IWBWI11 Ca/uzoUcuiOactfic Across Canada by Canadian Pacific MONTREAL yJ0HN *HAUFAX to DETROIT Travel, even the luxurious travel of today, in the comfort of Canadian Pacific "Scenic Domes", is an adventure. Travel, the Canadian Pacific way from tidewater to tidewater across the wide provinces of Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta and British Columbia is an adventure in which the traveller of today follows the trail- blazing of a glorious past into a boundless future. The Canadian Pacific transcontinental main line retraces in the 20th Century the routes of many brave and pious explorers of the 17th Century. It follows the track of such heroes as Pere Marquette, LaSalle, Radisson, Nicolet, Champlain, Thompson, Fraser, Mackenzie, Joliet, Du Lhut, whose names are indissolubly imprinted upon the histories of Canada and the United States. "Across Canada by Canadian Pacific", prepared for riders of the longest "Dome" route in the world, is based upon the railway practice of dividing the track into Sub-Divisions. While the timetable shows the distance between Montreal and Vancouver as 2881.2 miles and between Toronto and Vancouver as 2,703.6, the "Mileage Boards" found on telegraph poles along the right of way start afresh at the eastern boundary of each sub-division. For instance, Pembroke, 219.4 miles from Montreal, is indicated on the track side by Mileage Board 93 of the Chalk River Sub-Division. In order to pinpoint points of interest in the scenery for ready location from a moving train, reference is made throughout this book to the nearest mileage board and each sub-division traversed is named at its start. Following the operational practice of dividing the line from east to west, these pages divide the Canadian Pacific transcontinental main line — the "Scenic Dome" route — from Montreal and Toronto to Vancouver. At the side of each page a yellow plan map bears the names of all stations on that page. Because the Canadian Pacific main line travels generally in an east-west direction, "north" is used throughout the book to indicate scenes and places on the right as you travel from east to west. Explorers of the river routes that first opened the Great Lakes and the rivers to the Gulf of Mexico; discoverers of the great prairies that sweep majestically upward from lake level to the Rockies; pioneers who traced mighty streams through the mountain barriers to the Pacific Ocean, all led the builders of the world's first transcontinental railway. These great men of the past lead you, who sit in the air-conditioned comfort of a high- level "Scenic Dome", through forests and lakelands, along the edge of the rich Pre-Cambrian Shield, through gentle farm-lands, by inland seas, between great wheatfields, beside roaring streams that point their silver arrows through the mountain passes. In the wake of the explorers you see, through the picture windows on four sides of you, mines, mills, factories, great cities; Ottawa, North Bay, Sudbury, Port Arthur-Fort William, Winnipeg, Brandon, Regina, Moose Jaw, Swift Current, Medicine Hat, Calgary, Vancouver: the pleasure- lands of the Gatineau, Muskoka, French River, the North Shore of Lake Superior, Lake of the Woods, Banff, Lake Louise and the British Columbia coast. TABLE OF CONTENTS Montreal-Romford Pages 3 to 5 Toronto-Romford . Pages 6 to 7 Sudbury-White River Page 8 Regan-Fort William Page 9 West Fort William-Kenora .... Page 7 0 Keewatin-Brandon Page 13 Kemnay-Moose Jaw Page 14 Boharm-Medicine Hat Page 15 Redcliff-Calgary Page 18 Robertson-Banff Page 19 Castle Mountain-Hector Page 20 Field-Golden Page 21 Moberly-Revelstoke Page 22 Three Valley-Salmon Arm . . . . . Page 23 Tappen-Kamloops Page 24 Tranquille-Spence's Bridge Page 25 Drynoch-North Bend Page 26 China Bar-Vancouver Page 27 Triangle Service Page 28 Alaska Page 29 Front cover shows "The Canadian" crossing Stoney Creek Bridge in the Canadian Rockies. The World's Longest "Dome" Ride An artist's sketch of Place du Canada—38-storey Le Chateau Champlain luxury hotel... 28-storey modern office building — new Canadian Pacific complex in the heart of downtown Montreal. Montreal. City on an island. Mountain and Metropolis sit beside the mighty St. Lawrence river which flows 1000 miles down to the sea. Montreal is the world's largest inland seaport. It is the terminus for Canadian Pacific transcontinental rail service, air lines and White Empress liners. It is a blending of the new and the old. Towering sky-scrapers rise beside historic cathedrals. Picturesque market places and great monuments invite you to explore. Montreal has retained its Gallic flavour for over three centuries. Hundreds of street names bear testimony to its French history. There is a wide variety of eating places. French cuisine is offered at many, as well as specialties originating from other countries. Excellent hotels — including Canadian Pacific's "Le Chateau Champlain" which will be completed early in 1967. — fine foods, French atmosphere, and traditional hospitality. Perhaps most exciting are the plans for Canada's Centennial in 1967. That year Montreal will become the crossroads of the world when Expo '67 opens on St. Helen's Island. Winchester Montreal West is the junction for Sub-Division Quebec, the Laurentian Mountains, Saint John, Halifax, Boston and New York. North of Sortin lies the great Cote St. Luc marshalling yard of the Canadian Pacific, directly south is the industrial suburb of Lachine. It was historically named for LaSalle's dream of a route to China beyond the rapids. In modern contrast is Montreal's great international airport at Dorval. Golf links and bright new suburbs line the track to St. Anne de Bellevue where Du Lhut defeated Iroquois warriors in 1690. lie Perrot, across the east channel of the Ottawa River, was Lord Jeffery Amherst's camp in 1760 before the capitulation of the French. Vaudreuil-Dorion, played a part in the war of 1776, when de Lorimier captured an invading American force. On both sides of the island the Ottawa River flows into the St. Lawrence — greatest river draining to the Atlantic coast of North America. Its 1,900 miles drains 359,000 square miles of Ontario, Quebec and north-eastern United States. Ni. & O. From Vaudreuil, named for an Sub-Division early Governor of Canada, the line follows the Ottawa River, the route of early explorers. Isle Cadieux, a flag station, marks Point Cavagnal where an early missionary, Pere Gar- reau, was martyred by Iroquois Indians in 1656. Across the Ottawa, now widened into the Lake of the Two Mountains, the gleaming spire of Oka Church marks the site of an early Hudson's Bay Post where J. G. McTavish, who went to the relief of David Thompson, the mapmaker and explorer, in 1811, settled down as factor. The lake broadens out at Hudson Heights to be joined at Rigaud, site of a Seminary and strange geological formation known superstitiously as "The Devil's Garden", by the Rigaud River. Before St. Eugene, at mileage 21.6, the boundary into Ontario is crossed. From here to Ottawa, farms replace the forests that made many fortunes a century ago. Vankleek Hill was given its name for Simeon Vankleek, a royalist from Dutchess County, N.Y., serves a rich farm area. Alfred, early settlement formed in 1798, bears the POINTE CLAIRE BAIE D'URFE ISLE CADIEUX ALSTONVALE Ottawa, showing the Rideau Canal, Confederation Square and Parliament Buildings VANKLEEK HILL '4>/f4- McALPIN CALEDONIA SPRINGS ALFRED PLANTAGENET PENDLETON BOURGET HAMMOND LEONARD NAVAN BLACKBURN OTTAWA HULL HULL WEST OTTAWA WEST WESTBORO STITTVILLE ASHTON CARLETON PLACE ALMONTE SNEDDEN PAKENHAM ARNPRIOR BRAESIDE SAND POINT CASTLEFORD MAYHEW RENFREW PAYNE HALEY'S name of a son of George III. At mileage 50.1 the South Nation River is crossed. Plantagenet, also settled in 1798, bears another royal name. Bourget, once known simply as "The Brook", was named for Bishop Bourget, head of the Roman Catholic diocese of Montreal. The Rideau River, named by Champlain on an early voyage, is crossed at mileage 85.9. Ottawa, capital of Canada, and Hull, Que., across the Ottawa River, in addition to light and heavy manufacturing and many other industries, are lumbering centres. The area was first seen by Champlain, de Vigneau and Brule. First called Bytown, Ottawa was started by Colonel By, builder of the Rideau Canal, in 1 827, incorporated as "Ottawa" in 1854 and chosen as capital of Canada in 1858. Hull, processor of paper, matches, textiles, cement and meat products, is the junction for the Maniwaki and Lachute, Sub-Divisions of the Canadian Pacific. At mileage 89.4, the line crosses Brewery Creek, scene of ornithological studies by Rt. Hon. Malcolm Macdonald. The Canadian Pacific main line crosses the river twice here and gives a magnificent view of the Canadian Parliament Buildings, the Rideau Locks, Chaudiere Falls and the industries. Carleton Place, Arnprior and Renfrew typify the solid economy of this part of prosperous Ontario. Carleton Place After its two crossings of the Sub-Division Ottawa in the capital area, the transcontinental line skirts the river for a few miles. By another route than that of Pere Marquette, who, with fur trader Louis Joliet, his co-explorer of the Mississippi, Ohio, Arkansas, Illinois and Chicago Rivers, paddled up the Ottawa to Mattawa 350 years ago, the transcontinental line taps a rich agricultural country. Carleton Place, junction for Smiths Falls, is a manufacturing and market centre. Chalk River Pleasantly sited, Almonte, named Sub-Division for the Mexican General, is a textile centre. Note, south of track, the clever use of mill tailraces in landscaping of gardens. At mileages 17.6 and 32.4 we cross Canada's Mississippi River. Pakenham, marked by attractive falls south of the railway, commemorates General Sir E. M. Pakenham, killed at the Battle of New Orleans in 1815. Wide meadows and well-tended grain and root crops characterize this part of Ontario. At mileage 39, the Madawaska River is seen to the south and the track crosses it at mileage 40. Arnprior, next, busily devotes itself to textiles, boatbuilding, electronics, dairy products, lumbering and construction. Its name, like that of Braeside, where the Ottawa River is visible north of the track, is Scottish in origin. Sand Point, named for the bar which juts into Chats Lake, faces Norway Bay. Renfrew is noted for castings manufacturing, woodworking, refrigerators, airplane engine parts, plastics, flour, feed and textiles. The West Bonne- chere River is crossed at mileage 59.8. Payne, junction for the Eganville Sub-Division, and Haley's, where magnesium is mined and the Chenaux Falls Plant of the Ontario Hydro-Electric Power Com mission is located, and Cobden, livestock centre named for the 19th century British statesman, are of interest. At mileage 74, Muskrat Lake lives up to its name and at mileage 79, the Spring and Fall migrations of Canada geese are a sight worth seeing. The stopover flocks sometimes are numbered in thousands. Snake River Station marks the crossing of Snake River. The Muskrat River, mileage 84.4, separated from the Ottawa by a narrow range of hills, flows in the opposite direction. Many eagles nest in this area. Mileage 91 shows part of 23-mile-long Allumette Island in the Ottawa River. Pembroke, county seat of Renfrew, gateway to hunting country, marks the limit of Champlain's 1613 exploration of the Ottawa River. This busy city, named for Pembroke in Wales, makes box shooks, match blocks, matches, office furniture, pulp, lumber, veneer and electrical appliances. Between mileage 98.5 and 101, conservationists will be interested in the obvious signs of reforestation. Petawawa is the railway station for a large army training centre, used, as the surrounding countryside gives evidence, by mechanized units. The name is an Indian word for "murmuring water" which is crossed at mileage 104. At mileage 105, north of the track, the entrance to Petawawa Military Camp is known as Montgomery's Crossing after Viscount Montgomery, famous World War II Field Marshal. At mileage 106.5, the artillery range is visible. Chalk River, end of the Sub-Division, is served by the Chalk River, for which it is named. At Deep River, five miles from here is Canada's atomic energy plant, specializing in the production of atomic energy for peacetime purposes. Typical Ontario woodlands North Bay The North Bay Sub-Division is char- Sub-Division acterized by geographical qualities of equal interest to the sportsman and the industrialist. The conformation of the land that makes this territory interesting to sportsmen endows the area with power potentialities. The stretch between mileage 7 and mileage 14 is well known as good deer country, Bass Lake at mileage 9 is said to have been so named because very few bass have been caught in it. Between mileage 12 and 13, Hart Lake is renowned for good pickerel fishing. At mileage 14, Moor Lake lies south of the track. Moor Lake Station serves the hydro-electric power station opened at Des Joachims in 1950. The Canadian Pacific main line track was diverted to permit dams for this new development which generates 480,000 h.p. Lakes north of the track at mileage 16.5 and south at mileage 18 break the wooded landscape and at mileage 19, there is a good view to the north of the Laurentian Mountains across the Ottawa River. At mileage 22.4, a sawmill on a backwater of the Ottawa River indicates the country's character. At mileage 26.5, the now widened Ottawa River to the north covers the former main line visible here at low water, as it is at mileage 28, just east of Stonecliffe Station. Your whole train is visible at mileage 30.5. Near where the track crosses Grant Creek, a curve of almost 90 degrees skirts the lake edge and the former track is visible between mileage 31 and mileage 32 where the diversion ends. Here the transcontinental line leaves the Ottawa River. Near Bissett, at mileage 38, the transcontinental line crosses a bridge once featured by Ripley. Three bridges cross each other and Bissett Creek, the C.P.R. at the top, the highway and a local road. Between mileage 39 and mileage 40, rapids, falls and a lake interest fishermen south of the track and at mileage 44.5 beaver dams and lodges are visible in the surrounding marshland. The Ottawa River is seen again to the north at mileage 50 and at Deux Rivieres, the Magnassippi joins the Ottawa River, the "two rivers" being selected as a name by early French settlers. Another curve of almost 90 degrees at mileage 50.5 marks another diversion of the transcontinental line with the former right-of- way again visible under water on the north side. At mileage 61, Ottawa River islands have shown traces of camp sites of the early explorers whose route to the west still parallels the Canadian Pacific main line. More beaver dams and lodges north of the track at mileage 63 indicate the industry of Canada's national animal and, at mileage 67, the Ottawa River parallels the track. Northward a bridge carries the Timiskaming Sub-Division across the Ottawa. Mattawa, long- settled forest products centre, marking the junction of the Mattawa and Ottawa Rivers, is aptly named by the Indian word for "meeting of waters". Here Champlain ended his journey of exploration and here, two years later, he started up the Mattawa to Lake Nipissing, the French River, Georgian Bay and Lake Huron, a route followed for many years by early explorers. Mattawa has been a trading post since 1784. From Mattawa, the Ottawa River swerves northward and the Mattawa River parallels the Canadian Pacific transcontinental line to North Bay, north of the track. This is trapping and hunting country and such sights as Earl's Lake, mileage 74.5, and the beaver lodges easily seen in lakes at mileages 77 and 79, make it easy to believe that Radisson, Marquette, Nicolet, LaSalle and other pioneers fared well during their arduous journeys. At mileage 83, the line crosses the Amable du Fond River (trout). South of the track at Eau Claire are beaver-filled lakes. Look north at mileage 94 between Rutherglen and Bonfield for a glimpse of Lake Talon, part of the chain of lakes that formed the early canoe route to the west. Bonfield, formerly named Callander, is a lumbering centre. At mileage 98, north of the track, Bonfield Falls are visible. Between mileage 98.5 and 102.5 Lake Nosbonsing, south of the track, is known for bass, pickerel and maskinonge fishing. Corbeil, an arm of Lake Nipissing, South Bay, leads up to the naming of the city that ends this sub-division. North Bay, historians known as a stopping place for Champlain in 1615, is an important centre. Diamond drilling equipment, lumber and building products, commercial explosives, castings, dairy products, dressed lumber and forest products; the operating headquarters of the provincially-owned Ontario Northland Railway to Hudson Bay; boat-building and hardboard make this market for 120,000 acres of general farming land a busy place. Islands visible to the south mark the westward channel of the explorers, and four miles south along the coast is the site of a post of great importance in the days of the fur trade. Cartier Westward from North Bay, the Sub-Division Canadian Pacific transcontinental line skirts the north shore of Lake Nipissing past the sites of forts built by the North West and Hudson's Bay Companies. South of the track between Mileage 2 and Sturgeon Bay is an Indian Reservation. After mileage 5 the lake is out of sight. Beaucage, named for the first family to settle in the area, limits the western view of the historic lake. Meadow Creek, crossed at mileage 12.9, takes its name from the pastureland for which Meadowside was named. Sturgeon Falls, named for the cataract on the Big Sturgeon River, crossed just west of the station, makes barrel and keg staves and wood-pulp board — using many woods of no other value. Founded in 1885, the town's name was obvious to fishermen. Clues to early denizens are given by Bear Creek, mileage 39 and Stag Creek at mileage 41.5. Markstay, lumber and pulpwood centre, is named for an English village. West of the station, the line crosses the North Veuve River, and between mileages 57.4 and 58.6 crosses the middle branch five times. The river, bridged at mileage 67.3, gives its name to Wanapitei, and Coniston, named for the novel by the American author, Winston Churchill, provides year-round employment, has a matte smelter, four blast-type furnaces, a concentrator and a sintering plant. (continued on page 8) STONECLIFFE DEUX RIVIERES EAU CLAIRE TORONTO PARKDALE WEST TORONTO WESTON WOODBRIDGE KLEINBURG BOLTON HUMBER PALGRAVE TOTTENHAM BEETON ALLISTON BAXTER YPRES ESSA MIDHURST CRAIGHURST CARLEY MEDONTE LOVERING SEVERN FALLS BALA RODERICK MACTIER MacTier Earliest recorded visitors to the area Sub-Division between Toronto and Sudbury were Champlain and Brule in 1615. Much of their route paralleled two sides of a triangle, Toronto-North Bay-Montreal. West Toronto, once known as Toronto Junction, is the junction for Windsor, Owen Sound, Wingham and Chicago. As with other large cities, Toronto's suburbs radiate for considerable distances. Weston, for example, has foundries, woodworking, aircraft, agricultural machinery, bicycle and camera factories. As the suburbs fringe into farmlands the rolling country gives promise of the agricultural bounty for which this countryside is noted. South of the line across the low hills near mileage 10, Toronto's famous Hospital for Sick Children has a fine building. Woodbridge on the Humber River, has textile factories and a famous Fall Fair. Originally called Burwick, for Rowland Burr, who settled there in 1837, it owes today's name to a bridge built by a man named Wood. Kleinberg was named for Miller Klein, who built the second mill on the Humber River and Sam Bolton, early settler, left his name to his village. Tottenham bears the name of Tottenham, England, Beeton that of an old-established family. Neat rows of trim sheds lining the fields in this part of the country indicate a major crop, tobacco. Tree-shadowed Alliston is famous for its native son, Sir Frederick Banting, co-discoverer of insulin. Ypres, named for a famous Canadian battle of World War I, is the junction for Camp Borden, largest military establishment in Canada. Its 50 square miles includes training centres or detachments of almost every armed service of army and air force. At mileage 62.5, south of the track a lake enlivens the scenery, mileage 65.5 has an interesting log structure still in use. An Ontario Provincial Forestry Station keys the extensive reforestation evident in this sandy country, at mileage 66. Midhurst, named for an English counterpart, and a high bridge at mileage 68 from which a fine view can be enjoyed, a sawmill — prophetic of the changing character of the countryside — at mileage 77, dot the extensive reforestation area. Tied by its present transportation importance to the early history of Huronia, Medonte is the junction for Port McNicoll. Father Brebeuf, paddling the Ottawa, Mattawa and French Rivers in 1626, explored this area, to return later with Lalement, Jogues and Daniel. Near Port McNicoll, The Martyrs' Shrine commemorates the four, two of whom were tortured and killed at St. Louis, not far from Medonte. At Lovering outcroppings of the hard rock Canadian Shield are noticeable, as are meadows to the south. Severn Falls takes its name from the Severn River which is crossed here. At mileage 111.5 a long finger-lake points North and a mile and a half west a "pot lake" attracts the eye. Bala, marked by the Miskosh and Moon Rivers, by Bala Falls south of the line and Lake Muskoka to the north, is the gateway to the Muskoka Lakes, a favourite summer holiday area. MacTier the Ontario and Algoma Districts of the Canadian Pacific meet. Automatic Block Signals While the red, yellow and green lights that you see from the "Scenic Dome" are welcome because they add colour to the journey by day or night, they have more serious business to do. These are the lights of the Automatic Block Signal System — an intricate series of electrical sections called "blocks", into which the transcontinental main line is divided. Entrance of the train into each block is governed by the colour light signal which tells the engineman whether he may enter the block or if he must stop. More complicated than highway traffic signals, but governed by easily interpreted rules, block signals sometimes require two or more colour lights to convey their full meaning. Many miles of main line are governed by an even more intricate system known as centralized traffic control (CTC). The train dispatcher is kept informed of the exact location of each train on his territory by means of a series of coloured lights on a control panel. By using the buttons and toggle switches on the panel he can control the track switches and signals at each siding, or junction, so as to route trains in the most efficient manner. Many times, at a siding on signal track, trains will "meet" without either train being required to stop. The complex electronic circuits prevent the dispatcher from making a mistake. Parry Sound The transition from farm land Sub-Division through wooded holiday lakes to the Ontario Forest takes place between MacTier and Romford, western end of the Parry Sound Sub-Division, in a way marked by the changing scenery that unrolls on all sides for the sightseer in his comfortable seat in a Canadian Pacific "Scenic Dome". Game, less evident in cleared land except for occasional red-fox and ground hog, includes deer, beaver, porcupine, skunk, mink and muskrat. Toward the western limit the Canadian Shield takes over with rocks, pot lakes and coniferous trees in place of the more open country between Muskoka and Lake Ontario. Lake Stewart, at mileage 1.2 and Lake Joseph, mileage 3.5, two of the Muskoka Lakes, lie north of the track. Rosseau Road perpetuates the old stage route to Rosseau Village. In defiance of the major land characteristics, a farm, sited on a lake north of the line enlivens the scene at mileage 15. The Boyne and Seguin Rivers cross on their way to Georgian Bay at mileages 20 and 22.6. Parry Sound, long-established, deals in forest products, dressed lumber, wood products and boat building, is a gateway to Georgian Bay and noted fishing and hunting centre. The high railway bridge across the Seguin River gives an excellent view of Seguin Falls on the north and the town lying picturesquely in the valley. At mileage 26 a good view of Georgian Bay rewards a southward look and at 27.5 Portage Lake connects with the Seguin River and Mill Lake. Georgian Bay is in sight again at mileage 28, and from the same window, mileage 29, the model town which houses employees of the explosives plant at Nobel, named for the Swedish inventor and philanthropist who established the Nobel Peace Prizes. Another industry at Nobel is a test plant for aircraft engines. Many lakes of varying sizes line the track on both sides and alert watchers may see deer and other small game. At mileage 40 the buildings of Shawanaga Indian Reserve attest Canada's interest in aboriginal tribes, and four and a half miles west the line crosses the Shawanaga River, to be paralleled to the south by a chain of lakes between mileages 45 and 46. Pointe au Baril, originally identified by a barrel on a pole, at the apex of a narrow inlet of Georgian Bay, is a popular summer resort south of the line well seen from the high bridge at mileage 49. Sharp eyes may spot beavers at work in a typical pond north of the line at mileage 51. At mileage 55 the Naiscootyong River is crossed. The tourist resort to the south is not far from the "Naiscoot", or Burnt Point, which commemorates a legendary fire that destroyed Indian hunting grounds. Byng Inlet, named for a former Governor- General of Canada, Lord Byng of Vimy, marks the mouth of the Magnetawan River, crossed by a bridge nearly 300 yards long. Britt, a typical Ontario town, is a lake port, unloading large cargoes of oil from United States lake ports destined to Northern Ontario. At mileage 65.5 a steel arch and concrete bridge carries a highway over the railway and the Still River. Trim white buildings, a flagpole and radio antenna south of the line at mile 68 house the Still River Detachment of Ontario's alert Provincial Police. Little Key River is crossed at mileage 72.6 and lakes become more frequent both sides of the track and to the north at mileage 80.5 the Pickerel River flows parallel for half a mile, when it swings south beneath the tracks on its hurried way to Georgian Bay. Near mileage 83, the French River, famous in Canadian history, makes its way west through rocky banks. North of the line at mileage 83.4, perched high on the rocks, is a popular tourist resort catering to golfers, fishermen and boating enthusiasts. Between mileages 95 and 98 beaver lodges are visible in lakes both sides of the line and deer and occa- Muskoka Lakes area, Ontario sional elk are seen from time to time. The line crosses Kakakiwaganda Lake at about mileage 103. Pot lakes — with no apparent source or outlets — characterize this rocky country and there are many in the Sudbury Game Preserve between mileage boards 104 and 110. The Wana- pitei River is crossed at 112.9. A lone farm stands out sharply against the surrounding bush at mileage 116 and at mileage 117.5, north of the track, the Coniston smelter shows up. Another sight of the big plant marks mileage 120.5, and all around the geological formation of striated rock, tilted by some ancient upheaval, shows the difficulties that beset the engineers who blasted out the railway. At Romford the Parry Sound and Cartier Sub- Divisions merge and Canadian Pacific transcontinental trains from Toronto and Montreal follow the same route across Canada. Cartier South of the line Ramsey Lake, Sub-Division handy terminus for bush airplanes, stretches from Romford to Sudbury, headquarters of the Sudbury Division and junction for the Nickel and Webbwood Sub-Divisions. Incorporated as a city in 1930, Sudbury was established in 1883 wnen the Canadian Pacific Railway was built and copper ore, economic basis of the city's early prosperity, was uncovered. Today, in addition to nickel and copper mining, smelting and refining, this city of diverse industries deals in rough and dressed lumber, concrete, glass and paint, brick and cement blocks, steel fabrication, concentrators, mining equipment, tile, building products, ties and smaller industries. At mileage 81.5 workings of nickel and copper mines show to the north, and southward, huge stacks indicate a smelter. Azilda, first station to the west, commemorates Mrs. Azilda Beaudouin, LAKE JOSEPH GORDON BAY BRIGNALL ROSSEAU ROAD BLACK ROAD OTTER LAKE DOCKMURE PARRY SOUND NOBEL CARLING SHAWANAGA PTE. AU BARIL MANBERT NAISCOOT BYNG INLET BRITT BEKAN0N PAKESLEY PICKEREL WANIKEWIN FRENCH RIVER BIGW00D RUTTER DELAMERE PAGET BURWASH WANUP DILL ROMFORD POGAMASING BISCOTASING NICHOLSON MISSANABIE WHITE RIVER first white woman settler. South of the track, near mileage 89, is Whitewater Lake. The Whitson River is crossed near Chelmsford, named for a town in the county of Essex, England. Larchwood was named by a lumber developer for the preponderance of this timber in the district. The river crossed at mileage 97 is the Vermilion. A very popular name in areas where Indians searched for red earths for war paints, it occurs all across the map of Canada. Levack, busy market area, serves nickel mines in its locality and is the junction with the mine railroad. At mileage 104.5 the lake to the south, generally rough due to prevailing winds, gives its name to Windy Lake station. Cartier, junction of the Cartier and Nemegos Sub-Divisions, serves three lumber camps in addition to its railway duties. Nemegos North of the line, at mileage 1, is Sub-Division Hess Lake. On the same side at Geneva station is the lake of the same name. To generalize a little, the Canadian Pacific main line between Cartier and Kenora, penetrates the "Great Lakes Forest Region" and there are many evidences of lumbering to be seen. Such woods as white, red and jack pine; tamarack, hemlock, balsam fir, white spruce; sugar, red and silver maple; red, bur and white oak; yellow birch; white elm; white and black ash; white elm and hazel are seen. At mileage 17.5, south of the track, the Spanish River, scene of many a log run, parallels the train. Pogamasing station serves woods operations along the river which is crossed by the train at mileage 25. To the south, Pogamasing Lake is in sight between mileages 26 and 28 and at the latter point the Spanish River runs along north of the track to mileage 30. Metagama, meaning "river flows out of the lake", is a famous starting point for hunters and fishermen. An arm of Biscotasing Lake is crossed at mileage 52.5 and the lake itself at mileage 54. Biscotasing, another Indian word, means "body of water with long arms" — another example of the picturesque tongue that named so much of Canada! At mileage 78 the water to the south is Cavell Lake. The line crosses Turnbull River at mileage 80, Turnbull Lake lies south. Woman River station is named for the fast water flowing from the north. The Wakamagasing River is crossed at mileage 95. The saw and planing mill at Sultan handles lumber, ties, pit props and pulpwood. There are so many rivers and streams in this game-filled area that only a few have names. The river crossed twice at mileage 99 is The Ridout, which parallels the north side of the track past Ridout station. At mileage 1 05.5 the line crosses the Kinogama and the Apiskanagama at 107.5. The Kinogama is crossed again at mileage 1 1 1.7 and an arm of Nemegos Lake at 1 20. At Nemegos, the Nemegosanda River is crossed. North of here claims have been staked for iron, phosphate and titanium. The Nebskwashi River marks mileage 1 35. Chapleau, junction of the Nemegos and White River Sub-Divisions, as well as being an educational and banking centre, has district headquarters of the Ontario departments of Lands and Forests, and Game and Fisheries. On the station lawn a monument commemorates Louis Hemon, author of the Canadian classic "Maria Chapdelaine", who died there. The Kebsquasheshing River flows through here. White River Lakes, on both sides of the track Sub-Division at mileage 3, continue to offer glimpses of wild-life to the alert watcher. Herring and ring-billed gulls are common and sharp eyes will identify robins, cardinals, catbirds, bobolinks, red-winged blackbirds. The track follows the southern boundary of the Chapleau Game Preserve. Near mileage 32 the line crosses Goldie Lake. At mileage 44 Lake Ogawisi lies north, mileage 46 marks Carry Lake (south) and a creek that serves Pickle Lake north of the track. Dog Lake is crossed at mileage 57. Missanabie, Indian for "big water", was a station on the old fur route by water from James Bay to Lake Superior. Two rivers, the Lochalsh and Lochlomond, crossed at mileages 61.6 and 64.2 and Lochalsh station testify to Scottish settlers. Wabatongushi Lake lies north of Lochalsh. At mileage 79, Hobon Lake to the south heralds Franz, junction with the Algoma Central and Hudson Bay Railway. An arm of Esnagi Lake is crossed at mileage 87 and a power dam is visible south of the track. The Magpie River is crossed at mileage 88.2. Amyot, a tourist centre, shows Negwazu Lake to the south. The lake parallels the line to mileage 11 5. The White River is crossed at mileage 117.6, the Pickerel at 122.6 and the White River again at 129.2. Still in the coniferous belt, with jack pine as the most important source of pulpwood, White River, junction of the White River and Heron Bay Sub-Divisions, is a meteorological reporting station which frequently registers very low temperatures. Heron Bay The White River is in sight (south) Sub-Division at mileage 6 and is crossed at mileage 12.2. At 15.3 the line crosses the Bremner River and an arm of White Lake (north) at mileage 19. Regan is the supply point for local woods operations. Pulpwood cut in this area is driven down the White River to Lake Superior for rafting to Sault Ste. Marie. At Mobert, a contraction of Montizambert, the Hudson's Bay Company post, established before the Canadian Pacific was built, still operates. There is an Ojibway Indian settlement here. Tumbling rapids and fast white water to test paddlers' skill to the utmost abounds in this country. At mileage 24.7 the White River is crossed and within one mile at mileages 32.9 and 33.9 the Cedar River is bridged twice. Cedar Lake (north) continues to mileage 36, Cedar Creek is crossed at 35.5 and Cache Creek, feeding Cache Lake (south) at 39; at mileage 40.5 the lake itself is spanned. Hemlo annually floats 150,000 cords down the Little Black River, which, after barking, is handled by flume, visible from the Scenic Dome, to Heron Bay harbour. Little Black River is crossed at mileage 50.4 and Big Pic River at 54.4. Heron Bay was named for the Jesuit missionary, Pere Heron. Lake Superior (south) is visible at mileage 56.4. Formerly known as "Peninsula", Marathon, a planned town, takes its name from pulp mills that produce 500 tons of sulphate pulp per day. Wood for the mill is driven down the Pic River to Lake Superior and towed to Peninsula Harbour where large rafts are frequently seen. The line follows the deeply indented north shore of Lake Superior, with starkly picturesque rocky country to the north and the limitless expanse of the great inland sea southward. Cold- well, a commercial fishing village, Neys, several highway bridges, the little Pic River [mileage 81), Prairie River, mileage 90, and Steel River, spanned at 94.8, and Jack Fish catch the eye. By day or night the horseshoe curve around Jack Fish Bay is an attention-holding sight. Watch here in breeding season for little flotillas of wild duck. At mileage 102.7 a monument marks the joining of east and west construction in the district in 1885. Terrace Bay, once known as "Black", takes great pride in a 370-ton pulp mill operated by power from the Ontario Hydro-Electric Power Commission plant on the Aguasabon River, which is crossed at mileage 110.5. The power development (112.8) generates 53,000 h.p., a 3,500-foot tunnel leading the water from Hayes Lake under the track to the power house at the lake side. Schreiber, junction of the Heron Bay and Nipigon Sub- Divisions, was once called Isbester's Landing. Nipigon Between Schreiber and Fort Wil- Sub-Division liam the Canadian Pacific main transcontinental line follows the contour of Lake Superior's rocky north shore, leaving the coast from time to time by short cuts across promontories. Rossport station is a shipping point for Lake Superior trout. The Pays Plat River is spanned at mileage 22.4. Pays Plat Bay, Crow Point, Gravel Bay, Rainboth Point, Mountain Bay and Grant Point face south to Isle St. Ignace — all sailors' landmarks in Nipigon Bay. At mileage 33.2 the track bridges Big Gravel River, the Jack Pine River at mileage 45.4, Kama Bay at 50 and the Jackfish River at 53.5. Mileage 62.4 marks the Nipigon River and the name, meaning "clear, fast water", well describes this summer holiday area. Ground wood pulp, fishing camps, summer resorts and a hydro-electric development on the southern tip of Helen Lake (north) are the local industries. Near mileage 65 an arm of Nipigon Bay is crossed. Red Rock, named for the local rock formation, centres round a woodpulp board, container board and paper industry with a daily tonnage capacity of more than 800. Black Sturgeon River, bridged at mileage 73.9, is said to have been well named. The line crosses a 15-mile wide peninsula between Red Rock and Hurkett — a centre for commercial fishing and woods operations. Both feeding Lake Superior, the Wolf (83) and Cold- water Rivers (84) intersect the line. Dorion, a commercial fishing port that once boasted lead and zinc mines, is mineral-minded again with diamond drills working on the old properties. Ouimet bears the name of Hon. Gideon Ouimet, Busy Marathon minister in Sir John A. Macdonald's cabinet and Pearl, that of the river bridged at mileage 96.3. North of the line, at mileage 101, Loon Lake names the station for Sibley Provincial Park. The latter, a wild life sanctuary, extends southwest- ward for 24 miles to end in the craggy promontory known to travellers as "The Sleeping Giant" — one of the guardians of Thunder Bay. The bay is sighted at mileage 123, a magnificent natural harbour guarded by Thunder Cape and Pie Island. Here the twin cities, Port Arthur and Fort William, western Great Lakes port, known as the "Canadian Lakehead" annually ship 14 million tons. 25 grain elevators, holding more than 93,000,000 bushels, and four large paper mills, line the waterfront. Other manufacturing, grossing upwards of $75,000,000 annually, adds to the prosperity of the great ports. Fort William, at the mouth of the Kaministiquia River, is the junction of the Nipigon and Kaministiquia Sub-Divisions of the Canadian Pacific. Time changes here at the meeting of the central and eastern standard time zones. Westward travellers retard watches by one hour. Kaministiquia The first post at the mouth of the Sub-Division Kaministiquia River was built by French settlers in 1678, but the city owes its name to the fort constructed by William McGillivray of The North West Company in 1801-3. Surrounded by 15-foot palisades, the fort buildings included a metal-roofed powder magazine and the famous Great Hall which was parchment-windowed, hung with paintings — including King George III, Lord Nelson and the Battle of the Nile. David Thompson's map, now in the Ontario archives in Toronto, held one place of honour, a bust of Simon McTavish, head of the company, the other. From the great fort explorers and traders, by canoe and portage, pioneered the route now approximated by the Canadian Pacific main line. They saw, but not as well as modern travellers from their "Scenic HERON BAY MACKENZIE WEST FORT WILLIAM MURILLO KAMINISTIQUIA FINMARK BUDA RAITH SAVANNE UPSALA NIBLOCK ENGLISH RIVER MARTIN BONHEUR IGNACE OSAQUAN RALEIGH TACHE DYMENT DINORWIC WABIGOON DRYDEN OXDRIFT MINNITAKI EAGLE RIVER GUNNE VERMILION BAY EDISON PINE HAWK LAKE SCOVIL MARGACH KENORA 10 Domes", Mount McKay (south), paddled the Kaministiquia River, which is bridged near West Fort William, the Neebing River (mileage 7.6). Their names included La Verendrye, Lord Selkirk, Alexander Henry, Cadotte, Colonel Wolseley, and rugged though the territory may seem to railway travellers, to them, threading their way from lake to lake it was really gruelling travel. At mileage 18, the Kaministiquia is south of the track, five miles west the tributary Strawberry Creek is bridged. Vegetation here, as across the Great Lakes, includes sumach, hawthorn, raspberry, blackberry, honeysuckle and thimbleberry bushes in addition to conifers. Kaministiquia, named from the graphic Indian word for "twisting water", serves a farming and mink-ranching district. The line here crosses the Matawan River and again at mileage 27.5. At mileage 31 Sunshine Creek is crossed half a mile east of Finmark. Buda commemorates Budapest. Near mileage 48.5 several tributaries of the Oskondaga River pass under the line and southward, at mileage 51.5, lies McGhie Lake. The Savanne River, visible (south) at mileage 58, and the station (71.3) where the north branch of the same river is crossed, get their name from the Indian, Savannah — a level tract of land. Remember your French lessons? — Lac des Milles Lacs—titles the water the line crosses at mileage 71, actually the northeast arm of the "Lake of a Thousand Lakes". The hardy voyageurs who made the early trips through this beautiful, but rugged, land of forests, lakes and streams, would have had it easier had fire-watchers' towers —like that south of the track at mileage 86, been in existence. Fishermen will look hungrily at the long lake south of the line at mileage 86.5, and at the Firesteel River, spanned at 88-90. At mileage 100 amateur naturalists will scan the banks of Beaver River, and ornithologists the skies above Hawk Lake (109) south of the track. English River, station and river are close together, and Scotch River (mileage 112) tell the nationalities of their namers, as does the Megikons, the east branch of which is crossed at mileage 126. Raven Lake borders the track to the south at mileage 127. Mileage 139 marks the crossing of the swift Gulliver River. Ignace, with Azimik Lake to the south, marks the boundaries of the Kaministiquia and Ignace Sub-Divisions. Ignace The fact that today's short-cut Sub-Division across Canada by Canadian Pacific follows in the main the routes of early explorers is emphasized again by the naming of Ignace. In the absence of factual data, but in the light of the frequent recurrence of the French spelling of the name of the Patron Saint of the Jesuit Order, it is a safe assumption that Ignace was named by an adventurous priest accompanying, as so many did, an early trail blazer. Osaquan takes its name from the river crossed at mileage 6. Raleigh, named for the famous Sir Walter, is noted amongst fishermen for its trout and pickerel. Tourist camps are established on Raleigh Lake south of the track. Tache is the name of a former Bishop of St. Boniface, Manitoba. The Wabigoon River, bridged at mileage 27.7, is named from the Indian "white flower", possibly trillium or water-lily — both abound. Dyment, shipping point for farms, lumber camps and a gold-mining area, might add to the wild life already listed possible sights of meadow- larks and mourning doves. Dinorwic marks the junction of a former trail known as the North Highway and the Trans-Canada Highway. It was a Hudson's Bay Post in the days of the fur trade. To the south Dinorwic Lake, which connects with Wabigoon Lake, attracts many anglers and at mileage 50 the line crosses an inlet of Lake Wabigoon. At mileage 52.8 the line passes between Thunder Lake to the north and Wabigoon Lake. The Wabigoon River is crossed again at Dryden, a town that commemorates the late Hon. John Dryden, Minister of Agriculture. Dryden is known as "The Paper Town". The pulp and paper mill, one of the first in Ontario, manufactures 140,000 tons of pulp and 60,000 tons of all types of Craft and specialty papers each year. There are 1,500 people employed in the operations. Oxdrift, a shipping point for high-grade clover seed, owes its unusual name to the fact that a herdsman reported to railway construction engineers that oxen missing from his tally had "drifted away". The water crossed at mileage 75 bears the somewhat delicate name of Aubrey Creek but Minnitaki on the nearby station board, has a less delicate connotation, being the Indian invitation to "take a drink". Beaver Creek, one of the many of this name crossed by the Canadian Pacific transcontinental line between eastern and western tidewaters, is crossed at mileage 77.4 and Eagle River, another name to be seen frequently, is a hunting and fishing centre whose river drains Eagle Lake south of the track which is seen again between mileages 86-9. Vermilion Bay, again with a connotation of war paint, today is a lumber and pulpwood centre with tourist and fishing camps on the lakes and rivers seen both sides of the line. Thomas A. Edison was honoured by the namers of the next station. Scovil takes its name from the lake visible to the south and at mileage 139 the line crosses the southern tip of Island Lake. Originally named Rat Portage because of the muskrat crossing seen by La Verendrye after the establishment of his fort on the west shore of the Lake of the Woods, Kenora played an important part in the early history of North American exploration being on the route of the La Verendrye expeditions to the headwaters of the Missouri River. In 1899, the nearby village of Norman was united with Rat Portage and the new name taken from KE for Keewatin, NO for Norman and RA for Rat Portage was established. Today, grown to a sizeable town, this newsprint, brewing, commercial fishing centre on the northern tip of the Lake of the Woods, is the tourist entrance to a great holiday land famous for its thousands of wooded islands ideal for boating, swimming and fishing. A Canadian Pacific divisional headquarters, Kenora marks the junction of the Ignace and Keewatin Sub- Divisions. Fishing in French River Typical of the lovely holiday country for which Ontario is famous, the pictures on this page are clues to its popularity. In the various seasons fishing, hunting, boating, canoe trips, photography and painting attract visitors from all over the world. Ontario River in Autumn The Lake of the Woods Kakabeka Falls, Fort William 11 Topped by the famous "Golden Boy" statue, the dome of the Manitoba Legislature is visible for miles around Winnipeg. The building is magnificently sited on the Assiniboine River and with its surrounding greensward, to be enhanced by a wide mall, is the outstanding architectural feature of Canada's "Gateway to the West". The rugged beauty of the Aguasabon River is typical of the region north of Lake Superior, where The Canadian's 'North Shore Route' provides an unequalled opportunity to view this wild and magnificent terrain. The Aguasabon River 12 (Continued from page 10) Keewatin Keewatin, Ojibway Indian word for Sub-Division "home of the north-east wind", is a busy town that mills 12,000 barrels of flour a day and processes lumber. It is the starting point for tourist expeditions to the Sturgeon River and Black Sturgeon Lakes area. This seems to be a country of manufactured names, Laclu is a French contraction of nearby Lake Lulu. Busteed is named for a former Canadian Pacific General Superintendent. Deception Lake is crossed at mileage 15 and north of the track, at mileage 19-21, is a lake to tempt anglers. Proximity of this countryside to the metropolitan centre of Winnipeg is indicated westward by the number of summer camps seen both sides of the track, the lakes north and south of Ingolf, farthest west settlement in Ontario, being typical. At mileage 33.4 the provincial boundary between Ontario and Manitoba is crossed and a bridge, mileage 35.5, crosses Caddy Lake, Manitoba. In this area, the central coniferous region merges into prairie country, the transition being marked by a marshy fringe from the neighbourhood of mileage 50 to approximately mileage 90. Darwin commemorates Charles Darwin, famous scientist and author of "The Origin of Species", the Bog River is crossed at mileage 69 and the Whitemouth River is crossed at mileage 71.3. Whitemouth, a prosperous business centre, serves a well-populated district. The naming of Shelley attests to the literary tastes of the surveyor who presumably selected his favourite poet, Percy Bysshe Shelley, for commemoration. Whether Julius was named for the Roman Emperor is not known. At Molson the Lac Dubonnet Sub-Division which links Great Falls to the north with Winnipeg via Tyndall, noted for its quarries, crosses the main line at Molson. Lydiatt is the western boundary of the belt of marshland separating the prairies from the central coniferous region and prairie land characterizes the country between here and Winnipeg, known to La Verendrye in 1738 when he established Fort Rouge. Settlement of the Winnipeg of today, really began with the building of Fort Gibraltar by men of the North-West Company in 1806. Further development came five years later when the Earl of Selkirk bought control of the Hudson's Bay Company in order to obtain a grant of 100,000 square miles of Red River lands for colonization. Wiped out three years later by North-West traders, the colony soon regained its feet and Winnipeg has developed ever since. Financial and commercial headquarters for Western Canada, Winnipeg's industries include slaughtering, meat packing, flour and feed, printing, publishing, general manufacturing, clothing, brewing, baking and transportation, it being the focus of rail travel to the major points of the compass. Fort Garry, a stone building established by the Hudson's Bay Company, is maintained today, and a relic of early Canadian Pacific days, the earliest locomotive, "The Countess of Dufferin", may be visited while the transcontinental train is in the station. Here are the magnificent Manitoba Parliament Buildings and, of course, the confluence of the Red and Assiniboine Rivers that made the site so attractive for settlement. Winnipeg, capital of Manitoba, is the boundary of the Keewatin and Carberry Sub-Divisions. Carberry West of Winnipeg the Second Sub-Division Prairie Plain, travelled by La Verendrye and his sons, 1736 to 1743, first white men in the Red River country, is a granary of magnificent proportions. Its settlement and development were directly traceable to the building of the Canadian Pacific Railway in the 1880's and the interrelation of grain and transportation are nowhere more clearly demonstrated than in the great marshalling yards through which transcontinental trains all pass west of Winnipeg station. To many the first sight of the prairies comes as a shock — thanks to graphic descriptions of "flat, treeless plains" common to early geographies and school books. The "grasslands" so adversely reported on by early surveyors have today become a pattern of wheat-lands divided into farms ranging from 320 to 480 acres in extent, mostly provided with trees for wind-breaks around buildings, water holes and in strategic places to guard against soil erosion. From the air-conditioned all-around windowed "Scenic Dome" the widened field of vision shows the gently rolling character of the landscape not easily seen from ground level. Lord Selkirk, who measured land in his treaty with the Indians by "as far as a horse can be seen across the prairie" could have widened his boundaries if the chiefs had had today's point of vantage. Busy Stevenson Field Airport (mileage 5.7), south of the line, is an international field. To the south of the line, the Assiniboine River which bore the canoes of the traders and, later, the York boats of Hudson's Bay Company factors, parallels the railway. Ox-waggon trails across the trackless prairies in the early 19th Century may actually have traced our path—at least as far as Portage la Prairie before slanting north and west towards the fur country. Portage la Prairie, famed in history, junction with the Minnedosa Sub- Division, a marketing, manufacturing and dairy centre, owed it first settlement to Pierre Gaultier de Varennes, Sieur de la Verendrye, Canadian- born explorer who, with his sons Jean, Pierre, Louis and Franoois, established Fort la Reine there in 1731. Paddling from Montreal by way of the Ottawa, Lake Huron, Lake Superior, Pigeon River (west of Fort William), the Lake of the Woods, the Red and Assiniboine rivers, they discovered that only 15 miles separated the new fort from Lake Manitoba and established the portage which opened a route via Lake Winnipeg and the Hayes or Nelson Rivers to Hudson Bay. After their father's death, Pierre and Louis became the first white men to see the Rocky Mountains, probably somewhere in Wyoming. Pierre, North Dakota, named for the explorer, was the spot selected by him for the burial of a momento, which was unearthed in 1913. MacGregor, junction with the Varcoe Sub-Division, was named for a doctor. Douglas owes its sometimes martial air to the proximity of Shilo Military Camp. At mileage 1 31.3, the Assiniboine River is crossed on the out- KEEWATIN LACLU LOWTHER INGOLF TELFORD RENNIE DARWIN WHITEMOUTH SHELLEY JULIUS MOLSON LYDIATT CLOVERLEAF HAZELRIDGE OAKBANK NORTH TRANSCONA WINNIPEG ROSSER MEADOWS MARQUETTE POPLAR POINT HIGH BLUFF PORTAGE LA PRAIRIE BURNSIDE BAGOT MACGREGOR AUSTIN SIDNEY MELBOURNE CARBERRY HUGHES DOUGLAS CHATER BRANDON 13 KEMNAY ALEXANDER GRISWOLD OAK LAKE ROUTLEDGE VIRDEN HARGRAVE ELKHORN KIRKELLA FLEMING MOOSOMIN RED JACKET WAPELLA BURROWS WHITEWOOD PERCIVAL BROADVIEW OAKSHELA GRENFELL SUMMERBERRY WOLSELEY SINTALUTA INDIAN HEAD QU'APPELLE McLEAN BALGONIE PILOT BUTTE REGINA GRAND COULEE PENSE BELLE PLAINE PASQUA MOOSEJAW skirts of long-established Brandon, junction of the Carberry and Broadview Sub-Divisions. This mid- prairie city houses an Experimental Farm, Mental Hospital, Indian School, Provincial Exhibition and Brandon College. Broadview Where the Assiniboine and Cree Sub-Division tribes roamed and hunted before the white man came, the Second Prairie Plain maintains its modern farming character. Alexander, characterized as are most prairie stations, by local grain elevators, chose the second name of Sir John A. Macdonald, Prime Minister at Confederation, for its own; Griswold marks an Indian Reservation; and Oak Lake, proud of the tourist resort to the southwest, commemorates its watering place. The bridge at mileage 46.1 crosses Gopher Creek. Virden, with oil wells, mileage 47-48, is the junction for Neudorf Sub-Division. Elkhorn's name commemorates a find of top specimen elk horns made by surveyors of the line. Kirkella is the junction with McAuley Sub-Division. Mileage 74.7 "marks the boundary between the provinces of Manitoba and Saskatchewan. Fleming, Saskatchewan commemorates Sir Sandford Fleming, former engineer in chief of the Canadian Pacific Railway, noted surveyor who mapped two passes through the Canadian Rockies, and originator of the idea of Standard Time. Moosomin gets its name from an early Indian chief. Red Jacket is thought to commemorate the North West Mounted Police, and Wapella is an Indian word for "white snow". Broadview is the junction of the Broadview and Indian Head Sub- Divisions, Indian Head Oakshela, from the Indian word for Sub Division "child", has an altitude of 1,959 feet. Sharp eyes may pick out gophers, coyotes, jack rabbits, western meadow larks, Brewer's blackbirds and hawks throughout the prairie region. This country forms part of "Palliser's Triangle", ah area surveyed by Captain John Palliser for the Colonial Office of Great Britain, 1857-60. His expeditions took him from Lake Superior to beyond the Canadian Rockies. Actually, the triangle was a five- sided, irregular area, the southern part, which the Canadian Pacific traverses, being classified as "arid". Look at it today! Thanks to later reports, which stressed the summer rainfall, cereal experiments were made and the prairies came into their own as a great wheatland. Plant breeders, under the direction of the Department of Agriculture, developed rust-resistant, quick-ripening "hard" wheat, today grown on 25,000,000 acres. Indian Head ships much grain, in addition to bricks and milling products, has a forest nursery station, experimental farm and entomological laboratory. History does not seem to record who was calling when Qu'Appelle was named. The naming of Pilot Butte, if you note the lone hill north of the track, becomes obvious. Tree-shaded Regina originally enjoyed the name of "Pile of Bones", a translation of "Wascana" which still applies to attractive Wascana Lake within the city limits. The "Head End" It takes power with a capital "P" to pull The Canadian eastward and westward across Canada by Canadian Pacific. At the "head end" of the train as many diesel units as needed generate thousands of horsepower to pull the train, light it, supply the kitchens with cooking heat and operate the air-conditioning. Known as "A" units, the "1400 series", have cabs for the engineman, fireman and head end brakeman. "B" units, "1900 series", are coupled as needed for additional power. Each develops 1,750 h.p., consumes 1,500 gallons every 1,000 miles and is re-fueled every 450 miles. Average top speed is 89 m.p.h., average weight 129 tons. "A's" are 54' 8", "B's" 50 feet long and cost $250,000. Each has a steam generator for train heating. In case you haven't a sub-teen boy to explain it more scientifically, a diesel- locomotive, by generating its own electricity, has all the advantages of an electric locomotive independent of a stationary power distributing system. It converts mechanical energy to electrical energy which is reconverted by motors and driving wheels to the mechanical energy that moves the train at the engineman's command. Capital of Saskatchewan and seat of the Legislature which, like the Canadian Pacific Hotel Saskatchewan, stands high above the town as a landmark for miles across the prairie, Regina is the western training headquarters of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police and the original headquarters of the force which was first known as the North West Mounted Police. Pasqua, where the Soo Line connection links Minneapolis, St. Paul and Chicago with the Canadian Pacific main line, is the Indian word for Prairie. Moose Jaw, trading centre and junction of the Canadian Pacific Indian Head and Swift Current Sub-Divisions, is Saskatchewan's third largest city. At the confluence of Moose Jaw River and Thunder Creek, Moose Jaw flouts the prairie tradition with the pleasant lake seen from the train just south of the track. The city busies itself with elevators and milling, cold storage, meat products, oil refining, insulation, dairy products, machinery, furs and hides, sash and doors, bags, blankets, seeds, rubber products and a number of smaller industries. The location was first chosen by Captain Palliser in September, 1857, the first settlers arriving in the spring of 1 882, a few months before the Canadian Pacific line was built. The city's water supply is brought 12 miles by canal from the Buffalo Pound Lake. Moose Jaw's 1 6 parks total 256 acres. 14 Swiff Current Boharm, named for Lord Strath- Sub-Division cona's home in Scotland, at an altitude of 1,802 feet above sea level, gives evidence that the prairies, sloping generally from east to west, are yet far from flat, since McLean to the east has an altitude of 2,294 feet which, compared with Broadview, 1,967 feet, shows a considerable hump between the two points. Westward, the line maintains a steady climb towards the foothills. Caron, another grain shipping point, was named for Sir Adolphe C. Caron, former Canadian Minister of Militia. A combination of French "mort" and Indian "lach" resulted in the word Mortlach, the name of a local slough "Death Lake". The sloughs of Saskatchewan are of interest to wild life conservationists and hunters, as they serve as feeding and breeding places for green- neck mallard, black duck, pintail, canvas back, widgeon, teal. Also seen in this part of the country are the California gull and Franklin's gull, prairie chicken, sharp-tailed grouse, Hungarian partridge, snipe, ptarmigan. At mileage 99, Swift Current Creek, north, parallels the line to mileage 110. Aikins was named for Sir James Aikins, former Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba. Saskatchewan's 252,700 square miles extending northward to the sixtieth parallel of latitude enclose many different types of country. From the central part of the province northward, a land of lakes and forests forms ideal holiday country. In the Saskatchewan River Delta muskrat is especially plentiful. Other fur-bearing animals are mink, weasel, squirrel and beaver. The northern area is a range for barren land caribou, deer, elk, moose and antelope — all carefully protected by closed seasons and hunting regulations. Ducks breed in the northern country, too. Lumbering is carried on in the Porcupine and Pasquia Hills regions and the Torch River area. The Alkali Lakes seen from time to time through southern Saskatchewan yield sodium sulphate for paper mills in Ontario and Quebec and the copper-nickel refineries at Sudbury, Ont. At mileage 110, a 1,000-foot bridge spans Swift Current Creek, a tributary of the South Saskatchewan River. Next comes Swift Current, "Mounf/es" train at Regina with an altitude of 2,432 feet, junction of the Swift Current and Maple Creek Sub-Divisions handles grain, creamery products, tanning and castings. Time changes here at the meeting of Mountain and Central time zones. Westward travellers retard watches by one hour. The city's tree-lined streets and parks are in direct contrast to the dry surrounding hills which lend themselves for the study of soil and crop problems of semi-arid areas, carried out at the Dominion Agricultural Experimental Station. Maple Creek Buffalo, once monarchs of the Sub-Division prairie and major source of food for the nomadic Indians who ranged this countryside, are now practically unknown, except in Government-protected herds. They played an important part in the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway whose construction gangs feasted on the trophies of hard-riding, sharpshooting professional hunters attached to commissariat units. Harvesters from eastern Canada once thronged West on "Harvester Excursions" to help garner the crops. Today, throughout the west, tractor-combines load threshed grain right from the stalk to waiting trucks. North of the line, between Beverley and Webb, Gander and Goose Lakes, a few miles apart, attest the migration of the great Canada geese every spring and fall. Antelope is named for the river crossed at mileage 29 and a large lake north of the track where this graceful game was once plentiful. At Gull Lake the Gull and Antelope Rivers are crossed and southward, mileages 39-40, Whitegull Lake parallels the line. Two lakes are seen north of Side wood, another, at mileage 59, lies south. Piapot, on the eastern slope of the long, shallow bowl of which Medicine Hat is the low point, commemorates an Indian Chief of the '80's. The creek also named for him runs south of the track for five miles. Watch for wild fowl around an unnamed lake at mileage 75.5, and at Hay Lake, northward from 80.4. Maple Creek is the grain shipping point for the surrounding territory, its name is from the water bridaed at mileage 84.9. Hatton Sub-Division joins at Hatton, most westerly station in Saskatchewan, the boundary with Alberta lying midway between it and Walsh, Alta. Box Elder Creek is spanned near mileage 112. Between mileage 115.7, Mackay Creek, and Irvine, named for Col. Irvine of the Royal North West Mounted Police, four more creeks are bridged. Ross Creek flows south of Irvine, where the creek is spanned. Seven Persons Creek, crossed at mileage 146.2, owes its somewhat strange name to the killing, south of here, of seven Blackfoot Indians by warring Assini- boines. Medicine Hat, famous "Gas City", claims natural gas, chinaware, clay products, porcelain, brick and tile, concrete, fertilizer, and flour milling amongst its activities. Here the Maple Creek and Brooks Sub-Divisions join and a line branches south for the Canadian Pacific route through the southern Rockies via the Crowsnest Pass and Coquihalla Canyon. Originally called Saamis — Indian for the tepee of a medicine man — Medicine Hut is built on the southern terraces of the South Sas- (Continued on page 18) SWIFT CURRENT CznadcanGuc^ Sfe. TRAINS/TRUCKS/SHIPS/PLANES/HOTELS/TELECOAAAAUNICATIONS WORLDS MOST COMPLETE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM 16 RAILWAYS STEAMSHIPS ■ AIRLINES 17 REDCLIFF BOWELL SUFFIELD ALDERSON TILLEY BROOKS CASSILS LATHOM BASSANO CROWFOOT CLUNY GLEICHEN STRANGMUIR CARSELAND DALEMEAD INDUS SHEPARD OGDEN JCALGARY (Continued from page 1 5) katchewan River at its junction with Ross and Seven Persons Creeks. Industries, homes and a number of large greenhouses are heated by natural gas. Brooks In the 175.8 miles between Medi- Sub-Division cine Hat and Calgary the track rises 1,257 feet, a forerunner of the climax of the long western slopes beyond the foothill city. The 1,000-foot wide Saskatchewan is crossed at 0.3. Redcliff busies itself with making glass, brick and chinaware, takes its name from the nearby river bank. Mileage 19.5 bridges one of the many irrigation canals that supply this area. The Suffield Sub-Division branches at Suffield, site of a Defence Research Board field experimental station. Alderson bears the name of a Canadian general, Commander of Canadian troops in 1915-16. Sir Leonard Tilley, early statesman, lends his name to a grain shipping point where 25,000 acres are irrigated, at mileage 53.4. Brooks, growing yearly, is headquarters of the Eastern Irrigation District which supervises 167,000 acres irrigated from the Bow River. Canning, seed and commercial fishing are other industries. Pheasant and duck are hunted in the area. Cassils Sub-Division is met at Cassils, where 4,200 acres are irrigated. Lakes break the landscape southward, at mileage 76, to the north at mileage 87.6. Lord Lathom, director of an early ranching company, is remembered at the next station. A bridge (mileage 96.6) crosses a canal of the Canadian Pacific Irrigation District established by the railway to aid farming, and Bassano, junction of the Bassano and Irricana Sub-Divisions, shows 1,000 acres of irrigated farm lands. Crowfoot commemorates a famous chief of the Blackfeet who, with the Sarcees, Blood and Piegan tribes, were early inhabitants of this part of the country. Cluny is the name of a Scottish parish. A tributary of the Bow River is spanned near mileage 122. Gleichen, a flour-milling point, serves 12,000 irrigated acres and is headquarters of the Black- foot Reserve. Indus bears the name of the great river in Pakistan, used as a source of irrigation in that country. Nearing the junction of the Third Prairie Plain with the foothills of the Rocky Mountain System, the land contours here are more sharply marked than on the central and eastern prairies. Valleys are deeper and wider, rivers flow at greater speeds and have some evidence of the glacial silt they carry from the moraines that clog their icy sources. Climatic conditions are affected by the proximity of the crags and peaks to the west and "The Chinook", a wind that seems almost fabulous to non-residents, in the winter frequently raises temperatures from sub-zero readings to thaws in minutes. Often spoken of, but never photographed, was the sleigh equipped with runners in the front and wheels at the rear, with which farmers outran the following Chinook! Ranching in this area had its start in 1874 with the importation of range cattle from the United States. In 1882 government regulations allowed the leasing of tracts up to 100,000 acres. At the turn of the century the historical pattern of agricultural k ;: t,E^A Chuck-waggon race settlement asserted itself and larger ranches began to disappear with the encroachment of farmlands on the ranges. Today average ranches are of about 2,000 acres owned by the rancher and 8,000 acres of provincial land under lease. The first irrigation ditch recorded was dug in 1879 and seven years later 79,000 acres were under irrigation. More than 10 times that area is now irrigated in Alberta alone. Canadian Pacific irrigation work started in 1906 and the company, which pioneered the Eastern and Western Irrigation Districts had spent more than $25,000,000 by 1917 when the districts were formed. At Shepard, junction is made with the Strathmore Sub-Division. Ogden, with the "Ogden Shops" of the Canadian Pacific, marks the eastern fringe of Calgary, variously and affectionately referred to in different stages of its history as "Cowtown", "Foothills City" and "Oil City". All three names are well justified. Calgary, founded as a North West Mounted Police post, called Fort Brisebois, in 1875, became Fort Calgary later in honour of Calgary on the Isle of Mull. Its location at the confluence of the Elbow River and Nose Creek with the important Bow River, was a natural one. For years its principal interest was the surrounding cattle ranching, greatly accentuated by the advent of the railway. Later, discovery of the Turner Valley oilfields and the more recent "strikes" to the north, gave the city its present great importance to the oil industry. "Cowtown" traditions are kept alive by the annual "Calgary Stampede" when the whole city decks itself in "chaps", sombreros and spurs to celebrate the riding, "bronco-busting" and chuck-waggon races in which famous riders, men and women, compete. The Canadian Pacific hotel, named for Captain Palliser, pinpoints downtown Calgary. Industries include: oil-drilling specialties; meat products; sash and doors; structural steel; castings; fertilizers and chemicals; concrete blocks; prefabricated buildings; leather; oil-refining; cereals; sheet metal; paper products; pipe castings and explosives. Dinosaur Park on St. George's Island 18 is notable for life-size models of prehistoric animals found in the region. The city stands 3,438 feet above sea level. Here the Brooks and Laggan Sub-Divisions meet. Laggan The main and north channels of the Sub-Division Bow River are crossed at mileage 7.7, and the Bow Valley, here barely defined in the rolling land that conjoins the prairies and the foothills, is devoted more to range land than agriculture. Cochrane, serving farmers and ranchers almost evenly, is a trading centre. The Bow, south of the track between mileage 25.7 and Calgary, crosses to parallel the line on the north. Radnor, site of the Ghost Dam, was named for Wilma, daughter of the Earl of Radnor. Morley, is headquarters of the Stoney Indian Reservation. Its Indian School, with an average attendance of 60, has a staff of 10. Traditional designs in leather, bead and quill work are a specialty of The Stoneys, who take part each year in Banff's "Indian Days", at which, in addition to outdoor demonstrations of dances, riding, roping, etc., the lovely work is shown in competition. Ozada, Stoney word meaning "forks of the river", well describes the junction of the Kananaskis and Bow Rivers which takes place at mileage 51.8. At Seebe, the Stoney word for "river", are the Horseshoe and Kananaskis dams and power plants, and a mile west, 53.1, the Bow River is bridged again. Kananaskis, where lime products are produced, was named by Palliser for a legendary Indian. To the south the Bow widens into Lac des Arcs with Pigeon Mountain directly south at Exshaw. Mallard and Canada geese frequent the lake in their seasons. North of the line near mileage 62 sharp eyes may detect bighorn sheep on the steep slopes of the geological formation known as The Gap. This shoulder of the Fairholme Mountains forces the river into a sharp bend. Canmore, named for Malcom Canmore, early Scottish king, picturesque western town, is a coal mine centre. Southwest, the Three Sisters, an aptly-named triple-peaked mountain, calls to camera fans. Former monarchs of the plains at Banff North of the line, near mileage 71, the eastern boundary of Banff National Park is marked by a gateway on the highway. In the 2,500 square miles of the park, all living things — birds, animals, wild flowers and trees — are protected by the Government of Canada, and many travellers, delighted with the sight of "tame" wild animals from passing trains, have blessed the wise statesmen who marked out this great sanctuary. As a tribute to the conservationists, the Canadian Pacific selected names of national and provincial parks to designate 18 "Scenic Dome" Lounge Sleeper Cars in its transcontinental service. Carrot Creek, bridged near mileage 72, flows from the Fairholme Mountains to the north. South lies Mount Rundle (9,675 feet). Mounts Peechee (9,625 feet), Girouard (9,825) and Inglismaldie (9,725) lie to the north. Also to the north, marked by thin rivulets that turn into thundering cascades seen closer, is Cascade Mountain (9,836). East of Cascade Mountain the Cascade River is crossed, parallels the track for a few hundred yards and turns sharply south to join the Bow. Tunnel Mountain, south, is a contrast to the flat lands at the feet of Cascade and Stoney Squaw Mountains. Here, north of the track, is the Royal Canadian Army Cadet Corps Camp and the wild animal paddock maintained by the National Parks Department for buffalo, rocky mountain goats and bighorn sheep. Headquarters of Banff National Park are located here, a detachment of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, hospital, movie theatre, hotels, boarding houses and tourist bungalows cater to thousands of visitors every year. Beyond the town, where the Spray and Bow Rivers meet between the 1st tee and fairway of the championship golf course, the valleys enclosed by Sulphur, Rundle and Tunnel Mountains are dominated by Banff Springs Hotel — built of stone quarried locally — massive and hospitable as a Scottish castle. This Canadian Pacific resort, one of the holiday wonders of the world, fits the keynote of gracious living into the outdoor symphony of cascades, rapids, mountain trails and scenic grandeur played by the Canadian Rockies. Natural sulphur springs provide medicinal bathing; buses and cars, mountain ponies and bicycles are available for sightseeing, scenic chair-lifts on nearby peaks open incredible vistas. The Alpine Club of Canada maintains a headquarters on the slope of Sulphur Mountain and The Trail Riders and Trail Hikers of the Canadian Rockies, both with international membership rosters, at Banff Springs Hotel. In the town, Banff School of Fine Arts, an extension of the University of Alberta, opens from mid-June to mid-August each year a summer school of art, drama, handicrafts and music, culminating in an annual festival. Left, mileage 82, the turrets of Banff Springs Hotel are visible a mile away over the points of deep green lodge-pole pines, to the north the Vermilion Lakes are favourite feeding grounds for moose. Between Banff and Lake Louise the narrow meadows flanking the Bow River are a favourite feeding area for deer and elk, occasionally a bear — sometimes with her cubs — may be seen CASTLE MOUNTAIN LAKE LOUISE Sure-footed bighorn sheep begging for "handouts" on the Banff-Lake Louise highway, north of the track. North of the lakes is Mount Norquay; south, the Bourgeau range. Near mileage 83, to the north, is Mount Edith (8,380') and, nearer the track, a huge cave known as the Hole-in-the-Wall. The Bow River changes in character as the land rises. Its colour takes on the milky jade typical of glacial waters. The towering peaks south of the track are: Mount Bourgeau (9,6150, in the distance; Massive (9,790') closer at hand and Pilot Mountain (9,690') directly south of mileage board 93. From this point the pass widens. Redearth Creek on the south and Johnston Creek west of Mount Ishbel on the north, enter the Bow River within a mile of each other. Copper Mountain (9,170') immediately south of where Johnston Creek joins the Bow River, warns you to look north for the south-eastern slopes of Mount Eisenhower (9,390'), the fortress-like mountain which parallels the track for eight miles. Formerly known as Castle Mountain, this tremendous formation, battlemented like a medieval castle, was renamed to honour General of the Army Dwight D. Eisenhower, brilliant Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces in Europe, six years before his election to the Presidency of the United States. Storm Mountain, south of mile 1 06, usually lives up to its name, its 1 0,372-foot peak often being wreathed in clouds. Nearby, north of the tracks beaver often build dams at the water's edge. From here to Lake Louise Station, south of the track are the many glaciers on the slopes of the Bow Range. Tall peaks that tower above the nearer mountains include Bident (1 0,1 09'), Quadra (10,410'), snow-covered Mount Babel (10,175') and the ten Wenkchemna Peaks that surround the famous Valley of the Ten Peaks. Tallest of all, four miles south of mileage 112, is Mount Temple (11,636'). To the north are Protection Mountain, Redoubt Mountain (9,520') and Ptarmigan Peak (1 0,070'). From mileage 1 1 2 to Lake Louise, still to the south, are Saddle Mountain, Fairview Mountain and, seen between these two, Sheol (9,1 18'), Haddo (10,073'), Mount Aberdeen (10,340') and Mount Victoria (11,365'). Victoria's magnificent glacier overhanging Lake Louise, and first sight to greet visitors at Chateau Lake Louise, sheds its waters through the lake and by way of Louise Creek to join the Bow River near the station. From Lake Louise Station motor roads lead: to the Chateau, a thousand feet higher; Moraine Lake Lodge in the Valley of the Ten Peaks; the Columbia Icefield, eighty-five miles to the north where the Athabaska, Dome and Saskatchewan Glaciers combine to form 150 square miles of ice; Lake Wapta Lodge; Yoho Valley Lodge; Emerald Lake Chalet and Field. Chateau Lake Louise, on the northern shore of the glacial lake for which it is named, turns its sun-drenched wings to one of the world's most beautiful scenic spots, the Victoria Glacier. Its deeply wooded mountain trails are favourites with riders. There is boating on the lake, outdoor swimming in a sheltered, warmed pool and many miles of Alpine flower trails around the lake and surrounding hillsides for nature lovers. As at Banff Springs Hotel, its neighbour 40 miles east, orchestras play for week-night dancing. Stephen, B.C., one mile and 52 feet above sea- level, is the highest point on the Canadian Pacific Railway. The south side is the more spectacular as the line curves to the left around the Beehive, Mount St. Piran (8,691') and Mount Niblock (9,764'). Near mileage 121 look just south of the track for the sign, "The Great Divide", which marks the boundary between Alberta and British Columbia, the peak of the watershed. Beneath this sign a small brook becomes two smaller streams that find their way westward to the Kicking Horse River, the Columbia and the Pacific; eastward to the Bow River and eventually Hudson Bay and the Atlantic. Stephen station is 219' west of the Continental Divide which also marks the boundary of Yoho and Banff National Parks. Summit and Sink Lakes, altitude 5,339, mark the entrance to the Kicking Horse Pass. Southward stand Pope's Peak (1 0,376') and Narao Peak. Named for Sir James Hector, surgeon and geologist on the Palliser expedition, Hector station is reflected in Wapta Lake, source of the Kicking Horse River, with Mount Bosworth (9,093') and Paget Peak (8,417') to the north. Six miles west, as the crow flies, but 1 1 Vi miles by train, and 1,265' downhill lies Field. In this eleven and a half miles is centred some of the finest scenery and the most interesting engineering feat on the Canadian Pacific transcontinental line, the world-famous Spiral Tunnels. From mileage 126, Vanguard Peak, Cathedral Crag (10,081') on the south, balance Mount Ogden and the lush Yoho Valley to the north. The difference between crow flight and railway mileage becomes apparent as the track twice reversing by means of two spiral tunnels descends 105.7' in less than a mile. Between mileage 1 27 and 1 27.5 to the north of the track and below it can be seen the entrance and exit of the second tunnel from which the track continues westward. At mileage 129.1, the train enters the first spiral tunnel, under Cathedral Mountain (10,464') and in three-fifths of a mile turns almost a complete circle to emerge, headed northeast, 55.7' lower. The track continues downgrade, crossing at mileage 130.6 the fast-running Kicking Horse River, to mileage 131.3 when almost another circle is made in close to 1,000 yards with the track headed westward again and an upward look to the left shows the track and tunnel entrance at 129.1. Northward a closer view is obtained of the Yoho Valley and to the south Mount Stephen (10,495'), below, the Kicking Horse River, already a sizable stream, makes its way along the pass and, to the north, Mount Field (8,655') and Mount Wapta (9,1 16') guard the Yoho Valley entrance. Beyond them are Burgess Pass and Mount Burgess (8,473'). As first constructed in 1 882-83, the line between Hector and Field climbed laboriously up the heavy grade, parts of which now form the highway crossed by today's line, which was relocated 1907-8 when the spiral tunnels were driven through the solid rock. The upper spiral tunnel, is 3,255' long, its 11/ ^^EME^ ''<"/,;»<& *;/ ^^r^;>'' '