\tThe\tcommunity\tmembers\tbased\ttheir\tunderstanding\tof\tgardening\tin\tthousands\tof\tyears\tof\tancestral\trelationships\twith\ta\tnurturing\tland\tand\tthe\tlessons\tlearnt\tfrom\tplants\tand\tElders,\tpassed\tdown\tacross\tgenerations;\tthe\tprison\tgarden\tprovides\tan\topportunity\tthat\tthe\tpeople\tof\tTl\u2019esqox\teasily\trecognized,\tto\tcontinue\tlearning\tfrom\tthe\tland\tand\teach\tother,\tthis\ttime\tpassing\tlessons\tacross\tprison\twalls.\tThe\tvegetables\trepresented\ta\tconnection\tto\tthe\tmen\tin\tprison,\ta\tconnection\tbased\tin\tan\tunderstanding\tof\tthe\timportance\tof\tthe\tland\tand\tthe\tfreedom\tto\tmove\twithin\tand\tacross\tit;\tfreedoms\tconstrained\tby\tcolonialism,\timagined\tborders,\tand\tprison\twalls.\t\t\t5.2.3:\tCommunity\tContexts\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tcontemporary\tfoodways\tare\tinherently\trelational,\tas\t\u201cfood\tarises\tfrom\tpartnership\u201d\t(Kimmerer,\t2013,\tp.\t126).\tAs\tone\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tman,\tPhil,\texplained\tto\tme,\thunting\twild\tgame\tis\tabout\ta\trelationship,\tanimals\t\u201cgive\tthemselves\tup\tto\tyou;\u201d\tthis\tcreates\ta\trelationship\tbased\tin\treciprocity\tthat\tgoes\tbeyond\tsimply\tgiving\tand\ttaking\tto\tinclude\tresponsibility.\tThe\tbio-cultural\theritages\tof\tIndigenous\tpeoples\tincludes\tconcepts\tof\t\u201chonourable\tharvest\u201d\tto\tonly\ttake\twhat\tyou\tneed,\tto\tnever\ttake\ttoo\tmuch;\tbeyond\tmere\tsustainability,\tbeyond\tsimply\ttaking\tin\ta\tway\tthat\tensures\tmore\ttaking\t(Kimmerer,\t2013).\tIndigenous\tfoodways\tand\tfood\tmeanings\tinclude\ttaking\tfrom\tthe\tland\tin\tways\tthat\tbenefit\tthe\tland;\tbe\tthat\tthe\tharvest\tof\tsweatgrass\tin\tsuch\ta\tway\tthat\t\u201cpickers\topen\tsome\tspace,\tlet\tthe\tlight\tcome\tin,\tand\twith\ta\tgentle\ttug\tbestir\tthe\tdormant\tbuds\tthat\tmake\tnew\tgrass\u201d\t(Kimmerer,\t2013,\tp.\t165),\tor\tan\tactive\tengagement,\tan\texplicit\t\u201cyes,\tthank\t\t \t \t \t \t \t \t\t63\tyou,\u201d\tto\tthe\tsalmon\tupon\twhich\tyour\tancient\tties\tto\tthe\tland\tare\tbased.\tCliff,\ta\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tman,\tdescribes\tthe\trelationship\this\tpeople\thave\twith\tthe\tfish\tin\ttheir\tterritories,\tand\tthe\ttension\tbetween\trespecting\tthat\trelationship\tthrough\thonourable\tharvesting\tand\tthe\tregulations\tand\tclosures\timposed\tby\tthe\tDepartment\tof\tFisheries\tand\tOceans:\t\t\t \u201cThat\u2019s\tour\ttraditional\trights,\tand\tI\twould\thave\tnever\tgave\tthat\tup.\tSo,\twe\tstill\texercise\tthat\tright.\tAnd\tthat\u2019s\tone\tof\tthe\trights\tthat\tI\u2019m\tprobably\tgoing\tto\texercise\tover\tthe\tweekend,\tjust\tgo\tdown\tthere,\tand\tjust\tlet\tthem\tknow\twe\u2019re\tstill\taround.\tBecause\tevery\ttime\tthere\u2019s\tlots\tof\tfish\tin\tthere,\tthey\u2019ll\talways\tsay\tthere\u2019s\tnot\tenough,\tand\tthen\tafter\tit\u2019s\tgone\tthey\u2019ll\tsay\t\u2018oh,\tmaybe\twe\tshould\thave\tleft\tmore.\u2019\tBut\tif\tyou\tdon\u2019t\ttake\tfish\tfrom\tthe\triver\tand\tuse\tit,\tit\u2019s\tlike\tsaying\t\u2018no\u2019\tto\tthe\tfish.\tAnd\tthey\t-if\tyou\tkeep\tsaying\t\u2018no,\u2019\tall\tof\tour\tpeople,\twell\tthey\u2019re\tgoing\tto\tstart\tsaying\t\u2018well\twhy\taren\u2019t\tyou\tusing\tus?\tHow\tcome\tyou\u2019re\tnot\tthere\tanymore?\u2019\tAnimals,\tplants,\teverything\thas\ta\tspirit\tin\tit.\tSame\tas\tpeople.\u201d\t\tThis\trespecting\tof\tnon-human\tspirits\tis\tlinked\tto\tlong-standing\tmeaningful\trelationships\twith\tthe\tland,\trelationships\tstrained\tby\tthe\tweight\tof\tcolonialism,\tin\tneed\tof\thealing\tbut\tnot\tfractured\tbeyond\trepair.\tAs\ta\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tChief\texplained\tto\tme,\t\u201cif\tthe\tTsilhqot\u2019in\town\tit\tand\thave\tfull\tjurisdiction\tover\tour\tlives,\tand\tfull\tcontrol\tback\tof\tall\tour\tterritory\tand\tall\tof\tour\tland,\tI\tthink\t[\u2026]\tthen\twe\twill\tget\ta\tlot\tstronger,\tpeople,\tfamilies.\u201d\tFreedom\tis\tinherent\tin\ttrue\tsovereignty,\tfreedom\tto\tgovern,\tto\tfish,\tto\thunt,\tand\tto\tlive\ton\tthe\tland\tin\tthe\tways\tyou\twant\tand\tneed,\twithout\tbeing\timpacted\tby\tthe\tjarring\timpacts\tof\tdrilling\tand\tthe\tempty\twastelands\tof\tmines.\tFor\tthe\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tpeople\twith\twhom\tI\tspoke\tbeing\ton\tthe\tland\twas\ta\tright,\ta\tresponsibility,\tand\ta\tmeans\tto\tcontinue\tto\tlearn\tand\tengage\twith\teach\tother;\tall\taspects\tthat\tthey\tconnected,\tat\tleast\twhen\tspeaking\twith\tme,\tthe\t\u201cgardening\tlady,\u201d\tto\tthe\tact\tof\tgrowing\tyour\town\tfood:\t\t \u201cBut\twhen\tyou\tfeel\tconnected\tyou\tkinda\tknow\tthe\tplace,\teh?\tAnd\tyou\tknow\twhere\tto\tgrow\ta\tgarden,\twhere\tthe\tbest\tspots\tare\t[\u2026]\tWhen\tyou\u2019re\tin\tresidential\tschool\tyou\tdon\u2019t\tlearn\tto\tmuch.\tCuz\u2019\tyou\u2019re\talways\tweary,\twhy\tyou\u2019re\tthere.\tAnd\tyou\tdon\u2019t\treally\tlearn\tnothing\tbesides\tjust\tgoing\tto\tschool.\tYou\tdidn\u2019t\tknow\twhat\tgardening\twas\tall\tabout,\tor\tanything\tlike\tthat\t[\u2026]\tAnd\tfood\tjust\tcomes\tto\tyour\ttable\tand\tyou\tgotta\teat\tit,\tand\tif\tyou\tdon\u2019t\teat\tit\tyou\u2019ll\tstarve\tI\tguess.\u201d\t\tFood\twithout\tthe\tfreedom\tof\tchoice,\twithout\tthe\trelationship\tinherent\tin\tlearning,\tfrom\tother\tpeople\tand\tfrom\tthe\tplants\tthemselves,\tis\tviolence.\tWithin\tthe\thistoric\tkitchens\tof\tresidential\tschools\tand\tIndian\thospitals\tand\tthe\tcarbohydrate-heavy\trations\tof\tthe\tDepartment\tof\tIndian\t\t \t \t \t \t \t \t\t64\tAffairs\tthe\trelationship\tbetween\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tpeople\tand\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tfood\thas\tbeen\twounded.\tEven\tas\tcommunities\twork\tto\trestore\tthese\tsplintered\trelationships\twith\tanimals,\tplants\tand\tfish,\tcontemporary\tforces\tand\tstructures\tthreaten\tthe\tvery\tsustainability\tof\tthese\tplant\tfoods\tand\tanimals;\tthe\tregulation\tof\tIndigenous\tbodies\tfishing\tindigenous\twaters,\tthe\tdisenfranchisement\tof\tmoose\tand\tdeer,\tand\tthe\tviolent\textracting\tof\tresources\tfrom\tancestral\tlands:\t\t \u201cWe\thave\tfamily\tdown\tsouth\tthere,\tand\tthey\u2019re\tcatching\tfish\tthat\tare\tdeformed\tand\teverything.\tSo\tit\u2019s\tjust,\tyou\tstart\tthinking\tdo\tI\teven\twant\tto\tkeep\tdoing\tthis?\tWhat\u2019s\tin\tthe\tfish?\tWhat\u2019s\tgonna\thappen\tif\twe\teat\tit?\tAnd\tyou\tknow,\tI\twas\ttelling\tmy\tdaughter\t\u2018I\thope\tby\tthe\ttime\tyou\tget\tto\tmy\tage\tthat\tyou\tcan\tstill\tdo\tthe\tthings\tI\tdo,\u2019\tlike\tshe\twatches\tme\tclean\tand\tcut\t[salmon],\tand\tshe\twants\tto\tbut\tshe\u2019s\tonly\tseven,\tand\tI\u2019m\tkinda\tleery\tto\tgive\ther\ta\tknife.\tBut\tI\u2019m\thoping\tthat\tby\tthe\ttime\tshe\u2019s\tmy\tage\tthat\tshe\u2019ll\tstill\tbe\table\tto\tdo\tthe\ttraditions\tthat\twe\thave,\tlike\tthe\tdrying\tand\tthe\tsmoking.\u201d\t\t\t\tThe\tpeople\tof\tTl\u2019esqox\tand\tthe\twider\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tcommunities\tare\tactively\tworking\tto\tcontinue\ttheir\tfoodways\tand\tpass\tfood\tmeanings\tdown\tacross\tgenerations:\tparents\tare\tteaching\tchildren;\tthe\tleader\tof\tthe\tAboriginal\tHead\tStart\tprogram\tin\tTl\u2019esqox\tintegrates\tfish\tcanning,\tgardening,\tand\tmeat\tpreservation\tinto\tactivities\twith\tchildren\tof\tall\tages,\tand;\tNation\u2019s\tgatherings\theld\tthroughout\tthe\tterritories\tin\tthe\tsummer\ton\tthe\tbanks\tof\trivers\tcenter\ton\tthe\tsharing\tof\tfish\tand\tgame\tmeat,\telders\ttending\tsmokehouse\tfires\tand\tyoung\tpeople\tgathered\taround\thelping\tprepare\trice\tand\tbannock.\tYet\tthese\timmense\tcommunity\tstrengths\tmust\tstand\tup\tagainst\tthe\tmounting\timpacts\tof\textraction-based\tcapitalism\tand\tclimate\tchange.\tEven\twhen\timagining\ta\tfuture\twhere\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tpeople\tcreate\ttheir\town\teconomy\tof\tgentle\tharvesting,\tthe\ttailing\tponds,\toil\tleaks\tand\tdammed\trivers\twould\tstill\tsurround\tthem,\tas\tMatthew\texplained:\t\u201c[tailing\tponds]\tare\tin\teverybody\u2019s\tminds\tI\tguess,\tbut\tif\tyou\t[don\u2019t\teat\tfish]\tyou\u2019d\tstarve.\tI\tdon\u2019t\tknow\tthe\tlong-term\teffects\tof\tit,\tit\u2019s\tpretty\tmuch\tin\tall\tthe\tfood\tchain\tnow.\tYou\tget\tdiseases\tfrom\teverything.\u201d\tIt\tis\twithin\tthis\twider\tcontext\tthat\tthe\tdonated\tprison\tvegetables\tattempt\tto\timpact\tfood\tsecurity.\tThe\tdonated\tvegetables,\talthough\tbeautifully\tgrown,\tnutritious\tand\torganic,\tattempt\tto\taddress\ta\tEuro-centrically\tdefined\tnotion\tof\tfood\tsecurity;\tif\tthese\tpeople\tare\thungry\twe\twill\tsend\tthem\tfood.\tBut\tit\tis\tindicative\tthat\twhen\ttalking\tabout\tfood\twith\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tpeople,\tresource\textraction,\tland\trights\tand\ttitle\talways\tcame\tup.\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tsovereignty\tover\tland,\tand\tthus\tfoodways\tand\tmeanings\tare\tlarger\tissues\tthat\tcannot\tbe\taddressed\tby\tany\tamount\tof\tkale\tand\tcauliflower.\tAs\tone\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tchief\texplained\tto\tme:\t\t\t\t \t \t \t \t \t \t\t65\t\u201cI\tthink\tfood\u2019s\ta\tbig\tissue\tfor\tour\tpeople\tin\ta\tlot\tof\tways,\tyou\tknow\twhether\tit\u2019s\tjust\tthe\tprice\tgoing\tup\ton\ta\tlot\tof\tfood,\tyou\tcan\tsee\tthat\tin\tstores\tnow,\tand\tit\tmakes\tit\tthat\tmuch\tmore\timportant\tto\tgrow\ta\tlot\tourselves.\tI\tthink\ta\tlong\ttime\tago\tjust\tabout\teverybody\thad\ta\tgarden,\tyou\tknow,\tbecause\tback\tthen\tif\tyou\tdidn\u2019t\tyou\u2019d\tprobably\tstarve\tin\ta\tlot\tof\tways,\tyou\tknow\tthere\u2019s\tprobably\tgame\tand\tso\tforth,\tbut\tthat\u2019s\tkinda\tgetting\tharder\tto\tfind,\tespecially\tthe\tmoose.\tBut\tagain\tI\tthink\tit\u2019s\timportant\tto\tknow\tall\tthem,\tthe\tfour\tleggeds,\tthe\tsalmon,\tthe\ttrout,\tthe\tfinned\tones,\tI\tthink\tit\u2019s\timportant\tfor\tour\tyouth\tor\tjust\tpeople\tthat\tdon\u2019t\tknow.\tBecause\tsome\tof\tthem,\tmaybe\tthey\u2019ve\tbeen\tin\tthe\tcity\tthen\twhen\tthey\tcome\thome,\tsome\tof\tthem\tare\tin\tthe\tfoster\tsystem\tand\twhen\tthey\tturn\ta\tcertain\tage\tthen\tthey\tcome\tback\tinto\tour\tNation;\tso\ta\tlot\tof\tthem\tthey\thave\tto\tlearn\thow\tto\tbe\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in,\thow\tto\tlive\tthat\tlife.\tFood\u2019s\ta\tbig\tof\tpart\tof\tthat.\tYou\tknow\tit\tdon\u2019t\tmatter\twhere\tyou\tlive,\tbut\tI\tthink\tthat\u2019s\talways\tbeen\tthere\tfor\tour\tpeople;\tespecially\tthe\tsalmon,\tthat\u2019s\twhy\tour\tpeople\tfight\tso\thard\tto\tkeep\tthe\triver\tthe\tway\tit\tis\u201d\t(emphasis\tadded).\t\t\t\tImage\t10:\tThe\twork\tand\tpride\tinvolved\tin\tsmoking\tsalmon\t5.2.4:\tChallenges\t\tWithin\tthese\twider\tcontexts\tand\thistories\tthe\tdonation\tof\tprison\tvegetables\tis\tfaced\twith\ta\tnumber\tof\tchallenges,\tlargely\tcaused\tby\tthe\tdistance\tbetween\tthe\tprison\tand\tthe\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in.\tThe\tvegetables\tthat\twere\tbrought\tto\tTl\u2019esqox\tto\tbe\tdistributed\twere\ttransported\tin\tthe\topen\tback\tof\ta\ttruck,\tresulting\tin\theavy\twilting\tand\twind\tdamage\tto\tthe\tmore\tfragile\tvegetables\tlike\tromaine\tlettuce\tand\tbok\tchoy.\tIn\tthe\tcontext\tof\tTl\u2019esqox,\tvegetables\twere\tunloaded\tin\tfront\tof\tthe\tband\toffice\ton\ta\thot\tday\tin\tJune,\tand\tpeople\twho\thappened\tto\tcome\tby\twere\table\tto\ttake\tsome\thome.\tAcross\tthe\tvegetable\tdistribution\tprocess\tthere\twere\tnumerous\tcommunication\tbarriers;\tthe\tcommunity\tmembers\tI\tspoke\twith\twere\texcited\tto\tlearn\tmore\tabout\tnew\tvegetables,\tways\tto\tstore\tand\tcook\tthem.\tAnd\twhile\tnumerous\tcommunity\tmembers\thad\ttaken\tit\tupon\tthemselves\tto\tteach\tand\tlearn\tabout\tthe\tvegetables,\tmental\thealth\tcounselors\tdoing\tworkshops\ton\tcooking\twith\tkale\tand\tcommunity\tyouth\tGoogling\trecipes\tto\tshare\twith\tthe\tband\toffice,\tno\tindividuals\t\t \t \t \t \t \t \t\t66\tinvolved\tin\tthe\tdistribution\tprocess\tintegrated\tany\tknowledge\tsharing\tinto\tthe\tprocess;\twithin\tdays\tof\tarriving\tin\tTl\u2019esqox\tI\twas\tasked\thow\tto\tstore,\tclean\tand\tcook\tvegetables\tand\tI\tcan\tonly\tassume\tthese\tquestions\tpreceded\tme.\tFinally,\tthere\twas\tno\tfeedback\tloop\tintegrated\tinto\tthe\tdistribution\tprocess;\tsince\t2012\tvegetables\thave\tbeen\tdonated\tto\tthe\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tNation;\tvegetables\twere\tdropped\toff\tin\tparking\tlots,\tand\tany\tquestions\tor\tfeedback\tthe\tcommunity\tmight\thave\thad\twere\tnever\tactively\tsought.\tThese\tcommunication\tbarriers\timpeded\tcommunity\tinterests\tin\tteaching\tand\tlearning,\tincreasing\tdisconnection\twith\tthe\tdonated\tvegetables\tand\tthe\tmen\tin\tprison\tgrowing\tand\tharvesting\tthose\tplants.\t\t5.2.5:\tOpportunities:\tStrengthening\tTenuous\tConnections\t\tThe\tgeographic\tisolation\tof\tthe\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tcommunities\tfrom\tthe\tprison\tinterrupts\tthe\trelationship\tbuilding\tand\tsustaining\tthat\tcreates\tsuch\tmeaningful\thuman\tconnection\tbetween\tthe\tmen\tand\tthe\tlocal\tfood\tbanks\tand\tsoup\tkitchen\tstaff\tand\trecipients.\tThe\tapproximately\t500\tkm\tbetween\tthe\tgarden\tand\tTl\u2019esqox\tresults\tin\tsuboptimal\tproduce\tquality,\tand\tthe\tdelivery\tof\tunknown\tvegetables\twithout\tthe\tadditional\tsharing\tof\tknowledge\tresults\tin\ta\tmissed\topportunity\tto\tteach\tand\tlearn\tfrom\tone\tanother.\t\tDespite\tthe\tlong\tdistance\tand\tthe\timpacts\tof\ttransportation\tand\timperfect\tcommunication\ton\tvegetable\tquality\tand\tuptake\tthe\tcommunity\tsaw\tmany\tways\tfor\tthe\tprison\tgarden\tconnection\tto\tbe\timproved.\tNot\tsurprisingly,\tthese\tsuggestions\ttook\tinto\taccount\tthe\twider\tcommunity\tand\tcolonial\tcontext\tand\tfocused\ton\tcommunity\tstrengths\tin\tways\tneglected\tby\tthe\tprison\tgarden\tdistribution\tmodel.\tAs\tone\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\twoman\texplained\tto\tme,\t\u201cwe\tdidn\u2019t\teven\tknow,\tlike\twith\tsquash\tand\tstuff,\twe\u2019re\tstill\tin\tthe\tlearning\tstage;\u201d\tthis\tcomment\tis\tgrounded\tin\ta\tcommunity\tthat\tvalues\tlearning,\tand\tis\topen\tto\tincreasing\ttheir\trelationship\twith\tthe\tmen,\tboth\tparties\tacting\tas\tboth\tteacher\tand\tstudent.\tWithin\tthis\tidea\tof\tteaching\tand\tlearning\tlies\tthe\tfoundational\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tvalue\tof\treciprocity;\tby\tincreasing\tthe\tconnection\tand\tthus\tthe\tresponsibility\tfelt\tbetween\tthe\tmen\tand\tthe\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tcommunities\tthe\trelationship,\tand\tconsequently\tthe\timpacts,\tcould\tbe\tstrengthened,\tas\thighlighted\tin\tFigure\t3.\tGrounding\tthe\tdistribution\tof\tvegetables\tto\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tcommunities\twithin\tan\texplicit\tawareness\tand\tunderstanding\tof\tcommunity\tcontexts\tand\tcolonial\timpacts\ton\tfood\t(in)securities\t\tand\tself-determination\twould\tallow\tfor\ta\twider\trecognition\tof\tcommunity\tstrengths;\tstrengths\tsuch\tas\tthe\trich\tcapacity\tfor\tforgiveness\tof\tpast\tcrimes,\tthe\teasy\trecognition\tof\thumanity\tin\tprisons\toften\tframed\tas\toverflowing\twith\tdepravity,\tand\tthe\tdiverse\tand\tcreative\tmeans\tthat\tthe\tpeople\tI\tspoke\twith\timagined\tways\tto\tincrease\tconnection,\treciprocity,\tand\trelationship.\tConnecting\tthe\tautonomy\texperienced\tby\tthe\tmen\t\t \t \t \t \t \t \t\t67\tagainst\tthe\tbackdrop\tof\ttheir\thistories\tand\tcontexts\tto\tthe\tautonomy\tof\tIndigenous\tcommunities\tfighting\tback\tagainst\tongoing\tdispossession\tand\tmarginalization\tcould\tcenter\tcommunity\tstrengths\twithin\tthe\tprison-community\trelationship,\tdrawing\ton\tintegral\tvalues\tof\tteaching\tand\tlearning\tto\tsupport\tincreased\tfood\tsecurity\tand\tfood\tsovereignty.\t\t\t\tFigure\t3:\tThe\tpotential\tfor\tincreased\tbenefit\tthrough\tstrengthened\tconnections\tand\trecognized\tcontexts\t\tThe\tcommunity\tmembers\tand\tleaders\twith\twhom\tI\tspoke\tconsistently\tresisted\tthe\tlabel\tof\tpassive\trecipient,\tinstead\toffering\tsuggestions\ton\thow\tto\tincrease\tthe\tactive\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\trole\tand\tcommunity\townership\tof\tthe\tproject.\tAfter\thearing\tabout\tthe\tchallenge\tof\ttransportation\tfrom\tMission\tinto\tthe\tterritory\tone\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tChief\texplained\tthe\tpossibilities\tthat\texist\tfor\tincreased\tcommunity\tinvolvement\tand\ta\twidening\trecognition\tof\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tautonomy,\tbased\tin\tcommunity\tcontext\tand\this\tpeople\u2019s\tongoing\tresistance\tagainst\tcolonial\tgovernments:\t\t\t \u201cI\tmean\twe\thave\tdrivers,\twe\thave\twhatever,\tthe\tfuel-\twe\thave\tgas\tstations.\tI\tthink\tanything\u2019s\tpossible\tfor\tsomething\telse\tto\tkeep\tgoing,\tI\u2019m\tpretty\tsure\twe\tcan\tmake\tsomething\thappen.\tOnce\tthe\tword\tgets\tout.\tRight\tnow\twe\u2019re\tdoing\tnegotiating\twith\tthe,\tstarting\tthe\tnegotiations\twith\tthe\tfederal\tgovernment,\tso\tput\tyour\tlist\tdown\t[laughing].\u201d\t\tThe\twider\tcontext\tof\tgrowing\tfood\tunfurls\tfrom\ta\thistory\tof\tagriculture\tpractice\tfirst\tforced\tby\tcolonial\tagents\tas\ta\tmeans\tto\tcontrol\tnomadic\tpeoples,\tpeoples\tseen\tas\thard\tto\tproselytize\tand\teven\tharder\tto\tconvert.\tLater\tthese\tpractices\twere\tpragmatically\tadopted\tby\thungry\tand\t\t \t \t \t \t \t \t\t68\tdispossessed\tIndigenous\tcommunities,\tand\tagriculture\twas\tseen\tby\tthe\tpeople\twith\twhom\tI\tspoke\tas\ta\tpractical\tmeans\tto\tengage\twith\tanother\tsource\tof\tfood.\tGarden\tgrown\tvegetables\toffer\trelief\tfrom\tthe\trising\tcost\tof\tthe\tgroceries\tand\tthe\tneed\tof\ta\tvehicle\tand\tfuel\tto\tdrive\tinto\ttown.\tYet\tthe\timpacts\tof\tcolonialism\tcarved\tinto\tthe\tland\tthat\tmake\tthe\tneed\tfor\talternate\tfood\tsources\tso\tacute,\tsuch\tas\treducing\tsalmon\truns\tand\tdisappearing\tmoose,\tare\talso\tthe\tforces\tthat\tmake\tgardening\tless\tthan\ta\tsure\tthing;\tas\tclimate\tchange\tincreases\tit\u2019s\tclutches\tsummers\tbegin\tlater\tand\tfrost\tcomes\tearly.\tThe\ttime\tI\tspent\tin\tTl\u2019esqox\tlast\tsummer\twas\tone\tof\tstrange\tweather;\tcommunity\tmembers\toften\tshaking\ttheir\theads,\tsharing\ttheir\tconcerns\tover\tweather\tpatterns\tthat\tthey\tused\tto\tknow\tso\twell,\tpatterns\tslowly\tdissolving:\t\t\t\u201cDifficult,\tyeah\t[\u2026]\tyou\tcan\tlose\thalf\tyour\tcrop\tmid-summer\ttoo,\tso\tthat\tain\u2019t\tgood\tneither.\tYeah,\t[gardening\tis]\tgetting\tharder\tand\tharder\tto\tdo\tI\tguess,\tunless\tyou\tunderstand\tthe\tclimate\tchange\tand\teverything\tto,\teh?\tSo\tindoor\twould\tprobably\tbe\tbetter.\u201d\t\tEveryone\tI\ttalked\tto\tknew\tsomeone\twho\tused\tto\tgarden,\tand\tcommunity\tgardens\twere\tbeginning\tto\tpop\tup\tacross\tthe\tsix\tcommunities;\tsignificantly\tshorter\tgrowing\tseasons\tcompared\twith\tthe\tsouthern\tparts\tof\tthe\tprovince\tmeant\tthat\tclimate\tchange\twas\tfelt\tintensely.\tA\tnumber\tof\tpeople\tI\tspoke\twith\tbelieved\tthat\tgreen\thouses\tand\tother\tindoor\tgrowing\tenvironments\twould\tprovide\tmore\tstable\tand\tsustainable\tfood\tsources,\thowever\taccording\tto\tthe\tpeople\tI\tspoke\twith\tthat\tknowledge\twas\tnot\tstrongly\theld\twithin\tthe\tcommunity:\t\t\t \u201cThis\tyear\twas\tour\tfirst\tyear\tfor\tthe\tgarden,\tso\twe\u2019re\ttrial\tand\terror,\tfor\tthis\tand\tthe\tgreenhouse.\tSo\tnext\tyear\twe\tknow.\tOr\teven\tif\tthe\tguys\tin\tjails\tcould\teven\tdo\ta\tlist\tof\ttips\tof\tgardening,\tlike\ttheir\ttips\tand\tstuff,\tto\thelp\tother\tpeople\tdo\ttheir\town\tgardens.\tThat\twould\tbe\tcool\ttoo,\tlearning\tfrom\ttheir\texperience,\tthey\tcould\tjust\ttell\tpeople\tabout\thow\tthey\tdid\ttheirs.\u201d\t\tThe\tmen\u2019s\texpertise\tin\tgrowing\tvegetables\tprovides\tan\topportunity\tthat\tthe\tcommunity\tmembers\trecognized;\twhile\tdonating\tvegetables\tprovides\tsmall\tinputs\tof\tnutritious\tfood\tinto\tthe\tcommunity,\tsharing\tknowledge\tand\texperience\tcould\tcreate\ta\tsustainable\tsupply\tof\tfresh\tproduce.\tAnother\tman,\twhen\tasked\thow\tthe\timpact\tof\tthe\tprison\tgarden\tcould\tbe\tstrengthened,\tsuggested\tthat\tcommunities\tlearn\tfrom\tthe\tmen\tand\tbegin\twidespread\tgardening:\t\t\t \u201cYeah,\tto\ttake\tit\tup\tand\tstart\tgrowing\tthemselves.\tAnd\tI\tsee\tthat\thappening\tat\tthe\tschool,\tso\tit\u2019s\tnice\tto\tsee\tthat.\tAnd\tother\tpeople\t\t \t \t \t \t \t \t\t69\tlearning\tto,\tto\tlearn\tthemselves\tand\tto\tgrow\t[\u2026]\tI\tthink\t[the\tmen\tin\tprison]\tgives\tthem\ta\tlittle\tincentive\tto\tthink\t\u2018we\tcould\tbe\tdoing\tthis\tourselves\u2019.\u201d\t\tOther\tcommunity\tmembers\tand\tleaders\tsaw\tthe\tmen\u2019s\tincarceration\tand\texperience\tin\tthe\tgarden\tas\tmore\tmeaningful\tthan\tthe\tvegetables\tthemselves.\tThe\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tpeople\tI\tspoke\twith\tunderstood\tthe\tmore\tholistic\tbenefits\tof\tgardening,\tranging\tfrom\tproductive\tuse\tof\ttime\tspent\tin\tthe\tsunshine\tto\tan\taccountability\tto\tfragile\tplants,\tand\tsaw\ta\tpotential\tto\tharness\tthose\tbenefits\tfor\ttheir\town\tcommunities.\t\t\t\t \u201cTry\tand\tshow\tthe\tyoung\tguys,\twith\ttheir\texperience\tfrom\tthe\tguys\tthat\tare\tdoing\tmore\ttime\tthan\twhat\tthey\u2019re\tdoing.\tAnd\tthey\u2019re\talready\tin\ttrouble,\tso\thow\tto\tstep\taway\tfrom\tthat\tkinda\tlifestyle\t[\u2026]\tI\tthink\tfor\tthem,\tlike\tyou\tknow\thow\tthey\u2019re\tdoing\ttheir\tcommunity\thours.\tSo\tthey\u2019re\tjust\tbreaking\tinto\ta\tdifferent\tcycle,\tand\twe\u2019re\ttrying\tto\tstop\tit.\tMaybe\tif\twe\thad\tthe\tguys\tfrom\tthe\tjails\tdo\ta\tlittle\tvideo\ton\t\u2018hey,\u2019\tyou\tknow,\t\u2018I\thear\tyou\u2019re\tdoing\tthis\tand\tthat,\tand\tthis\tis\twhere\tI\tam,\tand\tthis\tis\twhere\tI\tstarted.\u2019\tJust\tsomething\tlike\tthat.\u201d\t\tThe\tOld\tSchool\tin\tTl\u2019esqox\toffers\ta\tFarm\tProject\twhere\tcommunity\tmembers,\tstaff,\tand\tyouth\tserving\tcourt\tmandated\tcommunity\tservice\thours\twork\ttogether\ton\teconomic\tdevelopment\tprojects,\twhich\tthus\tfar\tincludes\ta\tcommunity-owned\tand\toperated\tsawmill,\tthe\tbuilding\tof\tfishing\tsheds\tand\tchicken\tcoops,\tan\torganic\tcommunity\tgarden\tand\tgreenhouse\t(in\tits\tfirst\tyear),\tand\tongoing\tplans\tfor\ta\thorse\triding\tarena.\tThe\ttheme\tof\tteaching\tand\tlearning\ttranscends\tthe\tgrowing\tof\tvegetables\tand\tcreates\ta\tspace\tfor\tcommunity\tmembers\tto\tenvision\tmentorship\tand\tconnection\tthat\tdraws\ton\tthe\tmen\u2019s\tpersonal\tcontexts\tand\texperiences.\tThe\tcommunity\tmembers\tI\tspoke\twith\teffortlessly\trecognized\tthe\tshared\thistories\tand\tinterlinking\tcontexts\tbetween\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tcommunities\tand\tmen\tin\tfederal\tcustody,\twhether\tIndigenous\tor\tnot;\tpeople\tunderstood\tthat\tincarceration\tis\ta\tsymptom\tof\tlarger\tstructures\tand\tviolence,\tthat\tcrime\tcomes\tfrom\tsomewhere,\tand\tthat\tculpability\toften\tstretches\tacross\ttime\tand\tintersects\tlocal\tcommunities,\tgovernment\tagencies,\tand\tcolonial\ttraditions.\t\tThe\tcommunity\tsaw\ttheir\trole\tas\tactive\thelpers\tand\thealers,\tnot\trecipients.\tThe\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tpeople\tvalue\tsecond\tchances\tand\tforgiveness,\tand\tsee\topportunities\tto\tteach\tand\tlearn\twhere\tothers\tmay\tsee\tnone:\t\t \u201cI\tguess\tin\tsome\tways\tI\tguess\tpeople\tare\tjust\tscared\tto\tgive\tpeople\ta\tchance,\tbeing\tcriminals\tor\twhatever,\tor\tjust\tin\ttrouble.\tI\tmean\tit\u2019s\tjust\tthe\twrong\tchoices\tthat\tthey\tmake.\tI\tmean\tit\thappens,\tright?\u201d\t\t\t \t \t \t \t \t \t\t70\t\u201cTrying\tto\tget\tsomething,\tsome\tkinda\tconnection\twith\tthem\tand\tthe\tyounger\tpeople\tthat\u2019s\taround\tthis\tway\there,\tI\tthink\twithin\tthe\tcommunity\t[\u2026]\tI\tmean,\tanything\tyou\tcan\tpass\ton\tand\tshare\tis\talways\ta\tgood\tthing.\tIf\tthey\u2019re\twilling\tto\tcome\tand\tlearn\tthat\u2019s\tfine.\tTo\tteach\ton\tand\tpass\ton,\twhatever,\tand\tto\tbe\taround\tpeople\tthat\tare\twilling\tto\thelp\tthem.\u201d\t\tWhen\tasked\thow\tto\tstrengthen\tand\tsustain\tthe\tprison\tgarden\tproject,\tin\tthe\tface\tof\tfederal\tbudget\tcuts\tand\ttransportation\tbarriers,\tcommunity\tmembers\talways\tfocused\ton\tthe\tstrengthening\tof\trelationships\tand\tthe\treciprocities\tof\tlearning\tand\tteaching.\tOne\tman\texplained\thow\the\twished\t\u201cthey\thad\ta\tdifferent\tkind\tof\trelationship\twith\t[the\tmen],\tto\tbe\table\tto\t[\u2026]\tgive\tsomething,\tto\t[help\tthem]\tbe\tproud\tof\twhat\tthey\u2019re\tdoing.\u201d\tCommunity\tmembers\ttalked\tabout\twanting\tto\tsend\tsmoked\tfish\tand\tdried\tmoose\tmeat\tas\tgifts\tof\tappreciation\tand\ta\ttoken\tof\ttheir\tongoing\trelationship,\tincreasing\tthe\taccountability\tbetween\tthe\ttwo\tgroups\tand\tproviding\tconcrete\tways\tto\tengender\thumanizing\trespect\tand\thealing.\t\tCooking\tWorkshops\t&\tLessons\tLearned\t\tThe\tcooking\tworkshop\tI\tconducted\tin\tpartnership\twith\tMegan\tDark,\tthe\tnutritionist\tand\tdietician\tfrom\tthe\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tNational\tGovernment\t(TNG)\twas\tan\tattempt\tto\tprovide\tsome\tof\tthe\tknowledge\tthat\tcould\tdeepen\tthe\tsignificance\tand\tmeaning\tof\tthe\tannual\tdonation\tof\tone\tor\ttwo\ttruck\tbed\u2019s\tworth\tof\tvegetables.\t\t\tImage\t11:\tCooking\tworkshop\tparticipants\tin\tTl'esqox\t\t\t \t \t \t \t \t \t\t71\tThe\tcooking\tworkshop\tbegan\twith\ta\troundtable\tdiscussion,\twhere\tdifferent\tvegetables\twere\tpassed\taround\tand\tcommunity\tmembers\twere\tgiven\ta\tchance\tto\tshare\ttheir\tknowledge\tabout\tspecific\tplants,\ttheir\tuses,\thow\tto\tgrow,\tharvest,\tclean,\tstore\tand\tprepare\tthem,\tand\ttheir\tnutritional\tvalue.\tSome\tvegetables,\tsuch\tas\tvarietals\tof\tsquash,\twere\tcut\tor\tpeeled\topen\tso\tparticipants\tcould\tsee\tthe\tinside,\tpeeling\tapart\tpapery\tgarlic\tas\twe\tdiscussed\thow\tone\tclove\tcan\tgrow\ta\twhole\thead\tand\tscooping\tsquash\tseeds\tfrom\tstringy\tflesh\tto\troast\tand\teat\tas\ta\tpre-lunch\tsnack.\tVegetable\tinformation\tsheets\twere\tprovided\tto\tparticipants\t(see:\tAppendix\tI),\tand\thave\tbeen\thanded\tout\talong\twith\tsubsequent\tvegetable\tdeliveries\tto\tthe\tother\treserve\tcommunities.\tRecipe\tbooklets\tof\tthe\tdishes\tmade\twith\tthe\tgroup\twere\talso\tavailable\tfor\tall\tparticipants\tto\ttake\thome\twith\tthem\t(see:\tAppendix\tII).\tUsing\tthe\tconference\troom\tand\tband\toffice\tkitchen\tparticipants\tdivided\tinto\tgroups,\twhile\tMegan,\ta\tmental\thealth\tcounselor,\tEllen,\tand\tmyself\tprovided\tguidance\tand\tsupport.\tInformation\tregarding\tthe\twashing,\tstoring,\tcutting\tand\tcooking\tof\tvegetables\twas\tshared,\talong\twith\tnutritional\tinformation\tand\tways\tthat\tparticular\tvegetables\tcould\tbe\tcooked\tor\tprepared\tto\tincrease\tnutritional\tvalue\tand\tbioavailability,\tfor\tinstance\tthe\tnon-water\tsoluability\tof\tvitamin\tK\tin\tsquash\tand\tother\torange\tvegetables\tand\tthe\timportance\tof\tcooking\tor\tmarinating\tkale\tto\tincrease\tnutritional\tquality.\tTogether\twe\tprepared\ta\tvegetarian\tmeal,\tfocused\ton\tthe\tbeets,\tsquash,\tkale\tand\tother\tvegetables\tI\thad\tbrought\tup\tfrom\tthe\tprison.\tWe\tmade\tspaghetti\tsquash\t\u2018pasta\u2019\twith\thomemade\tmarinara\tsauce,\tbok\tchoy\tand\tapple\tcoleslaw,\tred\tbeet\tborscht,\tbaked\toat\tbannock\tand\ta\tThree\tSister\u2019s\tstew\thighlighting\tthe\treciprocal\tgrowth\tand\tflavour\tof\tsquash,\tbeans\tand\tcorn.\t\t\t\tImage\t12:\tCooking\tborscht\twith\tworkshop\tparticipants\tin\tTl\u2019esqox\t\t\t \t \t \t \t \t \t\t72\tIn\tconversations\theld\tover\tplates\tof\tsteaming\tfood\tand\tin\tsubsequent\tsemi-structured\tinterviews\tI\tfound\tthat\tthe\tparticipating\twomen\t(only\twomen\tshowed\tup\tfor\tthe\tworkshop,\tthough\tit\twas\topen\tto\teverybody),\tenjoyed\tmaking\tthe\tmeals\tand\twere\tinterested\tin\tlearning\tmore\tabout\tthe\tvegetables.\tBorscht\tin\tits\tdeep\tpinkness\traised\tsome\teyebrows,\tand\tbaked\tsquash\tseeds\tas\ta\tsnack\twere\ta\tpolarizing\ttreat,\tbut\tby\tand\tlarge\tthe\tdishes\twere\ta\tsuccess,\tand\tthe\twomen\twere\texcited\tfor\tthe\tnext\tshipment\tof\tvegetables\tso\tthey\tcould\tshare\tthese\tnew\tdishes\twith\ttheir\tfamilies.\tEveryone\twas\tsent\thome\twith\tleftover\tvegetables,\tprepared\tdishes\tand\ta\tsingle\tgarlic\tclove,\tready\tto\tbe\tplanted\tin\tthe\tfall.\tWe\ttalked\tabout\tgardening,\tabout\tour\tfavourite\tdishes\tand\tour\theritages;\tmy\tgrandmother\u2019s\tpolish\tborscht\trecipe\twent\thome\twith\teveryone\tand\tElders\tasked\tthat\tI\tpass\ton\ttheir\tkind\twords\tto\ther.\tThe\tpossibility\tof\tplanting\ta\tcommunity\tgarden,\tusing\tseeds\tfrom\tthe\tprison\tand\tplanning\tcooking\tworkshops\talong\tthe\tarc\tof\ta\tgrowing\tseason\twas\tdiscussed\tas\twomen\tmarveled\tat\tthe\tpasta-like\ttexture\tof\tspaghetti\tsquash\tand\tthe\tmagic\tthat\tcorn,\tbeans\tand\tsquash\tcan\tcreate\twhen\ttended\tfrom\tgarden\tto\tsoup\tpot.\t\t\tIn\tconducting\tqualitative\tinterviews\tand\tparticipant\tobservation\tin\tthe\tcommunity\tin\tthe\tweeks\tfollowing\tthe\tcooking\tworkshop\tseveral\tlessons\twere\tlearned.\tCommunity\tpolitics\tbetween\tspecific\tfamilies,\tmainly\tthose\temployed\tat\tthe\tband\toffice\tand\tthose\tnot,\tmay\thave\timpacted\tattendance,\tand\tusing\ta\tmore\tneutral\tspace\tcould\tincrease\tturnout\tin\tthe\tfuture.\tMany\tof\tthe\tprograms\toffered\tby\tthe\tband\toffice\tare\tattended\tby\temployees\tof\tthe\tband\toffice\tand\ttheir\tfamily\tmembers,\ttherefore\tfinding\ta\tspace\twhere\tthe\tentire\tcommunity\tfeels\twelcome\tmay\tmake\tthe\tworkshops\tmore\taccessible\tand\tacceptable\tto\tthe\twider\tsection\tof\tthe\tcommunity.\tA\tfew\tof\tthe\tband\toffice\temployees\trecommended\tintegrating\tcrafts\tinto\tthe\tworkshop,\tproviding\tpeople\twith\tsomething\ttangible\tabove\tand\tbeyond\ta\tmeal\tthat\tthey\tcould\ttake\thome\tor\tgift\tto\tfriends\tand\tfamily.\tMany\tof\tthe\twomen\tlamented\tthe\tmeat\tand\tpotatoes\tinclinations\tof\ttheir\thusbands,\tand\ta\ttwo\tmen\twho\tworked\tat\tthe\tband\toffice\tdrew\tgales\tof\tlaughter\tafter\tpeeking\tinto\tthe\tkitchen\tto\tsee\twhat\twas\tcooking\tand\tleaving\tin\tmock\thorror:\t\u201care\tyou\ttrying\tto\tkill\tme\twith\tall\tthis\thealthy\tcooking?!\u201d\tConsequently\tways\tto\tengage\tmen\tin\tfuture\tworkshops\tshould\tbe\texplored.\t\tThe\twomen\twho\tparticipated\tin\tthe\tworkshop\twere\teager\tto\task\twhen\tsubsequent\tcooking\tworkshops\twould\tbe\theld,\tand\tMegan,\twho\tlives\tin\tthe\tarea,\twent\ton\tto\tprovide\tworkshops\taligned\twith\tsubsequent\tvegetable\tdeliveries\tin\tsurrounding\tareas.\tTransportation\tcontinues\tto\tbe\tan\tissue\tas\tthere\tis\tno\tset\tdelivery\tschedule,\tconsequently\tsubsequent\tworkshops\thave\toften\t\t \t \t \t \t \t \t\t73\tbeen\tplanned\twith\tlimited\tnotice.\tIn\tongoing\tconversation\twe\tfound\tthat\tco-leading\tthe\tworkshop\tallows\tfor\tmore\tactive\tengagement\tfrom\tparticipants,\tand\tthat\tour\tnutritional\tand\tculinary\tknowledge\tcomplimented\teach\tother\tnicely.\tAt\tthe\ttime\tof\twriting\ta\tVancouver\tFoundation\tgrant\thas\tbeen\tsubmitted\tto\tfund\tfuture\tworkshops\tand\tsupport\tongoing\tcommunity-driven\tfood\tsecurity\tand\tfood\tsovereignty\tinitiatives\tin\tthe\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in.\t\t5.2.6:\tLimitations\t&\tChallenges\tBefore\tdelving\tinto\ta\tdiscussion\tof\tthese\tresults\tit\tis\timportant\tto\thighlight\tkey\tlimitations\tto\tthis\twork.\tFirst,\tgiven\tthe\tfocus\ton\tthe\tcommunity\tof\tTl\u2019esqox,\tone\tof\tthe\tsix\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tcommunities,\tthe\thighly\tcontextual\tnature\tof\tthe\tgarden\tprogram\tand\tmy\tthematic\tanalytic\tapproach\tthere\tmay\tbe\timpacts\ton\tthe\ttransferability\tof\tthe\tfindings\tto\tthe\twider\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tNation\tand\tother\tAboriginal\tcommunities\tacross\tCanada.\tHowever,\twhile\texperiences\tof\tcolonialism\tare\tdiverse\tand\tvaried\tacross\tCanada\tand\tbetween\tAboriginal\tcommunities\tthese\texperiences\tare\tgrounded\tin\tshared\thistories\tof\tdispossession,\tmarginalization\tand\tracialization.\tWhile\tTl\u2019esqox\tis\tunique,\tit\tis\talso\ta\tcommunity\tthat\tdefines\titself\tas\texplicitly\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in,\tand\ttherefore\tthe\tfindings\tbased\tin\tTl\u2019esqox\tprovide\ta\tfoundation\tupon\twhich\tfuture\twork\tcan\texplore\tthe\tspecific\tcontexts\tof\tother\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tcommunities.\tThe\tenvironments\tin\twhich\tresearch\twas\tconducted:\ta\tmale\tcorrectional\tinstitution,\twhere\tmy\tfemale-ness\tmay\thave\timpacted\tthe\tinterview\tand\tparticipant\tobservation\tprocesses,\tand\tan\tIndigenous\treserve\tcommunity\twell\taware\tof\tthe\tmanipulative\thistory\tof\tresearch\tin\tIndigenous\tcontexts\thave\timpacted\tthe\tstudy\tin\tways\tI\tcannot\tknow.\tThis\thistory\tof\texploitative\tresearch\timplicitly\timpacted\tmy\ttime\tin\tTl\u2019esqox;\tdecades\tof\twell-founded\tcynicism\ttowards\toutsiders\tmade\tthe\tdevelopment\tof\ttrust\tand\tthe\tprocess\tof\tbuilding\tresearcher\taccountability\ta\tdelicate\tprocess;\tideally\tI\twould\thave\tloved\tto\tspend\ta\twhole\tsummer,\ta\twhole\tyear.\tThis\tparticular\tlimitation\tis\tinherent\twithin\tall\tqualitative\tresearch;\tmore\ttime\tcould\talways\tbe\tspent\tin\tcommunities.\tThat\tbeing\tsaid,\tthe\ttime\tI\tspent\twas\tused\twell,\tI\ttried\tmy\tbest\tto\tbe\tpresent,\trespectful,\tand\thumble\tin\teach\tmoment.\tAdditionally,\tthe\timpacts\tof\ttime\ton\tresearch\tcredibility\tare\tbeing\taddressed\tthrough\tongoing\tcommunication\twith\tcommunity\tmembers\tand\tthe\tplanning\tof\tsubsequent\tcooking\tworkshops.\tThese\tworkshops\twill\tprovide\tan\topportunity\tto\tnot\tonly\tengage\tcommunity\tmembers\tin\tthe\tgrowing\tand\tmaking\tof\tnutritious\tfood,\tbut\tto\tinstall\tan\tongoing\tfeedback\tloop\tbetween\tthe\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tcommunities,\tthe\tmen\tin\tcustody,\tand\tthe\trelevant\tstakeholders.\tThese\tworkshops\twill\taim\tto\tcreate\tand\tsustain\tformalized\treciprocal\tloops\tto\tallow\tfor\ta\tdeepening\trelationship\tbetween\tmyself\tand\tthe\tcommunities,\twhich\tmay\tresult\tin\trelationships\twherein\tcommunity\tneeds\tand\tperspectives\tcan\t\t \t \t \t \t \t \t\t74\tbe\tcommunicated\tto\tmyself,\tthe\tprison\tgarden,\tand\trelevant\tstakeholders\tfrom\ta\tplace\tof\ttrust.\tWorkshops\twill\talso\twork\tto\twiden\tthe\tlimited\tscope\tof\tthis\tresearch,\tas\tthe\tVancouver\tFoundation\tgrant\tis\taimed\tat\tconducting\tongoing\tworkshops\tin\tTl\u2019etinqox,\tone\tof\tthe\tother\tcommunities.\tWithin\tthe\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tall\tinterviews\tand\tparticipant\tobservation-based\tconversations\twere\tconducted\tin\tEnglish.\tI\twas\tunfortunately\tunable\tto\tengage\twith\tcommunity\tElders\twho\tonly\tspeak\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in,\tand\tsubsequent\tresearch\tthat\tprovides\ttranslation\tservices\twould\thelp\tto\tensure\tthat\tall\tinterested\tcommunity\tmembers\tare\tgiven\tthe\topportunity\tto\tshare\tthe\tfull\tspectrum\tof\ttheir\tknowledge.\tWhile\toffering\ttranslation\tservices\tduring\tqualitative\tinterviews\twas\ta\tmissed\topportunity\tconstrained\tby\tmy\tgraduate\tstudent\tbudget,\tongoing\tplanning\tfor\tcommunity\tcooking\tworkshops\tis\tintended\tto\tensure\tthat,\twhile\tworkshops\twill\tcontinue\tto\tbe\toffered\tin\tEnglish,\tall\trecipe\tbooks\tand\tresulting\tmaterials\twill\tbe\ttranslated\tinto\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in.\tThese\tefforts\twill\tfail\tto\tengage\twith\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tspeakers\twho\tcannot\tread\ttheir\tlanguage,\thowever\twill\tprovide\ta\tfirst\tstep\tto\tbridge\tthe\tgap\tbetween\tlanguages;\tbooks\ton\ttapes\tmay\tbe\texplored\tto\taddress\tthis\tgap\tin\tknowledge\ttranslation.\tFinally,\tmy\tidentity\tas\ta\twhite\tsettler\thas\tinvariably\timpacted\tmy\tunderstanding\tof\tthe\tgarden\tand\tit\u2019s\timpacts;\twhile\timpossible\tto\tescape,\treflexivity\tand\tan\tongoing\tengagement\twith\tIndigenous\tscholars\u2019\tdecolonizing\twork\thas\thelped\tto\ttether\tmy\tprivilege\tand\tensure\tthat\tmy\tthoughts\tand\tideas\tsupport,\tas\topposed\tto\tdetract\tfrom,\tthe\tcommunity\tstrengths\tand\tresurgences\tembodied\twithin\tthe\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tcommunity\tand\tthe\twider\tIndigenous\tpeoples\tof\tCanada,\tand\tthe\tpassion\tand\tstrength\tof\tthe\tmen\tin\tcustody.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \t \t \t \t \t \t\t75\tChapter\t6:\tDiscussion\t\tThis\tresearch\texplored\tthe\tlayered\timpacts\tof\ta\tprison\tgarden\ton\tthe\texperiences\tof\tmeaningful\twork\tfor\tmen\tin\tfederal\tcustody,\ttruncated\timpacts\tof\tthat\tsame\tgarden\ton\tthe\tfood\tsecurity\tand\tsovereignty\tof\tthe\tT\u015dilhqotin\tcommunity\tthat\treceives\ta\tportion\tof\tthe\tdonated\tproduce,\tand\tthe\texisting\tand\tpotential\tconnections\tbetween\tthese\ttwo\tgroups.\tI\tfound\tthat\tthe\timpacts\tof\tthe\tgarden\tare\tlayered\tfor\tthe\tmen,\tbeginning\twith\tthe\tsimple\tintegration\tof\tfresh\tvegetables\tinto\tdiets\toften\tlong\timpacted\tby\tincarceration.\tThese\tbenefits\tgrow\tover\ttime\tas\tmen\texperience\tthe\tgarden\tas\tfirst\ta\tplace\tto\tescape\tthe\twider\tinstitution\tand\tfeel\tproductive\twithin\tthat\tconfining\tcontext,\tthen\tlater\tas\ta\tplace\tto\tgive\tback,\tto\ttend\thuman\tconnection,\tself\tworth\tand\tcompassion.\tEventually\tthe\tgarden\tprovides\ta\tspace\twithin\twhich\tthe\tmen\tcan\timagine\tmeaningful\tfutures\toutside\tthe\tprison\twalls.\tThe\tbenefits\tfor\tthe\tmen\tare\tgrounded\tin\ttheir\tpersonal\tcontexts\tand\thistories,\twhich\tin\tturn\tare\tunderstood\tagainst\ta\tbackdrop\tof\tstructural\tviolence,\tcolonialism,\tand\tmarginalization.\tFor\tthe\tT\u015dilhqotin\tcommunity\tmembers\twho\treceive\tdonated\tproduce\tthe\timpact\tis\tdampened\tby\ta\tmisalignment\tbetween\tCSC\u2019s\tintended\tbenefits\tand\tcommunity\tand\thistorical\tcontexts.\tCommunity\tmembers\tare\tprovided\twith\tfresh\tvegetables\tonly\tonce\tor\ttwice\ta\tyear,\tand\tare\toften\tunsure\tof\twhere\tthose\tvegetables\tare\tcoming\tfrom;\tthose\tthat\tdo\tlearn\tof\tthe\tprison\tgarden\tare\table\tto\tenvision\tconnections\twith\tthe\tmen,\tproviding\ta\tmeans\tfor\tcommunity\tmembers\tto\thelp\tthe\tmen\theal\twhile\tactively\tavoiding\tthe\tprescriptive\tlabel\tof\timpoverished\trecipient.\t\t\tThese\tfindings\thighlight\tboth\tthe\tsignificant\tpositive\timpacts\texperienced\tby\tthe\tmen\tthrough\ttheir\townership\tof\tand\tpride\tin\tthe\tgarden,\tand\tthe\tpotential\tfor\tdeepening\tthe\tbenefits\tfor\tT\u015dilhqotin\tcommunities\tthrough\tincreasing\ttheir\tengagement\twith\tthe\tgarden,\tsustaining\tthe\trecognition\tof\tcommunity\tstrengths\tand\timagining\tthe\tdiverse\tways\ttheir\trole\tcould\tincrease\twithin\tthe\tgarden\tproject.\tRecognition\tof\tcommunity\tstrengths\twould,\tI\tbelieve,\tinherently\thighlight\tthe\timportance\tof\tland\tand\tcommunity\tto\tT\u015dilhqotin\thealth\tand\twellbeing,\tand\tprovide\ta\tlens\tthrough\twhich\tthe\tgarden\tcan\twork\ttowards\tnot\tonly\tmere\tfood\tsecurity,\tbut\tthe\tunderlying\tconcept\tof\tfood\tsovereignty.\t\t\t\t\t \t \t \t \t \t \t\t76\t6.1:\tFrom\tGratitude\tto\tReciprocity\t\tDrawing\tfrom\tgift\ttheory\u2019s\tconcept\tof\tnegative\treciprocity,\twherein\tthe\tobligation\tto\treciprocate\tgifts\tno\tlonger\texists,\tthe\tdistribution\tof\tvegetables\twithout\trecognition\tof\twider\tcontexts\tand\trelationships\tobliges\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tcommunity\tmembers\tto\tbecome\tactively\tcomplicit\tin\tmaintaining\tsocial\tinequities,\ta\tsymbolic\tform\tof\tdomination\tthat\terases\twider\tsocio-economic\tand\tpolitical\thistories\twhile\tever\tso\tsubtlety\taffirming\tsocio-economic\thierarchies\t(Bourdieu,\t1977;\tKorf,\t2007).\tWhile\tthe\tcurrent\tdistribution\tstructure\tprovides\thumanizing\texperiences\tfor\tthe\tmen,\tthe\tsame\topportunity\tfor\tagentive\tdetermination\tand\tautonomy\tis\trestricted\tfor\tthe\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tcommunity\tmembers;\tthis\tframework\tof\tdonating\tand\treceiving\techoes\tproblematic\taspects\tof\tforeign\taid\tand\tdevelopment,\twherein\t\u201csome\tlives\tare\tfor\tsaving\twhile\tothers\tare\tfor\tbeing\tsaviours\u201d\t(Mostafanezhad,\t2013,\tp.\t489),\tand\tthere\tare\t\u201cthose\twho\tgive\tassistance\tand\tthose\twho\tmust\tbe\tgrateful\tfor\tit\u201d\t(Kothari,\t2007,\tp.\t37).\tGratitude\texists\twidely\twithin\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tcommunities,\twithin\tthe\thonourable\tharvesting\tof\tplant\tmedicines\tand\tthe\tgentle\thunting\tand\tpreparing\tof\tgame\tanimals,\tyet\tin\tthe\tpassive\taccepting\tof\tdonated\tvegetables\tgratitude\tprovides\tonly\ta\tfew\tstrands\tin\tthe\tlongstanding\trelationships\tthat\tmany\tIndigenous\tpeoples\tand\tcommunities\thave\tto\tplants,\tanimals,\tand\tpeople\tinvolved\tin\tthe\twebs\tof\taccountability\tand\trelationships\tthat\tdemarcate\tfoodways,\tmeanings,\tand\tsources.\t\tThe\tmen\u2019s\townership\tof\tand\tpride\tin\tthe\tgarden\tand\tits\tharvests\tcreates\tmeaningful\tand\tpositive\timpacts\tfor\tthe\tmen\texperiencing\tincarceration.\tThis\tpride\tin\tthe\tland\tand\tthe\tphysical,\tnutritional,\temotional,\tspiritual,\tand\tcultural\tnourishment\tthat\tit\tprovides\tis\tshared\tby\tthe\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tcommunities\tin\ttheir\tconnection\tto\tthe\tfields,\tlakes,\tand\trivers\tof\ttheir\tterritory.\tThe\tcurrent\tdistribution\tof\tvegetables\tignores\tthe\tstrengths\tand\tbenefits\tinherent\tin\tconnecting\tbeings\tin\treal\tand\tmeaningful\tways\tto\ttheir\tfood\tsources,\tbe\tthey\tsalmon\tswimming\tnorth\tto\tspawn\tor\tmen\tin\tfederal\tcustody\ttending\tplants\tand\trelationships.\tSimply\tgiving\tvegetables\tis\tnot\tenough.\tFeeling\tpart\tof\tand\texperiencing\tthe\tconnections\tinherent\tin\ta\twider\trelationship\tto\tland,\tfood\tand\tfoodways\tis\tan\tessential\tpart\tof\tthe\tbenefit\tof\tthe\tprison\tgarden\tfor\tthe\tmen,\tand\tsomething\tthat\tcan\tbe\tstrengthened\tfor\tthe\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tcommunities.\tIn\tdiscussing\tthe\tresponsibilities\tto\tnature\tand\tecosystems\tcurrently\tmissing\tfrom\tour\tcapitalistic\tand\toften\tcruel\tengagement\twith\tthe\tearth,\tRobin\tWall\tKimmerer\t(2013)\tdraws\ton\tIndigenous\tways\tof\tknowing\tand\tancient\trelationships\tto\tdiscuss\tIndigenous\tcultures\tof\tgratitude,\twherein\trelationships\twith\tplants,\tanimals\tand\tseemingly\tinanimate\tobjects\tdeserve\tthanks\tfor\tthe\tgifts\tthey\tshare\twith\tus;\t\t \t \t \t \t \t \t\t77\tshe\tmoves\tpast\tthis\tconcept\tof\tgratitude\tto\turge\ta\treturn\tto\tcultures\tof\treciprocity,\twhere\taccountability\tshapes\trelationships\tand\twe\tmove\tfrom\tsimply\ttaking\tfrom\tthe\tland\tto\tfinding\tways\tto\tnot\tonly\tappreciate,\tbut\tto\tgive\tback.\tIn\tthe\tcontext\tof\thunting,\tfishing\tand\tgathering\tplant\tfoods\t\u201creciprocity\tresolves\tthe\tmoral\ttension\tof\ttaking\ta\tlife\tby\tgiving\tin\treturn\tsomething\tof\tvalue\tthat\tsustains\tthe\tones\twho\tsustain\tus\u201d\t(Kimmerer,\t2013,\tp.\t190).\tLearning\tfrom\tthe\treciprocity\tof\tIndigenous\tpeoples\tand\tthe\tplants\tand\tanimals\tthat\tsustained\tcommunities\tfor\tthousands\tof\tyears,\tthe\tmoral\ttensions\tinherent\tin\tthe\tdonation\tof\tprison\tvegetables,\tgrounded\tin\thistories\tof\tcolonial\taid\tand\tprescriptive\tlabels\tof\tpassivity\t(Kelm,\t1999),\tcan\tbe\tresolved\tby\tdoing\tsomething\tfar\teasier\tthan\tcreating\treciprocity:\tsimply\tproviding\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tcommunities\tthe\topportunity\tto\tengage\tin\treciprocities\tthat\tthey\tare\talready\timagining,\tenvisioning\tand\tenacting.\tThe\tpeople\tI\tspoke\twith\tin\tTl\u2019esqox\tproposed\tmultiple\tways\tto\tincrease\tcommunity\townership,\tautonomy\tand\trelational\taccountability\tbetween\tthemselves\tand\tthe\tmen.\tThey\tdid\tnot\tsee\tthemselves\trecipients\tbut\tpartners\tin\ta\treciprocal\thealing\tprocess\tborn\tfrom\tgenerations\tof\tcolonial\ttrauma\tand\tdisenfranchisement\tat\tthe\thands\tof\tneoliberal\tcapitalism,\thealing\tthat\tcan\tand\thas\ttranscended\thundreds\tof\tkilometers,\tethnic\tidentifications\tand\tinstitutional\texperiences.\t\t\t6.2:\tFrom\tPassive\tRecipients\tto\tPartners\tin\tGrowth\t\tThe\timpacts\ton\tthe\tmen\tare\tstrengthened\tthrough\tongoing\tinteractions\twith\tlocal\tfood\tbanks\tand\tsoup\tkitchens,\tand\tthe\tlived\texperience\tof\tplanting\tseeds\tand\tpulling\tcarrots\tfrom\tdark\tsoil.\tIn\tcontrast,\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tcommunities\tare\tframed\tas\tpassive\trecipients\twithin\ta\tproject\tthat\tassumes\tthat\tany\tvegetables\twill\timpact\thealth\tand\ta\tdistribution\tprocess\tthat\tassumes\thelplessness\tand\tfails\tto\tacknowledge\tcommunity\tstrengths.\tThe\tdistribution\tof\tvegetables\tworks\tto\tdisconnect\tthe\tcommunities\tfrom\tthe\tmen\tin\tcustody,\tand\tthe\tlack\tof\tassociated\tinformation\tabout\tspecific\tvegetables\tand\ttheir\tproper\tstorage\tand\tuse\tmoderates\tcommunity\timpacts.\tThese\tchallenges\tare\tbased\tin\ta\tfoundational\tassumption\tthat\tsimply\tdonating\tvegetables\twill\timpact\tfood\tsecurity,\tand\tthat\tfood\tsecurity,\tmeasured\tquantitatively\tand\twithout\tmindfulness\ttowards\trelationships\tand\treciprocities,\tis\tin\tand\tof\titself\tis\tsufficient\tfor\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tnutrition,\thealth\tand\twellbeing.\tTrue\tfood\tsecurity\trequires\ttrue\tfood\tsovereignty,\tbased\tin\tland\trights\tand\ttitle\t(Edelman,\t2014).\tFood\tsovereignty\ttheories\tand\tdiscourses\tat\ttheir\tvery\tfoundation\taim\tto\tstrengthen\tIndigenous\tcommunities\tthrough\ta\trange\tof\tstrategies,\tincluding\t\u201crespect\tfor\tplace\tand\tdiversity,\tacceptance\tof\tdifference,\tunderstanding\tthe\trole\tof\tnature\tin\tproduction,\thuman\tagency,\tequitable\tdistribution\tof\tresources,\tdismantling\tasymmetrical\tpower\t\t \t \t \t \t \t \t\t78\trelations\tand\tbuilding\tparticipatory\tdemocratic\tinstitutions\t(Desmarais\t&\tWittman,\t2014,\tp.\t1155).\tDespite\tthe\tconstraints\tof\tincarceration\ton\tfreedoms\tand\tautonomy,\tthe\tparticipating\tmen\tare\tprovided\twith\ta\tspace\twithin\twhich\tthey\tcan\twork\ton\tthese\tstrategies\toutlined\tby\tDesmararais\t&\tWittman\t(2014);\twherein\tthey\tdevelop\trespect,\tfor\tthe\tland,\tfor\tthemselves,\tand\tfor\teach\tother\tand\tthe\twider\tcommunity;\twhere\tthey\tcan\tcultivate\tagency;\twork\tto\tincrease\tequitable\taccess\tto\tfresh\tproduce,\tand\ttake\tpart\tin\tthe\tongoing\tnegotiations\tof\tindividuality,\tdifference,\tand\tteam\taccountability\tthat\tshape\tlarge\tscale\tdemocracies\tand\tthe\tdaily\trunning\tof\tcommunity\tgardens\talike.\tHow\tcan\tthese\tsame\topportunities\tbe\tprovided\tfor\tthe\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tpeoples\twhose\tengagement\tin\tthe\tgarden\tprovides\tadditional\tmeaning\tfor\tthe\tmen?\tHow\tcan\tthe\thistory\tof\tculinary\timperialism\tbe\tuprooted\tto\tgive\tmore\tspace\tfor\tthe\tgrowth\tof\thealthy\tand\tself-determining\tcommunities?\t\t6.3:\tFrom\tFood\tSecurity\tto\tLand\t&\tSovereignty\t\tRates\tof\tfood\tinsecurity\tfor\tAboriginal\tpeoples\tliving\toff\treserve\tare\tat\t33%,\tthree\ttimes\thigher\tthan\tthe\tnational\taverage,\tand\tpercentages\trise\tto\t75%\tin\trural,\tremote,\tand\tnorthern\tcommunities\t(Fieldhouse\t&\tThompson,\t2012;\tReading\t&\tWien,\t2009;\tThompson\tet\tal.,\t2011;\tVan\tDen\tBerg\t&\tCusters,\t2011);\testimates\tplace\trates\tof\tfood\tinsecurity\tin\treserve\tcommunities\tat\t41%\t(Chan\tet\tal.,\t2011).\tHowever,\tthese\tmeasures\tfocus\ton\tEuro-centric\tdefinitions\tof\tfood\tsecurity\tand\twellbeing,\tand\tfail\tto\tintegrate\tfoodways\tand\tmeanings\tbased\tin\tAboriginal\tcontexts.\tBoth\tthe\tmeasurement\tof\thunger\tand\tits\tsolutions\tmust\tstem\tfrom\tunderstandings\tof\tland\tand\thistory,\tand\t(re)connection\tto\tland\tand\tengagement\twith\tcommunity\tstrengths,\trespectively.\tIndigenous\tfood\tsovereignty\tembodies\ta\tstruggle\tfor\tself\tdetermination\twhere\tfood\tis\tnecessary\tyet\tnot\tsufficient,\twhere\tland\trights\thave\tbeen\trecognized\tby\tCanadian\tcourts\twhile\ttailing\tponds\tstill\tpoison\trivers.\tFor\tIndigenous\tpeoples,\tin\tCanada\tand\tinternationally,\t\u201cthe\tdining\troom\ttable\t[is]\tevery\tbit\tas\tmuch\ta\tsite\tof\tcultural\tstruggle\tas\tthe\tclassroom\tdesk\u201d\t(Milloy,\t1999a,\tp.\t275).\tLand\tis\tthe\tbasis\tfor\tall\tfood,\tand\tthe\tdistancing\tof\tsuper\tmarkets\tfrom\tforest\tfloors\tand\tocean\tbanks\tnegatively\timpacts\tfoodways,\tfood\tmeanings\tand\tcommunity\thealth\tand\twellbeing.\tIndigenous\tcommunities,\twhen\tconsulted,\tcontinue\tto\thighlight\tthe\timportance\tof\tindigenous\tfoods,\tfoodways\tand\tfood\tmeanings\tfor\tnot\tonly\tcommunity\thealth\tand\tnutrition,\tbut\tfor\tcultural\twellbeing\t(Elliott\tet\tal.,\t2012;\tMorrison,\t2011;\tMundel\t&\tChapman,\t2010).\tWhile\tit\u2019s\timprobable\tthat\ta\tprison\tgarden\tproject\twill\tfocus\ton,\tor\tbe\tsuccessful\tin\tupending\tthe\tcolonization,\tdispossession,\tand\tdisenfranchisement\tthat\teffects\tAboriginal\tfood\tsecurity\tand\t\t \t \t \t \t \t \t\t79\tfood\tsovereignty,\tit\tis\tpossible\tfor\tthis\tproject\tto\tre-frame\titself\tas\tnot\tonly\tdonating\tvegetables,\tbut\tconnecting\tmen\tin\tprison\tto\tcommunity\tmembers\teager\tto\tintegrate\tnew\tfoodways\tand\t(re)engage\twith\tland,\tplants,\tand\tpeople\tcaught\tup\tin\tthe\tcriminal\tjustice\tsystem\tin\tnew\tand\tnovel\tways.\tThis\tcan\tbe\tachieved\tthrough\tthe\tgrowing\tand\tpreserving\tof\tfood,\tthe\tbuilding\tof\trelationships,\tand\tthe\tsharing\tof\tknowledge.\tSovereignty\tfor\tIndigenous\tpeoples\tis\t\u201cinherent\tand\tcollective\u201d\t(Barker,\t2005,\tp.\t20)\tand\t\u201cinfused\twith\tinterconnected\tautonomy\tnurtured\tthrough\trelationship\twith\tland,\u201d\tnon-human\tbeings,\tand\tcommunity\tmembers\t(Adelson,\t2000;\tKamal,\tLinklater,\tThompson,\tDipple,\t&\tIthinto\tMechisowin\tCommittee,\t2015;\tSimpson,\t2004).\tTo\tfully\trealize\tits\tpotential\tthe\tgarden\tprogram\tmust\tintegrate\tthe\tmen\tand\ttheir\tvegetables\tinto\ta\twider\tcommunity\tof\tbeings,\tinterconnected\tacross\tland\tand\tbonded\tby\tresponsibility\tand\trelationship.\t\t\tDespite\tthe\tmeaningfulness\tof\tthe\tgarden\tfor\tthe\tmen\tand\tthe\tpotential\tto\tdeepen\timpacts\tfor\tthe\tcommunities,\tgrowing\tfood,\twhile\tpromising\tin\tthe\tface\tof\trising\tfood\tcosts\tand\tthe\timpacts\tof\tresource\textraction\ton\tthe\thealth\tand\tviability\tof\tindigenous\tplants\tand\tanimals\tas\tfood\tsources,\tis\tnot\twithout\tits\town\tburdened\thistory.\tFarming\thas\ta\ttenuous\thistory\twithin\tmany\tAboriginal\tcommunities\tin\tCanada,\twhere\t\u201ccolonial\tpatriarchy\tfound\tits\tfirst\tfoothold\tin\tthe\tfields\tand\tgardens\tof\tIndigenous\tpeoples\u201d\t(Carter,\t1990;\tGrey\t&\tPatel,\t2014;\tHolly,\t1990).\tThe\tDepartment\tof\tIndian\tAffairs\tforced\tfarming\tas\ta\tmeans\tto\tdisrupt\tthe\tseasonal\tmovements\tof\tIndigenous\tcommunities\tand\tto\ttether\tIndigenous\tpeoples\tclose\tto\tchurches\tand\tmissionaries\t(Grey\t&\tPatel,\t2014;\tTurner\t&\tTurner,\t2008),\tdisrupting\tIndigenous\tfoodways\tand\tmeanings\tand\tworking\tto\terase\tthe\tancient\tand\tembodied\tgendered\tknowledge\tof\tIndigenous\twomen,\tethnobotanical\texperts\tengaged\tin\treciprocity\tand\tresponsible\tharvest\ton\ttheir\thomelands\t(Anderson,\t2005;\tTurner,\t2003).\tTransformational\thard\tlabour\tin\tcorrectional\tsettings\techoes\tthese\tcolonial\tideas\tof\tfarming\tas\tcivilizing\tthe\tsavage,\tand\twhether\tbeing\tforced\tto\trelocate\tto\tsmaller\tand\tsmaller\treserves\tor\tin\tfederal\tcustody,\tthe\texperience\tof\tfarming\thas\tand\tcontinues\tto\texist\tupon\ta\tfoundation\tof\trestricted\tfreedoms\tof\tchoice\tand\tmovement.\tPrison-based\tagriculture\tprograms\tin\tthe\tUS\texist\tagainst\tan\tuneasy\tand\tviolent\thistory\tthat\tplaced\tblack\tbodies\tin\tplantation\tfields,\ta\thistory\tthat\thas\tresulted\tin\tthe\tongoing\tover-incarceration\tof\tAfrican\tAmerican\tpeople,\tparticularly\tmen\t(Browne,\t2007;\tTuck\t&\tYang,\t2012).\tThe\tseemingly\tsimple\tact\tof\tgrowing\tfood\tis\tinextricably\tlinked\tto\tpower,\thierarchies\tand\tsocial\tnorms\tthat\timplicitly\tdictate\twho\tgrows,\twho\teats,\tand\twho\tgets\ta\tchoice.\tGrowing\tfood\tin\tprison\tprovides\thealing,\tcalm\tand\tproductive\tgrowth\tfor\tsome,\tyet\tothers\tmay\texperience\tthose\tsame\tfarms\tand\tgardens\tas\tgrounded\tin\tlong\thistories\tof\tmarginalized\tbodies\tforced\tto\ttend\tfields;\tas\talways,\tcontext\tmatters.\t\t \t \t \t \t \t \t\t80\t\tJust\tas\tthe\tphysical,\temotional,\tand\tstructural\tviolence\tof\teducation\tare\tbeing\thealed\tin\tland-based\teducation\tprograms\tfor\tIndigenous\tyouth\tand\tadults\t(Radu,\tHouse,\t&\tPashagumskum,\t2014;\tWildcat\tet\tal.,\t2014),\tand\tNations\tsuch\tas\tthe\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tcontinually\twork\ttowards\tself\tdetermining\tand\tautonomous\teducation\tfor\ttheir\tchildren\tand\tyouth,\tgardening\tprovides\ttools\tand\tframeworks,\tmired\tin\tcolonial\tviolence\tyet\tripe\twith\tpossibility.\tPragmatic\tIndigenous\tcommunities\tsuch\tas\tTl\u2019esqox\tsee\tagriculture\tas\ta\tmeans\tto\tincrease\tself-determination\tin\tthe\tface\tof\tthe\tongoing\tand\tincreasing\tdeterioration\tof\tindigenous\tfood\tsources.\tGardens\tand\tfarms\tprovide\ta\tmeans\tfor\tcommunities\tto:\t(re)connect\twith\ttheir\tland;\t(re)engage\twith\tancestral\tgardens\tplanted\tto\tstave\toff\thunger\tas\tcolonialism\u2019s\tteeth\tsunk\tever\tdeeper,\tand;\t(re)create\tand\tsustain\tplant\tfoods\tand\tmedicines,\tall\ton\ttheir\town\tterms.\tThese\tnetworks\tare\tparticularly\timportant\tgiven\tthe\tincreasingly\tdevastating\timpacts\tof\tclimate\tchange\tand\tresource\textraction\ton\tsalmon\truns,\tmoose,\tdeer\tand\tberry\tyields,\tand\tthe\trising\tcost\tof\tstore\tbought\tfoods,\thealthy\tand\totherwise.\tIndigenous\tcommunities\thave\tand\tcontinue\tto\tsubsist\toff\tdiverse\tfood\tsources,\t\u201cthey\tare\thunters,\tgatherers,\tand\tfishers;\tthey\tcomb\tthe\tbeach,\treap\tthe\thive,\tshepherd\tthe\tflock,\tharvest\ton\tand\tin\tthe\twater,\tand\ttend\tthe\tforest\tas\twell\tas\tthe\tfield\u201d\t(Grey\t&\tPatel,\t2014,\tp.\t439).\tThe\tbiocultural\theritages\tof\tthe\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tpeople\tprovide\timpacts\tfar\tgreater\tthan\tmere\taccess\tto\tfood,\tand\tconnection\tto\tthe\tmen\tin\tprison\toffers\ta\tpromise\tof\trelationships\tand\treciprocities\tso\tfoundational\tto\tIndigenous\thealth\tand\twellbeing.\t\tImagine\tif\tthe\tgarden\tshifted\tfocus\tfrom\tproviding\tfood\tto\tincrease\tfood\tsecurity\tto\tsupporting\tIndigenous\tfood\tsovereignty\tthrough\tresurgence.\tInstead\tof\tfocusing\ton\tdispossession\tand\tfood\tinsecurity\tthe\tgarden\tcould\tfocus\ton\tcommunity\tstrengths,\tengaging\tand\treinforcing\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\t\u201cland-centered\tliteracies\u201d\tacross\tcommunities\tand\tgenerations\t(Goodyear-Ka\u2019opua,\t2013).\tThis\tre-envisioning\tof\trelationships\tcould\tcenter\tthe\tdistribution\tof\tvegetables\tand\tthe\treciprocity\tof\tlearning\tand\tteaching\tas\t\u201ctransformative\talternatives\tto\tthis\t[colonial]\tpresent\u201d\t(Snelgrove,\tDhamoon,\t&\tCorntassel,\t2014,\tp.\t2).\t\tActivities\tthat\tconnect\tIndigenous\tcommunities\twith\tand\ton\tthe\tland\tand\tprovide\ta\tspace\tfor\tElders\tand\tyouth\tto\tengage\tis\tan\tact\tof\tdecolonization;\tstrengthening\tcommunities\tin\tthe\tface\tof\tsystems\tand\tpolicies\tdesigned\tto\tdestroy\tthem\t(Alfred\t&\tCorntassel,\t2005;\tSimpson,\t2004).\tFood,\tin\tall\tits\trelationships\tand\tintricacies,\tprovides\ta\tframework\tfor\tsocial\tlearning\t(Morrison,\t2011).\tLessons\tlearned\tfrom\tother\tIndigenous\tfood\tand\tnutrition\tprograms\thighlight\tthe\tgreat\tpotential\tthat\texists\twithin\tthe\tgarden\tand\tthe\tcommunities\tit\tconnects.\tCommunity\tgardens\twithin\tthe\tInga\tcommunities\tof\tColombia\tgrow\t\t \t \t \t \t \t \t\t81\tmeaningful\tindigenous\tplant\tfoods\tand\tmedicines\tbased\tin\tancient\tknowledge\tand\tbiocultural\theritages,\tand\tthe\tresulting\tplants\tand\tseeds\tare\tshared\tand\tcelebrated\tin\tcommunity\tfestivals\tand\tused\tin\tschools\tto\tprovide\tculturally\tappropriate\tand\tmeaningful\tlunches\tfor\tInga\tchildren\t(Chaparro,\t2013;\tKuhnlein,\t2014).\tIn\tthe\tCanadian\tcontext,\tthe\tNuxalk\tFood\tand\tNutrition\tprogram\tin\tnorthern\tcoastal\tBritish\tColumbia\tincludes\tElders\t(re)introducing\tIndigenous\tfoods\tand\tfoodways\tto\tcommunity\tmembers,\tclasses\ton\tbudget-friendly\tgrocery\tshopping\tand\tnutrition,\trecipe\tbooklets\tthat\tintegrate\tmarket\tfoods\twith\tthose\tharvested\tfrom\tthe\tNuxalk\tterritory,\tand\tongoing\tadvocating\tfor\tmore\tnutritious\tfood\tto\tbe\tavailable\tat\tlocal\tgrocery\tstores\t(Kuhnlein,\tFediuk,\tNelson,\tHoward,\t&\tJohnson,\t2013;\tKuhnlein,\tMoody,\tKluckner,\t&\tNakai,\t1989).\t\tWithin\tprison\tenvironments\tand\tAboriginal\tcommunities\tacross\tCanada\tthe\tfoundational\thuman\tright\tto\tmove\tfreely\tis\trestricted;\twhile\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tpeople\tpush\tback\tagainst\tthe\tconfines\tof\tcolonial\treserve\tboundaries\tthrough\tsustained\tlegal\taction,\tand\tthe\tmen\texperiencing\tincarceration\tcontinue\tto\twork\ttowards\ttheir\town\tpersonal\tfreedom,\toften\tyear\tafter\tyear,\tthe\tgarden\tprovides\tan\topportunity\tfor\tmen\tto\tmove\tfreely\tin\tthe\tsun\tand\tfor\tcommunities\tto\treach\tout\tand\tengage\tin\tdynamic\trelationships\twith\tnew\tallies.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \t \t \t \t \t \t\t82\tChapter\t7:\tConclusion\t\tThe\tprison\tgarden\thas\tlayered\tand\tbeneficial\timpacts\ton\tthe\tparticipating\tmen\u2019s\tmental\thealth\tand\twellbeing,\tbeginning\twith\taccess\tto\tfood\tand\tdeepening\tacross\ttime\tand\tpersonal\tengagement\tto\tinclude\ttransformational\texperiences\tand\ta\tmeans\tto\timagine\ta\tmeaningful\tfuture.\tThe\timpact\tof\tthe\tdonated\tvegetables\ton\tcommunities\tis\toften\tsimply\tsaving\tcommunity\tmembers\ta\ttrip\tinto\ttown\tfor\tfresh\tproduce.\tWhile\tknowledge\tof\twhere\tthe\tvegetables\tcame\tfrom\twas\tnot\twidespread\tamong\tthe\tpeople\tI\tspoke\twith,\tboth\tin\tthe\tspecific\tcommunity\tof\tTl\u2019esqox\tand\tthe\tother\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tcommunities\tI\tvisited,\tlearning\tthat\tmen\tin\tprison\tgrew\tthose\tvegetables\tincreased\timpact\tand\tprovided\tan\topportunity\tto\tenvision\tways\tto\tcreate\treciprocal\tconnections\tthat\tgo\tbeyond\tthe\tsimple\tdonation\tof\tvegetables.\tBarriers,\tmainly\ta\tlack\tof\ta\tformal\ttransportation\tand\tdistribution\tmechanisms\tand\tthe\tcorrelated\tabsence\tof\tfeedback\tloops\tto\tensure\tthat\tgifted\tvegetables\tmet\tcommunity\tneeds,\toriginally\tresulted\tin\tsome\tof\tthe\tproduce\tbeing\tdiscarded.\tCommunity\tmembers\twere\tunsure\tof\twhat\tcertain\tvegetables\twere\tand\thow\tto\tproperly\tstore,\tprepare,\tand\tpreserve\tthem.\tThe\tintroduction\tof\tcooking\tworkshops\tprovided\ta\tmeans\tto\tbring\tthe\tcommunity\ttogether\tto\tprepare\tand\tshare\tfood,\tintroduce\tpeople\tto\tnew\tnutritious\tvegetables\tthat\tcan\tbe\tintegrated\tinto\ttheir\texisting\tdiets,\tand\tcreate\tsustained\tlinks\tbetween\tthe\tmen\tin\tprison\tand\tthe\tcommunity\tof\tTl\u2019esqox.\tWhile\tonly\ta\tsmall\tstep,\tthese\tworkshops\thighlight\tthe\tfoundational\tinterest\tin\tteaching\tand\tlearning\tthat\texists\twithin\tthe\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in,\tand\tthe\tsignificance\tof\tcreating\tspaces,\twhether\treal\tor\timagined,\twhere\tcommunity\tmembers\tcan\tcome\ttogether,\tbuild\trelationships,\tand\tshare\ttheir\tknowledge\tand\texperience\tof\tfoodways\tand\tmeanings.\tRelationships\tbuilt\ton\tthe\tpremise\tof\tbalanced\treciprocity\tare\tthe\tfoundation\tof\tfood\tsovereignty,\tgiving\tand\ttaking,\tlearning\tand\tteaching.\tSuch\trelationships\thighlight\tthe\tvast\tpotential\tof\tusing\tthe\tprison\tgarden\tas\ta\tplace\tof\tteaching\tand\tmentorship.\tWhile\tthe\tlocation\tof\tthe\tgarden\twithin\ta\tcorrectional\tinstitution\tcreates\tphysical,\tbureaucratic,\tand\tpolitical\tbarriers\tto\tconnecting\tpeople\taround\tthe\tgrowing\tand\tharvesting\tof\tfood,\tthe\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tcommunity\tmembers\tI\tspoke\twith\thad\tseveral\tideas\tof\thow\tto\tincrease\treciprocity\tacross\tthe\tprison\twalls.\tCommunity\tmembers\tsuggested\tthat\tthe\tmen\tin\tcustody\tsend\tgardening\ttips\tand\tseedlings\tgrown\tin\tthe\tprison\tgreenhouses.\tThey\timagined\trelationships\twhere\tmen\tin\tprison\tinteracted,\tthrough\tletters,\tvideos,\tand\tperhaps\tin\tperson\twith\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tyouth\tbeginning\tto\tengage\tin\tcriminal\tactivity,\tsharing\ttheir\thistories\tand\texperiences\tof\tincarceration.\tResearch\thas\thighlighted\tthat\t\t \t \t \t \t \t \t\t83\tScared\tStraight\tprograms,\twhere\tyouth\tdeemed\t\u2018at-risk\u2019\tare\tbrought\tinto\tcorrectional\tinstitutions\tto\tmeet\tindividuals\tin\tcustudy,\tare\tat\tbest\tineffective,\tand\tat\tworst\tmay\taggravate\tcriminal\tbehavior\tin\tparticipating\tyouth\t(Hunter,\tLogan,\tBarton,\t&\tGoulet,\t2004;\tLilienfeld,\t2005;\tPetrosino,\tTurpin-Petrosino,\t&\tBuehler,\t2002;\tWheatley,\t2016).\tIs\tit\tnot\tpossible\tthat\tfear\tis\ta\tpoor\tmotivator,\tand\tthat\tthe\tbuilding\tof\ttrust\tand\tnurturing\tof\trelationships\toffers\ta\tway\tfor\tyouth\tto\tfind\talternate\ttrajectories\tand\tpositive\trole\tmodels?\tCan\tthe\tgrowing\tof\tplants\tand\tgentle\ttending\tof\thuman\tconnection\tacross\ttime\tprovide\tmeaning\tin\tways\tthat\tthe\tclanging\tof\tprison\tgates\tcannot?\tStakeholders\tnoted\tnumerous\tbarriers\tto\tsupporting\tmentorship\twithin\tthe\tgarden\tcontext;\tthe\tdistance\tto\tthe\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tis\ttoo\tfar\tfor\tETAs,\tas\tthe\tmen\twould\thave\tto\tspend\tthe\tnight\tand\tthere\tis\tno\tprovincial\tjail\tin\tWilliams\tLake\tto\thouse\tthem,\tand\tthe\tcost\tof\tpaying\tcorrectional\tofficers\tovertime\tfor\tsuch\ta\ttrip\tis\tprohibitive.\tThat\tbeing\tsaid,\tstakeholders\talso\tprovided\talternate\tsuggestions\tfor\tfacilitating\treciprocity.\tCommunity\tVisitation\tDays,\ta\tprogram\tthat\tno\tlonger\truns\tin\tCSC\u2019s\tPacific\tRegion,\tpreviously\tallowed\tcommunity\tmembers\tto\tenter\tfederal\tinstitutions\tand\tengage\twith\tthe\tpeople\tliving\tthere.\tThis\tprogram\tsupported\tthe\tdeveloping\tof\trelationships\tto\tassist\tthose\texperiencing\tincarceration\tpost-release,\twhile\talso\tde-stigmatizing\tthe\tincarceration\texperience\twithin\tthe\twider\tcommunity.\tWhether\tthrough\tthis\tprogram\tor\tthrough\tother\tinitiatives,\tfindings\tways\tto\ttransmit\tknowledge\tacross\tculture,\tdistance,\tbackground,\tand\tcontext\tis\tkey\tto\tnot\tonly\tthe\tsustainability\tof\tthe\tprison\tgarden-T\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tcommunity\tconnection,\tbut\twill\talso\tensure\tthat\tdonated\tvegetables\tplay\ta\trole\tin\ta\tdecolonizing\tand\tstrengths-based\tprocess\tthat\tacknowledges\tthe\timpacts\tof\tland\ttheft\tand\tdispossession\ton\tboth\tfood\tsovereignty\tand\tfood\tsecurity.\t\t\t7.1:\tImplications\tfor\tPractice\t\t7.1.1:\tIn\tPrison\t\tAgricultural\tprograms\tin\tprison\tare\tbecoming\tincreasingly\twidespread,\tparticularly\tin\tthe\tUS\twhere,\taccording\tto\tthe\tUS\tDepartment\tof\tJustice,\troughly\tone\tthird\tof\tAmerican\tprisons\talready\thave\tgreen\teducation\tand\ttraining\tprograms,\twhich\tinclude\tgardening,\tfarming,\tand\tother\tinitiatives\tintended\tto\tcreate\tself\tsustaining\tand\tsustainable\tinstitutions;\tanother\tthird\tare\tin\tthe\tprocess\tof\tdeveloping\tprograms\tand\tstrategies\tto\tfacilitate\tintegration\tof\tsustainable\tand\tland-based\tprograms\tinto\ttheir\tinstitutions\t(Khatib\t&\tKrasny,\t2015).\tWhile\tmany\tof\tthe\texisting\tprograms\tsell\tthe\tresulting\tproduce\tgrown\tin\tcorrectional\thorticultural\tsettings\tor\tuse\tit\tto\toffset\t\t \t \t \t \t \t \t\t84\tthe\tfood\tcosts\tof\tthe\twider\tinstitution,\tit\tis\tclear\tfrom\tmy\ttime\tspent\tin\tthe\tgarden\tthat\tconnecting\tthe\tparticipating\tmen\tto\tcommunities\tthrough\tthe\tdonation\tof\tproduce\tworks\tto\tdeepen\tand\texpand\tmeaning\tand\timpact.\tWhile\tcorrectional\tprogramming\tis\tinherently\tdownstream,\taddressing\tthe\tproblems\tof\tcrime\tand\tcriminality\tafter\tthe\tfact,\tthe\tdonation\tof\tvegetables\tprovides\tan\topportunity\tfor\tpeople\tin\tprison\tto\tengage\tin\tmeaningful\twork\twhile\taddressing\tan\tupstream\tdeterminant\tof\thealth\tand\twellbeing.\tGiven\tthe\tnegative\tphysical\tand\tmental\thealth\tcorrelates\tof\tfood\tinsecurity\tand\tmalnutrition,\tparticularly\tfor\tchildren\t(British\tColumbia\tProvincial\tHealth\tOfficer,\t2009;\tDowns\tet\tal.,\t2009;\tGovernment\tof\tCanada\t&\tHealth\tCanada,\t2007),\tallowing\tpeople\texperiencing\tincarceration\tto\tgrow\tfood,\tusing\ttheir\tample\tamounts\tof\tfree\ttime\tand\tthe\tlarge\texpanses\tof\tland\tupon\twhich\tfederal\tinstitutions\tsit,\taligns\twith\tthe\tprinciples\tof\tsocial\tjustice\tand\tequity;\tharnessing\tunderutilized\tresources,\tboth\thuman\tand\teconomic,\tto\twork\ttowards\ta\tCanada\twhere\tno\tparent\tskips\tmeals\tand\tno\tchild\tis\thungry.\tUnfortunately\tgovernments\trarely\tfund\tprojects\tbased\ton\tthe\tprinciples\tof\tsocial\tjustice,\tyet\teven\tignoring\tthe\tmoral\tand\thuman\trights\targuments\tof\tproviding\tfood\tfor\tAboriginal\tcommunities,\tdoing\tso\twill\tprovide\tcost\tsavings\tto\tour\thealth\tand\tsocial\tservices\tfurther\tdown\tthe\troad\t(Public\tHealth\tAgency\tof\tCanada,\t2010).\t\tAbove\tand\tbeyond\tthe\tsocial\tand\teconomic\timpacts\tof\taddressing\tfood\tsecurity\tas\tan\tupstream\tsocial\tdeterminant\tof\thealth\tand\twellbeing,\tincreasing\tconnection\tbetween\tthe\tparticipating\tmen\tand\tthe\trecipient\tcommunities\thas\tthe\tpotential\tto\tdeepen\timpacts\tfor\tboth\tparties.\tThe\texperience\tof\tnot\tonly\tgrowing\tvegetables\tbut\tmeeting\tthe\tchildren,\tsingle\tmothers,\tand\telderly\tpeople\twho\treceive\tthat\tfood\thad\tsubstantial\timpacts\ton\tthe\tmen.\tFor\tthe\tcommunities,\tproviding\ta\tspace\tfor\tautonomy\tand\tactive\tengagement\twith\tthe\tprogram\tmay\tprovide\tincreased\topportunities\tfor\trelationship\tbuilding;\tcreating\topportunities\tfor\tengagement\tand\tagentive\tdetermination\tfor\tthe\toft-marginalized\tpeoples\twho\treceive\tdonated\tfood,\tand\tproviding\tincreased\topportunities\tfor\tempathy\tand\trelationships\twith\tthe\tmen.\tAlthough\toutside\tthe\tscope\tof\tthis\tproject,\tactive\tengagement\tmay\tprovide\tsimilar\tbenefits\tto\tindividuals\treceiving\tdonated\tvegetables\tthrough\tfood\tbanks,\tsoup\tkitchens,\tand\tother\torganizations\twithin\tthe\tLower\tMainland.\tIn\tthe\tcontext\tof\tIndigenous\tcommunities,\tsupporting\tactive\tcommunity\tengagement\tworks\tto\tdecolonize\trelationships\tand\tfacilitate\tincreased\tself-determination\tand\tsovereignty\t(Alfred\t&\tCorntassel,\t2005;\tMillion,\t2014;\tSimpson,\t2014).\tWithin\tthe\tdaily\tfunctioning\tof\tthe\tgarden\tit\twas\tclear\tthat\tthe\tunconventional\tsupervisor,\tseen\tas\toutside\tof\tthe\tinstitutional\tenvironment\tand\tas\t\u201cnot\tCSC\u201d\tby\tthe\tmen,\tprovided\tadditional\tbenefit.\tThe\tfarmer,\ta\tman\tcontracted\tby\tCSC\tto\toperate\tthe\tfarm,\thas\ta\thistory\tin\tlogging\tand\tcreates\ta\tlight-hearted\tspace\twhere\tthe\tmen\tcan\tswear,\tfeel\tcomfortable,\tand\tdevelop\ta\tpositive\t\t \t \t \t \t \t \t\t85\trelationship\twith\tan\tauthority\tfigure,\tperhaps\tfor\tthe\tfirst\ttime.\tResearch\tconducted\twithin\tcorrectional\tinstitutions\tin\tthe\tUK\thas\thighlighted\tthat\tstaff\twith\tunconventional\tbackgrounds,\tsuch\tas\tbartending,\tbring\tskillsets\tuseful\tfor\tdealing\twith\tthe\tstress\tand\tintrapersonal\tconflicts\tthat\tarise\tin\tcorrectional\tinstitutions\t(Wheatley,\t2016).\tMy\ttime\tin\tthe\tgarden\tsupports\tthis;\tthe\tmen\tspoke\thighly\tof\tthe\tfarmer,\tand\tin\tsome\tinstances\tstated\tthat\tthey\twould\tnot\tcontinue\tto\twork\tthere\tif\tanother\tperson\twere\tto\treplace\thim.\tThis\thas\timplications\tfor\tthe\tsustainability\tof\tthe\tproject,\tas\tthe\tfarmer\tis\tover\tthe\tage\tof\t60\tand\twill\tone\tday\tretire.\tOne\tproject\tstakeholder\ttold\tme\tthat\tprior\tto\thiring\tthe\tfarmer\tthey\thad\ttried\tcontracting\tindividuals\tfrom\tUBC\twith\ttraining\tin\tagricultural\tscience,\tthese\tindividuals\tdid\tnot\t\u201cmesh\u201d\twell\twith\tthe\tmen;\twhether\tor\tnot\tthe\tstrengths\tinherent\tin\this\toutsider\tstatus\tare\trecognized\tby\tthe\twider\tcorrectional\tinstitution\tare\tunclear\tand\twill\tsurely\timpact\tthe\tgarden\tin\tthe\tcoming\tyears.\t\tThe\tmen\twho\tare\tsuccessful\tin\tthe\tgarden\ttend\tto\tself\tselect;\tthose\twho\tbuy-in\tand\twork\thard\ttend\tto\thave\tworked\tconsistently\ton\tthe\toutside,\twere\tused\tto\tgetting\tup\tand\tgoing\tto\twork\tin\tthe\tmorning,\tand\tsaw\tvalue\tin\tspending\ttheir\ttime\tproductively.\tFinding\tways\tto\tattract\tmen\tto\tthe\tproject\tinitially\twill\tincrease\tthe\tsustainability\tof\tthe\tgarden\tand\tensure\ta\tlarge\tenough\twork\tforce\tto\tcontinue\tto\tharvest\thigh\tyields\tand\twork\ttowards\texpanding\tthe\tproject.\tThe\tability\tto\ttake\tvegetables\thome\tis\tone\tpull,\tbut\tthe\tmen\tcan\talso\torder\tvegetables\twith\ttheir\tlarger\tgrocery\torder;\tthey\tare\tless\tfresh\tand\tgrown\twith\tpesticides\tbut\trequire\tminimal\twork\tprior\tto\tpreparation\tand\tcooking.\t\t\tThere\tis\tan\tongoing\tneed\tto\tensure\tthat\tthe\tmen\thave\tactivities\tto\tkeep\tthem\tbusy\tthroughout\tthe\twinter,\tas\tthe\timpacts\tof\tproductive\twork\tin\tthe\tsun\tmay\tbe\tweakened\tby\tmonths\tspent\tidle\tthroughout\tthe\twinter.\tAlthough\tsome\tmen\tare\tkept\ton\tin\tthe\tgreenhouse\tover\tthe\twinter\tthere\tare\tongoing\tconflicts\tregarding\tsupervision,\tas\tthe\tfarmer\ttends\tto\ttravel\tinternationally\tduring\tthat\ttime\tand\tis\tnot\tavailable\tto\toversee\tthem.\tAdditional\tfunding\tcould\tsupport\twinter\tactivities\tthat\tengage\tmore\tmen\tin\tthe\tdown\tseason.\tGreenHouse,\tat\tRikers\tIsland\tin\tNew\tYork,\tprovides\tan\texample\tof\ta\tsuccessful\tcorrectional\tgarden\tthat\tprovides\tyear-round\tactivities\tfor\tparticipating\tmen\tand\twomen.\tFounded\tin\t1997\tby\tthe\tHorticulture\tSociety\tof\tNew\tYork,\tthe\tgarden\tteaches\taround\tninety\tstudents\tannually,\tand\tincludes\tbutterfly,\tbird,\tmedieval\therb,\tand\tvegetable\tgardens\tin\ta\tlandscaped\tacre\tof\tland.\tIn\tthe\twinter\tstudents\tengage\tin\thorticulture\tclasses\tand\tthe\tgreenhouse\tis\tconverted\tto\ta\twoodshop\twhere\titems\tare\tmade\tand\tlater\tdonated\tto\tlocal\tschools\tand\tparks\t(Lindemuth,\t2007).\tGreenHouse\tgraduates\tare\table\tto\tparticipate\tin\tGreenTeam\tupon\trelease,\ta\tcommunity-based\tprogram\tthat\tsupports\tjob\tsearching\tand\t\t \t \t \t \t \t \t\t86\tplacement\tfor\tparticipants,\taddressing\tbarriers\tto\temployment\tand\thousing\tthat\tindividuals\twith\tcriminal\trecords\toften\tface\tupon\trelease\t(Khatib\t&\tKrasny,\t2015).\t\tThe\tsustainability\tof\tthe\tgarden\tis\talso\timpacted\tby\ta\tshifting\tprison\tculture.\tCommunity\tgardens\toutside\tof\tprison\tcontexts\thave\tbeen\tshown\tto\tprovide\tincreased\tsocial\tcapital,\tcommunal\tlearning\tand\tcollective\tefficacy\t(Agustina\t&\tBeilin,\t2012;\tAlaimo\tet\tal.,\t2010;\tGlover\tet\tal.,\t2005;\tMitchell,\t2013).\tIn\tcontrast,\tthe\tgarden\u2019s\tpositioning\twithin\ta\twider\tcorrectional\tcontext\tlimits\tsocial\tbonding\tas\tmen\u2019s\tidentities\tand\tpositions\twithin\tthe\thierarchy\tof\tthe\tcon\tcode\trestrict\tcommunity\tbuilding;\tmen\twithin\tthe\tgarden,\twhile\tlearning\tto\twork\tin\tteams\tand\tproud\tof\tthe\tproducts\tof\tthat\tteam\tlabour,\twere\tby\tand\tlarge\tfocused\ton\t\u201ckeeping\ttheir\thead\tdown\u201d\tand\t\u201claying\tlow\u201d\tuntil\trelease.\tWhile\tcommunity\tgardens\tin\tmarginalized\tneighbourhoods\tcan\twork\tto\treduce\tisolation\t(Wakefield\tet\tal.,\t2007),\tthe\tmen\tI\tspoke\twith\tsaw\tthe\tgarden\tas\tan\texpanse\tof\tland\twithin\twhich\tthey\tcould\tbe\tpeacefully\talone.\tSome\tof\tthe\tmen\ttalked\tabout\tprevious\tyears\twhen\ta\tcommunity\twas\tcreated\tamong\tthe\tcore\tgroup,\tmen\twould\tget\ttogether\tafter\twork,\tsharing\tfood\tand\tsocializing.\tAs\tthe\tprison\tculture\thas\tshifted\tthat\tgarden\tcommunity\thas\teroded.\tIt\tis\tpossible\tthat\ta\tcorrectional\tgarden\tin\ta\thigher\tsecurity\tinstitution,\twhere\tthere\tis\tless\tdiversity\tbetween\tlifers\tand\tyoung\tmen\tnewly\tincarcerated,\twould\tprovide\ta\tspace\tfor\tmore\tcommunity\tdevelopment.\tWhile\tthe\texperience\tof\tworking\tin\tthe\tgarden\tdid\tnot\tcreate\tthe\tsocial\tbonds\tand\tsense\tof\tbelonging\tthat\thas\tbeen\treported\tin\tnon-prison\tcontexts,\tthe\tmeaning\tand\timpact\tof\tthe\tgarden\tis\tstill\tsubstantial.\tToday\tthe\tmen\tmay\tnot\tbe\tbuilding\tand\texperiencing\tcommunity,\tbut\tfinding\tsolitude\tin\topen\tair,\tflowering\tbushes,\tand\tthick\trows\tof\tcorn\tis\tpreferable\tthan\tisolation\twithin\tthe\tflorescent-lit\trooms\tof\tthe\twider\tinstitution.\t\tThe\teffect\tof\tthe\tair,\tsun,\tand\train\tof\tthe\tgarden\tis\thighly\ttherapeutic\tin\tand\tof\titself\t(Berger\t&\tMcLeod,\t2006;\tKaplan\t&\tKaplan,\t1989;\tMaller\tet\tal.,\t2005).\tWhile\tthe\tgrowing\tand\tgiving\tof\tfood\tprovides\tincreased\tbenefits,\tthe\tmen\twere\tpositively\timpacted\tby\tsimply\tbeing\toutside.\tFor\tthose\tmen\tthat\thad\tbeen\tincarcerated\tfor\tmany\tyears\tthe\texperience\tof\tbeing\tin\tnatural\tgreen\tspaces\twas\teven\tmore\timpactful.\tThe\tgarden\tis\tnot\ta\thigh\tcost\tendeavor,\tthe\tfarmer\thas\tan\tannual\tbudget\tof\troughly\t$25,000,\tand\tthe\tonly\tcost\tabove\tand\tbeyond\tthat\tis\this\tsalary,\tyet\tthe\tintegration\tof\tgreen\tspaces\tinto\tcorrectional\tinstitutions\tis\tan\teven\tmore\teconomical\tinitiative.\tInstitutions\twithin\tCanada\ttend\tto\tsit\ton\tlarge\ttracts\tof\tland,\tthus\tproviding\tpeople\texperiencing\tincarceration\twith\tlow\tbarrier\topportunities\tto\timprove\ttheir\tmental,\tphysical\tand\tspiritual\thealth\tand\twellbeing,\topportunities\toften\timpeded\tby\tfences\tand\tgates.\t\t \t \t \t \t \t \t\t87\t7.1.2:\tIn\tIndigenous\tCommunities\tThe\tgarden\tproject\tprovides\tkey\tinsights\tto\tworking\twith\tand\tfor\tIndigenous\tcommunities.\tThe\tdonation\tof\tproduce\tfrom\tthe\tgarden\texists\twithin\ta\twider\tframework\twherein\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tcommunities\thave\tseveral\tongoing\tprograms\taimed\tat\taddressing\tboth\tfood\tsecurity\tand\tsovereignty.\tMany\tof\tthese\tprograms\tare\tspecifically\taimed\tat\tchildren,\tElders\tand\tpeople\tliving\twith\tdiabetes,\tincluding\tmonthly\tdistribution\tof\tfruits\tand\tvegetables\tand\tcollective\tfood\tsharing\twhere\tselect\tindividuals\twill\tfish,\thunt,\tand\tgather\tplant\tfoods\tand\tmedicines\tthat\tare\tthen\tdistributed\tto\tthose\tin\tneed.\tThe\tprison\tvegetables\twere\tnot\tdistinct\tfrom\tthese\tother\tprograms\tfor\tthe\tvast\tmajority\tof\tpeople\tI\tspoke\twith,\tboth\twithin\tTl\u2019esqox\tand\tacross\tthe\twider\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in.\tThroughout\tmy\ttime\tin\tthe\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tI\texplained\tthe\tprison\tgarden\tproject\tand\tshared\tthe\torigins\tof\tthe\tdonated\tvegetables\twith\tmany\tpeople,\tand\tof\tthose\tthe\tvast\tmajority\tresponded\twith\ta\tcaring\tand\tkindness\ttowards\tthe\tmen.\tPeople\tspoke\tof\tfamily\tand\tfriends\twho\twere\tin\tcustody,\tshared\ttheir\town\texperiences\tof\tincarceration,\tand\tenvisioned\tways\tthat\tthe\tprogram\tcould\tdraw\ton\tthe\tmen\u2019s\tknowledge\tand\texperience,\tabout\tboth\tplants\tand\tprisons,\tto\tincrease\treciprocity\tand\tbuild\trelationships\tfor\tmutual\tbenefit.\tDistributing\tnot\tonly\tvegetables\tbut\tsharing\ttheir\torigin\twould\tdeepen\tthese\timpacts.\tThe\tdonated\tvegetables\twere\tinsufficient\tin\tquantity,\tand\ttoo\tmisaligned\twith\tthe\thistorical\tcontext\tand\tcommunity\tneeds\tto\taddress\tfood\tsecurity\tand\tthe\tlarger\tgoal\tof\tfood\tsovereignty,\tyet\tthese\tvegetables\tdo\tprovide\tan\topportunity\tfor\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tcommunity\tmembers\tto\texperience\tnew\tfoods\tand\texperiment\twith\tnew\trecipes.\tIncreasing\tthe\tconnection\tbetween\tthe\tmen\tand\tthe\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tcommunities\tto\tinclude\tnot\tonly\tthe\tsharing\tof\tvegetables\tbut\tof\tfoodways,\tmeanings,\tand\trecipes\tcould\tdeepen\tthis\timpact\tand\twork\tto\tincrease\tcapacity\tand\tconfidence\taround\tnew\tunknown\tproduce\twithin\tthe\tcommunities.\tCooking\tworkshops\twork\tto\talign\tthe\tdonated\tvegetables\twith\tcommunity\ttastes,\ttrends,\tand\tpreferences\tand\tprovide\topportunities\tfor\tsocial\tbonding\taround\tfood.\tAligning\tthe\tprison-T\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tgarden\tproject\twith\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tpreferences\tis\ta\tnecessary\tstep\tto\tensure\tfull\tbenefit\tfor\tthe\tparticipating\tcommunity\tmembers\tand\tto\tavoid\tprograms\tdisconnected\tfrom\tcommunity\tstrengths\tand\tpreferences\tthat\toften\thinder,\trather\tthan\thelp,\tcommunity\thealth\tand\twellbeing\t(Easterly,\t2007).\tFor\tmany\tof\tthe\tmen\tit\ttakes\ttimes\tto\tfully\tengage\twith\tthe\tlayered\tbenefits,\ttime\tfor\tthe\tvisible\tfruits\tof\ttheir\tlabour\tto\tdeepen\tthe\tmeaningfulness\tof\ttheir\ttime\tin\tthe\tgarden.\tFor\tcommunity\tmembers\tinterested\tin\tlearning\tmore\tabout\tnew\tvegetables\tand\tintegrating\tthe\tgrowing,\tstoring,\tand\tpreparing\tof\tthose\tfoods\tinto\ttheir\tdiets,\tthe\tvisible\timpact\tof\tdigging\tin\tthe\tsoil\tand\tseeing\tseeds\tsprout\tinto\tfood\tmay\tsimilarly\texpand\tpositive\timpacts.\tFinding\tinnovative\tways,\tbased\tin\tthe\t\t \t \t \t \t \t \t\t88\tstrengths\tand\tcreativity\tof\tthe\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tcommunities\tand\tthe\tmen,\tto\tcome\ttogether,\tlearn\tabout\tthe\tgarden\u2019s\tbenefits,\tand\tshare\tthe\tvisual\timpacts\tof\tthe\tproject\toffers\tthe\tpotential\tincrease\timpact\ton\tboth\tsides.\t\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tfoodways,\tmeanings\tand\tbio-cultural\theritages\tare\tdynamic,\tevolving\tover\tthe\tseasons,\tthe\ttrials\tand\ttribulations\tof\tcolonialism,\tresource\textraction,\tand\tclimate\tchange.\tGardening\tmay\tpresent\ta\tpragmatic\tmeans\tto\tincrease\tself-determination\tand\tfood\tsovereignty,\tproviding\ta\tspace\tfor\tcommunity\tmembers\tto\t(re)connect\twith\ttheir\tland,\tand\tearlier\tgardening\ttraditions\tthat\tgrew\tin\tthe\tshadows\tof\tcolonial\tland\ttheft.\tThat\tbeing\tsaid,\tcommunity\tpolitics,\teconomic\tstrain\tand\tthe\tongoing\tinfluences\tof\tcolonialism\tmake\tcommunity\tgardens\tat\ttimes\tdifficult\tto\tintroduce\tand\tmaintain.\tMany\tof\tthe\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tpeople\tI\tspoke\twith\tdescribed\tthemselves\tas\ta\t\u2018shy\u2019\tculture,\tsuggesting\tthat\tindividual\tgardens\tmay\tprovide\tan\teasier\tgateway\tinto\tgrowing\tgood.\tA\tcommunity\tgarden\tstarted\tat\tOld\tSchool\tin\tTl\u2019esqox\twas\tintended\tto\tprovide\tgardening\ttraining\tfor\teach\tof\tthe\tsix\tcommunities,\talthough\tthe\torganizer\tcould\tonly\tfind\tone\twoman\tfrom\tTl\u2019esqox\tto\tparticipate.\tChampions\twithin\tthe\tcommunities\table\tto\tcut\tthrough\tcommunity\tpolitics\tand\tengage\tdiverse\tmembers\tare\tan\timportant\taspect\tof\tsuccessful\tand\tsustainable\tcommunity\tgardens\tthat\tlast\tbeyond\tthe\tshort-term\tinterest\tof\tone\tor\ttwo\tpassionate\tleaders.\tEngaging\twith\tother\tIndigenous\tcommunities\tacross\tCanada\tand\tinternationally\tmay\tprovide\topportunities\tfor\tinspiration\tand\tto\tlearn\tfrom\tgardening\topportunities\tand\tfacilitators\tbased\twithin\tshared\tunderstandings\tof\tland,\tcommunity,\tand\twellbeing.\t\t\t7.2:\tImplications\tfor\tResearch\t\t\tThere\tare\tseveral\timplications\tfor\tresearch\twithin\tcorrectional\tgarden\tenvironments\tspecifically,\tand\tcorrectional\twork\tprograms\tmore\tgenerally.\tThe\tongoing\timpacts\tof\tshifting\tprison\tcultures\ton\tthe\tcommunal\tnature\tof\tgardening\tdeserves\tfurther\tstudy.\tFurther,\tresearch\tinto\tmeans\tto\tincrease\tsocial\tbonding\tand\tcollective\tefficacy\tin\tcorrectional\tenvironments\tgenerally,\tand\tcorrectional\tgardens\tspecifically,\tagainst\ta\tbackdrop\tof\tisolationism,\tcould\tproduce\tincreasingly\tpositive\timpacts\tfor\tthe\tparticipating\tmen.\tThere\tis\tevidence\tthat\temployment\tprograms\tare\texperienced\tdifferently\tby\tmen\tand\twomen\tin\tcustody,\tas\twomen\tare\tthought\tto\tbe\tmore\tinterested\tin\tpassing\ttheir\ttime\twell\tas\topposed\tto\tprocuring\temployment\tpost\trelease,\tand\ta\tlarge\tpercentage\tof\twomen\tin\tcustody\thave\tchildren\tin\tthe\tcommunities\twhich\timpacts\ttheir\t\t \t \t \t \t \t \t\t89\tpost-release\tgoals\t(Bloom\t&\tCovington,\t1998;\tRichmond,\t2014).\tResearch\tinto\tgendered\timpacts\tof\tcorrectional\tgardens\tis\tneeded.\tWhile\tsome\tprograms,\tsuch\tas\tGreenHouse\tat\tRikers\tIsland\tin\tNew\tYork\tinclude\tboth\tmen\tand\twomen,\twith\tdaily\tshifts\tensuring\tthe\ttwo\tpopulations\tengage\twith\tthe\tgarden\tat\tdifferent\ttimes\t(Khatib\t&\tKrasny,\t2015;\tLindemuth,\t2007),\tto\tmy\tknowledge\tthere\thas\tbeen\tno\tresearch\tconducted\ton\tgendered\tdifferences.\tWhile\tthe\tmen\tI\tspoke\twith\tconsidered\tthe\tgarden\ta\tway\tto\tpass\ttime\twell,\tit\tis\tunclear\tif\tthat\twould\tbe\texperienced\tin\tthe\tsame\tway\tby\twomen,\tand\tthe\timpacts\tof\tmen\timagining\tmeaningful\tfutures,\tbased\tin\tthe\tgrowing\tand\tgiving\tof\tproduce\tmay\tbe\tmoderated\tby\twomen\u2019s\tpossible\trelationships\twith\tand\thousing\tneeds\tfor\ttheir\tchildren\tupon\trelease.\tAdditional\tdifferences\tbased\ton\tdemographic\tvariables\talso\twarrant\tfurther\tinquiry.\tThese\tfindings\tare\tfocused\ton\tmen\tover\tthe\tage\tof\t18\texperiencing\tincarceration.\tThere\tis\tevidence\tthat\temployment\tdecreases\tcriminal\tbehavior\tin\tadults\tmore\tso\tthan\tyouth\tand\tyoung\tadults\t(Sampson\t&\tLaub,\t1997).\tCommunity\tgardens\taimed\tat\tengaging\tyouth\thave\tbeen\tshown\tto\tprovide\tbenefits,\tincluding\tacademic\timprovement\tand\tcultural\tbenefits\t(Sandler,\t1995),\tand\thorticultural\tprograms\tfor\tjuveniles\tengaged\tin\tthe\tcriminal\tjustice\tsystem\thave\tbeen\tshown\tto\tprovide\tincreased\tself\tefficacy,\tsocial\tbonding,\treduced\trecidivism,\tand\timproved\tgoal\torientation\tand\tmotivation\t(Finch,\t1995;\tMcGuinn,\t1999).\tWhile\tadditional\tresearch\tinto\tthe\tbenefits\tof\tgardening\tfor\tyouth\tin\tcustody\tis\tneeded,\tparticularly\twithin\tthe\tIndigenous\tand\tCanadian\tprison\tcontexts,\tresearch\tinto\tyouth\tgardening\tinitiatives\tthat\tconnect\tyouth\tin\tdetention\tto\tyouth\tin\tcommunity\tcould\tprovide\tinsight\tinto\tthe\tprobable\tbenefits\tof\treciprocity\tand\trelationship\tbetween\tdiverse\tyouth\tcommunities.\tAdditionally,\tthe\timpacts\tof\tdifferent\tsecurity\tlevels\twarrant\tattention,\tas\tevidenced\tby\tthe\tdeepened\tmeaning\tand\tbenefit\tof\tthe\tgarden\tfor\tmen\twith\texperiences\tin\thigher\tsecurity\tinstitutions;\tproviding\tgardening\ttools\tand\tthe\tfreedom\tand\tautonomy\tnecessary\tto\tgarden\tsuccessfully\tin\tmedium\tand\tmaximum\tsecurity\tinstitutions\tis\tpossible.\tFor\tinstance,\tGarden\tTime\tis\ta\tsuccessful\ttherapeutic\tgardening\tprogram\tfor\tmen\tin\ta\tmaximum\tsecurity\tinstitution\tin\tRhode\tIsland;\tcompared\twith\tthe\tgarden\tat\tMission\tMinimum,\tmen\twho\tregardless\tof\tyears\tserved\thave\tcascaded\tdown\tto\ta\tminimum\tsecurity\tinstitution,\tand\tmany\tof\twhom\tare\tmonths\tor\tyears\tfrom\trelease,\tthe\tmen\tgardening\tin\tRhode\tIsland\tare\tserving\tlife\tsentences\tin\ta\thigh\tsecurity\tinstitution.\tThe\tgarden\tprovides\ta\tspace\tto\tpass\ttheir\ttime\twell,\tknowing\tthat\tmany\tof\tthem\tmay\tnever\tbe\treleased\tback\tinto\tthe\tcommunity\t(Espinoza,\t2015).\tWhile\tthe\tbenefits\tof\tthe\tprison\tgarden\tfit\tnicely\tinto\tthe\temotive\tpotential\tof\tqualitative\tmethods,\tstandardized\tmeasurement\tof\timpacts\tas\ta\tmeans\tto\tleverage\tadditional\tfunding\tand\tpolicy\tattention\tmay\tsupport\tthe\tsustainability\tand\tscalability\tof\tthe\tgarden.\tThis\tis\tparticularly\tnotable\tgiven\tthe\tHarper\tgovernment\u2019s\tfunding\tcuts\tto\tcorrectional\t\t \t \t \t \t \t \t\t90\tagriculture\tinitiatives,\tand\tongoing\tdiscussions\twith\tthe\tcurrent\tLiberal\tgovernment\tregarding\tre-initiating\tsuch\tprograms.\tFinally,\tfollowing\tparticipants\tafter\trelease\twould\tprovide\tlongitudinal\tdata\tthat\tmay\tsupport\tfuture\tfunding\tand\tsustainability,\tas\twell\tas\tprovide\tevidence\tof\timpact\tas\tCSC\tpublic\tconsultations\tand\tfeasibility\tstudies\texplore\tthe\tpossibility\tof\treinstating\tprison\tfarming\tprograms\t(Correctional\tService\tCanada,\t2016;\tMehta,\t2016).\t\tResearch\ton\tfoodways\tand\tmeanings\tin\tIndigenous\tcommunities\tnecessitates\tan\tunderstanding\tof\tand\taccounting\tfor\thistory\tand\tcontext.\tHistoric\tand\tongoing\tcolonialism\tand\tstructural\tviolence\tinfluence\tthe\tcauses,\tcorrelates\tand\timpacts\tof\tfood\t(in)security.\tLand\trights\tand\trelationships\tare\tfoundational\tto\tall\thealth\tand\twellbeing,\tand\tfoodways\toffer\ta\twindow\tinto\tcommunity\tidentities,\tstrengths,\tand\tdynamic\ttraditions.\tThe\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tpeople\tI\tspoke\twith\ttold\tme\tthat\tbeing\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\twas\tinextricably\tlinked\tto\tthe\tways\tthey\tcatch,\tpreserve,\tshare\tand\teat\tsalmon,\tmoose,\tdeer,\tand\tplant\tfoods\tand\tmedicines,\tand\tthe\tknowledge,\thistory,\tlegend,\tand\tvalues\ttied\tup\tin\tthe\ttransfer\tof\tfood-based\tknowledge,\tfoodways,\tand\tmeanings.\tInterventions\tfocused\ton\tfood\tsecurity\tfor\tIndigenous\tcommunities,\tboth\twithin\tCanada\tand\tinternationally,\tthat\tignore\tthese\twider\tcontexts\tare\tdoomed\tto\tfail.\tThe\thealth\timpacts\tof\tfood\tinsecurity\thave\tresulted\tin\ta\tgreat\tdeal\tof\tpublic\thealth\tand\thealth\tpromotion\tresearch\tfocused\ton\texploring\tthe\tstate\tof\tfood\tinsecurity\tand\tpossible\tnutrition-focused\tinterventions\tamong\tvarious\tIndigenous\tcommunities\t(Downs\tet\tal.\t2009;\tFieldhouse\t&\tThompson\t2012;\tWillows\tet\tal.\t2009).\tWhile\ta\tgreat\tdeal\tof\tfood\tsecurity\tand\tnutrition\tresearch\tfocused\ton\tIndigenous\tcommunities\trecommends\tculturally-appropriate\tand\t-mediated\tpublic\thealth\tnutrition\tinterventions\t(Mercille,\tReceveur,\t&\tPotvin,\t2012),\ta\tpragmatic\tmeans\tto\taddress\tongoing\tfood\tinsecurity\twithin\tAboriginal\tcommunities,\tsuch\tshort-term\tinterventions\tfail\tto\taddress\tthe\tlonger\tterm\tand\tunderlying\tland\tissue\tthat\tcontinues\tto\tdig\tdeep\tgroves\tinto\tAboriginal\tcommunities\u2019\tself\tdetermination,\tfood\tand\tland\tsovereignty,\tand\tholistic\thealth\tand\twellbeing.\t\t7.3:\tFinal\tThoughts\t\tWithin\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tculture,\tindividuals\tmourning\ta\tfamily\tmember\tor\tclose\tfriend\trefrain\tfrom\tfishing,\thunting,\tor\tgathering\tplant\tfoods\tfor\tone\tyear.\tThis\tcreates\ta\tneed\twithin\tthat\thome,\ta\tneed\tfor\tnot\tonly\tthe\tphysical\tsustenance\tthat\tfood\tprovides,\tbut\tfor\tthe\tsocial\tand\temotional\tbonds\twith\tfriends,\tfamily\tand\tthe\twider\tcommunity\tthat\tensure\tcaring\tkinfolk\tbring\tfood\tto\tshare,\tfood\tfor\tcaring\tand\tfor\thealing.\tThese\tgifts\tof\tfood\tstrengthen\trelationships\tand\texpress\t\t \t \t \t \t \t \t\t91\ttenderness\tin\ttimes\tof\tgrief.\tFood\tas\trelationship\tand\tconnection\tis\tsomething\tknown\tand\tembodied\tby\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tpeoples.\tTo\tquote\tSecwepemc\tElder\tJones\tIgnace,\t\u201cfood\twill\talways\tbe\twhat\tbrings\tpeople\ttogether\u201d\t(Morrison,\t2011,\tp.\t97).\tRecognizing\tthe\treciprocity\tthat\talready\texists\twithin\tT\u015dilhqot\u2019in\tfoodways\tand\tmeanings\tand\twidening\tthose\tconnections\tto\tinclude\tthe\tgarden,\tthe\tmen,\tand\tthe\twider\tcontext\tof\tdispossession\tand\tresurgence\twill\tallow\tthe\tgarden\tproject\tto\tthrive\twithin\tan\tancient\tframework\tof\trelationships\tand\taccountability.\tGrowing\tand\tsharing\tfood\tcan\tconnect\tpeople\tto\tplants\tacross\tgreat\tdistances\tand\tprison\twalls,\tproviding\ta\tfertile\tspace\tfor\tthose\tinvolved\tto\t\u201cremain\tattentive\tto\tthe\tvery\tground\tupon\twhich\twe\tstand,\u201d\tand\tthe\thistories\tand\tstrengths\tburied\tand\tgrowing\tthere\t(Snelgrove\tet\tal.,\t2014,\tp.\t2).\t\tDrawing\ton\tthis\twisdom\twill\tonly\tincrease\tthe\tmeaning\tand\tbenefit\tof\tthe\tgarden,\tfor\t\u201cwhen\tElders\tspeak\tof\tthe\tstrength\tof\ttheir\tpeople,\tthey\tinvariably\tmention\tfood\u201d\t(Kelm,\t1998,\tp.\t19).\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t 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\t\t102\tTrevethan,\tS.,\tAuger,\tS.,\tMoore,\tJ.-P.,\tMacDonald,\tM.,\t&\tSinclair,\tJ.\t(2001).\tThe\teffect\tof\tfamily\tdisruption\ton\tAboriginal\tand\tnon-Aboriginal\tinmates.\tOttawa,\tON.\tTuck,\tE.,\t&\tRee,\tC.\t(2013).\tA\tglossary\tof\thaunting.\tIn\tS.\tHolman\tJones,\tT.\tE.\tAdams,\t&\tC.\tEllis\t(Eds.),\tHandbook\tof\tAutoethnography\t(pp.\t639\u2013658).\tNew\tYork,\tNY:\tLeft\tCoast\tPress.\tTuck,\tE.,\t&\tYang,\tK.\tW.\t(2012).\tDecolonization\tis\tnot\ta\tmetaphor.\tDecolonization:\tIndigeneity,\tEducation\t&\tSociety,\t1(1).\tTurner,\tN.\t(2003).\tPassing\ton\tthe\tnews:\tWomen\u2019s\twork,\ttraditional\tknowledge\tand\tplant\tresource\tmanagement\tin\tIndigenous\tsocieties\tin\tnorthwestern\tNorth\tAmerica.\tIn\tP.\tL.\tHoward\t(Ed.),\tWomen\t&\tplants\u202f:\tGender\trelations\tin\tbiodiversity\tmanagement\tand\tconservation\t(p.\t298).\tZed\tBooks.\tTurner,\tN.\tJ.,\t&\tTurner,\tK.\tL.\t(2008).\t\u201cWhere\tour\twomen\tused\tto\tget\tthe\tfood\u201d:\tCumulative\teffects\tand\tloss\tof\tethnobotanical\tknowledge\tand\tpractice;\tcase\tstudy\tfrom\tcoastal\tBritish\tColumbia.\tBotany,\t86(2),\t103\u2013115.\thttp:\/\/doi.org\/10.1139\/B07-020\tUggen,\tC.\t(1999).\tEx-offenders\tand\tthe\tconformist\talternative:\tA\tjob\tquality\tmodel\tof\twork\tand\tcrime.\tSocial\tProblems,\t46(1),\t127\u2013151.\tUggen,\tC.,\t&\tStaff,\tJ.\t(2001).\tWork\tas\ta\tturning\tpoint\tfor\tcriminal\toffenders.\tCorrections\tManagement\tQuarterly,\t5(1),\t1\u201316.\tUggen,\tC.,\tWakefield,\tS.,\t&\tWestern,\tB.\t(2005).\tWork\tand\tfamily\tperspectives\ton\treentry.\tIn\tJ.\tTravis\t&\tC.\tVisher\t(Eds.),\tPrisoner\tReentry\tand\tCrime\tin\tAmerica\t(pp.\t209\u2013243).\tCambridge:\tCambridge\tUniversity\tPress.\thttp:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/CBO9780511813580.008\tVaismoradi,\tM.,\tTurunen,\tH.,\t&\tBondas,\tT.\t(2013).\tContent\tanalysis\tand\tthematic\tanalysis:\tImplications\tfor\tconducting\ta\tqualitative\tdescriptive\tstudy.\tNursing\t&\tHealth\tSciences,\t15(3),\t398\u2013405.\thttp:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/nhs.12048\tVan\tDen\tBerg,\tA.\tE.,\t&\tCusters,\tM.\tH.\tG.\t(2011).\tGardening\tpromotes\tneuroendocrine\tand\taffective\trestoration\tfrom\tstress.\tJournal\tof\tHealth\tPsychology,\t16(1),\t3\u201311.\thttp:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1359105310365577\tVarcoe,\tC.\t(2006).\tDoing\tparticipatory\taction\tresearch\tin\ta\tracist\tworld.\tWestern\tJournal\tof\tNursing\tResearch,\t28(5),\t525-40\u20133.\thttp:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0193945906287706\tVisher,\tC.\tA.,\tWinterfield,\tL.,\t&\tCoggeshall,\tM.\tB.\t(2005).\tEx-offender\temployment\tprograms\tand\trecidivism:\tA\tmeta-analysis.\tJournal\tof\tExperimental\tCriminology,\t1(3),\t295\u2013316.\thttp:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11292-005-8127-x\tVisher,\tC.,\tCoggeshall,\tM.\tB.,\t&\tWinterfield,\tL.\t(2006).\tSystematic\treview\tof\tnon-custodial\temployment\tprograms:\tImpact\ton\trecidivism\trates\tof\tex-offenders.\tCampbell\tSystematic\tReviews,\t1.\tWakefield,\tS.,\tYeudall,\tF.,\tTaron,\tC.,\tReynolds,\tJ.,\t&\tSkinner,\tA.\t(2007).\tGrowing\turban\thealth:\tCommunity\tgardening\tin\tSouth-East\tToronto.\tHealth\tPromotion\tInternational,\t22(2),\t92\u2013101.\thttp:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/heapro\/dam001\tWheatley,\tP.\t(2016).\tSuccessful\tcorrections\tleadership.\tIn\tInternational\tCorrections\t&\tPrisons\tAssociation.\tBucharest,\tRomania:\tICPA.\t\t \t \t \t \t \t \t\t103\tWildcat,\tM.,\tMcDonald,\tM.,\tIrlbacher-Fox,\tS.,\t&\tCoulthard,\tG.\t(2014).\tLearning\tfrom\tthe\tland:\tIndigenous\tland\tbased\tpedagogy\tand\tdecolonization.\tDecolonization:\tIndigeneity,\tEducation\t&\tSociety,\t3(3).\tWillows,\tN.\tD.,\tVeugelers,\tP.,\tRaine,\tK.,\t&\tKuhle,\tS.\t(2009).\tPrevalence\tand\tsociodemographic\trisk\tfactors\trelated\tto\thousehold\tfood\tsecurity\tin\tAboriginal\tpeoples\tin\tCanada.\tPublic\tHealth\tNutrition,\t12(8),\t1150\u20136.\thttp:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1368980008004345\tWilson,\tD.\tB.,\tGallanger,\tC.\tA.,\t&\tMacKenzie,\tD.\tL.\t(2000).\tA\tmeta-analysis\tof\tcorrections-based\teducation,\tvocation,\tand\twork\tprograms\tfor\tadult\toffenders.\tJournal\tof\tResearch\tin\tCrime\tand\tDelinquency,\t37(4),\t347\u2013368.\thttp:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0022427800037004001\tWilson,\tS.\t(2008).\tResearch\tis\tceremony:\tIndigenous\tresearch\tmethods.\tBlack\tPoint,\tNS:\tFernwood\tPublishing.\tWittman,\tH.,\t&\tDesmarais,\tA.\tA.\t(2012).\tFood\tsovereignty\tin\tCanada:\tMovement\tgrowing\tto\tcontrol\tour\town\tfood\tand\tagriculture.\tOttawa,\tON.\tYeager,\tK.\tA.,\t&\tBauer-Wu,\tS.\t(2013).\tCultural\thumility:\tessential\tfoundation\tfor\tclinical\tresearchers.\tApplied\tNursing\tResearch\u202f:\tANR,\t26(4),\t251\u20136.\thttp:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apnr.2013.06.008\t\t \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \t \t \t \t \t \t\t104\tAppendix\tI:\tSelected\tVegetable\tInformation\tSheets\t\t\t\t\t \t \t \t \t \t \t\t105\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \t \t \t \t \t \t\t106\t\t\t\t\t\t \t \t \t \t \t \t\t107\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \t \t \t \t \t \t\t108\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \t \t \t \t \t \t\t109\t\t\t\t\t \t \t \t \t \t \t\t110\tAppendix\tII:\tCooking\tWorkshop\tRecipe\tHandout\t\tRoasted\tSquash\tSeeds\t\tPrep\ttime:\t15\tminutes\tCook\ttime:\t15\tminutes\tTotal\ttime:\t30\tminutes\t\tIngredients\t\u2022 Squash\tseeds,\ttry\tpumpkin,\thubbard\tor\tacorn\tsquash\t\u2022 Garlic\tsalt\t\tWhat\tto\tdo?\t\u2022 Preheat\tyour\toven\tto\t275\u00b0F.\tAfter\tremoving\tthe\tseeds\tfrom\tthe\tsquash,\trinse\tthem\twith\twater\tand\tremove\tany\tbits\tof\tsquash\tstuck\tto\tthem.\tDrain\tthe\twater\tand\tpat\tthe\tseeds\tdry.\tSprinkle\tthe\tseeds\twith\tgarlic\tsalt\tand\tbake,\tabout\t15\tminutes\tor\tuntil\tthe\tseeds\tstart\tto\t\u2018pop\u2019.\t\t\u2022 You\tcan\talso\ttry\tseasoning\tthem\twith\tsalt\tand\tpepper,\tseasoning\tsalt,\tchili\tpowder,\tonion\tsalt,\tor\tbrown\tsugar!\t\t\u2022 Roasted\tsquash\tseeds\tmake\ta\tdelicious\tand\thealthy\tsnack.\tYou\tcan\talso\ttry\tthem\tsprinkled\ton\ta\tgreen\tsalad\tfor\tan\tadded\tcrunch!\t\t\tSpaghetti\tSquash\t\u2018Pasta\u2019\t\tPrep\ttime:\t15\tminutes\tCook\ttime:\t45\tminutes\tTotal\ttime:\t1\thour\t\tServes:\t2\t\tIngredients\t\u2022 \t1\tspaghetti\tsquash\t\t\u2022 3-4\tlbs\tof\troma\ttomatoes,\troughly\tdiced\t\u2022 1\thead\tof\tkale,\tstems\tremoved\tand\troughly\tchopped\t\u2022 1\tlarge\twhite\tor\tyellow\tonion,\tdiced\t\u2022 6\tcloves\tgarlic,\tcrushed\t\t\u2022 1\tteaspoon\toregano\tor\tbasil\t\u2022 2\ttablespoons\tolive\toil\t\u2022 Salt\tand\tpepper\tto\ttaste\t\u2022 Garnishes\tlike\tchili\tpeppers,\tparmesan\tcheese,\tor\tfresh\therbs\t\tWhat\tto\tdo?\t\u2022 Preheat\tyour\toven\tto\t400\u00b0F.\t\t\t \t \t \t \t \t \t\t111\t\u2022 Cut\tthe\tspaghetti\tsquash\tin\thalf\tlengthwise,\tscooping\tout\tthe\tseeds\tand\tstringy\tparts\twith\ta\tspoon.\tBrush\twith\tolive\toil\tand\ta\tpinch\tof\tsalt\tand\tpepper\tand\tplace\tface\tdown\ton\ta\tbaking\ttray.\tBake\tfor\t45\tminutes,\tor\tuntil\tthe\tsquash\tis\ttender\tand\ta\tknife\teasily\tpierces\tthe\tskin\tand\tflesh.\t\t\u2022 While\tyour\tsquash\tis\tbaking,\theat\tthe\tremaining\tolive\toil\tin\ta\tpot,\tand\tadd\tthe\tdiced\tonion\tand\tgarlic.\tSautee\tuntil\tthe\tonion\tis\ttranslucent\tand\tthe\tgarlic\tbegins\tto\tslightly\tbrown,\tabout\t5-7\tminutes.\tAdd\tin\tdiced\ttomatoes,\tand\tsimmer\ton\tmedium\theat,\tstirring\toccasionally,\tuntil\tthe\tmixtures\tthickens\tinto\ta\tsauce.\tIf\tusing\tdried\therbs\tadd\tthem\tin\tnow\twhile\tyour\tsauce\tis\tstill\tthickening.\t\u2022 While\tyour\tsauce\tthickens\tand\tyour\tsquash\tbakes,\tremove\tthe\tstems\tfrom\tthe\tkale\tand\ttear\tthe\tkale\tleaves\tinto\tlarge\tbite-sized\tpieces.\tSet\taside.\t\t\u2022 If\tyou\u2019re\tusing\tfresh\tbasil\tor\toregano,\tremove\tthe\tleaves\tfrom\tthe\tstems,\tchop\tfinely\tand\tset\taside.\t\t\u2022 Once\tyour\tsauce\tis\tnearly\tdone,\tgently\tfold\tthe\tkale\tleaves\tand\tany\tfresh\therbs\tyou\u2019re\tusing.\tStir\tuntil\tkale\tleaves\tare\twilted.\tTurn\toff\tthe\theat\tand\tset\taside.\t\t\u2022 Remove\tyour\tsquash\tfrom\tthe\toven.\tIf\tserving\tas\ta\tmain\tdish\tyou\tcan\tuse\ta\tfork\tto\tscrap\tthe\tsquash\t\u201cnoodles\u201d\taway\tfrom\tthe\tskin,\tusing\tthe\tskin\tas\ta\tbowl\tfor\tyour\tpasta!\tIf\tsharing\tor\tserving\tas\ta\tside\tdish\tyou\tcan\tscrap\tthe\tnoodles\tinto\ta\tseparate\tbowl.\t\t\u2022 Pour\tyour\ttomato\tsauce\tover\tthe\tsquash\tnoodles.\tGarnish\twith\tspicy\tchili\tpeppers,\tparmesan\tcheese\tor\therbs.\tEnjoy!\t\t\u2022 Try\tall\tof\tyour\tfavourite\tpasta\tsauces\twith\tspaghetti\tsquash!\t\tThree\tSister\tStew\t\tPrep\ttime:\t\t1\thour\t\tCook\ttime:\t\t40\tminutes\t\tTotal\ttime:\t\t1\thour\t40\tminutes\tServes:\t8\tto\t10\t\tIngredients\t\t\u2022 1\tsmall\tsugar\tpumpkin,\t1\tlarge\tbutternut\tor\thubbard\tsquash\t(about\t2\tpounds)\t\u2022 2\ttablespoons\tolive\toil\t\u2022 1\tmedium\tonion,\tchopped\t\u2022 2\tto\t4\tcloves\tgarlic,\tminced\t\u2022 1\tmedium\tgreen\tor\tred\tbell\tpepper,\tcut\tinto\tshort\tnarrow\tstrips\t\u2022 14-\tto\t16-ounce\tcan\tfire-roasted\tdiced\ttomatoes,\twith\tliquid\t\u2022 2\tto\t3\tcups\tcooked\tor\tcanned\t(drained\tand\trinsed)\tbeans\t\t\u2022 2\tcups\tcorn\tkernels\t(from\t2\tlarge\tor\t3\tmedium\tears,\tor\tfrozen)\t\u2022 1\tcup\thomemade\tor\tcanned\tvegetable\tstock,\tor\twater\t\u2022 1\tor\t2\tsmall\tfresh\thot\tchiles,\tseeded\tand\tminced,\tor\tone\t4-ounce\tcan\tchopped\tmild\tgreen\t\t chiles\t\u2022 2\tteaspoons\tground\tcumin\t\u2022 2\tteaspoons\tchilli\tpowder\tor\tmore,\tto\ttaste\t\u2022 1\tteaspoon\tdried\toregano\t\u2022 Salt\tand\tfreshly\tground\tblack\tpepper\tto\ttaste\t\u2022 \u00bc\tcup\tminced\tfresh\tcilantro\tor\tparsley\tWhat\tto\tdo?\t\u2022 Preheat\toven\tto\t375\u00b0F.\t\t\t\u2022 Remove\tstem\tfrom\tthe\tpumpkin\tor\tsquash\tand\tcut\tin\thalf\tlengthwise.\tCover\twith\taluminum\tfoil\tand\tplace\tthe\thalves,\tcut\tside\tup,\tin\ta\tfoil-lined\tshallow\tbaking\tpan.\tIf\tyour\tknives\taren't\tsharp\t\t \t \t \t \t \t \t\t112\tenough,\tjust\twrap\tthe\tpumpkin\tor\tsquash\tin\tfoil\tand\tbake\tit\twhole.\tBake\tfor\troughly\t45\tminutes,\tor\tuntil\tyou\tcan\tpierce\tthrough\twith\ta\tknife,\twith\ta\tlittle\tresistance.\t\u2022 When\tcool\tenough\tto\thandle,\tscrape\tout\tthe\tseeds\tand\tfibers\t(clean\tthe\tseeds\tfor\troasting,\tif\tyou'd\tlike)!\tSlice\tand\tpeel,\tthen\tlargely\tdice.\t\u2022 Heat\tthe\toil\tin\ta\tsoup\tpot.\tAdd\tthe\tonion\tand\tsaut\u00e9\tover\tmedium-low\theat\tuntil\ttranslucent.\tAdd\tthe\tgarlic\tand\tcontinue\tto\tsaut\u00e9\tuntil\tthe\tonion\tis\tgolden.\t\u2022 Add\tthe\tpumpkin\tor\tsquash\tand\tall\tthe\tremaining\tingredients\texcept\tthe\tlast\t2,\tand\tbring\tto\ta\tsimmer.\tSimmer\tgently,\tcovered,\tuntil\tall\tthe\tvegetables\tare\ttender,\tabout\t20\tto\t25\tminutes.\tSeason\tto\ttaste\twith\tsalt\tand\tpepper.\t\u2022 If\ttime\tallows,\tlet\tthe\tstew\tstand\tfor\t1\tto\t2\thours\tbefore\tserving,\tthen\theat\tthrough\tas\tneeded.\tJust\tbefore\tserving,\tstir\tin\tthe\tcilantro.\tThe\tstew\tshould\tbe\tthick\tand\tvery\tmoist\tbut\tnot\tsoupy;\tadd\tadditional\tstock\tor\twater\tif\tneeded.\tAdjust\tseasonings\tto\tyour\tliking.\tServe\tin\tbowls.\t\tRed\tBeet\tBorscht\t\tPrep\ttime:\t25\tminutes\tCook\ttime:\t40\tminutes\tTotal\ttime:\t1\thour\tand\t5\tminutes\tServes:\t8-10\tpeople\t\t\tIngredients\t\t\u2022 3\tmedium\tbeets,\tpeeled\tand\tshredded\t\u2022 3\tcarrots,\tpeeled\tand\tshredded\t\u2022 3\tmedium\tbaking\tpotatoes,\tpeeled\tand\tcubed\t\u2022 1\ttablespoon\tvegetable\toil\t\u2022 1\tmedium\tonion\t(yellow\tor\twhite,\tchopped)\t\u2022 \u00bd\thead\tcabbage,\tsliced\t\u2022 8-ounce\tcan\tdiced\ttomatoes,\tdrained\t\u2022 3\tcloves\tgarlic\t\u2022 1-3\ttablespoons\tlemon\tjuice\tor\tapple\tcider\tvinegar,\tto\ttaste\t\u2022 Salt\tand\tpepper\tto\ttaste\t\u2022 \u00bd\tcup\tsour\tcream\tfor\ttopping\t\u2022 Dill,\tfresh\tor\tdried,\tfor\tgarnish\t\tWhat\tto\tdo?\t\u2022 Heat\toil\tin\ta\tlarge\tpot,\tadd\tonion\tand\tcook\tuntil\ttranslucent,\tstirring\toccasionally,\tabout\t5\tminutes.\tAdd\tgarlic\tand\tcontinue\tto\tcook\tuntil\tonion\tslightly\tbrown.\t\u2022 Fill\ta\tlarge\tpot\thalfway\twith\twater\tand\tbring\tto\ta\tboil.\tAdd\tthe\tshredded\tbeets\tand\tcook\tuntil\tthey\thave\tlost\ttheir\tcolour.\t\t\u2022 Add\tcarrots\tand\tpotatoes,\tand\tcook\tuntil\ttender,\tabout\t15\tminutes.\t\u2022 Add\tcabbage\tand\tdiced\ttomatoes,\tcontinue\tto\tcook\tuntil\tcabbage\tis\ttender,\tabout\t5\tminutes.\t\t\u2022 Season\twith\tsalt,\tpepper\tand\tdill.\t\u2022 Serve\twith\ta\tspoonful\tof\tsour\tcream\tand\tfresh\tdill.\t\t\u2022 You\tcan\talso\tadd\tground\tpork\tor\tbeef\tor\twild\tmeats.\tCook\tin\tthe\toil\tbefore\tadding\tthe\tonion\tand\tgarlic\tfor\ta\theartier\tversion\tof\tthis\tsoup!\t\t\u2022 Try\tcracking\tan\tegg\tinto\tthe\thot\tsoup\tand\twaiting\tfor\tit\tto\tcook\tbefore\teating!\t\t\t \t \t \t \t \t \t\t113\tBok\tChoy\tColeslaw\t\tPrep\ttime:\t10\tminutes\tTotal\ttime:\t10\tminutes\tServes:\t4\tpeople\t\t\tIngredients\t\u2022 4-6\theads\tof\tbok\tchoy,\trinsed\tand\tthinly\tsliced\t\u2022 1\tapple,\tcored,\tquartered\tand\tcut\tinto\tmatchsticks\t\t\u2022 2\tcups\tof\tcarrots,\twashed\tand\tcut\tinto\tmatchsticks\t\u2022 2\ttablespoon\tmayonnaise\t\u2022 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In\ta\tbig\tmixing\tbowl\tmix\tall\tdry\tingredients\ttogether\tand\tthen\tmake\ta\twell\tin\tthe\tmiddle.\t\u2022 In\ta\tsmaller\tmixing\tbowl\tbeat\tthe\teggs,\tadd\tthe\toil\tand\tbeat\tagain,\tthen\tadd\tthe\twater\tand\tmix\tuntil\tfully\tcombined.\t\u2022 Slowly\tpour\tthe\twet\tmixture\tinto\tthe\tdry\twell.\t\u2022 Keep\tgently\tstirring\twith\ta\tfork\tuntil\tthe\tuntil\tthe\twet\tmixture\tis\tmostly\tmixed\tin,\tthen\tmake\tinto\ta\tball.\t\tIf\tyou\tneed\tit\tto\tbe\twetter,\tadd\ta\tlittle\twater;\tif\tyou\tneed\tit\tto\tbe\tdrier\tadd\ta\tlittle\twhite\tflour.\t\u2022 Flour\tthe\tcounter\ta\tbit\tand\tkeep\tmoving\tthe\tball\taround\twith\tyour\thands\tto\tmake\tsure\tthere\tis\tno\tstickiness\tleftover.\t\tDon\u2019t\tKNEAD\tthe\tbread.\t\tIf\tyou\tbeat\tup\tthe\tdough\ttoo\tmuch\tthe\tbannock\twill\tbe\ttough!\t\u2022 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